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Fortnightly  ReYiew 


Founded,  Edited  and  Published 

BY  ARTHUR  PREUSS 


VOLUME  XXI:  1914 


MISSION  PRESS  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF  THE  DIVI 
TECHNY,  ILLINOIS 


ARTHUR    PREUSS 

St.  Charles,  St.  Louis  County, 
Missouri 


P1¥3t  7918 

v.ai 

The    Veuillot    Centenary 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

The  celebration  of  the  centenary  of  the  birth  of  Louis  Veuil- 
lot, the  famous  editor  of  L'Univers,  reached  its  climax  in  a 
solemn  high  mass  in  the  Basilica  of  the  Sacred  Heart  at  Mont- 
martre,  Paris,  Nov.  25th.  There  were  present  two  cardinals, 
fifteen  bishops,  and  a  multitude  of  people.  The  sermon  was 
preached  by  Bishop  Touchet  of  Orleans.  The  task  he  had  to 
perform  was  extremely  delicate  because  Msgr.  Touchet  is  the 
successor  of  Msgr.  Dupanloup,  who  was  one  of  the  bitterest 
opponents  of  Louis  Veuillot.  The  orator  did  not  attempt  to 
conceal  those  differences  or,  indeed,  the  many  others  which  had 
existed  between  the  great  Catholic  journalist  and  many  emi- 
nent Catholics  of  his  time,  but  referred  to  them,  mentioning 
names.  Then  he  exclaimed:  "Now  Parisis  and  Montalembert, 
Pie  and  Falloux,  Dupanloup  and  Veuillot,  all  folded  in  the 
bosom  of  God,  whom  they  loved,  though  they  differed  in  their 
method  of  defending  Him,  are  consoled  for  their  ephemeral 
battles  by  the  fraternal  contemplation  of  the  same  indefectible 
beauty  in  the  same  indefectible  peace.  Does  not  my  very  pres- 
ence here  signify  peace?" 

Referring  to  Veuillot's  marvellous  talent  as  a  writer,  Msgr. 
Touchet  quoted  the  words  of  Cousin,  who  said:  "That  deuce 
of  a  fellow  is  always  in  accord  with  the  Pope  and  grammar," 
and  then  added:  "He  should  have  said,  also,  always  in  accord 
with  common  sense  and  good  humor." 

Louis  Veuillot  died  on  the  7th  of  April,  1883.  Before  ex- 
piring he  wrote  in  four  lines  what  may  be  called  his  spiritual 
testament : 

Placez  a  mon  cote  ma  plume, 

Sur  mon  coeur  le  Christ,  mon  orgeuil; 

Placez  a  mes  pieds  ce  volume, 

Et  clouez  en   paix  mon   cercueil. 

Place  my  pen  beside   me, 

And  the  crucifix,  my  pride,  on  my  heart; 

Place  this  volume  at  my  feet 

And  close  my  coffin  in  peace. 


4  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

This  was  the  man  of  whom  Pope  Pius  X  says  in  a  recent 
brief  to  M.  Francois  Veuillot: 

Following  the  example  of  the  two  Popes  who  have  preceded  Us  in 
this  Apostolic  See,  and  especially  that  of  Pius  IX  of  holy  memory,  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  Us  to  bear  testimony  to  that  great  and  worthy  man,  the  un- 
yielding defender  of  the  rights  of  God  and  of  the  Church.  Inflamed  with 
the  zeal  of  an  apostle,  he  entered  the  lists  with  the  precious  endowments 
of  a  writer,  artist  and  thinker  of  genius,  equalling  and  surpassing  therein 
the  most  illustrious  masters;  for,  in  his  holy  battles  in  defence  of  sacred 
principles,  his  pen  was  at  once  a  trenchant  sword  and  a  luminous  torch. 

Perhaps  no  Catholic  editor  that  ever  lived  encountered 
such  violent  antagonism  and  drew  forth  so  many  denuncia- 
tions from  bishops  and  others,  as  Louis  Veuillot.  Yet  history 
does  him  full  justice.  It  is  a  consolation  and  an  encouragement 
for  those  of  us  who  labor  in  the  same  exalted  profession,  though 
not  with  equal  talent,  at  least  with  the  same  ardor  to  serve 
the  truth  at  whatever  personal  sacrifice  and  amid  constant 
and  oftentimes  fierce  opposition. 

The  Boston  Mission  Congress  Again 

By  the  Rt.  Rev.  Vincent  Wehrle,  0.  S.  B.,  Bishop  of  Bis- 
marck, N.  D. 

In  Vol.  XX,  No.  23  of  this  Review  a  Delegate  to  the  Boston 
Mission  Congress  complains  that  the  "Foreign  Missions"  were 
more  or  less  neglected  there. 

The  facts  are:  One  session  was  entirely  devoted  to  the 
Society  of  the  Propagation  of  Faith.  A  resolution  was  also 
passed  to  spread  that  Society  in  every  diocese  of  the  United 
States,  as  much  as  possible. 

The  Congress  could  only  make  recommendations;  it  could 
not  command  the  Ordinaries  of  the  dioceses  or  the  pastors  of 
the  parishes.  But,  if  the  recommendation  mentioned  is  carried 
out,  much  work  will  be  done  for  the  "Foreign  Missions,"  not 
only  by  raising  funds,  but  by  fostering  missionary  vocations 
and  by  daily  prayer  for  the  conversion  of  the  heathen. 

The  principal  duty  of  the  Catholics  of  the  United  States  in 
regard  to  mission  work  is  and  for  a  long  time  will  be  to  preserve 
and  protect  the  Faith    among    the  Catholic  Mexicans    in    the 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  5 

Southern  States,  among  the  Catholics  of  the  Philippines,  among 
the  immigrants,  especially  those  from  the  southern  and  eastern 
countries  of  Europe ;  and  to  spread  the  Faith  among  the  Indians 
and  Negroes  within  the  United  States,  and  finally  among  those 
non-Catholics  who  are  of  good  will. 

This  kind  of  mission  work  may  not  appeal  as  strongly  to 
the  pious  sentiments  of  many  people  as  do  the  "foreign  mis- 
sions." In  the  missions  at  home  we  see  the  shortcomings,  dis- 
appointments, and  human  frailties  common  to  all  work  done  by 
men  for  the  kingdom  of  God.  Those  who  can  closely  follow  the 
foreign  mission  work  will  testify  to  much  the  same  disappoint- 
ments of  various  kinds  as  we  have  them  at  home.  Human  na- 
ture is  the  same  everywhere. 

Sometimes  God  gives  a  most  powerful  grace  for  the  con- 
version of  the  masses;  this  seems  to  be  the  case  now  in  China 
and  some  countries  of  Africa ;  but  ordinarily  people  are  brought 
to  the  true  Faith  by  the  patient  instruction  and  conversion  of 
individuals.  If  we  all,  priests  and  laymen,  would  give  such  in- 
struction to  every  man  of  good  will  with  whom  we  come  in  con- 
tact, we  should  have  thousands  of  converts  in  every  State  of  the 
Union,  and  we  should  not  have  to  deplore  the  loss  of  other  thou- 
sands who  bear  the  mark  of  baptism  upon  their  soul  but  go 
astray  because  there  is  no  hand  to  uphold  them  in  their  strug- 
gles and  temptations. 

The  Mission  Congress  brought  home  to  all  who  were  pres- 
ent the  responsibility  for  the  souls  of  their  fellowmen.  This 
was  the  main  object.  Therefore  the  Congress  was  a  success, 
though  some  may  have  been  disappointed  in  particulars.  The 
meeting  also  made  known  the  difficulties  and  successes  in  the 
different  mission  fields  and  thereby  gave  new  courage  and  zeal 
to  the  missionaries  who  labor  under  similar  or  different  con- 
ditions. It  has  broadened  the  minds  of  many,  which  is  a  great 
benefit,  for  particularism  is  the  greatest  obstacle  to  the  spread 
of  the  Faith.   • 

Some  criticism  has  been  made  in  Catholic  papers  of  the 
"grand  display"  at  the  opening  of  the  Congress  at  the  Cathedral. 
The  whole  exterior  "display,"  Sunday,  October  19,  was  nothing 


6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

more  nor  less  than  carrying  out  the  ceremonial  prescribed  by 
the  Church  for  a  Pontifical  High  Mass,  assisted  by  bishops  and 
other  dignitaries.  A  Corpus  Christi  Procession  in  many  a  coun- 
try parish  in  Switzerland  or  Germany  has  more  "display"  than 
there  was  at  the  opening  of  the  Mission  Congress. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  daily  papers  write  long  and 
immoderate  articles  about  the  ceremonial  of  Catholic  gatherings, 
while  they  have  nothing  to  say  about  their  real  purpose.  Catholic 
papers  should  accept  such  reports  only  cum  grano  salis. 

Politics  and  Religion 

By  Antony  Beck,  Associate  Editor  of  the  "Catholic 
Tribune,"  Dubuque,  Ia. 

No  matter  how  the  Underwood  Tariff  and  the  Glass- 
Owen  Currency  Law  may  work  out,  one  of  the  greatest  bless- 
ings of  the  Wilson  Administration  will  be  its  insistence  on  the 
need  of  Christianity  in  American  politics.  President  Wilson 
has  made  Central  and  South  America  better  disposed  towards  the 
United  States  by  throttling  the  iniquitous  "Dollar  Diplomacy," 
and  earned  the  lasting  gratitude  of  the  entire  world  by  clearly 
acknowledging  his  dependence,  as  a  statesman  as  well  as  a 
man,  on  a  higher  Power.  Phrases  like  these:  "To  lift  every- 
thing that  concerns  our  life  as  a  nation  to  the  light  that 
shines  from  the  hearth-fire  of  every  man's  conscience" — "God 
helping  me,"  strike  a  new  and  much-needed  note  in  the  po- 
litical life  of  this  country. 

For  generations  a  Liberalistic  and  individualistic  system 
of  political  economy,  the  legitimate  offspring  of  the  private- 
interpretation  theory  of  the  16th  century  Reformers,  held  al- 
most undisputed  sway.  Gradually  it  banned  religion  from 
politics.  To  make  matters  worse,  many  Catholic  speakers  and 
writers,  in  their  endeavor  to  oust  denominationalism  from  the 
political  field,  advocated  a  divorce  of  politics  from  religion. 

Meanwhile  office  seekers,  future  "bosses,"  and  first  class 
grafters  regularly  "checked"  their  conscience  and  puny-looking 
religious  convictions  while  passing  through  the  vestibule  into  the 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  7 

political  arena.  The  latter  was  soon  wrapped  in  a  cloud  of 
self-seeking  and  corruption  which  very  effectively  frightened 
away  prospective  candidates  of  ability  and  moral  integrity. 
In  addition  there  was  coming  into  power  a  sensation-monger- 
ing  press  which  delighted  in  vilifying  candidates  whose  op- 
ponents had  little  character  and  a  fat  purse. 

No  wonder  Col.  Watterson,  an  experienced  and  shrewd 
observer  of  our  political  arena,  can  declare: 

Politics  has  become  a  nasty  business.  The  best  men  keep  out  of  it. 
Greed  for  gain  and  ignoble  self-seeking  make  a  cesspool  about  the  ballot- 
box.*  *  *  Every  State  Capitol  is  the  theater  of  a  corrupt  and  corrupting 
lobby.  He  who  once  went  by  the  name  of  a  claim  agent  is  called  a  cor- 
poration attorney.  There  is  scarcely  a  city  council  which  is  not  for  sale. 
(Louisville   Courier- Journal,   April   22nd,    1913.) 

Is  it  astonishing  that  the  editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Re- 
view indirectly  substantiated  this  significant  indictment: 

For  years  there  have  been  plenty  of  Irishmen  and  professed  Catholics 
of  other  nationalities  in  Congress,  but  seldom  one  that  was  a  credit  to 
his  Church.    (Vol.  XX,  No.  4.). 

We  may  consider  these  statements  somewhat  pessimistic, 
but  we  can  deny  neither  the  critical  acumen  and  experience 
of  those  making  them  nor  the  conditions  eliciting  such  Kas- 
sandra-like  warnings.  Granted  that  many  men  of  integrity 
hold  office,  how  insignificant  is  their  number  when  compared 
with  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  official  positions,  municipal, 
state,  and  national!  It  is  only  a  short  space  since  our  country 
has  been  spared  the  ignominy  of  continual  revelations  of  graft 
and  political  corruption.  Muckraking  magazines  undoubtedly 
exaggerated  the  actual  state  of  affairs.  But  look  at  the  long 
row  of  convicted  "bosses"!  Think  of  the  tens  of  millions  ex- 
pended by  Congress  on  practically  useless  navy  yards  and  river 
improvements.  Consider  that  this  is  the  land  of  the  "Almighty 
Dollar,"  where  venal  papers  and  men  readily  hush  up  for  a 
price !  Remember  that  the  mismanagement  of  our  cities  is  pro- 
verbial the  world  over  and  naturally  must  be  due  to  "boodle" 
of  all  kinds! 

Is  it  a  wonder  that  the  public  has  been  aroused  and  that 
a  refreshing  breeze  promises  to  dispel  the  cloud  which  has  long 


8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

hung  over  our  political  arena?  Public  welfare  and  real  govern- 
ment, not  partisan  expediency,  are  gradually  becoming  our 
watchwords.  There  is  a  general  clamor  for  men,  men  of  in- 
tegrity and  ability.  Fortunately,  organized  movements,  fos- 
tered especially  by  the  House  of  Social  Studies  in  New  York, 
the  Social  Reform  Press,  civic  leagues,  laymen's  retreats,  the 
veteran  Central  Society  of  German  Catholics,  etc.,  promise  to 
direct  and  facilitate  the  nation's  awakening  to  the  need  of  Chris- 
tian statesmanship  and  government. 

Thoughtful  men  realize  that  the  latter  are  impossible  with- 
out honesty  and  a  sense  of  duty,  which,  in  turn,  do  not  char- 
acterize the  man  who  acknowledges  no  higher  Power  and  acts 
as  if  his  exaggerated  ego  were  a  law  unto  itself.  Instead  of 
heeding  Ex-President  Roosevelt's  insistence  on  the  Decalogue, 
such  an  individual  observes  this  one  commandment:  "Do  not 
get  caught!"  Wrapped  up  in  his  personal  ambitions,  he  loses 
sight  of  the  general  welfare,  the  first  and  characteristic  guiding 
principle  of  all  great  statesmen. 

However,  as  Dr.  Gisler  shows  in  his  excellent  work,  Der 
Modernismus  (p.  202),  this  does  not  imply  that  every  real 
Christian  politician  and  statesman  must  view  from  the  denom- 
inational standpoint  each  political  problem  demanding  his  at- 
tention. 

Purely  political  and  economic  questions,  e.  g.,  the  nomination  of  can- 
didates for  parliament  [Congress  or  the  State  legislatures  in  our  case]  ; 
the  stand  to  be  taken  towards  the  government  and  the  various  ministers; 
railway,  army,  and  marine  questions;  new  taxes;  new  laws  concerning 
sanitation;  and  matters  of  public  safety must  not  be  decided  ex- 
clusively from  the  religious  standpoint  and,  consequently,  also  not  in  the 
last  instance  by  ecclesiastical  authorities. 

This  consideration  ought  to  allay  the  foolish  fears  of  our 
"Guardians  of  Liberty,"  the  "Menace"  agitators,  etc.  "Exclu- 
sively confessional  politics  in  this  sense  are  as  unknown  as 
merely  denominational  mathematics,  medicine,  music,  or  in- 
dustry." 

Still,  the  politician  is  also  a  member  of  human  society  and 
perhaps,  a  Christian  and  a  Catholic.  His  actions  must  be  in  har- 
mony with  one  another.     He  can  not  profess  a  double  morality 


XXI  1  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  9 

without  violating  his  trust  and  denying  the  rights  of  his  Creator. 
His  aims  must  conform  to  the  hierarchy  of  purposes  which  sub- 
ordinates the  material  to  the  mental  and  spiritual.  Religion 
consisting  in  the  attitude  he  assumes  towards  his  Creator — 
irreligion  is  a  form  of  negative  religion — ,  the  statesman  can 
not  make  a  mistake  in  this  matter  and  act  the  rebel  without 
being  out  of  joint  with  the  rest  of  creation,  especially  mankind. 
I  reserve  a  few  concluding  remarks  for  the  next  issue. 

The  Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Catholic  Educational 

Association 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J.,  St.  Louis  University 

"For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  Association,  an 
annual  meeting  was  held  in  the  South,  and  the  expectations 
entertained  were  more  than  justified  in  the  favor  and  hospitality 
with  which  the  delegates  were  received,  in  the  encouragement 
and  approval  of  the  hierarchy,  and  in  the  practical  work  accom- 
plished." Thus  writes  the  Rev.  Dr.  Howard,  Secretary-General, 
in  his  brief  introduction  to  the  volume  containing  the  papers 
and  discussions  of  the  Tenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Catholic 
Educational  Association  held  in  New  Orleans,  June  30th  to  July 
3rd,  1913. 

Those  who  were  present  at  this  meeting  will  readily  endorse 
Father  Howard's  statement  that  "the  convention  was  regarded 
by  all  as  a  success,  and  that  it  will  lead  to  valuable  practical  re- 
sults in  the  general  work  of  Catholic  education  in  the  United 
States."  For  as  regards  enthusiasm,  genuine  and  general  in- 
terest in  the  proceedings,  and  the  value  of  the  papers  and  dis- 
cussions themselves — the  tenth  annual  meeting  easily  takes  first 
rank  among  the  congresses  of  the  Association. 

But  enthusiasm  shown  in  large  attendance  and  by  fervent 
resolutions  soon  passes  away.  It  is  the  annual  reports  embody- 
ing the  declarations  of  the  various  committees,  the  meritorious 
papers  in  full,  and  the  discussions  thereon  in  abstract,  which 
present  us  with  the  best  evidence  of  the  work  done  at  the  annual 
meetings  of  our  Catholic  educators.     The  report  of  the  last 


10  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

meeting,  lately  issued,1  contains  papers  on  subjects  of  deep 
importance  to  those  interested  in  Catholic  pedagogy.  It  is 
no  doubt  owing  to  the  soundness  of  the  theories  proposed 
in  the  papers  read  by  distinguished  Catholic  teachers  at  the 
annual  meetings"  that  "the  Association  is  now  well  known  to  all 
Catholic  educators,  and  is  looked  upon  by  non-Catholics  as  well 
as  an  organ  for  the  expression  of  Catholic  opinion  on  educational 
problems." 

Yet  that  the  work  of  the  Association  is  not  narrow  in  its 
scope  nor  limited  to  reiteration  of  platitudes  on  the  importance 
of  the  classics  for  general  culture,  the  necessity  of  moral  train- 
ing, etc.,  but  embodies  discussions  of  the  new  features  of  modern 
pedagogy,  is  well  shown  in  the  present  Report.  The  keenly  de- 
bated and  closely  related  topics  of  Vocational  Guidance  and  In- 
dustrial Training  in  the  grade  schools,  were  presented  at  the 
New  Orleans  meeting — the  former  by  P.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J., 
of  St.  Louis  University,  the  latter  by  the  Rev.  Michael  J.  Lar- 
kin,  S.  T.  L.,  Associate  Superintendent  of  Catholic  Schools  of 
the  Archdiocese  of  New  York.  And  how  the  Association  aims 
to  keep  its  members  in  touch  with  such  timely  topics  is  ap- 
parent from  the  fact  that  its  energetic  Secretary-General  has 
already  arranged  to  have  these  two  recent  developments  of 
modern  pedagogics  presented  again  and  in  more  practical  detail 
at  the  next  meeting. 

However,  though  gladly  welcoming  the  new  whenever  it 
commends  itself  to  the  wisdom  of  experienced  schoolmen,  the 
Association  primarily  stands  for  that  system  of  training  and 
educating  which  makes  for  the  equal  development  of  man's 
endowments  of  mind  and  heart.  We  do  not  embrace  the  new 
just  because  it  is  new,  nor  do  we  reject  the  old  because  it  bears 
the  sanction  of  past  centuries.  Thoughts  of  this  kind  must  have 
come  to  the  minds  of  those  who  listened  to  Father  Howard's 
able  paper  on  "The  Problem  of  the  Curriculum,"  and  the  ensuing 
discussion.     Concerning  this  policy  of  the  Association  in  mat- 

1  The  Catholic  Educational  Associa-       nual      Meeting,      New     Orleans,      La. 
tion  Bulletin.     Report  of  the  Proceed-       1651    E.   Main   Str.,   Columbus,   Ohio, 
ings  and  Addresses  of  the  Tenth  An- 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  11 

ters  pedagogical,  Fr.  Howard  states  in  his  minutes  of  the  "Meet- 
ings of  the  Executive  Board"   (June  30th,  1913)  : 

The  Association  is  gradually  centering  its  attention  on  a  few  of  our 
most  important  problems.  One  of  these  is  the  general  problem  of  the  cur- 
riculum. The  Association  is  the  only  medium  through  which  this  problem 
can  be  studied  with  any  prospect  of  arriving  at  unity  of  opinion.  If  we 
follow  the  secular  system  in  all  its  changes,  our  splendid  educational  work 
will  fall  into  irreparable  confusion.  If  we  can  agree  on  a  statement  of 
principles  derived  from  human  nature  and  serving  as  a  broad  basis  of  our 
system,  we  may  be  able  to  pursue  our  work  with  a  reasonable  measure,  of 
independence,  and  may,  in  time,  by  the  order  and  thoroughness  of  our 
teaching,  be  able  to  exercise  a  beneficial  influence  on  secular  education. 

The  same  note  of  wise  conservatism  in  the  treatment  of 
vital  subjects  is  conspicuous  in  the  paper  of  Rev.  Wm.  Power,  S.J., 
on  "The  Thorough  Formation  of  Our  Teachers  in  the  Spirit  and 
the  Observances  of  Their  Respective  Orders,  an  Indispensable 
Condition  to  Sound  and  Successful  Pedagogics."  This  paper 
was  prepared  especially  for  those  who  had  responded  to  the 
invitation  sent  out  by  Archbishop  Blenk  to  the  superiors  of  re- 
ligious communities  of  women.  His  Grace  had  asked  them  to 
attend,  or  to  send  representatives,  to  a  meeting  to  be  held  under 
his  direction  and  authority  at  the  time  of  the  New  Orleans  con- 
vention. At  the  conclusion  of  Fr.  Power's  paper  the  Archbishop 
expressed  the  hope  that  it  be  read  by  every  teacher  in  our 
schools,  and  it  has  since  been  reprinted  in  pamphlet  form  for 
wider  distribution. 

Other  noteworthy  papers  are  those  by  the  Rev.  Bede  Hor- 
sa,  0.  S.  B.,  on  the  "The  Need  of  Male  Teachers  in  our  Parish 
Schools,"  and  by  the  V.  Rev.  E.  A.  Pace,  of  the  Catholic  Uni- 
versity of  America,  on  "The  Teaching  of  Philosophy  in  the 
College." 

Rev.  Dr.  Peter  C.  Yorke's  magnificent  address  on  "The 
World's  Desire,"  which  thrilled  the  auditors  when  it  was  de- 
livered, and  which  contains  a  message  of  high  hope  and  inspira- 
tion for  the  Catholic  teacher  of  to-day,  is  presented  in  full  in 
the  report.  The  writer  of  this  review  has  attended  meetings 
of  non-Catholic  educational  bodies  and  can  say  that  this  collec- 
tion of  papers  and  addresses  bears  comparison  in  every  respect 
with  papers  presented  to  other  organizations. 


Estimating  Catholic  Leakage  by  a  New  Method 

By  Spectator 

Msgr.  McFaul,  in  1904,  estimated  the  losses  of  the  Church 
in  America  at  30  out  of  40  millions,  that  is  75%.  Mr.  Cahensly, 
in  1891,  had  put  them  at  16  out  of  20  millions,  that  is  66%.  The 
opinion  expressed  by  Mr.  Ford,  of  the  Irish  World,  in  1874, 
that  there  ought  to  have  been  24  million  Catholics  in  1871  out 
of  a  population  of  38  millions,  is  evidently  too  high.  It  would 
mean  48  million  Catholics  in  1900  out  of  76  million  people  and 
would  suppose  a  loss  of  38  millions,  as  we  had  then  only  10  mil- 
lions. The  figures  of  a  Catholic  Missionary  in  this  Review, 
estimating  the  loss  at  20  millions  or  so  out  of  30,  agree  with 
those  of  Mr.  Cahensly.  They  are  probably  reliable,  as  I  shall 
show  by  a  new  method  of  computation. 

The  population  of  the  United  States  consists  of  two  ele- 
ments, one  coming  from  the  5,308,483  Colonials  of  1800,  the 
other  from  immigration.  If  we  can  obtain  an  accurate  es- 
timate of  the  living  posterity  of  the  early  colonists,  it  will  be 
easy  to  find  the  sum-total  of  immigrants,  and,  since  we  know 
the  percentage  of  Catholics  in  that  total,  a  very  simple  opera- 
tion will  give  us  the  extent  of  the  leakage. 

A  careful  and  attentive  study  of  the  decennial  census  in 
connection  with  available  historic  data  shows  that  the  colonists 
hardly  multiplied  by  more  than  two,  which  gives  us 
ten  millions  and  leaves  66  millions  as  a  result  of  immigration. 
To  prove  it  let  us  study  the  States  where  immigration  was 
small  and  the  first  settlers  were  left  almost  to  their  own  increase. 
We  shall  be  able  to  infer  that  the  larger  increase  of  the  other 
States  was  owing  to  immigration. 

1800 

North  and  South  Carolina:   823,694  1,626,330  in  1861 

Connecticut   251,002  537,454  in  1871 

Delaware   64,273  125,015  in  1871 

Maryland   341,548  687,049  in  1861 

New-Hampshire   183,858  376,530  in  1891 

Virginia   880,200  1,665,980  in  1891 

Vermont    154,465  315,098  in  1861 

2,699,040  5,333,456  71:  r  yrs. 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  13 

These  States,  therefore,  in  713/7  years,  even  with  the  im- 
migration they  may  have  received,  multiplied  by  less  than  two. 
There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  other  States  multiplied  in 
a  much  larger  ratio.  As  to  the  increase  of  the  other  284/7  years 
of  the  century,  we  must  take  into  account  the  rapid  decline  of 
the  birth-rate  of  the  first  colonists  all  through  the  century,  so  that 
the  last  twenty-five  years  gave  almost  no  increase.  Some,  like 
Massachusetts,  ended  the  century,  as  we  are  told  by  the  Catholic 
Encyclopedia,  with  a  death-rate  equal  to  the  birth-rate.  The 
increase  of  these  last  284/7  years,  therefore,  may  go  to  make  up 
for  the  immigration  received  and  to  square  the  multiplication  by 
two  of  the  5,308,483  of  1800,  giving,  as  we  have  said,  ten  mil- 
lions or  so  as  the  offspring  of  that  colonial  stock,  all  Protestants 
except  perhaps  150,000. 

There  remain,  as  coming  from  immigration  and  the  territory, 
bought,  annexed,  or  conquered  by  the  U.  S.,  66  millions  or  so  out 
of  the  76  millions  of  the  census  of  1901.  Of  these  66  millions  33 
millions  ought  to  have  been  Catholic.  Msgr.  Canevin,  inconsistent- 
ly with  himself,  but  forced  by  the  evidence,  admits  that  55%  of 
the  immigrants  coming  to  the  United  States  from  1841  to  1891 
were  Catholics  and  50%  from  1891  to  1901.  In  fact,  from  1841 
to  1851  they  reached  62%.  Those  who  have  carefully  studied 
the  returns  of  the  Immigration  Bureau  from  1841  to  1901  will 
agree  that  the  statement  of  His  Lordship  is  substantially  ac- 
curate. 

The  previous  period  had  not  been  so  favorable  to  Catholic 
growth  on  account  of  the  laws  of  persecution.  Compensation, 
however,  was  made  by  the  acquisition,  in  1803,  of  Louisiana  with 
a  population  of  76,556,  mostly  Catholic ;  in  1830,  of  Florida,  with 
34,730 ;  later  of  New  Mexico,  etc.,  etc.  Add  to  these  factors  that 
race  suicide  is  far  less  prevalent  among  Catholics  than  among 
non-Catholics  and  you  will  agree  that  50%  of  the  increase  com- 
ing from  without  must  have  been  Catholic.  That  means  33 
millions. 

Two  minor  factors  have  yet  to  be  reckoned  with.  One  is 
the  negro  increase,  especially  since  the  emancipation.  Colored 
people  multiply  more  rapidly  than  the  whites.    I  would,  on  that 


14  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

account,  deduct  from  one  to  two  millions  from  the  Catholic 
percentage.  The  second  factor  is  that  the  immigrants  of  the 
first  half  of  the  century  needed  twice  the  time  to  multiply  and 
Catholics  then  had  not  yet  perhaps  their  50%.  Hence  it  will  be 
prudent  to  deduct  another  million.  Altogether  20  millions, 
though  perhaps  a  minimum,  may  be  taken  as  the  most  accurate 
estimate  of  the  real  losses  of  the  Church  in  the  United  States 
from  1800  to  1900.  No  country  in  Europe  has  had  such  a  ghastly 
record  during  the  last  century.  What  is  most  alarming  is  the 
fact  that  the  leakage  is  still  increasing,  as  its  causes  are  daily 
gaining  in  strength  and  extension. 


The    Oldest    Human   Fossil 

In  No.  593  of  the  London  Month  Mr.  Lewis  Watt  deals 
interestingly  with  the  Piltdown  skull,  recently  discovered  in 
England  and  believed  to  be  the  oldest  human  fossil  known  to 
us.    We  condense  his  article  for  our  readers. 

Several  years  ago,  Mr.  Charles  Dawson  was  walking  along 
a  farm-road  close  to  Piltdown  Common,  Fletching  (Sussex), 
not  far  from  Lewes,  when  his  interest  was  aroused  by  some 
peculiar  brown  flints  which  had  been  used  to  repair  the  road, 
and  he  examined  the  gravel-pit  from  which  they  had  been 
taken.  He  found  a  piece  of  bone,  which  he  recognized  as  a 
fragment  of  a  human  skull.  In  the  autumn  of  1911,  Mr.  Daw- 
son had  the  good  fortune  to  pick  up  another  and  larger  piece 
of  bone,  including  a  portion  of  the  left  supra-orbital  ridge.  He 
took  the  fragment  to  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward  of  the  Natural 
History  Museum,  South  Kensington,  who  joined  in  a  system- 
atic investigation.  Further  fragments  came  to  light,  and,  most 
important  of  these,  Mr.  Dawson  found,  at  a  spot  which  he  be- 
lieves to  be  the  place  where  the  laborers  were  working  at  his 
first  visit,  the  right  half  of  a  jawbone.  Amongst  other  frag- 
ments were  the  cusp  of  the  molar  of  a  mastodon,  and  some 
flint  implements,  one  being  found  in  situ  by  Father  P.  Teil- 
hard,  S.  J.,  who  also  discovered  part  of  a  tooth  of  a  pliocene 


XXI  1  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  15 

elephant.  We  now  possess,  in  addition  to  the  jawbone,  four 
pieces  (reconstructed  from  nine  fragments)  sufficiently  well 
preserved  to  exhibit  the  shape  and  natural  relations  of  the 
frontal,  occipital  and  temporal  bones,  and  to  justify  the  recon- 
struction of  some  other  elements  by  inference. 

These  skull  fragments  are,  in  all  probability,  early  pleis- 
tocene or,  according  to  some,  even  pliocene.  The  question  is 
still  an  open  one,  but  for  our  present  purpose  comparatively 
immaterial.  In  any  case,  the  Piltdown  remains  are  probably 
the  very  oldest  human  fossils  known  to  us. 

Great  then  is  the  importance  of  the  question  they  sug- 
gest— What  bearing  has  their  discovery  on  the  evolutionary 
hypothesis?  Do  they,  or  do  they  not,  show  traces  of  monkey 
descent?  To  begin  with  what  is  undisputed,  the  forepart  of 
the  skull  shows  nothing  of  the  kind.  It  is  far  less  simian  than 
the  Neanderthal  skulls.  It  has  no  prominent  or  thickened  su- 
pra-orbital ridges,  less  even  than  the  Galley  Hill  skull.  The 
forehead  is  high  and  well-shaped.  So  far  the  skull,  by  com- 
mon consent,  is  quite  modern  in  type.  Dr.  Woodward,  how- 
ever, claimed  that  the  back  of  the  skull  was  low  and  broad, 
and  distinctly  reminiscent  of  the  ape.  Furthermore,  according 
to  his  reconstruction  of  the  skull,  the  cranial  capacity  was 
only  about  1070  c.c. — much  less  than  that  of  the  crania  from 
Spy  and  la  Chapelle-aux-Saints  (1,600  c.c.)  This  certainly  was 
an  anomaly;  here  was  an  individual  of  a  far  higher  frontal 
development  than  the  Neanderthal  type,  yet  having  a  far  lower 
cranial  capacity.  However,  Professor  Keith  at  the  Interna- 
tional Medical  Congress  exhibited  an  alternative  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  skull  which  had  been  made  at  the  Royal  College 
of  Surgeons,  giving  a  cranial  capacity  of  no  less  than  1,500  c.c, 
well  up  to  the  modern  average.  He  pointed  out  the  errors 
which  he  considered  Dr.  Woodward  had  made  and  confirmed 
an  impression  which  existed  both  in  England  and  abroad  that 
the  treatment  of  the  skull  at  South  Kensington  had  been  un- 
satisfactory and  unscientific.  (A  congress  of  German  scientists 
had  already  censured  British  anthropologists  on  account  of  it.) 


16  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

In  the  meantime,  the  mere  layman  must  suspend  his  judg- 
ment, though  he  cannot  be  blamed  if,  considering  the  forepart 
of  the  skull,  he  argues  from  analogy  to  the  correctness  of  the 
opinion  of  so  distinguished  an  authority  as  Keith,  and  inclines 
to  believe  that  the  Piltdown  individual  possessed  a  cranium  of 
as  modern  a  type  as  his  own. 

The  Piltdown  mandible  presents  a  difficulty  of  its  own.  Put 
briefly,  it  is  this — the  piece  of  jawbone  is  thoroughly  simian, 
though  Dr.  Woodward  believes  that  the  molar  teeth  are  at  least 
semi-human :  whereas  the  cranium  is  undoubtedly  human.  This 
difficulty  cannot  be  avoided  by  the  simple  plan  of  imagining  an 
individual  possessing  a  human  head,  save  for  an  ape-like  jaw. 
Here,  again,  then,  there  is  a  question  still  to  be  solved.  Did 
the  Piltdown  mandible  and  the  Piltdown  cranium  belong  to  the 
same  individual?  It  is  extremely  doubtful.  "Until  these  two 
vital  questions,  one  as  to  the  cranial  reconstruction,  the  other 
as  to  the  correlationship  of  cranium  and  mandible  are  settled 
(say,  by  some  expert  verdict  in  the  first  case,  and  by  further 
discoveries  in  the  second),  the  value  of  the  Piltdown  skull  as 
evidence  rests  on  the  high  type  of  forehead  it  proves  to  have 
existed  at  the  earliest  period  of  the  human  race  known  to  us. 

In  short,  the  remains,  far  from  corroborating  the  evolu- 
tionary hypothesis,  raise  fresh  difficulties  in  the  way  of  its  ac- 
ceptance. 

The  Works  of  Francis  Thompson 

''Poetry   Run   Stark-Staring -Mad   on   the   Lines   of   a   Passing 

Fashion" 

In  a  review  of  Francis  Thompson's  complete  works,  the  Rev. 
Fr.  Ernest  R.  Hull,  S.  J.,  editor  of  the  Bombay  Examiner,  sums 
up  his  opinion  of  Thompson,  who  is  a  somewhat  overrated  poet, 
in  an  article,  from  which  we  quote  the  salient  passages  because 
they  express  the  sentiments  of  a  multitude  of  readers  and  go 
to  the  root  of  the  matter. 

Father  Hull  begins  by  admitting  that  Francis  Thompson 
was  a  true  poet  and  has  written  some  very  fine  verses,  but  he 
maintains  that,  taken  as  it  stands,  and  as  a  whole,  Thompson's 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  17 

work  is  "poetry  run  stark-staring-mad  on  the  lines  of  a  passing 
fashion  which  has  captivated  the  aesthetic  world  for  the  time,  just 
as  high  waists  and  clinging  skirts  and  mammoth  hats  and  dog- 
kennel  sleeves  have  captivated  the  social  world — a  fashion  which 
may  be  the  stepping-stone  to  a  new  era  after  passing  through 
a  period  of  crudity,  or  which  may  die  out  and  leave  the  cultured 
world  ashamed  of  its  own  aberrations — just  as  the  aforesaid 
high  waists  and  clinging  skirts  and  mammoth  hats  and  dog- 
kennel  sleeves  will  pass  and  become  as  repulsive  and  intolerable 
as  they  are  now  considered  delightful." 

He  sums  up  the  faults  of  Francis  Thompson  as  follows: 
(1)  Reckless  lavishness  in  piling  up  words;  (2)  lawless  coining 
of  new  words;  (3)  still  more  lawless  use  of  words  already  in 
current  use;  (4)  tricky  and  frivolous  rhyming-feats;  (5)  in- 
coherence of  structure,  phrase,  and  sentence;  (6)  wild  and  far- 
fetched imagery;  (7)  obscurity  of  meaning,  due  to  the  above 
mentioned  faults. 

These  glaring  faults  will  be  obvious  to  any  one  who  is 
sufficiently  free  from  the  fanaticism  of  hero-worship  to  ob- 
serve and  criticise  as  he  reads.  The  outcome  of  these  defects 
is  that  Francis  Thompson  is  almost  habitually  unintelligible 
on  first  reading. 

By  surface  intelligibility  Fr.  Hull  does  not  mean  that  all  the 
sense  should  be  on  the  surface.  There  may  be  depths  upon  depths 
of  sense  below,  he  says,  which  can  only  be  fathomed  by  repeated 
reading  and  reflection.  What  I  insist  upon  is  that  the  words 
should  possess  on  the  face  of  them  a  clear  and  coherent  signifi- 
cance which  is  obvious  to  the  reader  without  effort  on  his  part; 
and  that  any  deeper  meaning  below  the  surface  should  be  an  am- 
plification or  intensification  of  this  surface  sense. 

Whether  this  is  a  canon  of  poetic  art  or  not,  at  least  it  has 
been  respected  in  practice  by  every  poet  in  western  literature 
from  Homer  down  to  Tennyson.  In  many  authors  there  will 
be  occasional  obscure  lines.  But  these  obscurities  can  as  a  rule 
be  accounted  for,  either  by  the  fact  that  the  language  is  not 
our  own,  or  because  we  have  lost  the  collateral  knowledge  neces- 


18  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

sary  to  understand  a  local  allusion,  or  possibly  because  the 
surviving  text  is  corrupt.  In  any  case,  no  one  would  ever  have 
considered  the  poet  a  finer  poet  because  of  these  obscurities. 
Moreover,  they  are  quite  incidental.  Taking  the  run  of  the 
stanzas  the  surface  meaning  in  all  the  poets  of  the  past  is  clear, 
so  that  each  line  conveys  without  ambiguity  either  a  picture 
or  a  thought;  and  the  sequence  and  connection  of  pictures  or 
thoughts  is  equally  clear. 

The  reason  why  this  universal  practice  of  all  poets,  from 
Homer  to  Tennyson,  deserves  to  be  counted  as  an  essential  con- 
stituent of  true  poetic  art  is  obvious.  The  object  of  lan- 
guage is  the  manifestation,  not  the  concealment  of  thought. 
In  prose,  no  writer  would  be  considered  up  to  the  mark  if 
you  required  a  specially  tranquil  mind,  an  easy-chair,  a  cool 
veranda,  and  four  times  reading  over  before  you  could  make 
out  what  he  means.  And  surely  the  same  law  applies  to  the 
poetic  form — the  object  of  which  is  not  to  create  obscurity, 
but  to  add  to  a  clear  expression  of  thought  or  feeling  the 
charms  of  a  choice  vocabulary,  and  the  music  of  rhyme  and 
rhythm.  Puzzling  out  what  the  words  mean  is  all  very  well 
in  acrostics  and  conundrums;  but  the  pleasure  of  this  kind  of 
search  is  quite  a  different  thing  from  the  pleasure  which  is 
proper  to  poetry. 

I  have  spoken  of  the  rampant  obscurity  which  pervades  the 
poems  of  Francis  Thompson  as  the  following  out  of  a  fashion 
in  literature.  The  fashion  referred  to  is  not  confined  to  belles 
lettres,  but  spreads  over  the  whole  field  of  art.  The  movement 
no  doubt  arose  from  a  revolt  against  the  lifeless  conventionalism 
of  the  previous  century.  Its  pioneers,  chiefly  in  painting  and 
decorative  work,  were  Dante  Gabriel  Rosetti  and  the  Preraphaelite 
brotherhood,  and  a  similar  movement  soon  followed  in  other 
countries.  The  first  products  were  not  only  refreshing  but  truly 
aesthetic;  but  the  craze  for  unconventionality  soon  became  a 
mania — with  the  result  that  the  oddest  possible  things  came  to 
be  done — very  interesting,  I  confess,  but  some  of  them  very  mad. 

In  poetry  Browning  apparently  was  the  first    to    regard 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  19 

"surface  intelligibility"  as  negligible.  The  result  is  that  his 
worshippers  spend  all  their  time  in  trying  to  find  out  what  he 
meant — Browning  himself  on  one  occasion  acknowledged  that 
he  didn't — and  inventing  meanings  where  they  cannot  find  them. 
How  many  other  poets  have  followed  his  example  I  do  not  know ; 
but  I  should  say  that  Francis  Thompson  was  one  among  them. 

I  hold  that,  however  unconventional,  however  original,  how- 
ever metaphysical,  and  however  profound  a  work  may  be — let 
it  be  a  picture,  or  a  wall-decoration,  or  a  symphony,  or  a  poem — 
still  the  canon  of  "surface  intelligibility"  ought  in  the  midst  of 
all  vagaries  to  be  maintained,  else  how  is  one  to  draw  the  line 
between  art  and  madness? 

There  is  a  good  deal  of  sense  in  this  saying :  "The  obscurely 
written  is  the  obscurely  thought."  Poets  who  exhibit  the  va- 
rious faults  pointed  out  in  Francis  Thompson's  works  are  pre- 
sumably suffering  from  a  plethora  of  strong  but  incoherent 
emotion — something  possibly  too  strong  to  take  shape,  and 
which  can  only  be  aptly  expressed  in  the  form  of  ravings.  The 
ravings  may  be  refined  and  infinitely  clever;  but  ravings  they 
are,  because  lawless  in  vocabulary  and  phrase  and  sentence. 
In  one  sense  they  have  a  surface  meaning,  though  an  indirect 
one.  They  show  that  the  writer  is  in  a  stupendous  state  of 
stress,  trying  to  get  his  feelings  out,  and  managing  to  do  so 
only  in  such  questionable  shape  that  one  hardly  knows  what  to 
make  of  them. 

The  only  objection  which  suggests  itself  is,  that  by  making 
the  poetry  clear  on  the  surface  it  would  be  reduced  to  the  com- 
monplace. I  answer:  If  the  verses  are  poetry  only  because  ob- 
scure and  difficult  to  understand,  then  they  ought  never  to  have 
been  written.  True  poetry  is  surely  that  which  is  at  once  clear- 
est, sublimest,  and  deepest.  To  make  mystery  by  means  of  ob- 
scurity is  jerry-building  and  bogus  conundrum- work.  The  true 
mystery  is  that  which  remains  mystery  still,  even  when  clearly 
expressed.  And  as  for  thought  and  feeling,  what  is  incoherent 
must  so  far  be  irrational;  and  I  have  yet  to  be  convinced  that 
irrationality  is  any  proper  constituent  of  the  sublime  or  of  the 


20  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

beautiful.  Even  emotion,  however  intense,  must  at  least  be 
sane;  and  if  it  is  to  be  expressed  in  verse,  must  also  be  re- 
strained enough  to  find  its  equivalent  in  intelligible  sentences 
instead  of  the  incoherent  slobberings  of  words. 

The  Causes  of  Catholic  Defection 

By  the  Rev.  Henry  J.  Ehr,  Stevens  Point,  Wis. 

The  causes  of  Catholic  defection  enumerated  by  several 
recent  writers  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  undeniably  all  have 
a  share  in  bringing  about  the  tremendous  defection  which  we 
all  admit  ad  deplore. 

Faith  and  mother  tongue  are  as  a  matter  of  fact  intimately 
bound  up.  You  cannot  forcibly  suppress  the  latter  without 
wrecking  the  former.  But  this  is  a  truism  of  every  language 
foreign  to  the  mother-tongue  of  the  faithful  entrusted  to  a  pas- 
tor's care.  The  number  of  "priests  who  show  dislike  and  con- 
tempt for  those  of  their  people  who  cannot  speak  English,"  it 
seems  to  me,  is  too  small  in  comparison  with  the  whole  number  of 
f alien-off  immigrants  as  to  be  taken  seriously;  besides,  the  loss 
is  keenly  felt  where  zealous  pastors  make  every  sacrifice  and 
effort  to  speak  in  the  tongue  of  their  entrusted  flocks. 

Indeed,  as  "Catholic  Missionary"  claims,  foreigners  are  sen- 
sitive, in  fact  often  supersensitive,  which  unfortunately  but  too 
often  breeds  human  respect, — a  prolific  source  of  negli- 
gence in  the  fulfilment  of  religious  duties.  Add  to  this  the  fact 
that  a  large  percentage  of  our  immigrants,  especially  from  South- 
Eastern  Europe,  have  an  erroneous  idea  of  religious  liberty, 
engendered  by  an  astonishing  ignorance  of  even  the  rudiments 
and  essentials  of  faith  and  Church,  and  an  utter  lack  of  knowl- 
edge of  the  financial  needs  of  the  Church  in  this  country,  and 
you  have  almost  invariably  what  America  aptly  calls  "Thunder- 
storm Christians,"  who  soon  become  seared  spiritually  and  even 
forget  "their  blessed  candles." 

But  when  there  is  question  of  native-born  children  of 
the  second  generation,  especially  those  of  German  extraction, 
I  think  the  English  language  preferable.    Almost  nine-tenths  of 


XXI  1  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  21 

our  immigrants  use  their  own  peculiar  dialect  at  home,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  children  practically  know  little  High  Ger- 
man. Again,  English  is  the  language  of  the  babbling  child,  the 
language  of  the  street  and  field,  of  factory  and  workshop,  the 
language  in  which  our  growing-up  youth  must  defend  and  give 
an  account  of  the  faith  within  them.  Why  should  the  catechism 
class  be  a  German  drill  class?  It  would  be,  indeed,  a  grave  in- 
justice to  the  child  and  its  parents  to  rob  it  of  its  parental  lan- 
guage, but  why  make  its  faith  depend  upon  a  language  which 
is  in  most  cases  burdensome  and  irksome  for  the  child?  Salus 
animarum  suprema  lex. 

That  our  catechisms  are  psychologically  defective  no  one 
familiar  with  them  will  deny,  but  if  Father  Klauder  can  pick 
out  ten  Catholic  boys  and  girls  in  any  town,  coming  out  of  the 
high  school  or  the  convent  school,  and  wager  not  two  of  them 
could  tell  us  what  the  words  "divine"  and  "sanctify"  mean,  you 
can  rest  assured  it  is  indicative  of  a  deplorable  lack  of 
thorough  catechetical  explanation  and  of  a  wrong  method 
in  teaching.  Where  proper  catechetical  instruction  is  miss- 
ing you  will  also  find  that  two  out  of  ten  will  not  know  what 
"the  last  oiling"  or  "letzte  Oelung"  means. 

Whilst  the  immense  losses  of  the  Church  in  this  country 
are  attributable  to  a  great  variety  of  causes,  these  causes  seem 
to  me  to  be  but  outcroppings  of  one  general,  universal  cause 
which  accommodates  itself  to  every  condition  and  state  of  life, 
assuming  this  or  that  particular  form  as  circumstances  require. 
Causa  causae  est  causa  causati.  I  think  it  can  be  generally 
taken  for  granted  that  the  socalled  "Zeitgeist,"  the  spirit  of  the 
age,  is  at  the  bottom  of  it  all.  This  accords  with  Holy  Scrip- 
ture :  "No  man  can  serve  two  masters.  *  *  *  You  cannot  serve 
God  and  mammon."  (Matth.  6, 24).  It  is  this  unscrupulous 
pursuit,  this  feverish  thirst,  this  ceaseless  struggle  and  striving 
to  possess  earthly  goods  to  the  utter  exclusion  of  God,  this  con- 
stant and  untiring  effort  to  accumulate  wealth  for  mere  animal 
gratification  that  blunts  the  spirit,  breeds  religious  indifference, 
and  blights  every  relish  for  "the  things  above."  It  tends 
of  its  own  nature  to  subject  the  soul  to  the  body.     The  world 


22  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

is  becoming  intoxicated  with  mammon  worship;  the  at- 
mosphere is  literally  charged  with  sensuality,  which  is  pene- 
trating into  and  permeating  the  masses,  entering  into  the  fold 
and  breaking  into  the  very  sanctuary  of  the  Church.  It  is  this 
worldly  spirit  of  luxury,  this  mammon-worship,  that  prostitutes 
one  of  the  noblest  faculties  of  man  to  invent  and  devise  new 
ways  and  means  to  cater  to  and  stimulate  every  form  and  shape 
of  sensual  indulgence,  the  very  raison  d'etre  of  the  amusement 
halls  springing  up  in  every  town  and  hamlet  like  mushrooms. 
Our  extravagant  and  loose  modern  fashions,  our  automobile 
craze  et  id  genus  omne  are  unmistakable  earmarks  of  mammon- 
worship.  Habitual  neglect  of  religious  duties,  or  at  best  a  hur- 
ried, routine  way  of  performing  them  is  a  direct  and  immedi- 
ate consequence  of  the  Zeitgeist.  This  same  worldly  spirit, 
vulture  like,  feeds  on  offal,  the  garbage  accumulated  in  the 
secular  daily  papers,  worldly  magazines  to  the  almost  utter  , 
exclusion  of  solid,  sound,  healthy  and  elevating  Catholic  litera- 
ture. 

Now,  this  anti-Christian  spirit  of  the  world,  which  obtains 
so  generally  amongst  us,  is  incompatible  with  and  diametrically 
opposed  to  the  Catholic  faith.  "If  any  man  love  the  world,  the 
love  of  the  Father  is  not  in  him."  (1  John  2,  15.)  "We  are 
not  discussing  the  quality  of  our  Catholics,  but  their  number," 
Catholic  Missionary  will  object.  True,  but  the  spirit  of  in- 
difference is  by  no  means  a  fossilized  state.  "Because  you 
are  neither  cold  nor  warm  I  begin  to  vomit  thee  out  of  my 
mouth,"  or,  as  Catholic  Missionary  rightly  puts  it,  "defection 
from  the  faith  is  prepared  by  slow  process." 

Mixed  marriages  are  another  fruit  of  the  Zeitgeist  of 
mammon-worship  and  indifferentism  under  the  guise  of  "broad- 
mindedness  and  social  prestige."  You  may  watch  over  your 
lambs  with  a  lynx-eye  and  talk  until  you  are  blue  in  the  face 
in  your  effort  to  nip  a  mixed  marriage  in  the  bud,  and  you 
will  be  out-maneuvered  and  out-witted  99  times  when  there  is 
question  of  those  "doubly  born  in  sin."  True  and  sad  enough 
there  are  priests  who  permit  mixed  marriages  too  easily,  but 


XXI  1  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  23 

they  are  tainted  with  the  same  spirit  of  indifferentism  de- 
spite the  fact  that  they  resent  the  accusation. 

Religious  indifferentism  is  dry-rot.  Those  affected  by  it 
have  no  stamina  to  weather  the  storm  of  temptation.  And 
the  storm  is  raging,  assuming  the  proportions  and  character- 
istics of  a  veritable  cyclone.  We  have  not  yet  reached  the 
crisis.  "Religio  Depopulata"  seems  to  be  in  the  future.  The 
signs  of  the  times  forbode  no  immediate  reaction  or  swinging 
back  of  the  pendulum  to  Fides  Intrepida. 

In  the  mean  time  surely  we  must  not  rest  on  our  oars, 
but  conjointly  row  and  pull  together  against  the  tidal  wave 
of  the  worldly  spirit  prevalent  on  all  sides  in  our  days,  by 
leading  an  exemplary,  faithful  and  fervent  Catholic  life.  Above 
all  those  to  whom  the  fold  of  Christ  has  been  entrusted  must 
stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  under  the  paternal  guidance  of  the 
Chief  Shepherd,  a  true  Ignis  Ardens,  and  labor  to  "restore  all 
things  in  Christ,"  not  only  by  an  exemplary  life  of  virtue, 
labor,  and  learning,  but  above  all  by  an  unbounded  spirit  of 
self-denial,  true  and  solid  piety,   devout  and  earnest  prayer. 

FLOTSAM  AND  JETSAM 


The  New  Code  of  Pius  X  large  part  of  their  time  to  the  task. 

TV,      n     A'      l         4  +v.      n  ^u*    though    there    are    at    present 

Ine  Cardinals    oi  the  Com-  thirteen  cardinals  on  the  Commis- 

mission  for  the  Codification  of  sion  they  are  all  so  over-burdened 

Canon  Law  resumed  their  witn  work  on  the  Roman  Congrega- 
meetingS  in  the  Vatican  to-  tions,  Offices  and  Tribunals,  that  the 
wards  the  close  of  November,  labors  of  codification  have  fallen  on 
Our  excellent  contemporary  the  shoulders  of  one  man:  Cardinal 
Rome  (Vol.  XIV,  No.  22)  re-  Gasparri,  one  of  the  greatest  of  mod- 
ports  on  the  present  status  of  ern  canonists.  He  has  now  completed 


this  great  work  as  follows: 

When  will  this  new  Code  of  Pius  X 


the  first  draft  of  the  new  Code  in 

three  volumes  dealing  with  Persons, 

Things,    Judgments,    and    he    is    at 
be  comp  eted  and  promulgated?     It  t  ^    collating    and 

^i;  most  ten  years  ago     March  ^    observations    of    the 

19,  1904)    since  the  Pontifical  Com-      ,  .  ,  .,  .  .      .  .  ,     . 

.     .  .    ,    ,         ,  .,     T-r  ,        bishops  on  the  material  which  has 

mission  was  appointed,  and  the  Holy  r 

Father  hoped  that  the  work  might  been  submitted  to  them.    But  for  the 

be  completed  in  five.  That,  however,  moment  it  is  quite  impossible  to  say 

was  on  the  hypothesis  that  a  number  when  the  whole  work  will  be  com- 

of  cardinals  might  be  able  to  give  a  pleted. 


24 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


How  the  Rooster  Became  the 
Democratic  Emblem 

The  rooster  was  first  adopted 
as  the  Democratic  emblem  in 
Indiana.  As  told  in  the  Jour- 
nal of  American  History,  this 
event  occurred  in  the  campaign 
of  1840,  and  was  due  to  the 
rhetorical  powers  of  one  Joseph 
Chapman.  Not  that  Chapman 
actually  had  skill  in  imitating 
the  crowing  of  a  rooster,  as 
some  will  have  it.  His  crowing 
was  figurative,  but  none  the 
less  effective.  In  the  "hard- 
cider"  campaign  the  Democrats 
were  in  need  of  all  the  encour- 
agement they  could  get.  Final- 
ly the  editor  of  a  Democratic 
newspaper  published  in  Indian- 
apolis wrote  a  letter  to  the 
postmaster  of  Chapman's  home 
town,  saying :  "Do,  for  heaven's 
sake,  stir  up  the  Democracy. 
See  Chapman;  tell  him  not  to 
do  as  he  did  heretofore.  He 
used  to  create  unnecessary 
alarms;  he  must  crow.  We 
have  much  to  crow  over."  The 
letter,  left  upon  the  table  in  the 
post  office,  was  copied  by  a 
Whig  leader,  and  printed  in  the 
chief  Whig  newspaper  in  the 
State.  Whig  articles  began  to 
appear,  ridiculing  the  idea  of 
crowing  to  keep  up  Democratic 
courage,  and  jeeringly  using 
the  phrase,  "Crow,  Chapman, 
crow!"  Contrary  to  the  Whig 
expectations,  the  notion  of 
gameness  involved  in  the  ap- 
peal caught  the  fancy  of  the 
Democratic  voters,  who  seized 
upon  the  phrase  as  one  of  com- 
pliment to  their  associate.  In 
spite  of  the  defeat  in  the  na- 
tion,  Chapman  was  elected  to 


the  legislature ;  the  cry  became 
popular  throughout  the  State, 
and  Democratic  newspapers 
commenced  to  employ  the 
rooster  as  an  emblem.  The  con- 
spicuousness  of  Indiana  in  this 
campaign  advertised  the  devel- 
opment widely,  and  other 
States  followed.  It  was  not  the 
first  time,  nor  the  last,  that  a 
jeer  of  an  enemy  had  been  ap- 
propriated and  made  a  battle 
cry. 

Saloons  too  Numerous 

It  is  not  expedient,  even  if 
it  were  possible,  to  introduce 
prohibitive  liquor  legislation 
until  public  opinion  is  more 
strongly  on  the  side  of  temper- 
ance. But,  in  regard  to  the 
licensing  of  new  saloons  and 
the  facilities  afforded  for  drun- 
kenness, there  is,  it  seems  to 
us,  no  reason  for  any  delay  in 
legislation.  State  and  city  au- 
thorities have  done  much  to 
lessen  this  evil,  but  there  is  vast 
room  for  further  improvement. 
On  certain  streets  in  our  larger 
cities  are  multitudes  of  saloons, 
within  a  stone's  throw  of  one 
another,  which  are  quite  unnec- 
essary for  any  purposes  of  le- 
gitimate traffic.  Two  or  more 
saloons  may  be  passed  by,  but 
the  number  of  these  places  of 
temptation  is  too  great  for 
many  men  of  weak  will. 

The  present  system,  too,  of 
licensing  saloons  in  defiance  of 
the  wishes  of  the  respectable 
people  of  a  neighborhood,  and 
under  influences  that  dare  not 
be  avowed,  is  a  distinct  hin- 
drance to  social  progress. — D. 
J.  Scannell  O'Neill. 


XXI  1 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


25 


An    Ominous    Sign    of    the 
Times 

A  most  demoralizing  offense 
of  some  magazines  and  news- 
papers, says  the  Outlook  (No. 
2),  is  the  exploitation  of  wom- 
an on  the  physical  side,  the 
growing  use  of  half -clothed  fig- 
ures. The  emphasis  on  the  phys- 
ical grows  more  emphatic  and 
audacious,  and  its  object  is  un- 
mistakable: semi-nakedness  is 
exploited  for  business  purposes; 
it  is  a  bid  for  the  support  of  a 
class  in  the  community  who  are 
attracted  by  indecency  so  long 
as  indulgence  in  that  taste  does 
not  jeopardize  their  standing  as 
respectable  people.  What  makes 
the  increasing  audacity  in  the 
use  of  the  semi-naked  ominous 
is  its  appearance  in  newspapers 
and  magazines  which  regard 
themselves  and  are  regarded  by 
their  readers  as  responsible  and 
respectable  publications.  Form- 
erly this  kind  of  illustration 
was  confined  to  semi-obscene 
journals.  If  those  journals  had 
increased  in  number,  it  would 
have  been  an  ominous  sign  of 
lowered  moral  standards,  but 
the  appearance  of  these  illus- 
trations in  publications  widely 
read  by  respectable  readers  and 
taken  in  respectable  homes  is 
a  much  more  serious  matter ;  it 
means  that  editors  and  publish- 
ers believe  that  this  form  of 
appeal  to  physical  impulses  and 
sex  curiosity  meets  public  taste 
and  is  an  available  method  of 
"getting  business."  The  exploi- 


tation of  the  semi-naked  for 
commercial  purposes  is  a  much 
graver  offense  against  society 
when  it  is  done  by  men  of  rep- 
utable character  than  when  it 
is  done  by  men  who  recognize 
no  moral  standards. 

The  mischief  is  serious  be- 
cause it  is  fundamental:  it 
cheapens  women,  and  anything 
which  lowers  the  respect  of  so- 
ciety for  women  strikes  down 
one  of  the  great  safeguards  of 
society.  Boys  and  young  men 
who  constantly  see  these  illus- 
trations cannot  escape  the  con- 
tamination of  ideas  and  asso- 
ciations which  cheapen  women 
in  their  thoughts.  The  vulgar 
handling  of  things  essentially 
sacred  and  pure  is  a  form  of 
sacrilege  which  weakens  the 
foundations  of  faith  and  rever- 
ence. These  illustrations  are 
an  insult  to  women,  because 
they  treat  them  on  the  lowest 
plane;  and  they  destroy  that 
modesty  which  is  just  as  truly 
the  quality  of  a  boy  of  fine 
grain  as  of  a  high-minded  girl. 
They  diminish  the  strength  and 
happiness  of  society  by  dimin- 
ishing its  respect  for  wifehood 
and  motherhood:  for  the  de- 
gree of  respect  in  which  women 
are  held  is  one  of  the  measures 
of  civilization.  Readers  of 
hitherto  reputable  publications 
which  open  their  columns  to 
offensive  illustrations  ought 
to  make  their  protests  urgent 
and  outspoken. 


26 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


ET  CETERA 


Happy  New  Year! 

The  recrudescence  in  this  country, 
of  not  only  the  A.  P.  A.  spirit,  but 
that  infamous  organization  itself, 
lends  additional  weight  to  the  advice 
that  Catholics  should  take  their  due 
part  in  public  service,  and  especially 
that  Catholic  officials  should  so  con- 
duct themselves  as  to  reflect  honor 
on  their  religion. — Ave  Maria  (Vol. 
77,  No.  23). 

The  Rev.  George  U.  Wenner,  in  a 
new  and  enlarged  edition  of  his  book 
on  Religious  Education  and  the  Pub- 
lic School  (American  Tract  Socie- 
ty) ,  urges  the  concession  of  Wednes- 
day afternoon  of  each  week  to  the 
various  religious  denominations  for 
instructing  pupils  in  religion.  The 
way  in  which  such  work  is  carried 
on  by  some  private  schools  and  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  workers  may  be  learned  from 
The  Use  of  the  Bible  Among  School 
Boys,  published  by  the  Association 
Press. 

* 

Henry  Holt  &  Company  announce 
that  they  are  about  to  publish  a 
new  quarterly,  to  be  called  the  Un- 
popidar  Review.  In  the  mind  of 
the  editor  "there  is  great  need  for 
the  dissemination  of  some  disagree- 
able truths."  The  prospectus  states 
that  "Most  of  the  fallacies  now 
popular  depend  upon  vague  notions 
that  the  republic  can  prosper  with 
one  law  for  the  rich  and  another  for 
the  poor;  that  something  can  be  had 
for  nothing;  that  it  is  unnecessary 
to  better  the  man  in  order  perma- 
nently to  better  his  estate;  that  the 
march  of  progress  should  be  tuned 
to  the  pace  of  the  slowest;  that  poli- 
cies can  rise  higher  than  their 
source,  and  that  wisdom  can  be  at- 
tained by  the  counting  of  noses." 


Reviewing  the  English  translation 
of  Dr.  Boissarie's  work  Heaven's 
Recent  Wonders,  the  Rev.  Ernest 
R.  Hull,  S.  J.,  editor  of  the  Bombay 
Examiner  and  a  thoroughly  compe- 
tent critic,  says:  The  book  "is  not 
at  all  satisfactory.  It  is  neither  a 
truly  scientific  work  nor  a  truly  pop- 
ular one.  There  are  excellent  cases 
in  it;  but  they  are  reported  in 
so  confusing  a  manner  that  they  will 
not,  we  are  convinced,  appeal  to  a 
scientific  non-Catholic  man  as  they 
might  be  made  to  appeal.  We  do  not 
desire  to  labor  the  case  further,  but 
we  do  venture  to  say  that  it  is  un- 
fortunate that  the  real  case  for 
Lourdes  should  not  be  presented  in 
a  manner  likely  to  make  a  serious 
appeal  for  a  hearing  to  the  scientific 
opinion  of  English-speaking  coun- 
tries." 

* 

Writing  in  the  December  North 
American  Review  on  "The  Crisis  in 
Constitutionalism,"  Dr.  David  Jayne 
Hill  discusses  some  marked  political 
tendencies  of  the  present  day  in  this 
country.  Hasty  alterations  in  the 
fundamental  law  he  puts  first  among 
the  methods  of  attack  upon  a  system 
of  government  like  ours,  and  he  re- 
gards the  new  amendments  provid- 
ing for  direct  election  of  senators 
and  for  the  enactment  of  a  federal 
income  tax  as  fraught  with  peril. 
A  second  point  of  attack  is  the  en- 
croachment of  one  or  more  of  the 
three  departments  of  government 
upon  either  or  both  of  the  others. 
Dr.  Hill  feels  that  the  President  has 
come  to  have  "the  nearest  approach 
to  absolute  power  now  to  be  found 
in  any  constitutional  government  in 
the  world."  But  it  is  the  third  form 
of  attack  that  he  particularly  warns 
us  against,  and  that  is  a  disposition 
to  take  back  the  surrender  of  power 


XXI  1 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


27 


which  the  people  made  for  the  sake 
of  protecting  minorities  against  the 
majority.  Disrespect  for  the  Con- 
stitution and  class  legislation  are 
signs  of  this  disposition,  and  Dr. 
Hill  discerns  its  presence  among  us, 
with  its  tendency  to  make  naught 
of  paper  obstacles  that  lie  in  its 
way.  Opposition  to  the  doctrine  of 
the  divine  right  of  the  unregulated 
will  of  the  majority  is  indeed 
the  "overmastering    political    issue" 

of  the  moment. 

* 

The  young  Italian  who  confesses 
to  having  stolen  Da  Vinci's  master- 
piece "Mona  Lisa"  in  revenge  for 
Napoleon's  looting  of  Italy's  treas- 
ures would  very  well  fit  the  case 
of  a  motive  of  revenge  taking  shape 
in  a  disordered  brain.  Revenge  or 
madness  alone  would  induce  a  man 
to  steal  a  treasure  that  could  not 
be  disposed  of,  unless  to  one  of  those 
fantastic  art-lovers  of  whom  Balzac 
used  to  write  who  might  gloat  in 
secret  over  a  possession  they  never 
dare  avow.  The  manner  of  the  ab- 
straction of  the  painting  from  the 
Louvre,  like  all  magnificent  acts  of 
audacity,  was  simple  to  a  degree. 
The  portrait  was  not  destroyed  by 
acid,  it  was  not  stolen  by  the  French 
Minister  of  Fine  Arts,  it  was  not 
spirited  away  in  an  aeroplane.  A 
workman  simply  put  the  picture  un- 
der his  blouse  and  carried  it  off. 
* 

Here  is  a  very  acute,  though  of 
course  not  exhaustive,  analysis  of 
"the  American  mind"  by  the  Arch- 
bishop of  St.  Louis.  The  passage  is 
quoted  from  an  address  delivered  at 
the  recent  jubilee  celebration  in  hon- 
or of  Archbishop  Spalding  of  Peoria, 
111. 

Nations  like  individuals  have  char- 
acteristics all  their  own,  characteris- 
tics by  which  they  can  be  readily  dis- 
tinguished from  all  others.  A  nation 
has  a  national  physiognomy  (naturally 
with  many  individual  variants,)  a  na- 


tional temperament,  and  a  national 
mind.  There  is  such  a  thing  as  the 
American  mind;  and  that  mind,  in 
spite  of  the  varying  vicissitudes  of 
migration  and  immigration,  can  be 
quite  definitely  outlined.  The  Amer- 
ican mind,  if  it  is  not  Catholic,  is, 
in  the  broad  sense,  Christian.  It  is 
decent,  honest  and  direct.  It  stands 
for  justice  and  liberty.  It  believes  in 
fair  play — or,  in  modern  terms,  the 
"square  deal."  It  abounds  in  the  na- 
tional virtues.  It  does  not  possess, 
yet  it  is  not  opposed  to  the  super- 
natural ones.  It  has  not  the  gift  of 
faith  in  a  very  marked  way,  yet  it 
will  not  insult  or  belittle  those  who 
have.  Mr.  Ingersoll  has,  I  believe,  a 
monument  in  your  city,  but  he  left 
no  successor.  Blasphemy  does  not 
pay.  Infidelity,  even  when  set  in  a 
brilliant  veneer,  is  to  the  average 
American  only  a  disease — the  expres- 
sion of  a  diseased  mind.  In  this,  at 
least,  America  differs  from  nearly  all 
other  countries,  that  if  there  be  not 
much  piety,  there  is  little  blasphemy,  and 
if  there  be  no  exalted  sense  of  rev- 
erence, there  is  little  cringing  servility. 


The  late  Protestant  Bishop  Doane 
of  Albany  wore  the  knee  breeches, 
the  bishop's  apron  and  the  shovel  hat 
of  the  Church  of  England  prelates, 
and  among  the  stories  told  concern- 
ing him  was  the  following.  A  Buffalo 
travelling  man  once  saw  in  a  hotel 
corridor  a  trunk  labelled  in  black 
letters:  "William  of  Albany."  "Who," 
he  exclaimed,  "is  that  conceited  fel- 
low who  labels  his  trunk  as  though 
there  were  no  other  Williams  except 
himself  in  the  capital  of  the  Empire 
State?"  "Oh,"  replied  his  compani- 
on, "that  trunk  belongs  to  the  Rt. 
Rev.  William  Croswell  Doane,  the 
Anglican  Bishop  of  Albany,  and  he 
is  imitating  the  custom  of  the  Eng- 
lish bishops,  who  just  sign  them- 
selves William  of  York,  or  James  of 
Manchester."  "Well,  now,"  mused 
the  man  from  Buffalo,  "if  he  were 
bishop  of  my  town  he  could  have  la- 
beled his  trunk  just  plain  Buffalo 
Bill." 


28 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


LITERARY  NOTES 


— P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons  publish 
Selected  Poems  of  John  Boyle  O'Reil- 
ly (vii  &  197  pp.  12mo.  $1.33,  post- 
paid). The  selection  is  well  made, 
and  we  hope  it  will  help  to  keep 
O'Reilly's  poetry  alive  among  us. — 
P.  H. 

— The  ordinarily  so  ponderous 
Germans  can,  upon  occasion,  write 
vigorous  pamphlets.  Witness  Dr. 
Johannes  Bumuller's  Gottesglaube 
und  Gottes  Natur,  just  issued  by  the 
Volksverein  of  M.-Gladbach.  It  is 
a  brochure  of  60  pages  16mo,  direc- 
ted mainly  against  Monism,  and  as 
terse  and  vigorous  as  anything  Mr. 
Britten  ever  allowed  to  go  forth  un- 
der the  magic  C.  T.  S.  stamp.  The 
Volksverein  may  be  open  to  many  ob- 
jections; but  some  of  the  popular  a- 
pologetic  literature  it  is  putting  out 
certainly  deserves  very  high  praise. 
Bumuller's  brochure  can  be  obtained, 
exquisitely  bound,  for  40  Pfennigs 
or  about  10  cts..! — A.   P. 

— Alleged  Socialism  of  the  Church 
Fathers.  By  Rev.  John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 
(v  &  81  pp.  12mo.  B.  Herder.  1913. 
50  cts.  net).  In  this  little  volume 
Dr.  Ryan  traces  the  Patristic  pas- 
sages which  Socialists  are  fond  of 
quoting  against  the  right  of  private 
property  to  their  respective  sources 
and  gives  the  real  meaning  with  due 
regard  to  the  context.  The  Fathers 
quoted  are:  Chrysostom,  Basil,  Clem- 
ent of  Alexandria,  Augustine,  Am- 
brose, Gregory  the  Great,  and  Je- 
rome. The  opinions  of  SS.  Basil, 
Ambrose,  and  Jerome  are  considered 
in  some  detail,  because  these  three 
Fathers  are  representative  of  all  the 
others  and  are  the  ones  most  fre- 
quently cited  by  the  Socialists.  The 
conclusion  is  that  the  Fathers  of  the 
Church   "admitted   private   property 


to  be  just,  although  less  perfect  than 
common  ownership,  and  declared 
that  private  owners  did  wrong  when 
they  refused  to  distribute  their  sur- 
plus goods  among  the  needy."  The 
booklet  is  interesting  and  helpful; 
but  it  seems  to  us  a  methodical  mis- 
take to  cite  the  Patristic  passages 
according  to  Migne.  Not  every 
student  has  access  to  that  great  but 
uncritical  collection,  and  besides,  it 
is  important  to  know  in  what  par- 
ticular treatise  of  a  prolific  author — 
and  these  Fathers  were  all  prolific 
authors — a  passage  occurs  and 
whether  the  later  critical  editions 
corroborate  the  textual  reading  of 
the  editors  of  Migne's  Patrologia. — 
A.  P. 

— A  second  edition  has  recently 
appeared  of  Christian  Politeness,  a 
manual  "for  the  use  of  schools,  aca- 
demies, colleges,  and  seminaries,  as 
well  as  for  private  study,"  published 
by  the  Rev.  M.  M.  Gerend  for  the 
benefit  of  St.  John's  Institute  for 
Deaf-mutes,  St.  Francis,  Wis.  The 
work  is  based  on  Krier's  Christlicher 
Anstand  and  shares  the  merits  of 
that  excellent  compilation.  Some  of 
the  advice  given  is  of  questionable 
value;  but  that  is  inevitable  in  mat- 
ters of  etiquette,  where  there  are 
really  but  few  fixed  rules  of  general 
application  and  tastes  differ  so  wide- 
ly. The  French  accents  appear  to 
have  been  strewn  in  with  a  pepper- 
box and  the  German  quotations  in 
Gothic  type  look  like  "strangers  in 
Israel."  On  the  whole  the  work  can 
be  heartily  recommended  to  those 
for  whom  it  is  intended.  (Price, 
85  cts.  net,  cloth-bound;  $1.10  net, 
with  illuminated  cover.  Orders  to 
be  sent  to  Our  Young  People  Co., 
417  Seventh  Str.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.) 


XXI  1 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


29 


— A  little  compendium  of  politeness 
for  children,  "by  an  experienced 
teacher,"  is  The  Way,  The  Why, 
The  When,  published  by  the  Chris- 
tian Press  Ass'n  of  New  York  in 
the  shape  of  a  44-page  pamphlet, 
vest-pocket  size.     Price  5  cts. — A.  P. 

— In  a  little  33-page  pamphlet  Fa- 
ther Ambrose  Reger,  0.  S.  B.,  of 
Corbin,  Ky.,  undertakes  the  defense 
of  Our  Catholic  Sisterhoods  against 
the  dastardly  charges  of  the  Menace 
and  other  enemies  of  similar  stripe, 
by  simply  explaining  what  they  are 
and  how  they  live  and  work.  Fr. 
Ambrose  claims  special  competence 
in  the  matter,  being  himself  a  monk 
trained  under  the  same  discipline  as 
the  religious  of  the  other  sex,  hav- 
ing frequently  enjoyed  the  hospitali- 
ty of  nuns,  having  served  as  spiritual 
adviser  and  guide  to  some  of  them, 
and  having  the  honor  of  being  the 
brother  of  two  nuns.  His  brochure 
is  well  and  forcibly  written  and  will 
convince  any  fairminded  inquirer 
after  the  truth.  We  recommend  it 
for  circulation  wherever  such  a  de- 
fense may  be  needed,  and  the  Lord 
knows  it  is  needed  nearly  every- 
where in  these  days  of  vile  calumny. 
(Published  by  the  author  at  Corbin, 
Ky.  5  cts.  a  copy,  20  copies  for  50 
cts.,  50  copies  for  $1.) — A.  P. 

— The  Missal.  Compiled  from  the 
Missale  Romanum.  (B.  Herder.  Price 
$1.50  or  more,  according  to  binding). 
This  is  the  best  edition  of  the  missal 
for  the  use  of  laymen  that  we  have 
seen.  It  is  of  handy  size,  and,  being 
printed  on  thin  paper,  is  very  light 
in  weight.  The  print  is  excellent 
and  the  style  good, — all  rubrics  be- 
ing in  red  is  a  great  convenience. 
The  preparation  for  mass  and 
thanksgiving  after  mass  are  placed 
conveniently  at  the  beginning  of  the 
missal.  If  only  the  layman  will  fol- 
low persistently  the  liturgy  of  the 
mass — and  we  believe  that  the  num- 
ber  of   recent   issues  of  the   missal 


indicate  that  he  is  beginning  to  do  so 
— we  shall  have,  in  the  next  ten  years, 
a  laity  intelligently  devout  and  im- 
bued with  the  spirit  of  the  Church, 
and  in  the  next  generation  our  people 
will  be  manifesting  that  spirit  in  all 
the  various  directions  of  human  ac- 
tivity. All  we  need  is  to  drink  at 
the  source,  and  when  we  can  so  easi- 
ly do  so,  why  should  we  be  satisfied 
with  extracts  and  dilutions?  We 
hope  that  the  publishers  in  their 
next  edition  of  this  missal  will  take 
cognizance  of  certain  misprints, 
omissions,  and  repetitions.  E.  g.,  the 
Litany  of  the  Saints  is  printed 
twice.  The  other  authorized  litanies 
might  well  occupy  the  space  thus 
sacrificed.  Two  verses  are  duplicated 
in  the  Benedicite.  The  word  "promi- 
sisti"  is  omitted  from  the  offertory 
of  the  Requiem.  These  and  other 
errors  will  no  doubt  receive  the  at- 
tention of  the  editors. — S.  T.  Otten. 

—The  Rev.  P.  Justin  Albrecht,  O. 
S.  B.,  publishes  a  treatise  under  the 
title  Die  Gottesmutter,  in  which  he 
deals  concisely  and  in  simple  lan- 
guage with  the  cult  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin,  both  in  its  dogmatic  and  as- 
cetical  aspects.  The  author's  guid- 
ing principle  is  as  sound  as  it  is 
orthodox:  "This  book  shall  assert 
nothing  that  cannot  be  theologically 
demonstrated.  Only  too  often  edu- 
cated laymen  are,  to  the  injury  of 
their  souls,  estranged  from  the  cult 
of  Mary  by  imprudent  utterances 
of  ascetical  writers."  The  booklet 
can  be  cordially  recommended  to 
clergy  and  laity  alike,  especially  for 
spiritual  reading,  (vii  &  155  pp. 
12mo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  70  cts.  net). 

—O.  K. 

± 

A  competent  Catholic  organist, 
now  engaged  in  a  big  city,  desires, 
for  reasons  of  health,  to  exchange 
his  place  for  one  in  a  smaller  city  or 
town.  Apply  to  A.  B.,  care  Fort- 
nightly Review. 


30 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


— Der  erfahrene  Beichtvater  von 
Dr.  P.  Hieronymus  Aebischer  O.S.B. 
is  a  booklet  of  practical  instruction 
and  advice  for  confessors.  The  fact 
that  it  has  already  passed  into  a 
scond  edition  proves  that  it  serves 
its  purpose  well.  (Benziger  Bros.). 
—0.  K. 

Herder's  New  Books 

[This  list  is  furnished  monthly  by  B.  Herder, 
17  South  Broadway,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  who  keeps 
the  books  in  stock  and  to  whom  all  orders 
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The  Scottish  Monasteries  of  Old,  by 
M.  Barrett,     net  $4.75. 

A  Flower  for  Each  Day  in  The 
Year,  by  M.  Talbot,     net  .60. 

The  Coming  Storm,  by  F.  Hoyt. 
net  $1.25. 

Selected  Poems  of  John  Boyle 
O'Reilly,     net   $1.25. 

The  Pearl  of  Great  Price,  by  V. 
Riccardi-Cubitt.     net  .45. 

Worldlyman,  by  P.  Fitzgerald,  net 
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The  Marriage  of  Mademoiselle  Gi- 
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net  $1.25. 

A  Divine  Friend,  by  H.  Schuyler, 
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The  Fairy  of  The  Snows,  by  Fran- 
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Shall  Women  Vote?  By  A.  J.  Wolf- 
garten.     .05. 

Father  Smith  Instructs  Tackson,  by 
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K   . 

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XXI  1 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


31 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

Noldin,  H.  (S.  J.),  De  Poenis  Ec- 
clesiasticis.  4th  ed.  Innsbruck  1904. 
50  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool"  1805.     $2.50. 

Aebischer,  H.,  (O.S.B.),  Der  er- 
fahrene  Beichtvater.  Einsiedeln  1913. 
30  cts. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.     St.  Louis  1879. 

Gerend,  M.  M.,  Christian  Politeness. 
2nd  ed.     85  cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.    (Like  new.)   $1. 

Fehringer,  Edw.,  Leben  und  Segen 
der  Vollkommenheit.  Anleitung  zu  ei- 
nem  frommen  Leben  fur  Laien.  Frei- 
burg 1913.    85  cts. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like   new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.        Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts. 

Sarrazin,  O.,  Verdeutschungswor- 
terbuch  (Fremdworterlexikon).  2te 
Aufl.    Berlin   1889.    $1.30. 

Keiter's  Kath.  Literaturkalender  fiir 
1912.     75  cts. 

Miinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.     $3- 

Uhde,  Joh.,  Ethik.  Leitfaden  der  na- 
turlich-verniinftigen  Sittenlehre.  Frei- 
burg 1912.     65  cts. 

Mullan,  E.  (S.J.),  The  Morning 
Watch.  The  Spiritual  Exercises  of 
St.  Ignatius  Proposed  by  Fr.  Ign. 
Diertins,  S.J.     New  York  1913.    $1.20. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetze.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Ileinen,  A.,  Lebensspiegel.  Ein  Fami- 
lienbuch  fiir  Eheleute  und  solche  die 
es  werden.    M.  Gladbach  1913.     37  cts. 

McDonnell,  Jos.  (S.  J.),  The  Prom- 
ises of  the  Sacred  Heart.  Commen- 
tary and  Meditations.  London  1913. 
70  cts. 

Nostitz-Rieneck,  R.  v.  (S.J.),  Graf 
Hoensbroech's  Flucht  aus  Kirche  und 
Orden.     Kempten  1913.     75  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 


Albrecht,  Just.  (O.  S.  B.),  Die  Got- 
tesmutter.  Theologie  und  Aszese  der 
Marienvcrehrung.  Freiburg  1913.  5c 
cts. 

Vogels,  H.  J.,  Codex  Rehdigeranus. 
Die  4  Evangelien  nach  der  lat.  Hand- 
schrift  R  169  der  Stadtbibliothek  Bres- 
lau.  Mit  3  Tafeln.  Rome  1913.  $1. 
(Paper  covers.) 

Schmidt,  Jos.,  Das  Psalterium  des 
Rom.  Breviers  nebst  dem  Allge- 
meinen  Teil  des  Offiziums  ins  Deutsche 
iibertragen.     Ratisbon    1913.    40   cts. 

Kempf,  C.  (S.J.),  Die  Heiligkeit 
der  Kirche  im  19.  Jahrhundert.  Ein- 
siedeln  1913.     $1. 

Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.    (Wrapper.) 

Preuss,  Edw.,  Zum  Lobe  der  unbe- 
fleckten  Empfangnis  von  Einem,  der 
sie  vormals  gelastert  hat.  Freiburg 
1875.     75  cts. 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.  B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Jahrbuch  der  Naturwissenschaften 
1911-1912  and  1912-1913.  Herausgege- 
ben  von  Dr.  Jos.  Plassmann.  Freiburg 
1913.     Each  $1. 

Hattenschwiller,  J.  (S.  J.),  Der  Mann 
nach  dem  Herzen  Jesu.  Vortrage  iiber 
die  Herz-Jesu-Andacht.  Innsbruck  1913. 
40  cts. 

Ursuline  Sister,  A,  Landmarks  of 
Grace,  or  the  Feasts  of  Our  Lady. 
London  1913.     75  cts. 

Gray,  Mary  A.,  The  Turn  of  the 
Tide.  A  Story  of  Humble  Life  by  the 
Sea.     New  York  1913.     36  cts. 

Rohn'er,  B.,  Adapted  by  Rev.  R. 
Brennan,  Veneration  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin.     New  York  1913.    35  cts. 

d'Haussonville,  Comte  de,  Lacor- 
daire,  Translated  by  A.  W.  Evans. 
London  1913.     75  cts. 

Kunz,  Chr.,  Die  Diakonen-  und 
Priesterweihe  nach  dem  rom.  Ponti- 
fikale  deutsch  u.  lateinisch  nebst  Wei- 
he-Unterricht.     Ratisbon  1913.     25  cts'. 

Baierl,  Jos.  J.,  The  Holy  Sacrifice  of 
the  Mass  Explained  in  the  Form  of 
Questions  and  Answers.  Revised  Edi- 
tion.    Rochester,  N.  Y.  1913.     35  cts. 

Harte,  Jerome,  The  Light  of  His 
Countenance.  A  Tale  of  Rome  in  the 
Second  Century  After  Christ.  New 
York  1913.    36  cts. 


32 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.).  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1804-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.     $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.     New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Cremer,  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  Wor- 
terbuch  der  Neutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
cit'dt.     Gotha  1866.     $1.12. 

Jorg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
wicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  vols, 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,  Joh.  G.,  Geschichte  der 
Kriegskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendun^ 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebrauct. 
bis  Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  179'/. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von,  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg    1907   &    1909.   $3. 

Mathews,    Wm.,    Literary    Style    and 

Diurnale  Parvum,  sive  Epitome  ex 
Horis  Diurnis  Breviarii  Romani  a  PioX 
Reformati.  Vestpocket  size,  bound  in 
flexible  leather.  With  "Supplementum" 
and  "Praenotanda."  Ratisbon  1913. 
90  cts. 

Barham,  R.  H.,  The  Ingoldsby 
Legends.      Phila.     s.   a.     2   vols.   $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1789-1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon   1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  sqq.  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Brassac,  A.,  The  Student's  Hand- 
book to  the  New  Testament.  (Tr.  by 
Weidenhan.)  Illustrated.  Freiburg 
1913.     $2.22. 


Keon,  Miles  G.,  Dion  and  the  Sybils. 
A  Classic  Novel.  New  York  1913.   38  cts. 

The  Life  of  St.  Angela  Merici  in 
Catechetical  Form.  Cleveland,  O.  191 3. 
25  cts. 

Laurentius,  P.  (O.  M.  Cap.),  Der 
Abendprediger  oder  fromme  Lesungen 
fur  das  chistkatholische  Volk.  Ratis- 
bon 1913.    65  cts. 

des  Kreuzes.     Erster  Teil,  mit  22  Bil- 
dern.     Freiburg  1913.    90  cts. 

Cochem,  Martin  von,  Life  of  Christ, 
Adapted  by  Rev.  B.  Hammer,  O.  F.  M. 
New  York  1913.     36  cts. 

William,  Father,  O.  S.  F.  C,  Francis- 
can Tertiaries.  (Instructions  on  the 
Rule).    London  1913.     80  cts. 

Huonder,    A.     (S.J.),    Bannertrager 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  .Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

O'Connell,  C.  J.,  The  Cath.  Church 
the  True  Church  of  the  Bible.  St. 
Louis   1913.     $1. 

Deckert,  E.,  Nordamerika.  (Allg. 
Landerkunde).  2te  Aufl.  Richly  Illus- 
trated.    Leipzig   1904.     $2.50. 

Selected  Poems  of  John  Boyle 
O'Reilly.     New  York  1913.     95  cts. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G.,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne,  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  (Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).   $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.     Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb     condition. 

$2.35. 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 
1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2   vols.     London    1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes' 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don   1906.     $1.40. 

Other   Essays.     4th   ed.    Chicago    1882. 
75  cts. 


These  books,  except  where  otherwise  noted,  are  bound  and  in  fair  condition. 
The  prices  include  postage.  Only  those  marked  *  are  net,  which  means  that 
the  buyer  has  to  pay  postage,  express  or  freight  charges  extra,  over  and  above 
the  price  quoted.  In  ordering  net  books,  please  indicate  how  you  wish  them 
to  be  sent.     Cash  must  accompany  all  orders. 

BARGAIN   BOOK  CO.,  804  CLAY  STREET,  ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


End  of  the  Faribault  Plan  in  Minnesota 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

In  response  to  a  request  for  an  opinion  on  the  legality  of 
reading  the  Bible  in  the  public  schools  of  Minnesota,  Attorney 
General  Lyndon  A.  Smith  of  that  State  has  declared  that  the 
practice  is  unconstitutional. 

The  St.  Paul  Catholic  Bulletin  (Vol.  3,  No.  51)  points  out 
that  this  opinion  agrees  with  that  of  several  of  Mr.  Smith's 
predecessors,  and  comments  thereon  as  follows : 

These  opinions  leave  no  room  for  doubt  that  the  reading  of  the  Bible 
in  the  public  schools  must  be  regarded  as  unconstitutional  and  illegal  until 
such  time  as  a  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  hands  down  a  different  de- 
cision in  the  matter.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  Attorney  General  to  state  the 
law  when  requested  to  do  so  and,  likewise,  the  duty  of  all  concerned  to 
obey  the  law.  This  means,  of  course,  the  elimination  of  whatever  religious 
teaching  is  now  being  given  in  the  public  schools;1  for  Bible  reading  is 

regarded  as   synonymous  with   religious  instruction It  is  unfortunate 

that  the  public  school  system  of  the  United  States  is  in  such  a  deplorable 
position  in  regard  to  the  religious  instruction  of  the  pupils  who  patronize 
it.  The  whole  matter  is  a  most  perplexing  problem.  We  have  to  admit 
that  under  our  laws  religious  instruction  is  not  to  be  tolerated  in  the 
schools.  In  the  present  state  of  public  opinion  we  do  not  see  where  a 
remedy  can  be  found.  As  a  matter  of  fact  our  whole  public  school  system 
is  radically  wrong  in  this — that  it  puts  an  absolute  ban  on  religious  teach- 
ing and  gives  over  the  youth  of  the  land  to  agnosticism  and  materialism. 
The  difficulty  will  never  be  cured  until  a  serious  change  is  made  in  the 
system — such  a  change  as  takes  place  in  other  countries  of  America  and 
Europe.  This  change  would  leave  neutral  schools  to  serve  those  who  desire 
no  religious  instruction  for  their  children  and  would,  nevertheless,  take 
cognizance,  in  some  way,  of  schools  where  religion  is  deemed  to  be  of  para- 
mount importance.  There  need  be  no  appropriation  of  money  for  so-called 
sectarian  purposes.  Such  a  measure  is  entirely  out  of  the  question.  A 
payment,  however,  could  be  allotted  by  the  State  to  results  in  secular  edu- 
cation— such  results  to  be  judged  by  examinations  before  state  authorities. 
This  would  be  simple  justice  and  would  satisfy  every  one.  But  will  it 
come?     The  Lord  only  knows 


34  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Meanwhile 

In  view  of  this  deplorable  status  of  the  public  school  system  of  this 
country,  it  behooves  Catholics  to  continue  to  make  provision  for  the  re- 
ligious education  of  their  children  as  they  are  now  doing  in  the  parochial 
schools.  They  cannot  afford  to  jeopardize  the  spiritual  welfare  of  these 
little  ones  by  sending  them  to  schools  from  which  the  very  name  of  God 
is  banished  by  law. 

These  are  the  salient  passages  of  a  leading  editorial  article 
published  in  the  Catholic  Bulletin  of  December  20,  1913.  They 
are  not  remarkable  except  in  so  far  as  they  appear  in  a  news- 
paper that  is  believed  to  echo  the  views  of  His  Grace  the  Arch- 
bishop of  St.  Paul,  wmose  ideas  on  the  subject  have  manifestly 
undergone  a  change  since  the  days  of  the  Poughkeepsie-Fari- 
bault-Stillwater  controversy. 

Father  J.  A.  Burns,  C.  S.  C,  says  in  his  work  The  Growth 
and  Development  of  the  Catholic  School  System  in  the  United 
States,  New  York,  1912,  pp.  264  sq. : 

The  result  of  the  Bouquillon  controversy,  was,  however,  fatal  to  the 
practical  success  of  the  Faribault  plan.  Catholic  sentiment  was  shown 
to  be  divided  on  the  question.  The  attention  of  non-Catholics  was  directed 
to  it,  and  an  attitude  of  distrust  and  apprehension  was  engendered  in  the 
non-Catholic  mind,  which  gradually  changed  into  open  hostility.  After 
a  couple  of  years,  the  arrangement  was  voluntarily  discontinued  in  the 
schools  of  Faribault  and  Stillwater  by  the  Catholic  authorities.  But  prac- 
tically the  same  arrangement  was  entered  into  by  school  boards  and  Cath- 
olic pastors,  acting  under  the  advice  of  Archbishop  Ireland,  in  other  places 
in  Minnesota.  ..  .where  Catholics  constituted  the  great  majority  of  the 
population. 

Of  course,  this  arrangement  will  now  have  to  be  discon- 
tinued in  Minnesota.  Ultimately,  no  doubt,  it  will  have  to  be 
done  away  with  also  in  other  Western  States  where  it  still  exists 
"here  and  there  in  small  towns  and  country  districts."  (Burns, 
op.  cit.,  p.  265). 

The  only  alternative  is,  in  the  words  of  the  Catholic 
Bulletin,  for  Catholics  to  "continue  to  make  provision  for  the 
religious  education  of  their  children  as  they  are  now  doing  in 
the  parochial  schools." 

This  has  always  been  the  ceterum  censeo  of  the  Fort- 
nightly Review. 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  35: 

A  Handbook  of  American  Indians 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J.,  St  Louis  University 

Miss  Helen  Hunt  Jackson  has  aptly  characterized  our  mis- 
dealings with  the  Indians  in  her  work  A  Century  of  Dishonor. 
It  seems  however,  that  what  the  government  of  the  U.  S.  has 
failed  to  do  for  the  material  and  social  uplift  of  the  Indians,  it 
wishes  to  make  amends  for  by  presenting  to  posterity  scientif- 
ic records  of  their  life,  language,  history,  and  religion.  Prob- 
ably no  government  has  done  more  for  the  ethnologic  investiga- 
tion of  its  primitive  inhabitants  than  ours.  Besides  the  splendid 
Annual  Reports,  which  already  number  28,  there  are  the  Con- 
tributions to  North  American  Ethnology,  in  nine  volumes,  a 
series  of  Bulletins  in  52  numbers,  and  six  Miscellaneous  Pub- 
lications. 

A  new  impression  of  the  Handbook  of  American  Indians 
North  of  Mexico,  which  forms  number  30  of  the  above-men- 
tioned Bulletins,  gives  occasion  to  review  this  publication — the 
most  valuable,  no  doubt,  that  has  ever  been  undertaken  by  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology.  It  is  an  encyclopedic  dictionary 
of  the  life,  language,  history,  and  religion  of  the  American 
aborigines.  The  inception  of  this  monumental  work  dates  back 
to  the  year  1879,  when  the  work  of  recording  a  tribal  synonymy 
was  assigned  to  Mr.  Henry  W.  Henshaw.  In  the  words  of  its 
editor,  Mr.  F.  W.  Hodge, 

The  Handbook  has  many  imperfections,  no  doubt,  but  it  is  hoped 
that  in  future  editions  the  weak  points  may  be  strengthened  and  the  gaps 
filled,  until,  as  researches  among  the  tribes  are  continued,  the  compilation 
will  eventually  represent  a  complete  summary  of  existing  knowledge  re- 
specting the  aborigines  of  northern  America. ..  .It  has  been  the  aim  to 
give  a  brief  description  of  every  linguistic  stock,  confederacy,  tribe,  sub- 
tribe  or  tribal  division,  and  settlement  known  to  history  or  even  to  tradi- 
tion, as  well  as  the  origin  and  derivation  of  every  name  treated,  whenever 
such  is  known,  and  to  record  under  each  every  form  of  the  name,  and  every 
other  appellation  that  could  be  learned. 

This  is  certainly  a  vast  scope  and  a  large  field  of  investiga- 
tion, but  the  editor  has  achieved  his  plan,  as  even  a  cursory 
examination   of  the   two   volumes   will   show.     The  important 


36  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

articles  are  all  signed  by  their  contributors,  amongst  whom  we 
notice  Gatschet,  Cyrus  Thomas,  Franz  Boas,  W.  H.  Holmes, 
J.  N.  B.  Hewitt,  James  Mooney,  J.  W.  Fewkes.  Though  we 
readily  grant  that  the  list  of  contributors  to  both  volumes  is  a 
representative  one,  still  the  best  authorities  have  not  been 
chosen  in  every  case.  Thus  the  Rev.  Father  Leopold  Ostermann, 
O.  F.  M.,  of  St.  Michael's,  Arizona,  could  have  contributed  im- 
portant information  on  the  Navajos  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
though  the  article  in  the  Handbook  on  this  important  tribe,  by 
the  late  Dr.  Washington  Matthews,  U.  S.  A.,  leaves  little  to  be 
desired.  We  should  also  have  been  glad  to  see  the  name  of  Fa- 
ther G.  A.  Morice,  O.  M.  I.,  the  leading  authority  on  the  North- 
ern Athapascan  or  Dene,  and  the  inventor  of  a  Dene  syllabic 
alphabet.  The  Rev.  P.  Pacifique,  O.  M.  Cap.,  than  whom  there 
is  no  better  authority  on  the  history  and  language  of  the 
Micmacs  of  Canada,  is  another  name  that  would  have  graced 
this  Handbook.  So,  too,  the  Rev.  Arthur  Jones,  S.  J.,  of  Mon- 
treal, could  easily  have  enriched  the  work  with  information  on 
the  important  Huron  tribe — information  which  he  alone  posses- 
ses. 

It  will  be  seen,  therefore,  that  the  editor's  remark  in  the 
first  edition  concerning  weak  points  to  be  strengthened  and 
gaps  to  be  filled,  had  some  foundation.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
in  case  another  impression  becomes  necessary,  the  above-men- 
tioned authorities  will  be  called  upon  for  contributions. 

It  were  hard  to  single  out  in  such  an  immense  number 
of  articles  those  that  deserve  special  mention.  Yet  it  will  be 
easily  seen  that  amongst  the  most  notable  are  those  on  the 
Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Arts  and  Industries,  Architec- 
ture, Implements,  Ceremonies,  Pueblos,  Mythology,  and  especially 
the  exhaustive  treatise  on  Missions,  by  Mr.  James  Mooney, 
which  has  been  reprinted  in  pamphlet  form  and  previously  re- 
viewed in  this  magazine. 

This  Handbook  is  especially  valuable  for  its  rich  illustra- 
tions and  its  biographies  of  noted  Indians.  Among  the  latter 
it  is  agreeable  to  notice  the  short  sketch  of  Hollow-Horn  Bear, 
the  noted  Catholic  Brule  chief,  who  was  chief  color-bearer  for 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  37 

the  Federation  of  American  Catholic  Societies,  and  died  in 
Washington  last  April. 

In  comparison  with  the  numerous  articles  devoted  to  the 
Indians  in  what  is  now  the  United  States,  the  aborigines  of 
Canada  fare  rather  poorly. 

There  are  special  articles  on  French,  English,  Russian  and 
Spanish  influences  on  the  American  Indians.  It  is  interesting 
to  read  in  Prof.  A.  F.  Chamberlain's  article  on  "Spanish  In- 
fluence," that  "the  charges  against  the  Spaniards  of  enslaving 
the  Indians  in  the  mines  have  not  been  sustained,  such  ser- 
vitude being  contrary  to  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  law." 

The  article  on  "Pseudo-Indian"  contains  interesting  items 
on  forgeries  of  American  Indian  articles,  implements,  etc. — a 
subject  to  which  we  referred  in  our  article  on  "American 
Archaeologic  Forgeries"  in  this  Review,  three  years  ago.  The 
rather  long  article  on  "Popular  Fallacies"  will  also  change  the 
ideas  of  many  readers  concerning  the  Red  Man. 

And  now  a  word  of  caution.  Catholic  readers  ought  to  be 
on  their  guard  when  reading  articles  such  as  those  on  "Myth- 
ology," "Prayer,"  "Religion,"  "Sacrifice,"  etc.  For  though  the 
facts  brought  out  are  correct,  the  interpretation  is  not  always 
sound.  Major  Powell  introduced  a  very  peculiar  philosophy  and 
a  very  strange  terminology  into  his  treatment  of  the  religious 
life  of  the  American  Indians — and  the  present  members  of  the 
Bureau  of  Ethnology  are  willing  to  concede  that  some  of  Powell's 
"individualistic  philosophy"  may  still  be  detected  in  later  works 
published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Bureau.  Concerning  the  re- 
ligion of  primitive  races,  for  instance,  we  know  what  nonsense 
has  been  written  by  so-called  scientific  investigators,  and  the 
world  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Bishop  Roy  for  having  placed 
this  whole  field  of  primitive  cult  and  worship  on  a  truly  scientif- 
ic basis. 

Foreign  reviewers  have  expressed  their  delight  over  this 
Handbook.  A  reverend  contributor  to  Anthropos  says  that  it 
"is  a  standard  work  of  which  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology 
may  justly  be  proud."  And  we  add  that  it  is  a  splendid  resume 
of  the  history,  life,  culture,  and  mythology  of  a  vanishing  nation. 


38  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

Apropos  of  the  Causes  of  Catholic  Defection 

A  Canadian  Bishop  writes  to  us: 

Pushed  to  its  logical  conclusion,  the  counsel  of  "A  Catholic  Mission- 
ary" (Vol.  XX,  No.  24  of  the  Review)  is  that  English-speaking  Catholics 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  should  make  all  haste  to  unlearn  the 
English  language  and  group  themselves  in  small  communities  with  French, 
Poles,  Italians,  etc.  If  English  is  largely  responsible  for  our  losses  and  by 
speaking  the  same  language  and  reading  the  same  literature  as  our  Prot- 
estant fellow-countrymen  we  are  acquiring  the  same  mentality  as  they, 
to  the  detriment  of  our  Faith,  it  would  seem  to  be  our  plain  duty  to  eschew 
English  in  order  to  safeguard  the  Faith.  The  conclusion  is  preposterous; 
there  must,  then,  be  something  wrong  with  the  premises.  As  for  the  policy 
it  is  suggested  we  should  adopt,  it  would  be  fatuous  and  suicidal.  Leave 
out  Mexico,  and  North  America  is  English-speaking.  The  Catholic  Church 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  would  be  running  counter  to  the  maxim 
of  her  Divine  Founder  and  hiding  her  light  under  a  bushel,  were  she  to 
segregate  herself  from  the  life  of  the  nation  and  use  a  speech  other  than 
that  of  the  great  masses  of  the  people. 

If  ever  there  was  a  language  and  literature  that  was,  humanly  speak- 
ing, a  menace  to  the  Faith,  it  was  that  of  the  Roman  Empire  in  the  first 
centuries  of  the  Christian  era.  But  the  Catholic  Church,  instead  of  looking 
askance  at  it,  forged,  by  dint  of  the  use  she  made  of  it,  the  most  effective 
weapon  the  world  has  known  for  the  combating  of  error  and  the  spread 
of  the  Gospel.  Let  "A  Catholic  Missionary"  and  all  Catholic  missionaries 
who  are  laboring  in  English-speaking  mission  fields,  emulate  the  example 
of  their  predecessors  under  the  old  Empire  of  the  Romans  and  fight  the 
good  fight  of  the  Faith  with  the  only  weapon  that  can  possibly  serve  their 
purpose — the  language  of  the  country  in  which  they  live  and  move  and 
have  their  being. 

Dubious  "Ads"  in  Catholic  Journals 

A  highly  esteemed  clergyman  writes : 

Permit  me  to  call  public  attention  to  an  advertisement  in  Our  Sunday 
Visitor  (Dec.  21,  1913),  in  which  a  certain  firm  promises  an  annual  in- 
come of  $615  for  $1251,  an  annual  income  of  $1230  for  $2502,  an  annual 
income  of  $1845  for  $3753,  and  so  forth.  The  offer  sounds  "fishy."  Other 
dubious  ads  that  have  appeared  in  Our  Sunday  Visitor  move  me  to  express 
the  wish  that  the  publishers  of  that  useful  publication  use  more  caution 
in  their  advertising  department.  One  fraudulent  advertisement  is  apt  to 
countervail  tons  of  apologetics. 

On  the  same  subject  we  have  the  following  from  a  Cath- 
olic author  of  national   repute: 

A  firm  of  American  advertisers  is  misusing  the  name  and  picture  of 
His  Holiness  Pope  Pius  X,  and  such  a  representative  Catholic  paper  as  the 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  39 

St.  Paul  Catholic  Bulletin   (Vol.  4,  No.  1),  instead  of  protesting  against 
the  abuse,  lends  a  hand  to  the  unscrupulous  trick. 

Our  Sunday  Visitor  has  since  (Vol.  II,  No.  36)  expressed 
regret  at  having  printed  "objectionable  advertisements"  and 
promised  "to  exclude  all  medicine  and  speculation  'ads'." 

But  the  abuse  is  wide-spread  and  hence  we  deem  it  well 
to  call  attention  to  it  once  again. 

The  Western  Watchman  recently,  among  its  reading  matter 
and  without  the  slightest  indication  that  it  was  printing  a  paid 
advertisement,  lauded  a  certain  secular  newspaper  that  was 
formerly  notorious  for  its  anti-clerical  tenor  and  its  venality, 
and  that  has  relinquished  its  ancient  policy  of  late  years 
for  the  reason  that  that  policy  threatened  the  paper's 
destruction.  When  will  our  Catholic  weeklies  learn  to  under- 
stand the  need  of  more  rigorous  control  of  their  advertising 
columns?  The  Watchman  is  notoriously  irresponsible  and  has 
no  circulation  to  speak  of.  But  the  Catholic  Bulletin  represents 
the  great  Archdiocese  of  St.  Paul  and  in  the  three  years  of  its 
existence  has  earned  for  itself  the  reputation  of  a  serious  and 
well-conducted  Catholic  journal.  We  hope  it  will  be  more  care- 
ful in  future  regarding  the  advertisements  it  publishes. 

Politics  and  Religion 

By  Anthony  Beck 
(Concluded) 

It  would,  of  course,  be  absurd  to  conclude  that  a  Prot- 
estant or  Catholic  must  unreservedly  put  the  State  at  the  dis- 
posal of  his  spiritual  sovereign.  True,  he  is  not  permitted 
to  oppose  the  latter  and  must  even  facilitate  movements  making 
for  the  betterment  of  the  individual,  the  family,  and  human 
society;  for  these  are  some  of  the  foundation  stones  of  the 
State.  But  he  must  remember  that,  according  to  St.  Paul, 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  powers  are  each  supreme  in  its 
respective  sphere. 

Nor  would  it  be  anything  but  ridiculous  for  him  to  insist 
on  a  distribution  of  governmental  privileges  according  to  the 


40  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

relative  strength  of  the  Christian  churches.  In  the  United 
States,  e.  g.,  more  than  one-half  of  the  people  profess  no  pos- 
itive religion  at  all.  A  country  utilizing  the  benefits  of  nine- 
teen centuries  of  Christian  civilization  should  in  justice  not 
be  governed  by  heathens.  This  would  be  the  inevitable  con- 
sequence were  Catholics  and  Protestants  to  demand  offices  as 
Catholics  and  Protestants.  The  only  measure  of  justice  would 
then  be  relative  strength.  In  the  case  of  offices,  e.  g.  cabinet 
positions,  the  aggregate  of  which  is  far  below  the  total  number 
of  sects,  only  a  few  popular  creeds  would  receive  recognition, 
while  the  others  would  have  to  go  empty-handed. 

If  religious  convictions  are  no  bar  to  political  preferment 
and  merit  is  the  criterion  of  appointments,  Christians  can 
not  justly  complain.  Let  their  churches  furnish  men  of 
integrity  and  ability,  and  they  will  soon  be  represented  in  pro- 
portion to  their  numbers.  In  spite  of  occasional  A.  P.  A.  cam- 
paigns and  slowly-dying  prejudices,  the  average  American 
loves  fair  play.  Proof  of  this  contention  is  furnished  by  a  reply 
of  Rev.  Dr.  John  A.  Ryan,  the  well-known  sociologist,  to  a 
criticism  of  the  Associated  Charities  of  St.  Paul. 

If  we  must  explain  our  lack  of  prominence  in  social   and  civic  life, 

in  social  and  civic  organizations let  us  face  the  facts  bravely  and 

honestly.  Let  us  not  take  the  lazy  and  whining  attitude  of  hunted  incom- 
petents. To  vary  the  lines  of  Cassius:  The  fault  is  not  in  our  non-Cath- 
olic friends,  'but  in  ourselves,  that  we  are  underlings.' 

The  main  thing  now  is  to  convince  the  public  of  the  need 
of  genuine  religion  in  politics. 

One  might  point  to  the  fact  that  in  Belgium,  Germany, 
Austria,  Italy,  France,  etc.,  political  parties  bear  the  name  of 
the  world-view  their  adherents  espouse  and  the  attitude  they 
take  towards  Almighty  God.  Dr.  Johansen,  a  leader  of  the  young 
Liberals,  some  years  ago  wrote  in  the  Munich  Freistadt  (1903)  : 

The  world-view  of  the  Germans  belongs,  so  to  say,  to  the  question  of 
competency  of  the  various  Landtags.  If  the  Bavarian  deputies  discussed 
religion  and  world-views  during  the  general  debate  on  the  status  of  the 
premier,  they  did  the  proper  thing.  You  see  I  do  not  agree  with  the  view 
expressed  occasionally  that  religion  has  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with 
politics.     He  who  maintains  this  seriously,  is  a  fool.     Evidently  that  would 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  41 

be  a  superficial  system  of  politics  which  is  not  based  on  a  solid  world-view, 
and  naturally  that  would  be  a  pitiable  world-view  and  religion  which 
exerted  no  influence  on  political  conduct. 

From  a  different  standpoint,  Pope  Pius  X  comes  to  a 
similar  conclusion.  His  first  allocution  during  the  secret  Con- 
sistory of  Nov.  9th,  1903,  contains  this  remarkable  passage: 

In  virtue  of  our  office  to  protect  truth   and   Christian  laws,  we  are 

in  duty  bound  to  support the  principles  of  order,   authority,  justice, 

and  propriety  which  are  being  undermined — to  guide  in  accordance  with 
the  norm  and  rule  of  morality  every  individual,  not  only  the  subject,  but 

also  the  ruler in  private  and  public  life  and  even  in  the  social  and 

political  field.   (Acta  S.  Sedis,  vol.  36,  p.  195.) 

The  same  position  was  taken  by  Pope  Leo  XIII  in  his 
Encyclical  "Immortale  Dei"  of  Nov.  1,  1885. 

Those  who  fear  that  these  utterances  of  the  Holy  See 
aim  at  blind  obedience  on  the  part  of  the  hundreds  of  millions 
of  Catholics  the  world  over  should  recall  the  famous  words 
of  Daniel  O'Connell  and  peruse  the  letter  addressed  in  the 
name  of  the  Pope  by  the  Papal  Secretary  of  State  to  Cardinal 
Aguirre,  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  on  April  22,  1911 : 

With  regard  to  public  elections,  political  agreements,  and  other  purely 
civic  affairs,  proper  freedom  is  given  to  Catholics  on  condition  that  they 

respect  the  teaching  office  and  laws  of  the  Church Episcopal  censors 

should  be  very  careful  not  to  mix  in  purely  civic  or  political  questions;  for 

in  this  field Catholic  writers  have  a  perfect  right  to  speak  and  think 

as  they  please. 

A  Novel  With  a  Purpose 

By  the  Rev.  John  A.  Ryan,  D.  D.,  St.  Paul  Seminary 

The  Coming  Storm.  By  Francis  Deming  Hoyt.  New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy 
&  Sons.     1913.     283  pp.     $1.25. 

The  main  characters  of  this  story  are  Socialist  intellectuals, 

murderous  conspirators  belonging  to  the  Industrial  Workers  of 

the  World,  and  faultless  Catholics  whose  lot  has  been  cast  among 

the  comfortable  classes.     It  is  frankly  a  novel  with  a  purpose. 

The  purpose  is  to  expose  the  fallacies  and  destructive  doctrines 

of  Socialism.    Under  the  thin  disguises  of  Parkman,   Morton, 

and  Colby,  we  easily  recognize  Conde  B.  Pallen,  John  R.  Meader, 

and  Bird  S.  Coler.     Through  the  arguments  of  these  gentlemen 


42  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

against  Socialism,  the  two  parlor  Socialists,  Stuart  and  Villard, 
finally  give  up  their  adhesion  to  that  economico-social  theory. 
On  the  whole  the  arguments  are  good,  but  occasionally  they  are 
of  such  a  doubtful  character  that  Messrs.  Pallen,  Meader,  and 
Coler  would  probably  not  care  to  defend  them.  For  example, 
it  is  doubtful  whether  Mr.  Pallen  would  confirm  the  astonishing 
assertion  of  his  mouthpiece,  Parkman,  that  if  the  capitalist  gets 
more  than  a  small  margin  of  profit,  "you  may  be  sure  he  has 
earned  it!"  (p.  65).  The  author  seems  to  overlook  the  immense 
gains  of  monopoly-capital  which  depend  more  upon  the  power 
to  take  than  upon  "earning"  in  any  legitimate  use  of  that  term. 
The  example  of  the  employer  who  defrays  the  medical  ex- 
penses of  his  injured  employee,  and  also  pays  him  full  wages 
during  the  whole  time  of  his  disability  (p.  133)  is,  of  course, 
edifying  and  cheerful,  but  it  is  not  typical.  If  it  were,  we  should 
have  no  need  of  workmen's  compensation  laws,  none  of  which 
is  as  liberal  as  this  generous  employer.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  majority  of  employers  could  not  if  they  would,  have  paid 
such  splendid  indemnities  to  all  their  injured  employees.  Hence 
the  necessity  of  the  recent  compensation  legislation,  which  aims 
to  place  the  burden  upon  the  industry,  and  ultimately  upon  the 
consumer. 

The  reform  proposals  which  the  author  puts  into  the  mouth 
of  Drayton  have  some  merit,  so  far  as  they  go;  but  they  are 
not  nearly  as  comprehensive  or  as  prominently  set  forth  as  the 
denunciation  of  Socialism.  Moreover,  the  statement  that  the 
wages  of  the  underpaid  should  be  raised,  "wherever  that  can  be 
done  without  injury  to  other  interests,"  neutralizes  all  the  good 
contained  in  the  author's  well-meant  attempts  to  recognize  the 
necessity  of  reforms  (p.  223).  Does  he  mean  that  the  workers 
who  are  now  getting  less  than  living  wages  are  not  entitled  to 
decent  remuneration  if  "other  interests,"  the  capitalist  and  the 
consumer,  would  thereby  be  compelled  to  furnish  a  part  of  the 
increase  ?  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  author  does  not  seem  to  have 
grasped  the  great  ethical  truth  that  the  laborer  has  a  right 
to  a  living  wage;  for  he  speaks  of  the  "normal  minimum"  as 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  43 

though  it  were  always  determined  by  the  forces  of  supply  and 
demand.  In  other  words,  the  normal  minimum  wage  in  his  mind 
is  the  one  that  is  paid  in  the  competitive  market,  be  it  ever  so 
low.  An  increase  over  this  amount  if  secured  by  law  would  be 
"abnormal !" 

The  atmosphere  of  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  construc- 
tive part  of  the  story  neutralizes  the  author's  well-meant  inten- 
tions. It  is  the  atmosphere  of  aristocracy,  culture,  feudalism, 
kindly  patronage.  As  a  corrective  of  the  destructive  tendencies 
of  Socialism  and  I.  W.  W.  ism,  the  author  presents  the  activities 
of  a  pious  Catholic  family,  which  is  very  charitable,  fully  con- 
scious of  its  duties  to  the  poor,  and  without  any  of  the  hardness 
and  materialism  that  too  often  characterizes  families  in  its  po- 
sition. But  its  members  are  very  comfortable,  and  apparently 
have  no  sufficient  realization  of  the  necessity  of  social  reform. 
As  an  antidote  to  Socialism,  and  for  other  and  more  fundamental 
reasons,  charity  is  good,  but  it  is  not  a  substitute  for  social 
justice.  And  some  program  of  social  justice  or  social  reform 
is  immediately  and  imminently  necessary  for  the  present  situa- 
tion. The  measures  of  social  reform  incidentally  mentioned  by 
Alfred  Drayton  (pp.  222-224)  are  entirely  inadequate.  Owing 
to  this  one-sidedness,  the  book  will  attract  only  those  who  do 
not  need  it, — those  who  are  already  convinced  of  the  evil  of 
Socialism.  I  cannot  conceive  of  its  arousing  any  sympathy  in  a 
Catholic  workingman  of  ordinary  intelligence. 

There  is  room  and  need  for  a  great  Catholic  novel  dealing 
with  Socialism,  social  reform,  and  the  social  question,  but  it 
will  have  to  be  constructed  on  other  lines  than  The  Coming 
Storm. 

The  Knights  of  Columbus  Oath 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

A  titre  de  curiosite,  and  as  a  matter  of  record,  we  herewith 
reproduce  verbatim  et  litteratim,  in  all  its  naked  and  blasphe- 
mous absurdity,  the  bogus  "Knights  of  Columbus  Oath"  as  cir- 
culated in  the  State  of  Illinois  during  the  last  political  campaign 


44  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

for  the  purpose  of  defeating  the  Democratic  candidate  for  gov- 
ernor, who  was  a  Catholic : 

I ,  now  in  the  presence  of  Almighty  God,  the  blessed 

Virgin  Mary,  the  blessed  St.  John  the  Baptist,  the  Holy  Apostles,  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  and  all  the  Saints,  sacred  host  of  Heaven,  and  to  you,  my 
Ghostly  Father,  the  superior  general  of  the  society  of  Jesus,  founded  by  St. 
Ignatius  Loyola,  in  the  pontification  of  Paul  the  III.,  and  continued  to  the 
present,  do  by  the  womb  of  the  Virgin,  the  matrix  of  God,  and  the  rod  of 
Jesus  Christ,  declare  and  swear,  that  his  Holiness,  the  Pope,  is  Christ's 
vice-regent  and  is  the  true  and  only  head  of  the  Catholic  or  Universal  Church 
throughout  the  earth ;  and  that  by  virtue  of  the  keys  of  binding  and  loosing 
given  his  Holiness  by  my  Savior,  Jesus  Christ,  he  hath  power  to  depose 
heretical  kings,  princes,  states,  commonwealths  and  governments  and  they 
may  be  safely  destroyed.  Therefore,  to  the  utmost  of  my  power,  I  will 
defend  this  doctrine  and  his  Holiness'  right  and  custom  against  all  usurpers 
of  the  heretical  or  Protestant  authority  whatever,  especially  the  Lutheran 
Church  of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Norway,  and  the  now 
pretended  authority  and  Churches  of  England  and  Scotland,  and  the  bran- 
ches of  same,  now  established  in  Ireland,  and  on  the  continent  of  America 
and  elsewhere  and  all  adherents  in  regard  that  they  may  be  usured  and 
heretical,  opposing  the  sacred  Mother  Church  of  Rome. 

I  do  now  denounce  and  disown  any  allegiance  as  due  to  any  heretical 
king,  prince  or  state,  named  Protestants  or  Liberals,  or  obedience  to  any  of 
their  laws,  magistrates  or  officers. 

I  do  further  declare  that  the  doctrine  of  the  Churches  of  England  and 
Scotland  of  the  Calvinists,  Huguenots  and  others  of  the  name  of  Prot- 
estants or  Masons,  to  be  damnable,  and  they  themselves  to  be  damned  who 
will   not  forsake  the  same. 

I  do  further  declare,  that  I  will  help,  assist  and  advise  all  or  any  of  his 
Holiness'  agents,  in  any  place  where  I  should  be,  in  Switzerland,  Germany, 
Holland,  Ireland  or  America,  or  in  any  other  kingdom  or  territory  I  shall 
come  to,  and  do  my  utmost  to  extirpate  the  heretical  Protestant  or  Masonic 
doctrines,  and  to  destroy  all  their  pretended  powers,  legal  or  otherwise. 

I  do  further  promise  and  declare  that,  notwithstanding  I  am  dispensed 
with  to  assume  any  religion  heretical  for  the  propagation  of  the  Mother 
Church's  interest;  to  keep  secret  and  private  all  her  agents'  counsels  from 
time  to  time,  as  they  entrust  me,  and  not  divulge,  directly  or  indirectly,  by 
word,  writing  or  circumstances  whatever,  but  to  execute  all  that  should 
be  proposed,  given  in  charge,  or  discovered  unto  me,  by  you  my  Ghostly 
Father,  or  any  of  this  sacred  order. 

I  do  further  promise  and  declare  that  I  will  have  no  opinion  or  will 
of  my  own  or   any  mental   reservation  whatsoever,   even   as   a   corpse   or 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  45 

cadaver  (perinde  ac  cadaver),  but  will  unhesitatingly  obey  each  and  every 
command  that  I  may  receive  from  my  superiors  in  the  militia  of  the  Pope 
and  of  Jesus  Christ. 

That  I  will  go  to  any  part  of  the  world  whithersoever  I  may  be  sent, 
to  the  frozen  regions  North,  Jungles  of  India,  to  the  centers  of  civilization 
of  Europe,  or  to  the  wild  haunts  of  the  barbarous  savages  of  America  with- 
out murmuring  or  repining,  and  will  be  submissive  in  all  things  whatsoever 
is  communicated  to  me. 

I  do  further  promise  and* declare  that  I  will  when  opportunity  presents, 
make  and  wage  relentless  war,  secretly  and  openly,  against  all  heretics, 
Protestants  and  Masons,  as  I  am  directed  to  do,  to  extirpate  them  from  the 
face  of  the  whole  earth ;  and  that  I  will  spare  neither  age,  sex  or  condition, 
and  that  I  will  hang,  burn,  waste,  boil,  flay,  strangle  and  bury  alive  these 
infamous  heretics;  rip  up  the  stomachs  and  wombs  of  their  women,  and 
crush  their  infants'  heads  against  the  walls,  in  order  to  annihilate  their 
exterorable  race.  That  when  the  same  cannot  be  done  openly,  I  will  secret- 
ly use  the  poisonous  cup,  the  strangulation  cord,  the  steel  of  the  poniard, 
or  the  leaden  bullet,  regardless  of  the  honor,  rank,  dignity  or  authority  of 
the  persons,  whatever  may  be  their  condition  in  life,  either  public  or  private, 
as  I  at  any  time  may  be  directed  so  to  do,  by  any  agents  of  the  Pope,  or 
Superior  of  the  Brotherhood  of  the  Holy  Father  of  the  Society  of  Jesus. 

In  confirmation  of  which  I  hereby  dedicate  my  life,  soul,  and  all  cor- 
poral powers,  and  with  the  dagger  which  I  now  receive  I  will  subscribe  my 
name,  written  in  my  blood,  in  testimony  thereof;  and  should  I  prove  false  or 
weaken  in  my  determination,  may  my  brethren  and  fellow  soldiers  of  the 
militia  of  the  Pope  cut  off  my  hands  and  feet  and  my  throat  from  ear  to 
ear,  my  belly  opened  and  sulphur  burned  therein  with  all  the  punishment 
that  can  be  inflicted  upon  me  on  earth  and  my  soul  shall  be  tortured  by 
demons  in  eternal  hell  forever. 

That  I  will  in  voting  always  vote  for  a  K.  of  C.  in  preference  to  a 
Protestant,  especially  a  Mason,  and  that  I  will  leave  my  party  so  to  do; 
that  if  two  Catholics  are  on  the  ticket,  I  will  satisfy  myself  which  is  the 
better  supporter  of  Mother  Church  and  vote  accordingly. 

That  I  will  not  deal  with  or  employ  a  Protestant  if  in  my  power  to  deal 
with  or  employ  a  Catholic.  That  I  will  place  Catholic  girls  in  Protestant 
families  that  a  weekly  report  may  be  made  of  the  inner  movements  of  the 
heretics. 

That  I  will  provide  myself  with  arms  and  ammunition  that  I  may  be 
in  readiness  when  the  word  is  passed,  or  I  am  commanded  to  defend  the 
Church,  either  as  an  individual  or  with  the  militia  of  the  Pope. 

Ail  of  which  I,   ,  do  swear  by  the  blessed  Trinity  and 

blessed  Sacrament  which  I  am  now  to  receive,  to  perform  and  on  part 
to  keep  this,  my  oath. 


46  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

In  testimony  Hereof,  I  take  this  most  holy  and  blessed  Sacrament  of 
the  Eucharist,  and  witness  the  same  further,  with  my  name  written  with 
the  point  of  this  dagger,  dipped  in  my  own  blood,  and  seal,  in  the  face  of 
this  holy  Sacrament. 

The  Live  Issue,  published  in  New  York  City  by  a  group  of 
Catholics,  several  if  not  all  of  whom  are  members  of  the  Order 
of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  in  its  Vol.  II,  No.  42,  prints  the 
text  of  the  real  "oath"  taken  by  the  members  of  the  Third  De- 
gree.    It  is  as  follows: 

I  solemnly  promise  upon  my  honor  as  a  Catholic  gentleman,  that  I 
hereby  renew  and  will  faithfully  keep,  all  the  pledges  by  me  taken  in  the 
First  and  Second  Degrees  of  this  Order,  especially  the  pledge  of  secrecy 
in  regard  to  all  the  doings  of  the  Order,  it  being  understood  that  no 
promise  taken  by  me  in  this  Order  shall  conflict  with  my  civil  or  religious 
duties.  I  further  promise  to  ever  observe  in  all  my  relations  with  my 
brother  Knights  the  rules  of  true  fraternity,  aiding  and  assisting  them  at 
all  times,  if  they  be  worthy,  yet  always  complying  with  the  laws  of  justice, 
neither  violating  any  just  law  of  the  State,  nor  any  right  of  my  fellow 
man.  I  further  promise  never  to  bring  politics  into  this  order  in  any  way 
whatsoever. 

This  breaking  of  a  long  silence  on  the  part  of  the  K.  of  C. 
5s  very  opportune  and  declared  by  the  Live  Issue  to  be  partic- 
ularly effective  because  the  Third  Degree  "oath"  contains  an 
express  promise  "never  to  bring  politics  into  the  order."  The 
move  would  be  still  more  effective  if  the  K.  of  C.  would  pub- 
lish all  the  oaths  or  solemn  promises  which  they  exact  from 
their  members.  As  the  matter  lies,  their  opponents  may  retort 
with  a  show  of  reason :  "The  Third  Degree  oath  may  be  un- 
objectionable; but  that  proves  nothing  with  regard  to  the  oaths 
exacted  from  candidates  for  the  other  degrees." 

The  only  really  effective  way  of  refuting  the  base  and  cruel 
calumnies  to  which  the  Knights  of  Columbus  have  been  sub- 
jected, is  to  publish  their  entire  ritual,  as  we  advised  them  to 
do  twelve  or  thirteen  years  ago,  when  the  publication  of  a  por- 
tion of  it  in  this  Review  brought  down  upon  us  a  storm  of  abuse 
from  their  various  organs. 

The  Knights  of  Columbus  have  had  and  have  no  better 
friend  than  the  Fortnightly  Review,  if  they  only  knew  it! 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  47 

Catholic  Students  at  Secular  Universities 

By  C.  D.  U. 

The  State  University  of  Iowa,  too,  we  learn,  is  to  have  a  per- 
manent chapel  and  a  spiritual  adviser  for  the  Catholic  young  men 
and  women  that  frequent  it  lecture-rooms.  In  reporting  this  item 
of  news  one  of  our  esteemed  contemporaries  refers  to  the  growing 
movement  for  making  spiritual  provision  for  Catholics  at  our 
State  and  other  secular  universities  as  "very  consoling."  If  it  is 
consoling,  it  is  also,  in  a  measure,  disquieting,  because  it  indi- 
cates that  the  number  of  Catholic  students  in  non-Catholic  in- 
stitutions of  learning  is  increasing.  Those  who  attend  these  in- 
stitutions expose  themselves  to  serious  dangers.  The  presence  of 
a  chapel  and  the  accessibility  of  a  priest  specially  commissioned 
to  look  after  students,  may  and  probably  does  save  some  Catho- 
lic young  people  from  perdition,  but  it  also  attracts  many 
others  to  these  institutions  and  thus  incidentally  subjects  them 
to  the  tremendous  perils  of  a  non-Christian,  and,  in  some  in- 
stances, an  anti-Christian  education. 

It  is  secular  education  in  all  its  various  guises, — education 
that  ignores  religion  or  assigns  to  it  a  false  place  in  life  and 
history, — that  is  the  most  dangerous  enemy  of  the  Church  in 
America  to-day.  Pointing  to  it,  we  may  truly  say  —  Voila 
Vennemi! 

It  is  bad  enough  that,  as  has  been  recently  observed  in 
this  Review,  so  many  thousands  of  Catholic  children  are  for 
some  reason  or  other  getting  their  common  school  training  in 
"non-sectarian"  public  schools.  It  will  be  far  worse  if  the  flower 
of  our  youth,  the  more  talented  boys  and  girls  that  have  the 
opportunity  of  acquiring  a  higher  education,  are  not  permitted 
to  draw  from  the  fountains  through  which  the  Church  dis- 
penses the  clear  waters  of  truth,  but  are  compelled  to  drink 
from  those  shallow  cisterns  into  which  a  godless  modern  Science 
pours  the  turgid  streams  of  monistic  and  other  errors. 

No  doubt  there  are  good  reasons  why  some  Catholic 
young  men  and  women  attend  the  secular  universities.  Those 


48  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

who  are  there  unavoidably,  are  excusable,  and  whatever 
can  be  done  to  protect  them  from  danger  should  be  promptly 
done.  But  we  must  never  forget,  and  our  Catholic  papers  should 
never  cease  to  emphasize,  that  such  cases  are  exceptional,  that, 
as  a  rule,  every  Catholic  boy  and  girl  is  entitled  to  a  Catholic 
education  as  part  of  the  patrimony  of  the  faith,  and  that  we 
have  a  goodly  number  of  excellent  Catholic  colleges,  academies, 
and  universities,  which  can  be  increased  and  developed  if 
necessary. 

I  know  these  truths  have  been  stated  before  in  the  Catholic 
Fortnightly  Review.  But  to  all  appearances  they  need  to  be 
repeated  just  now  with  special  emphasis. 

The  Failure  of  Prohibition 

By  Geo.  C.  Probst,  New  Athens,  III. 

I  have  noticed  several  articles  on  the  question  of  the  use 
of  alcohol  in  the  Fortnightly  recently,  and  wish  to  submit  the 
following  expressions  of  opinion. 

They  all  bear  directly  upon  this  important  subject,  and 
the  authorities  are  such  that  their  words  must  have  weight 
with  all  those  who  are  seeking  an  intelligent  solution  of  the 
problem  adverted  to. 

Prof.  Sutherland  Simpson,  of  the  Cornell  University  Med- 
ical College,  does  not  think  much  of  prohibition  as  a  means  of 
bringing  about  temperance.  In  discussing  hereditary  alcohol- 
ism lately  he  said  that  it  was  ten  times  more  potent  than  en- 
vironment. 

"The  Jews,"  he  said,  "are  at  present  a  remarkably  sober 
people,  yet  in  the  Scriptures  the  warnings  against  drink  are 
common.  If  we  were  as  old  as  the  Jews  in  the  alcoholic  sense, 
there  would  be  no  drink  problem  at  all.  It  may  be  that  it  can  only 
be  by  a  process  of  elimination  that  we  shall  ever  attain  per- 
manent sobriety.  If  that  is  so,  prohibition  is  the  worst  possible 
means  of  procuring  temperance." 

Need  for  a  scientific  and  impartial  study  of  the  effects  of 
drinking  alcohol  was  emphasized  by  Sir  Thomas  Clouston,  M.D., 


7918 

XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  49 

in  delivering  the  fifth  Norman  Kerr  memorial  lecture  at  the 
Royal  College  of  Physicians,  Edinburgh.  Analyzing  some  of  the 
psychological  effects  of  alcohol  on  man,  Sir  Thomas  said: 

Given  a  certain  quality  of  brain  in  literature,  with  keen  imagina- 
tion and  high  artistic  faculty,  it  needs  great  audacity  to  contradict  the 
experience  of  Burns,  Edgar  Allen  Poe,  Swinburne,  and  Omar  Khayyam 
as  to  the  stimulating  effects  of  alcohol  on  poetic  fire  and  conscious 
happiness.  The  social  instincts  of  man  conduce  more  to  his  happiness, 
taking  average  humanity  into  account,  than  all  his  other  capacities  put 
together.  Home,  friendship,  amusements,  and  altruism  are  all  dependent 
on  them.  Whatever  accentuates  them  is  not  to  be  lightly  interfered 
with,  even  though  it  brings  some  dangers  in  its  train.  This  is  the  great 
objection  to  an  absolute  anti-alcoholic  crusade. 

American  Medicine,  a  monthly  journal  for  the  medical  pro- 
fession, published  at  Burlington,  Vt.,  recently  said: 

More  Americans  drink  moderately  and  fewer  to  excess  and  the 
change  in  national  habits  began  with  the  great  modern  stream  of  im- 
migration. We  must  make  allowance  for  the  immense  quantity  of  hard 
cider  formerly  consumed  in  America,  together  with  other  home-made 
alcoholic  beverages,  but  even  these  cannot  alter  the  conclusion  that  we 
do  drink  more  now  than  formerly,  and  we  are  driven  back  to  the  con- 
clusion that  alcohol  is  not  as  bad  as  we  have  painted  it.  This  is  a 
scientific  matter  which  we  as  physicians  must  solve  and  we  ought  not 
to  be  ashamed  to  confess  that  we  have  been  mistaken.  We  have  long 
ago  acknowledged  that  we  were  wrong  in  blaming  alcohol  for  all  the 
hardened  livers  and  arteries  and  kidneys  we  saw,  and  we  have  even 
confessed  that  healthy,  heavy  drinkers  have  less  of  these  conditions  than 
abstainers  with  bad  digestion.  So  we  ought  not  to  be  afraid  to  tell  the 
world  that  our  increasing  consumption  of  alcohol  is  not  an  indication 
that  the  people  are  going  to  the  demnition  bowwows.  They  are  getting 
healthier,  happier,  wealthier,  and  more  moral  every  year.  Could  a  little 
alcohol  have  contributed  to  this  desirable  end?  There  now!  We  have 
made  the  awful  suggestion. 

To  people  who  have  sanguine  hopes  of  good  to  result  from 
the  "dry"  policy  there  is  a  sad  lesson  to  be  studied  in  the  sta- 
tistics of  homicide  compiled  by  Frederick  Hoffman  in  the  New 
York  Spectator.  The  record  shows  that  in  the  South,  where 
prohibition  has  had  such  widespread  successes,  the  homicide  rate 
in  proportion  to  population  is  far  in  excess  of  other  parts  of  the 
country  where  a  sane  regulation  of  HqimM»^0tei5/]»¥^s.  Mem- 
phis,  Tenn.,  has  the  highest  homici^wcora  amongottjfc- cities 
of  the  Union,  and  yet  it  stands  infa^wide  territory  in  most  of 
which  there  is  total  prohibition. 

if  c 
i-  CORDIS 


50  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  story  is  the  same  everywhere.  When  the  lawful  saloon 
is  closed,  the  illicit  sale  of  vile  liquors  and  dangerous  drugs 
increases.    Society  loses  more  than  it  gains  by  the  change. 


A  Study  in  Toys 

By  F.  R.  Gleaner 

The  recent  Christmas  season  gave  some  of  us  grown-ups 
a  chance  to  study  the  toys  that  are  put  into  the  hands  of  twen- 
tieth-century children. 

Everything  is  delivered  into  their  hands — aeroplanes  that 
fly,  electric  trains  with  signals  and  switches  that  work,  toy 
battle  ships  and  motor  cars  that  are  marvels  of  ingenuity,  arm- 
ies that  are  patterns  of  accuracy  in  uniforms  and  equipment, 
and  so  forth. 

But,  going  into  the  philosophy  of  the  thing,  is  not  Mr. 
Filson  Young  right  when  he  contends  that  extremely  elaborate 
toys  do  not  and  cannot  satisfy  a  child  because  they  leave  little  or 
nothing  to  his  imagination? 

A  boy  will  play  for  a  whole  day  with  a  train  made  of  chairs, 
because  imagination  enters  into  the  game;  the  arm-chair  is  an 
engine,  the  sofa  is  a  sleeping  car,  another  arm-chair  is  the  bag- 
gage car,  or,  as  they  say  in  England,  the  luggage  van.  But  if 
you  give  him  a  thing  that  is  perfect  in  its  kind,  imagination 
is  left  out  in  the  cold;  there  is  no  part  for  it  to 
take  in  the  game,  except  a  destructive  part;  in  short, 
there  is  nothing  to  be  done  with  the  ingenious  present-day 
mechanical  toy  except  to  break  it  open  and  see  how  it  works.  I 
have  seen  a  little  boy  of  four  years  old,  to  whom  an  elaborate 
model  of  an  automobile  had  been  presented,  after  watching  it 
work  for  a  few  minutes,  take  it  up  in  his  hand  and  hurl  it  to 
the  ground  with  a  smile  of  satisfaction.  It  was  the  only  thing 
he  could  think  of  doing  with  it.  That  is  why  the  hoop  or  the 
train  of  chairs  or  the  rough  grotesque  toy  train  will  always 
give  more  real  pleasure  than  the  most  elaborate  machinery 
that  can  be  conceived.    That  is  why  the  rag  doll  or  the  woolly 


XXI  2  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  51 

lamb  will  always  lie  nearer  the  heart's  affections  than  the  most 
wonderfully  equipped  and  elaborately  clothed  French  poupee. 

The  elaborate  and  expensive  toys  now  in  vogue  have  the 
further  disadvantage  that  they  destroy  the  child's  love  of  sim- 
plicity and  fill  his  heart  with  thoughts  and  desires  which  often 
cannot  be  realized  in  after-life  and  consequently  induce  discon- 
tent. 

Fortunately,  there  are  discernible  some  signs  of  a  return 
to  the  more  simple  and  primitive  style  of  toy  of  our  boyhood  days. 

"Pastor"  Russell  and  His  Teaching 

As  Viewed  by  One  of  His  Fellow -Preachers 

The  Catholic  press,  on  the  whole,  has  not  paid  much  at- 
tention to  "Pastor"  Russell  of  the  Brooklyn  Tabernacle  and  his 
"Bible  Teachings."1  Religious  quacks  of  his  calibre  rarely  mis- 
lead even  uninstructed  Catholics.  Gradually  the  Protestant 
preachers  are  discovering  that  Russell  is  "a  quack"  and  "a 
menace  to  evangelical  Christianity."  Not  long  ago  the  Protes- 
tant clergy  of  Aurora,  111.,  appointed  the  Rev.  Mr.  William 
Douglas  Watson,  of  Hinckley,  111.,  to  make  an  investigation  of 
"Pastor"  Russell's  character  and  teaching,  and  the  result  of  this 
investigation  was  published  in  the  Aurora  Daily  Beacon-News 
of  December  6th,  1913.     It  is  substantially  as  follows: 

Russell  is  a  man  of  shady  character  and  meagre  educa- 
tion. He  is  divorced  from  his  wife,  whom  he  has  fraudulently 
deprived  of  her  dower  interest  in  their  common  property.  He 
has  been  proved  untruthful.  His  claims  to  superior  scholarship 
are  unfounded.  His  Christianity  is  a  sham.  He  denies  the 
divinity  of  Christ,  the  reality  of  the  atonement,  and  the  truth 
of  the  Resurrection.  His  Biblical  teaching  is  a  hodge-podge  of 
absurdities.  Thus  he  holds  that  the  resurrection  of  the  saints 
took  place  in  1878,  that  A.  D.  1881  "marked  the  close  of  special 
favors  to  the  gentiles,"  that  "the  end  of  this  age"  will  occur 
in  October,  1914.  His  unscriptural  notions  of  hell  etc.  are 
too  well  known  to  need  repetition. 

1  Cfr.  Fr.  Muntsch's  article,  "Meth-      XVIII;   pp.  560-562  of  this  Review. 
ods     of      Modern     Gospelers."      Vol. 


52  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Watson  concludes  his  character  sketch  of 
"Pastor"  Russell  as  follows: 

Only  the  fringe  of  religious  quackery  has  been  touched.  Never- 
theless sufficient  evidence  has  been  submitted  to  prove  to  the  inquiring 
mind  that  beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt  'Pastor  Russell'  is  a  religious 
quack  in  character  and  in   religious  instructions. 

After  this  exposure  of  the  delectable  "Pastor"  by  one  of  his 
fellow-ministers,  will  Protestant  preachers  cease  to  distribute  his 
People's  Pulpit  and  will  the  newspapers  refuse  to  print  his 
"weekly  sermons,"  which  so  many  of  them  have  been  inflicting 
on  a  long-suffering  public  more  or  less  regularly  for  several 
years  ? 

It  is  probably  too  much  to  hope  that  the  Brooklyn  gospeler 
will  be  rejected  by  all  his  fellow-preachers.  No  doubt  some  of 
them  are  infected  with  the  "new  theology"  of  the  Russell  brand. 

But  Russell  will  hardly  be  able  to  continue  before  the  gen- 
eral public  in  what  the  Sioux  Falls  Daily  Argus-Leader  a  few 
years  ago  called  his  "rather  unique  role  of  self -constituted  spir- 
itual director  of  the  rest  of  Christendom."  (See  this  Review, 
XVIII,  p.  560). 

FLOTSAM  AND  JETSAM 


A  Catholic  Shilling  Library  the  Church  herself;  nothing 
The  Manresa  Press  (Eng-  that  may  redound  to  her  honor, 
land)  announces  an  important  or  mav  further  the  good  work 
enterprise,  viz.,  the  publication  that  belongs  to  her  mission  will 
of  a  shilling  library  of  Catholic  be  excluded."  The  Rev.  Alban 
books,  both  original  and  re-  Goodier,  S.  J.,  is  the  editor,  and 
printed,  which  will  give  to  the  the  volumes  will  be  issued  fort- 
faithful,  and  to  all  those  who  ni^ht1^  beginning  with  Janu- 
wish  to  know  the  Catholic  view,  arv  lst  B-  Herder>  st- 
the  advantages  that  the  general  Louis>  Mo-»  ,1S  American  agent 
public  receives  from  such  series  for  the  senes>  wmch  Wl11  sel1 
as  Everyman's  Library  and  the  m  thls  country  for  about  35  cts. 
People's  Books.  The  imposing  a  volume- 
array  of  contributors  as  pub- 
lished, is  a  guarantee  that  the  The  "Lincoln  Way" 
fare  provided  will  be  good  as  In  1911  the  Illinois  legisla- 
well  as  cheap.  "The  range  of  ture  patriotically  resolved  that 
the  series  is  to  be  as  wide  as  the   roads   which   Lincoln   and 


XXI  2 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


53 


his  parents  traversed  from 
Kentucky  to  Indiana,  and  thence 
to  the  rude  Sangamon  home 
of  his  later  youth,  should  be 
determined  and  /marked  for- 
ever as  the  "Lincoln  Way." 
Funds  were  appropriated,  and 
Mr.  C.  M.  Thompson,  of  the 
State  University,  appointed  as 
special  investigator.  His  pre- 
liminary report,  recently  pub- 
lished, shows  how  the  task 
grew  from  small  beginnings  to 
a  complex  historical  inquiry. 
In  spite  of  early  maps,  records, 
and  Old  Settlers  Associations; 
in  spite  of  the  inevitable  gen- 
tlemen whose  fathers  or  great- 
uncles  accompanied  the  Lin- 
colns;  in  spite  of  scores  more, 
with  whose  ancestors  he  stay- 
ed overnight,  the  "Lincoln 
Way"  remains  in  many  por- 
tions conjectural,  while  great 
stretches  of  it,  "owing  to 
changes  in  the  country,"  it  will 
be  impossible  to  mark  at  all. 
All  this  is  a  symbol  of  Amer- 
ican change. 

Campion  College 

That  old  and  reputable  in- 
stitution of  higher  Catholic 
learning,  the  College  of  the  Sa- 
cred Heart  at  Prairie  du  Chien, 
Wis.,  has  recently  changed  its 
name  into  Campion  College  of 
the  Sacred  Heart.  The  reason 
given  for  the  change  is  as 
original  as  it  is  convincing: 

"One  of  the  disagreeable  fea- 
tures of  modern  athletic  con- 
tests between  schools  is  the  way 
in  which  the  names  of  some 
Catholic  institutions  —  often 
very  sacred  names — are  ban- 


died about  in  college  cries,  in 
excited  and  unrestrained  cheer- 
ing from  the  grand-stand  and 
side-lines,  and  in  cheap  exploi- 
tation on  the  sporting  page  of 
the  daily  newspaper.  We  have 
even  seen  the  sporting  editor 
of  the  greatest  newspaper  in 
the  Middle  West,  who  presum- 
ably was  not  oversensitive  in 
his  religious  susceptibilities, 
express  regret  for  the  frequent 
presence  in  his  columns  of 
holy  names  in  contexts  which 
reflected  neither  reverence  nor 
respect  for  those  names.  Our 
former  name  was  too  sacred 
a  name  to  be  exposed  to  such 
unhappy  chances.  If  our  ath- 
letic contests  were  confined  to 
Catholic  schools  the  impropriety 
might  not  be  so  glaring.  But 
in  the  comparative  paucity  of 
Catholic  schools  this  may  not 
be ;  and  we  leave  it  to  our  read- 
ers to  enter  into  our  feelings 
on  the  occasions  when  we  list- 
ened to  visiting  teams  of  a  dif- 
ferent faith  or  no  faith  at  all, 
yelling,  with  the  best  of  inten- 
tions, 'What's  the  matter  with 
Sacred  Heart?'  and  answering 
themselves  with  the  usual  for- 
mula, 'She's  all  right !' We 

preserve  the  original  name,  but 
for  all  popular  reference  the 
shortened  form  'Campion  Col- 
lege' will  be  used." 

The  Promises  of  the  Sacred 
Heart 

A  welcome  book  is  The  Prom- 
ises of  the  Sacred  Heart  by 
the  Rev.  Joseph  McDonnell, 
S.J.  Not  only  because  it  is  the 
first  commentary  on  the  Prom- 


54 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


ises,  as  a  whole,  in  the  Eng- 
lish language,  but  likewise,  and 
especially,  because  it  is  written 
with  a  proper  appreciation  of 
the  difficulties  of  the  subject 
and  the  state  of  mind  of  many- 
present-day  Catholics  with  re- 
gard to  it.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  Promises,  as  at 
present  formulated,  exist  in  the 
authentic  writings  of  Bl.  Mar- 
garet Mary;  but  Fr.  McDon- 
nell claims  for  them  no  cre- 
dence beyond  the  human  be- 
lief engendered  by  testimony 
whose  truth  and  authenticity 
depend  entirely  on  human  evi- 
dence. "The  Church  has  made 
no  pronouncement  on  any  in- 
dividual revelation  in  this  mat- 
ter." (p.  3).  In  regard  to  the 
much-debated  Twelfth  Promise, 
he  re-iterates  his  declaration, 
made  in  a  previous  work,  that 
it  is  genuine  but  does  not  af- 
ford an  absolute  certainty  of 
salvation.  The  objection  that 
persons  who  have  made  the 
Nine  Fridays  are  known  to 
have  died  without  the  last  sac- 
raments, he  refutes  by  saying 
that  the  Promise  gives  no  as- 
surance with  respect  to  the  last 
sacraments,  but  says,  literally, 
"they  shall  not  die  without  their 
sacraments,"  which  must  be  in- 
terpreted in  connection  with 
the  great  object  of  the  Promise, 
— "the  grace  of  final  repent- 
ance," of  which  the  last  sacra- 
ments are  not  a  necessary 
means.  On  the  danger  of  ab- 
use, he  says:  "Human  nature 
is,  indeed,  very  inconstant.  But 
here  it  is  exactly  that  the 
Promise  comes  in.  Cannot  God, 


in  reward  for  their  having 
complied  with  the  conditions 
of  the  Promise,  give  them  [i.  e. 
those  who  have  made  the  Nine 
Fridays]  the  grace  of  true  con- 
trition and  confession  at  their 
death,  or  choose  some  period 
to  call  them  out  of  life  when 
they  are  in  the  state  of  grace?" 
(p.  156). 

This  booklet  is  published  by 
Benziger  Brothers  and  sells  for 
90  cts.  net. 

A  Preliminary  Trust  Investi- 
gation 

Before  the  trust  question  can 
be  intelligently  tackled,  it  is 
necessary  to  ascertain,  as  a 
matter  of  fact  and  statistical- 
ly, whether  the  trust  form  of 
organization  is  industrially  ef- 
ficient or  not.  No  such  inquiry 
has  ever  been  undertaken  in 
this  country.  Secretary  Red- 
field,  in  his  annual  report, 
proposes  an  investigation  by 
the  Bureau  of  Corporations  for 
the  purpose  of  "studying  the 
historical  facts,  financial  facts, 
economic  facts,  facts  of  human 
welfare  and  human  productive- 
ness, facts  concerning  equip- 
ment, handling,  storing,  selling, 
management,  and  the  like,  in 
order  that  we  may  know  wheth- 
er these  bulky  things  that  we 
have  so  much  feared  [the 
trusts]  are  in  an  economic 
sense  real  giants  in  strength  or 
whether  they  are  but  images 
with  feet  of  clay."  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  Congress  will  ap- 
propriate the  funds  necessary 
for  this  investigation  and  that 
it  will  be  conducted  with  due 


XXI  2 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


55 


competence  and  in  an  impar- 
tial spirit. 

Government    Ownership    of 
Telegraph  and  Telephone 

An  act  passed  by  Congress 
in  1866  and  recently  rediscov- 
ered by  the  Postmaster  Gen- 
eral, provides  for  the  govern- 
ment acquisition  of  the  tele- 
graph lines  upon  payment  of 
an  appraised  valuation.  Mr. 
Burleson  thinks  that  this  stat- 
ute gives  the  government  am- 
ple authority  to  take  over  the 
telegraph  and  telephone  lines 
of  the  country, — a  policy  which 
he,  like  his  immediate  prede- 
cessor, Mr.  Hitchcock,  cordial- 
ly favors.  The  only  serious 
obstacle,  he  seems  to  think,  is 
how  to  find  the  money.  Be- 
yond that  lies  the  even  more 
serious  question  of  administra- 
tion. We  have  much  to  learn 
yet  in  regard  to  the  efficient, 
businesslike  and  non-political 
management  of  the  postal  ser- 
vice, and  the  N.  Y.  Indepen- 
dent is  quite  right  in  suggest- 
ing that  a  thorough  reorgani- 
zation of  the  post  office  depart- 
ment along  the  lines  proposed 
several  years  ago  in  the  Carter- 
Weeks  bill  ought  to  precede 
such  a  tremendous  addition  to 
the  department's  activities. 


"Mona  Lisa"    and    the    Ber- 
tillon  System 

The  outcome  of  the  sensa- 
tional "Mona  Lisa"  affair  is 
somewhat  humiliating  to  the 
Paris  police.  Several  finger 
prints  had  been  found  on  the 
glass  in  the  frame  from  which 
Da  Vinci's  famous  painting 
had  been  stolen.  One  of  these 
prints,  the  left  thumb,  was 
quite  distinct.  It  appears  now 
that  the  Bertillon  collection 
of  finger  prints  contained  two 
impressions  of  thethief's  finger 
marks,  taken  in  1908  and  1909 
when  he  (an  Italian  working- 
man,  Vincenzo  Perugia  from 
Milan)  was  sentenced  to  a 
week's  imprisonment  for  rob- 
bery with  violence.  These  on 
now  being  compared  with  those 
on  the  glass  are  found  to  cor- 
respond perfectly,  but  M.  Ber- 
tillon explains  that  they  could 
not  be  found  before  because 
there  are  750,000  records  in  the 
police  collection  and  they  are 
classified  according  to  the  name 
and  right  thumb  prints.  It  ap- 
pears, then,  that  the  celebrated 
Bertillon  system  of  identifica- 
tion fails  unless  the  criminal 
leaves  at  the  scene  of  his  deed 
either  his  card  or  the  print  of 
his  right  thumb.  "Now  that 
this  is  understood,"  facetiously 
remarks  the  Independent, 
"doubtless  criminals  will  take 
the  necessary  precautions." 


56 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


ET  CETERA 


The  report,  originating  with  the 
Berlin  Tageblatt,  that  there  are  two 
thousand  fallen-away  priests  (eva- 
des) residing  in  Paris,  will  proba- 
bly find  its  way  into  certain  Amer- 
ican newspaper?,  and  hence  it  will 
be  useful  to  record  the  following 
official  statement  recently  given  out 
by  the  Vicar  General  of  Paris  in 
reply  to  an  inquiry: 

Although  Paris  harbors  a  very  large 
number  of  homeless  people,  it  is  not 
true  that  there  are  2,000  fallen-away 
priests  in  this  city.  It  is  impossible  for 
the  ecclesiastical  authorities  to  ascer- 
tain the  exact  number,  but  we  think 
we  can   safely   say  that   there  are   no 

more  than  200. 

* 

Missionaries  of  the  Society  of  the 
Divine  Word  in  the  Philippine  Islands 
report  that  representatives  of  the 
Foreign  Christian  Mission  Society 
(Prot.)  of  Cincinnati  have  established 
a  printing  press  at  Vigan,  by  means 
of  which  they  are  flooding  the  archi- 
pelago with  anti-Catholic  literature, 
including  an  almanac  in  Ilocano, 
which  fairly  bristles  with  lies  and 
calumnies.  As  the  name  "Protes- 
tants" is  distasteful  to  the  natives, 
these  missioners  call  themselves 
"Christians"  or  "Believers  in 
Christ,"  and  it  seems  that  they  are 
doing  a  great  deal  of  harm.  The 
Fathers  of  the  Divine  Word  are  in 
the  centre  of  the  struggle,  and  Arch- 
bishop Harty  of  Manila,  who  is  at 
present  visiting  in  this  country, 
highly  praises  their  self-sacrificing 
zeal.  Unfortunately,  they  are  ham- 
pered by  lack  of  funds.  Whoever 
wishes  to  lend  a  helping  hand  may 
address  his  mite  to   the   Society  of 

the  Divine  Word,  Techny,  Illinois. 
* 

In  Canada,  French  names  are 
spelled  according  to  the  rules  of 
the   French   language.     Thus   "Soo" 


is  spelled  "Sault"  on  the  map.  The 
London  (Ont.)  Catholic  Record  tells 
of  an  American  tourist  who,  seeking 
some  information  about  Sault  Ste 
Marie,  inquired  about  Salt  Stee 
Mary.  Mutual  enlightenment  elic- 
ited the  remark:  "Well,  if  that  isn't 
the  durndest  way  to  spell  Soo!" 
"Well,  how  would  you  spell  it?" 
asked  the  Canadian,  slightly  nettled 
and  prepared  to  demonstrate  the 
utility  of  bilingualism.  "Why, 
S-i-o-u-x  of  course." 
* 

There  is  time  enough  given  us 
to  do  all  that  God  means  us  to  do 
each  day,  and  to  do  it  gloriously. 
How  do  we  know  but  that  the  in- 
terruption we  snarl  at  is  the  most 
blessed  thing  that  has  come  to  us 
in  long  days? — Anon. 
Literary   Notes. 

* 

The  Month  (No.  593)  says  in  an 
obituary  notice  of  the  late  Canon 
Sheehan,   of   Doneraile: 

"The  'scenes  from  clerical  life' 
embodied  in  My  Neiv  Curate  and 
scattered  elsewhere  throughout  his 
many  books  have  real  and  perma- 
nent value  as  pictures  of  contempo- 
rary manners.  He  was  a  shrewd 
critic,  too,  of  his  own  surroundings, 
and  Irishmen  may  profit  not  a  little 
from  his  detached  verdicts  on  vari- 
ous national  idiosyncracies.  A  very 
plain  lesson  to  be  drawn  from  his 
various  works  is  one  highly  impor- 
tant in  our  days,  viz.,  that  it  is  pos- 
sible to  attain  eminence  as  a  novelist 
and  yet  keep  wholly  free  from  ap- 
peals to  prurience  in  any  form.  Can- 
on Sheehan  is  not  the  only  writer 
who  can  be  used  to  illustrate  this 
truth;  yet  those  remaining  are  suf- 
ficiently rare  to  make  his  death  a 
real  loss  to  literature." 


XXI  2 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


57 


A  correspondent  of  Leslie's  asks 
if  it  is  true  that  President  Wilson 
is  a  Prohibitionist.  The  editor's  an- 
swer is  (No.  3042)  :  The  President 
is  undoubtedly  friendly  to  the  tem- 
perance cause.  One  of  his  closest 
friends,  Mr.  Dudley  Field  Malone,  of 
New  York,  who  now  holds  an  impor- 
tant office  under  the  Administration, 
last  February  stated  that  Mr.  Wil- 
son occasionally  enjoyed  a  little 
Scotch  whisky  and  that  the  Pres- 
ident in  reply  to  a  question  as  to 
whether  he  was  a  Prohibitionist  had 
answered  that  "Prohibition  has  no 
place  in  politics,  but  belongs  to  eco- 
nomic and  social  questions,  for  every 
man  should  live  according  to  his  own 
common  sense  and  his  own  judg- 
ment." We  believe  there  is  one  Pro- 
hibitionist in  the  President's  Cabinet, 
the  traveling  gentleman  who  adver- 
tises grape  juice,  and  "makes  money 
talk." 


Prof.  Herbert  E.  Bolton,  of  the 
University  of  California,  who  has 
discovered  in  the  archives  of  State 
and  Church  in  Mexico  vast  treasures 
hitherto  unknown,  shows  the  way  to 
these  historical  treasures  through 
the  publication  by  the  Carnegie  In- 
stitution of  Washington  of  a  "Guide 
to  Materials  for  the  History  of  the 
United  States  in  the  Principal  Ar- 
chives of  Mexico."  In  this  volume  of 
553  pages,  Professor  Bolton  tells  of 
the  extraordinary  wealth  of  un- 
known manuscripts,  recording  the 
romantic  history  of  the  Spaniards  in 
North  America,  which  he  has  brought 
to  light  through  a  dozen  years  of  in- 
vestigation. 

The  publication  of  Professor  Bol- 
ton's survey  of  the  Mexican  archives 
as  a  source  of  American  history  is 
part  of  the  task  which  the  Carnegie 
Institution  has  undertaken,  of  pub- 
lishing guides  for  the  archives  of  all 
the  nations  with  which  the  United 


States  has  had  intimate  relations. 
Particularly  is  this  important  for 
California  and  the  Southwest.  West- 
ern history  cannot  be  understood 
without  knowledge  of  the  Spanish 
civilization  on  which  later  times  have 
builded.  English-speaking  occupa- 
tion of  California  and  all  the  South- 
western United  States  is  only  a  mat- 
ter of  yesterday,  while  the  sixteenth, 
seventeenth,  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies, and  much  of  the  nineteenth, 
saw  Spanish  institutions  everywhere. 
In  architecture,  land  matters,  Indian 
affairs,  agriculture,  use  of  words 
and  place  names,  legal  institutions, 
traditions,  and  ways  of  life,  the  whole 
Southwest  of  to-day  is  profoundly 
influenced  by  its  Spanish  inheritance. 
* 

The  Catholic  priest  seems  to  be 
having  a  great  vogue  on  the  stage 
just  now.  Hall  Caine's  "Woman 
Thou  Gavest  Me"  contains  a  carica- 
ture of  a  priest.  The  "soggarth 
aroon"  fares  better  at  the  hands  of 
Mrs.  Blundell  in  her  "Story  of  Mary 
Dunne."  In  England,  says  the  Lon- 
don correspondent  of  America, 
Charles  Hawtrey  has  withdrawn 
"General  John  Regan,"  the  work  of 
an  Irish  Protestant  clergyman,  which 
contains  one  of  the  worst  travesties  of 
a  Catholic  parish  priest,  that  has  ever 
disgraced  the  pen  of  a  partisan.  And 
yet,  the  "Regan"  play,  now  running 
in  New  York,  has  been  extensively 
advertised  in  America's  own  columns. 
The  San  Francisco  Monitor  (Vol.  55, 
No.  33)  charitably  suggests  that  per- 
haps the  edition  given  on  our  stage 
is  a  modified  one! 
* 

A  competent  Catholic  organist, 
now  engaged  in  a  big  city,  desires, 
for  reasons  of  health,  to  exchange 
his  place  for  one  in  a  smaller  city  or 
town.  Apply  to  A.  B.,  care  Fort- 
nightly Review. 


58 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


LITERARY  NOTES 


— A  C.  T.  S.  publication  that  is  not 
properly  appreciated,  at  least  in  this 
country,  is  A  Little  Book  of  Prayers 
from  Old  English  Sources,  edited  by 
Abbot  Gasquet.  This  little  volume 
does  not  pretend  to  furnish  a  com- 
plete manual  of  prayer  for  general 
use  on  all  occasions.  It  merely  con- 
tains some  of  the  prayers  used  by 
English  Catholics  before  the  Nor- 
man Conquest,  translated  in  such  a 
way  as  to  preserve,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, the  rhythm  and  force  of  the 
original  Latin.  Many  of  these 
prayers  can  be  traced  back  to  the 
earlier  centuries  of  Saxon  rule.  All 
are  characterized  by  great  simplicity, 
and  the  whole  collection,  incomplete 
though  it  be,  must  appeal  strongly 
to  those  who  do  not  feel  attracted  to, 
or  moved  by,  the  more  elaborate 
phrases  and  ornate  diction  of  our 
modern  prayer  books.  To  spread  this 
booklet  is  to  aid  in  furthering  the 
cause  of  sound  and  healthy  piety. 
(54  pp.  32mo.  25  cts.  net,  in  paste- 
board covers). — A.  P. 

— The  Irish  Ecclesiastical  Record 
(46th  Year,  No.  552)  concludes  a 
lengthy  review  of  the  fourth  and 
fifth  volumes  of  the  Pohle-Preuss  se- 
ries of  dogmatic  text-books  as  fol- 
lows: "A  dogmatic  theology  such  as 
this  cannot  but  be  helpful  to  many 
English  readers,  as  well  as  to  profes- 
sors and  students;  hence  we  hope 
that  it  will  have  a  wide  circulation." 

— The  V.  Rev.  Dr.  Anton  Leinz, 
V.  G.,  of  Berlin,  Germany,  is  known 
to  our  readers  by  his  Apologetische 
Vortrage  and  his  Ansprachen  filr 
christliche  Miittervereine,  both  of 
which  we  have  heartily  recommended 
in  this  Review.  He  has  recently  pub- 
lished a  series  of  apologetic  sermons 
under   the   title   Glaubensschild  und 


Geistesschwert,  in  which  he  dis- 
cusses the  truths  of  our  holy  religion 
in  connection  with  the  gospel  of  each 
Sunday  throughout  the  ecclesiastical 
year  and  some  of  its  leading  feast- 
days.  Dr.  Leinz's  motto  is,  what  the 
people  need  above  all  today  is  in- 
struction in  the  truths  of  the  faith, 
and  "the  more  eagerly  the  Zeit- 
geist attempts  to  destroy  this,  the 
only  reliable  pillar  and  groundwork 
of  morality,  the  more  energetically 
should  the  guardians  of  the  super- 
natural world-view  defend  it,  espe- 
cially by  means  of  appropriate  ser- 
mons and  lectures."  The  sermons 
contained  in  the  present  volume  (71 
in  number)  are  uniformly  from  five 
to  six  pages  in  length,  concise  and 
popular  in  style,  and  full  of  the  meat 
of  sound  Christian  doctrine.  They 
are  splendid  ten-minute  sermons  for 
mixed  city  congregations,  (ix  &  440 
pp.  12mo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  $1.45 
net)  .—A.  P. 

— The  Catholic  Church  from  With- 
out. By  Rev.  James  A.  Carey.  (The 
Catholic  Church  Extension  Society  of 
America,  Chicago.  $15  per  hundred.) 
This  little  pamphlet,  of  some  one 
hundred  and  thirty  pages,  is  a  com- 
pilation of  extracts  from  non-Catho- 
lic writers  of  note  praising  or  ap- 
proving the  several  dogmas  and 
practices  of  the  Church  which  non- 
Catholics  as  a  whole  deny  and  repu- 
diate. The  work  represents  much 
industry,  and  is  an  interesting  study, 
made  the  more  easy  and  convenient 
by  an  excellent  little  index  at  the 
end.  The  running  commentary  of  Fa- 
ther Carey  unifies  the  whole  and  sets 
off  the  excerpts  to  the  best  advan- 
tage. Catholic  readers  can  but  won- 
der why  these  half-hearted  "enemies" 
do  not  return  to  their  allegiance,  and 
non-Catholics  will  perhaps  lean  a  bit 


XXI  2 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


59 


to  the  right  side — in  their  poise  on 
the  fence,  but  eventually  St.  Paul's 
method  will  have  to  be  pursued  with 
the  prospective  convert.  "Ye  men  of 
Athens,  I  see  that  you  are  in  all 
things  too  superstitious."  Then 
comes  "a  tumult"  in  the  city,  and 
then  the  truth  strikes  home. — S.  T. 
Otten. 

— Heldinnen  der  Frauenwelt.  Bi- 
blische  Vorbilder  fiir  Jungfrauen  von 
P.  Hubert  Klug  O.  Min.  Cap.,  is  a 
pendant  to  the  same  author's  Helden 
der  Jugend.  Biblische  Vorbilder  fiir 
Jiinglinge,  which  has  been  well  re- 
ceived and  is  now  in  its  second  edi- 
tion. The  Biblical  models  here  put 
before  our  girls  are  Rebecca,  Debo- 
rah, Ruth,  Sarah,  Judith,  Susanna, 
Mary  Magdalen,  the  Five  Prudent 
Virgins,  Tabitha,  Lydia,  and  the  B. 
V.  Mary.  The  author  writes  simply 
and  with  a  practical  purpose  always 
in  view.  His  work  can  be  specially 
recommended  to  priests  who  have  to 
give  conferences  to  sodalities  or  so- 
cieties of  young  women,  (vii  &  155 
pp.  16mo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  55  cts. 
net) .— M.  F. 

—The  Rev.  Professors  E.  M.  Que- 
vastre  and  L.  Hebert  have  co-oper- 
ated with  Dr.  Ad.  Tanquerey  in  pre- 
paring a  summary  of  his  dogmatic 
theology  especially  adapted  to  the 
requirements  of  missionary  priests. 
(Brevior  Synopsis  Theologiae  Dog- 
maticae.  xx  &  680  pp.  12mo.  Ben- 
ziger  Bros.  1913.  $1.50  net).  The 
book  accurately  outlines  Tanquerey's 
teaching  and  forms  a  very  useful 
elementary  text-book.  It  can  be  rec- 
ommended to  priests  and  theological 
students  especially  for  repetition,  be- 
cause it  states  the  leading  truths 
clearly,  succinctly,  and  in  admirable 
order.— T.    E.    R. 

— The  Epistle  to  the  Ephesians. 
An  Encyclical  of  St.  Paul.     Trans- 


lated from  a  Revised  Greek  Text  and 
Explained  for  English  Readers  by 
the  Rev.  George  S.  Hitchcock,  D.  D. 
(viii  &  536  pp.  12mo.  London:  Burns 
&  Oates;  New  York,  Cincinnati,  Chi- 
cago: Benziger  Bros.  1913.  $2.50 
net).  This  is  an  erudite  work,  in- 
tended not  for  the  ordinary  reader 
but  for  the  scholar.  Dr.  Hitchcock 
gives  a  running  commentary,  in 
which  is  embedded  the  text  of  the 
Epistle,  divided  into  small  frag- 
ments. The  translation  is  extremely 
literal,  but  it  helps  to  bring  out  the 
meaning.  The  commentary  exhibits 
both  insight  and  learning,  though 
it  is  not  always  as  clear  and  concise 
as  one  would  desire.  Dr.  Hitchcock 
ought  to  cultivate  the  art  of  com- 
pression.— B.  F.  D. 

— No.  12  of  the  Freiburger  Theo- 
logische  Studien  is  devoted  to  an  his- 
torical inquiry  into  the  use  of  the 
term  agennesia  in  the  writings  of  the 
Greek  theologians  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury {Der  Agennesiebegriff  in  der 
griechischen  Theologie  des  vierten 
Jahrhunderts  von  Dr.  Paul  Stiegele) . 
It  is  a  scholarly  and  important  con- 
tribution to  the  technical  terminol- 
ogy of  that  portion  of  dogmatic  theol- 
ogy dealing  with  the  mystery  of  the 
most  holy  Trinity,  and  is  based  on  a 
thorough  and  exhaustive  study  of  all 
the  available  evidence.  The  author's 
method  is  necessarily  analytical. 
Monographs  such  as  this  inspire  the 
hope  that  some  day  in  the  not  too 
distant  future  we  shall  obtain  that 
most  ardent  desideratum  of  modern 
theologians — an  adequate  history  of 
the  development  of  dogma.  (B.  Her- 
der. 1913.  xiv  &  144  pp.  8vo.  85  cts. 
net,  unbound). — A.  P. 

— Father  Ignatius  Diertins,  S.  J., 
was  born  in  Brussels  in  1626.  He 
belonged  to  the  Society  of  Jesus  for 
58  years,  and  died  as  assistant  to 
the  General,  in  1700.     His  commen- 


60 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


tary  on  the  Spiritual  Exercises  of 
St.  Ignatius,  first  published  in  1687, 
has  been  many  times  reprinted.  Fa- 
ther Elder  Mullan,  S.  J.,  now  pre- 
sents an  English  translation  (The 
Morning  Watch.  The  Spiritual  Ex- 
ercises of  St.  Ignatius  Proposed  by 
Fr.  Ignatius  Diertins,  S.  J.  xii  & 
528  pp.  8vo.  New  York:  P.  J.  Ken- 
edy &  Sons.  1913.  $1.70,  post- 
paid). These  meditations  presup- 
pose an  acquaintance  with  the  text 
of  the  Exercises  and  are  intended 
for  aspirants  after  the  higher  spir- 
itual life,  especially  priests,  semina- 
rians, religious,  and  sodalists  of  Our 
Lady,  who  will  find  it  a  help  in  their 
daily  exercises. — C.  A. 

— The  Rev.  C.  Devaux,  of  New 
Milton,  W.  Va.,  gives  us  a  German 
translation  of  M.  Ed.  van  Spey- 
brouck's  brochure  on  Father  Paul  of 
Moll,  of  which,  we  believe,  two  Eng- 
lish translations  have  already  ap- 
peared, one  by  Dom  Nolan  of  Erd- 
ington  Abbey,  the  other  by  a  Bene- 
dictine Father  of  Conception,  Mo. 
Father  Paul  of  Moll  was  a  Belgian 
Benedictine  who  did  so  many  won- 
derful things  that  he  has  been  char- 
acterized as  "the  miracle-worker  of 
the  nineteenth  century."  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  his  fellow-religious  will 
soon  publish  a  critical  biography  of 
this  remarkable  man.  The  present 
German  translation  of  van  Spey- 
brouck's  brochure  (Charakterziige 
und  wunderbare  Begebenheiten  aus 
dem  Leben  des  B enediktinermonches 
Pater  Paul  von  Moll,  1324-1896),  is 
published  by  L.  Stenger,  Bolchen  i. 
Lothr.,  and  sells  at  50  cts.  the  copy, 
in  paper  covers. — A.  P. 

— We  have  had  in  hand  some  time 
a  collection  of  tracts  in  French, 
much  on  the  order  of  our  own  Cath- 
olic Truth  Society  pamphlets.  These 
are  to  be  obtained  at  33  rue  des 
Saints-Peres,   Paris,   and  will  prove 


useful  to  those  pastors  who  have  in- 
different members  of  their  flock  ap- 
proachable only  through  the  French 
language.  The  titles  before  us  are: 
Le  Secret  de  la  Force,  Regardant  a 
Jesus,  Le  Miracle  et  les  Lois  de  la 
Nature  (all  sermons) ;  Le  Paroissien 
Romain;  Foi  et  Science;  Le  Diction 
du  Peuple:  Quand  on  est  Mort  on  est 
Bien  Mort  et  le  Reponse  de  Jesus- 
Christ.  The  last  named  is  particular- 
ly spirited.  It  is  in  dialogue  form, 
and  meets  the  arguments  of  the 
atheist  or  agnostic.  It  might  well 
be  translated.  Foi  et  Science  quotes 
in  favor  of  faith  certain  high  lights 
who,  whatever  they  may  have  said 
here  and  there  in  a  moment  of  affla- 
tion,  did  about  as  much  to  destroy 
faith  among  their  countrymen  as 
any  one  man  is  capable  of  doing. 
Goethe  and  Victor  Hugo  are  the  in- 
dividuals referred  to.  It  is  quite 
proper  to  recognize  beauty  of  form 
in  works  of  art,  but  when  a  painter 
frescoes  the  garbage  can  or  a  poet 
celebrates  the  dump  by  preference, 
we  cannot  forget  the  habitual  vanity 
of  their  efforts  and  dignify  an  occa- 
sional moment  of  exaltation  into  an 
argument  in  favor  of  the  existence 
of  God.  Victor  Hugo's  "II  est,  il  est, 
il  est!"  sounds  to  us  like  a  very 
theatrical  frenzy. — S.  T.   Otten. 

— The  Price  of  Unity.  By  B.  W.  Ma- 
turin  (Longmans,  Green  &  Company, 
New  York,  London,  Bombay  and 
Calcutta.  Price  $1.50).  This  book 
enumerates  and  describes  with  thor- 
oughness and  detail  the  various 
phases  and  complexities  and  atti- 
tudes of  the  present-day  Anglicans. 
Father  Maturin  is  not  always  ac- 
curate in  his  manner  of  expressing 
himself — accuracy  is  not  easy  in 
dealing  with  such  subtleties — but  he 
is  always  sympathetic,  charitable, 
and  absolutely  free  from  harshness. 
Unfortunately  books  of  this  nature 
are  seldom  read  by  those  for  whom 


XXI  2 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


61 


they  are  written;  but  the  present 
work  will  also  be  of  service  to  those 
who  have  to  deal  with  converts  and 
prospective  converts  from  Anglican- 
ism.— S.  T.  Otten. 

— Landmarks  of  Grace,  or  The 
Feasts  of  Our  Blessed  Lady.  Com- 
piled by  a  Member  of  the  Ursuline 
Community,  Sligo.  (x  &  230  pp. 
16mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1913.  $1, 
postpaid).  The  title  is  explained  in 
this  motto  from  Canon  Sheehan: 
"We  are  going  to  eternity  as  fast 
as  time  can  bear  us.  The  feasts  of 
Our  Lady  fly  by  like  the  lights  upon 
a  line  of  railroad.  Let  us  watch 
them  well,  making  them  landmarks 
of  grace  upon  our  great  journey  to 
eternity."  The  reflections  and  con- 
siderations which  make  up  the  book- 
let are  taken  from  such  authors  as 
Father  Faber,  Father  Tom  Burke, 
O.  P.,  Cardinal  Newman,  Father 
Abram  Ryan,  Adelaide  A.  Procter, 
Eliza  A.  Starr,  Aubrey  De  Vere, 
Canon  Sheehan,  Rev.  Matthew  Rus- 
sell, S.  J.,  etc.  There  is  an  agreeable 
change  of  prose  and  poetry. — 0.  K. 

— E.  Fehring's  Leben  und  Segen 
der  Vollkommenheit  (B.  Herder. 
$1.10  net)  is  a  manual  of  spiritual 
perfection  for  lay  people.  The  medi- 
tations are  all  taken  from  approved 
sources,  largely  from  the  ascetical 
writings  of  the  saints.  The  booklet 
is  intended  primarily  for  members 
of  the  Third  Order,  but  may  be 
adapted  to  the  use  of  laymen  gen- 
erally.—O.  K. 

Books  Received 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the 
Fortnightly  Review  is  acknowledged  in  this 
department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review  such 
Publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  rea- 
son  or  another  to   call  for  special   mention.] 

LATIN 
Brevior  Synopsis  Theologiae  Dogma- 
ticae  Auctore  Ad.  Tanquerey,  Cooper- 
antibus  E.  M.  Quevastre  et  L.  Hebert. 
xx  &  68o  pp.  i2mo.  Benziger  Bros. 
1913  $1.50  net. 


ENGLISH 

England  and  the  Sacred  Heart.  By 
Rev.  G.  E.  Price.  With  Preface  by  the 
Rev.  David  Bearne,  S.  J.  With  Four 
Illustrations,  xv  &  128  pp.  i2mo.  Lon- 
don:  R.  &  T.  Washborne,  Ltd.  1913. 
American  agents,  Benziger  Bros.  $1, 
postpaid. 

The  Practice  of  Mental  Prayer.  By 
Father  Rene  de  Maumigny,  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Jesus.  First  Treatise:  Ordi- 
nary Prayer.  Translated  from  the 
Fourth  Edition  with  the  Author's 
Corrections  and  Additions.  Revised 
by  Father  Elder  Mullan,  S.  J.  327 
pp.  i2mo.  New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy  & 
Sons.      1913.   $i-3S,  postpaid. 

A  Divine  Friend.  By  Henry  C. 
Schuyler,  S.  T.  L.  With  a  Preface  by 
the  Very  Rev.  Mgr.  R.  Hugh  Benson, 
M.  A.  142  pp.  i2mo.  Philadelphia :  Pe- 
ter Reilly.    1913.    $1  net. 

Lives  of  the  Saints.  With  Reflections 
for  Every  Day  in  the  Year.  Compiled 
from  "The  Lives  of  the  Saints"  by  Rev. 
Alban  Butler.  To  Which  are  Added 
Lives  of  the  American  Saints  Placed 
on  the  Calendar  for  the  United  States 
by  Special  Petition  of  the  Third  Plen- 
ary Council  of  Baltimore.  406  pp. 
i2mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1913. 

The  Way,  the  Why  and  the  When. 
Practical  Hints  for  Catholic  Children 
by  an  Experienced  Teacher.  44  pp. 
32mo.  Ney  York:  Christian  Press  As- 
sociation.    1913   (Wrapper). 

Devotion  to  St.  Rita.  A  Manual  Con- 
taining Special  Prayers,  Novenas,  Tri- 
dium  [sic!],  etc.  By  Rev.  W.  T.  Con- 
klin.  92  pp.  32mo.  New  York :  Chris- 
tian Press  Association.  191 3.  (Wrap- 
per). 

Shall  Women  Vote?  An  Attempt 
to  Cut  a  Gordian  Knot  by  A.  J.  Wolf- 
gar  ten,  Ph.  D.  17  pp.  8vo.  St.  Louis, 
Mo. :  Central  Bureau  of  the  German 
Catholic  Central  Verein.  1913.  (Bro- 
chure). 

Frederic  Ozanam  and  the  Establish- 
ment of  the  Society  of  St.  Vincent 
de  Paul.  By  Archibald  J.  Dunn.  118 
pp.  i2mo.  Benziger  Bros.  60  cts.,  post- 
paid. 

Dominican  Year  Book  for  1914.  128 
pp.  large  8vo.  Illustrated.  Somerset, 
O. :     The  Rosary  Press.     25  cts. 

Modernism  and  Modem  Thought. 
By  Father  Bampton,  S.  J.  118  pp.  i2mo. 
London :  Sands  &  Co. ;  St.  Louis,  Mo. : 
B.  Herder.  60  cts.  net. 

Little  Talks  to  Children  Preparing 
for  Holy  Communion.  78  pp.  i6mo. 
B.  Herder.     1913.    15  cts.   (Wrapper). 


62 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


The  Human  Soul  and  its  Relations 
With  Other  Spirits.  By  Dom  Anscar 
Vomer,  O.  S.  B.,  Abbot  of  Buck  fast. 
vii  &  368  pp.  121110.  B.  Herder.  1913. 
$1.50  net. 

The  "Notre  Dame"  Series  of  Lives 
of  the  Saints.  Saint  Louis,  King  of 
France.  1215-1270.  vii  &  264  pp.  i2mo. 
London  :  Sands  &  Co. ;  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
B.  Herder.     1913.    $1.25  net. 

Counsels  of  Perfection  for  Christian 
Mothers.  By  the  V.  Rev.  P.  Lejeune. 
Translated  with  the  Author's  Permis- 
sion by  Francis  A.  Ryan.  240pp.  i2mo. 
B.  Herder  191  t,.  $i  net. 
GERMAN 

Goethe.  Sein  Leben  und  seine  Wer- 
ke.  Von  Alexander  Baumgartner  S. 
J.  Dritte,  neubearbeitete  Auflage  (Er- 
stes  bis  viertes  Tausend).  Besorgt 
von  Alois  Stockmann  S.  J.  Zzveiter 
(Schluss-)  Band:  Der  Altmeister. 
Von  1790  bis  1832.  Mit  einem  Titel- 
bild.  xx  &  742  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder. 
1913.     $4  net. 

Wallfahrten  su  Unserer  Lieben  Frau 
in  Legende  und  Geschichte.  Von 
Stephan  Beissel  S.  J.  Mit  124  Abbil- 
dungen.  xii  &  514  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder. 
'1913.    $4.20  net. 

Der  Gegenzvartszvert  der  geschicht- 
lichen  Frforschung  der  mittelalterli- 
chen  Philosophic  Akademische  An- 
trittsvorlesunq  von  Dr.  Martin  Grab- 
mann,  0.  b.  Professor  der  christlichen 
Philosophic  an  der  theol.  Fakultdt  der 
k.  k.  Universitat  Wien.  vi  &  94  pp. 
i2mo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  45  cts.  net. 
^Wrapper,). 

Vollstandige  Katechesen  zur  Lehre 
vom  Glauben.  Von  Franz  Kappler. 
186  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  70  cts. 
net. 

Emilie  Ringseis.  Von  E.  M.  Ha- 
mann.  Mit  sechs  Bildern.  viii  &  228 
pp.    i2mo.    B.   Herder.   1913.   $1.10  net. 

Bibliothek  zvertvoller  Denkzviirdig- 
keiten.  Ausgezvahlt  und  herausgegeben 
von  Prof.  Dr.  Otto  Hellinghaus.  Er- 
ster  Band:  Denkzmirdigkeiten  a/us  der 
Zeit  der  Frciheitskriege  1813-1815. 
xvii  &  270  pp.  i6mo.  80  cts.  net. — 
Zzveiter  Band:  Denkzmirdigkeiten  aus 
dem  Jahre  1812.  Napoleons  Zug  ge- 
gen  Russland.  x  &  288  pp.  80  cts.  net. 
B.  Herder.   1913.  Illustrated. 

Im  Morgenland.  Reisebilder  von  Dr. 
Paul  Wilhclm  von  Keppler,  Bischof 
von  Rottenburg.  Mit  17  Bildern.  vii 
&  240  pp.  i2mo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  95 
cts.,  net. 

Missionspredigtcn.  Unter  Mitzvir- 
kung  anderer  Ordensmitglieder  heraus- 
gegeben von  Robert  Streit,  O.M.I.  Er- 


ster  Teil:  Die  Berufung  der  Heiden. 
ix  &  145  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  65 
cts.  net. 

Predigten  und  Ansprachen,  zundchst 
fiir  die  Jug  end  gebildeter  St'dnde.  Von 
Msgr.  Dr.  Paul  Baron  de  Mathies 
(Ansgar  Albing).  Dritter  Band.  Pre- 
digten an  sechs  Sonntagen  nach  Epi- 
phanie  vom  fiinften  Sonntag  nach 
Pfingsten  bis  zum  Advent,  Maria, 
Lichtmess  und  Maria  Himmelfahrt, 
nebst  dreizehn  Gclegenheitsreden.  x 
&  455  PP-  i2mo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  $1.65 
net. 

In  stiller  Feierstunde.  Gedanken  fiir 
gottsuchende  Seelen.  Aus  den  Wer- 
ken  von  Alban  Stolz  gesammelt  und 
herausgegeben  von  Otto  Hattenschzvil- 
ler.  viii  &  171  pp.  i6mo.  B.  Herder. 
50  cts.. 

Kurzer  Aufblick  zu  Gott  in  der  Frii- 
he  und  zv'dhrend  des  Tages.  Ein  Er- 
bauungsbuchlein  aus  den  Schriften  von 
Alban  Stolz,  ausgezvahlt  und  den  Viel- 
beschaftigten  gezuidmet  von  Otto  Hat- 
tens chzviller.  x  &  239  pp.  i6mo.  B. 
Herder.  1913.  65  cts. 

Der  deutschamerikanische  Farmer. 
Sein  Anteil  an  der  Eroberung  und  Ko- 
lonisation  der  Bundesdomdne  der  Ver. 
Staaten,  besonders  in  den  Nord-Cen- 
tralstaaten.  Fine  statistische  und 
volkszinrtschaftliche  Untersuchung  von 
Joseph  Och,  Doktor  der  Staatszcnssen- 
schaften.  xix  &  248  pp.  8vo.  Columbus, 
O. :  Ohio  Waisenfreund.  75  cts.  in 
Wrapper:  $1,  bound  in  cloth. 

Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln.  969-976. 
Von  Dr.  Ludzvig  Berg.  (Studien  und 
Darstellungen  aus  dem  Gebiet  der  Ge- 
schichte, Bd.  VIII,  Heft  3).  xi  &  06 
pp.  8vo.     B.  Herder.  1913.  85  cts.  net. 

Kirchenvdter  und  Klassizismus.  Stim- 
men  der  Vorzeit  iiber  humanistische 
Bildung  von  Jos.  Stiglmeyr  S.J.  (114. 
Ergdnzungsheft  zu  den  "Stimmen  aus 
Maria-Laach").  viii  &  104  pp.  8vo. 
B.  Herder.    1913.    60  cts.  net 

Geschichte  des  Kulturkampfes  im 
Deutschen  Reiche.  Von  Dr.  J.  B.  Kiss- 
ling.  Zzveiter  Band:  Die  Kitlturkampf- 
gesetzgebung  1871-1874.  viii  &  494  pp. 
i2mo.     B.  Herder.     1913.    $2  net. 

Ehrenpreis.  Eine  Festgabe  fiir  Erst- 
kommunikanten.  Aus  Beit  rag  en  mehre- 
rer  Mitarbciter  zusammengestellt  von 
Helene  Pages.  Mit  sechs  Bildern.  ix 
&  243  pp.  i2mo.  B.  Herder.  90  cts.  net. 
SPANISH 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideraciones 
Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  for  el  Padre 
Eutimio  Talamet.  Con  un  Grabado. 
xii  &  288  pp..  prayer-book  size.  B. 
Herder.     1913.  85  cts.,  retail. 


XXI  2 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


63 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

Noldin,  H.  (S.  J.),  De  Poenis  Ec- 
clesiasticis.  4th  ed.  Innsbruck  1904. 
50  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool  1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75-  cts. 

Gerend,  M.  M.,  Christian  Politeness. 
2nd  ed.     85  cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.    (Like  new.)   $1. 

Fehringer,  Edw.,  Leben  und  Segen 
der  Vollkommenheit.  Anleitung  zu  ei- 
nem  frommen  Leben  fur  Laien.  Frei- 
burg 1913.    85  cts. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like   new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.        Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts. 

Sarrazin,  O.,  Verdeutschungswor- 
terbuch  (Fremdworterlexikon).  2te 
Aufl.    Berlin   1889.    $1.30. 

Keiter's  Kath.  Literaturkalender  fiir 
1912.     75  cts. 

Miinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3. 

Uhde,  Joh.,  Ethik.  Leitfaden  der  na- 
tiirlich-vernunftigen  Sittenlehre.  Frei- 
burg 191 2.     65  cts. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetse.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Furst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.     $1.60. 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.    $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Griinder,  H.  (S.  J.),  Psychology 
Without  a  Soul.  St.  Louis  1912.  80  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.     Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 


Albrecht,  Just.  (O.  S.  B.),  Die  Got- 
tesmutter.  Theologie  und  Aszese  der 
Marienvcrehrung.  Freiburg  1913.  5c 
cts. 

Vogels,  H.  J.,  Codex  Rehdigeranus. 
Die  4  Evangelien  nach  der  lat.  Hand- 
schrift  R  169  der  Stadtbibliothek  Bres- 
lau.  Mit  3  Tafeln.  Rome  1913.  $1. 
(Paper  covers.) 

Schmidt,  Jos.,  Das  Psalterium  des 
Rom.  Breviers  nebst  dem  Allge- 
meinen  Teil  des  Offiziums  ins  Deutsche 
iibertragen.     Ratisbon   1913.    40   cts. 

Kempf,  C.  (S.J.),  Die  Heiligkeit 
der  Kirche  im  19.  Jahrhundert.  Ein- 
siedeln   1913.     $1. 

Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.   (Wrapper.) 

Preuss,  Edw.,  Zum  Lobe  der  unbe- 
fleckten  Empfangnis  von  Einem,  der 
sie  vormals  gelastert  hat.  Freiburg 
1875.     75  cts. 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Jahrbuch  der  Naturwissenschaften 
1911-1912  and  1912-1913.  Herausgege- 
ben  von  Dr.  Jos.  Plassmann.  Freiburg 
1913.     Each  $1. 

Ursuline  Sister,  A,  Landmarks  of 
Grace,  or  the  Feasts  of  Our  Lady. 
London  191 3.     75  cts. 

Bridgets  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.  J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

Schegg,  P.,  Biblische  Archaologie. 
Freiburg  1887.     $1.65. 

Rohner,  B.,  Adapted  by  Rev.  R. 
Brennan,  Veneration  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin.     New  York  1913.    35  cts. 

d'Haussonville,  Comte  de,  Lacor- 
daire,  Translated  by  A.  W.  Evans. 
London  1913.     75  cts. 

Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.     82  cts. 

Baierl,  Jos.  J.,  The  Holy  Sacrifice  of 
the  Mass  Explained  in  the  Form  of 
Questions  and  Answers.  Revised  Edi- 
tion.    Rochester,  N.  Y.  1913.    35  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Eraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 


64 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.),  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1804-1S13).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
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Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
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Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
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Stuart.  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
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terbuch  der  Neutestamentlichen  Grd- 
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Hoyer,     Joh.      G.,     Geschichte     der 
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Fonck,  L.  (S.  J.),  Der  Kampf  um  die 
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Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
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Catholicism  and  Social  Reconstruction 

By  Henry  Somerville 
It  is  one  of  the  ironies  of  history  that  after  an  era  of  un- 
paralleled progress  in  material  civilization  the  main  problem  be- 
fore the  modern  world  should  be  the  problem  of  poverty.  After 
an  equally  unparalleled  progress  of  political  democracy,  society 
is  still  shaken  by  what  Karl  Marx  called  the  "class- war;"  and 
in  the  industrial  parts  of  Europe  and  America,  which  pride 
themselves  on  being  the  most  progressive,  there  exists  a  pro- 
letariate more  miserable  and  more  helpless  than  any  class  Chris- 
tendom has  ever  known.  To  trace  the  origin  of  these  evils 
would  be  too  long  a  task.  But  it  is  a  commonplace  of  economic 
history  to  say  that  it  is  precisely  among  those  peoples  where 
Catholicism  was  weakest  that  the  disease  of  capitalism  spread 
farthest.  The  germs  of  the  disease  are  to  be  found  far  back 
in  the  centuries  when  Europe  was  Catholic.  But  as  long  as  the 
faith  flourished,  society  resisted  their  evil  influence  and  retained 
its  economic  health.  Those  Socialists  who  assail  the  Church 
most  bitterly  to-day,  admit  that  before  the  "Reformation"  she 
was  ever  a  barrier  against  the  exploitation  of  the  poor.  Says 
Mr.  T.  D.  Benson,  treasurer  of  the  Independent  Labour  Party, 
the  chief  Socialist  organization  in  England.  (A  Socialist's  View 
of  the  Reformation,  I.  L.  P.  Publication  Department)  : 

Prior  to  the  Reformation  the  law  of  the  land  was  founded  on  the 
Canon  Law,  the  law  of  a  Christian  people;  to-day  the  law  is  founded  on 
the  Roman  Law,  the  law  of  a  slave-owning  nation.  Through  the  en- 
forcement of  the  Canon  Law  the  Catholic  Church  was  the  protector  of 
the  poor  against  the  rich;  to-day  the  Roman  Law  is  the  protector  of  the 
property  of  the  rich  against  the  poor.  The  struggle  previous  to  the  Ref- 
ormation was  between  the  welfare  of  the  working  classes  and  the  demands 
of  industry,  and  the  Catholic  Church  in  espousing  the  cause  of  the  poor 
fell  with  their  fall,  a  victim  of  the  greed  and  necessities  of  a  rapidly  grow- 
ing commerce. 

Compare  the  above  judgment  with  that  of  a  great  Catholic 
historian,  Abbot  Gasquet: 


66  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  fact  is,  as  we  are  now  beginning  to  find  out,  the  change  of 
religion  in  England  was  not  effected  so  much  by  those  who  hungered  and 
thirsted  after  purity  of  doctrine  and  simplicity  of  worship,  who  hated 
iniquity  and  what  they  believed  to  be  superstition,  as  by  those  who  were 
on  the  look-out  to  better  their  own  interests  from  a  wordly  point  of  view 
and  who  saw  in  the  overthrow  of  the  old  ecclesiastical  system  their  golden 
opportunity.  These  "new  men"  looked  not  so  much  to  the  "good"  as 
to  the  "goods"  of  the  Church  and  desired  more  the  conversio  rerum  than 
any  conversio  morum.  What  Janssen  long  ago  showed  to  be  the  case  in 
Germany,  and  what  Mr.  Phillipson  and  M.  Hanotaux  declare  to  be  cer- 
tainly true  of  France,  is  hardly  less  clear  in  regard  to  England,  when  the 
matter  is  gone  into,  namely,  that  the  Reformation  was  primarily  a  social 
and  economic  revolution,  the  true  meaning  of  which  was  in  the  event  suc- 
cessfully disguised  under  the  cloak  of  religion  with  the  assistance  of  a 
few  earnest  and  possibly  honest  fanatics. 

Let  us  make  quite  clear  what  we  mean  when  we  attribute 
the  rise  of  modern  capitalism  to  the  decay  of  religious  faith 
which  became  so  evident  in  the  sixteenth  century.  In 
England  the  Reformation  was  the  occasion  of  wholesale  rack- 
renting  and  evictions  of  the  peasants ;  of  wholesale  confiscations 
of  monastic  property  held  in  trust  for  the  poor;  and  of  the 
deliberate  destruction  of  artizans'  organizations,  the  gilds,  which 
were  the  counterparts  to  modern  trade-unions  and  friendly  so- 
cieties. These  acts  of  plunder  were  great  catastrophes  and 
could  not  fail  to  cause  great  suffering  to  the  generation  which 
witnessed  them.  But  if  these  specific  acts  of  injustice  had  been 
the  only  evils,  the  mischief  would  have  been  comparatively 
slight.  If  society  had  retained  its  Catholic  soul,  it  would  have 
recovered  from  those  calamities  as  it  recovered  from  the  ravages 
of  the  Black  Death.  The  real  evil  of  the  Reformation  was 
something  more;  it  was  the  introduction  of  a  new  spirit,  the 
adoption  of  a  new  theory  of  life.  The  effects  in  England  were 
visible  in  the  steady  expropriation  of  the  small  land-owners  by 
the  large,  which  proceeded  right  through  the  seventeenth  and 
eighteenth  centuries.  Land  monopoly  was  established,  an  agri- 
cultural proletariate  was  already  created  when  the  industrial 
revolution  was  accomplished.  The  ownership  of  both  land  and 
capital  was  monopolised  by  a  small  class  and  the  mass  of  the 
population  became  property-less  wage-earners. 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  67 

The  old  Catholic  view  of  life  had  been  rejected.  A  new 
philosophy  had  been  elaborated  and  adopted  which  went  by 
various  names, — Liberalism,  Individualism,  Utilitarianism.  Pleas- 
ure was  set  up  as  the  highest  good,  as  the  aim  of  life.  In  place 
of  the  guiding  authority  of  the  Church  self-interest  was  put 
forward  as  a  sufficient  guide  to  conduct.  "Man's  self-love  is 
God's  Providence,"  said  Adam  Smith,  the  father  of  modern 
political  economy.  And  an  ordained  minister  of  the  Gospel,  a 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  the  celebrated  Malthus, 
wrote : 

By  this  wise  provision,  i.  e.  by  making  the  passion  of  self-love 
stronger  beyond  comparison  than  the  passion  of  benevolence,  the  more 
ignorant  are  led  to  pursue  the  general  happiness,  an  end  which  they  would 
have  totally  failed  to  attain  if  the  moving  principle  of  their  conduct  had 
been  benevolence.  Benevolence  indeed,  as  the  great  and  constant  source 
of  action,  would  require  the  most  perfect  knowledge  of  causes  and  effects, 
and  therefore  can  only  be  an  attribute  of  the  Deity.  In  a  being  so  short- 
sighted as  man,  it  would  lead  to  the  grossest  errors  and  soon  transform 
the  fair  and  cultivated  soil  of  human  society  into  a  dreary  scene  of  want 
and  confusion. 

Both  in  theory  and  in  practice  capitalist  society  was  the 
negation  of  Catholicism.  The  results  were  far  from  happy.  Save 
in  times  of  plague,  England  has  never  witnessed  such  miseries 
as  those  suffered  by  her  working  classes  in  the  early  nineteenth 
century.  Yet  at  that  very  period  her  powers  of  wealth-produc- 
tion excelled  those  of  every  other  country  in  the  world.  Thomas 
Carlyle  thundered  denunciations  at  the  evils  he  saw  around  him 
and  looked  back  with  longing  to  the  happiness  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  He  strove  to  call  men  back  to  the  old  social  principles,  the 
principles  derided  as  medieval  superstitions  by  the  "advanced" 
thinkers  of  the  day. 

England,  said  Carlyle,  is  full  of  wealth,  of  multifarious  produce, 
supply  for  human  wants  of  every  kind;  yet  England  is  dying  of  inanition. .. 
We  call  it  a  society  and  go  about  proposing  the  totalest  separation  and 
isolation.  Our  life  is  not  a  mutual  helpfulness  but  rather  cloaked  under 
due  laws  of  war  named  fair  competition  and  so  forth  it  is  a  mutual  hostility. 
We  have  profoundly  forgotten  everywhere  that  cash  payment  is  not  the 
sole  relation  of  human  beings;  we  think,  nothing  doubting  that  it  absolves 
and  liquidates  all  engagements  of  man.  "My  starving  workers?"  answers 
the  rich  mill-owner,  "Did  I  not  hire  them  fairly  in  the  market?  Did  I  not 
pay  them  to  the  last  sixpence  the  sum  covenanted  for?  What  have  I 
to  do  with  them  more?" 

{To  be  concluded) 


68  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

Dangers  Threatening  Catholic  Germany 

A  German  Catholic  layman  of  large  experience  writes: 

The  Outlook  (Vol.  105,  No.  15)  quotes  some  interesting  passages  from 
a  letter  of  the  Berlin  correspondent  of  the  Christian  World.  This  corre- 
spondent says  that  the  (Lutheran)  State  Church  in  Germany  is  fast  losing 
ground.  In  Berlin  alone  ten  thousand  persons  seceded  from  it  last  year. 
"Every  large  centre  of  population  is  similarly  affected,  the  seceders  in  most 
cases  declaring  that  they  have  broken  entirely  with  Christianity  as  well 
as  with  the  Church."  Hence  the  outlook  for  German  Protestantism  m  is 
"very  dark." 

The  alarm  caused  among  Protestants  by  this  ebb  tide  is  augmented  by  the 
parallel  fact  of  the  rising  tide  of  Roman  Catholicism,  whose  adherents  already 
form  one-third  of  the  population  of  the  Empire.  In  hitherto  strongly  Prot- 
estant regions  the  census  shows  a  steady  increase  of  Catholics.  The  general 
decline  of  the  birth  rate  in  large  towns  is  almost  wholly  in  Protestant  families. 
In  the  Catholic  provinces  families  are  growing  larger,  and  "that  the  children  of 
mixed   marriages   become   Catholics   goes   without   saying." 

We  wish  this  view  of  the  situation,  so  far  as  the  Catholic  Church  is 
concerned,  were  correct.  But  unfortunately  it  is  exaggerated.  True,  Cath- 
olics are  still  increasing  rapidly  in  the  German  Empire.  But  their  rate 
of  increase  is  by  no  means  what  it  ought  to  be  and  the  leakage  is  enormous. 
Those  who  read  the  various  German  Pastoralblatter  and  the  Munich  All- 
gemeine  Rundschau  know  that  "race  suicide"  is  by  no  means  confined  to 
Protestants,  and  as  for  the  children  of  mixed  marriages  becoming  Catho- 
lics, the  Berlin  correspondent's  assertion  is  (unfortunately)  far  from  true. 
Only  a  few  months  ago  the  Fortnightly  Review  printed  statistics  from 
Fr.  Krose's  Kirchliches  Handbuch  fur  das  katholische  Deutschland 
(Vol.  IV),  which  prove  that  the  religion  of  children  in  Prussia,  the  largest 
of  the  countries  constituting  the  German  Empire,  is  affected  very  badly  by 
mixed  marriages.  In  marriages  between  non-Catholic  husbands  and  Catho- 
lic wives  200,027  children  are  non-Catholic  and  177,396  are  Catholic;  in 
marriages  between .  Catholic  husbands  and  Protestant  wives  250,352  chil- 
dren are  Protestants,  and  only  161,720  are  Catholics.  Putting  it  in  another 
way,  the  children  of  mixed  marriages  in  Prussia  are  57.05  per  cent  Protes- 
tant and  only  42.95  per  cent  Catholic.  Were  it  not  that  the  birth-rate  on  the 
whole,  though  declining,  is  still  a  great  deal  higher  among  Catholics,  that 
there  is  a  considerable  Catholic  immigration,  and  an  increasing  number  of 
converts,  the  constant  leakage  through  mixed  marriages  would  gradually  sap 
the  strength  of  the  Church  in  Prussia.  (Krose.  op.  cit.  206  sqq. ;  cfr. 
this  Review,  Vol.  XIX,  No.  21,  pp.  609  sq.) 

Conditions  in  the  other  German  provinces  and  countries  are,  on  the 
whole,  probably  not  much  better  than  in  Prussia. 

There  appears  to  be  no  means  of  stopping  the  evil  of  mixed  marriages. 
If,  as  seems  to  be  the  case,  Catholics  are  beginning  to  practice  race  sui- 
cide, the  Lutheran  State  Church  will  not  have  much  to  fear  from  Cath- 
olicism a  few  generations  hence,  but  Germany  will  be  engulfed  by  infidel- 
ity. That  this  will  eventually  spell  the  downfall  of  a  great  and  mighty 
empire  goes  without  saying. 


xxi  3  the  fortnightly  review  69 

The  Boston  Missionary  Congress 
The  Rev.  P.  Ambrose  Reger,  0.  S.  B.,  of  Corbin,  Ky.,  writes 
in  the  course  of  a  somewhat  lengthy  communication  on  the  ar- 
ticle which  we  published  in  Vol.  XIX,  No.  23,  on  the  Missionary 
Congress  lately  held  at  Boston : 

In  my  humble  opinion  it  would  have  been  much  better  to  have  had 
only  one  general  meeting  each  day,  namely  at  night,  and  let  the  different 
missionary  bodies  meet  in  smaller  halls,  at  their  own  responsibility  and 
expense,  each  organization  making  its  own  program.  There  would  have 
been  a  healthy  competition  for  the  greatest  success,  and  each  field  could 
have  been  well  covered. 

The  complaint  that  there  were  too  many  bishops  on  the  list  of  speakers 
is  not  without  some  justification.  And  yet,  after  you  heard  them  all,  it 
would  be  difficult  to  say  which  should  have  been  dropped!  Certainly  not 
the  short  but  masterly  welcome  address  of  His  Eminence  of  Boston;  nor 
the  encouraging  message  of  His  Holiness  so  sweetly  offered  by  the  Papal 
Delegate;  nor  the  comprehensive  and  broad-minded  introduction  of  His 
Grace  of  Chicago,  who,  as  chancellor  of  Church  Extension,  had  not  only 
the  right  but  the  duty  to  speak.  I  am  sure,  nobody  would  have  wanted 
to  miss  the  oratorical  treat  offered  by  the  gallant  Bishop  of  Toledo  which 
brought  the  huge  assembly  to  their  feet  in  a  cyclone  of  enthusiasm.  As 
for  the  address  of  Bishop  Dougherty  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  it  was 
the  most  instructive,  the  most  touching  and  appealing  of  the  whole 
congress.     Other  bishops  made  only  short  talks. 

In  regard  to  the  preaching  in  the  different  churches  Sunday  night 
it  is  easy  to  see  the  reason.  On  one  side,  the  managers  of  the  Congress 
had  the  pardonable  ambition  to  gather  as  many  "mitres"  as  possible. 
Every  bishop  that  would  attend  meant  another  powerful  friend.  As  a 
rule  bishops  answer  such  invitations  by  saying:  "If  nothing  prevents  me 
from  coming,  I  shall  be  glad  to  be  there!"  If  the  managers  can  nail  him 
down  right  in  the  beginning  with  an  engagement  to  preach,  he  will  feel 
bound  to  come,  nor  will  any  small  matter  keep  him  away.  On  the  other 
hand,  missionaries  are  not  always  welcome  to  preach  in  parish  churches. 
The  pastor  has  a  well  founded  suspicion  that  some  of  his  flock  might  be 
more  inclined  to  send  their  "dues"  to  heathen  countries  to  educate  the 
savages,  than  to  support  their  own  church  and  parochial  school.  Human 
vanity  likewise  plays  its  part:  some  city  pastors  have  from  the  beginning 
invited  some  friendly  prelate  to  officiate  during  the  Congress,  and  other 
congregations  would  feel  slighted  if  they  had  to  be  satisfied  with  the  serv- 
ices of  "just  a  common  priest".  Thus  it  has  happened  that  a  missionary 
who  was  assigned  to  a  church  to  preach,  was  made  to  understand  that 
he  was  not  welcome,  or  was  actually  refused  permission  to  address  the 
congregation  when  he  arrived  at  his  destination.  In  how  far  these  ob- 
stacles might  be  overcome  and  bring  the  different  congregations  into  closer 
contact  with  the  Congress  and  its  great  aims,  is  merely  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture. 

The  centralization  of  all  mission  work  in  this  country  would  indeed 
be  an  ideal  thought,  but  for  the  present  it  can  be  only  a  dream. 


70  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  would  either  be  obliged 
to  absorb  Church  Extension  and  consequently  assume  also  its  tasks,  or 
Church  Extension  would  have  to  absorb  the  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Faith,  and  consequently  put  itself  under  supervision  of  the  head- 
quarters at  Lyons  and  Paris.  Neither  can  reasonably  be  expected  except 
by  the  express  orders  of  the  Holy  See,  which  it  is  hardly  probable  will 
ever  be  given. 

Far  more  simple  would  be  the  confederation  of  all  domestic  mission- 
ary endeavors,  such  as  the  Catholic  Missionary  Union,  The  Catholic  Col- 
onization Society,  The  Catholic  Mutual  Relief  Society  of  America,  The 
Catholic  Truth  Society,  the  bureaus  for  Mission  Work  among  the  Negroes 
and  Indians,  The  Immigration  Houses,  etc.  etc.  We  hope  and  pray  that 
within  a  short  time  means  and  ways  will  be  found  to  centralize  these 
many  branches  into  one  strong  tree,  the  Catholic  Church  Extension  Society 
of  the  United  States. 


Ralph  Waldo  Trine' s  New  Alinement 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J.,  St.  Louis  University 

There  has  been  a  large  output  of  so-called  "books  of  uplift" 
during  the  past  year.  Some  of  them  have  presented  helpful 
truths  in  a  graceful  style.  But  too  often  their  foundation  is 
of  the  weakest  and  their  philosophy  unstable  and  shallow.  A 
typical  instance  of  this  is  found  in  The  New  Alinement  of  Life, 
by  Ralph  Waldo  Trine  (Dodge  Publishing  Company,  New  York) . 
The  work  is  very  much  like  its  predecessor,  In  Tune  with  the 
Infinite.  It  contains  some  thoughts  worth  while,  but  based  on 
the  vaguest  pantheism,  or  rather  a  medley  of  pantheism  and 
idealism. 

Ralph  Waldo  Trine  has  become  quite  a  popular  writer  of 
late.  Hence  the  prominence  of  this  notice.  His  many  books  are 
all  very  much  alike:  ex  uno  disce  omnes.  The  defects  of  this 
new  philosophy  of  life  are  so  glaring  that  we  can  only  point  out 
some  of  them  in  passing. 

Page  14  gives  us  a  good  instance  of  the  author's  wonderful 
reasoning.  He  tells  us,  in  referring  to  Eucken's  "latter-day" 
philosophy,  that  this  system  is  not  a  "call  to  the  cross,"  but  a 
call  to  a  far  more  valuable  and  useful  thing — a  "call  to  the  life 
and  teachings1  of  Jesus."  But  can  the  life  and  teachings  of 
Jesus  be  learnt  more  clearly  from  any  other  single  phase  of  His 
career  than  His  cross  and  suffering?     St.  Paul,  we  may  well 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  71 

believe,  knew  something  of  our  Lord  and  loved  Him  dearly. 
But  his  was  the  "Christ  crucified." 

And  now  as  to  the  "theology"  of  this  strange  book.  In 
Trine's  opinion,  Darwin's  "epoch-making  theory  of  evolution, 
archeological  findings  of  most  significant  import — all  have  com- 
bined during  the  last  fifty  years  or  so  to  throw  streams  of  con- 
verging light  into  early  beginnings.  The  result  is  that  many  sec- 
tions of  foundations  have  crumbled,  and  an  infallible  Pope,  an 
infallible  Bible,  an  infallible  Church  have  gone  forever."  (!!) 
It  would  be  interesting  to  learn  what  particular  archeological 
findings  have  dealt  the  death-blow  to  papal  infallibility. 

Such  gross  worldly  conceptions  of  the  redeeming  work  of 
the  Godman,  as  fill  the  entire  second  paragraph  on  page  23,  will 
prove  offensive  to  Christians  of  all  denominations.  Those  who 
are  acquainted  with  this  sort  of  literature  are  well  aware  that 
such  hollow  and  highsounding  phrases  as  "ecclesiastical  formal- 
ism" (p.  29),  "dogmatism  throttles  the  mental  efforts  of  souls" 
(p.  102),  "dead  dogmas"  (p.  32),  "a  dead,  dogmatic,  ceremonial 
system"  (p.  35),  "march  of  evolutionary  progress"  (p.  87) — are 
often  used  to  veil  poverty  of  thought.  On  p.  55  we  learn  that 
in  the  Christian  Church  "Nuns  took  the  place  of  vestal  vir- 
gins," and  that  "the  Emperor,  Pontifex  Maximus,  became  the 
Pope."  But  unfortunately  for  Mr.  Trine,  these  "brilliant  dis- 
coveries" have  been  announced  by  other  "thinkers"  long  before 
him.  On  p.  125  Mr.  Trine  advises  his  readers  to  "recognize 
the  Genesis  account  as  beautiful  mythology."  Has  not  this  "in- 
terpretation" also  been  attempted  long  before  Trine  wrote  his 
"new  alinement"? 

"The  New  Alinement"  is  new,  certainly ;  but  it  leads  away 
from  Christ — the  way,  the  truth,  and  the  life — into  the  dreary- 
wastes  of  an  arid  formalism.  We  recall  the  words  of  the 
Prophet :  "They  have  forsaken  me,  the  fountain  of  living  water, 
and  have  digged  to  themselves  cisterns,  broken  cisterns,  that 
can  hold  no  water."  (Jer.  II,  13). 

1  Italics  in  the  original. 


72  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

"Unto  Nirvana" 

By  B.  F.  V. 

The  Scientific  American  of  Dec.  6,  1913,  contains  illustra- 
tions of  some  of  the  buildings  now  in  course  of  erection  on  the 
grounds  of  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  in  San  Francisco. 
Among  the  structures  is  a  huge  triumphal  arch,  the  face  of 
which  is  to  bear  the  following  inscription : — 

Unto  Nirvana — He  is  one  with  life,  yet  lives  not.  He  is  blest  ceasing 
to  be.     Om  mani  padme  om.1     The  dew  drop  slips  into  the  shining  sea. 

Will  the  Christian  people  of  California  and  of  the  country- 
stand  for  that  inscription? 

The  country's  currency  bears  the  legend,  "In  God  We 
Trust."  Not  so  long  ago  an  attempt  was  made  to  do  away 
with  this  legend.  The  attempt  shocked  the  Christian  sentiment 
of  the  people,  and  protests  were  heard  from  various  sources. 
This  was  construed  as  a  public  profession  of  faith  on  the  part 
of  the  people  in  the  existence  of  a  personal  God  and  of  their 
reliance  on  his  Providence. 

Now  the  same  Christian  people  are  called  upon  to  con- 
tribute the  coin  that  bears  their  profession  of  faith  in  a  per- 
sonal God,  for  the  erection  of  a  triumphal  arch  "Unto  Nir- 
vana," which  means  practically  to  repudiate  their  belief  in  the 
existence  of  a  personal  God  and  openly  to  declare  their  sympathy 
with  a  godless  science,  the  professed  aim  of  which  is  to  supplant 
the  Christian  belief  in  a  personal  God  by  a  belief  in  the  imper- 
sonal nonentity  of  the  Buddhist  diety. 

The  pagan  spirit  displayed  in  this  structural  feature  is  large- 
ly dominant  in  most  of  the  San  Francisco  displays.  It  is  seen 
in  what  is  to  be  known  as  the  "Court  of  the  Sun  and  Stars" 
with  its  110  symbolical  figures  of  fauns,  satyrs,  and  nymphs, — 
in  the  "Court  of  Abundance"  with  its  "visions  surpassing  the  rich- 
est dreams  of  the  Orient" — in  the  "Court  of  the  Four  Seasons" 
with  its  "great  groups  of  statuary  and  central  figure  of  Ceres, 
the  Goddess  of  Agriculture,  dispensing  the  bounties  of  Nature." 

1  "Om     mani     padme     om"     means:       the  Catholic  Encyclopedia,  Art.     Bud- 
"0    pearl    in    the    lotus,   Amen."      See       dhism." 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  73 

All  of  it  is  loud  with  the  smell  of  pagan  mythology  and  the 
fantastic  symbolism  of  the  Orient.  But  the  rankest  piece  of  bra- 
zen paganism  will  be  the  triumphal  arch  of  the  "Rising  Sun,"  em- 
blazoned with  the  dedication  "Unto  Nirvana." 

If  the  Christian  people  of  California,  and  of  the  country,  can 
stand  by  and  look  on  quietly  while  that  inscription  is  set  in 
place,  they  ought  to  feel  and  have  reason  to  fear  that  some 
visible  punishment  of  Providence  will  overtake  them ;  for,  though 
the  Master  will  let  the  good  grain  and  cockle  grow  side  by  side  till 
the  harvest,  He  has  not  pledged  Himself  to  pass  unnoticed  every 
flagrant  insult  offered  to  his  divine  Majesty,  especially  when 
offered  under  provoking  circumstances.  He  would  be  less  likely 
to  overlook  it  in  our  day,  with  our  better  knowledge  and  a 
thousand  years  of  Christian  civilization  behind  what  is  best  in 
the  achievements  of  modern  progress,  and  least  likely  in  the 
present  instance,  where  the  sacrilegious  insult  is  flaunted  to 
heaven  in  the  sight  of  all  the  world,  and  has  all  the  appearance 
of  being  offered  with  malice  prepense. 


"Adown  Titanic  Glooms" 

In  writing  his  Life  of  Francis  Thompson  Mr.  Everard  Mey- 
nell  (Burns  &  Oates.  15s.)  has  had  the  use  of  all  possible  ma- 
terial. In  fact,  his  three  hundred  and  fifty  pages  (Burns  & 
Oates)  contain  a  very  large  part  of  that  material,  in  the  form 
of  letters  and  reminiscences  fully  quoted,  from  the  pens  of 
relatives,  priests,  friends,  and  literary  acquaintances.  It  is 
abundant  and  various,  and  it  is  interesting.  It  relates  to  every 
period  of  his  life;  if  it  has  sometimes  a  bias,  correction  also 
is  not  wanting. 

A  critic  in  the  London  Saturday  Review  says  of  the  book: 
We  see  the  shy  schoolboy  whose  timidity  convinced  those 
in  authority  "that  it  is  not  the  holy  will  of  God  that  he  should 
go  on  for  the  priesthood;"  the  youth  who  more  or  less  de- 
ceived his  father  for  six  years  into  believing  that  he  was  study- 
ing medicine  and  then  failed  to  pass  the  army  physical  examina- 


74  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

tion  and  to  become  "Private  Thompson."  We  see  him  enter- 
ing on  the  career  of  laudanum,  which  "staved  off  the  assaults 
of  tuberculosis"  and  "gave  him  the  wavering  strength  that 
made  life  just  possible  for  him"  as  bootblack,  bookseller's  col- 
lector, and  literary  hack,  yet  had  to  be  intermitted  to  allow 
the  poet  in  him  to  be  born — "his  images  came  toppling  about 
his  thoughts  overflowingly  during  the  pains  of  abstinence." 

We  see  in  this  book  the  mature  man  doing  work  in  quality 
and  quantity  beyond  that  of  most  abstinent  men,  tasting  mis- 
ery to  the  full,  yet  often  "more  mirthful  than  many  a  man  of 
cheerful,  of  social,  or  even  of  humorous  reputation,"  valiantly 
writing  prose  articles  so  choice  and  careful  as  almost  to  excuse 
the  exaggerations  of  his  encomiasts,  writing  them  sometimes  un- 
der a  street  gas-jet.  We  see  him,  by  pacing  round  and  round 
his  lodging  all  night,  make  a  fairy  ring  on  his  landlady's  carpet. 

Many  journalists  of  fair  judgment  could  construct  a  toler- 
able book  on  Francis  Thompson  without  seeking  other  help 
than  Mr.  Meynell's.  But  his  book  is  barely  tolerable.  It  is  a 
very  inartistic  entangling  of  fact  and  legend.  It  has  been  writ- 
ten with  a  fatal  eye  on  the  legend.  Above  all,  it  lacks  order 
and  any  sort  of  judgment  altogether.  In  places  it  becomes  a 
family  matter.  It  is  swollen  and  confused  by  "the  idle  mind  of 
the  present  writer;"  it  is  decorated  with  such  notes  as  that 
where  we  are  told  that  the  late  Mr.  Stead,  before  sailing  in 
the  "Titanic,"  recommended  to  a  friend  "The  Hound  of  Heaven" 
"with  the  strangely  significant  line,  'Adown  Titanic  glooms  of 
chasmed  fears,'  "  and  by  such  remarks  as  that  "to  be  in  com- 
mon light  is  even  better  preparation  for  the  communion  of 
poets  than  to  be  on  common  ground,"  apropos  of  Francis  Thomp- 
son's note  that  a  landscape  was  "particularly  beautiful — some- 
thing to  do  with  the  light,  Patmore  thinks."  And  excellent  as 
many  of  the  documents  are,  not  a  few  should  have  been  abridged 
or  paraphrased,  or,  if  the  book  was  to  be  read,  dissolved  in  the 
biographer's  narrative.  As  it  is,  the  quotations  are  so  long  and 
ill-arranged,  the  commentary  so  injudicious,  that  to  master  the 
book  a  reader  has  to  go  through  all  the  pains  of  authorship. 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  75 

Studies  in  Social  Reform 

By  the  Rev.  John  A.  Ryan,  D.  D.,  St.  Paul  Seminary 

First  Notions  on  Social  Service.  Edited  by  Mrs.  Philip  Gibbs. 
London:  P.  S.  King  &  Son;  St.  Louis:  B.  Herder.  1913.  80  pp. 
20  cents. 

This  is  No.  V  of  the  excellent  series  of  Catholic  Studies  in 
Social  Reform,  published  by  the  Catholic  Social  Guild  of  Eng- 
land. It  is  intended  for  the  use  of  Catholic  schools  and  col- 
leges, in  order  that  our  boys  and  girls  may  know  the  rudiments 
of  sociology  sufficiently  well  to  take  an  intelligent  interest  and 
share  in  the  great  social  movement  of  our  day/  The  editor  con- 
tributes a  preface,  explaining  the  nature  and  purposes  of  the 
manual,  and  the  chapters  are  written  by  three  priests  and  two 
women,  each  of  whom  handles  his  particular  topic  briefly  but 
clearly  and  effectively.  With  the  exception  of  the  chapter  by  Mrs. 
Crawford  on  Civic  Administration  and  Local  Government,  all 
the  papers  are  quite  as  useful  to  American  as  to  English  read- 
ers. The  pamphlet  cannot  be  too  highly  recommended  to  Cath- 
olics who  wish  to  begin  the  study  of  social  service  and  the  social 
question. 

Der  Kampf  um  das  Gliick  im  Modernen  Wirtschaftsleben. 
Von  Berthold  Missiaen,  O.  M.  Cap.,  Doktor  der  Staatswissen- 
schaften.  Autorisierte  Bearbeitung  aus  dem  Franzosischen  von 
J.  Keppi.  123  pp.  M.  Gladbach:  Volksvereinsverlag.  1913.  M. 
1.35. 

This  brochure  is  a  free  translation  of  the  third  section  of  a 
work  entitled,  L'Appauvrissement  des  Masses, — the  part,  namely, 
which  deals  with  the  impoverishment  of  the  spiritual  and  moral 
life.  It  is  subdivided  into  five  chapters  treating  respectively  of 
wealth  and  welfare,  the  modern  conditions  of  sustenance,  the 
effects  of  productive  technique,  the  psychological  influences,  and 
the  ethical  influences.  The  fact  that  all  the  material  progress 
of  society,  and  all  the  improvement  in  the  material  and  intellect- 
ual conditions  of  the  masses,  have  not  brought  men  more  genuine 
contentment,  the  author  calls  the  "modern  riddle  of  happiness." 


76  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Its  solution,  he  rightly  maintains,  is  to  be  found  in  the  Chris- 
tian view  of  life,  and  in  the  cultivation  of  the  Christian  ideal. 


Social  Wrongs  and  a  Remedy.  By  Carl  Swansson.  New 
York:      The  Shakespeare  Press.     1913.     87  pp.  50  cts. 

The  only  thing  notable  about  this  little  volume  is  the  remedy 
that  it  proposes  for  the  cure  of  our  social  and  industrial  ills. 
The  author  would  have  the  United  States  government  build 
thousands  of  homes  every  year,  each  to  cost  $2,500  and  to  be 
rented  for  ten  years  to  some  deserving  head  of  a  family  at  a 
rental  of  $200  annually.  At  the  end  of  ten  years,  the  occupant 
would  have  to  vacate  and  make  room  for  some  other  needy  hus- 
band and  father.  With  each  home  is  to  be  connected  a  piece  of 
land.  Whatever  else  may  be  said  for  or  against  the  scheme,  no 
one  can  successfully  deny  its  charming  simplicity. 


The  Problem  of  Prostitution 

The  Rockefeller  Bureau  of  Social  Hygiene  has  recently  pub- 
lished a  notable  volume  from  the  pen  of  Abraham  Flexner  on 
Prostitution  in  Europe.  Mr.  Flexner  was  selected  for  the  task 
of  writing  this  volume — the  second  of  a  series  of  four — because 
he  was  a  trained  investigator,  skilled  in  analysis  and  familiar 
with  social  and  educational  problems. 

Mr.  Flexner  presents  no  magic  remedy  or  cure.  He  has 
merely  analyzed  the  problem,  investigated  supply  and  demand 
and  the  relation  of  the  evil  to  the  law  and  to  public  order,  and 
has  summarized  at  the  end  the  outcome  of  all  this  European 
experience.  If  he  finds  prostitution  far  more  extensive  than  is 
popularly  supposed,  he  has  discovered,  on  the  other  hand,  like 
every  other  conscientious  observer,  new  currents  and  tendencies, 
like  those  in  our  own  country,  which  give  ground  for  belief  that 
the  era  of  an  intelligent  grappling  with  the  problem  is  at  hand. 
At  last  we  are  beginning,  by  such  works  as  this  and  the  studies 
of  the  various  vice  commissions  in  American  cities,  to  know  the 
problem  as  it  really  is. 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  77 

It  is  a  cause  for  thankfulness,  as  the  Nation  points  out, 
that  Mr.  Flexner  has  dealt  a  knockrout  blow  to  the  theory  that 
toleration,  official  approval,  and  medical  inspection  form  the 
really  scientific  method  of  dealing  with  prostitution.  They  are 
nothing  of  the  kind.  Aside  from  the  fact  that  this  means  gov- 
ernment partnership  with  vice,  and  inevitable  moral  deteriora- 
tion of  supervising  officials,  Mr.  Flexner  finds  that  regulation  is 
losing  ground  everywhere;  its  total  abolition  has  been  recom- 
mended in  France  by  a  special  commission,  while  48  out  of  162 
German  cities  have  dispensed  with  it.  The  truth  is  that 
regulation  never  regulates,  and  medical  control  never  controls. 
Besides  offending  all  decency,  the  medical  examinations  are 
often  anything  but  scientifically  conducted,  and  are  usually  so 
superficial  as  to  be  worthless,  as  the  spread  of  disease  certifies. 
For  the  survival  of  regulation,  Mr.  Flexner  declares,  ignorance, 
tradition,  misinformation,  and  baser  motives  are  responsible. 
The  officials  connected  with  it  naturally  fight  for  their  places. 
As  for  the  morals  police  of  Europe,  they  are  in  a  position  to 
sell  favors,  exemptions,  and  privileges,  and,  as  W.  T.  Stead 
conclusively  showed,  are  forever  tempted  to  become  procurers 
and  abettors  of  the  illegal  system  which  the  Government  author- 
izes them  to  control.  Particularly  is  Mr.  Flexner  impressed  with 
the  fact  that  it  is  everywhere  admitted  that  where  there  is  one 
registered  fallen  woman  there  are  three  unregistered.  Never 
again  should  it  be  possible,  after  this  marshalling  of  the  facts, 
for  an  American  official  to  urge  the  adoption  of  this  obsolete 
system — to  give  it  no  stronger  characterization. 

What,  then,  are  Flexner's  conclusions  as  to  the  whole  prob- 
lem abroad?  It  is  that  prostitution  is  a  "modifiable  phenom- 
enon;" that  summary  repression  offers  little  hope — it  merely 
"penalizes  an  accomplished  fact" — and  is  what  the  physicians 
call  "symptomatic  treatment,"  since  it  does  not  cure  the  disease. 
Yet  he  believes  that  intelligent  study  and  scientific  repression 
would  vastly  decrease  human  wastage,  lessen  disease,  and  ren- 
der the  demoralization  of  the  woman  "less  complete,  less  over- 
whelming, less  irretrievable ;"  surely  very  important  gains,  par- 


78  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

ticularly  if  all  this  is  done  under  "well-drawn,  well-codified,  well 
executed  laws."  As  for  the  rest,  a  slow  process  of  social  regener- 
ation alone  will  bring  the  better  day.  As  Mr.  Flexner  puts  it : 
Further  achievement  depends  upon  alterations  in  the  con- 
stitution of  society  and  its  component  parts ....  only  a  trans- 
formation wrought  by  education,  religion,  science,  sanitation, 
enlightened  and  far-reaching  statesmanship  can  effect  a  cure. 
....  Sooner  or  later,  it  [civilization]  must  fling  down  the  gaunt- 
let to  the  whole  horrible  thing. 


The  Fortieth  Anniversary  of  a  Catholic  Journal 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J.,  St.  Louis  University 

On  the  first  of  January,  1914,  that  excellent  Catholic  jour- 
nal, La  Revista  Catolica  of  Las  Vegas,  N.  M.,  commem- 
orated the  fortieth  anniversary  of  its  establishment.  Only 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  immense  difficulties  with  which 
the  Catholic  faith  had  to  contend  in  the  Southwest  during  the 
past  half -century,  will  be  able  to  appreciate  the  yeoman  service 
for  the  Church  performed  by  this  well-edited  Spanish  weekly. 
Time  was  when  almost  every  bigot  who  had  lost  caste  with  his 
congregation  in  the  East,  and  every  narrow-minded  preacher 
"out  of  a  job,"  felt  called  upon  to  inoculate  the  Catholics  of  this 
region  with  his  own  brand  of  Christianity.  These  wandering 
gospelers  looked  upon  the  honest,  simple-minded  Spanish  Cath- 
olics of  the  Southwest  as  fair  game.  They  literally  swarmed 
over  the  country.  They  accused  the  Church  of  keeping  the  peo- 
ple in  ignorance,  and  of  withholding  the  Bible  from  the  faithful. 
They  represented  the  Catholic  priests  as  sworn  enemies  of  the 
"little  red  school  house."  They  took  special  delight  in  defaming 
the  religious  orders.  They  painted  in  lurid  colors  the  "horrors 
of  the  Spanish  Inquisition." 

Here  then  was  large  work  for  the  valiant  editors  of  the 
Revista  Catolica.  They  have  done  their  duty  valiantly  and 
well.  While  men  like  Lummis  and  Brann  attacked  the  bigots 
vigorously  from  knowledge  concerning  their  disreputable  antece- 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  79 

dents,  the  Fathers  of  the  Revista  defended  the  cause  of  the 
Church  with  the  weapons  of  charity,  truth,  and  justice.  Any 
other  paper  would  have  announced  the  inauguration  of  its 
fortieth  year  with  blare  of  trumpets  and  with  loud  reminders 
of  what  it  had  accomplished  in  such  a  long  space  of  time  in  the 
cause  of  truth  and  justice.  The  Revista  Catolica  contents  it- 
self with  a  modest  editorial  entitled :  "A  Call  to  all  the  Readers 
of  the  Revista  Catolica."  In  this  it  reminds  them  that  when  no 
railroad  had  as  yet  reached  New  Mexico,  and  when  that  vast 
stretch  of  territory  was  inhabited  almost  exclusively  by  the  de- 
scendants of  the  great  Spanish  pioneers,  and  when  there  was 
yet  no  center  for  the  spread  of  Catholic  civilization — an 
humble  Jesuit  priest  conceived  the  daring  project  of  setting 
up  in  New  Mexico  the  first  modern  printing  establishment. 
After  many  hardships  and  with  persevering  courage,  he  found- 
ed in  1873,  at  Albuquerque,  the  Imprenta  del  Rio  Grande,  from 
which  were  issued  well-known  educational  and  literary  works 
in  the  Spanish  language. 

This  priest  was  the  Reverend  Donato  M.  Gasparri,  S.  J., 
who  soon  transferred  his  press  to  Las  Vegas  and  there  founded 
the  magazine  now  known  as  the  Revista  Catolica. 

The  torrent  of  immigration  and  of  economic  progress,  we  read  in  the 
editorial,  finally  reached  New  Mexico.  Protestant  ministers  of  all  denom- 
inations swooped  down  upon  this  territory  like  birds  of  prey  eager  to 
rob  the  people  of  the  true  faith.  The  combat  was  long  and  fierce,  but 
the  disappointment  of  the  ministers  was  complete.  For  a  learned  and  holy 
clergy  guarded  the  people;  the  sons  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi  and  of  St.  Ig- 
natius of  Loyola  protected  the  fold;  and  it  was  defended  by  the  Revista 
Catolica,  which,  always  on  the  lookout  and  ready  for  the  assault,  went 
forth  to  do  battle  for  the  faith,  the  language,  the  traditions  and  the  in- 
terests of  the  Spanish-American  people.  On  the  8th  of  December,  1874, 
the  founders  of  the  Revista  announced  the  program  of  the  new  periodical, 
and  on  the  2nd  of  January,  1875,  the  first  number  came  out. 

The  fact  that  this  paper  survived  for  forty  years  is  by 
itself  a  sufficient  guarantee  of  its  intrinsic  worth  and  the  fa- 
vor  it  has  found  among  its  readers.  There  are  not  many  Cath- 
olic journals  in  this  country  that  can  look  back  upon  such  a 
long  and  successful  career.  These  four  decades  of  service  are 
all  the  more  notable  when  we  remember  that  well-supported  sec- 


80  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

ular  journals  find  it  hard  to  struggle  against  the  odds  and  re- 
verses that  naturally  rise  up  in  such  a  long  span  of  years.  As 
President  G.  Stanley  Hall  says  in  his  chapter  "Pedagogy  and 
the  Press"  in  Educational  Problems:  "An  experienced  editor 
tells  us  that  in  his  own  lifetime  he  has  seen  67  daily  news- 
papers born  and  die  in  New  York  alone." 

Nor  should  we  imagine  that  the  good  work  of  the  Revista 
was  purely  apologetic.  It  has  kept  its  readers  informed  on  the 
general  run  of  affairs  in  Church  and  State.  Its  chronicle  of  the 
week  measures  up  to  the  standard  of  more  pretentious  weeklies. 
As  to  the  good  work  it  is  doing  in  refuting  the  bigots  who  still 
survive  in  that  region,  we  may  refer  to  the  excellent  articles 
in  the  last  two  numbers  for  1913  by  Father  Zephyrin  Engel- 
hardt,  0.  F.  M.,  in  which  that  well  known  historian  refutes  the 
calumnies  and  historical  inaccuracies  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Bartlett 
Bloom. 

We  offer  our  sincere  congratulations  to  the  editor  and  his 
able  staff,  bespeaking  for  them  the  support  of  an  ever-increas- 
ing circle  of  readers.  The  paper  deserves  cordial  and  unstint- 
ed support  in  view  of  what  it  has  already  done  in  the  noble  cause 
of  the  apostolate  of  the  press.  May  it  live  to  celebrate  not  only 
its  fiftieth  anniversary,  but  round  out  a  century's  work  in  help- 
ing to  upbuild  the  kingdom  of  God. 

Proposed  Union  for  an  International  Language 

By  U.  S.  Consul  George  Heimrod,  Berne,  Switzerland 

The  movement  for  a  universal  language  does  not  aim  to 
drive  out  the  natural  languages  but  merely  to  introduce  an  aux- 
iliary idiom  that  may  bring  about  an  easier  understanding  be- 
tween all  nations  and  at  the  same  time  have  the  advantage  of 
expressing  conceptions  in  a  manner  less  ambiguous  and  more 
generally  intelligible  than  is  possible  in  the  case  of  words  in  the 
natural  languages,  since  these  carry  with  them  many  vague  con- 
notations. There  exist  at  present  several  language  systems  that 
have  shown  that  it  is  possible  by  means  of  an  auxiliary  language 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  81 

to  bring  about  oral  and  written  intercourse  between  persons 
of  the  most  widely  different  nationalities  of  the  civilized  world. 
An  important  question  at  present  is  to  solve  the  struggle  grow- 
ing out  of  rival  systems,  and  to  find  an  issue  out  of  the  embar- 
rassment over  the  choice  of  the  system  that  should  be,  or  is  de- 
sired to  be,  universally  adopted.  Adherents  of  the  rival  systems 
believe  that  this  can  be  done  only  by  supreme  international  au- 
thority, recognized  and  officially  invested  with  adequate  power. 

The  Association  for  the  Creation  of  a  Universal  Language 
Bureau  was  founded  at  Berne,  Switzerland,  February  27,  1911. 
It  has  for  its  immediate  object,  as  stated  in  its  statutes,  "to 
prepare  and  promote  diplomatic  action  with  a  view  to  establish- 
ing a  Universal  Language  Union  between  the  various  nations 
and  creating  a  Universal  Language  Bureau  whose  duty  it  shall  be, 
acting  for  the  union,  to  introduce,  develop,  and  apply  an  officially 
recognized  international  auxiliary  language.  The  association, 
as  such,  maintains  the  strictest  neutrality  in  regard  to  existing 
systems  of  international  auxiliary  language  or  any  that  may 
subsequently  came  into  existence.  It  refrains  from  any  prop- 
aganda in  favor  of  individual  systems." 

The  neutrality  of  the  association  is  well  shown  through  the 
admission  of  adherents  of  various  international  language  sys- 
tems, and  at  the  present  time  the  following  languages  are  re- 
presented :  Bolak,  Esperanto,  Europal,  Ido  (Reform  Esperanto) , 
Latino  sine  flexione,  Neutral  (Reform  Neutral),  Pankel,  Perfect, 
Romanal,  Tutonish,  Viva,  Volapuk. 

While  the  association  as  such  under  no  circumstances  un- 
dertakes the  matter  of  any  propaganda  for  any  particular  system, 
it  declines  all  responsibility  for  anything  done  in  this  respect  by 
any  of  its  individual  members,  as  every  member  naturally  pre- 
serves his  own  personal  freedom  of  action.  In  the  association 
itself  there  is  claimed  to  be  no  room  for  any  unprofitable  con- 
flict of  languages. 

The  immediate  aim  of  the  association  is  to  present  to  the 
Federal  Government  of  Switzerland  a  detailed  memorial  where- 


82  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

in  the  necessity  and  general  utility  of  a  universal  language  bureau 
should  be  strongly  set  forth,  with  the  request  that,  through  the 
mediation  of  the  Swiss  Federal  Council  with  other  governments, 
a  preliminary  diplomatic  conference  would  be  summoned.  The 
business  of  this  conference  would  be  to  discuss  the  desirability 
of  an  officially  recognized  international  auxiliary  language. 
Should  such  negotiations  be  successful,  the  next  step  would  be 
the  election  of  a  committee  of  neutral  experts  by  the  governments 
concerned  or  by  the  preliminary  conference  of  their  representa- 
tives, whose  duty  it  would  be  to  examine  the  existing  systems  of 
artificial  language,  to  select  the  most  suitable  one,  and  to  lay 
down  the  lines  of  further  development.  A  draft  of  an  inter- 
national language  will  be  prepared  by  experts  and  incorpor- 
ated in  the  memorial. 

In  the  event  of  no  government  being  willing  to  assist  in  the 
summoning  of  a  diplomatic  preliminary  conference,  the  associa- 
tion reserves  for  itself  the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  ex- 
perts to  be  selected  from  universities,  technical  colleges,  chambers 
of  commerce,  etc.,  but  in  all  cases  from  bodies  strictly  neutral  in 
the  matter  of  an  auxiliary  language.  The  final  recognition  of  the 
language  would  under  all  circumstances  devolve  upon  a  congress 
to  be  summoned  by  the  governments. 

The  Criterion  of  Wages 

By  C.  E.  d'Arnoux 

It  appears  that  Science  is  "coming  home."  Some  months 
ago  we  heard  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  re-affirm  the  existence  of  the 
soul ;  and  for  some  time  back  text-books  and  lectures  on  economy, 
and  even  in  some  instances  on  sociology,  have  eliminated  the 
"commodity"  idea  of  service  and  substituted  a  new  fundamental 
to  the  question  of  wages. 

I  make  free  to  condense  that  idea  for  the  benefit  of  the 
readers  of  the  Fortnightly. 

As  the  responsibility  for  life  is  entirely  with  the  parents 
and  society  at  large,  they  must  guarantee  the  child  the  main- 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  83 

tenance  of  that  life  within  the  atmosphere  of  the  cradle,  and  on 
the  path  which  youth  may  select.  The  stinting  and  thrifty  parent 
will  equip  his  offspring  liberally,  while  the  pleasure-seeking  and 
thriftless  deck  theirs  with  poverty. 

The  social  kosmos  requires  an  uninterrupted  supply  of 
menial  functionaries,  which,  by  the  way,  the  hysterical  enthu- 
siasm of  "universal  and  equal  education"  now  is  seriously  threat- 
ening, since  we  to-day  must  draw  on  poverty-stricken  districts 
of  Europe  and  Asia  for  that  supply,  our  own  becoming  more  and 
more  exhausted.  It  is  a  short-sighted  policy  which  instills  into 
the  youth  of  the  menial  strata  aspirations  which  life  will  never 
realize,  and  a  criminal  one  to  increase  the  number  of  social  crip- 
ples that  have  been  cajoled  and  legislated  into  the  path  of  culture 
only  to  fall  by  the  way-side,  fit  for  neither  stratum.  Pushed  to 
its  logical  conclusion  this  policy  will  eventually  force  the  man 
of  culture  to  do  the  menial  work  of  society,  for  which  he  is  not 
fitted,  neither  by  ideals  nor  preparation ;  and  the  lowly  to  direct 
the  destinies  of  nations,  for  which  he  is  equally  unequipped. 

Ideals  and  appetites  develope  variously  in  various  environ- 
ments :  the  ideals  and  appetites  of  the  cultured  are  not  identical 
with  those  of  the  uncultured ;  and  happiness  and  contentment  can- 
not be  secured  by  the  lowly  from  the  pleasures  of  wealth,  nor 
vice  versa. 

Parents  and  society  owe  it  to  each  individual  to  start  and 
maintain  him  within  the  ideals  of  his  native  atmosphere. 

The  limited  number  who  have  ambition  and  aptitude  to 
swing  themselves  out  of  the  rut  of  their  antecedents,  must  be 
furnished  stepping-stones;  but  these  must  not  be  thrown  at 
everyone,  irrespective  of  choice  and  fitness. 

The  wage  scale  must  be  so  adjusted  as  to  guarantee  to  each 
individual  life  and  happiness  within  his  inborn  and  inbred  ide- 
als. Service  cannot  be  adequately  translated  into  dollars  and 
cents. 

All  this  reads  fairly  well,  and  at  first  glance  seems  adequate. 
But,  even  admitted  that  the  sum  of  happiness  in  the  various 
strata  is  about  equal,  with  possibly  a  shade  in  favor  of  the  lowly ; 


84  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

and  that  the  cup  of  wormwood  is  about  evenly  filled  for  all,  envy, 
covetousness,  dishonesty,  and  discontent  on  the  one  hand,  greed, 
heartlessness  and  gouging  on  the  other  will  always  circumstance 
this  and  any  other  naturalistic  criterion. 

The  only  true  fundamental  for  sociology  and  economics  is 
to  be  found  in  religion,  as  presented  by  Holy  Mother  Church. 

Teach  the  child  that  life  is  created  by  God  and  is  but  a 
preparatory  state  for  eternity;  that  while  here  each  one  must 
conscientiously  do  his  duty  according  to  his  state  and  station 
in  life ;  that  the  medium  of  salvation  is  of  negligible  importance, 
whether  it  be  the  trowel  or  the  scepter ;  that  each  one  must  show 
his  gratitude  for  life  and  what  God  has  seen  fit  to  add  to  it; 
and  that  tribulations  are  only  a  fire  that  clarifies  the  gold ;  that 
no  one  is  permitted  to  steal,  nor  even  to  covet,  what  has  not 
fallen  to  his  lot;  that  all  superiors,  all  authority  must  be  re- 
spected and  obeyed  for  God's  sake;  that  life  must  be  based  on 
duty,  not  appetite.  Inculcate  all  these  principles  and  you  will 
check  the  unrest  which  characterizes  our  age,  that  hankering 
for  the  goods  of  others;  poverty  will  cease  to  peep  into  the 
windows  of  wealth,  and  wealth  will  be  brotherly  towards  poverty 
and  deprive  it  of  its  sting — for  God's  sake. 

This  is  the  only  adequate  basis  for  solving  the  difficulties 
in  the  relations  of  labor  and  capital. 

Our  charitable  and  "Christian"  maligners  will  no  doubt 
find  flaws  to  pick;  they  will  say  that  this  principle  "keeps  the 
masses  down,"  that  it  "sets  a  brake  to  emulation  and  advance- 
ment," etc. 

They  forget  that  Holy  Mother  Church  acknowledges  and  bles- 
ses vocation — makes  it  a  duty  to  exploit  one's  vocation,  as  in- 
dicated by  fitness  and  opportunity.  If  a  youth  shows  ability 
and  desire  to  "better  himself,"  and  if  God  has  furnished  him 
with  the  means  to  compass  his  desire,  she  makes  it  a  matter  of 
conscience  for  him  to  embrace  the  opportunity.  She  objects  how- 
ever to  the  eternal  hankering  of  the  unfit  after  that  for  which 
they  are  not  equipped,  and  to  coveting  what  is  not  consistent 
with  one's  state  in  life,  as  long  as  one  remains  in  that  state. 


XXI  3  THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  85 

She  objects  to  statements  (and  the  underlying  principles) 
such  as  recently  enunciated  by  a  Socialistic  member  of  a  Trades 
Council,  when  I  asked  him,  what,  if  any,  was  the  limit  to  the 
demands  of  Labor.  He  answered:  "There  is  no  limit.  We 
workmen  have  the  same  right  to  live  in  Westmoreland  Place  [a 
fashionable  boulevard]  as  those  who  now  reside  there." 

If  our  critics  wish  to  observe  how  the  principle  works  right 
in  the  bosom  of  the  Church,  they  will  find  popes,  cardinals,  bish- 
ops and  other  dignitaries  who  were  reared  in  poverty.  This  does 
not  argue  repression. 

In  conclusion  I  want  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  so- 
ciology has  struck  the  same  chord  as  that  which  has  vibrated 
in  the  Church  throughout  the  ages: — the  state  of  life  (stratum) 
as  the  basis  of  earthly  happiness.  This  is  one  step  nearer  the 
truth;  and  while  not  yet  the  halcyon  day,  it  is  the  gray  light 
preceding  the  rise  of  the  sun. 

FLOTSAM  AND  JETSAM 


Holy     Communion     and    the  the   Sacrifice,   and   will   produce   its 

iyi  characteristic     effects     even     where 

there  is  no  Mass  going  on.     But  it 

Bishop   Hedley,   0.    S.   B.,   of  is  never  unrelated  to  the  Mass;  and 

Newport,  one  of  the  most  learn-  neither  the  intelligence  nor  the  devo- 

ed     members    of     the     English  tion  of  the  communicant  can  be  ade- 

hierarchy,  whose  pastoral  let-  Quate  or  complete  without  the  under- 

ters    are    always    deserving    of  standing  of  its  place  in  the  Sacrifice, 

careful  study,  devotes  his  latest  a"d  °f  ?e  *pfci*!  Prerogatives  with 

i     n          t    , .          /. ,     ,     ^  which  the  Holy  Table  is  invested  by 

one  to  the  relation  of  holy  Com-  ,,      ,    .     .  .. J  ,   .             ,     ,     / 

.,       _,        .„           „  ,,  the  fact  of  its  being  so   closely  in 

mumon  to  the  Sacrifice  of  the  touch  with  the  sacrificial  altar. 

Mass.      This  IS  a  very  import-  The   Communion    of    Our   Lord's 

ant  aspect  of  the  great  Eucha-  body  and  blood  is  essentially  a  part 

ristic  movement  of  to-day,  and  of  that  august  rite  which  surrounds 

we   feel   that   we   shall   do    our  the   Consecration  and  the   Sacrifice. 

readers  a  service  by  reproduc-  Jt  is  the  completion  of  that  solemn 

ing  some  salient  passages  from  function.     By    the  dispensation  of 

the  Bishop's  letter,  as  printed  christ>  the  Sa^^  "  incomplete, 

in  full  in  the  Ave  Maria,  Vol.  ri*uallf '  ™thout  *e  partaking.  Even 

j  „___.___    -T       „  t  when  the  Sacred  Host  is  reserved  m 

'         '       '  our  tabernacles,  and  when  the  priest 

Communion  is  a  Sacrament,  and,  distributes  it  to  the  faithful  outside 

as  such,  it  can  be  partaken  of  outside  of  Mass,  it  was  consecrated  at  Mass; 


86 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


it  was  part  of  the  consecrated  species 
of  which  another  part  has  been  par- 
taken of  and  consumed  in  the  Mass; 
and  any  one  who  approaches  later  on 
to  be  fed  by  that  Holy  Victim,  only 
joins  those  who  received  at  the  Mass, 
— only  joins  the  priest  who  conse- 
crated and  the  people  who  then  came 
up  to  the  altar. 

This  is  a  consideration  of  which 
no  Catholic  should  ever  lose  sight. 
"When  we  communicate,  whether  in 
the  Mass  or  out  of  the  Mass,  we  are 
doing  something  which  belongs  to 
the  Mass,  which  originates  in  the 
Mass,  and  which  is  the  complement 
or  completion  of  the  Mass.  It  were 
to  be  desired  that  we  should  do  this 
sacred  thing  in  the  course  of  the 
Mass  itself.  The  least  we  can  do, 
when  we  communicate  outside  of 
Mass,  is  to  unite  ourselves  in  spirit 
and  in  devotion  with  that  stupendous 
act  of  Christ's  abiding  love,  that 
central  rite  of  Christian  worship,  of 
which  Holy  Communion  always  and 
everywhere  is  a  part. 

How  Man  Has  Ravaged  the 
Earth 

Sir  Ray  Lankester  has  re- 
cently published  a  second  se- 
ries of  popular  scientific  essays 
under  the  title  of  Science  from 
an  Easy  Chair  (Henry  Holt  & 
Co.  $2).  Like  the  first,  this 
second  series  consists  of  some 
thirty  papers  of  varying  length 
and  ranging  widely  in  subject 
from  "prehistoric  petticoats" 
to  "fatherless  frogs."  One  of 
the  most  interesting  of  them  all 
tells  how  man,  ever  since  his 
appearance  upon  earth,  has 
"gone  ravaging  over  its  sur- 
face, like  some  cosmic  Brob- 
dingnagian  brawler,"  leaving 
death  and  destruction  in  his 
wake.     We  quote: 


Very  few  people  have  any  idea  of 
the  extent  to  which  man. . .  .has  ac- 
tively modified  the  face  of  nature, 
the  forests  he  has  burned  up,  the 
deserts    he   has    produced,    and    the 

rivers   he  has   polluted There 

has  been  a  vast  destruction  and 
defacement  of  the  living  world  by 
the  uncalculating,  reckless  procedure 
of  both  savage  and  civilized  man 
which  is  little  short  of  appalling, 
and  is  all  the  more  ghastly  in  that 
the  results  have  been  very  rapidly 
brought  about,  that  no  compensatory 
production  of  new  life,  except  that  of 
man  himself  and-  his  distorted 
"breeds"  of  domesticated  animals, 
has  accompanied  the  destruction  of 
formerly  flourishing  creatures,  and 
that,  so  far  as  we  can  see,  if  man 
continues  to  act  in  the  reckless  way 
which  has  characterized  his  behavior 
hitherto,  he  will  multiply  to  such  an 
enormous  extent  that  only  a  few 
kinds  of  animals  and  plants  which 
serve  him  for  food  and  fuel  will  be 

left  on  the  face  of  the  globe 

But  the  most  repulsive  of  the  de- 
structive results  of  human  expansion 
is  the  poisoning  of  rivers  and  the 
consequent  extinction  in  them  of  fish 
and  of  well  nigh  every  living  thing 
save  mold  and  putrefactive  bacteria. 
....  The  sight  of  one  of  these  death- 
stricken,  black  filth  gutters  makes 
one  shudder  as  the  picture  rises  in 
one's  mind  of  a  world  in  which  all 
the  rivers  and  the  waters  of  the  sea- 
shore will  be  thus  dedicated  to  acrid 
sterility,  and  the  meadows  and  hill- 
sides will  be  drenched  with  nauseat- 
ing chemical  manures.  Such  a  state 
of  things  is  possibly  in  store  for 
future  generations  of  men! 

Quack  Nostrums 

The  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch, 
in  one  of  its  recent  Sunday 
supplements,  gave  a  brief  re- 
view of  the  work  accomplished 


XXI  3 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


87 


by  the  Indiana  Board  of 
Health  in  its  fight  against  pat- 
ent nostrums.  Among  the 
nostrums  analyzed  were  the 
following : 

Mayr's  Stomach  Remedy.  Consists 
of  olive  oil  and  rochelle  salts.  Price 
$1.    Value  15  cts. 

Pinus.  Turpentine  and  magnesium 
carbonate.  Price  $2.50.  Value  15 
cts. 

Fruitola.  Olive  oil  and  Seidlitz 
powders.     Price  $1.    Value  15  cts. 

Traxo.  Taraxacum  and  cascara. 
Price  $1.    Value  15  cts. 

Sarsene.  Senna,  sarsaparilla,  etc. 
Price  50  cts.     Value  2  cts. 

Saxolite.  Epsom  salts  and  alum. 
Price  65  cts.     Value  1  ct. 

Del-a-tone.  Barium  sulphite  and 
starch.    Price  $1.    Value  2  cts. 

Clearola.  Sulphur.  Price  50  cts. 
Value  1  ct. 

Nervine.  Camphor,  glycerine,  and 
valerian.    Price  50  cts.    Value  4  cts. 

Nature's  Creation.  Potassium  io- 
dide.    Price  $5.     Value  25  cts. 

Needless  to  say,  the  drugs 
of  which  these  nostrums  are 
compounded,  will  not  cure  con- 
sumption, rheumatism,  stom- 
ach trouble,  gall  stones,  etc. 

The  Indiana  Board  of  Health, 
which  started  to  fight  these 
fakes  a  little  over  a  year  ago, 
consists  of  Drs.  T.  H.  Davis  of 
Richmond,  president;  H.  H. 
Sutton  of  Aurora;  John  Boyer 
of  Decatur;  and  J.  N.  Harty, 
secretary.  300  small-town 
newspapers  which  formerly 
carried  objectionable  patent 
medicine  advertisements  have 
ceased  to  print  them. 


Ido,  or  Reformed  Esperanto 

Rivalry  between  the  adher- 
ents of  Esperanto  and  Ido  is 
keen.  At  the  Esperanto  Con- 
gress, held  at  Berne,  Switzer- 
land, the  supporters  of  Ido 
were  not  permitted  to  defend 
their  views,  so  they  held  sepa- 
rate meetings.  Ido  is  the  re- 
sult of  examinations  made  bv 
a  committee  elected  in  1907  by 
a  society  called  the  Delegation 
for  the  Adoption  of  an  Auxili- 
ary Language,  founded  in  1901, 
which  received  the  report  of 
numerous  societies  of  all  coun- 
tries and  of  many  hundred 
members  of  academies,  colleges, 
and  universities.  This  com- 
mittee passed  resolutions  on 
October  24,  1907,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  follow- 
ing: 

None  of  the  existing  systems  can 
be  accepted  in  its  entirety  and  with- 
out alteration  as  an  international 
language.  The  committee  resolves 
to  accept  Esperanto  in  principle,  in 
view  of  its  relative  perfection  and  of 
numerous  and  varied  uses  to  which 
it  has  already  been  put,  but  with 
certain  alterations  to  be  made  by  a 
permanent  committee  in  accordance 
with  the  conclusions  of  the  report  of 
the  secretaries  and  the  project  of 
Ido,  by  agreement  with  the  commit- 
tee of  the  Esperantists. 

The  Esperantists,  however, 
declined  this  proposal,  and  the 
entire  matter  was  then  intrust- 
ed to  the  Union  for  the  Interna- 
tional Language. 

It  is  claimed  for  Ido  that  it 
is  a  simplified  and  improved 
Esperanto  and  can  be  under- 
stood without  previous  study. 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


The  Esperantists  claim  that  Es- 
peranto has  the  better  founda- 
tion, as  illogical,  arbitrary- 
changes  are  made  in  the  rudi- 
ments of  Ido.  It  is  ad- 
mitted that  the  wide  field  of 
artistic  literature,  with  its  deli- 
cate shades  of  expression,  will 
always  remain  the  possession 
of  the  national  languages. 

The  names  of  the  executive 
committee  of  this  union  (Ido) 
and  a  list  of  Ido  societies  may 
be  obtained  by  application  to 
the  Bureau  of  Foreign  and  Do- 
mestic Commerce,  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C. 

The  War  Against  Typhoid 

The  report  that  typhoid  had 
been  virtually  eliminated  from 
the  army  was  quoted  widely 
enough  to  show  general  inter- 
est in  the  subject.  It  would 
not  be  safe  to  ascribe  the  re- 
sult entirely  to  vaccination; 
strict  care  and  precaution,  like 
that  practiced  by  the  Japanese 
in   Manchuria,  will  rid  a  sol- 


diers' camp  of  typhoid  with  or 
without  vaccine.  But  it  seems 
exactly  this  care  which,  in  spite 
of  their  rejoicing  over  the  army 
statistics,  American  cities  in 
general  are  slow  to  learn.  A 
writer  in  the  Survey  computes 
that  in  the  whole  country  the 
typhoid  death-rate  is  not  less 
than  forty  per  100,000 — it 
reaching  23.5  even  in  that  more 
enlightened  portion  called  the 
"registration  area."  In  England 
and  Scotland  it  is  6 ;  in  France, 
8 ;  in  Holland  and  Prussia,  5 ;  in 
Germany,  4 ;  in  Norway  and 
Denmark,  3.  Some  cities,  like 
Chicago,  have  made  vast 
improvement;  in  others,  like 
Baltimore,  Minneapolis,  and 
Kansas  City,  and  in  States  like 
Vermont,  Michigan,  and  Wis- 
consin, the  death-rate  from 
typhoid  has  actually  risen  dur- 
ing late  years.  It  is  this  last 
fact  that  is  most  impressive, 
and  ought  to  remind  us  of  the 
incompleteness  of  our  sanitary 
advance. 


ET  CETERA 


It  is  said  that  the  late  Pope  Leo 
XIII  always  called  for  the  daily  pa- 
pers the  first  thing  in  the  morning 
to  learn  how  his  health  was. 
* 

Those  poison  needle  stories  we 
have  lately  been  reading  in  the 
daily  papers  are  perhaps  the  most 
dangerous  manifestation  of  sensa- 
tionalism the  American  press  has 
given  in  many  years. 
* 

The     St.     Paul     Wanderer     (No. 
2406)      calls    attention    to    the     fact 


that  the  Order  of  Owls  recently 
advertised  for  "solicitors"  in  the 
malodorous  Menace  (issue  of  Dec. 
20,  1913).  Do  the  Owls  belong  to 
the  same  category  as  the  Guardians 
of  Liberty  and  the  Knights  of  Lu- 
ther? Yet,  we  are  told  they  have 
many  Catholic  members. 
* 
No  fewer  than  seven  Catholic  may- 
ors have  lately  been  elected  in  Eng- 
lish cities  and  towns.  The  majority 
of  them  are  Irish  by  birth  or  descent, 
and  we  are  told  all  are  good  practical 


XXI  3 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


89 


Catholics.  In  this  they  differ  from 
their  American  confreres.  In  Amer- 
ica, when  a  Catholic  is  elected  to  a 
political  office,  he  usually  hastens  to 
divest  himself  of  the  last  vestige  of 
Catholic  faith  and  practice.  We  don't 
know  why  it  should  be  so,  but  there 
can  be  no  question  that  it  is  so. 

* 
The  Paris  Revue  Internationale 
des  Societes  Secretes,  which  we 
have  repeatedly  cited  and  recom- 
mended, has  developed  so  rapidly 
that  the  publishers  have  decided  to 
issue  it  monthly  in  two  parts,  one 
devoted  to  Freemasonry  and  its 
branches,  the  other  to  Occultism. 
The  annual  subscription  price  for 
the  U.  S.  will  be  $5  for  each  part, 
and  $9  for  both  parts.  New  sub- 
scribers can  get  the  two  volumes 
that  have  so  far  appeared  for  $8 
per  volume.  The  Revue  is  indis- 
pensable to  all  who  want  to  study 
the  history  and  growth  of  secret 
societies.  We  again  recommend  it 
to  our  readers. 

* 

Only  two  operas  with  American 
themes  have  been  composed  by  men 
whom  we  have  the  right  to  call 
Americans,  though  both  were  born 
abroad:  "The  Scarlet  Letter,"  by 
Walter  Damrosch,  and  "Natoma," 
by  Victor  Herbert.  It  is  "Nato- 
ma's"  distinction  to  be  the  one 
opera  on  an  American  theme  by 
an  American  which  is  still  surviv- 
ing. It  was  first  produced  in  1911, 
and  this  year  it  is  in  the  repertory 
of  the  Chicago  Grand  Opera  Com- 
pany. It  was  recently  given  in 
Chicago  with  Mr.  Herbert,  the 
composer,  in  the  conductor's  chair. 
What  is  more,  "Natoma"  is  not 
only  American  in  subject  but  very 
natively  American,  for  it  uses  In- 
dian characters  and  the  composer 
has  made  has  made  use  of  Indian 
musical  motives. 


The  International  Consumers' 
League,  which  includes  Belgium, 
France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and 
the  U.  S.,  appeals  to  parents  to  give 
the  preference  to  toys  made  in  their 
home  lands  rather  than  to  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  Thuringian  forests, 
where  little  children  three  years  old 
work  under  the  sweating  system, 
producing  wooden  playthings  for  the 
export  trade.  This  child  labor,  the 
League  asserts,  is  wholly  deprived 
of  government  inspection  or  restric- 
tion. The  cheapness  of  the  product 
alone  holds  the  foreign  market.  The 
closing  words  of  the  appeal  are: 
"Buy  toys  made  in  your  own  home 
lands  until  the  time  comes  when  the 
words  made  in  Germany  mean  some- 
thing else  than  made  by  German  ba- 
bies." 

* 

The  San  Francisco  Monitor  (Vol. 
55,  No.  33)  protests  against  the 
sale  and  use  by  Catholics,  of  holi- 
day cards  etc.  giving  quotations 
from  the  Protestant  Bible.  Our 
esteemed  contemporary  is  right  in 
principle,  but  it  is  unfortunate  in 
the  example  it  uses  for  an  illustra- 
tion: 

It  may  seem  small  at  first  glance 
to  make  such  a  criticism  as  this. 
Yet  worlds  of  meaning  hinge  in  the 
correct  wording  of  that  mighty  mes- 
sage: "Glory  to  God  in  the  highest 
and  peace  on  earth  to  men  of  good 
will." 

The  Christmas  hymn  of  the  an- 
gels (Luke  II,  14)  happens  to  be 
one  of  those  passages  which  are 
more  correctly  rendered  in  English 
by  the  Protestant  than  by  the  Cath- 
olic Bible.  The  eudokias  of  the 
Greek  text  and  the  bonae  volunta- 
tis of  the  Latin  Vulgate  undoubt- 
edly applies  to  God.  Father  Kna- 
benbauer  (Com.  in  Luc.,  p.  123) 
expressly  warns  exegetes  and 
preachers,  "quod  in  vulg.  habetur 
'bonae  voluntatis'  explicari  debere 
de  benigna  Dei  voluntate. ..."   (See 


90 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


this   Review,   Vol.   XII,   No.   2   and 
Vol.  XV,  No.  22). 

Not  long  ago  a  young  girl  travel- 
ing on  a  train  was  spoken  to  by  an 
elderly  man.  She  refused  to  answer 
him,  but  he  persisted.  Presently  he 
went  away,  and  then,  rejoining  her, 
said :  "You  will  get  off  with  me  at  the 
next  station.  I  have  explained  to 
the  conductor  that  you  are  my 
daughter,  and  that  you  are  out  of 
your  mind.  Any  resistance  you  make 
wdll  confirm  the  statement."  The  girl 
fortunately  had  a  clear  head.  She 
made  no  reply,  but  presently  left  her 
seat,  went  to  an  old  gentleman  in  the 
car,  explained  the  circumstances  to 
him,  and  asked  if  he  would  do  her 
the  kindness  to  get  off  at  the  next 
station  and  stand  by  her  until  she 
could  telephone  to  her  father  and  get 
his  answer.  Fortunately  this  request 
was  granted;  and  the  girl  was  saved 
by  her  presence  of  mind. 

This  story  from  an  Eastern  news- 
paper is  in  line  with  other  similar 
stories   from  many  sources. 

The  infamous  creatures  who  prey 
on  young  women  have  made  it  dan- 
gerous for  girls  to  venture  abroad 
unprotected. 

* 

The  Outlook  (Vol.  105,  No.  15) 
speaking  of  the  devices  employed  by 
those  infamous  scoundrels  who  are 
engaged  in  the  white  slave  traffic, 
says: 

Things  have  come  to  such  a  pass... 
that  a  young  woman  can  trust  no 
one  whom  she  does  not  know.     These 


horrible  creatures  assume  all  sorts  of 
guises.  They  even  wear  the  robes  of 
nuns  and  Sisters  of  Charity;  they  feign 
illness ;  they  ask  to  be  taken  to  houses 
in  cabs  and  helped  up  the  steps,  and 
then,  when  the  door  closes,  the  unfor- 
tunate kind-hearted  girl  who  has 
helped,  is  in  the  worst  of  all  traps  and 
exposed  to  a  peril  infinitely  more  dread- 
ful than  death. 

There  is  reason  to  think  that  the 
religious  garb  is  frequently  assumed 
by  the  white  slave  traders,  and  that 
some  of  the  stories  exploited  by  the 
anti-Catholic  papers  against  our 
sisterhoods  are  traceable  to  the  oper- 
ations of  these  scoundrels.  This  is 
a  matter  to  which  Catholics  ought  to 
pay  more   attention. 

The  Jesuit  America  (Vol.  X,  No. 
13)  endorses  the  "Novel  Sugges- 
tion on  Behalf  of  the  Catholic 
Press"  made  in  Vol.  XX,  No.  24  of 
this  Review  by  a  Capuchin  Father: 
We  are  not  sure  that  the  execu- 
tion of  this  laudable  intent  could  be 
easily  kept  clear  of  canonical  snarls, 
and  it  might  possibly  be  objected 
that  the  prohibition  in  the  United 
States  Constitution  of  "cruel  and  un- 
usual punishments"  is  applicable  to 
the  case;  but  that  it  is  a  most  com- 
mendable, and  possibly  the  most  ef- 
ficacious, method  of  reparation,  will 
be  readily  conceded  by  the  editors, 
owners,  and  managers  of  Catholic 
periodicals.  Whatever  may  be  thought 
of  the  terms  of  the  suggestion,  the 
spirit  of  it  is  thoroughly  in  accord 
with  the  wishes  of  the  Holy  Father 
and  the  needs  of  the  times ;  and 
whether  such  spiritual  direction  be 
made  mandatory  or  not,  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  thousands  of  people 
and  hundreds  of  papers  are  badly  in 
need  of  it. 


LITERARY  NOTES 


— Bishop  Schaefer's  Die  Gottes- 
mutter  in  der  HI.  Schrift  is  a  clas- 
sic cited  often  and  with  high  praise 
by  such  eminent  theologians  as  Msgr. 
Pohle.  An  English  translation  of 
this  work,  therefore,  is,  in  the  na- 


ture of  things,  to  be  heartily 
welcomed.  Vicar-General  Brossart 
of  Covington  has  made  one  from 
the  second  edition  of  the  original, 
under  the  title,  The  Mother  of  Jesus 
in    Holy    Scripture.     Biblical-Theo- 


XXI  3 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


91 


logical  Addresses  by  the  Rt.  Rev. 
Dr.  Aloys  Schaefer.  The  transla- 
tion is  crude,  yet  it  is  something 
to  be  thankful  for  to  have  this 
splendid  work  made  accessible  to 
English  readers.  Dr.  Schaefer  deals 
exhaustively  and  in  a  masterly 
way  with  the  teaching  of  Scripture 
on  Our  Lady  and  the  part  taken 
by  her  in  the  economy  of  salvation. 
No  other  writer  has  so  ably  shown 
how  the  last  book  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament plainly  points  back  to  the 
first  book  of  the  Old,  inasmuch  as 
the  "woman"  of  the  protoevangeli- 
um  is  the  mother  of  Him  who 
crushed  the  serpent's  head,  and 
through  Him  the  mother  of  all 
who  have  the  spiritual  life,  and  in 
this  sense,  in  and  with  her,  the 
Catholic  Church  is  the  "sign"  which 
Isaias  announced  and  which  St. 
John  visioned  on  the  isle  of  Patmos. 
We  heartily  recommend  this  noble 
work,  in  the  hope  and  expectation 
that  for  a  second  edition,  which 
will  no  doubt  become  necessary 
within  a  short  time,  the  transla- 
tion will  be  revised  by  some  com- 
petent English  scholar  and  is- 
sued in  a  more  becoming  dress 
than  the  one  in  which  the  pub- 
lishers have  seen  fit  to  put  it  out  in 
the  first  place.  Tastes  differ;  but 
we  think  we  voice  the  opinion  of 
the  pars  major  et  sanior  of  the 
cultured  Catholic  reading  public 
when  we  say  that  sky-blue  bind- 
ing with  large  gilt  letters  and  em- 
blems sprawling  over  the  front 
cover  is  not  a  fit  integument  for 
a  serious  and  sober  theological 
treatise.  (Fr.  Pustet  &  Co.  1913. 
$2  net).— A.  P. 

— A  satisfactory  popular  explana- 
tion of  the  Seven  Penitential  Psalms, 
with  an  historical  sketch  of  the  same, 
and  a  due  appreciation  of  the  lofty 
poetry  they  contain,  is  a  real  desid- 
eratum.     The    latest    volume    pub- 


lished on  the  subject  of  the  Psalms, 
The  Tears  of  the  Royal  Prophet, 
Poet  of  God  (B.  Herder,  net  60  cts.), 
though  promising  in  its  rather  pre- 
tentious title,  contains  perhaps  less 
of  explanation  than  a  certain  book 
gotten  out  in  English  some  years 
back;  and  as  for  the  poetical  and 
prophetical  element  in  the  Psalms, 
that  is  only  incidentally  referred  to. 
However,  as  a  simple,  devotional 
treatise,  meant  for  thoughtful  and 
prayerful  reading  and  meditation, 
the  volume  will  prove  service- 
able; we  need  books  of  meditation 
that  foster  a  sturdy,  humble,  peni- 
tential spirit  rather  tahn  the  soft- 
ness and  sweetness  of  a  weak-kneed 
devotion.  The  faulty  grammar: 
"Thou  canst  behold  nothing  more 
odious  and  abject  than  I"  (p.  66.)  — 
some  might  take  exception  to  the 
exaggeration  embodied  in  this 
phrase — should  have  been  avoided. 
— James  Preuss,  S.  J. 

— Blind  Maureen  and  Other  Sto- 
ries. (66  cts.)  Our  Lady  Intercedes. 
(82  cts.)  Both  by  Eleanor  E.  Kelly. 
(Benziger  Bros.)  The  first  of  these 
two  collections  of  short  stories  illus- 
trates the  power  of  St.  Anthony  as 
a  friend  at  court;  the  second  cele- 
brates the  mediation  of  the  "Help  of 
Christians."  The  tales  are  models  of 
their  kind,  both  in  plan  and  in  form. 
They  are  ingenious  and  full  of  inter- 
est, yet  perfectly  true  to  nature,  and 
their  general  purpose  would  seem  to 
be  a  demonstration  of  how  the  ap- 
parently impossible  is  accomplished 
by  natural  means  and  how  prayer  is 
often  as  effectually  answered  thus  as 
if  miracles  were  performed.  A  case 
in  point  is  "Patsy  MacDermot's  No- 
vena,"  in  the  second  of  these  vol- 
umes.— S.   T.   Otten. 

— The  second  volume  of  Father 
Bernard  Duhr's  imposing  history 
of  the  Jesuit  Order  in  Germany  is. 


92 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


divided  into  two  parts,  which  fill 
two  stately  octavo  volumes  of  721 
and  796  pages  respectively,  printed 
on  fine  paper,  beautifully  illus- 
trated, and  handsomely  bound  in 
half-morocco.  The  time  dealt  with 
is  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century, — an  eventful  period,  dur- 
ing which  the  Society  of  Jesus 
achieved  its  greatest  successes  in 
Germany.  Father  Duhr  describes 
these  successes  in  detail,  province 
by  province;  but  he  also  paints 
the  shady  side  of  the  picture,  e.  g. 
the  publicistic  excesses  of  certain 
Jesuits,  the  mistakes  of  others,  es- 
pecially such  as  were  engaged  as 
confessors  at  the  courts  of  tem- 
poral princes,  etc.  The  author  has 
been  able  to  utilize  many  docu- 
ments never  before  opened  to  re- 
search, and  his  impartiality  is  as 
patent  as  his  style  is  graphic.  In 
future  no  one  will  be  able  to  form 
an  adequate  notion  of  the  religious 
history  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  especially  of  the  so-called 
Counter-Reformation,  without  care- 
fully studying  this  work.  (Ge- 
schichte  der  Jesuiten  in  den  Ldn- 
dern  deutscher  Zunge  in  der  ersten 
Hdlfte  des  XVII.  Jahrhunderts. 
Von  Bernhard  Duhr  S.  J.  2.  Teil 
Zwei  Bdnde  mit  128  Abbildungen. 
B.  Herder.  1913.  $12.15  net).— 
A.  P. 

— It  is  a  real  pleasure  in  these 
days  of  shoddy  magazines  and  re- 
views to  come  across  such  a  fine  spe- 
cimen of  periodical  literature  as  the 
Leuchtturm,  Illustrierte  Halb- 
monatsschrift  fiir  Studierende,  of 
which  the  sixth  volume,  superbly 
bound  and  richly  illustrated,  has  just 
come  to  us.  It  were  hard  to  find  an- 
other monthly  or  half-monthly  maga- 
zine to  compare  in  variety  of  matter, 
splendor  of  illustration,  and  general 
mechanical  excellence,  with  this  re- 
view from  Trier.     All  honor  to  the 


editor  and  his  able  corps  of  assis- 
tants. What  an  admirable  example 
is  set  by  this  magazine  for  our  Amer- 
ican Catholic  College  monthlies.  Un- 
der the  eighteen  headings  in  the 
table  of  contents,  we  find  articles  by 
leading  writers  on  subjects  of  Art, 
Science,  and  Literature.  Among 
the  contributors  are  found  some  of 
the  best  known  names  in  contem- 
porary German  Catholic  literature. 
The  pictures  and  engravings  deserve 
a  special  word  of  commendation. 
How  cheap  and  inartistic  are  most 
of  the  art  features  in  even  the  so- 
called  high  class  American  maga- 
zines, when  compared  with  those  in 
the  Leuchtturm?  We  recommend 
this  publication  not  only  to  students 
of  German  and  to  those  who  are 
looking  for  suitable  material  for 
reading,  but  to  families  and  institu- 
tions of  learning  and  to  parochial 
and  sodality  libraries. — Albert 
Muntsch,   S.  J. 

— Counsels  of  Perfection  for 
Christian  Mothers  by  the  V.  Rev. 
P.  Lejeune,  of  which  Francis  A. 
Ryan  presents  a  well-done  English 
translation,  supplies  the  long-felt 
need  of  a  collection  of  brief,  prac- 
tical, common-sense  meditations  for 
Christian  mothers.  The  book  is  full 
of  sane  and  solid  piety  and  con- 
tains excellent  material  for  confer- 
ences, (vi  &  240  pp.  12mo.  B. 
Herder.      1913.      $1   net). 

— The  Little  Marshalls  at  the  Lake. 
By  Mary  F.  Nixon-Roulet  (Benziger 
Bros.  60  cts.)  is  a  story  for  children 
between  the  ages  of  ten  and  fourteen. 
Girls  will  be  more  interested  by  it 
than  boys.  It  takes  half  a  family  to 
the  lake  shore  for  an  outing  and 
keeps  them  safely  and  quietly 
amused. — S.  T.  Otten. 

—  Menschensorge  fiir  Gottes 
Reich.     Gedanken  iiber   die  Heiden- 


XXI  3 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


93 


mission,  von  Norbert  Weber,  O.  S.  B., 
Abt  und  Generalsuperior  von  St. 
Ottilien.  (B.  Herder.  85  cts.  net). 
In  this  book  the  well-known  author 
and  champion  of  the  mission  cause 
in  Germany  offers  a  number  of  es- 
says on  diverse  mission  topics. 
The  religious  and  social  misery  and 
helplessness  of  paganism,  the  inef- 
fable blessings  of  Christianity,  the 
heroic  work  and  life  of  the  mission- 
ary in  the  field,  and  the  duty  of 
the  Christian  people  to  help  in  ac- 
cordance with  God's  will  to  spread 
the  light  of  truth  and  the  benefits 
of  the  Catholic  Church — all  this 
and  more  is  set  forth  by  the  author 
in  finished  and  lucid  language. 
Special  features  of  this  book  are 
the  many  graphic  descriptions  of 
conditions  among  the  heathens  as 
viewed  by  the  Abbot  on  his  recent 
canonical  visitation  trip  through  Co- 
rea  and  East  German  Africa,  and 
the  frequent  application  to  mission 
themes  of  the  liturgy  of  the  ec- 
clesiastical year.  The  chapter  "Os- 
terhalleluja,"  a  summary  of  the 
marvellous  results  of  the  mission- 
movement  in  Germany,  should  prove 
interesting  and  inspiring  to  the 
Catholics  of  this  country.  It  is  to 
be  hoped  that  an  able  translator 
will  make  this  timely  book  acces- 
sible to  English  speaking  Catho- 
lics.— Jos.   Eckert,   S.  V.  D. 

— Otto  Hattenschwiller  publishes 
two  volumes  of  selections  from  the 
writings  of  that  greatest  of  modern 
Catholic  German  "Volksschriftstel- 
ler,"  Alban  Stolz.  One  is  entitled 
Kurzer  Aufblick  zu  Gott  (65  cts. 
net),  the  other,  In  Stiller  Feier- 
stunde  (50  cts.  net).  The  former 
furnishes  material  for  brief  week- 
day readings,  the  latter  for  Sun- 
days and  holydays.  The  readings 
are  well  selected  and  contain  many 
choice  gems.     The  Germans  are  to 


be  envied  for  their  Alban  Stolz, 
who  is  quite  untranslatable.  It  is 
a  hopeful  sign  that  his  writings 
are  not  losing  their  popularity  but 
constantly  grow  in  circulation  and 
vogue. — A.  P. 

— The  Stranger  in  the  City.  By 
Dan  Walsh,  Jr.  (Hammer  Printing 
Company,  Louisville,  Ky.  $1.)  We 
have  had  so  many  "studies"  on  the 
poor  "working  girl"  of  late  that  we 
are  inclined  to  balk  at  the  appear- 
ance of  another  book  on  the  question. 
A  merit  of  the  present  work  is  that 
it  outlines  a  real  experiment.  It 
tells  what  certain  good  women  in 
Kentucky  have  done  to  bring  a  little 
light  and  hope  to  the  solution  of  this 
"eternal  woman  question."  To  those 
of  the  sex  who  are  anxious  to  in- 
terest themselves  in  their  poorer  sis- 
ters we  can  only  say:  "These  women 
have  done  something,  go  you  and  do 
likewise." — Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J. 

— The  missionary  spirit  is  alive  in 
Germany.  P.  Robert  Streit,  O.  M.  I., 
and  his  Oblate  brethren  now  follow 
the  example  of  P.  Huonder  and  his 
Jesuit  colleagues  in  publishing  a  se- 
ries of  popular  sermons  on  topics 
connected  with  the  foreign  missions. 
The  series  bears  the  simple  title, 
Missionspredigten,  and  begins  with 
a  slender  duodecimo  volume  on  "The 
Vocation  of  the  Heathen."  (ix  &  145 
pp.  B.  Herder.  1913.  65  cts.  net). 
Seven  of  the  thirteen  full  sermons, 
and  one  sketch,  are  contributed  by 
the  editor.  The  object  of  the  series 
is  to  provide  a  short,  popular,  and 
effective  missionary  sermon  for  ev- 
ery Sunday  and  holyday  of  the  ec- 
clesiastical year  and  to  set  forth  the 
missionary  idea  in  its  intrinsic  rela- 
tions to  faith  and  morals.  Two  more 
volumes  are  to  follow.  So  far  as  we 
are  able  to  judge  these  sermons  are 
well  adapted  to  their  purpose,  and  if 
intelligently  used,  will  aid  in  arous- 
ing interest  and  sympathy  in  the 
work  of  the  foreign  missions. — O.  K. 


94 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


— The  firm  of  Herder  inaugurates 
a  new  library  of  geography  and  eth- 
nology (Aus  aller  Welt:  Eine  neue 
Biieherei  der  Lander-  und  Volker- 
kunde)  by  a  volume  of  select  extracts 
from  Bishop  von  Keppler's  classic 
Wander fahrten  und  Wallfahrten  im 
Orient.  It  is  entitled  Im  Morgen- 
lande,  and  embraces  some  of  the 
finest  passages  of  the  larger  work, 
e.  g.  the  graphic  descriptions  of 
the  Dead  Sea  and  the  Holy  City. 
The  book  is  illustrated  by  seventeen 
full-page  engravings  and  admirably 
serves  the  double  purpose  intended 
by  its  brilliant  author,  viz.:  to  en- 
able the  reader  to  visualize  the  land 
where  our  Savior  lived  and  died 
and  to  serve  as  a  guide  to  those 
who  are  lucky  enough  to  be  able 
to  take  a  trip  to  the  Orient, 
(viii  &  240  pp.  12mo.  B.  Herder. 
1913.     95   cts.   net.)— C.   D.   U. 

— The  Life  and  the  Religion  of 
Mahommed,  the  Prophet  of  Arabia. 
By  Rev.  J.  L.  Menezes,  Priest  of  the 
Diocese  of  Mangalore,  India.  (B. 
Herder.  60  cts.)  While  this  book 
was  compiled  with  the  object  of 
presenting  to  Mahommedans  in  In- 
dia an  unbiased  picture  of  their  re- 
ligion and,  with  this  end  in  view, 
concludes  with  an  appeal  to  these 
countrymen  of  the  author,  still,  it 
will  prove  useful  to  any  who  wish  to 
inform  themselves  on  the  subject  of 
the  faith  of  Islam.  The  volume  is  a 
handy  compendium  and,  barring  a 
few  misprints,  well  gotten  up. — S. 
T.  Otten. 

— The  latest  volume  of  Pustet's 
Bibliotheca  Ascetica  is  devoted  to 
a  reprint  of  Fr.  Druzbicki's  Men- 
sis  Eucharisticus  sive  Exercitia  Eu- 
charistica  et  Liturgica  ante  et  post 
Missam,  a  seventeenth-century  Jes- 
uit classic,  which  the  present  editor 
briefly  and  accurately  describes  in 
his  preface  as  follows:  "Fundan- 
tur  [haec  Exercitia]  in  solida 
ascesi  et  totidem  sunt  fere  tractatus 


dogmatici  de  Deo  uno  et  trino,  de 
Verbo  incarnato,  de  Beata  Maria 
Virgine  et  de  caelesti  Sanctorum 
hierarchia  in  formam  affectuosissi- 
mae  precationis  redacti,  attenta 
semper  speciali  ad  SS-mam  Eu- 
charistiam  relatione."  The  booklet 
is  gotten  up  in  pocket  form  and 
handsomely  bound  in  flexible  leather, 
(vii  &  647  pp.  32mo.  Fr.  Pustet 
&   Co.    1913.    $1.20).— O.K. 

Herder's  Book  List 

[This  list  is  furnished  monthly  by  B.  Herder, 
1/  South  Broadway,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  who  keeps 
the  books  in  stock  and  to  whom  all  orders 
should  be  sent.   Postage  extra  on  "net"  books.] 

NEW  BOOKS 

The  Life  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 
The  Son  of  God  In  Meditations,  by 
Maurice  Meschler.  S.  J.  2  volumes. 
(Second,  Revised,   Edition),  net  $4.25. 

Bergson,  An  Exposition  and  Criti- 
cism from  the  Point  of  View  of 
St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  by  T.  Gerrard. 
net    $0.90. 

Modernism  and  Modern  Thought,  by 
J.  Bampton,  S.  J.     net  .60. 

Saint  Louis,  King  of  France,  "Notre 
Dame  Series."     net  $1.25. 

The  Human  Soul  and  Its  Relations 
with  other  Spirits,  by  A.  Vonier,  O. 
S.  B.  net  $1.50. 
Parish  Sermons  on  Moral  and  Spir- 
itual Subjects,  by  Rev.  W.  Elliott,  net 
$1.50. 

Italian  Yesterdays,  by  Mrs.  Hugh 
Fraser.     2  vols,     net  $6.00. 

England  and  the  Sacred  Heart,  by 
Rev.   G.   Price,     net   .90. 

The  Early  Church  in  the  Light  of 
the  Monuments.  A  Study  in  Chris- 
tian Archaeology  by  A.  Barnes,  net 
$1.50. 

American  Catholic  Hymnal,  by  The 
Marist  Brothers,     net  $1.50. 

The  Four  Gates,  by  Rev.  E.  Ga- 
resche,    S.J.     net   $1.00. 

The  Practice  of  Mental  Prayer,  by 
Rev.  R.  De  Maumigny,  S.J.  net  1.25. 

The  Treasure  of  the  Rosary.  By 
Very   Rev.   C.   McKenna.     $1.00. 

Back  Home.  An  Old  Fashioned 
Poem,  by   C.    Phillips,     net   .60. 

The  Vigil  Hour.  A  Manual  of  Ap- 
proved and  Indulgenced  Prayers,  by 
Rev.   S.  Ryan,   S.J.     .10. 

Counsels  Of  Perfection  For  Chris- 
tian Mothers,  by  Vy.  Rev.  P.  Lejeune. 
net  $1.00. 


XXI  3 


THE   FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


95 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool   1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75   cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.    (Like  new.)   $1. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like    new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.        Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts- 

Sarrazin,  O.,  Verdeutschungswor- 
terbuch  (Fremdworterlexikon).  2te 
Aufl.    Berlin   1889.    $1.30. 

Keiter's  Kath.  Literaturkalender  fur 
1912.     75  cts. 

Mtinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3. 

Uhde,  Joh.,  Ethik.  Leitfaden  der  na- 
turlich-verniinftigen  Sittenlehre.  Frei- 
burg 1912.     65  cts. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetze.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Furst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.     $1.60. 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.     $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Griinder,  H.  (S.  J.),  Psychology 
Without  a  Soul.  St.  Louis  1912.  80  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.     Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 

Gerend,  M.  M.,  Christian  Politeness. 
2nd   ed.     85   cts. 

Druzbicki,  G.  (S.  J.),  Mensis  Eu- 
charisticus  sive  Exercitia  Eucharistica 
et  Liturgica.  Ratisbon  1913.  Prayer 
book  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather, 
$1.   . 

Nist,  Jak.,  Zweifacher  Erstkommu- 
nionunterricht.    Paderborn  1913.  30  cts. 


Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln   1913.     30  cts.    (Wrapper.) 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Bridgets  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.  J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

Schegg,  P.,  Biblische  Archaologie. 
Freiburg   1887.     $1.65. 

Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.     82  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Fraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 

Szekely,  S.,  Bibliotheca  Apocrypha. 
Introductio  Hist.-Critica  in  Libros 
Apocryphos  utriusque  Testamenti  cum 
Explicatione  Argumenti  et  Doctrinae. 
Vol.  I.  Intr.  Gen.  Sibyllae  et  Apoc. 
Vet.  Test.  Antiqua.  Freiburg  1913. 
$2.15. 

Allen,  Card.,  A  Brief  Historie  of 
the  Martyrdom  of  Father  Edmund 
Campion  and  His  Companions.  (Ed. 
by  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.  J.)  London  j.  a. 
83  cts. 

Cook,  A.  S.,  The  Higher  Study  of 
English.     Boston     1906.     80  cts. 

Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress 
of  Westminster,  1908.  (Many  valu- 
able Eucharistic  papers).  London  1909. 
Illustrated.     90  cts. 

Pohle-Preuss,  Soteriology.  A  Dog- 
matic Treatise  on  the  Redemption.  St. 
Louis  1914.     85  cts. 

Giraud,  S.M.,  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and 
Victim.  (Meditations  on  the  Life  of 
Our  Lord).  Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell. 
London  1914.    $1.25. 

Vonier,  A.  (O.S.B.),  The  Human 
Soul  and  its  Relations  with  Other  Spir- 
its.    Freiburg  1913.     $1.10. 

Strappini,  W.  D.  (S.  J.),  Meditations 
Without  Method.  Considerations  on 
the  Character  and  Teaching  of  Christ, 
Arranged  as  an  Informal  Three  Days' 
Retreat.     London  1913.     $1. 

Kiefl,  F.  X.,  Leibniz.  (Weltgeschich- 
te  in  Charakterbildern).  Richly  il- 
lustrated.    Mainz  1913.      $1.15. 

Miller,  A.,  F.  X.  von  Linsenmann's 
Gesammelte  Schriften.  I.  Munchen. 
1912.    $1. 


96 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.),  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1804-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.     $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.     New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Berg,  L.,  Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln 
969—976.  Freiburg  1913.  65  cts. 
(Wrapper). 

Leieune.  P..  Counsels  of  Perfection 
for  Christian  Mothers.  Tr.  by  Francis 
A.  Ryan.     St.  Louis  1913.    80  cts. 

Cremer,  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  Wor- 
terbuch  der  N eutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
citdt.     Gotha  1866.     $1.12. 

Jorg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
wicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  .vols, 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,     Joh.      G.,     Geschichte     der 
Kriesrskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendun 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebrautv 
bis   Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  179/. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von.  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg   1907   &   1909.  $3. 

Barham,  R.  H„  The  Ingoldsby 
Leeends.     Phila.     s.   a.     2  vols.  $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1789-1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon    1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  sqq.  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Brassac,  A.,  The  Student's  Hand- 
book to  the  New  Testament.  (Tr.  by 
Weidenhan.)  Illustrated.  Freiburg 
1913.     $2.22. 


Fonck,  L.  (S.  J.),  Der  Kampf  um  die 
Wahrheit  der  HI.  Schrift.     Innsbruck 

1905.  50  cts. 

Duhr,  B.  (S.  J.),  Geschichte  der  Je- 
suiten  in  den  Landern  deutscher  Zunge. 
Parts  I  and  II.  In  three  large  8vo 
volumes,  richly  illustrated.  Freiburg 
1907  and  1913.    $12. 

Falls,  J.  C.  E.,  Drei  Jahre  in  der  Li- 
byschen  Wiiste.  Richly  illustrated. 
Freiburg  191 1.    $2. 

Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
tion, or  The  Duties  of  Parents.  St. 
Louis  1899.     90  cts. 

Verdaguer's  Atlantis,  Deutsch  von 
Clara  Sommer.     Freiburg  1897.    60  cts. 

The  Cardinal  Democrat :  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning.  By  I.  A.  Taylor.  Lon- 
don 1908.     84  cts. 

Will,  A.  S.,  Life  of  Cardinal  Gibbons. 
Baltimore  1911.    $1.50. 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideracio- 
nes  Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  por  el  Pa- 
dre Eutimio  Tamalet.  Freiburg  1913- 
40  cts. 

William,  Father,  O.  S.  F.  C,  Francis- 
can Tertiaries.  (Instructions  on  the 
Rule).    London   1913.     80  cts. 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne.  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  (Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).   $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.      Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb     condition. 

$2.35- 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 

1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2  vols.     London   1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes* 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don  1906.     $1.40. 


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Boston's  New  Mayor  and  the  Immigration  Problem 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

The  new  mayor  of  Boston,  Mr.  James  M.  Curley,  is  a 
Catholic,  and  certain  Catholic  papers  are,  as  is  usual  in  such 
cases,  highly  elated  over  his  election.  The  Milwaukee  Cath- 
olic Citizen  stands  almost  alone  in  intimating  that  there  is  a 
shadow  on  Mr.  Curley's  record.  It  seems  that  some  ten  years 
ago  he  was  jailed  by  the  United  States  authorities  for  im- 
personating another  man  at  a  civil  service  examination.  In- 
stead of  prejudicing  his  chances,  this  fact  appears  to  have 
increased  his  vote.  "The  view  thus  expressed  by  the  voters 
of  Boston,"  says  a  well-informed  Eastern  contemporary,  "is 
perfectly  easy  to  understand.  It  is  the  primitive,  tribal  view, 
which  regards  government  as  naturally  hostile,  and  a  neigh- 
borly act  all  the  more  creditable  if  it  is  done  at  some  risk 
of  incurring  governmental  displeasure.  It  is  not  at  all  dis- 
turbed by  the  inconsistency  of  trusting  the  protection  of  the 
public  service  to  a  man  who  has  attempted  to  break  down  its 
safeguards." 

Mr.  Curley,  moreover,  profited  by  his  attitude  towards 
immigration.  The  Outlook  says  (Vol.  106,  No.  4)  :  "In  Con- 
gress he  had  been  in  the  forefront  of  the  opposition  to  the 
attempt  to  restrict  the  number  of  incoming  aliens.  Of  course 
this  won  him  the  favor  of  the  steamship  companies  and  also 
enabled  him  to  make  a  tremendous  appeal  to  the  growing 
Jewish  and  Italian  voters." 

Thinking  Americans,  Catholic  as  well  as  non-Catholic,  are 
agreed  that  the  "open-door  policy"  has  outlived  itself  and 
that  the  enormous  mass  of  immigration  and  its  changing 
character  now  constitute  a  very  serious  problem.  As  we  write, 
Congress  is  debating  new  restrictive  measures.1     Much  of  the 

1  The  Burnett-Dillingham  Immi-  which  is  inadequate  to  attain  the 
gration  Bill  has  since  passed  the  bodies  the  so-called  "literary  test," 
House   by  241    votes   to    126.     It   em-      purpose  intended. — Ed. 


98  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

immigration  now  coming  to  our  shores  is  objectionable  on 
more  scores  than  one.  We  need  not  enter  into  details,  as  the 
Fortnightly  Review  has  discussed  this  question  repeatedly 
during  the  past  three  or  four  years. 

Practically  all  recent  writers  on  the  subject  agree  that 
the  laissez-faire  policy  with  which  Mr.  Curley  has  identified 
himself  in  Congress,  while  it  may  be  calculated  to  catch  the 
votes  of  ignorant  foreigners,  is  not  conducive  to  the  welfare 
of  the  American  people  at  large.  "The  road  to  America  has 
been  made  so  easy,"  says  Professor  Carl  Russell  Fish  in  his 
recently  published  excellent  history  of  The  Development  of 
American  Nationality  (American  Book  Co.  1913.  $2.25),  "that 
it  no  longer  requires  any  special  fortitude  and  courage  to  make 
the  transit.  The  conditions  which  previously  insured  that  the 
voluntary  immigrant  to  America  was  possessed  of  some  special 
qualities  fitting  him  for  success  have  ceased  to  operate.  In 
fact  the  highly  colored  accounts  spread  broadcast  through  the 
discontented  districts  of  Europe  by  competing  steamship  com- 
panies have  tended  to  draw  over  many  who  are  merely  weak- 
ly restless  and  inefficient.  These  feebler  newcomers  are  wel- 
comed by  those  great  employing  interests  whose  factories  and 
mines  require  little  intelligence  from  the  laborer,  and  who  are 
glad  to  supplant  the  highly  paid  and  independent  native  work- 
men. In  many  cities,  particularly  in  New  England,  New 
York,  and  Pennsylvania,  these  underpaid  and  unenlightened 
unfortunates  live  in  social  conditions  from  which  America 
has  previously  been  spared,  separated  as  completely  from  the 
native  population  as  if  inhabitants  of  a  different  century. 
When  the  natural  revolt  against  these  conditions  takes  place, 
it  assumes  a  more  dangerous  and  revolutionary  character 
than  earlier  disputes  between  capital  and  labor."    (p.  512  sq.) 

The  proportion  of  these  newer  and  largely  undesirable 
elements  to  the  whole  population  is  so  large  that  assimilation 
grows  more  difficult  from  year  to  year,  and  if  we  should  suc- 
ceed in  assimilating  them,  it  is  greatly  to  be  feared  that  these 
alien  elements  will  change  the  character  of  the  whole  popula- 
tion for  the  worse. 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  99 

A  Monumental  Work  on  Political  Economy 

By  the  Rev.  John  A.  Ryan,  D.  D.,  St.  Paul  Seminary 

Lehrbuch  der  Nationalokonomie.  Von  Heinrich  Pesch,  S.  J.  Dritter 
Band:  Allgemeine  Volkswirtschaftslehre.  II.  Die  aktiven  Ursachen  im 
volkswirtschaftlichen  Lebensprozesse.  (B.  Herder.  1913.  xi  &  946  pp.  8vo. 
$5.85  net). 

In  volume  XVII,  nos.  10  and  11,  of  the  Catholic  Fort- 
nightly Review,  the  present  writer  had  the  pleasure  of  review- 
ing the  first  two  volumes  of  Father  Pesch' s  monumental  work 
on  political  economy.  The  word  "monumental"  is  used  here  in 
no  stereotyped  sense,  but  as  the  most  exact  term  that  could  be 
chosen.  The  present  volume  contains  946  pages,  while  the  first 
two  comprised,  respectively,  485  and  808  pages.  And  the  end 
is  not  yet;  for  there  is  to  be  a  division  entitled  "Besondere 
Volkswirtschaftslehre,"  consisting  of  monographs  by  several 
writers  on  special  parts  of  the  economic  field,  as  agriculture, 
industry,  commerce,  and  finance. 

The  active  causes  in  the  social  economic  processes  of  life, 
or  the  economic  factors  in  production  considered  with  special 
reference  to  the  general  welfare,  form  the  subject  matter  of  the 
volume  before  us.  It  comprises  an  introduction  and  six  chapters. 
The  introduction  is  mainly  technical  and  theoretical,  embracing 
among  other  subjects  the  meaning  and  scope  of  economic  science, 
the  relation  of  economic  to  political  life,  the  question  of  method, 
and  a  restatement  of  the  author's  system  of  "Solidarism."  In 
the  first  chapter,  which  deals  with  the  general  subject  of  the  in- 
dividual factor  in  economic  life,  we  find  a  discussion  of  individ- 
ual interest  and  the  common  good,  industrial  freedom,  free 
competition,  the  socializing  of  industrial  freedom,  and  the  eth- 
ical element  in  the  economic  aims  of  the  individual.  The  second 
chapter  treats  of  "Unternehmung,"  enterprise,  and  contains 
more  than  three  hundred  pages  on  the  various  ways  and  rela- 
tions in  which  capital  and  labor  are  exerted  and  combined  in  the 
production  of  wealth.  The  third  chapter  deals  with  the  syndical 
and  cooperative  forms  of  industrial  activity,  especially  of  "kar- 
tells" and  cooperative  associations.    In  the  fourth  chapter  there 


100  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

is  a  complete  and  systematic  review  of  the  various  forms  of  pro- 
fessional or  vocational  or  craft  organizations.  Unfortunately 
we  have  no  term  in  English  that  corresponds  clearly  to  the 
German  "Berufsorganisation."  Among  other  forms  of  organ- 
ization discussed  here,  are  the  guilds  and  agricultural  associa- 
tions. The  fifth  chapter  treats  in  detail  of  labor  unions  and 
employers'  organizations,  while  the  sixth  discusses  the  rela- 
tion of  the  State  and  of  the  local  community  to  industrial  ac- 
tivities and  associations. 

In  such  a  thorough-going  treatment  of  the  field  of  eco- 
nomic production  as  Father  Pesch  has  given  us,  it  is  extreme- 
ly difficult  to  single  out  for  special  notice  any  particular  topic. 
The  comprehensiveness  and  the  sanely  progressive  character 
of  the  work  is  seen  most  clearly  perhaps  in  the  sections  on 
trusts  and  cooperative  associations.  The  various  forms  of 
trusts,  combinations,  and  holding  companies  are  fully  de- 
scribed, and  their  value  from  the  wide  viewpoint  of  social 
welfare  is  seriously  questioned.  While  emphasizing  the  great 
good  that  must  come  from  the  development  and  extension  of 
cooperative  associations,  productive  and  other,  the  author  de- 
nies that  they  are  "the  only  means,  the  universal  means,"  for 
the  solution  of  all  economic  problems. 

As  in  the  two  preceding  volumes,  the  bibliographies  at 
the  beginning  of  each  chapter  are  well  selected  and  sufficient- 
ly comprehensive.  There  are  likewise  two  separate  indices  at 
the  back  of  the  volume,  one  of  persons  and  one  of  topics. 

For  many  years  to  come,  the  three  volumes  of  Father  Pesch 
will  undoubtedly  remain  the  greatest  single  work  in  existence 
on  political  economy.  And,  needless  to  say,  they  exhibit  the 
Catholic  viewpoint  throughout. 

Senator  Cullom  and  Immortality 

By  C.  D.  U. 

The  late  ex-senator  Cullom  of  Illinois,  who  was  a  pew- 
holder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the  Covenant  during  his 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  101 

many  years'  residence  in  the  National  Capital,  created  a  mild 
sensation  some  years  ago  when  he  said  in  his  autobiography: 

Generally  I  might  say  that  I  am  quite  content;  but  as  I  sit 
down  now  in  the  evening  of  my  life,  it  is  a  source  of  wonder  and  sad- 
ness to  me  that  I  have  survived  both  my  wives  and  all  my  children.  One 
by  one  I  have  laid  them  away  in  beautiful  Oak  Ridge  Cemetery,  in  Spring- 
field;  here  I  myself  will  one  day  be  laid  beside  them 

As  I  think  of  it  now  I  don't  know  where  I  obtained  the  strength  to 
survive  all  these  sorrows.  I  have  no  great  fear  of  death,  except  the  natural 
death  of  the  physical  pain  which  usually  accompanies  it.  I  certainly  wish 
beyond  any  words  I  have  power  to  express  that  I  could  have  greater  as- 
surance that  there  will  be  a  reuniting  with  those  I  love  and  those  who 
have  loved  us,  in  some  future  world;  but  from  my  reading  of  Scripture, 
and  even  admitting  that  there  is  a  hereafter,  I  can  not  find  any  satisfactory 
evidence  to  warrant  such  a  belief.  Could  I  believe  that  I  should  meet  the 
loved  ones  who  have  gone  before.  I  do  not  know  but  that  I  should  look 
forward  with  pleasure  to  the  "passing  across."  Not  having  this  belief, 
I  am  quite  content  to  stay  where  I  am  as  long  as  I  can,  and  finally,  when 
old  Charon  appears  to  row  me  over  the  River  Styx,  I  shall  be  ready  to  go. 

While  this  utterance  does  not  strictly  involve  a  denial  of  the 
immortality  of  the  soul,  it  was  exploited  in  this  sense  at  the 
time,  and  Senator  Cullom  never  denied  that  he  really  had  his 
doubts  as  to  the  existence  of  a  life  beyond  death.  It  is  all  the 
more  consoling  to  be  told  now,  after  the  Senator's  death,  by  his 
former  pastor,  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Wood,  that  "in  the  last  month 
his  [Cullom's]  feeling  concerning  the  life  to  come  changed  com- 
pletely. He  said  to  me:  'I  believe  in  God,  in  Christ  and  in 
immortality.  I  want  to  make,  at  the  first  opportunity,  a  state- 
ment of  my  simple  creed  to  be  inserted  after  the  last  chapter 
of  my  recollections,  to  correct  the  doubt  expressed  in  a  dark  day 
when  the  light  was  dim.'  "  (Quoted  in  the  St.  Louis  Globe- 
Democrat,  Jan.  29,  p.  1.  To  the  same  paper  we  are  also  indebted 
for  the  quotation,  a  little  farther  up,  from  Senator  Cullom's 
Fifty  Years  in  the  Public  Service.  We  have  no  copy  of  the  book 
handy  for  verification,  but  believe  that  the  passage,  though 
apparently  somewhat  disfigured,   is  substantially  correct.) 

Shelby  M.  Cullom  was  a  prominent  figure  in  American  na- 
tional life.  Born  in  pioneer  days,  under  the  administration  of 
Andrew  Jackson,  he  served  the  public  continuously  for  fifty 
years,  held  such  high  offices  as  that  of  governor  of  Illinois,  mem- 


102  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ber  of  Congress,  and  U.  S.  Senator,  and  was  brought  into  official 
relations  with  every  president  from  Abraham  Lincoln,  with 
whom  he  was  intimately  acquainted,  to  Woodrow  Wilson.  (That 
he  was  a  politician  of  the  "old  school,"  now  so  thoroughly 
discredited,  does  not  concern  us  here.)  The  newspapers 
devoted  lengthy  obituaries  to  him  after  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred on  January  28,  and  from  communications  published 
here  and  there  it  was  evident  that  the  deceased  Senator's  change 
of  "feeling,"  as  Dr.  Wood  calls  it,  on  the  subject  of  personal 
immortality  excited  deep  and  widespread  interest. 

In  reading  the  various  news  reports,  editorial  articles,  and 
communications  published  in  connection  with  this  topic,  the 
faithful  Catholic  cannot  but  have  felt  a  certain  gratification. 
First,  because  such  an  eminent  man  as  Senator  Cullom  towards 
the  end  of  his  life  came  to  see  the  folly  and  hopelessness  of  his 
previous  skeptical  attitude  regarding  immortality.  Secondly, 
because  Catholics  in  such  important  matters  as  this  do  not 
depend  on  "feeling"  or  sentiment  but  have  a  living  faith,  based 
on  reason  and  Divine  Revelation — a  faith  which  admits  of  no 
doubt  and  which,  if  one  cooperates  with  the  grace  of  God, 
burns  brightest  precisely  in  the  "dark  days"  that  come  into 
every  man's  life,  "when  the  light  is  dim"  and  temptations 
are  strong. 

Catholicism  and  Social  Reconstruction 

By  Henry  Somerville 
(Concluded) 
Catholic  writers  had  ever  maintained  their  protest 
against  materialistic  individualism  and  capitalism.  Socialism 
also  came  forward  with  its  protest,  when  the  hideous  failure 
of  the  dominant  system  became  manifest.  But  Socialism  was 
itself  an  exaggeration  and  moreover  was  infected  with  the 
materialism  of  the  system  which  it  denounced.  In  many 
places  Socialism  degenerated  into  a  merely  destructive  force, 
a  sterile  propaganda  of  hate.  So  far  from  being  able  to  ac- 
cept Socialism  as  an  ally,  the  Catholic  Church  found  itself 
forces  that  promised  to  be  capable  of  the  task. 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  103 

reconstruction  continued  as  clamant  as  ever,  and  it  became 
evident  that  Catholicism  and  Socialism  were  the  only  two 
forces  that  even  promised  to  be  capable  of  the  task. 

The  majority  of  Catholics  were  slow  to  realize  their  social 
responsibilities.  The  pioneers  of  the  Catholic  social  movement 
in  the  nineteenth  century  were  men  like  Cardinal  Manning  in 
England,  Bishop  Ketteler  in  Germany,  Gaspard  Decurtins  in 
Switzerland,  Count  de  Mun  in  France,  Karl  Lueger  in  Aus- 
tria, and  Pere  Rutten  in  Belgium.  Chief  of  all  was  Pope  Leo 
XIII,  who  expounded  the  basic  principles  of  Catholic  social  ac- 
tion in  a  series  of  encyclicals  which  have  since  become  socio- 
logical classics. 

It  would  take  too  long  to  give  even  a  sketch  of  the  history 
of  the  Catholic  social  movement  during  the  past  forty  years. 
The  pioneers  found  opposed  to  them  the  active  hostility  of  a 
few  Catholics  and  the  apathy  of  the  many  as  well  as  the  en- 
mity of  both  Socialist  and  capitalist  parties.  When  members 
of  the  Catholic  Centre  first  proposed  social  legislation  in  the 
German  Reichstag,  they  were  laughed  to  scorn  by  the  Social- 
ists. But  soon  the  Socialists  put  those  same  proposals  in  their 
own  programme. 

Thanks  to  their  devotion  to  social  reconstruction  the  Cath- 
olics of  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Belgium  have  been  able  to 
build  up  strong  political  parties  which  have  done  mighty  service 
to  the  cause  of  Church  and  society.  Within  the  last  five  years 
the  Catholic  social  movement  has  entered  upon  a  new  phase.  It 
has  grown  with  astonishing  rapidity  in  France,  Great  Britain, 
and  the  United  States.  The  present  Catholic  revival  in  France  is 
accompanied  by  a  great  extension  of  social  work.  In  England  the 
Catholic  Social  Guild,  which  was  founded  in  1910,  has  already 
established  itself  as  one  of  the  most  successful  and  powerful 
of  Catholic  organizations.  Chief  among  its  activities  is  the 
formation  of  study  circles.  There  are  various  types  of  study 
circles,  some  composed  of  ecclesiastical  students,  some  of  la- 
dies of  high  social  position,  some  of  university  undergraduates, 
some  of  workingmen,  while  in  others  men  and  women  of  the 


104  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

most  diverse  occupations  and  ranks  meet  together  for  common 
study.  The  subjects  studied  include  social  ethics,  economic 
theory,  industrial  history,  political  science,  and  specific  prac- 
tical problems  like  unemployment,  housing,  sweating,  poor 
law  administration,  etc. 

The  members  of  these  study  clubs  are  inspired  by  the 
ideal,  Instaurare  omnia  in  Christo — to  restore  all  things  in 
Christ.  Their  aim  is  to  bring  all  social  institutions  and  rela- 
tionships into  harmony  with  the  Will  of  God.  They  realize 
that  this  vast  task  of  social  reconstruction  cannot  be  accom- 
plished without  patient  preliminary  study.  Catholic  social 
principles  have  to  be  applied  to  the  complex  system  of  modern 
industrialism.  It  is  necessary  to  study  carefully,  first  the 
general  principles  of  Catholic  social  philosophy  and  next  the 
concrete  economic  and  social  conditions  to  which  the  principles 
are  to  be  applied. 

Social  reconstruction  is  a  tremendous  but  magnificent  un- 
dertaking— worthy  of  the  Church  which  built  up  European 
civilization  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  Roman  Empire.  All  our 
Catholic  energies  will  be  needed  for  the  task,  and  it  will  not 
be  accomplished  in  one  day  nor  in  one  generation.  There  are 
formidable  forces  arrayed  against  us  and  as  yet  we  are  at  but 
the  beginning  of  the  struggle.  But  there  are  many  signs 
which  give  us  hope.  Besides  the  solid  achievements  through 
social  legislation  of  the  Catholic  parties  in  Germany,  Holland, 
Belgium,  and  Switzerland,  besides  the  valuable  social  work 
achieved  by  Catholics  in  France  and  Italy  through  the  agency 
of  voluntary  associations,  we  are  also  encouraged  by  finding 
Catholic  principles  permeating  other  parties.  A  notable  in- 
stance of  this  is  afforded  by  the  question  of  the  living  wage. 
It  may  be  said  that  since  1891,  when  Pope  Leo  published  his 
famous  Encyclical  On  the  Condition  of  the  Working  Classes, 
the  living  wage  has  been  the  main  plank  in  the  platform  of 
Catholic  social  reform.  At  the  time  Pope  Leo  wrote,  the  de- 
mand for  the  living  wage  was  hardly  spoken  of  except  among 
Catholic  economists  and  among  workingmen  themselves.     The 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  105 

orthodox  political  economists  rejected  the  demand  because  they 
thought  wages  must  always  be  governed  by  the  sacred  law  of 
supply  and  demand.  The  Socialist  rejected  the  living  wage 
proposal  because  he  would  be  satisfied  with  nothing  less  than 
the  complete  destruction  of  the  wage-system. 

But  now  we  find  the  principle  of  the  living  wage  advo- 
cated on  all  sides.  The  English  Parliament  has  passed  the 
Trade  Boards  Act  and  the  Miners'  Minimum  Wage  Act,  which 
go  some  way  to  admitting  the  principle  that  the  determination 
of  wages  ought  not  to  be  left  entirely  to  the  operation  of  so- 
called  free  competition.  It  is  significant  that  Mr.  Philip  Snow- 
den,  one  of  the  most  prominent  Socialist  leaders  in  England, 
has  recently  published  a  book  called  The  Living  Wage,  in  which 
he  makes  not  only  the  same  demand  as  Catholics,  but  adopts 
the  Catholic  reason,  namely,  the  laborer's  natural  right  as  a 
man.  In  the  introduction  to  his  book  Mr.  Snowden  quotes 
Pope  Leo's  statement  of  the  claim  for  a  living  wage.  In  other 
parts  of  his  book  Mr.  Snowden  gives  evidence  that  he  has  been 
a  diligent  student  of  other  Catholic  authorities  on  this  ques- 
tion, especially  Rev.  Dr.  Ryan  of  St.  Paul  Seminary,  St.  Paul, 
Minn.,  whose  book  A  Living  Wage  is  the  standard  work  on 
the  subject.  Another  prominent  Socialist,  Mr.  Sidney  Webb,  is  a 
thorough-going  supporter  of  the  living  wage,  and  points  out  in 
his  History  of  Trade  Unionism  that  the  protection  of  the 
standard  of  life  of  the  worker  was  one  of  the  fundamental 
principles  of  the  Catholic  society  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Social  reconstruction  is  the  great  work  which  lies  before 
the  Church  in  the  immediate  future.  We  are  now  seeing  the 
fulfilment  of  the  prophecy  made  by  Bishop  von  Ketteler,  that 
the  fight  between  the  Church  and  her  enemies  would  leave 
the  domain  of  dogma  to  be  fought  out  afresh  in  the  domain  of 
the  social  problem.  The  present  state  of  society  in  capitalist 
countries  cannot  endure.  Change  is  certain  to  come,  and  the 
question  is  whether  the  remedy  will  be  sought  along  Catholic 
lines  or  along  Socialist  lines.  Under  God,  the  issue  of  the 
struggle  depends  upon  the  manner  in  which  every  individual 


106  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Catholic  contributes  his  share  of  service.  Success  to  the 
Church  means  not  only  the  saving  of  society  from  ruinous 
anarchy,  but  it  means  also  one  more  triumphant  vindication 
in  the  eyes  of  the  world  of  the  social  value  of  Catholicism. 

A    New    "Peril" 

By  H.  Christopher  Watts,  Associate  Editor  of  "The  Lamp" 

"There  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun,"  said  King  Solo- 
mon, and  an  equally  wise,  though  perhaps  less  well-known 
philosopher  has  told  us  that  "imitation  is  the  sincerest  form 
of  flattery,"  while  every  day  experience  shows  that  there  is 
nothing  so  bad  but  that  it  will  find  admirers. 

The  style  of  journalism  affected  by  the  Menace  of  Aurora, 
Mo.,  is  evidently  lucrative,  and  no  doubt  in  a  vast  continent 
like  America  there  may  be  found  some  to  whom  such  litera- 
ture (?)  appeals.  It  does  appeal,  just  as  Maria  Monk  and 
other  such  salacious  works  appeal,  and,  one  may  presume,  it 
pays.  Mr.  George  B.  Deason  of  Wilkesboro,  North  Carolina — 
"the  land  of  moonshine,"  as  a  Catholic  prelate  called  it  at 
Boston — has  paid  the  Menace  the  compliment  of  imitating  that 
journal,  and  has  produced  a  four-page  sheet  which  he  appro- 
priately calls  The  Peril.  It  is  not  my  intention  to  give  the 
Peril  a  free  advertisement  by  a  vigorous  denunciation  of  it  and 
its  principles;  for  by  such  publicity  many  an  unworthy  sheet 
has  come  into  undue  prominence. 

The  Peril  would  be  blasphemous  were  it  not  silly;  it  would 
be  funny  were  it  not  dull;  and  so  35  cents  a  year  could  be 
better  employed  than  in  the  purchase  of  a  paper  which  is  both 
foolish  and  lacking  in  wit.  The  editor  of  a  journal  of  this 
kind  should  possess,  if  not  literary  ability,  at  least  a  sense  of 
humor;  and  the  only  humorous  thing  about  the  Peril  is  its 
frothy  solemnity. 

The  title  page  has  on  it  an  elderly  person,  evidently  a 
clergyman,  with  side  whiskers,  who  looks  remarkably  like  a 
certain  Anglican  bishop  lately  retired.  On  his  head  the  clergy- 
man has  a  very  large  tiara,  set  at  a  somewhat  rakish  angle, 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  107 

and  in  one  hand  he  bears  an  enormous  cross.  At  first  sight 
one  would  be  tempted  to  think  that  this  was  meant  to  por- 
tray the  Pope;  but  there  is  no  evidence  on  record  that  any 
pope,  certainly  not  within  recent  years,  has  affected  side 
whiskers,  and  unless  the  artist  be  a  Futurist,  the  illustration 
may  mean  anything  or  nothing.  This  however  by  the  way. 
The  copy  of  the  Peril  which  came  to  us  through  the  mail  bore 
upon  it  the  legend  "marked  copy,"  and  the  column  so  marked 
is  to  the  following  effect. 

"Nine  Million  Blood  Dollars.  Papal  hierarchy  coins  the 
blood  of  fifty  thousand  girls  and  women  into  stupendous  sum 
to  support  the  idle,  lecherous  priests  and  prelates  in  question- 
able luxury." 

The  gist  of  this  paragraph  is  that  a  certain  Mr.  M.  Eu- 
gene Prevost  wrote  in  the  Cincinnati  Christian  Standard  an 
article  on  the  Homes  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  and  this  has  prompt- 
ed the  Peril  to  do  a  little  computing  of  its  own  touching 
these  homes  in  the  United  States.  Mr.  Prevost,  like  the  editor 
of  the  Menace,  no  doubt  is  flattered  by  this  compliment:  "The 
following  figures,"  says  the  Peril,  "ought  to  make  the  red  blood 
of  every  American  citizen  boil ....  counting  that  the  galling 
labor  of  these  female  slaves  net  [sic!]  their  incarcerators  fifty 
cents  a  day,  we  have  a  profit  to  the  Roman  hierarchy  of  $25,000 
per  day;  $175,000  per  week;  $750,000  per  month;  $9,000,000 
per  year . . . . " 

Why  should  the  red  blood  of  every  American  citizen  boil 
at  these  figures?  Does  it  boil  when  he  is  told  that  twice  two 
are  four?  Not  at  all.  Then  we  must  suppose  that  it  is  because 
the  arithmetical  faculties  of  the  Peril  are  as  deficient  as  its 
sense  of  humor.  As  to  the  fact  that  the  nine  million  dollars — 
if  their  existence  is  at  all  objective  and  not  purely  subjective 
— go  to  the  upkeep  of  the  homes  of  the  Good  Shepherd  and  not 
to  the  Roman  hierarchy,  that  is  evidently  quite  another  story 
— not  for  publication. 

Now  the  point  about  fiction  of  this  kind  is  that  it  does 
not  make  any  specific  charge;  it  merely  hints  and  conveys  by 


108  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

indecent  innuendo  what  it  dare  not  say  openly.  "Dens  of  vice," 
"she-hyena  dens,"  "white  slavery,"  are  some  of  the  terms  used 
by  the  Peril  in  connection  with  these  homes.  If  such  accusa- 
tions be  true — and  I  do  not  for  a  moment  admit  that  there  is  a 
particle  of  truth  in  them — there  is  a  very  easy  course  open  to 
the  Peril  and  all  who  agree  with  it,  and  that  is  to  invoke  the 
intervention  of  the  Law.  That  this  has  not  been  done  is  suf- 
ficient evidence  that  these  accusations  are  entirely  false. 

I  do  not  know  the  homes  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  nor  have  I 
visited  any  of  them,  but  I  do  know  that  the  work  which  the 
Sisters  of  Charity  have  taken  in  hand  is  a  work  that  calls  for 
the  utmost  tact,  discretion,  and  charity,  and  the  fact  that  the 
homes  have  prospered,  that  the  municipal  and  county  author- 
ities have  made  use  of  them  for  helping  a  certain  class  of  un- 
fortunates, is  ample  evidence  that  the  mean  insinuations  of  the 
Peril  have  no  foundation  in  fact. 

The  real  danger  of  such  a  sheet  as  the  Peril  is  not  that  it 
denounces  the  Catholic  Church;  that  has  been  done  before,  and 
quite  often  more  effectively,  though  not  more  gracefully.  Its 
danger  is  that  it  does  harm  to  the  press;  that  it  fosters  a  ten- 
dency amongst  indiscriminating  readers  towards  a  ribald  and 
salacious  journalism,  far  worse  in  its  ultimate  effects  than  the 
problem  story.  The  press  in  this  country  is  a  power  of  no  little 
force,  and  in  the  interests  of  its  integrity  a  sheet  such  as  the 
Peril  calls  for  suppression.  The  Catholic  Church  is  well  able 
to  take  care  of  itself;  there  is  no  need  for  worry  on  that  score. 
But  there  is  a  real  danger  in  a  species  of  journalism  that  pan- 
ders to  the  lowest  and  basest  passions,  and  such,  in  the  hands 
of  a  person  seemingly  devoid  of  discrimination  and  lacking 
even  a  sense  of  the  ridiculous,  is  a  far  greater  peril  to  the 
American  people  than  any  of  the  false  situations  in  which  the 
Peril  delights — even  if  they  were  true,  which  they  are  not. 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  109 

Why  'The  Jukes"  Were  Criminals, — or  The  Fundamental 

Fallacy  of  Dugdale 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J.,  St.  Louis  University 

Cesare  Lombroso  and  his  school  practically  deny  free- 
will in  man,  and  reduce  all  criminal  instincts  to  inherited  ten- 
dencies and  defects  in  the  physical  (or,  better,  anatomic)  struc- 
ture, especially  of  the  skull. 

A  typical  study  along  Lombrosian  lines  is  Dugdale's 
famous  work  The  Jukes.  It  is  the  grewsome  record  of  a  fam- 
ily of  criminals  and  has  been  taken  as  a  model  for  similar 
investigations  by  other  students  sharing  Lombroso's  view  of 
crime  and  its  causes.  But  it  is  a  matter  of  great  satisfaction 
to  find  that  Dugdale's  conclusions  are  not  accepted  by  more 
recent  investigators  who  have  had  equal  opportunities  of 
studying  "the  criminal  in  the  making."  One  could  hardly  find 
a  sounder  exposition  of  the  true  notion  of  criminal  responsi- 
bility than  is  furnished  in  a  recent  book  entitled  The  Develop- 
ment of  the  Child,  by  Dr.  Nathan  Oppenheim,  attending  physician 
to  the  Children's  Department  of  Mt.  Sinai  Hospital  Dispensary, 
New  York  City.   (New  York:  The  MacMillan  Co.).     We  read: 

Of  late  years  no  study  in  the  practical  effects  of  heredity  has  car- 
ried with  it  a  greater  amount  of  popular  belief  than  Dugdale's  account 
"The  Jukes."  They  were  a  family  of  criminals  and  paupers  whose  history 
dates  back  to  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  They  lived  together 
in  a  section  of  country  which  has  been  called  "one  of  the  crime-cradles  of 
the  State  of  New  York."  They  were  vicious,  lazy,  addicted  to  all  manner 
of  excess  in  crime.  The  total  number  of  persons  in  this  family  and  its 
descendants  has  been  estimated  at  twelve  hundred.  Each  generation 
handed  on  to  the  next  all  the  crime  and  vice  that  the  mind  of  man  could 

possibly  conceive Generation   after  generation  showed  similar  traits 

of  disease,  of  viciousness,  licentiousness,  and  crime.  An  elaborate  so- 
ciological study  has  been  made  of  them,  with  the  conclusion  that  the  children 
were  modeled  after  the  parents.  This  family  has  pointed  the  moral  in 
many  discourses  on  heredity;  they  have  served  to  fasten  the  idea  in  the 
minds  of  many  people  that  in  human  beings  the  course  of  inheritance  of 
characteristics  is  direct;  that  there  is  an  inevitable  fate  which  decides 
a  child's  mental  and  physical  constitution  even  before  birth.  Such  a  con- 
clusion is  more  than  rash,  and  a  very  careful  consideration  of  the  facts 
will  show  how  false  it  is.1  In  this  crowd  of  unfortunates  there  was  no 
possibility  of  intercourse  with  decent  citizens;  the  "Jukes"  children  were 

1  Italics   mine.     A.    M. 


110  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

shut  out  from  every  humanizing  influence;  they  were  pariahs,  constantly 
suspected,  constantly  distrusted,  against  whom  the  hand  of  every  man  was 
virtually  raised.  Their  children  were  born  in  the  midst  of  the  worst 
possible  surroundings,   and  inhaled  the  odor  of   all   manner  of  vice  long 

before  they  knew  what  the  boundaries  between  good  and  bad  are With 

such  surroundings,  any  other  fate  was  impossible.  "The  tendency  of 
human  beings  is  to  obtain  their  living  in  the  direction  of  least  resistance, 
according  to  their  view  of  what  that  direction  is."  With  every  example 
marking  the  way  to  crime,  with  every  obstacle  standing  in  the  way  to 
virtue,  it  would  be  almost  miraculous  if  they  were  reputable.  As  the  author 
[Dugdale]  himself  has  said,  "want,  bad  company,  neglect,  form  the  environ- 
ment that  predisposes  to  larceny."  When  these  factors  are  increased  by 
all  known  means,  one  has  a  predisposition  that  becomes  magnified  into  a 
salient  trait. 

We  believe  that  this  criticism  of  Dugdale's  work  will  be 
accepted  by  all  who  have  given  careful  reflection  to  the  sub- 
ject of  crime  and  its  prevention.  It  is  gratifying  to  note  that 
such  a  strong  plea  for  freedom  of  action  in  even  the  greatest 
criminal,  is  contained  at  least  implicitly  in  the  above-cited 
extracts  from  Dr.  Oppenheim's  book.  We  conclude  this  brief 
review  with  some  other  remarks  in  which  the  same  authority 
pleads  eloquently  for  providing  good  moral  environment  for 
children. 

It  is  a  regrettable  fact,  he  says,  that  one  does  not  often  find  families 
where  the  best  provision  is  made  against  preventable  disasters  in  char- 
acter. What  children  see  and  hear,  whether  it  be  good  or  bad,  they  will 
imitate.  They  learn  the  lessons  of  their  life  not  so  much  from  books,  ser- 
mons or  lectures,  as  from  practical  demonstration.  A  household  which  is 
characterized  by  vicious  habits  of  mind  and  body  brings  forth  a  brood  of 
children  that  are  fit  to  hold  their  community  as  their  proper  prey.  Year 
by  year,  as  example  makes  a  progressively  stronger  impress,  they  become 
more  inclined  to  harmful  lives  and  ideals.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  one 
finds  offences  increasing  as  maturity  approaches.  Any  species  of  train- 
ing is  more  thoroughly  absorbed  by  a  child  of  seven  years  than  one  of  five 
years.     By  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  is  not  only  more  capable  of  action,  but 

also  his  mental  processes  are  more  thoroughly  crystallized If  he  has 

lived  where  deceit  is  practised,  where  courtesy  is  an  article  of  luxury, 
where  metaphorically  speaking  people  go  about  in  their  moral  slippers, 
where  above  all  he  notices  that  one  code  of  conduct  is  practised  at  home 
while  quite  another  is  publicly  advocated,  he  is  quite  unable  to  realize  in 
his  later  self  a  high  standard  of  ethical  bearing. 

Man's  freedom  of  choosing  between  right  and  wrong,  the 
need  he  has  of  good  example,  especially  during  the  impression- 
able years  of  childhood, — these  are  two  principles  which  have 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  111 

ever  been  held  sacred  in  Catholic  pedagogy.  No  matter  how 
unfortunate  a  man's  ancestral  record  or  how  strong  the  evil 
environment  to  which  he  is  subject,  we  hold  that  it  is  still 
within  his  power  to  choose  his  path  and  with  the  super- 
natural aid  of  grace  to  overcome  even  the  strongest  tempta- 
tions to  sin  and  crime.  But  we  do  not  deny  the  unfortunate  in- 
fluence of  early  bad  environment,  and  hence,  in  season  and  out 
of  season,  we  preach  the  necessity  of  setting  a  high  standard  of 
moral  conduct  to  children  and  young  persons.  It  is  worth  while 
to  remember  that  in  this  day,  when  such  strong  efforts  are  made 
by  pseudo-scientists  to  "defend"  the  absolute  influence  of  in- 
heritance and  of  the  "inevitable  fate  which  decides  a  child's 
mental  and  physical  constitution  even  before  birth,"  and  when 
others  try  to  "prove"  man  to  be  an  abject  slave  of  his  "environ- 
ment," there  are  voices  like  that  of  Dr.  Oppenheim  raised  in 
defence  of  man's  prerogative  of  free-will. 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

OXYFAKERY 

A  reader  in  the  East  recently  sent  us  a  circular  issued 
by  the  Oxypathor  people  in  response  to  the  criticism  to  which 
they  have  been  subjected  by  Collier's.  (See  this  Review,  Vol. 
XX,  No.  24).  The  whole  answer  is  a  vehement  attack  on 
"trust  doctors"  and  venal  newspapers. 

The  question:  How  is  it  possible  for  so  many  people  to 
be  fooled  by  fakes  of  this  kind?  is  answered  to  some  extent  in 
a  communication  addressed  to  this  Review  by  a  clergyman  in 
the  State  of  Nebraska.     He  writes  among  other  things: 

There  were  quite  a  few  oxygenators  sold  in  this  neighborhood,  and 
some  people  undoubtedly  were  benefitted  by  them.  The  directions  say: 
Keep  the  instrument  under  the  open  sash  all  night,  or  even  in  the  day-time. 
This  insures  the  admission  of  fresh  air  into  many  homes  where  people 
otherwise  would  never  think  of  opening  a  window  in  cold  weather.  An- 
other factor  is  suggestion.  The  patient  goes  to  bed  with  wires  applied  to 
the  body  and  his  mind  impressed  by  the  wonderful  things  he  has  heard 
or  read  about  the  little  instrument.  Psycho-therapy  and  auto-suggestion 
work  day  and  night,  combined  with  the  fresh  air.  Suggestion  works  more 
wonders  than  most  people  dream.     Once  I  heard  a  friend  of  mine,  an  able 


112  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

and  honest  physician,  recommend  a  piece  of  iron  under  the  bed  against 
night  sweat.  I  asked  for  an  explanation.  He  said  he  had  none,  but  that 
it  "often  helps,"  because  people  have  faith  in  its  efficacy. 

Church  Music  Reform 
A  country  pastor  writes  to  us: 

I  admire  your  zeal  for  the  reform  of  Church  music  according  to 
the  motu  proprio  of  our  Holy  Father  Pope  Pius  X.  You  have  repeatedly 
spoken  of  the  difficulties  that  stand  in  the  way  of  this  necessary  reform 
There  is  one,  however,  that  I  have  not  yet  seen  touched  upon  in  the 
Review  or  in  any  other  Catholic  journal.  It  is  the  bad  example  given  by 
our  religious  orders  in  so  many  of  their  churches.  What  can  we  poor 
country  pastors  do  if  the  Jesuit  or  the  Redemptorist  church  in  the  neigh- 
boring city  flagrantly  violates  the  rules  of  the  motu  proprio  every  Sunday 
and  holyday  in  the  year  and  perhaps,  making  a  bad  thing  still  worse, 
advertises  its  worldly  programme  in  the  newspapers?  People  tell  you 
that  what  these  holy  men  allow  in  their  churches  cannot  be  wrong.  If 
the  country  pastor  tries  to  conform  to  the  rules  and  the  spirit  of  the 
Church,  he  is  put  down  as  a  crank,  because  people  have  heard  exactly  the 
same  music  that  he  condemns,  sung  and  played  at  St.  Xavier's  Church 
in  X,  or  St.  Alphonsus'  in  Y. 

The  responsibility  of  the  religious  orders  in  this  regard  is  a  matter 
that  is  often  discussed  in  private  circles,  though,  for  obvious  reasons,  no 
Catholic  newspaper  or  magazine  has  yet  ventured  to  call  public  attention 
to  it.  By  taking  it  up  with  its  wonted  earnestness  and  courage,  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  may  be  able  to  add  to  its  laurels,  as  it  will  most  un- 
doubtedly add  to  its  merits  before  God  and  Holy  Mother  Church. 


Our  Leakage  and  Its  Causes 

A  missionary  priest  who  has  been  for  a  number  of  years 
engaged  in  the  cure  of  souls  in  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michi- 
gan, writes: 

I  have  been  reading  with  profound  interest  the  papers  you  have 
published  on  the  losses  of  the  Church  in  the  U.  S.  In  this  part  of  the 
country,  where  there  are  a  great  many  lumber  mills  and  camps,  people 
travel  from  place  to  place,  making  any  regular  cura  animarum  well  nigh 
impossible.  Of  the  Catholic  families  that  have  settled  down,  a  great  many 
live  amidst  Protestant  surroundings,  and  mixed  marriages  are  quite  com- 
mon. The  consequence  is  that  thousands  have  fallen  away  from  the  faith, 
and  wherever  you  go  you  meet  people  who  should  be  Catholics  but  are  not. 
Among  those  who  still  attend  to  their  religious  duties  it  is  hard  to  find 
one  who  is  not  infected  by  the  false  and  un-Catholic  principles  which  our 
people  unconsciously  imbibe  from  their  intercourse  with  outsiders  and 
which  it  is  almost  impossible  to  eradicate.  The  optimism  that  can  blind 
itself  to  such  a  condition  of  things  is  little  less  than  criminal. 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  113 

Collecting  Old  Ballads 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

We  read  in  a  recent  number  of  the  New  York  Evening 
Post   (Jan.  22,  1914)  : 

Convinced  that  many  of  the  English  and  Scottish  popular  ballads 
of  olden  times  which  still  survive  in  the  United  States  are  threatened  with 
extinction  unless  steps  are  at  once  taken  to  revive  them,  the  Federal 
Bureau  of  Education  has  begun  a  nation-wide  search  for  versions  of  these 
old  ballads.  Prof.  C.  Alphonso  Smith,  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  who 
has  done  much  folklore  investigating,  has  been  commissioned  to  conduct 
the  search.  It  is  planned  to  ask  teachers  and  others  to  cooperate,  with  a 
view  to  starting  a  ballad  collection  for  each  State,  so  that  State  folk-lore 
societies  may  be  encouraged  to  aid  in  the  work. 

"If  our  American  versions  are  not  collected  immediately,  they  can 
never  be  collected  at  all,"  Professor  Smith  said.  "Many  influences  are 
tending  to  obliterate  them.  Catchy  but  empty  songs  not  worthy  of  com- 
parison with  them,  the  decadence  of  communal  singing,  the  growing  diver- 
sity of  interests,  the  appeal  to  what  is  divisive  and  separative  in  our  na- 
tional life,  the  presence  of  the  artificial  and  self-conscious  in  modern  writ- 
ing, are  depriving  our  homes  and  schoolrooms  of  a  kind  of  literature  which, 
for  community  of  feeling,  for  vigor  of  narrative,  for  vividness  of  por- 
traiture, and  for  utter  simplicity  of  style  and  content,  is  not  surpassed  in 
the  whole  history  of  English  or  American  song." 

The  idea  manifestly  is  to  collect  the  original  American 
versions  of  the  old  English  and  Scottish  ballads  that  have  at 
one  time  or  another  been  transplanted  to  this  country.1  To 
accomplish  this  will,  of  course,  have  a  certain  antiquarian 
value,  and  the  collection  to  be  made  will  throw  light  upon  the 
cultural  development  of  the  American  people,  though  we  fail 
to  see  why  Prof.  Smith  and  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Education 

1  Prof.  Francis  J.  Child,  who  made  Virgina,  four  in  North  Carolina,  and 
what  is  probably  the  most  complete  one  in  South  Carolina.  If  we  omit 
collection  of  English  and  Scottish  duplicates,  the  total  is  only  seventeen. 
Popular  Ballads  (published  in  ten  Lately,  however,  according  to  a  writer 
parts  from  1882— 1898,  all  reproduced,  in  the  N.  Y.  Nation,  at  least  fifty- 
with  the  exception  of  five,  in  Sargent  six  of  the  ballads  in  Professor  Child's 
and  Kittredge's  one-volume  work.  list  have  been  found  in  the  United 
English  and  Scottish  Popular  Ballads,  States,  and  the  search  has  hardly  be- 
Boston,  1904)  made  no  studied  attempt  gun.  Phillips  Barry,  of  Cambridge, 
to  gather  up  the  remnants  of  old  Mass. ;  Prof.  H.  M.  Belden,  of  Mis- 
ballads  brought  by  the  earliest  settlers  souri ;  Prof.  George  Lyman  Kittredge, 
to  the  U.  S.,  but  noted  them  only  in-  of  Harvard  University;  Prof.  John  A. 
cidentally.  He  reported  two  in  Maine,  Lomax,  of  Texas,  and  Prof.  Hubert 
two  in  New  Hampshire,  ten  in  Mas-  G,  Shearin,  of  Kentucky,  have  been 
sachusetts,  five  in  New  York,  one  in  the  leaders  in  this  work  of  recovery. 
Pennsylvania,  one  in  Maryland,  four  in 


114  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

are  going  to  limit  their  researches  to  English  and  Scotch  ballads, 
ignoring  the  other  languages  spoken  in  this  country. 

But  there  is  a  task  that  seems  to  us  to  be  of  even  greater 
importance  than  the  collection  of  foreign  ballads  transplanted 
to  American  soil.  It  is  the  collection  of  the  indigenous  ballad 
literature  of  the  American  Revolution,  which  is  said  to  have 
attracted  the  attention  of  Lord  Chatham,  though,  as  gruff  old 
John  Nichol  observes  (American  Literature,  Edinburgh  1882, 
p.  87),  "less  probably  from  its  intrinsic  merit  than  from  its 
faithful  though  rough  embodiment  of  the  sentiments  that  not 
only  moved  on  the  surface,  but  penetrated  the  depths  of  the  na- 
tional life." 

The  songs  current  in  America  during  the  revolutionary 
era  are  historically  interesting.  They  celebrate,  in  rude  verse, 
the  achievements  of  local  heroes  like  "Bold  Hawthorne;"  or 
ridicule,  as  in  "Jack  Brag,"  the  British  lion;  or  exhibit  the 
overthrow  of  vaulting  ambition  in  "The  Fate  of  Burgoyne;" 
or,  as  in  "Wyoming  Massacre,"  bewail  the  fallen;  while  the 
school-boy  huzzahs  of  "Free  America"  hail  the  triumph  of  the 
patriot's  cause.     (Cfr.  Nichol,  I.  c.) 

Snatches  from  these  ballads  are  to  be  found  in  Moses 
Coit  Tyler's  Literary  History  of  the  American  Revolution  and 
in  Moore's  Ballad  History  of  the  Revolution.  Nearly  all  of 
them  recount  the  more  picturesque  and  stirring  incidents  of 
the  war  with  undisguised  emotion  and  in  the  homely  diction 
and  loose  measure  made  dear  to  so  many  generations  in  the 
old  ballads  of  England  and  Scotland.  Among  the  most  char- 
acteristic for  sprightliness  and  imaginative  vigor  is  "Liberty's 
Call,"  said  to  have  been  written  in  1775,  and  beginning  with 
these  lines: 

High  on  the  banks  of  Delaware, 

Fair  Libertie  she  stood,  , 

And  waving  with  her  lovely  hand, 
Cried:    "Still,  thou  roaring  flood!" 

"A  Song  for  the  Red  Coats"  tells,  with  the  true  ballad- 
ring,  the  story  of  the  successful  campaign  against  Burgoyne, 
in   1777: 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  115 

Come    unto    me,    ye    heroes, 

Whose  hearts   are  true  and  bold. 
Who  value  more  your  honor, 

Than  others  do  their  gold! 

Give  ear  unto  my  story, 

And  I  the  truth  will  tell, 
Concerning  many  a  soldier 

Who  for  his  country  fell. 

Quite  a  number  of  these  ballads  have  been  gathered  up 
by  Frank  Moore  in  his  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  American 
Revolution;  but  this  collection  is  by  no  means  complete  and 
from  the  critical  standpoint  entirely  obsolete.  What  we  need 
is  a  full  collection  with  variants  and  up-to-date  textual  as  well 
as  explanatory  notes. 

Schools  of  Journalism  and  News  Faking 

By  an  Ex-Reporter 

Father  J.  E.  Copus,  S.  J.,  of  the  Marquette  School  of 
Journalism,  Milwaukee,  said  in  a  recent  address  at  Madison, 
Wis.,  that  "if  our  schools  of  journalism  fail  to  impress  upon 
the  minds  of  their  students  the  dishonesty  of  faking  and  color- 
ing news,  they  will  fail  in  their  mission."1 

Very  true  indeed!  And  no  doubt  our  Catholic  schools  of 
journalism  (at  Milwaukee  and  Notre  Dame)  are  doing  their 
best  to  combat  "faking"  and  "yellow  journalism."  But  is  it 
not  too  much  to  expect  that  such  schools  as  that  established 
in  New  York  by  Joseph  Pulitzer,  the  father  of  "yellow  journal- 
ism," shall  inculcate  principles  diametrically  opposed  to  those 
of  their  founder? 

Another  point:  How  are  the  honest  and  truthful  grad- 
uates of  the  Marquette  and  Notre  Dame  Schools  of  journalism 
to  make  a  living?  The  average  American  daily  newspaper  en- 
courages the  faking  and  coloring  of  news.  In  fact,  a  soberly 
truthful  reporter  cannot  hold  a  job  very  long  on  any  metro- 
politan daily,  (with  possibly  three  or  four  exceptions  for  the 
whole  country).     Crede  Roberto  experto!    I  have  "been  there 

See  the  Marquette  University  Journal,  Vol.  XII,  No.  2,  December,  1913. 


116  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

myself."  It  is  all  "space  writing"  now-a-days  on  the  big  dail- 
ies, and  in  choosing  between  a  faked  and  highly  colored,  i.  e. 
sensational  report,  and  one  giving  the  sober  facts,  the  aver- 
age city  editor  will  never  hesitate  for  a  moment.  The  truth 
simply  has  no  chance  in  competition  with  fakery  and  sensa- 
tionalism. 

Perhaps  the  hope  of  Fr.  Copus  and  his  associates  is  that 
their  graduates  will  eventually  rise  to  editorial  positions  of 
influence,  or  themselves  obtain  control  of  daily  newspapers  and 
then  put  their  principles  into  practice.  About  twelve  or  four- 
teen years  ago  a  prominent  newspaper  writer  declared — in 
Scribner*'s  Magazine,  ni  jailor, — that  there  is  nothing  to  be 
hoped  for  in  this  direction.  Under  present-day  conditions,  in 
this  country,  no  newspaper  can  prosper  unless  it  caters  to  the 
tastes  and  prejudices  of  the  multitude.  And  the  multitude 
wants  sensational  reading  matter.  Mundus  vult  decipi  ergo. . 
Conditions  are  far  worse  now  than  they  were  fifteen  years 
ago.  Papers  like  the  Chicago  Tribune  and  the  St.  Louis  Globe- 
Democrat,  which  were  then  still  doggedly  holding  out  against 
sensationalism,  have  since  succumbed  to  that  baleful  tendency, 
and  with  the  exception  of  a  baker's  dozen  (prominent  among 
them  the  New  York  Evening  Post  and  the  Christian  Science 
Monitor),  practically  all  the  big  dailies  of  America,  and  the 
little  ones  in  their  wake,  to-day  systematically  "fake"  news  or 
at  least  color  and  spice  it,  to  suit  what  they  believe  to  be  the 
taste  of  their  readers.  Even  in  the  more  conservative  smaller 
cities,  as  a  rule,  the  "successful"  paper  is  the  one  that  goes 
farthest  in  the  direction  of  sensationalism. 

There  you  are.  Hie  Rhodus,  hie  salta!  Our  Catholic 
schools  of  journalism  can  no  doubt  inspire  their  pupils  with 
the  right  spirit  and  with  a  desire  to  combat  "yellow  journal- 
ism." But  how  are  the  graduates  going  to  carry  sane  and 
correct  principles  into  practice  when  the  public  imperatively 
demands  a  pabulum  stewed  and  seasoned  in  Pulitzerian  and 
Hearstian  cauldrons?!? 


XXI  4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  117 

Caveant    Moniti! 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

Commenting  on  the  1912  report  of  the  chaplain  of  New- 
man Hall,  the  Catholic  students'  establishment  at  the  State 
University  of  California,  the  San  Francisco  Monitor  (VoL 
LV,  No.  35)  says: 

Judging  from  the  number  of  Catholic  students  in  those  universities 
for  which  we  have  statistics,  it  is  probable  that  there  are  at  the  present 
time  more  than  twenty  thousand  Catholic  students  attending  the  large 
non-sectarian  universities  in  this  country.  Year  by  year  these  students 
are  graduating  and  taking  prominent  places  in  the  social,  political  and 
industrial  world.  They  become  doctors,  lawyers,  editors,  teachers,  mining 
or  mechanical  engineers;  experts  in  one  or  other  of  the  many  modern 
industries.  Oftentimes  they  attain  distinguished  leadership  in  their  chosen 
work.  * 

Unfortunately  it  too  often  happens  that  while  absorbed  in  the  pre- 
paration for  their  particular  profession  they  neglect  the  study,  and  in 
some  cases  the  practice,  of  their  religion.  Receiving  little  spiritual  in- 
struction they  depend  almost  entirely  on  the  knowledge  of  Christian  Doc- 
trine which  they  acquired  in  childhood.  This  knowledge  proves  inade- 
quate to  the  needs  of  mature  professional  life  and  in  some  instances  the 
Church  has  to  witness  the  unwelcome  spectacle  of  her  children,  though 
leaders  in  their  particular  fields  of  labor,  becoming  unfaithful  to  their 
religious  duties. 

This  is  putting  it  very  mildly,  indeed.  Anyone  who  keeps 
his  eyes  open  knows  that  the  great  majority  of  Catholic  stu- 
dents who  receive  their  higher  education  at  secular  universi- 
ties, eventually  fall  away  from  the  Church.  At  least  this  was 
the  case  until  the  "Newman  Club"  movement  began,  a  few 
years  ago.  That  movement  purposes  "to  minister  to  the  spir- 
itual needs  of  the  Catholic  students"  at  secular  universities. 
It  argues  thus: 

The  State  cannot  teach  religion;  so  if  religion  is  to  be  taught  to  the 
students  in  the  State  universiies,  and  if  they  are  to  have  opportunities  for 
divine  worship,  there  must  be  near  at  hand  a  religious  institution,  privately 
maintained,  whose  function  is  to  supplement  the  work  of  the  State. 

It  appears  from  the  Berkley  report  that  this  movement  is 
accomplishing  some  good  at  the  University  of  California, 
though  the  continuance  of  the  work  is  uncertain  unless  wealthy 
Catholics  come  forward  with  contributions  for  a  permanent 
endowment  fund. 


118  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

We  sincerely  hope  that  there  will  soon  be  established 
permanent  Newman  Halls  with  chapels,  chaplains,  club  rooms, 
libraries,  etc.,  at  every  secular  university  attended  by  any  con- 
siderable number  of  Catholics. 

Meanwhile,  would  it  not  be  better  to  try  to  stem  the  tide 
of  Catholic  young  men  and  women  towards  these  institutions 
instead  of  descanting  with  pride  on  the  means  taken  or  pro- 
jected for  shielding  them  against  apostasy? 

Anyone  who  is  familiar  with  the  spirit  of  our  State  and 
other  secular  universities  and  the  inevitable  dangers  of  a  secu- 
larized and  absolutely  godless  "higher  education,"  cannot  but 
•shudder  at  the  thought  that  more  than  20,000  Catholic  young 
people  are  exposed  to  these  perils  in  a  country  where  the 
Church  is  not  only  free  to  provide  for  her  own,  but  commands, 
and  to  a  considerable  extent  already  provides,  the  means  of  a 
higher  training  as  superior  in  all  essentials  to  that  furnished 
by  the  secular  schools  as  Catholic  theology  and  philosophy  are 
superior  to  the  vapid  isms  of  secular  pedagogy. 

Let  us  do  what  we  can  for  those  of  our  young  men  and 
women  who  unfortunately  find  themselves  at  the  secular  uni- 
versities. But  in  doing  so  let  us  not  neglect  the  solemn  duty 
we  have  of  employing  every  means  at  our  command  to  dimin- 
ish their  number.  The  most  zealous  and  brilliant  chaplain 
and  the  most  perfectly  organized  Newman  Hall  will  never  en- 
tirely counteract  the  dangers  of  a  non-Catholic  education. 

FLOTSAM    AND    JETSAM 


Schouler's  History  of  the  sixth,  and  now  we  have  a  sev- 

United  States  e?th    [History   of   the  Jecon 

,            o  t      i            t>  struction     Period,     1865-1877, 

Mr.  James  Schouler,  a  Bos-  New  y    fc     Dodd  Mead  &  Qo 

ton  lawyer,  in  1881  published  w  in  Qf  ^ 
the  first  volume  of  a  History  distinctive  m  fa  a  consistent 
of  the  United  States  of  Amer-  ,  f  ,,  ,', 
tea  under  the  Constitution,  Part  ot  tne  wnole' 
which  was  completed  in  1891,  Mr.  Schouler's  view  of  re- 
in five  volumes.  In  1899  the  construction  may  be  outlined 
author  thought  it  fit  to  add  a  in  a  few  sentences.  He  defends 


XXI  4 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


119 


the  wisdom  of  presidential  re- 
construction and  says  that  the 
South  did  very  well  under  it 
until  Thaddeus  Stevens  obtain- 
ed its  overthrow  in  order  to 
establish  a  system  which  was 
as  much  inspired  by  the  desire 
to  thwart  Johnson's  political 
plans  as  to  promote  the  inter- 
est of  the  negro. 

Of  Mr.  Schouler's  History 
as  a  whole  a  competent  and 
impartial,  though  not  a  Cath- 
olic, critic  said  not  long  ago  in 
the  New  York  Nation: 

The  author  has  given  it  several 
revisions,  modifying  his  statements 
as  new  materials  have  been  made 
accessible  to  the  public.  In  his  final 
preface  he  properly  asks  that  his 
book  be  judged  by  the  last  edition. 
If  he  has  not  written  scientific  his- 
tory, he  has  at  least  appreciated  its 
spirit,  and  he  has  made  use  of 
several  of  the  large  manuscript  col- 
lections that  have  of  late  been 
opened  to  students.  Despite  his 
earnest  effort  to  be  modern,  Mr. 
Schouler  is  an  historian  of  the  old 
school.  He  has  not  detachment,  he 
does  not  escape  from  partisan  bias, 
and  he  does  not  write  with  a  due 
appreciation  of  cause  and  effect.  He 
is  a  narrator  of  events.  In  the  book 
we  have  an  unfolding  panorama. 
His  story  is  readable  and  informing. 
It  abounds  in  good  portraiture  and 
shows  a  fine  appreciation  of  the  hu- 
man side  of  history. 

The  Sodality  of  St.  Peter 

Claver 

The  Baroness  E.  von  Schon- 
au-Wehr,  accompanied  by  a 
Polish  lady,  will  come  to  this 
country  next  month  to  explain 
the  aims  of  the  famous  Sodali- 


ty of  St.  Peter  Claver.  The 
two  ladies  will  lecture  in  St. 
Louis,  Chicago,  and  other  cit- 
ies, to  religious  communities 
of  women  and  to  select  parishes 
and  societies.  The  Sodality  of 
St.  Peter  Claver  is  an  organi- 
zation to  help  the  African  mis- 
sions. Its  principal  aim  is  to 
work  for  the  eternal  salvation 
of  the  black  people.  This  aim 
it  tries  to  attain  through  lec- 
tures and  by  means  of  monthly 
publications,  chief  among  them 
the  Echo  from  Africa.  The 
nucleus  of  this  Sodality  is  a 
religious  institute  of  Ladies  of 
St.  Peter  Claver,  known  also 
as  Auxiliaries  of  the  African 
Missions,  whose  work  is  sec- 
onded by  external  members, 
promoters,  and  associates.  The 
Sodality  was  founded  some 
twenty  years  ago  by  the  Count- 
ess Ledochowska,  a  niece  of 
the  famous  Cardinal  Ledo- 
chowski,  and  was  definitively 
approved  by  the  Holy  See  in 
1910.  It  is  subject  to  the  S.  C. 
of  the  Propaganda  in  every- 
thing that  concerns  the  mis- 
sions. The  members  of  this 
Sodality  do  not  go  to  Africa, 
but  remain  in  their  own  coun- 
tries devoting  themselves  en- 
tirely to  the  service  of  the  mis- 
sions by  writing,  translating, 
corresponding,  printing  mis- 
sionary books,  making  and  re- 
pairing articles  for  poor 
churches,  etc.  The  centre  of 
the  Sodality  is  in  Rome,  Via 
dell'  Olmata,  16,  near  the  ba- 
silica of  Santa  Maria  Maggiore. 
External  members  are  all 
those,  especially  ladies,  who 
give  their  service  to  the  So- 


120 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


dality  as  much  as  their  own 
duties  allow  them  to  do.  Those 
who  help  the  good  work  by 
contributions  and  endeavor  to 
make  it  more  widely  known  by 
spreading  its  publications,  are 
called  promoters. 

The  Echo  from  Africa  is 
published  in  nine  different 
languages  and  costs  but  fifty 
cents  a  year. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
representatives  of  this  worthy 
organization  will  receive  a 
cordial  welcome  and  that  they 
will  succeed  in  stimulating  mis- 
sionary zeal  among  our  people. 

Freemasonry  in  the  Philip- 
pines 

"One  of  the  most  gratifying 
evidences  of  the  advance  of 
civilization  and  progress  in  the 
Philippine  Islands"  under  the 
American  occupation,  accord- 
ing to  the  Los  Angeles  Times 
(Jan.  9,  1914),  is  the  introduc- 
tion and  growth  of  Freemason- 
ry there. 

Under  Spanish  law  Free- 
masonry was  under  a  ban  in 
the  Philippines.  The  British 
troops  in  1762  established  a 
lodge  in  Manila,  but  no  natives 
joined  it  and  with  the  with- 
drawal of  the  troops  the  lodge 
went  out  of  existence. 

In  October,  1901,  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  California  granted  a  charter  to 
Manila  Lodge  No.  342.  In  1908  Ca- 
vite  Lodge  No.  350  came  into  exist- 
ence. On  December  11,  1907,  a 
charter  was  granted  to  Corregidor 
Lodge  No.  386.  Manila  has  a  fourth 
blue  lodge,  the  Perla  de  Orient,  the 
membership  of  which  is  largely 
composed  of  the  higher  class  of  Fil- 


ipinos. The  city  of  Cebu  has  a 
blue  lodge  working  under  a  Scottish 
charter.  There  is  also  a  Chinese 
"tong"  in  Manila  which  poses  as  a 
Masonic  lodge. 

In  December,  1912,  a  grand  lodge 
was  organized.  In  1911  lodges  of 
the  advanced  degrees  were  formed 
and  the  Mt.  Arayat  Lodge  of  Per- 
fection, the  Manu  Chapter  of  Rose 
Croix,  the  Confucius  Preceptory  and 
the  Gautama  Consistory  were  es- 
tablished. There  are  several  chap- 
ters of  Royal  Arch  Masons,  there 
are  encampments,  there  are  many 
resident  Shriners  and  an  Eastern 
Star  Lodge,  the  membership  of 
which  is  composed  of  the  most  re- 
spected ladies  of  Manila.  The  Ma- 
sons of  the  Philippines  have  just  rea- 
son to  be  proud  of  the  local  mem- 
bership of  the  order.  Among  its 
number  are  judges  of  the  supreme 
and  the  lower  courts,  clergymen, 
lawyers,  physicians,  teachers,  public 
officials  of  the  highest  to  the  low- 
est rank,  natural  scientists  and  suc- 
cessful business  men. 

Our  contemporary  forgot  to 
mention  that  even  under  the 
Spanish  domination  the  natives 
had  secret  societies  of  their 
own  akin  in  spirit  and  methods 
to  Freemasonry,  e.  g.  the  in- 
famous Katipunan. 

The  Katipunan  proved  a 
veritable  curse  to  the  Filipinos. 
Whether  the  Scottish  rite  and 
other  lodges  transplanted  thith- 
er from  America  will  be  a 
blessing,  remains  to  be  seen. 
We    apprehend    the    contrary. 

Sexual  Instruction  in  the 
Schools 

The  Los  Angeles  Times, 
which  cannot  be  suspected  of 
religious  motive  or  bias,  says 


XXI  4 


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121 


editorially    in    its    edition    of 
Jan.  9,  1914: 

Familiarizing  boys  and  girls, 
herded  together  in  the  classroom, 
with  sexual  studies  destroys  the 
modesty  and  reserve  that  should  ex- 
ist between  them.  Hearing  those 
themes  discussed  before  them,  they 
discuss  such  things  between  them; 
they  become  contemptuous;  they 
mock  virtue  with  jibe  and  jest. 
They  may  learn  of  disease,  but  they 
also  learn  of  other  things  and  de- 
velop pruriency  with  the  sanction 
of  publicity.  In  these  studies  they 
are  attracted  and  fascinated  by  the 
salacious  rather  than  by  the  scien- 
tific; they  ignore  the  instruction  in 
the  excitement  of  acquiring  intimate 
knowledge. 

Dame  Nature,  on  behalf  of  pro- 
creation, has  fired  all  animate 
things  with  sexual  desire.  In  man- 
kind the  passional  senses  are  easily 
aroused — and  no  amount  of  lectur- 
ing from  a  school  platform  can  bank 
those  fires.  As  chastity  and  mod- 
esty  are   recognized   as  the  highest 


virtues,  the  most  important  to  the 
safety  of  the  individual,  of  society 
and  of  posterity,  so  there  must  be 
nothing  in  education  that  will  tend 
to  lower  respect  for  those  virtues. 
And  discussions  of  sex  before  either 
segregated  or  mixed  classes  of  boys 
and  girls  gives  them  ample  cause 
to  scoff  at  modesty  and  have  less 
reverence  for  chastity. 

Young  people  should  be  taught 
certain  facts,  but  in  the  privacy  of 
the  home  and  from  the  lips  of  some 
one  who  can  impress  upon  them  the 
sacredness  of  purity  and  the  in- 
effable grace  of  modesty. 

Aside  from  all  religious  con- 
siderations, this  is  the  common- 
sense  view,  and  we  have  no 
doubt  it  will  prevail,  though 
it  remains  a  riddle  what  the 
average  American  parent  is 
going  to  do  to  safeguard  chil- 
dren against  unchastity,  —  a 
task  which  for  Catholics  the 
Church  and  the  Christian  home 
perform  so  effectively. 


ET  CETERA 


The  story  is  told,  says  the  Chris- 
tian Register,  (apropos  of  the 
present-day  tendency  of  the  uni- 
versities to  teach  everything  that 
anybody  wants  to  know)  of  a  young 
man's  going  to  the  president  of  a 
recently  established  college  with  the 
request  to  be  taught  Choctaw.  The 
president  said:  "We  have  no  de- 
partment for  the  teaching  of  Choc- 
taw this  morning;  but,  if  you  will 
be  good  enough  to  call  again  this 
afternoon,  we  will  organize  one  for 
you." 

* 

C.  K.  Shorter,  writing  in  the 
Sphere,     is    properly     disgusted    at 


some    recent    translations  of  Heine. 
We  venture  to  quote  the  following: 

The  girl  with  chagrin  espouses 
The   first  best  man   she  meets, 

And  therewithal  the  youngling 
His  heart  with  sorrow  eats. 

And  this: 

The  air  is  cool  and  it  darkles, 

And    calmly   flows   the    Rhine, 
The  crest  of  the  cliff  wall  sparkles 

In  the  sun's  setting  shine. 

One  rejoices  that  the  poet  can 
never  have  known  translations  like 
these  of  any  of  his  verse. 


122 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


The  Colgate  family,  noted  as 
manufacturers  of  soap  and  toilet 
preparations,  are  building  a  Bap- 
tist church  for  Italians  at  Orange, 
N.  J.  Father  Rongetti,  the  Italian 
priest  there,  commenting  on  the 
move,  says:  "I  do  not  question  the 
sincerity  or  the  intentions  of  Austin 
Colgate  or  Sidney  M.  Colgate,  but 
I  do  think  they  could  do  a  great  deal 
more  good  by  sending  10,000  cakes 
of  soap  to  my  people  than  by  spend- 
ing their  money  to  wean  my  parish- 
ioners  from   their   faith." 

It  would  be  well  if  Catholic  pa- 
trons of  the  Colgate  firm  supported 
Fr.   Rongetti's  protest. 


elsewhere  the  paid  expert  is  not 
likely  to  be  an  impartial  witness. 
Mr.  J.  McKeen  Cattel  writes  to  an 
Eastern  daily  that  he  recently  re- 
ceived two  propagandist  leaflets 
from  a  leading  life  insurance  com- 
pany, one  of  which  depicted  the 
dangers  of  alcohol  in  exaggerated 
style,  while  the  other  guardedly  ad- 
vocated limited  and  small  families. 
"In  this  case,  "  he  rightly  says,  "the 
financial  interests  of  the  company 
by  no  means  coincide  with  the  public 
welfare,  and  its  activities  may  be 
more  pernicious  than  campaign  con- 
tributions to  political  parties  or 
interlocking  directorates." 


A  well-known  editor  and  student 
of  the  subject  said  recently  after  an 
examination  of  some  250  catalogues 
of  Sunday  school  libraries  of  all 
sizes  and  grades,  and  a  reading  of 
very  many  of  the  volumes  contained 
in  these  libraries:  "I  can  only  find 
one  word  that  expresses  the  result 
— disgust."  A  similar  feeling  has 
sometimes  come  over  us  after  exam- 
ining Catholic  parish,  sodality,  and 
school  libraries.  Take  a  look,  for 
instance,  at  the  shelf — if  there  is 
one — devoted  to  American  history. 
From  fifty  to  100  per  cent  rubbish! 
And  yet  there  is  much  good  litera- 
ture available  in  this  department. 
The  same  is  true  in  most  other 
branches  of  knowledge,  not  to  speak 
of  fiction!  How  are  our  young  peo- 
ple to  acquire  a  taste  for  good  read- 
ing if  we  stuff  them  with  sot  in  club 
and  sodality?! 

Statistics  are  usually  open  to  more 
than  one  interpretation,  and  are  of 
value  only  when  properly  interpret- 
ed. The  life  insurance  companies 
are  in  some  respects  doing  a  useful 
service  to  the  community  in  seek- 
ing to  increase  their  business  and 
improve    their    risks;     but    here    as 


The  Sacred  Heart  Review  takes 
the  following  from  the  obituary  of 
a  man  who  died  recently  in  a  city 
near   Boston : 

Mr.   —  —  was  a  member   of   

Council,  K.  of  C.  He  was  Exalted 
Ruler  of  the  local  organization  of 
Elks.  In  the  Eagles  he  had  for  years 
been  prominent.  He  was  also  an 
active  member  of  the  A.  O.  H.  the  M. 
C.  O.  F.,  the  Father  Mathew  society, 
the  tribe  of  Red  Men,  the  Arcanum 
and  the  A.  O.  U.  W. 

"Our  confrere  wonders  how  the 
poor  man  ever  found  time  to  attend 
to  his  home  duties,  and  we  may  add, 
even  to  say  his  prayers,"  comments 
the  Syracuse  Catholic  Sun,  Vol.  22, 
No.  30. 

The  Sacred  Heart  Review,  like 
ourselves,  has  waged  a  long  and 
persistent  war  against  the  "jiners," 
but  apparently  without  much  suc- 
cess. These  gentry  as  a  rule  do  not 
read  the  Catholic  papers  but  feed 
their  great  and  noble  souls  with  the 
garbage    furnished    by    the    yellow 

press. 

* 

Reviewing  a  new  book  by  Mr. 
Percy  F.  Martin,  Maximilian  in 
Mexico  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons), 
Father  Henry  Woods,  S.  J.,  says  in 


XXI  4 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


123 


Vol.  X,  No.  17,  of  the  New  York 
America:  "It  is  a  pity  that  a  book 
interesting  in  many  ways  should  be 
so  stained  with  prejudice  as  to  make 
it  unacceptable  to  Catholics,  who 
would  otherwise  have  read  gladly 
the  story  of  Maximilian  and  Char- 
lotte." Too  many  current  historical 
publications  are  thus  stained,  and 
it  is  time  our  non-Catholic  authors 
and  publishers  learned  that  there  is 
a  large  number  of  intelligent  Catho- 
lic readers  who  will  have  none  of 
this  tainted  history  and  who  are 
even  determined,  if  necessary,  to 
keep  it  out  of  the  public  libraries. 
America  is  doing  the  cause  of  truth 
and  justice  a  real  service  by  turn- 
ing its  searchlight  on  such  books  as 
Martin's  Maximilian  in  Mexico. 

* 

The  recrudescence  of  the  radium 
cure  of  cancer,  writes  Mr.  V.  J. 
Youmans,  is  a  difficult  thing  to  as- 
sess. The  connection  with  it  of  such 
names  as  Kelly  and  Abbe  argues 
for  a  high  value.  And  yet  at  just 
this  time  British  and  German  sur- 
geons of  the  highest  standing,  while 
admitting  the  undoubted  value  of 
radium  for  the  treatment  of  some 
cancers,  announce  its  utter  failure 
in  many  cases,  and  treat  it  simply 
as  one  of  the  remedies  worth  try- 
ing. The  fact,  too,  that  radium  can- 
cer cures  have  proved  so  profitable  in 
the  hands  of  quacks  is  apt  to  render 
slow  public  acceptance  of  these  ap- 
parently orthodox  and  honest  claims. 
It  is,  of  course,  quite  possible  that 
the  failures  in  the  past  have  been 
caused  by  the  improper  use  of  the 
remedy — failure  properly  to  sort  out 
the  undesirable  rays,  or,  perhaps, 
lack  of  a  sufficient  amount  of  the 
precious  stuff  to  make  the  necessari- 
ly violent  attack  upon  the  malig- 
nant neoplasm.  At  least  the  out- 
come of  the  more  or  less  spectacular 
tests    now    being    made    should    be 


awaited  before  even  the  preliminary 
hurrahing  is  done. 
* 

We  have  heard  a  great  deal  lately 
of  the  spugs — members  of  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Prevention  of  Useless 
Giving.  A  correspondent  of  the 
N.  Y.  Evening  Post  suggests  the 
organization  of  a  "spef" — i.  e.,  So- 
ciety for  the  Prevention  of  Exor- 
bitant Funerals.  "The  enormous 
amounts  which  many  among  the 
poor  pay  for  the  funerals  of  their 
dead,"  he  says,  "have  become  a 
grievous  matter.  In  a  most  pathet- 
ically squalid  tenement  apartment 
one  will  see  an  expensive  coffin, 
many  flowers,  elaborate  funeral 
furnishings,  an  all  too  ostentatious 
array  of  carriages,  the  neighbor- 
hood crowding  about  and  peering 
from  the  windows  of  many  houses, 
and  oftentimes  a  band  of  musicians 
heading  the  mourning  procession  to 
an  expensive  plot.  Here  is,  indeed, 
a  situation  almost  grotesque  and 
Hogarthian,  and  certainly  demand- 
ing  reformation." 

The  Post's  correspondent  favors 
cremation  in  preference  to  burial. 
But  funerals  could  be  reduced  to 
reasonable  limits,  so  far  as  expense 
and  display  is  concerned,  without 
sacrificing  the  time-honored  Chris- 
tian custom  of  interment. 
* 

Last  summer's  prolonged  drought, 
which  practically  wiped  out  the  corn 
crop  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,  has 
led  to  a  unique  idea  in  insurance. 
Agents  are  at  work  writing 
"drought  insurance."  usually  com- 
bining it  with  hail  insurance,  which 
is  carried  by  most  progressive  farm- 
ers. Its  tables  are  based  on  the 
rainfall  as  shown  by  the  govern- 
ment weather  stations  and  rates 
vary  with  the  general  condition  of 
the  section.  For  instance,  the  ter- 
ritory along  the  Missouri  River  has 


124 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


a  rate  of  $1  per  $100;  out  on  the 
high  plains  it  is  $3  per  $100.  The 
limit  of  risk  is  $10  an  acre  and  the 
period  over  which  the  insurance 
runs  is  from  April  15  to  September 
15.  If  during  that  period  no  rain 
falls,  there  is  a  "total  loss."  If  the 
rainfall  is  one-half  that  shown  by 
the   government   reports    to   be   the 


average  for  that  section,  the  loss  is 
50  per  cent.  If  the  normal  average 
rainfall  is  recorded,  there  is  no  loss. 
Thus  the  plan  seems  to  be  largely 
a  gamble  on  the  rainfall  between 
April  15  and  September  15,  and  it  is 
not  surprising  that  many  farmers 
are  willing  to  take  the  chance  of 
winning. 


LITERARY  NOTES 


— Father  W.  D.  Strappings  Medi- 
tations Without  Method  are  by  no 
means  unmethodical.  We  suppose 
the  title  was  merely  chosen  to  in- 
dicate that,  though  the  book  is  evi- 
dently intended  for  three-day  re- 
treats, the  method  of  the  Exercises 
is  not  followed.  The  author  sets 
forth  some  outstanding  truths  in 
connexion  with  the  life  of  Our  Lord, 
His  Blessed  Mother,  and  some  of 
His  friends  (Mary  Magdalen,  Laz- 
arus, etc.)  and  appends  thereto 
certain  practical  instructions,  des- 
tined mainly  for  those  who  seek 
higher  perfection.  The  instructions  ' 
on  "Confessions  of  Devotion"  (pp. 
49  to  62)  are  quite  the  sanest  and 
most  satisfactory  we  have  run 
across  for  some  time.  Confessions 
of  devotion,  Fr.  S.  says,  "are  meant 
as  a  help  to  spiritual  life.  Anything 
which  makes  them  more  helpful 
should  be  welcomed;  anything  which 
makes  them  harder  kills  their 
reason  for  existing.  Therefore,  no 
hard  and  fast  rule  can  be  laid 
down  as  to  their  frequency.  This 
must  depend  upon  individual  needs 
and  requirements.  Still  we  do  not 
require  a  steam-hammer  to  crack 
walnuts.  And  not  a  few  'con- 
fessions of  devotion'  might  be  called 
by  a  less  religious  name."  The  sub- 
ject of  frequency  of  confession  for 
daily  communicants,  by  the  way,  is 
adequately    treated    from    the    point 


of  view  of  the  professional  theolo- 
gian by  Fr.  Michael  Gatterer,  S.  J., 
in  a  recent  issue  of  the  Theologisch- 
praktische  Quartalschrift  of  Linz, 
1913,  pp.  735—748.  Fr.  Strappini's 
Meditations  are  to  be  cordially  rec- 
ommended. (198  pp.  12mo.  London: 
Burns  &  Oates.  1913.  $1.37,  post- 
paid. American  agents,  Benziger 
Brothers). — A.  P. 

— The  Human  Soul  and  Its  Relation 
with  Other  Spirits,  by  Dom  Anscar 
Vonier,  O.  S.  B.,  is  a  book  somewhat 
difficult  to  classify.  The  author's  aim, 
according  to  the  Foreword,  is  "to 
explain  some  of  the  philosophical 
truths  of  Scholasticism  in  as 
simple  language  as  possible."  He 
he  does  more.  Besides  the  philos- 
does  this,  and  does  it  well.  But 
ophy  of  the  soul  he  also  explains 
its  theology.  And  it  is  no  dispar- 
agement to  say  that  the  major  por- 
tion of  his  work  is  distinctly  theo- 
logical, not  neglecting  the  devo- 
tional aspects  of  the  truths  set  forth 
with  such  admirable  clearness.  Now 
and  then  one  comes  across  a  point 
that  is  specially  well  developed,  as, 
for  instance,  that  "mortification,  in 
the  Catholic  sense,  is  essentially  the 
asserting  of  the  body,  not  its  nega- 
tion" (pp.  125  sqq.).  The  book 
"is  meant  essentially  for  the  lay 
mind,"  to  which  it  is  indeed  re- 
markably  well    adapted.      (B.    Her- 


XXI  4 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


125 


der.  1913.  vii  &  368  pp.  12mo.  $1.60, 
postpaid.) — A.  P. 

— Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and  Vic- 
tim. By  Pere  S.-M.  Giraud,  Mis- 
sionary Priest  of  Notre  Dame  de  la 
Salette,  Translated  by  W.  H.  Mit- 
chell. This  book  of  meditations  on 
the  life  of  Our  Saviour,  considered 
as  Priest  and  Victim,  is  the  first  of 
a  projected  series  of  three  volumes, 
of  which  the  author  lived  to  com- 
plete only  two.  The  meditations  in 
this  book  deal  with  the  Incarnation, 
the  Holy  Childhood,  and  the  Hidden 
Life  of  Jesus.  They  are  intended 
for  devout  readers  generally  but 
will  prove  especially  useful  for 
religious  communities.  The  meth- 
od is  simple,  adapted  to  begin- 
ners in  the  spiritual  life.  The 
translator  might  profitably  have 
suppressed  some  of  the  author's  re- 
dundancies, (xiv  &  354  pp.  12mo. 
Benziger  Bros.  1914.  $1.65,  post- 
paid.)—©.  K. 

— Baron  Hyde  de  Neuville  was  a 
consistent  royalist  throughout  the 
terrible  days  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion and  lived  in  voluntary  exile 
in  the  U.  S.  under  Napoleon,  after 
whose  downfall  he  acted  as  diplo- 
matic agent  for  Louis  XVIII  and 
Charles  X,  became  minister  to  the 
U.  S.,  ambassador  to  Brazil  and 
Portugal,  later  holding  a  portfolio 
in  the  Martignac  cabinet,  until 
the  July  revolution  forced  him  once 
more  into  retirement.  He  died  in 
Paris  in  1857.  His  memoirs  were 
published  by  his  nieces  in  three 
volumes.  Frances  Jackson  now 
presents  an  abridged  English  trans- 
lation, which,  while  perhaps  less 
valuable  as  a  historic  document,  is 
much  more  readable.  These  memoirs 
touch  upon  many  events  of  historical 
interest  and  display  a  fearless  and 
blameless  character.  {Memoirs  of 
Baron    Hyde  de  Neuville,    Outlaw, 


Exile,  Ambassador.  Translated  and 
Abridged  by  Frances  Jackson.  With 
2U  Illustrations.  Two  volumes,  xv 
&  273  &  287  pp.  8vo.  London: 
Sands  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B. 
Herder.  1913.  $6.30,  postpaid.)— 0. 
K. 

— The  Dominican  Year  Book  for 
1914  contains  the  usual  wealth  of 
interesting  and  variegated  informa- 
tion about  the  different  branches  of 
the  Dominican  Order  and  their  work 
throughout  the  world.  Two  papers, 
that  on  Savonarola  by  C.  M.  An- 
tony, and  "Dominican  and  Jew"  by 
Fr.  Thomas  M.  Schwertner,  are  of 
wider  interest,  though  we  don't  at 
all  agree  with  the  first-named  writ- 
er. As  usual,  the  Year  Book  is 
handsomely  illustrated.  (The  Ro- 
sary Press,  Somerset,  O.  25  cts.) 
— M.   C. 

— Teachers  of  First  Communion 
classes  may  benefit  by  a  perusal  of 
Little  Talks  to  Children  Preparing 
for  Holy  Communion.  (B.  Herder. 
15  cts.)— B. 

— The  attitude  of  both  the  Greek 
and  the  Latin  Fathers  of  the  Church 
towards  the  use  of  the  pagan  clas- 
sics is  beautifully  illustrated  by  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Stiglmayr,  S.  J.,  in  the 
114th  "Erganzungsheft"  of  the  Stim- 
men  aus  Maria-Laach,  under  the  ti- 
tle, Kirchenvater  und  Klassizismus. 
Without  professing  to  exhaust  the 
subject,  the  author  opens  his  sketch 
with  the  views  of  Clement  of  Rome 
and  brings  it  down  to  St.  Gregory 
the  Great.  The  book  makes  pleas- 
ant reading  and  justifies  the  wis- 
dom of  the  Church  in  using  the  clas- 
sics for  purposes  of  education.  The 
exquisite  beauty  of  form  so  charac- 
teristic of  the  classics  is  as  unmis- 
takably one  of  the  vestigia  Dei,  di- 
vine footprints  in  the  sands  of  time, 
as  any  other  purely  natural  beauty, 
or  as  the  order  and  harmony  found  in 


126 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


the  physical  universe.  B.  Herder. 
1913.  viii  &  104  pp.  8vo.  60  cts.,  net, 
in   paper   covers.) — A.   J. 

Books  Received 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the 
Fortnightly  Review  is  acknowledged  in  this 
department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review  such 
publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  rea- 
son  or  another  to   call  for  special   mention.] 

LATIN 

Mentis  Eucharisticus  sive  Exercitia 
Eucharistica  et  Liturgica  ante  et  post 
Missanu.  Anctore  P.  Gaspare  Druz- 
bicki,  S.  J.  vii  &  647  pp.  321110.  Fr. 
Pustet  &  Co.  1913.  $1.20,  in  flexible 
leather   binding. 

Biblia  Sacra  Vulgatae  Editionis. . . . 
Ex  Tribus  Editionibus  Clementinis 
Critice  Descripsit,  Dispositionibus  Lo- 
aicis  et  Notis  Exegeticis  Illustravit. 
Appendice  Lectionum  Hebraicarum  et 
Graecarnm  Auxit  P.  Michael  Hetzen- 
auer,  Ord.  Min.  Cap.  xix  &  1280  pp. 
large  8vo.  Fr.  Pustet  &  Co.  1914. 
$3  net. 

ENGLISH 

The  Vigil  Hour.  A  Manual  of  Ap- 
proved and  Indulgenced  Prayers  Suit- 
able for  the  Grozving  Devotion  of  the 
Public  Hour  of  Adoration  Before  the 
Blessed  Sacrament.  By  Rev.  S.  A. 
Ryan,  S.  J.  126  pp.,  vest-pocket  size. 
Benziger  Bros.  1913.  5  cts.  $3  per 
100.     Wrapper. 

Jesus  Christ.  Priest  and  Victim.  By 
Pere  S.  M.  Giraud,  Missionary  Priest 
of  Notre  Dame  de  la  Salette.  Trans- 
lated _py  W.  H.  Mitchell,  M.  A. 
xxxviii  &  354  pp.  i2mo.  Benziger 
Bros.     1914.     $1.65,  postpaid. 

On  Prayer  and  the  Contemplative 
Life.  By  St.  Thomas  Aquinas.  By 
the  V.  Rev.  Hugh  Pope.  O.P.  With 
a  Preface  by  V.  Rev.  Vincent  Mc- 
Nabb,  O.  P.  xii  &  272  pp.  i2mo.  Ben- 
ziger Bros.     1914.    $1.37,  postpaid. 

Blessed  Margaret  Mary  (1647-1690). 
By  Msgr.  Demimuid.  Translated  by  A. 
M.  Buchanan.  ("The  Saints"  Series). 
226  pp.  i2mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1914. 
$1.10,    postpaid. 

On  the  Threshold  of  Home  Rule. 
By  P.  J.  Conlan.  210  pp.  8vo.  Bos- 
ton: Angel  Guardian   Press.    1913.  $1. 

GERMAN 
Weltgeschichte    in    Charakterbildern. 
Vierte   Abteilung:     Die    Neuere    Zeit. 


Der  europdische  Freiheitskampf  ge- 
gen  die  Hegemonie  Frankreichs  auf 
geistigem  und  politischem  Gebiet. 
Leibniz.  Von  Dr.  Franz  X.  Kiefl.  Mil 
88  Abbildungen.  149  pp.  large  8vo. 
Mainz:  Kirchheim  &  Co.  1913.  $1.41, 
postpaid  (American  agents:  B.  Her- 
der,  St.   Louis,   Mo.) 

Die  Stellung  Jesu  sum  Alttestament- 
lichen  Gesetz.  Von  Dr.  Karl  Benz. 
(Biblische  Studien,  XIX.  Band,  1. 
Heft.)  73  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1914. 
70  cts.  net.     Wrapper. 

Mehr  Ernst!  Eine  Anleitung  zur 
Gezmssenserforschung  von  Msgr.  v. 
Mathies.  76  pp.  i6mo.  Fr.  Pustet  & 
Co.    1913.    50  cts. 

Die  deutsche  Hausindustrie  von 
Heinrich  Koch  S.  J.  Zzueite,  bedeu- 
tend  erzveiterte  Auflage.  294  pp.  8vo. 
M.Gladbach :  Volksvereinsverlag.  1913. 
90  cts. 

Kompass  fur  die  Frau  im  Handwerk. 
Ein  praktischer  W egzveiser  fur  Lehr- 
m'ddchen,  Gehilfin  und  Meisterin.  118 
pp.  i6mo.  M.Gladbach :  Volksvereins- 
verlag.    1913.     25  cts. 

Der  deutsche  Niederrhein  als  Wirt- 
schaftsgebiet.  Von  Friedrich  Briicker. 
(Soziale  Studienfahrten,  Bd.  $.)  M. 
Gladbach :  Volksvereinsverlag.  1913. 
30  cts. 

Nordische  Wanderfahrt.  Von  Jo- 
hannes Mayrhofer.  249  pp.  8vo.  Fr. 
Pustet   &   Co.     1913.     Illustrated.     $1. 

POETRY    &    FICTION 

The  Pilgrims  of  Grace.  A  Tale  of 
Yorkshire  in  the  Time  of  Henry  VIII. 
By  John  G.  Rowe.  With  Fifteen  Il- 
lustrations by  F.  S.  Eden,  x  324  pp. 
i2mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1914.  $i-37, 
postpaid. 

Die  Fiirstin  von  Gan-Sar  (Maria 
Magdalena).  Ein  Erzahlung  aus  den 
Tagen  des  Herrn  von  Andreas  Klar- 
mann.  Nach  dent  Englischen  mit  zzuei 
Abbildungen.  592  pp.  i2mo.  Fr.  Pu- 
stet &  Co.     $1.25. 

Waldbauern.  Roman  von  Anton 
Schott.  312  pp.  i2mo.  Fr.  Pustet  & 
Co.     1914.     70  cts. 

Lyrics  of  Faith  and  Hope.  By  Hen- 
ry Coyle.  130  pp.  i2mo.  Boston :  An- 
gel  Guardian    Press.     1913. 

Lyrics  and  Songs.  Sacred  and  Sec- 
ular. By  Mrs.  E.  G.  Pember.  79  pp. 
Boston :    Angel   Guardian   Press.   1913. 

The  Cry  of  the  Street.  A  Novel 
by  Mabel  A.  Farnum.  v  &  254  pp. 
i2mo.  Boston :  Angel  Guardian 
Press.      1913. 


XXI  4 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


127 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool  1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75   cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.    (Like  new.)   $1. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like   new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.        Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts. 

Sarrazin,  O.,  Verdeutschungswor- 
terbuch  (Fremdworterlexikon).  2te 
AufL    Berlin   1889.    $1.30. 

Keiter's  Kath.  Literaturkalender  fur 
1912.     75  cts. 

_  Miinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3- 

Uhde,  Joh.,  Ethik.  Leitfaden  der  na- 
turlich-verniinftigen  Sittenlehre.  Frei- 
burg 1 91 2.     65  cts. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetze.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Fiirst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.     $1.60. 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.    $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Grunder,  H.  (S.  J.),  Psychology 
Without  a  Soul.  St.  Lotris  1912.  80  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.     Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 

Gerend,  M.  M.,  Christian  Politeness. 
2nd   ed.     85   cts. 

Druzbicki,  G.  (S.  J.),  Mensis  Eu- 
chansticus  sive  Exercitia  Eucharistica 
et  Liturgica.  Ratisbon  1913.  Prayer 
book  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather, 
$1. 

Nist,  Jak.,  Zweifacher  Erstkommu- 
nionunterricht.    Paderborn  1913.  30  cts. 


Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.   (Wrapper.) 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Bridgets  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

Schegg,  P.,  Biblische  Archaologie. 
Freiburg  1887.     $1.65. 

Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.     82  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Fraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 

Szekely,  S.,  Bibliotheca  Apocrypha. 
Introductio  Hist.-Critica  in  Libros 
Apocryphos  utriusque  Testamenti  cum 
Explicatione  Argumenti  et  Doctrinae. 
Vol.  I.  Intr.  Gen.  Sibyllae  et  Apoc. 
Vet.  Test.  Antiqua.  Freiburg  1913. 
$2.15. 

Allen,  Card,  A  Brief  Historie  of 
the  Martyrdom  of  Father  Edmund 
Campion  and  His  Companions.  (Ed. 
by  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.  J.)  London  s.  a. 
83  cts. 

Cook,  A.  S.,  The  Higher  Study  of 
English.     Boston     1906.     80  cts. 

Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress 
of  Westminster,  1908.  (Many  valu- 
able Eucharistic  papers).  London  1909. 
Illustrated.     90  cts. 

Pohle-Preuss,  Soteriology.  A  Dog- 
matic Treatise  on  the  Redemption.  St. 
Louis  1914.    85  cts. 

Giraud,  S.M.,  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and 
Victim.  (Meditations  on  the  Life  of 
Our  Lord).  Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell. 
London  1914.    $1.25. 

Keppler,  P.  W.  von  (Bishop),  Im 
Morgenland.  Reisebilder.  Illustrated. 
Freiburg  191 3.     75   cts. 

Strappini,  W.  D.  (S.  J.),  Meditations 
Without  Method.  Considerations  on 
the  Character  and  Teaching  of  Christ, 
Arranged  as  an  Informal  Three  Days' 
Retreat.     London  1913.     $1. 

Kiefl,  F.  X.,  Leibniz.  (Weltgeschich- 
te  in  Charakterbildern).  Richly  il- 
lustrated.    Mainz  1913.      $1.15. 

Miller,  A.,  F.  X.  von  Linsenmann's 
Gesammelte  Schriften.  I.  Miinchen. 
1912.    $1. 


128 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.),  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1804-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.     $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.     New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Berg,  L.,  Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln 
069 — 976.  Freiburg  1913.  65  cts. 
(Wrapper). 

Lejeune,  P.,  Counsels  of  Perfection 
for  Christian  Mothers.  Tr.  by  Francis 
A.  Ryan.     St.  Louis  1913.    80  cts. 

Cremer.  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  Wbr- 
terbuch  der  Neutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
cit'dt.     Gotha  1866.     $1.12. 

Jorg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
wicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  vols, 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,  Joh.  G.,  Geschichte  der 
Kriegskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendunt 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebrauci. 
bis  Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  179/. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von,  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg    1907   &    1909.   $3. 

Barham,  R.  H.,  The  Ingoldsby 
Legends.     Phila.     s.   a.     2  vols.  $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1 789-1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon    1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  SQQ-  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Brassac,  A.,  The  Student's  Hand- 
book to  the  New  Testament.  (Tr.  by 
Weidenhan.)  Illustrated.  Freiburg 
1913.     $2.22. 


*Duhr,  B.  (S.  J.),  Geschichte  der  Je- 
suiten  in  den  Landern  deutscher  Zunge. 
Parts  I  and  II.  In  three  large  8vo 
volumes,  richly  illustrated.  Freiburg 
1907  and  1913.    $12. 

Falls,  J.  C.  E.,  Drei  Jahre  in  der  Li- 
byschen  Wuste.  Richly  illustrated. 
Freiburg  191 1.    $2. 

Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
tion, or  The  Duties  of  Parents.  St. 
Louis  1899.     90  cts. 

Tanquerey,  Ar.,  Brevior  Synopsis 
Theologiae  Dogmaticae.  Tournay  1913. 
$1.10. 

Mathies,  Msgr.  P.  de,  Predigten  und 
Ansprachen.     3.  Band.     Freiburg  1913. 

The  Cardinal  Democrat :  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning.  By  I.  A.  Taylor.  Lon- 
don 1908.     84  cts. 

Will,  A.  S.,  Life  of  Cardinal  Gibbons. 
Baltimore  1911.    $1.50. 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideracio- 
nes  Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  por  el  Pa- 
dre Eutimio  Tamalet.  Freiburg  1913. 
40  cts. 

William,  Father,  O.  S.  F.  C,  Francis- 
can Tertiaries.  (Instructions  on  the 
Rule).    London   1913.     80  cts. 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G.,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne,  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  (Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).    $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.     Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb    condition. 

$2.35- 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 
1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2  vols.     London    1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes' 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don   1906.     $1.40. 


These  books,  except  where  otherwise  noted,  are  bound  and  in  fair  condition. 
The  prices  include  postage.  Only  those  marked  *  are  net,  which  means  that 
the  buyer  has  to  pay  postage,  express  or  freight  charges  extra,  over  and  above 
the  price  quoted.  In  ordering  net  books,  please  indicate  how  you  wish  them 
to  be  sent.     Cash  must  accompany  all  orders. 

BARGAIN   BOOK  CO.,  804  CLAY  STREET,  ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


"The  Catholic  Library" 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

The  Catholic  Library,  which  we  announced  in  our  No.  2, 
p.  52,  has  begun  to  appear.  Its  first  volume  contains  Letters 
and  Instructions  of  St.  Ignatius  Loyola,  translated  by  D.  F. 
O'Leary  and  annotated  by  the  editor  of  the  series,  Rev.  Alban 
Goodier,  S.  J.  There  is  to  be  another  volume  of  Ignatian  letters 
and  instructions,  and  no  doubt  they  are  very  valuable  and 
interesting  to  a  limited  class  of  readers;  but  as  this  sort  of 
literature  does  not  appeal  strongly  to  the  general  public,  it 
would  perhaps  have  been  wiser  to  open  the  series  with  a  sub- 
ject of  more  general  interest,  such  as  The  Apostolic  Age  of 
the  Church,  What  is  left  Out  in  English  History,  The  Mind 
of  Aquinas,  Evolution,  The  Question  of  Miracles,  A  Bible  Anth- 
ology,— all  titles  announced  for  future  volumes. 

The  Catholic  Library  is  designed  to  meet  the  need  of  a 
series  of  cheap  reprints  and  succinct  original  treatises  on  timely 
subjects,  after  the  model  of  Everyman's  Library,  the  People's 
Books,  etc.  "It  has  been  felt,"  remarks  the  editor,  "both  that 
something  of  the  kind  should  be  attempted  by  Catholics,  and 
that  if  it  were  attempted,  it  could  not  but  bear  much  fruit. 
Indeed,  perhaps  more  than  any  others  would  this  style  of  litera- 
ture seem  to  belong  to  them;  for  on  the  one  hand,  they  are  the 
inheritors  of  the  richest  stores  of  the  past,  and  on  the  other, 
definite  principles  are  still  with  them  the  basis  of  their  life 
and  ideas.  To  them  the  rest  of  the  world,  consciously  or  un- 
consciously, looks  for  a  guide  and  standard;  a  Catholic  point 
of  view,  especially,  of  matters  in  any  sense  peculiary  Catholic, 
is  therefore  needed." 

The  Catholic  Library  aims  at  placing  before  the  public, 
at  a  popular  price  and  in  a  worthy  form,  the  best  of  English 
Catholic  literature  of  the  past  and  present.     The  editor  has 


130  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

surrounded  himself  with  a  note-worthy  staff  of  contributors, 
among  them  Abbot  Gasquet,  Msgr.  Benson,  Dom  John  Chapman, 
Dom  Bede  Jarrett,  the  Jesuits  H.  Thurston,  Jos.  Rickaby,  M. 
Maher,  C.  Lattery,  and  C.  C.  Martindale,  Sir  B.  F.  Windle,  Mr. 
Hilaire  Belloc,  the  Countess  de  Courson,  and  many  others.1 

Among  the  work  in  contemplation,  besides  those  mentioned 
in  the  first  paragraph  of  this  notice,  are :  St.  Benedict  and  the 
Benedictines,  St.  Antonino,  Patron  of  Economists  (this  volume 
came  to  hand  as  we  were  reading  the  proof-sheets  of  this  num- 
ber) ,  St.  Xavier  and  the  Opening  of  the  East,  Cathedrals  of  the 
Thirteenth  Century,  History  of  Medieval  Music,  The  Claims  of 
the  Church,  Early  Races  of  Man,  First  Principles  of  Moral,  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  Scripture,  A  Catholic  Anthology  of 
Religious  Verse,  A  Non-Catholic  Anthology  of  Religious  Verse. 
Reprints:  Cardinal  Allen's  English  Works,  Campion's  Ten  Rea- 
sons, Dryden's  St.  Francis  Xavier,  The  Works  of  Blessed  John 
Fisher  and  those  of  Blessed  Thomas  More,  Records  Illustrative  of 
English  Catholic  History,  edited  from  original  sources,  etc. 

Original  works  are  bound  in  red  cloth;  reprints  of  old 
Catholic  masters  in  green.  So  far  as  possible  the  two  divisions 
of  the  series  will  be  published  alternately,  a  volume  every  fort- 
night. The  "get-up"  of  Volume  I  is  fairly  good,  except  for 
the  streaky  and  blurred  appearance  of  some  of  the  pages  at- 
tributable, no  doubt,  to  the  use  of  worn-out  matrices  on  the 
Linotype  machine.  The  binding  compares  favorably  with  any 
of  the  popular  non-Catholic  series  now  on  the  market. 

As  the  editor  welcomes  suggestions  whereby  the  series 
may  be  made  more  useful  in  the  service  of  the  Church  in  En- 
glish-speaking countries,"  we  venture  to  call  his  attention  to 
the  desirablity  of  securing  the  co-operation  of  at  least  a  few 
American  scholars,  of  devoting  some  volumes  to  American  sub- 
jects, and  reprinting  older  American  Catholic  writings  of  in- 
terest, such  as  Finotti's  Bibliographia. 

1  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  Fr.  Goo-  Notes,   No.  19,  p.  5),   "which    has   done 

dier    has    neglected    to    invite    the    co-  so  much  towards  bringing  good  Catho- 

operation    of    the    (English)    Catholic  lie  literature  within  the  reach  of  every 

Truth     vSociety     (see     Catholic     Book  one  who  has  a  penny  in'  his  pocket." 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  131 

The  Catholic  Library  is  published  by  the  Manresa  Press, 
London,  and  distributed  in  this  country  by  B.  Herder,  17  South 
Broadway,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

The  low  price  of  30  cts.  a  volume  (5  cts.  extra  for  postage) 
puts  it  within  reach  of  practically  all  classes  of  readers. 

SECRET  SOCIETY  NOTES 

[The  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  has  been  requested  to  publish, 
as  a  companion  volume  to  the  Study  in  American  Freemasonry,  edited  by 
him  in  1908,  and  reprinted  repeatedly  since  (B.  Herder,  St.  Louis,  Mo.), 
a  study  in  other  secret  or  semi-secret  societies  flourishing  in  the  United 
States,  whether  affiliated  with  Freemasonry  or  not.  To  enable  him  to  do  this 
work  more  thoroughly  it  will  be  necessary  to  complete  his  collection  of 
materials,  and  he  hereby  requests  the  readers  of  the  Review  to  forward 
pamphlets,  clippings,  and  other  information  they  may  have  regarding  any 
secret  or  semi-secret  society  now  in  operation  in  this  country.  To  keep 
this  matter  before  the  public,  and  to  make  immediately  available  at  least 
a  portion  of  the  information  thus  brought  together,  we  shall  publish  in 
this  magazine  from  time  to  time  "Secret  Society  Notes,"  which  we  hope 
will  prove  both  interesting  and  profitable  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers.] 

The   Farmers'   Educational  and   Co-Operative   Union  of 

America 
The  Centralblatt  &  Social  Justice,  in  its  January  issue, 
printed  an  article  on  the  Farmers'  Educational  and  Co-Opera- 
tive Union  of  America,  which  is  especially  strong  in  the  South 
and  Middle  West  and  purports  to  further  the  economic  and 
social  interests  of  its  members.  "The  semi-secret  nature  of 
the  organization,"  remarks  our  contemporary,  "the  fact  that 
it  observes  a  ritual,  and  that  a  chaplain  is  provided  for  each 
section,  renders  the  question  of  membership  a  problematic 
one  for  Catholics.  The  difficulty  is  aggravated  rather  than 
lessened  by  the  social  features  of  the  locals,  which  are  also  pro- 
vided for  by  a  general  constitution." 

The  Knights  of  Malta 

From  a  "Declaration  of  Principles  of  the  Knights  of 
Malta,"  published  by  A.  D.  Duncan,  P.  C,  of  1454  Rowan  Ave., 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  No.  32  of  the  weekly  Patriot,  of  the  same 
city,  we  cull  the  subjoined  interesting  information: 

The  Order    of  the  Knights  of  Malta    is  a  body  of  men 


132  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

"banded  together  under  most  binding  forms  to  comfort  one 
another  in  the  practice  of  the  Christian  religion;  to  offer 
mutual  assistance  in  time  of  need;  to  promote  Protestant  Uni- 
ty; to  defend  the  Protestant  faith  against  all  foes  whatso- 
ever...." It  is  "a  Fraternal,  and  its  obligations  bind  to 
secrecy  and  mutual  protection."  Among  the  qualifications  for 
membership  is  this :   An  applicant  must  be  "a  true  Protestant." 

National  Order  of  the  Knights  of  Luther 
The  same  paper,  same  issue,  publishes  the  subjoined  no- 
tice of  the  National  Order  of  the  Knights  of  Luther: 

We,  the  members  of  the  Sovereign  Castle,  of  the  National  Order 
Knights  of  Luther,  in  the  national  meeting  assembled,  believing  that  the 
time  has  arrived  in  the  history  of  this  nation  when  it  is  necessary  to 
organize,  secretly  or  otherwise,  to  foster  and  protect  those  principles 
which  vouchsafe  free  institutions  in  a  free  republic;  and  believing  un- 
alterably that  the  perpetuity  of  this  republic  and  the  peace  and  welfare 
of  the  people  depend  upon  free  speech,  free  press,  freedom  of  worship,  the 
perpetuation  of  the  American  public  school  system  as  at  present  con- 
stituted and  the  complete  and  unqualified  separation  of  church  and  state, 
do  declare  and  set  forth  the  following  to  be  our 

Declaration   of  Principles 

That  we  are  in  favor  of  complete  and  absolute  separation  of  church 
and   state. 

That  we  are  in  favor  of  free  speech  and  free  press  in  the  generally 
accepted  meaning  of  the  term,  and  especially  as  it  is  interpreted  in  the 
first  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

That  we  believe  inviolably  in  the  principle  that  every  man,  woman 
and  child  should  be  allowed  to  worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  of 
his  conscience,  and  this  right  should  not  be  interfered  with  in  any  degree. 

That  we  hold  the  public  free  school  system  as  at  present  constituted 
to  be  the  bulwark  of  the  republic,  that  it  should  remain  non-sectarian  in 
every  sense  of  the  word  and  that  no  garbs  or  distinctive  sectarian 
characteristics  should  ever  be  tolerated  therein. 

That  we  are  opposed  to  the  granting  of  lands,  money  or  any  other 
thing  of  value  to  any  ecclesiastical  institution  whatever  by  the  govern- 
ment of  this  nation  or  of  the  several  states  of  the  nation,  and  that  we 
are  in  favor  of  the  taxation  of  all  church  property  held  in  trust  or 
used  for  speculative  purposes. 

That  we  oppose  the  election  or  appointment  of  any  person  to  any 
office  of  public  trust  within  this  government  who  owes  allegiance  to  any 
foreign  power,  prince  or  potentate,  and  that  we  are  in  favor  of  legislation 
providing  punishment  for  those  who  persecute  or  boycott  on  religious 
grounds. 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  133 

That  we  are  opposed  to  either  the  national  or  state  government  giv- 
ing, donating  or  contributing  in  any  manner  to  the  support  of  ecclesiastical 
institutions  of  any  kind  whatever;  and  that  we  are  opposed  to  the  main- 
tenance within  this  republic  of  any  closed  or  cloistered  institutions  of  any 
kind  whatever,  under  a  religious  pretext,  and  especially  are  we  opposed 
to  these  institutions  being  made  semi-public,  while  privately  owned,  by 
being  used  for  incarceration  of  orphans,  incorrigibles,  indigents  or  wards 
of  the  state. 

On  these  grounds  we  unite  as  a  nation-wide  organization,  non-secta- 
rian in  character  and  absolutely  free  in  private  judgment,  for  the 
perpetuation  of  those  principles  of  government  laid  down  by  the  im- 
mortal founders  of  this  republic,  and  which,  if  maintained  and  kept 
sacredly  inviolate,  will  insure  life,  liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness 
for  our  prosperity,  and  without  hope  of  pecuniary  reward  or  fear  of 
righteous  condemnation  we  invite  the  co-operation  of  all  patriots  and 
liberty-loving  citizens  wherever  they  may  be. 

For  farther  information  about  this  Order  address  Otis  L.  Spurgeon, 
402  Youngerman  Bldg.,  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Both  the  Knights  of  Malta  and  the  Knights  of  Luther  are 
distinctly  anti-Catholic  in  tendency.  If  the  Lutherans  disavow 
the  last-mentioned  organization,  because  of  its  secret  character, 
they  do  not  and  cannot  disavow  its  purposes  and  aims,  because 
to  all  true  disciples  of  Luther  the  Catholic  Church  is  and  remains 
"the  infamous  one"  that  must  be  crushed! 


The  Religious  Crisis  in  China 

The  Rev.  Joseph  Koesters,  S.  V.  D.,  well-known  Chinese 
missionary,  who  is  at  present  visiting  this  country,  contributes 
to  No.  1589  of  our  esteemed  Milwaukee  contemporary,  the 
Excelsior,  a  valuable  paper  on  "The  Religious  Crisis  in  China." 

Our  readers  have  no  doubt  read  in  the  newspapers  of  the 
recent  decree  of  President  Juanshikai  making  Confucianism 
the  State  religion  of  the  new  Republic. 

Father  Koesters  does  not  think  that  this  measure  will 
interfere  with  religious  liberty,  which  is  guaranteed  by  the 
Constitution  and  by  at  least  a  dozen  treaties  with  foreign 
powers. 

This  constitutional  guarantee,  he  explains,  was  incorpor- 
ated into  the  Constitution  chiefly  through  the  efforts  of  Dr. 
Sunyatsen,  the  leader  of  the  victorious  revolutionists,  who  re- 


134  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

ceived  his  education  under  Presbyterian  influence  in  the  United 
States.  Juanshikai,  being  a  fair-minded  and  justice-loving  man, 
made  no  objections;  but  when  the  Sunyatsen  party  last  sum- 
mer instigated  a  revolt  against  him,  he  naturally  withdrew 
his  sympathy  from  them  and  the  Protestant  mission  schools 
allied  with  them,  and,  though  personally  friendly  to  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  favored  the  ralliment  of  the  conservative  elements 
of  the  nation  in  a  Confucian  Alliance.  "This  renewed  empha- 
sizing of  Confucianism,"  says  Dr.  Koesters,  "is  a  movement  di- 
rected against  the  Young  China  zealots." 

The  recent  decree,  he  continues,  will  have  precisely  the 
effect  that  Juanshikai  gives  it ;  in  other  words,  its  import  must 
be  guaged  by  his  character.  "Juanshikai  is  an  accomplished 
diplomat  who  knows  how  to  turn  everything  to  his  own  ad- 
vantage. While  not  particularly  scrupulous  in  the  choice  of  his 
means,  on  the  whole  he  means  well  and  aims  at  making  his 
country  free,  united,  and  powerful."  He  has  repeatedly  mani- 
fested the  kindliest  sentiments  for  the  Catholic  Church  and  her 
missionaries.  On  the  other  hand,  he  is  constrained  to  reckon 
with  some  ninety  different  Protestant  denominations,  their 
wealth  and  influence.  To  do  justice  to  all  these  and  to  the 
pagan  elements  of  China,  is  truly  a  herculean  task,  especially 
for  a  man  to  whom  the  full  light  of  truth  is  still  hidden  and 
whose  antecedents  naturally  incline  him  to  seek  salvation  in 
the  ancient  form  of  religion  and  education  known  as  Con- 
fucianism. 

Even  if,  as  the  dispatches  intimate,  Confucianism  has  been 
raised  to  the  rank  of  an  official  creed,  concludes  Dr.  Koesters, 
it  is  not  to  be  apprehended  that  the  Catholic  missions  will 
suffer.  The  President  will  not  and  cannot  abolish  the  con- 
stitutional guarantee  of  religious  liberty  and  compel  the  officials 
of  the  Republic  to  profess  the  official  cult,  as  was  the  case  be- 
fore 1912.  It  still  remains  true  that  the  present  juncture  is 
most  favorable  for  the  propagation  of  the  true  faith  in  China, 
though  this  is  by  no  means  tantamount  to  saying  that  the  era 
of  martyrs  is  past  for  China;  for  the  best  and  most  powerful 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  135 

president  cannot  suppress  ancient  paganism  at  one  stroke,  but 
the  powers  of  darkness  will  struggle  on  until  they  are  com- 
pelled to  give  up  this  giant  nation  to  the  Redeemer. 

Father  Koesters'  optimistic  view  finds  welcome  confirma- 
tion in  a  letter  lately  addressed  by  the  Vice-President  of  the 
Chinese  Republic  to  the  General  of  the  Franciscans,  from  which 
the  Cologne  Volkszeitung  of  Jan  31  (No.  93)  quotes  the  sub- 
joined significant  and  encouraging  words: 

The  Catholic  religion  made  its  way  into  China  centuries  ago,  and  its 
beneficent  influence  has  caused  it  to  take  deep  root  in  the  hearts  of  our 
people.  Now  that  the  Republic  is  firmly  established  and  the  five  races, 
on  which  it  is  founded,  are  governed  under  the  Constitution,  we  have  real 
need  of  the  Catholic  religion,  in  order  that  we  may  advance  in  culture 
and  exercise  ourselves  in  virtue.  The  undersigned  is  convinced  that  it  is 
the  duty  of  the  government  to  extend  equal  protection  to  all  in  accordance 
with  the  spirit  of  the  Republic. 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 

Protestant  Missionary  Work  Among  Catholic  Immigrants 

To  the  Editor  of  The  Fortnightly  Review. — Sir: 

I  send  you  two  clippings  from  the  Living  Church  which  show  what 
a  vigorous  campaign  is  being  conducted  by  the  Episcopalians  among  Cath- 
olic Italians,  Hungarians,  Poles,  etc.,  in  Chicago  and  elsewhere. 

In  its  issue  of  Feb.  7,  that  paper  reports  how  Bishop  Anderson  ad- 
ministered confirmation  at  the  Italian  mission  of  St.  John  the  Evangelist, 
Rees  and  Vine  Streets,  Chicago,  and  then  received  into  the  "Communion 
of  the  Catholic  Church"  twenty-five  men.  The  Bishop  in  his  sermon 
"emphasized  the  fact  that  the  [Episcopalian]  Church  is  not  seeking  to  win 
members  from  other  churches  but  only  to  minister  to  those  who  had  fallen 
away  from  their  previous  religious  affiliation,"  and  "the  Italians  made  it 
very  clear  that  they  fully  understood  Bishop  Anderson's  position  on  this 
point. ..  .that  they  are  seeking  his  spiritual  leadership,  and  that  the 
initiative  comes  from  them." 

We  are  further  told  that  "during  this  reception  a  delegation  of  South 
Side  Italians,  representing  a  society  of  150  men  waited  on  the  Bishop  and 
asked  for  his  spiritual  oversight  and  leadership." 

In  the  Living  Church  for  January  17,  Victor  von  Kubinyi,  of  South 
Bend,  Ind.,  himself  an  apostate  priest  who  has  led  his  flock  of  Hungarian 
Catholics  into  the  Episcopalian  Church,  states  that  "only  about  eight 
per  cent  of  the  Hungarians  and  Italians  living  in  this  country  are  minis- 
tered by  the  Roman  Church,  although  they  all  were  born  and  raised 
Catholics,"  and  that  "there  are  hundreds  of  thousands  of  these  and  also 
Polanders  on  the  road  towards  turning  infidels." 

No  doubt  these  figures  are  exaggerated.  But  it  is  a  stern  and  lament- 
able fact  as  has  been  frequently  pointed  out  in  this  Review,  that  thou- 


136  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

sands  of  immigrants  are  falling  away  from  the  Church  in  America  and 
the  Protestant  sects  rescue  them  from  the  brink  of  infidelity  only  to  cast 
them  into  the  maelstrom  of  heresy. 
Truly  a  "tremendous  problem"! 

"Childless  Americans" — and  Others 

To  the  Editor  of  The  Fortnightly  Review. — Sir: 

Did  you  see  the  letter  published  under  this  heading  in  No.   6  of  the 

current  volume  of  the  Outlook?     I  venture  to  suggest  that  you  reproduce 

it  in  the  Fortnightly  Review.    Here  it  is: 

In  Mrs.  Cartland's  article  entitled  "Childless  Americans,"  in  the  Outlook 
of  November  15,  1913,  she  speaks  particularly  of  Americans  of  "good  old 
American  stock."  Would  she  find  the  matter  much  different  if  she  were  to  look 
at  the  case  of  Americans  of  other  stock?  In  the  little  factory  in  which  I  work, 
which  is  situated  in  a  pleasant  little  sparsely  settled  Middle  West  country  village, 
where  the  cost  of  living  does  not  absolutely  prohibit  the  having  of  children, 
there  are  ten  young  men  of  pure  German  parentage  who  have  all  of  them 
been  married  long  enough  to  have  children  with  time  to  spare,  and  among 
the  ten  there  are  not  as  many  as  ten  children.  The  fatal  fad  or  fashion  of 
not  having  children  does  not  seem  to  be  confined  to  people  of  old  Amer- 
ican stock.  Eight  of  these  young  men  are  Protestants.  Two  are  Catholic, 
if  anything.  Under  the  same  roof  are  five  other  men  who  have  from  five  to 
ten  children  each.  These  five  men  are  Catholics.  If  this  little  factory  is  typical 
of  the  whole  country  in  this  matter,  it  is  easy  to  see  which  church  will  pre- 
ponderate in  a  generation  or  two 

Here  is  material  for  deep  reflexion  for  Catholics  and  Protestants  alike. 

Most  assuredly,  if  Catholics  will  remain  faithful  to  their  religion, 
and  in  particular,  if  they  will  refuse  to  practice  the  hideous  vice  that 
lurks  under  the  name  "fad  of  not  having  children,"  not  only  will  they  be 
individually  blessed,  but  their  offspring  will  possess  the  land.  This  would 
be  the  simplest,  and  an  infallible,  way  of  "making  America  Catholic." 

The  more's  the  pity  that  American  Catholics  are  gradually  succumb- 
ing to  the  temptations  by  which  they  are  surrounded. 

Catholic  immigrants  as  a  rule  raise  large  families.  But  among  their 
native-born  children,  grandchildren,  and  great  grandchildren,  small  families 
are  getting  to  be  as  frequent  as  among  Americans  of  "good  old  Yankee 
stock."  I  may  be  denounced  as  an  alarmist,  but  no  city  pastor  or  con- 
fessor will  deny  the  truth  of  my  assertion. 

Quid  faciendum? !? 

R.  B.  Cooney 

The  Immigration  Problem 

Those  who  think  that  the  attitude  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  on  the  immigration  problem  is  based  on  "mere  senti- 
ment or  vain  apprehensions,"  are  advised  to  study  The  Immi- 
gration  Problem,  by  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D.,  and  W. 
Jett  Lauck,  just  re-issued  in  a  third  edition  (New  York:  Funk 
&  Wagnalls  Co.     $1.75). 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  137 

Dr.  Jenks  and  Prof.  Lauck  were  both  connected  with  the 
Roosevelt  Commission  for  the  study  of  the  question  of  im- 
migration and  in  their  book  present  the  most  important  of 
the  vast  mass  of  facts  contained  in  the  forty-two  volumes  of 
that  Commission's  final  report. 

The  careful  reader  will  observe  that  the  Dillingham-Burnett 
Bill  now  before  Congress  is,  in  the  main,  based  on  the  conclusions 
of  the  Roosevelt  Commission. 

These  conclusions  are,  briefly,  that  while  few  new  laws 
dealing  with  immigration  are  needed,  these  few  are  of  vital 
importance ;  principally  that  some  arrangement  should  be  made 
with  foreign  powers  by  which  criminals  might  be  more  easily 
detected,  before  and  after  landing,  and  that  in  view  of  the 
serious  effects  which  the  practically  unrestricted  importation 
of  cheap  labor  is  producing  in  the  industrial  fields,  steps 
should  be  taken  to  check  it,  at  least  temporarily. 

Some,  of  course,  deny  that  any  restrictions  beyond  those 
already  in  force  are  needed.  A  considerable  part  of  this  senti- 
ment derives  from  the  interests  to  which  a  large  immigration 
is  profitable — steamship  and  transportation  lines,  mill  and 
mine  owners,  etc.,  to  whom  a  steady  stream  of  "green"  labor 
offers  a  weapon  with  which  to  break  strikes  and  keep  down 
wages — even,  it  must  be  added,  here  and  there  a  philanthropic 
organization  whose  best  asset  is  the  necessity  of  the  immigrant. 
Besides  these,  there  are  a  number  of  sincere  idealists  who  still 
cling  to  the  superstition  that  it  is  opposition  to  some  predes- 
tined divine  purpose  to  refuse  admission  to  the  "poor  and  op- 
pressed" on  any  ground.  They  are  the  logical  descendants  of 
the  people  who  thought  it  flying  in  the  face  of  Providence  to  try 
to  check  pestilence  by  sanitation. 

A  careful  student  of  the  facts  accumulated  by  the  Roose- 
velt Commission  will  also  perceive  that  the  much-discussed 
literacy  test,  though  no  doubt  inadequate  to  produce  all  the  ef- 
fects expected  from  it,  has  certain  points  in  its  favor.  Its  first 
effect  would  be,  according  to  Messrs.  Jenks  and  Lauck,  to  cut 
off  a  large  part  of  the  mostly  undesirable  Mexican  and  Hindu 


138  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

immigration.  Next  in  order  of  illiteracy  come  Portuguese,  Turks, 
South  Italians,  Syrians  and  Ruthenians,  all  above  50  per  cent.  The 
North  Italians,  illiteracy,  it  should  be  noted,  is  comparatively 
low — only  11.8  per  cent.  The  least  illiterate  races  are  the 
Scotch  and  Scandinavian,  with  only  .7  and  .4  per  cent,  un- 
able to  read  and  write.  Altogether,  the  illiteracy  of  the  so- 
called  "new"  immigration,  from  southern  and  southwestern 
Europe,  stands  35.8  per  cent,  as  compared  with  2.7  per  cent, 
of  the  "old,"  from  northern  Europe. 

The  main  objection  to  the  literacy  test  is  that  it  will  not 
shut  out  criminals,  while  it  will  shut  out  a  good  many  worthy 
immigrants.  To  this  Messrs.  Jenks  and  Lauck  reply  that  nothing 
will  shut  out  criminals  except  a  secret  service  constantly  in  touch 
with  foreign  police  conditions,  ready  to  give  advance  information 
of  the  sailing  of  undesirables,  as  is  already  done  by  custom 
agents  of  the  purchase  of  jewels  abroad.  It  is  justly  observed 
that  "a  smuggled  criminal  or  prostitute  is  far  more  injurious 
to  the  country  than  a  smuggled  diamond  or  a  silk  coat.  Why 
not  take  equal  care  regarding  them?" 

Another  objection  often  raised  is  that  the  literacy  test  is 
worthless  because  the  illiterate  immigrant  may  be  as  good  a 
citizen  as  his  educated  neighbor.  This  the  authors  answer 
by  saying,  in  substance:  An  epileptic  may,  between  fits,  be  a 
most  excellent  citizen,  yet  he  is  excluded.  An  alien's  admission 
is  based,  or  should  be  based,  not  nearly  so  much  upon  his  in- 
dividual desirability  as  his  desirability  in  the  mass  and  to 
the  mass. 

Which  is  not  quite  convincing.  But  the  reader  of  The 
Immigration  Problem  will  at  least  be  made  to  feel  that  the 
agitation  about  this  one  particular  clause  (the  literacy  test) 
has  been  entirely  out  of  proportion  to  its  ultimate  importance 
and  has  tended  to  obscure  in  the  popular  mind  other  suggested 
provisions  for  the  restriction  of  immigration  whose  value  few 
except  interested  parties  would  deny.1 

1  The  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  ern  Italy.  So  obvious  is  this  fact  that 
says  that  "the  literary  test  is  directed  the  Guardians  of  Liberty  and  other 
against   the    immigration    from    south-      bigoted  organizations  in  various  cities 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  139 

Norman  Hapgood  as  an  Expert  on  Obscene  Literature 

By  F.  R.  Gleaner 

Through  a  case  in  the  New  York  courts  the  country  has 
become  advised  as  to  the  reading  habits  of  Mr.  Norman  Hap- 
good, who  some  months  ago  turned  Harper's  Weekly,  erstwhile 
"Journal  of  Civilization,"  into  an  organ  of  feminism,  "art  nou- 
veau,"  and  erotics. 

Mr.  Hapgood  was  summoned  for  the  purpose  of  proving 
that  a  certain  novel  denounced  by  Anthony  Comstock  was  not 
of  a  character  forbidden  to  be  sold  by  the  statutes  of  the  Empire 
State.  It  became  necessary  for  him  to  qualify  as  an  expert 
witness,  and  he  advanced  as  grounds  for  his  qualification  the 
fact  that  during  the  last  ten  years  he  had  "read  50  obscene 
books,  50  lewd  books,  35  lascivious  books,  200  filthy  books,  and 
about  4000  regular  books."  It  is  regrettable  that  the  dispatches 
did  not  explain  these  classifications.  There  are  old-fashioned 
folk  who  would  insist  on  combining  the  first  four  classes  of 
books  and  calling  all  335  obscene  or  filthy.  And  they  would 
have  strong  suspicion  as  to  the  4000  "regular"  books.  At 
least  one  sample  volume  of  each  class  should  have  been  named, 
for  concrete  illustrations  are  more  readily  grasped  than  ab- 
stract definitions. 

The  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat,  which  is  above  the  suspi- 
cion of  prudery  and  in  its  own  literary  and  dramatic  columns 
sometimes  recommends  books  and  plays  that  are,  to  put  it  mild- 
ly, decidedly  risque,  comments  on  Mr.  Hapgood's  avowal  as  fol- 
lows (daily  edition  of  Feb.  7)  : 

For  some  reason,  which  the  dispatches  do  not  reveal,  Mr.  Hapgood 
was  not  used  as  a  witness.     We  may  only  surmise  what  technical  objection 

have  passed  strong  resolutions  in  favor  serving  the  faith  of  Catholic  immi- 
of  this  bill."  To  which  we  may  reply  grants  from  southern  and  southeastern 
with  the  Dubuque  Catholic  Tribune  Europe  and  considering  the  heavy 
(No.  787)  :  losses  suffered  from  this  source  in  the 
"Of  course,  it  so  happens  that  the  past,  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  Unit- 
literacy  clause  will  exclude  many  Cath-  ed  States  would  seem  to  be  better  off, 
olics.  But  it  is  by  no  means  certain  if  she  be  given  more  time  to  attend 
that  certain  A.  P.  A.  organizations  lob-  properly  to  the  vast  numbers  of  non- 
bying  for  the  measure  originated  this  English  speaking  Catholic  newcomers 
clause.  Morover,  in  view  of  the  tre-  now  here.  In  other  words,  the  literacy 
mendous  difficulties  in  the  way  of  pre-  test  has  a  good  as  well  as  a  bad  side. ' 


140  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

was  raised.  It  is  not  impossible  that  it  was  urged  that  the  mere  fact  that 
a  man  had  within  ten  years  read  50  obscene  books,  50  lewd  books,  35 
lascivious  books  and  200  filthy  books  did  not  establish  his  qualifications 
as  an  expert.  It  is  not  impossible  that  some  lines  written  by  the  late 
Alexander  Pope  were  quoted  to  indicate  that  such  familiarity  might  dull 
the  keen  edge  of  discernment.  Books  that  might  shock  the  inexperienced 
and  impressionable,  for  whose  protection  the  statute  was  presumably  en- 
acted might  not  by  comparison  with  the  wealth  of  obscene,  lewd,  lascivious 
and  filthy  books  confessedly  read  by  the  alleged  expert  seem  at  all  improper. 

The  worst  feature  of  the  case  is  that  this  man  Hapgood, 
who  confessedly  keeps  his  mind  and  imagination  steeped  in 
obscenity,  dares  to  pose  as  a  censor  in  Harper's  Weekly  and 
presumes  to  instruct  people  in  questions  of  aesthetics,  religion, 
and  morality. 

"These  are  thy  teachers,  O  Israel!" 


The  Chain-Prayer  Nuisance  Among  Protestants 

By  C.  D.  U. 

Catholics  are  not  the  only  people  annoyed  by  superstitious 
chain-prayers.  In  the  January  North  American  Review  Col. 
Harvey  prints  one  that  is  evidently  circulating  among  Prote- 
stants.    It  resembles  those  we  are  familiar  with  to  at: 

The  following  was  sent  to  me  and  I  send  to  you  with  directions  re- 
ceived with  it:  "O  Lord,  I  implore  thee  to  bless  all  mankind  and  to  keep 
us  from  evil,  and  to  take  us  to  dwell  with  thee  in  eternity."  This  copy 
is  an  ancient  prayer.  Copy  it  and  see  what  will  happen.  It  is  said  in 
Jerusalem  that  those  who  receive  the  prayer  and  do  not  copy  it  meet  with 
misfortune.  But  those  who  do  copy  it  nine  times,  beginning  with  the 
day  it  is  received,  and  send  each  day  a  copy  to  a  friend,  will  on  the 
ninth  day  receive  some  great  joy  or  blessing  and  be  delivered  from  all 
calamity.  Make  a  vvish  when  you  write  it.  It  will  bring  you  good  luck. 
Do  not  break  the  chain.     Do  not  sign. 

Col.  Harvey  complains  that  thousands  of  persons  who  re- 
gard themselves  as  devout  Christians  pass  on  the  impertinent 
thing  to  irritated  acquaintances.  "Some  do  it  unthinkingly, 
no  doubt,  as  a  presumed  religious  service,  others  in  the  hope 
that  they  may  really  get  something  out  of  it,  but  the  majority 
probably  because  they  wish  to  take  no  chances.  So  they  craven- 
ly  bow  to  the  menace  conveyed  and  help  to  perpetuate  an  idiotic 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  141 

superstition — all  in  the  name  of  the  Lord.  The  whole  pro- 
ceeding is  immoral  and  insidiously  subversive  of  true  faith. 
Those  who,  knowing  better,  engage  in  it  certainly  need  all  the 
prayers  they  can  get  for  their  comfort  in  the  hereafter,  but 
meanwhile,  on  earth,  they  ought  to  be  locked  up." 

We  would  not  go  as  far  as  that.  The  police  have  more 
necessary  things  to  attend  to  than  the  arrest  of  the  probably 
harmless  idiots  who  circulate  chain-prayers  and  most  of  whom 
simply  don't  "know  better." 

As  Catholics  we  comment  on  the  North  American  Review 
article  only  to  show  that  those  benevolent  critics  are  quite 
mistaken  who  charge  this  superstitious  practice  against  the 
Catholic  Church.  There  are  simpletons  and  dupes  in  all  de- 
nominations, and  while  some  of  them  may  be  converted  from 
their  idiocy  by  such  criticisms  as  Col.  Harvey's,  the  majority 
are  probably  "beyond  redemption."  Superstition,  like  poverty, 
is  something  we  shall  have  with  us  till  the  crack  of  doom. 

How  the  Government  is  Enforcing  the  Pure  Food  Law 

By  C.  E.  d'Arnoux 

It  will  no  doubt  be  pleasant  news  to  the  readers  of  the 
Fortnightly  Review  to  learn  that  the  U.  S.  government  is 
enforcing  the  pure  food  and  drug  act  of  1906  to  the  letter. 

In  St.  Louis  representatives  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture have  been  in  session  in  the  old  Post  Office  Annex,  cor- 
ner Olive  and  Third  Streets,  for  nearly  three  months,  citing 
before  them  local  food  and  patent  medicine  makers  who  "mis- 
brand"  their  wares.  The  modus  operandi  is  this:  An  agent 
of  the  Department  steps  into  a  drugstore  or  grocery,  buys  med- 
icines or  food  stuffs,  three  packages  of  each,  pays  for  them 
and  submits  them  to  an  analyst.  If  package,  contents,  form- 
ulas, literature  or  label  do  not  perfectly  agree  the  manufacturer 
is  cited  before  the  Board  to  show  cause  why  he  should  not  be  tried 
in  open  court.  The  penalty  in  each  case  of  contravention  is 
a  fine  of  $1,000  and  one  year's  imprisonment,  or  either. 


142  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Already  all  the  factories  where  food  stuffs  and  medicines 
are  made  have  been  examined,  and  cleanliness  enforced,  or  an 
order  given  to  close.  In  spite  of  the  wild  activity  in  patent 
medicine  circles  to  "correct"  labels  and  literature,  many  firms 
have  been  cited. 

One  firm,  which  put  on  its  labels  that  a  certain  compound 
contained  "nothing  harmful,"  has  been  compelled  to  elimate 
that  phrase  as  it  was  found  that  their  preparation  contained 
an  anilide.  Another,  which  used  the  word  "cure"  was  com- 
pelled to  drop  that  word.  A  third,  selling  a  mixture  called  by 
one  small  ingredient,  has  been  forced  to  change  the  name.  A 
fourth,  bearing  title  "Dr.  X's  Italian  Remedies"  (this  is  a  sub- 
stitute for  the  real  name)  was  ordered  to  drop  the  name  "Dr." 
and  the  word  "Italian,"  as  it  was  clearly  shown  that  the  "in- 
ventor" was  no  physician  and  that  the  "remedies"  had  no  con- 
nection whatever  with  Italy. 

A  dense  pall  hangs  over  the  patent  medicine  people,  those 
who  have  been  cited  and  those  who  have  not  as  yet  been 
reached. 

Several  States  have  emulated  the  general  government  and 
passed  laws  preventing  the  sale  of  any  patent  medicine  except 
on  condition  that  the  manufacturing  concern  first  obtain  a  li- 
cense to  practice  medicine.  Another  law,  passed  in  Oregon, 
California,  and  Idaho,  and  now  before  the  assemblies  of  other 
States,  is  to  the  effect  that  no  patent  medicine  house  shall  ad- 
vise inquirers  about  the  use  of  medicines,  if  those  inquiries 
come  from  a  state  where  the  house  has  no  regular  license  to 
practice   medicine. 

There  are  two  more  bills  before  Congress  at  this  time  to 
curtail  possible  deception  or  fraud:  1.  the  Kreider  Bill  No. 
16024,  which  provides  that  no  medicine  house  shall  issue  ad- 
vertising catalogues,  almanacs,  posters  or  hand-bills  containing 
any,  even  the  slightest  misstatement;  2.  The  Steenerson  Bill 
No.  19044,  which  provides  that  all  newspaper  advertisements 
about  stocks  and  bonds,  treatments  for  diseases,  medicines, 
etc.,  must  be  absolutely  true  and  contain  no  fraudulent  or  false 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  143 

statement.  I  understand  that  another  bill  has  lately  been  brought 
before  the  House  in  Washington,  which  would  force  all  patent 
medicine  makers  to  put  the  exact  formula  of  their  preparation 
on  the  label. 

The  prohibition  of  letters  of  advice  by  patent  medicine 
houses,  the  inscription  on  the  labels  of  deleterious  and  danger- 
ous substances  such  as  acentanolide,  phenacetine,  antipyrine, 
heroin,  apomorphine,  dyonine,  peronine,  Codeine,  alpha  and 
beta  eucaine,  etc.,  and  the  prohibition  of  untruthful  statements 
in  labels  and  advertising  literature  will  go  far  to  diminish 
the  use  of  harmful  or  worthless  patent  medicines. 

So  far  no  case  has  been  definitively  settled,  as  most  manufac- 
turers have  taken  their  appeals  to  Washington,  where  the  Pro- 
prietary Association  of  America  has  a  bevy  of  lawyers  to  take 
care  of  the  cases  of  its  members. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  does  not  enter  upon  argu- 
ments as  a  rule ;  it  confines  itself  to  executing  the  law  as  it  stands ; 
and  no  cross  examination  of  witnesses  for  the  government  is 
allowed.  The  only  authority  the  Department  will  accept  is  the 
United  States  Pharmacopoea.  No  expert  testimony,  no  testi- 
monials, no  opinion  from  any  man  or  body  of  men  is  accepted. 

Those  who  have  watched  developments  will  have  noticed 
that  the  word  "cure"  is  fast  being  eliminated  from  posters  and 
labels.  The  Department  will  not  even  allow  a  paraphrasing  of 
that  word,  as  some  have  attempted.  No  statement  that  such  or 
such  preparation  "is  good  for"  a  certain  trouble  is  allowable 
if  the  contents  do  not  clearly  bear  out  the  claim. 

The  contention  of  the  Proprietary  Association  is  chiefly 
that  the  law  strikes  not  at  the  manufacturer  of  patent  medicines 
but  at  the  public  who  use  them. 

What  the  ultimate  outcome  of  this  "purity  crusade"  will 
be,  no  one  can  forecast.  At  any  rate  it  will  reduce  fraud  and 
deception,  and  especially  the  correspondence  which  is  now  car- 
ried on  broadcast  between  fakers  and  their  victims,  and  which 
probably  gives  rise  to  many  disorders. 


144  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Side-Lights  on  "United  Italy" 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J.,  St.  Louis  University 

Hasty  travellers  through  Italy,  and  thoughtless  magazine 
writers  when  discoursing  on  conditions  in  that  land  today, 
seldom  fail  to  pay  a  glowing  tribute  to  Garibaldi,  Cavour,  and 
other  workers  for  a  "United  Italy."  They  overlook  the  fact 
that  the  power  and  glory  of  Rome  date  back  to  classical  times, 
when  she  sat  in  splendor  upon  her  seven  hills.  They  forget 
that  Florence  was  celebrated  as  a  city  of  song  and  splendor 
far  back  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  that  Milan  and  Pisa, 
Venice  and  Genoa,  were  famed  for  treasures  of  art  and  archi- 
tecture long  before  the  revolutionists  of  the  last  century  had 
achieved  what  they  boastfully  term  "United  Italy."  It  is  these 
monuments,  and  the  lives  of  the  great  men  who  have  be- 
queathed them  to  posterity,  which  lend  charm  to  Italy's  story 
and  which  make  a  sojourn  in  its  cities  of  unique  interest. 

It  is  the  merit  of  two  authors — both  of  them  of  the  Latin 
races — to  have  shown  the  incongruity  of  the  much-repeated  laud- 
ation of  the  Modern  Italian  revolutionary  heroes  and  to  have 
pointed  out  the  insignificance  and  petty  position  of  "United  Italy" 
compared  with  the  splendor  of  the  ancient  Empire  and  the 
grandeur  of  the  Rome  of  the  Popes.  The  first  of  these  authors 
is  the  famous  psychologist  and  sociologist  Alfred  Fouillee,  who 
studies  the  question  in  an  essay  entitled  "La  Crise  Morale  en 
Italie,"  which  forms  part  of  his  work,  Esquisse  Psychologique 
des  Peuples  Europeens.     (Paris:  Felix  Alcan). 

Quoting  from  the  French  translation  of  a  recent  Italian 
work  (G.  Barzelotti,  Ippolito  Taine)  Fouillee  says:  "[When 
seen  across]  the  ruins  of  ancient  Rome,  and  confronted  with  the 
papacy,  the  pitiful  moral  stature  of  the  new  kingdom  disappears 
in  the  gigantic  shadow  of  two  of  the  greatest  historic  creations 
sprung  from  the  civic  and  administrative  genius  of  the  Latin 
people."     (I.  c,  p.  107). 

Fouillee  is  led  to  his  observation  by  the  work  of  the  above- 
mentioned  Italian  writer.     Fouillee's  remarks,  whence  the  sen- 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  145 

tence  just  quoted  is  taken,  begin  as  follows:  "In  his  remarkable 
work  on  Hippolyte  Taine,  Barzelotti  draws  an  interesting  paral- 
lel between  the  Italian  and  French  revolution,  which  had  been 
judged  so  severely  by  our  great  writer.  It  is  useless  to  say  that 
the  Italian  revolution  is  'guiltless  of  great  crimes.'  M.  Bar- 
zelotti considers  it  inferior  to  the  French  Revolution  in  two 
respects.  First  it  has  lacked  cohesiveness,  something  which 
would  anneal  the  whole  nation  in  the  fire  of  sacrifice."  Pre- 
pared by  its  writers  and  martyrs  of  former  days,  set  afoot  by 
Cavour  and  Victor  Emmanuel  and  by  the  audacious  genius  of 
Garibaldi;  finally  achieving — not  by  its  own  strength  but  with 
French  help,  in  '59,  in  '66,  in  '70,  after  an  unhappy  war  and 
with  the  aid  of  unforeseen  events — independence  and  national 
unity,  the'  Italian  Revolution  is  not  a  work  of  virtue  or  the 
result  of  sacrifices  made  by  the  entire  country.  It  was  initiated 
and  completed,  if  one  may  so  say,  entirely  by  one  social  section 
— the  middle-class,  which  almost  alone  profited  by  it,  bestowing 
for  the  need  of  government  the  largest  measure  of  political 
liberty  upon  a  people  not  prepared  for  it  and  not  educated  to 
make  use  of  it."  In  the  taking  of  Rome,  which  occurred  dur- 
ing the  life-time  of  Manzoni,  Barzelotti  sees  "the  touchstone 
which  gives  evidence  of  the  inferiority  of  political  classes  in 
Italy  with  regard  to  their  historic  function  of  forming  and  dis- 
ciplining our  people  for  a  new  life." 

"M.  Barzellotti,"  continues  Fouillee,  "regrets  that  .  the 
Italian  revolution  has  not  yet  been  able  during  these  thirty 
years  to  give  to  the  country  'a  true  and  stable  economic,  moral 
and  civil  basis  and  one  worthy  of  its  traditions.'  The  eminent 
philosopher  and  patriot  asks:  Where  is  there  'only  one  idea, 
really  new  and  organic,  worthy  to  be  perpetuated  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  country,  which  is  due  to  the  inferior  men  who  suc- 
ceed Cavour?  Is  there  any  one  of  our  institutions,  except  the 
army  and  the  navy,  which  can  be  said  to  be  ours  and  to  be 
a  vital  force?  In  the  order  of  her  moral  relations  with  the 
Church,  in  popular  education,  in  the  organization  of  studies, 
New  Italy  has  not  yet  in  thirty  years  launched  one  new  idea.1    A 

1  Italics  mine.     A.  M. 


146  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Sisyphus  in  finance,  it  has  not  succeeded  in  steering  clear  of 
the  rock  of  financial  deficit  which  always  rolls  back  upon  its 
shoulders.  In  its  complex  and  at  the  same  time  ineffective 
administrative  regime,  it  has  all  the  faults  of  French  central- 
ization, upon  which  it  is  modelled,  without  possessing  its  mer- 
its of  despatch,  precision,  and  almost  military  order.  Under 
the  baneful  influence  of  parliamentarism,  the  State  among  us 
has  become  a  great  coalition  of  local,  sectional,  and  private  in- 
terests, to  which  is  wrongly  given  the  name  of  public  affairs 
— an  immense  agency  for  providing  places  for  the  constituents 
and  clients  of  the  busy  deputies,  who  regard  the  government 
merely  as  a  disbursing  committee  and  non-responsible  man- 
ager. And  in  this  moral  and  economic  void  everywhere  brought 
about  by  politics,  forces  which  ought  to  be  the  living  forces 
of  the  country — agriculture,  industry,  commerce,  art,  lively 
faith  in  an  ideal,  devotion  to  work  and  higher  studies — all  this 
lies  languid  and  enfeebled.'  It  is  in  vain  that  M.  Mariano  and 
Louis  Ferri  pose  as  adversaries  of  'Romanism;'  these  eminent 
university  professors  are  constrained  to  admit  that  'the  in- 
cessant struggle  against  the  spiritual  influence  of  the  papacy, 
joined  to  the  development  of  militarism,  threatens  to  suppress 
all  moral  life,  without  any  compensation  other  than  the  Triple 

Alliance   with  its    chances    of    a    European  war' 'In  no 

other  land  does  one  find  so  few  men  devoted  to  moral,  philo- 
sophic, and  religious  science,  and  in  general  to  the  things  that 
lie  beyond  the  purely  material  plane.'  " 

These  are  some  of  the  assertions  of  the  Italian  scholar 
quoted  with  full  approval  by  Fouillee.  They  may  well  cause 
traveling  lecturers,  newspaper  scribes  and  magazine  writers 
to  pause  and  reflect  on  the  glory  which  once  was  Italy's,  but 
especially  Rome's,  before  singing  the  praises  of  the  "liberators" 
and  the  materialistic  era  inaugurated  by  them. 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  147 

The  Catholic  Social  Year  Book  for  1913 

By  Sacerdos 

The  Catholic  Social  Year  Book,  now  in  its  fifth  year  of 
issue,  is  always  welcome,  as  it  tells  of  the  valiant  fight  the 
Guild  is  putting  up  in  England,  and  the  mitigation  of  much 
social  distress,  and  inspires  the  hope  that  in  a  not  far  distant 
future  American  Catholics  may  have  a  Social  Guild  of  their  own. 
While,  broadly  speaking,  social  conditions  and  problems  are 
the  same  everywhere,  still  it  will  never  be  feasible  to  transplant 
the  Guild  bodily  from  England  and  establish  it  on  Amer- 
ican soil.  A  Guild  thus  transplanted  would  be  exotic  from  the 
start.  We  need  something  spontaneous,  something  growing 
out  of  American  conditions.  But  to  do  this  right,  we  have 
to  keep  a  watchful  eye  on  what  Catholics  are  doing,  and  how 
Catholic  principles  are  working  out,  elsewhere.  Thus  we  shall 
take  a  more  enlightened  view  of  our  own  problems;  we  shall 
tackle  them  with  a  surer  grip,  and  avoid  errors  into  which 
others  may  have  fallen.  Specific  diseases  want  specific  med- 
icines. It  is  the  hope  of  many  that  our  Central  Verein  may  yet 
develop  into  an  American  Catholic  Social  Guild. 

It  is  gratifying  to  hear  that  the  Guild  has  made  substantial 
progress  in  1913.  "Particularly  satisfactory  have  been  the 
growth  of  its  study  clubs,  the  developments  of  its  study  scheme, 
the  institution  of  correspondence  tuition,  the  great  increase  in 
the  sale  of  literature."  Unfortunately  the  membership  in- 
creases but  slowly.  The  launching  of  a  great  social  enterprise 
like  the  Guild  is  much  like  the  proverbial  moving  of  a  moun- 
tain. When  there  is  question  of  social  reform,  the  inertia  to  be 
overcome  is  something  tremendous,  even  in  the  case  of  other- 
wise well-meaning  Catholics.  We  hope  the  Guild  will  be  able 
to  report  a  bigger  increase  in  membership  next  year.  One 
is  delighted  to  learn  that  an  edition  of  3000  copies  of  Msgr. 
Parkinson's  Primer  of  Social  Science  was  despatched  to  the 
United  States.  This  book  deserves  careful  study;  we  hope, 
however,  that  a  second  edition  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  will 


148  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

be  Americanized  wherever  possible.  As  it  is,  we  think  the  book 
somewhat  fails  to  come  down  to  the  level  of  our  workingmen; 
here  and  there  it  is  too  brief  and  abstract;  some  of  the  sub- 
divisions lack  clearness.  The  Primer  sells  in  England  for  1 
shilling  (instead  of  2)  to  members  of  the  Guild,  a  privilege 
which  the  Guild  has  failed  to  extend  to  its  members  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  You  have  to  pay  75  cts.  for 
this  book,  whether  you  are  a  member  of  the  Guild  or  not. 
The  Reports  of  Various  Catholic  Organizations  in  Section  II 
give  one  an  idea  of  how  effectively  the  Catholic  spirit  limits 
social  distress  among  the  poor  and  those  exposed  to  social  dan- 
gers or  temptation.  There  is  not  a  phase  of  modern  social 
life  but  thrills  with  the  magic  touch  of  the  Church.  There  is 
the  Catholic  Association  for  the  Care  of  Crippled  Children; 
the  Catholic  Boy  Scouts;  the  Catholic  Association;  the  Cath- 
olic Boys'  Brigade;  the  Catholic  Civil  Service  Association;  the 
Catholic  Confederation;  the  Catholic  Emigration  Society;  the 
Catholic  Guardians'  Association;  the  Catholic  Needlework 
Guild;  the  Catholic  Peace  Association;  the  Catholic  Prisoner's 
Aid  Society;  The  Catholic  Reading  Society;  the  Catholic  Settle- 
ments; the  Catholic  Soldiers'  Association;  the  Catholic  Stage 
Guild;  the  Catholic  Truth  Society;  the  Catholic  Women's  Suf- 
frage Society;  the  Catholic  Young  Men's  Society;  the  Guilds  of 
St.  Luke,  St.  Cosmas  and  St.  Damian ;  the  League  of  the  Cross ; 
the  Catholic  Royal  Naval  Association;  the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
Society;  the  Society  for  Visiting  Hospitals. 

Section  III  tells  of  Two  Works  for  Catholic  Laywomen: 
the  Association  of  the  Ladies  of  Charity  and  the  Catholic  Wom- 
en's League.  In  Section  IV  a  very  sympathetic  account  is 
given  of  the  Social  Work  of  Our  Nuns,  which  is  a  practical  and 
forcible  vindication  of  the  religious  orders.  Section  V  sketch- 
es the  Labor  Disputes  of  1913.  Mr.  Somerville  assures  us  that 
Socialism  is  on  the  decline  in  England ;  Syndicalism  as  a  theory 
has  hardly  any  existence  there;  but  a  new  policy,  called  Guild 
Socialism,  akin  to  Syndicalism,  is  coming  into  vogue  which 
"condemns  equally  private  ownership  of  the  means  of  produc- 
tion and  State  ownership;  it  rejects  political  action  as  a  means 


XXI  5  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  149 

of  securing  social  reform,  and  urges  the  Trade  Unions  to  con- 
centrate their  energies  on  getting  every  worker  in  the  country 
organized  in  a  union ;  when  every  worker  is  thus  organized  and 
the  unions  therefore  have  a  monopoly  of  labor,  the  argument 
is  that  they  will  then  be  able  to  make  the  capitalists  consent 
to  their  expropriation."  Fr.  Gerrard  tells  us  that  the  Eugenics 
Movement  is  growing  more  moderate;  but  "we  are  sorry  we 
cannot  record  the  same  tendency  towards  saner  views  in  the 
movement  which  is  making  for  greater  facility  of  divorce." 
The  success  of  the  Trade  Boards  is  substantially  secured.  The 
need  of  the  existence  of  a  strong  body  of  Catholic  Trade  Union- 
ists is  insisted  upon.  Attention  is  called  to  the  possibilities  of 
improving  the  conditions  of  the  agricultural  classes. 

Section  VI,  VII,  IX,  and  X  deal  with  Catholic  Social  Ac- 
tion in  Ireland,  Scotland,  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  the 
Continent  respectively.  An  account  of  the  American  Central 
Verein  and  the  Catholic  School  of  Social  Studies  is  promised  for 
1915. 

Section  XI  gives  interesting  and  instructive  data  regarding 
Study  Clubs,  Private  Students,  and  Reading  Guilds.  There 
follows  the  usual  Bibliography  on  Social  Subjects. 

The  Year  Book  costs  only  one  shilling,  and  so  is  within 
the  reach  of  every  purse.  It  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate 
the  value  of  the  five  volumes  now  out.  We  hope  all  of  us  have 
a  good  enough  will  to  do  our  share  towards  social  betterment, 
but  acting  sporadically  and  without  widespread  cooperation, 
our  influence  under  the  present  state  of  things  is  inadequate. 
Standing  severally  alone,  and  perhaps  having  no  well-defined 
views;  frowned  upon  by  Socialists  and  the  enemies  of  the 
Church;  discountenanced,  or  encouraged  but  little  by  those  of 
our  own  household;  and  perhaps  unable  to  trace  any  direct  and 
tangible  benefit  produced  by  our  efforts:  we  are  apt  to  "give 
up"  from  sheer  despair.  What  we  need  is  active  and  extensive 
cooperation  under  some  able  commander-in-chief. 

The  success  of  the  Guild  in  England  is  in  large  measure 
due  to  the  bishops  who  have  identified  themselves  with  its  noble 
aims. 


150 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


FLOTSAM    AND    JETSAM 


The  "Daughters  of  Isabella" 

We  have  been  assured  that 
"riding  the  goat"  and  other 
like  tomfoolery  is  of  late  com- 
ing to  be  discountenanced  by 
many  sensible  members  of  the 
Order  of  the  Knights  of  Co- 
lumbus and  that  there  are  in- 
dications that  the  aping  of 
Masonic  ceremonies  and  prac- 
tices is  gradually  going  out  of 
use  among  them.  This  does 
not,  however,  we  regret  to 
say,  apply  to  the  Daughters  of 
Isabella,  known  as  a  sister  or- 
ganization of  the  Knights  of 
Columbus,  for  we  read  in  the 
daily  St.  Louis  Times  of  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1914: 

The  Daughters  of  Isabella,  a  sub- 
sidiary organization  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus,  lost  a  prospective 
member  at  Alton,  where  a  branch  of 
the  order  has  been  organized,  when 
Miss  Catherine  Jenkins,  23  years 
old,  assistant  society  editor  on  the 
Alton  Times,  refused  to  "ride  the 
goat."  Mrs.  R.  E.  Burns  headed  a 
degree  team  which  went  to  Alton 
from  Chicago  to  organize  the  order. 
Miss  Jenkins  was  one  of  the  52 
candidates  for  charter  membership. 
Stories  of  the  disregard  of  the 
goat"  for  the  proprieties  reached 
Miss  Jenkins  Sunday  afternoon 
when  others  of  the  candidates  were 
being  initiated,  and  she  left  the 
Knights  of  Columbus  Hall,  where 
the  initiating  was  being  done,  and 
did  not  return. 

It  is  mortifying  to  see  such 
stories  circulating  uncontra- 
dicted in  the  sensational  news- 


papers. Would  that  it  were 
possible,  (as  it  was  un- 
til a  few  years  ago),  to  dismiss 
every  such  story  with  the  curt 
remark  that  is  a  bare-faced 
lie,  as  Catholics  have  no  secret 
societies  which  require  candi- 
dates to  "ride  the  goat"  or  to 
submit  to  any  rite  or  ceremony 
incompatible  with  the  dignity 
of  a  true  gentleman  or  lady. 

The  Faribault  Plan  in  Min- 
nesota 

The  St.  Paul  Catholic  Bul- 
letin (Vol.  IV.  No.  6)  denies 
the  correctness  of  the  conclu- 
sions which  we  drew  from  its 
recent  editorial  article  with 
regard  to  the  Faribault  plan 
in  Minnesota.  (See  this  Re- 
view, Vol.  XXI,  No.  2,  pp.  33 
sq.)  The  future  alone  can  tell 
whether  our  deductions  are  as 
"illogical"  as  they  seem  to  our 
esteemed  contemporary.  Mean- 
while fairness  demands  that 
we  give  room  to  the  gist  of  the 
Bulletin's  latest  article,  which 
is  contained  in  the  subjoined 
paragraph : 

Those  who  know  Archbishop  Ire- 
land need  not  be  reminded  that  he 
has  always  been  an  advocate  of 
parochial  schools  wherever  it  is 
possible  to  have  them,  even  at  the 
cost  of  great  sacrifice  on  the  part 
of  Catholics.  He  has  never  urged 
the  teaching  of  religion  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  during  school  hours. 
This  was  no  part  of  the  Faribault 
school  plan,  and  hence,  the  opinion 
of     the     Attorney     General,     which 


XXI  5 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


151 


merely  states  the  generally  recog- 
nized view  of  a  question  which  has 
not  been  definitely  settled  by  the 
Supreme  Court,  has  no  bearing  at 
all  on  the  question,  nor  does  it 
necessitate  the  abandonment  of 
the  Faribault  school  plan  wher- 
ever that  plan  is  now  in  operation. 
There  is  at  present  a  number  of 
schools  throughout  the  State  of 
Minnesota  where  the  Faribault 
plan  is  in  successful  operation  and 
the  citizens  of  these  localities  have 
no  intention  of  discontinuing  it. 
Wherever  it  has  been  discontinued 
the  change  was  not  brought  about 
by  any  sudden  realization  that 
religious  teaching  has  no  place  in 
the  curriculum  of  the  public 
schools.  The  Faribault  school  plan 
sought  to  provide  a  means  of 
remedying  this  defect  of  the  pub- 
lic school  system  by  affording 
Catholic  children  an  opportunity  for 
religious  instruction  after  school 
hours  in  the  public  schools  conducted 
by  the  Sisters. 

We  have  no  space  for  a  fur- 
ther discussion  of  this  subject 
just  now,  but  those  interested 
will  find  in  the  St.  Paul  Wan- 
derer of  week  before  last  an 
article  which  shows  that  the 
Bulletin  is  shirking  the  real 
issue. 

An  Encouraging  Experiment 

Those  who  watch  develop- 
ments in  journalism  with  some- 
thing of  a  professional  inter- 
est will  keep  their  eyes  on  the 
experiment  which  the  Phila- 
delphia Public  Ledger  is  mak- 
ing. At  a  time  when  there  is 
so  much  hasty  talk  about  the 
need  of  making  newspapers 
cheaper  and  commoner,  the 
Ledger,   under  its   new  man- 


agement, has  boldly  struck  out 
in  the  opposite  direction.  It 
began  by  abandoning  its  Sun- 
day "comic" — that  feature  of 
American  journalism  which  is 
so  utterly  incomprehensible  to 
intelligent  foreigners.  The 
Ledger  also  raised  its  price  to 
two  cents,  and  set  about  giv- 
ing the  money's  worth.  It 
prints  more  news  than  any 
one-cent  paper  can,  and  looks 
carefully  after  its  quality.  Its 
advertising  rules  have  been  re- 
vised with  a  view  to  correct 
standards.  In  a  word,  the  Led- 
ger, instead  of  flinging  itself 
upon  the  love  of  sensation  and 
vulgarity,  has  made  its  appeal 
to  intelligent  readers. 

The  N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  it- 
self a  high-class,  clean,  and  de- 
cent daily,  comments  on  the 
Ledger's  experiment  as  fol- 
lows: "With  ample  means  to 
strive  towards  its  ideals,  and 
with  a  large  and  enlightened 
policy  now  established,  the 
good  results  which  the  new 
Ledger  has  already  attained, 
and  the  greater  ones  certain  to 
follow,  afford  instructive  proof 
that  the  path  of  success  for 
American  newspapers  does  not 
lie  solely  through  the  cheap 
and  trivial." 

The  Evening  Post's  own  ex- 
ample shows  that  a  high-class 
daily  can  exist  and  be  moder- 
ately prosperous  in  the  big  me- 
tropolis on  the  Hudson.  We 
hope  the  Ledger  will  furnish 
proof  that  the  same  is  possible 
in  Philadelphia.  Then,  perhaps, 
in  course  of  time,  we  may  ob- 
tain at  least  one  clean  and  re- 


152 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


liable  daily  newspaper  in  each 
of  our  large  cities.  This  would 
greatly  improve  the  situation. 
It  would  also  make  the  pros- 
pects for  a  Catholic  daily  press  a 
little  brighter.  But  unfortun- 
ately the  fact  remains  that, 
generally  speaking  and  with 
but  rare  exceptions,  the  path 
of  success  for  American  news- 
papers does  lie  "through  the 
cheap  and  trivial,"  and  to  some 
extent  even  through  the  vulgar 
and  filthy. 

President  Wilson  and  Free- 
masonry 

The  Christian  Cynosure 
(Vol.  46,  No.  2)  quotes  the 
Texas  Freemason  as  follows : 
The  last  three  presidents  of  the 
United  States,  McKinley,  Roosevelt, 
and  Taft,  have  been  Freemasons. 
President  Wilson  is  not  a  member 
of  the  craft. 

The  Christian  Cynosure 
comments  thereon  as  follows: 

We  are  not  surprised — indeed  we 
would  be  surprised  were  President 
Wilson  a  Freemason.  Whatever  our 
political  beliefs,  good  citizens  every- 
where rejoice  in  the  moral  courage 
of  the  man  and  in  the  breadth  and 
openness  of  his  policy.  As  we  read 
the  following  utterances  in  The 
Neiv  Freedom,  by  Woodrow  Wilson, 
in  the  May  number  (1913)  of  the 
World's  Work,  we  understand  why 
our  President  could  not  consistently 
ally  himself  with  the  secret  lodge. 
"The  very  fact  that  so  much  in  pol- 
itics is  done  in  the  dark,  behind 
closed  doors,  promotes  suspicion. 
Everybody  knows  that  corruption 
thrives  in  secret  places,  and  we  be- 
lieve it  a  fair  presumption  that  se- 
crecy means  impropriety.  *  *  *  You 


know  there  is  temptation  in  loneli- 
ness and  secrecy.  We  are  never  so 
proper  in  our  conduct  as  when 
everybody  can  look  and  see  exactly 
what  we  are  doing.  *  *  *  The  best 
thing  that  you  can  do  with  anything 
that  is  crooked  is  to  lift  it  up 
where  people  can  see  that  it  is 
crooked,  and  then  it  will  either 
straighten  itself  out  or  disappear. 
Nothing  checks  all  the  bad  prac- 
tices in  politics  like  public  exposure. 

Higher  Criticism  Put  to  the 
Test 

An  interesting  test  of  the 
results  of  higher  criticism  is 
furnished  by  that  intrepid 
traveler  in  Arab  lands,  A.  Mu- 
sil,  an  Austrian  priest.  (Die 
Kultur,  XI,  pp.  11  sqq.)  In 
1848,  Wallin  penetrated  into 
Arabia  and  brought  away  vari- 
ous songs  which  he  published 
in  Zeitschrift  der  Morgeriland- 
ischen  Gesellschaft  together 
with  translation  and  commen- 
tary. After  Wallin's  death,  J. 
G.  Wetzstein  found  the  poems 
unintelligible.  He  therefore 
put  his  critical  acumen  to  the 
point ;  and  with  that  subjective 
method  wherewith  he  has,  to 
his  own  satisfaction,  restored 
( ?)  portions  of  the  poetical 
books  of  the  Old  Testament, 
this  critic  sought  to  restore  ( ?) 
the  Arabic  poems.  The  songs 
were  declared  to  have  been 
wrongly  taken  down  by  Wallin 
and  frequently  misunderstood. 
So  Wetzstein  critically  amend- 
ed the  work  of  his  uncritical 
predecessor,  (ibid.,  XXII,  69- 
194).  Dr.  Musil  took  Wetz- 
stein's  critical  edition  of  the 
songs  with  him  on  the  last  trip 


XXI  5 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


153 


into  Arabia;  and  found  that 
almost  all  the  conjectures  of 
the  higher  critic  were  false  and 
useless. 

If  we  can  so  little  trust  the 
infallibility  of  the  higher  crit- 
icism   of    a    contemporaneous 


literary  output,  why  give  in- 
fallibility to  the  same  subjec- 
tive method  in  regard  to  liter- 
ary work  that  is  more  than 
2000  years  old  ? — Rev.  Walter 
Drum,  S.  J.,  in  the  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Review,  Vol.  L,  No.  2. 


ET  CETERA 


On  another  page  we  print  a  list  of 
Illinois  representatives  and  their  vote 
on  the  immigration  bill.  The  list  de- 
serves a  careful  perusal.  The  charge 
has  been  made  that  some  congressmen 
permitted  personal  convictions  to  sway 
them  and  not  the  will  of  their  con- 
stituents and  the  welfare  of  the  coun- 
try. The  charge  has  been  made.  On- 
ly the  respective  districts  can  deter- 
mine whether  or  not  the  charge  be 
false  or  true. — Chicago  New  World, 
Vol.  22,  No.  26. 

Are  we  to  infer  from  this  that, 
in  the  opinion  of  the  "Official  Organ 
of  the  Archdiocese  of  Chicago  and 
of  the  Province  of  Illinois,"  mem- 
bers of  Congress  must  not  vote  ac- 
cording to  their  convictions  but  bow 
blindly  to  the  will  of  their  consti- 
tuents? 

* 

The  Bombay  Examiner  (Vol.  65, 
No.  2)  publishes  the  subjoined  com- 
munication : 

Sir, — I  take  the  liberty  to  protest 
against  your  statement  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  find  a  Saint  Arthur.  There 
exists  a  real  Saint  Arthur,  Canon  of 
the  Cathedral  at  Laon  (France), 
whose  festival  is  kept  on  the  6th  Oc- 
tober. This  information,  taken  from 
the  well-known  French  review  Ami  du 
Clerge,  will  I  daresay  gladden  the 
hearts  of  all  those  among  your  readers 
who    like    myself    bear    the    name    of 

Arthur. 

* 

Requests  are  frequently  made 
that  we  send  the  Fortnightly  Re- 
view to  missionaries,  to  public  read- 
ing  rooms,     and    to    poor    persons 


who  would  be  benefited  by  reading 
the  magazine  but  are  unable  to  sub- 
scribe. Fifty  dollars  is  an  imme- 
diate need  of  this  department.  Will 
not  some  good  friend  help  us  to 
provide  this  sum? 
* 
A  tip  is  defined  by  a  witty  Scottish 
writer  as  a  small  sum  of  money 
you  give  to  somebody  because  you 
are  afraid  he  won't  like  not  being 
paid  for  something  you  haven't  ask- 
ed him  to  do. 

* 

The  Leo  House  in  New  York,  the 
well  known  hospice  for  German 
Catholic  immigrants  and  resting- 
place  for  clergymen  and  other 
travelers  going  to  or  coming  from 
Europe,  will  celebrate  its  silver  ju- 
bilee this  year,  and  the  new  Rector, 
Father  James  Veit,  in  a  circular 
appeals  to  all  friends  of  the  good 
cause  to  help  raise  the  means  neces- 
sary to  erect  a  new  building,  which 
is  badly  needed.  It  is  a  worthy 
cause,  and  we  trust  that  Father 
Veit's  appeal  will  not  go  unheeded. 
* 

The  Library  of  Congress  at 
Washington  is  now  ranked  as  third 
among  the  great  libraries  of  the 
world.  This  library  was  first  estab- 
lished in  1800.  It  was  almost  totally 
destroyed  when  the  British  burned 
Washington  in  1814,  and  the  private 
library    of    Thomas    Jefferson    was 


154 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


purchased  by  Congress  to  start  the 
collection  anew. 

In  a  recently  published  book  titled  • 
Ambidexterity  and  Mental  Culture, 
(London:  Heineman)  Dr.  Mac- 
naugh ton- Jones  shows  the  inadequacy 
of  the  theories  hitherto  put  forward 
to  account  for  the  use  of  the  right 
in  preference  to  the  left  hand  on 
physiological  grounds.  There  is 
really  no  distinction  in  Nature  be- 
tween one  hand  and  the  other  as 
to  strength  and  flexibility — the  in- 
ference, of  course,  being  that  the 
difference  is  of  artificial  creation, 
and  that  the  sooner  the  superstition 
is  abolished  the  better.  The  argu- 
ment is  supported  by  a  number  of 
illustrations  from  real  life,  proving 
that  where  the  bias  of  education  is 
absent,  the  left-handed  person  is 
as  good  as  any  one  else  at  work  and 
play.  The  moral  is  obvious — that  the 
two  hands  should  be  given  equal 
chances  in  our  system  of  training. 

* 
Even  the  official  Acta  Apostolicae 
Sedis  cannot  escape  the  wiles  of  the 
printer's  devil.  Thus  in  reporting 
the  appointment  to  the  see  of  Belle- 
ville of  the  Rev.  Henry  Althoff,  in 
its  No.  19,  p.  550,  it  refers  to  the 
new  bishop  as  "parochum  loci  vulgo 
Okaville  et  Neshville."  (Italics  in 
the  Acta).  Bishop-elect  Althoff  was 
until  his  elevation  pastor  of  the  vil- 
lage of  Okawville,  111.,  and  attended 
Nashville  as  a  mission. 

* 

By  decree  of  the  Supreme  Pontiff 
the  documents  published  in  the  four 
volumes  known  as  Acta  Pii  X,  which 
originally  had  no  official  character, 
have  been  invested  with  the  same 
authority  as  if  they  had  appeared 
in  the  official  Acta  Sanctae  Sedis 
(See  Acta  Apostolicae  Sedis,  Vol.  V, 
No.  19,  p.  558). 


The  manager  of  the  Western 
Newspaper  Union,  Mr.  Alfred 
Washington,  admitted  before  the  U. 
S.  Senate  lobby  committee,  that  his 
company  had  for  a  number  of  years 
received  $42,000  annually  from  Can- 
ada, for  supplying  American  rural 
newspapers  with  "patent  insides" 
describing  the  Dominion  as  a  farm- 
er's paradise.  When  asked  whether 
he  did  not  think  it  disloyal  to  in- 
duce American  farmers  to  expatri- 
ate themselves  and  become  British 
subjects,  he  answered  no;  —  for 
which  he  has  since  been  roundly 
berated  by  the  press.  The  question 
gives  rise  to  a  fine  moral  issue: 
Where  does  business  end  and  patri- 
otism begin?  Is  the  business  of  ex- 
patriating American  citizens  more 
disloyal  than  the  business  of  sel- 
ling war  munitions  to  a  nation  that 
might  use  them  against  us? 

Perhaps  Mr.  Washington  argued 
that  in  sending  American  farmers 
into  Canada  he  was  doing  his 
country  a  signal  service  by  further- 
ing a  process  of  peaceful  penetra- 
tion which  would  ultimately  lead  to 
the   annexation  of  the   Dominion. 

Real  culture  is  as  rare  now  as 
it  was  before  the  desire  for  uni- 
versal education;  and  it  is  likely 
to  continue  to  be  as  rare.  Machine- 
ry cannot  bestow  it;  and  you  can't 
have  universal  education  without 
machinery.  Many  think,  now,  that 
because  the  elements  of  culture 
(those  of  its  elements,  at  least,  that 
come  from  books)  are  given  into 
the  hands  of  the  multitude,  the  con- 
summate product  is  within  easy 
reach  as  well.  It  is  a  delusion  nat- 
ural in  the  first  blind  rush  of  am- 
bition and  aspiration;  but  it  is  one 
that,  some  time,  must  come  to  an 
end.  The  student  and  the  artist 
know  better.  The  great  public,  some 
day,  will  know  better  too. 


XXI  5 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


155 


LITERARY  NOTES 


— Tolerance.  By  the  Rev.  A.  Ver- 
meersch,  S.  J.  Translated  by  W. 
Humphrey  Page.  (ix  &  374  pp. 
12mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1913.  $1.92, 
postage  prepaid).  This  is  an  ad- 
mirable translation  of  a  very  learn- 
ed and  useful  treatise,  which  is  also 
quite  exhaustive.  Fr.  Vermeersch 
has  ransacked  some  two  hundred 
authorities  and  authors,  and  his 
bibliography  is  the  most  complete  on 
the  subject  that  we  have  ever  seen. 
The  treatise  itself  is  divided  into 
three  parts:  (1)  Tolerance  in  Pri- 
vate Life,  (2)  Tolerance  in  Public 
Life,  and  (3)  Corollaries  and  Ques- 
tions. The  author  justly  devotes 
much  attention  to  the  historical  as- 
pects of  his  subject.  He  dispels  the 
fear  which  many,  even  in  this  coun- 
try, entertain,  that  Catholic  ascen- 
dancy would  spell  tyranny.  "What 
would  Catholics  do  if  the  whole 
country  returned  to  the  true  faith? 
They  would  certainly  endeavor  to 
preserve  the  immense  blessings  of 
religious  unity.  But  would  it  be 
their  duty  for  this  purpose  to  make 
heresy  a  crime,  to  punish  it  by  fire 
and  imprisonment?  There  is  noth- 
ing to  prove  it.... The  true  Cath- 
olic is  not  the  reactionary  that  he 
is  represented  to  be;  he  recognizes 
the  providentially  destructive  in- 
fluence of  time,  which  swept  away 
the  Inquisition,  as  it  swept  away  the 
feudalism  and  the  old  Roman  Em- 
pire. .  .Unlike  the  principles  of  their 
opponents,  Catholic  principles  con- 
tain nothing  suggestive  of  tyranny 
or  persecution,  nothing  which  need 
alarm  the  most  convinced  advocate 
of  reasonable  liberty."  (pp.  346 
sqq.)  This  book  has  been  warmly 
praised  by  the  Civilta  Cattolica, 
(1912,  II,  585  spp.),  and  we  hope 
the  English  translation  will  find  its 


way  into  many  American,  especially 
Protestant   and   public,    libraries. — 

A.  R. 

— Old  Testament  Stories  by  C.  C. 
Martindale,  S.  J.  With  Twelve  Il- 
lustrations in  Colour.  (Pages  un- 
numbered. Format  7^x10  in.  Lon- 
don:  Sands  &  Co.;   St.  Louis  Mo.: 

B.  Herder.  1913.  $1  net.)  This  is 
the  book  for  children,  to  be  followed 
presumably  by  another  containing 
New  Testament  stories.  These 
stories  supply  a  real  need  in  our 
schools  and  convents.  By  their 
extreme  simplicity  and  the  aid  to 
visualization  afforded  by  beautiful 
color  plates,  they  appeal  to  the 
youthful  imagination,  and  we  can 
think  of  no  reason  why  they  should 
not  serve  well  their  purpose,  which 
is  to  introduce  the  child  to  the 
sacred  text  itself.  "I  hope,"  says 
Fr.  Martindale  in  the  Introduction, 
"you  will  learn  to  read  about  the 
same  people  in  the  Bible  itself,  with 
a  wise  and  loving  friend  to  explain 
to  you  what  parts  to  read  and  also 
to  help  you  with  difficult  places. 
And  you  must  never  read  the  Bible 
without  praying  to  the  Holy  Spirit 
to  teach  you;  because  it  was  He 
who  led  the  men  and  women  you  will 
hear  about  to  do  what  they  did,  as 
it  was  He  who  made  holy  writers 
write  down  these  stories  in  such  a 
way  that  you  should  be  taught  only 
what  was  true  and  good  for  you." 
O.  K. 

—The  Rev.  Henry  C.  Schuyler,  S. 
T.  L.,  presents  a  new  volume  of 
"The  Virtues  of  Christ  Series."  It 
is  entitled  A  Divine  Friend  and 
deals  with  the  friendship  of  Christ 
for  those  with  whom  He  was  most 
intimately  associated  while  on  earth 


156 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


(John  the  Baptist,  Nicodemus,  Ju- 
das, St.  Peter,  Lazarus,  Martha, 
Mary  Magdalen,  and  St.  John  the 
beloved  disciple.)  The  purpose  is 
to  present  to  the  reader  for  imita- 
tion these  Perfect  Ideals  of  Friend- 
ship. The  theme  is  an  old  one,  but 
Fr.  Schuyler  treats  it  with  a  fresh- 
ness that  will  attract  many  readers. 
(Philadelphia:  Peter  Reilly.  1913 
$1.08,  postpaid).— F.  R.  G. 

— We  are  glad  to  welcome  an 
English  edition  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Ewald 
Falls'  interesting  book,  Drei  Jahre 
in  der  libyschen  Wiiste,  which  was 
reviewed  in  this  magazine,  Vol. 
XVIII,  No.  19,  p.  568.  Falls  is  a 
kinsmann  of  Msgr.  Kaufmann,  who 
conducted  the  famous  Menas  Expedi- 
tion, and  accompanied  him  through 
the  Libyan  desert.  (Three  Years  in 
the  Libyan  Desert.  Travels,  Dis- 
coveries, and  Excavations  of  the 
Menas  Expedition  (Kaufmann  Ex- 
pedition. By  J.  C.  Ewald  Falls, 
Member  of  the  Expedition.  Trans- 
lated by  Elizabeth  Lee.  With  61 
Illustrations.)  Most  remarkable 
among  the  finds  of  this  expedition 
were  the  ruins,  in  the  Mariut,  of  the 
ancient  shrine  of  St.  Menas,  "the 
Lourdes  of  early  Christian  Egypt." 
The  excavation  of  these  lost  remains 
of  Christian  antiquity  has  justly 
been  called  "the  most  important 
event  in  the  annals  of  Christian 
archaeology  since  the  wonderful 
discoveries  of  De  Rossi  in  the 
Roman  catacombs."  Falls'  narrative 
gives  the  reader  a  vivid  idea  of 
the  Libyan  desert  and  its  swarthy 
inhabitants,  their  life  and  manners, 
and  also  of  their  deeper  qualities 
and  sentiments  as  manifested  es- 
pecially in  their  folksongs.  The  Eng- 
lish translation  is  well  done.  The 
book  is  superbly  printed  and  richly 
illustrated  and  will  arouse  general 
interest  in  a  department  of  Chris- 
tian   archaeology   that    is    big   with 


promises  of  the  future.  Works  of 
this  kind  deserve  a  liberal  patronage 
among  Catholics  and  are,  besides, 
eminently  fitted  for  public  circulat- 
ing libraries,  where  they  are  stud- 
ied by  many  who  never  even  glance 
at  a  professedly  Catholic  book.  (B. 
Herder.  $4.50  net).— A.  P. 

— Why  are  the  successive  volumes 
of  the  "Notre  Dame  Series  of  Lives 
of  the  Saints"  published  anonymous- 
ly? Surely  their  respective  authors 
are  not  ashamed  of  their  work!  The 
lives  that  have  so  far  appeared  are, 
on  the  whole,  creditable  perform- 
ances, and  well  adapted  to  the  pur- 
pose the  editor  undoubtedly  has  in 
view — though  he  has  never  told  us  so 
— viz. :  to  furnish  entertaining,  in- 
structive, and  edifying  reading.  The 
latest  accession  to  the  series  is  a  life 
of  St.  Louis,  written  on  traditional  lines 
with  commendable  literary  skill. 
Like  its  predecessors,  this  is  a  very 
presentable  and  readable  volume, 
and  our  only  regret  in  perusing  it  is 
that  the  author  has  not  more  con- 
sistently applied  the  canons  of  mod- 
ern historical  criticism.  (St.  Louis, 
King  of  France,  1215 — 1270.  vi  & 
264  pp.  12mo.  Illustrated.  London: 
Sands  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B. 
Herder.   1913.     $1.25  net).— F.  R.G. 

— Under  the  title  Ehrenpreis, 
Miss  Helene  Pages  has  published  a 
collection  of  short  poems,  tales,  and 
legends  about  Our  Savior  and  His 
Saints,  adapted  to  the  minds  of  first 
communicants  and  intended  to  be 
put  into  the  hands  of  such  as  a 
first  communion  gift.  The  tales  and 
legends  that  constitute  the  hand- 
somely printed  and  illustrated  book- 
let are  partly  original  and  partly 
borrowed.  Their  simplicity  and 
edifying  tone  render  them  well 
adapted  to  the  purpose  for  which 
they  are  intended.  (Ehrenpreis.  Eine 
Festgabe    fur    Erstkommunikanten. 


XXI  5 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


157 


Aus  Beitrdgen  mehrerer  Mitarbeiter 
zusammengestellt  von  Helene  Pages. 
xi  &  243  pp.  12mo.  B.  Herder.  1913. 
90  cts.  net.) — M. 

— Father  A.  d'Ales'  new  book, 
L'Edit  de  Calliste,  is  a  profound  and 
exhaustive  study  of  the  history  of 
penance  and  the  penitential  disci- 
pline of  the  Primitive  Church.  Pope 
Calistus  in  his  famous  "edict"  de- 
clared that  he  absolved  persons 
guilty  of  immorality  if  they  had 
done  penance.  The  protests  of  Hip- 
polytus  and  Tertullian,  at  that  time 
a  Montanist  heretic,  raise  the  ques- 
tion whether  this  was  a  doctrinal 
innovation  or  merely  the  exercise 
of  a  power  which  the  popes  had  had 
from  the  beginning.  Fr.  d'Ales  finds 
a  uniform  tradition  to  the  belief 
that  the  divine  pardon  was  offered 
for  all  sins  and  that  this  pardon  was 
to  be  dispensed  by  the  Church.  A 
good  synopsis  of  the  whole  argument 
is  given  by  Fr.  B.  L.  Conway,  C.S.P., 
in  the  February  number  of  the  Cath- 
olic World.  We  agree  with  Fr. 
Conway  that  d'Ales'  scholarly  dis- 
sertation. ..  will  prove  invaluable  to 
the  student  of  the  origins  of  the 
Church's  early  penitential  disci- 
pline," and  therefore  heartily  rec- 
ommend it.  (vii  &  484  pp.  8vo. 
Paris:  Gabriel  Beauchesne,  117,  Rue 
de  Rennes.  1914.  7  fr.  50,  in  paper 
covers). — A.   P. 

— We  are  glad  to  see  Father  C. 
A.  Martin's  Catholic  Religion  ap- 
pear in  a  second  edition.  As  we 
said  in  a  notice  of  the  first  edition, 
it  is  a  remarkably  clear  and  com- 
plete statement  of  Catholic  teaching 
and  history,  characterized  by  an  ob- 
jectivity and  gentleness  of  tone 
which  ought  to  preclude  the  possi- 
bility of  rebuffing  a  non-Catholic, 
even  though  he  were  the  victim  of 
acute  spiritual  neuritis,  (xiv  &  486 
pp.  12mo.     B.  Herder.     1913.    Cloth, 


net  75  cts.;  paper,  net  35  cts.). — 
A.  P. 

— Mystical  Contemplation  or  the 
Principles  of  Mystical  Theology. 
By  Rev.  E.  Lamballe,  Eudist.  Trans- 
lated by  W.  H.  Mitchell.  (Benziger 
Bros.  1913.  $1.10).  Those  who  have 
not  the  time  to  read  many  books 
on  mystical  theology  and  yet  wish  to 
get  that  knowledge  which  is  neces- 
sary to  deal  with  practical  cases, 
will  find  this  volume  very  service- 
able. It  is  a  mistake  to  believe  that 
mysticism  is  something  very  strange, 
rare,  nay  miraculous,  from  which  it 
is  safest  to  keep  as  far  away  as 
possible.  The  views  about  contem- 
plative prayer  are  in  many  minds 
exceedingly  distorted.  The  famous 
Dominican  A.  M.  Weiss  says  that 
mysticism  is  simply  the  full,  un- 
stinted development  of  the  Christian 
Life,  the  logical  result  of  truth  re- 
alized and  duty  practised.  Mysti- 
cism touches  more  directly  than  any- 
thing else  the  greatest  problems  of 
life  and  furnishes  the  key  for  the 
understanding  of  spiritual  things. 
To  despise  it,  to  ignore  it  system- 
atically and  on  principle,  is  a 
lamentable  thing.  Happily,  at  pres- 
ent a  great  interest  is  shown  in  these 
questions.  Mysticism  is  no  longer 
a  pious  luxury,  a  sentimental  in- 
dulgence, but  the  vitalizing  force  of 
an  enlightened  and  energetic  pur- 
suit of  genuine  Christian  virtue. 
But,  of  course,  it  is  most  important 
to  know  what  is  meant  at  all  by 
mysticism.  Here  just  as  in  the  case 
of  frequent  communion,  many  prej- 
udices have  to  be  overcome.  Guided 
throughout  by  the  great  masters  of 
mysticism,  the  author  of  this  volume 
answers     the     following    questions: 

(1)  What  is  mystical  contemplation? 

(2)  Who  is  called  thereto?  (3)  How 
are  contemplatives  to  be  dealt  with? 
(4)  Through  what  stages  may  they 
be  expected  to  pass?    Though  there 


158 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


may  be  room  for  dispute  here  and 
there,  the  book  is  illuminating  and 
encouraging. —  Ernest  Dannegger, 
S.  J. 

— A  recent  number  of  Dr. 
Grauert's  Studien  und  Darstel- 
lungen  aus  dem  Gebiete  der  Ge- 
schichte  is  devoted  to  the  life  and 
times  of  Archbishop  Gero  of  Co- 
logne, A.  D.  969-976.  Though  brief 
and  intended  mainly  for  the  spe- 
cialist, it  is  a  model  piece  of  histor- 
ical criticism,  which  our  would-be 
American  Catholic  historians  might 
study  with  great  profit.  (Gero, 
Erzbischof  von  Kbln  967-996.  Von 
Prof.  Dr.  theol.  Ludwig  Berg,  xi 
&  96  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1913. 
85    cts.    net.      Wrapper). — A.  P. 

— The  Maid  of  Spinges,  by  Mrs. 
Edward  Wayne,  (Benziger),  the 
contents  of  which  are  indicated  in 
the  subtitle,  "A  Tale  of  Napoleon's 
Invasion  of  the  Tyrol  in  1797,"  is  a 
quaint  and  simple  story  of  Swiss 
life,  interspersed  with  interesting 
war  incidents.  While  the  style  is 
ordinary,  and  at  times  a  bit  in- 
volved and  artificial,  the  tale  as  a 
whole  is  entertaining  and  refresh- 
ing.— James  Preuss,  S.  J. 


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159 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool  1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75   cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.   (Like  new.)   $1. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like   new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.       Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts. 

Keiter's  Kath.  Literaturkalender  fur 
1912.     75  cts. 

_  Miinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3. 

Uhde,  Joh.,  Ethik.  Leitfaden  der  na- 
tiirlich-vernunftigen  Sittenlehre.  Frei- 
burg 1 91 2.     65  cts. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetse.     Mainz   1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Furst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.    $1.60.  . 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.    $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Grunder,  H.  (S.  J.),  Psychology 
Without  a  Soul.  St.  Louis  1912.  80  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.    Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 

Gerend,  M.  M.,  Christian  Politeness. 
2nd  ed.     85  cts. 

Druzbicki,  G.  (S.  J.),  Mensis  Eu- 
charisticus  sive  Exercitia  Eucharistica 
et  Liturgica.  Ratisbon  1913.  Prayer 
book  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather, 
$1. 

Nist,  Jak.,  Zweifacher  Erstkommu- 
nionunterricht.    Paderborn  1913.  30  cts. 

Martin,  C.  A.,  Catholic  Religon.  A 
Statement  of  Christian  Teaching  and 
History.     St  Louis  1913.    60  cts. 


Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.   (Wrapper.) 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.S.B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert!  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Bridgets  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

-Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.    82  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Eraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 

Szekely,  S.,  Bibliotheca  Apocrypha. 
Introductio  Hist.-Critica  in  Libros 
Apocryphos  utriusque  Testamenti  cum 
Explicatione  Argumenti  et  Doctrinae. 
Vol.  I.  Intr.  Gen.  Sibyllae  et  Apoc. 
Vet.  Test.  Antiqua.  Freiburg  1913. 
$2.15. 

Allen,  Card,  A  Brief  Historie  of 
the  Martyrdom  of  Father  Edmund 
Campion  and  His  Companions.  (Ed. 
by  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.  J.)  London  s.  a. 
83  cts. 

Cook,  A.  S.,  The  Higher  Study  of 
English.     Boston     1906.     80  cts. 

Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress 
of  Westminster,  1908.  (Many  valu- 
able Eucharistic  papers).  London  1909. 
Illustrated.     90  cts. 

Lanslots,  D.  I.  (O.  S.  B.),  Spirit- 
ism  Unveiled.     London   1913.     60  cts. 

Pages,  Helene,  Ehrenpreis:  Eine 
Festgabe  fur  Erstkommunikanten. 
Illustrated.     Freiburg   1913.     75   cts. 

Giraud,  S.M.,  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and 
Victim.  (Meditations  on  the  Life  of 
Our  Lord).  Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell. 
London  1914.    $1.25. 

Keppler,  P.  W.  von  (Bishop),  Im 
Morgenland.  Reisebilder.  Illustrated. 
Freiburg  1913.     75  cts. 

Strapping  W.  D.  (S.  J.),  Meditations 
Without  Method.  Considerations  on 
the  Character  and  Teaching  of  Christ, 
Arranged  as  an  Informal  Three  Days' 
Retreat.     London  1913.     $1. 

Kiefl,  F.  X.,  Leibniz.  (Weltgeschich- 
te  in  Charakterbildern).  Richly  il- 
lustrated.    Mainz  1913.      $1.15. 

Miller,  A.,  F.  X.  von  Linsenmann's 
Gesammelte  Schriften.  I.  Miinchen. 
1912.    $1. 


160 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.),  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1S04-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documeriti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.     $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.     New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Berg,  L.,  Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln 
960—976.  Freiburg  1913.  65  cts. 
(Wrapper). 

Lejeune,  P.,  Counsels  of  Perfection 
for  Christian  Mothers.  Tr.  by  Francis 
A.  Ryan.     St.  Louis  1913.    80  cts. 

Cremer,  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  Wor- 
terbuch  der  Neutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
cit'dt.     Gotha  1866.     $1.12. 

Jorg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
wicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  vols, 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,  Joh.  G.,  Geschichte  der 
Kriegskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendunj. 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebrauci. 
bis  Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  1797. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von,  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg   1907   &    1909.   $3. 

Barham,  R.  H.,  The  Ingoldsby 
Legends.     Phila.     s.   a.     2  vols.  $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1 789-1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon    1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  sqq.  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Quentin,  H.,  CO.  S.  B.),  Les  Mar- 
tyrologes  Historisques  du  Moyen  Age. 
Etude  sur  la  Formation  du  Marty- 
rologe   Romain.      Paris    1908.     $2.22. 


*Duhr,  B.  (S.  J.),  Geschichte  der  Je- 
suiten  in  den  Landern  deutscher  Zunge. 
Parts  I  and  II.  In  three  large  8vo 
volumes,  richly  illustrated.  Freiburg 
1907  and  1913.    $12. 

Rowe,  J.  G.,  The  Pilgrims  of 
Grace.  A  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Henry 
VIII.     London  1914.    $1. 

Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
tion, or  The  Duties  of  Parents.  St. 
Louis  1899.     90  cts. 

Tanquerey,  Ar.,  Brevior  Synopsis 
Theologiae  Dogmaticae.  Tournayi9i3. 
$1.10. 

Mathies,  Msgr.  P.  de,  Predigten  und 
Ansprachen.     3.  Band.     Freiburg  1913. 

The  Cardinal  Democrat :  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning.  By  I.  A.  Taylor.  Lon- 
don 1908.     84  cts. 

Will,  A.  S.,  Life  of  Cardinal  Gibbons. 
Baltimore  1911.    $1.50. 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideracio- 
nes  Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  por  el  Pa- 
dre Eutimio  Tamalet.  Freiburg  1913. 
40  cts. 

William,  Father,  O.  S.  F.  C,  Francis- 
can Tertiaries.  (Instructions  on  the 
Rule).    London   1913.     80  cts. 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne,  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  (Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).    $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.     Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb     condition. 

$2.35- 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 
1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2  vols.     London    1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes' 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don  1906.     $1.40. 


These  books,  except  where  otherwise  noted,  are  bound  and  in  fair  condition. 
The  prices  include  postage.  Only  those  marked  *  are  net,  which  means  that 
the  buyer  has  to  pay  postage,  express  or  freight  charges  extra,  over  and  above 
the  price  quoted.  In  ordering  net  books,  please  indicate  how  you  wish  them 
to  be  sent.     Cash  must  accompany  all  orders. 

BARGAIN    BOOK  CO.,  804  CLAY  STREET,   ST.   CHARLES,   MO. 


A  Timely  Lenten  Pastoral 

[The  subjoined  pastoral  letter  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  C.  Van  De  Ven,  Bishop 
of  Alexandria,  La.,  deserves  to  be  read  and  pondered  by  every  American 
Catholic.  It  is  solid  and  timely  in  substance  and  admirable  in  form.  We 
are  sure  our  readers  will  applaud  us  in  making  it,  as  it  were,  the  "Lenten 
feature"  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  for  1914.  If  we  had  the  au- 
thority, we  should  order  it  read  from  every  pulpit  and  in  every  Catholic 
family  circle  throughout  the  land.] 

As  a  result  of  the  growing  decline  of  religious  belief  and 
religious  sentiment  among  a  large  portion  of  our  people,  we 
witness  on  all  sides  an  ever-increasing  worldliness  and  an  in- 
ordinate desire  for  sensual  pleasure.  When  men  cease  to  mind 
heavenly  things  and  to  be  concerned  about  their  future  salva- 
tion, they  naturally  turn  to  the  earth  and  seek  their  happiness 
in  this  present  life  by  gratifying  their  inborn  pride  and  greed 
for  earthly  goods  and  by  the  pursuit  of  sensual  enjoyment. 
This  excessive  worldliness  and  hankering  for  luxury  and  pleas- 
ure is  beyond  any  doubt  one  of  the  worst  moral  plagues  of 
our  modern  society,  and  one  of  the  chief  sources  of  the  many 
evils  that  afflict  it.  Self-restraint  and  moderation  are  not  only 
the  fundamental  rule  of  a  Christian  life,  but  are  also  essential 
for  man's  temporal  welfare  and  happiness.  The  approaching 
season  of  Lent,  during  which  Mother  Church  calls  us  to  pen- 
ance and  self-denial  and  to  the  realization  of  our  high  calling 
as  Christians  and  of  our  eternal  destiny  in  the  life  to  come, 
is  certainly  a  suitable  time  for  self-examination  on  this  very 
practical  and  timely  subject.  Perhaps  we,  too,  are  tainted  by 
that  spirit  of  the  age;  perhaps  we  have  yielded  in  too  great 
a  measure  to  the  encroachments  of  the  world  and  those  pomps 
of  the  devil  which  we  renounced  in  holy  Baptism;  perhaps 
we  are  votaries  of  the  world  and  of  the  flesh  rather  than  fol- 
lowers of  Christ. 

There  is  indeed  a  widespread  and  inordinate  desire,  per- 
vading all  classes  of  society,  to  enjoy  the  present  world,  to  in- 


162  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

dulge  in  vanity  and  luxurious  living  and  in  ceaseless  pleasure 
of  every  kind.  The  rich  make  a  vulgar  display  and  a  profli- 
gate use  of  their  wealth;  the  poor  are  rebelling  and  clamoring 
for  their  share  in  the  world's  goods  and  pleasures,  whilst  the 
large  middle  class  is  no  longer  content  to  lead  a  simple  and 
frugal  life,  but  wants  to  rise  in  the  social  scale,  to  outshine 
others,  and  especially  to  have  its  full  measure  of  enjoyment 
and  its  rounds  of  pleasure.  The  hard-earned  money  is  often 
spent  lavishly  for  costly  dresses,  for  useless  luxuries  and  for 
mere  pleasure  and  vanity.  Thus  many  people  live  far  above 
their  means  and  their  station.  Children  are  often  reared  in 
this  same  false  atmosphere  of  extravagance;  they  are  sur- 
rounded by  too  many  luxuries,  allowed  too  much  pleasure 
and  idleness;  they  are  taught  to  shine  and  to  show  off  rather 
than  to  work,  and  thus  the  way  is  paved  for  much  future 
misery  and  failure.  This  foolish  extravagance  is  doubtless  one 
of  the  besetting  faults  of  our  American  people,  and  largely  to 
blame  for  the  hard  times  and  the  social  discontent  and  unrest 
from  which  we  suffer.  There  is  certainly  a  very  close  rela- 
tion between  the  high  cost  of  living  and  the  cost  of  high  liv- 
ing. To  live  above  one's  means  spells  disaster  and  misfortune, 
and  very  often  the  ruin  of  domestic  peace  and  felicity.  The 
foolish  votaries  of  pleasure  and  worldliness  are  never  con- 
tented. They  are  eaten  up  by  vanity  and  jealousy.  They  would 
spend  their  last  dollar  merely  not  to  be  eclipsed  or  outdone 
by  others,  to  have  the  very  latest  and  freakiest  styles  of  dress, 
the  most  sumptuous  entertainments  and  the  most  fashionable 
social  functions.  Thus  the  family  fortune  dwindles  down ;  they 
cannot  meet  their  honest  debts ;  they  are  threatened  with  finan- 
cial ruin ;  there  follow,  as  a  rule,  domestic  quarrels  and  dis- 
cord and  other  consequences  of  the  saddest  and  bitterest  kind. 
How  many  a  man  is  driven  to  despondency,  and  perhaps 
to  drink  or  to  dishonesty,  because  he  finds  himself  unable,  by 
the  hardest  work,  to  gratify  the  extravagant  tastes  of  his 
wife  and  daughters.  How  many  women  neglect  their  house- 
hold duties  to  indulge  their  insatiate  desire  for  social  pleasure 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  163 

and  vanity!  Home  and  duty  are  irksome  to  them;  their  chil- 
dren are  left  alone  or  in  the  care  of  irresponsible  servants. 
Religion  and  charity  and  other  noble  sentiments  have  no  room 
in  their  hearts,  which  are  too  full  of  the  world  and  of  van- 
ity. And  some  of  those  worldly  women,  alas!  do  not  hesitate 
to  sacrifice  the  glorious  crown  of  their  motherhood  and  their 
most  sacred  duties  to  this  craving  for  ease  and  pleasure.  This 
horrible  sin,  which  is  the  curse  of  so  many  homes,  and  one  of 
the  foulest  blots  on  our  modern  society,  is  the  direct  outgrowth 
of  the  prevailing  spirit  of  luxury  and  worldliness. 

And,  dear  brethren,  much  of  this  worldliness  and  pleasure 
in  which  people  indulge  nowadays  is  not  only  unwise  and  dis- 
astrous, and  opposed  to  the  spirit  of  Christ's  Gospel,  but  posi- 
tively wrong  and  sinful  in  itself,  so  that  Christian  people  can- 
not with  a  clear  conscience  partake  of  it.  We  have  warned 
you  time  and  again  against  the  prevailing  indecency  in  dress, 
against  the  dangers  of  the  theater  and  the  picture  shows,  and 
against  the  latest  abominations  in  the  form  of  those  nauseat- 
ing dances  now  so  widely  in  vogue.  In  doing  so  we  have  only 
added  our  voice  to  that  of  countless  Bishops  the  world  over, 
and  of  the  Holy  Father  himself,  who  have  repeatedly  and 
unanimously  denounced  these  revolting  indecencies  as  being  a 
revival  of  paganism  and  an  open  menace  to  Christian  morality. 
Even  secular  journals  have  arraigned  them  in  the  severest 
terms,  and  both  civil  and  military  authorities  have  condemned 
and  forbidden  them.  As  the  pastor  of  your  souls,  it  is  our 
duty  to  warn  you,  with  all  the  earnestness  at  our  command 
against  all  these  forms  of  indecency,  against  this  degradation 
of  womanhood  and  against  all  these  numerous  agencies  for  the 
corruption  of  morals.  We  ask  all  our  people  to  set  their  face 
against  them,  to  avoid  them  personally,  and  as  much  as 
possible  to  prevent  and  discourage  them  in  others.  We  beg 
the  parents  especially  to  forbid  them  absolutely  to  their  chil- 
dren and  to  guard  and  cultivate  most  carefully  in  their  sons 
and  daughters  that  delicate  sense  of  modesty  and  those  finer 
instincts  of    Christian  purity    which  will    be  their    safeguard 


164  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

against  all  those  corrupting  influences.  It  is  past  all  compre- 
hension how  some  fathers  and  mothers  can  be  so  blind  and 
so  wholly  bereft  of  all  sense  of  parental  responsibility  as  to 
send  their  own  children  on  the  downward  road  to  ruin  by 
abetting  and  exciting  their  sinful  vanity,  by  allowing  them  to 
frequent  questionable  company,  and  to  spend  nights  in  the 
ballroom  under  circumstances  that  mean  the  almost  certain 
loss  of  their  virtue. 

We  appeal  to  all  clean-minded  people  to  take  a  firm  stand 
against  all  these  outrages  on  public  decency,  to  shun  them,  to 
ostracize  them,  and  to  close  their  doors  against  them.  If  all 
the  good  men  and  women  in  a  community  would  take  a  united 
stand,  what  a  marvelous  purifying  of  the  moral  atmosphere 
would  be  the  result!  If  especially  our  women  of  the  better 
class,  instead  of  being  the  slaves  of  a  vulgar  and  ugly  fash- 
ion, would  set  an  example  of  independence  and  of  good  taste, 
many  others  would  be  sure  to  follow,  and  many  a  poor  weak- 
minded  girl  might  be  saved  from  ruin.  In  several  countries, 
the  ladies  of  the  best  social  standing  have  thus  banded  together 
to  offset  every  form  of  public  indecency  and  immodesty,  and  to 
uphold  the  rules  of  propriety  and  Christian  morality  in  social 
life.  Let  our  Catholics  do  likewise.  Let  all  the  members  of 
our  ladies'  sodalities  and  societies  be  pledged  to  modesty  in 
dress  and  to  the  careful  shunning  of  all  improper  amuse- 
ments. Modesty  is  a  woman's  chiefest  ornament;  purity  is 
her  greatest  treasure.  Without  these  she  is  like  a  faded  lily — 
no  longer  attractive,  but  repulsive.  Let  no  girl  imagine  that 
setting  aside  the  restraints  of  modesty  will  further  her  chances 
for  success  in  life  or  for  a  desirable  marriage.  On  the  con- 
trary, self-respect  is  the  first  requisite  to  command  the  re- 
spect of  others ;  and  even  those  men  who  are  none  too  strict 
in  their  own  habits  and  morals,  and  who  are  willing  enough 
to  play  and  trifle  with  that  kind  of  girls,  have  no  respect  in 
their  hearts  for  a  young  woman  of  doubtful  character,  and 
will  pass  her  by  when  there  is  question  of  marriage;  neither 
will  a  sensible  man  ever  offer  his  hand  to  a  girl  that  is 
frivolous  and  extravagant. 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  165 

Whilst  we  thus  deprecate  and  condemn  every  form  of  ex- 
cessive worldliness  and  the  immoderate  and  indiscriminate  in- 
dulgence in  every  kind  of  pleasure,  we  have  nothing  to  say 
against  a  reasonable  amount  of  healthy  and  harmless  recrea- 
tion and  innocent  amusement ;  nor  do  we  disapprove  of  dressing 
neatly  and  becomingly  according  to  one's  means  and  station  in 
life;  and  we  highly  recommend  people's  natural  and  legitimate 
desire  and  efforts  to  improve  their  condition  in  life,  and  to 
secure  for  themselves  and  their  children  that  measure  of  ma- 
terial well-being  and  worldly  advantages  which  is  conducive 
to  real  happiness.  Thrift  and  industry  are  most  praiseworthy, 
and  the  desire  to  better  one's  prospects  in  life  is  a  most  laud- 
able incentive  to  work.  It  is  wise  to  regulate  the  expenses  by 
the  income,  to  spend  the  hard-earned  money  for  useful  purposes, 
and  to  lay  up  something  for  the  future  in  order  to  be  prepared 
for  possible  reverses  or  misfortune.  How  happy  are  those 
people  who  see  the  fruits  of  their  labor,  whose  tastes  are 
simple  and  whose  wants  are  few,  who  really  do  enjoy  the  few 
lawful  pleasures  they  allow  themselves,  whose  thrift  and  econ- 
omy enable  them  to  keep  out  of  debt,  to  secure  some  of  the 
real  and  solid  comforts  of  life,  and  to  provide  for  the  educa- 
tion and  the  future  of  their  children.  Such  people  are  con- 
tented and  happy  and  successful,  and  they  are  the  kind  of 
citizens  that  make  for  the  well-being  and  the  upbuilding  of  a 
community.  To  our  people  in  the  country,  we  offer  this  ad- 
vice: Shun  those  foolish  notions  and  fashions  that  threaten 
to  invade  also  our  rural  districts.  Preserve  as  much  as  pos- 
sible the  old-time  simplicity  and  frugality  in  your  mode  of 
living.  The  simple  life  is  by  far  the  best,  the  happiest,  the 
healthiest  and  the  most  Christian.  But  do  not  confound  sim- 
plicity with  slovenliness  and  neglect.  Be  not  careless  and  lazy 
and  shiftless.  Be  progressive  in  the  right  sense.  Adopt  the 
latest  and  best  methods.  Take  pride  in  keeping  your  homes 
and  premises  clean,  comfortable  and  attractive.  Don't  let 
dilapidated,  paintless,  unsightly  buildings  and  fences  betray 
your  shiftlessness    and  your  backwardness.     Let  the    fine  ap- 


166  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

pearance  of  your  farms  and  fields  and  implements  bear  wit- 
ness to  your  laborious  industry,  and  let  your  labor  be  its  own 
reward  by  the  real  comfort  and  well-being  it  will  give  you. 
Times  are  hard,  it  is  true,  but  they  are  so  particularly  for  that 
class  of  men  who  are  wont  to  hang  around  the  village  store  or 
saloon,  complaining,  instead  of  being  at  home  at  work;  and  we 
feel  firmly  convinced  that,  barring  unusual  reverses,  every  one 
of  our  farmers  can,  by  dint  of  steady  and  intelligent  work  and 
by  prudent  economy  and  foresight,  make  a  good  living  and  en- 
joy a  fair  amount  of  prosperity. 

In  conclusion,  dear  brethren,  we  admonish  you  to  sanctify 
your  labors  by  daily  prayer  and  a  good  intention  and,  as  true 
Christians,  to  seek  first  the  kingdom  of  God  and  His  justice, 
and  to  care  about  your  worldly  interests  only  in  the  second 
place.  Strive  to  lay  up  treasures  in  heaven  where  the  thieves 
cannot  steal  nor  the  moths  consume  them.  Live  not  according 
to  the  flesh,  but  according  to  the  spirit.  Use  the  world  as  if 
you  used  it  not,  because  the  figure  of  this  world  passeth  away. 
Look  often  during  this  holy  season  of  Lent  on  the  image  of 
Christ,  the  Man  of  sorrows;  draw  near  to  the  foot  of  His 
cross,  and  strive  to  be  followers  of  Him,  and  not  of  the  wicked 
world.  And  in  order  that  Christ  may  reign  in  your  hearts, 
and  that  you  may  relish  the  better  things,  we  urge  you  to  ap- 
proach frequently  the  Holy  Table  of  the  Lord,  and  to  feast  on 
this  bread  of  the  angels,  which  contains  all  sweetness  and  all 
holiness  and  purity.  Frequent  Communion  is  the  antidote 
against  the  corruption  of  the  world  and  of  sin.  Frequent, 
even  daily,  Communion  is  the  desire  of  Christ  and  of  Mother 
Church.  Let  its  practice  increase  more  and  more  in  our  par- 
ishes. Let  the  young  people  especially  come  often  to  Christ, 
and  He  will  keep  them  pure  and  clean.  The  young  man  or 
young  woman  that  is  often  united  to  Jesus  Christ  in  Holy 
Communion  will  naturally  shrink  from  every  form  of  im- 
modesty, and  spread  everywhere  the  sweet  odor  of  Christ's  own 
purity. 

The  grace  of  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  be  with  you  all. 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  167 

Given  at  Alexandria,  from  Our  Episcopal  Residence,  Sep- 
tuagesima  Sunday,  February  8th,  1914. 

■f  CORNELIUS  VAN  DE  VEN, 

Bishop  of  Alexandria,  La. 


The  Sadness  of  Cardinal  Newman 
By  the  Rev.  Ernest  R.  Hull,  S.  J.,  in  the  Bombay  'Examiner' 

Writing  in  1865,  two  decades  after  his  conversion,  to  a 
great  friend  of  his  among  the  Jesuits,  Cardinal  Newman  said: 

It  is  a  constant  source  of  sadness  to  me  that  I  have  done  so  little  for 
God  during  a  long  twenty  years;  but  then  I  think,  and  with  some  com- 
fort, that  I  have  ever  tried  to  act  as  my  superiors  told  me,  and  if  I  have 
not  done  more,  it  has  been  because  I  have  not  been  put  to  do  more  or 
have  been  stopped  when  I  attempted  more.  The  Cardinal  [Wiseman] 
brought  me  from  Littlemore  to  Oscott,  he  sent  me  to  Rome,  he  stationed 
and  left  me  in  Birmingham.  When  the  Holy  Father  wished  me  to  begin 
the  Dublin  Catholic  University,  I  did  so  at  once.  When  the  Synod  of 
Oscott  gave  me  to  do  the  new  translation  of  Scripture,  I  began  without 
a  word.  When  the  Cardinal  asked  me  to  interfere  in  the  matter  of  the 
Rambler,  I  took  on  myself,  to  my  sore  disgust,  a  great  trouble  and  trial. 
Lastly,  when  my  bishop,  proprio  motu,  asked  me  to  undertake  the  mission 
to  Oxford,  I  at  once  began,  as  he  wished  me.  In  all  these  matters  I 
think,  in  spite  of  incidental  mistakes,  I  should  on  the  whole  have  done 
a  work,  had  I  been  allowed  or  aided  to  go  on  with  them,  but  it  has 
been  God's  blessed  will  that  I  should  have  been  stopped.  If  I  could  get 
out  of  my  mind  the  notion  that  I  could  do  something  and  am  not  doing 
it,  nothing  could  be  happier,  more  peaceful  or  more  to  my  taste  than  the 
life  I  lead. 

This  strangely  impassive  recital  of  a  great  soul's  disap- 
pointments and  temptations  must  be  a  source  of  never-failing 
consolation  for  all  those  priests  and  religious  who  are  at 
times  tempted  to  sadness  by  the  thought  of  some  good  which 
they  feel  able  to  accomplish,  if  they  were  not  debarred  from  it 
by  the  obedience  which  they  have  promised  to  their  superiors. 
The  great  Cardinal  looked  upon  his  life  as  a  series  of  failures : 
the  light  of  Oxford  seemed  to  be  definitely  put  under  the  bushel 
in  Birmingham ;  and  how  sad  did  he  return  from  Dublin ;  noth- 
ing came  of  the  new  translation  of  Scripture  (yet  what  might 
not  the  master  of  English  prose  and  the  Doctor  of  the  Church 
of  the  19th  century  have  given  us  instead  of  the  Douay  Ver- 


168  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

sion?)  ;  then  burst  the  wildest  storms  round  the  Rambler;  and 
the  mission  to  Oxford  was  recalled  at  the  moment  when  suc- 
cess seemed  assured.  "I  might  have  done  a  work  in  all  this," 
he  thinks  in  a  sad  state  of  perturbation,  "and  if  I  could  for- 
get that  I  am  not  doing  it,  my  life  would  be  peaceful." — In 
the  peace  of  eternal  life  he  knows  now  that  his  life  was  not 
a  failure,  but  that  he  was  chosen  by  God  to  be  for  ever  through 
his  example  and  doctrine  the  sun  of  warmth  and  light,  which 
makes  blossom  the  "Second  Spring  of  England's  Faith."  We, 
however,  must  thank  the  Cardinal  for  the  candor  of  his  con- 
fession. What  was  a  constant  source  of  sorrow  to  him  has 
thus  become  a  source  of  comfort  to  us.  For  we  know  now 
better  than  before  that  no  failure  can  ever  ruin  the  ultimate 
success  of  our  life  work,  as  long  as  we  recognize  "our  God's 
blessed  will"  in  the  command  of  a  superior. 

There  is  another  confession  for  which  we  are  grateful  to 
Newman,  though  we  sympathize  with  the  pain  which  the  ne- 
cessity of  such  a  declaration  must  have  given  him. 

The  mischievous  story  had  been  circulated  that  Newman 
was  unhappy  in  his  new  surroundings  and  rumor  had  it  that 
he  was  likely  to  return;  that  he  had  not  found  the  peace  and 
rest  he  expected.  This  malicious  whisper  brought  from  New- 
man, in  a  letter  to  the  press,  the  following  magnificent  declara- 
tion and  profession  of  Faith. 

I  have  not  had  one  moment's  wavering  of  trust  in  the  Catholic  Church 
ever  since  I  was  received  into  her  fold.  I  hold  and  ever  have  held  that 
her  Sovereign  Pontiff  is  the  center  of  unity  and  the  Vicar  of  Christ;  and 
I  ever  have  had  and  have  still  an  unclouded  faith  in  her  creed  in  all  its 
articles,  a  supreme  satisfaction  in  her  worship,  discipline  and  teaching; 
and  an  eager  longing,  and  a  hope  against  hope  that  the  many  dear  friends 
whom   I    have   left  in    Protestantism   may    be   partakers   of  my  happiness 

I    do   hereby   profess    ex   animo,   with   an    absolute   internal    assent 

and  consent,  that  Protestantism  is  the  dreariest  of  possible  religions; 
that  the  thought  of  the  Anglican  service  makes  me  shiver,  and  the 
thought  of  the  Thirty-Nine  Articles  makes  me  shudder.  Return  to  the 
Church  of  England!  No!  "The  net  is  broken  and  we  are  delivered." 
I  should  be  a  consummate  fool — to  use  a  mild  term — if,  in  my  old  age,  I 
left  "the  land  flowing  with  milk  and  honey,  for  the  city  of  confusion  and 
the  house  of  bondage." 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  169 

The  Danger  of  Secret  Societies 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

Speaking  of  initiation  and  installation  ceremonies  in  Cath- 
olic societies,  the  Catholic  Record,  of  Quincy,  111.,  official  organ 
of  the  Western  Catholic  Union,  says  in  its  Vol.  IX,  No.  11 : 

Ever  since  the  Western  Catholic  Union  was  organized  its  members  have 
been  opposed  to  any  secret,  ritualistic  ceremony  of  every  kind  and  nature, 
in  connection  with  its  meetings.  It  has  been  the  one  society  that  has  suc- 
cessfully withstood  the  competition  of  the  secret  society  of  today,  with  all 
its  mystifying  ceremonies  and  flattering  inducements.  The  installation  and 
initiation  forms  in  the  Western  Catholic  Union  are  dignified  but  simple. 
They  are  elevating  and  instructive,  but  have  not  the  slightest  taint  of 
secrecy  connected  with  them. 

The  Western  Catholic  Union  deserves  great  credit  for 
withstanding  the  temptations  that  have  assailed  it,  no  less  than 
other  Catholic  societies,  during  the  last  decade  and  a  half,  to 
introduce  secret  features  into  its  meetings.  The  fact  that  it 
has  nevertheless  prospered  shows  that  there  are  still  a  con- 
siderable number  of  conservatively-minded  Catholics,  at  least 
in  the  Middle  West,  who  have  learned  to  sentire  cum  Ecclesia 
in  this  very  important  matter.  If  societies  of  the  calibre  of 
the  Western  Catholic  Union  had  been  more  generously  sup- 
ported and  semi-Masonic  secret  orders  properly  discounte- 
nanced and  opposed,  we  should  not  now  see  hundreds,  nay 
thousands  of  our  Catholic  men  drifting  into  such  ob- 
jectionable secret  societies  as  the  Knights  of  Pythias,1 
the  Modern  Woodmen,  the  Owls,  the  Eagles,  the  Royal  Arca- 

1  Scandals  such  as  that  recorded  by  which  Mr.   Hineline  was  a  prominent 

the     St.    Paul     Catholic     Bulletin,     of  member    for    years    would    attend    the 

January    17,    are    occurring   more   and  funeral. ..  .Mr.    Hineline,    a    Catholic, 

more   frequently  throughout  the  coun-  joined  the  Knights  of  Pythias  in  1896, 

try :  and  has  been  prominent  in  the  organi- 

"The  Minneapolis  daily  papers  of  this  zation  ever  since.  Three  months  ago 
week  gave  considerable  prominence  to  he  was  seized  with  the  illness  which 
a  notice  of  the  death  of  Thomas  H.  terminated  in  his  death.  He  was  taken 
Hineline,  'Past  Grand  Chancellor  of  to  St.  Mary's  Hospital  and,  realizing 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  Imperial  that  the  end  was  near,  and  wishing  to 
Prince  of  the  Knights  of  Khorassan,'  die  in  the  Church  of  his  youth,  he 
whose  funeral  took  place  from  the  formally  renounced  Pythianism  and  re- 
Church  of  the  Immaculate  Conception  ceived  the  last  sacraments.  The 
last  Tuesday  morning.  The  papers  Knights  of  Pythias  wished  to  take 
stated  that  the  members  of  the  Knights  charge  of  the  funeral,  but  this  was 
of   Pythias   local  and  grand  lodges  of  denied  them." 


170  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

num,  etc.,  etc.,  where  most  of  them  in  course  of  time  almost 
inevitably  suffer  shipwreck  in  faith  and  oftentimes  also  in 
morals. 

Secret  societies,  in  the  opinion  of  all  "wise  and  prudent 
doctors,"  constitute  one  of  the  greatest  dangers  to  the  Cath- 
olic faith.  By  encouraging  secrecy  and  ritualistic  ceremonies 
in  our  own  organizations,  we  accustom  the  members  to  Ma- 
sonic symbols  and  practices  and  thereby  obliterate  the  broad 
line  of  distinction  between  unobjectionable  and  dangerous  so- 
cieties, by  minding  which  they  used  to  keep  out  of  harm. 

The  safe,  sound,  conservative,  and  truly  Catholic  policy  of 
the  Western  Catholic  Union,  the  Central  Verein,  and  a  few 
other  similar  organizations  is  the  only  effective  antidote  against 
the  danger  which  lurks  in  secrecy,  just  as  the  uncompromising 
attitude  of  our  most  enlightened  bishops  and  Catholic  social 
clubs  against  the  tango  is  the  best  and  only  sure  means  of 
safeguarding  our  boys  and  girls  against  the  dangers  of  the  so- 
called  animal  dances,  now  so  popular  in  certain  circles. 

"Principiis  obsta."  Meet  the  evil  in  its  first  beginnings. 
Look  to  the  budding  mischief  before  it  has  time  to  ripen  into 
maturity.  "Sero  medicina  paratur,  quum  mala  per  longas  con- 
valuere  moras."  It  will  be  too  late  to  prepare  the  medicine 
when  the  disease  has  gained  the  upper  hand  through  delay. 

The  K.  of  C.  Scholarships  in  the  Catholic  University 

By  a  K.  of  C. 

The  general  public  have  been  given  a  great  deal  to  read 
of  late  in  the  Catholic  press  of  the  country  about  the  fifty 
scholarships  for  lay  students  founded  in  the  Catholic  Univer- 
sity of  America  by  the  Knights  of  Columbus;  but  it  is  prob- 
ably only  through  the  "Call  for  Applicants"  issued  by  the 
Rector  of  the  University,  Msgr.  Shahan,  and  published  in  the 
February  number  of  the  official  Columbiad  (Vol.  XXI,  No.  2, 
p.  9),  that  outsiders,  and  not  a  few  of  the  members  of  the 
Order  themselves,  have  been  made  aware  of  the  fact  that  the 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  171 

benefits  of  this  magnificent  endowment  are  practically  re- 
stricted to  members  of  the  Order  and  their  sons.1  "They 
[applicants  for  these  scholarships],"  says  the  call,  "must  be, 
by  preference,  Knights  of  Columbus,  or  sons  of  members  of 
the  Order ....,"  and  every  applicant  must  present  a  certificate 
"from  the  Grand  Knight  of  his  Council  attesting  his  right  to 
compete." 

This  provision  excludes  from  the  benefits  of  the  endowment 
a  very  large  number,  if  not  the  majority,  of  worthy  candidates, 
for,  as  no  one  knows  so  well  as  the  members  of  the  Order,  the 
expenses,  necessary  and  incidental,  of  membership  are  high, 
and  the  poor,  who  need  help  most,  are  not  able  to  join,  and  in 
matter  of  fact  do  not  belong  to  such  expensive  societies  as  the 
Knights  of  Columbus. 

The  charity  and  generosity  of  the  Order,  and  its  self- 
sacrificing  devotion  to  the  cause  of  Catholic  education  have 
been  extolled  by  Cardinal  Gibbons,  Msgr.  Shahan,  the  Colum- 
biad,  and  the  Catholic  weeklies;  but  it  seems  to  me  and  other 
members,  as  it  undoubtedly  must  seem  to  all  outsiders,  that 
the  preference  clause  in  the  "Endowment  Fund  Agreement" 
between  the  K.  of  C.  and  the  Catholic  University  ill  accords 
with  such  high  praise  and  derogates  from  the  merits  of  the 
gift. 

That  "Agreement"  (see  its  full  text  in  the  Columbiad, 
same  number,  p.  6)  provides  for  possible  changes  and  modifi- 
cations. I  am  sure  I  voice  the  sentiments  of  many  of  my 
fellow  members  when  I  suggest  that  the  preference  clause  be 
abrogated  and  the  newly  founded  scholarships  thrown  open  to 
all  deserving  Catholics. 

1  Another  restriction  is  (ibid.,  p.  16)  cine  and  theology)  but  only  to  such  as 

"that  said  scholarships  shall  be  award-  have  before   admission  the  degree  of 

ed   for  courses  of  study  for  Masters'  Bachelor  of  Art  or  Bachelor  of  Science 

and  Doctors'  Degrees  (except  in  medi-  or  their  equivalent." 


172  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  Chief  Cause    of  Religious  Defection,  as  Seen  by  One 

Catholic  Editor 

By  C.  Meurer,  Editor  of  the  Arkansas  Echo,  Little  Rock,  Ark. 

During  the  last  century  all  denominations  lost  many  mem- 
bers, while  no  denomination  won  any  considerable  number  of 
those  whom  the  others  lost.  At  present  these  lost  members  form 
more  than  one-half  of  the  population  of  the  United  States 
(the  "Big  Church"). 

Evidently,  people  have  lost  confidence  in  the  Christian  re- 
ligion. Why?  Let  me  point  out  a  cause  not  hitherto  properly 
appreciated. 

God  created  one  man  and  one  woman  and  commanded 
them  to  fill  the  earth  with  their  offspring.  He,  therefore,  es- 
tablished one  human  family  whose  different  members  all  have 
equal  rights.  This  fundamental  truth  in  course  of  time  was 
supplanted  by  the  false  doctrine:  Privileges  for  a  few,  and 
dependence  and  slavery  for  all  the  rest.  Out  of  this  neces- 
sarily followed  paganism,  because  the  men  in  power  could  jus- 
tify their  actions  only  by  falsifying  the  primitive  revelation. 
All  pagan  religions,  in  consequence,  were  State  religions. 
When  the  goal  was  reached,  the  emperor  of  Rome  was  not  only 
the  absolute  master, — he  was  a  god.  But  beside  this  human 
god  there  existed  a  great  many  other  gods,  who  were  ven- 
erated and  worshipped.  To  the  pagans  of  that  time  "all  re- 
ligions were  alike."  Even  the  Jews  had  lost  part  of  the  fun- 
damental truth  of  their  religion;  viz.  that  equal  rights  are  for 
all  men.  They  believed  themselves  a  privileged  people,  predes- 
tined to  rule  the  universe.  Christ  did  not  fulfill  their  pagan 
expectations.  He  declared  equal  rights  for  all  men;  "All 
things,  therefore,  whatsoever  you  would  that  men  should  do 
to  you,  do  you  also  for  them.  For  this  is  the  law  and  the 
prophets."      (Matth.  7,   12). 

The  Apostles,  after  the  Holy  Ghost  came  over  them, 
preached  the  doctrine  of  Christ  and  conquered  the  pagan 
world.    Did  they  inculcate  equal  rights  for  all  men?     Did  they 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  173 

follow  this  doctrine  in  practical  life?  There  can  be  no  doubt 
about  it.  They  introduced  a  sort  of  Communism  into  their 
congregations. 

After  the  Church  had  emerged  from  the  Catacombs, 
many  rich  men  and  women  donated  all  they  had  to  the  poor. 
Thus  St.  Melania  (the  younger)  and  her  husband,  who  were 
contemporaries  of  St.  Augustine,  gave  away  about  four  thousand 
million  dollars  during  their  lifetime  and  proceeded  to  work  for 
their  daily  bread.     (See  Card.  Rampolla's  Life  of  St.  Melania). 

The  successors  of  the  Apostles  taught  the  same  doctrine 
and  slavery  and  privileges  fell,  unions  were  instituted  to  obey 
strictly  the  teachings  of  the  Church.  The  members  worked 
without  profit,  only  the  work  being  paid  for.  Interest-taking 
was  forbidden  and  transgressors  were  excommunicated,  which 
was  the  greatest  penalty  possible. 

After  the  social  revolution  called  Reformation,  the  funda- 
mental law  of  equal  rights  was  lost,  there  were  again  masters 
and  slaves  and  monarchs  with  absolute  power.  Paganism  re- 
appeared on  the  scene. 

It  is  true,  slavery  and  absolutism  have  once  more  disap- 
peared, but  interest  and  profit  remain.  Now  interest  and 
profit  are  privileges,  because  only  a  few  can  enjoy  them. 
These  few  can  live  without  working,  they  are  indeed  privileged 
people,  and  their  privileges  are  boldly  defended  even  by  Cath- 
olic economists. 

When  a  thing  has  changed,  says  Fr.  Burke,  we  cannot  reasonably  ad- 
here to  our  former  judgment  about  it.  Now  the  use  and  concept  of  money 
have  changed.  Loans  are  not  made  today  in  order  that  the  money  may  be 
consumed  in  supplying  the  personal  wants  of  the  borrower.  Another  use 
has  arisen  for  money  and  another  purpose  for  loans.  Money  is  borrowed 
for  capital  to  serve  in  production.  Money  has  become  a  productive  agent. 
It  is  sunk  in  land,  houses,  machinery,  tools,  wages,  etc.;  in  fact,  in  all  the 
various  agents  which  aid  in  production.  Money,  therefore,  is  operative,  it 
is  fruitful,  it  adds  to  itself  through  its  concurrence  with  labor  and  the 
materials  furnished  by  nature.  (E.  J.  Burke,  S.J.,  Political  Economy,  p.  407), 

Every  one  who  knows  anything  about  modern  business 
methods,  knows  how  false  this  is.  Nothing  gains  in  value  by 
the  mere  act  of  selling,   for  every  article  of  merchandise  is 


174  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

made  out  of  raw  material  provided  by  nature.  There- 
fore Pope  Leo  declares  in  his  celebrated  encyclical  "Rerum 
Novarum",  that  the  wealth  of  communities  is  gained  by  no 
other  means  than  the  labor  of  the  working  man.  Hence  the 
just  price  of  any  article  is  the  value  of  the  labor — manual  or 
mental — employed  in  its  production.  Profit  is  something  ad- 
ded to  this  "just  price."  Money  has  not  changed  its  nature, 
but  men  have  changed  the  laws,  so  that  money  has  become  a 
judicial  person  and  this  "lifeless  being  has  rights  but  no  du- 
ties." Its  rights  are  appropriated  by  the  owner,  who  conse- 
quently enjoys  a  double  privilege.  The  law  exempts  his  money 
from  the  natural  law,  as  his  money  is  fruitful  also  in  winter, 
it  bears  interest  when  the  farmer  has  no  harvest,  or  when  ele- 
mentary forces  destroy  his  wealth;  the  mortgage  on  property 
brings  interest  or  eats  it  up.  Thus  the  man  who  owns  money 
(capital)  is  exempted  from  the  laws  of  nature  and  from  the 
commandment  of  the  Creator,  "In  the  sweat  of  thy  brow  shalt 
thou  eat  bread."    (Gen.  Ill,  19). 

These  privileges  have  created  the  commercialism  of  to-day, 
which  has  grown  to  such  an  extent  that  "every  man  has  his 
price."  They  have  also  built  our  big  cities.  The  old  pagan 
nations  had  big  cities;  the  Catholic  Middle  Ages  had  none. 
These  giant  cities  cause  many  people  to  leave  the  farms  and 
swell  the  urban  proletariate. 

It  is  not  very  long  since  a  man  could  borrow  from  his 
neighbor  $50  or  even  more  upon  his  word  and  return  it  without 
interest.     To-day  confidence  and  love  end  at  the  purse-string. 

We  see  the  consequences:  the  poor  feel  that  the  precepts 
of  the  Christian  religion,  as  taught  to-day,  do  not  protect 
them  against  injustice  and  oppression,  and  the  rich  feel  them 
as  a  burden.  Here,  in  my  opinion,  is  the  chief  cause  of  the 
great  religious  defection  of  the  present  time. 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  175 

Lessons  of  the  Balkan  War 

By  Alfred  H.  Fried 

What  were  the  practical  results  of  the  late  Balkan  war  as 
regards  the  Balkan  States  ?  An  increase  in  territory  and  popu- 
lation. Bulgaria,  Servia,  and  Greece  gained  about  124,000 
square  kilometers.  For  the  sake  of  these  124,000  square  kilo- 
meters more  than  300,000  men  were  sacrificed,  who  either  re- 
mained dead  on  the  field  of  battle  or  else  were  permanently 
disabled. 

These,  however,  are  but  the  losses  sustained  by  the  armies 
of  the  former  Balkan  League.  To  them  must  be  added  the 
150,000  dead  or  wounded  which  Turkey  lost  in  this  war.  Even 
then  the  total  represents  only  the  human  sacrifices  exacted  from 
the  armies.  Of  course,  there  are  no  official  statistics — nor 
ever  will  be — setting  forth  the  losses  resulting  from  massacres, 
disease,  and  privations.  An  approximate  estimate  is  quite  suf- 
ficient, however,  to  show  that  war  is  a  form  of  criminal  insanity. 

The  costs  of  the  war,  too,  can  be  only  roughly  computed. 
Estimates  vary  between  1*4  and  IV2  billion  dollars.  This  amount 
covers  merely  the  military  expenditures  for  the  maintenance 
of  the  armies  during  mobilization  and  for  the  destruction  of 
war  materials.  The  principal  item  of  destruction  is  not  in- 
cluded in  this  at  all.  The  destruction  of  economic  values  and 
the  obstruction  of  commerce,  industry,  and  agriculture  will 
swell  the  grand  total  by  many  additional  billions. 

Anyone  bearing  in  mind  all  these  sacrifices  and  looking 
at  the  few  square  kilometers  gained  in  return  will  realize  the 
absolute  frivolity  of  this  anti-cultural  enterprise. 

The  contention  that  the  Balkan  States  were  compelled  to 
fight,  that  they  had  no  choice  in  the  matter,  is  untenable. 
There  was  no  real  cause  for  this  war.  Every  argument  in 
favor  of  the  war  proved  to  be  a  fanciful  historical  delusion 
or  a  hypocritical  pretext.  Ambition,  greed  and  a  certain 
military  impulse  were  responsible  for  the  war.  There  are 
circles  who  believe  themselves  destined  to  make  history  and 


176  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

to  whom  history  means  nothing  if  not  slaughter  and  destruc- 
tion.    In  this  instance  their  efforts  were  successful. 

Nevertheless  the  war  might  have  been  prevented,  since 
even  those  who  brought  it  on  were  evidently  undecided  until 
the  last  minute.  A  well-informed  authority,  the  German 
Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  stated  the  matter 
somewhat  as  follows,  on  April  3,  1913,  before  the  budget 
commission  of  the  Reichstag:  "As  a  matter  of  fact  the  sen- 
timents in  the  capitals  of  the  Balkan  countries  had  been 
wavering  up  to  the  last  few  days  before  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  and  this  outbreak  came  contrary  to  the  intentions  of 
the  other  allies  by  the  premature  start  made  by  Montenegro." 
The  King  of  Montenegro  declared  war  against  Turkey  on  Oc- 
tober 8,  1912.  It  was  publicly  claimed  at  the  time  that  he 
had  done  this  in  connection  with  a  financial  maneuver  under- 
taken in  Vienna  and  Paris,  which  is  said  to  have  netted  him 
millions.  This  widely  published  and  detailed  assertion  has 
never  been  denied.  Accordingly,  the  wavering  sentiments  of 
the  Balkan  States  might  have  augured  well  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  peace,  had  not  the  royal  stockgambler  prematurely 
precluded  this  possibility.  Such  is  the  origin  of  wars,  alleged 
to  be  natural  phenomena.  Hundreds  of  thousands  who  now 
rot  in  their  graves  might  still  be  alive,  another  hundred 
thousand  who  were  permanently  injured  might  be  enjoying 
their  health.  Suffering  and  distress  might  have  been  kept 
from  millions  of  families  in  Europe  if  the  great  powers  had 
made  a  serious  effort  to  maintain  the  peace.  But  behind  this 
impotence  of  Europe,  too,  there  lurk  no  mysterious  historical 
laws  or  tendencies,  as  the  war  philosophers  would  have  us 
believe,  but  merely  the  ambitions  and  intrigues  of  a  few  dip- 
lomats. 

This  war  will  be  recorded  in  history,  not  as  the  only,  but 
as  one  of  the  most  eloquent  proofs  of  the  complete  failure 
of  wars  and  of  the  precariousness  of  political  calculations 
based  thereon.  Bulgaria's  fate  in  itself  will  be  a  warning  to 
future    conquerors.      With    wanton    arrogance    she    took    the 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  177 

leading  part  in  the  war.  When  victory  was  already  assured 
she  caused  the  hostilities  to  be  resumed  by  her  unreasonable 
demands  and  her  stubborn  attitude  in  regard  to  Adrianople, 
which  city  she  seemed  to  regard  indispensable  to  her  happi- 
ness and  welfare.  When  Bulgaria  had  to  relinquish  her 
claims  to  Adrianople  and  other  conquered  ground,  it  soon  be- 
came apparent  that  the  idea  of  possessing  Adrianople  had  been 
a  frivolous  fancy  instead  of  a  vital  necessity;  and  Bulgaria 
will  manage  to  exist  without  this  city  as  she  has  done  hereto- 
fore. But  for  many  a  year  this  mania  for  glory  on  the  part 
of  the  Bulgarian  government  will  impose  a  heavy  burden 
upon  the  nation.  Forty-five  thousand  of  her  sons  were  cut 
off  in  the  prime  of  life,  105,000  more  were  made  cripples — 
an  appalling  loss. 

The  economic  situation  in  Bulgaria  is  best  revealed  by 
the  fact  that  the  former  national  debt  of  688  millions  has 
now,  after  the  war,  grown  into  a  burden  of  two  billions,  which 
will  presumably  be  further  increased  by  new  military  prepara- 
tions. For  the  time  being  the  Bulgarian  government  has  to 
direct  all  its  efforts  to  the  suppression  of  internal  disturbances 
which  threaten  to  break  out  among  the  incensed  and  exhausted 
people.  Such  is  Bulgaria's  predicament.  The  other  Balkan 
States,  although  apparently  placed  in  more  favorable  circum- 
stances on  account  of  their  final  victories,  will  undergo  simi- 
lar experiences. 

Here  another  truth,  which  we  pacifists  have  always 
preached,  makes  its  appearance:  No  war  ever  brings  a  real 
solution,  but  merely  a  temporary  shifting  of  the  situation; 
thus  imposing  even  upon  the  victor  the  heavy  burden  of  prep- 
arations for  the  next  war.  In  giving  out  the  order  of  the  day, 
King  Ferdinand,  after  the  conclusion  of  the  Peace  of  Bucha- 
rest exhorted  his  people  to  hold  themselves  ready  for  the 
purpose  of  "bringing  to  a  successful  end  the  glorious  task 
entered  upon."  And  on  the  same  occasion  King  Constantine 
said,  "Our  task,  however,  is  not  yet  fully  accomplished ;  Greece 
must  become  strong,  very  strong.     I  shall  work  incessantly  to 


178  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

attain  this  goal."  The  sentiments  of  the  other  kings  were  of 
a  similar  character,  and  the  Turks  presumably  entertained 
the  same  ideas.  The  belief  that  war  brings  peace  is  a  Utopian 
fancy.  It  brings  ever  new  preparations  and  ever  new  causes 
for  war.  All  that  remains  to  the  Balkan  nations,  victors  and 
vanquished,  from  their  bloody  orgy  is  the  hope  that  in  the 
work  and  exertion  of  decades  they  will  succeed  in  overcoming 
the  effects  of  this  war.  Had  there  been  no  war  their  labors 
would  have  been  devoted  to  the  cause  of  further  advance.  As 
matters  stand,  they  must  strive  to  retrieve  their  losses.  And 
yet  there  are  people  even  in  our  day  who  dare  to  assert  that 
war  is  a  promoter  of  civilization  and  a  bearer  of  progress. 
In  the  Balkans  the  conclusive  proof  has  been  furnished  that 
war  is  an  obstacle  to  progress  and  a  destroyer  of  civilization. 

SECRET   SOCIETY   NOTES 

[The  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  has  been  requested  to  publish, 
as  a  companion  volume  to  the  Study  in  American  Freemasonry,  edited  by 
him  in  1908,  and  reprinted  repeatedly  since  (B.  Herder,  St.  Louis,  Mo.), 
a  study  in  other  secret  or  semi-secret  societies  flourishing  in  the  United 
States,  whether  affiliated  with  Freemasonry  or  not.  To  enable  him  to  do  this 
work  more  thoroughly  it  will  be  necessary  to  complete  his  collection  of 
materials,  and  he  hereby  requests  the  readers  of  the  Review  to  forward 
pamphlets,  clippings,  and  other  information  they  may  have  regarding  any 
secret  or  semi-secret  society  now  in  operation  in  this  country.  To  keep 
this  matter  before  the  public,  and  to  make  immediately  available  at  least 
a  portion  of  the  information  thus  brought  together,  we  shall  publish  in 
this  magazine  from  time  to  time  "Secret  Society  Notes,"  which  we  hope 
will  prove  both  interesting  and  profitable  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers.] 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle 
The  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle  are  a  beneficiary,  semi- 
military  organization,  founded  by  John  E.  Burbage  of  Balti- 
more, in  1873.  Burbage's  idea  was  to  establish  a  secret  society 
which  should  "go  hand  in  hand  with  religion."  The  Cyclo- 
paedia of  Fraternities  (2nd  ed.,  p.  149)  says  that  "Templar 
Knighthood  [which  is  Masonic]  played  a  part  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  ritual  of  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle ," 

and  that  the  new  order  was  spread  in  Massachusetts  "by  the 

aid  of  influential  members  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias."    (Ibid.). 

The  objects  of  the  Order  are:    benevolence,  mutual  relief 

in  trials  and  difficulties  attending  sickness,  distress,  and  death; 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  179 

to  care  for  and  protect  the  widows  and  orphans ;  to  assist  those 
out  of  employment;  to  encourage  one  another  in  business;  "to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  humanity  in  every  possible  manner; 
to  elevate  the  membership  to  a  higher  and  nobler  life,  and  to 
inculcate  and  disseminate  principles  of  charity  and  benevolence. 

The  organization  consists  of  a  Supreme  Castle,  Grand 
Castles,  and  subordinate  Castles. 

The  ritualistic  wok  of  the  Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle 
includes  three  degrees:     Pilgrim's,  Knight's,  and  Crusader's. 

It  is  not  obligatory  for  members  to  connect  themselves  with 
the  military  branch,  which  is,  however,  regarded  as  an  im- 
portant adjunct.  The  uniform  of  the  military  branch  is  plain- 
ly patterned  after  that  of  the  Masonic  Knights  Templars. 

The  "social  feature"  is  characteristic  of  the  Order,  and 
one  night  in  each  month  is  usually  set  apart  for  entertainments. 

The  majority  of  the  members  reside  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
headquarters  are  at  Grand  Castle  Hall,  Philadelphia. 

There  is  a  female  auxiliary  called  Ladies  of  the  Golden 
Eagle. 

Who  can  get  us  a  copy  of  the  ritual  of  this  Order? 

A  Clever  Satire  on  Modern  College  Text-Books 

A  correspondent  writing  to  one  of  the  Chicago  dailies  on 
Lincoln's  birthday,  complains  that  the  famous  Gettysburg  Ad- 
dress is  no  longer  familiar  to  our  youth,  and  though  it  is  per- 
haps more  often  read  in  school  than  it  used  to  be,  "the  hearts 
of  our  boys  and  girls  no  longer  catch  the  glory  and  the  awe 
of  it." 

There  may  be  several  reasons  for  the  indifference  which 
American  youngsters  of  the  twentieth  century  show  towards 
such  models  of  patriotic  utterance  as  the  Gettysburg  Address, 
Washington's  Farewell  Address,  the  Constitution,  etc. 

A  writer  in  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Post  suggests  that  these 
classics  are  not  presented  to  pupils  in  the  right  way.  For- 
merly, he  says,  "the  art  of  text-book  writing  had  not  attained 


180  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

to  its  present  perfection,  and  the  Gettysburg  Address  had  not 
yet  been  edited  as  a  classic,  with  twenty  pages  of  introduction 
and  I  don't  know  how  many  foot-notes."  Then  he  facetiously 
proceeds  to  give  a  specimen  passage  of  the  Address  as  it  prob- 
ably appears  in  some  high-school  or  college  text-book: 

Fourscore  and  seven  years1  ago  our  fathers2  brought  forth 
on  this  continent3  a  new  nation,4  conceived  in  liberty,  and  dedi- 
cated to  the  proposition5  that  all  men  are  created  equal.6  Now 
we  are  engaged  in  a  great  civil  war,7  testing  whether  that  na- 
tion,8 or  any  nation  so  conceived  and  so  dedicated,9  can  long 
endure.    We  are  met  on  a  great  battlefield10  of  that  war. 

NOTES 

1.  I.  e.,  eighty-seven  years  ago.  The  Gettysburg  Address  was  delivered 
November  19,  1863.  Lincoln  is  here  referring  to  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence. 

2.  Figuratively  speaking.  To  take  "fathers"  in  a  literal  sense  would, 
of  course,  involve  a  physiological  absurdity. 

3.  The  western  continent,  embracing  North  and  South  America. 

4.  "A  new  nation."  This  is  tautological,  since  a  nation  just  brought 
forth  would  necessarily  be  new. 

5.  "Proposition,"  in  the  sense  in  which  Euclid  employs  the  term  and 
not  as  one  might  say  now,  "a  cloak  and  suit  proposition." 

6.  See  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  Albert  Bushnell  Hart's 
"American  History  Told  by  Contemporaries"  (4  vols.,  Boston,  1898-1901). 

7.  The  war  between  the  States,  1861-65. 

8.  I.  e.,  the  United  States. 

9.  See  Elliot's  Debates  in  the  several  State  Conventions  on  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Federal  Constitution,  etc.     (5  vcls.,  Washington,  1840-45). 

10.  Gettysburg;  a  borough  and  the  county  seat  of  Adams  Co.,  Pennsyl- 
vania, near  the  Maryland  border,  35  miles  south-west  of  Harrisburg.  Pop. 
in  1910,  4,030. 

Devotion  of  the  Holy  Hour 

By  A.  J. 

I  wonder  are  the  origin,  end,  and  practice  of  the  Holy 
Hour  sufficiently  known  among  Catholics.  The  Holy  Hour  con- 
sists essentially  in  an  hour  of  mental  or  vocal  prayer,  in  union 
with  the  prayer  of  our  Divine  Savior  in  the  Garden  of  Olives, 
on  Maundy  Thursday  night.  As  a  practice,  our  Lord  himself 
instituted  it  and  determined  its  end  and  essential  features. 
Appearing  one  day  to  Blessed  Margaret  Mary  Alacoque,  he 
said :  "Every  night,  between  Thursday  and  Friday,  I  will 
make  you  partaker  of  that  sorrow  unto  death  which  it  was  my 


XXI  6  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  181 

will  to  suffer  in  the  Garden  of  Olives. . .  .To  join  with  me  in 
the  humble  prayer  which  I  then  offered  to  my  Father,  you  shall 
rise  between  eleven  o'clock  and  midnight;  you  shall  prostrate 
yourself  with  me  for  one  hour,  with  your  face  to  the  ground, 
both  to  appease  the  anger  of  God  by  imploring  mercy  for  sin- 
ners, and  to  sweeten  in  some  way  the  bitterness  I  felt  when 
my  Apostles  abandoned  me,  being  unable  to  watch  one  hour 
with  me." 

Thus,  to  repair  the  ingratitude  of  men;  to  partake  of 
the  sadness  of  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus  in  agony ;  to  implore 
mercy  for  sinners;  to  appease  the  anger  of  God, — such  is  the 
end  of  the  Holy  Hour. 

In  order  to  spread  this  devotion,  a  pious  Confraternity 
was  founded,  in  1829,  in  the  chapel  of  the  Jesuit  residence  at 
Paray-le-Monial,  with  the  approval  of  the  Ordinary  and  by 
brief  of  Pope  Pius  VIII.  The  Centre  of  this  Confraternity 
was  afterward  transferred  to  the  Visitation  Monastery.  In 
1886,  Pope  Leo  XIII  raised  the  Association  to  the  dignity  of 
an  archconfraternity.  The  associates  of  the  Apostleship  of 
Prayer  have  the  right,  without  any  special  registration,  to  gain 
the  plenary  indulgence  connected  with  the  practice  of  the  Holy 
Hour. 

The  devotion  of  the  Holy  Hour  may  be  practised  in  pri- 
vate or  in  public.  If  in  public,  the  local  directors  have  been 
empowered  to  name  for  this  exercise  in  church  or  chapel  any 
hour  of  any  day  in  the  week  they  see  fit  to  select.  If  in  pri- 
vate, the  time  is  restricted  to  an  hour  between  about  2  P.  M. 
of  every  Thursday  until  sunrise,  or,  as  it  is  commonly  under- 
stood, until  the  hour  of  early  Mass  on  Friday. 

The  Holy  Hour  may  be  spent  in  prayer  of  any  kind,  pro- 
vided that  it  is  offered  in  memory  of  the  Sacred  Passion. 

For  further  information  the  reader  is  referred  to  The 
Vigil  Hour  and  The  Handbook  of  the  Apostleship  of  Prayer. 
The  first-mentioned  booklet,  compiled  by  the  Rev.  S.  A. 
Ryan,  S.  J.,  (Benziger  Bros.  5  cts.)  furnishes  a  variety  of 
prayers  suitable  to  the  Holy  Hour,  by  means  of  which  a  dif- 
ferent programme  can  be  made  up  for  each  hour  of  adoration. 


182 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


FLOTSAM    AND    JETSAM 


Can  Flying  be  Made  Safe? 

Those  who  thought  the  au- 
thor of  the  article  published 
under  this  title  in  our  Vol.  XX, 
No.  19  too  optimistic,  are  in- 
vited to  peruse  the  subjoined 
extract  from  a  paper  contrib- 
uted by  that  famous  aviator 
Claude  Grahame-White  to  Har- 
per's Weekly    (No.  2966)  : 

Flying  can  and  will  be  made  safe 
— as  safe  as  the  ocean  voyage  of  a 
modern  liner.  None  who  are  in  this 
new  industry — builders,  engineers, 
pilots  or  mechanics — have  any  shad- 
ow of  a  doubt  on  this  score.  Perils 
there  have  been,  and  are  now,  and 
for  some  time  will  be;  but  the  path 
of  progress  opens  clearly  ahead. 
Aeroplanes  will  be  made  stable,  even 
in  a  gale.  What,  in  this  regard,  is 
the  lesson  of  those  present-type  craft 
which,  although  still  low-powered 
and  small,  will  fly  in  a  fifty-mile-an- 
hour  wind?  They  tell  us  plainly 
that,  given  logical  increases  in  pow- 
er, weight,  and  speed,  the  aeroplane 
will  conquer  wind,  as  ships  have  the 
sea.  It  is  absurd  to  be  impatient, 
or  to  expect  commercial  aircraft  to 
spring  up,  ready-made,  within  a 
day;  but  if  I  recall  the  slow-flying, 
sluggish  machines  upon  which  one 
ventured  across  country  only  three 
years  ago,  and  contrast  these  with 
that  swift,  air-worthy  plane  in  which 
I  made  quite  recently  the  flight  from 
Paris  to  London,  I  find  this  question 
in  my  mind:  "If  three  years  can 
show  such  progress,  what  will  an- 
other three  bring?" 

"But,"  queries  the  sceptic,  "what 
of  the  risk  of  passenger  aircraft 
breaking  when  in  flight?" 

One  might  ask  similar  questions 
concjrr.ing  a  liner;  if  one  broke  its 


back,  in  mid-ocean,  the  results  might 
be  disastrous.  But  they  do  not  break 
their  backs;  nor  will  perfect  aero- 
planes collapse.  And,  should  all  an 
aircraft's  power-units  fail  her  simul- 
taneously, as — very  rarely — the 
steamship's  engines  cease  their  work, 
she  will  merely  glide  to  the  surface 
of  the  sea,  or  to  the  nearest  land 
station,  and  remedy  the  defect. 

What  would  our  forefathers  have 
said  had  they  been  told  travellers 
would  dine,  quite  as  a  matter  of 
course,  in  vehicles  moving  at  sixty 
miles  an  hour?  Their  mental  atti- 
tude would  have  been  that  of  many 
folk  today  when  one  informs  thern 
that — even  within  the  span  of  their 
own  lives — men  will  be  seated,  10,000 
feet  above  the  earth,  in  the  saloons 
of  an  air-craft  travelling  200  miles 
an  hour. 

Book  Dedications 

At  one  time  hardly  a  book 
appeared  without  a  dedication 
to  some  patron  or  friend.  Even 
to-day  dedications  continue  to 
be  written,  though  they  are  no 
longer  lengthy  addresses  but  a 
few  words  written  in  lapidary 
curtness. 

Mrs.  Mary  E.  Brown  has  had 
the  happy  thought  of  bringing 
together  in  one  volume  a  large 
number  of  the  most  notable 
dedications  that  have  appeared 
not  alone  in  English  but  also 
in  French  and  German  books, 
though  all  the  dedications  are 
given  in  English.  (Dedications. 
An  Anthology  Compiled  by 
Mary  Elizabeth  Brown.  New 
York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons). 
She  has   arranged  the   dedica- 


XXI  6 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


183 


tions  under  the  names  of  the 
persons  to  whom  they  were  ad- 
dressed, ranging  from  the  Dei- 
ty down  to  "Any  and  Every 
One."  The  largest  sections,  as 
might  have  been  anticipated, 
are  the  fourth  to  the  nobility, 
and  the  fifth  to  dignitaries  of 
Church  and  State.  Others  are 
addressed  to  friends  and  rela- 
tives, some  to  children,  others 
to  authors,  a  few  to  animals, 
and  four  or  five,  including  one 
by  Mr.  Oliver  Herford,  to  one's 
self.  The  whole  makes  up  a 
volume  of  considerable  inter- 
est, to  which  Mrs.  Brown  has 
occasionally  added  by  her  own 
annotations.  A  good  many  of 
the  dedications  consist  of 
poems  which  are,  occasionally, 
real  poetry.  Perhaps  the  most 
enigmatic  of  all  the  dedications 
contained  in  it  is  the  well- 
known  one  of  Shakespeare's 
sonnets,  to  their  "Onlie  Beget- 
ter, Mr.  W.  H."  Who  Mr.  W. 
H.  was,  what  his  relation  was 
to  Shakespeare  or  to  the  pub- 
lisher, and  in  what  sense  he 
was  the  "Onlie  Begetter"  is 
still  the  subject  of  pages  and 
even  books  of  conjecture. 

The  Earth  and  Sun  as 
Magnets 

At  the  recent  semi-centen- 
nial meeting  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences,  at  Wor- 
cester, Mass.,  Dr.  George  E. 
Hale  delivered  a  scholarly  ad- 
dress on  "The  Earth  and  Sun 
as  Magnets." 
Earth  and  Sun  as  Magnets." 

Dr.  Hale,  who  is  the  foreign 
secretary  of  the  Academy,  ex- 


emplifies in  his  own  work  what 
should  be  expected  of  a  mem- 
ber of  a  learned  academy,  and 
although  in  his  lecture  he  com- 
municated the  results  obtained 
by  others  in  connection  with 
the  earth's  magnetism,  what 
he  had  to  say  of  the  sun  was 
limited  to  his  own  work  done 
An  the  solar  observatory  of  the 
Carnegie  Institution  at  Mt. 
Wilson,  California. 

More  than  twenty  years  ago, 
Dr.  Hale  invented  the  spectro- 
heliograph,  which  he  has  since 
improved  to  such  an  extent 
that,  by  utilizing  different  rays 
of  the  solar  radiation,  he  has 
been  able  to  take  photographs 
of  the  sun's  envelope  at  various 
heights  above  the  surface,  and 
has  thus  been  able  to  get  an  ex- 
traordinarily detailed  knowl- 
edge of  the  sun's  structure.  In 
this  way  he  has  been  able  to 
show  the  existence  in  sun  spots 
of  vortical  motion  very  much 
resembling  the  appearances  of 
water  spouts  and  tornadoes  in 
the  earth's  atmosphere. 

The  crowning  discovery, 
however,  was  made  but  a  few 
years  ago,  that  these  vortical 
movements  produce  a  displace- 
ment in  the  spectrum  of  some 
of  the  solar  lines.  These  were 
immediately  connected  by  Dr. 
Hale  with  the  discovery  made 
by  Zeeman,  in  1895,  that  light 
emitted  by  hot  metallic  vapor 
placed  between  the  poles  of  a 
magnet  has  its  spectrum  lines 
displaced,  the  reason  being 
that  light  is  now  supposed  to 
be  emitted  by  the  small  bodies 
known  as  electrons,  the  motion 


184 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


of  which  is  affected  by  a  mag- 
netic field.  Dr.  Hale  accord- 
ingly assumes,  what  is  extreme- 
ly probable,  that  the  motion 
of  the  electrons  in  the  sun's 
atmosphere  whirling  in  vor- 
tices, which  he  has  already 
perceived,  produces  a  magnetic 
field  which  may  be  Identified 
by  the  displacement  of  the 
spectrum  lines.  Moreover, 
within  a  few  months  Dr.  Hale 
has  examined  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  sun  to  see  whether 
there  is  a  general  distribution 
of  magnetism  resembling  that 
of  the  earth,  with  the  result 
that  such  a  fact  has  been  ren- 
dered extremely  probable,  per- 
haps even  definitely  demon- 
strated. 

This  is  certainly  one  of  the 
most  important  discoveries  in 
physics,  probably  the  most  im- 
portant in  astrophysics,  ever 
made  in  America. 

The  Source  of  Law 

It  is  argued  sometimes  that, 
because  a  law  which  is  unac- 
ceptable to  the  majority  of  the 
community  cannot  easily  be 
enforced  and  so  is  evaded  or 
becomes  a  dead  letter,  the  basis 
of  legislative  authority  is  the 
popular  will.  This,  however, 
is  a  fallacy,  one  which  vitiates 
much  of  the  political  thinking 
of  the  day  and  which  consists 
in  confounding  justice  with 
efficiency.  The  justice  of  a  law 
depends  on  its  proceeding  from 
competent  authority  within  its 
proper  sphere ;  its  efficiency  on 
its  being  accepted  as  a  rule  of 
conduct  by  the  bulk  of  those 


affected  by  it.  Public  morality 
often  falls  below  the  absolute 
standard,  and  statesmen,  even 
the  Church  herself,  cannot  re- 
form abuses  until  they  are 
recognized  as  such  by  the  con- 
science of  the  community.  Not 
to  mention  historical  cases, — 
such  as  slavery,  public  drunk- 
enness, duelling, — which  the 
public  conscience  once  tolerat- 
ed and  even  defended,  but 
which  now  come  under  the  ban 
of  the  law,  the  extent  to  which 
the  "sweating"  of  labor  flour- 
ishes unpunished  amongst  us 
show  that  the  community  as 
a  whole  has  not  yet  realized 
that  the  very  first  right  of  the 
individual  is  to  lead  a  decent 
human  life  on  the  produce  of 
his  toil.  When  it  does,  let  us 
hope  there  will  be  short  shrift 
for  the  sweaters. 

The  inefficiency  of  much 
temperance  legislation  is  due 
to  the  same  cause.  The  enor- 
mous waste  of  national  re- 
sources and  the  vast  moral 
deterioration  which  are  the 
immediate  fruits  of  useless 
habits  of  drinking  cannot  be 
easily  prevented,  so  long  as  so- 
cial customs  remain  as  they 
are  and  so  long  as  the  cheer- 
less circumstances  of  the  work- 
er and  his  want  of  true  edu- 
cation lead  him  to  seek  his 
chief  pleasure  in  merely  phys- 
ical gratification.  But  once 
raise  his  ideals  of  enjoyment 
above  those  of  the  swill-tub, 
and  then  State  legislation, 
which  now  tends  only  to  sub- 
stitute clubs  for  "pubs,"  will 
more  readily  succeed  in  bring- 


XXI  6 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


185 


ing  the  nation  back  into  the 
paths  of  sobriety.  What  pub- 
lic opinion  can  do,  even  apart 
from  legislation,  is  shown  with 
ever  growing  emphasis  by  the 
success  of  the  "Pure  Literature 
Crusade"  in  Ireland,  a  move- 
ment which,  only  a  little  more 
than  a  year  old,  has  already 
given  a  serious  check  to  the  im- 
portation of  vulgar  and  trashy 
and  indecent  publications  into 
that  Christian  land.  —  The 
Month,  No.  587. 

The  Star  of  Bethlehem 

Under  the  title  Jesus  Chris- 
tus  und  sein  Stern  the  publish- 
ing house  of  the  Astronomi- 
sche  Korrespondenz  of  Ham- 
burg, Germany,  has  issued  a 
new  book  by  Arthur  Stentzel, 
on  the  star  which  led  the  magi 
to  the  manger  of  Our  Divine 
Savior.  S.  begins  with  an 
historical  inquiry  into  the  date 
of  Christ's  death  and  finds  that 
it  was  the  14th  Nisan  in  the 
nineteenth  year  of  the  rule  of 


Emperor  Tiberius,  that  is  to 
say,  Friday,  April  3rd,  A.  D. 
33,  according  to  the  Julian 
Calendar.  The  darkness  fol- 
lowing our  Lord's  death  is  at- 
tributed to  a  severe  thunder 
storm  extending  over  a  large 
portion  of  Palestine.  In  the 
evening  there  was  an  eclipse 
of  the  moon,  and  an  earth- 
quake, which  was  also  recorded 
in  Asia  Minor,  shook  the  Holy 
City.  Stentzel  figures  out  Sept. 
12th,  A.  D.  17  (Gregorian)  as 
the  date  of  Christ's  birth,  and 
says  it  is  certain  that  Halley's 
Comet  was  visible  in  Palestine 
at  that  time.  Divine  Provi- 
dence often  makes  use  of  nat- 
ural means,  but  it  seems  to  us 
that  Stentzel's  explanation  is 
scarcely  compatible  with  the 
plain  text  of  Holy  Scripture. 
However,  his  work  serves  a 
good  purpose  in  showing  that 
there  is  nothing  intrinsically 
impossible  in  the  Gospel  ac- 
count, so  far  as  astronomy  is 
concerned. 


ET  CETERA 


The  editor  who  is  always  "feeling 
the  pulse  of  the  people"  is  not  really 
interested  in  their  heart-beats.  It 
is  his  own  circulation  that  he  is 
looking  after. 


whether  St.  Dominic  instituted  the 
Rosary  may  be  convinced  when  they 
read  here  the  address  delivered  by 
our  Lady  on  the  occasion  of  its  in- 
stitution." 


Speaking  of  Fr.  Richard  Bren- 
nan's  adaptation  of  Dom  Rohner's 
book  on  the  Veneration  of  the  Bless- 
ed Virgin,  recently  reissued  by  the 
Messrs.  Benziger  in  their  Fifty  Cent 
Library,  a  critic  in  the  London 
Catholic  Book  Notes  (No.  190)  face- 
tiously remarks:     "Those  who  doubt 


The  War  Department  of  the  U.  S., 
in  reply  to  a  query  whether  this 
country  has  a  legally  recognized 
"national  air,"  answered,  according 
to  the  San  Francisco  Leader  (Vol. 
13,  No.  5),  that  since  1898  the 
Department,  by  general  orders  and 
regulations,     has     recognized     "The 


186 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Star-Spangled  Banner"  as  the  na- 
tional air  of  this  country.  There 
has  been  some  controversy  in  the 
press  of  late  with  regard  to  the 
origin  of  "The  Star-Spangled  Ban- 
ner." The  Rev.  Dr.  Hugh  T.  Hen- 
ry discusses  the  question  at  length 
in  Vol.  XXIV,  No.  4  of  the  Records 
of  the  American  Catholic  Historical 
Society  of  Philadelphia.  His  main 
conclusion  is  that  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  tune  is  Irish  in  origin 
or  that  the  words  of  the  song  ema- 
nated from  Ireland,  as  asserted  by 
Grattan  Flood,  whose  contention  was 
given  currency  by  the  America  and 
the  Ave  A/ana. 

An  author  of  some  repute  received 
a  copy  of  his  first  book,  published 
twenty  year  ago,  from  a  purchaser 
recently,  with  a  request  that  he 
write  something  on  the  title-page. 
The  copy,  when  returned,  had  this 
inscription : 

I'd  fondly  hoped  this  book  had  died, 
It  fills  me  with  so  little  pride. 
Some    day,    perchance,    should    funds 

grow  slack, 
You'll  let  me  know ;  I'll  buy  it  back. 
* 

The  question  has  often  been  asked 
whether  or  not  the  First  Ecumeni- 


cal Council  of  Nicaea,  A.D.  325,  kept 
a  record  of  its  proceedings,  and  if  it 
did,  what  became  of  that  record. 
In  Dolger's  Festgabe  presented  to 
Msgr.  A.  De  Waal  on  the  occasion 
of  his  golden  jubilee,  Alfred  Wiken- 
hauser  devotes  twenty  pages  to  a 
new  enquiry  on  this  subject.  (Kon- 
stantin  der  Grosse  und  seine  Zeit, 
Freiburg  1913,  pp.  122-142).  This 
enquiry  was  occasioned  by  the  asser- 
tion of  Gerhard  Loeschke,  (in  a  series 
of  papers  in  Das  Rheinische  Muse- 
um, 1905,  pp.  594  sqq.,  and  1906,  pp. 
34  sqq.)  that  he  had  discovered 
fragments  of  a  Nicaean  protocol. 
This  assertion  was  promptly  chal- 
lenged by  Julicher  and  Duchesne. 
Wikenhauser  shows  that  the  exis- 
tence of  such  a  record  can  neither 
be  proved  nor  disproved  at  the  pres- 
ent stage  of  research,  but  inasmuch 
as  practically  all  councils  held  in 
the  fourth  century,  both  before  and 
after  the  First  Ecumenical  Synod, 
kept  careful  minutes  of  their  pro- 
ceedings, it  is  probable  that  such  a 
record  was  also  kept  at  Nicaea.  It 
is  not  impossible,  though  perhaps 
too  much  to  hope,  that  this  record, 
or  portions  of  it,  will  yet  come  to 
light. 


LITERARY  NOTES 


—Vol.  IX  of  Father  Horace  K. 
Mann's  Lives  of  the  Popes  in  the 
Middle  Ages  continues  the  story  of 
the  papacy  at  the  height  of  its  tem- 
poral influence,  from  1130  to  1159. 
The  pontiffs  dealt  with,  are:  Inno- 
cent II,  Celestine  II,  Lucius  II,  Bless- 
ed Eugenius  III,  Anastasius  IV, 
and  Hadrian  IV.  Special  interest 
attaches,  of  course,  to  Hadrian  IV, 
the  English  Pope  who  made  a  feudal 
grant  of  Ireland  to  Henry  II.  Dr. 
Mann  holds  that  the  Bull  "Laudabil- 
iter"   is  genuine  and   that   Hadrian 


was  moved  to  entrust  Ireland  to  the 
Normans  "because  he  saw  on  the  one 
hand  the  wretched  condition  of  the 
country,  and  on  the  other  what  good 
the  Normans  had  effected  in  south 
Italy  and  in  England.  ..  .That  his 
intentions  were  not  fulfilled  does  not 
render  them  less  estimable,  or  show 
that  he  was  not  justified  in  forming 
them."  The  author  devotes  an  in- 
troductory chapter  of  some  sixty 
pages  to  a  general  survey  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  It  is  rather 
surprising    to    see    him    base    this 


XXI  6 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


187 


chapter  largely  on  the  writings  of 
an  amateur  "historian."  Surely 
Dr.  Mann  does  not  want  his  readers 
to  fall  back  on  such  disreputable 
authors  as  G.  G.  Coulton,  of  whom 
he  says  in  a  note  on  page  lxiii,  that 
his  book  St.  Francis  to  Dante  "is 
perhaps  calculated  to  prevent  the 
taking  of  exaggerated  views  about 
the  thirteenth  century."  The  con- 
tinued assertion  of  such  "exaggerat- 
ed views"  among  us  is  to  some  ex- 
tent responsible  for  books  like  Coul- 
ton's,  who  is  compared  by  a  critic  in 
the  London  Saturday  Review  (Nov. 
24,  1906)  to  a  cock  crying  on  a 
dunghill  it  has  scratched  together: 
"Behold  how  the  whole  land  stink- 
eth!"  (The  Lives  of  the  Popes  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  Vol.  IX.— 1130-1159. 
Ixxi  &  355  pp.  8vo.  Illustrated.  Lon- 
don: Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Trubner 
&  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo:  B.  Herder. 
1913.  $3  net).— A.P. 

— The  English  translation  of  the 
Summa  Theologica  of  St.  Thomas 
makes  commendable  progress.  The 
"Second  Number"  of  Part  III  is  be- 
fore us,  containing  Quaestiones 
XXVII  to  LIX  of  the  Pars  Tertia, 
i.  e.  Christology.  The  volume  is 
preceded  by  an  editorial  note  on  "St. 
Thomas  and  the  Immaculate  Con- 
ception." The  translation  itself, 
made  by  English  Dominican  Fa- 
thers, continues  to  deserve  the  praise 
that  has  been  bestowed  on  it  by 
connoisseurs.  (Benziger  Bros.  $2 
net)  .—A.P. 

— The  "daily  prayers"  that  make 
up  Jesus  Amabilis,  by  Francesca 
Glazier,  are  meditative  and  largely 
drawn  from  Sacred  Scripture  and 
approved  spiritual  writers.  The 
booklet  is  prettily  gotten  up  and 
will  appeal  to  those  in  need  of  short 
aspirations  for  every  day  in  the 
year.  (Benziger  Bros.  82  cts.,  post- 
paid).—E.I. 


— Under  the  title,  Forerunners 
and  Competitors  of  the  Pilgrims  and 
Puritans  (Brooklyn,  published  for 
the  Society),  the  New  England  So- 
ciety of  Brooklyn  has  recently  is- 
sued, in  two  elaborate  volumes, 
edited  by  Dr.  Charles  H.  Levermore, 
a  collection  of  narratives  of  early 
voyages,  designed  "to  show  how 
many  adventurers  were  visiting,  ex- 
ploring, describing,  and  even  trying 
to  occupy  the  New  England  coast 
during  the  years  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  successful  settlements  at 
Plymouth,  Salem,  and  Boston."  The 
series  includes  the  text  of  some 
twenty-five  narratives,  beginning 
with  1601  and  extending  to  1625,  of 
voyages  to  the  New  England  coast, 
meaning  thereby  the  region  from 
Cape  Breton  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Hudson  River.  The  selections  are, 
in  a  majority  of  cases,  extracts  only, 
and  the  longest  and  most  important 
portions  are  those  taken  from  the 
narratives  of  Champlain,  Lescarbot, 
Biard,  and  John  Smith.  Though  the 
title  is  infelicitous,  the  work  is  well 
edited,  and  brings  together  for  the 
first  time  in  a  continuous  series  a 
valuable  group  of  narratives.  It 
furnishes  a  convenient  collection  of 
the  narratives  of  voyages  made  by 
persons  other  than  the  Pilgrims  or 
Puritans  of  the  Bay  Colony  to  the 
shores  of  New  England. 

— Miss  Marie  C.  Buehrle  presents 
a  prose  translation  of  Weber's  Go- 
liath. It  is  a  touching  love-story  in 
blank  verse,  of  which  the  poet  has 
made,  in  the  words  of  Fr.  F.  M. 
Lynk's  introduction,  "the  grand  song 
of  love  faithful  unto  death."  The 
translator  has  caught  the  spirit  and 
successfully  imitated  the  style  and 
rhythm  of  the  original.  We  take 
the  liberty  to  quote  the  concluding 
lines  of  the  epos:  "'Magnus,  you 
weep? — Hush:  God  rules  the  world! 
But  let  us  go  within.     Sharp  blows 


183 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


the  wind  and  roll  the  grey  mists 
upward  from  the  Elv.  The  moon 
is  extinguished  in  the  ice  and  snow 
of  the  mountain  crest,  and  mid- 
night is  past.' — Thus  sorrowfully 
ends,  although  in  peace,  the  sad 
story  of  Goliath."  (Techny,  111.: 
Mission  Press  of  the  Society  of  the 
Divine  Word.  1913.  Cloth,  50  cts.; 
better  quality,  with  gold  stamping, 
65  cts.).— A.P. 

— We  are  indebted  to  Fr.  Elder 
Mullan,  S.J.,  for  an  English  trans- 
lation of  the  first  part  of  Pere  Rene 
de  Maumigny's  Practice  of  Mental 
Prayer.  It  is  devoted  entirely  to 
ordinary  prayer  and  divided  into 
five  parts.  Part  I  shows  the  ex 
cellence  of  prayer  in  general.  Part 
II  contains  the  principal  acts  of 
ordinary  mental  prayer.  Part  III 
treats  of  affective  prayer.  Part  IV 
discusses  the  difficulties  of  mental 
prayer,  chief  among  them  dryness 
of  soul.  Part  V  explains  the  meth- 
ods of  prayer  given  in  the  Spir- 
itual exercises  of  St.  Ignatius. 
Throughout  the  author  emphasizes 
the  supreme  importance  of  solid  vir- 
tue. The  translation  is  excellent. 
(327  pp.  12mo.  New  York:  P.  J. 
Kenedy  &  Sons.  *913.  $1.35,  post- 
paid).—O.K. 

— Bibliotheca  Apocrypha.  Intro- 
ductio  Historico-Critica  in  Libros 
Apocryphos  Utriusque  Testamenti 
cum  Explicatione  Argumenti  et 
Doctrinae.  Scripsit  Dr.  Stephanus 
Szekely.  Volumen  Primum:  Intro- 
ductio  Generalis,  Sibyllae  et  Apo- 
crypha Vet.  Test.  Antiqua.  This 
is  the  first  volume  of  a  handbook 
of  which  the  need  has  long  been 
felt  in  our  seminaries,  and  which 
will  be  welcomed  by  all  who  are 
engaged  in  Biblical  studies.  After 
a  copious  general  introduction  on 
the  notion  of  the  apocrypha,  their 
number,  origin,  character,  teaching, 


etc.,  the  author  gives  characteristic 
extracts  from  the  more  pretentious 
apocryphal  writings,  together  with 
a  brief  and  trenchant  criticism  of 
each.  The  apocrypha  treated  in 
this  volume  are:  the  so-called  Sybil- 
line  oracles,  the  Old  Testament 
apocalypses  (Liber  Henoch,  As- 
sumptio  Mosis,  Apocalypsis  Baruch, 
the  Fourth  Book  of  Esdras),  the 
historical  apocrypha  of  the  0.  T. 
(the  Book  of  Jubilees,  the  Epistle 
of  Solomon,  the  Third  Book  of  Es- 
dras, and  the  Third  Book  of  the 
Machabees),  the  Testamenta  Duo- 
decim  Patriarcharum,  the  Psalmi 
Salomonis,  the  Oratio  Manassae, 
the  Sermo  de  Imperio  Rationis, 
sometimes  also  called  Fourth  Book 
of  the  Machabees,  the  Ascensio 
Isaiae;  and  in  conclusion  some  ac- 
count of  lost  apocrypha  such  as 
the  Liber  Noe,  the  Liber  Eldad 
et  Modad,  certain  additions  to  the 
Book  of  Job,  the  alleged  prophecies 
of  Hystaspis,  etc.  Dr.  Szekely  has 
devoted  many  years  to  the  prepa- 
ration of  this  work,  and  we  hope 
he  will  be  able  to  complete  it  soon. 
Competent  critics  are  unanimous  in 
praising  the  result  of  his  efforts  as 
embodied  in  this  first  volume.  The 
extensive  and  accurate  bibliograph- 
ical references  added  to  each  chap- 
ter are  of  special  value.  (vii  & 
510  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1913.  $3.57, 
postpaid). — A.  P. 

— The  Chief  Sufferings  of  Life 
and  Their  Remedies.  By  Abbe  Du- 
haut  {Pater  Georges  Ephrem,  O. 
CD.)  Translated  by  A.  M.  Buchan- 
an, M.  A.  (Benziger  Bros.  $1.37, 
postpaid.)  This  is  an  excellent  trans- 
lation of  a  most  timely  book.  One 
of  the  characteristics  of  our  day  is 
a  morbid  dread  of  suffering.  Abbe 
Duhaut  gently  and  discursively, 
after  the  delightful  manner  of  the 
French  writers,  brings  us  face  to 
face     with     the     bogey,     calms    un- 


XXI  6 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


189 


reasonable  and  paralyzing  fears, 
and  then  gives  us  the  key  to  the 
mystery.  The  wealth  of  apt  and 
beautiful  examples  adds  very  much 
to  the  value  and  attractiveness  of 
the  work,  which  will  be  acceptable 
to  all  readers,  but  especially  help- 
ful and  consoling  to  those  whose 
cross  is  heaviest. — S.  T.  Otten. 

— Spiritism  Unveiled  is  the  prom- 
ising title  of  a  new  book  by  the  V. 
Rev.  D.  I.  Lanslots,  O.S.B.  But  the 
title  is  misleading.  The  author  "un- 
veils" nothing.  He  simply  repeats 
what  Raupert,  Miller,  and  others, 
have  said  before  him.  Like  these 
writers,  Dom  Lanslots  is  convinced 
that  the  phenomena  of  Spiritism  are 
the  work  of  evil  spirits,  intent  on 
destroying  souls.  This  is  most  like- 
ly true,  but  it  will  take  a  more 
critical  treatise  than  his  to  convince 
the  sceptic.  Dom  Lanslots  gives 
too  ready  a  credence  to  the  alleged 
marvels  wrought  in  spiritistic  sean- 
ces. There  is  more  deception  practiced 
by  Spiritists  than  he  dreams.  (Spir- 
itism Unveiled.  A  Critical  Examina- 
tion of  some  Abnormal  Psychic  Phe- 
nomena. By  D.  I.  Lanslots,  O.S.B. 
ix  &  216  pp.  12mo.  London:  Sands 
&  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  ,B.  Herder. 
1913.    75  cts.  net).— C.D.U. 

— The  Unworthy  Pact,  by  Doro- 
thea Gerard  is  a  story  centering 
about  the  frequently-used  plot  of  a 
marriage  made  difficult  by  a  differ- 
ence of  religion.  Adrian  Belmont 
is  a  Catholic,  while  Lucy  Colston  is 
an  Episcopalian — voila  tout.  There 
is  also  a  desirable  Scotch  estate 
which  the  young  man  is  deprived  of 
on  account  of  his  faith.  But  in  the 
end  all  turns  out  well,  the  mar- 
riage bells  ring,  the  estate  is  turned 
over  to  the  hero  and  Lucy  even  has 
the  happiness  of  converting  Adrian, 
who   for  a  while  had  become  slack 


in  his  religious  duties,  to  a  better 
life.  Those  who  like  plots  of  this  kind 
will  find  the  tale  enjoyable.  (Ben- 
ziger  Bros.). — A.M. 

— Meditations  on  the  Sacred 
Heart,  by  Rev.  Joseph  McDonnell, 
S.J.,  (Benziger  Bros.  90  cts.  net), 
contains  a  commentary  and  medita- 
tions on  the  devotion  of  the  first 
Fridays,  the  Apostleship  of  Prayer, 
and  the  Holy  Hour.  The  subject 
matter  and  method  of  treatment  are 
clear,  solid,  methodical  and  concise. 
It  is  a  useful  addition  to  the  spirit- 
ual armory  of  the  tens  of  thousands 
of  faithful  workers  of  the  Apostle- 
ship of  Prayer  and  the  League  of 
the  Sacred  Heart. — J.P. 

— The  Fairy  of  the  Snows.  By 
Francis  J.  Finn,  S.  J.  (Benziger 
Bros.  85  cts.)  Readers  of  Father 
Finn's  many  volumes  are  rejoicing 
that  he  has  once  more  entered  a 
field  in  which  he  has  won  so  many 
friends.  Boys  and  girls,  and  adults 
too,  will  welcome  his  latest  book, 
which  has  just  come  to  us  in  an  at- 
tractive make-up.  It  is  not  advisable 
to  tell  here  even  in  brief  the  plot  of 
this  tale.  We  prefer  to  let  the  read- 
er find  it  out  for  himself.  We  may 
say,  however,  that  there  is  a  good 
deal  of  local  color,  together  with 
lively  conversation.  As  in  his  pre- 
vious books,  Father  Finn  is  especial- 
ly happy  in  introducing  moral  les- 
sons and  high  ideals  in  a  natural  and 

easy  manner. — A.  M. 

* 

Books  Received 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the 
Fortnightly  Review  is  acknowledged  in  this 
department;  but  we  undertake  to  review  such 
publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  rea- 
son or  another  to   call  for  special  mention.] 

ENGLISH 

Blessed  Are  Ye!  By  Paul  Doncoeur, 
S.  J.  Authorised  Translation.  127  pp. 
i6mo.  London :  Sands  &  Co.  St.  Louis, 
Mo. :  B.  Herder,  s.  a.  60  cts.  net. 

Supernatural  Merit.  Your  Treasure 
in  Heaven.    A  Treatise  on  the  Nature 


190 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


of  Supernatural  Merit  and  on  the  Ways 
and  Means  of  Securing  a  High  Degree 
of  Glory  in  Heaven.  By  Rev.  F.  J. 
Rentier,  CM.  xx  &  109  pp.  i6mo.  B. 
Herder.     1914.   15  cts.     (Wrapper). 

Truth  and  Error.  A  Study  in  Crit- 
ical Logic.  By  Aloysius  J.  Rather,  S. 
J..  Professor  of  Philosophy  in  St.  Lou- 
is University.  129  pp.  121110.  B.  Herder. 
1914.     50  cts.  net. 

Old  Testament  Stories.  By  C.  C. 
Martindale,  S.  J.  With  Twelve  Illustra- 
tions in  Colour.  Without  pagination; 
format,  large  8vo.  London :  Sands  & 
Co.:   St.  Louis.  Mo.:   B.  Herder,  .y.  a. 

$x  net- 

History  of  Dogmas.  By  J.  Ttxeront. 

Translated  from  the  Fifth  French  Edi- 
tion by  H.  l,.  B.  Vol.  II.  From  St. 
Athanasius  to  St.  Augustine  (318-430). 
vii  &  524  pp.  i2mo.  B.  Herder.  1914. 
$1.50  net. 

The  Lives  of  the  Popes  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  By  the  Rev.  Horace  K. 
Mann.  D.  D.  The  Popes  at  the  Height 
of  Their  Temporal  Influence.  Inno- 
cent II  to  Blessed  Benedict  XL 
1 130-1305.  Vol.  IX. — 1 1 30- 1 1 59.  lxxi 
&  355  pp.  8vo.  London:  Kegan  Paul, 
Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.;  St.  Louis, 
Mo. :  B.  Herder.  1913.  $3  net. 

Catholic  Religion.  A  Statement  of 
Christian  Teaching  and  History.  By 
Charles  Alfred  Martin,  Member  of  the 
Cleveland  Apostolate.  Second  Edition. 
x  &  486  pp.  i2mo.  B.  Herder.  1913. 
Cloth  75  cts.  net;  paper,  35  cts.  net. 

FICTION 

Claudella.  A  Story  of  the  University 
of  Texas.  By  Marks  White  Handly. 
150  pp.  i2mo.  Austin,  Tex.:  The  New- 
man Club  Press.  1913.  For  sale  by  the 
Rev.  John  Handly,  C.  S.  P.,  1912 
Guadalupe  Str.,  Austin,  Tex. 

Goliath.  A  Tragic  Love  Tale  of  the 
North.  By  Frederick  Wm.  Weber. 
Translated  by  Marie  C.  Buehrle.  93 
pp.  i2mo.  Techny,  111. :  Mission  Press 
S.  V.  D.  1914.  50  cts.;  better  binding, 
gold-stamped,  65  cts. 

GERMAN 

Der  socialc  Katholizismus  in  England. 
Von  Dr.  Karl  Waninger.  139  pp.  8vo. 
M.  Gladbach  :  Volksvereinsverlag.  1.85 
Mark.   ( Wrapper). 

I'aulus  und  die  modcrne  Seele.  Fas- 
tenvortr'dge  von  A.  W  orlitscheck, 
Stadtpfarrprediger  in  Miinchen.  75  pp. 
12  mo.  B.  Herder.  1914.  35  cts.  net. 

Zauber  des  Siidens.  Reisebilder  von 
Johannes  Mayrhofer.  120  pp.  i2mo. 
I-'r.  Pustet  &  Co.  1 91 3.  65  cts.  net. 


Graf  Paul  von  Hoensbroech's  Flucht 
aits  Kirche  und  Orden.  Was  er  ver- 
liess  und  verlor.  Von  Robert  v.  Nos- 
titz-Rieneck  S.  J.  Sechste,  unver'dnderte 
An f lag e.  xi  &  158  pp.  8vo.  Kempten 
und  Munich :  Jos,  Kosel.  1913. 

FRENCH 

Le  Berceau  de  V Islam.  V Arable  Oc- 
cidentale  a  la  Veille  de  I'Hcgire.  ier 
Volume:  Le  Climat — Les  Bedouins. 
Par  Henri  La  mm  ens  S.  I.,  Professeur 
de  Literature  Arabe  a  I'Institut  Bibli- 
que.  xxiii  &  371  pp.  large  8vo.  Rome: 
Istituto  Pontificio  Biblico.  1914.  Lire 
6.30.  (Wrapper).  For  sale  by  Max 
Bretschneider,  Via  del  Tritone  60, 
Rome,  Italy. 

The  Catholic  Library.  I.  Letters  and 
Instructions  of  St.  Ignatius  Loyola. 
Vol.  I.  1524-1547.  Translated  by  D. 
F.  O'Leary.  Selected  and  Edited  with 
Notes  by  the  Rev.  Alb  an  Goodier,  S.  J. 
xi  &  117  pp.  i2mo.  London:  Manresa 
Press;  St.  Louis,  M. :  B.  Herder.  1914. 
Bound  in  cloth,  gilt,  30  cts.  net,  postage 

5  cts. 

Jesus  Amabilis.  A  Book  for  Daily 
Prayer.  By  Francesco  Glacier,  vi  & 
170  pp.  i6mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1914.  82 
cts.,  postpaid. 

The  "Summa  Theologica"  of  St. 
Thomas  Aquinas.  Part  III.  Literally 
Translated  by  Fathers  of  the  English 
Dominican  Province.  Second  Number 
(QQ.  XXV 1 1. — LI  X.)  x  &  463  PP-  8vo. 
Benziger  Bros.  1914. 

ITALIAN 

I  Miracoli  del  Signore  nel  Vangelo. 
Spiegati  Esegeticamente  et  Praticamen- 
te  da  Leopoldo  Fonck  S.  I.,  Rettore  del 
Pontificio  Istituto  Biblico.  Volume  Pri- 
ma: I  Miracoli  nella  Natura.  Tradu- 
zionc  di  Luigi  Rossi-Di-Lucca.     xxviii 

6  644  pp.  8vo.  Rome:  Pontificio  Isti- 
tuto Biblico.  1914.  Lire  4.50.  (Wrap- 
per). For  sale  by  M.  Bretschneider. 

77  Libro  dci  Proverbi  di  Salomone. 
Studio  Critico  sidle  Aggiunte  Greco- 
Alessandrine  del  Sac.  G.  Mezzacasa.  xii 
&  204  pp.  large  8vo.  Lire  5.20.  (Wrap- 
per). For  sale  by  M.  Bretschneider. 

SPANISH 
/:/  Genesis.  Precedido  de  Una  In- 
troduction al  Pentateuco  por  L.  Mu- 
rillo  S.I.,  Professor  del  Instituto  Bibli- 
co. xxiv  &  872  pp.  8vo.  Rome:  Pontifi- 
cio Instituto  Biblico.  1914.  Lire  960. 
(Wrapper).  For  sale  by  Max  Bret- 
schneider, Via  del  Tritone  60.  Rome, 
Italy. 


XXI  6 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


191 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool   1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75   cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.   (Like  new.)   $1. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like    new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.        Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts. 

Miinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3- 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetze.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Fiirst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.    $1.60. 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.     $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Griinder,  H.  (S.J.),  Psychology 
Without  a  Soul.  St.  Louis  1912.  80  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.     Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig   1827  sqq.  $6. 

Gerend,  M.  M.,  Christian  Politeness. 
2nd  ed.     85  cts. 

Druzbicki,  G.  (S.  J.),  Mensis  Eu- 
charisticus  sive  Exercitia  Eucharistica 
et  Liturgica.  Ratisbon  1913.  Prayer 
book  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather, 

$1. 

Benz,  Karl,  Die  Stellung  Jesu  zum 
alttestamentlichen  Gesetz.  Freiburg 
1914.     50  cts.    (Paper  covers.) 

Braun,  Jos.  (S.  J.),  Spaniens  alte  Je- 
suitenkirchen.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Ge- 
schichte  der  nachmittelalterlichen  Ar- 
chitektur  in  Spanien.  Freiburg  1913. 
95  cts.    (Paper  covers.) 

Price,  G.  E.,  England  and  the  Sacred 
Heart.  Illustrated.  London  1913.  70  cts. 


Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.   (Wrapper.) 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.  B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85    cts. 

Bridgett,  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

•Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.     82  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Fraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 

Szekely,  S.,  Bibliotheca  Apocrypha. 
Introductio  Hist.-Critica  in  Libros 
Apocryphos  utriusque  Testamenti  cum 
Explicatione  Argumenti  et  Doctrinae. 
Vol.  I.  Intr.  Gen.  Sibyllae  et  Apoc. 
Vet.  Test.  Antiqua.  Freiburg  1913. 
$2.15. 

Allen,  Card.,  A  Brief  Historie  of 
the  Martyrdom  of  Father  Edmund 
Campion  and  His  Companions.  (Ed. 
by  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.  J.)  London  s.  a. 
83  cts. 

Cook,  A.  S.,  The  Higher  Study  of 
English.     Boston     1906.     80  cts. 

Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress 
of  Westminster,  1908.  (Many  valu- 
able Eucharistic  papers).  London  1909. 
Illustrated.     90  cts. 

Lanslots,  D.  I.  (O.  S.  B.),  Spirit- 
ism  Unveiled.     London   1913.     60  cts. 

Pages,  Helene,  Ehrenpreis :  Eine 
Festgabe  fur  Erstkommunikanten. 
Illustrated.     Freiburg   1913.     75   cts. 

Giraud,  S.M.,  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and 
Victim.  (Meditations  on  the  Life  of 
Our  Lord).  Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell. 
London  1914.    $1.25. 

Strappini,  W.  D.  (S.  J.),  Meditations 
Without  Method.  Considerations  on 
the  Character  and  Teaching  of  Christ, 
Arranged  as  an  Informal  Three  Days' 
Retreat.     London  1913.     $1. 

Miller,  A.,  F.  X.  von  Linsenmann's 
Gesammelte  Schriften.  I.  Miinchen. 
1912.    $1. 

Richards,  J.  H.  (S.  J.),  A  Loyal  Life. 
A  Biography  of  Henry  Livingston 
Richards.  With  Selections  From  His 
Letters  and  a  Sketch  of  the  Catholic 
Movement  in  America.  St.  Louis  1913. 
$1.50. 


192 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.),  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1S04-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.     $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.     New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Berg,  L.,  Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln 
969—976.  Freiburg  1913.  65  cts. 
(Wrapper). 

Lejeune,  P..  Counsels  of  Perfection 
for  Christian  Mothers.  Tr.  by  Francis 
A.  Ryan.     St.  Louis  1913.    80  cts. 

Cremer,  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  IVor- 
terbuch  der  Neutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
citdt.     Gotha  1866.    $1.12. 

Jorg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
vvicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  vols. 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,  Joh.  G.,  Geschichte  der 
Kriegskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendung 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebrauci. 
bis  Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  1797. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von,  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg    1907   &   1909.   $3. 

Barham,  R.  H.,  The  Ingoldsby 
Legends.     Phila.     s.   a.     2  vols.  $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1 789-1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon    1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  sqq.  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Quentin,  H.,  (O.  S.  B.),  Les  Mar- 
tyrologes  Historisques  du  Moyen  Age. 
Etude  sur  la  Formation  du  Marty- 
rologe   Romain.     Paris   1908.     $2.22. 


*Duhr,  B.  (S.J.),  Geschichte  der  Je- 
suiten  in  den  Landern  deutscher  Zunge. 
Parts  I  and  II.  In  three  large  8vo 
volumes,  richly  illustrated.  Freiburg 
1907  and  1913.     $12. 

Rowe,  J.  G.,  The  Pilgrims  of 
Grace.  A  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Henry 
VIII.  London  1914.  $1. 
t  Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
tion, or  The  Duties  of  Parents.  St. 
Louis  1899.     90  cts. 

Maumigny,  A.  de,  The .  Practice  of 
Mental  Prayer.  First  Treatise:  Or- 
dinary Prayer.     N.  Y.  1913.     98  cts. 

Mathies,  Msgr.  P.  de,  Predigten  und 
Ansprachen.     3.  Band.     Freiburg  1913. 

The  Cardinal  Democrat :  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning.  By  I.  A.  Taylor.  Lon- 
don 1908.     84  cts. 

Will,  A.  S.,  Life  of  Cardinal  Gibbons. 
Baltimore  1911.    $1.50. 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideracio- 
nes  Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  por  el  Pa- 
dre Eutimio  Tamalet.  Freiburg  1913. 
40  cts. 

William,  Father,  O.  S.  F.  C,  Francis- 
can Tertiaries.  (Instructions  on  the 
Rule).    London   1913.     80  cts. 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G.,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne,  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  -(Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).   $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.     Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb     condition. 

$2-35- 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 
1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2  vols.     London    1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes' 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don   1906.     $1.40. 


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BARGAIN    BOOK  CO.,  804  CLAY   STREET,   ST.  CHARLES,   MO. 


On  Societies, — Catholic,  Secret,  and  Neutral 

By  the  Rt.  Rev.  Timothy  Corbett,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Crookston,  Minn. 

The  success  and  influence  of  societies  depend  on  their  strict 
fidelity  to  the  Infallible  Church.  No  society,  with  the  honor- 
able name  of  Catholic  attached  to  it,  will  continue  to  flourish 
and  endure  without  the  Church. 

Some  societies  are  formed  outside  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Church ;  others  are  composed  of  Catholics  only,  with  no  decided- 
ly Catholic  object.  Any  society,  though  composed  of  Catholics, 
prescribing  absolute  secrecy  and  blind  obedience,  would  not  be 
allowed  on  Catholic  principles.  The  fact  that  a  society  con- 
sists exclusively  of  Catholic  members  does  not  make  that  so- 
ciety Catholic.  A  spirit,  loyal  to  the  Church  and  practically 
intent  to  foster  Catholic  faith  and  morals,  must  pervade  each 
member  and  the  entire  society,  though  established  for  bene- 
volent purposes.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Catholic  spirit 
is  lacking,  where  members  are  admitted  or  retained,  who  openly 
neglect  their  religious  duties,  give  scandal  by  drunkenness,  dis- 
honesty, exhibit  an  adverse  spirit  to  the  parochial  schools,  or 
send  their  children  to  Protestant  institutions  of  learning.  The 
public  criticism  or  condemnation  of  laws,  enacted  by  eccle- 
siastical superiors,  or  the  direct  violation  of  the  ecclesiastical 
rules  and  regulations  of  the  Church,  or  the  Statutes  of  the  Dio- 
cese, would  plainly  prove  the  unreligious  and  un-Catholic  char- 
acter of  a  society.  Every  society  worthy  of  the  glorious  name 
of  Catholic,  should  adopt  the  following  essential  points  in  its 
constitution:  The  statutes  and  laws  thereof,  or  any  important 
change  thereafter,  must  be  approved  by  ecclesiastical  authority. 
The  religious  affairs  of  the  society  must  be  absolutely  subjected 
to  the  Bishop  of  the  Diocese,  who  may,  for  reasons,  disband  a 
society  under  his  jurisdiction.  The  Church  will  ever  gladly  be- 
stow her  blessings  upon  the  members  and  workings  of  a  so- 


194  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

ciety,  which  will  remain  staunch  to  her  direction  and  her  teach- 
ing. Only  practical  Catholics  can  be  admitted  as  members. 
Due  cognizance  should  be  taken  of  the  fact  that  not  the  number 
of  members,  but  their  quality,  their  good  name  and  personal 
virtue  confer  honor,  strength  and  importance  on  the  society. 
The  officers  should  be  chosen  from  the  best,  most  conservative, 
most  honorable  and  most  Catholic  members.  Members,  who 
continue  to  give  scandal,  after  sufficient  admonition,  must  be 
expelled  without  mercy.  The  society  must  insist  on  the  faithful 
performance,  by  its  members,  of  their  religious  and  ecclesias- 
tical duties.  Unless  the  interest  of  religion  or  morality  be  di- 
rectly at  stake,  the  society,  as  a  body,  should  not  meddle  in  pol- 
itics. Finally,  societies  should  not  become  so  social,  so  selfish, 
or  so  disinterested  as  to  fail  to  assume  active  interest  in  all  that 
concerns  the  welfare  of  the  parish  or  parishes  wherein  they  are 
located.  The  members  should  become  staunch  and  active 
workers  of  the  parishes,  so  as  to  give  strength  and  joy  to  Holy 
Mother  Church. 

Societies  should  earnestly  heed  the  advice  and  direction  of 
the  clergy,  even  though  their  immediate  object  be  of  a  material 
nature.  Christian  piety  should  be  cultivated  in  societies  es- 
tablished for  purely  temporal  advantages.  No  society  bearing 
the  name  of  Catholic,  should  exist  in  any  parish,  unless  the 
priest  assumes  personal  interest  therein.  No  one  should  be 
admitted  into  a  society  without  the  recommendation  of  his  re- 
spective pastor,  who  is  generally  the  best  judge  in  this  matter. 
The  life  of  the  applicant  should  guarantee  his  enrollment  into 
a  society,  which  must  not  be  considered  as  a  place  of  probation 

or  reformation The    right    of    attending    society    meetings 

must  be  allowed  the  priest  or  local  pastor,  even  though  he  be 
not  a  member.  The  priest  must  receive  due  respect  and  defer- 
ence in  the  societies.  His  clerical  dignity  demands  that  he 
should  not  be  treated  as  an  ordinary  member,  or  put  on  a  level 
with  other  members  in  initiation  ceremonies.  In  meetings,  the 
priest  should  occupy  a  place  of  honor.  The  sacred  character 
of  the  priesthood  forbids  its  impersonation  in  functions  of  the 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  195 

society.  The  priest  is  not,  now  a  priest,  now  a  layman,  or  member 
of  a  society ;  he  is  a  priest  forever  and  everywhere.  Laymen  who 
would  attempt  such  conduct  towards  the  priesthood,  would  only 
dishonor  themselves,  their  society  and  the  Church. . . . 

Societies  should  avoid  all  absurd  mummeries  resembling 
pagan  practices,  modern  fooleries  and  ridiculous  antics  unbe- 
coming human  beings.  The  imitation  of  terms,  initiatory  for- 
mulas, characteristic  of  Masonic  lodges  and  dangerous  societies 
contain  certain  and  regrettable  dangers.  Catholics  may  become 
too  familiar,  yea,  too  sympathetic  with  the  methods  and  pro- 
ceedings of  secret  lodges,  grow  lukewarm,  indifferent  and  finally 
fall.  Members  of  forbidden  or  condemned  societies  must  be 
debarred  from  Catholic  orders.  The  Catholic  who  will  become 
a  traitor  to  the  Church  and  to  God  will  do  mischief  in  an  organ- 
ization and  eventually  turn  out  traitor  to  it.  No  so-called 
memorial  service  will  be  tolerated  for  deceased  members,  but 
a  Requiem  Mass  is  most  highly  commendable ....  Although 
members  of  lay  organizations,  Catholics  should  become  and  re- 
main staunch  members  of  Church  sodalities  and  confraternities. 
It  is  a  lamentable  and  unpardonable  fact,  that,  the  more  zeal 
men  and  women  exhibit  for  lay  organizations,  the  less  zealous 
they  become  in  promoting  strictly  religious  confraternities,  and 
too  frequently  they  neglect  these  entirely.  Religion  must  always 
take  the  precedence,  and  for  it  there  can  be  no  vacation 

Meetings  and  lodges,  however,  should  not  interfere  with 
that  most  important  and  precious  institution,  the  home,  the 
basis  of  society.  "He  that  hath  not  care  of  his  household,  is 
worse  than  an  infidel  and  hath  denied  the  faith,"  says  St.  Paul. 
Heads  of  families  principally,  although  members  of  a  society,  do 
wrong  in  neglecting  to  devote  to  their  homes  and  families  all 
possible  time,  unless  business  affairs  and  occasional  legitimate 
social  duties  prevent  them  from  doing  so.  After  the  Church, 
the  home  must  be  held  most  sacred  and  regarded  as  the  dearest 
and  most  blessed  spot  on  earth.  The  family  circle  must  be 
guarded,  cherished  and  honored  by  both  parents  and  offspring. 

Club  rooms  generally  constitute  counter  attractions  to  the 
home.     Home  life  is  considered  too  dreary,  too  lonely  and  too 


196  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

dull  for  their  devotees.  Club  rooms  cause  deluded  mortals  to 
indulge  frequently  in  companionship,  conversations  and  games, 
injurious  to  their  faith,  finances,  health  and  honorable  standing. 
The  wife  and  children  at  home  feel  themselves  forgotten,  un- 
protected and  neglected.  The  necessary  care  and  affection  they 
fail  to  receive  from  their  constantly  club-going  fathers  and 
husbands.  .  .  . 

The  Church  in  her  wisdom  cries  out  against  secret  organ- 
izations, which  of  their  very  nature  are  hostile  to  true  union 
because  of  their  secret  workings.  Secret  organizations  not  only 
militate  against  the  Church,  because  of  her  staunch  conser- 
vatism in  the  right,  but  also  against  the  State,  to  whose  spirit 
they  are  directly  opposed  because  of  their  absolute  secrecy  and 
absolute  blind  obedience.  Their  oaths  are  destructive  of  per- 
sonal liberty  by  enslaving  individuals,  in  having  them  give  blind 
obedience  to  unknown  principles  and  leaders .... 

There  are  but  few  Catholics  who  become  members  of 
neutral  societies,  who  will  not  grow  cold,  indifferent  and  weak- 
ened in  their  Holy  Faith.  Failing  to  take  a  lively  interest  in 
Church  matters,  they  esteem  lodges  far  more  than  the  Church. 
They  rarely  miss  a  lodge  meeting,  but  consider  it  a  small  mat- 
ter to  absent  themselves  from  Mass  and  care  little  for  an  evening 
devotion.  The  names  of  such  organizations  are  frequently  false 
and  absurd,  in  as  much  as  they  are  assumed  from  occupations 
not  practiced  by  the  members.  Their  patrons  are  selected  from 
the  animal  kingdom  and  their  temples  remain  open  for  nocturnal 
carousals,  odd  and  suggestive  amusements  and  for  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquor,  even  contrary  to  law.  Neutral  societies 
endeavor  to  place  all  religions  on  an  equal  basis.  Although  not 
professedly  inimical  to  the  Church,  they  are  rarely  harmless 
and  nearly  always  expose  Catholics  to  moral  and  religious  dan- 
gers. By  these  associations,  the  Catholic  is  liable  to  impair  the 
integrity  of  his  faith.  Catholics  should  prefer  to  mingle  with 
their  co-religionists  in  Catholic  organizations.  Liberalism  in 
religion  freely  flourishes  among  Catholics  who  have  joined  non- 
Catholic  societies.  The  old  saying  is  ever  true :  Evil  communi- 
cations corrupt  good  manners. 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  197 

About    Billy    Sunday 

The  sensational  "evangelist"  known  as  Billy  Sunday  is  a 
peculiar  product  of  modern  Protestantism. 

His  sincerity  can  hardly  be  questioned.  Undoubtedly,  too, 
he  has  helped  some  men  to  a  better  life.  It  appears  to  be  well 
established  that  his  "booze  sermon"  has  led  drunkards  here 
and  there  to  reform. 

But  he  is  in  no  true  sense  an  "evangelist."  He  makes  of 
religion  a  huge  sensation  and  a  blazing  vulgarity.  He  speaks 
of  the  most  sacred  things  in  the  language  of  the  saloon,  the 
race-track,  and  the  gutter.  His  rudest  sneers  are  for  ministers 
of  religion  whom  he  calls  "fudge-eating  mollycoddles,"  and  for 
church-members,  of  whom  a  frequent  description  by  him  is  that 
they  are  a  "world-loving,  dancing,  card-playing,  whiskey-guz- 
zling, gin-fizzling,  wine-sizzling,  novel-reading  crowd."  As  for 
professors  in  theological  seminaries,  what  he  would  do  with 
them  is  to  "stand  them  on  their  heads  in  mud-puddles."  His 
general  style  of  speech  is  well  exemplified  in  his  saying  in  one 
Western  city,  that  he  was  going  to  stay  there  and  preach  "till 
hell  freezes  over,  and  then  I'm  going  to  get  a  pair  of  skates  and 
keep  on  soaking  it  into  Satan." 

Billy's  recipe  for  reaching  the  crowd  is  very  simple:  "I 
loaded  my  old  muzzle-loading  gospel  gun  with  ipecac,  butter- 
milk, rough  on  rats,  rock  salt,  and  whatever  else  came  handy, 
and  the  gang  has  been  ducking  and  the  feathers  flying  ever 
since."  Noise  and  numbers!  There  it  is,  the  old  fallacy  made 
to  excuse  such  a  treatment  of  religion  as  really  tears  up  its 
deepest  roots.  The  old  notion  about  the  Lord  not  being  in  the 
earthquake  but  in  the  still  small  voice  has  become  ridiculously 
obsolete.  Conversions  to  the  accompaniment  of  a  brass  band 
and  shouting  thousands  are  the  great  proof  of  spiritual  power 
to-day. 

A  book  has  just  been  published  (F.  H.  Revell)  on  The  Real 
Billy  Sunday.  It  is  written  by  the  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Brown,  D.D., 
who  further  identifies  himself  as  "Ram's  Horn  Brown."  It  is 
right  enough  that  a  volume  should  be  devoted  to  a  strange  re- 


198  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

ligious  phenomenon — for  this  Mr.  Sunday  unquestionably  is. 
Dr.  Brown  recites  the  facts  of  his  life,  the  circumstances  of  his 
"becoming  religious,"  with  many  details  about  his  subsequent 
activity  and  enormous  success. 

The  New  York  Nation  comments  on  this  character  sketch 
pungently  as  follows:  "Sunday  has  simply  developed  sensa- 
tionalism to  the  nth  power,  and  applied  it  to  the  work  of  sav- 
ing souls.  He  is  adrip  with  the  slang  of  the  slums.  He  claps 
Jehovah  familiarly  on  the  back.  He  puts  a  smear  as  of  the 
barroom  over  the  holy  things.  But  countless  thousands  fight 
to  hear  him.  He  gets  the  crowd.  And  that  is  enough,  even  in 
religion!  As  he  himself  says,  he  'hands  out  the  goods,'  he 
'dopes  it  out  for  the  Lord,'  he  pitches  'hot  ones'  to  that  'smooth 
guy,'  the  devil.     At  last,  religion  has  got  its  'punch'!" 

A  Traveling  Bible  Show 

By  the  Rev.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.J.,  St.  Louis  University 

Pastor  Russell,  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  whose  methods  of  dis- 
seminating error  under  the  guise  of  Biblical  truth,  have  already 
been  exposed  in  this  Review,  has  set  afoot  a  new  scheme  for  the 
propaganda  of  false  teaching.  It  is  the  presentation  of  a  unique 
Biblical  "photo-drama"  called  Creation,  which  has  already  been 
shown  in  several  cities,  including  St.  Louis.  This  "drama"  is  an 
elaborate  combination  of  stereopticon  and  motion-pictures,  ac- 
companied by  phonographic  recitation  of  a  commentary  or  text, 
copies  of  which  are  distributed  to  the  auditors.  So-called  "sa- 
cred" hymns  fill  up  the  intervals.  The  play  is  given  in  four 
parts,  an  afternoon  or  evening  being  devoted  to  each  part,  and 
admission  is  entirely  free. 

It  were  hardly  worth  while  to  notice  this  new  effort  of 
Pastor  Russell  and  his  associates  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that 
crowds  of  people  have  filled  the  house  at  almost  every  perform- 
ance in  a  centrally  located  theatre  in  St.  Louis.  The  originators 
of  the  drama  claim  that  they  have  received  many  invitations 
from  other  cities  and  will  transfer  it  elsewhere  as  soon  as  the 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  199 

demand  for  its  production  in  St.  Louis  has  been  satisfied.  Hence 
the  chance  for  spreading  false  teaching  in  matters  of  faith  and 
religion  will  be  multiplied. 

Thoguh  Part  I  of  the  drama,  showing  "Creation,"  may  com- 
mend itself  to  some  extent  as  in  harmony  with  the  deductions  of 
sound  Biblical  exegesis,  yet  as  soon  as  the  writer  of  the  text 
and  the  artist  leave  the  solid  ground  of  Bible  narrative,  imagi- 
nation runs  riot.  Canons  of  Biblical  interpretation,  rules  of  logic, 
and  teachings  of  history  are  cast  to  the  winds — the  main  pur- 
pose evidently  being  to  give  Doctor  Russell  a  "vantage-ground" 
for  his  teachings.  It  will  be  necessary  for  pastors,  where  this 
production  is  shown,  to  be  prepared  to  tell  their  people  why  they 
should  abstain  from  being  present  at  such  a  strange  medley  of 
truth  and  falsehood  and  Biblical  events  served  up  with  modern 
realistic  details. 

The  originators  of  this  drama  will  find  it  hard  to  deny  that 
one  of  their  purposes  was  to  slander  the  Catholic  Church.  Thus 
in  Part  One,  without  the  least  apparent  reason  and  without  any 
historical  nexus  with  what  went  before,  a  lurid  picture  is  sud- 
denly thrown  upon  the  screen,  illustrating  the  "Burning  of 
Heretics  at  Paris,"  immediately  followed  by  a  still  more  grew- 
some  scene  showing  the  "Burning  of  Savanarola."  Though  the 
Catholic  Church  is  not  mentioned,  the  onlooker  is  supposed  to 
understand  who  is  responsible  for  the  fate  meted  out  to  the  "he- 
roes" on  the  pictures  before  him.  Certainly  an  uncultured  popu- 
lace cannot  but  think  hard  of  the  true  Church  when  such  images 
are  shown  in  connection  with  frothy  discussion  of  a  "free  Bible." 

Certain  scenes  of  Part  III,  representing  the  espousals  of 
St.  Joseph  with  the  Blessed  Virgin,  might  be  called  humorously 
ridiculous,  were  they  not  connected  with  such  sacred  personages. 
A  well-known  wedding  march,  anything  but  sacred,  is  played 
during  the  wedding (!!)  procession.  The  moving-picture  in- 
tended to  convey  an  idea  of  the  holiest  event  that  ever  took  place 
on  earth — the  birth  of  our  Redeemer — is  painfully  realistic. 
Throughout  this  part  of  the  drama,  the  playing  of  familiar  Cath- 
olic melodies  lends  an  apparent  Catholic  interpretation  to  the 
scenes,  and  will  deceive  the  unwary. 


200  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

But  the  question  will  arise,  what  object  will  this  elaborate 
photo-play  serve?  Will  it  lead  people  to  church,  and  if  so,  to 
what  church?  We  believe  the  inconsistency  of  this  undertaking 
with  the  means  necessary  to  bring  Christian  faith  to  the  masses, 
has  been  well  pointed  out  by  the  editor  of  the  St.  Louis  Amerika 
(Feb.  25)  in  a  well  written  editorial,  aptly  entitled:  "Popular 
Instruction  as  It  Should  Not  Be."  This  excellent  comment  on  the 
latest  activity  of  the  Bible  Society  deserves  wide  circulation. 
It  is  regrettable  that  it  is  hidden  away  in  an  unfamiliar  lan- 
guage in  a  daily  paper,  which  once  read,  is  cast  aside.  We  are 
glad  to  reproduce  some  of  Mr.  Kenkel's  appropriate  remarks. 

If  the  aim  of  the  undertaking  can  not  be  approved  of,  since  the 
Bible  is  not  the  only  source  and  guide  of  religious  teaching,  some  of  the 
pictures  and  their  explanations  are  to  be  condemned  even  more  strongly. 
History  and  theology  are  ignored,  and  what  has  been  deemed  subservient 
to  the  purpose  of  the  promoters  has  been  carefully  selected  and  skilfully 
wedged  into  the  "commentary."  Before  us  is  the  text  of  some  35,000 
words,  which  contains  so  many  falsifications  that  it  can  neither  bear  the 
examination  of  historic  criticism  nor  avoid  the  charge  of  having  been 
manufactured  to  suit  preconceived  ideas.  Its  very  keynote  will  be  rejected 
not  only  by  the  Church,  but  by  every  religious  body,  every  sect,  which 
still  believes  in  an  objective  system  of  Christian  doctrine  and  in  a  teach- 
ing authority.  For  throughout  the  printed  lecture  this  idea  is  dominant, — 
that  the  churches  in  general  do  not  correspond  to  the  ideal  of  Christ, 
who    would    recognize    no    church,    but    only    a    universal    communion    of 

Bible    Christians The   audience    are   taught   that   there   is   no   living 

Apostolic    Church,    that   the    power    and    authority    of    Christ    have   been 

conferred  upon   no  one,    upon  no    bishop The    Crusades   are    called 

"foolish  undertakings,"  while  Huss,  Wyclif,  Tyndale,  Cranmer,  Latimer, 
Ridley,  Calvin  and  others  are  thrown  together  pell-mell  and  represented 
as  "advanced  thinkers,"  whose  appearance  must  be  looked  upon  as  a 
happy  omen. 

These  are  some  of  the  teachings  set  forth  in  the  latest  pro- 
duction of  the  Bible  Society.  Any  one  who  has  read  the  Rev. 
Bertram  Wolferstan's  "The  Catholic  Church  in  China"  knows 
of  the  uncertainty  wrought  in  the  Chinese  mind  by  the  warring 
of  the  sects,  and  by  the  indiscriminate  flooding  of  the  land 
with  "free  bibles."  The  Bible  advocates,  instead  of  "letting  in 
the  light,"  made  "confusion  worse  confounded."  It  is  to  be 
feared  that  the  elaborate  production  now  travelling  through  the 
land  will  not  increase  reverence  for  the  Word  of  God.     On  the 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  201 

contrary,  it  will  confuse  puzzled  minds  all  the  more  as  to  the 
meaning  of  the  everlasting  truths  revealed  in  Scripture. 

This  does  not  mean  that  Biblical  pageants  and  carefully- 
written  and  reverently  staged  Bible  scenes  are  devoid  of  good 
results.  Far  from  it.  The  Easter  and  the  Christmas  plays  of 
medieval  France  and  Germany,  based  directly  on  the  Gospel 
story,  filled  the  beholder  with  awe  and  enthusiasm  working 
unto  righteousness.  The  peasants  of  the  Bavarian  Highlands 
learn  more  of  the  love  of  the  Savior  for  their  souls  when  they 
take  their  respective  parts  in  the  Passion  Play  at  Oberammer- 
gau.  But  these  devoted  Catholic  peasants  know  where  to  turn 
for  light  and  guidance  in  their  reading  of  Scriptural  truths.  The 
Bible  narrative  has  for  them  a  message,  sweet  and  strong  and 
uplifting,  because  it  comes  to  them  explained  and  defended  by  the 
Church,  the  Pillar  and  Ground  of  Truth.  But  between  their 
splendid  representations  and  Dr.  Russell's  effusions  there  is  the 
difference  between  truth  and  error,  between  one  following  Christ, 
the  Way,  the  Truth,  and  the  Life — and  a  poor  soul  groping  after 
a  self-styled  and  conceited  reformer. 

The  Chautauqua  Assemblies  as  Hotbeds  of  Radicalism 

By  Arthur  Preuss 

Mr.  Daniel  F.  Kellogg,  writing  in  the  North  American 
Revieiv  (No.  698)  on  "The  Disappearing  Right  of  Private 
Property,"  traces  the  growing  trend  towards  Socialism  in 
America  to  three  main  causes:  (1)  the  decay  of  religion,  (2) 
the  influence  of  sensational  journalism,  and  (3)  the  growth  of 
the  Chautauqua  movement. 

What  he  says  on  the  first  two  points  has  been  frequently 
and  more  forcibly  expressed  in  the  Fortnightly  Review.  But 
the  information  he  gives  concerning  the  "so-called  and  miscalled 
'Chautauqua  assemblies' "  will  be  new  to  many  of  our  readers 
and  also,  we  are  sure,  useful  to  some.    We  quote : 

The  extent  of  the  influence  exerted  by  the  self-styled  'Chautauqua' 
gatherings  is  only  slightly  understood  in  the  Eastern  part  of  the  country, 
probably  because  these  assemblages  are  comparatively  uncommon  in  the 
East.     There   are,  however,   about  three  hundred   and   fifty  'Chautauqua' 


202  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

organizations  in  this  country  having  permanent  plants  at  summer  places 
where  the  population  entirely  disappears  with  the  close  of  a  summer  sea- 
son lasting,  usually,  a  couple  of  months;  about  three  hundred  other  or- 
ganizations having  'plants' — mostly  consisting,  of  course,  of  auditoriums — 
at  towns  or  cities  having  a  permanent  population  and  where  the  Chautauqua 
sessions  sometimes  held  in  the  winter-time  have  a  more  limited  duration 
than  at  those  first  named;  and  from  fifteen  hundred  to  two  thousand  meet- 
ings, usually  held  in  circus  tents  or  other  temporary  places  and  conducted 
under  the  auspices  of  Lyceum  Bureaus  whose  organization  does  not 
differ  materially  from  those  of  the  old  lyceums  known  to  a  former  genera- 
tion. The  word  'Chautauqua,'  as  attached  to  all  these  organizations,  is  a 
misnomer.  None  of  these  has  any  connection  with  the  original  Chautauqun 
Sunday-school  Assembly  on  Chautauqua  Lake  in  New  York  State,  and  the 
word  Chautauqua  as  used  in  reference  to  them  should  really  be  an  un- 
capitalized    adjective. 

It  is  not  intended  to  be  asserted  or  intimated  that  the  general  tenor 
of  the  talk  heard  at  these  assemblages  is  of  a  Populist  or  Socialist  char- 
acter. The  people  in  attendance  there  are  the  best  elements  of  the  com- 
munities in  which  they  are  located.  They  are  respectable,  orderly  people 
and  are  of  the  class  which  is  the  backbone  of  our  national  life.  Originally 
formed,  however,  in  imitation  of  the  Chautauqua  Sunday-school  Assembly, 
where  the  subjects  discussed  were  of  a  religious  or  at  least  of  a  very  seri- 
ous character,  the  tendency  has  been  at  these  gatherings  towards  lectures, 
discussions,  and  entertainments  of  a  lighter  vein,  which,  if  in  no  way  of  a 
vulgar  character,  are  yet  of  an  essentially  popular  sort.  Great  differences  al- 
so exist  between  the  characters  of  different  assemblies.  Those  designated  as 
strictly  summer  places  have  retained  the  primitive  spirit  more  closely  than 
any  other,  while  the  circus-tent  meetings,  such  as  those  to  which  public  at- 
tention has  been   prominently  directed [last   summer]    in   connection 

with  the  speeches  of  Mr.  Bryan,  have  come  to  partake  of  the  nature 
of  mere  traveling  theatrical  organizations.  As  may  be  supposed,  the  trend 
of  the  talk  heard  at  these  meetings  has  been  continually  toward  a  greater 
radicalism.  They  are  not  places,  taken  as  whole,  where  an  hearty  wel- 
come is  given  to  conservative  or  really  scientific  speakers,  but  where  popular 
and  rural  prejudices  are  catered  to  and  where  the  heresies  and  vagaries  of 
the  day  are  exploited. 

Allowance  must  be  made  for  the  circumstance  that  Mr. 
Kellogg  writes  from  the  capitalist  point  of  view,  which  is  poles 
asunder  from  that  of  the  enlightened  Catholic.  But  the  fact 
remains  that  what  he  says  about  the  Chautauqua  assemblies 
is  substantially  true.  Not  a  few  of  us  who  are  opposed  to  "the 
heresies  and  vagaries  of  the  day,"  and  especially  to  the  political 
radicalism  and  the  false  philosophy  underlying  the  Socialist 
movement,  have  been  too  indulgent  towards  the  Chautauqua 
meetings,  just  as  we  have  been  too  lenient,  to  express  it  mild- 
ly,   in    our    attitude    towards    sensational    journalism.      It    is 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  203 

high  time  that  we  take  up  the  fight  in  earnest  against  these 
two  pernicious  agencies  which  not  only  imperil  Capitalism — 
we  have  no  reason  to  regret  that — but  the  basic  truths  of 
Christian  Revelation  and  the  ethical  standards  based  thereon, 
which  are  essential  to  the  welfare  of  society. 


Catholic  Teachers  in  Public  Schools 

By  Mrs.  Susan  Tracy  Otten,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Every  phase  and  every  appurtenance  of  the  matter  of 
education  must  engage  the  attention  and  enlist  the  efforts  of 
Catholics  more  and  more,  for  we  cannot  expect  that  the  fact 
of  our  having  built  our  own  schools  and  of  our  supporting  them 
will  preserve  us  from  interference.  Indeed,  the  signs  of  the 
times  all  indicate  that  the  advance  guard  of  the  opposing  forces 
is  near  our  out-posts.  Among  these  signs  are  the  general  ten- 
dency towards  the  syndicalizing  of  education,  penalizing  of  re- 
ligious instruction  by  the  Carnegie  Foundation,  discussion  in 
several  localities  of  the  advisability  of  taxing  church  and  school 
property,  the  constantly  renewed  attempts  towards  establishing 
state  control  over  higher  education  by  the  founding  of  a  nation- 
al university,  and  many  other  movements  of  the  day.  Under 
these  conditions  it  is  essential  indeed  that  the  position  of  Cath- 
olics on  the  school  question  be  unassailable,  and  consistency  of 
practice  with  doctrine  is  of  the  first  necessity. 

Now  there  are  two  ways  in  which  we  may  be,  and  are, 
inconsistent.  The  first  is  by  patronizing  the  system  of  educa- 
tion which  we  condemn.  Catholics  who  send  their  children  to 
non-Catholic  schools  are  properly  and  constantly  rebuked.  But 
there  is  another  inconsistency,  wide-spread  among  us,  hitherto 
not  openly  discountenanced  or  discouraged,  although  it  is  one 
of  the  most  serious  drawbacks  to  the  cause  of  Catholic  education. 
This  is  the  inconsistency  involved  in  the  position  of  Catholics  as 
teaching  in  the  public  schools.  The  fact  that  I  encounter  for 
the  first  time  an  allusion  to  this  matter  in  a  recent  number  of 
the  Fortnightly  Review,    encourages  me  to  enlarge  a  little 


204  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

on  the  subject.  Doubtless  the  statistics  in  the  case,  were  they 
collected,  would  astonish  us,  since  it  was  stated  at  the  con- 
vention of  the  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies  two  years  ago 
that  in  New  York  City  alone  half  the  teachers  in  the  public 
schools  were  Catholic,  and  the  same  statement  has  been  made 
with  regard  to  Chicago. 

There  are  two  standpoints  from  which  to  view  the  act  of  a 
Catholic  who  teaches  in  the  public  schools.  First,  as  regards 
himself,  he  (generally  she)  must  either  abandon  or  keep  well 
in  the  background  all  that  the  Church  teaches  regarding  the 
end  and  the  nature  of  education,  because  he  is  the  paid  servant 
of  a  system  diametrically  opposed  to  it.  Then,  he  must  lend 
himself  generously,  or  at  least  honestly,  to  the  operation  of  this 
false  system.  If  he  knows  his  catechism,  he  cannot  but  see,  not 
only  the  general  negative  character  of  the  system,  but  the  par- 
ticular errors  in  particular  branches  of  the  curriculum.  So 
there  must  be  a  continual  compromise  between  his  acts  and  his 
knowledge,  his  will  and  his  intellect.  In  time  the  clearness  of 
his  Catholic  intellect,  supernaturally  enlightened  as  it  has  been, 
must  become  clouded.  Also,  he  comes  in  contact  with  the  false 
theories,  ever  changing,  which  from  time  to  time  are  popular 
with  secular  pedagogues,  and  he  must  hear  them  expounded  at 
teachers'  institutes,  study  the  text-books  which  formulate  them, 
and  apply  them  in  the  class-room.  Last,  he  is  almost  invariably 
brought  into  touch  with  the  most  objectionable  phase  of  politics. 

Secondly,  with  regard  to  others,  the  Catholic  teacher,  first, 
helps  on  the  harm  that  the  irreligious  (non-religious  is  only  an 
equivalent)  school  does  to  the  children  who  attend  it,  and  we 
have  for  a  long,  long  time  been  telling  it  abroad  what  that  harm 
is.  Then,  he  is  a  rock  of  offense  to  the  Catholic  who  supports 
and  sends  his  children  to  the  Catholic  school.  He  is  also  a  grave 
source  of  danger  to  the  unfortunate  Catholic  children  who 
chance  to  go  to  the  public  school,  giving,  as  he  does,  a  sort  of 
excuse  to  the  lukewarm  parents  and  an  equivocal  example  to 
Catholic  pupils.  Then,  he  is  a  practical  denial,  to  the  non-Cath- 
olic, of  our    carefully    built-up  case    against  being    taxed    for 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  205 

schools  we  cannot  in  conscience  use.  "Why,"  the  non-Catholic 
may  well  say,  "is  a  school  which  is  too  bad  for  your  children  to 
learn  in,  very  good  for  your  adults  to  teach  in?  And  will  you 
have  your  cake  and  eat  it?  Do  you  want  half  the  monies  paid 
in  teachers'  salaries  in  the  state  schools  and  a  pro  rata  share 
for  the  payment  of  your  own  teachers  in  your  own  schools?" 
Thus  may  one  inconsistency  be  very  well  met  by  another. 

Many  pleas  are  put  forward  to  condone  the  position  of 
Catholics  who  teach  in  the  public  schools.  The  plain  motive 
for  their  so  doing  remains  the  securing  of  a  living.  There  are 
many  honorable  ways  of  making  a  living,  and  there  is  a  certain 
honor  in  starving  under  certain  conditions;  so,  at  least,  we 
think  when  we  read  of  Ireland  under  the  penal  laws,  or  Eng- 
land in  Reformation  times  or  when  we  hear  occasionally,  for 
such  things  are  not  much  known,  of  the  plight  of  some  poor 
convert  in  our  own  days.  If  we  are  not  brave  enough  to  be 
martyrs,  will  not  God  give  us  the  grace  to  be  confessors? 

Some  bishops  have  said  to  their  people,  "You  shall  not 
send  your  children  to  non-Catholic  schools."  Some  day  some 
bishops  will  say,  "You  shall  not  teach  in  non-Catholic  schools." 


"Unto  Nirvana" 

The  San  Francisco  Monitor,  which  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  Charles  Phillips  has  become  one  of  the  most  alert  and  inter- 
esting of  our  American  Catholic  weeklies,  in  its  edition  of  Feb. 
14  (Vol.  LV,  No.  39)  reproduced  from  our  No.  3,  pp.  72  sqq. 
B.  F.  V's  criticism  of  the  projected  Panama  Canal  Exposition 
architecture  and  of  a  certain  inscription  in  the  triumphal  Arch 
of  the  Rising  Sun.1  This  elicited  the  subjoined  letter,  which  the 
Monitor  prints  in  its  No.  42: 

San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Feb.  18,  1914. 
Editor  The  Monitor: 

My  Dear  Sir — Your  courteous  favor  addressed  to  Mr.  Louis  Levy 
has  been  referred  to  me  for  attention.  In  this  letter  you  refer  to  an 
article  in  the  Fortnightly  Review,  headed  "Unto  Nirvana,"  which  ques- 

1  This    article    was    also    reproduced      e.  g.,  the  Christian  Cynosure  (Chicago) 
approvingly    by    non-Catholic    papers,      for  March. 


206  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

tions  the  good  taste  of  a   proposed  inscription  on   one  of  the  triumphal 
arches    included   in   the   architectural   scheme   of  the   Exposition. 

The  inscription  referred  to  occurs  on  the  top  of  the  so-called  Eastern 
arch.  This  arch  is  surmounted  by  a  colossal  group  representing  the  na- 
tions of  the  East.  The  proposed  inscription  is:  "Unto  Nirvana.  He  is 
one  with  life,  yet  lives  not.  He  is  blessed  ceasing  to  be.  Om  mani  padme 
om.     The  dewdrop   slips  into  the  shining  sea." 

The  writer  of  the  article  takes  vigorous  exception  to  the  use  of  this 
inscription,  asserting  that  an  inscription  frankly  intended  to  reflect  the 
essentials  of  Buddhism  should  not  receive  a  central  place  in  a  celebra- 
tion by  a  Christian  nation.  This  exception  would  undoubtedly  be  well 
founded  if  the  inscription  were  what  the  writer  evidently  thinks  it — that 
is,  something  central  and  representative  in  the  architectural  scheme,  but 
he  is  mistaken  in  this  impression. 

The  plan  of  the  so-called  Court  of  the  Universe  in  the  Exposition 
includes  two  of  these  arches.  One  of  them  is  dedicated  to  the  nations 
of  the  East  and  is  the  one  referred  to  by  the  Fortnightly  correspondent. 
Facing  this  arch  on  the  western  side  of  the  court  is  another  devoted  to 
the  nations  of  the  West.  It  is  topped  by  a  colossal  group  symbolizing 
the  Occident  and  will  have  an  inscription  reflecting  the  spirit  of  the  West 
It  will,  therefore,  be  seen  that  the  objectionable  inscription  is  not  a  cen- 
tral feature  nor  does  it  represent  the  feeling  or  spirit  of  the  Exposition. 
It  is  merely  a  detail  in   a  comprehensive  architectural   scheme. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  Panama-Pacific  International  Expo- 
sition is  for  all  nations.  In  its  very  concept  it  is  a  celebration  by  the 
world  of  the  completion  of  a  work  of  world-wide  importance.  All  na- 
tions have  been  invited  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  to  partici- 
pate, and  all  the  important  nations  have  accepted  that  invitation.  In 
architecture,  as  in  exhibits,  the  Exposition  must  properly  represent  all 
creeds  and  all  races.  The  conventional  way  of  doing  this,  so  far  as 
architecture  is  concerned,  is  by  dividing  the  nations  of  the  world  between 
the   Oriental   and  Occidental   and  representing  both. 

This  may  be  a  good  place  to  mention  that  neither  the  inscription 
above  quoted,  nor  the  one  for  the  western  arch,  has,  as  yet,  been  defin- 
itely determined  upon.  The  arches  have  not  yet  been  built;  the  picture 
in  which  the  inscription  was  seen  by  the  Fortnightly  correspondent  was 
a  picture  of  the  architect's  drawing  and  showed  an  inscription  which 
was  merely  a  suggestion. 

The  Exposition  management  will  be  very  glad  to  receive  from  readers 
of  the  Monitor,  the  Fortnightly  Review  or  any  other  religious  publica- 
tions, suggestions  for  inscription  on  the  western  arch.  It  should  consist 
of   not  more  than   twenty-five  words. 

Very  truly, 
Geo.  Hough  Perry, 

Director,    Division    of   Exploitation.      Panama-Pacific   Exposition. 

The  proposed  Western  Arch  is  described  as  follows: 

Over  the  Arch  of  the  Setting  Sun,  which  is  to  surmount  the  western 
entrance  to  the  great  Court  of  the  Sun  and  Stars  at  the  Panama-Pacific 
International    Exposition,   will   be   placed   a   magnificent   sculptural    group, 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  207 

representing  the  "Nations  of  the  West,"  which  will  be  a  companion  to  the 
group  representing  the  "Nations  of  the  East,"  over  the  Arch  of  the  Ris- 
ing Sun,  at  the   eastern  entrance. 

The  "Nations  of  the  West"  is  a  composition  by  three  noted  sculptors, 
and  depicts  the  great  exploring,  colonizing  races  of  the  Occident.  The 
central  feature  of  the  composition  is  an  old-fashioned  wagon,  drawn  by 
oxen — a  typical  "prairie  schooner,"  such  as  the  westward-bound  pioneers 
of  the  last  century  used  for  their  immigration  into  the  Far  West.  In 
front  of  the  wagon  is  "The  Mother  of  Tomorrow,"  symbolizing  the  ma- 
tron of  the  coming  race,  while  two  boys,  "The  Hopes  of  the  Future," 
and  a  female   allegoric  figure,  "Enterprise,"   surmount  the  wagon. 

Leo  Lentelli  designed  the  four  equestrian  figures  which  represent  the 
Latin-American,  the  Englishman,  the  Frenchman  and  the  Indian.  All 
of  these  types  have  left  their  impress  upon  America  and  upon  American 
history.  [How  about  the  German  and  the  Irishman?  justly  queries  the 
Monitor].  They  were  leaders  in  discovery  and  in  blazing  the  way  through 
the  wilderness  and  in  navigating  the  seas.  The  Indians  were  in  America 
first.  An  Italian,  Christopher  Columbus,  from  Genoa,  with  a  crew  of 
Spaniards  and  other  Europeans,  sailed  from  Palos,  Spain,  and  discovered 
the  western  continent  for  Europe.  The  Spaniard,  English,  French,  Portu- 
guese and  others  followed  and  opened  up  and  settled  the  land. 

The  enlargement  of  the  "Nations  of  the  West"  from  the  sculptor's 
models  is  now  in  progress.  The  group  is  of  heroic  dimensions,  and  on 
a  scale  in  keeping  with  the  vast  Court  of  the  Sun  and  Stars  which  it  will 
face  when  the  Exposition  palaces   are  completed. 

Beneath  the  group  it  has  been  proposed  to  put  the  legend  by  Emer- 
son: "There  is  a  sublime  and  friendly  Destiny  by  which  the  human  race 
is  .guided — the  race  never  dying,  the  individual  never  spared — to  results 
affecting  masses   and   ages." 

Suggestions  for  an  inscription  on  this  arch  may  be  sent  to 

the  Monitor  or  directly  to  the  Exposition  managers. 

Meanwhile,  is  the  "Unto  Nirvana"  inscription  really  to  go 

on  the  Arch  of  the  Rising  Sun,  in  defiance  of  Christian  faith  and 

sentiment  ? !  ? 

"A  Chimpanzee's   Vocabulary" 

By  Anthony  Beck,  Editor  of  the  Catholic  Tribune, 
Dubuque,  Ia. 

Such  is  the  catching  headline  of  an  article  by  George  Glad- 
den in  the  Outlook  (February  7th). 
Mr.  Gladden  says: 

A  great  deal  has  been  published  in  both  magazines  and  newspapers 
during  the  past  few  years  about  the  so-called  "language"  of  animals, 
especially  apes  and  monkeys,  the  term  being  somewhat  loosely  used  to 
denote   articulate   speech.     The   ideas   of  Mr.   Richard   L.   Garner  on   this 


208  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

subject  have  received  probably  the  most  attention,  as  a  result  of  his 
recent  attempts  to  get  at  the  language  of  the  anthropoid  apes  by  living 
among  them,  in  a  steel  cage  in  their  native  jungles,  and  endeavoring  to 
record  their  various  cries  by  means  of  a  phonograph.  The  unusualness  of 
this  undertaking  at  once  attracted  the  attention  of  the  newspapers.  Every 
actual  and  many  purely  imaginary  phases  of  the  scheme  were  written 
about  at  great  length,  and  generally  by  reporters  who  were  much  more 
anxious  to  produce  a  "good  story"  than  to  present  the  subject  in  any  of 
its  scientific  aspects.  In  consequence  there  was  given  the  widest  publicity 
to  an  immense  amount  of  the  veriest  nonsense,  from  which  the  average 
person  who  depends  entirely  upon  his  newspaper  for  information  is  likely 
to  have  formed  an  entirely  false  conception  of  this  very  interesting  mat- 
ter  I  can  find  no  proof  that  any  of  the  animals  below  man  have  what 

may  be  correctly  called  a  "language" — that  is,  any  power  of  intentional 
and  articulate  speech. 

This  view  of  a  man  closely  associated  with  the  New  York 
Zoological  Park  is  corroborated  by  Mr.  Ferdinand  Engeholm,  who 
has  had  charge  of  the  primates'  house  in  this  same  park  for  four 
years.  "He  has  never  been  able  to  satisfy  himself  that  either 
Susie  or  any  other  of  the  apes  or  monkeys  ever  makes  deliberate 
use  of  any  identifiable  sound  to  express  a  concrete  idea."  (Out- 
look, February  7,  p.  308). 

Unfortunately,  Mr.  Gladden  somewhat  contradicts  himself 
by  talking  of  "intelligence"  on  the  part  of  monkeys.  This  natur- 
ally suggests  the  descent  of  man  from  the  ape.  What  Mr.  Glad- 
den really  refers  to  is  the  power  of  memory  possessed  by  these 
animals.  Though  not  a  faculty  of  the  intellect,  memory,  aided 
by  a  wonderful  instinct,  enables  irrational  animals  to  perform 
many  difficult  tricks.  This  was  strikingly  shown  by  the  trained 
horse,  "Der  Kluge  Hans,"  which  perplexed  Germany  for  a  time, 
but  was  found  to  be  just  as  stupid  as  any  ordinary  horse  as  soon 
as  its  trainer  was  absent. 

What  is  more,  also  the  "missing-link"  argument  for  evolu- 
tion is  very  shaky.  "Old  teeth  and  broken  shin  bones  and 
cracked  skull  caps,"  says  America  (Vol.  X,  No.  16),  "are  very 
interesting  relics,  but  they  scarcely  form  a  convincing  argument 
for  a  complete  evolutionary  process  or  hypothesis  or  theory." 
The  pithecanthropus,  Neanderthal  skulls,  and  a  few  other  "miss- 
ing-link" relics  can  scarcely  satisfy  a  sound  thinker  that  man 
is  descended  from  the  ape.     If  evolution  turned  the  trick,  it 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  209 

would  have  done  so  very  gradually,  and  then  there  should  be 
no  dearth  of  relics  showing  the  path  of  development. 

As  it  is,  the  latest  find  of  this  sort  turns  out  to  be  quite 
modern  in  shape.  Still  it  is  also  the  oldest  human  fossil  and, 
consequently,  raises  fresh  difficulties  in  the  way  of  accepting  the 
evolutionary  hypothesis.  (See  Fortnightly  Review,  Vol.  XXI, 
No.  1 ) .  The  Piltdown  skull,  which  was  responsible  for  all  sorts 
of  evolutionist  vaporings  in  the  American  secular  press  last  year, 
turns  out  to  be  "far  less  simian  than  the  Neanderthal  skulls." 
At  the  International  Medical  Congress  Professor  Keith  exhib- 
ited a  reconstruction  of  the  skull  made  at  the  Royal  College  of 
Surgeons,  giving  a  cranial  capacity  well  up  to  the  modern  aver- 
age. He  pointed  out  some  mistakes  in  Dr.  Woodward's  recon- 
struction of  this  skull.  Meanwhile  a  congress  of  German  scien- 
tists had  already  taken  a  similar  stand.  In  short,  while  the  Pilt- 
down skull  and  other  relics  present  several  unsolved  puzzles,  the 
former,  though  dating  from  the  earliest  period  of  the  human 
race  known  to  us,  is  much  more  modern  than  the  "missing-link" 
skulls. 

The  Piltdown  skull  has  given  another  jolt  to  a  theory  that 
is  losing  favor  in  scientific  circles.  The  greatest  biologists  are 
not  extreme  evolutionists. 

And  yet  the  air  is  filled  with  evolution  talk.  It  is  regrettable 
when  scientists  champion  falsehood.  But  it  is  decidedly  worse 
when  would-be  moralists  and  philosophers  apply  the  consequen- 
ces of  an  unfounded  or  exaggerated  scientific  theory  to  public 
and  private  morality,  to  political  economy,  and  to  the  principles 
of  statesmanship. 

SECRET  SOCIETY  NOTES 

[The  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  has  been  requested  to  publish, 
as  a  companion  volume  to  the  Study  in  American  Freemasonry,  edited  by 
him  in  1908,  and  reprinted  repeatedly  since  (B.  Herder,  St.  Louis,  Mo.), 
a  study  in  other  secret  or  semi-secret  societies  flourishing  in  the  United 
States,  whether  affiliated  with  Freemasonry  or  not.  To  enable  him  to  do  this 
work  more  thoroughly  it  will  be  necessary  to  complete  his  collection  of 
materials,  and  he  hereby  requests  the  readers  of  the  Review  to  forward 
pamphlets,  clippings,  and  other  information  they  may  have  regarding  any 
secret  or  semi-secret  society  now  in  operation  in  this  country.  To  keep 
this  matter  before  the  public,  and  to  make  immediately  available  at  least 


210  THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

a  portion  of  the  information  thus  brought  together,  we  shall  publish  in 
this  magazine  from  time  to  time  "Secret  Society  Notes,"  which  we  hope 
will  prove  both  interesting  and  profitable  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers.] 

Freemasons  and  Crime 
President  Chas.  A.  Blanchard,  of  Wheaton  College,  Wheaton, 
111.,  writes  in  the  course  of  an  interesting  paper,  "Why  Do  Men 
Join  Lodges?"  in  the  March  number  of  the  Christian  Cynosure, 
p.  323. 

Mr.  Allen  Pinkerton  told  my  father  that  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the 
Masonic  lodge  because  criminals  were  always  appealing  to  him  as  a  Free- 
mason to  let  them  go.  The  head  of  the  secret  service  in  the  Treasury 
Department  of  Washington  told  me  the  same  in  regard  to  his  own  rela- 
tions. He  said  that  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  his  lodge  and  say  to  them 
that  while  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  secret  service  he  must  be  excused 
from  his  Masonic  obligations,  and  he  did  this  openly  and  freely  because 
counterfeiters,  violators  of  mail  laws  and  other  criminals  were  appealing 
to   him   as    a   Freemason   to   let   them  go. 

Why  Ex-Masons  Will  Not  "Squeal" 
Masons  who  have  been  out  of  the  order  for  years  have  told 
me  that  they  would  not  dare  to  tell  the  truth  about  it  for  fear  of 
having  their  property  destroyed  or  their  lives  taken.  Lodge  men 
may  say  that  these  fears  are  very  foolish,  but  at  the  same  time 
they  are  very  natural,  and  they  are  caused  by  what  lodge  men 
say  and  do.  What  is  the  sense  of  swearing  men  to  have  their 
throats  cut,  their  tongues  torn  out,  their  bodies  cut  in  two,  their 
skulls  broken  open,  and  their  heads  cut  off,  unless  it  is  intended  to 
murder  them  ?  It  is  easy  for  persons  who  administer  such  oaths 
to  say  that  they  mean  nothing,  but  persons  who  take  those  oaths, 
and  invoke  those  penalties  are  frequently  afraid,  and  would  be 
fools  if  they  were  not  afraid. — President  Blanchard,  of  Wheaton 
College,  in  the  Christian  Cynosure,  Vol.  XL VI,  No.  11,  p.  325  sq. 

Secret  Society  Rituals 
The  Christian  Cynosure  of  Chicago  is  at  present  publishing, 
in  monthly  instalments,  the  ritual  of  the  Brotherhood  of  Ameri- 
can Yeomen.  This  ritual  will  appear  in  pamphlet  form  later. 
The  Christian  Cynosure  Co.  has  previously  published  the  ritu- 
als of  various  Masonic  orders,  of  the  Odd  Fellows,  Rebeccas, 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  211 

Modern  Woodmen  of  America,  A.  O.  U.  W.,  Red  Men,  Royal 
Neighbors  of  America,  Good  Templars,  the  Grange,  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Foresters,  and  a  number  of  other  secret  so- 
cieties. Any  one  of  these  can  be  had  for  a  small  sum  by  apply- 
ing to  Mr.  Wm.  Irving  Phillips,  850  W.  Madison  Str.,  Chicago, 
111. 

United  Commercial  Travelers  of  America 
From  a  souvenir  issued  on  the  occasion  of  the  national  con- 
vention of  the  United  Commercial  Travelers  of  America,  held 
at  Natchez,  Miss.,  in  May  1913,  it  appears  that  "the  Order  of 
United  Commercial  Travelers  of  America  is  the  only  secret  so- 
ciety in  the  world  composed  exclusively  of  members  of  one 
craft." ....  "It  has  been  referred  to  as  the  commercial  travel- 
ers masonry"  (p.  9).  "Meetings  of  subordinate  councils  are 
held  once  or  twice  a  month  for  conferring  the  secret  work . .  .  . " 

(P.  11). 

The  U.  C.  T.  have  an  inner  circle  called  "The  Ancient  Mystic 
Order  of  Bagmen  of  Bagdad,"  founded  in  Cincinnati  in  1892, 
with  now  about  twenty-five  "Subordinate  Guilds,  all  reporting 
to  the  Imperial  Guild  at  Cincinnati."  This  Order,  too,  has  a 
secret  ritual  (p.  15)  and  its  members  on  festive  occasions  wear 
curious  uniforms  resembling  those  of  Turkish  soldiers  (p.  35). 
We  are  reliably  informed  that  there  are  Catholics  among  its 
more  prominent  members. 


— George  T.  Redington,  who  died  in  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  March 
3,  and  was  buried  from  St.  Mark's  Catholic  Church  in  the  same 
city,  was  Grand  Knight  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus  and  a  prom- 
inent "Elk."  (See  the  St.  Paul  Dispatch,  March  3).  Judge  John 
W.  Willis,  who  was  chosen  Exalted  Ruler  of  Elks  of  St.  Paul 
Lodge,  March  5,  is  a  prominent  Knight  of  Columbus. 

— This  year's  annual  mid-winter  mass  meetings  of  the  State 
Spiritualists'  Association  of  Minnesota  were  held  from  Feb.  19 
to  22,  partly  in  the  Odd  Fellows'  Halls,  Fifth  and  Wabasha  Strs. 
and  partly  in  the  Knights  of  Columbus  Hall,  on  Smith  Ave. 
between  5th  Ave.  and  6th  Strs.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


212  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

— The  Christian  Cynosure  frequently  acknowledges  gifts 
contributed  to  the  National  Christian  Association  to  aid  it  in 
its  warfare  against  the  evil  of  secret  societies.  Thus  we  read 
in  the  March  number :  "I  am  enclosing  draft  for  three  dollars — 
two  an  offering  for  the  work.  I  am  glad  that  I  can  send  this 
and  shall  not  forget  the  N.  C.  A.  work  when  able  to  help  with 
an  offering,  nor  at  any  time  either,  for  the  cause  lies  very  near 
to  my  heart."  Another,  in  sending  his  mite,  writes  (ibid.)  :  "I 
have  been  permitted  to  see  quite  a  number  of  souls  saved,  and 
always  give  a  solemn  warning  against  'Secrecy.'  Some  get  mad, 
but  one  now  and  then  sees  the  evil  and  withdraws." — Among 
us  Catholics  a  few  zealous  individuals  are  left  to  wage  the  great 
and  necessary  war  against  secret  societies  practically  unaided. 

Something  About  Greek  Dictionaries 

By  F.  R.  Gleaner 

We  see  from  the  London  Saturday  Review  that  Mr. 
H.  Stuart  Jones  is  preparing  a  new  edition  of  Liddell  and 
Scott's  Greek-English  and  English-Greek  Lexicon  for  the 
Clarendon  Press.  This  will  be  interesting  news  to  students  of 
Greek  throughout  the  English-speaking  world,  for  Liddell  and 
Scott's  has  practically  superseded  all  other  dictionaries  of  the 
kind. 

Liddell  and  Scott's  lexicon  first  appeared  in  1843.  Its  im- 
mediate predecessor  was  George  Dunbar's  Greek-English  and 
English-Greek  Lexicon,  published  in  1840.  It  reached  a  second 
edition  in  1844,  but  after  that  was  crushed  out  in  the  struggle 
for  existence. 

Before  Dunbar's  there  was  the  New  Greek  and  English 
Lexicon  by  James  Donnegan,  M.  D.,  of  which  the  first  edition 
appeared  in  1826  and  the  second  in  1831. 

It  is  not,  however,  in  the  British  Isles,  but  in  Germany, 
that  we  have  to  look  for  the  real  antecedents  of  Liddell  and 
Scott.  Their  work,  as  everyone  knows,  was  originally  based 
on  Passow,  who  still  reigns  in  Germany,  with  many  additions. 


XXI  7  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  213 

Franz  Passow,  born  in  1786,  and  appointed  professor  at 
Breslau  in  1815,  was  the  first  to  establish  firmly  the  right  con- 
ception of  a  Greek  lexicon  as  giving  a  life-history  of  every 
word  in  the  language.  He  began  with  Homer  and  proposed 
to  work  downwards  in  historical  order  to  the  Attic  poets  and 
prose-writers.  His  work,  which  began  in  1819,  was  cut  short 
by  his  death  in  1833,  at  the  early  age  of  forty-seven.  Liddell 
and  Scott  made  it  their  aim  to  carry  on  the  work  which  he 
had  begun.  But  by  the  time  they  had  reached  their  fourth 
edition,  their  work  had  been  so  enriched  from  other  sources 
and  by  their  own  labor,  that  they  considered  themselves  justified 
in  dropping  Passow's  name  from  their  title-page.  For  so  doing 
they  could  plead  his  own  example,  for  he  in  like  manner  had 
in  his  fourth  edition  (1831)  dropped  from  his  title-page  the 
name  of  Johann  Gottlob  Schneider,  on  whose  griechisch-deutsch- 
es  Worterbuch  his  work  had  originally  been  based. 

Schneider,  whose  Worterbuch  appeared  in  the  first 
decade  of  the  19th  century,  had  by  the  time  he  reached  his 
third  edition  (in  1819),  driven  all  competitors  out  of  the  field. 
But  he  was  warming  a  viper  in  his  bosom  when  he  got  the 
young  Breslau  Professor  to  make  an  abridgment  of  his  work. 
The  preface  to  Passow's  first  edition,  reprinted  in  the  third, 
which  we  have  before  us,  details  at  length  (18  pp.  royal  8vo) 
the  principles  which  guided  the  author,  and  makes  interesting 
reading  even  for  the  non-philologian  on  account  of  his  vitriolic 
censure  of  Wetzel  (ein  unredlicher  Mitarbeiter)  and  especially 
Riemann  (ein  vorwitziger  Verschlimmbesserer) ,  who,  Passow 
says,  had  "sown  tares  among  Schneider's  wheat." 

Up  to  Schneider's  time,  as  Passow  took  pains  to  insist 
(I.  c),  all  Greek  lexicographers  had  simply  added,  without  plan 
or  system,  to  the  vocabulary  gathered  together  by  their  prede- 
cessors, so  that  "Greek  lexicography  from  Stephanus  to  Schnei- 
der had  been  actually  retrograding." 

About  Stephanus  (Henri  Estienne,  d.  1598)  and  his 
great  Thesaurus  Linguae  Graecae  (4  vols.  1572  sq.)  it  is  un- 
necessary to  speak  here.   A  new  edition  of  the  work,  by  Valpy 


214 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


and  Barker,  was  undertaken  in  1829,  in  seven  folio  volumes. 
In  it  the  original  etymological  order  was  abandoned  in  favor 
of  one  completely  alphabetical. 

This  later  Paris  edition  of  Stephanus  was  contemporary 
with  Liddell  and  Scott,  and  they  helped  themselves  from  it 
during  their  course.  In  the  schools  Schrevelius  reigned  up  to 
the  appearance  of  Liddell  and  Scott,  who  had  to  plead  justifi- 
cation for  writing  in  English.  The  Lexicon  Manuale  Graeco- 
Latinwn,  Analyticum,  et  Latino-Graecum  of  Cornelius  Schreve- 
lius appeared  in  Leyden  in  1657  (or  1654).  It  was  based  upon 
Scapula,  whose  dictionary  had  seen  the  light  at  Basle  in  1597 
and,  rightly  or  wrongly,  has  always  been  regarded  as  stolen 
from  Estienne's  Thesaurus,  on  which  Scapula  had  been  en- 
gaged as  a  proof-reader. 


FLOTSAM    AND    JETSAM 


Catholics  and  Politics 

Here  is  a  thought-provoking 
paragraph  from  a  timely  ar- 
ticle contributed  by  the  Rev. 
John  A.  Ryan,  D.  D.,  of  St. 
Paul  Seminary,  to  the  Colum- 
biad   (Vol.  21,  No.  1)  : 

Of  all  the  phases  and  proposals 
of  social  reform,  the  most  difficult 
is  that  which  involves  legislation. 
A  very  great  part,  perhaps  the 
greater  part,  of  the  betterment 
measures  that  we  desire  to  see  re- 
alized, can  be  brought  about  only 
by  legislative  bodies.  Thus  we  are 
immediately  confronted  with  the 
field  of  politics,  and  most  of  us  are 
probably  afraid  of  politics.  One 
of  the  consequences  of  this  timidity 
is  that  Catholics  have  been  to  a 
considerable  extent  misrepresented 
by  their  fellow-Catholics  in  public 
life.  For  example,  how  few  of  the 
Catholic  members  of  Congress  dur- 
ing the  last  twenty  years  have  been 


conspicuous  for  activity  on  behalf 
of  measures  conducive  to  social 
and  industrial  justice?  More  fre- 
quently they  have  been  found  in 
opposition,  and  among  the  sup- 
porters of  special  privilege.  Hap- 
pily there  has  been  a  change  in  this 
situation,  and  we  can  now  point  to 
at  least  three  senators  and  a  large 
number  of  representatives  who  can 
be  relied  upon  to  promote  all  rea- 
sonable proposals  of  legislation 
making  fOr  social  betterment  and 
the  lessening  of  exploitation.  What 
is  most  needed  now  is  a  more  gen- 
eral conviction  among  the  rank  and 
file  of  Catholics  that  the  solution 
of  the  social  question,  and  the  re- 
moval of  the  bad  conditions  sur- 
rounding a  large  proportion  of  the 
laboring  population,  must  to  a  great 
extent  be  effected  by  laws;  and  a 
keener  consciousness  of  our  duty 
to  support  the  men  and  the  meas- 
ures that  will  best  promote  this 
end. 


XXI  7 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


215 


Maeterlinck  and  the   Index 

The  announcement  that  M. 
Maeterlinck's  books  have  been 
put  on  the  Index  has  caused  a 
certain  amount  of  wonder,  as 
some  of  his  productions  are 
harmless  enough  and,  un- 
christian as  are  others,  there 
are  many  worse  writers  alive 
of  whom  the  Holy  Office  takes 
no  cognizance.  "From  the 
study  of  reviews  in  the  secular 
press,"  says  the  Month  (No. 
597),  "many  of  us  could  com- 
pile an  index  of  volumes  which, 
on  grounds  of  mere  natural 
decency,  should  not  be  read, 
yet  the  Roman  authorities  have 
not  troubled  to  condemn  them. 
There  are  two  misconceptions 
which  underlie  this  feeling  of 
surprise.  The  first  is  that  the 
Index  is  meant  to  be  exhaus- 
tive, whereas  only  those  books 
and  writers  that  have  been 
formally  brought  before  the 
notice  of  the  Holy  Office  are 
prononunced  upon.  And  the 
second  ignores  the  fact  that, 
although  a  bad  writer  may 
write  a  harmless  book,  the 
reading  of  what  is  harmless 
may  easily  lead  the  unwary  to 
read  the  harmful.  We  do  not 
think  that  Catholics  have  much 
to  regret  in  the  banning  of  M. 
Maeterlinck.  He  is  not  a  think- 
er, but  rather  a  literary  vir- 
tuoso, and  his  word-spinning 
and  preciosity  convey  no  spir- 
itual message  of  value.  Chris- 
tians have  nothing  to  learn 
from  those  who  are  utterly 
blind  to  the  meaning  of  Chris- 
tianity. 


Talosophy 

A  new  science,  which  is  at 
the  same  time  an  art,  has  been 
discovered  in  Cleveland,  0. — 
Talosophy.  It  is  defined  by  its 
discoverer  as  the  art  of  making 
happiness  epidemic.  Talosophy 
stands  for  "organized  and  spe- 
cialized Appreciation."  If  you 
ask  for  the  etymology  of  the 
word,  you  thereby  immediately 
betray  your  defective  classical 
education.  For  Talosophy,  by 
a  new  principle  of  Grimm's 
Law  discovered  and  perfected 
in  Cleveland,  is  formed  from 
the  initial  letters  of  the  name, 
The  Appreciation  League,  plus 
the  Greek  suffix  "osophy,"  on 
the  same  principle  as  meatos- 
ophy,  the  science  of  cookery; 
cheerosophy,  the  science  of  op- 
timism; sexology,  the  science 
of  publicity;  healthology,  the 
science  of  health.  The  Appre- 
ciation League  is  growing  rap- 
idly. Each  member  wears  a 
button  and  pays  an  annual  fee 
of  $1.50.  The  observance  of 
the  League's  chief  rule  is  not 
difficult : 

Is  the  conductor,  the  corner  po- 
liceman, or  the  clerk  polite,  cour- 
teous, attentive,  or  helpful?  Ask 
his  name,  tell  him  you  are  a  Tal, 
and  that  it  is  part  of  your  pleasant 
duty  and  privilege  to  report  to  The 
Appreciation  League  persons  who 
are  courteous,  and  that  The  Ap- 
preciation League  will  notify  his 
employer.  Cards  for  reporting 
acts  of  kindness,  courtesy,  polite- 
ness, will  be  furnished  in  packs  of 
twenty  upon  receipt  of  twenty-five 
cents  to  pay  for  the  postage  on  re- 
ports  to   employers. 


216 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


An  Eastern  humorist  re- 
marks : 

If  I  speak  earnestly  in  behalf  of 
the  Talosophic  movement — a  move- 
ment for  organized  and  specialized 
Appreciation — it  is  because  any  form 
of  organization  for  ethical  better- 
ment moves  me  profoundly.  Let  me 
beseech  my  readers  to  omit  no  op- 
portunity, wherever  it  presents  it- 
self, to  send  for  a  button  and  a 
membership  card.  Organize,  my 
friends,  for  the  purpose  of  loving 
your  parents;  organize  to  get  up 
at  seven  in  the  morning;  organize 
for  the  purpose  of  teaching  your 
infants  to  hold  the  spoon  in  the 
right  hand;  join  an  association  for 
the  purpose  of  taking  the  street- 
car to  your  office  in  the  morning. 
For  the  world  will  be  redeemed  only 
by  organization  and  sending  $1.50 
to   Cleveland,  Ohio. 

Urban   Congestion 

The  factor  of  urban  conges- 
tion in  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic 
Coast  is  concededly  one  of  the 
outstanding  problems  of  immi- 
gration. It  is  therefore  of  in- 
terest to  see  what  has  hitherto 
been  accomplished  in  the  way 
of  a  more  even  geographical 
distribution  of  immigrants. 
The  latest  report  of  the  Com- 


missioner General  of  Immigra- 
tion says:  "There  can  be  no 
question  but  that  many  of  the 
evils  that  grow  out  of  our  pres- 
ent excessive  immigration 
would  be  remedied,  or  at  least 
alleviated,  if  the  congestion  of 
aliens  in  our  large  centres  of 
population  could  be  broken  up. 
Distribution  of  admitted  aliens 
is  a  thing  much  to  be  desired." 

A  commentary  on  this  state- 
ment is  offered  in  the  thir- 
teenth annual  report  of  the 
Industrial  Removal  Office  oper- 
ating in  New  York  City.  Since 
1901,  this  bureau  has  been  in- 
strumental in  transplanting 
something  more  than  71,000 
aliens  from  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Boston,  to  homes 
in  1,155  cities  and  towns  in  ev- 
ery State  of  the  Union  and 
Canada.  The  West  Central 
States  have  taken  half  of  this 
number. 

If  such  results  can  be  at- 
tained by  private  initiative 
operating  with  comparatively 
limited  resources,  it  is  plain 
that  very  appreciable  results 
could  be  obtained  if  govern- 
ment agencies  were  to  cooper- 
ate with  private  effort. 


ET  CETERA 


Two  or  three  friends  have  kind- 
ly responded  to  the  appeal  in  No.  5 
for  a  fund  from  which  to  defray 
the  expense  of  sending  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  to  public  reading 
rooms  and  other  places  where  its 
regular  perusal  is  likely  to  do  good, 
and  to  missionaries  and  other  needy 
individuals     and     institutions     that 


constantly  ask  for  free  copies  and 
subscriptions.  The  money  contrib- 
uted has  been  applied  in  a  manner 
in  which  it  will  bring  the  best  re- 
sults. If  more  were  contributed, 
more  good  work  could  be  done.  The 
need  of  a  fearless  and  outspoken 
Catholic  review  is  greater  than 
ever    before    in    this    country,    and 


XXI  7 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


217 


the  Fortnightly  is  more  than  ever 
in  need  of  assistance  in  order  to 
spread  its  influence  in  circles  which 
it  can  reach  in  no  other  way  than 
through  the  generosity  of  those 
who  believe  in  the  cause  it  has 
served  faithfully  and  without  stint 
for  over  twenty  years. 
* 

The  Post  Office  regulations  re- 
quire that  publishers  collect  the 
price  of  their  publication  from  sub- 
scribers within  a  reasonable  time 
after  the  expiration  of  a  year.  De- 
linquent subscribers  can  be  served 
only  under  the  penalty  of  in- 
creased postage,  which  imposes  a 
heavy  and  altogether  unnecessary 
burden.  For  the  information  and 
convenience  of  our  subscribers  we 
go  to  the  expense  of  putting  a  label 
on  each  paper  to  indicate  the  ex- 
piration of  the  year  period.  In  ad- 
dition, we  send  prompt  notice  to 
all  subscribers  when  their  subscrip- 
tion expires,  and  recently  bills  have 
gone  out  from  this  office  to  those 
who  are  in  arrears.  Did  you  re- 
ceive such  a  bill?  Or  does  the 
label  on  your  paper  indicate  that 
your  subscription  has  expired?  If 
so,  a  renewal  remittance  will  prove 
your  loyalty  to  the  cause  which  the 
Review  represents  and  save  its  pub- 
lisher worry  and   expense. 

On  page  6  of  the  Cincinnati  Cath- 
olic Telegraph  for  January  15th 
appeared  the  following  advertise- 
ment: 

DANCING  Prof.  Wright 

— 4th  &  Sycamore  St. 
Waltz,  Two  Step  and  Schottische 
taught  in  Private  lesson  before  enter- 
ing class.  Receptions  Thursday  and 
Saturday    Evenings. 

Page  1  of  the  same  issue  fea- 
tured   the    subjoined    news    item: 

Several  European  Bishops  formally 
denounced  the  "Tango"  dance  as  im- 


moral. Cardinal  Amette,  Archbishop 
of  Paris,  has  officially  forbidden  his 
flock  to  dance  it  on  the  ground  that, 
being  lascivious,  it  is  a  serious  offence 
against  morals  and  is  consequently  a 
sin  which  must  be  confessed.  He  has 
also  condemned  other  immodest  dan- 
ces as  well  as  the  immodest  dress  for 
women   that   is   now  the    fashion. 

No  official  pronouncement  of  this 
grave  matter  has  been  made  by  the 
Holy  See;  but  the  Osservatore  Romano 
applauds  the  prelates  who  have  pro- 
tested against  these  evils,  and  notes 
with  satisfaction  that  their  utterances 
have  aready  brought  about  some  change 
for  the  better  in  Roman  society. 

Two  weeks  later,  on  January 
29th,  Prof.  Wright's  advertisement 
appeared  in  the  same  paper,  same 
page,    in   this    changed   form: 

DANCING  Prof.  Wright 

— 4th  &  Sycamore  St. 
Waltz,  Two  Step,  Schottische,  Tangos, 
One  Step,  and  Hesitation  Waltzes 
taught  Privately  before  entering  class. 
Tango  class  Thursday  and  Saturday 
Evenings. 

No  doubt  the  enterprising  "Pro- 
fessor" means  to  coin  money  out 
of  the  curiosity  aroused  among 
Catholic  young  people  by  the  sen- 
sational reports  regarding  the 
"tango." 

But  we  are  sure  Editor  Hart  of 
the    Catholic    Telegraph    will    cross 
this  sordid  speculation  if  his  atten- 
tion is   called  to  the  matter. 
* 

The  Grand  Knight  of  a  San  Fran- 
cisco council  of  the  Knights  of  Co- 
lumbus in  a  newspaper  interview  de- 
fends the  behavior  of  the  members 
of  his  council  and  their  guests  who 
"tangoed"  unabashed  through  an 
entire  evening  at  a  recent  social 
function  held  under  the  auspices  of 
the  council.  The  local  diocesan  or- 
gan, in  a  recent  issue,  vehemently 
denouncing  the  newfangled  dance, 
threatens  to  publish  in  its  columns 
the  names  of  Catholics  engaging  in 
public  in  the  evolutions  of  the  same. 


218 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


In    the    meantime,    the    society 

columns  of  the  dailies  are  every- 
where overflowing  with  reports  of 
popular  addiction  to  the  allurements 
of  this  and  kindred  dances  in  fash- 
ionable circles,  good,  bad,  and  in- 
different. It  is  by  no  means  im- 
possible that  the  craze  is  fed  upon 
the  excessive  "publicity"  which  it 
has  received  at  the  hands  of  both 
friends  and  foes. — Sacramento  (Cal.) 
Catholic  Herald,  Vol.  VI,  No.  46. 

"How  to  save  a  thousand  steps 
a  day  is  the  lesson  of  the  Efficiency 
Kitchen."  Are  the  steps  thus  saved 
to   be   expended   in   tango   exercise? 


cholera  in  swine,  and  the  competi- 
tion of  higher  prices  for  other  farm 
products."  A  committee  of  farm 
experts  is  examining  the  economic 
question  of  the  cattle  shortage. 
Much  was  learned  last  year  about 
precautions  against  drought;  the 
encroachment  of  the  farms  on  the 
ranges  need  result  in  no  extraor- 
dinary diminution  if  local  markets 
can  but  be  provided.  Education  may 
teach  the  value  of  stock  raising  for 
maintaining  the  soil.  Attention  to 
the  question  of  middlemen  ought  to 
show  why  production-cost  has  in- 
creased so  much  faster  than  selling 
price. 


Asher  Sheldon,  of  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  who  recently  celebrated  his 
one  hundredth  birthday,  enjoying 
good  health,  attributes  his  long  life 
to  plenty  of  hard  work,  moderation 
in  eating,  lots  of  walking,  non-use 
of  stimulants  and  tobacco,  and  ob- 
servance of  the  old  adage  "early  to 
bed  and  early  to  rise,"  etc. 
* 

Our  shortage  of  meat  animals  is 
pronounced  by  the  U.  S.  Agricultur- 
al Department  to  be  not  impossible 
of  remedy — at  least  in  part.  Many 
unusual  causes  have  brought  about 
the  trouble.  Among  them  are  the 
shrinkage  of  the  ranges;  the  severe 
drought  of  1913  in  Kansas,  Nebras- 
ka, and  Oklahoma;  the  increase  in 
land  values,  with  resultant  rise  in 
the  cost  of  labor,  stock,  and  feed, 
and  the  disappearance  of  local 
slaughtering-houses  and  local  mar- 
kets. To  these  are  added  certain 
problems  arising  out  of  the  "in- 
creased tendency  to  operate  farms 
under  short-term  leases,  with  no  in- 
centive to  maintain  soil  fertility 
through  stock  raising;  possession  of 
leased  farms  changed  at  wrong  sea- 
son of  year  for  handling  stock  eco- 
nomically;    enormous     losses     from 


We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  credit 
the  N.  Y.  America  (Vol.  X,  No.  16) 
with  the  subjoined  observation: 

The  British  Review  for  January  con- 
tains an  excellent  historical  defence  of 
the  rights  of  the  French-Canadian, 
from  the  pen  of  that  well  known  writ- 
er on  Catholic  matters  in  Canada,  Mr. 
F.  W.  Grey.  The  London  Times 
praises  it,  and  says  that  it  makes  clear 
that  peace  in  Canada  can  be  obtained 
only  by  the  respecting  of  French  Ca- 
nadian "prejudices."  This  unfortunate 
word  throws  a  flood  of  light  on  the 
attitude  of  the  English  mind,  even 
when  friendly,  showing  how  its  sym- 
pathy goes  out  spontaneously,  not  to 
the  persecuted  French,  but  to  the 
Orange  aggressor;  and  that  if  the 
former  are  to  retain  anything  of  their 
own,  they  are  to  do  so  by  way  of 
mere  concession  resting  upon  an  in- 
tellectual conviction  of  its  utility.  Let 
us  point  out  to  the  Times  and  to  its 
readers  that  the  cherishing  by  a  people 
of  its  language,  its  customs,  its  religion, 
is  not  a  prejudice,  but  an  essential  ra- 
cial characteristic.  When  the  language, 
the  customs,  the  religion  are  such  as 
the  French  Canadians  cling  to,  it  be- 
comes a  virtue.  As  soon  as  the  Eng- 
lish in  Canada,  as  distinguished  from 
the  Orange  minority,  understand  this, 
peace  and  harmony  will  not  be  far  off. 

The  passage  set  in  italics  has  been 
underscored  by  us.  It  enunciates  a 
truth   too  little  understood   in   Eng- 


XXI  7 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


219 


land     and    even     less     by    English- 
speaking  America. 


a  parcel  of  calves  in  a  pen  sucking 
one  another's  ears." 


Gilbert  K.  Chesterton's  life  of 
Browning,  in  addition  to  some  orig- 
inal and  interesting  suggestions 
about  the  poet,  made  two  things 
clear  in  regard  to  Mr.  Chesterton. 
One  of  these  was  that  he  had  a 
remarkably  keen  scent  for  a  para- 
dox, and  the  other  was  that  he  was 
remarkably  pleased  with  himself 
when  he  caught  one.  No  one  can 
read  his  latest  books  without  realiz- 
ing that  this  passion  has  not  only 
grown  upon  Mr.  Chesterton,  but 
mastered  him.  Apparently  he  lives 
to  hunt  paradoxes  and  writes  to  dis- 
play them,  and  truth  to  say,  they 
are  frequently  brilliant  and  some- 
times true;  but  he  is  so  intent  on 
being  clever  that  he  often  forgets 
to  be  critical,  while  we  become  so 
absorbed  in  the  game  that  when  he 
occasionally  says  a  pregnant  thing 
in  plain  English,  we  arae  likely  to 
miss  it. 

* 

A  young  man  whose  father  had 
been  for  many  years  a  Freemason, 
was  approaching  his  majority.  He 
asked  his  father  whether  he  had 
better  unite  with  the  Masonic  lodge. 
The  father  very  positively  answered : 
"No."  The  young  man  was  greatly 
surprised  and  said:  "Why,  what  is 
there  wrong  with  the  lodge?  You 
have  been  a  member  of  it  all  your 
life.  I  supposed  it  must  be  a  good 
thing  and  have  been  looking  forward 
to  membership  in  it.  Is  there  any- 
thing wrong  about  it?"  "No,"  the 
father  replied,  "Nothing  particular- 
ly wrong  but  it  is  so  silly;  it  is  like 


"Between  expediency  and  right 
purpose,"  truly  says  a  writer  in  the 
Ave  Maria,  "there  is  simply  no  ques- 
tion at  all.  The  strength  of  all  the 
hosts  of  heaven  is  with  him  who  is 
faithful  to  the  right." 
* 

A  heading  in  the  Daughters  of 
Isabella  Herald:  "Beautiful  Ritual- 
istic Ceremonies,"  elicits  the  follow- 
ing observation  from  the  Milwaukee 
Catholic  Citizen  (Vol.  43,  No.  17)  : 
"We  confess  our  surprise  at  the  use 
of  the  term  'ritual'  in  such  a  con- 
nection: for  Catholics  there  is  only 
one  'ritual,'  that  of  the  Church  of 

God." 

* 

The  Rev.  L.  F.  Schlathoelter,  of 
Troy,  Mo.,  informs  us  that  he  has 
received  a  reply  to  his  request,  ad- 
dressed last  June  to  the  Holy  Fa- 
ther, for  a  definition  of  the  term 
"crebro"  as  used  in  the  decree  "Sa- 
cra Tridentina  Synodus."  The 
reply  came  in  form  of  a  note,  in 
the  Italian  language,  handed  by 
Msgr.  Piscini,  private  secretary  to 
His  Holiness,  to  Msgr.  A.  De  Waal, 
and  reads  as  follows: 

The  American  priest,  Schlathoelter, 
insists  on  having  an  absolute  answer 
as  to  the  meaning  of  the  word  crebro 
in  the  Communion  decree.  An  ab- 
solute definition  of  crebro  cannot  be 
given,  because  the  word  has  a  rela- 
tive meaning,  varying  according  to 
persons,  places,  and  circumstances,  so 
that  for  the  mother  of  a  family,  or 
for  a  servant,  it  may  mean  every  two 
wreeks  or  every  month ;  for  another, 
every  week;  for  still  others  two  or 
three  times   a   week. 


220 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


LITERARY  NOTES 


—Catholic  Book  Notes  (No.  191) 
says  of  The  Everyman  Encyclopae- 
dia, now  widely  advertised:  "So 
far  as  we  have  tested  it,  the  work, 
under  the  editing  of  Mr.  Andrew 
Boyle,  is  generally  well  done.  Our 
only  regret  is  that  the  care  which 
seems  to  have  been  exercised  upon 
other  subjects  should  not  have  been 
extended  to  Catholic  matters.  Even 
here  we  find  that  certain  common 
misconceptions  have  been  avoided; 
but  it  is  necessary  to  protest  against 
the  perpetuation  of  others  which 
are  likely  to  gain  fresh  currency 
from  their  publication  in  a  work 
which  will  have  the  world-wide  cir- 
culation that  in  most  respects  it  de- 
serves. In  the  article  'Jesuits'  we 
find  in  their  crudest  form  calumnies 
which  one  had  hoped  had  been  aban- 
doned by   educated  men." 

— An  impression  seems  to  have 
got  abroad  in  certain  quarters  that 
the  new  Catholic  translation  of  the 
Scriptures  has  been  abandoned  be- 
cause of  adverse  criticism  and  want 
of  support.  The  Month  (No.  597) 
assures  its  readers  that  nothing 
could  be  farther  from  the  truth. 
"The  work  has  already  met  with 
quite  adequate  support,  and  it  is 
reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  later, 
more  considerable  instalments  will 
excite  even  more  interest.  And  as 
for  adverse  criticism,  while  there  has 
been  much  helpful  suggestion,  only 
three  out  of  a  large  number  of  re- 
views could  be  called  hostile  in  tone, 
and  two  of  these,  if  not  the  whole 
three,  were  written  by  the  same  per- 
son. The  translation  of  the  first 
Epistle  to  the  Corinthians  is  at 
present  going  rapidly  through  the 
press.  Considering  its  length  and 
importance,  its  appearance  has  not 


been  unduly  delayed  and,  meanwhile, 
other  sections  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles 
are  ready  for  the  careful  scrutiny 
of  the  official  censors,  who  under 
this  aspect  may  be  considered  col- 
laborators in  the  work." 

— Under  the  editorship  of  Prof. 
Julius  Goebel,  of  the  State  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois,  the  Deutsch-Amer- 
ikanische  Geschichtsblatter,  which 
used  to  come  out  monthly  and  for 
a  while  appeared  to  have  died  with 
their  former  editor,  the  late  Emil 
Mannhardt,  have  been  revived  in 
the  form  of  a  year  book.  The  cur- 
rent (twelfth)  volume  comprises 
no  less  than  600  octavo  pages  and 
presents  a  number  of  interesting 
and  valuable  papers,  some  in 
German  and  others  in  English.  We 
can  mention  only  a  few  of  the  more 
important  titles:  Brief e  deutscher 
Auswanderer  aus  dem  Jahre  1709 
by  Prof.  Goebel;  Die  erste  deutsche 
Einwanderung  in  das  Mississippi- 
tal,  by  Alexander  Franz;  Der 
deutsch-amerikanische  Journalismus 
und  seine  Verbreitung  von  1800  bis 
zur  Einwanderung  der  sog.  Dreis- 
siger,  by  H.  A.  Ratermann;  An- 
fange  und  Entwicklung  der  Musik 
und  des  Gesanges  in  den  V.  St. 
wahrend  der  ersten  Halfte  des  19. 
Jahrhunderts,  by  the  same;  A  Po- 
litical Prophecy  of  the  Forty-eight- 
ers  in  America,  by  Julius  Goebel, 
jr.;  Lincoln  and  German  Patriot- 
ism, by  Paul  Selby;  Neuere  his- 
torische  Erscheinungen  in  der 
deutsch-amerikanischen  Literatur, 
by  Wm.  A.  Fritsch.  The  plan  of 
issuing  these  contributions  in  the 
form  of  a  year  book  commends  it- 
self for  the  reason  that  it  enables 
the  editor  to  print  long  papers  and 
documents  in  full,  without  splitting 


XXI  7 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


221 


them  up  into  instalments.  The 
D.-A.  Geschichtsbldtter  have  gained 
not  only  in  form  but  also  in  sub- 
stance and  scientific  method  under 
the  direction  of  Professor  Goebel, 
and  we  hope  that  his  work  will  be 
properly  appreciated  by  the  Ger- 
man American  Historical  Society 
of  Illinois,  which  publishes  the 
year  book,  and  especially  by  the 
great  and  intelligent  public  to  which 
its  contents  appeal.  (Jahrbuch 
der  Deutsch-Amerikanischen  Histor- 
ischen  Gesellschaft  von  Illinois. 
Herausgegeben  von  Julius  Goebel, 
Professor  an  der  Staatsuniversitat 
von  Illinois.  Chicago.  1913.  Vol. 
XII.  1912.  Subscriptions  should  be 
sent  to  the  Society's  headquarters, 
5  S.  Wabash  Ave.  (Chicago  111.) 
—A.  P. 

— Romance  on  El  Camino  Real. 
By  Jarrett  T.  Richards,  LL.  B.  (B. 
Herder.  $1.35  net.)  Reviewers 
have  long  been  looking  for  the  great 
American  Catholic  novel.  It  would 
be  quite  imprudent,  not  to  say  an 
encroachment  upon  their  prerogative, 
to  hail  the  the  story  before  us  as 
the  expected  work  of  art.  Let  the 
arbiters  of  literary  fates  and  fames 
vindicate  their  own  reputations  as 
judges,  provided  they  permit  the 
mere  consumer  to  notify  his  fellows 
of  the  appearance  of  a  novel  purely 
American,  simply  Catholic,  and  with 
a  distinct  literary  flavor.  A  picture 
of  southern  California  in  the  late 
sixties  is  presented,  and  one  would 
go  far  to  find  time  and  place  more 
crowded  with  the  elements  of  ro- 
mance. The  young  hero  works  out 
his  spiritual  and  material  fortunes 
in  the  midst  of  such  a  variety  of 
characters,  scenes,  and  events  as  are 
seldom  assembled  within  the  covers 
of  one  volume,  and  the  chronicler 
deals  with  his  material  as  a  true 
artist  manages  his  colors,  skill  and 
love  for  the  task,  making  writer  and 


reader  alike  unconscious  of  diffi- 
culties. The  publishers  should  be 
congratulated  on  the  appearance  of 
this  work.  The  exquisite  drawings 
by  Alexander  F.  Harmar  have  been 
beautifully  reproduced  on  special 
paper,  and  these  together  with  the 
tasteful  binding  and  excellent  print- 
er's work  gives  adequate  form  to 
the  finest  work  of  fiction  yet  pro- 
duced by  an  American  Catholic. — 
S.  T.  Otten. 

— Strangely  enough,  Duns  Scotus, 
the  famous  Franciscan  theologian 
and  philosopher,  has  been  accused 
of  Modernistic  leanings.  Prof.  S. 
Belmond  (O.  F.  M.?)  undertakes  to 
defend  him  against  this  baseless 
charge  in  a  learned  study,  titled 
Dieu:  Existence  et  Cognoscibilite 
(Paris:  Gabriel  Beauchesne  &  Cie. 
1913.  4  fr.,  paper),  which  is  the 
first  of  a  projected  series  of  Etudes 
sur  la  Philosophie  de  Duns  Scot. 
M.  Belmond  is  at  great  pains  to  set 
free  the  reasonings  of  the  Doctor 
Subtilis  from  the  false  meaning 
which  certain  modern  adversaries 
have  read  into  them.  The  book  is 
divided  into  three  parts:  The  Ex- 
istence of  God,  What  We  Know  of 
Him,  and  The  Knowledge  of  God. 
Those  who  have  a  taste  for  Scho- 
lastic metaphysics,  and  especially  if 
they  are  interested  in  the  nature  and 
application  of  the  Scotist  concept 
of  the  univocum,  will  derive  pleas- 
ure and  profit  from  Prof.  Belmond's 
profound  and  clearly  phrased  apol- 
ogy.—A.    P. 

— On  Prayer  and  the  Contempla- 
tive Life  by  S.  Thomas  Aquinas 
By  the  V.  Rev.  Hugh  Pope,  0.  P. 
With  a  Preface  by  V.  Rev.  Vincent 
McNabb,  O.  P.  xii  &  272  pp.  12mo. 
Benziger  Bros.  1914.  $1.37,  post- 
paid). St.  Thomas  has  left  us  no 
formal  treatise  on  mystical  theol- 
ogy.     His    teachings    on    this    sub- 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


ject  are  scattered  through  his 
various  works.  No  synthesis  of 
them  is  attempted  in  the  present 
volume,  which  is  simply  made  up 
of  the  treatises  on  religion,  devo- 
tion, prayer,  and  the  contemplative 
life  from  the  Summa  Theologica, 
admirably  rendered  into  English, 
with  appropriate  passages  added 
here  and  there  from  St.  Augustine 
and  Cardinal  Cajetan's  Commentary. 
The  volume  is  designed  to  counter- 
act the  false  view,  now  so  widely 
current,  as  if  the  spiritual  life 
meant  a  life  of  ecstasy  and  vision. 
There  is  nought  in  these  chapters 
touching  supernatural  manifesta- 
tions. For  St.  Thomas  the  con- 
templative life  is  but  the  natural 
life  of  a  man  who  is  serving  God 
and  who  devotes  a  certain  portion 
of  his  time  to  the  study  and  con- 
templation of  divine  things.  There 
is  a  fine  Introduction  by  Fr.  Pope, 
"On  Prayer  and  the  Contemplative 
Life,"  and  a  spirited  Preface  by 
Prior  McNabb,  from  which  we  can- 
not forego  a  characteristic  quota- 
tion: "The  message  and  method 
of  S.  Thomas  are  part  of  that 
strange  rigidity  of  the  thirteenth 
century  which  is  one  of  the  start- 
ling paradoxes  of  the  ages  of  faith. 
It  is  surely  a  consolation  that  these 
ages  of  a  faith  which  moved  moun- 
tains, or  at  least  essayed  to  re- 
move the  Turk,  were  minded  to 
express  their  beliefs  in  the  coat  of 
mail  of  human  reason !  The  giants 
of  those  days,  who  in  the  sphere  of 
literature  were  rediscovering  verse 
and  inventing  rhyme,  and  who  in 
every  sphere  of  knowledge  were 
bringing  forth  the  sixteenth  and 
nineteenth  centuries,  were  not  so 
blinded  by  the  white  light  of  vi- 
sion as  to  disown  the  Greeks.  They 
made  the  Ethics  of  Aristotle  the 
four-square  walls  of  the  city  of 
God;  they  expressed  the  mysteries 
of  the  Undivided  Three  in  terms  of 


the  Syllogism.  Thus  they  refused 
to  cut  themselves  off  from  the  ar- 
istocracy of  human  genius.  They 
laid  hands — but  not  violent  hands 
— on  the  heritage  of  the  ages.  No 
philosophers  have  ever  equalled 
their  bold  and  lowly-minded  pro- 
fession of  faith  in  the  solidarity 
of  human  reason.  For  this  cause 
S.  Thomas,  who  is  their  spokesman, 
has  now  become  an  absolute  neces- 
sity of  thought.  Unless  the  great 
Dumb  Ox  is  given  a  hearing,  our 
mysticism  will  fill,  not  the  church- 
es, but  the  asylums  and  the  little 
self-authorized  Bethels  where  every 
man  is  his  own  precursor  and  mes- 
siah."  We  heartily  recommend  this 
excellent  book. — A.   P. 

—  Children  of  the  Gael.  By 
Charlotte  Dease.  (Benziger  Bros. 
Price  75  cts.).  Eight  stories  pre- 
viously published  in  Irish  and  Eng- 
lish Catholic  periodicals.  Each  pre- 
sents a  character  study,  very  clear- 
ly and  cleverly  drawn.  The  vein 
of  superstition,  rightly  or  wrongly 
attributed  to  the  Irish  character, 
plays  a  conspicuous  part  in  these 
tales  and  is  not  always  set  in  the 
proper  light  by  the  author. — S.  T.  O. 


Statement  of  the  Ownership,  Man- 
agement, etc.,  of  The  Fortnightly 
Review,  published  semi-monthly  at 
Techny,  Til.,  required  by  the  Act  of 
August  24,  191 2.  Sole  Owner  Ed- 
itor, Business  Manager,  and  Publisher, 
Arthur  Preuss,  whose  postoffice  ad- 
dress is  St.  Charles,  Mo.  Xo  bond- 
holders, mortgagees,  or  other  secur- 
ity holders. 
(Signed)    Arthur    Preuss,    Publisher 

Sworn  to  and  subscribed  before  me 
this  2.3rd  day  of  March,  1014 — Victor 
A.  Oummersbach,  Notary  Public.  My 
Commission  expires  May,  5th,   1916. 

£*•     "Amerika"    ™2 

Daily,   Sunday  &  Semi-weekly   German  Journal 

Job  Printing  done  with 

Neatness    and    Dispatch 

18  South  6th  St.         St.  Louis,  Mo. 


XXI  7 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


223 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.     New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

*Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool   1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75   cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.    (Like  new.)   $1. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like    new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.        Ratisbon     1875.      5°    cts. 

Miinchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetze.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  .  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Fiirst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.     $1.60. 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.     $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.     Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 

Druzbicki,  G.  (S.  J.),  Mensis  Eu- 
charisticus  sive  Exercitia  Eucharistica 
et  Liturgica.  Ratisbon  1913.  Prayer 
book  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather, 
$1. 

Benz,  Karl,  Die  Stellung  Jesu  zum 
alttestamentlichen  Gesetz.  Freiburg 
1914.     50  cts.    (Paper  covers.) 

Braun,  Jos.  (S.  J.),  Spaniens  alte  Je- 
suitenkirchen.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Ge- 
schichte  der  nachmittelalterlichen  Ar- 
chitektur  in  Spanien.  Freiburg  1913. 
95  cts.    (Paper  covers.) 

Price,  G.  E.,  England  and  the  Sacred 
Heart.  Illustrated.  London  1913.  70  cts. 

D'Ales,  A.,  L'fidit  de  Calliste.  fitude 
sur  les  Origines  de  la  Penitence  Chre- 
tienne.  Paris  1914.  $1.15.  (Paper 
covers.) 


Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.    (Wrapper.) 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Bridgett,  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.  J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.     82  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Fraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 

Buehrle,  Marie  C,  Weber's  Goliath. 
Translated  into  English.  "A  Tragic 
Love  Tale  of  the  North."  Techny,  111., 
I9I3-     35  cts. 

Pember,  Mrs.  E.  G.,  Lyrics  and 
Songs,  Sacred  and  Secular.  Boston 
I9T3-     30  cts. 

Allen,  Card.,  A  Brief  Historie  of 
the  Martyrdom  of  Father  Edmund 
Campion  and  His  Companions.  (Ed. 
by  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.  J.)  London  s.  a. 
83  cts. 

Cook,  A.  S.,  The  Higher  Study  of 
English.     Boston     1906.     80  cts. 

Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress 
of  Westminster,  1908.  (Many  valu- 
able Eucharistic  papers).  London  1909. 
Illustrated.     90  cts. 

Lanslots,  D.  I.  (O.  S.  B.),  Spirit- 
ism  Unveiled.     London   1913.     60  cts. 

Pages,  Helene,  Ehrenpreis :  Eine 
Festgabe  fur  Erstkommunikanten. 
Illustrated.     Freiburg   1913.     75   cts. 

Giraud,  S.M.,  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and 
Victim.  (Meditations  on  the  Life  of 
Our  Lord).  Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell. 
London  1914.    $1.25. 

Miller,  A.,  F.  X.  von  Linsenmann's 
Gesammelte  Schriften.  I.  Miinchen. 
1912.    $1. 

Coyle,  Henry,  Lyrics  of  Faith  and 
Hope.     Boston  1913.     35  cts. 

Funk,  F.  X.,  Lehrbuch  der  Kirchen- 
geschichte.  4th  edition.  Paderborn 
1902.   $1.60. 

Martindale,  C.  C.  (S.  J.),  Old  Tes- 
tament Stories.  With  12  Illustrations 
in  color.     London  1913.     85  cts. 

Schuyler,  Henry  C,  A  Divine 
Friend.  Illustrated.  Philadelphia  1913. 
78  cts. 


224 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.)»  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1S04-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.    $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.    New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Berg,  L.,  Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln 
969—976.  Freiburg  1913.  65  cts. 
(Wrapper). 

Lejeune,  P.,  Counsels  of  Perfection 
for  Christian  Mothers.  Tr.  by  Francis 
A.  Ryan.    St.  Louis  1913.    80  cts. 

Cremer,  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  Wbr- 
terbuch  der  N eutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
citdt.     Gotha  1866.    $1.12. 

Jorg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
wicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  vols, 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,  Joh.  G.,  Geschichte  der 
Kriegskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendun^ 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebraucn 
bis  Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  1797. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von,  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg   1907   &   1909.  $3. 

Barham,  R.  H.,  The  Ingoldsby 
Legends.     Phila.     s.  a.     2  vols.  $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1789- 1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon    1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  sqq.  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Belmond,  S.,  fitudes  sur  la  Philoso- 
phic de  Duns  Scot.  I.  Dieu :  Existence 
et  Cognoscibilite.  Paris  1913.  80  cts. 
(Paper  covers.) 


*Duhr,  B.  (S.  J.),  Geschichte  der  Je- 
suiten  in  den  Landern  deutscher  Zunge. 
Parts  I  and  II.  In  three  large  8vo 
volumes,  richly  illustrated.  Freiburg 
1907  and  1913.    $12. 

Rowe,  J.  G.,  The  Pilgrims  of 
Grace.  A  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Henry 
VIII.    London  1914.    $1. 

Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
tion, or  The  Duties  of  Parents.  St. 
Louis  1899.    90  cts. 

Haefeli,  L.,  Samaria  und  Peraa  bei 
Flavius  Josephus.  Freiburg  1913.  55  cts. 
(Paper  covers.) 

Mathies,  Msgr.  P.  de,  Predigten  und 
Ansprachen.    3.  Band.    Freiburg  1913. 

The  Cardinal  Democrat:  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning.  By  I.  A.  Taylor.  Lon- 
don 1908.    84  cts. 

Will,  A.  S.,  Life  of  Cardinal  Gibbons. 
Baltimore  1911.    $1.50. 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideracio- 
nes  Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  por  el  Pa- 
dre Eutimio  Tamalet.  Freiburg  1913. 
40  cts. 

Mayrhofer,  Joh.,  Zauber  des  Siidens. 
Reisebilder.  Illustrated.  Ratisbon  1913. 
46  cts. 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G.,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne,  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  (Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).    $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.     Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb     condition. 

$2.35- 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 
1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2  vols.     London    1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes' 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don   1906.     $1.40. 


These  books,  except  where  otherwise  noted,  are  bound  and  in  fair  condition. 
The  prices  include  postage.  Only  those  marked  *  are  net,  which  means  that 
the  buyer  has  to  pay  postage,  express  or  freight  charges  extra,  over  and  above 
the  price  quoted.  In  ordering  net  books,  please  indicate  how  you  wish  them 
to  be  sent.     Cash  must  accompany  all  orders. 

BARGAIN   BOOK  CO.,  804  CLAY  STREET,  ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


International  Catholic  Defence 

A  useful  part  of  the  work  of  our  various  Catholic  Truth 
Societies  has  always  been  the  refutation  of  misstatements  as 
to  Catholic  doctrine  and  practice  appearing  in  the  non-Cath- 
olic press,  and  the  exposure  of  the  strange  and  wonderful  sto- 
ries of  "escaped  nuns,"  "converted  priests,"  convent  cruelties, 
and  such  like  which  find  their  way  from  time  to  time  into 
even  respectable  newspapers,  and  form  the  stock-in-trade  of 
a  certain  class  of  journals  that  have  unfortunately  multiplied 
in  numbers  and  circulation  during  the  past  few  years. 

Where  the  scene  of  these  alleged  scandals  is  laid  at  home, 
it  is  no  very  difficult  matter  to  get  at  the  facts ;  but  in  the  case 
of  tales  coming  from  foreign  countries,  the  work  is  not  an  easy 
one,  unless  one  has  a  trustworthy  correspondent  on  the  spot, 
who  will  take  the  trouble  to  investigate  and  make  a  report. 

In  Europe  there  are  various  Catholic  agencies  which  make 
it  their  business  to  deal  with  newspaper  attacks.  Catholic 
Book  Notes  (No.  191)  gives  a  useful  survey  of  them  as  follows: 

A  centre  of  correspondence  is  supplied  by  the  Belgian 
agency,  the  Comite  de  Defense  contre  les  attaques  de  la  Mau- 
vaise  Pi'esse,  whose  headquarters  are  at  Seraing,  near  Liege. 

The  Belgian  Committee  does  more  than  merely  reply  to 
scandalous  misstatements  in  the  newspapers.  It  has  a  legal 
sub-committee  of  lawyers  who  examine  cases  where  action  in 
the  law  courts  is  possible,  and  institute  proceedings  for  libel. 
It  has  been  more  than  eight  years  at  work,  and  so  successfully 
as  to  inspire  the  anti-Catholic  journalists  of  Belgium  with  a 
salutary  caution.  In  cases  of  libel  the  Belgian  courts  have  the 
power  of  awarding  damages,  and  passing  also  in  bad  cases  a 
sentence  of  imprisonment,  and  they  invariably  order  a  full  rec- 
ord of  the  judgment,  summing  up  the  evidence,  to  be  pub- 
lished at  the  expense  of  the  libeller  in  his  own  newspaper  and 
in  several  others  selected  by  his  victim.     Such  action  is  taken 


226  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

not  only  where  Belgian  subjects  are  concerned.  The  Committee 
replied  to  a  slanderous  attack  on  Cardinal  Serafino  Vannutelli  by 
bringing,  with  his  assistance,  a  successful  action  for  libel  in  the 
Belgian  courts. 

The  agency  for  Germany — with  its  headquarters  at  Diis- 
seldorf —  is  the  Pax  Verein  von  Katholischen  P?'iestern  Deutsch- 
lands  (Pax  Union  of  Catholic  Priests  of  Germany).  It  has 
correspondents  throughout  the  German  Empire  and  issues 
each  week  a  circular — the  Pax-Informationen — which  deals  with 
current  attacks  in  the  press  in  the  form  of  paragraphs  or  short 
articles  stating  the  real  facts.  These  are  sent  out  type-written 
on  one  side  of  the  paper  only,  so  that  the  Catholic  newspapers 
can  use  the  matter  as  it  stands.  There  are  branch  organizations 
for  Silesia  at  Troppau  and  for  Polish  Prussia  at  Posen,  this 
last  being  in  touch  with  Catholic  Poland  generally. 

The  Belgian  and  German  centres  are  the  most  completely 
organized.  But  there  are  centres  also  in  France  (at  Paris), 
Spain  (the  Liga  nacional  de  defensa  del  clero),  Holland  (the 
"Petrus  Canisius  Defence  Association"),  Luxemburg,  Austria 
(two  centres  at  Innsbruck  and  Gratz),  United  States  (at  the 
Apostolic  Mission  House  near  the  Catholic  University,  Washing- 
ton), and  in  Chili  and  Brazil  in  South  America.  Steps  are  be- 
ing taken  to  organize  centres  in  other  countries.  It  is  under- 
stood that  the  secretary  or  director  of  each  centre  will  supply 
information  on  any  point  referred  to  him  from  any  other 
centre. 

Useful  international  work  has  already  been  done  in  this 
way.  The  chief  difficulty  is  that  it  sometimes  takes  a  consider- 
able time  to  carry  through  the  necessary  exchange  of  questions 
and  replies:  for  the  organization  has  not  the  means  to  bring 
the  cables  and  telegraph  lines  into  its  service  and  has  to  use  the 
post  only.  But  the  exchange  of  the  information  issued  from 
time  to  time  from  the  various  centres  and  the  filing  of  these 
documents  in  some  cases  supplies  the  means  of  a  reply  to  an 
attack  without  the  need  of  further  correspondence  with  a  for- 
eign centre. 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  227 

The  work  of  International  Catholic  Defence  is  as  yet  only 
in  its  initial  stage,  and  we  hope  that  it  will  develop  into  a  very 
useful  international  agency.  In  England  a  special  sub-com- 
mittee of  the  Catholic  Truth  Society  has  been  formed  for  co- 
operation in  the  undertaking  at  69  Southwark  Bridge  Road, 
London,  S.E. 

In  the  West,  the  Central  Bureau  of  the  Catholic  Central 
Society,  located  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  has  put  itself  in  communica- 
tion with  the  Pax  Society  of  Germany  and  begun  the  publica- 
tion of  an  "antidotal"  monthly  magazine  called  "The  German 
American  Ketteler."  We  trust  the  present  paper  will  call  still 
wider  attention  to  the  work  of  International  Catholic  Defence 
and  enlist  in  its  service  all  who  are  able  to  contribute  either 
by  their  pen  or  from  their  purse. 

Notes  on  the  News  of  the  Day 

Bishop  Conaty,  of  Los  Angeles,  we  see  from  the  Denver 
Catholic  Register  (Vol.  9,  No.  34),  in  an  official  letter  has  called 
the  attention  of  the  pastors  of  his  diocese  to  the  Employers' 
Liability  Act  passed  by  the  legislature  of  California  at  its  last 
session,  and  to  the  fact  that  under  this  new  law  all  employers 
must  cover  by  insurance  their  liability  to  persons  in  their  em- 
ploy who  may  be  injured  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties.  This 
means,  we  suppose,  house-keepers,  man  and  maid  servants, 
janitors,  etc.  Whether  it  includes  teachers  we  do  not  know. 
As  several  States  now  have  employers'  liability  laws,  it  would 
be  well  for  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  in  a  number  of  other 
dioceses  to  look  into  this  matter  and  take  proper  precautions. 

* 

Beethoven's  mother  was  consumptive,  and  his  father  a  sot. 
These  facts  lead  Dr.  James  Frederick  Rogers  to  suggest,  in  the 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  that  the  overzealous  eugenist  should 
pause  and  ponder  whether  we  have  as  yet  sufficient  knowledge 
of  the  conditions  governing  heredity  for  the  passing  of  any 
save  the  most  tentative  laws  toward  the  regulation  of  lives  that 
are  to  be. 


228  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Fifteen  thousand  gallons  of  California  wine,  the  newspapers 
tell  us,  are  now  on  their  way  to  France.  They'll  come  back 
bottled  and  labelled  in  such  a  manner  as  amply  to  repay  all 
the  costs  of  transportation. 

The  University  of  Wisconsin  is  to  be  studied  and 
reported  upon  just  as  if  it  were  a  mere  city.  What  is  really 
needed,  opines  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Post,  is  a  bureau  of  research 
for  investigating  research  bureaus. 

* 

El  Paso,  Texas,  has  been  raised  to  the  dignity*  of  an  epis- 
copal see,  with  jurisdiction  extending  over  thirteen  counties 
that  hitherto  belonged  to  the  Diocese  of  San  Antonio,  two  coun- 
ties from  the  Diocese  of  Dallas,  and  those  counties  in  New 
Mexico  which  heretofore  belonged  to  the  Diocese  of  Tucson,  of 
which  El  Paso  was  formerly  a  part.  Bishop  Gran j  on  of  Tucson, 
in  announcing  the  change  in  a  circular  letter  to  his  clergy  and 
the  faithful  of  the  Diocese,  dated  April  5,  says :  " ....  we  re- 
joice doubly  at  the  advent  of  the  new  bishopric,  and  our  af- 
fectionate greetings  go  out  to  it.  .  .  .At  the  same  time,  as  we 
turn  our  eyes  to  our  own  beloved  Church  of  Arizona,  and  find 
her  now  confined  to  the  boundaries  of  the  state,  we  cannot  re- 
frain from  a  feeling  of  deep  joy  at  the  opportunity  thus  given 
us  to  concentrate  our  efforts,  and  to  apply  to  the  cultivation  of 
the  reduced,  more  compact  field,  closer  attention,  renewed  zeal, 

and  intensified  energy." 

* 

The  discussion  and  exploitation  of  the  evils  of  life  which 
have  been  current  for  some  time  past,  have  left  a  residuum  of 
good.  If  nothing  else,  we  have  acquired  from  it  all  a  deepened 
sympathy  and  pity  and  an  enhanced  desire  for  social  justice. 
But  the  thing  has  also  unquestionably  given  most  sane  people 
the  sensation  of  a  bad  taste  in  the  mouth.  It  is  a  fashion  that, 
fortunately,  is  passing;  and  as  we  turn  to  the  future,  we  may 
trust  that  hereafter  more  emphasis  will  be  placed,  not  only 
upon  the  things  that  are  true,  even  if  unpleasant,  but  also  upon 
those  that  are  lovely  and  of  good  report. 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  229 

An  electric  "buzzer"  has  been  installed  in  a  Protestant 
church  in  St.  Louis — "to  repress  too  much  sociability  on  the 
part  of  members,"  it  is  explained,  not  to  keep  the  congregation 
awake. 

The  President  of  the  United  States  is  not  treated  by  the 
newspaper  "artists"  with  the  respect  that  his  office  deserves. 
We  do  not  believe  in  suppressing  objectionable  cartoons,  but 
we  do  think  that  the  press  ought  to  have  such  respect  for 
the  highest  office  within  the  gift  of  the  people,  and  for  the 
man  who  holds  that  office  by  the  people's  mandate,  as  to  re- 
strain it  from  publishing  cartoons  that  ridicule  the  President  and 
his  official  actions. 

The  full  privilege  of  the  parcel  post  has  been  granted  to 
books  weighing  more  than  eight  ounces,  but  is  nothing  to  be 
done  for  the  struggling  author?  How  long  must  he  bear  the 
burden  of  first-class  letter  postage  going — and  often  returning 
— on  the  manuscripts  he  so  hopefully  submits  to  the  publishing 
magnates  for  inspection?  Our  new  parcel  post  will  not  attain 
its  full  usefulness  until  the  cheaper  rates  are  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the  Muses. 

* 

The  annual  bestowal  of  the  Laetare  Medal  serves  two  more 
or  less  useful  purposes: — (1)  it  brings  the  University  of  Notre 
Dame  prominently  before  the  public  at  least  once  every  year, 
and  (2)  it  gives  the  Catholic  press  a  welcome  chance  to  in- 
dulge in  buncombe. 

The  recipient  of  the  medal  for  1914  is  Chief  Justice  E.  D. 
White  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  who  has  a  clean 
and  honorable  record  as  a  lawyer  and  judge,  though  his  dis- 
tinctive merits  as  a  Catholic  are  not  apparent  from  the  pub- 
lished eulogies.     The  Boston  Republic  (Vol.  33,  No.  13)   says: 

There  are  only  two  great  judicial  offices  in  the  world  which  can  in 
any  way  be  fairly  paralleled:  that  of  the  Pope,  in  his  capacity  of 
Supreme  Judge  of  faith  and  morals  for  the  Catholic  Church  with  its 
300,000,000  members,  and  that  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 


230  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

on  Constitutional  questions,  as  the  final  arbiter  from  whose  decision  there 
is  no  appeal  for  the  more  than   100,000,000  people  over  whom  our  Flag 

flies  in  the  Continental  United  States,  and  its  dependencies The  Pope's 

definition  in  the  subject  matter  of  his  supreme  authority  is  final  and 
irreformable.  The  definition  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 
on  any  disputed  matter  within  his  jurisdiction  is  also  final  and  irre- 
formable. 

That  is  as  fine  a  specimen  of  buncombe  as  we  have  seen  for 
a  long  time.  But  one  would  hardly  expect  to  find  it  in  a  Cath- 
olic paper. 

Adolph  Bandelier — the  Master  of  the  New  School 

Madrid,  Spain,  March  19,  1914.     Adolph  F.  A.  Bandelier,  the  American 
archaeologist  and  historian,  died  here  to-day. 

When  Charles  F.  Lummis,  in  1893,  published  his  epoch- 
making  volume  "The  Spanish  Pioneers,"  the  first  adequate  at- 
tempt in  our  language  to  do  justice  to  the  dauntless  con- 
quistadores  who  opened  up  the  New  World,  he  referred  in  his 
Preface  to  a  "New  School  of  American  History,"  through  whose 
efforts  "we  are  coming  to  the  truth"  in  regard  to  the  Spanish 
pioneering  of  the  Americas,  "  the  largest  and  longest  and  most 
marvellous  feat  of  manhood  in  all  history."  (p.  12).  And  he 
modestly  added: 

For  the  following  glimpses  into  the  most  interesting  of  stories  [the 
reader]  has  to  thank  me  less  than  that  friend  of  us  both,  A.  F.  Bandelier, 
the  master  of  the  New  School.  Without  the  light  shed  on  early  America  by 
this  great  pupil  of  the  great  Humboldt,  my  book  could  not  have  been 
written. 

In  the  same  year  that  "The  Spanish  Pioneers"  was  pub- 
lished in  Chicago,  there  appeared  in  New  York  what  was  prob- 
ably Mr.  Bandelier's  most  popular  book,  "The  Gilded  Man  (El 
Dorado)  and  Other  Pictures  of  the  Spanish  Occupancy  of 
America,"1  in  a  prefatory  note  to  which  the  publishers,  profit- 
ing by  the  author's  absence  in  far-off  Peru,  said: 

Mr.  Bandelier's  work  under  the  auspices  of  the  Archaeological  In- 
stitute of  America  and  on  the  Hemenway  Survey  has  entitled  him  to 
stand  first  as  the  documentary  historian  of  [the  Southwest]  and  also 
to  rank  as  the  most  exhaustive  of  its  explorers. 

1  This     hook     was     synopsized     and       name   occurs   quite   often   in  the  back 
reviewed   in   Vol.    IX   of    The   Review       volumes   of   this  magazine. 
(if/j2),  No.  50,  pp.  785-7.     Bandelier's 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  231 

In  "The  Gilded  Man,"  Mr.  Bandelier  told  the  strange  and 
romantic  story  of  a  search  for  the  Golden  Fleece  in  the  wilds  of 
Southwestern  North  America — a  "history  of  the  progress  of  the 
cross  and  sword,  accompanied  by  deeds  of  superhuman  endur- 
ance, dauntless  courage,  and  a  pitiless  bigotry  that  drove  even 
the  gentle  pueblos  to  revolt,  and  to  the  attempted  destruction 
and  concealment  of  their  conquerors."  The  legends  of  the 
mysterious  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola  and  of  the  elusive  Gran  Qui- 
vira,  are  set  forth  clothed  in  no  other  romantic  garb  than 
that  due  to  the  truth — though  this  truth  was  indeed  "stranger 
than  fiction." 

Adolph  Francis  Alphonse  Bandelier  was  a  native  of  Switz- 
erland. Born  in  Berne,  August  6,  i840,  he  came  to  this  country 
with  his  parents  at  an  early  age  and  grew  up  in  the  Swiss 
settlement  of  Highland,  111.  We  are  unable  to  say  where  he 
got  his  training.  He  showed  himself  an  excellently  equipped 
scholar  when,  in  1880,  he  began  to  travel  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  among  the  native 
races  of  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 
In  1892  he  went  on  a  scientific  expedition  for  Henry  Villard 
to  Peru  and  Bolivia,  and  henceforth  spent  the  greater  part  of 
his  time  in  exhaustive  archaeological,  ethnological,  and  histor- 
ical research  work  in  these  countries.  From  1885  to  1892  he 
resided  in  Santa  Fe,  N.  M.,  where  Charles  F.  Lummis  made  his 
acquaintance.  From  1886-89  he  was  in  charge  of  the  docu- 
mentary studies  for  the  Hemenway  Archaeological  Expedition. 
For  a  while,  in  the  nineties,  he  lectured  on  Spanish  American 
literature  in  its  connection  with  ethnology  and  archaeology,  at 
Columbia  University. 

Mr.  Bandelier  was  a  convert  to  the  Catholic  Church,  and, 
according  to  the  V.  Rev.  J.  Meckel,  of  Alton,  111.,  in  the  St. 
Louis  daily  "Amerika,"  March  28,  for  years  cultivated  friendly 
relations  with  members  of  the  Catholic  clergy.  It  was  probably 
this  circumstance  rather  than  any  wide  recognition  of  his  abil- 
ity that  led  to  his  being  asked  to  contribute  a  number  of 
articles    on  Spanish    Americana    (e.  g.    Columbus,    Coronado, 


232  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Cortes,  Ecuador)  to  the  Catholic  Encyclopedia,  though  after 
the  fifth  volume,  for  some  unaccountable  reason,  his  name  al- 
most entirely  disappeared  from  the  pages  of  that  excellent  ref- 
erence work. 

In  closing  our  modest  tribute  to  the  memory  of  a  great 
scholar  and  truth-loving  historian,  we  express  the  hope  that 
his  writings  will  find  a  more  appreciative  public  after  his  death 
than  they  have  found  during  his  lifetime. 


Catholics  and  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

By  the  Rt.  Rev.  Timothy  Corbett,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Crookston 

The  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  a  Protestant  organization,  in  which 
Catholics  are  only  admitted  as  associate  members.  They  have 
no  voice  in  the  management  of  its  affairs  and  are  not  eligible 
to  office.  Catholics  are  only  tolerated,  but  their  money  is  wel- 
come. The  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  is  essentially  a  Protestant  institution, 
with  the  secret  purpose  of  proselytizing.  Its  anti-Catholic  spirit 
appears  now  and  then  in  the  lectures,  bubbling  over  with 
calumnies  and  lies,  delivered  in  its  halls  and  under  its  aus- 
pices. Catholic  young  men  should  not  suffer  themselves, 
therefore,  to  be  duped  by  an  organization,  for  the  sake  of 
bodily  advantages,  a  position  or  social  standing.  Catholics 
possess  the  precious  heritage  of  the  Faith  of  nearly  twenty 
centuries.  They  belong  to  the  grandest  organization  the  world 
ever  witnessed.  How  far  then  is  it  beneath  the  dignity  of  a 
Catholic  to  forget  the  tradition  of  his  Church,  to  disregard  the 
precious  jewel  of  Faith,  unflinchingly  held  by  the  blood  of  his 
forefathers,  amidst  the  worst  of  persecutions,  and  to  trample 
under  foot  all  sense  of  honor  by  becoming  a  secondary  mem- 
ber of  that  Protestant  organization  called  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

No  young  man,  with  honest  Catholic  blood  flowing  in  his 
veins,  will  suffer  the  indignity  of  becoming  an  inferior  mem- 
ber of  any  organization.  The  Church  cannot  compromise  with 
error.  Catholicity  is  essentially  intolerant  as  truth  is  intoler- 
ant.    The  bearer  of  God's  message  to  mankind,  she  cannot  ac- 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  233 

commodate  herself  to  the  changing  modes  of  human  thought 
to  please  a  fickle  and  corrupt  world.  Her  mission  is  to  correct 
error,  when  at  variance  with  the  doctrine  of  Christ.  Let  Catholic 
young  men,  therefore,  cease  to  join  an  organization  which  will 
eventually  rob  them  of  their  faith,  the  noblest  Christian  herit- 
age. No  Catholic,  to  my  knowledge,  ever  became  a  permanent 
member  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  without  growing  lukewarm  in  his 
faith  and  finally  descending  so  low  as  to  abandon  the  only  and 
true  Church  of  his  forefathers.  Catholics,  who  join  that  sect 
organization  soon  imagine  that  one  religion  is  as  good  as  an- 
other and  that  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  is  the  best  of  all. 

Let  Catholics,  therefore,  band  together  in  approved  Catholic 
organizations  for  the  material  and  spiritual  advancement  for 
themselves  and  the  benefits  of  Holy  Mother  Church.  Catholic 
laymen  have  done  noble  deeds  in  the  past  for  the  progress  of 
the  Church.  Their  strength  of  union,  their  religious,  political 
and  social  influence  have  ever  been  felt  far  and  wide  through- 
out the  centuries.  That  golden  chain  of  bishops,  clergy  and 
laymen,  under  the  guidance  and  assistance  of  the  Divine  Spirit, 
has  accomplished  wonderful  work  in  the  advancement  of  vir- 
tue and  the  steady  progress  of  the  Church.  In  our  country, 
especially,  there  is  urgent  need  of  strenuous  lay  action.  The 
clergy  and  laity  here,  must  work  hand  in  hand.  The  clergy 
are  too  few  and  generally  overworked.  Laymen  can  often  reach 
farther  than  the  priests;  and  their  explanation  of  the  Catholic 
doctrine  carries  weight  with  outsiders,  who  are  generally  prej- 
udiced against  the  one  true  Church,  on  account  of  ignorance, 
traditional  lies,  base  calumnies  and  the  misstatements  of  ranting 
ministers. 

With  Our  Contemporaries 

The  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  (Vol.  43,  No.  18)  endorses 
our  suggestion  that  the  editors  of  the  new  "Catholic  Library" 
(concerning  which  see  No.  5  of  this  Review,  pp.  129  to  131) 
secure  the  co-operation  of  a  few  competent  American  scholars 
and  devote  some  volumes  to  American  subjects.     Our  contem- 


234  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

porary  hopes  that  among  the  volumes  thus  to  be  added  to  the 
series,  will  be  a  judicious  selection  from  the  writings  of  Dr. 
Orestes  A.  Brownson,  who  "fought  the  same  evils  and  the 
same  foes  (only  under  other  names)  that  the  Church  is  fighting 
to-day,"  and  whose  "work  is  as  timely  now  as  when  first  penned." 

*  *  * 

The  Catholic  Book  Notes,  published  by  the  Catholic  Truth 
Society  of  London,  in  its  No.  191  comments  on  our  article  "The 
Knights  of  Columbus  Oath"  (Vol.  21,  No.  2)  and  adds: 

The  Review  urges,  and  we  think  with  reason,  that  the  Knights  of 
Columbus,  who  have  already  published  the  promise  made  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Third  Degree,  would  do  well  to  refute  'the  base  and  cruel 
calumnies  to  which  they  have  been  subjected'  by  publishing  their  entire 
ritual.  Meanwhile,  the  use  of  these  oaths  for  political  purposes  by  those 
who  cannot  pretend  to  be  ignorant  of  their  nature,  is  a  serious  reflection 
upon  the  honesty  of  the  party  which  sanctions  such  employment. 


This  timely  and  pertinent  question  is  asked  by  the  Sacred 
Heart  Review  (Vol.  51,  No.  13)  : 

Do  you  stop  your  non-Catholic  paper  when  it  contains — as  it  must, 
in  the  nature  of  things,  quite  frequently — matter  opposed  to  your  Cath- 
olic conscience?  We  hardly  think  you  do.  Then  why  be  so  prompt  to 
stop  your  Catholic  paper  when  it  happens  to  differ  with  you  a  hair's 
breadth  in  opinion? 

The  other  week  a  priest  in  Cleveland  bruskly  discontinued 
the  Fortnightly  Review  because  of  "its  suddenly  adopted, 
perverse  Prussian  [this,  we  presume,  is  meant  for  a  pun] 
policy  on  the  immigration  question." 

*  *  * 

The  Sacramento  (Cal.)  Catholic  Herald  (Vol.  6,  No.  52) 
suggests  to  those  "who  are  looking  with  such  solicitude  towards 
strife-torn  Mexico,"  that  they  pay  a  little  attention  to  what 
is  happening  at  home. 

There  is  growing  up  in  this  country,  says  our  contemporary,  an 
element  of  anarchistic  and  revolutionary  tendency  that  requires  only  nu- 
merical strength  to  become  a  menace  to  the  stability  of  the  national  or- 
ganization. And  there  is  no  gainsaying  the  fact  that  it  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  numbers  as  well  as  in  radicalism.  The  'reds'  are  by  no 
means  all  foreigners.     The  most  dangerous  of  them  are  a  native  product. 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  235 

No  clear-sighted  observer  can  blink  the  fact  that  a  tremen- 
dous social  revolution  is  rapidly  and  portentously  approaching. 
What  fills  one  with  wonder  and  dismay  is  the  fact  that  the  con- 
servative elements  are  letting  things  run  to  a  crisis  without 
making  any  serious  effort  to  prevent  permanent  and  serious 
injury  to  our  national  institutions.  The  Constitution,  as  our 
fathers  knew  it,  is  doomed.  What  is  going  to  take  its  place 
after  the  great  upheaval? 

*  *  * 

The  Sacred  Heart  Review  (Vol.  51,  No.  14)  wonders  if 
those  Catholic  newspapers  that  print  theatrical  notices  in  Lent 
ever  think  of  the  inconsistency  of  preaching  on  their  editorial 
pages  Lenten  mortification  and  abstinence  from  public  amuse- 
ments, while  in  their  local  columns  they  print  the  alluring 
"write-ups"  furnished  them  by  the  theatrical  press  agent. 

When  Catholics  are  exhorted  by  their  Catholic  paper  to  attend  in 
Lent  the  leading  vaudeville  house  where  some  frivolously  named  young 
person  described  as  'The  Blue  Streak  of  Ragtime/  is  capturing  all  hearts 
with  her  songs  and  dances,  why  should  they  worry  about  attending  Lent- 
en devotion?     Shall  we  substitute  the  'Blue  Streak  of  Ragtime'  for  the 

Stations  of  the  Cross? 

*  *  * 

Conditions  must  be  getting  pretty  bad  if  the  official  organ 
of  His  Lordship  the  Bishop  of  Wichita  (Catholic  Advance,  Vol. 
20,  No.  22)  finds  it  necessary  to  censure  the  official  organ  of 
His  Eminence  the  Cardinal-Archbishop  of  Boston  in  such  dis- 
respectful terms  as  these: 

Flattery  is  a  bad  thing  at  all  times;  when  it  is  overdone  it  becomes 
nauseating.  It  is  a  very  hard  thing  to  flatter  gracefully,  and  one  of 
the  clumsiest  flatterers,  usually,  is  a  diocesan  organ.  Take  this,  for  ex- 
ample, which  appeared  recently  in  an  Eastern  contemporary  describing 
a  speech  of  Cardinal  O'Connell: 

"The  spark  flew  from  heart  to  heart,  tears  streamed  down  the  faces 
of  every  man  unrestrained;  for  a  moment  there  was  the  silence  of  awe 
as  each  one  felt  himself  stirred  to  the  depths  of  his  soul,  and  then  as 
if  no  one  could  bear  the  silence  a  moment  longer  the  great  hall  was 
flooded  with  a  shout  which  was  like  a  great  cry — it  echoed  and  reechoed 
until  it  could  be  heard  blocks  away." 

Notice  the  "silence  of  awe"  lasted  but  a  moment,  although  no  one 
"could  bear  the  silence  a  moment  longer."  Then  there  was  a  shout  "like 
a  great  cry,"  when,  in  reality,  every  shout  is  like  a  small  hoot.  And  there 
was  a  column  of  the  same  stuff. 


236  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  New  A.  P.  A.  Movement 

The  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  keeps  its  readers  informed 
on  the  doings  and  sayings  of  the  anti-Catholic  bigots  in  a  reg- 
ular department  titled  "News  Notes  of  the  A.  P.  A.  Revival." 
We  do  not  intend  to  imitate  this  method,  but  the  movement 
under  consideration  is  assuming  such  large  proportions  and  so 
offensively  obtrudes  itself  upon  every  American,  Catholic  and 
non-Catholic  alike,  that  we  feel  we  owe  it  to  our  readers  to 
tell  them  something  about  it  at  least  from  time  to  time. 

* 

One  of  the  best  and  most  reliable  sources  of  information 
on  the  subject  are  the  Press  Bulletins  of  the  Central  Bureau  of 
the  Central  Verein,  issued  at  irregular  intervals  from  that 
Bureau's  headquarters  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  widely  utilized  by 
the  Catholic  press.  These  bulletins  are  sent  out  gratis  and  con- 
tain much  valuable  apologetic  matter. 

* 

The  Central  Bureau  not  long  ago  also  issued  a  specimen  ad- 
vance copy  of  a  projected  monthly  magazine  for  Catholic  de- 
fense, to  be  known  as  The  German  American  Ketteler,  and 
printed  partly  in  English  and  partly  in  German.  As  the  im- 
mortal Bishop  Ketteler  is  not  yet  as  well  known  in  this  country 
as  he  ought  to  be,  "The  Antidote"  would  perhaps  be  a  better 
title  for  such  a  magazine.  But  under  whatever  name,  we  hope  the 
new  review  will  soon  appear  regularly  and  do  its  share  (which, 
knowing  the  editors,  we  are  sure  will  be  a  large  and  valiant 
share!)    in  repelling  the  foul  attacks  of  The  Menace  and  its 

congeners. 

* 

The  Menace,  by  the  way,  which  is  the  archetype  of  the 
new  A.  P.  A.  press,  has  received,  and  published  in  its  edition 
of  March  21st,  notice  from  the  Second  Assistant  Postmaster 
General  at  Washington,  that  the  postal  administration  of  Can- 
ada has  prohibited  its  transmission  through  the  mails  "on  ac- 
count of  its  offensive  contents."     It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  237 

Washington  authorities  will  imitate  this  example.    Our  readers 

may  remember  that  we  have  deprecated  the  action  of  Catholic 

papers  and  societies  in  calling  upon  the  Post  Office  Department 

for  help  against  the  Menace  and  similar  vile  productions.    But 

these  sheets  have  been  carrying  things  so  far  of  late  that  any 

proceedings  taken  against  them  would  be  fully  justified  and 

could  hardly  serve  as  a  precedent  invocable  against  any  decent 

newspaper. 

* 

A  bill  has  been  passed  by  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
Washington  which  provides  that  all  persons  employed  in  schools 
conducted  by  the  government  be  obliged  to  pass  the  civil  service 
examination.  Bigoted  sheets  like  The  Peril  are  jubilant  over 
the  fact  that  the  Sisters  will  have  to  go  from  our  Indian  schools 
if  this  bill  becomes  a  law.  The  New  York  America  has  taken 
up  the  cudgels  against  it  with  extraordinary  vehemence,  but 
we  doubt  whether  anything  can  be  accomplished  by  attacking 
the  Wilson  administration. 

A  paper  doing  valiant  service  against  the  bigots  is  The 
Live  Issue,  published  weekly  by  the  Social  Reform  Press,  354 
Fourth  Ave.,  New  York.  It  is  professedly  devoted,  as  its  sub- 
title indicates,  to  "advocating  Christian  social  reform  against 
revolutionary  Socialism"  and  in  its  anti-Socialist  articles  and 
cartoons,  we  regret  to  say,  sometimes  transgresses  the  limits  of 
prudence  and  charity.  We  do  not  think  anything  is  gained  by 
picturing  Socialism  in  the  form  of  a  pig  obstructing  the  auto- 
mobile of  civilization  and  progress  (see  cartoon  in  Vol.  Ill,  No. 
5).  But  our  contemporary  will  doubtless  outgrow  these  pueril- 
ities as  it  grows  older  and  wiser  and  kindlier;  and  when, 
in  addition,  it  will  have  learned  that  social  reform  and  capital- 
ism are  by  no  means  identical,  it  will  greatly  extend  its  already 
large  sphere  of  usefulness. 


238  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

A  Revolt  Against  the  Unclean  Drama 

Ripley  D.  Saunders,  a  well-known  dramatic  critic,  dis- 
cusses in  the  St.  Louis  Post-Dispatch  for  March  29th  the  ques- 
tion :    "What's  the  matter  with  American  theatrical  conditions  ?" 

He  begins  by  calling  attention  to  the  indisputable  fact  that 
last  winter's  theatrical  season  has  been  the  most  disastrous  yet 
recorded  in  the  history  of  this  country. 

The  reason  in  Mr.  Saunders'  opinion  is  that  the  decent 
people  of  America  have  become  so  disgusted  at  the  unclean 
and  salacious  plays  presented  that  they  remain  away  from  the 
theaters  in  protest. 

Uncertain  and  properly  apprehensive  as  to  what  they  might  en- 
counter at  the  playhouses,  great  hosts  of  once  constant  playgoers  have 
remained  away  from  the  playhouses  altogether.  There  has  been  a  tre- 
mendous drift  toward  the  moving  pictures  for  entertainment.  Play  after 
play  has   failed   on   the   road.     There   has   never  been   a   season   of   such 

wide-spread   wreckage Millions   of   clean-minded   playgoers   have  been 

driven  from  the  theater  by  smut-plays  of  "The  Lure's"  foul  class.  Until 
this  lost  following  is  regained,  there  will  be  "hard  times"  in  the  Amer- 
ican theatrical  world.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that,  in  this  country,  what 
is  known  as  the  "family"  patronage  of  playhouses,  comprising  the  great 
bulk  of  the  American  public,  is  the  very  foundation  structure  of  perma- 
nent playhouse  prosperity. ..  .Public  sentiment  demands  that  the  popular 
protest  against  unclean  and  indecent  plays  shall  be  heeded.  Playgoers 
are  remaining  away  from  the  theatres  until  decency  is  restored  to  the 
drama.  This  is  the  one  Great  Cause  of  the  disastrous  season  now  so 
near  its  close. 

Mr.  Saunders  underestimates  the  attraction  of  the  mov- 
ing picture  show  and  the  fact  that  times  have  been  hard  and 
people  compelled  to  economize.  We  have  seen  it  repeatedly 
stated  in  Eastern  and  Southern  newspapers  that  a  large  per- 
centage of  the  public  are  staying  away  from  the  regular  theatres 
simply  because  they  want  to  compel  the  managers  to  reduce 
their  prices  to  something  like  a  fair  level.  Two  dollars  or  even 
a  dollar  and  a  half  for  a  good  seat  at  an  ordinary  play  is  a 
luxury  most  people  can  scarcely  afford,  and  many  of  those  who 
can  afford  it,  regard  it  as  not  worth  while. 

Still  a  great  deal  of  the  dissatisfaction  with  the  present- 
day  play-house  is  most  undoubtedly  due  to  the  fact  to  which 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  239 

Mr.   Saunders  attributes  it,  namely  a  deep-seated  disgust  at 

the  unclean  and  indecent  smut-plays  that  have  lately  invaded 

and  almost  overwhelmed  the  American  stage.     Expressions  of 

disgust  like  the  following  have  become  quite  common  in  polite 

society  and  not  a  few  of  them  have  found  their  way  into  the 

newspapers : 

This  is  the  most  offensive  scene  I  have  ever  witnessed  in  the  theater. 
It  crosses  the  dead-line  of  decency.  If  I  had  a  daughter,  and  she  hap- 
pened to  attend  this  play  and  saw  such  a  picture  of  life  as  is  shown  in 
this  act,  I  should  feel  like  taking  the  law  into  my  own  hands.  There  is 
no  excuse  for  staging  such  a  scene. 

The  American  nation  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  wide 
prevalence  of  such  sentiments,  and  the  theatrical  managers,  as 
they  come  to  be  apprized  of  what  decent  people  think  and  feel 
about  the  "smut-plays,"  will  not  hesitate  to  provide  cleaner 
entertainment.  They  are  beginning  to  "see  light"  already, 
through  such  contrasts  as  this:  Two  plays  by  George  Scar- 
borough were  "put  on"  under  the  Shubert  management  in  New 
York  last  fall.  One,  "The  Lure,"  was  unclean  and  offensive; 
the  other,  "At  Bay,"  was  a  cleverly  constructed  melodrama  that 
appealed  to  the  nobler  instincts  of  human  nature.  The  suc- 
cess of  "At  Bay"  has  been  a  hundredfold  greater  than  that  of 
"The  Lure."  It  drew  crowded  houses  during  a  long  New  York 
run  and  was  similarly  prosperous  on  tour,  while  "The  Lure" 
provoked  the  loud  condemnation  of  all  decent  newspapers  and 
played  to  empty  or  half-empty  houses  both  in  the  metropolis 
and  elsewhere. 

The  wholesome  effect  of  this  and  similar  lessons  will  prob- 
ably be  noticeable  next  season. 

The  Mexican  Problem 

Mr.  R.  J.  Machugh,  an  English  journalist  who  went  to 
Mexico  for  his  paper,  has  just  published  a  handbook  on  "Mod- 
ern Mexico"  (London,  Methuen,  $3.74),  of  which  so  competent 
a  critic  as  the  Saturday  Review  (No.  3047)  says  that  it  "is  a 
work  of  real  value." 


240  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Mr.  Machugh  has  strong  views  on  the  Mexican  situation. 
He  thinks  that  the  Maderist  programme  of  Mexico  for  the 
Mexican  was  wrong  in  principle,  and  that  the  best  hope  for 
Mexico  lies  in  a  renewal  of  the  Diaz  policy  of  securing  order 
and  attracting  foreign  capital.  In  defence  of  this  position  he 
makes  the  point,  that  the  history  of  the  country  from  the  War 
of  Independence  to  the  present  day  presents  a  record  of  anarchy, 
broken  only  by  Diaz's  unchallenged  rule.  Because  the  Diaz 
period  is  so  close  to  us,  we  rather  forget  what  lies  behind  it,  and 
Mr.  Machugh  insistently  reminds  us  that  there  is  nothing  in 
Mexican  history  to  suggest  that  the  Mexicans  themselves  will 
succeed  in  putting  an  end  to  the  present  disorder.  Accordingly, 
Mr.  Machugh  is  unable  to  say  a  good  word  for  President  Wilson. 
He  notes  that  Huerta  had  begun  by  gathering  round  him  all 
of  Diaz's  chief  colleagues,  and  he  believes  that  the  first  Huertist 
administration  offered  real  promise  of  stable  government.  The 
action  of  the  United  States  broke  up  this  hopeful  coalition. 

As  to  the  outcome  of  the  present  situation,  Mr.  Machugh 
wisely  refuses  to  prophesy.  He  believes  that  there  is  one  strong 
Mexican  living — General  Felix  Diaz,  the  old  president's  nephew 
— and  that  under  him  the  country  might  find  rest.  On  the 
question  of  intervention  he  has  only  to  say  that  the  occupation 
of  Mexico  City  would  be  an  easy  business,  but  the  effective 
control  of  the  country  a  task  of  immense  difficulty.  There  can 
be  little  doubt  that  this  view  is  sound.  Recent  Washington  dis- 
patches seem  to  indicate  that  President  Wilson  also  regards 
Felix  Diaz  as  "the  coming  man."  But  it  is  difficult  to  say,  under 
present  conditions,  by  what  other  policy  than  that  of  "watchful 
waiting"  we  could  hope  to  accomplish  any  permanent  result. 
Mexico  is  an  extremely  primitive  country  economically ;  its  labor 
is  primitive,  its  agricultural  methods  are  hopelessly  behind  the 
tines.  On  top  of  this  semi-savage  rural  economy  there  have 
been  imposed  commercial  developments  of  the  very  latest  type. 
In  examples  of  engineering  skill,  especially  in  railway  con- 
struction and  the  transmission  of  electrical  power  derived  from 
water,  Mexico  is  unsurpassed  by  any  country  in  the  world.   The 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  241 

co-existence  of  savage  anarchy  and  of  the  latest  refinements  of 
modern  industrialism  gives  a  special  complexity  to  the  Mexican 
problem. 

The  situation  is  indeed  difficult,  but  no  other  practical  so- 
lution suggests  itself,  nor  has  one  been  advanced  by  those  quick- 
est to  condemn  the  present  method  of  procedure,  or  rather  the 
present  method  of  doing  nothing.  The  Wilson  policy  in  Mexico 
to-day  is  that  of  watchful  drift,  which  will  probably  win  out  in 
the  end.  The  fact  that  Mexico  suffers  in  the  meantime  is  as 
nothing  to  the  suffering  which  would  come  to  conqueror  as  well 
as  to  conquered  should  the  United  States  send  troops  across  the 
border  in  the  effort  to  enforce  good  behavior. 

Florence  Nightingale  and  the  Catholic  Church 

There  are  some  passages  in  the  recently  published  Life  of 
Florence  Nightingale  by  Sir  Edward  Cook  (London:  McMillan. 
1913),  which  lead  a  Catholic  reviewer  in  the  Tablet  to  conclude 
that  if  she  had  not  been  a  Victorian  hospital  nurse,  she  might, 
in  St.  Teresa's  age  and  country,  have  been  a  Carmelite.  Her 
character  was  certainly  akin  to  the  Spanish  Saint — containing, 
as  it  did,  due  proportions  of  eagle  and  dove.  To  the  wounded 
soldiers  she  appeared  in  the  latter  guise;  but  her  treatment  of 
British  officials  had  something  decidedly  clawlike  about  it.  The 
"Martha"  side  of  her  raged  and  shrieked  amid  the  coils  of  red 
tape;  but  it  was  the  "Mary"  that  shrank  appalled  and  timorous 
from  the  fatuous  adulation  and  flattery  with  which  Anglo-Sax- 
ons try  to  make  their  heroes  ridiculous  in  their  own  life-time. 

Of  the  desperate  seriousness  with  which  she  took  religion 
none  can  doubt :  "It  is  a  hard  fight,  a  struggle,  a  wrestling  with 
the  principle  of  evil — hand  to  hand,  foot  to  foot.  Every  inch 
of  the  way  must  be  disputed." 

As  far  as  outward  signs  of  grace  need  be  considered,  her 
father  was  a  Unitarian  but  she  herself  conformed  to  Anglican- 
ism, from  whose  doctrines  "she  departed  widely"  but  within 
whose  spacious  settlement  she  "framed  a  creed  of  her  own." 


242  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

In  the  'forties,  she  was  of  the  High  Church,  to  whose  deeds 
of  mercy  and  devotion  she  was  instantly  attracted.  In  1871 
she  was  at  the  Leeds  consecration,  where  the  Puseyites  made 
their  first  battle  array  in  Yorkshire.  Her  description  survives : 
"It  was  quite  a  gathering-place  for  Puseyites  from  all  parts  of 
England.  Papa  heard  them  debating  whether  they  should  have 
lighted  candles  before  the  altar,  but  they  decided  no — because 
the  Bishop  of  Ripon  would  not  like  it;  however,  they  had  them 
in  the  evening  and  the  next  morning,  when  he  was  gone!"  It 
was  ever  thus. 

The  "papal  aggression"  of  1851  brought  a  very  fair  and 
concise  description  from  her  pen: — 

The  Anglican  Ch.  screamed  and  struggled  as  if  they  were  taking 
away  something  of  hers,  the  Catholic  Ch.  sang  and  shouted  as  if  she  had 
conquered  England — neither  the  one  nor  the  other  has  happened. 

Eventually  she  became  very  interested  in  the  workings 
(and  to  a  certain  extent  in  the  doctrine)  of  the  Catholic  Church. 
Several  things  had  gone  to  turn  her  with  all  her  wonted  intensity 
in  that  direction — "six  months  of  Rome  and  happiness"  in 
1848,  a  vocation  to  a  nursing  order  like  that  of  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul,  and  last,  but  not  least,  the  spiritual  guidance  of  Henry 
Edward  Manning. 

In  1848  she  was  carefully  collating  the  Latin  Breviary 
with  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.  Her  attitude  to  the  Church 
was  expressed  in  a  note: 

"The  great  merit  of  the  Catholic  Church:  its  assertion  of 
the  truth  that  God  still  inspires  mankind  as  much  as  ever.  Its 
great  fault :  its  limiting  this  inspiration  to  itself." 

Still,  it  is  a  "fault"  that  has  given  peace  to  many  who  were 
as  sea-tossed  by  the  counter  waves  of  P^m-Inspiration  as  Florence 
Nightingale  herself.  Either  all  religions  (including  contradic- 
tories) are  equally  inspired,  or  else  only  one.  Of  course,  no 
one  would  deny  that  others  are  blest  in  so  much  as  they  approach 
its  spirit.     But  she  could  never  find  moorings. 

Her  retreat  at  the  Convent  of  the  Trinita  de'  Monti  in 
1848  was  one  of  the  peaceful  times  of  her  life.     About  this 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  243 

time  she  made  friends  with  the  two  best  friends  she  ever  had 
— Sidney  Herbert  and  Henry  Manning.  Her  encounter  with 
them  was  almost  providential  in  view  of  her  Crimean  adventure. 
For  it  was  Sidney  Herbert  who  gave  her  the  official  invitation 
from  the  War  Office  and  Henry  Manning  who  expedited  the 
different  companies  of  nuns,  whose  work,  she  confessed,  made 
the  success  of  her  expedition. 

When  she  came  back  from  the  Crimean  war  she  fell  in  with 
the  guidance  of  a  very  different  pair — Mr.  Clough  and  Mr. 
Jowett,  the  poet  and  the  prophet  of  Doubt  respectively — and  un- 
der their  influence  she  gradually  divested  herself  of  the  last 
thread  holding  her  to  dogmatic  beliefs.  Not  that  she  disliked 
them,  but  because  she  hoped  to  evolve  some  of  her  own.  As  she 
wrote  pathetically  enough,  "Of  all  human  sounds  I  think  the 
words  J  don't  know  are  the  saddest." 

She  went  the  steep  way  of  unguided  speculative  thought, 
and  by  1859  she  had  printed  three  volumes  of  "Suggestions 
for  Thought,"  but  at  Jowett's  wise  advice  it  was  not  published. 
One  of  Jowett's  marginal  annotations  is  recorded :  "The  enemy 
will  say,  this  book  is  written  by  an  Infidel  who  has  been  a  Papist." 

Still,  Miss  Nightingale,  if  she  missed  the  papacy,  saved  her- 
self from  that  gulf  of  infidelity  into  which  Jowett's  pupils  wan- 
dered as  frequently  as  Pusey's  in  the  papal  direction. 

She  remained  a  sincere  Deist,  and  her  philosophy  amounted 
to  this — "God's  scheme  for  us  was  not  that  He  should  give  us 
what  we  asked  for,  but  that  mankind  should  obtain  it  for  man- 
kind." And  her  biographer  places  a  passage  from  the  same 
still-born  volume  as  autobiographical  at  the  end  of  the  chapter : 
"Let  neither  name  nor  date  be  placed  on  her  grave,  still  less  the 
expression  of  regret  or  of  admiration;  but  simply  the  words,  I 
believe  in  God." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  at  one  time  Florence  Nightingale 
desired  very  ardently  to  be  a  Catholic,  and  even  more  so  to  be 
a  nun.  How  near  she  approached  we  are  not  told,  much  as  we 
should  wish  to  know.  We  are  only  allowed  to  guess  how  far 
the  pendulum  swung  in  that  direction  by  its  force  of  repulsion 
from  the  Church  of  England. 


244  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

The  Child  in  City  and  Country 

In  a  recent  issue  of  the  New  York  Times  Prof.  Thomas  D. 
Wood,  of  Columbia  University,  presents  a  striking  survey  of 
statistical  data,  obtained  through  extensive  and  careful  re- 
search conducted  under  his  direction  by  a  joint  committee  of 
the  National  Council  of  Education  and  the  American  Medical 
Association,  showing  that  among  the  children  in  the  rural 
public  schools  of  the  United  States  there  is  a  far  greater  amount 
of  physical  defectiveness  than  among  those  in  the  city  schools. 
This  statement  does  not  relate  merely  to  a  gross  total,  lumping 
all  sorts  of  defects  in  one  indiscriminating  mass,  but  it  is  made 
expressly,  and  with  the  comparative  figures  given,  for  one 
after  another  of  the  principal  ills  affecting  the  child's  physical 
and  mental  condition — ear  trouble,  eye  trouble,  tuberculosis, 
curvature  of  the  spine,  etc.  Under  each  of  these  heads  the 
percentage  of  sufferers  among  the  country  children  is  not  only 
greater,  but  very  much  greater,  than  among  the  city  children. 

There  ought  to  be  nothing  very  surprising  in  all  this.  "We 
grew  up,"  says  Dr.  Wood,  "with  the  notion  that  the  school  chil- 
dren in  the  country  were  bound  to  be  much  healthier  than  the 
children  in  the  cities."  This  is  doubtless  true  enough  of  most 
people;  but  there  were  not  wanting  keen-sighted  persons  who, 
without  the  aid  of  any  statistical  inquiry,  perceived  long  ago 
that  in  the  case  of  the  great  majority  of  children,  the  natural 
advantages  of  the  country  were  largely  outweighed,  so  far  as  im- 
munity from  disease  is  concerned,  by  the  artificial  advantages 
of  the  city.  A  writer  in  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Post  points  out 
that  more  than  half  a  century  ago,  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
expressed  this  judgment  with  great  emphasis,  and  his  reasons 
were  of  the  same  character  as  those  which  Dr.  Wood  puts  for- 
ward in  detail  as  explaining  the  statistical  results.  When  one 
runs  over  the  list  of  things  he  mentions  in  which  the  country  is 
behind  the  city — and  the  list  might  easily  be  extended — one  is 
inclined  to  wonder,  not  that  the  average  country  child  is  less 
healthy  than  the  city  child,  but  that  the  difference  against  him 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  245 

is  not  greater  than  it  is.  He  has  the  inestimable  benefit  of  pure 
air  and  outdoor  life,  but  he  is  apt  to  live  in  "houses  draughty 
and  unheated,"  to  "walk  long  distances  in  extreme  heat,  cold, 
or  wet,"  to  "sit  in  school  with  damp  clothing  and  wet  feet." 
His  people  "are  little  inclined  to  seek  aid  from  physicians  or 
dentists  or  oculists,  because  they  have  not  been  educated  to  do 
so  except  in  extreme  cases ;"  as  a  rule,  his  "country-cooked  food 
is  not  so  good  as  the  food  that  is  prepared  in  the  city;"  and, 
of  course,  he  has  access  neither  to  free  hospital  and  dispensary 
facilities  nor  to  the  services  of  the  best  physicans. 

Dr.  Woods'  recommendations  for  improving  the  country 
school  are  worthy  of  series  study.  But  in  the  nature  of  things, 
it  will  take  a  long  while  yet  before  country  school  children  will 
be  able  to  enjoy  all  the  advantages  of  the  city  school.  And 
meanwhile  we  may  draw  some  consolation  from  the  fact  that 
what  the  country  still  lacks  to-day  was  lacking  to  everybody 
a  hundred  years  ago,  most  of  it  fifty  years  ago,  and  much  of  it 
twenty-five  years  ago.  As  an  editorial  writer  in  the  Nation  puts 
it :  "It  is  easy  for  the  fluent  agitator  to  picture  the  monster  of 
capitalism  as  grinding  out  the  lives  of  the  poor;  but  nothing  is 
more  certain  than  that  in  no  previous  age  of  the  world  has 
there  been  among  the  masses  of  the  people  anything  like  the 
present  degree  of  exemption  from  the  primary  ills  of  human 
kind,  or  anything  like  the  present  degree  of  mitigation  of  those 
ills.  Neither  hunger  nor  cold,  neither  sickness  nor  deformity 
nor  untimely  death,  plays  a  part  remotely  approaching  in  mag- 
nitude that  which  it  played  in  former  times  among  the  masses 
of  mankind.  It  is  owing  solely  to  the  intensity  of  the  desire  of 
our  generation  for  further  improvement  that  we  sometimes 
fall  into  the  delusion  of  imagining  the  contrary." 

The  Cult  of  the  Nude 

Children  who  have  been  brought  up  by  Christian  mothers 
with  the  idea  that  human  beings  should  leave  uncovered  only 
the  avenues  of  the  mind, — eyes,  ears,  lips,  nose,  and  hands, — 
cannot  but  wonder  at  the  "artistic"  exhibits  that  meet  their 


246  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

gaze  constantly  in  magazines,  shop  windows,  art  museums,  and 
elsewhere. 

Which  teacher  is  right,  the  mother  or  the  artist?  If  Art 
is  right,  it  is  regrettable  that  mothers  so  flatly  contradict  her 
tenets;  and  if  Art  is  wrong,  her  devotees  ought  to  be  sharply 
called  to  time. 

There  is  no  sense  in  the  plea  that  to  undrape  the  human 
body  is  natural,  or  that  it  is  artistic,  for  such  an  argument  not 
only  is  beyond  the  scope  of  the  child's  mind,  but  roundly 
begs  the  question. 

We  Catholics  have  no  difficulty  in  settling  the  problem. 
Anything  that  accentuates  or  incites  the  lower  nature  of  man, 
is  wrong  because  it  weakens  the  control  of  mind  over  matter 
and,  ordinarily  at  least,  furnishes  an  occasion  of  sin. 

If  art  wants  curves,  why  does  it  not  copy  the  illustrations 
in  our  spherical  geometries?  But  art  does  not  want  simply 
curves,  it  wants  undraped  human  curves.  Why?  There  is 
nothing  specifically  attractive  in  human  curves  beyond  those 
found  elsewhere  in  nature.  Besides,  the  biceps  is  as  nicely 
turned  as  the  gluteus  and  the  sartor.  Can  you  imagine  a  finer 
curve  than  the  tibialis?  Why,  then,  exhibit  the  vastus  when 
others  will  do  as  well?  The  only  attraction  must  be  the 
"naughtiness  and  daring"  of  exhibiting  what  mother  has  taught 
us  not  to  expose  to  the  gaze  of  others.  Is  it  not  singular  that 
nearly  all  the  masterpieces  in  this  genre  are  the  work  of  men 
and  portray  the  "Queen  of  Nature"? 

Many  thinkers  see  underneath  this  artistic  mania  for 
representing  the  naked  body  an  erotic  substratum.  Be  this  as 
it  may,  its  productions  have  a  harmful  effect  on  the  beholder. 
The  whole  tendency  is  in  line  with  Eliot's  insane  notion  that 
children  should  be  taught  "the  mystery  of  life"  before  they  are 
strong  enough  to  overcome  by  mental  force  the  material  mo- 
mentum thus  given.  Such  teaching  often  leads  them,  from 
sheer  curiosity,  to  experiment  in  unnatural  directions  because 
experimenting  along  the  line  of  nature  is  prohibited  by  the 
vestiges  of  the  moral  training  of  infancy  and  the  inheritance 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  247 

of  the  past,  as  long  as  that  will  last; — and  then?  Eliot's  sug- 
gestion must  eventually  result  in  promiscuity,  and  promiscuity 
spells  barbarism. 

What  is  true  of  statuary  and  painting  is  a  fortiori  true  of 
styles  of  dress.  The  ballroom  semi-dress  is  now  worn  on  the 
street.  Our  fashions  are  getting  so  shameless  that  one  is  forced 
to  conclude  that  the  woman  who  tempts  masculine  sensuality 
by  publicly  exposing  her  physical  charms,  does  so  with  the  in- 
tention of  tempting,  though  there  are  still  a  few  of  us  left  who 
are  charitable  enough  to  assume  that  the  motive  is  brainless- 
ness  rather  than  carnality. 

If  Art  is  right,  then  our  stage  lack-of -drapery  is  right,  our 
street  indecency  is  right,  our  newspaper  lewdness  is  a  step  in 
the  right  direction,  Dr.  Eliot  is  right,  obscene  cartoons  and 
advertisements  are  perfectly  proper.  And  if  the  portrayal  of 
nature  is  admirable,  why  not  nature  itself?  Why  hesitate  to 
take  the  logical  step? 

I  think  that  the  logic  of  the  matter  readily  discloses  the 
underlying  motive  and  tendency.  The  artist  will  not  dare  to 
exhibit  in  broad  daylight  the  nude  model  whose  statue  or  por- 
trait he  puts  under  calcium.  Is  this  a  remnant  of  the  old-time 
modesty  which  the  mills  of  modern  thought  are  laboring  to 
grind  into  dust?  When  children  "know,"  and  adults  all  claim 
to  be  pure-minded,  why  should  there  be  drapery?  There  you 
have  the  rationale  of  that  unutterable  relapse  into  barbarism 
which  in  German  they  call  Nacktkultur. 

The  only  rock  of  morality  is  Mother  Church,  who  teaches 
us  to  keep  our  minds  pure,  to  guard  our  eyes,  to  watch  over  all 
our  senses,  and  to  avoid  every  proximate  occasion  to  mental  or 
physical  sin.  C.  E.  d'Arnoux 

The  Antiquity  of  Man 

For  a  number  of  years  researches  relating  to  the  antiquity 
of  man  in  America  have  been  conducted  by  the  Bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Ethnology,  without  resulting  in  any  definite  conclusion. 
As  Mr.  W.  H.  Holmes,  the  present  chief  of  the  Bureau,  writes  in 


248  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

the  Handbook  of  American  Indians  (Vol.  I,  art.  "Antiquity")  : 
"In  view  of  the  extent  of  the  researches  carried  on  in  various 
fields  with  the  object  of  adducing  evidence  on  which  to  base  a 
scheme  of  human  chronology  in  America,  decisive  results  are 
surprisingly  meagre,  and  the  finds  so  far  made,  reputed  to  rep- 
resent a  vast  period  of  time  stretching  forward  from  the  middle 
tertiary  to  the  present,  are  characterized  by  so  many  defects  of 
observation  and  record  and  so  many  apparent  incongruities, 
biological,  geological,  and  cultural,  that  the  task  of  the  chro- 
nologist  is  still  largely  before  him." 

One  of  the  most  active  students  of  this  interesting  question 
is  Mr.  Ales  Hrdlicka,  who  is  known  for  his  anthropometric 
studies  on  the  American  Indian.  Between  the  years  1899  and 
1901,  he  examined  the  skeleton  remains  commonly  attributed  to 
ancient  man  in  Northern  America.  His  conclusions  were  em- 
bodied in  Bulletin  33  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 
While  occupied  with  the  study  of  man's  antiquity  in  North 
America,  Dr.  Hrdlicka's  attention  was  directed  to  rumors  con- 
cerning evidences  of  early  man  in  South  America.  He  pro- 
ceeded to  the  country  in  1910  in  order  to  examine  the  "finds". 

Hrdlicka  begins  his  report  on  the  finds1  with  certain  pre- 
liminary considerations,  of  the  utmost  importance  in  a  study  of 
this  kind,  and  the  neglect  of  which  has  led  to  unwarranted  con- 
clusions concerning  the  supposed  antiquity  of  skeleton  remains 
in  South  America.  He  clearly  states  the  requirements  for 
establishing  "geologic  antiquity  of  human  remains."  He  says 
that  "it  should  be  shown  conclusively  that  the  specimen  or  spec- 
imens were  found  in  geologically  ancient  deposits,  whose  age  is 
confirmed  by  the  presence  of  paleontologic  remains;  and  the 
bones  should  present  evidence  of  organic  as  well  as  inorganic 
alterations,  and  show  also  morphologic  characteristics  referable 
to  an  earlier  type.  In  addition,  it  is  necessary  to  prove  in  every 
case  by  unexceptional  evidence  that  the  human  remains  were 
not  introduced,  either  purposely  or  accidentally,  in  later  times 
into  the  formation  in  which  discovered."    And  on  the  other  hand, 

'  Early    Man   in   South   America    by      Ethnology.     Bulletin  52.     Washington, 
Ales   Hrdlicka.     Bureau    of   American       191 2. 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  249 

"the  age  of  a  find  relating  to  early  man  in  which  the  above 
mentioned  requirements  have  been  satisfied  cannot  be  regarded 
as  definitely  settled.  To  accept  any  specimen  as  representative 
of  man  of  a  definite  geologic  period  on  evidence  less  than  the 
sum  total  of  these  criteria  would  be  to  build  with  radical  defects 
in  the  foundation." 

What  has  caused  some  investigators  to  look  upon  the  South 
American  fossils  as  evidence  of  man's  antiquity?  It  is  the  "very 
unreliable  factor  of  'fossilization'  of  human  bones  that  is  prin- 
cipally responsible  for  the  'peopling'  of  North  America,  and 
especially  of  South  America,  with  'fossil'  ancient  human  forms." 
By  "fossilization"  is  meant  the  change  produced  in  a  bone  chief- 
ly by  chemical  reaction.  But  bones  that  show  a  like  degree  of 
"fossilization"  are  not  necessarily  contemporaneous.  "This  ap- 
plies even  to  bones  from  the  same  locality,  for  some  may  have 
been  subjected  through  differences  in  depth  and  local  variation 
of  soil  or  amount  of  moisture,  to  considerably  different  in- 
fluences." 

Even  the  designs  and  incisions  on  bones  do  not  point  to 
man  as  their  author,  nor  do  such  incisions  necessarily  indicate 
that  man  lived  contemporaneously  with  the  animals  to  which  the 
bones  belonged.  For  "as  to  scratched,  striated,  incised,  or  per- 
forated bones,  it  is  sufficient  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  a 
sharpe  edge  or  point  driven  by  force  of  any  kind  may  produce 
simple  effects  similar  to  those  due  to  an  implement  used  by  the 
human  hand." 

The  discoveries  examined  in  this  report  "of  industrial  and 
skeletal  remains  suggesting  man's  antiquity  in  South  America," 
were  limited  to  Brazil  and  Argentina.  The  "Lagoa  Santa  re- 
mains" in  the  former  country  are  by  far  the  earliest  finds  in 
South  America  bearing  on  the  question  of  early  man.  They 
were  discovered  between  1835  and  1844  by  Lund,  a  noted  Danish 
explorer,  in  certain  caves  in  the  district  of  Lagoa  Santa,  along 
with  the  bones  of  fossil  as  well  as  of  recent  animals.  Dr. 
Hrdlicka  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the  examinations  made  of 
these   finds   by   Lund   and   other   experts    (Blake,    Reinhardt, 


250  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Quatrefage  and  Kollmann) .  All  of  them  hesitate  to  assign  these 
Brazilian  fossil  remains  definitely  and  finally  to  a  remote  geo- 
logic period.  Dr.  Hrdlicka  even  rejects  certain  less  far-reach- 
ing conclusions  of  Kollmann,  namely,  that  "already  in  diluvial 
times  man  in  America  is  furnished  with  the  same  unmistakable 
racial  characteristics  as  he  presents  this  day,"  and  that  "these 
racial  characteristics  were  not  further  modified  by  environ- 
ment." He  says  pointedly :  "In  the  present  state  of  knowledge 
of  the  Lagoa  Santa  caves  material,  of  the  Indian  in  general,  of 
American  geology,  and  of  the  imperfect  morphologic  stability  of 
the  human  organism,  these  opinions  can  have  of  course  but  little 
more  than  historic  value." 

His  own  estimate  of  all  previous  examinations  of  the  fossils 
of  Brazil,  and  especially  of  the  supposedly  human  skulls,  is  sum- 
marized in  the  interesting  chapter  "The  Skeletal  Remains  of 
Early  Man  in  South  America."  We  must  remember  that  this 
estimate  is  all  the  more  reliable  from  the  fact  that  Hrdlicka  had 
the  advantage  of  investigating  the  remains  "in  situ"  and  using 
the  data  of  his  predecessors.  He  could  at  the  same  time  bring 
the  light  of  recent  advances  in  geology  and  anthropology  to 
bear  upon  the  interpretation  of  the  remains.  After  a  careful 
study  of  the  evidence — especially  that  of  the  above-mentioned 
investigators,  Hrdlicka  concludes: 

In  view  of  all  the  above  facts  and  considerations,  it  seems  quite  evident 
that  the  human  remains  from  the  Lagoa  Santa  caves  cannot  be  accepted, 
without  further  and  more  conclusive  proofs,  as  belonging  to  a  race  which 
lived  contemporaneously  with  the  extinct  species  of  animals  found  in  the 
same  caves;  and  there  is  no  reliable  foundation  in  the  remainder  of  the 
data  relating  to  the  specimens  on  which  such  geologic  antiquity  can  be 
based. 

Thus  this  careful  investigator  examines  step  by  step  the 
various  "finds"  and  bones,  and  skulls  and  skeletons,  first  giving 
"historical  notes"  and  earlier  observations  concerning  them,  and 
then  adding  his  "critical  remarks".  Space  will  permit  us  to 
quote  his  findings  only  on  the  "Carcarana  Bones,"  first  spoken 
of  in  1864.  In  that  year  F.  Seguin,  a  collector  of  fossils,  brought 
to  Buenos  Ayres  some  fragments  of  human  bones  which,  he 


XXI  8  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  251 

said,  had  been  found  in  the  Pampean  deposits  of  the  banks  of 
the  Rio  Carcarafia.  The  final  remarks  of  Dr.  Hrdlicka  concern- 
ing this  collection  are  as  follows : 

The  contemporaneity  of  bones  of  fossil  animals  found  in  the 
same  general  region  with  the  human  bones  under  consideration  lacks 
substantiation.  Finally,  morphologically  the  Seguin  human  bones  offer, 
so  far  as  shown,  nothing  indicating  primitiveness  of  form  or  great  age. 
On  the  basis  of  the  above  facts  the  inevitable  conclusion  is  that  the 
Carcarafia  human  remains  should  cease  to  be  cited  as  representing  a 
South   American   man   of   geologic   antiquity. 

In  the  same  way  Hrdlicka  examines  fifteen  other  skeletal 
remains,  from  different  localities,  with  the  invariable  finding — 
"evidence  of  antiquity  not  substantiated." 

The  first  of  his  general  conclusions,  which  ought  to  be 
carefully  pondered  by  those  who  in  future  may  be  tempted  to 
proclaim  "new  evidence"  of  man's  antiquity  in  South  America,  is 
as  follows : 

A  conscientious,  unbiased  study  of  all  the  available  facts  has  shown 
that  the  whole  structure  erected  in  support  of  the  theory  of  geologically 
ancient  man  on  that  continent  rests  on  very  imperfect  and  incorrectly  in- 
terpreted data  and  in  many  instances  on  false  premises,  and  as  a  con- 
sequence of  these  weaknesses  must  completely  collapse  when  subjected 
to  searching  criticism. 

The  main  defects  found  by  Hrdlicka  in  the  testimony 
thought  to  establish  proof  of  geologic  man  in  South  America,  may 
be  summarized  under  the  following  heads:  (1)  Imperfect  geo- 
logic determinations,  (2)  Imperfect  consideration  of  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  the  remains  were  found  and  which 
might  have  altered  their  condition,  (3)  The  giving  of  too  much 
weight  to  organic  and  inorganic  changes  in  the  human  bones, 
(4)  Morphologic  examination  of  the  bones  by  amateur  explor- 
ers and  men  wanting  the  knowledge  necessary  for  properly 
estimating  the  value  of  the  finds. 

The  South  American  "finds"  have,  of  course,  attracted  the 
attention  of  students  in  many  lands.  Some  were  led  by  specious 
reasoning  to  accept  them  as  proofs  of  the  existence  in  South 
America  of  quaternary,  or  even  of  tertiary  man.  Hrdlicka's 
researches  effectively  dispose  of  such  claims  for  the  future. 
This  is  also  the  opinion  of  another  noted  anthropologist,  Prof. 


252  THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW  1914 

Frederick  Starr,  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  who  in  a  review 
of  the  work  in  the  American  Journal  of  Sociology  (July  1913) 
says:  "As  is  seen,  Hrdlicka's  book  is  one  of  destructive  criti- 
cism. It  is  always  an  unpleasant  task  to  tear  down  what  another 
has  reared  in  good  faith ;  it  is  seldom  done  in  entire  kindness  and 
courtesy.  Hrdlicka  shows  both  qualities  but  he  has  done  his' 
work  thoroughly.  It  is  possible  that  from  our  brief  notice  one 
might  think  that  our  author  stands  alone  in  his  work  of  criti- 
cism, or  that  he  has  neglected  the  bibliography  of  his  subject. 
Far  from  it ;  he  is  by  no  means  the  only  opponent  of  Ameghino's 
views  and  in  his  discussion  he  makes  a  full  presentation  of  the 
literature  of  the  subject  as  he  takes  up  point  after  point.  But 
Hrdlicka  is  actually  the  only  worker  who  has  taken  up  all  the 
evidence  in  detail,  subjecting  it  to  exhaustive  critical  treatment, 
and  reached  definite  conclusions." 

Thus,  as  the  well-known  work  of  Rev.  P.  W.  Schmidt,  S. 
V.  D.,  on  the  Pygmies  has  helped  to  knock  the  scientific  under- 
pinning from  under  the  once  current  theory  that  man  gradually 
and  painfully  evolved  out  of  a  condition  bordering  on  brutish- 
ness,  so  Hrdlicka's  researches  show  the  weakness  of  that  other 
equally  popular  assertion  that  the  history  of  the  human  race 
goes  back  to  remote  geologic  periods. 

Albert  Muntsch,  S.  J. 

LITERARY  NOTES 


— The    Nation    in    its    No.    2541  over  a  word's  history  or  expressive 

prints  an  elaborate  criticism  of  the  value    much     as     trolley-men     view 

New  Standard  Dictionary  from  the  stopping  for  passengers — as  irritat- 

point  of  view  of  the  literary  student  ing    delays    in    an    otherwise    quick 

and    scholar.      The    reviewer    shows  trip." 
that  this  pretentious  lexicon  is  not 

free    from    serious    blemishes,    and  — Fr.    Pustet   &    Co.    announce    a 

concludes:    "Both  in  conception  and  second    revised    edition    of    Father 

execution    the    New    Standard    Die-  Brossart's   translation   of   Msgr.   A. 

tionary  is  not  a  textbook  for  literary  Meyenberg's    Homiletic     and     Cate- 

study.      The    book    will    sell    by    its  chetic  Studies.     We  are  glad  to  see 

appeal    to    the    semi-educated,    to    a  this    excellent    work    widely    circu- 

public    interested    not   in    ideas    but  lated   in   America.   It   is   an   admir- 

in  things,  and  disposed    (as  its  edi-  able   aid    to  the    preacher    and  the 

tors  suggest)   to  view  any  lingering  catechist.      (Price   $3.50). 


XXI  8 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


253 


—The  Rev.  Fr.  Aloysius  J.  Ro- 
ther,  S.  J.,  is  doing  a  service  to 
English-speaking  readers  who  seek 
for  accurate  philosophical  informa- 
tion but  have  no  time  to  attempt 
the  larger  treatises.  To  his  pre- 
vious volumes,  "Certitude"  and  "Be- 
ing," he  has  now  added  one  on 
"Truth  and  Error,"  which,  like  its 
predecessors,  is  not  only  of  primer 
size  but  possesses  the  even  greater 
merit  of  being  of  primer  clearness 
and  simplicity;  and  all  this  with- 
out being  inadequate;  for  when  the 
reader  has  finished  the  final  para- 
graph, he  not  only  has  a  clear  no- 
tion of  the  terms  Truth  and  Error, 
but  likewise  the  satisfaction  of 
knowing  how  both  come  to  be.  The 
part  of  the  work  that  treats  of  Er- 
ror is  particularly  satisfying.  A 
liberal  use  of  familiar  and  apt  ex- 
amples is  here  combined  with  great 
conciseness  of  statement  and  proof. 
A  descriptive  index  of  topics  en- 
hances the  value  of  the  booklet  for 
ready  reference.   (B.  Herder.  50  cts.) 

— Schwartz,  Kirwin  &  Fauss,  42 
Barclay  Str.,  New  York  City,  have 
published  a  new  edition  of  Fr.  Fan- 
der's  translation  of  Deharbe's  Com- 
plete Catechism,  edited  by  Dr.  James 
J.  Fox  and  Fr.  McMillan,  C.  S.  P. 
This,  the  sixth  American  edition  of 
a  famous  and  most  useful  work,  is 
characterized  by  a  number  of  minor 
improvements.  Thus  the  order  has 
been  changed  in  a  few  places; 
simpler  and  more  idiomatic  terms 
and  phrases  have  been  substituted 
for  others  less  familiar  or  too  tech- 
nical (in  this  direction,  we  are 
tempted  to  observe,  the  catechism  is 
susceptible  of  still  greater  improve- 
ment) ;  some  questions  and  answers 
have  been  recast  and  a  few  new 
ones  inserted.  The  historical  sketch 
of  Revealed  Religion  has  been 
brought  down  to  date.  In  the  ex- 
position   of    duties    the    Catechism 


has  been  more  fully  adapted  to  the 
present  conditions  of  life  in  this 
country.  (Price  to  colleges,  acad- 
emies, and  schools,  36  cts.,  net.) 


Books  Received 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the 
Fortnightly  Review  is  acknowledged  in  this 
department;  but  we  undertake  to  review  such 
publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  rea- 
son  or  another  to   call  for  special  mention.] 

LATIN 

Compendium  Theologiae  Dogmati- 
cae  Auctore  Christiano  Pesch  S.  J. 
Tomus  IV:  De  Sacramentis.  viii  & 
208  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1914.  $1.60 
net. 

De  Sacrificio  Missae  Tractatus  As- 
ceticus.  Auctore  Ioanne  Bona,  Presb. 
Card.  Ord.  Cisterc.  Cum  tribus  ap- 
pendicibus.  x  &  451  pp.  32010.  Fr. 
Pustet  &  Co.    1913.     $1. 

Officium  Hebdomadae  Majoris.  Do- 
minica in  Palmis  usque  ad  Dominicam 
in  Albis,  iuxta  Rubricas  a  Pio  X  Re- 
formatas  Editum.  Officia  Breviarii. 
Editio  Septima.  vi  &  428  pp.  i6mo. 
Fr.  Pustet  &  Co.     1914.    $1.50. 

ENGLISH 

S.  Antonino  and  Medieval  Eco- 
nomics. By  the  Rev.  Bede  Jar- 
rett,  O.S.B.  (The  Catholic  Library— 3) . 
xix  &  109  pp.  i2mo.  Manresa  Press 
and  B.  Herder.     1914.     30  cts.  net. 

Guide  to  the  United  States  for  the 
Jewish  Immigrant.  By  John  Foster 
Carr.  64  pp.  i2mo.  241  Fifth  Ave., 
New  York  City.  1913.  20  cts.,  post- 
paid. 

Homiletic  and  Catechetic  Studies  ac- 
cording to  the  Spirit  of  Holy  Scrip- 
ture and  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Year. 
By  Rt.  Rev.  Mgr.  A.  Meyerjberg. 
Translated  by  V.  Rev.  Ferd.  Bros- 
sart,  V.  G.  Second  Revised  Edition. 
845  pp.  8vo.  Fr.  Pustet  &  Co.  19 14. 
$3-50. 

Mariology.  A  Dogmatic  Treatise  on 
the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  Mother  of 
God.  With  an  Appendix  on  the  Wor- 
ship of  the  Saints,  Relics,  and  Images. 
By  the  Rev.  Joseph  Pohle,  Ph.  D.,  D.  D. 
Authorized  English  Version  by  Ar- 
thur Preuss.  185  pp.  i2mo.  B.  Her- 
der.    1914.     $1  net. 

Daily  Reflections  for  Christians.  By 
the    Rev.    Fr.    Charles    Cox,    O.M.I. 


254 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Two  Volumes,  xiv  &  546  and  x  &  552 
pp.  i2mo.  London:  Washbourne; 
St.  Louis,  Mo. :  B.  Herder.  1914. 
$3.25   net. 

Major  Orders.  By  Rev.  Louis  Ba- 
cuez,  S.  S.  vii  &  484  pp.  i6mo.  B.  Her- 
der.    1913.     $1.50  net. 

A  True,  Sincere  and  Modest  De- 
fence of  English  Catholics  that  Suffer 
for  Their  Faith,  etc.  By  William  Al- 
len. Vol.  I.  (The  Catholic  Library— 2.) 
xi  &  no  pp.  i2mo.  Manresa  Press 
and  B.  Herder.     1914.     30  cts.  net. 

Betrothment  and  Marriage.  A  Ca- 
nonical Treatise  with  Notices  on  His- 
tory and  Civil  Law.  By  Canon  De 
Smet,  S.  T.  L.  Revised  and  Greatly 
Enlarged  by  the  Author.  Vol.  II. 
Translated  from  the  French  Edition 
of  1912  by  the  Rev.  W.  Dobell.  xv  & 
445  pp.  8vo.  Bruges:  Chs.  Beyaert; 
St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder.  191 3. 
$2.25  net. 

A  Complete  Catechism  of  the  Catho- 
lic Religion.  Translated  from  the  Ger- 
man of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Deharbe,  S.  J., 
by  the  Rev.  John  Fander.  Sixth  Ameri- 
can Edition,  Edited  by  the  Rev.  James 
J.  Fox,  D.  D.,  and  the  Rev.  Thomas 
McMillan,  C.  S.  P.  xiii  &  330  pp. 
i2mo.  New  York:  Schwartz,  Kirwin 
&  Fauss.  Price  to  colleges,  academies, 
and  schools,  36  cts.  net. 

Minor  Works  of  St.  Teresa.  Trans- 
lated from  the  Spanish  by  the  Bene- 
dictines of  Stanbrook.  Revised  with 
Notes  and  an  Introduction  by  the  Rev. 
B.  Zimmerman,  O.  C.  D.  xl  &  278  pp. 
8vo.     Benziger   Bros.     $2.20,   postpaid. 

The  Scapular  Medal  and  the  Five 
Scapulars  according  to  the  Latest  Ro- 
man Decrees  and  the  Thirteenth  Edi- 
tion of  Beringer's  "Indulgences."  By 
the  Rev.  Peter  Geiermann,  C.  SS.  R. 
Pamphlet  32mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1914. 
$0.05. 

The  Office  of  Holy  Week  and  of 
the  Paschal  Triduum  according  to 
the  Roman  Rite  as  Revised  by  the 
New  Rubrics,  viii  &  332  pp.  i6mo. 
Benziger  Bros.  1913.  Cotli,  20  cts. 
net  and  45  cts.  net ;  leather,  75  cts. 
and  up. 

Papers  Read  at  the  18th  Annual 
Conference  of  the  Priests'  Eucharis- 
tic  League  of  the  Diocese  of  Green 
Bay,  Dec.  10,  1913,  at  Green  Bay,  Wis. 
23  pp.  8vo.  Kaukauna,  Wis. :  The 
Kaukauna  Sun.     1914.     $5  per  100. 

A    Modern    Franciscan.      Being    the 

Life  of  Father  Arsenius,  O.  F.  M 

Who    Died   in   the   Odour   of    Sanctity 


in  1898.  By  Fr.  Dominic  Devas,  O.F.M. 
xvi  &  146  pp.  i2mo.  Benziger  Bros. 
1914.     90  cts.,  net. 

GERMAN 

Christus  der  Kdnig  der  Zeiten. 
Vortrage  iiber  den  Philipperbrief  von 
Dr.  Ludwig  Bauer,  ix  &  220  pp.  i2mo. 
B.   Herder.     1914.     90  cts.  net. 

Die  Christologie  des  hi.  Ignatius 
von  Antiochien.  nebst  einer  Vorunter- 
suchung:  Die  Echtheit  der  sieben  ig- 
natianischen  Briefe  verteidigt  gegen 
Daniel  Volter.  Von  Dr.  Michael  Rackl. 
(Freiburger  Theologische  Studien, 
14.  Heft).  xxxii  &  418  pp.  8vo. 
B.  Herder.     1914.     $2.20  net.   (Paper.) 

Philosophische  Propadeutik  fur  den 
Gymnasialunterricht  und  das  Selbst- 
studium,  bearbeitet  von  Dr.  Otto  Will- 
mann.  Dritter  Teil :  Historische  Ein- 
fiihrung  in  die  Metaphysik.  124  pp. 
8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     70  cts.  net. 

Konstantins  des  Grossen  Kreuz- 
erscheinung.  Eine  kritische  Unter- 
suchung  von  Dr.  Heinrich  Schrors. 
v  &  70  pp.  8vo.  Bonn :  Peter  Han- 
stein.     1913.     60  cts.   net. 

Fruhmittelalterliche  Monchs-  und 
Klerikerbildung  in  Italien.  Geistliche 
Bildungsideale  und  Bildungseinrichtun- 
gen  vom  6.  bis  zum  9.  Jahrhundert. 
Von  Dr.  Heinrich  Horle.  (Freiburger 
Theologische  Studien,  13.  Heft),  xii 
&  87  pp.  8vo.  B.  Herder.  1914.  55  cts. 
net.    (Paper.) 

Wollen,  eine  konigliche  Kunst.  Ge- 
danken  iiber  Ziel  und  Methode  der 
Willensbildung  und  Selbsterziehung 
von  Prof.  Dr.  Martin  Fassbender. 
Neue  Ausgabe.  vii  &  197  pp.  i2mo. 
B.  Herder.     1914.     55  cts.  net. 

Geistliche  Ubungen  fur  die  Vor- 
bereitung  der  Kinder  auf  den  Weissen 
Sonntag.  Drei  Serien  mit  mehreren 
Ansprachen  fiir  die  Kommunionfeier. 
Von  Oskar  Witz,  Pfarrer  in  Rangen- 
dingen.  viii  &  147  PP-  8vo.  B.  Herder. 
1 914.     70  cts.  net. 

Der  soziale  Katholizismus  in  Deutsch- 
land  bis  zum  Tode  Kettelers.  Von  Dr. 
Albert  Franz.  259  pp.  8vo.  M.Glad- 
bach :  Volksvereinsverlag.  1914-  3 
marks,  in  paper  covers. 

E»t-     "Amerika"    1872 

Daily,   Sunday  &  Semi-weekly  German  Journal 

Job  Printing  done  with 

Neatness   and   Dispatch 

18  South  6th  St.        St.  Louis,  Mo. 


XXI  8 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


255 


BARGAINS  IN  OLD  BOOKS 


Three  Acres  and  Liberty.  By  Bol- 
ton Hall.    New  York  1907.    70  cts. 

♦Roscoe,  W.,  The  Life  and  Pontifi- 
cate of  Leo  X.  Four  vols,  quarto. 
Liverpool  1805.     $2.50. 

Hosmer,  James  K.,  Short  History 
of  German  Literature.  St.  Louis  1879. 
75   cts. 

*H.  Formby,  Monotheism  the  Prim- 
itive Religion  of  the  City  of  Rome. 
London  s.  a.   (Like  new.)   $1. 

*P.  Haffner,  Grundlinien  der  Ge- 
schichte  der  Philosophic  Mainz  1881. 
(Like   new.)    $1.25. 

Phillips,  G.,  Compendium  Iuris  Ec- 
clesiastici.       Ratisbon     1875.      50    cts. 

Munchen,  Nic,  Das  kanonische  Ge- 
richtsverfahren  u.  Strafrecht.  2  vols. 
Koln  1874.    $3. 

Hollweck,  Jos.,  Die  kirchlichen 
Strafgesetse.     Mainz    1899.     $2. 

Schumacher,  M.  (C.  S.  C),  The 
Knowableness  of  God.  Notre  Dame, 
Ind.    1905.    65  cts. 

Bismarck,  Ftirst,  Gedanken  und  Er- 
innerungen.     Stuttgart  1898.    $1.60. 

Nitti,  E.,  Catholic  Socialism.  Lon- 
don 1908.    $1.80. 

Spalding,  J.  L.,  Socialism  and  Labor. 
Chicago  1902.     70  cts. 

Rauschenbusch,  W.,  Christianity  and 
the  Social  Crisis.  New  York  1908.  $1.20. 

Klarmann,  A.,  The  Crux  of  Pastoral 
Medicine.    2nd  ed.    N.  Y.  1905.  60  cts. 

Hamann,  E.  M.,  Emilie  Ringseis. 
Mit  6  Bildern.    Freiburg  1913.    80  cts. 

*Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  Europa 
seit  1792.  With  maps.  11  vols.  Dam- 
aged.    Leipzig  1827  sqq.  $6. 

Druzbicki,  G.  (S.  J.),  Mensis  Eu- 
charisticus  sive  Exercitia  Eucharistica 
et  Liturgica.  Ratisbon  1913.  Prayer 
book  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather, 

$1. 

Benz,  Karl,  Die  Stellung  Jesu  zum 
alttestamentlichen  Gesetz.  Freiburg 
1914.     50  cts.    (Paper  covers.) 

Braun,  Jos.  (S.  J.),  Spaniens  alte  Je- 
suitenkirchen.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Ge- 
schichte  der  nachmittelalterlichen  Ar- 
chitektur  in  Spanien.  Freiburg  1913. 
95  cts.   (Paper  covers.) 

Price,  G.  E.,  England  and  the  Sacred 
Heart.  Illustrated.  London  1913.  70  cts. 

D'Ales,  A.,  L'fidit  de  Calliste.  fitude 
sur  les  Origines  de  la  Penitence  Chre- 
tienne.  Paris  1914.  $1.15.  (Paper 
covers.) 


Fassbinder,  Franz,  Friedrich  Hebbel. 
Koln  1913.     30  cts.   (Wrapper.) 

v.  Oer,  Seb.  (O.  S.B.),  Der  Ahnen 
wert !  Ein  Wort  an  den  christlichen 
Adel.     Freiburg   1913.     85   cts. 

Bridgets  T.  E.,  A  History  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist  in  Great  Britain.  With 
Notes  by  H.  Thurston,  S.J.  London 
folio  edition  of  1908.  $3.83.  (Like  new; 
original  cost  $7  net). 

Society,  Sin,  and  the  Saviour.  Ad- 
dresses on  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord. 
By  Rev.  Bernard  Vaughan,  S.  J.  Lon- 
don 1908.    82  cts. 

Rose,  V.,  Studies  on  the  Gospels. 
Tr.  by  R.  Fraser.  London  1903.  79  cts. 

Kaulen,  F.,  Einleitung  in  die  HI. 
Schrift.    3rd  ed.    Freiburg  1890.    $1.70. 

Buehrle,  Marie  C,  Weber's  Goliath, 
Translated  into  English.  "A  Tragic 
Love  Tale  of  the  North."  Techny,  111., 
I9I3-     35  cts. 

Pember,  Mrs.  E.  G.,  Lyrics  and 
Songs,  Sacred  and  Secular.  Boston 
I9I3-     30  cts. 

Allen,  Card.,  A  Brief  Historie  of 
the  Martyrdom  of  Father  Edmund 
Campion  and  His  Companions.  (Ed. 
by  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.  J.)  London  s.  a. 
83  cts. 

Cook,  A.  S.,  The  Higher  Study  of 
English.     Boston     1906.    80  cts. 

Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress 
of  Westminster,  1908.  (Many  valu- 
able Eucharistic  papers).  London  1909. 
Illustrated.     90  cts. 

Lanslots,  D.  I.  (O.  S.  B.),  Spirit- 
ism  Unveiled.     London   1913.     60  cts. 

Pages,  Helene,  Ehrenpreis :  Eine 
Festgabe  fur  Erstkommunikanten. 
Illustrated.     Freiburg  1913.     75   cts. 

Giraud,  S.M.,  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and 
Victim.  (Meditations  on  the  Life  of 
Our  Lord).  Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell. 
London  1914.    $1.25. 

Miller,  A.,  F.  X.  von  Linsenmann's 
Gesammelte  Schriften.  I.  Munchen. 
1912.    $1. 

Coyle,  Henry,  Lyrics  of  Faith  and 
Hope.     Boston  1913.     35  cts. 

Funk,  F.  X.,  Lehrbuch  der  Kirchen- 
geschichte.  4th  edition.  Paderborn 
1902.   $1 .60. 

Martindale,  C.  C.  (S.  J.),  Old  Tes- 
tament Stories.  With  12  Illustrations 
in  color.     London  1913.     85  cts. 

Schuyler,  Henry  C,  A  Divine 
Friend.  Illustrated.  Philadelphia  1913. 
78  cts. 


256 


THE    FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


1914 


Bargains  in  Old  Books  (Cont.) 


*Rinieri,  I.  (S.  J.),  Napoleone  e  Pio 
VII  (1804-1813).  Relazione  Storiche 
su  documenti  inediti.  Torino  1906. 
2  vols.     $2.50. 

Theo.  S.  Fay,  The  Three  Germanies. 
2  vols.     New  York  1889.    $1.50. 

Wacker,  Th.,  Entwickelung  der  So- 
cialdemokratie  in  den  10  ersten  Reichs- 
tagswahlen.      Freiburg    1913.      $1.50. 

Stuart,  Janet  E.,  L'Educazione  delle 
Giovinette  Cattoliche.  Rome  1913.  50 
cts. 

Berg,  L.,  Gero,  Erzbischof  von  Koln 
969—976.  Freiburg  1913.  65  cts. 
(Wrapper). 

Lejeune,  P.,  Counsels  of  Perfection 
for  Christian  Mothers.  Tr.  by  Francis 
A.  Ryan.    St.  Louis  1913.    80  cts. 

Cremer,  H.,  Biblisch-theolog.  Wor- 
terbuch  der  N eutestamentlichen  Gr'd- 
citdt.     Gotha  1866.    $1.12. 

Jdrg,  Jos.  E.,  Geschichte  des  Pro- 
testantismus  in  seiner  neuesten  Ent- 
wicklung.  Freiburg  1858.  2  vols, 
bound  in  one.     $1.25. 

Hoyer,  Joh.  G.,  Geschichte  der 
Kriegskunst  seit  der  ersten  Anwendun^ 
des  Schiesspulvers  zum  Kriegsgebrauct. 
bis  Ende  des  18.  Jahrh.  Gottingen  179/. 
2  vols.     $1.50. 

*Helfert,  J.  A.  von,  Geschichte  der 
osterreichischen  Revolution.  2  vols. 
Freiburg   1907  &   1909.  $3. 

Barham,  R.  H.,  The  Ingoldsby 
Legends.     Phila.     s.   a.     2  vols.  $1.10. 

McKee,  Th.  H.,  The  National  Con- 
ventions and  Platforms  of  all  Political 
Parties  1 789-1904.  5th  ed.  Balto.  1904. 
65  cts. 

Berthe,  P.,  C.  SS.  R.,  Jesus  Christus. 
(German  tr.  by  W.  Scherer).  Ratis- 
bon    1912.     $1.15 

*Kaltwasser,  J.  F.  S.,  Des  Plutarch- 
us  von  Chaironeia  vergleichende  Le- 
bensbeschreibungen.  12  vols.  Magde- 
burg 1799  sqq.  $6.  (Some  bindings 
damaged). 

Belmond,  S.,  fitudes  sur  la  Philoso- 
phic de  Duns  Scot.  I.  Dieu :  Existence 
et  Cognoscibilite.  Paris  1913.  80  cts. 
("Paper  covers.) 


*Duhr,  B.  (S.  J.),  Geschichte  der  Je- 
suiten  in  den  Landern  deutscher  Zunge. 
Parts  I  and  II.  In  three  large  8vo 
volumes,  richly  illustrated.  Freiburg 
1907  and  1913.    $12. 

Rowe,  J.  G.,  The  Pilgrims  of 
Grace.  A  Tale  of  the  Time  of  Henry 
VIII.     London  1914.    $1. 

Becker,  W.  (S.  J.),  Christian  Educa- 
tion, or  The  Duties  of  Parents.  St. 
Louis  1899.    90  cts. 

Haefeli,  L.,  Samaria  und  Peraa  bei 
Flavius  Josephus.  Freiburg  1913.  55  cts. 
(Paper  covers.) 

Mathies,  Msgr.  P.  de,  Predigten  und 
Ansprachen.    3.  Band.    Freiburg  191 3. 

The  Cardinal  Democrat:  Henry  Ed- 
ward Manning.  By  I.  A.  Taylor.  Lon- 
don 1908.     84  cts. 

Will,  A.  S.,  Life  of  Cardinal  Gibbons. 
Baltimore  1911.    $1.50. 

La  Verdadera  Dicha.  Consideracio- 
nes  Ofrecidas  a  la  Juventud  por  el  Pa- 
dre Eutimio  Tamalet.  Freiburg  1913. 
40  cts. 

Mayrhofer,  Joh.,  Zauber  des  Siidens. 
Reisebilder.  Illustrated.  Ratisbon  1913. 
46  cts. 

*Saint  Simon's  Memoirs  of  Louis 
XIV.     3  vols.     $2.50. 

Leigh,  O.  H.  G.,  English  Belles- 
Lettres.  Selections  from  Alfred  the 
Great,  R.  Ascham,  G.  Gascoigne,  Ph. 
Sidney,  J.  Selden,  Th.  Browne,  J. 
Arbuthnot,  Lord  Bolingbroke,  Thos. 
Chatterton,  S.  T.  Coleridge,  (Univer- 
sal   Classical    Library).    $1.10. 

*  Hausen,  H.  v.,  Allg.  Militar-Enzy- 

clopadie.    4  vols.     Leipzig  1857.    $2.50. 

Vering,  Fr.  H.,  Lehrbuch  des  Kir- 

chenrechtes.     3rd    ed.     Freiburg    1893. 

Full     morocco,     in     superb     condition. 

$2-35- 

Spargo,  John,  Socialism.  New  York 
1906.  80  cts. 

Galwey,  Fr.,  S.  J.,  Lectures  on  Rit- 
ualism.    2  vols.     London    1879.    $1.50. 

Lescher,  W.,  O.  P.,  Bonjohannes' 
Compendium  of  the  Summa  Theo- 
logica  of  St.  Thomas  Aquinas,  Pars 
Prima,  Translated  into  English.  Lon- 
don   1906.     $1.40. 


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The  prices  include  postage.  Only  those  marked  *  are  net,  which  means  that 
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BARGAIN   BOOK   CO.,  804  CLAY   STREET,   ST.  CHARLES.   MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  9.         MAY  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  "Central-Blatt  and  Social  Justice" 

The  "Central-Blatt  and  Social  Justice"  enters  upon  its 
seventh  year  in  a  tasteful  new  cover.  The  April  number 
has  instructive  articles  on  methods  of  rescuing  drunkards, 
co-operation  in  charity,  employers'  associations  and  their 
tactics  in  the  industrial  struggle  (this  is  the  first  of  a  series 
of  important  contributions  which  no  social  reformer  can 
afford  to  miss),  visiting  nursing,  etc.  "Central-Blatt  and 
Social  Justice"  is  the  pioneer  organ  of  Catholic  social  re- 
construction in  this  country  and  continues  to  do  yeoman's 
service  in  the  good  cause.  We  are  glad  indeed  to  learn  that 
its  circulation  is  growing.  To  spread  a  magazine  of  this 
kind  is  truly  to  aid  in  "the  social  apostolate."  (Subscription, 
$1  per  annum.  Published  by  the  Central  Bureau  of  the 
Catholic  Central  Society,  Temple  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo.) 

The  Viper's  Venom 

The  Central  Bureau  of  the  Central  Verein  has  issued 
another  anti-"Menace"  pamphlet,  under  the  title  "The 
Viper's  Venom."  It  takes  up  recent  attacks  on  the  Church 
and  its  servants,  and  refutes  them,  at  the  same  time  pre- 
senting a  defense  of  the  Church  and  a  remarkable  array  of 
expressions  of  non-Catholic  papers  condemning  the  vicious 
anti-Catholic  agitation  now  so  general.  Among  these  is  a 
letter  from  a  Protestant  minister  in  which  he  says : 

"They  pretend  it  is  'Romanism'  they  are  attacking.  It  isn't,  it  is 
the   Christian   religion." 

257 


258  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

The  wonder  is  that  believing  Protestants  generally, 
especially  the  preachers,  do  not  perceive  that  this  agitation 
is  at  bottom  anti-Christian  and  anti-religious.  "The  Viper's 
Venom"  should  open  their  eyes  on  this  matter.     (5  cts.  per 

copy  ;  250  for  $4.) 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  Oldest  Priest  in  the  World 

Msgr.  Battandier,  in  his  "Annuaire"  for  1914,  calls  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  Msgr.  Monnier,  auxiliary  bishop  of 
Cambrai,  France,  is  the  doyen  of  the  Catholic  episcopate. 
He  has  been  seventy  years  a  priest.  The  nestor  among  the 
clergy  seems  to  be  the  Rev.  P.  Damase  Dandurand,  O.M.I., 
who  resides  in  the  Archbishop's  Palace  at  St.  Boniface, 
Canada.  Father  Dandurand  is  ninety-four  years  old,  has 
been  in  holy  orders  for  seventy-two  years,  and  is  in  such 
good  health  of  body  and  mind  that  he  is  able  to  walk 
a  mile  to  a  neighboring  old  people's  home  every  morning 
and  back,  regardless  of  the  weather,  say  mass  and  attend  to 
the  spiritual  needs  of  the  inmates.  With  the  "Cloches  de 
Saint-Boniface,"  to  which  we  are  indebted  for  this  informa- 
tion, we  wish  the  venerable  nonagenarian  ad  centesimum  et 
ultra. 

"Catholic  Socialists" 

The  Catholic  Transcript  (Vol.  16,  No.  42)  comments 
editorially  on  the  fact  that  out  of  a  committee  of  eight  gov- 
erning a  "Permanent  Socialist  Sunday  School  in  Hartford, 
Conn.,  four  were  brought  up  in  the  Catholic  faith." 

"The  four  Catholic-reared  members  of  the  committee,"  comments 
our  contemporary,  "are  no  special  credit  to  the  mother  that  nurtured 
them  and  tried  to  make  them  Christians.  The  company  which  they 
now  keep,  and  the  propaganda  in  which  they  are  engaged,  are  enough 
to  brand  them  as  renegades." 

The  conclusion  does  not  follow  stringently  from  the 
premises,  though  generally  speaking  it  is  safe  to  assume 
that  a  Catholic  who  espouses  the  Socialist  cause  ceases  to 
be  a  practical  member  of  his  Church.  But  why  should  there 
be  four  Catholics  among  eight  prominent  Socialists  in  Hart- 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  259 

ford?  Why  is  there  such  a  large  percentage  of  Catholics 
in  the  Socialist  ranks  all  over  the  country?  Why,  to 
employ  our  contemporary's  words,  has  "their  early  training 
failed"  these  poor  deluded  dupes  so  "utterly"?  These  are 
pertinent  questions  which  our  Catholic  newspapers  are 
altogether  too  prone  to  dodge. 

-»--*■-»■ 

Professor  Vedder  on  the  Reformation 

We  have  not  had  an  opportunity  to  examine  Professor 
Henry  C.  Vedder's  new  book,  "The  Reformation  in  Ger- 
many" (Macmillan),  but  to  judge  from  some  of  the  notices 
we  have  seen  of  it,  it  seems  to  be  somewhat  out  of  the  ordi- 
nary run  of  Protestant  books  on  that  hackneyed  subject. 
Thus  a  critic  in  No.  666  of  the  Dial  says : 

"The  reader  of  this  book  learns  that  Luther  did  not  invent  German 
hymnology,  that  the  Church  did  not  discourage  the  art  of  printing,  that 
Luther  must  have  known  there  was  a  Bible  before  he  went  to  Erfurt, 
and  that  he  did  not  translate  the  New  Testament  into  German  in  about 
ten  weeks,  but  simply  revised  an  older  translation.  The  reader  learns, 
also,  numerous  facts  about  Luther's  personality, — that  he  was  a  con- 
sistent bigot,  that  he  would  tolerate  only  followers,  that  he  knew  more 
about  the  devil  than  he  did  about  God,  and  that  when  the  one  devil  of 
popery  went  out  the  seven  devils  of  sectarianism  came  in.  In  short, 
those  accustomed  to  look  upon  the  Reformation  in  Germany  as  a 
wholly  good  movement  will  find  some  slightly  disagreeable  instruction 
in  this  book." 

It  is  a  pity  that  Prof.  Vedder  has  not  studied  Father 
Grisar's  "Luther."  In  the  words  of  a  critic  in  the  London 
Athenaeum  (non-Catholic),  "one  feels  that  it  would  do  him 
good  to  read  Dr.  Hartmann  Grisar." 

A  New  Catholic  Magazine 

"The  Queen's  Work"  is  the  name  of  a  new  monthly 
magazine  published  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  edited  by  the 
Rev.  Edward  F.  Garesche,  S.J.  It  is  to  be  the  American 
organ  of  the  great  international  movement  which  "aims  at 
bringing  all  the  Sodalists  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  together 
and  at  giving  them  new  zeal  and  courage  to  work  for  their 
own  greater  holiness,  the  help  of  others,  and  the  defense  of 
the  Church,"  by  inspiring  them  with  an  active  and  Apostolic 


260  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

spirit  and  providing  them  with  a  forum  for  the  discussion 
of  their  common  difficulties  and  problems,  their  mutual  ex- 
periences, their  labors  and  successes.  As  the  editor  ob- 
serves in  his  prospectus,  "the  times  are  ripe  for  such  an 
undertaking."  The  first  number  of  "The  Queen's  Work" 
is  edited  with  marked  ability  and  sprightliness.  It  contains 
contributions  by  such  well-known  and  able  writers  as  Frs. 
Charles  Plater,  S.J.,  Francis  J.  Finn,  S.J.,  Wm.  A.  Poland, 
S.J.,  Bernard  J.  Otten,  S.J.,  and  others.  One  need  not  be  a 
prophet  to  predict  that  the  new  magazine  will  speedily  gain 
for  itself  a  wide  circle  of  readers,  and  in  course  of  time 
become  an  agency  for  untold  good.  ($1  a  year.  Published 
at  205  N.  Grand  Ave.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.) 


Catholic  Students  at  State  Universities 

The  Rev.  J.  M.  W.  Handly,  C.S.P.,  in  a  paper  con- 
tributed to  Miss  Georgina  Pell  Curtis'  volume,  "Beyond 
the  Road  to  Rome"  (B.  Herder.    1914.    $1.75  net),  says: 

"The  State  University  and  kindred  institutions  have  been  terribly- 
fatal  to  the  faith  of  Catholic  students."     (P.  237.) 

This  is  in  the  nature  of  things,  and  Father  Handly  is 
entirely  too  optimistic  when  he  says,  in  connection  with 
his  work  of  caring  for  Catholic  students  at  the  University 
of  Texas: 

"There  [at  Austin]  we  have  a  very  poorly  equipped  and  insecure 
foundation,  which  we  hope  one  day  to  build  into  an  institution  so  strong 
that  it  will  safeguard  every  Catholic  student  attending  the  State 
University,  and  send  them  all  away  at  the  end  of  the  four  years 
impregnable  in  their  faith."     (ibid.) 

The  means  by  which  Father  Handly  expects  to  work 
this  miracle  are :  A  dormitory  for  the  women  students,  a 
clubhouse  for  the  men,  provision  for  their  spiritual  needs, 
a  Catholic  lecture  course,  etc.  But  are  these  agencies  really 
adequate  to  neutralize  the  effects  of  an  essentially  secular 
training,  accompanied  almost  inevitably  by  insidious  doses 
of  the  anti-Catholic  spirit  such  as  the  average  secular  uni- 
versity tutor  rarely  fails  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  his 
hearers? 


XXI  9  "  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  261 

A  Liturgical  Congress 

A  liturgical  congress  on  a  wide  scale  is  to  be  held  in 
London  from  the  20th  to  the  25th  of  July  next.  Some  of 
the  leading  liturgists  of  Europe  have  promised  their  con- 
currence. Lectures  will  be  given  in  English  and  French 
on  a  number  of  important  subjects.  The  congress  will  be 
held  under  the  auspices  of  Cardinal  Bourne,  and  Abbot 
Cabrol  of  Farnborough,  in  announcing  it  in  the  London 
Tablet,  expresses  the  hope  that  it  will  be  the  first  of  a 
series  of  liturgical  congresses  to  be  held  in  the  capitals  and 
chief  cities  of  all  the  different  countries  of  the  world.  The 
questions  dealt  with  in  these  congresses  are  of  vital  im- 
portance for  Christianity.  It  is  love  of  the  liturgy  that  has 
led  many  back  to  Catholic  unity,  and  the  words  of  Pope  St. 
Celestine  I,  in  the  fifth  century,  still  have  force  at  the 
present  day :  "Legem  credendi  lex  statuat  supplicandi." 
The  prayers  of  the  Church  are  the  expression  of  her  creed. 
The  rites  and  formulas  of  the  liturgy  are  for  the  Catholic 
the  very  ties  that  bind  together  the  unity,  apostolicity  and 
sanctity  of  the  Church. 

We  hope  the  Congress  will  be  attended  by  many  Ameri- 
can delegates  and  will  prove  the  forerunner  of  an  even 
greater  liturgical  congress  in  the  United  States. 


Race  Suicide  in  France 

It  is  in  France,  where  the  evil  of  "race  suicide"  has  been 
longest  known  and  is  most  keenly  felt,  that  the  truth  about 
it  is  most  unflinchingly  spoken.  Let  any  reader  who  cares 
to  pursue  the  subject,  acquaint  himself  with  Dr.  Bertillon's 
book,  "La  Depopulation  de  la  France"  (Paris,  1911)  and 
with  Prof.  P.  Leroy  Beaulieu's  "La  Question  de  la  Depopu- 
lation." Both  these  eminent  writers  are  agreed  that  France 
is  in  imminent  danger  of  being  cast  down  from  her  place 
among  the  nations,  and  this  mainly  on  account  of  the  moral 
canker  which  manifests  itself  externally  in  the  dwindling 
birthrate.  The  most  serious  among  the  influences  that 
nourish  that  canker  (because  the  most  specious  and  the 
most  difficult  to  counteract)   is  what  M.  Leroy  Beaulieu 


262  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

calls  'Tarrivisme,"  i.  e.,  "the  tendency  to  push  one's  own 
way  as  far  as  possible,  and  the  idea  that,  on  the  one  hand, 
in  order  to  reach  the  goal  oneself,  one  must  not  be  over- 
burdened with  children ;  and  on  the  other,  to  establish  the 
children  well  in  life  every  effort  must  be  concentrated  upon 
one  or  two  heads,  by  preference  upon  one."  This  is  not 
very  far  removed  from  the  "miserable  doctrine  of  comfort" 
denounced  in  such  strong  terms  by  Father  Bernard  Vaughan, 
S.J.  It  is  consoling  to  note  that  both  Dr.  Bertillon  and  M. 
Leroy  Beaulieu  look  upon  a  return  to  the  practice  and  the 
moral  inhibitions  of  Christianity  as  the  one  hope  left  of 
averting  the  doom  with  which  the  Eldest  Daughter  of  the 
Church  finds  herself  confronted. 

-♦--•--♦• 

A  Catholic  Governor's  Bad  Example 

We  read  in  the  St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat  of  March  29 
(editorial  section,  p.  4),  in  the  course  of  a  letter  dealing 
with  Governor  Dunne  of  Illinois  and  his  family : 

"Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  is  Gov.  Dunne's  favorite  seat  of  learning.  His 
eldest  son  took  his  degree  there  and  is  now  practicing  law  in  Chicago. 
The  second,  Richard,  also  studied  at  Ann  Arbor,  and  selected  engineer- 
ing as  his  life  work.  There  is  still  another  son  in  the  University  of 
Michigan,  Maurice,  who  is  preparing  for  his  A.  B.  degree.  The  younger 
boys  are  with  their  parents  in  Springfield,  and  at  present  attend  the 
public  schools." 

That  is  how  one  Catholic  politician,  who  happens  at  the 
moment  to  be  in  high  office,  obeys  the  law  of  the  Church, 
which  says : 

"We  not  only  admonish  Catholic  parents  with  paternal  love,  but 
we  command  them  with  all  the  authority  we  possess,  to  provide  for 
the  beloved  ch'ldren  given  to  them  by  God,  regenerated  in  Baptism, 
and  destined  for  Heaven,  a  truly  Christian  and  Catholic  education,  to 
protect  and  safeguard  them  throughout  infancy  and  youth  from  the 
dangers  of  a  merely  secular  training,  and  hence  to  send  them  to  the 
parochial  or  other  genuinely  Catholic  schools-  .  .  ."  (Acta  et  Decreta 
Cone.  Plen.  Bait.  III.  n.  196.) 

Is  the  conduct  of  successful  Catholic  politicians  to  be 
gauged  by  a  different  standard  than  that  set  up  by  the 
Third  Plenary  Council?  Is  the  bad  example  they  give,  and 
the  culpability  they  incur,  in  any  way  offset  or  diminished 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  263 

by  the  fact,  that,  for  reasons  easy  enough  to  divine,  they 
sometimes  leave  a  few  of  the  minor  offices  at  their  disposal 
to  be  filled  by  Bishop  X  or  Father  Y — an  extremely  dan- 
gerous practice,  by  the  way,  in  these  days  of  anti-Catholic 
agitation. 

NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


Only  what  Americans  do  can  "dishonor  the  American 

flag." 

-♦--•--•- 

Mr.  Percival  Chubb  is  reported  as  saying  that  Col.  Roose- 
velt is  the  worst  offender  in  the  use  of  "shall"  and  "will." 
But  this  does  not  convict  him  of  ignorance  of  grammar. 
All  his  errors  arise  from  his  insistence  upon  "I  will"  and 
"you  shall." 

Father  Herbert  Thurston,  S.J.,  in  the  April  Month,  dis- 
courses learnedly,  as  is  his  wont,  on  "The  Bells  of  the 
Mass."  He  notes,  among  other  things,  that  "no  trace  of  a 
bell  at  the  'Domine  non  sum  dignus'  was  known  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  It  may  be  said  to  be  practically  unrecog- 
nized in  Rome  even  at  the  present  day." 

The  editors  of  "The  German  Classics"  (The  German  Pub- 
lication Society,  New  York,  a  widely  advertised  collection, 
have  resuscitated  "Lucinde,"  that  lascivious  production  of 
Friedrich  von  Schlegel's  turbulent  youth,  of  which  the 
author  himself  grew  to  be  so  ashamed  that  he  never  wanted 
it  included  in  the  complete  edition  of  his  works.     Cut  bono? 

Of  the  late  Adolph  Bandelier,  to  whom  we  devoted  an 
article  in  our  No.  8,  Mr.  Frederick  S.  Dellenbaugh,  who 
knew  him  well,  says  in  a  letter  to  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Post 
of  April  4:  "Through  it  all  [the  story  of  Bandelier's  life] 
financial  stress  was  seldom  absent.  With  money,  however, 
he  had  little  concern.  He  was  a  scholar  needing  only  bread 
and  butter."    He  would  have  made  an  ideal  Catholic  editor! 


264  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

The  following  remark  in  an  editorial  leader  in  the  Out- 
look (Vol.  106,  No.  15)  seems  to  confirm  the  position  taken 
by  S.  T.  L.  in  his  article  on  the  tango  in  this  number  of 
the  Fortnightly  Review: 

"The  objectionable  kinds  of  dancing  are  going  out  of  fashion, 
and  the  newer  dances  in  which  so  many  people  are  interested,  and 
which  form  a  natural  and  wholesome  diversion,  are  now  being  danced, 
not  only  without  impropriety  of  any  kind,  but  with  dignity  and  grace." 

♦■♦■■♦■ 

The  Library  of  Congress  desires  to  have  a  copy  of  Vol. 
19,  No.  22,  Nov.  15th,  1912,  in  order  to  complete  its  file  of 
the  Catholic  Fortnightly  Review,  and  as  we  cannot  furnish 
that  particular  number,  requests  us  to  ask  our  readers  to 
do  so.  Any  one  having  a  copy  to  spare  will  confer  a  favor 
on  the  librarian  and  perform  a  service  to  the  cause  which 
the  Review  represents,  by  mailing  it  to  Mr.  Herbert  Put- 
nam, Library  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 


Dr.  Arthur  E.  Bostwick,  librarian  of  the  St.  Louis  Pub- 
lic Library,  in  his  readable  little  manual  entitled  "Earmarks 
of  Literature :  Things  That  Make  Good  Books  Good," 
(Chicago:  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.)  utters  a  timely  word  on 
so-called  spelling  reform : 

"Reform  is,  or  should  be,  the  restoration  of  some  good  thing  that 
has  been  changed  or  lost.  In  this  instance  the  thing  that  has  changed 
is  the  sound  of  the  word — the  pronunciation.  If  there  is  to  be  reform, 
then,  we  should  go  back  to  the  old  sound — not  make  a  further  change 
by   altering   the   spelling." 

♦•♦■•■ 

The  history  of  the  violent  and  wholesale  impressment  of 
men  into  the  naval  service  forms  the  subject  of  a  recently 
published  book,  "The  Press  Gang  Afloat  and  Ashore,"  by 
Mr.  J.  R.  Hutchinson  (Dutton).  The  beginnings  of  this 
barbarous  method  of  recruiting  are  lost  in  the  mists  of  the 
past,  but  it  continued  in  the  British  navy  until  well  into 
the  fourth  decade  of  the  nineteenth  century,  when  the  pro- 
tests of  an  outraged  public  brought  it  to  an  end.  In  clos- 
ing, the  author  warns  the  present-day  advocates  of  a  return 
to  conscription   that  "a  people   who  for  a  hundred  years 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  265 

patiently  endured  conscription  in  its  most  cruel  form,  will 
never  again  suffer  it  to  be  lightly  inflicted  upon  them." 

The  like  of  Mistral,  the  Provengal  poet  who  died  the 
other  day,  cannot  be  found  in  English  speaking  lands.  His 
enterprise  resembled  that  of  the  Gaelic  League  in  Ireland. 
But  Mistral  was  a  great  man,  and  his  achievement  was 
more  complete  than  anything  the  friends  of  Mr.  Yeats  can 
show  in  modern  Ireland.  Mistral  restored  the  dialect  of  his 
province  and  uttered  it  afresh  in  poetry.  He  reigned  as  a 
king  and  patriarch  over  its  life  and  literature.  He  inspired 
a  patriotic  local  life  in  the  south  of  France,  not  politically 
separatist,  but  enriching  the  common  life  of  the  nation.  His 
was  a  great  work  and  its  influence  will  last  because  it  was 
inspired  by  the  true  Catholic  spirit. 

The  "Collationes  Brugenses,"  in  their  February  number, 
print  the  first  installment  of  a  long-lost  work  of  Dionysius 
the  Carthusian,  which  the  Bishop  of  Bruges  recently  dis- 
covered in  a  manuscript  codex  of  his  library.  The  identifi- 
cation of  the  treatise,  which  is  entitled  "De  Triplici  Via," 
is  established  by  the  same  critical  method  which  succeeded 
in  restoring  the  "Philosophumena"  to  Hippolytus.  It  is 
hardly  necessary  to  remark  that,  in  treating  of  "The  Three- 
fold Way,"  the  Carthusian  professedly  follows  in  the  foot- 
steps of  his  namesake  and  model  Dionysius  the  Pseudo- 
Areopagite,  whose  writing  played  such  an  important  part 
in  the  development  of  mystical  theology. 

-•-■♦--•- 

Writing  of  "Billy"  Sunday  (see  this  Review,  Vol.  21,  No. 
7,  pp.  197sq.),  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Odell,  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian 
church  in  Scranton,  Pa.,  says  in  an  article  contributed  to 
the  Outlook  (No.  15): 

"Verbally,  particularly  in  cold  type,  there  are  many  sentences 
[in  Sunday's  "preaching"]  that  are  harsh,  repellant,  and  un-Christlike; 
actually  those  sentences  are  vibrant  with  the  intensest  Christian  spirit." 

How  a  sentence  that  is  "harsh,  repellent,  and  un-Christ- 
like" can  at  the  same  time  be  "vibrant  with  the  intensest 


266  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Christian  spirit,"  is  something  we  fail  to  understand.  These 
modern  Protestant  preachers  are  wont  to  gird  at  the  subtle- 
ties of  Scholasticism;  some  of  their  own  distinctions  are 
not  subtle,  they  are  meaningless. 

■+■•»■■+■ 

When  Mr.  Richard  C.  Kerens  was  appointed  to  the  im- 
portant post  of  U.  S.  Ambassador  at  Vienna,  we  made  some 
frank  remarks  that  were  bitterly  resented.  How  does  this 
appointment  look  to  the  hindsight  of  the  historian?  A 
competent  and  non-partisan  writer  says  in  the  course  of  a 
paper  in  the  April  number  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly  (p.  439)  : 
'[The  appointment  of  Mr.  Richard  C.  Kerens  to  Austria] 
was  a  really  rotten  spoils  appointment."  We  advise  our 
quondam  critics  in  the  light  of  this  remark  and  of  Mr. 
Kerens'  brief  but  inglorious  diplomatic  career  to  reread 
dispassionately  what  we  said  on  his  appointment  in  Vol. 
XVII,  No.  3,  of  this  Review,  and  then  to  tell  us,  honor 
bright,  whether  we  were  right  or  wrong. 

Judge  Ben  B.  Lindsey  of  juvenile  court  fame  contributes 
to  the  Easter  edition  of  the  Denver  Catholic  Register  (Vol. 
9,  No.  35)  a  sympathetic  paper  on  "Catholic  Homes  for 
Catholic  Orphan  Children."  In  Colorado,  as  in  a  number 
of  other  States,  there  is  a  law  compelling  the  managers  of 
the  State  Home  for  Dependent  Children,  when  placing  out 
orphans,  to  put  them  with  families  whose  religious  belief 
conforms  to  that  of  the  children's  parents.  Judge  Lindsey 
advises  the  organization  of  a  Catholic  home-finding  society 
to  ascertain  the  children  of  Catholic  parentage  and  to  find 
Catholic  homes  for  them.  It  is  pleasant  to  see  a  man  of 
Judge  Lindsey's  influence  taking  an  interest  in  the  religious 
welfare  of  Catholic  orphans. 

■#-    ♦    •♦ 

There  is  no  surer  way  to  lessen  the  number  of  an 
author's  readers  than  by  loading  his  works  with  a  mass 
of  his  second-rate  and  ephemeral  writings  which  ought  to 
have  been  burned  by  the  first  person  into  whose  hands 
they  fell. 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  267 

THE  OFFICIAL  CATHOLIC  DIRECTORY  FOR  1914 

The  Official  Catholic  Directory  for  1914  comes  to  us 
bulkier  and  more  complete  than  ever  before,  but  more  than 
three  months  "behind  time."  The  publishers  made  every 
effort  to  have  the  volume  ready  early  in  February;  but,  as 
they  explain  in  an  editorial  note,  could  not  get  the  diocesan 
reports  in  time.  They  promise,  however,  that  this  unusual 
delay  will  not  occur  again. 

"Plans  are  now  under  way  for  a  change  in  the  policy  of  the  clos- 
ing of  the  forms.  Hereafter  a  certain  closing  day  will  be  announced, 
and  after  that  date  no  reports  will  be  accepted,  and  in  cases  where  the 
proofsheets  are  not  on  hand  at  the  given  date,  the  publishers  will 
reprint  the  statistics  of  the  previous  year.  This  step  has  become  abso- 
lutely necessary,  and  no  exceptions  will  be  made." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  "threat"  will  bring  the  guilty 
chancellors  to  time.  But  what  if  it  fails  to  do  so?  In  that 
case,  quite  evidently,  we  shall  get  a  directory  that  is  behind 
time,  incomplete,  and  misleading.  Would  it  not  be  better, 
rather  than  incur  this  risk,  to  submit  patiently  to  delay? 

The  most  important  feature  of  the  1914  Directory,  as 
pointed  out  in  the  "Editorial  Notes,"  is  the  unusually  large 
increase  shown  in  the  population  figures.  According  to  the 
statistics  given,  there  are  16,067,985  Catholics  in  the  United 
States,  a  gain  of  913,827  over  1913.  This  large  increase  is 
accounted  for  principally  by  the  complete  reports  received 
from  Bishop  Ortynsky  for  the  Ruthenian  Greek  Church, 
and  which  are  printed  separately,  according  to  States,  on 
pages  819  to  823. 

The  Official  Catholic  Directory,  under  the  management 
of  Messrs.  Kenedy  and  Sons,  is  making  rapid  strides  in  ad- 
vance. If  we  except  the  omission  in  recent  volumes  of  the 
traditional  map  showing  the  ecclesiastical  provinces  and 
dioceses  of  the  country  (which  ought  to  be  restored),  each 
new  volume  has  shown  distinct  improvements.  The  pub- 
lishers and  the  editor  have  spared  neither  labor  nor  expense 
to  get  out  a  complete  and  perfect  directory.  If  they  are 
still  a  goodly  distance  removed  from  the  goal  they  are 
aiming  at,  this  is  almost  entirely  the  fault  of  the  diocesan 
chanceries.    Thus,  on  February  2,  1914,  the  final  reports  of 


268  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

twenty-four  dioceses  and  archdioceses  had  not  yet  reached 
the  publishers,  and  the  final  proofsheets  for  three  important 
archdioceses  were  not  returned  to  the  Directory  office  until 
February  24,  February  27,  and  March  7,  respectively.  And 
why  are  not  uniform  methods  adopted  for  dealing  with  the 
so-called  "floating  population"?  Why  cannot  a  census  be 
taken  in  every  diocese  at  stated  intervals?  We  have  not 
yet  had  time  to  make  a  careful  examination  of  the  1914 
Directory,  but  from  the  1913  edition  it  was  evident  that  at 
least  one  important  archdiocese  had  not  changed  its  popu- 
lation figures  for  eleven  consecutive  years! 

\\Te  cannot  have  a  reliable,  complete,  and  up-to-date 
Catholic  Directory  unless  the  diocesan  authorities  through- 
out the  country  promptly  and  generously  co-operate  with 
the  publishers. 

— $ 

THE  CASE  OF  FATHER  WIRTH 

The  Outlook  in  its  No.  15  publishes  an  editorial  article 
on  "The  Case  of  Father  Wirth"  that  is  as  misleading  as 
the  news  dispatches  on  which  it  is  evidently  based. 

The  late  Father  Augustine  Wirth,  O.S.B.,  was  the 
author  of  several  books,  the  royalties  from  which,  with  or 
without  the  permission  of  his  superiors,  he  kept.  His  rela- 
tives are  claiming  the  money  he  left  and  the  running  income 
from  his  books.  This  claim  is  contested  by  the  Benedictine 
Order  on  the  ground  that  Fr.  Wirth,  as  a  religious,  pos- 
sessed no  property  rights  and  that  his  estate  belongs  to  the 
community  in  whose  favor  he  resigned  those  rights  when 
he  made  his  vows.  The  case  was  originally  decided  in 
favor  of  the  Order,  but  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  re- 
versed the  decision,  and  the  matter  is  now  pending  before 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

The  Outlook  says  that  it  does  not  mean  to  anticipate 
or  forecast  the  final  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  but  that 

".  .  .  in  the  words  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  right 
to  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness  is  an  inalienable  right. 
To  allow  a  man  to  alienate  these  rights  for  a  consideration  paid  to 
him,  and  to  enforce  that  alienation  if  he  afterwards  becomes  dis- 
satisfied with  it,  is  to  set  aside  this  fundamental  principle  of  the  Ameri- 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  269 

can  Republic,  and  logically  would  lead  on  to  the  conclusion  that  a  man 
may,  by  contract,  practically  enslave  himself  by  putting  himself,  his 
industry,  and  his  earnings  wholly  under  the  control  of  a  master  for 
life.  The  Republic  ought  not  to  recognize  such  power  in  the  individual, 
and  the  law  ought  not  to  enforce  any  such  contract  if  the  individual 
makes  it." 

This  betrays  a  misconception,  not  only  of  the  vow  of 
poverty  as  practiced  in  the  Catholic  Church,  but  likewise  of 
the  real  point  at  issue  in  the  Wirth  case.  If  the  case  lay 
as  the  Outlook  describes  it,  it  would  undoubtedly  long 
since  have  been  decided  in  favor  of  the  Order.  The  point 
at  issue  is  not  the  legal  value  of  the  vow  of  poverty,  but  a 
question  of  fact,  viz. :  whether  Father  Augustine  was  a 
member  of  the  Benedictine  Order  at  the  time  of  his  death 
or  not.  The  reason  why  the  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals 
reversed  the  decision  of  the  trial  judge  was,  that  it  wished  to 
give  his  relatives  the  benefit  of  an  apparently  well-founded 
doubt  regarding  his  status  in  the  Order.  It  seems  that 
Father  Augustine  had  left  the  monastery  to  which  he  be- 
longed and  led  the  life  of  a  secular  priest.  This  is  not 
denied  by  the  Benedictines,  but  they  assert  that  he  had 
never  formally  severed  his  relations  with  the  Order,  and 
therefore  died  as  a  religious. 

Hence,  no  matter  what  the  final  decision  will  be,  it  is  not 
at  all  likely  to  alter  the  legal  status  of  our  religious  or  to 
endanger  the  property  they  hold  in  common. 


$ 

THE  CATHOLIC  ENCYCLOPEDIA 

Volume  XVI  of  "The  Catholic  Encyclopedia,"  which  has 
just  reached  us,  contains  a  full  analytical  index  to  the  whole 
work,  some  carefully  prepared  reading  lists,  and  about  200 
additional  articles. 

The  analytical  index,  which  has  evidently  been  compiled 
with  great  care  (its  reliability  remains  to  be  tested  by  long- 
continued  use),  enables  the  reader  to  tell  at  a  glance  just  where 
a  certain  topic  is  discussed,  and  brings  together  in  alphabetical 
arrangement  other  closely  related  topics. 

The  special  "Courses  of  Reading"  (in  theology,  philosophy, 


270  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

art.  history,  liturgy,  etc.),  compiled  for  the  benefit  of  those 
who  may  wish  to  use  the  Encyclopedia  for  systematic  study, 
point  out  the  logical  and  chronological  sequence  of  many  sub- 
jects which  the  alphabetical  order  necessarily  kept  apart. 

The  additional  articles  supply  information  chiefly  about 
prominent  persons  deceased,  dioceses  newly  erected,  ecclesi- 
astical legislation  recently  enacted,  and  omissions  observed  by 
the  editors  since  the  issue  of  the  volumes  in  which  these 
subjects  should  have  appeared  in  alphabetical  order.  The  pub- 
lication of  such  odds  and  ends  in  the  present  form  would  seem 
to  indicate  that  the  expected  supplementary  volume  will  not 
appear  for  some  time  to  come. 

As  in  the  previous  volumes  it  would  be  easy  to  pick  flaws 
in  this  one.  Thus,  for  example,  the  article  on  Cardinal  Fischer 
is  not  only  inadequate  but  in  part  incorrect.  If  Marion  Crawford 
"can  scarcely  be  called  a  Catholic  novelist,"  why  give  him  such  a 
liberal  notice?  And  why  should  a  renegade  Catholic  like 
Justin  McCarthy  be  honored  with  half  a  page  of  text  and  a 
portrait  in  a  Catholic  encyclopedia  which  omits  even  the  bare 
mention  of  so  many  deserving  Catholic  writers  ?  But  the  work 
as  a  whole  is  so  well  done  and  so  valuable,  and  this  index 
makes  it  so  much  more  valuable,  that  a  feeling  of  gratitude 
over  its  completion  smothers  one's  inclination  to  criticise. 

Surely  no  one  who  has  the  Catholic  Encyclopedia  will  want 
to  be  without  this  index  volume,  and  those  who  have  not  yet 
purchased  the  work  because  of  its  price  will  no  doubt  hasten 
to  take  advantage  of  the  cheaper  edition  lately  put  upon  the 
market.     (New  York:   The  Encyclopedia  Press.) 


A  MORALIST'S  VIEW  OF  THE  TANGO 

The  tango  has  had  a  somewhat  mixed  reception ;  its 
impropriety  has  been  demonstrated  by  accounts  of  its  lowly 
origin  and  dreadful  associations.  But  most  dances  have 
started  from  some  lowly  source  before  they  reached  the 
ballroom.  After  the  recent  discussion  in  the  Catholic  press, 
I  made  the  tango  the  subject  of  special  study.  I  have  seen 
it  danced  in  different  classes  of  society;  have  observed  it  in 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  271 

the  moving  picture  shows ;  have  read  the  published  instruc- 
tions of  prominent  dancing  masters1 — and  must  say  that 
I  agree  with  Mr.  Felix  Clay,  who  says  in  the  January  num- 
ber of  the  staid  old  Edinburgh  Review:  "Whatever  the 
tango  may  have  been  in  its  native  haunts,  there  is  little  to 
be  said  against  it  as  it  is  now  taught  and  practiced.  The 
teachers  of  dancing  have  seen  to  the  elimination  of  all 
taint  of  vulgarity,  and  with  its  hundred  steps  reduced  to 
a  manageable  dozen,  it  is  now  taking  its  place  as  an  inter- 
esting variety  of  dancing  in  society." 

Its  source  is  still  a  matter  of  controversy.  Its  aston- 
ishing popularity  over  all  the  world  has  been  accounted  for 
on  various  theories.  Mr.  Clay  is  probably  not  far  from  the 
truth  when  he  says: 

"A  large  part  of  this  [popularity]  may  fairly  be  put  to  the 
credit  of  Mme.  Pavlowa,  M.  Mordkin,  Miss  Duncan,  Miss  Allan, 
and  others  who  have  helped  so  greatly  to  bring  about  the  present 
renaissance  of  dancing.  The  growing  interest  in  good  dancing  has 
not  unnaturally  produced  a  desire  for  performance.  The  old 
dances  were  losing  their  charm.  They  were  not  particularly  pleas- 
ing to  the  onlooker,  and  all  life  had  gone  out  of  the  ballroom. 
Consequently,  something  new  was  hailed  with  deliglit;  the  renewed 
interest  provided  the  stimulus  to  undertake  the  learning  of  the 
new  steps;  ability  to  perform  them  aroused  the  envy  of  others, 
and  quickly  the  craze  spread." 

A  writer  in  the  London  Times  (Nov.  10,  1913)  makes 
an  interesting  and  ingenious  speculation  that  the  craze  for 
the  tango  is  "part  of  our  new  sense  of  pageantry,"  and  in 
support  of  this  theory  he  instances  the  renewed  vogue  of 
fancy-dress  balls  and  their  tendency  to  more  elaborate 
ornateness. 

No  doubt  we  have  here  but  one  more  sign  of  the  times, 
the  tendency  to  break  away  from  the  old  tradition,  to  find 
some  new  way  of  doing  things — better  if  possible,  original 
at  all  costs — whether  in  painting,  music,  dancing,  politics, 
social  questions  or  philosophy. 

In  this  stir  of  feeling  there  is,  as  Mr.  Clay  points  out, 
a  chance  that  art  may  again  get  into  touch  with  life  and 
become  expressive  of  general  moods  and  aspirations,  in- 

1)  For  instance,  "Modern  Dancing,"  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vernon  Castle, 
INew  York,   Harper  &  Bros.,   1914. 


272  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

stead  of  remaining  an  empty  effort  after  technical  dexterity, 
where  the  end  is  lost  sight  of  in  a  glorification  of  the  means. 
At  the  same  time  it  is  well  to  realize  that  the  under- 
lying tendency  is  full  of  dangers,  especially  for  the  young, 
and  needs  to  be  watched  with  care.  No  priest  or  parent 
can  afford  to  neglect  the  kind  of  dancing  indulged  in  by  our 
boys  and  girls,  our  young  men  and  maidens.  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  we  must  beware  of  going  to  extremes.  Cicero's 
dictum :  "Nemo  saltat  sobrius  nisi  insanit"  is  not  a  safe 
rule  for  moralists.  And  we  might  as  well  confess  that  we 
made  a  mistake  in  our  attitude  on  round  dancing,  which  is 
now  practiced  in  the  best  Catholic  society  without  protest. 

S.  T.  L. 
s - 

WITH  OUR  CONTEMPORARIES 


The  editor  of  the  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen,  who 
knows  whereof  he  speaks,  says  (Vol.  43,  No.  20),  that  "what 
kept  the  Knights  of  Columbus  out  [of  the  Federation  of 
American  Catholic  Societies]  was  an  impression  that  Fed- 
eration might  mean  here  a  visitation  of  the  'clericalism' 
that  has  spelled  so  much  failure  in  the  Latin  countries." 

Clericalism,  we  gather  from  our  contemporary's  fur- 
ther remarks,  means  ''neglect  of  the  science  of  majorities," 
neglect  of  "the  necessary  adjustment  of  old  platforms  to 
new  conditions,"  and  an  impolitic  espousal  of  "losing  is- 
sues." 

About  the  only  thing  in  the  Federation  platform  that 
looks  like  an  impolitic  espousal  of  a  losing  issue,  is  its  de- 
mand for  a  division  of  the  public  school  fund.  If  that  was 
the  "Clericalism"  the  K.  of  C.  shied  at,  they  must  be  ten- 
der-skinned indeed. 

♦    ••-    •♦ 

The  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  (ibid.)  has  no  hope 
for  the  Catholic  press  in  this  country,  "as  long  as  cheapness 
is  made  the  chief  attraction  and  ground  of  appeal  for  sup- 
porting the  Catholic  paper,"  and  says : 

"The  pulpit  should  proclaim  that  Catholic  literature  is  worth  the 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  273 

outlay  of  $5  or  $10  a  year  from  every  Catholic  family.  It  is  a  fallacy 
to  suppose  that  the  Catholic  paper  does  not  bring  more  into  the 
Catholic  parish  than  it  takes  out." 

It  is  likewise  a  fallacy  to  assume  that  an  apologetic 
journal  like  Our  Sunday  Visitor,  real  though  its  merits  be, 
and  useful  though  it  may  prove  to  many  people,  can  supply 
the  place  of  a  Catholic  newspaper.  What  we  need  in  this 
country  is,  in  the  words  of  the  Dubuque  Catholic  Tribune, 
a  powerful  and  influential  Catholic  press,  consisting  of 
scores  of  clean,  popular  dailies,  hundreds  of  newsy,  illus- 
trated weeklies,  dozens  of  excellent  reviews,  and  apolo- 
getical    journals    adapted    to   the    needs    of   all    classes   of 

Catholics  and  non-Catholics. 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

We  read  in  the  Western  Watchman  (Vol.  48,  No. 
49,  p.  1): 

"Catholics  have  had  reason  to  object  to  several  misrepresentations 
in  the  secular  press  lately.  The  monster  who  was  condemned  in  New 
York  for  the  murder  of  a  woman  and  who  was  proved  never  to  have 
been  a  priest  at  all,  is  constantly  referred  to  in  the  journals  as  a 
priest." 

This  is  a  species  of  "apologetics"  that  does  more  harm 
than  good,  because  it  is  contrary  to  the  truth. 

The  Chicago  New  World  says  (Vol.  22,  No.  33) : 

"We  presume  that  the  editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  prides 
himself  on  his  rare  candor.  At  least,  he  modestly  admits  a  certain 
virtue  in  his  valorous  frankness.  As  an  irresponsible  critic  of  all  mat- 
ters Catholic,  he  enjoys  a  freedom  that,  if  not  enviable,  is,  at  least, 
rare.  The  grave  assumption  that  the  cares  of  the  Church  rest  on  his 
shoulders,  and  the  delicate  insinuation  that  he  knows  so  much  better 
than  the  rulers  to  whom  the  government  of  the  Church  has  been  com- 
mitted, the  solution  of  all  difficulties,  social,  religious  and  economic, 
is  refreshing  in  its  naivete.  His  attacks  on  certain  phases  of  Catholic 
activity  would  carry  more  conviction  of  sincerity  if  the  rather  cowardly 
subterfuge  of  anonymity  was  discarded.  Frankness  and  candor  need 
no  mask." 

The  editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  is  not  in  the 
habit  of  attacking  "phases."  But  he  does  attack  abuses 
and  evils  when  he  deems  it  necessary,  and  sometimes  also 
the  men  who  are  responsible  for  such  evils  and  abuses.  He 
does  this  frankly  and  without  a  mask.    Not  a  single  number 


274  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  the  Fortnightly  Review  has  ever  gone  forth  without  the 
editor's  name  and  address,  and  I  have  again  and  again  de- 
clared, in  the  most  unmistakable  language,  that  I  am  per- 
sonally responsible  for  whatever  appears  in  my  journal. 
This  underhanded  attack  comes  with  exceeding  bad  grace 
from  a  newspaper  whose  editor  is  guilty  of  the  very  fault 
with  which  he  unjustly  charges  me.  There  is  no  indication 
on  the  editorial  or  any  other  page  of  the  New  World  which 
might  reveal  the  identity  of  the  valorous  scribe  who  has 
the  spirit  and  decency  to  accuse  a  well-known  and  respon- 
sible Catholic  editor  of  lack  of  sincerity  and,  forsooth,  of 
employing  the  "cowardly  subterfuge  of  anonymity." 

Will  the  anonymous  scribe  of  the  New  World  please 
step  forward  from  the  cowardly  subterfuge  of  his  own 
anonymity,  lift  his  vizor,  tell  the  world  who  he  is,  and  if 
he  wishes  to  engage  in  a  tournament  with  the  editor  of 
the  Fortnightly  Review,  put  his  charges  into  positive  and 
specific  terms,  so  that  I  can  defend  myself  against  his  at- 
tacks !      "Frankness  and  candor  need  no  mask." 

ARTHUR  PREUSS 
* 

The  Los  Angeles  Times  of  Feb.  15.  1914.  published  on  its  first 
page  a  dispatch  from  El  Paso,  Tex.,  from  which  we  cull  the  fol- 
lowing curious  passage: 

"Arthur  McArthur,  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Encampment  [of  the 
Knights  Templars],  was  here  all  day  as  the  guest  of  the  El  Paso  Com- 
mandery  of  Knights  Templars.  He  arrived  from  Troy,  N.  T.,  and  was 
taken  to  Juarez,  where  he  met  Villa,  and  discussed  the  death  of  the 
two  Thirty-third-degree  Masons,  Madero  and  Pino  Suarez,  whose  death 
Villa  is  avenging." 

We   have   been   calling  attention   to   such   facts   as   this   for  a 

number  of  years;  yet  there  still  are   many  who  refuse  to  believe 

that  Freemasonry  is  international  in  its  connections. 

■*■-•-■*- 

Senator  Ransdell's  constitutional  amendment  prohibiting  abso- 
lute divorce  in  the  United  States  is  certainly  a  drastic  measure 
and  admirable  from  the  theoretical  point  of  view.  But,  unfor- 
tunately, in  the  words  of  the  Catholic  Citizen,  it  "has  about  as 
much  chance  of  passing  as  a  snowball  would  have  of  retaining 
its  obesity  in  a  journey  through  Gehenna."  It  is  on  a  par  with 
the  Federation's  demand  for  a  division  of  the  school  fund,  and  the 
question  naturally  arises:  Would  it  not  be  more  politic  and  more 
promising  to  work  for  a  modified  measure  of  the  kind  introduced 
in  the  Missouri  State  legislature  by  Mr.  Edward  V.  P.  Schneider- 
hahn? 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  275 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


I.  Under  separate  cover  I  am  mailing  you  a  copy  of  the  St. 
John's  Hospital  Report  for  1913.  My  reason  for  doing  this  is  the 
fact  that  either  you  or  Mr.  Kenkel  wrote  an  article  several  months 
ago,  which  unfortunately  I  am  unable  to  locate,  in  which  hospital 
Sisters  were  taken  to  task  for  apparently  charging  their  patients 
enough  for  the  services  they  get,  and  then  expecting  people  to  assist 
them  by  donations.  At  the  time  I  was  tempted  to  give  you  some 
figures  to  correct  your  opinion,  but  decided  to  wait  until  I  could  send 
you  the  accompanying  report. 

When  reading  the  report,  do  not  fail  to  take  into  consideration 
that  the  Sisters  of  St.  John's  Hospital  practically  do  all  the  work  them- 
selves; and  hence  are  not  put  to  the  expense  that  other  Sisters  are, 
who  merely  superintend  the  work  and  have  to  support  training  schools 
for  lay  trained  nurses  to  take  care  of  the  nursing  and  to  employ  help 
for  all  the  other  work  of  the  hospital,  and  that,  therefore,  their 
rates  must  be  proportionately  higher  to  meet  the  expenses.  The  daily 
average  expense  per  patient  per  day  of  St.  John's  Hospital  may  seem 
large,  but  in  fact  is  small,  when  compared  with  that  of  other  hospitals. 
The  Presbyterian  Hospital  of  Chicago  is  a  proof  of  this.  According 
to  their  report,  their  current  expenses  in  1912,  for  4,400  patients,  were 
over  $190,000.00  (I  do  not  remember  the  exact  figures),  whereas  those 
of  St.  John's  were  a  little  over  $76,000.00  for  3,600  patients.  Again,  the 
National  Hospital  Record,  Vol.  XIV,  No.  2,  gives  statistics,  according 
to  which  the  daily  average  expense  per  patient  in  hospitals  in  the 
United  States  was  $1.17  in  1900  and  $2.06  in  1910.  For  the  past  three 
years  I  know  of  no  statistics.  An  average  of  $1.17  per  patient  per  day 
for  1913  is,  therefore,  very  low. 

Springfield,  111.  (Rev.)   Joseph  C.  Straub, 

Director  of  St.  John's  Hospital 

We  are  glad  to  know  that  the  objectionable  practice  recently 
castigated  in  a  portion  of  the  Catholic  press  does  not  prevail 
in  Springfield,  111.  It  does  prevail  in  some  other  places,  how- 
ever, and  the  sooner  it  is  abolished  the  better  it  will  be  for  the 
institutions  themselves  and  for  the  cause  of  Christian  charity. 

♦_  ♦    ■•■ 

II.  The  "religious  garb"  question  is  an  ever-recurring  one  in  this 
country.  Could  it  not  perhaps  be  solved  by  the  religious  teachers 
wearing  a  lightweight  "lay  covering"  over  their  habit  during  school 
hours?  Many  years  ago  I  read  of  religious  doing  this  in  some  places 
in  Europe  where  the  government  forbade  public  school  teachers 
appearing  in  religious  garb  during  school  hours.  I  doubt  whether 
our  religious  here  would  submit  to  any  such  compromise,  but  merely 
mention  it  as  a  thought-provoker  to  something  better. 

Evansville,  Ind.  (Rev.)  C.  J.  Schwartz 

We  are  opposed  to  all  such  compromises.  The  public  school 
is  no  place  for  Catholic  Sisters,  and  it  is  only  a  question  of 
time  when  they  will  not  be  tolerated  there  anv  longer.  With 
Mrs.  S.  T.  Otten  (see  Vol.  XXI,  No.  7,  of  this  Review),  we 
say :  Let  us  be  consistent  in  our  attitude  towards  the  public 
schools !    The  Church  forbids  us  to  send  our  children  to  these 


276  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

schools  to  be  instructed ;  why  should  our  sisters  or  our 
daughters  teach  there,  whether  they  wear  the  religious  garb 
or  secular  toggery?  Here  and  there  perhaps  exceptional  con- 
ditions have  called  for  exceptional  measures ;  but  the  need  for 
these  is  rapidly  passing  away.  The  Review  has  always  been, 
still  is,  and  always  will  be  for  Catholic  schools  for  Catholics, 
first,  last,  and  all  the  time. 

9 

THE  OVER-TAXED  MELTING-POT 

The  digestive  power  of  the-  great  American  melting-pot  has 
proved  to  be  marvelous  beyond  belief,  but  ominous  signs  of 
indigestion  and  distress  have  been  apparent  recently.  The 
evils  of  large  immigration  are  felt  more  acutely  in  what  may 
be  termed  the  middle  and  lower  class  life  of  the  country. 
There  are  few  indications  of  any  effect  upon  the  government 
or  the  principles  upon  which  it  is  conducted.  By  the  time  the 
immigrant  or  the  descendant  of  an  immigrant  becomes  sa» 
educated  or  prosperous  as  to  take  effective  place  in  the  life  of, 
the  community,  his  whole  character  has  changed,  and  in  most 
cases  he  has  become  as  representative  an  American  as  may  be 
desired.  The  only  exception  to  this  is  in  the  larger  cities, 
where  alien  colonies  have  a  direct  and  malign  effect  upon  local 
politics.  New  York  City  is  a  notable  example  of  what  follows 
the  ascendancy  of  an  un-American  element  at  the  polls,  and  it 
has  been  only  through  the  herculean  efforts  of  the  more  intelli- 
gent and  responsible  class  inspired  by  American  ideas,  that 
any  balance  of  power  has  from  time  to  time  been  regained. 
There  is  now  a  very  strong  public  sentiment  in  favor  of  putting 
a  "house  full"  sign  on  the  gates  of  the  nation,  and  while  this 
may  not  come  to  pass  just  yet,  there  is  no  question  that  with 
each  succeeding  Congress  renewed  effort  will  be  made  still 
further  to  check  the  inflow. 

Among  those  who  are  opposed  to  immigration  are  many 
alarmists,  who  are  apt  to  over-state  the  evils  and  under- 
estimate the  values  of  a  wisely  regulated  influx  of  aliens.  The 
United  States  has  not  yet  reached  the  limit  of  growth ;  in  fact, 
it  has  been  estimated  that,  scientifically  tilled  and  industriously 
developed,  the  country  could  support  a  population  of  400,000,- 
000,  or  four  times  the  present  number.     The  growth  of  the 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  277 

future  must  necessarily  be  slower,  however,  than  the  growth 
of  the  past,  and  the  great  problem  is  to  keep  alien  influences 
well  in  hand,  that  they  may  not  bring  disaster.  The  present 
tendency  of  legislation  appears  to  be  dictated  by  panic  rather 
than  by  common  sense  or  by  any  well-thought-out  plan.  The 
theoretically  perfect  control  of  immigration  is  much  the  same 
in  principle  as  that  exercised  over  community  water  supply. 
To  see  that  it  is  plentiful,  that  it  is  of  the  best  quality,  free 
from  pollution  at  the  source,  and  that  it  is  properly  distributed, 
is  the  duty  of  a  popular  government,  and  if  this  principle  is 
applied  to  immigration  there  can  be  no  objection  to  the  strictest 
supervision  and  discrimination  in  putting  it  into  practice.  To 
secure  and  welcome  the  best,  to  reject  the  undesirable,  and  to 
distribute  new-comers  throughout  the  country  so  that  the 
supply  of  labor  be  uniform  and  cities  are  kept  from  abnormal 
growth  in  the  tenement  and  slum  districts,  is  the  logical  course 
of  a  wise  and  just  selfishness  on  the  part  of  any  nation  jealous 
of  its  political  and  social  integrity. 

To  apply  a  numerical  restriction  might  keep  away  those 
who  are  wanted.  To  say  that  a  man  must  know  how  to  read 
does  not  guarantee  the  safety  of  the  community,  for  it  is  a 
notorious  fact  that  the  most  dangerous  citizens  are,  almost  as  a 
rule,  better  educated  than  the  most  harmless.  The  agitator,  the 
corruptionist,  the  preacher  of  violence,  or  the  assassins  of 
rulers,  in  monarchy  or  republic,  have  been,  almost  without 
exception,  men  cultivated  beyond  their  fellows.  There  are 
millions  of  sturdy,  honest,  agricultural  laborers  in  the  world 
today  who  can  neither  read  nor  write,  yet  whose  labor  and 
industry  would  be  welcome  in  the  most  enlightened  lands,  and 
whose  manner  of  life  would  be  entirely  unobjectionable. 

The  problem  is  not  an  easy  one.  Out  of  the  1,200,000  who 
applied  for  admission  to  the  United  States  in  1913,  about 
20,000  were  rejected  on  arrival,  and  during  that  year  nearly 
4,000  were  deported  who  had  been  admitted,  but  who  were 
found  to  be  undesirable  after  a  short  residence  in  this  country. 
The  steamship  companies  are  compelled  to  carry  back  those 
rejected  without  charge.  In  consequence  of  this  they  are 
careful  not  to  embark  anyone  who  is  found  to  be  inadmissible. 
The  care  taken  at  American  ports  to  see  that  the  immigrant 


278  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

measures  up  to  standard  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  the  trans- 
portation companies  were  in  error  in  these  20,000  cases,  and 
paid  the  penalty  in  every  case.  If  the  intending  immigrant  be 
proved  insane,  and  in  several  other  cases,  the  carriers  are  fined 
heavily,  in  addition  to  providing  the  rejected  passenger  with  a 
return  ticket.  At  times  the  arrivals  at  Ellis  Island  are  as  many 
as  20,000  in  a  single  week,  and  it  is  manifestly  not  possible  to 
give  each  case  the  proper  scrutiny,  so  many  enter  who  would 
be  barred  under  more  careful  administration  of  the  law.  This 
branch  of  the  United  States  government  work  is  made  practi- 
cally self-supporting  by  the  imposition  of  a  head  tax  on  each 
immigrant.  It  would  be  a  legitimate  expenditure  of  money 
raised  by  general  taxation  so  to  increase  the  efficiency  of  the 
sen-ice  and  the  severity  of  the  application  of  the  law  as  to 
make  it  practically  impossible  for  a  mentally,  physically  or 
morally  undesirable  to  enter  in.  This  would  be  a  far  more 
intelligent  way  to  reduce  the  number  than  to  fix  any  arbitrary 
numerical  standard  or  educational  test,  either  of  which  have 
aught  to  do  with  the  possible  real  value  of  the  immigrant  to  the 
nation  which  is  admitting  him  to  membership.  — J.  D.  W. 

* 

In  England,  the  stronghold  of  conservatism  in  Latin  pronun- 
ciation, as  in  certain  other  things,  the  battle  of  the  rival  schools 
is  still  in  progress,  although  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  the  old 
pronunciation  has  quite  generally  yielded  to  the  new.  At  a  recent 
meeting  of  the  Classical  Association  at  Bedford  College,  the 
President  announced  that  the  "Roman  method"  was  well  in  the 
lead.  But  Oxford  clings  stubbornly  to  the  English  fashion.  A 
universally  intelligible  pronunciation  of  Latin  is  certainly  a  de- 
sideratum. 

♦    ♦    ■♦ 

The  dangers  of  a  guerilla  warfare  in  a  country  like  Mexico  are 
hardly  realized  by  outsiders.  The  Ave  Maria  (No.  13)  points  them 
out  briefly  as  follows:  "France  had  200,000  men  in  Mexico,  and 
yet  was  very  glad  when  the  time  came  to  withdraw  them.  It  took 
years  for  our  government  to  subdue  the  hostile  Indians  of  Texas. 
Another  possibility  to  consider  is  that  intervention  might  have 
the  effect  of  uniting  all  parties  in  Mexico  to  resist  the  invader. 
Then  England,  Germany,  France  and  Spain,  all  of  whom  have 
large  sums  invested  in  the  neighboring  republic,  would  probably 
feel  called  upon  to  protect  their  interests.  And  Japan  would  be 
more   than  willing  to   lend   assistance." 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  279 

PROFIT-SHARING 

Apropos  of  the  widely  heralded  plan  of  profit-sharing 
adopted  by  the  Ford  Motor  Company,  of  Detroit,  an  inter- 
esting discussion  has  been  going  on  in  the  pages  of  the 
Outlook.  Mr.  Lawrence  F.  Abbott  warmly  advocates  the 
idea.    His  argument  may  be  briefly  stated  as  follows : 

The  American  wage  worker  believes  that  a  share  in  the 
profits  of  business  belongs  rightfully  to  labor,  and  there  can 
be  no  peace  in  the  industrial  world  until  this  demand  is 
complied  with.  But  profit-sharing  must  not  be  attempted 
on  a  paternal  basis.  The  laboringmen  will  have  no  paternal- 
ism. The  correct  method  to  put  it  into  operation  is  that 
of  paying  a  ''wages  dividend"  out  of  a  portion  of  the  profits. 
In  Mr.  Abbott's  judgment,  "the  defect  of  the  system  adopted 
by  the  Ford  Motor  Company  is  that  they  have  paid  their 
workmen's  profits  to  them  in  the  form  of  weekly  wages 
instead  of  in  the  form  of  a  quarterly,  semi-annual,  or  annual 
'wages  dividend.'  The  psychological  effect  of  increasing 
wages  is  to  make  the  wage-worker  feel  that  the  wage 
standard  has  been  permanently  raised.  He  should  really 
feel  ....  that  his  wages  dividend  may  go  up  or  down 
with  the  success  of  the  company."  (The  Outlook,  Vol. 
106,  No.  12,  p.  630.) 

Some  writers  advocate  profit-sharing  enforced  by  law. 
It  will  probably  come  to  this  in  the  long  run.  But  volun- 
tary profit-sharing  should  be  the  first  step. 

Those  who  Care  to  study  the  history  of  profit-sharing 
are  referred  to  the  following  authorities :  Profit-Sharing, 
by  Sedley  Taylor,  London,  1884;  Methods  of  Industrial 
Remuneration,  by  D.  F.  Schloss,  London,  1894;  Profit- 
Sharing,  by  N.  P.  Gilman,  Boston,  1892;  Dividend  to  Labor, 
by  N.  P.  Gilman,  Boston,  1900;  article  on  Profit-Sharing, 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  eleventh  edition ;  Schmoller, 
Ueber  Gewinnbeteiligung  in  Zur  Sozial-  und  Gewerbepolitik 
der  Gegenwart,  1890;  Wirminghaus,  Gewinnbeteiligung,  in 
the  Handworterbuch  der  Staatswissenschaften,  Vol.  Ill, 
2nd  ed.,  pp.  716  sqq. 


280  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

BULWER-LYTTON  AND  MARY  MAGDALEN 

A  "Life  of  Edward  Bulwer,  First  Lord  Lytton,"  has 
lately  been  published  by  his  grandson,  the  Earl  of  Lytton. 
(2  vols.,  Macmillan.) 

Among  the  extraneous  interests  of  these  very  inter- 
esting volumes,  the  Tablet  "puts  on  a  pinnacle"  the  letters 
addressed  to  Bulwer-Lytton,  then  nearing  thirty  years  of 
age,  by  a  lady  who  was  a  stranger  to  him,  and  who  re- 
mained a  stranger,  but  to  us  becomes  a  friend.  This  was 
no  other  than  a  woman  of  the  town  who,  under  the  name 
of  "Harriette  Wilson,"  had  already  published  her  reminis- 
cences— the  tenth  wonder  and  scandal  of  the  time.  Her 
first  letter  began  provocatively  enough : 

"Sir,  though  I  have  disliked  reading  all  my  life,  unless  it  be 
Shakespeare's  plays,  yet  I  got  to  the  end  of  'Pelham.'  It  was  not  a  book 
to  my  taste,  either — for  I  thought  the  writer  was  a  cold-hearted  man; 
and  his  light  chit-chat  was  pedantic,  smelling  of  the  lamp — not  so  good 
as  my  own.  'The  Disowned'  I  liked  better  still,  and  felt  very  much 
obliged  to  you  for  writing  one  of  the  few  books  I  am  come  to  the  end 
of — with  all  my  desire  for  amusement.  Now,  for  'Devereux,'  I  have 
nearly  finished  the  first  volume,  and  am  so  charmed  with  it  that  I  have 
laid  it  aside  to  tell  you  how  proud  I  should  be  if  you  felt  disposed 
to  honour  me  with  your  acquaintance." 

To  add  a  pinch  of  past  and  present  glamour,  the  writer 
mentions  that  Lord  Byron  had  come  to  her  on  a  similar 
overture,  and  that  she  had  been  telling  the  Duke  of  Beau- 
fort that  "Pelham's"  fault  was  "not  in  your  heart,  but  in 
your  want  of  heart."  She  quotes  Lord  Ponsonby  as 
saying  of  her  that,  besides  her  other  attractivenesses,  she 
had  that  of  being  "a  good  fellow."  It  is  because  she  was 
that,  and  in  no  light  sense  of  the  phrase,  that  she  has  here 
and  now  this  mention — a  sort  of  newspaper  enshrining, 
which  her  third  letter  to  Bulwer-Lytton  may  be  left  to 
explain.  Its  taste  may  be  doubtful ;  its  sincerity  is  beyond 
doubt : 

"Dear  Sir,  When  I  was  a  sinner  and  a  good-looking  one,  I 
thought  you  were  quite  right  to  refuse  me  the  honour  of  your  acquaint- 
ance; but  I  have  been  'born  again,'  as  the  Methodists  say,  and  am 
now  a  Saint !  I  was  duly  received  into  the  Catholic  Church  by  baptism, 
confession    with   confirmation,   &c,    after   six   months'    hard    study.      I 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  281 

did  not  think  I  could  have  read  so  hard  or  so  many  books  of  con- 
troversy, Protestant  and  Catholic.  So  intense  was  my  curiosity  that  I 
neither  slept  nor  dined  for  many  months  without  a  pile  of  Catholic 
books  on  one  side  of  me  and  one  of  Protestant  larger  still  on  my  left. 
Once  or  twice  a  week,  a  most  amiable  Catholic  priest  and  preacher 
came  to  hear  and  answer  all  my  objections  by  the  hour  together  with 
the  patience  of  a  true  Saint.  Our  interviews  lasted  three  or  four 
hours.     To  conclude,  I  am  now  a  strict  Catholic  on  conviction. 

"Faith  is  a  supernatural  gift.  I  could  not  get  rid  of  mine  if  I 
would,  and  I  should  be  wretched  without  it.  I  can  do  nothing  and 
love  nothing  coldly.  I  was  created  for  love,  and  now  that  all  the  love 
that  my  heart  is  capable  of  has  turned  towards  God,  you  will  easily 
believe  that  I  am  no  longer  a  sinner — for  it  is  not  in  nature  to  desire 
to  offend  or  disobey  what  we  love  with  our  whole  heart,  soul  and 
strength.  I  was  never  taught  religion,  either  by  parents  or  lovers, 
neither  was  I  encouraged  to  study  the  Scriptures.  I  was  always  what 
I  am  still — a  bigot  as  to  my  distaste  of  the  Protestant  creed  and  all 
the  other  sects.  For  a  time  I  disliked  Popery,  according  to  the  fashion; 
but  I  could  not  ultimately  resist  my  priest,  Dr.  Wiseman's  lectures, 
and  the  whispers  of  my  own  conscience  that  said  to  me  'Your  destiny 
is  to  die  a  Catholic'  I  go  to  Mass  daily,  to  the  Communion  table 
twice  a  month,  and  have  as  much  distaste  to  all  worldly  things  as  if 
I  were  a  nun.  I  live  as  a  hermit ;  and,  as  my  dear,  good,  innocent 
virgin  priest  has  so  little  time  to  visit  me  (he  does  not  want  inclination, 
for  he  holds  me  up  as  an  example  for  good  Catholics),  and  as  I  do 
hate  stupid  society,  I  might  be  refreshed  by  a  little  of  your  conversa- 
tion, though  it  were  but  once  a  year.  I  would  swear  to  you  (but  that 
the  priest  says  swear  not  at  all),  that  I  now  think  with  horror  on  sin 
of  any  kind,  however  slight. 

"I  think  you  are  too  clever  to  be  a  genuine  Protestant;  but,  if  you 
are,  I  should  like  to  know  why.  Will  you  let  me  have  the  honour 
of  a  little  chat  with  you  with  your  lady's  consent?  I  would  run  no 
risk  of  sin.  I  was  always  firm;  and  I  know  that  there  is  no  risk  of 
my  ever  being  unchaste  again,  even  by  the  encouragement  of  thoughts. 
This,  you  will  say,  is  being  too  bold.  But  when  was  I  unfaithful  to 
my  love?  And  I  never  loved  any  of  you  as  I  love  God.  I  will  not 
believe  that  any  can  wilfully  offend  what  they  perfectly  love. 

"But  you'll  say  you  have  no  time.  Well,  it  is  very  shabby  of  you, 
for  you  may  appoint  any  hour  on  any  day  after  twelve,  and  I  will 
await  your  leisure.  I  have  no  object  but  the  gratification  I  know  1 
should  feel  in  talking  to  a  person  who  could  understand  me.  As  to 
regard,  if  we  are  both  honest  and  single-hearted,  we  must  command 
the  good-will  and  respect  of  each  other;  but  as  to  love!  if  I  felt 
a  spark  stealing  over  me  for  any  man  alive  I  should  avoid  him  from 
that  hour.  Nothing  shall  induce  me  to  go  into  temptation  again. — 
Yours  truly,  Dear  Sir,  rechristened  Mary  Magdalen,  by  my  own  de- 
sire, at  the  Catholic  Confirmation." 


282  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Though  Bulwer-Lytton  "had  no  time"  to  talk  about 
religion  in  those  tempestuous  years  of  his  early  married 
life,  he  had  in  the  later  days  of  many  infirmities  time  and 
inclination  to  dip  into  a  Catholic  book.  Writing  to  his 
great  friend,  Lady  Sherborne,  in  the  January  of  1873,  a 
few  days  before  his  death,  he  says : 

"I  read  last  night  in  bed  the  life  of  St.  Francis  de  Sales.  That 
Roman  Catholic  faith,  between  you  and  me,  does  produce  very  fine 
specimens  of  adorned  humanity — at  once  so  sweet  and  so  heroical. 
We  members  of  the  Protestant  Established  Church  are  always  bringing 
Heaven  into  our  parlour,  and  trying  to  pare  religion  into  common- 
sense.  Who  can  pack  the  infinite  into  the  finite,  or  the  ocean  into  a 
silver  tea-spoon?" 

Perhaps  a  little  thought  of  his  old  correspondent 
crossed  his  mind  at  that  moment,  for.  as  he  kept  her  letter, 
it  may  be  assumed  that  he  had  read  it,  and  been  a  little 
moved  by  its  tide  of  feeling. 

* 

BOOKS  FOR  SPIRITUAL  READING 

The  Minor  Works  of  St.  Teresa 

The  Benedictines  of  Stanbrook  have  translated,  and 
Fr.  Benedict  Zimmerman,  O.C.D.,  has  edited,  the  Minor 
Works  of  St.  Teresa,  comprising  her  Conceptions  of  the 
Love  of  God,  Exclamations,  and  Poems.  These  writings 
contain  some  of  the  brightest  jewels  of  that  religious  treas- 
ury which  has  aroused  the  longing  of  so  many  holy  men 
and  women.  The  translation  is  admirable.  The  Exclama- 
tions,— fervent  outpourings  of  St.  Teresa's  heart, — might 
well  be  made  the  subject  of  preparation  and  thanksgiving 
before  and  after  Holy  Communion.  Father  Zimmerman's 
introduction  and  notes  are  up  to  his  usual  standard,  and 
the  work,  as  it  lies  before  us,  is  a  valuable  contribution  to 
our  ascetic  literature.  (Benziger  Brothers.  $2.20,  post- 
paid.) 

Daily  Reflections  for  Christians 

The  Very  Rev.  Charles  Cox,  O.M.I.,  presents,  in  two 
good-sized  duodecimo  volumes,  Daily  Reflections  for  Chris- 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  283 

tians.  There  are  about  two  and  a  half  pages  of  matter, 
suitable  for  spiritual  reading,  for  every  day  of  the  year. 
The  subjects  are  varied  and  every  set  of  reflections  stands 
complete  by  itself.  The  work  is  especially  adapted  for  use 
in  colleges,  convents,  and  families  where  the  custom  exists 
of  having  a  short  spiritual  lesson  or  meditation  read  after 
night  prayers,  and  for  use  in  churches  where,  at  some  of 
the  devotions,  a  lesson  is  read.  The  author's  previous 
works  (Short  Readings  for  Religious,  Retreat  Conferences 
for  Convents,  Visits  to  Jesus  and  Mary,  etc.)  have  found 
favor  with  the  public ;  we  have  no  doubt  that  these  Reflec- 
tions will  also  be  received  well.  (B.  Herder.  2  vols.  $3.25, 
net.) 

Major  Orders 

Father  Louis  Bacuez's  Major  Orders  is  a  pendant  to 
the  same  able  writer's  Minor  Orders,  noticed  in  this  Review 
last  year,  and,  like  its  predecessor  just  named,  consists  of 
instructions  and  meditations  for  the  use  of  seminarians, 
especially  those  about  to  receive  holy  orders.  So  far  as 
we  are  able  to  judge,  the  booklet  is  well  adapted  to  its 
purpose  and  deserves  the  same  cordial  recommendation  that 
we  gave  to  its  predecessor.     (B.  Herder.    $1.50  net.) 

A  New  Reprint  of  Cardinal  Bona's  De  Sacrificio  Missae 

Pustet  &  Co.  have  enriched  their  "Bibliotheca  Ascetica" 
with  a  reprint  of  Cardinal  Bona's  famous  Tractatus  Asceti- 
cus  de  Sacrificio  Missae,  which,  as  most  of  our  readers 
know,  is  a  mass-book  made  up  of  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
passages  in  the  Fathers  on  the  august  Sacrifice,  appropriate 
reflections  and  prayers.  The  present  edition  has  two  appen- 
dices: (1)  Druzbicki's  ascetic  treatise  De  Effectibus,  Fructu 
et  Applicatione  Missae,  and  (2)  the  Aphorismi  Eucharistici 
of  the  saintly  Jacob  Merlo-Horstius  (another  eminent  name 
not  to  be  found  in  the  Catholic  Encyclopedia!),  which  has 
not  been  reprinted  for  a  long  time,  we  believe,  and  will  be 
very  welcome  indeed  to  the  devout  clergy  of  the  present, 
which  is  so  pre-eminently  an  Eucharistic  age.  (Fr.  Pustet 
&  Co.     $1.)- 


284  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Literary  miscellany 


Vol.  XIX,  Xo.  1,  of  the  "Biblische  Studien"  is  by  Dr.  Karl 
Benz,  who  discusses  the  attitude  of  Our  Lord  towards  the  Mosaic 
Law  ("Die  Stellung  Jesu  zum  alttestamentlichen  Gesetz") — "one 
of  the  fundamental  problems  of  modern  Christological  research 
because  practically  identical  with  the  question  regarding  the  essen- 
tial character  of  Christianity  itself."  Benz  shows,  in  connection 
with  his  previous  book,  "Die  Ethik  des  Apostels  Paulus"  (Frei- 
burg, 1912),  that,  while  Jesus  inaugurated  a  new  religious  dispensa- 
tion, He  did  not  entirely  abrogate  the  Old  Law,  but  used  it  as  a 
foundation  for  the  New,  so  that  the  books  of  the  Old  Testament 
retain  a  certain  value  and  import  for  the  religious  and  moral  train- 
ing of  humanity.  This  interpretation  of  Luke  XVI,  16-18  and  other 
Gospel  texts  agrees  perfectly  with  the  teaching  of  St.  Paul.  There 
is  no  "hiatus,"  as  Dausch  contends,  between  Jesus  and  Paul.  The 
apparent  differences  in  their  teaching  grew  out  of  their  respective 
roles.  Jesus  brought  the  New  Law;  Paul  found  it  already  pro- 
mulgated. Our  Lord  freed  men  from  the  Old  Law  and  imposed 
instead  His  own;  St.  Paul's  peculiar  mission  was  to  combat  the 
attempted  fusion  of  Christianity  with  Judaism  and  to  defend  the 
originality   and    independence    of   the    former.      (B.    Herder.     70   cts., 

net,  paper.) 

♦■-•-•♦• 

In  a  learned  treatise  entitled  "Die  Esdrasbiicher  der  Septu- 
aginta,"  which  forms  Heft  4  of  the  XVIIIth  Volume  of  Herder's 
"Biblische  Studien."  Dr.  Bernard  Walde  examines  the  mutual 
relations  of  the  Esdras  books  of  the  Septuagint.  His  conclusion 
is  that  the  so-called  third  Book  of  Esdras  is  not,  as  has  been 
recently  asserted,  part  of  a  pre-Christian  Greek  translation  of  a 
lost  recension  of  the  Chronicles,  but  a  "Tendenzschrift"  composed 
in  Egypt  about  the  middle  of  the  second  century  B.  C.  (B.  Herder. 

$1.35  net,  paper). 

■•■■♦•■•■ 

"The  New  France."  by  William  Samuel  Lilly,  is  made  up  of  a 
series  of  monographs  on  the  French  Revolution  and  its  evil  influ- 
ence on  the  existing  generation  in  that  unhappy  country, — a  gen- 
eration that  seems  bent  on  repeating  the  doings  of  the  revolution- 
aries. The  last  four  chapters  are  biographical  studies  of  Fouche, 
Talleyrand,  Chateaubriand,  and  Paul  Bourget,  which  lay  bare  the 
ame  moderne  and  enable  us  "to  touch  the  springs  of  personal  action 
which  have  wrought  out,  alike  for  evil  and  for  good,  the  conditions 
and  the  temperament  of  the  New  France."  (The  Month,  No.  592.) 
This  book  has  been  sharply  criticised  by  America  (Vol.  IX,  No.  21), 
because  the  author  ignores  "the  new  Christian  France."  But  to 
say  that  it  is  not  exhaustive  does  not  argue  that  the  work  is  worth- 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  285 

less  and  should  not  have  been  published.  We  need  historical 
monographs  of  this  kind,  written  by  Catholics  from  the  Catholic 
point  of  view.  There  is  a  distinct  dearth  of  such  literature  in 
English,  and  men  who  are  able  and  willing  to  fill  the  void  ought 
to  be  encouraged.  The  complete,  just,  and  adequate  view,  so  far 
as  that  can  be  attained  at  all  by  fallible  human  beings,  will  be 
attained  gradually.     (B.  Herder.     $2.38,  postpaid.) 

"Le  Modernisme  Social,"  by  the  Abbe  J.  Fontaine.  (Paris: 
P.  Lethielleux.)  "A  Propos  d'un  Livre  'Le  Modernisme  Social,' 
Replique  de  M.  l'Abbe  Fontaine  a  M.  le  Chanoine  Masquelier." 
(Paris:  Lethielleux.)  "Autour  du  Modernisme  Social."  By  Chan- 
oine. B.  Gaudeau.  We  have  already  noticed  in  these  columns  "Le 
Modernisme  Sociologique"  by  the  same  author.  In  the  present 
work  M.  l'Abbe  Fontaine  treats  of  the  operation  in  the  concrete  of 
those  theories  whose  fallacy  and  dangerous  character  he  exposed  in 
his  former  volume.  These  works  would  be  of  the  greatest  service 
to  those  who,  in  our  country  are  enlisted  in  the  campaign  against 
Socialism,  covering  as  they  do  every  phase  of  the  question  and  in 
a  highly  practical  manner.  The  two  small  brochures  meet  the 
criticisms  which  M.  Fontaine's  work  has  called  forth  from  certain 
quarters.    They  throw  much  light  on  the  situation  in  France. 

♦■    ♦    ■♦■ 

John  Ayscough's  reputation  as  a  novelist  is  too  firmly 
established  to  be  affected  much  by  book-notes.  Our  readers  will 
'  find  in  "Hurdcott"  the  fluency  of  style  and  the  descriptive  beauties 
of  its  predecessors,  and  also  their  weaknesses.  There  is  always  a 
screw  loose  in  the  reasoning  of  the  chief  characters,  and  on  the 
looseness  of  the  screw  depends  the  movement  of  the  plot.  It 
seems  to  us  unsophisticated  ordinary  Catholics  that  a  writer  of 
Msgr.  Bickerstaffe-Drew's  ingenuity  should  be  able  to  invent  a 
plot  which  would  hang  on  something  beside  an  unaccountable  kink 
in  the  mind  of  his  heroine.  Exception  might  also  be  taken  to  the 
denouement  of  the  present  story,  as  resembling  too  closely  in  its 
teaching  the   master  motive   of  Tristan  and   Isolde.      (B.   Herder. 

$1.50.) 

♦    ■♦    -•■ 

The  writings  of  Josephus  are  still,  to  a  considerable  extent,  an 
unworked  mine.  A  recent  brochure  by  Dr.  Leo  Haefeli  ("Samaria 
und  Peraa  bei  Flavius  Josephus")  shows  what  a  mass  of  valuable 
geographical  and  topographic  information  can  be  garnered  from 
this  thesaurus  of  antiquity.  Haefeli  groups  together  all  the  data  con- 
tained therein  with  reference  to  the  provinces  of  Galilee  and 
Peraea.  Students  of  the  geography  and  history  of  Palestine  in 
the  time  of  Christ,  and  travelers  who  intend  to  make  the  trip  from 
Jerusalem  to  Galilee  by  way  of  Samaria,  will  find  this  compilation 
interesting  and  useful.     (B.  Herder.    95  cts.  net,  paper.) 


286  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

The  fourth  volume  of  the  "Predigten"  of  the  late  Bishop  Egger, 
of  St.  Gall,  edited  by  Dr.  A.  Fah,  is  devoted  to  the  Blessed  Virgin, 
There  are  sermons  for  all  the  great  Marian  festivals  and  nine  specially 
adapted  to  the  month  of  May.  Like  the  rest  of  the  deceased  Bishop's 
sermons,  these  on  the  B.  V.  M.  are  original  in  conception,  clear  in 
disposition,  and  popular  in  tone.     (Benziger  Bros.,  $1.40  net.) 

♦     -•■     ♦ 

Those  interested  in  knowing  what  can  be  said  in  favor  of  the 
pious  tradition  of  Loreto  against  Canon  Chevalier  and  other  modern 
critics,  will  find  it  worth  their  while  to  read  Bishop  Alexander  Mc- 
Donald's "The  Holy  House  of  Loreto.  A  Critical  Study  of  Docu- 
ments and  Traditions."  Msgr.  McDonald  will  now  have  to  write 
another  book  to  disprove  the  arguments  of  Dr.  George  Huffer,  of 
whose  long-promised  work  the  first  volume  has  lately  appeared  under 
the  title,  "Loreto :  Eine  geschichtskritische  Untersuchung  der  Frage 
des  heiligen  Hauses"  (Munster  i.  W. :  Aschendorff,  $2.20  net).  Bishop 
McDonald's  study  is  published  by  the  Christian  Press  Association  Pub- 
lishing Co.,   New  York.      (Price  $1.25   net.) 

Benziger  Brothers  present  a  second  edition  of  the  late  Bishop 
Rtiegg's  popular  exposition  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  ("Die  Apostel- 
geschichte  dem  christlichen  Volke  zur  Betrachtung  vorgelegt")  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  reference  to  the  notorious  "Dr.  Heirn'  in  the 
preface  will  not  deter  the  German-speaking  clergy  from  putting  this 
excellent  volume  into  the  hands  of  their  people.     ($1,  postpaid.) 

To  the  booklets  mentioned  in  the  article  on  "The  Devotion  of  the 
Holy  Hour,"  in  No.  6  of  the  current  volume  of  this  Review,  may  now 
be  added  "Watching  an  Hour :  A  Book  for  the  Blessed  Sacrament," 
by  the  Rev.  Francis  P.  Donnelly,  S.J.  It  gives  an  account  of  the  Holy 
Hour  and  its  indulgences  with  an  order  of  exercises  that  can  be 
altered  to  suit  one's  devotional  tastes ;  thoughts,  prayers,  hymns,  in 
fact,  everything  necessary  to  the  proper  carrying  on  of  this  beautiful 
devotion.  The  book  is  also  suitable  for  meditation  at  home,  and  for 
public  reading.  The  thoughts  are  divided  into  points  and  grouped 
under  somewhat  novel  headings.     (P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons,  75c  net.) 

BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  not  supplied  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 
Mann.  Rev.  H.  K.     The  Lives  of  the  Popes  in  the  Middle  Ages.     Vol.  X, 

1130-1198.     452  pp.     8vo.     London:  Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Triibner  &  Co. ; 

St.   Louis,  Mo.:   B.  Herder.     1914.     $3  net.      (Illustrated.) 
Mann,  H.  K.     Nicholas  Breakspear  (Hadrian  IV),  the  Only  English  Pope. 

lxxi  &  134  pp.     8vo.     With  Twenty  Illustrations  and  a  Map.     London: 

Kegan    Paul,    Trench,    Triibner    &    Co.;    St.    Louis,    Mo.:    B.    Herder. 

1914.     $1  net. 
Raymond,    Rev.    V,    O.    P.    (tr.    Dom    Aloysius    Smith,    C.    R.    I.)    Spiritual 

Director  and   Physician:     The   Spiritual   Treatment  of   Sufferers   from 

Nerves  and  Scruples,  xxi  &  334  pp.  12mo.  Benziger  Bros.  $1.75  net. 
Sharpe,  Rev.  A.  B.     Questions  and  Answers  on  the  Catholic  Church,     viii 

&  191   pp.     12mo.     London:   Sands  &  Co.;   St.   Louis,   Mo.:   B.   Herder. 

1914.     25  ctB.  net.     (Wrapper.) 
Allen,   Cardinal.     Defense  of  English   Catholics,   1584.     Vol.    II.     vi   &  152 

pp.     12mo.     Manresa  Press  and  B.   Herder.     1914.     30  cts.  net.      (The 

Catholic  Library — 4). 


XXI  9  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  287 

Benediction  of  the  Most  Blessed  Sacrament.     Illuminated  after  the  Style 

of  14th   Century   MSS.     Unpaginated.     Pocket   format.     London:    St. 

Bede's  Press;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder,  60  cts.  net. 
Kuhn,  Albert,  O.  S.  B.  Roma.     Ancient,  Subterranean,  and  Modern  Rome 

in  Word  and  Picture.    With  938  Illustrations,  40  full  page  inserts,  and 

3  Plans.     Complete  in  18  Parts.     Part  III.     pp.  81-112.     4to.     Benziger 

Bros.     1914.     35  cts.  per  part.     (Wrapper.) 
Eymard,  Ven.  P.  J.,  Extracts  from  the  Writings  and  Sermons  of.     The 

Divine  Eucharist.     First  Series.     The  Real  Presence,     xiv  &  404  pp. 

32mo.     New  York:  Fathers  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  185  E.  76th  St. 
Stories    from    the    Field    Afar.      Prepared    and    Edited    by    the    Catholic 

Foreign    Mission    Society    of    America.      156    pp.      12mo.      Illustrated. 

Maryknoll,  Ossining  P.  O.,  N.  Y. 
McDonald,  Rt.   Rev.   Alexander.     The  Holy  House  of  Loreto.     A  Critical 

Study    of   Documents    and    Traditions.      386    pp.      12mo.      New   York: 

Christian  Press  Association  Publishing  Co.     1913.     $1.25  net. 
Benson,  Rt.  Rev.  Robert  Hugh.     Initiation.     447  pp.     12mo.     New  York: 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     1914.     $1.35  net. 
GareschS,    Rev.    Edward   F.,    S.    J.      The   Four   Gates    (Poems).      139    pp. 

12mo.     New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.     1913.     $1.12,  postpaid. 
Marist  Brothers,   The.     American  Catholic  Hymnal.     Written,   Arranged 

and  Compiled  for  the  Catholic  Youth  of  the  U.  S.     ix  &  511  pp.     large 

8vo.    New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.     1913.     $1.68,  postpaid. 
Walsh,    V.    Rev.    James    A.      A    Modern    Martyr.      Theophane    Vfenard 

(Blessed).     241  pp.     12mo.     Maryknoll,  Ossining  P.  O.,  N.  Y. :  Catholic 

Foreign  Mission  Society.     1913.     60  cts.,  postpaid. 
Gibergues,    Msgr.    de.      Faith.      Sermons    Preached    at   a   Men's    Retreat. 

From  the  French.'    155  pp.     16mo.     P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.     1914.     81 

cts.,  postpaid. 
Benson,  Msgr.  R.  H.,  Maxims  from  the  Writings  of.    viii  &  133  pp.    32mo. 

Benziger  Bros.     50  cts.  net. 
Coelenbier,  V.   Rev.   Canon.     The  Child  of  Mary's  Own  Manual,     viii   & 

228  pp.     32mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     30  cts.  net. 
Curtis,    Miss  Georgina  Pell.     Beyond  the   Road   to   Rome.     440   pp.     8vo. 

B.  Herder.     1914.     $1.75  net. 
Donat,  Joseph,  S.  J.     The  Freedom  of  Science,     ix  &  419  pp.     8vo.     New 

York:  Joseph  F.  Wagner.     1914.     $2.50  net.     (For  sale  by  B.  Herder, 

St.  Louis,  Mo.) 
The  Viper's  Venom.     The   "Menace"    Still  Mendacious.     Recent  Attacks 

Refuted.     20  pp.     12mo.     St.  Louis,  Mo.:   The  Central  Bureau  of  the 

Central  Verein.     2  cts.  per  copy.     $4  for  250. 
Forbes,    F.    A.      The   Life   of   St.    Ignatius   Loyola.     Illustrated.      128    pp. 

16mo.    London:  James  Brodie  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder.     1914. 

30  cts.  net.     (Standard-bearers  of  the  Faith.    A  Series  of  Lives  of  the 

Saints  for  Children.) 
Mannix,    Mary   E.      In    Quest    of    Adventure.      173    pp.      16mo.      Benziger 

Bros.     1914.     45  cts. 
Clarke,   Isabel  C.     The  Secret   Citadel    (Novel).     416  pp.     8vo.     Benziger 

Bros.     1914.     $1.35  net. 
Index  Volume   to   the   Catholic   Encyclopedia,      ix   &   959   pp.     royal   8vo. 

New  York:  The  Encyclopedia  Press.     1914.     $5  and  up,  according  to 

binding. 
Donnelly,  Francis  P.,  S.  J.     Watching  an  Hour.     A  Book  for  the  Blessed 

Sacrament.     262  pp.     16mo.     New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.     1914. 

75  cts.  net. 

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Lejeune,  P.     Counsels  to  Christian  Mothers.    Tr.  by  F.  A. 

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Manning.    London,  1908.    85  cts. 

Price,  G.   E.     England  and   the   Sacred   Heart.     London, 

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in    Great    Britain.      With    Notes    by    H.    Thurston,    S.J. 

London  folio  ed.,  1908.    $3.95. 
Vaughan,  B.,  S.J.    Society,  Sin  and  the  Saviour.     London, 

1908.    85  cts. 
Allen,  Card.     A   Brief  Historie  of  the   Martyrdom  of  Fr. 

Edmund  Campion  and  His  Companions.     Ed.  by  J.  H. 

Pollen,  S.J.    85  cts. 
Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress  of  Westminster,  1908. 

(Containing  many  valuable   Eucharistic  papers.)      Lon- 
don, 1909.     Illustrated.    95  cts. 
Lanslots,  D.  I.,  O.S.B.    Spiritism  Unveiled.     London,  1913. 

65  cts. 
Giraud,  S.  M.     Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and  Victim.     Medita- 
tions.   Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell.     London,  1914.    $1. 
Funk,   Lehrbuch   der   Kirchengeschichte.     4th  ed.     Pader- 

born,  1912.    $1.60. 
Dublin  Review.     New   Series.     Ed.  by  Wilfrid   Ward.     8 

vols,  unbound,  1906-1913,     (Cost,  net  $40)  $15. 
Wirth,    E.   J.      Divine    Grace.      A    Series    of    Instructions. 

New  York,  1903.     $1. 

Lily,  S.  W.    The  New  France.     London,  1913.     $1.50. 
Klarmann,    Rev.    A.      Die    Fiirstin    von    Gan-Sar    (Maria 

Magdalena).     Eine  Erzahlung  aus  den  Tagen  des  Herrn. 

Ratisbon,  1914.     95  cts. 
Scherer,  Wm.     Geschichte  der  deutchen  Litteratur.     Drit- 

te  Auflage.     Berlin,  1885.     $1.75. 


BARGAIN  BOOK   COMPANY 
ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  10.         MAY  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


Frazer's  "Golden  Bough" 

Professor  J.  G.  Frazer  is  being  highly  complimented  by 
reviewers  on  the  completion  of  his  final  recasting  of  "The 
Golden  Bough,"  investigations  into  the  origin  of  religion. 
In  the  course  of  twenty-three  years  and  three  editions,  the 
two  original  volumes  have  grown  into  ten.  Happily,  too, 
there  has  been  a  change  for  the  better  in  the  spirit  of  the 
work.  "More  impressive  to  the  Christian  reader  than  the 
growth  in  bulk."  says  the  Month  (No.  598),  "has  been  the 
growing  sense  of  the  author,  expressed  in  the  final  edition, 
that  the  rationalistic  key  to  the  problem  of  religion,  which 
at  first  he  was  so  arrogantly  proud  of  having  discovered, 
will  by  no  means  fit  every  lock ;  in  fact,  and  this  shows  him 
to  be  no  mere  rationalist,  increase  in  knowledge  has  made 
him  more  humble-minded  and  less  confident  in  his  de- 
ductions," 

Needless  to  say,  this  fact  does  not  prevent  the  smaller 
fry  of  Rationalism  from  exploiting  Frazer's  labors,  as  they 
did  those  of  Darwin,  in  the  interests  of  their  barren  cult. 

Sex  Hygiene  in  the  Schools 

There  have  been  some  severe  arraignments  in  our  educa- 
tional journals  of  one  of  the  latest  inventions  of  materialist 
philosophy — the  teaching  of  sex  hygiene  in  the  schools. 
As  an  instance  of  a  very  excellent  treatment  of  the  question 
by  a  non?-Catholic  authority,  we  refer  to  the  article  "Sex 
Hygiene  in  the  Schools,"  in  the  Educational  Review  for 
October,  1913.     The  author  brands  the  new  teaching  as  a 

289 


290  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

"virulent  poison"  when  introduced  into  the  school  curricu- 
lum. 

On  the  Catholic  side  we  now  have  a  concise  exposition 
of  the  question  in  a  brochure  by  the  V.  Rev.  F.  Heiermann, 
S.J.,  of  St.  Xavier's  College,  Cincinnati.  It  is  entitled  ''The 
Teaching  of  Sex  Hygiene  in  Our  Schools,"  and  is  reprinted 
from  a  medical  journal,  the  Lancet-Clinic,  for  February  21, 
1914.  This  of  itself  speaks  highly  for  the  worth  of  the 
pamphlet,  as  it  shows  that  its  arguments  have  won  the 
approval  of  experienced  medical  men.  To  those  readers  of 
the  Review  who  must  be  prepared  to  defend  sound  teaching 
on  this  important  theme,  we  cordially  recommend  Father 
Heiermann's  brochure. 

sfc         >fc  :$: 

The  Right  to  Punish 

The  suit  brought  by  a  former  convict  against  the  State 
of  Rhode  Island  for  the  recovery  of  wages  earned  while  he 
was  a  prisoner  under  the  contract  system,  has  led  to  some 
discussion  in  the  press  of  the  State's  right  to  punish  and  the 
abstract  right  of  a  man  to  the  ordinary  prerogatives  of  a 
freeman.  The  Chicago  Record-Herald  says  that  a  convict 
has  a  right  to  a  decent  wage  because  he  is  "not  a  slave." 
Does  this  not  reduce  to  absurdity  the  whole  idea  of  criminal 
justice?  The  abstract  right  of  a  man  to  the  ordinary  pre- 
rogatives of  a  freeman  is  forfeited  by  crime,  and  the  nature 
and  limits  of  the  deprivations  to  which  he  may  be  subjected 
must  be  determined  by  considerations  of  public  welfare,  and 
not  by  any  abstract  theory  of  human  rights.  Let  encour- 
agement to  thrift  be  given  to  the  convict,  but  let  it  be  given 
because  there  is  sound  reason  to  believe  that  it  will  promote 
his  reformation  or  succor  his  dependents,  and  will  not 
injure  the  community.  What  shall  be  done  to  him  must  be 
decided  by  the  judgment  and  conscience  of  the  properly 
constituted  authorities,  in  full  consideration  of  the  para- 
mount need  of  society  at  large. 

Xo  doubt  our  prison  system  needs  mending,  and  one  can- 
not but  sympathize  with  the  earnest  and  enlightened  work- 
ers in  this  field.       But  the  attitude  of  many  of  our  prison 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  291 

reformers  is  wrong  and  dangerous,  because  inspired  by 
crude  theorizing  and  foolish  sentimentality.  Not  a  few  of 
those  who  are  writing  about  the  Rhode  Island  case  in  our 
newspapers  and  magazines  indulge  in  talk  which  can  find  no 
logical  stopping-place  short  of  a  complete  denial  of  the  com- 
munity's right  to  punish  malefactors,  and,  as  "The  Nation" 
trenchantly  observes,  "that  way  madness  lies." 

*        =K        * 

The  Billboard  Nuisance 

Speaking  of  the  "Easter  greeting"  of  the  National  Bill- 
posters' Association,  which,  as  many  of  our  readers  have 
no  doubt  noticed,  took  the  form  of  a  large  lithograph  rep- 
resentation of  Christ  blessing  little  children,  and  a  church 
into  which  boys  and  girls  are  crowding,  the  St.  Paul  Cath- 
olic Bulletin  (Vol.  4,  No.  17)  says: 

"[These  religious  posters  are]  part  of  a  campaign  for  the  better- 
ment of  social  conditions  undertaken  by  the  National  Association  of 
Billposters,  who  hope  by  means  of  these  illustrated  lessons  to  stop 
die  disintegration  which  threatens  the  childhood  of  the  big  modern 
city.'     As  a  step  in  the  right  direction  it  is  worthy  of  commendation." 

What  the  Bulletin  and  some  other  Catholic  papers  do 
not  seem  to  suspect  is  that  these  "religious  posters"  are  in 
the  first  place  and  above  all  designed  to  counteract  the 
movement  for  beautifying  our  cities  by  abolishing  the 
unsightly  and  frequently  offensive  billboards  with  which 
most  of  them  are  littered,  and  to  win  public  opinion  over 
in  favor  of  a  retention  of  a  modified  form  of  this  nuisance. 
Let  us  not  allow  this  clever  ruse  to  reconcile  us  to  an 
abomination  which  the  social  reformers  are  so  justly  com- 
batting. 

*     *     * 

The  War  in  Colorado 

On  the  same  day  that  the  cable  reported  "four  Ameri- 
cans killed  and  twenty  wounded"  at  Vera  Cruz,  dispatches 
from  Colorado  said  that  forty-five  were  killed  and  twenty 
hurt  in  a  battle  between  striking  miners  and  the  State  mili- 
tia near  or  on  the  property  of  the  Colorado  Fuel  &  Iron 
Co.      There    was    a    demand    for    federal    troops,    and    Mr. 


292  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Rockefeller   refusing  to   arbitrate.    President   Wilson   sent 
six  troops  of  cavalry  into  the  strike  region. 

This  vicious,  long-continued  and  injurious  strike,  which 
began  nearly  four  months  ago.  and  has  already  cost  the 
lives  of  more  than  300  men,  women  and  children,  is  waged 
chiefly  upon  the  issue  of  unionism  and  non-unionism.  It 
is  hard  to  get  a  fair  idea  of  the  merits  of  the  controversy. 
A  congressional  investigation  is  now  going  on.  That  such 
an  issue  should  be  left  for  its  decision  to  an  industrial  war 
is  disgraceful.  YVe  ought  to  abstain  from  a  foreign  mili- 
tary protectorate — for  that  is  what  the  Mexican  interven- 
tion portends — until  the  securing  of  industrial  and  social 
justice  to  its  own  citizens  has  become  a  recognized  and 
successful  function  of  our  government. 

^  ^  ^ 

Socialists  and  the  Press 

Mr.  Frank  McDonald  has  resigned  the  editorship  of  the 
New  York  Socialist  daily  "Call"  in  favor  of  Mr.  Charles 
Edward  Russell,  whom  the  Christian  Socialist  (Vol.  11,  No. 
8)  calls  "with  one  only  possible  exception,  the  best  beloved 
man  in  the  Socialist  party  in  this  country."  Mr.  McDonald 
says  in  his  valedictory  (The  Call,  March  29)  : 

"While  editor,  I  have  seen  working  girls  from  cigar  shops,  from 
cigar  factories,  from  clothing  shops,  from  department  stores  and 
elsewhere,  come  in  and  give  money  that  the  Call  might  live.  I  have 
seen  men  who  walked  many  miles  to  save  a  nickel,  and  to  whom  a 
dollar  was  of  big  importance,  come  in  and  give,  that  the  Call  might 
live.  I  have  seen  money  that,  like  the  widow's  mite,  came  of  the 
givers'  necessity,  not  their  opulence,  given  that  the  Call  might  live. 
Now  I  know  that  it  cannot  die,  because  there  is  that  great  necessity 
behind  it." 

Such  heroic  devotion  is  truly  touching.  Whatever  else 
their  errors,  these  poor  people  have  grasped  the  one  great 
truth  that  a  noble  cause  demands  unswerving  loyalty  and 
personal  sacrifice.  They  also  show  that  they  are  wise  in 
their  generation,  because  in  our  time  it  is  almost  impossible 
for  any  great  cause  to  triumph  except  by  means  of  a  daily 
press.  One  who  notices  these  things  in  the  Socialist  camp, 
among  the  Christian  Scientists,  among  the  Prohibitionists 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  293 

(see  the  article,  "Is  National  Prohibition  Imminent?"  in  this 
issue),  and  elsewhere,  cannot  but  sadly  wonder  how  long 
it  will  take  the  Catholics  of  America  to  realize  that  all  their 
efforts  to  conquer  America  for  the  faith  will  prove  fruitless 
unless  they  follow  the  example  of  Pope  Pius  X,  who  made 
it  his  first  and  chief  concern  when  he  became  Patriarch  of 
Venice,  to  establish  a  staunch  Catholic  daily  and  to  assure 
it  adequate  support.* 

^  S|C  ^ 

The  Author  of  "Home" 

When  the  new  novel  "Home"  (unfortunately  rather 
anti-Catholic  in  tone)  appeared  anonymously  in  the  Cen- 
tury, last  year,  the  critics  guessed  who  the  author  might  be. 
The  Chicago  Record,  after  flirting  with  Edith  Wharton, 
fixed  on  Basil  King.  Others  picked  Roy  Rolfe  Gilson,  or 
Coningsby  Dawson,  or  even,  save  the  mark,  Elinor  Glyn! 
Rehearsing  these  guesses  in  the  New  York  Times  Review 
of  Books  for  April  5,  Miss  Hildegarde  Hawthorne  says : 

"I  came  out  flatfooted  with  the  assertion  that  whoever  it  was  or 
wasn't,  one  thing  was  certain  and  the  rest  was  lies — the  author  was  a 
woman.  What  is  more,  I  brought  a  fine  lot  of  proof  to  back  up  that 
assertion,  and  I  can't  help  feeling  that  proof  ought  to  count  for  some- 
thing. It  almost  convinces  me  even  now.  I  remember  saying  that 
when  it  came  to  the  babies  and  children,  it  was  a  woman's  esoteric 
words  that  spoke,  and  that  no  one  but  a  woman  could  have  made  the 
mess  with  Bodsky  that  had  been  made.  .  .  .  All  the  time,  the 
funny  part  of  it  is  that  it  was  a  man  who  had  written  'Home.'  What's 
more,  his  picture  shows  him  as  a  dark,  vigorous,  lanky-looking  man — 
and  he's  even  got  a  mustache.  In  addition  to  his  astonishing  sex, 
which  has  proved  me  wrong,  he  has  a  name  that  proves  every  one 
else  wrong.  He  is  known  as  George  Agnew  Chamberlain ;  'Home'  is 
his  first  book,  and,  except  for  some  newspaper  work  and  a  few  maga- 
zine articles  on  South  America,  his  first  literary  work  of  any  sort." 

The    guesses   of   the   critics    must   have    afforded    Mr. 

•We  just  read  in  the  London  (Ont.)  Catholic  Record  of  May  2  (No. 
1854  :  "Things  were  in  a  bad  way  when  Pius  X  came  to  his  new  home 
in  the  city  by  the  Adriatic.  Venice  could  hardly  be  called  a  Christian 
city.  There  was  work  and  to  spare  for  the  new  Patriarch.  He  determined 
to  bring  the  Venetians  back  to  Christ,  'La  Difesa'  was  established.  He 
saw  to  it  that  it  penetrated  into  every  home  in  the  city.  He  invited  the 
whole-hearted  support  of  the  clergy,  and  he  himself  went  about  in  a 
gondola  from  one  place  to  another,  recruiting  subscriptions  for  the  new 
journal.  His  efforts  were  crowned  with  success.  'La  Difesa'  penetrated 
everywhere.  It  overthrew  the  municipal  council  hostile  to  the  Church 
and  set  good  Catholics  in  the  place  of  atheists.  It  filled  the  almost 
forsaken  churches  and  made  Venice  once  again  a  Christian   city." 


294  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Chamberlain,  who  is  United  States  consul  at  Delagoa  Bay, 
in  Portuguese  East  Africa,  considerable  amusement.  Now- 
let  the  pundits  guess  why  Air.  Chamberlain  made  his  novel 
so  anti-Catholic ! 

Damaging  Socialist  Admissions 

The  Central  Bureau  of  the  Central  Yerein,  in  one  of  its 
recent  press  bulletins  (Xo.  27),  quotes  from  a  letter  addressed 
to  the  New  York  Call  (Socialist  daily),  of  April  7,  by  Walter 
Lanfersiek.  executive  secretary  of  the  Socialist  party,  in  which 
that  gentleman  complains  of  the  lack  of  common  sense  shown 
by  party  members  in  regard  to  submitting  and  voting  on  refer- 
endums.  The  Call,  in  answer  to  Lanfersiek,  among1  other 
things,  charged  that  "departments  have  been  saddled  on  the 
party  to  such  an  extent  that  our  regular  revenue  from  dues  of 
about  $55,000  a  year  is  needed  to  pay  an  ever-growing  list  of 
salaries  in  various  departments,  rent,  postage,  etc.,  leaving 
almost  nothing  for  substantial  party  work."  The  Central 
Bureau  comments  on  these  admissions  as  follows : 

"The  admissions  of  the  National  Secretary  and  the  New  York  Call 
clearly  show  that  the  Socialist  party,  with  a  membership  of  less  than 
100,000,  is  unable  to  govern  itself  intelligently  and  economically,  as  a 
result  of  its  peculiar  ideas  as  to  what  constitutes  'democracy.'  If  this 
party,  with  a  comparatively  small  membership,  supposedly  united  in 
somewhat  similar  aims  and  with  somewhat  similar  views,  cannot 
conduct  its  own  affairs  efficiently  and  sensibly,  how  can  it  expect  to 
govern  a  country  of  ninety  millions  of  people  of  all  kinds  and  classes 
and  clashing  ideas?  The  answer  is  simple:  it  betrays  the  inherent 
weakness   and   impossibility  of   the   Socialist  philosophy." 

Modernism  Among  the  Methodists 

As  has  repeatedly  been  pointed  out  in  this  Review,  Prot- 
estantism, too,  is  infested  with  Modernism — with  this  differ- 
ence, that  while  the  Catholic  Church  eliminates  the  dangerous 
poison,  Protestantism  is  being  slowly  destroyed  by  it.  A  book 
called  "Breakers!  Methodism  Adrift"  (New  York:  Charles 
C.  Cook.  $1),  by  a  Methodist  preacher,  the  Rev.  Dr.  L.  \V. 
Munhall,  furnishes  abundant  proof  that  "secular,  un-Meth- 
odistic  and  revolutionary"  influences  are  conspicuously  domi- 
nant in  that  sect,  and  that  a  "coterie"  of  men — professors  in 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  295 

Methodist  educational  institutions  and  officials  of  the  General 
Conference — are  "promulgating  a  propaganda  that  denies  the 
integrity,  infallibility  and  authority  of  the  Bible,  and  thereby 
nullifies  the  doctrines  of  the  church." 

It  is  safe  to  predict  that  Dr.  Munhall's  well-meant  warn- 
ing will  not  stem  the  tide  of  Modernism  within  the  Methodist 
denomination.  Modernism  is  simply  Protestantism  carried  to 
its  legitimate  and  final  conclusions.  The  Catholic  Church  alone 
possesses  the  effective  antidote.  To  the  Catholic  Church,  there- 
fore, believing  Protestants  of  every  denomination  will  eventu- 
ally have  to  return,  to  escape  the  peril  of  being  engulfed  by 
infidelity.  That,  in  the  economy  of  Divine  Providence, 'ap- 
pears to  be  the  ration  d'etre  of  Modernism. 

The  Protest  Against  Nathan 

The  protest  of  the  Catholic  Federation  and  the  Catholic 
press  against  the  appointment  of  Ernesto  Nathan  as  Italian 
commissioner  to  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  is  echoed 
by  at  least  one  fair-minded  non-Catholic.  Mr.  Charles  F. 
Lummis,  widely  known  as  the  author  of  "The  Spanish  Pio- 
neers," says  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  President  of  the 
Exposition  (we  quote  from  the  Chicago  Columbian,  Vol.  43, 
No.  17): 

"...  As  a  historian  I  cannot  but  realize  that  your  exposition 
is  to  celebrate  an  event,  or  a  sequence  of  events,  in  which  Catholics 
were  the  chief,  if  not  the  only  actors.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  canal 
itself,  everything  that  you  celebrate  is  related  to  the  Catholic  Church. 
.  .  .  Mr.  Nathan  is  a  rabid  enemy  of  that  faith  to  which  we  owe 
the  discovery,  the  exploration,  and  the  colonization  of  the  three 
Americas;  and  he  is  not  only  active  in  speech  and  in  type  against  the 
Church,  but  also  against  its  head — the  Pope.  It  seems  obvious  that 
in  a  celebration  of  this  sort  it  will  be  imperative  to  have  the  good 
will  of  the  Catholics.  Whatever  official  considerations  may  enter,  it 
will  be  financially  disastrous  to  the  exposition  if  a  large  proportion  of 
Catholics  of  this  and  other  countries  boycott  San  Francisco  because 
of  this  offensive  appointment.     .     .     ." 

This  is  putting  the  objection  against  Nathan  on  the  low- 
est plane ;  but  Mr.  Lummis  no  doubt  purposely  chose  the 
argument  which  he  knew  would  appeal  most  forcibly  to  the 
business  men  at  the  head  of  the  Exposition. 


296  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

The  Sacramento  Catholic  Herald  (Vol.  7,  No.  5),  by  the 
way,  registers  a  rumor  to  the  effect  that  "notwithstanding 
the  protest  of  the  Catholics  of  California,  and  of  the  coun- 
try, Italy  will  insist  upon  forcing  Nathan  upon  this  coun- 
try as  her  representative  at  the  World's  Fair." 

*  *     * 

Catholics  and  Neutral  Societies 

In  a  report  of  the  funeral  of  Peter  Riley,  of  Albany,  Ore., 
in  the  Portland  Oregonian,  April  26,  we  read : 

"The  funeral  services  were  held  at  St.  Mary's  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  and  were  conducted  by  Rev.  Father  Lane,  rector  of  the 
church.  The  members  of  the  Elks,  Knights  of  Columbus,  and  Knights 
of  the  Maccabees  assisted  in  the  burial  services.'' 

"The  Church,"  in  the  words  of  Bishop  Corbett  (see  this 
Review,  Vol.  21,  No.  7,  p.  196),  "cries  out  against  secret 
organizations;"  but,  unfortunately,  her  cry  of  protest  is  not 
always  heeded,  even  by  her  appointed  servants.  A  reader  of 
the  Fortnightly  suggests  that  at  every  funeral  of  a  Catholic 
who  belonged  to  a  secret  or  neutral  society,  the  officiating 
priest,  in  lieu  of  the  usual  funeral  sermon,  should  repeat  in 
a  solemn  voice,  or  distribute  in  printed  form,  the  words  of 
Bishop  Corbett  {ibid.)  : 

"Neutral  societies  endeavor  to  place  all  religions  on  an  equal 
basis.  Although  not  professedly  inimical  to  the  Church,  they  are 
rarely  harmless  and  nearly  always  expose  Catholics  to  moral  and 
religious  dangers.  By  these  associations,  the  Catholic  is  liable  to 
impair  the  integrity  of  his  faith.  Catholics  should  prefer  to  mingle 
with  their  coreligionists  in  Catholic  organizations.  Liberalism  in 
religion  freely  flourishes  among  Catholics  who  have  joined  non- 
Catholic  societies.  The  old  saying  is  ever  true  :  Evil  communications 
corrupt  good   manners." 

*  -fi      * 

A  Lesson  Heeded 

In  concluding  his  admirable  article  on  "The  Hans  Schmidt 
Case"  in  Vol.  20,  No.  20,  of  this  Review,  the  Rev.  F.  Markert, 
S.V.D.,  said: 

"The  case  of  Hans  Schmidt  has  been  described  in  one  of  our 
leading  Catholic  weeklies  as  'a  misfortune  to  the  Catholic  Church  in 
America.'  No  doubt  it  has  hit  us  all  hard.  But  if  its  lessons  are 
heeded  by  those  concerned,  it  will  prove  providential." 

( )nc  of  these  lessons  has  been  heeded.     A  recent  C.  P.  A. 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  297 

cablegram  from  Rome,  after  outlining  the  new  motu  proprio 
of  His  Holiness  for  the  establishment  of  a  college  to  train 
priests  for  the  care  of  emigrants,  says : 

"A  supplementary  decree  of  the  Consistorial  Congregation  lays 
down  strict  rules  concerning  priests  emigrating  to  America  and  the 
Philippines.  In  future  an  emigrating  priest  will  have  to  be  able  to 
show  from  his  prospective  ordinary  a  guarantee  of  his  reception  and  a 
definite  assignment.  His  bishop,  however,  before  granting  him  his 
exeat,  will  have  to  communicate  with  the  respective  bishop  in  America 
and  despatch  the  priest  after  careful  identification.  This  precaution 
is  taken  to  end  the  practice  of  priests  going  to  the  new  world  for 
personal  advantage.  The  bishops  in  America  are  commanded  not  to 
receive  into  their  diocese  priests  who  are  not  furnished  with  the  fullest 
credentials.  These  regulations  will  apply  also  to  priests  leaving  their 
country  for  a  short  visit." 


A  LITTLE  BOOK  OF  JOY 

Bishop  Keppler's  now  famous  essay  on  joy  originally 
appeared  as  a  chapter  in  the  second  volume  of  his  work 
"Aus  Kunst  und  Leben."  In  reviewing  that  volume  we 
said  (Fortnightly  Review,  1907,  Vol.  14,  No.  8,  p.  255) : 

"The  seventh  and  concluding  essay,  'Ueber  die  Freude,'  is  really 
exquisite  and  deserves  to  be  Englished  and  published  in  a  form  corre- 
sponding to  its  dainty  contents,  as  A  Little  Book  of  Joy.  It  is  classi- 
cal in  thought  and  style  and  must  prove  to  every  sympathetic  reader 
a  source  of  that  true  spiritual  joy  which  our  pessimistic  and  material- 
istic age  so  sadly  lacks." 

Nothing  came  of  this  suggestion  at  the  time ;  but  two 
years  later  Bishop  Keppler  himself  revised  the  essay  on 
joy  and  republished  it  separately  under  its  present  title, 
"Mehr  Freude."  Reviewing  this  welcome  little  volume  we 
observed  in  1909  (Vol.  16,  No.  16,  p.  470) : 

"We  are  more  than  ever  of  the  opinion  that  such  a  book  would 
be  a  godsend  to  many  of  our  English-speaking  people,  especially  in 
this  'land  of  the  strenuous  life,'  where  there  is  so  much  variety  of 
amusement  and  yet  so  little  true  joy." 

This  month,  at  last,  our  wish  was  gratified,  when  B. 
Herder  placed  upon  our  table  a  handsomely  printed  vol- 
ume entitled  "More  Joy.  By  the  Rt.  Rev.  Paul  Wilhelm 
von  Keppler,  Bishop  of  Rottenburg.  Adapted  into  Eng- 
lish from  the  Edition  of  1911,  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  McSor- 


298  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ley,  C.S.P."  (viii  &  257  pp.  8  vo.  $1,  net).  Father  McSor- 
ley,  who  earned  his  spurs  as  a  translator  from  the  German 
language  by  his  excellent  rendition  of  Hansjakob's  ser- 
mons on  Grace,  has  done  full  justice  to  Bishop  Keppler's 
exquisite  essay.  His  translation  is  faithful,  idiomatic,  and 
polished,  and  partakes  of  the  poetic  spirit  of  the  original. 
In  one  place  (pp.  135  sqq.)  he  has  added  a  few  pages  from 
Jorgensen's  Life  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi.  The  author's  quota- 
tions have  all,  or  nearly  all,  been  traced  and  verified,  and  but 
for  a  few  misprints,  chiefly  in  the  foot-notes,  and  a  somewhat 
too  sombre  binding,  the  book  is  almost  perfect. 

Bishop  von  Keppler  goes  straight  to  the  heart  of  his 
subject.  He  shows  how,  under  the  Christian  dispensation, 
every  man  has  a  right  to  be  happy  and  to  rejoice  in  the 
Lord  always ;  how  modern  civilization  with  its  irreligious 
trend,  its  awful  stress  and  grind,  its  exploitation  of  the 
poor  and  lowly,  its  fearful  excesses  in  drink  and  venery, 
etc..  robs  rich  and  poor  alike  of  that  joy  which  alone  makes 
life  worth  living.  And,  what  is  more  important,  he  shows 
us  how  that  joy  can  be  regained. 

Cheerfulness  and  joy,  as  Newman  says  in  a  passage 
which  we  should  like  to  have  seen  embodied  in  the  Eng- 
lish edition  of  Keppler's  work,  are  "a  great  Christian  duty. 
Whatever  be  our  circumstances,  within  or  without,  though 
'without  be  fighting  and  within  be  fears,'  yet  the  Apostle's 
words  are  express,  'Rejoice  in  the  Lord  always.'  That  sorrow, 
that  solicitude,  that  fear,  that  repentance  is  not  Christian 
which  has  not  its  portion  of  Christian  joy;  for  'God  is 
greater  than  our  hearts,'  and  no  evil,  past  or  future,  within 
or  without,  is  equal  to  the  saying  that  Christ  has  died  and 
reconciled  the  world  unto  Himself.  We  are  ever  in  His 
presence,  be  we  cast  down  or  be  we  exalted  ;  and  'in  His 
presence,  is  the  fulness  of  joy.'  'Let  the  brother  of  low 
degree  rejoice  that  he  is  exalted,  but  the  rich  that  he  is 
made  low'  (James  i,  9,  10).  'He  that  is  called  in  the  Lord, 
being  ;t  servant,  is  the  Lord's  freeman;  likewise  also  he 
that  is  called,  is  Christ's  servant'  (1  Cor.  vii,  22).  Whether 
we  eat  or  drink,  or  whatever  we  do,  to  His  glory  must  we 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  299 

do  all,  and  if  to  His  glory,  to  our  great  joy;  for  His  service 
is  perfect  freedom ;  and  what  are  the  very  angels  in  heaven 
but  His  ministers?  Nothing  is  evil  but  separation  from 
Him ;  while  we  are  allowed  to  visit  His  temple,  we  cannot 
but  enter  into  His  gates  with  gladness  and  thanksgiving, 
and  into  His  courts  with  praise.'  'Is  any,'  then,  'among  us 
afflicted?  let  him  pray;  is  any  merry?  let  him  sing 
psalms.'  "  (Sermons  Bearing  on  Subjects  of  the  Day,  pp. 
384  sqq.) 

"More  Joy"  develops  these  thoughts  and  shows  their 
practical  bearing  on  life.  It  is  a  precious  book,  and  no  one 
who  begins  to  read  it  will  lay  it  aside ;  and  no  one  who 
reads  it  through  will  be  satisfied  with  one  reading,  and  no 
one  who  digests  it  can  fail  to  experience  a  fulfillment  of 
the  author's  wish : 

"In  many  species  of  trees,  the  seed-capsules  are  winged 
so  that,  instead  of  falling  under  the  tree  to  lie  there,  they 
may  be  carried  off"  by  the  wind  to  find  better  soil.  Thus 
may  this  seed  of  joy,  winged  by  a  blessing  from  above,  fly 
on  favorable  winds  through  all  lands,  to  find  everywhere 
good  soil  and  bring  forth  fruit  thirtyfold,  sixtyfold,  a  hun- 
dredfold" (p.  257). 


A  CATHOLIC  WOMEN'S  LEAGUE 

The  German  Central  Verein,  which  is  the  pioneer  Cath- 
olic social  reform  organization  in  this  country  at  its  last 
convention  in  Buffalo,  in  1913,  decided  to  create  a  national 
Catholic  Women's  League  for  the  important  work  of  social 
reconstruction. 

As  Father  Joseph  Husslein,  S.J.,  points  out  in  a  recent 
number  of  "America"  (Vol.  11,  No.  1),  while  woman's  first 
place  is  no  doubt  the  home,  and  it  would  be  criminal  for 
her  to  neglect  her  duties  there  for  outward  activity  and 
social  notoriety,  we  must  admit  that  the  times  are  out  of 
joint  and  as  Catholics  we  are  born  to  set  them  right.  The 
work  must,  of  course,  begin  within  our  own  souls  and 
within  our  own  homes ;  but  this  is  no  excuse  for  abstaining 
from  social  co-operation.     Even  the  busiest  among  us  can 


300  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

find  spare  moments  to  devote  to  charity  and  propagating 
the  faith  and  sound  principles  of  living. 

The  Central  Yerein's  plan  is  still  in  a  tentative  stage.  A 
committee  headed  by  our  friend,  Mr.  Peter  J.  Bourscheidt, 
of  Peoria,  111.,  is  addressing  circulars  to  the  clergy  with  a 
view  of  establishing  a  number  of  local  parish  groups,  on 
which  the  national  organization  may  later  be  erected.  In 
a  recent  circular  they  rightly  say : 

"Whatever  view  the  thinking  observer  may  hold  with  regard  to 
equal  rights  for  women  in  politics,  it  is  a  question  which  can  no 
longer  be  ignored,  and  the  necessity  is  apparent  of  training  our 
Catholic  women  so  that  they  will  be  able  to  make  intelligent  use  of 
the  franchise  when  it  is  given  to  them." 

As  the  principal  object  of  every  Christian  must  be  to 
sanctify  his  own  soul  and  hallow  his  family  life,  the  first 
thing  recommended  is  women's  sodalities,  motherhood 
leagues,  and  similar  organizations.  Next  are  suggested 
the  works  of  Christian  charity  and  the  corporal  and  spir- 
itual works  of  mercy  along  the  lines  of  the  St.  Vincent  de 
Paul  Society.  Then,  the  education  and  care  of  the  young, 
vocational  or  domestic  instruction,  the  propagation  of 
Catholic  literature,  and  general  mission  work  within  and 
beyond  the  parish  limits.  Another  sphere  of  activity  is  the 
care  of  immigrants,  the  protection  of  strangers  and  of  neg- 
lected or  erring  girls,  assistance  in  legal  cases,  in  procur- 
ing employment,  and  in  aiding  the  movement  for  just 
wages,  particularly  for  girl  and  woman  employees. 

We  heartily  agree  with  Fr.  Husslein  that  this  is  a  great 
and  timely  work  which  deserves  the  co-operation  of  every 
Catholic  woman  in  the  land. 


"I  have  a  great  hope,"  John  Ruskin  wrote  as  a  young  man, 
"of  disturbing  the  public  peace  in  various  directions."  A 
splendid  purpose,  and  one  for  which  the  occasion  always  exists. 
When  conditions  are  rotten,  what  can  possibly  be  worse  than 
contentment?  What  public  service,  in  Church  or  State,  can  be 
better  than  to  "disturb  the  peace  in  various  directions"?  The 
Fortnightly  Review  has  always  tried  to  render  this  service, 
and  it  will  continue  to  do  so. 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  301 

IS  NATIONAL  PROHIBITION  IMMINENT? 

The  New  York  Times  (April  19)  prints  some  maps  and 
figures  which  must  prove  startling  to  those  who  have  thought 
of  the  temperance  movement  in  this  country  as  merely  a  futile 
expression  of  "crankiness."  It  appears  that  of  the  total  area 
of  the  United  States,  2,973,890  square  miles,  no  less  than 
2.132,746  are  already  under  no-license  laws.  In  other  words, 
on  less  than  one-third  of  this  nation's  area  the  sale  of  liquor  is 
legalized.  Population  figures  are  less  striking,  because  few  or 
none  of  the  great  cities  are  within  "dry"  territory,  but  they 
remain  astonishing  to  the  average  citizen.  Of  the  total  popula- 
tion of  the  country,  91,972,266,  over  46,500,000  are  now  living 
in  territory  from  which  intoxicating  liquor  has  been  outlawed. 
Another  tabular  statement  which  will  surprise  most  people  is 
this: 

States    under    prohibition 9 

States  having  between  50  and  75  per  cent  of  their  population  under 

prohibition  17 

States  having  between  25  per  cent  and  50  per  cent  of  their  popu- 
lation  under   prohibition 13 

States  with  some  prohibition  but  with  less  than  25  per  cent  of  their 
population  affected  thereby 9 

It  will  be  noted,  therefore,  that  the  prohibition  forces, 
backed  by  laws  of  one  sort  or  another,  have  gained  a  foothold 
in  forty-eight  States,  and  that,  at  the  present  moment,  about 
one-half  the  total  population  of  the  country  is  living  under 
no-license  laws. 

This  remarkable  progress  of  the  prohibition  cause  is  largely 
due  to  the  American  Anti-Saloon  League.  This  mighty  organi- 
zation, founded  in  1905,  is  now  represented  by  active  bodies 
in  every  State  of  the  Union.  Its  funds  are  furnished  by  private 
subscription  and  through  church  collections.  Its  official  organ, 
The  American  Issue,  publishes  special  editions  for  twenty-five 
of  the  States.  In  addition  there  is  the  "National  Edition"  and 
two  other  national  publications,  the  Weekly  New  Republic 
and  the  Monthly  American  Patriot.  The  League  has  ten  other 
State  publications.  For  the  establishment  of  a  printing  office 
in  Washington,  to  be  devoted  to  the  furtherance  of  the  prohi- 
bition cause,  three  men  have  given  $50,000.     Contracts  are 


302  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

already  let  for  the  publication  there  of  a  daily  newspaper,  which 
is  expected  to  have  an  immediate  circulation  of  100,000*. 

The  chief  object  in  view  is  to  write  into  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  a  prohibition  of  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  alcoholic  drink.  It  is  quite  likely  that  this  campaign  will 
succeed.  The  Webb-Kenyon  act,  of  1913,  has  already  enabled 
prohibition  States  to  enforce  their  own  anti-liquor  regulations. 
A  bill  to  submit  to  the  States  a  constitutional  amendment  in 
favor  of  national  prohibition  is  now  before  Congress,  and  will 
probably  receive  the  necessary  two-thirds  vote  in  both  houses. 
The  bill  will  then  go  to  the  States.  Twenty-seven  of  these  are 
sure  for  the  bill.  The  President  has  no  power  to  veto  over 
such  a  resolution.  Its  ratification  by  thirty-six  of  the  forty- 
eight  States  would  incorporate  it  in  the  Constitution  and  make 
it  irrevocable  except  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  Congress,  ratified 
at  the  polls  by  three-fourths  of  the  States.  Once  sent  to  the 
States,  it  is  almost  certain  to  be  eventually  ratified.  For  a 
State  which  has  once  ratified  cannot  withdraw,  and  the  League 
will  not  cease  its  efforts  until  it  secures  ratification,  whether 
on  the  first  ballot  or  the  500th,  of  the  requisite  number  of  States. 

Xo  wonder  the  liquor  interests  are  in  a  panic.  "To  us  there 
is  the  handwriting  on  the  wall,"  recently  said  the  National 
Liquor  Dealers'  Journal  (Sept.  10,  1913),  "and  its  interpreta- 
tion spells  doom."  And  the  same  journal  was  frank  enough 
to  add : 

"For  this  the  liquor  business  is  to  blame ;  it  seems  incapable  of 
learning  any  lessons  of  advancement  or  any  motive  but  profit.  To 
perpetuate  itself  it  has  formed  alliances  with  the  slums  that  repel  all 
conscientious  citizens.  It  deliberately  aids  the  most  corrupt  powers. 
.  .  .  Why?  Because  it  has  to  ask  immunity  for  its  own  lawlessness. 
.  .  .  There  are  billions  of  dollars  involved,  .  .  .  but  when  the 
people  decide  thac  the  truth  is  being  told  about  the  alcoholic  liquor 
trade,  the  money  value  will  not  count.  .  .  .  Prepare  the  defense, 
friends,  make  your  case  ready  for  court,  the  trial  cannot  be  post- 
poned." 

We  are  not  of  the  number  of  those  who  think  that  national 


•For  a  full  account  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  the  League,  see 
E.  H.  Cherrington's  "History  of  the  Anti-Saloon  League,"  American 
Issue  Pub.  Co.,  W'esterville,  O.  Price  !*0  cts.  The  constitution  and 
by-laws  of  the  League,  together  with  much  other  interesting  information, 
ran  be  found  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  15th  National  Convention, 
Columbus,  O.,  1913,  published  by  the  Secretary,  S.  E.  Nicholson,  Rich- 
mond,   Ind. 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  303 

prohibition  will  solve  "the  liquor  problem."  So  long  as  several 
millions  of  free  Americans  insist  on  drinking  beer,  wine  and 
whiskey,  they  will  have  it  somehow,  even  at  great  peril,  and  of 
those  unable  to  procure  alcohol,  it  is  to  be  feared  that  many 
will  take  to  drugs  even  more  dangerous  to  health  and  morals. 
The  liquor  problem,  as  we  have  more  than  once  pointed  out,  can 
be  solved  only  in  connection  with  a  sane  and  sound  Christian 
social  reform  such  as  that  launched  by  the  Catholic  Central 
Society — a  movement  which  aims  at  a  reasonable  control  by 
both  legal  and  moral  means.  It  is  a  real  pity  the  liquor  deal- 
ers, who  are  by  no  means  all  bad,  have  let  abuses  grow  to 
such  proportions  as  to  render  it  impossible  now  to  stem  the 
onrushing  tide  of  prohibition  which,  while  it  may  do  some  good, 
will  surely  result  in  much  damage  and  harm. 


WITH  OUR  CONTEMPORARIES 


"America"  (No.  24)  admits  that,  like  Langlande  (the 
reputed  author  of  The  Vision  of  Piers  the  Plowman,  which 
has  recently  been  translated  into  modern  prose  by  Kate  M. 
Warren),  one  may  be  loyal  to  the  Church  and  yet  sternly 
condemn  abuses  within  her,  though  that  be  "a  position 
which  some  people  find  it  hard  to  understand."  To  us,  as 
to  old  Langlande,  this  has  always  seemed  the  only  correct 
attitude  for  a  well-instructed  and  loyal  Catholic  to  take, 
call  it  "aggressive  conservatism"  or  whatever  you  will. 

The  Sacramento  (Cal.)  Catholic  Herald,  in  the  course 
of  an  editorial  article  on  the  new  A.  P.  A.  movement  (Vol. 
7,  No.  5),  makes  bold  to  say: 

"We  have  a  lot  of  Catholic  jellyfish  in  Congress  who  need  to  be 
stimulated  and  enforced  with  more  backbone." 

The  "Catholic  jellyfish"  are  conspicuous  not  only  in 
Congress,  but  everywhere  in  our  public  life.  They  are  a 
detriment  to  the  Church.  Who  is  to  blame?  All  of  us 
more  or  less.  But  especially  the  Catholic  press,  which  has 
helped  to  elect  most  of  these  fellows  to  office,  but  rarely 
shows  even  as  much  courage  as  the  Catholic  Herald  in  its 
above-quoted  censure.  A  little  less  politicizing  of  the  kind 
complained  of  by  General  Miles  and  more  capable,  honest 


304  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

and  loyal  Catholic  laymen  in  important  public  offices  would 

improve  matters  wonderfully. 

*  *     * 

The  Church  Progress  (Vol.  37,  No.  3)  publishes  a  ruling 
of  the  Assistant  Attorney  General  of  the  Post  Office  De- 
partment to  the  effect  that  "matter  advertising  or  relating 
to  euchre  parties  at  which  prizes  are  distributed  is  held  to 
be  unmailable  under  the  postal  lottery  statutes,  whenever 
any  fee  of  any  kind  is  charged  for  the  privilege  of  partici- 
pating in  the  game." 

♦  ■•■    ♦ 

"Billie  Burke,"  the  actress,  who  has  had  somewhat  of  a 
vogue  among  Catholics  because  she  was  reputed  to  be  a 
member  of  the  Church,  recently  married  a  divorcee  before 
a  Lutheran  minister.  Which  moves  the  Catholic  Citizen 
(Vol.  43,  No.  24)  to  say : 

"The  religion  of  many  of  these  dramatic  personalities  is  like  their 
roles,  very  changeable.  We  must  demand  a  certificate  from  the  actor's 
pastor  to  be  sure  that  the  actor  is  still  a  Catholic.  And  the  certificate 
should  have  a  recent  date." 

There  is  no  need  of  such  certificates.  Let  the  Catholic 
press  simply  quit  puffing  actors  and  actresses  who  claim, 
or  are  believed  to  be,  Catholics.  It  is  no  credit  to  the 
Church  anyway  to  have  her  children  engaged  in  the  pro- 
duction of  the  smutty  plays  that  now  disgrace  the  stage. 

■••••••#■ 

In  challenging  the  "Live  Issue"  to  a  debate  on  Social- 
ism in  its  relation  to  Christianity,  the  Chicago  Christian 
Socialist  (Vol.  11,  No.  8)  says: 

"We  stipulate,  however,  that  in  making  quotations,  the  chapter, 
page,  paragraph  and  edition  be  given.  We  stipulate  this  because  we 
have  frequently  found  it  impossible  to  locate  the  quotations  given  by 
Roman   controversialists." 

Such  utterances  on  the  part  of  non-Catholic  journals 
show  how  well  founded  was  our  oft-repeated  warning  to 
our  confreres  of  the  Catholic  press  to  be  conscientious  and 
scrupulously  careful  in  making  quotations.  A  little  more 
genuine  scholarship  and  love  of  truth  and  a  little  less 
buncombe  and  sentimentality,  brethren,  would  help  the 
good  cause  along  mightily. 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  305 

MODERN  FADS  VS.  PEDAGOGIC  EFFICIENCY 

Every  now  and  then  we  meet  in  the  voluminous  educational 
literature  of  the  day  a  refreshingly  candid  statement  of  condi- 
tions in  the  school-world.  We  have  been  so  accustomed  to 
hear  the  praises  of  our  "highly  developed"  educational  sys- 
tem, and  are  so  inured  to  complimentary  remarks  regarding  our 
entire  scheme  of  instruction,  from  kindergarten  to  university, 
that  few  ever  think  of  shortcomings  or  imperfections  or  faulty 
methods  in  connection  with  the  intellectual  training  so  gen- 
erously imparted.  And  yet,  if  we  read  the  really  solid  contribu- 
tions to  the  literature  of  pedagogy,  and  study  some  of  the 
articles  in  the  standard  journals  of  education,  we  find  hardly 
an  end  of  what  seems  to  be,  in  most  cases,  well-founded  and 
well-sustained  criticism  of  the  entire  curriculum.  The  present 
writer  was  struck  by  the  number  of  such  pertinent  criticisms 
during  a  study  of  recent  educational  literature.  They  furnish 
an  interesting  comment  on  some  of  the  much-lauded  features 
of  our  educational  efforts  and  are  here  reproduced  with  the 
purpose  of  giving  some  encouragement  to  those  teachers  who 
are  afraid  that,  by  following  time-honored,  yet  sound  and  well- 
tried  methods  of  teaching,  they  will  fall  behind  on  the  path 
leading  to  the  highest  pedagogic  efficiency. 

Our  age  is  decidedly  one  of  teachers'  institutes  and  teach- 
ers' conventions.  There  are  all  sorts  of  school-masters'  asso- 
ciations, societies  for  teachers  of  modern  languages,  of  the 
classics,  of  English,  etc.  There  are  frequent  meetings  of  the 
"Department  of  Superintendence,"  of  Teachers  of  the  North 
Central  Association,  the  Middle  West,  the  Pacific  States,  etc. 
There  are  certain  "meeting-enthusiasts"  who  regard  the  utter- 
ances of  such  societies  as  the  "last  word"  in  modern  pedagogy. 
There  are  others  who  think  differently.  Among  the  latter  is 
Professor  Edgar  J.  Swift,  who  at  the  conclusion  of  his  book, 
"Youth  and  the  Race"  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  1912),  says: 

"It  is  no  idle  charge  that  teachers  do  not  know  what  they  are 
trying  to  do.  One  needs  but  to  read  the  pedagogical  literature  and 
attend  the  institutes  to  see  how  indefinite  are  their  purposes.  Vague 
phrases  about  mental  discipline  and  moral  training  have  long  been 
the  schoolmaster's  chief  asset.     It  is  time  for  them  to  take  an  account 


306  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  stock  and  reorganize  before  the  outraged  public  puts  the  schools  in 
the  hands  of   receivers." 

This  plain  speech  may  prevent  some  teachers,  who  have 
not  as  yet  been  "privileged"  to  take  part  in  institutes,  from 
attending  them. 

Again,  the  vast  amount  of  reading  said  to  have  been  done 
by  high-school  and  college  students,  both  in  English  and  in 
foreign  languages,  has  often  amazed  teachers  of  literature. 
In  connection  with  "the  amount  of  reading"  of  college  students, 
there  has  been  a  good  deal  of  discussion  concerning  "Pre- 
scribed English  in  College,"  "Entrance  Requirements  in  Eng- 
lish," and  so  forth.  There  has  been  much  use  of  high-sounding 
terms  in  these  debates — "teaching  the  pupil  the  proper  atti- 
tude towards  life,"  "adjusting  the  student's  taste  to  the  larger 
issues  of  literature."  "imbuing  him  with  the  spirit  of  world- 
literature,"  etc.  All  very  good.  But  have  the  results  of  this 
heroic  work  always  been  proportional  to  the  efforts  put  forth? 
To  achieve  the  large  ends  just  enumerated,  the  pupil  is  per- 
haps to  do  a  large  amount  of  "required  reading"  and  "report" 
thereon.  But  a  professor  of  the  University  of  Texas,  discuss- 
ing these  issues  (Educational  Review,  June,  1913,  p.  57), 
counsels  his  colleagues : 

"Rather  than  give  fifteen  books  to  be  reported  on,  reduce  the 
number  to  five ;  let  the  reading  be  intensive  rather  than  extensive. 
It  will  be  true  that  Miss  So-and-so  at  some  social  festivity  cannot 
say  that  she  has  read  so  many  books,  and  she  may  not  be  so  charming 
and  superficially  ornate  a  conversationalist,  but  Miss  So-and-so  will 
be  much  more  fortunate  if  she  knows  something  about  two  or  three 
books,  even  though  at  the  sacrifice  of  not  making  impressions  in 
society." 

The  Texas  professor  is  followed  by  a  teacher  of  Columbia 
College,  New  York,  who  frankly  confesses : 

"It  seems  to  me  that  the  Department  of  English  has  missed  the 
mark  in  its  prescribed  courses.  The  work  is  in  my  opinion  misdirected 
and  pedantic  and  makes  little  attempt  to  stimulate  in  the  student  a 
healthy  and  sincere  love  of  letters.  The  average  Freshman  comes  to 
college  with  a  cynical  scorn  of  literature,  which  has  not  infrequently 
been  justified  by  the  unlovely,  mechanical  toil  of  the  high  schools. 
He  has  been  treated  to  large  and  nauseous  doses  of  rhetoric;  he  has 
been  forced  to  read  books  which  he  hated;  he  has  dissected  and  muti- 
lated poems   without  comprehension  or  intention ;  he  has  'ground  out' 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  307 

an  apparently  endless  succession  of  themes  on  the  most  unprofitable 
subjects." 

These  statements  seem  to  point  to  great  confusion  in  the 
minds  of  teachers  as  to  what  is  important,  and  what  desirable, 
in  English  courses.  That  the  same  uncertainty  and  confusion 
mark  the  teaching  of  foreign  literature,  forms  the  main  burden 
of  an  article  by  Professor  A.  Schinz  in  the  Educational  Review 
for  October,  1913.  He  intends  to  show  the  "difference  between 
the  work  of  the  high  school,  college  and  graduate  school." 
Many  will  doubt  whether  he  has  succeeded  in  this  purpose. 
The  article  is  a  good  instance  of  the  "delightfully  candid"  criti- 
cism referred  to  above.  But  Mr.  Schinz  does  not  blink  the  facts. 
Speaking  of  the  large  number  of  books  "gone  through"  in  the 
modern  language  course,  he  quotes  with  approval  from  Profes- 
sor Julius  Sachs,  who 

"makes  it  evident  that  preparatory  schools  have  been  carried  out  of 
their  own  way  by  fatal  influences.  He  courageously  points  out  two. 
The  first  which  he  says  is  not  only  'peculiar  to  the  French  and  Ger- 
man situation,  but  also  to  the  requirements  in  other  subjects,'  namely, 
'we  strive  too  high.'  It  looks  well  on  paper  to  submit  to  students,  who 
have  studied  two  or  three  years,  passages  from!  Wilhelm  Tell,  Jung- 
f rau,  Wallenstein,  Tasso,'  that  is  all ;  let  us  call  it  by  its  name — bluff." 

But  this  is  not  all.  We  used  to  think  that  the  study  of 
French  and  German,  even  if  carried  on  for  only  two  or  three 
years,  was  useful  to  give  a  glimpse  of  the  riches  of  the  litera- 
tures of  these  two  nations.  This  was  also  the  opinion  embodied 
in  a  document  well  known  to  every  modern  language  teacher — 
the  Report  of  the  Committee  of  Twelve  of  the  Modern  Lan- 
guage Association  of  America.  We  there  read  (Sec.  2)  :  "The 
first  and  greatest  value  of  the  study  of  the  modern  languages 
must  be  looked  for,  then,  in  the  introduction  of  the  learner  to 
the  life  and  literature  of  the  two  great  peoples  who,  next  to  the 
English  stock,  have  made  the  most  important  contributions  to 
European  civilization."  Professor  Schinz  contends  that  this 
famous  Report,  "which  represents  our  present  official  creed  in 
the  matter,  must  be  regarded  as  antiquated,"  and  he  overrules 
the  dictum  just  cited  with  a  tersely-worded  gloss :  "Vague 
words,  anyway." 

We  quoted  above  the  admonition  of  a  teacher  to  require 
five  rather  than  fifteen  books  for  "report."    What  would  this 


308  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

same  instructor  say  to  the  college  president  mentioned  by  Pro- 
fessor Schinz  (1.  c,  p.  243),  "who  claims  that  students  must 
read,  and  claims  that  students  can  read,  all  of  English  literature 
during  their  college  course,"  and  to  the  professor  "who  thinks 
they  are  poor  students  who  cannot  master  a  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-five plays  in  six  weeks"? 

Is  it  matter  for  surprise  that  students  who  have  thus  gal- 
loped through  any  of  the  great  national  literatures  will  develop 
smartness  and  self-conceit?  Professor  Schinz  is  ready  for 
such  amateurs  and  sciolists. 

"For  my  part,  I  have  come  to  the  point  that  I  forbid  my  students 
to  have  opinions,  for  those  opinions  (Moliere  is  stupid,  Corneille  is  a 
bore,  Voltaire  is  a  fake,  Rousseau  is  hysterical)  are  not  worth  the 
trouble  of  listening  to." 

Nor  does  he  think  more  highly  of  graduate  students  whose 
ignorance  "regarding  the  period  (of  literature)  they  study  is 
often  stupefying."  As  regards  the  "original  research"  output 
of  these  students,  he  fears 

"that  this  flood  of  endless  and  immature  and  badly  digested  disserta- 
tion causes  American  scholarship  to  be  misjudged  abroad.  I  am  sure 
America  would  gain  in  scientific  prestige  if  we  discontinued  the  print- 
ing of  theses,  for  it  would  go  a  long  way  towards  preventing  the 
spreading  of  the  opinion  that  our  scientific  productions  are  not  up  to 
the  mark.  Moreover,  it  would  prevent,  at  the  same  time,  the  student 
from  narrowing  his  interest  terribly,  concentrating  it  on  a  small  point 
of  erudition  just  at  the  time  he  gets  ready  for  his  humanitarian  pro- 
fession, i.  e.,  when  he  ought  to  work  towards  broad-mindedness."  (L. 
c,  pp.  248,  250.) 

These  and  other  extracts  from  the  same  article  give  us 
some  fine  examples  of  educational  "topsyturvydom."  Methods 
of  lecturing,  modes  of  reading,  text-books  in  use,  the  "smart- 
ness" of  thore  on  the  benches — are  some  of  the  features  of 
modern  pedagogy  that  are  "illumined"  by  this  address  before 
the  Convention  of  College  French  Professors  held  at  the  Col- 
lege of  the  City  of  New  York,  Easter,  1913.  We  are  some- 
what surprised  the  paper  has  not  caused  more  comment.  Our 
idea  in  presenting  these  criticisms  is  not  to  make  "confusion 
worse  confounded."  Quite  the  contrary.  It  is  well  to  point 
out  weaknesses  and  defects  in  class-room  methods  and  in  the 
pet  schemes  of  individual  teachers.     Such  candid  statements, 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  309 

radical  though  they  be,  ultimately  make  for  betterment.  By 
the  very  vehemence  of  their  condemnation  of  shortcomings  in 
present  educational  schemes,  they  call  renewed  attention  to 
what  is  still  of  "good  report"  in  methods  of  teaching  and  to 
what  has  won  the  approval  of  clear-thinking  educators. 

It  is  matter  for  congratulation  that,  in  our  Catholic  insti- 
tutions, teachers  have  thus  far,  perhaps  unconsciously,  adhered 
to  the  wholesome  advice :  "Tene  quod  habes" — hold  fast  to 
the  approved,  to  the  well-established,  to  what  hath  commended 
itself  to  the  ripest  wisdom  and  experience  of  past  generations 
of  instructors.  There  are  certain  ways  of  imparting  knowl- 
edge which  are  based  on  the  very  mentality  of  the  race.  Why 
set  them  aside  in  favor  of  the  untried,  the  apparently  brilliant 
methods  of  a  later  shallow  pedagogy?  Experience  shows  it 
is  not  worth  while  to  do  so. 

In  another  paper  I  shall  present  further  interesting  testi- 
mony as  to  recent  educational  methods  and  principles,  and  this 
testimony  will  be  of  a  kind  to  encourage  teachers  who  have 
honestly  and  faithfully  done  their  duty,  unhampered  by  the 
unsound  excrescences  of  the  later  pedagogics. 

St.  Louis  University.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.J. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


Concerning  the  Catholic  Directory 

Apropos  of  your  article  on  the  Catholic  Directory  for  1914 
(No.  9)  permit  a  pastor  to  call  attention  to  the  following  facts: 

We  cannot  have  a  reliable  Catholic  Directory  until  it  is  no 
longer  dangerous  for  a  pastor  to  state  the  actual  number  of  families 
in  his  parish. 

In  a  certain  diocese  that  I  could  name,  the  pastor  is  obliged 
to  pay  $1  cathedraticum  per  annum  for  each  family  living  in  his 
parish.  Suppose  there  are  a  hundred  families,  of  which  but  fifty 
contribute  to  the  support  of  the  parish;  can  the  pastor  be  reason- 
ably expected  to  declare  the  full  number  merely  in  order  that 
the  population  figures  in  the  Directory  may  be  more  accurate? 

In  another  diocese  I  know  of,  a  new  pastor  took  up  a  census, 
declared  the  full  number  of  Catholics,  good,  bad,  and  indifferent, 
and  the  result  was  a  division  of  his  parish. 

I  could  name  parishes  with  more  than  600  families  that  are 
taken  care  of  by  the  pastor   with  one  assistant,  because   one-half 


310  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  the  parishioners  never  come  near  the  priests  except  for  a 
baptism,  marriage,  sick-call,  or  funeral.  Only  half  of  these  fam- 
ilies figure  in  the  diocesan  statistics.  J.  Hernan 


Honor  to  Whom  Honor  is  Due! 

In  the  mid-April  issue  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  an  anony- 
mous writer  discusses  "The  Revolt  Against  the  Unclean  Drama." 
His  article  leaves  the  impression  that  the  suppression  of  ''The 
Lure,"  or  rather  its  failure,  in  St.  Louis,  is  to  be  credited  to  the 
dramatic  critics  and  the  newspapers.  If  you  will  look  into  the 
subject  a  little  deeper  you  will  find  that  the  real  power  and  influ- 
ence came  from  the  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies.  The  chair- 
man of  its  Committee  on  Morals,  Mr.  Edw.  V.  P.  Schneiderhahn, 
compelled  the  authorities  to  act  and,  by  his  refusal  to  compromise 
on  an  attenuated  version  of  the  dirty  play,  brought  about  its  with- 
drawal from  the  stage.  The  playhouse  was  dark  for  the  remainder 
of  the  week. 

I  think  you  will  find  that  the  great  work  of  purging  the 
American  stage  of  unclean  plays  is  being  done,  not  by  the  news- 
paper critics,  but  by  the  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies,  who  act 
without  much   talk  or   sensation. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  C.  E.  Neville 

♦■     ••"     •♦ 

Catholic  Teachers  in  Public  Schools 
Mrs.  Susan  Tracy  Otten's  paper  on  "Catholic  Teachers  in  Public 
Schools,"  No.  7,  reads  like  the  production  of  a  person  well  versed  in 
theory,  but  with  no  practical  knowledge  of  the  subject  whereof  she 
writes.  Admitting,  for  argument's  sake,  that  a  teacher  in  a  public 
school  is  compelled  to  carry  out  the  details  of  her  profession  in  a  way 
not  in  accordance  with  Catholic  methods,  it  is  rather  startling  to 
suggest  that  Catholics  should  therefore  be  forbidden  by  their  con- 
sciences, if  not  by  their  bishops,  to  teach  in  such  institutions.  Many 
a  magistrate  is  obliged  to  officiate  at  a  marriage  ceremony  which,  in 
the  eyes  of  the  Church,  is  merely  legalizing  adultery.  A  jailer  may 
be  compelled  to  prevent  a  Catholic  convict  from  hearing  Mass  on 
Sunday.  A  cook  or  waiter  may  be  ordered  to  serve  meat  on  Friday 
to  persons  of  whom  he,  as  a  Catholic,  knows  that  they  are  committing 
sin  by  eating  it,  etc.  Now,  if  we  admit  Mrs.  Otten's  contention  that 
no  Catholic  should  be  allowed  to  take  a  position  where  he  or  she  can- 
not carry  out  the  rules  and  spirit  of  the  Church,  we  shall  have  to 
exclude  our  co-religionists  from  the  majority  of  public  offices  and 
many  situations  in  private  employ.  What  a  delicious  prospect  for  the 
A.    P.    A.'s! 

Mrs.  Otten  is  looking  forward  to  a  day  when  some  bishops  may 
forbid  their  people  to   teach   in  the  public  schools.     I   am  afraid   that 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  311 

she  will  have  a  long  time  to  wait  for  the  realization  of  her  expecta- 
tions. According  to  "America''  (April  11),  the  public  school  teachers 
of  New  York  and  several  other  large  cities  are  offering  their  serv- 
ices for  the  religions  instruction  of  their  charges  out  of  school  hours 
and  off  the  school  premises.  The  Protestant  clergy  are  eagerly  pick- 
ing up  the  idea  from  the  Catholics  who  originated  it,  and  I  very  much 
doubt  that  the  bishops  of  the  Catholic  Church  will  be  in  any  hurry  to 
draw  off  their  forces  from  the  field.  The  plan  above  mentioned  has 
not  yet  been  formally  entered  into  in  California,  though  many  of  the 
priests'  best  aids  are  public  school  teachers.  But  it  happens  that 
Archbishop  Riordan's  latest  foundation  is  a  branch  of  the  Newman 
Club,  established  in  San  Jose  for  encouraging  Catholic  spirit  amongst 
the  students  of  the  State  Normal  School.  Few  of  us  will  live  to  see 
a  "To  Let"  sign  on  the  door  of  that  institution ! 

We  cannot,  of  course,  answer  for  the  individual  ideas  of  individual 
bishops.  But  the  general  trend  seems  to  be  towards  utilizing  what  is 
good  in  our  present  public  school  system,  instead  of  making  fruitless 
efforts  to  cut  Catholics  away  from  it  altogether. 

San  Francisco,  Cal.  Teacher 


Polemics 

I  think  it  infra  dignitatem  for  Catholic  papers  to  quote  admis- 
sions of  Protestant  ministers  or  "lay"  writers ;  we  neither  need  nor 
want  "admissions"  from  them.  Nor  do  they  do  good,  as  the  ques- 
tion will  at  once  surge  up:  Why  do  they  not  join  us?  And  it  puts 
the  Church  in  an  altogether  wrong  light — worse  than  direct  and  con- 
sistent slander  will  do ;  it  makes  people  believe  that  our  Protestant 
brethren  are  honest  and  willing  to  admit  what  is  good  in  the  Church, 
but  remain  Protestants  because  of  other  things  which,  honest  as 
they  are,  they  cannot  admit.  While  any  man  with  red  blood  in  his 
veins  will  feel  tempted  to  "hit  back"  under  the  systematic  aspersion  of  the 
spotless  Bride  of  Christ,  prudence,  I  think,  will  teach  us  to  refrain. 
President  Lincoln  said  an  appropriate  word :  "You  cannot  fool  all 
the  people  all  the  time."  Every  man  of  good  judgment  will  quickly 
discern  the  untruth  of  one  or  the  other  statement,  and  conclude  from 
the  known  to  the  unknown. 

A  member  of  a  Protestant  family  of  my"  acquaintance  recently  wa.s 
converted  by  the  Missouri  slander  sheet.  He  read  a  statement  which 
he  investigated  on  account  of  its  grossness  and  wide  bearing.  He 
found  it  to  be  untrue.  Then  he  investigated  further.  Now  he  is  a 
sincere  convert.  His  conversion  was,  humanly  speaking,  caused  by 
the  slander  sheet,  as  he  had  previously  resisted  all  attempts  to  inform 
him  about  Catholic  teaching. 

I  live  in  a  community  where  the  sheet  referred  to  seemed  for- 
merly to  be  in  everybody's  hands.  A  gentleman  the  other  day,  after 
reading  that  sheet  in  the  street  car,  folded  it  up,  and  turning  to  me 


312  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

said :  "This  paper  is  making  fools  of  the  people.  I  have  many 
Catholic  friends,  learned  people  many  of  them,  and  certainly  upright. 
Now  this  rag  is  trying  to  make  us  believe  that  they  are  fools  and 
criminals.  I  can  never  swallow  that.  This  is  the  last  time  that  I 
shall   ever   read    it." 

This  gentleman's  opinion  seems  to  be  that  of  the  whole  com- 
munity. People  assume  an  apologetic  air  when  seen  with  that  paper 
in  hand — they  are  ashamed  of  being  caught  in  such  bad  company. 
The  upshot  is  that  a  drug  store  here,  which  has  always  distributed 
that  paper,  and  at  first  could  hardly  supply  copies  enough  to  meet  the 
demand,  now  seems  unable  to  find  takers — the  pile  is  as  tall  on  Satur- 
day as  it  was  on  the  previous  Sunday. 

Clayton,  Mo.  C.  E.  d'Arnoux 
g 

CATHOLIC  STUDENTS  IN  PUBLIC  HIGH 
SCHOOLS— A   SERIOUS   PROBLEM 

Recently  our  Catholic  papers  have  given  considerable  space 
to  the  ruling  of  the  New  York  Board  of  Education  which 
admits  Catholic  children  to  the  public  high  schools  without  ex- 
amination. It  was  pointed  out  that  this  ruling  was  opposed  by 
but  one  member  of  the  board,  that  the  Catholic  parochial  schools 
were  fully  equal  to  the  public  schools ;  in  fact,  there  was  a  note 
of  triumph  in  the  comments  of  the  Catholic  press,  as  if  a  great 
victory  had  been  won. 

In  other  cities  a  similar  claim  for  recognition  was  made, 
and  some  Catholics  seemed  to  consider  it  an  enviable  conces- 
sion when  the  superintendent  of  public  schools  promised  to  have 
entrance  examinations  for  the  public  high  schools  held  in  the 
eighth  grades  of  those  parochial  schools  that  would  ask  for  the 
privilege — the  examination  questions  to  be  prepared  and  sent 

in  by  the  superintendent. 

*     *     * 

There  are  those  who  firmly  believe  that  attendance  at  the 
public  high  schools  is  more  dangerous  to  our  Catholic  chil- 
dren than  attendance  at  the  elementary  public  schools.  The 
unwise  extension  of  the  compulsory  school  age  in  almost  all 
our  States  seems  to  imply  that  every  boy  and  girl  must  have  a 
high  school  education.  We  believe  that  the  compulsory  school 
age  should  not  be  extended  beyond  fourteen ;  even  military 
Prussia  does  not  demand  more.  Experience  teaches  that  many 
children  are  unable  mentallv.  or  unwilling,  to  continue  their 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  313 

schooling  beyond  the  elementary  grades.  These  ought  to  go 
to  work  and  should  not  be  forced  into  idleness,  as  is  apt  to  be 
the  case  if  some  of  the  new  laws  are  strictly  enforced. 

When  it  is  decided  that  a  boy  or  girl  should  attend  high 
school,  they  should  be  placed  in  Catholic  schools.  No  one  has 
made  this  plainer  than  Archbishop  Ireland  in  his  magnificent 
pastoral  letter  of  August  18,  1913 : 

"We  plead  with  very  particular  emphasis  in  favor  of  Catholic 
youths,  boys  and  girls,  who,  emerging  from  the  grade  or  grammar 
school,  are  to  be  sent  to  a  high  school  or  a  college.  There  is  on 
the  part  of  some  parents  the  illusion  that  the  religious  instruction 
given  in  lower  schools  is  adequate  to  all  requirements,  that  chil- 
dren armed  with  it  may  in  safety  be  exposed  to  the  secularism  of 
higher  schools.  The  contrary  is  the  obvious  truth.  In  the  grade 
or  grammar  school,  pupils  are  yet  immature  in  mind  and  are, 
to  a  great  degree,  incapable  of  the  deeper  and  more  thorough 
instruction  in  religion  which  they  should  be  possessed  of.  As 
they  leave  the  lower  schools  they  are  of  the  age  when  their 
mental  faculties  lead  them  to  think  and  reason,  as  heretofore  they 
could  not  have  done.  This  is  the  time  when  they  take  to  them- 
selves the  more  serious  studies  in  worldly  branches  of  learning — 
the  time,  consequently,  when  religion  should  be  presented  to  them 
in  its  deeper  and  broader  aspects — and  it  is  at  this  most  critical 
period  of  their  intellectual  development  that  they  are  withdrawn 
from  the  guidance  of  the  Church  and  placed  within  an  atmosphere 
not  merely  negative  in  its  influences,  but  frequently  tainted  with 
direct  and  positive  anti-religious  and  anti-Catholic  teaching.  It 
is  the  time  when  those  themes  of  study  are  made  their  daily 
occupation,  which  lend  to  the  teacher  the  opportunity  of  easier 
divagation  from  the  principles  of  sound  Catholic  thought  and 
conduct.  I  might  go  further  and  remark  upon  other  perils  of  non- 
Catholic  schools — so-called  co-education,  wild  fads  proposed  as 
substitutes  for  religion  in  the  domain  of  morals — from  which 
tender  consciences  outside  the  Catholic  Church  shrink  in  fear, 
which  Catholic  parents  should  never  allow  to  cross  the  pathways 
of  childhood  and  youth. 

"I  am  not  unaware  that  now  and  then  in  quarters  otherwise  sin- 
cerely Catholic,  the  notion  is  entertained  that  fashion  and  social 
ambitions  advise  certain  non-Catholic  schools,  public  or  private, 
rather  than  Catholic.  What  the  dictates  of  fashion  or  social  ambi- 
tion are  I  do  not  know,  nor  do  I  care  to  inquire.  For  this  I  know, 
that  fashion  and  social  ambition,  running  counter  to  the  dictates 
of  religion,  are  as  the  kingdoms  offered  from  the  mountain-top  to 
the    Saviour,    as   the    reward    of    adoration    given    to    Satan — that    the 


314  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

answer  to  fashion  and  social  ambition  in  opposition  to  religion 
must  be  none  other  than  the  answer  of  the  Saviour  to  the  tempter : 
'Begone,  Satan;  for  it  is  written:  The  Lord  Thy  God  thou  shalt 
adore,  and  Him  only  shalt  thou  serve." 

"To  Catholic  parents  I  repeat:  A  Catholic  education  for  the 
Catholic  child.  Were  I  to  say  less,  I  were  betraying  the  responsi- 
bilities of  my  sacred  office :  I  were  the  unworthy  guardian  of  the 
faith  of  holv  Church." 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


In  a  letter  furnished  by  the  "Agence  Internationale 
Roma"  to  the  Catholic  press,  and  which  we  find  printed 
in  the  "Action  Sociale"  of  Quebec  (daily  edition,  No. 
1931),  we  read  that  during  the  past  eighty  years  the  nu- 
merical proportion  of  the  Catholics  of  Holland  to  the  total 
population  of  that  country  has  decreased  from  40  to  35  per 
cent,  and  that  the  decrease  is  ascribed  principally  to  mixed 
marriages. 

*     ^     * 

The  new  Kolping  Home  in  New  York  City  was  dedicated 
May  10.  No  doubt  all  friends  of  the  Catholic  Gesellenverein 
will  respond  to  the  appeal  to  help  pay  off  the  mortgage  that 
still  rests  on  the  institution  when  they  learn  that  the  Kolping 
Home  offers  cheap  lodging  to  Catholic  men  and  boys  sojourn- 
ing in  the  metropolis.  The  home  is  centrally  located  (165  E. 
Eighty-eighth  street),  and  within  easy  reach  of  all  railroad 
stations,  and  there  is  also  a  restaurant  operated  by  its  manage- 
ment. 

Catholic  Canada  is  rejoicing  at  the  elevation  to  the 
cardinalitial  purple  of  Archbishop  Begin  of  Quebec ;  first, 
because  the  Dominion  thereby  again  obtains  representa- 
tion in  the  Sacred  College,  where  it  has  had  none  since  the 
death  of  Cardinal  Taschereau ;  and,  secondly,  because 
Msgr.  Begin  is  highly  deserving  of  the  honor  bestowed 
upon  him  by  His  Holiness.  His  titles  to  glory  are  many, 
but  the  chiefest  of  them,  in  our  opinion,  is  that  he  is  the 
only  bishop  in   North   America  who  has   established  and 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  315 

placed  on  a  solid  basis  a  first-class  Catholic  daily  news- 
paper, "L'Action  Sociale." 

*     *     * 

The  Protestant  preachers  by  no  means  all  approve  of  the 
methods  employed  by  the  "Rev."  Billy  Sunday.  Thus  we  read 
in  a  letter  written  from  Cleveland  to  the  New  York  Evening 
Post  (April  24)  that  "the  Cleveland  churches  recently  have 
twice  declined  to  have  a  Billy  Sunday  campaign  in  their  midst," 
because  "they  feel  that  while  a  few  might  possibly  be  reformed, 
untold  harm  would  come  from  the  coarse  and  vulgar  handling 
of  holy  things  which  is  Sunday's  chief  asset." 

A  bronze  bust  of  His  Eminence,  Cardinal  Gibbons,  was 
unveiled  at  the  Catholic  University  of  America,  April  22,  in 
the  presence  of  that  "eminent  churchman,"  whose  life  and 
work  (to  quote  the  word's  of  V.  Rev.  P.  C.  Gavan  in  his  speech 
of  acceptance)  "have  reflected  so  much  glorv  on  the  Catholic 
Church  in  the  United  States,  and  whose  unswerving  devotion 
to  the  highest  ideals  in  religion,  in  patriotism,  and  in  Christian 
education,  should  be  an  inspiration  towards  the  highest  spiritual 
and  intellectual  endeavor  to  all  who  behold  it."  The  donor  of 
the  bust,  Mr.  Michael  Jenkins  of  Baltimore,  did  not  attend. 
His  "unaffected  simplicity  of  character,"  Fr.  Gavan  informed 
the  audience,  "makes  him  shrink  from  active  participation  in 
any  kind  of  public  celebration  in  which  he  himself  is  person- 
ally concerned." 

-»■-•--•- 

After  blundering  into  war  (it  is  impossible  to  use  a  milder 
term).  President  Wilson  gave  proof  of  his  sincere  desire  for 
peace  in  accepting  so  promptly,  even  though  with  reserva- 
tions, the  good  offices  of  Brazil,  Chili  and  Argentina.  One 
needs  only  to  recall  the  difference  in  1898,  when  the  British 
Ambassador's  proffer  of  friendly  services  to  prevent  the  war 
with  Spain  was  politely  declined  by  McKinley.  Mr.  Wilson 
could,  in  consistency,  do  no  less  than  welcome  the  approach  of 
the  South  American  mediators.  He  and  Mr.  Bryan  have  been 
negotiating  a  series  of  treaties  aiming  to  bind  the  nations  to 
agree  to  a  certain  pause  for  inquiry  and  reflection  before  pass- 


316  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ing  from  a -cause  of  hostility  into  actual  war.  Such  a  breathing 
spell  was  offered  our  government,  and  it  immediately  availed 
itself  of  it.  This  was  a  fine  and  magnanimous  thing;  and 
President  Wilson  must  have  seen  how  ready  his  own  country- 
men are  to  hold  up  his  hands  in  every  reasonable  effort  to 
ground  arms  in  Mexico. 


Merely  a  tit  re  de  curiosite  we  record  the  fact,  reported  by 
the  Chicago  Columbian  (Vol.  43,  No.  17),  that  Msgr.  Robert 
Hugh  Benson  was  initiated  into  the  Order  of  the  Knights  of 
Columbus  on  the  occasion  of  his  recent  visit  to  Chicago.  Can 
there  be  any  relation  between  this  event  and  the  title  of  his 
latest  novel — "Initiation"? 


In  our  last  issue  (p.  258),  we  spoke  of  P.  Damase  Dandu- 
rand,  O.M.I. ,  of  St.  Boniface,  Manitoba,  as  probably  the  oldest 
priest  in  the  world,  both  in  regard  to  age  and  years  of  service. 
We  have  since  noticed  in  the  Cologne  Volkszeitung  (No.  329) 
that  Father  Kuttruff,  of  Kirchen,  near  Constance,  is  a  year 
older  than  P.  Dandurand,  namely  ninety-five ;  but  he  has  been 
a   priest   only   seventy   years,   against  the   Canadian   Oblate's 

seventy-two. 

♦    -••-•- 

In  Denver,  Colo.,  according  to  the  Catholic  Register  (Vol. 
9,  No.  39),  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  between  this  country  and 
Mexico  was  celebrated  by  the  ringing  of  the  cathedral  chimes 
to  the  tune  of  "The  Star-Spangled  Banner"  and  "America," 
and  "a  stirringly  patriotic  sermon"  by  Father  H,  L.  McMen- 
amin,  "lauding  the  course  of  President  Wilson  and  calling 
the  United  States  the  'God-inspired  Republic.'  '"  In  St.  Louis, 
by  order  of  Archbishop  Glennon,  the  votive  mass  "Pro  Pace" 
was  said  in  every  church,  "that  the  Blessed  Savior,  who  so  often 
made  'Peace'  His  salutation,  may  vouchsafe  that  peace  be 
maintained  among  the  nations,  and  especially  amongst  those 
that  by  proximity,  interest,  and  loftiest  patriotism  should  unite 
to  maintain  peace  and  concord."  (Extract  from  the  Arch- 
bishop's circular  letter  of  April  28,  1914.) 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  317 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 

The   Pontificio  Istituto   Biblico  presents   an   Italian  translation  of 

"Die  Wunder  des  Herrn  im  Evangelium,"  by  Father  Leopold  Fonck, 

S.J.,   the  Rector  of  the   Institute.     The  general  title,   "Christus,   Lux 

Mundi.     Parte  IV,  Volume  I,"  indicates  its  place  in  a  systematic  and 

exhaustive  treatment  of  the  whole  content  of  the  Gospels.    The  present 

volume    deals    only   with    miracles    worked    on    nature.      There    is    an 

introduction  on   miracles    in   general,   and   each    individual    miracle    is 

carefully  dealt  with   in   detail,   both   in   itself   and   with    reference   to 

rationalistic  attacks.     ("I  Miracoli  del  Signore  nel  Vangelo."     Rome: 

Bretschneider.     4  lire  50.) 

-•-■•--•- 

The  Rev.  Horace  K.  Mann,  D.D.,  has  reissued  separately,  from 
the  ninth  volume  of  his  Lives  of  the  Popes,  the  biography  of  "Nicholas 
Breakspear  (Hadrian  IV.),  the  Only  English  Pope,"  to  which  we 
adverted  in  our  recent  notice  of  that  volume.  He  has  added  the 
"Introductory  Chapter"  from  the  same  volume,  in  order  to  give  the 
reader  an  idea  of  the  epoch  in  which  Hadrian  lived,  together  with 
an  extra  chapter  on  "The  Greek  Church  and  the  Byzantine  State,"  a 
subject  hardly  even  alluded  to  by  the  other  modern  English  biographers 
of  Hadrian.  The  book  is  finely  printed,  and  illustrated  with  twenty 
plates  and  a  map.  Chapter  VI :  "England  and  Ireland,"  has  stirred 
up  a  controversy,  but  Dr.  Mann  documents  his  conclusions  so  well 
that  they  are  likely  to  stand.     (B.  Herder.    $1.25  net.) 

■»-■*■■*■ 

A  fifth  edition  has  just  appeared  of  the  Life  of  Blessed  Theo- 
phane  Venard  by  the  Very  Rev.  James  A.  Walsh  We  learn  with 
pleasure  that  this  beautiful  and  inspiring  story  of  "A  Modern  Martyr" 
continues  to  have  a  steady  sale.  (Catholic  Foreign  Mission  Society, 
Maryknoll,  Ossining  P.  O,  N.  Y.     60  cents,  postpaid.) 

■•--•-    ■*■ 

Some  admirer  of  Msgr.  Robert  Hugh  Benson  has  selected  certain 
passages  from  that  prolific  writer's  various  books  and  grouped  them 
together  as  "Maxims"  in  the  form  of  a  daily  calendar.  A  good  many 
of  these  maxims  are  rather  trite,  but  now  and  then  we  come  across  one 
that  is  both  bright  and  original,  e.  g.,  "A  problem  play  means  a  drama 
that  plants  its  feet  firmly  along  the  very  edge  of  the  Ten  Command- 
ments, particularly  of  one  of  them  that  occurs  towards  the  end;" 
though  it  is  hard  to  see  what  there  is  in  this  and  similar  dicta  that 
entitles  these  quotations  to  be  ranked  as  "maxims."     (Benziger  Bros.) 

Volumes  II  and  IV  of  "The  Catholic  Library"  contain  a  reprint 
of  Cardinal  Allen's  famous  Defense  of  English  Catholics,  written  at 
Rheims,  in  1584,  in  reply  to  an  anonymous  tract  which  tried  to  show 
that  those  who  were  suffering  martyrdom  and  persecution  in  England 
were  condemned,  not  on  account  of  their  religious  opinions,  but  solely 
because  they  were  traitors  to  their  sovereign.     This  contention   Car- 


318  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

dinal  Allen  triumphantly  disproves.  His  Defense  takes  us  to  the  very- 
heart  of  the  controversies  which  then  divided,  and  still  unhappily 
divide,  the  English  nation.  Incidentally  we  get  glimpses  of  his  opinion 
of  the  conditions  of  Catholics  in  England  at  the  period  when  he  wrote. 
There  is  a  brief  but  illuminating  preface  by  the  present  Cardinal- 
Archbishop  of  Westminster.     (B.  Herder.    2  vols.  30  cents  each,  net.) 

♦•♦••- 
Volume  II  of  the  English  translation  of  J.  Tixeront's  "History 
of  Dogmas"  (B.  Herder.  $1.50  net)  bears  the  subtitle:  "From  St. 
Athanasius  to  St.  Augustine  (318-430)."  The  author's  method,  well 
known  to  readers  of  the  first  volume,  has  been  somewhat  modified  in 
this  and  also  in  the  succeeding  volume  of  which  the  English  transla- 
tion will  soon  follow.  Instead  of  taking  up  the  Fathers  one  by  one 
and  analyzing  their  several  works,  Tixeront  has  adopted  a  plan  of 
broad  outlines  and,  after  studying  the  controversies  peculiar  to  the 
East  and  to  the  West,  describes,  in  two  general  chapters,  the  state 
of  Christian  doctrines  during  the  fourth  century,  both  in  the  Greek 
and  in  the  Latin  Church,  making  an  exception  only  in  the  case  of  the 
Syriac  Fathers  and  of  St.  Augustine.  By  means  of  an  analytical  table 
the  reader  is  thus  enabled  to  reconstruct  the  teaching  of  each  writer 
on  the  various  topics  of  theology  and  to  find  the  exposition  of  each 
doctrinal  topic  in  the  various  authors  who  treated  it.  Tixeront's  is  by 
far  the  best  work  of  its  kind  so  far  written,  and,  as  the  Ecclesiastical 
Review  truly  observes  in  its  April  number,  when  completed  will  enable 
the  student  "to  follow  the  development  of  dogma  from  the  beginning — 
to  trace  the  doctrinal  truths,  presented  systematically  in  a  work  like 
that  of  Pohle-Preuss,  along  the  lines  of  their  historic  growth." 

The  fourth  volume  of  Father  Christian  Pesch's  "Compendium 
Theologiae  Dogmaticae"  treats  of  the  Sacraments  in  generc  and  in 
specie.  In  the  main  we  have  here  a  condensation  of  the  author's  "Praelec- 
tiones,''  though  there  are  a  few  new  thoughts  strewn  in  here  and  there. 
As  a  text-book  for  theological  students  nothing  more  useful  or  at- 
tractive could  be  imagined  than  this  "Compendium."  (B.  Herder. 
$1.60  net.) 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  not  supplied  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

The   official   Catholic  Directory  for  1914.     Complete  Edition.      New   York: 

P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons. 
Campion.    Edmund.    S.J.      Ten   Reasons   Proposed   to   His   Adversaries   for 

Disputation,    etc.      145    pp.      12mo.      Manresa    Press    and    B.    Herder. 

1914.     30   cts.,   rift.      (The   Catholic   Library— 6.) 


XXI  10  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  319 

Henry-Ruffin,  Mrs.  M.   E.     The  Shield  of  Silence.     (Novel.)     463  pp.     8vo. 

Benziger  Bros.     1914.     $1.35,  net. 
Roberts,    Isabel   J.     Polly  Day's   Island.      (Novel.)      234   pp.      12mo.      Ben- 
ziger  Bros.      1914.      85    cts. 
Lelong,    E.,    Bishop.      (tr.    Madame    Cecilia.)      The    Nun:     Her    Character 

and  Work,     xvi  and  333  pp.     12mo.     With  a  Frontispiece.     Benziger 

Bros.     1914.     $1.50,   net. 
Waggaman,  Mary  T.     The  Ups  and  Downs  of  Marjorie.     (Novel.)     20'8  pp. 

12mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     45  cts. 
Keppler,   Rt.   Rev.   Paul  Wm.      (tr.   by  Rev.   Jos.   McSorley,   C.S.P.)     More 

Joy.     viii  and  257  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1,  net. 
Grisar,   H,   S.J.      (tr.   by  E.   M.   Lamond,   ed.   by  L.   Cappadelta.)     Luther. 

Volume    III.      xi    and    449    pp.      8vo.      London:     Kegan    Paul,    Trench. 

Triibner  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:    B.  Herder.     1914.     $3.25,  net. 
Lucas,    Herbert,    S.J.      Holy    Mass.      The    Eucharistic    Sacrifice    and    the 

Roman  Liturgy.     Vol.  I.     vii  and  111  pp.     12mo.     Manresa  Press  and 

B.   Herder.     1914.     30   cts.,    net;    free  by   mail,   35   cts.      (The   Catholic 

Library — 5.) 
Girardey,   Rev.   Ferreol,   C.SS.R.      Conference   Matter  for  Religious.     Two 

volumes,     viii  and  339  and  381  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $2.50,  net. 
Petit,  Rev.  P.  A.,  S.J.     (tr.  by  Marian  Lindsay.)     My  Bark.     A  Souvenir 

of  Retreats.     148  pp.     12mo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     60  cts.,  net. 
GERMAN 
Kumpfmiiller,    Rev.    Dr.    Jos.      Bluten   und   Friichte   aus   dem   Garten   des 

Dritten   Ordens   vom   hi.    Franziskus.      21    Predigten    fiber   heilige   und 

selige    Tertiaren    mit    stetem    Hinweis    auf   die   Ordensregel.      208    pp. 

12mo.      Innsbruck:     Felizian   Rauch.     American  agents,   Fr.    Pustet   & 

Co.     1914.     80  cts. 
Schmalzl,    P.    Max,    C.SS.R.      Der    heilige    Kreuzweg    unseres    Herrn    und 

Heilandes    Jesus    Christus.      Ausgabe    mit    Franziskaner-Text    und    14 

farbigen   Stationsbildern.      40   pp.,    pocket   format.      Fr.    Pustet    &    Co. 

1914.     10   cts.      (Wrapper.) 
Egger,    Rt.    Rev.    Augustine.      Marienpredigten.      Herausgegeben    von    Dr. 

A.  Fan.     327  pp.     12mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1913.     $1.40,  postpaid. 
Schulte,  Dr.  Adalbert.     Beitrage  zur  Erklarung  und  Textkritik  des  Buches 

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Schulte,  Joh.   Chrys.,   O.   M.   C.     Unsere  Lebensideale  und  die  Kultur  der 

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Riiegg,  Rt.  Rev.  Ferd.     Die  Apostelgeschichte  dem  christlichen  Volke  zur 

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LATIN 
Ordo   Divini   Officii   Recitandi   Missaeque   Celebrandae   iuxta  Kalendarium 

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BARGAIN  BOOK   COMPANY 
ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  11.  JUNE  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  Peace  Conference  at  Niagara  Falls 

The  mediation  conference  which  is  to  attempt  to  com- 
pose the  differences  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico 
began  its  work  at  Niagara  Falls,  Ont.,  May  20th. 

The  mediators,  if  we  may  trust  semi-official  reports 
from  Washington,  have  been  given  a  broad  scope.  They 
have  been  encouraged  to  present  plans,  not  merely  for  the 
avoidance  of  war  between  the  two  countries,  but  for  the 
stabilizing  of  government  in  Mexico  and  for  removing 
some  of  the  age-long  grievances  which  have  bred  discon- 
tent and  revolution  there. 

If  these  great  objects  can  be  even  partially  attained  by 
the  peace  conference,  it  will  deserve  a  monument. 

Meanwhile  the  American  people  are  awaiting  the  out- 
come in  the  spirit  voiced  by  ex-President  Taft  in  his  recent 
address  on  the  Mexican  question.  Mr.  Taft  expressed  a 
doubt  concerning  the  wisdom  in  all  respects  of  the  course 
pursued  by  President  Wilson,  but  gave  hearty  applause  to 
his  efforts  to  keep  the  country  out  of  war,  and  in  particular 
called  for  the  holding  up  of  his  hands  in  the  present  en- 
deavor to  secure  peace,  at  the  same  time  with  a  lasting  set- 
tlement of  the  Mexican  difficulty,  by  means  of  the  peace 

conference. 

♦    -••-•■ 

Regarding  Certain  Farmers'  Associations 

The  Apostolic  Delegate,  in  reply  to  a  query  from  the 
editor  of  the  "Landmann,"  and  published  by  that  paper  in 
its  edition  of  May  16th,  says  that  the  archbishops  at  their 
last  meeting  considered  certain  documents  submitted  to 
them  regarding  the  Farmers'  Educational  and  Co-operative 

321 


322  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Union  of  America,  the  National  Grange  of  Husbandry,  and 
the  American  Society  of  Equity,  and  concluded  (1)  that 
the  Farmers'  Educational  and  Co-operative  Union  appar- 
ently does  not  belong  to  the  category  of  forbidden  secret 
societies;  (2)  that  the  status  of  the  National  Grange  is 
uncertain ;  and  (3)  that  the  American  Society  of  Equity, 
if  it  be  true  that  it  has  neither  a  manual  nor  a  ritual,  is 
not  to  be  regarded  as  a  secret  society. 

Manifestly  these  conclusions  are  purely  tentative,  based 
upon  the  (ex-parte)  information  submitted  by  the  editor 
of  the  agricultural  journal  mentioned.  Their  publication 
does  not  mean,  as  the  "Landmann"  seems  to  imply,  that 
Catholics  are  free  to  join  these  societies,  which  are  con- 
sidered by  not  a  few  priests  and  laymen  unfit  and  danger- 
ous for  Catholics.  It  is  now  the  turn  of  those  who  take 
the  negative  view  to  defend  their  side. 

Let   it   not  be   forgotten   that,   besides   the   question   of 
secrecy,  there   is  involved  in   this  controversy   another,   of 
perhaps  equal  importance,  viz. :  May  Catholic  farmers  and 
workingmen   throw   in   their   lot   with   non-Catholic,   inter- 
denominational  or   nonsectarian,   unions   and   associations? 
This  question,  it  seems  to  us,  must  be  decided  in  the  light 
of  our  Holy  Father's  famous  encyclical  to  the  bishops  of 
Germany,  in  which  he  says  that  Catholics  should  establish 
Catholic    unions    and    associations    wherever   possible,    and 
that   only   where   this   cannot   be   done,   may   they   be   per- 
mitted  to   enroll    in    non-Catholic   organizations,    and  even 
then  only  under  the  necessary  safe-guards  to  faith  and  morals. 

••••••■•■ 

"Too    Much    Science   and   Too    Little    God   Almighty" 

Vice-President  Marshall  is  quoted  in  an  Associated 
Press  dispatch  from  Washington,  under  date  of  May  18th, 
as  saying  at  a  local  church  gathering: 

"There  is  too  much  science  in  the  so-called  educational  system 
and  too  little  God  Almighty.  .  .  .  There  is  this  thing  wrong  in 
many  of  the  churches,  that  because  Church  and  State  are  separate,  and 
the  State  makes  the  schools,  the  Church  feels  itself  absolved  from  any 
duty  in  the  direction  of  the  education  of  youth.  The  State  is  per- 
mitted to  mould  children  from  the  age  of  six  up  through  the  time 
when  they  are  going  through  college,  where  many  of  the  professors 
are  agnostics  and  atheists.     But  now  the  Church  is  awakening  to  the 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  323 

fact  that  children  should  be  reared  in  the  way  of  Christian  faith  from 
the  nursery  upward.  I  believe  that  there  is  in  this  country  today  a 
great  spiritual  awakening,  and  the  Church  is  beginning  to  see  that  it 
has  turned  over  entirely  too  many  of  its  functions  to  the  State." 

Coming  from  such  a  high  representative  of  "the  State" 
as  the  Vice-President  of  these  United  States,  the  above- 
quoted  utterance  is  significant.  Of  course,  as  Mr.  Marshall 
knows  (for  he  said  so,  if  we  remember  right,  in  an  address 
delivered  a  few  years  ago  at  Notre  Dame),  the  Catholic 
Church  has  not  "felt  herself  absolved  from  her  duty  in  the 
direction  of  the  education  of  youth,"  but  has  provided  for 
her  children  faithfully  and  at  great  sacrifice,  despite  the 
fact  that,  as  the  Vice-President  so  justly  observes,  too 
many  of  the  functions  of  the  Church  have  been  turned  over 
to  the  State  by  the  Protestant  sects. 

We  sincerely  hope  Mr.  Marshall  and  those  who  view 
the  situation  as  he  does,  will  not  be  disappointed  in  the 
hopes  they  are  putting  in  that  "great  spiritual  awakening" 
which  they  notice  among  their  Protestant  coreligionists. 


"The  Modern  Dancer's  Pledge" 

The  "Holy  Name  Journal"  in  its  May  issue  suggests 
that  all  dancers  take  the  following  pledge : 

"In  compliance  with  my  duties  to  God,  for  my  own  honor,  and  out 
of  respect  for  those  not  of  my  sex,  I  solemnly  bind  myself  to  take 
no  part  in  any  dances  that  I  know  to  be  contrary  to  decency.  By  sol- 
emn pledge  I  assume  the  obligation  of  not  dancing  the  modern  dances 
in  a  way  that  would  be  objectionable  in  my  own  home  or  to  those 
whom  I  most  love  and  respect." 

This  pledge  is  not  felicitously  worded.  In  fact,  the 
whole  idea  of  a  "dancer's  pledge"  strikes  us  as  rather  ridic- 
ulous. We  are  not  here  dealing  with  an  almost  invincible 
physical  craving,  such  as  that  of  the  drunkard  for  alcohol, 
and,  as  the  Holy  Name  Journal  itself  rightly  observes : 

"We  cannot  in  terms  of  mathematics  formulate  forms  which  will 
regulate  decency  in  dancing;  we  must  look  to,  and  leave  with  persons 
of  high  moral  integrity — with  dancers  whose  conscientious  judgment 
exonerates  them  from  the  suspicion  of  wrong-doing — to  declare  where 
and  how  decency  begins.     Every  clean-minded  and  conscientious  per- 


324  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

son  knows  when  there  is  a  moral  and  personal  culpability  associated 
with  dancing." 

Yes,  and  every  clean-minded,  conscientious  person  will 
avoid  this  culpability,  as,  in  general,  every  occasion  of  sin. 
Such  persons  have  no  need  of  a  pledge,  whereas  the  others, 
those  that  indulge  in  certain  dances  because  they  are  inde- 
cent, will  either  not  take  a  pledge,  or  not  keep  it.    So,  what 

is  the  use? 

-*■    ♦    ♦ 
"Unto  Nirvana" 

M.  Malloy,  writing  to  the  San  Francisco  Monitor  (Vol. 
55,  No.  52),  expresses  surprise  that  the  protest  against  plac- 
ing a  pagan  inscription  on  the  "Arch  of  the  Rising  Sun," 
at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  (see  No.  7  of  this  Re- 
view, pp.  205  sqq.),  has  called  forth  so  few  responses  or 
suggestions. 

"Thinking  it  over,"  says  Mr.  Malloy,  "it  seems  unfair  that  the 
peoples  whose  ways  are  set  'Unto  Nirvana'  should  have  the  honor  of 
setting  their  hall-mark,  so  to  speak,  on  the  Arch  of  the  Rising  Sun. 
They  have  helped  very  little,  if  at  all,  toward  the  material  progress  of 
mankind,  being  content  to  pass  their  days  in  a  Buddhic  calm.  .  .  . 
The  really  great  people  of  the  East,  the  Hebrew  race,  have  been  rather 
neglected ;  yet  it  is  to  their  preservation  of  the  conception  of  the  One 
God,  and  of  the  Mosaic  code  of  morals,  that  the  world  today  owes 
its  spiritual  and  material  advancement.  Is  not  their  literature  full  of 
noble  suggestions  for  an  inscription  on  the  Arch  of  the  Rising  Sun?" 

Among  a  few  such  inscriptions  selected  from  the  Sacred 
Scriptures  by  Mr.  Malloy,  the  following  seems  to  us  the 
most  appropriate : 

"From  the  rising  of  the  sun  till  the  going  down  thereof,  the  name 
of  the  Lord  is  worthy  of  praise." 

-•-    ♦    -•- 

The  Tax  on  Knowledge 

The  Dial  (No.  669)  vigorously  protests  against  the 
recent  decision  of  the  Treasury  Department  that  the  fifteen 
per  cent  duty  on  books  published  by  joint  arrangement 
between  English  and  American  publishers,  shall  be  reck- 
oned, not  upon  the  invoiced  value  of  the  imported  Ameri- 
can edition,  but  upon  their  trade  value  in  the  London  mar- 
ket, as  based  upon  sales  of  a  dozen  copies  at  a  time  to  indi- 
vidual English  book-sellers.     In  a  word,  these  books  shall 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  325 

not  be  treated  as  other  merchandise,  but  shall  be  made  the 
subject  of  an  absurd  discrimination  likely,  in  effect,  to 
make  the  American  edition  impossible  and  force  the  small 
company  of  scholars  who  must  have  the  work  in  question, 
to  get  it  at  greatly  enhanced  prices  by  individual  importa- 
tion, if  indeed  the  book  can  be  published  at  all  in  England 
without  American  co-operation. 

Our  contemporary  calls  this  ruling  "defiant  of  all  com- 
mon sense"  and  "regardless  of  all  humane  amenity,"  and 
says  that  an  appeal  has  been  made  against  it  to  the  Presi- 
dent, though  there  is  not  much  hope  that  Mr.  Wilson  will 
interfere,  since  he  is  responsible  for  the  perpetuation  of 
the  "fundamental  iniquity"  of  the  tax  upon  knowledge  (15 
per  cent  duty  on  English  books),  which,  had  he  but  said 
a  word,  would  have  been  wiped  out  in  the  new  tariff. 

♦   -••■•■ 
A  K.  of  C.  Challenge 

We  see  from  the  Hartford  Catholic  Transcript  (Vol. 
16,  Xo.  46)  that  the  Knights  of  Columbus  of  Jacksonville, 
Fla.,  have  published  in  "Dixie,"  a  widely-read  weekly,  a 
three-column  advertisement  in  which  they  offer  to  submit 
their  complete  ritual  for  examination  to  three  Protestant 
clergymen,  into  whose  hands  they  further  agree  to  put 
$5,000  as  a  forfeit,  if  these  clergymen  should  decide  that 
the  so-called  Knights  of  Columbus  oath  forms,  or  ever  did 
form,  part  of  the  ritual  of  the  Order — on  condition  that  any 
individual  or  organization  that  believes  the  oath  to  be 
genuine  place  $1,000  with  the  same  judges,  to  be  forfeited 
if  they  decide  that  the  oath  is  bogus.  The  forfeit  shall  be 
applied  to  a  charitable  institution  to  be  named  by  the  win- 
ning party. 

This  challenge  may  be  well  meant,  but  is  almost  certain 
to  prove  ineffective  because  no  outside  individual  or  organi- 
zation is  sufficiently  interested  in  the  alleged  oath  to  risk 
$1,000  on  its  genuinity.  Our  readers  will  remember  that 
we  reprinted  that  oath  in  full  in  our  mid-January  issue. 
We  repeat  what  we  said  then :  The  only  really  effective 
way  of  refuting  the  base  and  cruel  calumnies  to  which  the 
Knights  of  Columbus  have  been  and  still  are  subjected,  is 


326  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

to  publish  their  entire  ritual  without  reservation,  as  we  ad- 
vised them  to  do  twelve  or  thirteen  years  ago,  when  the* 
publication  of  a  portion  of  it  in  this  magazine  brought 
down  upon  us  a  storm  of  abuse  from  their  various  organs. 

Catholic  secret  societies  have  no  raison  d'etre. 

-•■-♦•-♦- 

The  Truth  About  the  Friedmann  Tuberculosis  Treatment 
The  Board  of  Health  of  the  City  of  New  York  has 
issued  a  bulletin  concerning  the  condition  of  forty-seven 
patients  treated  by  Dr.  Friedmann,  of  Berlin,  the  "dis- 
coverer of  the  turtle  serum  cure  for  tuberculosis,"  during 
his  dramatic  and  widely  advertised  American  visit. 

Of  the  total  of  seventy-seven  patients  treated,  nineteen 
could  not  be  found,  while  eleven  were  reported  to  have 
moved  out  of  town  permanently,  so  that  nothing  could  be 
learned  of  their  present  condition.  The  department  was 
therefore  able  to  obtain  reports  on  but  forty-seven  of  the 
seventy-seven  cases  in  question.  The  reports  are  sum- 
marized as  follows : 

At  home,  5;  in  hospitals  and  sanatoria  (indicating  failure  to  cure), 
22;  attending  clinics  (showing  need  of  further  treatment),  7;  attended 
by  private  physician,  1  ;  died,  12.     Total,  47. 

Comment  is  unnecessary ;  the  figures  tell  their  own 
story. 

A  Coming  History  of  American  Literature 

The  London  Athenaeum  for  May  2d  announces  that 
there  is  in  preparation  for  the  Cambridge  Press  "A  Cam- 
bridge History  of  American  Literature,"  which  in  two  vol- 
umes will  deal  with  the  subject  from  colonial  times  to  the 
present,  after  the  model  of  "The  Cambridge  History  of 
English  Literature."  The  general  editor  is  Prof.  Trent. 
There  are  to  be  many  collaborators.  Needless  to  say,  the 
work  will  (ill  a  distinct  gap.  "Critical  of  American  litera- 
ture and  yet  appreciative  of  its  relations  with  American 
life,"  says  the  New  York  Evening  Post  (May  16th),  "a 
structure  built  by  the  labor  of  many  specialists,  but  planned 
and  proportioned  by  a  scholar  pre-eminently  fitted  for  the 
task,  the  new  enterprise  will  mean  much,  not  only  in  itself, 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  327 

but  in  the  spirit  which  it  will  breed  and  the  supplementary 
labors  it  will  inspire.  .  .  .  One  pledge  of  its  breadth  is 
in  the  sub-editors — Drs.  Erskine  and  Van  Doren,  of  Colum- 
bia, and  Professor  Sherman,  of  Illinois." 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  new  History  of  American 
Literature  will  do  justice  to  Catholics.  Of  the  existing 
non-Catholic  manuals  we  daresay  not  one  is  even  halfway 
satisfactory  on  this  score. 

■•■♦-•• 

Distributing  the  Immigrants 

Aside  from  the  farther  and  deeper  problem  of  neces- 
sary restriction  for  the  future,  the  "immigration  problem" 
at  present  lies  mainly  in  the  lack  of  a  system  of  distribu- 
tion. The  North  American  Civic  League  for  Immigrants 
is  bending  all  its  efforts  to  provide  such  a  system.  Accord- 
ing to  the  New  York  Independent  (May  18th),  Miss  Fran- 
ces Kellor,  the  managing  director  of  the  League,  has  formu- 
lated a  plan  by  which  the  distribution,  protection  and  em- 
ployment of  immigrants  shall  be  vested  in  the  Federal 
Government.  A  Bureau  of  Distribution  is  to  be  estab- 
lished in  the  Department  of  Labor,  at  Washington,  through 
which  all  transactions  regarding  employment  of  immi- 
grants shall  be  conducted.  Labor  exchanges  are  to  be 
established  in  all  distribution  or  redistribution  centers, 
such  as  New  York,  Boston,  New  Orleans,  San  Francisco, 
Buffalo,  Chicago,  Duluth,  with  branches  in  all  important 
commercial  centers  throughout  the  country. 

The  process  for  procuring  employment  will  then  be  very  simple. 
When  there  is  a  demand  for  labor  in  one  of  the  commercial  centers, 
its  branch  will  report  to  the  central  bureau,  which  will  then  communi- 
cate with  the  labor  exchange  at  the  most  convenient  distribution  cen- 
ter. .  .  .  The  branch  will  immediately  wire  the  central  bureau. 
The  central  bureau  will  wire  the  labor  exchange  at  New  York,  through 
which  the  tide  of  immigration  is  continually  flowing.  This  exchange 
will  not  merely  forward  the  first  hundred  available  men  to  the  place 
where  they  are  needed,  but  will  choose  with  care  those  who  are  most 
fitted  by  training  and  inclination  to  this  particular  sort  of  work.  The 
new  bureau  will  also  give  protection  in  transit  and  against  frauds  and 
despoilers,  and  distribute  information  regarding  available  land  for 
settlers. 


328  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

If  the  proposed  plan  is  put  into  operation,  it  will  be 
well  for  the  Catholic  Colonization  Society  and  other  simi- 
lar agencies  to  co-operate  with  the  new  Federal  Bureau. 


President  Wilson  and  the  New  Standard  of  Oratory 

Commenting  on  President  Wilson's  speech  at  the  cere- 
mony held  in  commemoration  of  the  bluejackets  and  ma- 
rines who  fell  at  Vera  Cruz,  the  Xew  York  Evening  Post 
(Vol.  113.  Xo.  150),  in  an  editorial  leader,  calls  attention 
to  the  change  that  has  come  over  the  standards  of  oratory. 
The  old  fustian  and  the  purple  patch  are  happily  going  out 
of  fashion,  says  our  brilliant  contemporary.  "Eloquence" 
of  the  Jefferson  Brick  period  is  now  regarded  mainly  as  an 
affliction.  It  still  has  an  occasional  public  speaker  under 
its  sway,  and  after-dinner  orators  occasionally  suffer  from 
a  bad  case  of  it;  but  the  swing  is  all  the  other  way.  There 
are  still  exceptions.  We  sometimes  encounter  a  child  of 
genius  with  a  native  rich  gift  of  speech,  whom  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  listen  to,  while  he  is  under  the  swell  and  glow 
of  oratory.  But  even  such  sublime  flights  are  always  peril- 
ous ;  and  present-day  taste  rather  inclines  to  the  Mark- 
Antony  type. 

"If  with  this  directness  we  have  the  occasional  phrase  that  lifts, 
the  sense  of  fitness  that  never  falters,  and  the  feeling  that  shows  itself 
most  intense  when  most  kept  under,  we  have  the  kind  of  speaking  which 
best  satisfies  the  best  listeners  to-day.  It  is  intellectual  without  being 
labored,  it  is  appealing  rather  than  clamorous,  and  it  pays  the  hearer 
the  compliment  of  taking  it  for  granted  that  he  is  able  to  hear  more 
than  meets'  the  ear." 

Unfortunately,  speakers  of  rare  felicity  in  this  manner 
are  not  often  found.  Mr.  Wilson  is  one  of  them.  He 
always  shows  himself  "a  master  of  the  just  feeling  and  the 
fit  word."  In  the  simplest  language,  and  with  every  appear- 
ance of  spontaneous  and  unstudied  utterance,  he  "speaks 
the  thing  that  is  in  all  hearts."     The  greatest  orator  could 

do  no  more. 

8 : 

It  takes  a  long  time  for  the  fire  of  genius  to  make  the  pot 
boil. 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  329 

THE  SODALITY  OF  ST.  PETER  CLAVER 

Some  months  ago  we  spoke  of  the  Sodality  of  St.  Peter 
Claver  and  the  noble  work  it  is  doing  for  the  African  mis- 
sions. At  that  time  a  lecture  tour  by  two  representatives 
of  the  Sodality,  Baroness  von  Schonau-Wehr  and  Miss  Va- 
leria Bielak,  was  in  prospect.  We  are  now  glad  to  report 
that  the  venture  met  with  unlooked-for  success.  Practically 
all  the  big  teaching  sisterhoods  of  the  Middle  West  have 
become  interested  in  this  worthy  enterprise,  and  the  laity 
of  four  archdioceses  have  learned,  perhaps  for  the  first  time-, 
of  the  great  things  inspired  by  the  zeal  and  religious  conse- 
cration of  just  one  woman,  and  she  of  our  own  age.  St. 
Louis  has  been  chosen  for  the  American  headquarters  of  the 
Sodality,  with  branch  offices  at  Dubuque,  Milwaukee,  and 
Chicago. 

The  mission  movement,  in  one  form  or  another,  seems  to 
be  taking  hold  of  the  country.  This  is  a  hopeful  sign;  for 
where  the  faith  of  a  people  does  not  grow  expansive,  at  least 
in  helpful  sympathy,  there  is  reason  to  fear  that  it  is  anemic. 
Old  and  young  alike  need  to  be  thrilled  by  being  brought 
into  close  proximity  to  the  firing  line  of  the  Church's  battle 
formation ;  need  to  drink  in  courage  for  their  own  little 
struggles  by  witnessing  the  heroes  and  heroines  of  Christ  in 
valiant  conflict.  The  missionary  phase  of  the  Church's  life 
should  be  as  much  a  part  of  the  religious  education  of  the 
young  as  would  the  varying  fortunes  of  an  actual  war  of 
their  patriotic  up-bringing.  There  are  many  things  it  would 
strongly  contribute  to  bring  about ;  among  them  a  high  tone 
of  Catholic  thought  and  feeling,  a  love  for  frequent  and  even 
daily  Communion,  an  increase  in  the  number  of  vocations  to 
the  priesthood  and  to  the  religious  life. 

It  is  particularly  as  an  educational  factor  that  we  have 
been  struck  by  the  work  of  the  Sodality  of  St.  Peter  Claver. 
We  are  acquainted  with  no  missionary  organization  whose 
methods  are  more  calculated  to  make  for  self-sacrifice  or 
better  adapted  to  develop  Christian  individuality  on  the  part 
of  the  child.  In  fact  everything  about  this  deserving  society 
is  redolent  of  the  supernatural  delicacy  and  the  systematic 


330  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

good  sense  of  the  saints.  For  instance,  children  are  asked 
to  contribute  ten  cents  a  year  to  the  missions,  preferably  as 
a  form  of  Lenten  mortification ;  but  at  the  same  time  the 
Sisters  in  charge  are  requested  to  make  sure  that  this  offer- 
ing comes  from  the  child's  own  spending  money  and  that  no 
child  is  shamed  into  giving,  this  latter  being  guarded  against 
by  having  the  children  bring  their  offerings  to  the  Sister 
privately.  An  organization  that  loves  the  interests  of  the 
Church  more  than  its  own  immediate  prosperity  is  deserv- 
ing of  success. 


MODERN  FADS  VS.  PEDAGOGIC  EFFICIENCY 

One  of  the  excrescences  in  present-day  education,  to 
which  we  adverted  in  our  last  article  (and  it  is  not  pleasant 
for  a  teacher  to  say  so),  is  the  large  number  of  so-called 
"scientific  studies."  There  is  no  end  of  manuals  and  meth- 
ods and  handbooks  and  helps  and  syllabi  (often,  to  be  sure, 
the  outcome  of  earnest  and  persistent  labor)  on  all  topics  of 
study.  The  later  features  of  the  curriculum — art,  sloyd, 
manual  and  vocational  training,  hygiene,  domestic  science — 
are  especially  "rich"  in  such  literature.  But  how  many  of 
these  books  fall  below  the  standard  of  excellence  that  may 
reasonably  be  set  for  "pedagogic  helps  for  teachers" !  From 
only  one  page  of  the  Educational  Review  (June,  1913,  p.  94) 
we  cull  the  following  trenchant  criticisms  of  recent  "peda- 
gogic helps"  of  this  type: 

"We  may  be  stupid,  but  we  can  get  very  little  that  is  intelli- 
gible and  suggestive  out  of  the  book  entitled  'Intellectual  Religion,' 
written  by  Thomas  C.  Ryan." 

"  'There  Are  No  Dead'  is  the  title  of  a  similarly  unintelligible 
and  unsatisfying  book.    The  author  is  Sophie  R.  de  Meissner." 

"  'Soul  and  Sex  in  Education'  is  one  of  those  useless  and 
trivial  books  that  causes  the  reviewer  to  wonder  how  it  got  itself 
printed.     It  is  written  by  Jirah  D.  Buck,  M.  D." 

'Truly  our  lot  has  fallen  in  difficult  places,  for  the  next  volume 
is  just  as  hopeless,  although  quite  different.  It  is  entitled  'Solitude 
Letters,'  by  Mary  T.  Blauvelt.  So  far  as  we  are  concerned,  these 
letters  will   resume   their  solitude." 

"And  still  they  come.  Here  is  a  book  with  such  sub-heads  as 
'Crises  of  the  Interior  Life,'  which  is  terrifying  both  in  content  and 
form.      It    is    entitled    'The    Pilot    Flame,'    by    Kelley    Jenness,    who 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  331 

describes  himself  as  'A  practicing  pastor  engaged  in  lighting  pilot 
flames.'     We  leave  him  to  his  difficult  task." 

(P.  95) :  "The  literature  of  eugenics  grows  more  fearsome  as  it 
develops.  We  recommend  the  omission  to  read  'Bi-Sexual  Man,' 
by  Buzzacott,  apparently  a  male,  and  Wymore,  apparently  a 
female." 

(P.  96) :  "Nothing  very  striking  is  to  be  found  in  the  quite 
ordinary  lectures  delivered  at  the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art  by 
various  excellent  gentlemen  and  collected  in  a  little  volume  en- 
titled 'Art  Museums  and  Schools.' " 

It  would  be  easy  to  find  similar  comment  regarding-  late 
works  in  other  subjects,  among  the  book-notes  of  the  same 
review.  But  we  shall  cite  instead  the  severe  judgment 
passed  by  Professor  Shorey  upon  recent  "scientific"  educa- 
tional works.    He  writes : 

"The  awkwardness  of  style,  defect  in  'culture,'  the  quality  ot 
the  dialectic  and  logic,  the  irrelevancies,  the  elaborations  of  meta- 
phor from  illustrations  into  arguments,  the  disproportionate  em- 
phasis upon  trifles  and  truisms,  the  ignoring  of  the  issue,  the 
naive  dependence  on  authority  ...  all  these  surprise  in  the 
controversial  and  popular  writings  of  scientific  men,  especially  in 
the  case  of  the  pseudo-  or  demi-sciences." 

In  a  note  to  this  criticism  he  observes : 

"Illustrations  of  this  point  are  too  numerous  to  quote  here,  but 
the  repeated  misapprehension  of  Plato's  plainest  meanings  in 
'Education  as  Adjustment,'  19,  62,  63.  90,  by  Mr.  M.  V.  O'Shea, 
professor  of  the  'science'  and  art  of  education  in  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  are  typical.  If  such  are  the  standards  of  accuracy  and 
criticism  of  the  professor  of  the  science,  what  will  be  those  of  the 
novices?"  (Paul  Shorey,  "The  Case  for  the  Classics,"  p.  316,  in 
Kelsey,  "Latin  and  Greek  in  American  Education,"  1911.) 

One  of  the  latest  fads  in  the  curriculum  is  hygiene  and 
physical  culture.  There  is  a  book  entitled  "The  Mental  and 
Physical  Life  of  School  Children."  Its  author  is  Peter 
Sandiford,  and  in  Section  II  he  says: 

"Believing  that  man  is  the  highest  product  of  animal  evolution 
and  that  he  has  evolved  through  countless  generations  from  a 
primordial  living  cell,  we  endeavor  in  this  chapter  to  give  an 
account,  if  only  in  outline,  of  how  his  nervous  system  has  come 
to  be." 

To  this  a  reviewer  in  the  American  School  Board  Journal 
(Feb.  1914,  p.  44)  adds: 

"It  is  well  that  the  learned  doctor  speaks  thus  plainly.     One 


332  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

can  then  take  his  deductions  cum  grano  salts.     Is  it  not  a  rather  late 
date  to  be  teaching  evolution?" 

Iii  the  same  Journal  (March,  1914,  p.  16)  we  find  an  apt 
criticism  of  another  recent  appendage  to  school-work — 
vocational  instruction.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the 
criticism  comes  from  an  advocate  of  such  instruction  and 
one  who  has  himself  written  several  works  on  the  subject. 
He  says : 

''Manual  training  is  good  as  a  part  of  liberal  education,  but  it 
it  only  make-believe  vocational  education.  The  household  arts 
instruction  of  our  high  and  elementary  schools,  considered  as  an 
element  of  general  education,  is  excellent,  but  we  must  not  allow 
it  to  masquerade  as  true  vocational  training  for  women's  trades  or 
for  home-making.  Agricultural  instruction  in  high  schools  of 
general  education  is  good,  but  it  is  our  duty  to  warn  the  public 
that,  as  ordinarily  carried  on,  it  has  little  more  to  do  with  the 
making  of  successful  farmers  than  have  Latin  or  algebra." 

A  subject  concerning  which  there  has  been  a  tremendous 
amount  of  discussion,  and  upon  whose  prominent  position 
in  the  curriculum  many  teachers  feel  very  proud,  is  English. 
In  glancing  over  this  voluminous  literature — methods  of 
English  teaching,  study,  reading,  composition,  etc. — one 
would  fain  believe  that  the  intellectual  salvation  of  pupils 
lies  in  faithful  attendance  on  courses  in  English.  We  have 
witnessed  a  marvelous  "expansion"  of  such  courses  in  our 
day.  Has  the  widening  of  the  work  always  produced  richer 
results?  In  The  English  Journal  (January,  1912,  p.  43)  we 
read  that  one  professor  deplores  "the  grinding-in  of  mere 
facts,  so  often  observed  in  the  English  classes  of  the  small 
high  schools.  He  would  have  no  entrance  examinations  on 
books  previously  prescribed." 

To  return  to  the  question  of  "vocational  training,"  we 
find  that  the  New  York  Times  (March  22,  1914)  quotes  one 
of  the  leading  educators  of  the  land,  Dr.  Leonard  P.  Ayres, 
investigator  for  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation,  as  holding 
that  "our  scholars  need  elementary  education,  not  vocational 
training."     We  read  in  the  afore-mentioned  paper: 

"That  a  sound  elementary  education  in  preference  to  specialized 
industrial  training  is  the  crying  need  of  the  school  children  of  to- 
day, is  the  startling  conclusion  arrived  at  by  Dr.  Leonard  P.  Ayres 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  333 

of  the  Division  of  Education  of  the  Russell  Sage  Foundation. 
After  an  investigation  conducted  in  seventy-eight  American  school 
systems  Dr.  Ayres  is  about  to  publish  his  findings  in  a  report  to  that 
institution  on  some  of  the  conditions  affecting  the  problems  of  indus- 
trial education.  .  .  .  These  facts  are  significant  in  the  light  of 
the  present  agitation  in  favor  of  specialized  vocational  training.  They 
certainly  upset  the  prevailing  impression  that  schools  should  shape 
their  courses  with  the  predominant  aim  of  preparing,  the  children  to 
enter  local  industries.  Add  to  this  another  fact  quite  as  startling — 
that  mental  workers  constitute  more  than  one-third  of  all  the  fathers 
of  the  children  investigated,  and  we  see  the  importance  of  Dr.  Ayres' 
findings.  His  study  reveals  the  inaccuracy  of  the  common  generaliza- 
tion to  the  effect  that  only  one  child  in  ten  in  our  public  school  system 
will  find  his  life  work  in  an  intellectual  occupation,  while  the  other 
nine  are  destined  to  do  hand  work." 

.  It  will  not  be  out  of  place  to  conclude  this  brief  review 
of  some  modern  educational  fads  with  a  remark  about  one 
of  the  most  vicious  and  deplorable  of  all — sex  hygiene  in  the 
schools.  Fortunately  a  more  enlightened  opinion  is  begin- 
ning to  oppose  certain  cranks  and  enthusiasts  and  will  not 
allow  them  to  have  the  field  all  to  themselves.  Few  state- 
ments have  so  clearly  presented  the  case  in  favor  of  the 
former,  well-established  policy  of  banishing  this  topic  from 
elementary  schools,  as  the  following  paragraph  quoted  with 
hearty  approval  by  the  Educational  Review  (Oct.,  1913,  p. 
318)  from  the  Argonaut,  of  San  Francisco: 

"It  is  hard  to  believe  that  this  new  mischief  can  be  advocated  by 
anyone  with  a  practical,  as  opposed  to  a  theoretical,  knowledge  of  chil- 
dren, or  by  anyone  who  is  aware  of  the  school-class  consciousness  that 
always  tends  to  descend  to  the  level  of  its  lower  units.  A  proper  sex 
hygiene  cannot  be  taught  as  arithmetic  or  geography  are  taught.  It 
does  not  consist  in  the  imparting  of  facts.  It  cannot  be  written  down 
in  books,  or  even  talked  about  in  a  formal  and  definite  way.  Sex 
hygiene  is  a  matter  more  of  morals  than  of  intellectual  consciousness. 
.  .  .  That  parents  are  gravely  amiss  is  true  enough,  but  this  is  an 
evil  that  cannot  be  remedied  by  adding  a  new  subject  to  the  school 
curriculum.  Sex  hygiene  can  properly  be  taught  only  by  parents  and 
guardians.  In  the  hands  of  others  it  is  a  virulent  poison.  It  is  far 
better  that  it  should  be  untaught  than  taught  wrongly." 

Here  then  we  have  the  opinion  of  unprejudiced  observ- 
ers of  certain  recent  tendencies  in  our  educational  system. 
We  are  glad  to  note  an  indication  of  a  return  to  sanity  and 
soundness  and  even  to  so-called  antiquated  methods  in  some 


334  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  the  criticisms.  These  expressions  should  convince  con- 
scientious teachers  who  have  followed  well-established  sys- 
tems of  intellectual  and  moral  training,  that  success  depends 
less  upon  the  use  of  all  sorts  of  helps  and  aids,  and  odds  and 
ends  gathered  from  "scientific"  pedagogic  work-shops,  than 
upon  a  spirit  of  genuine  enthusiasm,  devotion,  and  constant 
application  in  their  arduous  work. 

St.  Louis  University  Albert  Muntsch,  S.J. 


WITH  OUR  CONTEMPORARIES 


Strangely  enough,  not  one  of  our  Catholic  contempo- 
raries seems  to  have  noticed  the  all  but  transparent  motive 
which  induced  the  Hearst  newspapers  to  give  such  unusual 
prominence  to  the  alleged  conversion  of  William  Lorimer 
of  Chicago.  These  scavengers  delight  in  fastening  dis- 
reputable politicians  on  the  pure  white  skirts  of  the  Bride 

of  Christ. 

■•■-#■-•■ 

The  editor  of  the  Wichita  Catholic  Advance  is  "hard 
up."     He  says  in  Vol.  21,  No.  7,  of  his  delectable  journal: 

"We  are  yearning  for  a  summer  suit  of  clothes,  price  $12,  includ- 
ing a  pair  of  shoes,  and  we  hope  to  get  enough  also  to  be  able  to  meet 
the  bill  for  the  suit  we  got  last  summer  on  tick  and  enough  to  g.et  our 
raincoat  out  of  hock.  Heave-ahoy  friends,  send  in  the  subscription  at 
once  and  get  a  new  subscriber  while  about  it,  and 

We'll  feel  just  as  happy  as  a  big  sunflower 

That  nods  and  bends  in  the  breezes, 

And   our  hearts  just  as  light  as  the  winds   that   blow 

The  leaves  from  off  the  trees-es." 

Our  esteemed  contemporary's  taste  is  on  a  level  with 
its  poetry. 

The  Sacred  Heart  Review  (Vol.  51,  No.  21)  says: 
"A  writer  who  has  been  connected  with  several  Catholic  journals 
that  went  to  the  wall,  writing  advice  as  to  how  Catholic  papers  should 
be  run,  reminds  us  of  the  good  woman  who  protested  her  ability  to 
take  care  of  children  on  the  ground  that  she  had  had  six  of  her  own 
and   lost    every  one   of   them." 

We  mean  to  hint  no  hints  and  to  insinuate  no  insinua- 
tions, but  there  must  be  a  tremendous  dearth  of  "copy"  in 
the  offices  of  the  "Extension"  magazine,  since  the  editors 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  335 

devote  so  much  space  to  the  lucubrations  of  the  Reverend 
John  Talbot  Smith,  who  was  one  of  the  most  dismal  fail- 
ures as  an  editor  that  the  profession  has  ever  harbored 
within  its  ranks.     "Extension"  needs  an  infusion  of  new 

blood. 

■#■ '  •#•   ♦ 

It  is  very  unedifying  the  way  some  of  our  "official 
organs"  sneer  at  certain  eminent  prelates.  There  is  the 
Hartford  Catholic  Transcript,  for  example,  which,  after 
conspicuously  printing  on  its  first  page  Cardinal  O'Con- 
nell's  dramatic  telegram  to  President  Wilson  and  Governor 
Walsh  of  Massachusetts,  vie. : 

"To-day  I  am  sailing  for  Rome  by  arrangements  made  long  before 
the  present  national  crisis  could  be  foreseen.  I  am  ready  at  a  moment's 
notice  to  return,  should  there  be  any  need,  and  I  am  always  at  the 
service  of  my  beloved  country  and  its  honored  head," 

says  in  an  editorial  note  on  page  four  (Vol.  16,  No.  47)  : 

"Cardinal  Gibbons  sailed  this  week  for  Rome.  Before  taking  his 
departure  His  Eminence  gave  expression  to  the  sentiments  reproduced 
elsewhere,  which  do  honor  to  his  wisdom  and  his  career  as  a  patriotic 
churchman.  His  sane,  conservative  statements  about  our  relations 
with  Mexico  are  given  forth  with  no  flourish  of  trumpets  and  with  no 
appeal  to  the  gallery.  Americans  listen  when  Cardinal  Gibbons  speaks. 
His  years  have  been  telling  on  him,  and  the  country  long  blessed  by 
his  noble-minded  utterances  never  looks  to  the  Baltimore  churchman 
for  anything  savoring  of  the  dramatic  in  his  comings  and  goings." 

Our  staid  and  generally  reliable  contemporary,  the 
Southern  Messenger,  of  San  Antonio,  Tex.,  the  other  week 
came  to  us  with  this  astounding  information  (Vol.  23,  No. 

12)  : 

"Monsignor  Benson's  diocese  is  in  the  archdiocese  of  Westminster. 
.  .  .  His  conversion  .  .  .  was  regarded  as  the  most  important 
conversion  since  John  Henry  Newman  left  his  community  of  Oscott 
and  embraced  the  Catholic  faith." 

It  would  be  difficult  to  pack  more  nonsensical  misinfor- 
mation into  two  small  sentences.  'Tis  a  pity  that  our 
Catholic  editors  rely  so  largely  for  their  news  items  on  the 
secular  press;  but  the  Catholic  reading  public  has  a  right 
to  expect  at  least  that  they  sift  the  information  they  bor- 
row from  the  daily  papers  and  correct  such  flagrant  and 


336  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ludicrous  errors  as  that  Msgr.  Benson  is  a  bishop,  that  a 

diocese  can  be  in  an  archdiocese,  and  that  Newman  "left 

his  community  of  Oscott"  to  become  a  Catholic. 

■••♦-•■ 

The  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  (Vol.  43,  No.  22)  once 
again  comments  on  the  evergreen  subject  of  the  high  mor- 
tality rate  among  Catholic  papers  and  magazines.  Our 
contemporary  estimates  the  number  of  Catholic  periodi- 
cals that  have  died  in  this  country  within  the  past  dozen 
years  at  sixty,  among  them  such  important  and  well-conducted 
publications  as  the  Dolphin,  the  Catholic  Review  of  Re- 
views, Griffin's  Researches,  the  Midland  Review,  and 
Mosher's  Magazine. 

Recurring  to  the  subject  in  its  No.  24,  the  Citizen  ad- 
verts to  the  fact  that  in  this  country  the  Catholic  paper,  to 
obtain  anything  like  a  wide  circulation,  has  to  be  sold  at 
the  church  door,  a  practice  which  is  rarely  if  ever  adopted 
in  the  case  of  Protestant  religious  papers,  and  adds: 

".  .  .  the  practice  of  hawking  Catholic  papers  at  church  doors 
is  an  inferior  method.  So  is  the  giving  out  of  religious  papers  free, 
gratis.  The  vital  thing  is  to  persuade  Catholics  to  take  Catholic  papers 
in  their  homes,  through  the  mails,  and  to  make  those  papers  not 
cheap  handbills,  but  'worth  while'  affairs." 

♦    ♦    ••- 

Father  J.  E.  Copus,  S.J.,  Dean  of  the  School  of  Journal- 
ism at  Marquette  University,  Milwaukee,  in  a  paper  con- 
tributed to  Vol.  11,  No.  1,  of  the  New  York  America,  while 
admitting  that  the  actual  conditions  of  secular  journalism 
in  the  country  at  large  to-day  cannot  be  reconciled  with 
Catholic  ideals,  expresses  it  as  his  opinion  that 

''there  has  been  a  large  improvement  in  the  morale  of  papers,  and  of 
those  who  produce  them,  in  late  years.  It  is  probably  safe  to  say  that 
the  wave  of  'yellowism'  has  passed,  or  is  rapidly  passing,  with  its  flood 
of  nauseous  reading.  There  is  more  regard  for  accuracy  and  absolute 
truth  in  reporting  now  than  in  the  past;  and  there  is  a  tendency  at 
least  to  do  away  with  the  exploitation  of  domestic  scandals  and  gross 
criminal  offenses." 

I  have  been  engaged  in  active  journalism,  largely  on  the 
daily  press,  for  over  a  quarter  of  a  century,  but  I  can 
observe  no  signs  of  betterment,  rather  numerous  indica- 
tions of  further  deterioration.     Where  there   is  one  clean 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  337 

and  reliable  daily  paper  now — there  are  luckily  a  few  such 
left — there  were  a  dozen  years  ago,  and  where  two  or  three 
"yellow"  sheets  thrive  to-day,  as  in  New  York  and  Chi- 
cago, for  instance,  there  was  scarcely  one  a  quarter  of  a 
century  ago,  and  the  few  sensational  papers  that  existed 
at  that  time  were  read  only  by  a  certain  very  limited  class 
of  people,  rarely  by  the  ordinary  citizen,  and  not  at  all 
by  the  members  of  his  family.  To  say  that  the  general 
morale  of  the  American  daily  press  has  improved  and  that 
the  wave  of  "yellowism"  is  passing,  betrays  an  optimism 
that  borders  on  blindness. 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


Nathan  and  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir : 

I  have  read  with  interest  your  remarks  on  the  protest  of  the 
Catholic  Federation  and  the  Catholic  press  against  the  appointment  of 
Ernesto  Nathan,  notorious  Catholic-baiter  and  Freemason,  as  Italian 
Commissioner  to  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  in  San  Francisco. 
Since  then  the  Catholic  Union  of  Missouri,  at  its  annual  convention, 
has  adopted  a  resolution  embodying  a  request  to  Catholics  everywhere 
in  the  country  to  refrain  from  visiting  the  Exposition  on  those  days 
on  which  Nathan  attends  in  an  official  capacity.  That  is  more  reason- 
able than  another  suggestion  I  have  seen  made,  viz. :  that  Catholics 
should  keep  away  entirely  from  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  as  a 
means  of  showing  their  disapproval.  Such  a  course  would  be  inad- 
visable. For,  as  the  Catholic  Bulletin  of  St.  Paul  points  out  (Vol*  4, 
No.  19),  "the  Exposition  commemorates  an  event  of  the  greatest 
importance  not  only  to  America,  but  to  the  entire  world,  and  it  would 
not  be  proper  for  Catholics  to  boycott  it  entirely."  The  Bulletin  sug- 
gests that  since  Mr.  Nathan  represents  the  people  of  Italy  at  the  forth- 
coming celebration,  Catholics  attending  the  Exposition  should  not  set 
foot  within  the  Italian  concession.  ''Let  Nathan  sit  in  state  in  the 
Italian  department,  but  let  no  Catholic  cross  its  threshold." 

Both  suggestions  point  out  a  practical  and  effective  way  of  punish- 
ing the  Italian  government  for  its  wanton  insult  to  American  Catholics. 

Chicago,   111.  A.    C.   L. 

Lindenwood  College — A  Query 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

In  an  article  contributed  by  E.  G.  H.  to  the  Sunday  edition  of  the 
St.  Louis  Globe-Democrat,  May  17,  are  unfolded  the  plans  of  Col. 
James  Gay  Butler,  a  St.  Louis  millionaire,  to  make  Lindenwood  College 


338  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

at  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  "one  of  the  greatest  colleges  for  girls  in  the  coun- 
try." Lindenwood  was  established  in  1828  as  a  school  for  the  training 
of  girls.  It  is  beautifully  situated  and  well  equipped.  Col.  Butler 
seems  to  have  made  up  his  mind  to  make  it  "a  center  of  music,  art, 
and  general  culture."  There  is  one  point  in  E.  G.  H.'s  article  that  calls 
for  comment.  Lindenwood  is  a  Presbyterian  school.  It  was  "turned 
over  to  the  Presbytery  of  St.  Louis  in  1856,  and  later  was  given  into 
the  care  of  the  Synod  of  Missouri."  Its  president  is  always  a  regularly 
ordained  minister  of  that  synod.  The  Rev.  Dr.  John  L.  Roemer,  who 
holds  that  position  at  present,  was  until  recently  pastor  of  the  Tyler 
Place  Presbyterian  Church  in  St.  Louis.  "How  does  it  happen," — I 
repeat  literally  a  query  in  E.  G.  H.'s  article,  though  of  course  with  a 
different  motive, — "how  does  it  happen  that  the  three  most  enthusiastic 
rooters  for  the  college,  the  ones  who  have  sent  [it]  the  greatest  number 
of  girls,  are  of  the  Catholic  faith?"  Can  the  fact  here  implied  be  true? 
Is  this  Protestant  institution,  in  a  neighborhood  so  lavishly  supplied 
with  Catholic  schools  for  girls  as  St.  Louis  and  vicinity,  really  fre- 
quented to  any  considerable  extent  by  Catholics?  And  if  so,  why?  The 
question  is  of  as  much  interest  to  Catholics  as  to  the  Presbyterian  who 
puts  it  in  the  Globe-Democrat. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  A  Catholic  Mother 


CATHOLIC  STUDENTS  IN  PUBLIC  HIGH 
SCHOOLS 

(Concluded) 

In  view  of  this  clear  and  convincing  statement  it  is  cer- 
tainly a  matter  of  surprise  that  efforts  should  be  made  or 
encouraged  among  us  which  are  an  invitation  to  Catholic  chil- 
dren to  attend  the  public  high  schools.  Granting  that  it  is 
sometimes  desirable  to  show  the  public  school  authorities  that 
our  pupils  are  'up  to  the  standard,"  a  regular  examination  for 
entrance  to  the  public  high  schools  would  subject  the  parochial 
school  to  a  slavish  imitation  of  public  school  methods  and  in 
praxi  amount  to  an  invitation  and  encouragement  for  the  pupils 
to  enter  the  public  high  schools. 

It  is  refreshing  to  observe  how  in  some  cities  constant  efforts 
are  made  to  provide  Catholic  high  schools  for  all  the  Catholic 
boys  and  girls  who  wish  to  take  high  school  branches.  In  a 
few  cases  the  expenses  are  paid  by  the  parishes.  Sane  indi- 
vidualism suggests  that  parents  who  are  able  to  pay  for  the 
higher  education  of  their  children  should  not  depend  on  parish 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  339 

contributions.  Here  and  there  free  Catholic  high  schools  have 
been  built  and  endowed  by  generous  benefactors.  Very  satis- 
factory arrangements  have  been  made  in  other  localities  where 
pastors  have  entered  into  an  agreement  with  existing  Catholic 
high  schools  conducted  by  religious  orders.  By  these  arrange- 
ments the  parishes  pay  for  promising  pupils  whose  parents  are 
not  gifted  with  worldly  goods.  Sound  economy  fully  sup- 
ports such  a  practice.  It  seems  natural  that  in  localities  where 
religious  orders  have  done  educational  work  according  to  the 
spirit  of  the  Church,  an  understanding  be  had  with  them  with 
a  view  to  utilizing  their  co-operation  for  the  common  good. 
The  orders,  as  a  rule,  are  willing  to  continue  their  self-sacri- 
ficing work  under  any  reasonable  arrangement. 


The  case  is  different  in  many  country  places,  where  no 
Catholic  high  school  is  possible.  A  neighboring  Catholic  high 
school  or  college  might  accommodate  a  number  of  aspiring 
Catholic  boys  in  a  dormitory  system,  if  a  boarding-school  is 
not  preferred. 

The  secondary  preparation  demanded  for  the  normal  schools 
is  given  in  our  Catholic  colleges  and  academies,  and  in  some 
places  it  is  fully  recognized  by  the  normal  school  authorities. 
In  several  States  the  courses  of  Catholic  colleges,  provided  they 
include  certain  subjects  on  the  art  and  history  of  teaching, 
entitle  the  holder  of  the  A.  B.  degree  to  a  teacher's  certificate. 

Paedagogus 


-*-- 


A  young  lady  inquired  at  a  store  for  "Louis  Quinze" 
shoes.  Some  were  shown  her,  but  not  liking  a  peculiarity 
about  the  heels,  she  asked  the  clerk  if  they  had  no  "Louis 
Quinze"  shoes  without  this  peculiarity.  "No,"  said  the 
clerk,  "Mr.  Quinze  always  makes  them  just  like  this." 
"Mr.  Who?"  "Mr.  Quinze,  Louis  Quinze,  of  Paree,  he 
makes  all  our  goods  of  this  class ;  we  get  them  direct  from 
him.  You  can  see  his  trademark  here."  The  customer 
barely  survived  to  tell  the  story. 


340  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

TILTING  AT  A  STRAW  MAN 

Consistent  Catholics  are  not  the  only  persons  who  per- 
ceive and  feel  the  inconsistency,  pointed  out  in  No.  7  of  this 
Review  by  Mrs.  S.  T.  Otten,  of  teaching  in  "non-sectarian" 
schools  which  conscience  and  the  law  of  the  Church  forbid 
us  to  let  our  children  attend.  Thus  the  St.  Paul  Catholic 
Bulletin  (Vol.  4,  No.  17)  quotes  a  Masonic  journal,  "The 
Cataract  News,"  published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Minne- 
sota Grand  Lodge  of  the  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  as  saying  in  its 
edition  of  April  7 : 

"Is  it  not  strange  that  the  hierarchy  will  permit  its  subjects  to 
teach  in  these  schools  which  it  denounces  as  godless?" 

The  Bulletin  tries  to  evade  this  argument  by  rhetorically 
denying  that  the  hierarchy  has  condemned  the  public 
schools  as  godless : 

"By  whom  has  the  statement  been  made?  By  the  Catholic 
Church?  By  the  American  hierarchy  on  behalf  of  the  Catholic 
Church?  Or  by  the  self-appointed  champions  who  would  tilt  at  a  straw 
man  and   win  the  applause  of   the   unthinking  rabble  ?" 

"Godless"  means :  "Having  no  reverence  for  God,  un- 
godly, irreligious."  (Standard  Dictionary.)  The  "self-ap- 
pointed champions  who  would  tilt  at  a  straw  man"  can  be 
none  other  than  those  individual  bishops  who  in  their 
synodal  statutes,  pastoral  letters,  circulars,  and  sermons 
have  warned  the  faithful  against  the  public  schools  because 
they  have  no  reverence  for  God  and  teach  no  religion.  We 
believe  it  can  truthfully  be  said  that  the  public  schools  have 
been  "denounced  as  godless"  "by  the  American  hierarchy 
on  behalf  of  the  Catholic  Church."  What  else  did  the 
Fathers  of  the  Second  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore  mean 
when  they  solemnly  declared: 

"Experientia  siquidem  diuturna  satis  superque  probavit,  quam 
gravia  sint  mala,  quam  intrinseca  etiam  pericula,  quae  juventuti  catho- 
licae  ex  frequentatione  scholarum  publicarum  hisce  in  'regionibus 
plerumque  obveniunt.  Vi  enim  systematis  apud  illas  obtinentis,  nequa- 
qum  fieri  potest  quin  simul  in  magnum  fidei  morumque  discrimen 
juvenes  catholici  adducantur.  Neque  alia  profecto  ex  causa  repetendi 
videntur  progressus,  quo  cxitialis  ilia  indifferentismi,  ut  vocant,  labes 
hactenus  in  hac  regione  maximos  habuit,  habetque  in  dies ;  ilia  quoque 
morum  corrupted,  qua  vel  tenerrimam  apud  nos  aetatem  passim  inhci 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  341 

ac  perdi  non  sine  lacrymis  videmus."     (Acta  et  Decreta  Cone.   Plen. 
Bait.  II,  n.  426.     Collectio  Lacensis,  Vol.  Ill,  col.  515.) 

To  minimize  this  and  similar  conciliary  declarations  for 
the  sake  of  contradicting  the  Freemasons  or  making  the 
Catholic  position  more  palatable  to  non-Catholics,  is  to 
employ  polemical  tactics  unworthy  of  a  Catholic  journal. 

Eppus 


THE  NEW  A.  P.  A.  MOVEMENT 

New  anti-Catholic  journals :  "The  Keystone  American," 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  "official  organ  of  the  Federation  of  the 
American  Patriotic  Fraternities  of  Allegheny  County,"  and 
a  Polish  paper  recently  founded  at  Minneapolis. 

♦        ♦        •♦■ 

James  A.  Flaherty,  Supreme  Knight  of  the  K.  of  C,  has 
heard  from  a  new  anti-Catholic  organization  in  the  South, 
which  calls  itself  "Eminent  Household  of  the  Columbian 
Woodmen."    Its  headquarters  appear  to  be  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 

When  The  Menace  had  been  barred  from  the  Canadian 
mails,  its  publishers  began  to  send  the  paper  in  bundle  lots 
across  the  border  by  express  or  freight  and  to  dispose  of 
them  through  local  agents.  The  Live  Issue  (Vol.  Ill,  No. 
9)  publishes  the  text  of  an  order  issued  by  the  Department 
of  Customs,  which  declares  that  The  Menace  "is  prohibited 
from  importation  into  Canada."  The  Menace  itself  acknowl- 
edges that  the  action  of  the  Canadian  authorities  will  "close 
every  avenue  of  escape  and  entirely  cut  us  off  from  the 
patriotic  people  of  Canada." 

*•  -9-  -•- 

A  Minnesota  priest,  the  Rev.  Henry  Dolle,  of  La  Cres- 
cent, defended  himself  against  a  vile  calumniator  in  a  far 
more  becoming  and  effective  manner  than  that  adopted  by 
those  Denver  rowdies.  According  to  the  St.  Paul  Catholic 
Bulletin  (Vol.  4,  No.  17),  when  he  found  that  stories  alleg- 
ing misconduct  were  being  circulated  against  him,  Father 
Dolle  consulted  a  local  attorney,  who  traced  these  stories 
to  a  certain  W.  H.  Fitting  and  prepared  to  bring  legal 
action  for  slander  against  him.    Realizing  the  impossibility 


342  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  proving  his  false  statements  against  the  priest,  Fitting 
hastened  to  sign  an  affidavit  admitting  their  untruth,  and 
agreed  to  pay  Father  Dolle  $100  for  legal  expenses  already 

incurred. 

■*•    ■•-    ■♦■ 

'"America"  (Vol.  XI,  No.  2)  refers  to  "a  descriptive 
catalogue  of  infamous  books,  mostly  directed  against  Chris- 
tianity, and  in  particular  against  the  Catholic  Church," 
which,  in  recommending  a  certain  work,  offers  the  following 
inducement  for  a  thorough  study  of  it : 

"It  will  show  you  how  to  vanquish  and  trample  upon  and  destroy 
the  strength  of  your  foes,  by  open  force  or  hidden  treachery,  by  law, 
religion  or  publicity,  according  to  your  nature,  your  strength  and  your 
brains." 

This,  as  our  contemporary  justly  observes,  is  the  logical 
deduction  from  premises  which  are  necessarily  taught  wher- 
ever God  is  ignored,  and  indicates  the  lines  of  campaign 
marked  out  for  the  destruction  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 

An  anti-Catholic  lecturer  named  Spurgeon  was  recently 
maltreated  in  Denver.  We  have  it  on  reliable  authority 
that  Catholics  were  implicated  in  the  lawless  act,  which 
the  local  Catholic  paper  unfortunately  tried  to  palliate  in- 
stead of  censuring  the  guilty  participants  and  reminding 
them  of  their  duty.     "Non  defensoribus  istis!" 

♦    ••••*■ 

General  Nelson  A.  Miles  recently  told  a  representative 
of  the  San  Francisco  Monitor  (Vol.  55,  No.  45)  that  the 
main  reason  why  he  joined  the  Guardians  of  Liberty  was 
that  "the  Catholic  Church  tried  to  interfere  in  our  national 
politics."  When  asked:  "Who  do  you  claim  is  interfering?" 
he  answered :  "Cardinal  Gibbons  and  Archbishop  Ireland." 
The  Monitor  gallantly  defends  these  prelates  against  the 
charge. 

The  Portland  (Ore.)  Catholic  Sentinel  (April  16)  sug- 
gests that  the  Knights  of  Columbus  buy  a  page  a  week 
for  six  months  in  the  Saturday  Evening  Post,  or  some  other 
journal    of   national    circulation,   an/,   "secure  the   services   of 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  343 

authoritative  Catholic  writers"  to  "set  forth  therein  a  mes- 
sage of  Catholic  citizens  to  their  non-Catholic  brethren,"  in 
order  to  counteract  the  new  A.  P.  A.  movement.  Our  con- 
temporary names  Archbishop  Ireland  as  a  writer  to  whom 
the  nation  would  listen  with  respect. 


A  SLANDER  CASE  BEFORE  THE  ROTA 

The  weekly  English  newspaper,  "Rome,"  published  in 
the  Eternal  City,  in  its  Nos.  15  and  16,  prints  an  English 
translation  of  the  proceedings  in  the  libel  action  brought 
before  the  Roman  Rota  by  the  Abbe  Lemire  against  Msgr. 
Delassus,  editor  of  the  Semaine  Religieuse  de  Cambrai. 
"The  incriminated  passages,"  comments  our  contemporary, 
"appear  to  constitute  a  very  serious  and  unprovoked  assault 
on  the  Abbe's  character,  and  the  man  in  the  street  might 
be  trusted  to  give  a  verdict  off-hand  against  Canon  De- 
lassus." Yet  the  Rota  decided  in  his  favor. 

Canon  Delassus  had  published  a  letter  very  injurious 
to  the  reputation  of  Abbe  Lemire,  from  Msgr.  D'Harangier. 
It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  judges  of  the  Rota  hold 
that  an  editor  who  publishes  a  libelous  letter,  even  if 
signed  by  the  writer,  is  co-responsible  with  the  writer,  be- 
cause he  "co-operates  efficaciously  in  the  divulgation." 

But,  of  course,  there  can  be  no  crime  where  there  was 
no  libelous  intent  (animus  iniuriandi).  Msgr.  Delassus  in 
the  present  case  can  be  shown  to  have  had  no  such  intent, 
first,  because  he  published  Msgr.  D'Harangier's  letter  with- 
out comment ;  second,  because  the  letter  was  authentic  both 
in  form  and  substance,  and  third,  because  there  was  a  good 
reason  for  publishing  it — the  Abbe  Lemire  having  given 
public  scandal.  Msgr.  Delassus  acted  with  ordinary  pru- 
dence and  charity  and  published  all  the  information  he  could 
procure  on  the  subject.  Finally,  the  Abbe  Lemire  was  not 
a  private  person,  but  "a  man  eager  to  take  part  in  public 
life  and  working  to  obtain  the  votes  of  Catholics  in  order 
to  be  able  to  defend  and  uphold  the  Catholic  cause  in  the 
French  Parliament."    The  judgment  then  continues: 


344  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

"Thus  all  who  according  to  the  present  constitution  of  States  have 
a  part  in  the  government  of  the  country  by  electing  a  deputy  through 
their  votes  should  know  the  value  of  the  men  who  seek  this  great 
honor  and  do  not  shrink  from  bearing  the  burden  of  it.  And  hence 
the  Auditors  say  that  the  directors  of  papers  have  not  only  the  power 
but  the  duty  to  report  assiduously  facts  which  illustrate  the  intentions, 
programmes,  virtues,  and  merits  of  deputies,  who  if  they  show  them- 
selves unworthy  of  their  high  mandate,  are  to  be  judged  according 
to  the  circumstances  by  the  electors  at  the  polling.  But  the  Auditors 
observe  that  it  is  not  therefore  lawful  to  calumniate  them  or  impru- 
dently or  lightly  to  tax  them  with  facts  that  are  false.  Since  it  is 
expedient  far  the  country  that  public  men  be  subject  to  public  cen- 
sure [italics  ours. — A.  P.],  it  follows  that  a  person  who  publishes  in 
newspapers  facts  that  injure  their  reputation  is  not  to  be  prosecuted 
as  a  common  slanderer,  but  that  the  presumption  is  that  he  has  had  no 
intention  of  injuring  anybody's  reputation — nay,  that  his  intention  has 
been  to  contribute  to  the  public  good  by  keeping  out  of  public  office  men 
entirely  noxious  to  themselves  and  others,  and  to  the  whole  country. 
It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  this  rule  is  fully  acted  upon  in  the  tri- 
bunals and  in  law  schools  among  all  civilized  peoples :  for  our  own 
forum  it  is  sufficient  to  note  Raynaldus'  observation  (Observat.,  lib. 
I,  cap.  11,  §  1,  n.  32,  Rome,  1688),  that  the  holy  Fathers  themselves 
employed  the  severest  language  and  open  accusations  against  the  evil 
devices  of  men  who  spread  errors  among  the  Christian  people.  Yet 
nobody  ever  ventured  to  accuse  them  of  offending  the  laws  of  justice 
and  charity ;  and  history  teaches  that  in  this  way  the  people  were 
saved  from  the  most  subtle  contagion  of  heresies  and  heretics." 

■ ■ — $h 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


We  beg  leave  to  congratulate  the  Carmelite  Order  in 
America  on  the  election  of  the  V.  Rev.  Fr.  Hilary  Doswald 
of  Chicago  to  the  important  office  of  provincial.  Father 
Doswald,  who  has  contributed  to  this  Review,  is  a  scholar 
of  exceptional  ability. 

In  this  country  it  is  seldom  that  a  professor  of  theology 
is  made  a  bishop.  In  Ireland  it  is  almost  the  rule.  Not 
long  since,  Dr.  Harty  of  Maynooth  was  consecrated  arch- 
bishop of  Casnel,  and  now  comes  the  news  that  Dr.  Daniel 
Coghlan,  of  the  same  institution,  has  been  appointed  aux- 
iliary bishop  of  Cork.  Dr.  Coghlan  has  published  some 
excellent    dogmatic    treatises — "De    Deo    Uno    et    Trino," 


XXI 11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  345 

"De  Deo  Creatore"  (1909),  "De  Incarnatione"  (1910),  and 
"De  SS.  Eucharistia"  (1913).  Bishops  ought  to  be  first- 
class  theologians.  We  wish  Ireland's  example  would  be 
followed  in  this  country. 

The  danger  of  national  prohibition,  of  which  we  spoke 
in  our  last  issue,  is  increased  by  the  adoption  into  the  plat- 
form of  the  Progressive  Party,  in  the  States  of  Maine,  Ohio 
and  Indiana,  of  a  pledge  to  work  for  the  elimination  of  all 
breweries  and  saloons,  and  of  an  endorsement  of  the  Hob- 
son  resolution  now  before  Congress.  The  Outlook  (Vol. 
107,  No.  1),  in  reporting  this  fact,  comments  on  it  as 
follows : 

"Whether  this  is  the  most  feasible  method  of  dealing  with  the 
drink  evil  is  a  question  that  demands  careful  consideration,  but  it  is 
very  significant  of  the  growing  sentiment  throughout  the  country 
against  the  liquor  traffic  and  the  vice  it  promotes — a  sentiment  which 
deserves  the  sympathy  of  every  good  citizen." 

♦  -•■-•■ 

Referring  to  the  complaint  by  "Sacerdos"  in  No.  5  of 
this  Review,  that  the  price  of  Msgr.  Parkinson's  "Primer 
of  Social  Science"  is  too  high  in  this  country  (it  is  sold  for 
a  shilling  per  copy  to  members  of  the  Catholic  Social  Guild 
in  England,  while  we  here  have  to  pay  seventy-five  cents), 
the  Guild  says  in  its  Quarterly  Bulletin  (Vol.  1,  No.  12)  : 

"No  one  regrets  this  more  than  the  Executive  in  England — unfor- 
tunately the  matter  is  one  wholly  beyond  their  control.  They  sold  a 
large  edition  on  very  moderate  terms  to  the  well-known  American 
firm  of  Devin-Adair,  but  were,  of  course,  not  in  a  position  to  dictate 
at  what  price  the  book  was  to  be  sold  retail,  and  are  naturally  debarred 
from  executing  orders  in  the  States  themselves." 

♦  -••    -•■ 

"America"  has  come  into  possession  of  extracts  from  a 
secret  allocution  of  Hon.  James  D.  Richardson,  Sovereign 
Grand  Commander  of  the  A.  &  A.  S.  R.  of  Freemasonry, 
dated  Washington,  Oct.  1913,  in  which  that  worthy  "spe- 
cifically endorses  the  anti-Catholic  and  anti-Christian 
blasphemies  and  calumnies  of  Pike's  venomous  reply  to 
Leo  XIII's  condemnation,  and,  impliedly,  Pike's  'Morals 
and  Dogma  of  the  Scottish  Rite,'  and  commands  his  'nearly 
one  and  a  half  million'  Blue  Lodge  Masons  and  'nearly 
200,000  of  the  Scottish  Rite'  to  unite  with  all  Protestant 


346  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Americans  'as  one  band  of  brothers  against  the  avowed 
purposes  of  the  Church  of  Rome.' '  The  Fortnightly  Re- 
view has  repeatedly  within  the  past  few  years  called  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  American  Freemasonry  is  becoming 
more  and  more  inimical  to  the  Church.  We  only  regret 
"America"  does  not  publish  the  full  text  of  Mr.  Richard- 
son's "allocution." 

Among  the  "converts"  made  at  the  recent  Billy  Sunday 
revival  in  Scranton,  Pa.,  according  to  the  Syracuse  Cath- 
olic Sun  (Vol.  22,  No.  46),  were  listed  some  240  "Catho- 
lics." "What  kind  of  Catholics  were  they?"  queries  our 
esteemed  contemporary.  The  deluded,  half-fallen-away 
kind,  of  course.  But  why  are  there  so  many  of  these  in  all 
parts   of   the   country,   and   what   induces    them    to   attend 

Protestant  revivals? 

-•■■••♦ 
Two  new  English  journals  devoted  to  Egyptology  have 
appeared.  One  of  them,  the  "Journal  of  Egyptian  Archae- 
ology," is  published  by  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  and 
devotes  special  attention  to  new  finds  and  publications 
relating  to  Christian  Egypt,  a  subject  usually  neglected 
by  archaeologists.  The  other  new  Egyptological  periodi- 
cal is  called  "Ancient  Egypt,"  and  is  edited  by   Professor 

Flinders  Petrie. 

-•--•-■•- 

The  Chicago  Christian  Socialist  (May  15th,  page  14) 
admits  that  it  has  been  misled  by  "The  Menace"  with  re- 
gard to  the  notorious  K.  of  C.  oath,  and  says: 

"The  moral  is  that  'The  Menace'  is  a  good  sheet  to  let  alone. 
Socialists  gain  nothing  by  using  such  means  as  this." 

■••    -••    •♦ 

Assistant  State  Librarian  Swem  of  Virginia  has  published 
"A  List  of  MSS.  Recently  Deposited  in  the  State  Library  by 
the  State  Auditor."  These  AISS.  were  but  lately  discovered 
in  the  basement  of  the  library.  There  are  no  less  than  700,000 
pieces,  constituting  "the  most  authentic  and  comprehensive 
source  material  for  the  economic  and  social  history  of  Vir- 
ginia from  17X2  to  the  close  of  the  war  between  the  States." 
Items  al>ound  scarcely  less  interesting  than  the  following: 
"Seventy  packages  of  letters,  accounts,  orders,  captured  papers, 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  347 

and  miscellaneous  documents  concerning  George  Rogers 
Clark  and  the  Illinois  country,  1778-1783.  Three  hundred 
pieces  per  package."  Nothing  of  more  interest  concerning 
the  opening  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  country  has  been 
brought  to  light  for  a  generation. 

Newman's  "Dream  of  Gerontius''  has  been  "expurgated" 
by  some  Protestant  divines  in  England,  who  have  excised  all 
references  to  purgatory  and  the  Blessed  Virgin.  The  Tablet 
justly  denounces  this  mutilation  of  one  of  the  classics  of  our 
language  as  "an  outrage  against  truth,  an  artistic  atrocity,  and 
an  offense  against  the  memory  of  Cardinal  Newman." 

The  New  York  "America"  asked  Msgr.  Bickerstaffe-Drew 
the  correct  pronunciation  of  his  nom  de  guerre,  "Ayscough." 
He  answered:  "Ass  (short  to  rhyme  with  the  first  syllable  of 
Massachusetts)  Q.  Ass-Q.  Of  course  with  the  accent  on  the 
first  syllable." 

In  connection  with  our  paper  on  national  prohibition  the 
following  editorial  utterance  of  the  conservative  London  Tab- 
let will  be  read  with  interest : 

"Think  what  it  would  mean  if  the  whole  liquor  traffic  were  to  be 
suddenly  abolished  throughout  half  a  continent.  What  a  sea  of  sin 
and  waste  and  misery  would  disappear  at  the  same  time.  The  exam- 
ple of  America  would  not  leave  Europe  unaffected.  Total  prohibition 
would  touch  many  of  us  in  our  daily  lives;  but  for  the  little  sacrifice 
on  the  part  of  the  individual,  what  a  rich  compensation  there  would  be 
— the  redemption  of  the  race  from  the  catalogue  of  crime  now  begotten 
of  drink  all  the  year  'round." 

Whatever  one  may  think  of  prohibition,  and  there  is  much 
to  be  said  against  it,  the  idea  of  absolutely  prohibiting  the 
manufacture  and  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  (except  for  sacra- 
mental and  strictly  medicinal  purposes)  is  undoubtedly  gaining 
ground   among   Catholics   no   less   than   among   non-Catholics 

everywhere. 

■+•    -•-    -•■ 

The  basis  of  friendship  is  understanding,  the  tenure 
of  friendship  is  sincerity,  the  fruit  of  friendship  is  progress, 
and  the  crown  of  friendship  is  peace. 


348  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

At  the  sixteenth  annual  conclave  of  the  Knights  Temp- 
lar of  Indiana,  held  May  13th  in  Indianapolis,  according  to 
a  report  by  "Sir  Knight  B.  C.  Biggerstaff"  in  the  Sun,  an 
evening  paper  of  that  city  (edition  of  May  13th),  "Bacchus 
came  near  routing  the  Christian  knights,  as  they  lingered 
long  at  the  banquet  table,"  and  in  the  evening,  "a  priory 
choir   [whatever  that  may  be]    rendered   all  the   ritualistic 

music  from  Stewart's  mass  in  D  minor  in  Latin." 

-••-♦•-♦• 

We  learn  from  the  Franciscan  Herald  (Vol.  2,  No.  5) 
that  the  appearance  of  the  fourth  volume  of  Fr.  Zephyrin 
Engelhardt's  splendid  History  of  the  California  Missions 
will  be  somewhat  delayed.  Fortunately,  the  delay  is  due 
to  nothing  more  serious  than  the  discovery,  by  the  reverend 
author,  of  "many  important  and  hitherto  unpublished  docu- 
ments," which  "will  make  his  work  more  complete  and 
authoritative." 


LITERARY  MISCELLANY 

"The  Secret  Citadel,"  by  Miss  Isabel  C.  Clarke,  is  a  novel  of  the 
present  day,  dealing  with  the  complicated  and  ever  timely  subject  of 
mixed  marriages.  Melaine  Ettington,  an  intensely  religious  Catholic 
girl,  falls  in  love  with  and,  despite  doubts  and  fears,  marries  Godfrey 
Denne,  a  man  of  strong  character  but  without  fixed  religious  belief. 
Godfrey,  in  his  great  passion  for  the  girl,  promises  not  to  interfere  with 
her  religion,  believing  that  love  is  sufficient  to  span  the  gulf  between 
them.  Later,  falling  under  the  spell  of  a  French  atheist,  he  regrets  his 
promises  and  tries  by  every  means  to  separate  his  wife  from  her 
religion,  thinking  that  no  perfect  understanding  is  possible  between 
them  unless  she  is  freed  from  its  "tyranny."  This  purely  material 
existence  is  spiritual  starvation  to  Melanie.  Her  husband,  being 
ignorant  of  "that  inmost  citadel  not  fashioned  for  human  love,"  cannot 
understand  her  needs  and  desires.  A  period  of  trials  and  great  suffer- 
ing ensues.  Fortunately  for  Melanie's  peace  and  happiness,  and  in 
answer  to  her  earnest  prayers,  Godfrey  finally  embraces  the  faith.  The 
book  is  well  written  and  intensely  interesting.  Miss  Clarke's  solution 
of  the  problem  may  appear  strained  to  some  readers;  yet  none  other  is 
possible.     (Benziger  Brothers;  $1.35.) — M,abel  Couvillon. 

The  Visitandines  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  have  compiled  a  big  volume 
entitled  "Life  and  Characteristics  of  Right  Reverend  Alfred  A.  Curtis, 
D.D.,  Second  Bishop  of  Wilmington."  The  descriptive  portion  abounds 
in  superlatives;  but   with  all  due  allowance  for  the  enthusiasm  of  the 


XXI  11  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  349 

good  Sisters,  the  life  of  this  zealous  missionary  bishop  was  well  worth 
writing,  and  his  Counsels,  Sermons,  and  Retreat  Notes,  which  are 
added  by  way  of  an  appendix,  make  good  spiritual  reading.  Bishop 
Curtis  (d.  1908)  was  a  convert — a  simple,  plain-spoken,  humble,  gener- 
ous man,  who  had  the  good  sense  to  resign  his  see  when  he  felt  he  was 
getting  too  old,  and  who  loved  poverty  to  such  a  degree  that,  when  he 
died,  a  rosary,  a  breviary,  an  ordo,  one  suit  of  clothes,  a  few  changes  of 
cheap  underwear,  a  gunmetal  watch,  a  small  steamer  trunk,  two  old 
pocket-books  with  a  few  dollars  in  change,  and  some  fishing  tackle  were 
all  he  left  behind  him.  The  book  is  too  diffuse  and  long-spun-out ;  an 
extract  of,  say,  150  pages,  selling  at  thirty-five  or  fifty  cents,  would  no 
doubt  obtain  a  wider  sale  and  do  much  good.  Few  will  pay  $2.70  for  a 
bulky  volume  dealing  with  a  prelate  scarcely  known  outside  of  the  eccle- 
siastical province  to  which  he  belonged.     (P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons;  $2.70.) 

♦■•-■•- 

A  recent  double  number  (112  and  113)  of  the  "Erganzungshefte  zu 
den  Stimmen  aus  Maria-Laach"  is  devoted  to  the  old  Jesuit  churches  of 
Spain,  where  the  cradle  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  stood.  The  author  is 
Father  Joseph  Braun,  S.J.,  who  has  already  given  us  similar  studies 
on  Jesuit  church  architecture  in  Germany  and  Belgium.  The  present 
survey  lacks  the  completeness  of  its  predecessors,  but  it  omits  none  of 
the  more  important  Jesuit  churches  of  Spain,  and  entirely  confirms  Fr. 
Braun's  well-known  thesis  that  the  Jesuits  had  no  special  architectural 
style  of  their  own,  but  built  their  churches  in  conformity  with  the 
taste  of  the  people  whom  they  happened  to  serve,  and  the  times  in 
which  they  lived — in  other  words,  adapted  themselves,  as  they  still  do, 
to  circumstances.  Some  of  their  churches  in  Spain,  as  in  Belgium, 
Germany,  and  Italy,  are  beautiful  works  of  art;  others  betray  a  per- 
verted taste.  Nowhere  did  the  Society  advocate  the  barocque  as  the 
Catholic  style,  as  has  so  often  been  charged,  even  by  scholars  who 
ought  to  know  better.  Fr.  Braun's  book  is  based  almost  entirely  on 
unpublished  documents  and  handsomely  illustrated.  ("Spaniens  Jesuit- 
enkirchen.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Geschichte  der  nachmittelalterlichen  kirch- 
lichen  Architektur  in  Spanien."     B.  Herder;  $1.30,  net.) 

To  show  that  converts  to  the  Catholic  Church  are  satisfied  and 
happy  within  her  pale,  Miss  Georgina  Pell  Curtis  has  compiled  and 
edited  a  companion  volume  to  her  well-known  book,  "Some  Roads  to 
Rome  in  America."  This  companion  volume  is  fittingly  entitled,  "Be- 
yond the  Road  to  Rome,"  and  contains  contributions  from  over  sixty 
converts,  including  Msgr.  Benson,  Father  Maturin,  and  the  Rev. 
Fidelis  Kent  Stone,  C.P.  A  few  of  the  articles  would  perhaps  have 
been  left  out  by  a  more  critical  editor,  but  the  volume  as  a  whole  is 
readable  and  convincing.  For  a  new  edition  we  would  suggest  that 
the  contributors  be  more  evenly  divided  among  the  different  Protestant 
sects.  The  predominance  of  converts  from  Episcopalianism  weakens 
the  effect.     (B.  Herder,  $1.75,  net.)— A  Convert. 


350  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

"The  Government  of  the  Church  in  the  First  Century"  is  an  essay 
presented  to  the  theological  faculty  of  Maynooth  for  the  doctor's  de- 
gree by  the  Rev.  Wm.  Moran.  The  author  has  discovered  no  new 
documentary  evidence,  but  he  ably  refutes  the  assertions  of  Harnack, 
Sohm,  Hatch,  and  Lindsay  with  regard  to  the  "charismatic  anarchy" 
from  which  the  government  of  the  Church  and  her  ministry  are  said 
to  have  evolved.  There  is  abundant  proof  that  primitive  Christianity 
was  not  merely  a  system  of  extraordinary  ways ;  that  the  miraculous 
charismata  were  but  an  exceptional  portion  of  the  Church's  equipment; 
that,  even  where  they  existed,  they  were  kept  in  bounds  by  the  au- 
thority of  the  Apostles  and  their  regularly  ordained  successors. 
(Benziger  Bros.;  $1.65,  postpaid.) 

The  "Editio  Typica"  of  the  new  Roman  Breviary,  "Pii  Papse  X 
Auctoritate  Reformatum,"  has  at  last  appeared,  and  Messrs.  Fr. 
Pustet  &  Co.  have  had  the  kindness  to  send  us  a  copy  in  pocket  format, 
printed  on  thin  India  paper,  bound  in  flexible  chagrin  leather,  with  gilt 
edges — altogether  up  to  the  high  standard  which  that  famous  publish- 
ing house  maintains  in  its  liturgical  publications.  We  are  not  compe- 
tent to  judge  as  to  details,  but  hope  that  this  new  edition  will  satisfy 
all  reasonable  demands.  No  further  changes  in  the  Breviary  are  to  be 
expected  for  a  good  many  years  to  come.  The  present  edition  is  ac- 
companied by  three  separate  little  pamphlets  containing  the  "Propria," 
"Excerpta"  (the  prayers  before  and  after  reciting  the  Office,  the  Psalmi 
Horarum  pro  Festis,"  the  different  "Communia,"  etc.),  and  "Synopses 
Psalmorum  et  Canticorum"  by  Prof.  A.  Vander  Heeren  of  the  Bruges 
Seminary;  also  a  number  of  loose  leaflets  for  insertion  in  each  of  the 
four  parts  of  the  Breviary,  reproducing  respectively  the  "Absolutiones 
et  Benedictiones,"  the  "Lectiones  Breves  ad  Primam,"  "Antiphonae  et 
Versiculi,"  and  "Intentiones  ad  Libitum  pro  Quavis  Hebdomadae  Die." 
—To  the  same  publishers  we  are  indebted  for  a  copy  of  the  Rev.  Fran- 
cis Brehm's  "Conspectus  pro  Officio  Divino  Iuxta  Novissimas  Muta- 
tiones  Rite  Persolvendo"  (fifth  edition),  a  carefully  compiled  and  ex- 
tremely useful  little  book,  which  sells  at  twenty-five  cents,  in  stiff  card- 
board covers. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  not  supplied  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

Vaughan,  Rt.  Rev.  John  S.  Time  or  Eternity,  and  Other  Preachable 
.Sermons,      xi   and   ?>97   pp.      12mo.      Benziger  Bros.   1914.      $1.75   net. 

Dooley,  V.  Rev.  W.  F.  K..J.  The  Worker  and  His  Wage.  A  Lecture  De- 
livered March  22,  1914,  at  the  Armory,  Kalamazoo,  Mich.  12  pp.  8vo. 
(No   publisher   mentioned).     Wrapper. 

in,    Kdith.       Me;is    and    Realities.      lOssays.      149    pp.    12mo.     London: 
R,  &  T.   Wlashbourne,   Ltd.     1914.     (American  agents:    Benziger  Bros.) 


XXI  11 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


351 


Hillquit,  Morris,  and  Ryan,  Rev.  John  A..  D.D.  Socialism:  Promise  or 
Menace?  xii  and  270  pp.  12  mo.  New  York:  The  Macmillan  Co.  1914 
$1.25. 

GERMAN 

Gerigk,  Dr.   Hubert.     Vorbereitung   auf   die   erste   heilige   Beicht.     Ausge- 

fiihrte    Katechesen    im    Anschluss    an    das    Gebetbuch    "Dienet    dem 

Herrn."     Ftir  die  Mittelstufe.     126  pp.      16mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1913 

50   cts. 
Pohle,    Dr.    Jos.    Lehrbuch    der    Dogmatik    in    sieben    B'uchern.       Erster 

Band.      6te    verbesserte    und    vermehrte    Auflage.      xix    and    591    pp. 

8vo.     Paderborn:  Ferd.   Schoningh.     1914.     $2.10  net. 
Voigt,     Peter,     S.J.       Die    ersten    Musterbilder    echter    Marienverehrung. 

Predigten    Oder    Lesungen    fiir    den    Maimonat.      343    pp.      12mo       Fr 

Pustet  &  Co.     1914.     $1. 
Hoberg    Dr.  G.    Katechismus  der  biblischen  H'ermeneutik.    viii  and  45  pp 

16m'o.     B.  Herder.    1914.     30  cts.,  net. 
Gamerra,     Baronin     A.     M.       Dem    Lichte     entgegen.       Ein     Werdegang. 

Bilder    aus    dem    modernen    Gesellschaftsleben.       148    pp.     16mo       B 

Herder.     1914.     65  cts.,   net. 
Maichle,  Dr.   A.     Das  Dekret  "De  Editione  et  Usu   Sacrorum   Librorum," 

seine  Entstehung  und  Erklarung.     xvi  and  118  pp.     8vo.     B.   Herder. 

1914.     75  cts.,   net.     Paper  covers. 
Gotz,    Dr.    J.    B.      Die   religiose   Bewegung   in   der   Oberpfalz   von   1520   bis 

1560.     Auf  Grund   archivalischer   Forschungen.     xvi   and   208   pp.     8vo. 

B.  Herder.    1914.     $1.65,  net.     Paper  covers. 
Menge,    Rev.    P.    Gisbert,    O.F.M.      Die    Wiedervereinigung    im    Glauben. 
Friendensruf  an  das  deutsche  Volk.      Erster  Band:  Die    Glaubenseinheit. 

xx  and  273  pp.     12mo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1.25  net. 

LATIN 

Breviarium  Romanum  ex  Decreto  Sacrosancti  Concilii  Tridentini 
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THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOI,.  XXI,  No.  12.         JUNE  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


Home  Rule  for  Ireland 

The  passage,  on  May  25,  of  the  Irish  Home  Rule  Bill 
for  the  third  time  in  the  House  of  Commons  virtually 
makes  it  a  law.  The  Irish  have  not  got  Home  Rule  exactly 
in  the  form  wanted  by  most  of  them.  It  is  hedged  about 
in  many  ways,  and  the  problem  what  to  do  with  Ulster 
still  remains  to  be  solved.  But  the  labors  of  O'Connell  and 
Butt  and  Parnell  and  Redmond  and  Gladstone  and  Camp- 
bell-Bannerman  and  Asquith,  after  many  a  political  strug- 
gle, have  at  last  been  crowned. 

The  reason  why  Mr.  Asquith  refused  to  permit  any 
amendment  to  *the  bill,  in  spite  of  the  urgency  of  the  Ulster 
problem,  was  that  under  the  Parliamentary  Act  it  is  neces- 
sary to  pass  a  bill  three  times  in  exactly  the  same  form  if 
it  is  to  become  a  law  without  the  assent  of  the  Lords.  It 
is  well  known,  however,  that  amendment  is  intended.  It 
will  probably  be  made  by  a  separate  bill.  The  Conserva- 
tives, who  wish  to  preserve  their  antagonism  to  Home 
Rule  to  the  end,  have  signified  their  readiness  to  accept 
proposals  to  exclude  Ulster  in  a  distinct  bill,  "if  necessary 
to  avoid  a  great  calamity."  There  the  matter  stands  for 
the  present.  The  next  few  months  will  severely  try  En- 
glish and  Irish  political  character. 

Dr.  Wallace's  Radicalism 

Alfred  Russell  Wallace's  "The  Revolt  of  Democracy," 
written  after  he  had  passed  his  ninetieth  milestone,  and 
published  after  his  death  (Funk  &  Wagnalls),  voices  a 
sweeping  demand  that  the  workers  shall  have  a  fair  share 

353 


354  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  the  wealth  they  produce,  and  that  no  hapless  human 
being,  however  helplessly  incompetent,  shall  be  allowed 
to  suffer  the  extreme  penalty  of  poverty — starvation.  Some 
of  the  author's  detailed  suggestions  are  of  interest.  But 
the  book  as  a  whole  is  too  radical  to  do  much  good.  What 
shall  we  say,  e.  g.,  of  Dr.  Wallace's  recommendation  that 
the  State  supply  free  bread  to  all  who  want  it — "not  as  a 
charity,  not  as  a  poor  relief,  but  as  a  rightful  claim  upon 
society  for  its  neglect  to  organize  itself  so  that  all,  without 
exception,  who  have  worked,  and  are  willing  to  work,  or 
are  unable  to  work,  may  at  the  very  least  have  food  to 
supply  life." 

Mr.  Taft  on  Popular  Government 

Ex-President  Taft,  in  his  recently  published  lectures  on 
"Popular  Government :  Its  Essence,  Its  Permanence,  Its 
Perils"  (Yale  Press),  admits  that  representative  govern- 
ment has  its  defects,  but  emphatically  denies  that  it  has 
proved  a  failure.  He  predicts  that  in  the  end  the  good 
sense  of  the  American  people  will  re-assert  itself,  and  all 
such  radical  expedients  as  the  initiative,  the  referendum, 
the  recall  of  judges,  etc.,  will  be  abandoned  and  a  return 
made  to  the  representative  institutions  under  which  we 
have  prospered  so  long.  The  Dial  rightly  says  (No.  666) 
that  Mr.  Taft's  treatment  of  the  subject  of  popular  gov- 
ernment "should  not  be  without  value  in  an  age  when 
there  is  a  widespread  demand  for  radical  changes  in  our 
governmental   system   and   the  introduction   of   expedients, 

some  of  which  are  of  doubtful  practicability  and  utility." 

-•■■♦■■•■ 

Protestant  Leakage 

An  interesting  side-light  on  the  question  of  our  leakage 
is  thrown  by  an  article  in  the  Literary  Digest  (1914,  pp. 
263  sq.)  under  the  caption:  "Is  Germany  Deserting  the 
Church?"  The  article,  which  is  taken  from  the  report  of 
a  Berlin  correspondent  of  the  Christian  World,  says: 

"Church  attendance  in  Germany  among  Protestants  is  shrinking  in 
an  alarming  way.  According  to  a  recent  Sunday  census  only  11,252 
pei  on    attended  the  68  State  churches  in   Berlin.     In  Chemnitz,  with 


XXI 12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  355 

300,000   Protestants,  the  church   attendance  on  the   same  Sunday  was 
2,248." 

Among  the  reasons  for  this  indifference  ascribed  by  the 
writer  are  the  following : 

"The  influence  of  the  anti-religious  press ;  the  Social-Democratic 
agitation  against  the  Church ;  the  influence  of  evil-disposed  neighbors ; 
the  notorious  unbelief  of  the  educated  classes ;  the  widespread  sus- 
picion that  the  Protestant  clergy  themselves  do  not  believe  what  they 
preach,  and  that  their  assumed  piety  is  merely  commercial." 

The  same  number  of  the  Literary  Digest  gives  the  "ex- 
periences" of  some  Protestant  ladies  in  New  York,  who 
have  quit  going  to  church.  Among  them  is  this  character- 
istic one : 

"When  I  joined  the  X  Church  with  my  husband  three  years  ago, 
the  people  were  cordial  enough  at  the  meetings  of  the  Ladies'  Aid  So- 
ciety every  week;  but  very  few  of  them  would  remember  me  if  they 
met  me  elsewhere.  At  the  end  of  three  years  I  was  frozen  through 
and  through ;  and  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  church  that  is  warm 
enough  to  thaw  me  out." 


Continuation  Schools  in  Germany 

R.  H.  Best  and  C.  K.  Ogden,  in  a  pamphlet  entitled 
"The  Problem  of  the  Continuation  School"  (London:  P.  S. 
King  &  Son),  give  an  excellent  account  of  the  practical 
working  of  continuation  schools  in  Germany.  The  Ger- 
mans have  boldly  attacked  the  difficult  problem  of  reduc- 
ing the  drift  of  children  into  "blind-alley"  occupations, 
which  in  a  few  years  results  in  a  large  class  of  adults  unfit 
for  a  serious  trade  or,  in  fact,  any  satisfactory  employment. 
The  German  continuation  schools  are  worked  in  this  way : 

Attendance  is  compulsory  for  about  eight  hours  every  week. 
Young  people  may  follow  any  employment  they  can  get,  but  their 
employers  are  compelled  to  allow  them;  the  requisite  time  for  attend- 
ance at  the  schools.  Practical  instruction  is  given  in  a  large  number  of 
various  subjects.  There  are  branches  for  toolmakers,  gunsmiths,  shoe- 
makers, bakers,  butchers,  cooks,  gardeners,  etc.,  etc.  Even  waiters, 
hairdressers,  and  chimney-sweeps  are  not  overlooked.  The  buildings 
are  quite  splendid.  Every  possible  modern  appliance  is  provided,  and, 
needless  to  say,  the  best  of  teachers.     The  result  of  this  work  is  that 


356  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

in  those  towns  where  there  are  continuation  schools,  the  number  of 
those  who  follow  ''blind-alley"  occupations,  or  run  the  streets,  is 
greatly  diminished. 

American  educationists  should  notice  that,  out  of  the 
seven  or  eight  hours  a  week,  one  is  devoted  to  religion. 


RELIGIOUS  INSTRUCTION  FOR  CATHOLIC  CHIL- 
DREN ATTENDING  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS 

In  an  article  in  the  June  number  of  "The  Queen's 
Work,"  of  which  he  is  the  editor,  the  Rev.  Edward  F. 
Garesche,  S.J.,  deplores  the  loss  to  the  faith  of  so  many 
Catholic  immigrants  and  their  descendants,  and  in  search- 
ing for  a  means  to  stop  the  "leakage,"  calls  attention  to 
the  work  of  the  Catholic  Instruction  League  of  Chicago 
and  the  Theta  Pi  Alpha  Chapter  of  New  York  as  "a  pow- 
erful movement  in  the  right  direction." 

The  Theta  Pi  Alpha  Chapter  (we  don't  like  the  name, 
it  smacks  of  secret  societies!)  is  a  branch  of  the  United 
Catholic  Works  and  conducts  afternoon  catechism  classes, 
cared  for  by  500  Catholic  public-school  teachers,  for  the 
pupils  of  these  schools.  Upwards  of  5,000  children  are 
now  being  taught  in  these  classes,  and  two  settlements 
under  the  charge  of  religious  orders  of  women  conduct  aft- 
ernoon and  Saturday  clubs  under  the  auspices  of  the  Chap- 
ter. The  president  of  the  Theta  Pi  Alpha  has  promised 
to  write  an  account  of  the  work  for  Fr.  Garesche's  maga- 
zine. 

The  Catholic  Instruction  League  of  Chicago  was  con- 
ceived and  established  by  the  Rev.  John  Lyons,  S.J.,  and 
works-  along  much  the  same  lines  as  the  Theta  Pi  Alpha. 
A  leaflet  describing  its  objects  and  methods  can  be  had 
from  the  author  for  the  asking  (Holy  Family  Church,  Chi- 
cago, 111.). 

It  is  touching  to  read  of  "the  zealous  and  self-sacrific- 
ing work"  of  these  Catholic  school  teachers,  who  "sacrifice 
their  needed  hours  of  rest  and  recreation  to  help  instruct 
the  neglected  little  ones,"  whose  parents  don't  love  them 
enough  to  give  them  the  benefit  of  a  thoroughly  Catholic 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  357 

training  in  one  of  the  many  parochial  schools  so  readily 
accessible  in  big  cities  like  New  York  and  Chicago. 

There  does  not  seem  to  be  any  decided  objection  to  the 
plan  on  the  part  of  the  public  school  authorities.  The 
Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  of  New  York  even  ap- 
proves it :  "My  official  sanction  for  the  plan  is  not  needed," 
he  says,  "since  the  work  is  done  outside  of  school  hours, 
but  I  think  that  the  work  is  an  excellent  one."  And  the 
Protestant  denominations  seem  inclined  to  follow  rather 
than  condemn.  Thus,  the  Baptist  Ministers'  Association 
of  New  York  recently  appointed  a  committee  "to  consult 
with  other  denominations  regarding  a  proposal  that  the 
Protestant  Church  follow  the  lead  of  the  Catholics,  teach- 
ing Christian  doctrine  to  public  school  children  who  do  not 
attend  Sunday  school." 

Fr.  Garesche  merely  adverts  en  passant  to  the  objection 
which  quite  naturally  suggests  itself  to  convinced  and 
dutiful  Catholics,  that  this  work  will  interfere  with  the 
parish  schools  and  serve  as  an  excuse  for  lukewarm  Cath^ 
olic  parents  to  send  their  children  to  the  public  schools. 
He  answers  that  "such  parents  probably  would  not  send 
their  children  to  the  parish  schools,  even  though  they 
lacked  this  pretense."  This  opinion  is  confirmed  by  the 
testimony  of  some  Chicago  pastors  who  have  flourishing 
parish  schools  of  their  own.  Thus  the  Rev.  Thos.  Cox, 
rector  of  St.  Basil's,  says  in  a  letter  to  Fr.  Lyons :  "This 
parish  .  .  .  since  its  very  beginning  has  been  blessed 
with  a  first-class  parochial  school  (at  present  our  pupils 
number  about  700),  and  yet  by  means  of  our  League  'Cate- 
chism Center'  we  have  already  reached  about  200  who  are 
not  attending  our  school.  .  .  .  The  children  whom  the 
League  gathers  in  and  instructs  would  never,  except  in  rare 
cases,  enter  our  schools."  And  Rev.  Father  A.  Evers.  of 
St.  Boniface's,  heartily  recommends  the  work  of  the 
League  as  "necessary  and  useful." 

Fr.  Lyons  himself  says  toward  the  end  of  his  leaflet : 

"Almost  one-half  of  our  children  are  out  of  our  schools  and  vast 
numbers  practically  cannot  be  reached  by  them.  Our  duty  is  clear; 
we  must  take  effective  measures  to  instruct,  as  best  we  can,  our  Cath- 


358  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

olic  children  who  are  in  the  public  schools.  They,  at  any  rate,  are  not 
to  be  blamed  for  not  attending  our  schools.  By  means  of  the  Catholic 
Instruction  League  methods,  the  Church  will  not  only  do  this,  but 
she  will  get  in  touch  with  large  numbers  now  practically  lost  to  her 
influence." 

From  this  point  of  view,  of  course,  nothing  can  be  said 
against  the  work  in  question ;  no  more  at  least,  and  per- 
haps less,  when  you  come  to  think  it  over,  than  against  the 
establishment  of  Catholic  chapels  and  chaplains  at  secular 
universities.  But  many  a  Catholic  who  watches  these 
developments  feels  apprehensive  as  to  the  future  of  strictly 
Catholic  education — elementary  and  secondary — in  this 
land  of  religious  indifference.  How  hard  has  it  not  been 
to  keep  within  the  pale  even  many  of  those  who  had 
enjoyed  all  the  advantages  of  a  thoroughly  Catholic  edu- 
cation! How  many  of  our  Catholic  parochial,  high  school, 
and  college  graduates  have  not  joined  the  great  and  ever 
growing  army  of  "ought-to-be's" !  This  movement  for  the 
religious  instruction  of  Catholic  pupils  in  public  schools 
and  secular  universities  really  spells  failure  of  the  time- 
honored  and  only  effective  plan  of  a  Catholic  education  in 
Catholic  schools,  and  portends  disaster  for  these  schools. 
We  may  be  accused  of  pessimism  for  enunciating  this  con- 
clusion, but  it  represents  our  honest  convictions,  and  we 
know  that  many  zealous  bishops,  priests,  and  laymen 
share  it. 


SOCIALISM:  PROMISE  OR  MENACE? 

The  Ryan-Hillquit  debate  on  Socialism,  which  ran 
through  seven  consecutive  issues  of  Everybody's  Maga- 
zine, is  now  available  in  book  form  under  the  title,  "So- 
cialism :  Promise  or  Menace?"  Like  all  such  discussions, 
it  has  left  the  main  question  open,  for  while  Catholic 
papers  are  bailing  Dr.  Ryan  as  the  easy  victor,  the  Social- 
ist press  contends  that  Mr.  Hillquit  "had  no  difficulty  in 
worsting  his  opponent."  However,  there  are  certain  con- 
clusions which  stand  out  prominently  from  this  debate  and 
which  make  it  distinctly  worth  while  to  have  the  whole 
discussion  perpetuated  in  book  form.  No  fair-minded 
Socialist  who  has  read  Dr.  Ryan's  articles  will  henceforth 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  359 

maintain  that  in  opposing  Socialism  the  Catholic  Church 
pronounces  an  unqualified  benediction  upon  modern  Capi- 
talism. Dr.  Ryan  makes  it  plain  that  the  Church  cannot 
and  does  not  uphold  Capitalism,  but,  on  the  contrary,  has 
from  the  first  denounced  irresponsible  use  of  wealth  and 
proclaimed  the  natural  right  of  all  men  to  live  from  the 
fruits  of  the  earth  ;  indeed,  that  "the  traditional  basis  of 
property,  as  taught  by  the  Church,  is  not  individualism, 
but  Christian  Collectivism."  The  debate  has  also  shown 
what  even  some  Catholics  have  been  slow  to  grasp,  that, 
in  the  words  of  Mr.  Hillquit,  "there  is  little  likelihood  of 
a  hearty  understanding  and  active  co-operation  between  the 
Socialist  movement  and  the  Catholic  Church  so  long  as 
both  remain  what  they  are." 

Dr.  Ryan  has  been  accused  by  some  Catholics  of  "con- 
ceding too  much."  This  charge  is  unfounded.  He  has 
simply  acted  on  the  correct  principle  laid  down  years  ago 
by  Dr.  Orestes  A.  Brownson,  that  "to  rightly  comprehend 
a  system  is  not  simply  to  detect  its  errors.  We  understand 
not  even  an  erroneous  system  till  we  understand  its  truth ; 
and  its  real  refutation  lies  not_so  much  in  detecting  and 
exposing  its  fallacies,  as  in  detecting,  distinguishing,  and 
accepting  the  truth  which  it  misapprehends,  misinterprets^ 
or  misapplies."  In  conceding  what  in  justice  must  be  con- 
ceded, and  in  drawing  the  necessary  distinctions  without 
fear  or  favor,  Dr.  Ryan  has  not  only  demonstrated  that  the 
Catholic  position  is  thoroughly  consistent  and  defensible 
from  the  standpoint  of  common  sense,  but  he  has  also  set 
an  example  to  Catholic  writers  which  every  one  familiar 
with  the  anti-Socialist  literature  hitherto  published  in  this 
country  will  admit  to  have  been  sorely  needed.  We  can 
only  hope  that  this  example  will  be  followed,  that  Dr. 
Ryan's  exposition  will  become  the  vade-mecum  of  all 
future  champions  of  the  Catholic  cause  against  Socialism, 
and  that  we  shall  be  spared  the  foolish  tactics  which  in  the 
past  have  almost  inevitably  produced  the  impression,  not 
only  on  Socialists  but  on  many  fair-minded  outsiders,  that 
the  Catholic  Church  has  no  higher  aim  than  to  "function  as 
the  moral  policeman  of  plutocracy."     In  the  words  of  Mr. 


360  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Hilary  Belloc,  quoted  by  Dr.  Ryan  (p.  248),  "we  all  feel— 
and  those  few  of  us  who  have  analyzed  the  matter  not  only 
feel — but  know — that  the  capitalist  society  .  .  .  has  reached 
its  term.  It  is  almost  self-evident  that  it  cannot  continue 
in  the  form  which  now  three  generations  have  known,  and 
it  is  equally  self-evident  that  some  solution  must  be  found 
for  the  increasing-  instability  with  which  it  has  poisoned 
our  lives." 

This  solution,  no  sane  observer  can  doubt,  will  not  be 
Socialism,  which  deals  in  half-truths  and  is  practically  im- 
possible, but  the  Christian  social  reform  programme  out- 
lined by  Dr.  Ryan  in  the  second  chapter  of  this  book. 

"Socialism:  Promise  or  Menace?"  is  published  by  the 
Macmillan  Company  and  sells  for  $1.25. 

. ® 


THE  PAULIST  CHORISTERS  OF  CHICAGO 

For  several  years  the  above-mentioned  organization 
has  been  before  the  public  and  has  attracted  attention  by 
its  performances  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  The 
"Choristers"  are  presumed  by  many  people  to  have  been 
called  into  existence  by  the  Holy  Father's  Motu  proprio 
on  Church  Music,  of  November  22,  1903.  This  impression 
is  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  they  act  as  the  choir  of 
St.  Mary's  Church,  Chicago,  administered  by  the  Paulist 
Fathers  ;  that  they  are  conducted  by  a  member  of  the  Paul- 
ist Congregation,  and  invariably  appear  in  cassock  and 
surplice,  even  in  public  halls  and  theaters.  While  there  is 
no  doubt  in  the  minds  of  church  musicians  as  to  the  real 
status  of  the  "Choristers,"  either  from  the  standpoint  of 
music,  liturgical  requirements  or  artistic  achievement,  after 
having  heard  one  of  their  performances  it  may  serve  a 
good  purpose  to  say  a  few  words  for  the  guidance  of  the 
laity,  whose  judgment  and  taste  in  matters  of  liturgical 
music  is  as  yet  unformed  and  who  are  likely  to  be  con- 
fused and  mystified  by  this  choir  in  clerical  vestment  per- 
forming the  strangely  mixed  programme  they  do. 

An  opportunity  for  this  is  afforded  by  the  concert  which 
the    "Paulist    Choristers"    gave    in    Carnegie    Music    Hall, 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  361 

Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  May  1,  for  the  benefit  of  St.  Joseph's  Pro- 
tectory for  Homeless  Boys. 

The  usual  claims  as  to  past  successes  and  conquests 
were  set  forth,  both  in  the  newspapers  and  by  means  of 
circulars,  by  a  press  agent  more  solicitous  for  financial 
results  than  for  ethical  proprieties.  The  programme  pre- 
sented on  this  occasion  was  of  the  variety  of  composers 
and  compositions  customary  with  the  "Choristers" — 
strange,  indeed,  when  the  character  of  the  performing  body 
and  its  attire  are  considered.  Schiiltky,  Dubois,  Gounod, 
Haydn,  Waddington,  Palmgren,  Handel,  Leslie,  Leonca- 
vallo, Bizet,  Rachmaninoff,  Gretchaninof,  Hastalsky,  were 
the  authors  represented,  and  the  only  liturgical  number 
performed  that  evening  was  the  well-known  motet  by 
Schiiltky,  "Emitte  Spiritum  tuum."  The  other  numbers 
to  Latin  texts  were :  An  adaptation  of  the  words  of  the 
"Agnus  Dei"  to  a  secular  composition  by  Bizet,  author  of 
"Carmen,"  a  chromatic  and  super-sentimental  setting  of 
the  "Salve  Regina,"  and  an  "Ave  Verum"  by  Gounod.  The 
reverend  conductor's  view,  expressed  viva  voce  to  the 
audience,  that  many  musicians  fail  to  grasp  the  deep  mys- 
tical significance  of  Gounod,  does  not  alter  the  fact  that 
Gounod's  works  are  not  considered  liturgical,  either  in 
Germany,  Italy,  Spain,  Holland,  Belgium,  or  even  in  his 
native  land,  France.  That  he  has  been  relegated  to  the 
rear  in  his  own  country  is  conclusively  shown  by  the  pro- 
grammes published  from  time  to  time  in  "La  Revue  du 
Chant  Gregorien,"  "La  Revue  Gregorienne,"  "La  Tri- 
bune de  St.-Gervais,"  "Musica  Sacra"  of  Toulouse,  and 
other  French  magazines  devoted  to  the  reform  of  Church 
music.  The  informing  note  of  Gounod's  music  written  for 
the  Church,  is  Wertherism,  the  spirit  which  dominated  his 
life  and  the  period  in  which  he  lived,  and  not  mysticism  in 
the  theological  sense,  as  Father  Finn  would  have  us  believe. 

Church  musicians  present  at  the  performance  would 
have  welcomed  a  few  numbers  by  one  or  other  of  the  six- 
teenth century  masters  or  their  modern  followers,  Witt, 
Haller,  Mitterer,  and  others.  The  reverend  director,  how- 
ever,   seems    studiously    to    avoid    anything   which,    in    the 


362  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

estimation  of  the  foremost  authorities  the  world  over,  is 
regarded  as  representing  the  highest  standard  of  Church 
music,  in  favor  of  a  class  of  authors  who  are  on  the  out- 
skirts of  what  is  churchly  and  whose  significance  lies 
chiefly  in  the  secular  field. 

The   rendition  of  the  choral  numbers   left  considerable 
to  be  desired.     Fr.  Finn  seems  to  cultivate  mainly  the  head- 
tones  of  the  boys,  instead  of  blending  the  head  and  chest 
registers,   which    last   process   not   only   produces   a   fuller, 
more  vibrant,  and  more  brilliant  tone,  but  also  obviates  the 
danger,  involved  in  the  exclusive  use  of  the  head-tones,  of 
not  developing  tenor  voices  in  later  life.    The  choir  is  fairly 
well  balanced,  although  the  soprano  part  might,  with  great 
advantage,  be  considerably   strengthened.     The  conductor 
has  a  predilection   for  piano  and  pianissimo  effects.     In  this 
he  succeeds   well.      The  charm   of  these  beautiful  pianissimo 
effects     would,     however,     be     greatly     enhanced     by     the 
contrast    furnished    by    a    manly    and    sonorous    fortissimo. 
But  this  was  generally  lacking.     The  enunciation  was,  as 
a    rule,    so    indistinct    and    faulty    that   comparatively    few 
words   could   be   understood  by   any   one   in   the   audience. 
Slurring  one  tone  into  another,  on  the  part  of  both  men  and 
boys,  was  frequent.       In  spite  of  the  conductor's  demon- 
strative   manner   of   conveying   his    intentions    to   his   per- 
formers, we  seldom  heard  a  precise,  compact  attack  during 
the  evening.     The  constant  aiming  at  effects  of  detail  on 
the  part  of  the  leader  prevented  or  destroyed  his  concep- 
tion of  the  compositions  performed  as  a  whole.     In  conse- 
quence,  there   was   frequent   dragging,   pulling  of  phrases 
out  of  shape,  loose  rhythm,  and  a  general  lack  of  cohesion 
in  the  rendition  of  any  piece. 

In  those  compositions  requiring  the  aid  of  the  organ, 
Fr.  Finn  acted  as  his  own  accompanist,  a  circumstance 
which,  for  obvious  reasons,  was  deplored  by  members  of 
the  craft  present.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  concert  was  an 
exhibition  of  dilettantism.  The  circular  announcing  the 
event  contained,  among  many  other  extravagant  state- 
ments, the  following  sentence:  "It  is  a  distinct  pleasure  to 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  363 

see  a  boy  of  tender  age  appear  on  the  stage  in  solo,  attract- 
ively garbed   in   cassock   and   snowy   surplice   with   wine- 
hued  collar  and  cuffs,  and  hear  him  sing,  with  finished  artis- 
try, selections  that  we  have  heretofore  heard  rendered  only 
by  prima  donnas  of  the  operatic  stage."     Superficial  and 
thoughtless  people  may  experience  pleasure  at  beholding 
the  spectacle  described  above ;  but  Catholics  with  a  sense 
of  the  fitness  of  things  will  continue  to  associate  cassock 
and  surplice,  whether  with  wine-hued  collar  and  cuffs  or 
otherwise,   with   the   sanctuary   and   with    liturgical    func- 
tions.   Nor  will  they  fail  to  realize  the  incongruous,  not  to 
say  burlesque,  situation  created  by  a  portly  gentleman,  in 
cassock  and  surplice,  singing  the  prologue  to  Leoncavallo's 
opera  "I  Pagliacci,"  followed  by  a  setting  of  Ben  Johnson's 
love-song,  "Drink  to  Me  Only  With  Thine  Eyes,"  to  a  hum- 
ming accompaniment  of  the  whole  surpliced  choir,  led  by 
the  priest  conductor.     Choir  directors  with  a  proper  con- 
ception of  their  duties,  their  responsibilities,  and  the  possi- 
bilities for  development  of  those  under  their  charge,  espe- 
cially the  boys,  will  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  (nor  should 
the  singers  be  permitted  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact)  that  they 
are  primarily  helping  in  the  formation  of  Catholic  men ; 
that  the  vocal  skill  and  musical  intelligence  acquired  dur- 
ing their  years  of  membership  are  not  to  be  considered  as 
ends   in   themselves,   nor   to   be   used   for   the  purpose   of 
giving    pleasure    to    the    thoughtless    by    rivaling    "prima 
donnas"  on  the  stage,  but  for  the  purpose  of  lending  beauty 
and  splendor  to  public  worship  and  for  their  own  spiritual 
progress.     They  will  not  neglect  the  constant  opportunity 
offered  them  by  the  succeeding  feasts  of  the  Church  calen- 
dar in  helping  these  pliable  and  responsive  young  minds  to 
penetrate  into  and  absorb  the  spirit  and  meaning  of  the 
liturgy,   to   form   their   Catholic   fibre   and   mentality,   and 
keep  them  modest,  unconscious,  and  simple.    The  study  of 
secular  music,  traveling  from  place  to  place,  solo  singing 
in  public  halls  before  applauding  audiences,  the  flattery  of 
indiscreet   people,   to   which   they   are   generally   exposed, 
militate    not   only    against    their   progress    and    fitness    as 


364  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Church  musicians,  but  are  likely  to  implant  seeds  of  vanity 
and  conceit  which  it  is  seldom  possible  to  uproot  and  to 
warp  their  characters  and  careers  for  life. 

Joseph  Otten 
St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  Pittsburgh 


SHALL  WOMEN  VOTE? 

"Shall  Women  Vote?"  is  the  alluring  title  of  a  little 
brochure  which  the  Central  Bureau  of  the  Catholic  Cen- 
tral Society  has  lately  published  as  No.  2  of  its  "Timely 
Topics  Series." 

The  author,  Rev.  A.  J.  Wolfgarten,  Ph.D.,  of  Chicago, 
examines  the  question  of  woman's  suffrage,  both  theoret- 
ically and  from  the  practical  point  of  view. 

He  begins  by  pointing  out  that  woman's  suffrage  is  not 
a  purely  political  question,  but  involves  fundamental  Chris- 
tian principles.  If  the  Church  has  defined  nothing  for  or 
against  woman's  suffrage  as  such,  this  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  it  is  in  itself  a  morally  indifferent  thing,  which  may 
become  either  good  or  bad  in  the  concrete,  according  to 
motives  and  circumstances.  It  is  good  if  asked  and  used 
as  a  means  for  the  betterment  of  social  conditions,  for  the 
protection  of  legitimate  feminine  interests,  especially  those 
of  working  women  who  have  no  home,  for  the  purification 
of  politics,  the  uplifting  of  public  morality,  the  safeguard- 
ing of  the  family,  the  care  of  orphans,  education,  charity, 
and  the  good  of  religion.  It  is  bad  if  sought  and  employed 
on  the  plea  of  absolute  political  equality  with  men,  regard- 
less of  the  family  unit  as  the  basis  of  society,  regardless 
of  the  natural  differences  existing  between  the  calling  of 
the  sexes,  regardless  of  the  sanctity  and  necessary  quali- 
ties of  marriage,  regardless  of  time-honored  traditions, 
regardless  of  divine  revelation,  regardless  of  morals  and 
the  destiny  of  the  immortal  soul,  in  a  spirit  of  pride,  in 
open  revolt  against  the  natural  and  revealed  laws  of  God. 

This  latter  kind  of  suffrage  Dr.  Wolfgarten  calls  eman- 
cipation-suffrage and,  needless  to  say,  condemns.  Unfor- 
tunately it  is  the  kind  now  very  much  in  vogue,  hence  the 
author's   warnings,  which   are  as  true  as  they   are  timely. 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  365 

Catholic  women  have  the  duty  to  combat  emancipation- 
suffrage,  and  if  they  are  granted  the  right  to  vote,  to  use 
this  right  in  harmony  with  Christian  principles.  This  can 
best  be  done  by  organized  action.  "There  should  be  dioce- 
san and  state  and  national  federations  of  Catholic  societies 
of  women  just  as  there  are  of  men.  These  once  estab- 
lished, we  need  fear  nothing  from  the  fanatical  and  very 
un-American  intrigues  of  our  enemies,  who  are  the  enemies 
of  our  country  as  well." 

This,  by  the  way,  is  exactly  what  the  Catholic  Central 
Society  has  in  view  with  its  plan  of  a  Catholic  Women's 
League,  as  outlined  in  one  of  our  last  issues. 

The  author's  "Parting  Word"  also  deserves  quoting: 

"For  the  rest,  place  not  too  much  confidence  in  woman's  suffrage. 
It  will  not  solve  the  social  question,  least  of  all  woman's  own  problem. 
Educate  your  daughters  in  the  old-fashioned  way;  teach  them  rev- 
erence, piety,  the  homely  art  of  housekeeping,  thrift,  mortification, 
and  modesty,  and  you  will  have  done  more  for  the  good  of  your  sex, 
aye  for  the  happiness  and  real  progress  of  mankind,  than  could  be 
hoped  from   the  most  extended   franchise." 

Dr.  Wolfgarten's  brochure  strikes  the  golden  mean  in 
this  difficult  question,  and  we  sincerely  hope  it  will  be 
widely  circulated  among  our  Catholic  women.  (Single 
copies,  5  cts. ;  12  copies,  50  cts. ;  100  copies,  $1.  Central 
Bureau,  307  Temple  Building,  St.  Louis,  Mo.) 


DISCOVERING   THE   MIDDLE   AGES 

It  is  not  so  many  years  since  Windelband,  the  German 
historian  of  philosophy,  popularized  the  "Sprung  iiber  das 
Mittelalter"  as  the  only  dignified  way  of  treating  all  ideas 
that  saw  the  light  between  the  last  of  the  Greek  philoso- 
phers and  Descartes.  A  historical  study  worthy  of  the  name 
could  not  condescend  to  take  into  account  the  vagaries  of 
the  "theological"  minds,  alien  to  science  and  scientific 
methods,  that  speculated  and  wrote  so  abundantly  during 
those  dark  centuries.  The  French  historian  Haureau, 
though  ill-disposed  towards  things  Catholic,  was  the  first 
to  discover  some  merit  in  the  scholastic  discussions  and 
to  call  attention  to  their  intrinsic  worth.  He  had  even  the 
hardihood  to  publish  some  manuscript  treatises,  and  cata- 


366  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

logued  many  more.  At  that  time  even  Catholics  were 
largely  ignorant,  not  only  of  the  value,  but  of  the  very 
names  of  any  but  the  greatest  men  who  had  illustrated  the 
Middle  Ages  by  their  learning.  With  the  revival  of  neo- 
scholastic  studies,  Catholics  awakened  to  a  deeper  appre- 
ciation of  those  illustrious  philosophers.  New  editions  of 
their  works,  many  of  which  were  or  are  still  to  be  found  only 
in  manuscript,  are  being  published  by  universities  and 
learned  societies ;  monographs  written  in  conformity  with 
the  most  approved  modern  canons  are  consecrated  to  their 
life  and  works. 

Among  non-Catholics  the  traditional  and  deep-rooted 
scorn  for  medieval  learning  slowly  gave  way  to  a  saner 
estimate.     Huxley  wrote : 

"Nowhere  in  the  world  in  those  days  [the  Middle  Ages]  was  there 
such  an  encyclopedia  of  knowledge  of  all  three  classes  as  is  to  be 
found  in  these  writings  [of  the  medieval  doctors].  The  scholastic 
philosophy  is  a  wonderful  monument  of  the  patience  and  ingenuity 
with  which  the  human  mind  toiled  to  build  up  a  logically  consistent 
theory  of  the  universe  out  of  such  materials.  And  that  philosophy 
is  by  no  means  dead  and  buried,  as  many  vainly  suppose.  .  .  ." 
(T.  F.  Huxley,  "Science  and  Culture  and  Other  Essays,"  New  York, 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.  1882.) 

Others  are  gradually  led  to  delve  into  those  rich  mines, 
and  in  proportion  as  their  number  increases,  non-Catholics 
gain  a  deeper  insight  into  the  medieval  mind;  they  return 
from  their  incursions  into  the  misty  past  with  the  vivid  if 
reluctant  conviction  that  the  medieval  philosophers  were 
at  least  our  equals  in  acuteness  of  intellect  and  sharpness 
of  dialectic,  and  that  many  of  them  manifested  an  extraor- 
dinary curiosity  about  "experimental  science." 

This  year  will  see  the  seventh  centenary  of  Friar  Roger 
Bacon  celebrated  by  the  learned  bodies  of  two  continents. 
The  imposing  array  of  names  marshalled  by  Fr.  Paschal 
Robinson,  O.F.M.,  in  the  Catholic  University  Bulletin 
fjan.,  1914)  as  standing  sponsors  for  this  world-wide  cele- 
bration, gives  well-founded  hope  that  many  a  timeworn 
tale  clustering  around  the  personality  of  the  great  Fran- 
ciscan will  go  by  the  board.  And  let  it  be  noted  here  that 
the  last  edition   of  the   much   heralded   Fncyclopedia   Brit- 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  367 

tanica,  however  up-to-date  it  may  otherwise  be,  still  clings 
religiously  to  the  old  legends  in  this  case. 

It  is,  however,  refreshing  to  note  how  unbiased  stu- 
dents of  the  great  friar  take  a  saner  view  of  his  personality 
and  work  and  that  of  his  contemporaries.  Prof.  Lynn 
Thorndike,  of  Western  Reserve  University,  has  just  pub- 
lished in  the  Philosophical  Review  for  May,  1914,  an  arti- 
cle on  Bacon  and  the  Experimental  Method,  that  is  of 
more  than  passing  interest,  not  only  because  it  is  written 
with  references  to  original  sources,  but  because  it  exhibits 
the  changing  point  of  view  in  our  non-Catholic  centers  of 
learning. 

The  writer  admits  that  Bacon  cannot  be  proved  a  mar- 
tyr to  science  and  that  there  is  no  evidence  that  his  con- 
temporaries hated  him  and  the  Church  persecuted  him  for 
his  scientific  studies. 

"On  the  contrary,  his  best  works  were  produced  at  the  com- 
mand of  the  Pope,  and  one  of  their  chief  aims  is  to  induce  the 
Church  to  enlist  science  in  its  service  and  to  profit  by  scientific  dis- 
coveries. .  .  .  The  legend  that  he  was  imprisoned  from  1257  to 
1267  rests  simply  on  unwarranted  inference  from  his  own  statements 
to  the  Pope — statements  which  really  only  show  that  in  recent  years 
he  has  not  won  the  fame  which  he  thinks  his  due,  that  he  is  jealous 
of  his  more  successful  contemporaries,  and  that  he  is  desperately 
anxious  to  secure  the  Pope  as  his  patron." 

And,  then,  taking  a  broader  survey  of  the  times,  Prof. 
Thorndike  writes : 

"Most  educated  persons  are,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  by  this  time  aware 
that  the  Middle  Ages  were  not  'dark  ages' ;  that  the  classical  revival 
of  the  15th  and  16th  centuries  was  no  new  birth  of  civilization,  and 
that  our  modern  states,  laws,  cities,  and  universities  had  begun  by  the 
12th  century.  It  should  equally  be  realized  that  the  rise  of  modern 
science  can  no  more  be  associated  with  the  so-called  Renaissance  than 
with  the  so-called  Middle  Ages.  The  scientific  interests  and  the  char- 
acteristics of  works  on  nature  in  those  two  periods  were  very  similar. 
Of  course  there  was  progress,  but  there  was  no  break;  they  merge 
into  each  other.  Galileo's  telescope  was  the  natural  outgrowth  of 
earlier  investigations  concerning  lenses  which  had  resulted  in  the  use 
of  spectacles  as  early  as  the  13th  century.  .  .  .  The  narrow  human- 
ist had  no  more  interest  in  natural  science  than  the  narrow  schoolman. 
In  the  Middle  Ages  logic  and  discussion  were  not  the  only  forms  of 
intellectual  exercise,  though  they  largely  displaced  the  rhetoric  and 
oratory  of  Roman  days.     The  collection  of  facts  was  another  engross- 


368  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ing  pursuit,   as  the  voluminous   medieval   encyclopedias   testify;   there 
was  keen  curiosity  about  the  things  of  this  world." 

Roger  Bacon  has  often  been  commended  for  his  bold 
exposition  and  defense  of  experimental  science.  He  regards 
it  as  the  best  criterion  of  truth  in  natural  science. 

"All  sciences  except  this  either  merely  employ  arguments  to  prove 
their  conclusions,  like  the  purely  speculative  sciences,  or  have  uni- 
versal and  imperfect  experiences ;"  while  "it  alone  in  truth  has  the 
means  of  finding  out  to  perfection  what  can  be  done  by  nature,  what 
by  the  industry  of  art,  what  by  fraud." 

If  he  stands  out  in  relief  in  his  advocacy  of  quasi-mod- 
ern methods,  Roger  was  by  no  means  a  rebellious  innovator, 
chafing  under  the  restraint  of  ecclesiastical  authority  and 
ready  to  revolt  against  its  arbitrary  limitations.  Nor  did 
he  stand  alone  in  his  fervent  plea  for  experimentation ; 
many  others  were  of  one  mind  with  him,  not  the  least  of 
them  being  Albertus  Magnus.  And  if  Bacon  pointed  out 
the  way  where  others  were  to  follow,  stumbling  and  hesi- 
tating as  new  truths  came  gradually  within  their  grasp, 
he  was  also  to  a  large  extent  the  child  of  his  age,  credu- 
lous and  even  superstitious.  He  stood  on  the  threshold 
of  the  land  of  promise  which  his  successors  gradually 
wrested  from  the  unknown.  He  had  been  vouchsafed  a 
glimpse  of  its  treasures,  and  with  that  he  must  perforce  be 
content. 

If  a  sympathetic  attitude  of  mind  is  the  first  requisite 
for  the  understanding  of  an  epoch  or  author,  Prof.  Thorn- 
dike's  example  is  to  be  commended  to  his  colleagues,  and 
his  masterly  study  on  Friar  Bacon  and  his  times  may  be 
pointed  to  as  worthy  of  imitation  on  their  part. 

Rev.  J.  B.  Ceulemans,  Ph.D. 

Moline,   111. 

jgi 

IN   MEMORY  OF  MARTIN  I.  J.  GRIFFIN 

At  the  unveiling  in  Washington,  May  6,  of  the  monu- 
ment to  Commodore  John  Barry,  many  men  were  given 
credit  for  their  work  connected  with  the  monument, 
speeches  were  made  telling  of  the  glorious  deeds  of  "the 
Founder  of  the  American   Navy" — but  not  one  word  was 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  369 

said  about  Martin  I.  J.  Griffin,  the  man  who  gathered  to- 
gether the  facts  of  Barry's  career  and  who  started  the 
movement  to  have  his  memory  befittingly  honored. 

Mr.  William  L.  J.  Griffin,  a  son  of  the  late  historian,  in 
a  printed  circular  (the  receipt  of  a  copy  of  which  we  grate- 
fully acknowledge)  protests  with  filial  indignation  against 
this  undeserved  and  scandalous  neglect.  He  points  out 
how  Barry's  memory  had  fallen  into  almost  complete 
oblivion  until  Martin  I.  J.  Griffin  revived  it;  how  the  latter 
laboriously  gathered  together  the  facts  of  Barry's  life  and 
career;  how  he  was  the  only  person  who  made  a  copy  of 
the  inscription  on  Barry's  tomb  before  it  was  eroded  by  the 
elements;  how  his  "History  of  Commodore  John  Barry," 
published  in  1897,  first  made  Barry  known  to  the  American 
public;  how  the  first  statue  ever  erected  to  Barry  (forty 
years  ago  in  Philadelphia)  was  due  to  Griffin's  activity; 
how  the  thought  of  erecting  the  national  monument  re- 
cently unveiled  at  Washington  was  suggested  to  Arch- 
bishop Ireland  by  the  perusal  of  Griffin's  book;  and  how 
since  Griffin's  death  no  credit  has  been  given  him  for  his 
work  on  behalf  of  Commodore  Barry. 

Griffin  himself  foresaw  and  predicted  this.  "If  I  am 
dead,"  he  once  wrote  in  his  "Researches,"  "speakers  and 
writers  will  rob  me  of  my  work  and  my  very  name  will  not 
even  be  mentioned." 

It  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  neglect  which  American 
Catholics  inflict  on  their  ablest  and  most  zealous  writers. 
Griffin  is  not  the  only  one  to  suffer  from  it.  We  Catholics 
are  afraid  to  assert  their  great  achievements  in  public  life, 
and  too  indifferent  to  study  their  writings.  We  scarcely 
ever  mention  them  even  in  our  newspapers  and  magazines, 
which  are  filled  with  fulsome  adulation  of  such  much-be- 
puffed  non-Catholic  sensationalists  as  Gilbert  K.  Chester- 
ton, but  hardly  ever  even  mention  our  own  great  writers  of 
the  past.  Truly,  we  are  a  race  of  cowards  and  ingrates. 
Our  own  personal  achievements  for  the  most  part  do  not 
go  beyond  the  brick-and-mortar  limit,  and  we  deserve  to 
be  the  scoff  and  scorn  of  our  descendants.  God  rest  the 
noble   souls  of  such  honest  and  diligent  truth-seekers  as 


370  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Martin  I.  J.  Griffin !  Their  names  and  deeds  are  engraved 
upon  the  eternal  throne,  and  will  not  die,  though  we  shall 
undoubtedly  be  punished  for  denying  them  their  just  due. 


VOCATION  TO  THE  PRIESTHOOD 

Gallicanism  has  left  a  deep  impress  on  Catholic  practice, 
especially  in  France.  The  difficulty  of  supplying  a  sufficient 
number  of  priests  under  the  present  extremely  unfavorable 
conditions  obtaining  in  that  country,  some  years  ago  led  P. 
Bouvier,  S.J.,  P.  Yermeersch,  S.J..  and  other  writers  to  sus- 
pect the  prevailing  teaching  with  regard  to  sacerdotal  voca- 
tions. It  was  reserved  to  Canon  Joseph  Lahitton,  however, 
to  bring  about  an  official  declaration  of  the  Holy  See  in  the 
matter.  Lahitton  in  1909  and  1910  published  two  treatises  on 
the  subject  ("La  Vocation  Sacerdotale,"  and  "Deux  Concep- 
tions Divergentes  de  la  Vocation  Sacerdotale").  in  which  he 
defined  vocation  to  the  priesthood  as  a  divine  election  and  call 
to  the  sacerdotal  state,  made  manifest  to  the  subject  through 
the  agency  of  the  legitimate  ecclesiastical  authority.  This  put 
the  essence  of  vocation  in  the  external  call  of  the  bishop  rather 
than  in  the  so-called  internal  attrait.  The  vocation  to  the  priest- 
hood, he  says,  has  no  existence  before  the  call  of  the  bishop, 
"Accedite  hue."  but  is  "created"  by  this  call.  All  that  has  to  be 
ascertained  in  the  candidate  is  the  vocabiliti — i.  e.,  the  right 
intention  and  certain  necessary  qualifications.  The  bishop  is 
like  a  king  who  appoints  his  officials :  he  gives  each  his  voca- 
tion, vaUde,  though  not  always  licit e. 

This  contention  was  challenged  by  a  number  of  writers, 
prominent  among  them  F.  J.  Hurtaud  ("La  Vocation  Sacer- 
dotale." Paris.  1911)  and  P.  Branchereau.  S.S.  ("De  la  Voca- 
tion Sacerdotale,''  Paris,  1909).  In  view  of  the  importance  of 
the  question  at  issue,  the  Holy  Father  appointed  a  special  com- 
mission of  Cardinals  to  examine  the  same.  This  commission, 
on  June  20.  1912,  decided  that  Lahitton's  book  was  bv  no  means 
to  be  censured, but  on  the  contrary  to  be  highly  praised  for  calling 
attention  to  the  following  truths  :  (1 )  that  no  man  has  a  right 
to  be  ordained  to  the  priesthood  antecedently  to  his  selection 
by  the  bishop;  (2)  that  what  is  called  vocation  to  the  priest- 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  371 

hood  does  not  consist,  at  least  necessarily  and  ordinarily,  in 
some  internal  aspiration  of  the  subject  or  an  invitation  from 
the  Holy  Ghost,  but,  on  the  contrary,  (3)  in  a  right  intention 
together  with  certain  natural  and  supernatural  endowments 
which  give  a  well-founded  promise  that  the  candidate  will  live 
up  to  the  duties  of  his  holy  office. 

This  decision  was  fully  approved  by  His  Holiness.  That 
it  does  not  amount  to  a  full  approval  of  all  of  Canon  Lahitton's 
contentions  and  arguments  is  shown  by  the  Rev.  P.  Joseph 
Brandenburger,  S.J.,  in  the  Innsbruck  Zeitschrift  fur  kath. 
Theologie,  1914,  No.  1,  where  there  is  also  printed  a  good  sur- 
vey of  the  whole  controversy,  to  which  we  refer  those  of  our 
readers  who  would  like  to  go  into  details.  Lahitton  himself 
has  corrected  some  of  his  errors  in  a  new  edition  of  his  book, 
prepared  after  the  publication  of  the  Roman  decision  ("La 
Vocation  Sacerdotale.  Nouvelle  Edition."  Paris :  G.  Beau- 
chesne,  1913). 

In  studying  the  whole  question  the  important  point  is,  as 
Fr.  Brandenburger  rightly  insists,  not  to  depend  too  much  on 
traditional  notions  but  to  consider  the  matter  in  the  pure  white 
light  of  the  Church's  official  teaching. 


A  NEW  EDITION   OF  THE  GREEK   NEW  TESTA- 
MENT 

Both  the  Stimmen  aus  Maria  Laach  (Vol.  84,  No.  5)  and 
the  Theologische  Revue  (Vol.  13,  Nos.  4  and  5)  have  lately 
published  highly  appreciative  notices  of  Hermann  von  Soden's 
new  edition  of  the  New  Testament  (Gottingen:  Vandenhoeck 
&  Ruprecht.  2  vols,  large  8vo),  which  gives  the  Greek  text 
in  the  most  ancient  form  ascertainable  by  modern  critical 
methods.  "We  Catholics,"  says  P.  August  Merk,  S.J..  in  the 
first-mentioned  review,  "cannot  afford  to  neglect  this  work, 
which  will  be  for  us,  for  many  years  to  come,  an  indispensable 
instrument  of  study." 

It  is  consoling  to  note,  after  a  careful  examination  of  von 
Soden's  revised  text,  that,  with  but  one  exception,  it  does  not 
deviate  in  any  important  particular  from  the  traditional  recen- 
sion.   The  lone  exception  is  Matt.  I,  16,  where  the  editor,  for 


372  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

some  unaccountable  reason,  has  adopted  the  version  of  the 
Codex  Syrus  Sinaiticus :  "Joseph,  to  whom  was  betrothed 
Alary  the  virgin,  begat  Jesus,  who  is  called  the  Christ."  Mrs. 
Agnes  Smith  Lewis,  the  discoverer  of  this  famous  text,  in  a 
recently  published  volume,  "Light  on  the  Four  Gospels  from 
the  Sinai  Palimpsest"  (London:  Williams  &  Norgate),  has 
again  pointed  out  that,  as  Mary  had  the  legal  status  of  St. 
Joseph's  wife,  it  cannot  have  been  in  the  scribe's  mind  to  doubt 
the  virgin  birth  of  our  Saviour.  Why  did  von  Soden  adopt 
this  version  on  the  strength  of  a  single  codex ,  whose  uncon- 
firmed testimony  he  has  followed  nowhere  else?  It  is  almost 
impossible  not  to  assume  that  he  was  moved  by  dogmatic  pre- 
possessions. For  the  rest,  as  we  have  indicated,  von  Soden's 
recension  shows  no  important  divergences  from,  e.  g.,  that  of 
Westcott  and  Ffort.  "The  textual  differences,"  says  Dr.  H. 
Yogels  in  the  Theologische  Revue,  "are  of  such  a  nature  that 
they  will  interest  only  the  experts.  Whoever  expects  to  find 
important  alterations,  e.  g..  an  edition  without  Matt.  XVI,  18, 
or  perhaps  new  readings  which  would  alter  the  character  of 
the  New  Testament  in  any  essential  point,  will  be  disappointed. 
The  time  is  past  when  it  was  thought  permissible  to  assume 
that  the  Church  had  gradually  drifted  away  from  her  prim- 
itive faith,  and  in  so  doing,  altered  the  sacred  scriptures,  in 
order  to  wipe  out  the  vestiges  of  the  past."  The  value  of  von 
Soden's  recension  lies,  not  in  any  reconstruction  of  the  text, 
but  in  the  huge  critical  apparatus  laboriously  constructed  by 
forty-six  eminent  scholars  and  in  the  possibility  of  tracing  by 
means  of  this  apparatus  the  history  of  the  text  more  clearly 
than  has  hitherto  been  possible. 

Of  course,  as  Fr.  Merk  observes,  "von  Soden's  titanic  per- 
formance by  no  means  completes  research  work  on  the  Greek 
text  of  the  New  Testament.  He  himself  was  far  from  regard- 
ing it  in  that  light,  but  pointed  out  problems  which  his  own 
labors  have  left  alone  or  barely  touched.  .  .  ."  (Stimmen, 
56,  5,  507).  On  the  other  hand,  the  remarkable  conformity  of 
von  Soden's  critical  recension  with  the  version  that  has  come 
down  to  us  through  the  traditional  channels,  cannot  but  have 
one  good  result,  viz. :  that  of  eradicating  the  foolish  notion 
that  textual  criticism  is  apt  to  render  the  sacred  text  uncertain 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  373 

or  to  destroy  it  altogether.  Truth,  as  we  have  so  often  said, 
has  nothing  to  fear  from  criticism,  but  it  has  a  great  deal  to 
apprehend  from  lack  of  the  critical  spirit. 


THE  MARRIAGE  DECREE  OF  JUNE  21,  1912 

The  publication  of  the  second  volume  of  Canon  De  Smet's 
canonical  and  theological  treatise  on  "Betrothment  and  Mar- 
riage" (B.  Herder.  $2.25  net)  completes  that  very  useful 
work,  the  only  one  of  its  kind  now  available  in  the  English 
tongue. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  learned  Canon's  opinion  of  the 
famous  decree  of  the  Holy  Office  of  June  21,  1912,  which  the 
Western  Watchman  misinterpreted  so  egregiously  in  this  coun- 
try. 

In  speaking  of  the  duties  of  the  pastor  in  regard  to  the 
celebration  of  mixed  marriages,  Canon  De  Smet  says  (pp. 
46  sqq.)  : 

"In  the  case  of  illicit  celebration  of  mixed  marriage,  i.  e.,  when 
the  parties  have  either  ignored  the  dispensation,  or  have  had  it 
refused,  or  have  been  unwilling  to  bind  themselves  to  the  condi- 
tions imposed;  or  again,  when  one  is  not  sufficiently  certain  that 
they  will  observe  them:  then,  as  a  general  rule,  the  priest  may  not 
even  passively  assist,  and  his  active  assistance  is  never  allowed, 
especially  with  the  nuptial  blessing.  .  .  .  We  say:  in  general, 
because  in  this  matter  also,  by  way  of  exception,  the  Holy  See 
has  granted  to  some  countries,  notably  certain  parts  of  Germany, 
Austria,  and  Hungary  the  following  favor:  'When  the  marriage 
of  a  non-Catholic  with  a  Catholic,  or  vice  versa,  despite  the  absence 
of  the  guarantees  required  by  the  Church,  can  take  place  without 
scandal  or  greater  evils,  and  runs  no  risk  whatever  of  being 
interpreted  to  the  detriment  of  religion,  and  when  at  the  same 
time,  one  knows  it  will  be  useful  to  the  Church  and  to  the  common 
good  that  this  marriage,  albeit  forbidden  and  unlawful,  should  be 
celebrated  before  the  Catholic  priest  rather  than  before  the  hereti- 
cal minister,  to  whom  the  parties  would  probably  have  recourse, 
then  the  parish  priest,  or  any  other  Catholic  priest  delegated  to 
take  his  place,  can  give  to  this  marriage  his  material  assistance 
only,  without  any  religious  ceremony.'  Certainly,  this  toleration 
does  not  render  the  marriage  lawful;  and,  without  recourse  to  the 
Holy  See,  one  could  not  extend  it  to  other  countries,  for  which 
the  indult  has  not  been  granted.  However,  every  bishop  could,  we 
think,  grant  this   permission   in   a   special   and   urgent   case,   when 


374  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

there  is  no  time  for  recourse  to  the  Holy  See,  and  more  especially 
when  he  has  the  guarantees  concerning  the  Catholic  education  of 
the  children,  or  at  least  when  there  exists  no  engagement  to  the 
contrary.  ...  As  regards  the  passive  presence  of  the  parish 
priest,  we  have  here  a  derogation  in  the  case  of  the  rule  of  the 
decree  Ne  temere,  concerning  the  asking  and  receiving  of  consent. 
For  the  decree  of  the  C.  S.  O.,  21  June,  1912,  determines  that  this 
rule  of  the  decree  Ne  temere  is  not  in  force  for  mixed  marriages  at 
whjch,  without  the  customary  promises  having  been  made,  the 
assistance  of  the  priest  is  permitted  by  the  Holy  See;  that  is  to  say, 
the  assistance  to  be  given  at  such  marriages  is  strictly  passive,  like 
that  in  use  before  the  decree  Ne  temere.  ...  As  this  discipline 
of  tolerance,  tolerating  the  assistance  of  the  parish  priest  at  mixed 
marriages  illicitly  contracted,  is  to  be  restricted  to  those  places  for 
which  the  concession  is  made,  so  the  derogation  made  from  the 
decree  Ne  temere  as  to  assistance  at  marriage  cannot  be  extended 
to  illicit  mixed  marriages  at  which,  outside  of  the  said  places,  a 
priest  may,  perchance,  with  the  bishop's  permission,  assist  in  some 
urgent  case.*' 

igs 

Some  sixteen  or  seventeen  years  ago  there  was  ex- 
hibited in  the  London  Royal  Academy  a  painting  which 
represented  that  solemn  moment  in  the  profession  cere- 
mony of  a  Benedictine  nun  when  the  novice,  with  uplifted 
hands  and  voice,  chants  thrice  the  words  of  the  psalmist: 
"Suscipe  me,  Domine — Uphold  me,  O  Lord,"  etc.  A 
priest  relates  in  the  Daily  Telegraph,  how  he  sat  down 
near  this  picture  one  day  to  hear  any  comments  that  might 
be  passed  upon  it.  Most  of  the  visitors  paid  no  attention 
to  it  whatever.  At  last  there  came  along  two  typical  Brit- 
ish females,  who  were  doing  the  Academy  in  a  very  con- 
scientious manner,  room  by  room,  picture  by  picture.  They 
came  to  No.  999,  or  whatever  it  was,  and  one  said  to  the 
holder  of  the  guide-book :  "Now,  Maria,  let's  have  999." 
The  obedient  Mary  then  read  out  as  follows:  "Sux  Ipe 
Me  Do  Mine."  Said  her  companion:  "All  right,  Maria; 
now  we  know  all  about  it.     What's  next?" 


There  are  things  in  every  man's  life  which  cannot  be 
told,  things  which  are  made  possible  by  the  dross  that  is 
put  into  his  making  without  his  knowledge  or  consent. 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  375 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


Peter's  Bark 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review. — Sir: 

Under  the  heading  "Is  Peter's  Bark  Leaking?"  the  America  (No. 
266)  prints  an  article  by  Fr.  T.  F.  Coakley  of  Pittsburgh,  on  the 
question  of  Catholic  leakage.  The  writer  comes  to  the  conclusion 
that,  in  the  face  of  certain  "overwhelming  figures"  showing  the 
growth  and  prosperity  of  the  Church  in  this  country,  "only  an  apos- 
tate like  McCabe  or  a  Guardian  of  Bigotry  like  Miles,  would  dare  to 
speak  of  leakage." 

The    average    reader    will    draw    a    different    conclusion    from    Fr. 
Coakley's  figures.     The  fact  of  the  matter  is  his  article  refutes  itself. 

On  page  103,  the  grand  total  of  Catholic  immigrants  from  1820  to 
1910  is  given  as  6,998,317.  On  the  same  page,  second  column,  we  are 
told  that  the  number  of  foreign-born  persons  in  this  country  in  1910 
was  13,000,000,  of  which  number  less  than  7,000,000,  or  52  per  cent, 
were  Catholics.  In  the  year  1910,  therefore,  according  to  Fr.  Coakley, 
the  number  of  foreign-born  Catholics  living  in  the  United  States  was 
somewhat  less  than  7,000,000 — more  precisely,  6,760,000. 

Evidently,  the  Catholics  who  came  to  our  shores  in  the  19th  cen- 
tury were  a  healthy  lot.  The  easiest  way  to  make  America  Catholic 
would  be  to  import  some  more  of  that  same  stock.  The  author  of  the 
article  under  consideration  seems  to  figure  that  they  live  forever.  Of 
all  the  Catholic  immigrants  that  came  to  this  country  from  1820  to 
1910  (more  than  a  million  came  before  1850,  and  more  than  2,000,000 
before  1860),  only  238,317  died.  Suppose  that  the  224,000  who  came 
over  from  1820  to  1840,  according  to  Fr.  Coakley's  table,  are  included 
in  the  238,317  who  have  died  since,  it  follows  that  out  of  6,774,317 
Catholic  immigrants  who  spread  their  tents  in  America  since  1840, 
only  14,317,  or  about  one-fifth  of  1  per  cent,  have  gone  the  way  of  all 
flesh.  Suppose  that  the  mortality  was  all  among  the  immigrants  that 
came  over  between  1840  and  1850,  and  it  follows  that  874,057,  or  more 
than  98  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of  Catholic  immigrants  since 
1850,  are  still  among  the  living  and  that  of  the  Catholic  immigrants 
who  entered  since  1850  (the  respectable  number  of  5,885,723)  not  one 
died.     Marvelous,  indeed ! 

My  conclusion  is  that  only  "prejudice"  could  suggest  6,998,317  as 
the  total  number  of  Catholic  immigrants  from  1820  till  1910.  If  the 
number  hadn't  been  much  larger  than  that,  we  could  not  have  had 
6,760,000  foreign-born  Catholics  in  the  United  States  in  1910.  Nullus 
effectus  sine  causa. 

And  then,  what  about  the  following  statements :  "Only  a  birth- 
rate in  every  decade  five  or  six  per  cent  higher  than  the  birth-rate 
among  non-Catholics  will  account   for    [the   rapid  increase  of   Catho- 


376  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

lies]."     Again:  *'....     this  increase     ....     depends  in  a  large 
measure  on  the  access  of  conversions  to  the  Church." 

Is  it  "only"  the  birth-rate  or  "largely"  the  access  of  converts  that 
makes  us  grow  so  fast? 

According  to  Fr.  Coakley's  own  figures  the  immortality  of  our 
Catholic  immigrants  is  the  only  reason  that  will  really  account  for 
our   rapid   growth. 

I  shall  not  attempt  to  solve  the  question  at  issue.     I  realize  that 
it  is  "easy  to  jump  at  conclusions  on  the  subject  of  immigration." 
New  Orleans,  La.  (Rev.)    Theo.   Van   Eyck 

♦■    ♦    •♦ 

The  Catholic   Leakage  in  Holland 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review. — Sir: 

Apropos  of  the  Agence  Internationale  Roma's  note  regarding  the 
relative  retrogression  of  the  Catholic  population  of  Holland  (see 
Fortnightly  Review,  No.  10,  p.  314),  permit  me  to  remark  that  other 
causes  are  given  for  it  besides  mixed  marriages.  One  of  these  is  the 
very  high  percentage  among  Catholics  of  sacerdotal  and  religious 
vocations,  excluding  marriage  on  the  part  of  many  young  people  of 
both  sexes,  to  such  an  extent  as  noticeably  to  affect  the  natural  increase 
of  the  Catholic  population.  Holland  among  all  nations  ranks  first  in 
its  proportionate  contribution  to  the  ranks  of  the  clergy  and  religious 
orders,  both  male  and  female.  Again,  there  is  the  abnormally  high 
infant  mortality,  which,  owing  to  unsatisfactory  economic  conditions, 
has  obtained  during  the  period  referred  to  in  the  two  Southern  and 
almost  exclusively  Catholic  provinces  of  the  Netherlands.  It  has 
been  computed  that  with  the  successful  remedying,  now  in  progress,  of 
these  conditions  the  future  increase  of  the  Catholic  population  will 
keep  up  fully  with  that  of  the  non-Catholic  portion.  Of  course,  the 
alarming  growth  of  religious  indifference,  especially  in  the  great  cities, 
together  with  the  rainbow  promises  of  rampant  Socialism,  here  as 
elsewhere  have  contributed  their  quota  to  the  losses  of  the  Church. 
However,  on  the  whole,  the  number  of  Catholics  in  Holland  has 
steadily  increased  since  1829  and  amounted  to  2,051,000  according  to 
the  census  of  1909.  It  should  have  been  2,272,000  had  it  kept  up  with 
the  ratio  of  the  country's  general  increase. 

Colusa,  Cal.  (Rev.)   P.  J.  Van  Schie 

♦    -••■•- 

A   Correction 
To  the  Editor  of  the  FORTNIGHTLY  Review. — Sir: 

Would  you  kindly  correct  a  statement  recently  made  in  your 
Review  relative  to  participation  of  certain  societies  in  the  funeral 
services  of  Peter  Riley,  whom  1  buried  from  this  parish  church? 
There  was  no  society,  Catholic  or  other,  that  took  part  in  the  services 
or  assisted  in  a  body  either  at  the  church  or  the  grave.  Thanking  you 
for   making   this  .correction,    I    remain,   dear   sir,       Yours  sincerely, 

Albany,  Ore.        '  Arthur  C.  Lane,  Rector 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  377 

NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


In  a  bold  and  brilliant  study  on  "The  Origin  of  Attic 
Comedy,"  Mr.  F.  M.  Cornford  (London:  Arnold)  endeavors 
to  show  that  the  comedies  of  Aristophanes  are  grounded 
upon  a  ritual  whereby  the  fertility  of  nature  is  induced  by 
sacrifice  and  marriage — by  "sympathetic  nemesis."  The 
basis  of  all  the  comedies  is  a  "canonical  plot-formula" 
which  "preserves  the  stereotyped  action  of  a  ritual  folk- 
drama."  To  follow  Mr.  Cornford  through  the  details  of 
his  thesis  is  a  rare  delight,  because  he  is  a  fine  scholar 
without  pedantry.  But  every  one  of  the  arguments  where- 
by he  seeks  to  prove  that  a  comedy  of  Aristophanes  is  at 
bottom  a  religious  mystery,  could  be  applied  to  prove  pre- 
cisely the  same  of  "The  Girl  in  the  Taxi"  or  any  other  mod- 
ern comedy.    Clearly  Mr.  Cornford's  method  has  its  perils. 

♦   ■•■-•> 

In  a  list  of  Catholic  books  to  be  found  in  the  New  Or- 
leans Public  Library,  published  by  the  "Morning  Star"  of 
May  23,  we  find  inter  alia — "God  and  the  South,"  ascribed 
to  Bishop  J.  L.  Spalding.  If  the  first  word  of  this  title  were 
feminine  in  gender  we  might  imagine  that  it  referred  to 
the  Goddess  of  Love,  as  we  have  heard  it  said  that  Aphro- 
dite is  believed  to  have  her  realm  in  the  South.  But  "God 
in  the  South"?  We  are  at  loss  to  interpret  that,  and  the 
bibliography  of  Msgr.  Spalding's  writings  does  not  help 
us  out  in  the  least.  By  the  way,  is  not  the  New  Orleans 
Public  Library  rather  meagerly  provided  with  Catholic 
books  for  a  city  so  largely  Catholic? 

The  San  Francisco  Monitor  (Vol.  56,  No.  1)  suggests 
another  way  for  Catholics  to  "get  even"  with  the  manage- 
ment of  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  for  accepting  ex- 
Mayor  Nathan  of  Rome  as  envoy  of  the  Italian  govern- 
ment. The  Alumni  Association  of  the  American  College 
of  Rome,  says  our  contemporary,  have  decided  upon  Chi- 
cago instead  of  San  Francisco  as  the  meeting  place  of  their 
next  annual  convention.  Let  all  Catholic  organizations 
which  have  been  planning  to  hold  their  1915  conventions 


378  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

in  San   Francisco,  take  the  same  step,  withdraw,  and  go 
elsewhere,  unless  Nathan's  appointment  is  cancelled. 

The  Roman  catacombs  probably  have  still  many  secrets 
to   reveal.     Their  aggregate   length   is   said   to   equal   the 

length  of  Italy,  and  only  a  part  has' been  explored. 

♦   •♦>  •♦ 

The  New  York  Evening  Post,  in  a  review  of  James  Op- 
penheim's  "Idle  Wives,"  humbly  "submits  the  opinion  that 
even  a  physician-novelist  may  go  too  far  with  obstetrical 
details." 

The  "New  Salon" — Societe  Nationale  des  Beaux  Arts — 
opened  its  twenty-fourth  exhibition  in  Paris  on  Easter  Sunday, 
and  it  is  the  unanimous  verdict  of  the  critics,  foreign  and 
domestic,  that  "French  art  is  swinging  back  to  its  native  tradi- 
tions of  grace  and  order." 

-•--♦--•- 

In  an  entertaining  article  on  "Monsignor  Benson  as  a  Let- 
ter-Writer" in  the  Rosary  Magazine  for  May,  "One  of  His 
Converts"  says  that  that  prolific  writer,  in  spite  of  the  enormous 
amount  of  literary  work  he  is  constantly  engaged  in,  finds 
time  to  answer  promptly  every  letter  sent  to  him.  In  that 
respect  Msgr.  Benson  resembles  a  good  many  other  really  busy 
and  hard-working  people.  But  the  writer  of  the  article  is 
right  in  insisting  that,  "unless  one  is  obliged  to  do  so,"  that 
is  unless  one  has  something  really  important  to  communicate, 
"it  is  cruel  to  burden"  such  a  busy  man  "even  with  one  extra 
letter  that  needs  an  answer." 

The  late  Professor  Benjamin  Osgood  Peirce,  of  Har- 
vard, was  "a  Yankee  of  Yankees,"  born  in  Beverly,  Mass., 
and  descended  from  a  long  line  of  New  England  ancestors, 
his  great-grandfather  having  been  killed  at  Lexington.  Mr. 
A.  G.  Webster,  in  a  letter  to  the  Nation  (No.  2547)  says 
that  Professor  Peirce  "spoke  French  well  and  German  so 
well,  including  the  South  German  dialect,  as  to  deceive 
the  native."  What  an  effort  it  must  have  cost  this  Yan- 
kee to  acquire  such  proficiency  in  French  and  German,  and 
how  far  superior  was  he  intellectually  to  so  many  Ameri- 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  379 

can-born  descendants  of  French  and  German  immigrants 
who  with  all  their  fine  opportunities  neglect  to  learn  these 
cultured  languages,  each  of  which  is  the  key  to  a  wonder- 
ful literature. 

So  far  no  country  has  applied  Catholic  principles  to  the  solu- 
tion of  its  industrial  and  social  problems.  The  Irish  Theo- 
logical Quarterly  (No.  34)  predicts  that  Ireland,  under  Home 
Rule,  will  give  all  the  world  an  object  lesson  how  to  banish  the 
deplorable  evils  to  which  the  recent  joint  pastoral  of  its  bishops 
makes  allusion. 

It  detracts  somewhat  from  the  value  of  the  testimony 
given  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vernon  Castle  to  the  propriety  of 
the  tango  (cfr.  this  Review,  No.  9,  p.  271)  to  be  told  that, 
at  a  recent  public  performance  in  St.  Louis,  "Mrs.  Castle 
.  .  .  was  garbed  in  costumes  of  the  cabaret  and  made  ful- 
some display  of  her  shapely  Chippendale  limbs."  (Post-Dis- 
patch, May  6.)  Whatever  "S.  T.  L."  and  other  moralists 
may  deem  it  their  duty  to  say  in  extenuation  of  the  "purified 
tango"  now  in  vogue  in  decent  society,  we  still  adhere  to  the 
belief  that,  as  our  contributor  admitted  towards  the  conclu- 
sion of  his  interesting  paper  (No.  9,  p.  272),  "the  underlying 
tendency  is  full  of  dangers,  especially  for  the  young,  and  needs 
to  be  watched  with  care." 

The  April  number  of  the  bi-monthly  Bulletin,  published  by 
the  St.  Louis  University  (Vol.  10,  No.  1),  contains  some  inter- 
esting and  valuable  contributions  on  the  subjects  of  seismology 
and  meteorology,  in  particular  two  essays  "On  the  Epicenter 
Problem,"  a  lecture  on  "Seismology  and  Seismographs,"  and 
the  university's  detailed  earthquake  records  for  1913.  The 
seismological  work  of  the  St.  Louis  University  and  a  number 
of  other  American  Jesuit  colleges,  aside  from  its  scientific 
value,  is  proving  an  excellent  advertisement  for  these  institu- 
tions and  for  Catholic  higher  education  in  general,  as  scarcely 
a  week  passes  without  the  daily  papers  reporting  earthquake 
records  taken  at  one  or  several  of  these  institutions,  or  rather 
their  geophysical  observatories. 


380  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 

Volume  VI  of  "The  Catholic  Library"  contains  a  reprint  of  Campion's 
"Decern  Rationes,"  with  a  new  English  translation  by  Fr.  Jos.  Rickaby, 
S.J.  The  "Ten  Reasons''  represent  the  theses  which  Blessed  Edmund 
Campion  would  fain  have  maintained  in  the  Divinity  School  at  Oxford 
against  all  comers.  Their  publication  was  the  last  act  of  his  life.  The 
Protestant  answer  was  the  rack  in  the  Tower  and  the  gibbet  at  Tyburn. 
But  Campion's  theses  continued  to  have  their  influence  for  a  long  time. 
They  may  be  called  a  classic  of  English  ecclesiastical  literature.  Of 
course,  they  must  be  judged  in  the  light  of  their  own  time  (the  six- 
teenth century)  with  its  peculiar  controversial  methods.  The  present 
edition  has  a  fine  critical  introduction  by  Fr.  J.  H.  Pollen,  S.J. 
(Manresa  Press  and  B.  Herder;  30  cts.,  net.) 

James  Brodie  &  Co.,  of  London,  begin  a  new  series  of  Lives  of  the 
Saints  for  Children  ("Standard-bearers  of  the  Faith")  with  a  "Life 
of  St.  Ignatius  Loyola,"  by  F.  A.  Forbes.  That  Father  Sydney  F. 
Smith,  S.J.,  has  written  the  Introduction  is  sufficient  warrant  for  the 
orthodoxy  and  literary  excellence  of  this  volume.  The  rationale  of 
the  whole  series  is  set  forth  thus :  "That  lives  of  the  Saints  may 
appeal  to  the  young,  they  must  be  written  in  a  special  style.  They 
must  not  be  too  complex  or  subjective.  What  young  people  like  best, 
and  what  is  best  for  them,  is  to  have  the  human  interest  and  spiritual 
beauty  of  the  Saint's  life  brought  out  in  their  relation  to  a  succession 
of  its  most  salient  incidents,  these  being  told  in  simple  but  pictorial 
language."  A  series  of  lives  of  the  Saints  for  children  written  along 
these  lines  ought  to  find  a  ready  market.     (B.  Herder;  30  cts.,  net.) 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  work  of  putting  Father  Grisar's  "Luther"  before  the  English 
reading  public  is  proceeding  with  commendable  expedition.  We  have 
just  received  the  third  volume  of  the  English  translation,  comprising 
the  first  half  of  the  second  volume  of  the  original,  which  depicts  the 
ex-monk  of  Wittenberg  in  the  heyday  of  his  career — (Auf  der  Hohe 
des  Lebens,"  as  the  author  puts  it ;  the  English  sub-title  "The  Re- 
former" is  not  so  well  chosen).  Wc  see  him  taking  a  hand  in  politics, 
developing  a  conviction  that  he  has  a  divine  mission,  asserting  this 
mission  against  the  "Papists,"  and  trying  to  demonstrate  it  by  mira- 
cles and  prophecies.  We  are  made  acquainted  with  the  pseudo- 
reformer's  morals,  are  introduced  to  his  friend  Melanchthon,  and 
informed  about  his  relations  with  Zwingli,  Carlstadt,  Bugenhagen,  and 
others.  The  translator  (E.  M.  Lamond)  and  the  editor  (Luigi  Cap- 
padelta)  have  done  their  work  well,  though  a  little  more  care  might 
have  been  bestowed  on  the  analytical  table  of  contents,  which  is  not 
always  as  clear  and  accurate  as  one  might  wish.  To  Protestant 
readers  Grisar's  "Luther"  must  be  an  astounding  revelation;  it 
remains    for   zealous   Catholics  to  see  to  it   that   the   work   is   put   into 


XXI  12  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  381 

every   public    library    in    the    United    States.      (London:    Kegan    Paul, 
Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder;  $3.25  net.) 

Those  who  wish  to  know  in  detail  by  what  a  reign  of  terror  the 
sweeping  changes  of  the  Protestant  Reformation  were  compelled, 
against  the  will  of  the  people,  in  England,  will  find  in  "The  Western 
Rebellion  of  1549,"  by  Miss  Frances  Rose-Troup,  some  remarkable 
evidence  drawn  from  MSS.  and  other  contemporary  sources.  Miss 
Rose-Troup,  who  is  not  a  Catholic,  makes  it  plain  that  in  a  large  part 
of  England  the  Reformation  settlement  was  carried  by  force  of  arm? 
and  ruthless  executions.     (London:   Smith,  Elder  &  Co.;  14s.,  net.) 

"Mon  Navire"  is  the  title  under  which  Fr.  Adolphe  Petit,  S.J.,  a 
widely  known  French  missionary  and  retreat-master,  has  left  to  his 
spiritual  children  a  souvenir  of  the  retreats  given  by  him  in  the  course 
of  a  long  and  active  life.  Miss  Marian  Lindsay  has  translated  it  from 
the  French  and  B.  Herder  publishes  it  under  the  title  "My  Bark," 
which  is  explained  in  the  preface,  where  Fr.  Petit  presents  himself  as 
an  old  man  (he  was  ninety  when  he  wrote  this  book)  who,  before 
setting  out  on  his  last  voyage,  sends  a  farewell  to  his  friends  in  the 
form  of  a  description  of  the  bark  that  is  to  carry  him  to  the  port  of 
replete  with  sound  doctrine  and  ripe  wisdom  and  appeals  primarily  to 
eternity.  The  allegory  is  sustained  throughout  the  volume,  which  is 
persons  in  the  religious  state.     (B.  Herder;  60  cents,  net.) 

The  current  (tenth)  volume  of  Dr.  Horace  K.  Mann's  "Lives  of  the 
Popes  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  like  its  immediate  predecessor,  bears  the 
subtitle,  "The  Popes  at  the  Height  of  Their  Temporal  Influence,"  and 
deals  with  the  pontificates  of  Alexander  III,  Lucius  III,  Urban  III, 
Gregory  VIII,  Clement  III,  and  Celestine  III.  The  longest  as  well  as 
the  most  important  of  these  was  the  pontificate  of  Alexander  III,  to 
which  over  one-half  of  the  volume  is  devoted.  Being  an  Englishman 
and  writing  primarily  for  Englishmen,  the  author  naturally  gives  a 
liberal  portion  of  his  space  to  Alexander's  relations  with  England,  and 
especially  to  the  case  of  St.  Thomas  a  Becket.  The  Pope  is  mildly 
censured  for  his  over-cautious  policy  in  dealing  with  the  aggressions 
of  Henry  the  Second,  which  led  to  the  terrible  outrage  of  Dec.  29,  1170. 
Dr.  Mann's  work  is  quite  satisfactory ;  only,  in  perusing  his  dry  and 
labored  phrases,  one  cannot  at  times  suppress  a  feeling  of  regret  that 
this  English  historian  of  the  Popes  lacks  the  exquisite  literary  grace 
that  makes  Dr.  Ludwig  Pastor  such  a  fascinating  writer.  (B.  Herder; 
$3,  net.) 

♦■.♦■•- 

The  Rev.  Heinrich  Koch,  S.J.,  recently  deceased,  was  fortunately 
able  before  his  death  to  issue  a  new  and  considerably  enlarged  edition 
of  his  work,  "Die  deutsche  Hausindustrie,"  which  first  appeared  in 
1905.  It  treats  of  the  meaning,  origin,  extent,  and  economic  and  social 
conditions  and  effects  of  household  industries,  and  discusses  the  ques- 


382  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

tions  of  state  help  and  self  help  in  relation  to  these  industries.  It  is 
not  an  intensive  study  of  a  few  such  industries,  nor  an  extensive  and 
statistical  study  of  all  of  them,  but  rather  a  discussion  of  the  general 
type  of  domestic  industry  in  all  its  important  relations.  Thus  it  pre- 
sents a  comprehensive  picture  of  the  household  industry  as  a  whole, 
and  of  its  place  in  the  life  of  the  German  people,  together  with  sys- 
tematic suggestions  for  needed  reforms.  American  readers  who  think 
of  Germany  as  still  the  land  of  small  independent  industries,  will  be 
surprised  to  learn  (p.  51)  that  the  household  enterprises  are  less  than 
eight  per  cent  of  the  whole  number,  and  that  the  persons  engaged 
therein  are  less  than  three  per  cent  of  the  whole  number  of  persons  in 
industrial  occupations.  (M.  Gladbach:  Volksvereinsverlag;  M.  3.)  — 
John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

In  "Her  Only  Love,  A  Drama  in  Four  Acts,"  the  Rev.  Peter 
Kaenders  gives  us  another  of  his  excellent  acting  plays,  based  this 
time  on  Calderon's  "El  Magico  Prodigioso."  This  new  drama  has  all 
the  merits  which  we  have  learned  to  expect  from  Father  Kaenders, 
and  is  not  only  of  a  high  order  from  the  purely  literary  standpoint, 
but  meets  the  requirements  of  the  practical  stage  manager  and  does 
not  exceed  the  powers  of  an  amateur  troupe.  We  hold  that,  given  a 
good  play  and  an  expert  and  discerning  stage  manager,  the  amateur 
theatrical  performance  is  more  satisfactory  than  the  professional.  As 
an  adjunct  to  the  studies  in  the  class-room,  for  somewhat  advanced 
students,  participation  in  dramatic  performances  can  hardly  be  over- 
estimated. It  goes  without  saying  that  a  model  drama  must  be 
studied.  Father  Kaenders'  dramas  are  model  dramas  that  deserve  to 
be  studied,  and  "Her  Only  Love''  is,  in  several  respects,  the  best  he  has 
yet  given  us.     (B.  Herder;  25  cts.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  not  supplied  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

Gelermann.  Rev.  Peter,  C.SS.R.  The  Narrow  Way.  A  Brief,  Clear, 
Systematic  Exposition  of  the  Spiritual  Life  for  the  Laity,  and  a 
Practical  Gtalde-Book  to  Christian  Perfection  for  All  of  Good  Will. 
xxi  and   340   pp.      16mo.      BenzlK'-r   Bros.      I'll  I.      f,o   <-|s. 

Thomson,  John,  Francis  Thompson,  the  I'reston-Born  Poet.  London: 
Simpkin,  Marshall,  Hamilton.  Kent  &  Co.  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder. 
80  cts.   net. 

N'lst,  Rev.  James.  Private  First  Communion  Ins!  ructions  for  Little  Chil- 
dren. Bdltod  by  Rev.   K.  Glrardey,  C.  SS.  R.     St.   Louis,  Mo:  B.  Herder. 

60  eta,  net. 

Schrembs.  lit.  Rev.  Jos.  'live  t's  a  Hearing!  A  Straightforward  Answer 
to  Foul  Calumny  and  Blander.  In  Four  Lectures:  (1)  The  Catholic 
Church  and  Morality:  <2>  The  Celibacy  of  the  Priesthood;  (3)  The 
Truth    About    Convents;    (4)    The    Church    and    Civil    Liberty.      68    pp. 


XXI  12 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


383 


8vo.  Toledo,  O. :  The  Toledo  Catholic  Record  Publishing-  Co.  13  els., 
postpaid;  $8  per  100,  $65  per  1,000,  express  or  freight  charges  to  be 
paid  by  purchaser.     (Paper  covers.) 

GERMAN 
Pellegrini,    Dr.    Carlo    (tr.    Dr.    Al.    Henggeler).      Ein    Glaubensheld    der 

modernen  Zeit:    Contardo  Ferrini.     Mit  einem  Bildnis.     vi  and  139  pp. 

12mo.  B.  Herder.  1914.  70  cts.,  net. 
Baumeister,    Dr.    Ansgar.      Katechesen    iiber    den    mittleren    Katechismus 

fur    Geistliche    und    Lehrer.      Zugleich     als     Stoffsammlung     fur    die 

Christenlehre.      Erster   Teil:     Katechesen    iiber    den   Glauben.      x   and 

466  pp.     8vo.     B.   Herder.     1914.     $1.50,   net. 


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ST.   JOSEPH   COLLEGE 

RENSSELAER,  IND. 

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BARGAIN  BOOK   COMPANY 
ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  13.         JULY  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  Perishability  of  Modern  Books 

Books  once  published,  should  be  for  all  time.  Of  much 
that  passes  for  literature  or  learning  at  the  moment,  we 
may  be  ashamed;  but  our  children  and  children's  children 
should  be  given  the  opportunity  of  studying  it,  if  only  that 
a  proper  posthumous  chastisement  may  be  administered  by 
Dame  History.  If  books  as  now  printed,  i.  e.,  on  paper 
which  is  sure  to  crumble,  will  not  last,  it  is  obviously 
necessary  that  something  should  be  done  to  safeguard  the 
rights  of  posterity  in  the  matter.  The  publisher  is  com- 
pelled to  send  a  certain  number  of  every  copyrighted  book 
he  issues  to  the  Library  of  Congress.  The  obligation  be- 
comes a  farce  if  the  books  are  destined  to  vanish  before 
the  encroachments  of  time,  like  ice  in  a  summer  sun.  Evi- 
dently something  should  be  done.  It  should  be  made 
obligatory  on  publishers  to  print  a  minimum  number  of 
copies — a  dozen  would  be  ample — for  public  purposes.  A 
special  paper,  the  durability  of  which  was  beyond  question, 
should  be  used ;  the  extra  cost  would  be  small  in  any  case, 
and  if  the  book  were  of  particular  value,  the  extra  expense 
might  be  met  and  more  than  met  by  the  demand  from 
private  collectors  and  libraries  for  copies  on  specially  made 

paper. 

♦  ■•■■•■ 

Syndicalism  and  Socialism 

Mr.  Robert  Hunter,  who  is  an  "orthodox"  Socialist,  has 
written  a  book  to  prove  that  Syndicalism  is  the  lineal 
descendant  of  early  anarchism  and  utterly  incompatible 
with  Socialism.    "It  is  inevitable,"  he  says,  "that  Syndical- 

385 


386  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ism  and  Socialism  should  stand  at  opposite  poles.  They  are 
exactly  as  far  apart  as  Anarchism  and  Socialism."  ("Vio- 
lence and  the  Labor  Movement,"  MacMillan.    P.  266.) 

All  this  is  doubtless  quite  true  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  "modern"  Socialist,  who  believes  that  the  cause  is 
"indissolubly  united"  with  "political  democracy"  (ibid.,  p. 
353),  and  that  the  "Co-operative  Commonwealth"  is  to  come 
via  "State  Socialism"  as  an  intermediary  stage.  But  it  is 
well  to  note,  as  a  reviewer  of  Hunter's  book  points  out  in 
No.  2546  of  The  Nation,  that  the  Syndicalists  of  today 
pretty  closely  represent  the  "proletariat"  as  Marx  expected 
it  to  be — with  this  difference  that,  instead  of  the  classes 
intermediate  between  the  small  group  of  swollen  capitalists 
at  the  top,  and  the  labor  army  at  the  bottom  having  become 
"proletarianized".  (if  one  may  make  such  a  word),  there  has 
been  an  increasing  differentiation  of  the  middle  classes  and 
a  shrinking  in  relative  numbers  of  the  true  "proletarians." 
Modern  Socialism  has  become  strictly  "revisionist"  as 
against  Marx ;  the  Syndicalists  are  more  truly  Marxian  than 
are  their  "orthodox"  Socialist  critics. 

■#•  ♦  ♦ 

Air-Traffic  and  Progress 

If  our  travel,  as  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling  suggested  in  a 
recent  address,  is  soon  to  become  a  matter  of  aeroplanes 
and  swift  air-traffic,  our  ideas  on  the  subject  of  scenery 
will  have  to  be  revised.  We  shall  then  approach  cities,  not 
through  their  exhalations  of  smoke  and  vapors  and  grimy 
outskirts,  but  dive  down  upon  them  from  the  skies,  and 
have  our  first  impressions  of  them  as  though  we  looked 
upon  a  detailed,  large-scale  plan,  while  the  countryside  will 
simply  be  perceived  as  a  plan  of  a  different  color. 

Somehow  we  are  not  enthusiastic  about  this  aspect  of 
the  coming  change.  The  charm  of  a  winding  lane  consists 
in  the  trees  and  shrubs  and  flowers  along  the  wayside,  in 
the  fresh  views  revealed  at  every  turn,  in  the  loitering  at 
gates  and  straying  down  by-paths — idle  hours,  in  fact,  which 
most  people  would  be  sorry  to  lose.  "Progress"  is  an 
ambiguous  term,  and  often  seems  to  be  accepted  as  meaning 
increased  speed..     If  we  succeed  in  taking  an  hour  off  the 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  387 

journey  from  New  York  to  St.  Louis,  say  some,  it  is  a  sign 
of  "progress."  When  it  will  be  possible  to  fly  that  distance 
in  half  the  time  that  an  express  train  now  requires,  shall  we 
have  "progressed"  to  any  remarkable  extent? 

The  truest  advance  lies  in  the  human  mind,  not  in  the 
ease  with  which  our  bodies  can  be  transported  from  place 

to  place. 

♦  <•«  ■•■ 

The  Universe  a  Huge  Vacuum  Tube  ? 

In  a  late  number  of  "Scientia,"  M.  Fournier  d'Albe 
denies  the  existence  of  the  ether.  He  holds  that,  as  we  pass 
upward  from  the  earth,  the  atmosphere  gets  gradually  more 
rarified  until,  in  the  inter-planetary  spaces,  there  is  a  "void." 
Yet  this  "void,"  to  use  a  convenient  bull,  is  traversed  by 
electrons  or  tiny  particles  of  negative  electricity,  which  are 
constantly  being  thrown  off  by  the  sun,  and  which  eventu- 
ally reach  our  earth.  This  is  not  very  far  from  the  bom- 
bardment theory  of  Le  Sage,  and  derives  some  color  from 
the  experiments  lately  made  in  mines  and  other  places, 
which  seem  to  indicate  the  existence  of  a  constant  radiation 
of  electrons  coming  from  some  hitherto  undetected  source. 

At  any  rate,  such  speculations  are  not  entirely  barren, 
since  they  give  us  a  glimpse  of  a  conquest  of  nature  greater 
than  any  yet  seriously  attempted.  We  all  know  what  use 
Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  made  of  the  possibility  of  doing  away  with 
gravitation  in  his  "First  Men  in  the  Moon";  but  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that,  if  M.  Fournier  d'Albe's  conception  of  the 
universe  as  a  huge  vacuum  tube  in  which  all  matter  is  like 
particles  of  gas  be  well  founded,  no  one  will  attempt  to 
destroy  the  vacuum  without  due  consideration. 

The  Book  of  Armagh 

The  Rev.Dr.JohnGwynn,of  theUniversity  of  Dublin, has 
at  last,  after  two  decades,  given  us  the  long-promised 
editio  diplomatica  of  "The  Book  of  Armagh."  (Published  for 
the  Royal  Irish  Academy  by  Hodges  and  Figgis,  Dublin.) 
The  Book  of  Armagh  is  a  collection  of  writings  copied  early 
in  the  ninth  century  by  the  scribe  Ferdomnach.  It  contains 
(1)  the  only  entire  copy  of  the  New  Testament  extant  which 
was  used  in  the  ancient  Irish  Church;   (2)   the  Life  and 


388  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Memoirs  of  St.  Martin  of  Tours;  and  (3)  the  earliest  copy 
of  the  chief  documents  relating  to  St.  Patrick.  For  centuries 
the  manuscript  was  regarded  as  Patrick's  autograph,  until 
seventy  years  ago  Dr.  Graves  discovered  its  still  legible 
signatures  and  identified  the  writer.  Dr.  Gwynn's  edition 
is  an  exact  reprint,  line  for  line,  of  the  manuscript's  218 
double-columned  pages,  with  the  contractions  dissolved.  By 
analysis  of  the  two  separate  biographies  of  St.  Patrick  given 
in  the  text,  the  editor  establishes  that  they  embody  the 
testimony  of  independent  documents,  whose  dates  can  be 
roughly  ascertained.  We  know  who  Muirchu  and  who 
Tirechan  were,  and  where  they  wrote. 

On  the  important  historical  question  whether  St.  Patrick 
indeed  first  brought  Christianity  to  Ireland,  Dr.  Gwynn 
plainly  indicates  that  Christianity  already  existed  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  island.    Nevertheless,  he  deals  sternly 

with  Zimmer's  iconoclastic  treatment  of  the  national  saint. 

♦  ♦  ♦ 

Proportion  of  Catholics  in  the  Population  of  Various  States 
The  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  has  gone  to  the  trouble 
of  listing  the  States  of  the  Union  in  the  proportion  of  their 
Catholic  population,  on  the  basis  of  the  statistics  given  in 
the  Official  Catholic  Directory  for  1914.  Here  is  a  table 
of  all  those  States  where  the  Catholic  population  amounts 
to  more  than  twenty  per  cent  of  the  total : 

1.  Rhode  Island about  50  per  cent. 

2.  New  Mexico over  40  per  cent. 

3.  Massachusetts over  40  per  cent. 

4.  Louisiana over  30  per  cent. 

5.  New  York over  30  per  cent. 

6.  New  Hampshire over  30  per  cent. 

7.  Connecticut about  25  per  cent. 

8.  Illinois .about  25  per  cent. 

9.  Wisconsin about  25  per  cent. 

10.  California about  25  per  cent. 

11.  Pennsylvania about  25  per  cent. 

12.  Minnesota about  25  per  cent. 

13.  New  Jersey over  20  per  cent. 

14.  Michigan over  20  per  cent. 

15.  Maryland over  20  per  cent. 

Ohio  has  nearly  800,000  Catholics,  but  they  constitute 

only  sixteen  per  cent  of  the  population.    Missouri's  470,000 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  389 

Catholics  are  less  than  fifteen  per  cent  of  the  total  popula- 
tion. Indiana,  with  nearly  250,000  Catholics,  is  the  least 
Catholic  of  all  our  northern  States.  Less  than  ten  per  cent 
of  the  population  is  Catholic.  The  great  state  of  Texas  has 
over  300,000  Catholics,  but  their  proportion  to  the  total 

population  is  less  than  eight  per  cent. 

-»•  ■#■  <«- 

Insufficiency  of  The  Catholic  Directory  Statistics 

Going  more  carefully  into  the  Directory  statistics  for 
1914,  the  same  paper  (Vol.  43,  No.  25)  finds  that  they  are 
not  at  all  satisfactory.  Thus  the  great  Archdiocese  of 
New  York,  which  was  reported  in  the  Catholic  Directory 
of  1904  as  containing  1,200,000  Catholics,  is  credited  in  the 
Directory  of  1914  with  only  1,219,000,  "despite  the  fact  that 
in  the  decade  past  at  least  two  million  Catholic  immigrants 
landed  at  the  port  of  New  York,  so  that  even  had  race 
suicide  wholly  curbed  the  natural  growth  of  the  1,200,000 
Catholics  resident  in  New  York  in  1904,  there  should  be  an 
increase  of  more  than  19,000  in  ten  years." 

In  the  Archdiocese  of  Cincinnati,  according  to  the  official 
reports,  there  were  200,000  Catholics  in  1904.  and  200.000 
in  1914;  total  increase  in  ten  years,  0. 

The  Diocese  of  Savannah  ten  years  ago  reported  20,000 
Catholics;  today  it  reports  18,340.    Loss  in  ten  years,  1,660. 

There  must  be  something  wrong  somewhere. 

The  Atlantis  Legend 

In  the  Journal  of  the  Hellenic  Society,  Mr.  K.  T.  Frost 
deals  at  length  with  the  story  told  by  Plato  in  his  "Timaeus" 
and  "Critias,"  about  a  great  island  beyond  the  Pillars  of 
Hercules,  or  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
tried  to  conquer  all  the  countries  about  the  Mediterranean 
until  overwhelmed  in  "a  day  and  a  night"  by  a  catastrophe 
which  sank  it  under  the  sea.  Mr.  Frost  is  of  opinion  that 
the  story  is  a  reminiscence  of  the  sea-power  of  Crete.  He 
shows  with  conclusiveness  that  those  who  have  tried  to  see 
some  mystic  revelation  in  this  story,  have  failed  to  notice 
that  it  implies  the  existence  of  a  civilization  in  Greece  at 
least  as  advanced  as  that  of  the  fabled  Atlanteans ;  that 


390  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Crete  possessed  a  sea-power  little  inferior  to  that  of  Great 
Britain  at  the  present  day;  and  that  the  great  catastrophe 
of  the  sack  of  Cnossos  and  the  burning  of  Minos'  palace 
was  brought  about  by  raiders  from  Greece,  whose  leader 
may  have  been  the  legendary  hero,  Theseus. 

There  is  a  possibility  that  Plato  invented  the  whole  story 
for  purposes  of  his  own,  and  one  would  like  to  see  some 
scientific  authority  for  Mr.  Frost's  contention,  which  he 
says  is  "geologically  certain,"  that  no  great  subsidence 
in  the  Atlantic  or  Mediterranean  has  taken  place  since 
palaeolithic  times.  Yet  the  new  theory  is  certainly  taking, 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  archaeologists  will  tackle  it 

seriously. 

■•■■*■  ♦ 

Excessive  Urbanization  and  the  High  Cost  of  Living 

In  his  recently  published  volume,  "Ancient  Rome  and 
Modern  America,"  Guglielmo  Ferrero  draws  a  conclusion 
from  the  fate  of  Rome  bearing  upon  the  high  cost  of  living 
in  America  today.  We  have  attributed  the  rise  in  prices 
to  the  increase  of  gold,  to  the  protective  tariff,  to  the  trusts, 
etc.,  etc.  Professor  Ferrero's  explanation  is  that  the  root 
of  the  evil  is  excessive  urbanization. 

"The  country-side,"  writes  the  Italian  historian,  "has  in  the 
last  half  century  been  left  too  much  to  itself,  and  agriculture  has 
been  too  much  neglected,  exactly  as  began  to  be  the  case  in  the 
Roman  Empire,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  century  of  the 
Christian  era.  It  is  easy  to  guess  what  must  be  the  natural  result 
of  this  lopsided  arrangement.  The  cities  grow  bigger,  industries 
increase  in  number  and  in  size;  the  luxury  and  the  needs  of  the 
masses,  crowded  together  in  the  cities,  augment.  On  the  other 
hand,  there  is  no  proportionate  increase  in  the  productiveness  of 
the  land.  And  so  the  increase  in  wealth  is  accompanied  by  an  in- 
creasing scarcity  of  the  fruits  of  the  earth;  and  the  things  which 
serve  to  clothe  and  feed  us — cotton,  linen,  hemp,  wool,  cereals, 
meat,  vegetables — nearly  all  rise  in  price  much  more  than  do  manu- 
factured goods.     This  explains  the  scarcity  that  vexes  the  cities  in 

proportion  to  their  growth  in  size." 

■*■■»■■•■ 

Col.  Roosevelt  on  Evolution 

Colonel  Roosevelt,  in  his  recently  published,  magnificent 
two-volume  work,  "Life  Histories  of  African  Game  Ani- 
mals"   (New   York :    Charles   Scribner's   Sons),   devotes  a 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  391 

long  controversial  chapter  to  a  discussion  of  the  problem  of 
coloration.  The  Darwinian  theory  explains  animal  colora- 
tion as  well  as  the  development  of  appendages  on  animals, 
by  natural  selection.  Colonel  Roosevelt  refuses  to  accom- 
modate the  facts  to  this  ready-made  theory.  He  attacks  the 
extreme  coloration  theorists,  chief  among  them  Mr.  Abbott 
Thayer,  with  characteristic  vigor,  and  shows  from  his  own 
observations  and  those  of  other  naturalists,  that  the  colora- 
tion of  the  animals  of  the  plains  is  not  a  protective  device 
for  them  in  drinking.  One  of  the  most  interesting  facts 
which  he  presents  is  his  experience  in  failure  to  see  vivid 
but  minute  patterns  like  those  of  the  giraffe  and  zebra,  in 
bright,  strong  light. 

"The  glare  of  light  in  Africa  and  India  is  such  that  all  patterns 
of  any  intricacy  or  minuteness  tend  to  disappear  under  it.  This  is 
shown  in  the  case  of  the  Indian  tiger  by  Mr.  Kearton's  interesting 
moving  pictures  of  a  wild  tiger;  as  the  beast  comes  through  the 
jungle  its  stripes  are  very  distinct,  but  the  moment  it  steps  into 
the  sunlight  the  stripes  disappear  as  if  by  magic,  and  the  animal 
appears  to  be  of  a  light  monochrome." 

♦  ♦   ♦ 

The  Problem  of  Unemployment 

There  was  a  time  when  the  unemployed  were  regarded 
by  successful  men  as  a  lot  of  good-for-nothings  who  did  not 
want  to  work.  Thanks  to  careful  investigations  made  by 
experts  under  governmental  supervision,  we  are  beginning 
to  understand  the  problem  better.  Unemployment  is  a 
natural  consequence  of  our  systemless  method  of  produc- 
tion. We  know  that  a  given  number  of  people  are  always 
going  to  be  out  of  employment  every  year  at  certain  sea- 
sons. We  know  that  some  years  there  are  depressions 
which  bring  still  more  unemployment.  How  these  things 
come  about,  and  to  what  extent,  can  be  gathered  from  a 
little  book  by  Professor  A.  C.  Pigou,  to  which  we  have 
already  adverted  in  a  previous  issue.  Its  title  is  "Unem- 
ployment" (New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co.).  The  author 
works  out  a  very  plausible  theory  of  unemployment,  and 
suggests  methods  of  allaying  the  misery  this  evil  brings. 
Among  these  palliatives  are  systematic  short  days  rather 
than  total  lay-offs,  and  unemployment  insurance. 


392  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

OUR  PRESIDENTS  AND  MASONRY 

In  reply  to  a  request  for  the  names  of  the  Presidents 
of  the  United  States  who  were  Freemasons,  we  wish  to 
say  that  they  are:  (1)  Andrew  Jackson,  (2)  James  K.  Polk, 
(3)  James  Buchanan,  (4)  Andrew  Johnson,  (5)  James  A. 
Garfield.  (6)  \Ym.  MoKinley,  (7)  Theodore  Roosevelt,  (8) 
W.  H.  Taft. 

The  relation  of  Franklin  Pierce  and  Martin  Van  Buren 
to  Masonry  is  not  clearly  determined,  but  they  are  usually 
classed  among  the  non-Masons.  The  list  of  Presidents  who 
were  Masons,  printed  in  the  Iowa  Masonic  Library  Quarter- 
ly Bulletin  for  November,  1893,  excluded  Van  Buren. 

Both  Washington  and  Fillmore  were  once  Masons,  but 
we  would  not  so  class  them  now,  for  the  reason  that  Fill- 
more was  a  seceder  and  Washington  was  an  indifferent 
Mason,  to  say  the  most,  and  by  some  was  considered  as 
virtually  a  seceder.  See  Message  of  Governor  Joseph  Ritner 
of  Pennsylvania  vindicating  the  memory  of  Washington 
from  the  stigma  of  adherence  to  Masonry,  and  also  the 
booklet,  "Was  Washington  a  Mason?"  John  Quincy  Adams' 
opposition  to  Freemasonry  came  some  time  after  he  was 
President,  and  was  very  pronounced.  We  received  letters 
from  Benj.  Harrison,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  and  Grover 
Cleveland  at  the  time  of  their  candidacy  which  clearly 
implied  that  they  were  not  in  sympathy  with  Freemasonry. 

Freemasons  are  much  more  active  in  politics  now,  we 
believe,  than  at  any  time  since  the  abduction  or  murder  of 
Morgan.  This  is  shown  partly  by  the  course  of  Wm.  J. 
Bryan.  When  he  was  first  nominated  for  president,  he  was 
a  member  of  only  two  little  insurance  orders,  which,  we 
understood  from  his  letter,  were  not  considered  by  him 
secret  societies;  and  our  impression  was  that  he  did  not 
favor  secret  societies.  At  the  time  he  was  last  nominated, 
his  secretary  wrote  us  a  list  of  the  different  orders  which 
he  had  joined  during  the  time  intervening  between  his  first 
nomination  and  his  second.  He  is  now  practically  a  mem- 
ber of  every  prominent  secret  order,  including  even  the 
Elks. 

According  to  the  San    Francisco   Examiner,   Mr.   Fair- 


XXI   13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  393 

banks  promised  that  if  elected  Vice-President  he  would  join 
the  Freemasons.  This  statement  of  the  Examiner  was 
verified  later  by  the  public  press,  which  gave  an  account  of 
Mr.  Fairbanks  having  taken  three  degrees  in  Masonry  at 
Indianapolis,  Indiana,  after  his  election  to  the  vice-presi- 
dency. 

Ex-President  Roosevelt  belongs  to  a  church  considered 
to  be  opposed  to  secret  societies.  There  is  no  question 
that  this  was  its  attitude  in  early  times,  and  is  still  the  posi- 
tion of  a  large  portion  of  that  church.  Notwithstanding 
this,  Mr.  Roosevelt  joined  the  Masons  after  he  became  vice- 
president  and  since  then  has  become  a  member  of  almost 
all  the  orders  of  any  prominence.  According  to  an  organ 
of  the  Eagles,  a  saloon  order,  Mr.  Roosevelt  became  an 
Eagle  about  1908.  Mr.  Taft  was  made  a  Mason  "at  sight" 
after  becoming  president. 

We  do  not  believe  that  any  of  the  four  above  named 
gentlemen  would  have  gone  into  lodgery  if  they  had  not 
first  gone  into  politics,  and  learned  the  power  that  there 
is  in  the  lodge  for  or  against  candidates ;  that  is,  we  do  not 
believe  that  at  heart  these  men  love  lodgery.  They  do  not 
have  the  "mark  of  the  beast"  in  their  head,  but  in  their  hand. 
— Christian  Cynosure,  Chicago,  Vol.  47,  No.  1,  May,  1914. 


MR.  WILFRID  WARD'S  IMPRESSIONS  OF  AMERICA 

"A  chield's  amang  you  taking  notes,  and,  faith,  he'll 
prent  it."  This  is  what  Robert  Burns  said;  it  is  also  what 
Mr.  Wilfrid  Ward  has  done.  The  eminent  English  scholar 
and  man  of  letters  was  among  us  recently,  fulfilling  very 
brilliantly  a  series  of  engagements  to  lecture ;  and  he  has 
been  taking  notes,  and  in  the  April  issue  of  the  Dublin 
Review  he  "prents"  them. 

It  really  is  our  own  fault,  for  Mr.  Ward  was  so  frequent- 
ly asked  the  question — it  was  simply  pelted  at  him — "How 
do  you  like  our  country?"  that  he  has  taken  Americans  at 
their  word,  and  in  a  highly  diverting  and  interesting  paper 
has  given  his  impressions  of  his  visit  to  America,  which 
will  be  read  with  great  interest  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic. 


394  THE  FORTN1QHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

One  of  the  things  that  amused  Mr.  Ward  considerably 
was  the  energy  with  which  he  was  advertised.  There  were 
occasions,  however,  when  the  zeal  of  the  press  agent  was 
far  ahead  of  his  discretion.  One  reads  a  great  deal  in  a 
certain  kind  of  fiction  of  the  proud  baron;  a  belted  earl 
is  also  considered  something  superlative  in  the  way  of 
human  excellence;  while  the  haughtiness  of  a  dowager 
duchess  is  a  thing  to  be  experienced,  not  described.  But 
as  the  flicker  of  a  tallow  dip  is  compared  with  the  sun,  so 
are  the  aforementioned  complacencies  and  degrees  of  human 
respect,  compared  with  the  solemnity  that  doth  hedge  about 
an  English  commoner.  And  the  American  press  agent 
knew  it  not !  Thinking  to  do  honor  to  the  distinguished 
visitor  he  dubbed  him  "Sir"  and  "Honorable,"  sweetly 
ignorant  that  England,  with  a  peculiar  feudalistic  sense  of 
democracy,  thinks  very  small  beer  of  the  "Sirs"  and  the 
"Honorables"  when  the  fine  old  English  gentlemen,  the 
plain  "Misters,"  are  to  be  had.  The  rose,  so  it  is  alleged, 
by  any  other  name  would  smell  as  sweet:  but  if  the  O'Conor 
Don  by  some  evil  turn  of  chance  allowed  himself  to  become 
a  Lord !  .  .  .  but  no  mortal  mind  could  even  imagine 
such  a  thing.  A  Lord  !  Let  us  do  penance  for  the  American 
press  agent. 

There  is  no  doubt  about  it:  Mr.  Ward  was  hustled 
somewhat  in  his  journies  from  one  point  to  another.  And 
so  some  of  his  notes  are  a  little  bit  startling  when  they  are 
set  down  in  cold  print. 

What  struck  Mr.  Ward  very  forcibly  (as  indeed,  it  has 
struck  other  English  visitors)  is  the  deference  that  is  paid 
to  the  Catholic  Church  and  its  clergy  in  this  country;  and 
also  the  fact  that  his  introductions  to  prominent  officials 
at  Washington  were  almost  entirely  through  the  Catholic 
prelates  and  priests  of  the  place.  Baltimore  is,  as  Mr. 
Ward  says,  the  first  archbishopric  founded  in  this  country, 
but  the  American  hierarchy  was  established  in  1790,  eight- 
een years  before  the  date  mentioned  in  the  Dublin  Review. 
This  error  of  date  is  all  the  more  grievous,  because  the  first 
liishop  of  Baltimore,  Dr.  John  Carroll,  was  consecrated  to 
the  episcopate  by  Bishop  Walmesley,  a  Benedictine,  in  the 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  395 

Chapel  of  Lulworth  Castle  in  Dorsetshire,  England,  on  the 
feast  of  the  Assumption,  1790,  and  this  event  should  have  a 
peculiar  significance  for  the  English,  especially  in  its  con- 
nection with  Lulworth  and  the  Weld  family.  For  the 
Catholics  of  this  country  the  chapel  of  Lulworth  Castle 
should  be  an  object  of  veneration. 

The  number  of  Catholics  occupying  prominent  public 
positions  is  another  thing  that  commanded  the  admiration 
of  Mr.  Ward,  but  why  claim  Mr.  Glynn  as  Governor  of 
New  York  City?  That  is  to  make  the  part  equal  to  the 
whole ! 

The  "Know-Nothings"  do  offer  some  difficulty  to  the 
stranger  to  these  shores;  but  to  describe  them  as  an  "ag- 
gressive group  of  scoffers"  is  letting  them  down  too  easy. 
Their  scoffing  took  on  a  violent  form.  They  burned  down 
the  Ursuline  Convent  at  Charleston,  Mass.,  and  treated  the 
inmates  most  brutally  ;  they  burned  and  destroyed  churches  ; 
they  shot  down  known  Catholics  on  their  own  doorsteps, 
and  they  kept  up  this  kind  of  thing  from  1834  until  1855, 
when,  on  August  5th,  they  engaged  in  a  riot  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  and  butchered  nearly  one  hundred  Irish  Catholics 
and  burned  some  twenty  homes. 

In  view  of  the  ashes  of  "Native  Americanism"  that  still 
smoulder  in  Missouri  and  other  places,  one  is  apt  to  doubt 
the  wisdom  of  representing  Archbishop  Hughes  of  New 
York,  warrior  as  he  was,  as  saying:  "If  you  burn  down  our 
churches,  we  shall  burn  down  your  city."  As  far  as  can 
be  ascertained  from  contemporary  documents,  what  hap- 
pened was  this :  It  came  to  the  ears  of  the  Archbishop  that 
the  "Know-Nothings"  of  New  York  were  about  to  issue 
forth  on  a  campaign  of  arson  and  murder.  He  asked 
whether  the  laws  of  New  York  provided  compensation  for 
damage  done  by  rioters,  and  was  told  by  a  lawyer  that  they 
did  not.  "Then,"  said  he,  "the  law  intends  that  citizens 
shall  defend  their  own  property."  The  would-be  rioters  got 
to  hear  of  this,  and  very  prudently  refrained  from  attacking 
the  Irish  Catholics,  who  were  the  object  of  their  hatred. 

Cincinnati  also  had  its  share  of  anti-Catholic  feeling  in 
those  days.    Of  this  city,  Mr.  Ward  says,  with  a  delightful 


396  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

feudal  air.  which  may  fall  flat  in  this  democratic  country : 
"Mr.  Longworth  was  mainly  instrumental  in  the  formation 
of  Cincinnati,  and  the  family  are  still  its  chief  proprietors." 
Like  many  other  mediaeval  citizens,  those  of  Cincinnati 
evidently  love  to  kick  when  they  get  the  chance,  for  at  the 
last  congressional  election  they  rejected  one  of  their  present 
proprietors  and  elected  a  gentleman  of  somewhat  un- 
mediaeval  proclivities. 

The  chapel  of  an  English  university  is  a  place  of  prayer 
and  worship ;  moreover,  it  is  not  customary  to  mix  the 
sects,  or  to  go  upon  the  principle  of  turn  about.  And  so, 
Mr.  Ward  has  evidently  mistaken  the  purpose  of  the  Sage 
Chapel  at  Cornell — as  well  he  might.  The  present  writer 
heard  of  a  college  chapel  in  the  Middle  West  that  was  used 
for  any  kind  of  public  purpose.  Chapel  altogether  is  a  mis- 
nomer :  auditorium  is  a  better  name,  and  in  these  circum- 
stances it  is  little  wonder  that  the  Catholic  Bishop  of  the 
diocese  in  which  Cornell  is  situated  refused  to  allow  a  priest 
to  take  any  part  in  the  religious  performances.  When  the 
chapel  services  form  a  regular  part  of  the  daily  routine  of  a 
college  there  is  reasonableness  in  attending.  But  when  the 
authorities  set  themselves  out  to  suit  all  parties,  it  is  time 
for  anybody  blessed  with  definite  religious  convictions  to 
drop  the  idea  of  chapel  hastily. 

In  spite  of  the  hastiness  which  is  evident  in  Mr.  Ward's 
"Impressions,"  there  is  something  very  kindly  in  this  record 
of  his  visit  to  America.  The  most  important  part  is  that 
it  is  the  impression  of  a  quiet  Englishman  of  letters,  view- 
ing the  life  of  this  continent  from  a  British  and  Tory  point 
of  view,  and  therefore  his  praise  of  democratic  institutions 
is  all  the  more  to  be  taken  as  a  calm  and  well-considered 
judgment. 

New  York  City  H.  Christopher  Watts 


Translators  are  fallible  mortals,  and  translations  gen- 
erally leave  much  to  be  desired,  but  few  of  us  would  have 
any  considerable  acquaintance  with  the  world's  literature 
outside  of  our  own  language,  if  we  depended  solely  on  our 
knowledge  of  foreign  tongues  to  help  us  to  that  acquaintance. 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  397 

A     TRIBUTE     TO     THE     MEMORY     OF     FATHER 
ALBERT  REINHART,  O.P. 

The  Rev.  J.  T.  McNicholas,  O.P.,  contributes  to  the 
Rosary  Magazine  (Vol.  44,  No.  5)  a  sympathetic  character 
sketch  of  the  late  Father  Albert  Reinhart,  O.P.,  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  editor  of  that  magazine,  and  author  of  brilliant 
essays,  lectures,  and  poems. 

Father  Reinhart,  a  native  of  Cincinnati,  was  a  lawyer  of 
promise  before  he  entered  the  Dominican  Order,  and  with 
his  extraordinary  talents  and  his  capacity  of  service  for 
the  public  good  would  no  doubt  have  had  a  most  successful 
career,  especially  since  he  had  among  his  friends  and  ad- 
mirers such  influential  men  as  the  Hon.  William  Howard 
Taft.  But  he  chose  to  ''decline  everything"  and  consecrate 
himself  to  the  service  of  God  in  the  religious  state.  His 
life  as  a  novice,  and  later  on  as  priest,  in  the  Dominican 
Order,  is  beautifully  described  by  Fr.  McNicholas.  While 
he  edited  the  Rosary,  Fr.  Reinhart  was  also  pastor  of  the 
village  church  at  Somerset,  Ohio,  where  the  magazine's 
publication  office  is  located,  and  though  he  was  never  heard 
to  complain,  and  never  asked  his  superiors  for  a  change,  he 
repeatedly  told  Fr.  McNicholas  that  "his  editorial  duties 
would  be  insupportable  were  he  denied  the  spiritual  consola- 
tions which  came  to  him  from  his  priestly  ministrations  to 
the  devoted  people  of  Somerset." 

Father  Reinhart  always  took  a  profound  interest  in  the 
Fortnightly  Review,  and  we  treasure  a  number  of  letters 
received  from  this  saintly  Dominican  at  various  times,  and 
dealing  with  a  great  variety  of  subjects.  The  Review  also 
occasionally  published  book  reviews  and  other  contributions 
from  his  pen.  Like  so  many  of  his  friends,  however,  we 
had  repeatedly  to  suffer  from  what  Fr.  McNicholas  calls 
his  "adamantine  humility."  Thus,  not  only  did  he  insist  on 
our  publishing  his  contributions  anonymously,  but  when 
we  begged  him  to  suggest  emendations  in  the  proof-sheets 
of  the  early  volumes  of  the  Pohl-Preuss  series  of  dogmatic 
text-books — which  he  was  peculiarly  well  qualified  to  do 
by  his  theological  knowledge  and  his  literary  experience — 
he  refused  on  the  plea  that  the  work  was  "done  so  much 


398  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

better  than  he  could  hope  to  do  it,  that  to  change  even  a 
word  would  savor  of  presumption." 

Towards  the  end  of  his  life  Father  Reinhart,  at  the  com- 
mand of  his  superiors,  undertook  an  English  translation  of 
Denifle's  epoch-making  book,  "Luther  und  das  Luthertum." 
He  was  able  to  finish  only  the  first  volume,  and  even  that, 
for  some  reason,  has  not  yet  appeared  in  print.  If  Fr. 
McNicholas'  suggestion  is  carried  out,  and  Father  Rein- 
hart's  essays,  lectures,  and  poems,  are  published  in  perma- 
nent form,  we  hope  the  first  volume  of  his  translation  of 
Denifle  will  appear  among  his  collected  works,  even  though 
nothing  more  of  that  monumental  study  on  Luther  and  the 
Reformation  should  ever  appear  in  English. 


THE  MOVEMENT  FOR  A  MINIMUM  WAGE 

Under  this  title  Mr.  W.  J.  Ghent  contributes  to  No.  2992 
of  Harper's  Weekly  an  instructive  paper  on  the  minimum 
wage  movement  and  the  progress  it  is  making  in  different 
parts  of  the  world,  especially  in  this  country. 

It  appears  that  within  the  last  year  eight  States  have  enacted 
measures  looking  to  the  enforcement  of  a  minimum  wage. 
Thev  are:  California,  Colorado,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Ore- 
gon, Utah,  Washington  and  Wisconsin.  Massachusetts  had 
initiated  the  movement  a  year  earlier,  though  its  law  did  not 
^;o  into  effect  until  last  July.  Michigan  has  authorized  the 
appointment  of  a  commission  to  examine  the  subject,  and  New 
York  gave  power  to  the  recently  created  factory  investigating 
commission  to  inquire  into  the  matter  of  wages  and  report 
on  the  advisability  of  fixing  minimum  rates. 

Of  the  laws  passed  by  the  nine  States  mentioned,  that  of 
Oregon  is  regarded  as  the  best  constructed  and  most  compre- 
hensive. The  California  and  Wisconsin  measures  follow  it 
closely.  Tn  Utah  only  "females"  are  included  in  the  provisions 
of  the  minimum  wage  act. 

The  provisions  regarding  enforcement  arc  not  always  clear, 
and  verv  likelv  a  number  of  court  decisions  will  have  to  be 
made  before  all  of  the  commissions  learn  definitely  the  extent 
of  their  authority. 

All  of  the  Stales  mentioned  provide  some  sort  of  penalty 


XXI   13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  399 

for  employers  who  refuse  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  the 
respective  commissions  authorized  to  determine  the  wage  need- 
ful for  a  living.  In  Nebraska  the  commission  must  publish 
the  name  of  the  contumacious  employer,  and  the  newspaper 
that  refuses  publication  may  be  fined  $100.  In  Minnesota,  Wis- 
consin, Washington,  Oregon,  California  and  Colorado,  fines 
ranging  from  $10  to  $100  are  assessed  against  the  offending 
employer.  An  alternative  of  imprisonment  is  given  in  four 
States — 30  days  in  California,  10  to  60  days  in  Minnesota,  10 
to  90  days  in  Oregon,  and  90  days  in  Colorado.  In  California, 
Colorado,  Minnesota  and  Washington,  the  wage-earner  may 
recover  at  law  the  balance  due  him  under  the  award.  Several 
of  the  States  have  also  more  or  less  severe  penalties  for 
employers  who  discriminate  against  any  of  their  wage-earners 
who  testify  in  investigations. 

These  laws  have  gone  into  operation  too  recently  to  make 
possible  a  verdict  on  their  administration  and  general  effect. 
The  Oregon  commission  was  the  first  to  get  seriously  to  work 
(June  2,  1913),  and  it  has  already  given  several  decisions  fix- 
ing wage  minimums  and  hours  of  labor  for  women  in  manu- 
facturing establishments  and  for  women  office  workers,  includ- 
ing cashiers  in  stores,  moving  picture  shows  and  similar  estab- 
lishments in  the  City  of  Portland.  The  minimum  wage  for 
these  employees  has  been  put  at  $40  a  month  and  the  maximum 
work  week  at  51  hours. 

Of  course,  as  Mr.  Ghent  points  out,  there  are  some  adverse 
arguments  urged  against  the  movement,  e.  g.,  that  it  will  lead 
to  a  wholesale  substitution  of  women  and  girls  by  men  and 
boys,  that  it  will  result  in  weeding  out  the  less  competent,  etc. 
But  these  are  for  the  most  part  "theoretical  bugbears"  which 
will  turn  out  innocuous  under  a  wise  administration  of  the 
law.  There  can  hardly  be  a  doubt  that  the  growing  sense  of 
the  frightful  social  demoralization  and  wreckage  caused  by  the 
underpayment  and  overtaxing  of  working  people,  especially 
women  and  girls,  will  eventually  prompt  all  the  States  of  the 
Union  to  take  steps  toward  remedying  the  evil.  "The  practical 
part  of  the  movement,"  says  Mr.  Ghent,  "has  only  just  begun, 
and  no  one  can  predict  its  outcome." 

It  is  pleasing  to  remember  that  Catholic  sociologists  like 


400  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Dr.  Ryan  and  Father  O'Hara,  have  been  largely  instrumental 
in  initiating  this  promising  movement  and  to  note  that  they 
are  taking  an  active  and  enlightened  interest  in  its  success. 


THE  LEGEND  OF  THE  HOLY  GRAIL 

Readers  of  Tennyson  and  of  Hawker — the  poet-priest  of 
Morwenstow — are  familiar  with  the  Christian  story  of  the 
Holy  Grail. 

The  Grail  legend  has  long  occupied  the  attention  of 
students  of  folk-lore.  It  has,  in  fact,  been  brought  into  the 
region  of  controversy.  Until  comparatively  recently,  says 
Miss  Jessie  L.  Weston  in  her  lately  published  book,  "The 
Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail"  (London:  G.  Bell  &  Sons), 
"scholars  were  divided  into  two  sharply  opposed  camps. 
The  one  held  that  the  Grail  story  was  a  purely  Christian 
ecclesiastical  legend,  while  the  other  maintained  that  the 
Grail,  far  from  being  a  Christian  relic,  was  simply  the 
automatic,  food-providing  talisman  of  popular  tradition,  and 
as  such,  of  purely  folk-lore,  preferably  of  Celtic  origin." 

It  is  this  last  view  which  Miss  Weston  espouses  and 
defends  with  much  learning.  She  contends  that  "there  is 
no  ecclesiastical  story  which  connects  Joseph  of  Arimathea 
with  the  vessel  (dish  or  cup)  of  the  Last  Supper,  and  that 
as  early  as  1260,  the  Nederland  poet,  Jacob  van  Maerland, 
in  his  'Merlin,'  denounced  the  whole  story  as  mere  lies,  on 
the  specific  ground  that  the  Church  knew  nothing  about  it." 
She  further  advances  the  suggestion  that  the  Joseph-Grail 
story  was  a  devolution  of  an  older  myth,  fabricated  by  the 
Glastonbury  monks  to  raise  the  importance  of  their  abbey 
when  its  fortunes  were  declining  towards  the  close  of  the 
twelfth  century. 

In  the  Celtic  myth  the  Grail  appears  as  a  food-providing 
vessel,  which  appeared  automatically  according  to  notions 
of  sympathetic  magic,  in  connection  with  mysterious  ritual 
celebrations,  part,  perhaps,  of  an  esoteric  cult  symbolizing 
Xature's  annual  death  and  resurrection  of  life  under  an 
anthropomorphic  form. 

Miss  Weston  examines  very  closely  the  methods  by 
which,  '<{<■  she  considers,  the  Grail  legend  was  equated  with 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  401 

the  Holy  Eucharist.  The  parallel  of  partaking  this  food 
with  the  Communion  of  spiritual  food  as  the  source  of 
spiritual  life  is  certainly  striking. 

If  the  folk-lore  origin  of  the  myth  be  the  true  solution, 
there  was  little  to  change  for  Christianity  when  it  proceeded 
to  adapt  the  legend  to  the  Christian  mysteries.  The  con- 
nection between  the  mystery  of  physical  life  and  life  im- 
mortal is  sufficiently  obvious.  We  have  to  remember,  too, 
that  in  the  face  of  paganism,  the  Christian  rite  was  also  in 
the  beginning  more  or  less  esoteric.  The  most  telling 
argument  in  favor  of  the  folk-lore  theory  is  the  existence  of 
the  additional  features  in  the  legend  of  the  lonely  castle, 
the  fisher  king,  the  waste  land,  the  dead  knight,  and  the 
waiting  women,  none  of  which  can  find  a  place  in  the 
Christian  hypothesis.  But  in  the  clash  of  paganism  and 
Christianity  a  cloud  of  obscurity  is  raised,  which  in  all 
legends  and  stories,  as  Fr.  Delehaye  has  shown,  tends  to 
hide  true  origins. 

Miss  Weston  makes  out  a  pretty  strong  case,  and  her 
conclusions  will  be  accepted  by  many,  though  we  doubt 
whether  her  book  will  prove  "the  last  word"  concerning 
the  origin  of  the  Grail  legend. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


With  the  knowledge  and  consent  of  his  bishop,  the  Rev. 
Father  F.  P.  Rossmann,  of  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  has  brought 
action  for  libel  against  The  Menace  in  the  federal  courts. 
A  firm  of  distinguished  western  attorneys  has  been  retained 
to  co-operate  in  the  trial.  The  Aurora  sheet  has  been  print- 
ing slanderous  rumors  about  Fr.  Rossmann ;  we  hope  he 

will  succeed  in  bringing  his  calumniators  to  book. 

■••  ♦  ♦ 
The  "National  Protestant  League"  is  the  latest  addition 
to  the  cohorts  of  anti-Catholic  bigotry.  It  has  its  head- 
quarters at  Sioux  City,  la.,  and  in  its  declaration  of  prin- 
ciples urges  its  members  to  make  it  a  rule  of  conduct  to 
vote  against  any  candidate  for  public  office  who  "owes  any 
allegiance  or  has  any  leaning  towards  any  foreign  power," 


402  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

to  oppose  the  granting  of  public  moneys  for  the  building 
or  support  of  "any  ecclesiastical,  closed  or  cloistered  institu- 
tions of  any  kind  for  religious  purposes  or  under  pretext 
of  such,"  and  to  demand  State  inspection  of  all  institutions 
"used  for  the  incarceration  of  orphans,  incorrigibles,  in- 
digents, or  wards  of  States  or  nation."     (Cfr.  The   Live 

Issue,  Vol.  3,  No.  11.) 

♦  ♦  ♦ 

Spelling  and  sound  in  English  clash  most  in  proper 
names,  both  personal  and  geographic.  Prof.  Ernest  Week- 
ley  has  written  a  book  on  "The  Romance  of  Names,"  in 
which  a  chapter  is  devoted  to  those  patronymics  that  most 
conspicuously  fail  to  indicate  their  pronunciation  by  their 
written  form.  Cholmondeley  (Chumley),  Marjoribanks 
(Marchbanks),  Mainwaring  (Mannering),  Auchinleck  (Af- 
fleck), Knollys  (Knowles),  and  Sandys  (Sands)  are  familiar 
examples.  The  Dial  (No.  669)  regrets  that  Prof.  Weekley 
has  overlooked  certain  names  that  occur  in  this  country, 
such  as  Taliaferro,  commonly  pronounced  Tolliver,  and 
(strangest  of  all,  yet  an  actual  surname  borne  by  families 

in  Virginia)  Enroughty,  pronounced  Darby ! 

♦  ♦  ♦ 

A  word  of  cheer  to  classicists  comes  from  Hamilton 
College,  where  the  number  of  students  pursuing  Greek 
increases  from  year  to  year.  The  last  freshmen  class, 
according  to  the  annual  catalogue,  had  more  students  of 
Greek  than  any  former  class  in  the  history  of  the  college. 
Even  in  the  higher  classes,  where  the  "grind"  of  the  earlier 
course  is  commonly  exchanged,  with  sighs  of  relief,  for 
less  exacting  studies,  largely  elective,  there  is  displayed  a 
gratifying  fondness  for  Greek  literature.  Is  Greek  "made 
easy"  at  Hamilton?  or  is  the  Dial  right  in  surmising  that 
the  college  has  able  professors  who  know  how  to  make  the 

study  of  it  attractive? 

♦  ♦  ♦ 

How  slow  and  calculating  and  cautious  and  niggardly 
we  are  fin  spiritual  things]  ;  and  how  mean  and  ungener- 
ous! Though  Heaven  is  at  stake,  yet  we  want  to  bargain, 
to  beat  down  the  price ;  to  do  as  little  as  we  possibly  can. 
We  will  consent  to  take  this  pearl  of  sanctity,  but  it  must 


XXI   13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  403 

be  at  a  considerable  reduction.  We  would  be  glad  to  have 
it,  but  we  are  not  prepared  to  pay  much  for  it.  We  are  will- 
ing to  give  something,  but  just  as  little  as  possible.  And 
then,  before  we  have  done  bargaining  and  haggling,  the 
opportunity  goes  by,  the  prize  is  lost,  and  we  have  passed 
into  eternity,  and  learn — when  it  is  too  late — what  thor- 
ough-paced fools  we  have  been. — J.  S.  Vaughan,  "Time  and 
Eternity,"  p.  21. 

We  once  met  a  man,  says  a  reviewer  in  the  London 
Academy,  who  had  never  written  a  book  about  Shakespeare. 
The  reasons  he  gave  for  this  omission  were  utterly  uncon- 
vincing, but  the  pathos  of  his  situation,  which  he  himself 
felt  as  acutely  as  anybody,  commanded  our  respect,  so  we 
shall  draw  a  veil  over  the  incident. 

M.  Stephane  Gsell  has  recently  published  the  first  of 
six  volumes  destined  to  form  a  serious  and  definite  history 
of  North  Africa  ("Historie  Ancienne  de  l'Afrique  du  Nord;" 
Paris,  Hachette  &  Cie).  He  admits  that  he  does  not  know 
who  were  the  first  inhabitants  of  North  Africa,  where  they 
came  from,  what  climatic  conditions  they  lived  under,  what 
language  they  spoke,  what  were  their  customs ;  he  is  vague 
about  the  Carthaginians ; — but  behind  this  scaffolding  of 
universal  ignorance  he  has  reared  a  palace  of  sound  and 
desirable  knowledge,  and  it  is  henceforth  possible  for  us 
all  to  know  a  great  deal,  or,  at  any  rate,  all  there  is  to  know 
(which  is  practically  nothing),  about  the  mysterious  origins 
of  a  mysterious  country. 

■•■-••■•■ 

A  pathetic  letter  recently  appeared  in  the  correspondence 
columns  of  one  of  our  daily  papers,  under  the  heading 
"Downtrodden  Parents."  The  writer,  who  signs  himself 
"Anxious  and  Broken-hearted  Parent,"  complains  that  he 
has  to  put  up  with  scandalous  treatment  from  his  large 
family  of  boys  and  girls.  They  refuse  to  obey,  and  if 
remonstrated  with,  tell  the  father  to  "do  it  himself";  should 
he  insist,  "they  say  they  will  run  away,  and  hint  at  suicide." 
The  poor  father  asks  piteously  for  a  remedy.    He  need  not 


404  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

look  far.  We  imagine  those  boys  and  girls  would  not  need 
twice  telling  to  do  anything  after  one  application  of  the 
Biblical  remedy  we  have  in  mind.     Really,  we  are  ashamed 

of  this  foolish  pater  familias. 

■••  ■•»  ♦ 

Coadjutor  Bishop  F.  F.  Johnson,  of  the  Episcopalian 
diocese  of  St.  Louis,  at  the  opening  of  a  recent  diocesan 
convention,  strongly  disapproved  of  certain  methods  of  rais- 
ing money  for  church  purposes,  particularly  the  system  of 
selling  chances : 

"To  sell  an  article  for  its  real  value  to  a  person  who  really 
wants  it,"  he  said,  "is  one  thing,  but  to  take  $100  in  chances  for  a 
thing  which  could  be  purchased  for  $10.  is  another.  If  Jesus  were 
here  again  among  men,  he  would  again  overthrow  the  tables  on 
which  such  transactions  are  enacted.  That  extra  $90  obtained  will 
cost  the  church,  in  the  long  run,  far  more  than  it  ought  to  pay." 

-♦--♦•-•■ 

In  the  same  address,  the  same  Protestant  bishop, 
speaking  of  the  meagre  income  of  many  ministers  of  his 
church  who  have  families  to  support,  said  that  "such  finan- 
cial stringency  will  inevitably  lead  to  a  celibate  clergy." 

Mr.  Balfour,  in  a  recent  talk  to  the  English  Association, 
insisted  upon  the  virtue  of  intensity  or  compression.  Cer- 
tainly this  does  not  fall  amiss.  That  language  shall  be 
compact  of  meaning,  that  each  word  and  syllable  shall  tell, 
needs  repeated  emphasis  at  a  time  when  the  flow  of  print 
is  so  huge.  What  wisdom  would  be  uttered  daily  in  the 
world  if  every  printed  page  fulfilled  Mr.  Balfour's  ideal  of 
intensity!  Unhappily,  it  is  solemn  truth  that  if  all  the 
printed  matter  of  a  whole  week  were  compressed  into  a 
pamphlet,   we   should  be  able   to  read   it   through   in   five 

minutes. 

♦  -•--•- 

Bishop  Van  de  Ven,  of  Alexandria,  La.,  whose  admirable 
Lenten  pastoral,  reproduced  in  No.  6  of  this  Review,  was 
so  well  received  throughout  the  country,  in  a  recent  Federa- 
tion address  delivered  at  New  Orleans,  according  to  the 
Morning  Star  (Vol.  47,  No.  13),  said  that  neglect  to  support 
the  Catholic  press  is  "the  weakest  spot  in  American  Catho- 
licity      I  say  frankly  here  today  that  as  long  as 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  405 

Catholics  confine  their  reading-  to  secular  publications,  and 
have  no  time  or  taste  for  Catholic  papers  and  periodicals,  I 
have  little  hope  for  them  or  for  the  cause  they  represent." 
This  is  saying  a  great  deal,  but  it  is  not  saying  too  much. 
If  the  bishops  would  all  co-operate  in  the  matter,  conditions 
could  perhaps  be  remedied.  The  trouble  is  that  a  number 
of  them  do  little  or  nothing,  while  others  directly  antagonize 
the  Catholic  press.  This  is  a  "hard  saying,"  but  it  is  unfor- 
tunately true. 

The  London  County  Council  has  sternly  refused  to  intro- 
duce instruction  in  sex  hygiene  into  the  elementary  schools, 
and  its  plea  for  utmost  caution  in  this  matter  will  encourage 
all  those  who  feel  that  a  deal  of  American  agitation  of  the 
subject  has  gone  too  far.    The  Council  says: 

"We  feel  strongly  that  speaking  of  these  subjects  in  class  must 
tend  to  break  down  the  children's  natural  modesty  and  reserve. 
Children  naturally  feel  that,  if  their  teacher  talks  about  a  matter, 
they  can  talk  about  it,  too,  and  a  medical  witness  gave  evidence  of 
the  undesirable  conversations  which  took  place  among  the  children 
in  one  of  the  Council's  schools  where  definite  class  teaching  was 
given." 

With  this  there  are  American  cities  that  would  now 
agree  on  the  basis  of  hard  experience.  "The  European 
attitude  towards  the  whole  matter  [of  sex  hygiene],"  ob- 
serves the  New  York  Nation,  "has  one  lesson  for  us,  in  that  it 
involves  a  greater  sense  of  home  responsibility." 

When  Rabindranath  Tagore  received  the  Nobel  prize,  he 
certainly  did  not  expect  that  his  name  would  be  used  in  a 
manner  which  Hans  von  Weber,  a  well-known  German 
writer,  now  describes  in  a  Munich  paper.  On  passing,  he 
says,  one  evening  through  the  streets  of  one  of  the  small 
German  university  towns,  he  noticed  a  group  of  students 
standing  in  a  narrow  thoroughfare  round  one  of  their  com- 
rades who  was  bellowing  forth  with  much  gusto  the  words 
"Rabindranath  Tagore  !  Rabindranath  Tagore  !  Rabindra- 
nath Tagore  !"  Weber  was  exceedingly  happy  to  learn  that  the 
name  of  the  Indian  poet  had  even  reached  such  unexpected  quar- 


400  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ters.  and  he  did  not  hesitate  to  come  up  to  the  students  and  say  so 
to  them.  They  looked  at  him  with  amazement,  and  then  one  of 
them  slowly  said,  "But  we  are  only  testing  his  tongue.  We  want 
to  know  how  far  he  has  gone !"  It  appeared  that  the  many- 
syllabled  name  of  the  poet  was  used  as  a  test  of  drunken- 
ness! 

® 

LETTER  TO  THE  EDITOR 


A  Card  From  the  "Christian  Socialist" 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

In  your  June  1  issue,  you  state,  page  346,  "The  Chicago  Chris- 
tian Socialist  (May  15)  admits  that  it  has  been  misled  by  The 
Menace  with  regard  to  the  notorious  K.  of  C.  oath."  This  is  not 
the  case;  we  were  never  deceived  by  that  alleged  oath,  and  were 
particularly  glad  to  attack  it,  because  it  divides  the  issue  on  which 
we  are  fighting.  We  are  engaged  in  a  struggle  against  a  certain 
evil — the  Capitalist  system — and  for  Socialists  to  attack  the  Church 
of  Rome  is  a  sure  way  of  putting  off  success.  A  great  many 
Knights  of  Columbus  are  members  of  the  Socialist  party.  We 
wish  there  were  more  of  them,  and  have  no  intention  of  making 
it  difficult.  Our  occasional  brushes  with  the  Jesuits  and  "The 
Live  Issue"  occur  because  these  gentlemen  so  virulently  attack  us. 

I  am  a  priest  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  have  a  deep  and 
abiding  love  for  the  Church  of  Rome;  which  is  why  I  fight  the 
anti-Socialist  element  in  her  so  bitterly  as  a  betrayal  of  Catholic 
tradition,  and  a  giving  over  the  field  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy. 

I  wish  you  would  correct  the  statement  that  we  "have  been 
misled."  We  are  trying  to  keep  others  from  being  misled;  that  is 
all.  Incidentally,  let  me  congratulate  you  on  your  clean  style  of 
journalism. 

Chicago,  June  1  Irwin  Tucker, 

Managing  Editor  of  the  Christian  Socialist 

It  is  significant  to  note  that  our  Socialist  friends  are  be- 
ginning to  see  that  "for  Socialism  to  attack  the  Church  of 
Rome  is  a  sure  way  of  putting  off  success."    But  we  trust  that 
isn't  the  chief  motive  why  "The  Christian  Socialist"  refuses  to 
make  common  cause  with  "The  Menace"  and  to  reject  such 
patent  forgeries  as  the  "K.  of  C.  oath." 

By  the  way,  we  should  like  to  have  Mr.  Tucker's  authority 
for  the  rather  surprising  statement  that  "a  great  many  Knights 
of  Columbus  are  members  of  the  Socialist  party." 


XXI   13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  407 

SECRET  SOCIETY  NOTES* 


Improved  Order  of  Red  Men  and  Daughters  of  Pocahontas 

A  reader  of  the  Review  sends  us  a  clipping  from  the 
Indianapolis  Sun  of  May  2,  1914,  in  which  a  correspondent 
at  Columbus,  Ind.,  reports  a  meeting  of  the  Order  of 
Pocahontas  of  the  southeastern  Indiana  district,  held  under 
the  presidency  of  "Great  Pocahontas  Mrs.  Heba  Blough," 
and  followed  by  "a  banquet  at  which  addresses  were  made 
by  Great  Prophet  Roy  W.  Emig  and  other  officers  of  the 
Great  Council  of  Red  Men." 

There  are  several  organizations  that  call  themselves  Red 
Men :  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men,  the  Independent 
Order  of  Red  Men,  the  Metamora  Tribe  of  Red  Men,  the 
Society  of  Red  Men,  besides,  possibly,  others  of  which  we 
have  not  heard. 

The  Red  Men  with  which  the  "Daughters  of  Poca- 
hontas" are  affiliated,  are  the  "Improved  Order  of  Red 
Men,"  which,  according  to  the  "Cyclopedia  of  Fraternities" 
(2nd  edition,  p.  238),  claims  to  be  the  "oldest  charitable 
and  benevolent  secret  society  of  American  origin  founded 
on  aboriginal  American  traditions  and  customs."  Its  gov- 
ernment is  modeled  on  that  of  the  Odd  Fellows,  and,  "like 
Odd  Fellowship,  it  has  cut  its  cloth,  but  to  a  more  limited 
extent,  after  Masonic  patterns"     (ibid.). 

When  the  Odd  Fellows  started  the  Rebekah  degree  for 
their  wives,  mothers,  and  daughters,  in  1851,  a  proposition 
was  made  to  establish  a  "Pocahontas  Degree"  among  the 


*The  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  has  been  requested  to  pub- 
lish, as  a  companion  volume  to  "A  Study  in  American  Freemasonry," 
edited  by  him  in  1908,  and  reprinted  repeatedly  since  (B.  Herder,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.),  a  study  in  other  secret  or  semi-secret  societies  flourishing 
in  the  United  States,  whether  affiliated  with  Freemasonry  or  not.  To 
enable  him  to  do  this  work  thoroughly  it  will  be  necessary  to  complete 
his  collection  of  materials,  and  he  hereby  requests  the  readers  of  the 
Review  to  forward  to  us  pamphlets,  clippings,  and  other  information 
they  may  have  regarding  any  secret  or  semi-secret  society  now  in  oper- 
ation in  this  country.  To  keep  this  matter  before  the  public,  and  to 
make  immediately  available  at  least  a  portion  of  the  information  thus 
brought  together,  we  shall  publish  in  this  magazine  from  time  to  time 
"Secret  Society  Notes,"  which  we  hope  will  prove  both  interesting  and 
profitable  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers. 


408  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Red  Men.  The  suggestion  did  not  find  favor  at  first.  It 
was  renewed  in  1853 ;  but  nothing  came  of  the  matter  until 
more  than  thirty  years  later.  The  ''Degree  of  Daughters 
of  Pocahontas"  was  adopted  in  1885  and  established  in 
1887.  The  name  was  taken,  as  may  be  supposed,  from  the 
historical  character  Pocahontas.  Any  white  woman  over 
eighteen  years  of  age  and  of  good  moral  character  is  eligible 
to  membership.  The  Pocahontas  Degree  has  "an  ornate 
ritual,"  written  "in  harmony  with  the  general  theme  of 
the  original  ritual  of  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men"  (see 
the  article  on  the  latter  by  H.  L.  Stillson,  "Fraternity  His- 
torian," in  the  Cyclopedia  Americana,  Vol.  VIII).  Of  this 
ritual  we  have  a  copy,  as  reprinted  by  Ezra  A.  Cook,  of 
Chicago,  in  1903  ("Revised  Red  Men  Illustrated.  The  Com- 
plete Revised  Ritual  Adopted  by  the  Great  Council  of  the 
United  States  of  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men.  Com- 
prising the  Adoption  Degree,  Warrior's  Degree,  and  Chief's 
Degree.")  It  is  Masonic  in  tone,  full  of  barbarous  murder 
play,  and  the  initiation  prayers  are  pronounced  by  a  chap- 
lain, yclept  "Venerable  Prophet."  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
is  never  mentioned.  On  page  95  is  given  the  "Recognition 
Sign  of  the  Degree  of  Pocahontas" : 

"Raise  the  right  hand  on  a  level  with  the  face,  the  last  two 
fingers  closed,  the  two  forefingers  extended,  slightly  apart,  the 
thumb  resting  on  the  third  finger,  back  of  hand  to  the  front,  signi- 
fying 'Who  are  you?' — Answer:  The  same  sign  with  the  left  hand, 
meaning  'A  friend.'  " 


CHURCH  MUSIC  NOTES 


At  a  requiem  mass  in  St.  Vincent's  Church,  Detroit, 
Mich.,  on  the  occasion  of  the  obsequies  for  Miss  Johanna 
Phelan,  according  to  the  Detroit  Journal  (February  27th), 
"William  Lavin  sang  'Face  to  Face,'  the  'Ave  Maria,'  and 
as  the  coffin  was  borne  from  the  church,  'Beautiful  Isle  of 

Somewhere.'  " 

-•■  ♦  ♦ 

The  musical  programme  rendered  on  St.  Patrick's  Day 
in  St.  Patrick's.  Church,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  as  published  by  the 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  409 

Sunday  Watchman,  omitted  the  Proper  of  the  Mass,  but 
contained  several  pieces  of  the  more  or  less  forbidden  kind. 
All  the  soloists  were  advertised  in  the  newspapers. 

«--•--•■ 

Recently  a  Bishop  said :  "I  would  never  tolerate  the 
omission  of  the  Proper  of  the  Mass  (i.  e.,  the  Introit,  Grad- 
ual, Offertory,  and  Communion).  The  Church  has  enjoined 
them  so  solemnly,  and  they  are  so  easy !  The  Proper  may 
be  recited  or  sung  to  a  simple  setting  (e.  g.,  Tozer's).  To 
omit  it  is  a  scandal."  Have  you  seen  any  improvement  in 
this  line  since  the  publication  of  the  famous  Motu  proprio, 
dear  reader? 

A  Michigan  pastor  writes : 

"Beautiful  Isle  of  Somewhere,"  "Nearer,  My  God  to 
Thee,"  etc.,  ad  nauseam,  are  tolerated  in  many  Catholic 
churches  of  this  country,  in  direct  opposition  to  the  Motu 
proprio  of  His  Holiness,  the  liturgy,  and  Catholic  taste.  Is 
it  not  time  that  this  afflatus  of  musical  Modernism  and 
Protestant  sentimentality  be  silenced  in  the  house  of  God? 
We  have  so  many  beautiful,  elevating,  dignified,  and  withal 
easy  Catholic  hymns,  and  so  much  other  excellent  church 
music!  Surely,  if  the  precepts  of  the  Church  cannot  be 
obeyed  to  the  letter  everywhere,  something  could  be  done 
to  show  at  least  good  will  and  a  desire  to  do  the  right 

thing. 

♦  ♦  ■*• 

The  Bishop  of  Strasbourg,  Rt.  Rev.  Adolf  Fritzen,  D.D., 
under  date  of  January  27th,  1914,  issued  the  following 
order: 

"We  learn  that  even  after  the  publication  of  the  papal  Motu 
proprio  of  Nov.  22,  1903,  and  in  spite  of  repeated  warnings  on  the 
part  of  the  episcopal  curia,  church  choirs  with  female  voices  have 
been  established  in  this  diocese.  We  hereby  declare  that  all  these 
choirs  have  no  legal  standing  and  request  the  respective  pastors 
prudently  and  considerately  to  abolish  them  as  soon  as  possible." 

Which  shows  that  in  the  diocese  of  Strasbourg  the 
authorities  are  not  of  opinion  that  the  regulations  of  the 
famous  Motu  proprio  were  "not  meant  for  us." 


410  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 

"The  Cry  of  the  Street,"  by  Mabel  A.  Farnum,  is  a  story  of  labor 
troubles  and  a  strike  in  a  New  England  mill  town.  It  is  sympa- 
thetically told,  and  two  or  three  of  the  characters  are  quite  attractive. 
The  priest,  Pere  fitienne,  is  well  drawn,  and  is  easily  the  central 
figure.  While  the  story  does  not  attempt  to  suggest  a  solution  of  any 
of  the  problems  upon  which  it  touches,  it  conveys  a  lesson  of  Christian 
charity,  and  avoids  everything  savoring  of  narrowness  or  harshness. 
(Boston:  Angel  Guardian  Press.) — John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

-•--•■-•■ 

Under  the  title  of  "A  Modern  Franciscan,"  the  Rev.  Fr.  Dominic 
Devas,  O.F.M.,  tells  the  life  of  Father  Arsenius,  of  the  same  Order. 
In  his  short  career  of  less  than  forty  years,  Father  Arsenius  reached 
a  great  height  in  the  spiritual  life  and  accomplished  a  great  deal  of 
work  for  his  Order,  simply  by  conforming  with  all  his  power  to  the 
rule.  This  is  the  great  lesson  to  be  learned  from  his  biography,  the 
materials  for  which  are  meagre.  The  very  quality  which  made  him 
holj- — self-effacement — covered  up  the  traces  of  his  journey.  Fr. 
Arsenius  played  an  important  part  in  the  re-establishment  of  the 
Franciscans  in  England  and  Canada,  and  served  as  a  novice  in  Spain 
after  the  expulsion  of  the  Order  from  France  in  1880.  (Benziger 
Bros.    90  cts.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

-•-■•--•- 

"Jesus  All  Holy,"  by  Father  Alexander  Gallerani,  S.J.,  translated 
from  the  Italian  by  F.  Loughran,  contains  a  fund  of  practical  knowl- 
edge given  forth  in  the  glowing,  energetic,  personal  manner  charac- 
teristic of  the  Italian.  The  examples,  taken  from  Holy  Writ,  from 
history,  from  daily  life,  are  wonderfully  numerous  and  apt,  and  make 
one  seize  with  delight  upon  the  staple  truths  which  must  be  our  con- 
stant diet.  A  chapter  now  and  then,  read  perhaps  on  the  street  car, 
would  refresh  the  blase  intellectual  apparatus  and  be  a  welcome  change 
from  the  arduous  study  of  the  advertisements,  the  billboards,  and  our 
transient  neighbors'  affairs  as  communicated  by  the  expressions  of 
their  countenances.  Tnlle,  lege!  (P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.) — Susan 
Tracy  Otten. 

♦    -••♦- 

The  Rev.  J.  M.  Bampton,  S.J.,  publishes  seven  lectures  delivered 
by  him  in  Farm  Street  Church  and  Westminster  Cathedral,  London, 
last  year  on  the  subject  of  "Modernism  and  Modern  Thought."  They 
furnish  the  general  reader  with  a  clear  and  concise  analysis  of  Mod- 
ernism, tracing  it  to  Kant  and  laying  bare  the  subtleties  of  its  more 
prominent  exponents,  notably  Fr.  Tyrrell.  It  would  seem  that  Wilfrid 
Ward,  W.  S.  Lilly,  and  other  English  writers  must  recognize  some  of 
their  own  pet  tenets  in  some  of  the  propositions  condemned  by  the 
learned    Jesuit.      W-e    commend    Fr.    Bampton's    lectures    to    all    as    a 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  411 

succinct  and  intelligible  statement  of  the  vexed  question  for  the 
ordinary  reader.  (London:  Sands  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder. 
60  cts.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

Msgr.  Barnes'  "The  Early  Church  in  the  Light  of  the  Monuments," 
which  belongs  to  the  well-known  Westminster  Library,  does  not  deserve 
all  the  praise  it  has  received.  It  is  a  mere  compilation  from  Marucchi, 
Duchesne,  de  Rossi,  Brownlow  and  Northcote,  and  where  these 
sources  are  out  of  date,  as  they  are  in  many  instances,  the  informa- 
tion Msgr.  Barnes  draws  from  them  is  of  the  same  description.  The 
illustrations  are  mostly  reimpressions  of  old  blocks.  Another  defect 
of  the  work  is  thus  censured  by  the  Catholic  Book  Notes  (No.  192)  : 
"Msgr.  Barnes  lets  his  apologetic  purpose  appear  too  obviously.  He  is 
too  plainly  intent  on  proving  that  the  early  Church  accepted  the 
Primacy,  believed  in  the  Real  Presence,  honored  the  Saints,  and  so  on. 
In  a  treatise  of  archaeology  it  would  perhaps  be  better,  as  well  as 
more  politic,  not  to  insist  each  time  on  the  dogmatic  conclusions  to  be 
drawn  from  the  facts." 

-••-••   •♦> 

Mr.  Francis  A.  Ryan  has  ably  translated  from  the  French  "Coun- 
sels of  Perfection  for  Christian  Mothers,"  by  the  Very  Rev.  P. 
Lejeune,  very  excellent  and  practical  short  instructions,  covering  all 
the  points  of  daily  life  of  the  Christian  mother.  They  are  written  in 
an  intimate  and  kindly  style  which  puts  the  reader  immediately  at  ease 
with  the  author  and  engages  not  only  the  interest  and  attention  but 
also  the  allegiance.  The  book  should  become  a  familiar  manual. 
(B.  Herder.  $1.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

-••-•■■•■ 

In  "The  Parting  of  the  Ways"  Florence  Gilmore  tells  the  story  of 
two  youths  whose  association  was  interrupted  by  the  different  educa- 
tional plans  of  their  parents.  The  one  receives  a  Catholic  education, 
and  his  faith  is  the  center  of  his  life.  The  other  attends  secular 
schools,  and  his  faith  drops  into  the  position  of  an  accident.  The 
story  is  allowed  to  point  its  moral  by  the  simple  unfolding  of  the  plot 
without  any  offensive  insistence.  (B.  Herder.  80  cts.) — Susan  Tracy 
Otten. 

"Stories  From  the  Field  Afar"  is  the  title  of  a  collection  of  fifteen 
short  tales,  republished  from  the  monthly  magazine  "The  Field  Afar" 
by  the  Catholic  Foreign  Mission  Society  of  America  (Maryknoll, 
Ossining  P.  O,  N.  Y.)  The  stories  are  written  in  a  simple  and 
appealing  style  and  deal  with  various  incidents  of  the  missionary  life. 
They  are  well  adapted  to  further  active  interest  in  the  foreign  mis- 
sions and  to  inspire  youthful  readers  with  a  desire  to  aid  in  the  good 
work  of  converting  the  heathen.  A  number  of  well-chosen  illustra- 
tions enhance  the  attractiveness  of  the  book.  As  popular  literature 
on  mission  topics  is  still  very  scarce  in  English,  these  "Stories  From 


412  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  Field  Afar"  will  no  doubt  be  heartily  welcomed.     (60  cts.) — Jos. 

Eckert,  S.V.D. 

-•■-••-•■ 
So  far  as  the  writer  of  the  present  notice  is  aware,  there  is  no 
work  in  English  which  describes  the  social  activities  of  the  Catholics 
of  England  as  fully  and  systematically  as  Dr.  Waninger's  little  volume, 
"Der  soziale  Katholizismus  in  England."  Its  three  main  divisions  are: 
the  Oxford  movement ;  the  Catholic  renaissance,  in  which  the  principal 
figure  is  Cardinal  Manning;  and  social  Catholicism  in  present-day 
England.  The  English  Catholics  who  have  created  and  are  maintain- 
ing the  movement  for  social  study  and  social  reform  are  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  the  fact  that  their  efforts  have  been  of  sufficient  import- 
ance to  call  forth  this  treatise  from  a  German  scholar.  (M.  Gladbach : 
Volksvereinsverlag ;  M.  1.85.) — John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

-•■-••-•■ 
"The  Little  Apostle  on  Crutches,"  by  Henriette  Eugenie  Delamare, 
is  too  cut  and  dried,  and  his  adventures,  interior  and  exterior,  do  not 
stimulate  any  but  the  most  limited  of  childish  imaginations.  No  effort 
whatever  of  the  reasoning  faculties  is  required  in  order  to  follow  his 
doings  and  thoughts,  which  are,  for  the  rest,  exemplary  enough.  When 
will  this  conspiracy  for  the  fostering  of  mediocrity  in  youth  be  over- 
set? Our  children  are  not  stupid.  Why  stultify  their  intelligence  by 
this  constant  stream  of  baby-talk?  Have  we  forgotten  that  more 
talent,  more  understanding,  more  industry  are  required  for  the  writing 
of  children's  books  than  are  necessary  for  the  novel  of  their  elders? 
Defoe,  Fenelon,  Sam  Johnson,  "Mark  Twain,"  Sienkiewicz  were  not 
above  children.  Children's  minds  are  fresh  and  keen  and  alert  and 
not  yet  deadened  by  the  harness  and  blinders  and  load  and  beaten 
track  which  shut  up  the  perceptions  of  the  average  adult.  Let  us 
appeal,  in  our  children's  books,  to  the  rational  animal.  (Benziger  Bros. 
45  cts.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

■•■    ♦    ♦ 
In   "Under  the   Rose"   Felicia  Curtis   gives   us   a   romance   of   the 
period  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  full  of  life  and  color,  and  very  naturally 
constructed.     It  is  certain  to  interest  the  reader.     (B.  Herder.  $1.60.)  — 

S.  T.  O. 

-•■-•■-•- 
"Poverina,"  by  Evelyn  Mary  Buckenham,  is  a  story  about  a  little 
girl  rich  in  everything  but  money,  who  helped  another,  poor  in  all  but 
the    same    commodity,    to    the    great    benefit    and    happiness    of    both. 

(Benziger  Bros.   85  cts.)— S.  T.  O. 

■••  ♦  ♦ 
"The  Waif  of  Rainbow  Court,"  by  Mary  F.  Nixon  Roulet,  is  an 
interesting    little    tale    for    children,    woven    around    a    poor    child's 
summer  outing.     (B.  Herder.    60  cts.) 

"On  a  Hill,"  by  F.  M.  Capes,  is  a  story  showing  what  may  happen 
if   one   embraces   always   the   highest   when   one   knows   it.     It   takes 


XXI  13  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  413 

much  skill  to  present  a  story  like  this  without  making  repellent  the 
truth  which  is  to  be  conveyed.  The  author  has  succeeded  admirably 
and  has  produced  a  lifelike  and  interesting  tale.  (Benziger  Bros.  50 
cts.)—  S.  T.  0. 

-•■  ■••  ■*■ 
Msgr.  Robert  Hugh  Benson's  latest  novel,  "Initiation,"  is  a  study 
in  psychology,  both  natural  and  religious — a  moving  story  of  the  way  in 
which  the  things  of  the  body  and  the  things  of  the  spirit  interact  upon 
each  other.  As  we  read,  we  are  impressed  with  the  truth  that  suffer- 
ing is  not  all  loss,  but  can  be,  and  is  meant  to  be,  happy  in  its  tre- 
mendous results.     (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.    $1.35.)— F.  R.  G. 

-•■-»■-•- 

"The  Pilgrims  of  Grace,"  by  John  G.  Rowe,  is  a  tale  of  York- 
shire in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  The  story  centers  around  Robert 
Aske,  "the  brave,  the  true,  the  single-hearted,"  whose  efforts  to  stem 
the  tide  of  heresy  sweeping  over  England  at  that  time  inspired  his 
countrymen  to  take  up  arms  in  defense  of  the  Faith.  In  this  historical 
romance  the  author  has  skilfully  depicted  the  stormy,  inspiring  scenes 
of  that  day  and  his  splendid  portrayal  of  Aske's  character  makes  the 
book  one  of  lasting  value,  as  well  as  a  source  of  pleasure. — Mabel 
Couvillon. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

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Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
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for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  not  supplied  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 
Earls,    Michael,    S.J.      Ballads    of    Childhood.      84    pp.      12mo.      Benziger 

Bros.     1914.     $1,  net. 
Lucas,   Rev.   Herbert,   S.   J.     Holy   Mass:     The  Eucharistic   Sacrifice  and 

the  Roman   Liturgy.     St.    Louis,   Mo.:     B.    Herder.      By   mail,    35   cts. 

(Catholic  Library,  Vol.  VII.) 
Germanus,  Father,  of  St.  Stanislaus,  Passionist.     The  Life  of  the  Servant 

of  God,   Gemma  Galgani,   an   Italian   Maid  of  Lucca.     Translated  by 

the   Rev.    A.    M.    O'Sullivan,    O.    S.    B.     With   an    Introduction   by   the 

Right  Rev.  Abbot  Aidan  Gasquet,  O.  S.  B.     St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder. 

$1.80  net. 
Haile,  Martin.     An  Elizabethan  Cardinal,  William  Allen.     London:    Isaac 

Pitman  &  Sons.     St.  Louis,  Mo.:    B.  Herder.     $6.00  net. 

TEACHER  AND  ORGANIST  WANTED  f^"Z'SyT^%mS:"°"'c<""""- 

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414 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


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Coppens,  Chas.,  S.J.     A  Systematic  Study  of  the  Catholic 

Religion.     St.  Louis,  1903.    75  etc. 
Preuss,   Edw.     Ziim    Lobe   der   unbefleckten    Empfangnis 

von    Einem,   der   sie   vormals   gelastert   hat.     Freiburg, 

1879.    85  cts. 
Grisar,  H.,   S.J.     Rom   beim  Ausgang  der  antiken  Welt. 

Superbly  illustrated.     Freiburg,  1901.     $4. 
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(Paper  covers.) 
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richly  illustrated.     Freiburg,  1907  and  1913.     $10. 
Becker,  W.,  S.J.     Christian  Education,  or  The  Duties  of 

Parents.     St.  Louis,  1899.    90  cts. 
Taylor,   I.   A.     The   Cardinal-Democrat:     Henry    Edward 

Manning.    London,  1908.    85  cts. 
Price,  G.   E.     England   and   the   Sacred   Heart.     London, 

1913.    70  cts. 
Bridgett,  T.  E.,  C.SS.R.    A  History  of  the  Holy  Eucharist 

in    Great    Britain.      With    Notes    by    H.    Thurston,    S.J. 

London  folio  ed.,  1908.    $3.95. 
Vaughan,  B.,  S.J.    Society,  Sin  and  the  Saviour.     London, 

1908.    85  cts. 
Allen,  Card.     A   Brief  Historie  of  the   Martyrdom  of  Fr. 

Edmund  Campion  and  His  Companions.     Ed.  by  J.  H. 

Pollen,  S.J.    85  cts. 
Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress  of  Westminster,  1908. 

(Containing   many  valuable   Eucharistic   papers.)      Lon- 
don, 1909.    Illustrated.    95  cts. 
Lanslots,  D.  I.,  O.S.B.    Spiritism  Unveiled.     London,  1913. 

65  cts. 

Giraud,  S.  M.  Jesus  Christ,  Priest  and  Victim.  Medita- 
tions.   Tr.  by  W.  H.  Mitchell.     London,  1914.    $1. 

Dublin  Review.  New  Series.  Ed.  by  Wilfrid  Ward.  8 
vols,  unbound,  1906-1913.     (Cost,  net  $40)  $15. 

Wirth,  E.  J.  Divine  Grace.  A  Series  of  Instructions. 
New  York,  1903.     $1. 


BARGAIN  BOOK   COMPANY 
ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  14.         JULY  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  Single  Tax  in  Vancouver 

The  New  York  Evening  Post  of  June  27  published  a 
most  interesting  article  by  Prof.  Charles  J.  Bullock,  of  Har- 
vard, giving  a  graphic  account  and  an  instructive  analysis 
of  what  has  been  happening  at  Vancouver,  British  Colum- 
bia. The  big  building  boom,  and  the  swift  increase  of 
population,  of  which  the  single  taxers  made  such  industrious 
use  while  they  lasted,  came  to  an  end  some  time  ago. 
Professor  Bullock's  article  brings  out  a  number  of  inter- 
esting features  which  show  how  illogical  was  the  claim 
that  the  big  boom  was  a  product  of  the  single  tax.  Half 
the  tax  had  been  taken  off  buildings  as  far  back  as  1895, 
but  nothing  remarkable  happened ;  in  1906  another  quarter 
of  the  tax  was  removed;  and  the  big  boom  of  1910,  1911, 
and  1912,  though  it  may  very  possibly  have  been  somewhat 
stimulated  by  the  wiping  out  of  the  remaining  quarter, 
actually  set  in  at  a  time  when  the  time  was  ripe  for  such  a 
development  in  a  city  enjoying  the  extraordinary  advan- 
tages of  Vancouver  as  a  railway  terminus  and  the  gateway 
to  a  region  of  vast  undeveloped  resources.  Professor  Bul- 
lock's article  is  a  fair  statement  of  the  many  elements  that 
enter  into  the  situation  as  a  whole. 

His  conclusion  is  as  follows : 

"All  that  has  been  tried  is  a  limited  form  of  single  tax  under 
which  land  has  been  subject  to  a  rate  of  taxation  actually  lower 
than  that  which  prevails  in  many  American  cities.  Concerning  the 
working  of  the  so-called  single  tax  unlimited,  by  which  is  meant 
such   taxation   of   land   values   as   would   appropriate    the   whole   of 

417 


418  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  ground  rent  for  the  use  of  the  Government,  the  experience  of 
Vancouver  furnishes  no  information  whatever." 

Ambidexterity 

The  advocates  of  ambidexterity  urge  the  advantages  of 
using  either  hand  with  equal  facility.  The  theory  receives 
a  severe  blow  from  Dr.  Felix  Regnault,  the  veteran  French 
biologist,  who  says  that  the  left  "hand  does  not,  as  the 
classical  authors  said  it  did,  do  less  work  than  the  right, 
but  only  a  different  kind  of  work.  It  is  generally  used,  as 
appears  from  figures  lately  given  by  him  to  the  Paris 
Societe  de  Biologie,  for  actions  of  long  duration  which 
demand  static  muscular  contractions,  as  opposed  to  the 
dynamic  contractions  of  the  right  hand.  Hence,  he  says, 
people  are  generally  found  carrying  burthens  (and  babies) 
on  the  left  arm,  while  the  right  is  kept  for  clearing  away 
obstacles  and  delicate  acts  which  require  varied  and  rapid 
movements.  According  to  him,  this  is  due  to  a  correspond- 
ing difference  in  the  brain  and  nervous  centers  in  man, 
which  has  grown  up  by  a  long  process  of  evolution.  The 
lower  animals,  he  says,  are  all  ambidextrous,  and  the  fact 
that  man  is  not  so  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  division  and 
therefore  economy  of  labor  which  can  be  traced  in  all  his 
organs. 

There  is  much  to  be  said  for  this,  but  is  it  really  true 
that  the  other  animals  are  ambidextrous?  Horses  and  dogs 
appear  generally  to  "lead  off"  with  the  right  fore-foot. 

-•■-♦•-•- 

The  Vow  of  Poverty  Not  Against  Public  Policy 

Our  readers  will  remember  the  review  we  gave  in  No.  9 
of  the  current  volume  of  "The  Case  of  Father  Wirth."  That 
case  was  finally  decided  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  on  June  22nd.  The  Supreme  Court  reversed  the 
decision  of  the  United  States  Court  of  Appeals,  which  held 
that  the  VOW  of  poverty  taken  by  religious  is  against  public 
policy.  i 

Associate  Justice  Hughes,  in  deciding  in  favor  of  the 
Benedictine  Order,  held  that  membership  in  the  Order  was 


XXI   14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  419 

voluntary,  and  that  Father  Wirth  might  have  withdrawn 
at  any  time. 

"We  are  not  concerned,"  he  said,  "with  any  question  of  ecclesi- 
astical requirement  or  monastic  discipline.  The  question  is  solely 
one  of  civil  rights.  The  claim  in  suit  arose  from  the  constitution 
of  the  complainant  corporation  and  the  obligation  inherent  in  member- 
ship." 

After  quoting  the  obligations  assumed  by  a  member  of 
the  Order,  Justice  Hughes  said  it  was  clear  that  Father 
Wirth  was  not  entitled  to  retain  for  his  own  benefit  either 
the  moneys  he  received  from  the  churches  he  served  or 
those  realized  from  the  sale  of  his  books. 

"It  was  a  necessary  consequence  of  his  continued  member- 
ship," said  Justice  Hughes,  "that  his  gains  from  whatever  source 
belonged  to  the  complainant  organization  and  that  as  against  the 
complainant  he  could  not  assert  title  to  the  property  which  he 
received." 

Referring  to  the  argument  that  the  constitution  of  the 
Order  was  against  public  policy,  Justice  Hughes  said  that 
this  disregarded  the  explicit  provision  of  the  society  as  to 
voluntary  withdrawal. 


SOCIETY  AND  THE  SAVIOUR 

One  of  the  pioneer  leaders  of  the  Christian  social  reform 
movement  was  the  late  Baron  von  Vogelsang,  of  Austria,  who 
has  unfortunately  escaped  the  attention  of  the  editors  of  the 
Catholic  Encyclopedia,  though  his  fame  has  been  widely  her- 
alded in  this  country  by  Chevalier  F.  P.  Kenkel,  K.  S.  G., 
editor-in-chief  of  the  German  Catholic  daily  "Amerika"  and 
Director  of  the  Central  Bureau. 

Vogelsang,  as  Mr.  Kenkel  recently  again  pointed  out  in 
the  "Amerika"  (daily  edition,  March  28),  was  not  a  social 
reformer  of  the  stamp  of  the  editors  of  a  recently  defunct  New 
York  magazine,  who  tried  to  gloze  over  the  essential  evils  of 
capitalism  and  to  erect  a  sound  new  structure  on  a  rotten 
foundation.  On  the  contrary,  he  never  ceased  to  emphasize  the 
fact  that  our  only  hope  for  the  future  lies  in  a  reorganization 
of  the  social  body — in  a  new  and  more  perfectly  regulated 
society,  equipped  with  sound  and  efficient  organs   for  all  its 


420  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

necessary  functions.  This  reorganization  of  the  body  politic 
can  be  accomplished  in  no  other  way  than  by  a  harmonious  co- 
operation of  the  two  divinely  constituted  powers,  Church  and 
State,  who  need  and  complement  each  other.  The  Church  has 
by  far  the  greatest  interest  in  a  sound  and  healthy  social  order. 
Vogelsang  says:  "In  vain  does  the  Church  labor  with  the 
social  cadavers  that  now  present  themselves  to  the  sorrowful 
view  of  the  Christian  student  of  social  economy.  She  may  be 
able  to  save  individual  souls  for  Heaven;  but  she  cannot 
exercise  her  functions  as  the  shepherdess  of  nations,  as  an 
institution  designed  for  the  salvation  of  the  whole  human  race. 
To  enable  her  to  do  this,  all  factors  would  needs  have  to  co- 
operate." And  in  another  passage :  "We  must  not  expect  the 
Church  to  succeed  in  thoroughly  Christianizing  a  nation  that 
is  socially  disorganized  and  ground  under  the  heel  of  capital- 
ism. There  may  be  exceptions  (as  there  were  in  the  days  of 
the  primitive  Church,  when  the  world  saw  many  saints,  but  no 
sanctified  nation),  but  exceptions  merely  prove  the  rule." 

Mr.  Kenkel  concludes  his  excellent  editorial  article  from 
which  the  above  passages  are  quoted,  as  follows : 

Vogelsang  says  somewhere  .  .  .  that  Christ  came  into  this 
world  also  for  the  purpose  of  saving  society.  Fr.  Weiss,  O.P., 
expresses  the  same  idea  in  somewhat  different  terms:  Society, 
too,  is  called  to  a  supernatural  end.  It  was  not  only  the  individual 
man  that  fell,  but  humanity,  the  state,  society.  If  man,  therefore, 
were  lost  except  for  the  atonement,  so  also  society,  the  state, 
humanity.  Christ  died  for  men,  and  consequently  for  humanity, 
society,  the  state.  Christ  is  the  lawgiver,  teacher,  priest  for  every 
man  who  wishes  to  be  saved.  The  same  is  true  of  society.  So- 
ciety, the  state,  humanity,  can  attain  salvation  only  by  acknowl- 
edging the  threefold  office  of  our  Lord — the  legislative,  the  magis- 
terial, and  the  sacerdotal — exercised  with  divine  power  and  through 
human  co-operation. 

Accordingly,  man  and  humanity,  state  and  society,  have  but 
one  common  end,  which  is  both  natural  and  supernatural,  viz.: 
Christ.  This  unity  modern  science  has  denied.  Christianity,  which 
had  amply  demonstrated  its  ability  to  organize  the  world,  was 
confined  behind  church  doors,  and  now  we  are  compelled  to  hear 
the  accusation  that  it  never  was  anything  but  a  family  affair  or 
benevolent  institution.  We  hear  the  kingdom  of  God  called  "a 
new  country,"  just  as  if  our  ancestors  had  not  inhabited  it  gener- 
ations ago, — 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  421 

and,  we  may  add,  as  if  they  had  not  found  more  genuine  hap- 
piness within  its  confines  than  poor  twentieth-century  humanity 
does  in  those  wide  realms  in  which  a  State  emancipated  from 
the  Church  is  trying  in  vain  to  work  out  the  salvation  of  the 
people  on  a  purely  natural  basis. 

g, 

NEW  LIGHT   ON   THE   HISTORY   OF    OUR   CIVIL 

WAR 

Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams  has  just  published  in  book 
form  a  series  of  lectures  on  the  American  Civil  War,  which 
he  delivered  two  years  ago  at  Oxford.  The  volume  is 
entitled,  "Trans-Atlantic  Historical  Solidarity"  (New 
York:  Oxford  University  Press),  and  offers  matter  of  ex- 
ceptional importance  for  American  as  well  as  British 
readers.  Mr.  Adams  is  the  first  historian  to  estimate  prop- 
erly the  Lancashire  cotton  famine  in  its  relation  to  the 
English-American  diplomacy  of  the  period.  He  is  first  also 
in  making  an  exact  analysis  of  the  forces  that  were  oper- 
ative in  England  for  and  against  the  Union  cause.  In  addi- 
tion he  gives  the  first  adequate  study  of  the  inner  workings 
of  the  British  cabinet  in  their  attitude  toward  the  crisis  in 
America. 

For  the  following  summary  of  the  book's  contents  we 
take  the  liberty  to  utilize  a  lengthy  review  of  the  same  in 
No.  667  of  the  Dial. 

As  viewed  by  Mr.  Adams,  the  real  crisis  of  the  Civil 
War  came  about  in  England,  rather  than  through  any  mil- 
itary movements  or  series  of  events  in  this  country.  The 
danger  of  intervention  in  favor  of  the  South  by  official 
England  was  averted  by  an  extremely  narrow  margin.  In 
aid  of  the  slave-holding  Confederacy  were  enlisted,  first,  the 
great  commercial  cotton-spinning  interests  with  their  far- 
reaching  political  influence :  next,  the  suffering  textile  op- 
eratives, especially  in  Lancashire;  third,  the  entire  govern- 
ing classes  and  landed  interests,  whose  sympathy  was  pow- 
erfully and  persistently  voiced  by  the  London  Times,  then 
at  the  acme  of  its  great  career.  Finally.  Napoleon  III.  was 
disposed    to    exert     his    influence    on    behalf    of    the    South. 


422  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Opposed  to  these  forces  were  John  Bright,  the  great  cham- 
pion of  democracy,  and  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe's  novel, 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  typifying  the  anti-slavery  sentiment 
of  the  nation. 

The  unexpected  change  by  which  England,  on  Nov.  13, 
1862,  declined  any  participation  in  an  intervention  which, 
beyond  a  doubt,  the  government  had  practically  contem- 
plated a  few  weeks  earlier,  has  never  been  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained. Mr.  Adams  accounts  for  it  as  follows :  Palmerston 
and  Russell  had  agreed  in  September  that  the  moment  for 
recognition  of  the  South  was  at  hand.  Gladstone  and  other 
cabinet  members  were  aware  of  this  opinion,  and  Gladstone, 
at  least,  had  expressed  his  emphatic  approval.  So  eager, 
in  fact,  was  he  to  bring  about  intervention,  that  he  com- 
mitted the  now  famous  blunder  of  proclaiming  it  as  prac- 
tically assured  in  his  Newcastle  speecli  of  October  7.  Palmer- 
ston, between  whom  and  Gladstone  there  was  much  friction, 
immediately  seized  upon  his  subordinate's  officious  an- 
nouncement as  a  matter  for  public  denial.  Thus  the  mo- 
mentous matter  of  intervention  was  postponed  at  the  most 
favorable  moment  and  this  postponement,  though  intended 
probably  only  for  a  fortnight  or  a  month,  proved  fatal.  At 
just  that  juncture,  and  by  the  merest  chance  as  to  time, 
appeared  Lincoln's  Emancipation  Proclamation,  and  by  the 
end  of  1862.  the  democratic  instinct  of  Great  Britain, 
roused  by  John  Bright's  declaration  that  the  North  was 
fighting  for  the  cause  of  democracy,  had  created  upon  the 
government  such  pressure  that,  in  spite  of  its  inclination, 
it  dared  not  consider  any  step  that  might  bring  it  into 
conflict  with  the  Union. 

$ 

Mr.  Theron  G.  Strong,  of  the  New  York  bar,  in  his 
recently  published  "Landmarks  of  a  Lawyer's  Lifetime" 
(Dodd).  gives  many  illustrations  of  the  ready  wit  of  his 
famous  fellow-lawyer,  William  M.  Evarts.  Among  them 
is  this  brief  message  accompanying  a  present  to  Bancroft: 
"T  am  ^ending  you  the  usual  half-barrel  of  pig-pork  and  my 
eulogy  on  Chief  Justice  Chase,  both  the  products  of  my 
pm." 


XXI   14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  423 

THE  REHABILITATION  OF  DUNS  SCOTUS 

A  writer  in  No.  556  of  the  Irish  Ecclesiastical  Recoru, 
reviewing  the  first  of  Father  Belmond's  new  "Studies  in  the 
Philosophy  of  Duns  Scotus"  (see  No.  7,  p.  221,  of  this  Re- 
view), pleads  eloquently  for  a  rehabilitation  of  the  "Subtle 
Doctor,"  especially   in  his  capacity  of  philosopher. 

"Scotus,  he  says,  was  once  the  glory  of  Oxford,  as  Aquinas  of 
Paris.  For  centuries  afterwards  scholastics  were  divided  into  Scotists 
and  Thomists.  .  .  .  Today  all  that  is  changed.  .  .  .  Scotus  has 
been  made  the  scapegoat  of  scholastic  philosophy.  Farges  discovers  in 
him  the  germs  of  Spinozism  and  Hegelianism,  Mattiussi  of  Kantianism, 
Richard  of  Modernism;  the  Ami  du  Clerge  practically  bans  him  from 
the  Catholic  schools." 

Father  Belmond,  in  his  volume,  '*Dieu :  Existence  et 
Cognoscibilite"'  (Paris:  G.  Beauchesne),  confines  himself  to 
showing  what  the  real  teaching  of  Scotus  was  on  the 
fundamental  points  of  natural  theology,  and  proves  that 
this  teaching  was  thoroughly  orthodox. 

The  important  points  are  two :  the  emphasis  laid  on  the 
need  of  a  return  to  the  authentic  text  of  Scotus'  writings, 
and  the  conviction  that  this  study  of  the  text  will  disprove 
the  alleged  anti-scholastic  tendency  of  his  philosophy.  For 
the  present  a  suspended  judgment  is  the  only  possible  atti- 
tude for  interested  onlookers.  For  some  years  past  the 
Franciscans  have  been  busy  editing  and  commentating 
their  Scotus ;  Father  Belmond  is  but  one  of  many  workers. 
The  fruits  of  such  labor  ripen  slowly.  The  last  quarter  of 
the  nineteenth  century  was  spent  in  vindicating  the  philos- 
ophy of  St.  Thomas  from  the  ravages  of  time  and  the  still 
worse  ravages  of  injudicious  commentary.  The  philosophy 
of  Scotus  may  demand  longer  time  and  greater  labor:  the 
Franciscan  tradition  has  not  been  as  conservative  as  the 
Dominican,  and  the  incubus  of  contemporary  hostility  is 
apt  to  make  the  work  of  restoration  difficult. 

Scotus  was  at  once  philosopher,  exegete,  theologian ; 
prolific,  too,  in  all  departments,  for  the  Vives  edition  of 
his  writings  runs  into  twenty-six  volumes,  through  which 
his  philosophical  discussions  are  widely  scattered.  The  first 
step,  then,  in  the  rehabilitation  of  Scotus  as  a  philosopher 


424  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

must  be  "a  careful  geological  excavation" — a  band  of 
trained  scholars  must  make  the  sacrifice  of  spending  their 
days  at  the  task  of  extracting  from  the  theological  and 
scriptural  strata  the  purely  philosophical  utterances  of  the 
Subtle  Doctor.  Natural  piety  suggests  Franciscans  as  con- 
genial laborers  for  this  pressing  need  of  a  complete  edition 
of  the  philosophy  of  the  greatest  thinker  of  their  Order. 

Should  critical  and  impartial  students,  in  the  light  of 
complete  and  reliable  evidence,  pronounce  for  a  Scotus  as 
scholastic  as  Aquinas  and  thus  vindicate  the  conviction  so 
ably  defended  and  so  passionately  cherished  down  through 
the  centuries  by  the  Franciscan  school,  then  neoscholastic 
philosophy  would  catch  up  with  the  spirit  of  Scotus  as  it 
has  already  caught  up  with  that  of  Aquinas.  The  happy 
combination  of  the  surefootedness  of  the  one  with  the  sug- 
gestiveness  of  the  other  ought  to  prove  a  valuable  stimulus 
for  a  philosophy  which  counts  both  these  qualities  among 
its  distinguishing  characteristics. 


-*■ 


THE  IMMIGRATION  PROBLEM 

Extracts  from  an  Article  by  Huntington  Wilson,  in  the  North  American 
Review  (Vol.  199,  No.  3) 

The  immigration  to  the  United  States  which  should  be 
cut  down  is  that  of  (a)  low-wage  labor,  which  is  econom- 
ically detrimental ;  (b)  races  which  tend  to  live  apart  in 
groups  and  are  not  easily  assimilable  to  the  American  na- 
tion in  blood,  traditions,  sympathies,  and  ideals;  fc)  those 
of  whatever  race  who  are  defective  or  who,  even  if  they 
appear  normal  themselves,  are  the  seed  of  multiplying  num- 
bers of  defective  children,  to  become  through  disease  and 
crime  a  heavy  public  charge  and  a  widely  vitiating  strain 
in  the  nation. 

Confronted  for  years  and  years  by  this  great  vital  im- 
migration question,  we  are  seemingly  on  the  eve  of  adopting 
the  literacy  test.  Even  the  friends  of  the  literacy  test 
seem  to  support  it  without  conviction,  and  merely  because 
it  is  perhaps  the  only  exclusive  law  that  there  is  a  chance 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  425 

of  passing.  How  can  the  literacy  test  possibly  achieve  any 
of  the  desired  sifting  of  the  seed  of  the  future  American 
nation?  A  criminal  who  can  read  is  more  efficiently  crim- 
inal. The  stalwart  peasant  of  healthy  mind  and  body, 
waiting  to  be  awakened  by  the  free  opportunity  and  edu- 
cation of  America,  the  potential  father  of  a  vigorous  strain, 
is  left  standing  in  his  field.  Should  we  discriminate  in 
favor  of  those  who  read,  including  the  cunning,  the  half- 
educated,  the  vicious  of  foreign  cities? 

Before  adopting  the  literacy  test,  which  solves  nothing, 
should  we  not  pause  and  consider  whether  there  cannot  be 
devised  an  economic  test,  a  test  of  assimilability,  a  test  to 
shut  out  future  defectives?  An  economic  test  will  solve 
such  questions  as  that  of  Hindu  labor.  It  happens  to  be 
a  fact  that  those  races  which  receive  the  highest  wages  are 
those  which  are  generally  the  most  assimilable  and  other- 
wise acceptable  as  potential  American  citizens.  The  eco- 
nomic test  would  also  be  efficient  from  the  eugenical  view- 
point in  that,  in  a  given  country,  a  defective  would  be 
unlikely  to  be  receiving  the  highest  wage  scale  of  his 
fellow-countrymen.  We  should  take  advantage  of  this 
natural  law. 

-» 

A  sinister  impression  of  the  urgency  of  immigration 
restriction  is  made  by  the  manifest  indisposition  of  legis- 
lator and  press  fearlessly  and  scientifically  to  tackle  this 
great  question.  It  is  not  a  party  question;  it  is  a  national 
one.  But  it  is  hard  to  take  it  out  of  the  politics  of  the  indi- 
vidual legislator.  He  is  afraid  of  the  question.  This  is 
wrong,  for  the  national  interest  requires  nothing  that  any 
one  need  be  ashamed  of  or  that  any  American  with  a  pre- 
tense of  patriotism  could  defensibly  oppose.  The  chances 
of  an  ultimate  scientific  solution  would  be  better  if  there 
were  appointed  a  non-partisan  commission,  including  econ- 
omists, sociologists,  biologists,  ethnologists,  of  the  highest 
standing  and  patriotic  purpose,  representatives  of  the  more 
important  races  among  our  citizenship,  and  authorities  on 
legislation  and  administration,  to  give  thorough  study  to 


426  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

this  problem  and  to  the  concatenated  one  of  the  distribution 
of  immigrants  once  arrived  here,  and  then  to  draft  a  bill  or 
bills. 

Surely  ingenuity  can  devise  a  good  mode  of  sifting, 
whether  by  the  economic  test  or  otherwise.  The  nation  has 
the  right  to  insist  that  its  immigrants  shall  hereafter 
be  at  least  up  to  the  mental,  moral,  and  physical  average 
of  the  dominions  from  which  they  come.  It  should  draw 
them,  too,  chiefly  from  the  peoples  best  assimilable  to  it- 
self. Any  sifting  to  be  effective  must  be  undertaken  by 
our  officials  in  the  country  of  origin,  and  to  make  this 
practicable  it  might  be  necessary  arbitrarily  to  fix  the  num- 
ber of  immigrants  per  year  at  some  such  figure  as  three 
hundred  thousand  (approximately  the  average  net  annual 
increase  of  foreign  born,  1900-1910,  corresponding  to  im- 
migration minus  numbers  returned  home).  The  total  to 
be  admitted  per  year  could  perhaps  be  allotted  in  quotas  to 
different  countries  in  a  proportion  based  upon  previous  cen- 
suses and  calculated  to  insure  a  sufficient  homogeneity  and 
preservation  of  national  type. 

In  the  hope  of  stimulating  efforts  to  devise  an  eco- 
nomic test  instead  of  the  manifestly  unsatisfactory  literacy 

test,  a  bill  has  been  introduced  in  Congress. 

-•■ 

It  will  be  recalled  that  two  or  three  years  ago  there 
was  included  in  an  immigration  bill  before  Congress 
a  provision  that  this  government  should  require  cer- 
tificates of  character  in  the  case  of  immigrants  from 
countries  whose  governments  issued  them.  This  stipu- 
lation was  abandoned  because  it  was  claimed  that  it  might 
be  used  to  inflict  injustice  upon  certain  immigrants  liable 
to  persecution  in  their  own  country.  Whether  or  not  this 
point  be  well  taken,  it  would  seem  somewhat  absurd  that, 
while  ostensibly  seeking  to  exclude  criminals,  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  should  deny  itself  the  advantage 
of  official  information  upon  the  character  of  foreign  im- 
migrants when  such  is  forthcoming. 

Charity  begins  at  home.     The  welfare  of  the  ninety 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  427 

millions  of  people  now  here  is  the  paramount  obligation 
of  the  State,  and  it  is  high  time  that  the  idea  that  the 
United  States  of  America  is  a  free  haven  for  indiscrim- 
inate immigration,  whatever  its  effect  on  the  nation,  should 
be  regarded  as  played  out.  The  quality  and  economic 
situation  of  the  nation  is  vitally  important  to  American 
citizens.  It  is  equally  so  to  foreigners  already  here  to  be- 
come citizens  and  to  worthy  foreigners,  for  great  numbers 
of  whom  there  is  room,  who  may  come  and  desire  here- 
after to  be  citizens.  It  is  even  entirely  in  the  interest  of 
foreigners  who  come  here  to  work  and  return  to  their 
native  lands,  because  without  laws  to  maintain  good 
economic  and  social  conditions  in  the  United  States  the 
country  cannot  remain  attractive  and  profitable  as  either 
a  permanent  home  or  a  temporary  residence. 


SCIENCE  AND  HEALTH 

The  author  of  an  article  on  "Christianity  and  Christian 
Science"  in  the  March  number  of  the  North  American  Re- 
view calls  attention  to  a  fact  which  it  will  be  well  for  con- 
troversialists who  have  to  deal  with  Eddyism  to  take  note 
of.  It  is  the  necessity  of  exercising  caution  in  regard  to 
quotations  from  Mrs.  Mary  Baker  Eddy's  book  "Science 
and  Health,"  which  is  regarded  by  the  adherents  of  this 
new  sect  with  as  much  veneration  as  the  Bible  itself.  The 
successive  editions  of  "Science  and  Health"  are  by  no 
means  uniform,  but  show  many  and  extraordinary  changes. 
"Thus  the  first  chapter  in  one  edition  becomes  the  sixth  in 
another;  the  second  becomes  the  seventh;  the  third  be- 
comes the  eighth,  etc.  Consequently  the  pagination  in  the 
different  editions  is  sometimes  entirely  different,"  and 
the  verification  of  quotations  becomes  extremely  difficult. 
The  reasons  for  these  changes  have  never  been  explained. 

We  read  in  one  of  our  contemporaries :  "Although 
there  is  no  actual  compulsion  as  regards  vaccination  for 
the  general  population  of  Vienna,  the  majority  of  the  in- 
habitants of  that  city  have  been  vaccinated  at  least  once, 


428  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  result  being  that  smallpox  is  so  rare  that  most  physi- 
cians do  not  recognize  it."  This  item  is  manifestly  framed 
with  a  purpose.  An  unprejudiced  writer  would  probably 
put  it  thus:  "Although  vaccination  is  not  compulsory  for 
the  general  population  of  Vienna,  and  many  of  the  inhabi- 
tants are  either  not  vaccinated  at  all,  or  vaccinated  only 
once,  yet  smallpox  is  so  rare,"  etc.  The  statement  proves 
nothing  in  either  form,  of  course,  but  it  is  more  logical  in 
the  phrasing  we  have  given  it,  and  has  the  further  merit 
of  conveying  no  false  impression. 

Dr.  Matthew  Woods,  a  specialist  on  epilepsy,  has 
written  a  book  in  answer  to  those  critics  who  maintain 
that  St.  Paul  was  frequently  attacked  by  epileptic  convul- 
sions. ("Was  the  Apostle  Paul  an  Epileptic?"  Cosmopoli- 
tan Press.  $1.25.)  Dr.  Woods  asserts  that  St.  Paul  was  not 
an  epileptic  and  that  no  physician  qualified  to  diagnose 
this  disorder  could  have  invented  the  foolish  theory  under 
discussion.  The  Apostle's  famous  "thorn  in  the  flesh,"  in 
this  writer's  opinion,  was  "chronic  appendicitis."  We 
notice  some  Protestant  divines  are  inclined  to  accept  this 
new  theory.  What  say  our  Catholic  exegetes  in  regard 
to  it?    (See  the  Ecclesiastical  Review  for  April.) 

& 


A  PROTESTANT  ON  PRAYING  FOR  THE  DEAD 

Our  esteemed  and  ever  interesting  contemporary, 
Catholic  Book  Notes,  in  its  No.  192,  reviews  briefly  a  recent 
volume  on  ''Praying  for  the  Dead"  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Boggis,  an  Anglican  clergyman. 

Mr.  Boggis'  "historical  review  of  the  practice,"  says 
the  reviewer,  is  in  every  way  excellent,  but  when  he  comes 
to  "the  post-Reformation  practice  of  English  Churchmen," 
he  is  in  rather  a  tight  place.  Although  he  tells  us  that 
Anglicanism  in  the  seventeenth  and  succeeding  centuries 
was,  "so  far  as  it  spoke  on  this  topic,  fairly  unanimous  in 
its  favor,"  his  catena  of  authorities  is  but  slender;  and  the 
fact  that  it  so  seldom  "spoke,"  suggests  that  the  matter 
was  not  prominently  before  it.    The  passage  in  the  Prayer 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  429 

for  the  Church  Militant,  to  which  we  suppose  Mr.  Boggis 
refers  when  he  speaks  of  "prayer  veiled  in  ambiguous  form 
in  our  Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  blesses  God  for  the  de- 
parted, but  certainly  does  not  pray  for  them. 

In  his  last  chapter,  "The  Church  of  England  of  the 
Future,"  Mr.  Boggis  boldly  urges  that  no  revision  of  the 
Prayer-book  will  be  satisfactory  which  does  not  include: 

"(1)  A  commemoration  of  the  dead  with  a  definite  interces- 
sion in  the  Canon  of  the  Mass  at  every  celebration  of  Holy  Com- 
munion; (2)  the  provision  of  a  Mass  for  the  dead  for  use  at  fu- 
nerals or  anniversaries,  or  any  other  occasion  when  it  may  be 
desired  and  deemed  advisable;  and  (3)  the  inclusion  of  an  Order 
for  the  Burial  of  the  Dead,  which  shall  be  primarily  an  office  for 
the  dead,  and  not,  as  is  our  present  form,  a  service  for  the  conso- 
lation of  the  funeral  party." 

This,  comments  our  critic,  is  "revision"  indeed !  That 
by  such  a  drastic  change  the  Established  Church  "will 
again  bring  herself  into  full  accord  with  the  rest  of  Cath- 
olic Christendom"  in  this  particular,  may  be  granted ;  but 
we  would  remind  Mr.  Boggis  that,  to  quote  the  opening 
sentence  of  this  chapter,  "There  is  no  denying  the  fact 
that  the  Church  of  England  was  for  a  considerable  period 
generally  ranked  with  Protestantism" ;  and  there  is  ample 
evidence  at  the  present  time  that  a  far  greater  number 
of  her  members  than  some  had  supposed  are  determined 
that  such  "rank"  shall  not  be  regarded  as  a  thing  of  the 

past. 

# 

Some  persons  seem  to  have  eyes  only  for  the  disagreeable 
things  that  happen  to  come  into  their  lives  ;  they  forget  or  over- 
look their  blessings  and  brood  over  their  trials  and  misfortunes. 
The  soothing  line  in  "The  Rainy  Day" :  "Behind  the  clouds  is 
the  sun  still  shining,"  does  not  comfort  them.    Stevenson  says : 

"Two  men  looked  out  through  their  prison  bars ; 
The  one  saw  mud,  and  the  other  stars." 
# 

"Gracious,  Smith,  old  boy,  how  are  you?  I  haven't  seen 
you  in  ages.  You  are  so  changed,  I  should  hardly  know  you 
again."  "Excuse  me,  sir,  my  name  is  not  Smith."  "Great 
Scott !    Did  you  change  your  name,  too  ?" 


430  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

A  NEW  PATRON  SAINT  FOR  THOSE  NAMED 
ARTHUR 

It  is  still  dubious  whether  there  is  a  canonized  Saint 
of  the  name  of  Arthur. 

Father  W.  H.  Kent,  writing  in  the  Tablet  (No.  3851), 
thinks  there  is  really  no  reason  to  betake  ourselves  to 
hagiological  researches  on  this  point,  because  it  can  be 
shown  on  philological  grounds  that  Arthur  under  another 
form  is  commemorated  in  the  Roman  Martyrology  and  in 
the  Calendar  of  the  Catholic  Church. 

As  "Seumas"  is  Gaelic  for  James,  and  "Wulf"  Gothic 
for  Lupus,  he  argues,  so  the  British  name  "Arthur"  is  de- 
rived from  the  Welsh  "Arth"  (bear)  and  finds  its  Latin 
equivalent  in  "Ursus"  and  its  derivatives.  Both  "Ursus" 
and  "Arth"  come  from  the  Aryan  root  "ark,"  which  ap- 
pears in  its  original  form  in  the  Greek  name  for  the  animal 
in  question.  Hence,  all  who  bear  the  British  name  of 
Arthur  have  a  right  to  regard  Saints  named  "Ursus"  or 
"Ursula"  or  "Ursicinus,"  as  their  namesakes  and  patrons. 
A  few  of  these  are : 

(1)  St.  Ursus  (Celtic,  "Arth"),  Bishop  of  Ravenna, 
who  died  in  A.  D.  396,  and  whose  name  is  commemorated 
in  the  Roman  Martyrology  April  13th;  (2)  St.  Ursus, 
Bishop  and  Confessor,  who  flourished  in  France  in  the 
sixth  century,  and  whose  feast  is  kept  on  July  30th  ;  (3)  St. 
Ursus,  who  is  honored  as  a  martyr  of  the  Theban  legion 
on  September  30th ;  (4)  St.  Ursula,  Virgin  and  Martyr, 
whose  feast  is  commemorated  on  October  21st. 

Fr.  Kent  recommends  St.  Ursula  as  "the  most  appro- 
priate patron  for  Britons  named  Arthur,"  because  she  was 
of  British  birth  and  therefore  probably  known  in  her  na- 
tive tongue  by  some  familiar  diminutive  of  the  Welsh  word. 

Unfortunately  for  this  hypothesis,  Prof.  Rhys  derives 
"Arthur"  from  the  root  "ar"  (plough)  and  connects  it  with 
the  idea  of  a  "Culture  God."  Tn  this  hypothesis  the  British 
name  Arthur  would  have  the  same  meaning  as  the  Greek 
George. 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  431 

NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


The  Manchester  Guardian  tells  this  amusing-  story :  A 
gunboat  arrived  in  Belfast  Lough  not  long  ago.  The  near- 
est Ulster  Volunteers  heliographed  a  message  to  her  com- 
mander on  a  Sunday  morning,  asking  if  any  men  were  com- 
ing ashore  to  church,  as,  if  so,  they  wanted  to  form  a  guard 
of  honor.  The  commander  signalled  back  that  fifty  men 
were  going  ashore  to  church.  The  guard  of  honor  was 
formed  and  lined  up  to  receive  the  men  as  they  came  ashore. 
And  then  it  turned  out  that  the  whole  fifty  were  going  to 
Mass.    The  guard  of  honor  disbanded  at  once. 

There  are  those  who  say  that  European  Freemasonry 
is  an  entirely  different  thing  from  the  American  kind.  Yet 
when  Ernesto  Nathan,  Italy's  Commissioner  to  arrange  for 
her  exhibit  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  formerly  Mayor  of  Rome,  arrived  in  New  York 
lately,  he  was  greeted  at  quarantine  by  300  Masons,  accord- 
ing to  the  Sacred  Heart  Review  (Vol.  51,  No.  25). 

«  «  * 

The  Catholic  Citizen   (Vol.  43,  No.  31)  reproduces  the 

subjoined  item : 

"A  Catholic  social  center,  with  full  equipment  for  settlement 
work,  is  planned  for  Chicago.  It  will  be  located  in  old  St.  Pat- 
rick's parish  at  Adams  and  Desplaines  streets," 

and  comments  on  it  as  follows : 

"Such  news  items  advise  us  that  the  old  fogy  who  sees  dangers 
in  'all  them  new  fads'  is  not  so  influential  as  he  imagines  himself." 

This  Review,  published  from  1893-96  in  Chicago,  advo- 
cated the  establishment  of  Catholic  "settlements"  or  social 
centers,  after  the  Hull  House  model,  no  less  than  twenty 
years  ago.  but  the  idea  was  ridiculed  by  those  who  should 

have  taken  it  up.    "Better  late  than  never." 

♦   ♦   ♦ 

An  interesting  sidelight  is  thrown  upon  the  current 
discussion  of  immigration  by  Stanley  C.  Johnson's  "History 
of  Emigration  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  North  America. 
1763-1912."  A  brief  survey  outlines  the  important  facts, 
and  is  followed  by  special  chapters  on  the  causes  of  emigra- 


432  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

tion,  assisted  emigration,  the  transport  of  emigrants, 
the  restrictions  on  emigration,  the  reception  of  immigrants, 
and  their  destinations.  Others  deal  with  land  systems 
affecting  immigrants  and  colonization  schemes,  the  emigra- 
tion of  women  and  children,  the  economic  and  social  effects 
of  emigration  and  immigration,  and  their  problems.  There 
are  statistical  tables  in  the  appendices,  a  bibliography  of 
official  publications,  articles  in  periodicals,  and  miscellane- 
ous writings  upon  the  subject,  and  a  useful  index. 

For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  kingdom,  Hol- 
land's Upper  House  of  Parliament  has  a  Catholic  for  its 
presiding  officer.  On  the  death  of  the  former  incumbent 
Queen  Wilhelmina  recently  appointed  M ajor-General  Baron 
Van  Voorst  tot  Voorst  president  of  the  Senate.  Baron 
Van  Voorst  is  a  descendant  of  the  few  noble  families  in 
Holland  whose  Catholicity  antedates  the  so-called  Reforma- 
tion. Catholics  forming  the  numerically  strongest  portion 
of  the  Senate's  present  conservative  majority,  the  appoint- 
ment has  been  hailed  with  general  approval,  regardless  of 
creed  or  party. 

Deserving  of  more  than  passing  notice  is  the  celebration, 
on  May  12th,  of  the  seventh  centenary  of  St.  Elizabeth's 
Hospital,  at  Antwerp,  Belgium.  The  old  chronicle,  "Ant- 
werpia,"  by  Grammey,  speaks  of  this  institution  as  existing 
in  1214.  Tradition  places  its  origin  as  far  back  as  the 
eleventh  century.  Throughout  these  successive  ages  this 
Catholic  hospital  has  survived  the  trials  and  hardships 
brought  upon  it  alternately  by  war  and  plunder,  heresy  and 
persecution,  hunger  and  pestilence.  Tn  1349  the  present 
buildings  were  erected;  they  have  sheltered  the  community 
and  its  wards  for  565  years!  Tn  1438  the  plague  carried 
off  all  the  Sisters  but  one,  Catharina  Van  Lymale.  During 
the  politico-religious  upheaval  of  the  sixteenth  century 
(1585)  Mother  Wellens.  then  in  charge,  was  obliged  to  sell 
most  of  the  furniture  for  the  purpose  of  feeding  the  inmates, 
while  during  the-  French  Revolution  the  Sisters  found  them- 
selves frequently  without  fuel  to'  prepare  their  meals.  So 
manv  ages  of  uninterrupted  devotion  to  duty  and  charity 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  433 

well  deserved  the  sympathetic  celebration  with  which 
Catholic  Antwerp  recently  honored  this  hospital.  How 
insignificant  in  comparison  appear  the  political  and  social 
movements  that  have  alternately  been  flashed  upon  the 
world's  stage,  only  to  vanish  from  sight  after  a  while.  St. 
Paul's  ringing  words  fit  in  strikingly  well  here:  "Nunc 
manent  fides,  spes,  caritas ;  tria  haec,  major  autem  horum 
est  caritas."     (I  Cor.  xiii,  13.) 

The  Belgian  Senate  finally  passed,  by  68  votes — the 
opposition  withdrawing  from  the  House  temporarily — the 
fiercely  fought  and  persistently  obstructed  Catholic  educa- 
tional bill  that  had  been  pending  for  well  nigh  three  years. 
Strange  to  say,  in  a  country  where  Catholics  have  been  in 
control  of  the  government  upwards  of  a  quarter  of  a  cen- 
tury, not  till  now  has  the  havoc  been  stopped  that  a  godless 
school  law  inflicted  on  a  majority  of  the  people.  The 
measure  just  passed  eliminates  the  former  discrimination 
against  Catholic  schools,  and  places  denominational  and 
State  education  on  an  equal  footing  before  the  law.  Hol- 
land's turn  will  be  next. 

♦  ■•••♦ 

A  correspondent  of  De  Standaard,  organ  of  the  orthodox 
Protestants  in  Holland,  reports  that  the  Queen  recently 
cancelled  a  dozen  subscriptions  (taken  for  the  use  of  the 
royal  household)  to  one  of  the  great  liberal  dailies,  because 
of  the  paper's  perfidious  attacks  against  the  Christian 
religion.  The  same  correspondent  calls  on  all  believing 
Protestants  to  follow  Her  Majesty's  plucky  action  in  the 
matter  by  withdrawing  their  support  from  the  infidel  press, 
even  though  it  be  justified  in  claiming  greater  technical 
perfection  over  its  more  worthy  and  God-fearing  com- 
petitors. 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

In  a  survey  of  some  recent  contributions  to  the  question 
of  "race  suicide,"  in  No.  6  of  the  Theologische  Revue,  of 
Miinster,  the  Rev.  Father  H.  Hoffmann,  of  Breslau,  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  curious  fact  that  the  moral  canker  which  mani- 
fests itself  externally  in  the  dwindling  birthrate     (see  No.  9 


434  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  this  Review,  pp.  261  sq.)  is  most  destructive  in  its  ravages 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  France.  "The  foreigner  will  inevi- 
tably think  of  Lourdes."  he  adds ;  "how  is  it  that  the  birth- 
rate is  lowest  in  the  Southwest?"  Another  pertinent  question 
asked  by  Fr.  Hoffmann  is  this :  How  are  we  to  explain  the 
fact  that  so  many  recent  writers  on  the  subject  (e.  g.,  Have- 
lock  Ellis,  De  Felice,  Oldenberg,  Wolf,  Seeberg)  assert  more 
or  less  positively  that  French  confessors  claim  to  have  author- 
ity to  dispense  married  women  from  the  duty  of  bearing  chil- 
dren? No  doubt  this  assertion  is  false,  but  how  did  it  come 
to  be  made,  and  why  is  it  so  persistently  repeated? 

The  St.  Paul  Catholic  Bulletin  (Vol.  4,  No.  17),  in  a  notice 
of  Bishop  McDonald's  lately  published  study  on  "The  Holy 
House  of  Loreto"  (see  our  No.  9,  p.  286) ,  ranges  Father  Ilario 
Rinieri,  S.J..  among  the  opponents  of  the  pious  tradition  for 
the  defense  of  which  that  self-same  learned  Jesuit  has  but 
recently  written  two  massive  volumes ! 

Dr.  Ernest  Baker,  author  of  a  "Guide  to  the  Best  Fiction  in 
English."  has  just  published  a  supplementary  "Guide  to  His- 
torical Fiction,"  by  which  readers  are  enabled  "to  find  the 
historical  novels  that  have  been  written  about  any  special 
period  and  to  follow  the  history  of  campaigns,  battles,  and  so 
forth,  in  chronological  order."  There  are  seventy-nine  pages 
devoted  to  the  historical  fiction  of  America,  which  furnishes  an 
emphatic  answer  to  those  who  have  claimed  that  American 
history  has  been  comparatively  barren  in  subjects  for  writers 
of  fiction. 

The  National  Bureau  of  Labor  Exchange,  proposed  by  the 
Commission  on  Industrial  Relations,  is  in  line  with  the  recom- 
mendations of  the  recent  Conference  on  Unemployment,  held 
'  in  New  York.  While  the  bureau  would  have  jurisdiction  over 
all  private  employment  agencies  doing  an  interstate  business, 
its  most  important  service  would  be  the  gathering  and  dis- 
tributing of  information  regarding  the  labor  market  and  the 
establishing  of  free  public  employment  offices.  Tn  accordance 
with  our  general  policy  in  this  country  we  have  hitherto  left 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  435 

such  matters  pretty  much  to  private  management.  Students  of 
the  problem,  like  Prof.  A.  C.  Pigou  of  Cambridge  ("Unem- 
ployment," Hy.  Holt  &  Co.),  feel  strongly  that  the  time  has 
arrived  for  more  scientific  grappling  with  this  important  prob- 
lem of  unemployment  on  the  part  of  the  individual  States  and 

also  of  the  nation. 

♦    ♦    ■♦• 

The  first  number  of  the  "Unpopular  Review"  appeared 
at  the  opening  of  this  year,  and  the  publishers  state  in  an 
advertisement,  that  a  third  impression  of  that  issue,  as  well 
as  a  second  impression  of  the  April  issue,  has  been  called 
for.  It  appears,  then,  that  there  are  still  among  us  some 
benighted  individuals  who  think  it  possible  that  a  series 
of  articles  published  in  a  quarterly  review  so  far  back  as 
four  or  five  months  ago,  may  be  worth  reading  today.  This 
is  discouraging.  We  had  supposed  that  the  entire  public 
had  been  educated  up  to  the  point  of  recognizing  that 
"timeliness"  is  the  one  cardinal  virtue  in  a  magazine  or 
review,  and  lack  of  it  the  one  capital  sin. 

Owing  to  the  efforts  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Paro- 
chial Schools  of  the  Diocese  of  Trenton,  we  learn  from  a 
Catholic  contemporary,  the  legislature  of  New  Jersey  has 
passed  a  bill,  which  was  approved  by  the  Governor,  restor- 
ing to  nuns  the  right  to  half-fare  rates  on  the  railroads  of 
that  State,  which  they  lost  three  years  ago  when  the  anti- 
pass  laws  went  into  effect. 

The  Scout  movement  is  falling  more  and  more  into 
disfavor  with  Catholics.  Recently  the  bishops  of  Holland 
forbade  Catholic  boys  to  join  the  international  organization 
of  Boy  Scouts.  In  this  country  individual  priests  and  Catho- 
lic newspapers  are  beginning  to  raise  a  warning  voice.  Thus 
the  Catholic  Columbian  says  in  a  recent  issue  (Vol.  39,  No. 
20): 

Catholic  boys  should  keep  out  of  the  Boy  Scout  Society,  un- 
less where  there  is  a  band  of  Catholic  boys  under  a  Catholic  scout- 
master. The  tendency  of  the  movement  is  to  practice  certain  nat- 
ural virtues  of  order,  cleanliness,  kindness,  etc.,  at  the  sacrifice  of 
the   religious   motive   and   of  respect  for  parental   authority. 


436  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

SECRET  SOCIETY  NOTES* 


The  Mystic   Order  of  Veiled  Prophets  of  the  Enchanted 

Realm 

This  Order,  according  to  the  Cyclopedia  of  Fraternities, 
second  edition.  New  York.  1907,  was  founded  by  ex- Post- 
master General  Thomas  L.  James,  who  was  the  first  "Grand 
Monarch"  of  the  organization.  Membership  is  limited  to 
Master  Masons  in  good  standing.  One  of  the  objects  of  the 
Order  "is  to  benefit  the  symbolic  [Masonic]  Lodge,"  and 
"although  in  many  cases  the  government  may  be  guided 
by  Masonic  usage  as  the  most  perfect  system  extant,  it  is 
to  be  strictly  understood  that  in  itself  this  is  not  a  Masonic 
Order,  and  the  degree  is  in  no  sense  a  Masonic  degree." 
The  name  is  explained  as  follows :  ".  .  .  as  in  addition 
to  the  abstruse  and  complicated  teachings  of  Freemasonry 
which  go  to  make  up  a  part  of  life,  we  also  need  'sunshine,' 
so  these  Freemasons  have  built  up  a  new  Order,  which  is 
'Mystic'  in  its  subtle  lessons,  as  in  its  form;  'Veiled,'  lie- 
cause  no  human  heart  stands  all  revealed ;  and  in  an  'Fn- 
chanted  Realm,'  because  'duties  wear'  and  'sorrows  burden 
in  any  unenchanted  realm.'  " 

The  branches  of  this  Order  are  called  "Grottos."  There 
can  be  but  one  "Grotto"  established  in  any  one  city.  The 
head  covering  of  the  "Veiled  Prophet"  is  a  turban  with  a 
silver  tissue  veil,  the  color  of  which  is  selected  by  each 
"Grotto."  with  the  exception  that  purple  veils  are  reserved 
for  members  of  the  Supreme  Council  or  governing  body, 
which  seems  to  have  its  seat  at  Clinton,  N.  Y. 

From  an  article  recently  published  in  a  Cleveland  (O.) 
daily,   we   see   that  the   Cleveland   branch   of  the   "Veiled 


•The  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review  lias  been  requested  to  pub- 
lish, as  a  companion  volume  to  "A  Study  in  American  Freemasonry," 
edited  by  him  in  1908,  and  reprinted  repeatedly  since  (B.  Herder,  St. 
Louis,  Mo.),  a  study  In  other  secret  or  semi-secret  societies  flourishing 
in  the  United  States,  whether  affiliated  with  Freemasonry  or  not.  To 
enable  him  to  do  this  work  thoroughly  it  will  be  necessary  to  complete 
his  collection  of  materials,  and  he  hereby  requests  the  readers  of  the 
Review  to  forward  to  us  pamphlets,  clippings,  and  other  information 
they  may  have  regarding  any  secret  and  semi-secret  society  now  in  oper- 
ation In  this  country.  To  keep  this  matter  before  the  public,  and  to 
make  Immediately  available  at  least  a  portion  of  the  information  thus 
brought  together,  we  shall  publish  in  this  magazine  from  time  to  time 
"Secret  Society  Notes,"  which  we  hope  will  prove  both  Interesting  and 
profitable  to  a  wide  circle  of  readers. 


XXI   14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  437 

Prophets"  is  called  Al  Sirat  Grotto  No.  17,  that  it  has  a 
membership  of  1,000,  and  makes  annual  "pilgrimages."  This 
year's  "pilgrimage"  was  made,  June  6th,  by  special  train 
to  Richmond,  Va. 

♦  ■••■•■ 
Catholics  and  Elks 

There  died  recently  in  an  American  community  a  leading 
citizen.  He  was  a  Catholic.  He  was  also  an  Elk.  Mem- 
bers of  the  Elks  "lodge"  of  which  he  was  a  member  came 
to  his  house  and  conducted  the  Elks'  service  over  his  re- 
mains. Then  the  body  was  borne  to  the  parish  church, 
where  a  requiem  Mass  was  sung.  At  the  cemetery  two 
services  were  conducted — one  by  the  priest,  the  other  by 
the  Elks.  Now,  for  Catholics  there  is  only  one  ritual  and 
one  religious  service ;  and  the  "non-sectarian"  organization 
that  obtrudes  itself  into  a  Catholic  house  or  a  Catholic 
cemetery  to  perform  rites  and  ceremonies  which  are  and 
must  be  meaningless  and  futile,  so  far  as  Catholics  are  con- 
cerned, is  most  presumptuous.  But  the  blame  rests  not  so 
much  on  the  organization,  which  usually  does  not  know 
any  better,  as  on  the  Catholics  who  belong  to  it,  and  put 
themselves  on  a  level  religiously  with  all  sorts  and  condi- 
tions of  people  outside  the  Church. — Sacred  Heart  Review, 
Boston,  Vol.  51,  No.  19. 

Order  of  Larks 

The  Indianapolis  News  of  April  24th  contains  a  report 
of  the  first  business  session  of  the  Order  of  Larks,  from 
which  we  gather  that  this  new  secret  society  was  founded 
in  Portland,  Ind.,  three  years  ago,  and  that  one  of  its  pur- 
poses is  "the  preservation  of  bird  and  animal  life."  Mr. 
Woollen,  one  of  the  speakers,  said  that  "the  life  to  come 
would  be  sad  unless  the  song  of  the  birds  could  be  heard." 

S.  D.  A.  Whipple,  of  Portland,  Ind.,  is  the  "Supreme 
Majesty"  of  the  Order,  whatever  that  may  mean. 


Longmans  have  brought  out  a  shilling  edition  of  Dr.  Albert  von 
Ruville's  "Back  to  Holy  Church."  Unfortunately,  the  book  has  no 
index. 


438  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


The  latest  addition  to  the  well-known  "Saints  Series"  is  a  Life  of 
Blessed  Margaret  Mary,  by  Msgr.  Demimuid,  translated  by  A.  M. 
Buchanan.  The  book  is  written  in  conformity  with  the  general  plan  of 
this  series,  viz. :  to  present  authentic  facts  succinctly  and  with  literary 
skill,  with  special  attention  to  the  human  side  of  the  saint.  Blessed 
Margaret  Mary*s  life  is  a  martyrdom  of  love  from  beginning  to  end. 
Our  Lord  revealed  to  her  the  marvels  of  His  love  and  the  secrets  of 
His  Heart.  These  revelations  have  opened  a  new  era  of  sanctification 
and  salvation  for  souls.  The  book  can  be  warmly  recommended  to  all 
who  wish  to  learn  the  true  nature  and  practice  of  the  devotion  to  the 
Sacred  Heart.  It  will  enlighten  the  reader  and  clear  away  prejudices. 
^Benziger   Bros.;   $1.10,  postpaid.) — F.   R.    Gleaner. 

-♦--♦--♦- 

Our  venerable  and  indefatigable  friend,  Father  Ferreol  Girardey, 
C.SS.R.,  presents  two  volumes  of  "Conference  Matter  for  Religious." 
The  contents  are  grouped  under  various  headings  and  have  been 
compiled  from  three  sources:  Champagnat's  "Sentences,  Legons, 
Avis,"  Clement's  "ficole  de  Perfection  Religieuse,"  and  Fr.  Girardey's 
own  Conferences  to  Religious.  Religious  will  find  these  volumes  full 
of  useful  matter  for  reading  and  self-examination,  especially  during 
their  retreats.  Educators  Cpnests,  religious  or  lay  persons)  will  rind 
a  wealth  of  practical  matter  in  the  seven  Conferences  treating  of 
Education.  V.  Rev.  Provincial  Thos.  P.  Brown,  C.SS.R.,  of  St.  Louis, 
in  his  introduction  pays  a  well-deserved  tribute  to  "the  Venerable 
Compiler,  Rev.  Ferreol  Girardey,  C.SS.R.,  [who]  has  embodied  in 
these  solid  and  instructive  discourses  his  own  experience  of  more 
than  fifty  years,"  during  which  "his  favorite  occupation  has  been  to 
compose  and  edit  works  treating  of  the  principles  and  virtues  of  the 
Religious  Life,  as  also  to  conduct  retreats  for  the  various  Religious 
Communities."  We  share  Fr.  Brown's  confidence  that  these  instruc- 
tive and  useful  volumes  will  find  a  hearty  welcome  in  religious  com- 
munities everywhere.     (.B.  Herder;  $2.50,  net.) 

"The  Poet's  Chantry,"  by  Katharine  Bregy,  is  a  collection  of 
essays  previously  published  in  the  Catholic  World  magazine,  on  nine 
Catholic  poets,  most  of  whom  are  converts  to  the  faith.  We  are 
given  biographical  outlines  in  each  case,  and  plentiful  extracts  to 
tempt  us  to  a  first-hand  study  of  these  poets  themselves.  It  is  not 
easy  to  grasp  Miss  Bregy's  ventures  in  criticism.  As  a  writer  and 
thinker  she  has  that  quality  so  admired  by  the  proclaimers  of 
Dubussy's  music:  she  is  elusive.  In  general,  she  reflects  the  judgment 
of  other  writers  in  her  estimates,  and  this  is  but  natural,  since  the 
status  of  most  of  the  writers  in  question  is  well  determined.  The 
eulogy   of    Mrs.    Meynell  is  fulsome.     Mrs.  Meynell's  technique  is  very 


XXI   14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  439 

delicate,  very  finished,  but  her  thought  is  seldom  squarely  Catholic. 
Moreover,  it  is  little  short  of  irreverence  to  apply  the  words  "abyssus 
abyssum  invocat"  to  any  poet.  "That  immemorial  treasure-house  of 
poetry  and  vision,  the  Roman  Breviary,"  which  is,  says  Miss  Bregy, 
"in  these  latter  days  too  little  known,"  might  better  remain  unknown 
than  be  misused.     (B.  Herder;  $1.)- — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

No.  5  of  "The  Catholic  Library  embodies  the  first  part  of  a 
treatise  by  the  Rev.  Herbert  Lucas,  S.J.,  on  the  "Holy  Mass :  The 
Eucharistic  Sacrifice  and  the  Roman  Liturgy."  It  is  shorter  and 
more  popular  than,  though  by  no  means  a  mere  summary  of,  Dr. 
Fortescue's.  erudite  work  on  the  Roman  Liturgy.  Fr.  Lucas  puts  for- 
ward his  own  opinion  on  a  number  of  more  or  less  important  ques- 
tions and  defends  them  in  a  manner  which  shows  that  he  commands 
the  sources  and  has  thought  deeply  for  himself.  (,Manresa  Press  and 
B.  Herder;  30  cents,  net;  free,  by  mail,  35  cents.) 

Part  III  of  Father  Albert  Kuans  "Roma,"  just  published  by  the 
Benzigers,  takes  us  through  the  rums  of  the  old  temples  and  basilicas 
of  ancient  Rome,  describes  the  thermae  or  large  public  baths,  tells 
the  history  of  the  theaters,  and  closes  with  a  graphic  description 
of  the  great  amphitheaters.  The  illustrations  are  numerous  and  for 
the  most  part  up  to  the  high  standard  set  by  the  preceding  numbers. 
(35  cents  per  part;  $6  for  the  18  parts  complete.) 

Henry  Livingston  Richards,  whose  life  has  recently  been  published 
by  his  Jesuit  son,  Rev.  Joseph  Havens  Richards,  SJ.  ("A  Loyal  Life") 
was  a  cultured  convert  from  Episcopalianism.  While  not  a  figure  of 
national  dimensions,  he  "rilled  a  place  in  the  public  eye  at  a  critical 
period  in  the  religious  history  of  America.  He  was  a  factor,  even 
if  not  one  of  the  most  important,  in  that  great  movement  of  return  to  the 
Catholic  Church  which  formed  so  notable  a  feature  of  the  nineteenth 
century."  His  youth  takes  us  back  to  the  early  history  of  the  middle 
West,  and  his  later  life  brings  us  in  contact  with  the  more  recent 
history  of  Catholic  journalism,  for  he  contributed  many  scholarly 
articles  to  the  Sacred  Heart  Review  and  Hicky's  Catholic  Review., 
The  book  is  ably  written  and  forms  a  notable  contribution  to  Ameri- 
can Catholic  literature.  We  hope  it  will  find  a  wide  circulation,  espe- 
cially among  the  laity,  who  need  such  inspiring  examples  of  loyalty 
and  Christian  heroism.     (B.  Herder.     $2,  net.) 

"II  Libro  dei  Proverbi  di  Salomone,  Studio  Critico  sulle.  Aggiunte 
Greco-Alessandrine,"  a  thesis  presented  by  the  Rev.  James  Mezzacasa  to 
the  Biblical  Commission,  now  comes  out  revised  and  enlarged  among  the 
"Scripta  Pontificii  Instituti  Biblici."  The  first  part  contains  interesting 
information  on  the  history  of  the  Hebrew  text,  especially  in  pre-Mas- 
soretic  times,  gathered  from  St.  Jerome,  Origen's  Hexapla,  the  New 


440  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Testament,  and  the  so-called  Septuagint  version.  Though  this  part  of 
the  treatise  is  rather  general  in  character,  the  author  never  loses  sight 
of  his  special  subject  and  cites  many  examples  from  the  Book  of 
Proverbs.  Noteworthy  is  the  attempt  to  trace  the  quotation  in  John  vii, 
38,  which  had  long  puzzled  scholars,  who  did  not  see  how  St.  Jerome 
could  affirm  that  the  sentence  was  in  the  Hebrew  text  of  Proverbs. 
Fr.  M.'s  keen  critical  eye  has  recognized  it  in  Prov.  xviii,  4,  a  passage 
which  the  Massoretic  text  gives  differently.  In  the  second  part  of  the 
treatise  the  writer  grapples  with  the  question  of  the  origin  of  the  dif- 
ferences existing  between  the  Greek  (which  he  takes  mostly  from  the 
Vatican  MS.)  and  the  Hebrew  text  of  Proverbs,  the  latter  being  some 
120  lines  shorter  than  the  former.  Some  of  these  divergencies  are 
attributed  to  a  different  understanding  of  the  text  or  a  different  group- 
ing of  words,  or  to  changes,  arbitrary  or  unintentional,  in  the  Hebrew 
text;  others,  much  more  vexing  to  exegetes,  are  shown  to  spring  from 
double  renderings  of  certain  sentences,  or  from  marginal  notes  origi- 
nally borrowed  either  from  other  versions  or  other  books,  or  intended 
as  explanations;  others,  finally,  were  dictated  by  doctrinal  reasons. 
The  passages  regarding  which  the  early  codices  vary  are  given  in  the 
third  part  of  the  treatise  with  a  critical  sign  clearly  marking  the  nature 
of  each.  These  pages,  with  their  many  notes,  critical,  exegetical,  and 
otherwise,  will  undoubtedly  prove  most  valuable  to  the  student,  whether 
he  deals  with  textual  criticism  or  hermeneutics.  In  a  few  cases  we 
may  be  permitted  to  differ  from  Fr.  M.'s  conclusions.  Now  and  then, 
too,  he  "nods,"  as  when  he  repeatedly  gives  the  name  of  Ben-Sir'a 
(why  not  rather  Ben  Sira'?)  to  the  writer  of  the  prologue  to  Ecclesi- 
asticus.  It  is  also  to  be  regretted  that  the  learned  author  purposely 
refrains  from  saying  what  is  to  be  thought  of  the  inspiration  of  such 
Greek  passages  of  Proverbs  as  cannot  be  traced  to  any  Hebrew  original. 
(Rome:  M.  Bretschneider.    Lire  5.20.) — C.  L.  S. 

"Voices  From  Erin"  and  "A  Round  of  Rimes,"  by  Denis  A.  Mc- 
Carthy, are  reissues,  with  some  additions,  of  Mr.  McCarthy's  popu- 
lar little  lyrics,  some  of  which  are  now  very  widely  known.  The 
simple  sincerity  of  the  sentiment  rides  easily  in  the  rhythm  of 
the  verses.  Fluency  never  fails  an  Irish  bard.  That  these  collec- 
tions should  have  reached  a  second  edition  is  a  very  encouraging 
fact.  May  their  genial  author  have  an  ever  increasing  audience. 
(Boston:  Little,  Brown  &  Co.     $1  each.) 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

Under  the  title  "Time  or  Eternity?"  the  Rt.  Rev.  John  S.  Vaughan, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Sebastopolis,  offers  to  the  reverend  clergy  a  collection 
of  "preachable  sermons"  dealing  with  God  and  divine  things,  Our 
Blessed  Lady  and  the  Saints,  and  a  number  of  miscellaneous  topics, 
such  as  the  devil  and  evil  spirits,  the  gravity  of  sin,  self-knowledge, 
occasions  of  merit,  the  advantages  of  almsgiving,  etc.  His  aim  is  to 
make  the  hearer  reflect   seriously   upon  old   truths   rather  than  tickle 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  441 

the  fancy  with  new  theories,  to  select  simple  yet  forcible  arguments, 
and  to  express  them  in  a  manner  at  once  intelligible  and  convincing. 
He  himself,  in  the  subtitle,  calls  these  sermons  "preachable"  because 
there  is  a  natural  sequence  and  a  logical  arrangement  in  them  which 
will  greatly  facilitate  their  repetition  by  others.  The  subject-matter 
is  linked  part  to  part  in  such  a  way  that  each  separate  statement  sug- 
gests the  following  one,  to  the  end  of  the  peroration.  Bishop  Vaughan 
justly  recommends  this  logical  order  for  the  reason  that,  once  adopted, 
it  will  enable  the  preacher  to  render  himself  independent  of  his  sur- 
roundings and  to  face  distractions  and  interruptions  without  running 
any  risk  of  losing  the  thread  of  his  argument.  (Benziger  Bros.; 
$1.75,  net.) 

"The  Catholic  Student's  'Aids'  to  the  Bible,"  by  the  Rev.  Hugh 
Pope,  O.P.,  is  modeled  on  the  Oxford  University  Press'  popular 
"Helps  to  the  Study  of  the  Bible,"  and  designed  to  fill  a  gap  in  English 
Catholic  theological  literature.  The  first  volume  (Old  Testament) 
opens  with  the  Encyclical  "Providentissimus  Deus,"  followed  by  a 
detailed  account  of  the  Bible,  its  history,  text,  chronology,  etc.  Pages 
40-79  deal  with  inspiration,  the  canon,  Hebrew  poetry,  the  various 
"senses"  of  Scripture,  the  Messianic  prophesies,  the  parables  and 
miracles  of  the  Old  Testament.  Then  comes  an  account  of  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  the  versions,  and  of  the  Bible  in  the  British  Isles.  We  are  next 
furnished  with  a  history  of  the  nations  surrounding  Israel.  In  Ch.  V, 
we  learn  about  Hebrew  notions  of  time,  feasts  and  sacrifices,  the 
high  priests,  coins,  weights,  etc.  This  is  followed  by  a  translation  of  all 
the  decrees  of  the  Biblical  Commission  which  concern  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. Chapters  VII-X  give  a  detailed  introduction  to  each  of  the  book? 
of  the  Old  Testament.  Lastly,  a  brief  account  of  the  topography  of 
Jerusalem  is  appended.  There  are  seven  well-drawn  (why  not  colored?) 
maps.  The  Patristic  character  of  the  work  deserves  special  notice ;  the 
Fathers,  especially  SS.  Jerome  and  Augustine,  are  constantly  quoted.  The 
work  has  a  commendatory  preface  by  Cardinal  Bourne,  Archbishop  of 
Westminster,  and  a  competent  critic  in  the  Dublin  Review  (No.  308) 
declares  that  it  is  "well  done."  We  think  it  could  be  improved  by  adding 
a  bibliography  of  later  and  contemporary  writers  and  giving  some  account 
of  the  chief  stages  in  modern  Biblical  criticism,  especially  the  ups  and 
downs,  and  the  final  defeat,  of  the  Tubingen  school.  (Benziger  Bros.: 
$1.35,  net.) 

The  sermons  that  make  up  Msgr.  de  Gibergue's  volume  on  "Faith," 
recently  published  in  an  English  translation,  were  delivered  at  a  men's 
retreat.  They  are  learned,  scientific,  and  at  the  same  time  popular 
discourses  on  the  nature  of  faith  and  its  place  in  the  human  economy. 
The  author  takes  into  account  the  attitude  of  the  materialistic  and 
rationalistic  scientists  and  exposes  their  errors  in  accordance  with  their 
own    methods,    developing    his    subject    with    ever    increasing    power, 


442  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

freedom,  and  fervor,  until  a  most  magnificent  climax  is  reached.  Con- 
sidering the  dignity  of  the  writer  and  the  importance  of  his  work,  the 
translator  and  publisher  should  have  been  more  than  usually  careful 
as  to  proof-reading.  As  it  is,  misprints  are  frequent,  and  hardly  any 
of  the  Latin  quotations  are  free  from  them,  in  fact  some  of  the  latter 
are  so  maltreated  as  to  be  grotesque.  The  translation  is  well  done 
and  the  book  in  good  form.  (P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons,  New  York.  75 
cts.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

-»•-•■-»■ 

"The  Four  Gates,  by  Rev.  Edward  F.  Garesche,  S.J.,"  is  the  title 
of  a  volume  of  intimate,  sincere  religious  poems,  most  of  which  have 
previously  appeared  in  different  Catholic  periodicals.  There  »s  no 
marked  originality  of  thought  or  style  exhibited  in  these  poems ; 
indeed,  some  are  frankly  imitative;  but  there  is  true  Catholic  senti- 
ment, delicacy  of  feeling,  and  the  freedom  of  expression  which  comes 
from  familiarity  with  the  best  models.  There  is,  moreover,  a  com- 
plete absence  of  posing ;  all  is  from  the  heart,  natural  and  straight- 
forward. How  much  pleasure  and  profit  these  verses  will  give  the 
Catholic  reader !  They  may  well  replace  in  our  school  books  models 
from  non-Catholic  sources  used  because  of  their  excellence  of  form. 
For  instance,  how  much  better  "St.  Maurice  and  the  Theban  Legion" 
than  Macaulay's  Horatius  at  the  Bridge.  We  owe  Father  Garesche 
a  debt  of  gratitude  for  his  labor,  evidently  one  of  love.  May  his 
lovely  verses  become  household  favorites  throughout  the  land.  (P.  J. 
Kenedy  &  Sons,  New  York.     Price. $1.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

Part  II  of  "The  Westminster  Version  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures" 
contains  St.  Paul's  First  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  edited  by  the 
Rev.  Cuthbert  Lattey,  SJ.  The  translation  of  the  text  is  clear  and 
simple,  and  wherever  necessary,  the  meaning  is  brought  out  by 
bracketed  explanatory  insertions,  e.  g.,  "If  any  man  thinketh  that  he 
incurreth  reproach  as  regards  his  virgin  [daughter,  by  keeping  her 
unmarried],  she  being  past  her  youth,  and  if  [in  the  circumstances]  it 
ought  to  be  done,"  etc.  The  introduction  is  brief  and  to  the  point,  and 
the  notes  really  elucidate  the  text,  as  when  Fr.  Lattey  says  in  intro- 
ducing 1  Cor.  XI  (p.  28)  that,  in  reading  St.  Paul's  "very  condensed 
remarks  on  the  mutual  relations  of  man  and  woman,  we  must  remem- 
l)cr  that  he  had  chiefly  in  view  the  correction  of  certain  Corinthian 
women  who,  rejoicing  in  their  new-found  Christian  liberty  and  the 
assertion  of  their  moral  equality  with  man,  had  seemingly  extended 
that  equality  beyond  due  limits."  The  work  of  giving  us  a  modern 
English  translation  of  the  Sacred  Scriptures  is  in  good  hands,  and 
we  hope  it  will  progress  rapidly.  (Longmans,  Green  &  Co.;  30  cts. 
net,  paper  covers.) 

♦   -♦•   -*■ 

"Der  deutschamcrikanische  Farmer,"  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Och, 
of  the  Papal  College  Josephinum,  is,  according  to  the  subtitle,  "a  con- 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  443 

tribution  to  the  history  of  German  emigration."  The  five  main  divi- 
sions of  this  volume  comprise  an  introductory  section  on  the  developed 
agricultural  area  of  the  United  States,  the  distribution  of  immigration, 
and  the  economic  and  political  background  of  the  immigration  to  both 
the  North  and  the  South  since  1790;  a  history  of  agricultural  coloni- 
zation by  Germans  of  the  first  and  second  generations,  with  abundant 
statistics  concerning  the  different  phases  of  this  settlement ;  an  esti- 
mate of  the  cultural,  moral,  and  social  aspects  of  the  German  agricul- 
tural population;  a  discussion  of  the  political  aspect  of  German  immi- 
gration and  colonization ;  and  a  summary  and  conclusion.  The  book 
contains  a  solid  mass  of  facts  and  statistics  on  the  many  topics 
embraced  in  the  general  subject,  and  must  prove  of  great  value  to  all 
who  are  interested  in  the  history  and  present  status  of  the  German 
element  of  our  population.  From  the  viewpoint  of  all  who  have  at 
heart  the  welfare  of  this  element,  it  is  gratifying  to  learn  that  the  pro- 
portion of  our  foreign  born  farmers  who  first  saw  the  light  in  the 
Fatherland  is  49  per  cent,  and  that  this  is  four  per  cent  higher  than  was 
their  proportion  in  1870.  (Columbus,  O. :  Ohio  Waisenfreund,  $1.)  — 
John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

"Der  soziale  Katholizismus  in  Deutschland  bis  zum  Tode  Kettelers," 
by  Dr.  Albert  Franz,  tells  in  three  sections  the  preliminary  history  of 
the  social  movement  in  German  Catholicism,  the  first  Christian  social 
organizations  in  Germany,  and  Bishop  Ketteler  and  the  basis  of  the 
Christian  socio-political  order.  It  is  an  extremely  interesting  and 
useful  volume.  Of  the  three  sections,  the  first,  which  is  also  the 
longest,  will  undoubtedly  prove  the  most  helpful  to  the  social  student. 
The  doctrines  and  achievements  of  Bishop  Ketteler,  and  even  the 
organization  of  the  Gesellenvereine  under  Kolping,  have  been  recorded 
and  discussed  to  a  much  greater  extent  than  the  philosophical,  religious, 
and  economic  conditions  which  existed  in  the  first  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  in  Germany,  and  out  of  which  grew  the  great  social 
movement  of  the  subsequent  decades.  Among  the  very  interesting 
subjects  treated  in  the  first  section  are  the  influence  of  such  French 
writers  as  Chateaubriand,  Villeneuve,  and  Lamennais  on  Germany,  the 
first  German  sociologist,  Joseph  von  Buss,  and  the  private  and  public 
organizations  for  the  relief  of  the  poor.  (M.  Gladbach :  Volksvereins- 
verlag;  M.  3.) — John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

"St.  Antonino  and  Medieval  Economics,"  by  the  Rev.  Bede  Jarrctt, 
O.P.,  forms  a  part  of  the  new  "Catholic  Library."  In  the  opinion  of 
the  author  of  this  little  book,  its  chief  justification  is  to  be  found  in  the 
economic  theories  of  the  great  Archbishop  of  Florence.  When  he  took 
possession  of  his  See,  in  1445,  the  dominating  influence  in  European 
politics  was  commerce,  and  the  medieval  principles  of  economic  life 
had  already  become   in   some   respects   inapplicable.     His   writings   on 


444  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

this  subject  stand  midway  between  the  old  and  the  new.  Wealth,  he 
says,  is  good  if  it  be  properly  used,  while  poverty  is  in  itself  an  evil, 
though  it  may  become  an  instrument  of  good.  A  moderate  livelihood 
is  a  necessary  condition  of  contented  and  virtuous  family  life.  Profit 
is  lawful  as  the  wage  of  labor,  and  interest  is  justified  as  the  return 
from  productive  capital.  Monopoly  prices  are  unjust.  The  State  is 
bound  to  protect  all  its  citizens  against  destitution.  Extravagance  is 
an  evil  as  unjust  distribution  is  an  evil.  The  citizen  is  morally  obliged 
to  pay  his  fair  share  of  taxes,  and  to  give  to  the  needy  out  of  his 
superfluous  goods.  The  social  teaching  of  St.  Antoninus  is  neces- 
sarily given  in  very  brief  form  in  this  volume.  The  reader  who  wishes 
to  get  a  more  adequate  account  will  find  it  in  Carl  Ilgner's  work,  "Die 
volkswirtschaftlichen  Anschauungen  Antonins  von  Florenz."  (Manresa 
Press  and  B.  Herder;  30  cts.  net.) — John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

■•■  ♦  ♦ 

Under  the  title  "Kompass  fiir  die  Frauen  im  Handwerk,  ein  prak- 
tischer  Wegweiser  fiir  Lehrmadchen,  Gehilfin  und  Meisterin,"  the 
Volksvereinsverlag  of  M.  Gladbach,  which  has  already  stood  sponsor 
for  so  many  excellent  contributions  to  "applied  sociology,"  issues  a 
splendid  booklet,  intended  to  be  "a  practical  guide  for  female  appren- 
tices, helpers,  and  foreladies."  This  book  is  a  model  for  similar  studies 
which  might  well  be  undertaken  for  the  benefit  of  Catholic  women 
workers  by  one  or  other  of  the  many  Catholic  societies  interested  in 
social  reforms.  The  work  shows  how  women  in  German  industry  may 
increase  their  industrial  efficiency  by  attendance  at  the  practice  courses 
and  in  the  "continuation  schools."  The  Appendix  is  rich  in  suggestions 
for  those  interested  in  the  organization  of  working  women — section 
VII  outlining  model  statutes  for  Catholic  women's  apprentice  leagues. 
(25  cts.) — Albert  Muntsch,  S.J. 

-••-•■-•• 

The  text  of  the  book  of  Tobias  has  come  down  to  us  in  fifteen 
different  recensions,  no  two  of  which  perfectly  agree.  Dr.  Adalbert 
Schulte,  in  a  late  heft  of  Herder's  "Biblische  Studien"  (XIX,  2), 
endeavors  to  determine  which  one  of  these  recensions  represents  the 
original  version  of  the  story,  and  concludes  on  the  whole  in  favor  of 
the  text  found  in  the  Latin  Vulgate.  As  to  the  question  of  authorship. 
while  admitting  that  tradition  is  silent  on  this  point,  the  writer  visibly 
inclines  to  attribute  the  work  to  the  elder  Tobias  and  his  son,  and 
thinks  that  the  narrative  is  history,  though  capable  of  an  allegorical 
interpretation.  Before  passing  on  to  the  study  of  the  text,  the  writer 
defends  its  canonicity  and  inspired  character.  The  text  followed  in 
the  commentary  is  that  of  the  Vatican  MS.,  and  in  its  exegesis,  as 
well  as  in  the  study  of  the  introductory  questions  just  referred  to,  the 
solutions  adopted  are  most  conservative.  ("Beitrage  zur  Erklarung 
und  Textkritik  des  Buches  Tobias."  B.  Herder;  $1.25  net,  paper 
covers.) — C.  L.  S. 


XXI  14  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  445 

CHAMINADE,  COLLEGE, 

CLAYTON,  MO. 

(12  Miles  West  of  St.  Louis  Union  Station) 

THE  COLLEGE  YOUR  BOY  SHOULD  ATTEND  TO  PROCURE  A  THOROUGH 
CLASSICAL,  COMMERCIAL,  SCIENTIFIC  OR  AGRICULTURAL    EDUCATION. 
Preparatory,  High  School  and  Collegiate  Departments. 

Under  the  management  of  the  Brothers  of  Mary,  who  have  an   enviable  reputation  as 
teachers,  the  pupils'  talents  are  sure  to  receive  the  attention  they  deserve. 

Thoroughly  modern,  fire-proof  building— complete  equipment.    City  conveniences,  with 
the  fresh  air  and  out-door  benefits  of  country  life.    Ample  athletic  and  gymnastic  facilities. 
The  "Ideal  College,"  you  will  say,  upon  personal  investigation.    For  full  particulars, 
Catalog,  etc..  address  REV.  PRESIDENT,  CHAMINADE  COLLEGE, 

Clayton,  Mo. 

The  Academy  of  the  Immaculate  Conception 

OLDENBURG,    INDIANA. 

FOR  YOUNG  LADIES  AND  GIRLS 

Under  the  supervision  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Francis. 

Charmingly  located  in  one  of  Indiana's  most  healthful  and  pictorial  sections, 

near  Batesville  Station  on  the  Big  Four,  midway 

between  Cincinnati  and  Indianapolis. 

Full  Commercial,  Intermediate,  Academic,  Classical  and  Scientific  Courses. 

Excellent  College  Preparation. 

Fine  Conservatory  of  Music  with  newly  remodeled  Concert  Auditorium. 

Art  Studio  equipped  and  conducted  according  to  best  approved  methods. 

Domestic  Science  {Needlework,  fancy  and  plain)  receives  consistent 

attention  thruout. 

For  particulars  address  The  Sister  Directress 

ST.  LOUIS  BELL  FOUNDRY 

STUCKSTEDE   BROS. 

2735-2737  Lyon  St.,   Cor.  Lynch 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Church  Bells  and  Chimes  of  Best  Quality 


Catholic  Normal  School  and  Pio  Nono  College 

St.  Francis,  Wisconsin 
The  Normal  Department 

provides    a  thorough    training  for   young   men    who   wish 
to  become  teachers  and  choir  directors. 

The  College  Department 

provides  both  a  college  and  commercial  course. 
Write  for  catalogue. 

Rev.  J.  M.  Kasel,  Pres. 


440 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


ST.   JOSEPH   COLLEGE 

RENSSELAER,  IND. 

A       BOARDING      SCHOOL 
Conducted  by  the  Fathers  of  the  Precious  Blood,  for  CATHOLIC  BOYS  only 

COURSES — Collegiate,  Academic,  Classical,  Scientific,  Commercial,  Music 

Established  reputation  for  thorough  supervision  and  training;  modern  well-equipped 

buildings;  $100,000  Recreation  and  Science  Hall  under  construction 

Beautiful    and  extensive  grounds 

TERMS  MODERATE 

Open  to  inspection  throughout  the  summer.      Inquiries  cheerfully  answered. 

APPLY  FOR  CATALOGUE  AND  INFORMATION  TO 

REV.  H.  LEAR,  C.PP.S.,  PRESIDENT,  Collegeville,  Ind. 


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Vigouroux's  Dictionnaire 
de  la  Bible 

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XXI   14 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


447 


SITUATION  WANTED 


BY  FIRST-CLASS  ORGANIST,  PIANIST,  AND 
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An  ideal  College  home.  Location  beautiful  and  healthful. 
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Coppens,  Chas.,  S.J.     A  Systematic  Study  of  the  Catholic 

Religion.     St.  Louis,  1903.    75  cti. 
Preuss,   Edw.     Ziim    Lobe   der   unbefleckten    Empfangnis 

von    Einem,    der   sie    vormals    gelastert    hat.      Freiburg, 

1879.    85  cts. 
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Superbly  illustrated.     Freiburg,  1901.     $4. 
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Becker,  W.,  S.J.     Christian  Education,  or  The  Duties  of 

Parents.     St.  Louis,  1899.    90  cts. 
Taylor,   I.   A.     The   Cardinal-Democrat:     Henry    Edward 

Manning.    London,  1908.    85  cts. 
Price,  G.   E.     England   and   the   Sacred   Heart.     London, 

1913.    70  cts. 
Bridgett,  T.  E.,  C.SS.R.    A  History  of  the  Holy  Eucharist 

in    Great    Britain.     With    Notes   by    H.    Thurston,    S.J. 

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Vaughan,  B.,  S.J.     Society,  Sin  and  the  Saviour.     London, 

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Edmund  Campion  and  His  Companions.     Ed.  by  J.  H. 

Pollen,  SJ.    85  cts. 
Report  of  the  Eucharistic  Congress  of  Westminster,  1908. 

(Containing   many  valuable   Eucharistic  papers.)      Lon- 
don, 1909.    Illustrated.    95  cts. 
Lanslots,  D.  I.,  O.S.B.    Spiritism  Unveiled.     London,  1913. 

65  cts. 
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tions.   Tr.  by  W.  H.  M'itchell.     London,  1914.    $1. 

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THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  15.  AUGUST  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


A  Conference  of  Catholics  Favoring  Prohibition 

We  have  repeatedly  pointed  out  of  late  that  the  cause  of 
prohibition  is  rapidly  gaining-  ground  among  Catholics  the 
world  over.  How  true  this  is  of  American  Catholics  ap- 
pears from  a  circular  letter  sent  out  under  date  of  July  6. 
by  Mr.  James  F.  Judge  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  and  signed  by 
over  fifty  more  or  less  prominent  Catholics,  priests  and 
laymen.  This  circular  announces  a  "Conference  of  Catho- 
lics Favorable  to  the  Prohibition  of  the  Liquor  Traffic,"  to 
be  held  at  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  on  August  4,  "for  the  pur- 
pose of  shaping  a  movement  that  will  enlist  the  active 
service  of  Catholic  men  and  women  in  the  work  of  passing 
laws  to  eliminate  the  liquor  traffic  in  the  nation  and  in  the 
various  states."  The  signatories,  among  whom  are  several 
gentlemen  not  hitherto  publicly  identified  with  the  Catholic 
total  abstinence  movement,  base  their  action  on  the  urgent 
appeal  of  the  Third  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore  to  all 
Catholics  engaged  in  the  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages,  to 
"quit  that  dangerous  traffic."  Whether  this  is  tantamount 
to  an  appeal  to  work  for  statutory  prohibition  is  a  question 
on  which  there  is  room  for  different  opinions.  Alcoholism 
is  undoubtedly  "a  terrible  scourge"  and  "a  deadly  evil."  in 
the  words  of  our  gloriously  reigning  Pontiff,  but  can  it  be 
most  effectively  combatted  by  prohibitory  legislation? 
The  Fortnightly  Review  has  discussed  this  question  re- 
peatedly and  its  position  is  too  well  known  to  need  restate- 

449 


450  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

ment.     We  look  forward  to  the  Niagara  Falls  conference 
with  a  lively  interest,  not  unmingled  with  misgivings. 


A  Conference  of  Catholic  Fraternal  Societies 

Another  important  conference  has  been  called  by  the 
Social  Service  Commission  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Catholic  Societies,  viz. :  a  meeting  of  delegates  of  the  lead- 
ing Catholic  fraternal  insurance  and  benefit  societies  of 
America,  to  be  held  in  connection  with  the  national  con- 
vention of  the  Federation  in  Baltimore,  September  28,  for 
the  purpose  of  "bringing  together  the  Catholic  fraternals  tor 
a  discussion  of  the  need  of  widening  the  scope  of  insurance 
benefits  and  offering  remedial  suggestions  in  the  admin- 
istrative and  technical  conduct  of  insurance  as  a  business 
undertaking." 

The  following  tentative  program  has  been  adopted : 

1.  Fraternal  life  insurance  for  children. 

2.  The  competition  between  fraternal  and  old  line  insurance. 

3.  The  readjustment  of  fraternal  rates. 

4.  Legislation  and  fraternal  insurance. 

5.  The  church  and  fraternal  insurance. 

6.  The  true  prosperity  of  Catholic  fraternal  insurance  societies. 

7.  The  parish  and  the  Catholic  fraternal  courts. 

8.  Catholics  and  non-Catholic  fraternal  societies. 

The  Fortnightly  Review,  as  its  older  readers  know, 
has  been  a  pioneer  in  this  movement.  "Thanks  to  your 
enlightened  and  unselfish  efforts,"  a  now  deceased  Bishop 
once  wrote  to  the  Editor,  "our  Catholic  fraternal  insurance 
societies  have  been  saved  from  destruction,  for  it  was  your 
Review  that  first  began  to  agitate,  in  the  early  nineties,  the 
urgent  need  of  certain  reforms  in  the  assessment  plan  and 
other  features  which  have  since  been  widely  adopted,  and 
thereby  prevenced  untold  ruin."  The  credit  for  whatever 
share  this  journal  may  have  had  in  the  matter  belongs 
mainly  to  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Meifuss,  now  of  Breese,  111.,  who 
first  took  up  the  question  publicly,  and  to  the  late  Mr.  Otto 
Seelaus,  of  Philadelphia,  an  experienced  and  unbiased 
actuary,  who  for  years  freely  contributed  facts  and  figures 
to  the  REVIEW  and  generously  answered  all  queries  on  the 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  451 

subject  of  fraternal  insurance  raised  by  readers  of  this 
magazine  and  by  critics  in  other  publications — for  we  were 
vehemently  attacked  at  first  for  the  attitude  we  took,  and 
it  required  a  hard  fight  to  convince  the  society  leaders  that 
we  were  right. 

The  Baltimore  conference,  of  course,  will  tackle  the 
problem  on  a  larger  plane  and  in  the  light  of  many  reforms 
already  accomplished ;  but  we  venture  to  suggest  that  on 
more  than  one  head  of  its  tentative  program  it  will  find 
useful  information  in  the  articles  contributed  to  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  by  Mr.  Seelaus  and  other  competent  and 

far-seeing  writers. 

-•■-••-•■ 

Initiative  and  Referendum 

With  a  total  of  thirt)'-six  referendum  measures  pending 
in  Oregon,  and,  in  the  words  of  the  Portland  Oregonian, 
"the  end  not  yet  in  sight,"  public  sentiment  is  for  another 
"when-in-doubt-vote-no"  campaign.  In  1904,  two  measures 
were  offered ;  in  1906,  eight ;  in  1908,  sixteen ;  in  1910, 
thirty-two;  in  1912,  thirty-seven.  This  year's  extreme  con- 
gestion of  the  ballot  shows  that  the  remedy  is  not  likely  to 
be  automatic.  The  National  Municipal  Review's  recent 
survey  of  the  Oregon  system  admitted  the  cumbering  of 
the  ballot  by  self-seekers  and  fanatics,  but  held  that  the 
trouble  was  in  a  fair  way  to  cure  itself. 

"The  increasing  reluctance  of  thoughtful  voters  to  sign  petitions, 
and  the  very  uncertain  reward  for  the  labor  and  expense  necessary 
to  get  a  bill  on  the  ballot,  operate  as  a  pretty  strong  deterrent,  while, 
furthermore,  nothing  so  perfectly  squelches  foolish  agitation  as  a  huge 
majority  against  it." 

Nearly  all  of  the  1910  and  1912  bills  were  crushed,  but 
the  1914  roster  is  not  lessened. 

Within  a  few  years  the  number  of  initiative  and  refer- 
endum states  has  risen  to  eighteen.  While  Massachusetts 
was  barely  able  to  muster  the  one-third  vote  necessary  to 
defeat  an  amendment  carrying  the  innovations,  it  is  con- 
fidently expected  that  North  Dakota  and  Wisconsin  will 
adopt  them  this  autumn. 

An  obvious  argument  against  them  is  the  extraordinary 


452  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

labor  put  upon  the  voters  by  the  submission  of  a  large 
number  of  questions  at  a  single  election. 

The  "Efficiency  Test"  Applied  to  Universities 

Just  now,  the  University  of  Wisconsin  is  being  sub- 
jected to  an  "efficiency"  survey,  which  must  make  any  true 
scholar  feel  strongly  tempted  to  hand  in  his  resignation. 
Subpoenas  are  even  threatened,  and  a  New  York  researcher 
is  reported  to  have  been  attending  classrooms  with  a  ste- 
nographer by  his  side — doubtless  to  count  the  words  the 
professor  utters,  to  measure  the  attention  of  his  listeners, 
to  put  a  stop-watch  on  him,  as  if  he  were  a  bricklayer  or  a 
pig-iron  handler. 

When  an  efficiency  test  was  tried  at  Harvard  last  year 
the  whole  faculty  rose  in  arms,  and  the  president  withdrew 
the  proposal ;  at  Wisconsin  they  must  obey  what  the  state 
decrees,  when  it  decrees,  or  get  out.  To  any  one  who 
thinks  at  all,  this  method  of  "bringing  a  university  up-to- 
date"  is  destructive  of  the  very  best  for  which  it  should 
stand.  In  the  words  of  the  Nation,  "It  is  the  beginning 
of  an  intellectual  thraldom  likely  to  stifle  any  great  soul,  to 
reduce  a  college  to  the  basis  of  a  factory  and  to  ignore 
entirely  its  priceless  spiritual  values.  If  our  state  univer- 
sities must  come  to  this,  Heaven  forbid  that  our  privately 
maintained  institutions  should  cultivate  closer  relations 
with  the  commonwealths.  Yet  this  is  precisely  what  the 
Institute  of  Technology  proposes  to  do,  just  when  it  is  also 
entering  into  an  alliance,  for  better  or  for  worse,  with 
Harvard  on  the  scientific  side." 

Poverty  and  Waste 

Mr.  Hartley  Withers,  in  a  book  recently  published 
under  this  title  (London:  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.),  maintains 
the  theses  that  the  more  money  individuals  spend  upon 
ephemeral  luxuries,  the  less  there  is  available  in  the  form  of 
capital  for  the  production  of  necessaries  and  for  the  devel- 
opment of  productive  industries;  that  the  wastefulness  of 
the  well-to-do  consequently  tends  to  make  necessary  arti- 
cle* dearer,  and   so  to  intensify  the  struggle  of  the  poor; 


XXI   15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  453 

and,  therefore,  that  it  is  within  the  power  of  every  indi- 
vidual citizen  who  has  more  than  a  "living  wage"  to  help 
towards  the  alleviation  of  poverty  by  curtailing  expendi- 
ture upon  luxuries — which  term  the  author  defines  as  com- 
prising "anything  that  we  can  do  without,  without  impair- 
ing our  health  of  mind  and  body." 

The  array  of  facts  and  arguments  which  Mr.  Withers 
marshals  in  support  of  his  position  is  a  very  strong  one. 
Socialism  he  frankly  regards  as  an  idealistic  form  of  gov- 
ernment only  suited  to  an  idealized  humanity ;  it  is  in  the 
voluntary  action  of  the  individual  that  he  sees  the  best 
hope  for  the  amelioration  of  our  social  conditions.  This  is 
a  somewhat  one-sided  position  to  take,  but  as  a  sane,  log- 
ical and  objective  preachment  against  the  evils  of  wasteful 
ostentation  and  extravagant  luxury,  "Poverty  and  Waste" 
is  distinctly  worthy  of  attention.  Let  us  hope  that  so 
clear  and  strong  a  voice  will  not  be  allowed  to  cry  unheeded 
in  the  wilderness. 

Socialism  and  Statistics 

Mr.  W.  H.  Mallock  has  published  another  book  on 
Socialism.  It  is  entitled,  "Social  Reform  as  Related  to 
Realities  and  Delusions"  (London:  John  Murray),  and 
employs  the  Fabian  method  of  research  to  disprove  some  of 
the  leading  contentions  of  Socialism.  The  preface  pro- 
claims one  of  his  triumphs: 

"Use  has  been  made,  for  the  first  time,  of  specific  official  informa- 
tion, the  existence  of  which  appears  to  have  been  overlooked,  relating 
to  the  amount  and  distribution  of  income  at  the  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  McCulloch  believed  that  the  records  here  in  question 
had  been  destroyed.  At  the  same  time,  he  regarded  them  as  so  essen- 
tial to  a  true  understanding  of  conditions  at  that  time  that  he  com- 
pared their  supposed  destruction  to  the  loss  caused  by  the  burning  of 
the  Great  Alexandrian  Library.  They  are  not  quoted  by  Porter,  Levi, 
Dudley,  Baxter,  or  Giffon,  or  in  any  of  the  encyclopaedias  published 
during  the  course  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Two  copies  were  found 
by  the  author  in  the  University  Library  of  Cambridge." 

The  records  thus  caught  in  the  author's  wide-sweeping 
net  were  a  report  on  the  census  of  1801  and  the  report  on 
the  income  tax  imposed  in  that  year,  which  were  printed  in 


454  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

conjunction  by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  1802.  In 
face  of  the  figures  obtained  by  comparing  population  and 
incomes  after  the  interval  of  about  one  hundred  years,  Mr. 
Mallock  asks  what  becomes  of  the  Socialist  contention, 
once  vigorously  upheld  as  a  mainstay  of  the  creed,  that 
the  development  of  industry  "under  capitalism"  in  the  nine- 
teenth century  only  made  the  rich  richer  by  making  the 
poor  poorer?  And  if  that  contention,  held  to  be  essential 
to  the  Socialist  theory  by  the  pristine  preachers  of  it,  has 
to  be  abandoned  in  the  light  of  facts,  what  ground  have  we 
for  supposing  that  other  essential  dogmas  of  Socialism  are 

less  fallacious? 

«•-»■■•■ 

Mr.  Mallock's  Mistake 

Mr.  Mallock,  in  the  book  just  quoted,  deals  a  shrewd 
blow  at  the  "redistribution"  form  of  Socialism,  which  his 
arch-enemy,  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw,  declares  to  be,  as  it  prob- 
ably is,  the  only  form  in  which  the  Socialistic  ideal  could  be 
realized.  The  book  provides  a  panoply  against  dogmatic 
Socialism,  which  is,  in  fact,  an  antiquated  product  of  the 
dogmatic  era  that  preceded  the  recent  great  advance  of 
science.  But  Mr.  Mallock's  outlook  appertains  to  the  same 
era,  and  he  proves  too  much.  If  his  conclusions  as  well  as 
his  facts  are  right,  we  could  do  nothing  better  than  revert 
to  the  anarchical  heydey  of  the  laissez-faire  school  which 
beheld  the  exemplification  of  wisdom  in  pigsty  conditions 
for  the  mass  of  the  people.  The  elan  of  the  national  con- 
science towards  a  new  ideal  makes  such  reaction  impos- 
sible, and  the  fact  that  political  predominance  has  passed 
to  the  classes  on  which  a  life-sentence  to  the  sty  would  be 
pronounced,  gives  a  strong  practical  reinforcement  to  the 
national  conscience. 

Humanity  is  not  limited  to  a  choice  between  the  ruin- 
ous tyranny  of  all  for  each  in  Socialism,  and  the  stupid 
oppressiveness  of  each  against  all  under  the  individualism 
of  the  doctrinaires.  The  mind  which  can  recognize  no 
halting-place  between  extremes  is  of  an  ancient  type.  The 
proper  channel  lies  between  the  stakes  that  mark  the  op- 
posite shallows. 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  455 

A  DANGEROUS  POLICY 

On  June  12,  the  New  York  Catholic  School  Board  issued 
an  official  letter  to  the  pastors  of  the  city,  inviting  and 
urging  them  to  send  deserving  graduates  of  their  parish 
schools  to  Catholic  and  public  high  schools.  Announcement 
is  made  that  the  City  Board  of  Education  has  changed  its 
by-law  so  that  graduates  of  our  schools  will  be  admitted  to 
the  public  high  schools  on  the  certificate  of  our  principals, 
countersigned  by  the  superintendent.  Attention  is  called 
"to  our  Catholic  pay  and  free  high  schools."  Besides  the 
Cathedral  College,  which  is  intended  for  boys  studying  for 
the  priesthood,  there  will  be  opened  the  Regis  High  School 
for  Boys.  There  is  only  one  free  high  school  for  girls. 
"Our  children  should  be  directed  to  them  as  faithfully  in 
the  present  and  in  the  future  as  in  the  past." 

"Many  of  our  pupils,  boys  and  girls,"  the  letter  goes 
on,  "may  not  be  able  to  take  advantage  of  the  pay  and  free 
Catholic  high  schools  which  are  now  in  existence,  and  therefore 
they  should  be  directed  by  their  pastors  and  principals  to 
the  public  high  schools  of  the  city.  Our  principals  have 
received  a  list  of  these  schools,  their  location,  and  the 
courses  pursued  therein.  It  is  naturally  the  wish  of  all 
concerned  that  as  many  as  possible  of  our  children  should 
go  to  higher  education,  and  therefore  attend  some  high 
School,  whether  Catholic  or  public.  It  is  well  for  our 
devoted  pastors  to  speak  on  this  subject  to  their  people, 
and  urge  them  to  further  sacrifice,  in  order  that  their 
children  may  pursue  a  higher  education,  and  thus  adopt 
some  of  the  great  professions  of  life." 

Reading  and  rereading  this  injunction  in  the  light  of  the 
many  warnings  that  have  come  to  us  for  so  many  years, 
against  the  grave  dangers  but  lately  so  emphatically  ex- 
plained by  Archbishop  Ireland  (see  No.  10  of  this  Review), 
we  cannot  understand  that  the  devoted  pastors  should  take 
pains  to  get  the  children  into  the  high  schools,  especially 
the  public  high  schools.  The  attitude  of  devoted  pastors 
has  always  been  cautious.  The  Catholic  high  school,  or  a 
Catholic  atmosphere  in  the  high  school  grades,  is  much 
more  important  than  a  Catholic  elementary  school.     It  is 


456  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

not  right  that  this  great  distinction  between  Catholic  and 
public  high  schools  should  be  overlooked.  Any  tacit  ap- 
proval of  the  public  schools  is  tantamount  to  an  invitation 
for  many  parents  to  send  their  children  to  these  schools. 
To  use  positive  means  to  direct  the  pupils  to  them 
will  drive  entire  flocks  of  children  to  these  schools,  which 
the  Catholic  instinct  considers  so  harmful.  We  know  of 
a  zealous  pastor,  principal  of  a  large  school  of  over  one 
thousand  boys  and  girls,  who  has,  year  after  year,  inter- 
ested himself  in  every  boy  and  girl  who  might  profit  by 
a  high  school  training,  and  always  found  room  for  these 
scholars  in  existing  Catholic  high  schools,  academies,  or 
colleges.  Some  pastors  have  made  permanent  financial 
arrangements  with  existing  institutions.  Many  children 
thus  obtain  their  higher  education  gratuitously. 

The  plan  adopted  by  the  New  York  Catholic  School 
Board,  and  signed  in  the  letter  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  Msgr. 
Joseph  F.  Mooney,  V.G.,  President ;  Rev.  Thomas  A.  Thorn- 
ton, Secretary,  and  Rev.  Joseph  F.  Smith,  Superintendent, 
comes  as  a  great  surprise  to  those  who  know  the  dangers  of 
the  public  schools,  especially  the  high  schools. 

The  letter  concludes  with  the  following  sentences:  "1 
am  quite  certain,  Reverend  and  dear  Father,  that  you  and 
your  principals  will  take  an  active  interest  in  the  graduates 
of  your  school,  and  see  to  it  that  only  those  are  directed  to 
high  schools  who  are  capable  or  who  will  be  able  to  finish 
the  prescribed  course.  I  also  venture  to  suggest  that  it 
would  be  an  excellent  thing  for  the  priests  of  the  parish 
to  continue  their  supervision  over  their  graduates  who  go 
to  high  schools,  during  the  entire  four  years  which  they 
will  spend  therein." 

It  will  not  be  an  easy  task  for  the  priests  and  principals 
to  continue  their  supervision,  and  there  is,  furthermore, 
great  danger  that  many  parents  will  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  if  they  are  directed  by  their  pastors  to  patronize  the 
public  high  schools,  they  may  send  their  children  to  the 
public  elementary  schools,  with  or  without  direction  on  the 
part  of  the  clergy.  May  the  risky  experiment  not  work 
harm  to  our  Catholic  schools  and  to  our  Catholic  religion  ! 


xxi  is  the  fortnightly  review  457 

After  all,  those  who  were  not  entirely  blind  considered 
the  concession  of  the  New  York  City  Board  to  admit  our 
children  to  the  public  high  schools  without  examination, 
as  undesirable.  Consistency  in  upholding  our  Catholic- 
principles  must  apply  to  all  the  schools,  from  the  kinder- 
garten to  the  university. 


AMERICA'S  DEBT  TO  AUSTRIA 

A  solemn  mass  of  Requiem  was  offered  lately  in  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Trinity  at  St.  Louis,  for  the  Archduke 
Francis  Ferdinand,  heir  apparent  of  Austria,  and  his  wife, 
Sophie,  duchess  of  Hohenberg,  the  victims  of  an  atrocious 
crime.  The  Austrian  consul  and  several  members  of  the 
Austrian  delegation  were  present.  Sermons  were  delivered 
by  the  pastor,  Rev.  J.  Lubeley,  and  the  Rev.  J.  Reiner. 
SJ.  The  latter  preached  in  Hungarian,  which  language  he- 
had  learned  while  studying  at  the  University  of  Innsbruck. 

Thus  was  paid  a  small  part  of  that  debt  contracted 
through  nearly  one  hundred  years  of  unostentatious  but  no 
less  generous  support  received  by  the  Catholic  missions  of 
America  from  the  Leopoldine  Society,  which  was  founded 
in  Austria  in  the  year  1829,  in  memory  of  the  Archduchess 
Leopoldine  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg,  who  died  as  empress 
of  Brazil. 

At  the  great  missionary  congress  held  at  Boston  last 
fall  unstinted  praise  was  bestowed  on  the  Catholic  Exten- 
sion Society  and  on  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Faith,  and  it  was  praise  richly  deserved ;  but  as  far  as  I 
could  learn  from  the  official  report  not  a  word  was  said  of 
the  support  received  by  our  missionaries  from  the  above 
mentioned  Austrian  society.  I  do  not  blame  anyone  for 
it;  it  was  not  a  fault  of  wilful  neglect  or  omission,  but 
rather  of  forgetfulness  and  ignorance  of  the  facts.  And 
still  it  is  absolutely  certain,  and  my  assertion  is  borne  out 
by  the  letters  of  many  American  bishops  (Rosati  of  St. 
Louis,  Femvick  of  Cincinnati,  Flaget  of  Bardstown,  Eng- 
land of  Charleston  and  others)  that,  had  it  not  been  for  the 
generous  support  received  from  the  Leopoldine  Society  of 


458  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

Vienna,  our  pioneer  bishops  would  have  been  helpless  and 
more  than  handicapped  in  their  efforts  to  establish  Catholic 
congregations  and  to  build  missionary  churches  in  their 
dioceses. 

The  annals  of  the  society,  which  are  published  yearly  at 
Vienna,  contain  very  touching  letters  of  thanks  and 
acknowledgment  written  by  these  bishops,  together  with 
interesting  reports  about  the  condition  and  prospects  of 
their  struggling  dioceses.  They  cannot  find  words  fit 
enough  to  express  their  admiration  for  the  imperial  house 
of  Hapsburg.  especially  the  then  ruling  emperor  Francis  I, 
the  generous  protector  of  the  society,  for  the  Austrian 
nobility  and  all  their  other  generous  benefactors  beyond 
the  sea.  Bishop  England,  the  learned  and  renowned  bishop 
of  Charleston,  came  himself  to  Vienna  to  assist  at  one  of  the 
meetings  of  the  society,  and  after  his  return  sent  a  detailed 
and  highly  interesting  account  of  his  missions  and  a  gen- 
eral survey  of  the  different  Catholic  dioceses  in  the  United 
States. 

In  summing  up  the  contributions  which  were  sent  to 
America  between  the  years  1829-1839  I  find  that  the  enor- 
mous sum  of  465,258  florins  (about  $220,000)  was  con- 
tributed by  this  society  to  the  American  missions.  The 
Leopoldine  Society  still  exists  and  continues  its  work  of 
Catholic  charity.  And  let  me  add  that  these  contributions 
are  not  so  much  the  gift  of  the  rich  and  the  nobility,  al- 
though they  also  contribute  their  share,  but  of  poor  labor- 
ers and  servant  girls  who  have  their  names  inscribed  in  the 
branch  societies  established  in  the  different  parishes  of  the 
empire  and  faithfully  contribute  their  mite  to  help  their 
brethren  beyond  the  sea. 

And  that  the  name  of  the  illustrious  founder  of  the  Leo- 
poldine Society,  who  during  his  visit  to  Vienna  in  1829 
made  such  a  powerful  appeal  to  the  Catholics  of  Austria, 
may  not  pass  into  oblivion,  but  be  gratefully  remembered 
by  posterity,  let  it  be  recorded  in  this  place;  it  was  the 
Very  Rev.  Frederic  Resc,  then  Vicar  General  of  Cincinnati, 
afterward"  tirst  bishop  of  Detroit. 

Tridentinus 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  459 

CONCERNING  MASQUES  AND  PAGEANTS 

The  Pageant  and  Masque  which  was  produced  with 
such  splendid  success  during  the  last  four  days  of  May,  at 
St.  Louis,  recalls  the  interesting  fact  that  these  outdoor 
performances  are  no  new  form  of  entertainment.  They 
may  be  regarded  as  the  successors  of  the  famous  miracle, 
mystery,  and  morality  plays  of  mediaeval  days,  and  also  of 
the  great  historical  plays  which  were  performed  on  gala 
Occasions  by  students  of  Jesuit  colleges  of  Germany  in  the 
sixteenth  century. 

Father  Bernhard  Duhr,  S.J.,  in  his  monumental  "His- 
tory of  the  Jesuits  in  German  Lands  during  the  Sixteenth 
Century,"  devotes  an  entire  chapter  to  the  "School  The- 
atre," in  which,  from  contemporary  records,  he  shows  the 
influence  exercised  by  these  scholastic  pageants.  Some  of 
the  cities  in  which  public  pageants  were  performed,  chiefly 
by  students,  during  the  sixteenth  century,  were  Vienna, 
Graz,  Munich,  Mayence,  Speyer,  Treves,  Luzern,  Inns- 
bruck, Ingolstadt,  Dillingen,  Augsburg,  and  Ratisbon. 

It  is  worth  while  to  recall  these  historical  facts,  as  the 
attention  of  many  has  been  directed  to  these  pageants,  ow- 
ing to  the  wonderful  success  of  the  production  in  St.  Louis. 
Most  of  those  interested  are  hardly  aware  that  this  form 
of  theatrical  art  was  encouraged  and  promoted  by  those 
who  directed  the  education  of  youth  in  the  fifteenth  and 
sixteenth  centuries.  Such  plays  were  regarded  at  the  time 
as  a  great  moral  force  and  as  a  means  of  teaching  right- 
eousness to  the  people.  The  pageants  were  often  enacted 
in  the  market  square,  or  in  the  plaza  in  front  of  the  college. 
The  entertainments  were  sometimes  participated  in  by 
hundreds  of  actors  and  drew  tremendous  crowds  from  re- 
mote villages  and  hamlets.  Thus  on  the  second  Sunday 
after  Easter,  in  the  year  1561,  there  was  enacted  at  Vienna 
the  pageant  "Joseph  of  Egypt."  There  were  seventy  per- 
sons in  the  cast  and  the  production  lasted  over  five  hours. 

"The  highest  point  of  excellence  of  the  so-called  Jesuit- 
drama,"  says  Fr.  Duhr,  "was  attained  in  the  Upper  German 
Provinces,  owing  chiefly  to  the  zealous  and  self-sacrificing 


400  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

efforts  of  the  art-loving  Dukes  of  Bavaria."  But  there 
were  also  notable  productions  in  this  line  by  several  col- 
leges of  Switzerland.  Tyrol,  and  Suabia. 

Sometimes  we  find  contemporary  comment  about  these 
plays.  Thus  in  1571  there  was  rendered  a  play,  concerning 
which  the  following  interesting  note  shows  that  student 
nature  then  was  much  the  same  as  today.  "In  summer, 
when  the  pressure  of  studies  had  to  be  relieved  somewhat, 
on  account  of  the  great  heat,  this  comedy  was  rehearsed." 
Although  the  presentation  of  this  pageant  lasted  six  hours, 
there  were  no  signs  of  fatigue  or  restlessness  among  the 
numerous  spectators.  This  play  was  entitled  "St.  Josaphat 
and  St.  Damascene." 

Not  infrequently  the  subjects  of  the  pageant  were 
drawn  from  Biblical  sources.  Thus,  according  to  the  an- 
nals of  the  old  Jesuit  college  of  Munich,  where  these  pag- 
eants reached  their  highest  development,  the  presentation 
of  the  Biblical  drama  Esther,  in  the  year  1577,  was  one  of 
the  most  magnificent  spectacles  of  the  kind  ever  presented 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  old  Bavarian  town.  The  occasion 
of  its  presentation  was  the  presence  of  two  Archdukes  in 
the  city.  It  was  produced  in  the  public  market  square, 
where  in  mediaeval  days  tournaments  and  such  knightly 
jousts  were  held.  Duke  Albrecht  V,  a  great  lover  of  art, 
had  himself  caused  the  presentation  of  this  pageant,  and 
from  his  palace  and  castle  supplied  all  the  necessary  prop- 
erties for  an  adequate  and  imposing  setting.  Costly  tapes- 
tries, costumes,  and  weapons  which  had  been  kept  for  cen- 
turies in  his  treasure  house,  were  loaned  to  the  actors.  The 
main  theme  was  the  Biblical  story  of  the  proclamation  of 
Esther  as  queen  of  Babylon,  and  hence  a  Latin  account 
speaks  of  the  pageant  as  a  "comoedia  sacra  ex  Biblicis  his- 
toriis  desumpta."  To  represent  the  splendor  and  elegance 
of  the  Persian  court,  more  than  160  different  dishes  and 
foods  were  served  in  gold  and  silver  vessels  during  the 
feast,  while  music  and  dancing  enhanced  its  magnificence. 

With  the  play  was  connected  a  festal  procession  through 
the  streets,  in  which  more  than  1700  persons,  decked  out  in 
the  most  variegated  costumes,  took  part.     We  have  a  rec- 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  461 

ord  of  the  various  groups  forming-  the  procession  and  of 
the  places  they  occupied  in  the  line  of  march.  Thus  there 
were  seen  in  this  parade  all  active  participants  in  the 
drama,  also  giants,  Jews,  160  fully  caparisoned  German 
and  130  Spanish  horses,  230  armed  men  afoot,  trumpeters, 
pipers,  triumphal  chariots,  slaves,  devils,  men  with  lions' 
heads,  dragons  led  by  virgins,  huntsmen,  magicians,  execu- 
tioners, lictors,  etc. 

Another  Old  Testament  story — the  pageant  of  Samson 
and  his  downfall  through  the  wiles  of  a  woman — was  pre- 
sented in  honor  of  the  marriage  of  the  Duke  William  with 
Renata  of  Lorraine,  on  February  27,  1568,  by  students  of 
the  Jesuit  school  of  Munich.  From  a  contemporary  criti- 
cism we  see  that  such  modern  appliances  as  color  effects 
and  shifting  scenery  were  not  unknown  to  the  directors  of 
the  pageant.  The  ballet  was  highly  developed.  Tn  this 
drama  there  suddenly  appeared  on  the  stage  ten  well- 
drilled  children,  made  up  like  night  birds,  and  while  they 
fluttered  about  the  stage,  a  peasant  appears,  who  seemed 
amazed  by  these  gambols,  while  from  the  other  side  came  a 
stooping  old  man,  uncouth  and  unkempt,  the  seer  Amphi- 
araus.  From  the  depths  of  the  neighboring  forest  emerged 
nymphs  and  satyrs. 

In  the  year  1575  was  shown  the  great  drama  "Constan- 
tine,"  in  the  city  of  Munich.  It  was  a  pageant  of  unsur- 
passed splendor.  More  than  1,000  actors  moved  across  the 
temporary  stage,  amongst  them  400  knights  in  old  Roman 
armor,  who  accompanied  the  victorious  Constantine  on  his 
triumphal  march.  The  piece  was  divided  into  two  parts, 
a  day  being  devoted  to  the  production  of  each. 

On  October  21,  1596,  the  ancient  warfare  of  Christi- 
anity against  Islam  was  presented  in  the  powerful  pageant- 
drama  "Godfrey  of  Bouillon."  Its  immediate  purpose,  ac- 
cording to  a  contemporary  dramatic  critic,  was  to  "show 
the  necessity  of  guarding  the  Fatherland  against  the  Turks, 
who  had  not  yet  been  entirely  subdued  in  spite  of  Lepanto." 
The  drama  lasted  almost  six  hours. 

But  even  before  the  period  of  the  revival  of  learning, 
the  people  of  Germany  were  accustomed  to  the  production 


462  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  pageants  on  a  large  scale.  It  is  almost  too  well  known 
to  need  mention  that  the  modern  drama  is  really  a  develop- 
ment of  the  liturgical  plays  which  were  enacted  in  the 
churches,  especially  at  the  great  feasts  of  Christmas,  Pente- 
cost, and  Easter. 

Both  Michael  and  Janssen  in  their  History  of  t lie  Ger- 
man People,  devote  copious  chapters  to  the  dramas  and 
public  pageants  of  mediaeval  Germany.  It  will  suffice  to 
mention  the  "Tegernseer  Spiel  vom  Antichrist,"  so-called 
because  it  is  preserved  in  a  Latin  manuscript  of  the  Con- 
vent of  Tegernsee.  It  is  the  oldest  and  most  important 
dramatic  production  of  mediaeval  Germany.  The  pageant 
is  divided  into  two  parts.  The  first  describes  the  glorious 
reign  of  the  German  Emperor;  the  second  represents  the 
temporary  power  and  ascendency  of  Antichrist.  The  play 
ends  with  the  latter's  defeat  and  the  triumph  of  Christi- 
anity. 

This  is  one  of  the  so-called  eschatological  dramas  rep- 
resenting conditions  at  the  end  of  the  world,  previous  to 
the  day  of  Judgment.  To  this  type  belongs  also  the  play 
of  the  Ten  Wise  and  Eoolish  Virgins,  known  in  France  as 
early  as  the  twelfth  century.  In  Germany  it  appears  some- 
what later  in  a  form  which  closely  connects  it  with  earlier 
Latin  dramas.  These  plays  also  served  to  bring  home  im- 
portant theologic  teachings.  The  one  just  mentioned 
teaches  that  without  true  contrition  and  previous  confes- 
sion, there  can  be  no  gaining  of  indulgences. 

These  facts  certainly  show  that  poetry  and  the  drama. 
even  in  such  forms  as  meet  with  popular  approval  today. 
owe  much  to  the  encouragement  given  them  by  the  Church 
in  former  centuries.  Huysmans  has  some  powerful  pages 
in  his  book,  "La  Cathedrale,"  on  the  mighty  uplift  and  in- 
spiration that  result  from  a  contemplation  of  the  great 
works  of  mediaeval  art.  For  nowhere  does  art  serve  a  purer 
and  nobler  purpose  than  when  allied  to  religion.  Many  a 
noble  soul,  especially  when  gifted  with  artistic  instincts. 
has  been  brought  back  to  the  bosom  of  the  Church  by  the 
poetry  and  beauty  of  Catholic  worship  and  the  soul-satis- 
fying appeal  of  the  Catholic  faith. 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  463 

AN   UNFAVORABLE   VIEW   OF   ALASKA 

Mr.  Carrington  Weems,  a  member  of  the  editorial  staff 
of  the  New  York  Evening  Post,  who  has  spent  nearly  a 
year  in  Alaska,  going  over  the  Bering  River  coalfields  and 
much  of  the  territory,  contributes  to  Vol.  199,  No.  4  of  the 
North  American  Review  a  paper  on  "Government  Rail- 
roads in  Alaska,"  in  which  he  criticises  sharply  the  bill  by 
which  Congress  has  authorized  the  President  to  build  and 
operate  government  railroads  in  our  great  Northern  Terri- 
tory. He  insists  that  those  who  disregard  the  enormous 
outlay  to  which  the  government  will  have  to  obligate  itself  in 
order  to  maintain  railroads  in  Alaska,  are  sorely  mistaken 
as  to  the  returns  to  be  expected.  Besides  a  limited  amount 
of  mineral  ores,  there  is  no  export  tonnage  for  railroads. 
As  for  agriculture,  usually  the  chief  contributor  to  railroad 
development,  practically  nothing  in  the  way  of  tonnage 
can  ever  be  looked  for  from  that  source,  notwithstanding 
the  emphasis  laid  there  by  promoters  of  the  railway 
scheme. 

"It  is  true,"  says  Mr.  Weems,  "that  certain  rapidly 
maturing  vegetables  can  be  grown  there  with  striking  suc- 
cess. Most  grains,  too,  can  be  grown  to  the  point  where 
they  have  value  when  cut  for  hay.  Rye  and  barley  are 
even  matured  in  some  specially  favored  sections  and  under 
restrictions  which  will  always  limit  the  production.  In- 
tensive gardening  on  a  small  scale  may  in  the  future  pro- 
vide the  bulk  of  the  food-supply  needed  by  a  population 
which  for  generations  is  destined  to  be  scanty.  But  in  all 
fairness  it  must  be  conceded  that  everything  is  against 
Alaska  as  a  home  for  the  agriculturalist. 

"Government  reports  are  highly  unfavorable.  Two  of 
the  six  experimental  stations  established  were  abandoned, 
after  it  had  been  proved  through  some  years  that  grain 
could  be  successfully  matured  at  neither.  As  conceded 
in  these  reports,  Alaskan  soils  are  not  rich  in  available 
plant  food,  being  largely  of  glacial  origin  ;  fertilizers  are 
practically  necessary.  In  the  interior  the  virgin  soil  is 
frozen  to  bed  rock.  The  cost  of  clearing  the  ground  and 
thawing  it  out  by  repeated  plowings  is  equivalent  to  the 


464  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

price  of  good  farm  land  in  the  states.  The  growing  season 
for  plant  life  in  the  interior  ranges  from  barely  fifty  days 
in  the  eastern  section  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  days  in 
the  western.  At  Fairbanks,  for  instance,  one  of  the  least 
unpromising  farming  regions,  frost  occurred  as  early  as 
July  31,  1910,  and  reappeared  four  times  in  the  succeeding 
August." 

American  farmers  who  have  been  led  by  wild  news- 
paper reports  to  look  longingly  towards  our  territory  in 
the  far  northwest,  will  perhaps  be  cured  of  the  Alaska  fever 
when  they  read  Mr.  Weems'  undoubtedly  reliable  state- 
ments. It  is  never  well  to  migrate  unless  one  is  really 
forced  to  do  so  and  has  something  surely  better  in  view. 
Xot  a  few  of  the  American  farmers  who  have  settled  in 
northwestern  Canada  of  late  years,  we  happen  to  know, 
earnestly  wish  they  were  back  in  their  old  homes  in  Mis- 
souri, Iowa.  Illinois  and  other  states. 


OUR  YOUNG  MEN  AND  THE  NEED  OF  THE  HOUR 

The  other  day  I  met  a  young  man  of  twenty  reading 
The  Live  Issue.  He  lives  with  his  people,  good  Catholics 
of  German  stock,  in  a  Wisconsin  town  with  well  organized 
parishes. 

I  asked  him  whether  he  read  The  Live  Issue  regularly- 
He  told  me  that  this  was  the  first  time.  "But  you  cer- 
tainly know  Our  Sunday  Visitor?"  "I  have  never  heard  of 
it,"  was  his  answer.  I  had  a  copy  with  me,  which  I  gave 
him  with  a  request  to  look  it  over.  Later  on  I  asked  him 
what  he  thought  of  these  papers,  whether  he  didn't  think- 
that  one  of  them  would  be  of  interest  to  him.  I  got  the 
same  answer  as  in  many  similar  cases  before  when  I  spoke 
to  young  men  of  his  type.  He  said  he  did  not  care  for 
papers  like  these  because  he  couldn't  see  of  what  value 
articles  such  as  are  contained  in  The  Live  Issue  should  be 
to  him.  I  tried  to  explain  to  him  that  he  had  a  duty  to 
complete  and  extend  his  knowledge  of  religious  matters 
gained  in  school.  I  showed  him  that  a  young  man  in  his 
circumstances  stands  in  need  of  a  more  extended  knowl- 
edge of  matters  of  an  apologetic  character,  because  the  air 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  465 

is  filled  with  the  miasms  of  infidelity  and  indifference  re- 
garding matters  of  faith,  and  the  Church  is  attacked  from 
all  sides.  But  my  efforts  were  in  vain.  This  young  gentle- 
man was  convinced  that  it  may  be  good  for  "the  old  folks," 
but  the  young  do  not  care  for  things  like  these.  Thus,  he 
concluded,  "I  do  not  need  these  papers." 

This  young  man  is  one  of  a  class  unfortunately  all  too 
numerous  within  our  ranks.  I  can  hardly  believe  that  the 
Catholic  press  and  our  Church  in  general  can  hope  for  sup- 
port and  defense  from  men  like  these.  They  never  will 
take  a  strong  stand  against  the  common  enemy. 

This  young  man  had  not  heard  of  The  Live  Issue  or  the 
Sunday  Visitor;  he  was  unaware  of  the  calumnies  of  the 
Menace  clique,  and  of  the  attacks  of  the  Socialists,  though 
he  is  living  and  working  in  a  town  where  Goldstein  and 
the  Socialists  had  a  hot  battle  last  year.  One  who  knows 
him  certainly  would  not  say  that  it  is  lack  of  intelligence 
that  is  responsible  for  his  dreadful  lack  of  interest  in  these 
matters. 

Whose  fault  is  it  that  he,  a  member  of  the  young  men's 
organization  of  his  parish,  has  never  heard  of  all  these  sad 
conditions? 

Ought  not  some  pastors  "to  pay  more  attention  to  sub- 
jects of  the  kind  mentioned  and  treat  them  in  their  ser- 
mons and  on  other  occasions?  How  often  must  I  hear 
from  good  Catholic  people  that  their  pastor,  though  good 
and  zealous,  never  says  a  word  on  the  timely  subject  of 
the  Catholic  press.  Wouldn't  it  be  good  if  the  presidents 
or  spiritual  directors  of  our  Sodalities  and  other  Catholic 
young  men's  organizations  made  these  matters  the  subject 
of  their  addresses?  In  time  of  war,  schools  devoted  to  the 
peaceful  work  of  teaching  science  are  often  transformed 
into  drilling  places  for  military  service.  Would  it  not  be 
advisable  for  our  young  men's  sodalities,  societies,  con- 
gregations, etc.,  to  drill  their  members  for  service  in  our 
religious  war?  Of  course,  I  do  not  mean  for  purposes  of 
attack,  but  as  an  army  for  defense.  It  is  not  enough  to 
have  the  young  men  assemble  to  receive  holy  Communion, 
to  hold  periodic  reunions  or  to  produce  plays.    Today,  more 


466  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

than  ever  before,  we  need  Catholic  men  with  an  enlightened 
spirit  regarding-  all  matters  Catholic,  men  with  backbones, 
ever  ready  to  make  sacrifices  and  fight  the  battles  of  the 
Lord.  We  can  have  such  men  if  those  in  charge  of  our 
Catholic  young  people  will  do  their  duty. 

— Sacerdos 


DEAN  C.  WORCESTER  AND  HIS  NEW  BOOK  ON 
THE  PHILIPPINES 

Mr.  Dean  C.  Worcester,  whose  book,  "The  Philippines 
and  Their  People."  published  before  our  war  with  Spain,  led 
to  his  employment  on  the  first  and  later  on  the  Taft  Philip- 
pine Commission,  and,  in  1901,  as  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
has  gotten  out  a  new  and  more  comprehensive  work  on  the 
islands  under  the  title  "The  Philippines,  Past  and  Present" 
(2  vols.  Macmillan.  $6  net).  It  goes  without  saying  that 
what  he  has  to  tell  is  highly  interesting,  and  in  part,  even 
valuable ;  also  that  he  is  in  sympathy  with  the  policy  which  has 
been  pursued  in  the  islands  during  his  long  service  there,  and 
entirely  out  of  sympathy  with  the  policy  of  the  present  admin- 
istration. 

Mr.  Worcester  devotes  more  than  100  pages  of  his  book 
to  proving  that  nobody  connected  with  our  government  ever 
held  out  false  hopes  to  Aguinaldo.  What  he  proves  for  us  is 
merely  his  hatred  of  every  Filipino  who  desires  to  see  his 
country  independent.  All  such  persons  he  denounces  as 
"politicos."  meaning  demagogues. 

Mr.  Worcester  resigned  his  commission  with  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Philippines  last  summer,  undoubtedly  because  he 
was  not  in  sympathy  with  the  policy  of  the  Wilson  administra- 
tion. That  he  had  also  become  persona  nan  grata  to  the  civil- 
ized Filipino  people  is  not  open  to  doubt.  The  present  work- 
breathes  a  spirit  of  animosity  to  them.  For  the  peons  and  the 
wild  mountain  tribes  alone  Mr.  Worcester  seems  to  entertain 
a  genuinely  kind  regard,  lie  is  at  great  pains  to  prove  that 
the  Filipinos  and  nol  the  Americans  were  the  aggressors  in  the 
war.  Upon  which  a  critic  in  the  New  York  Evening  Post 
C April  4),  whose  synopsis  we  are  adopting,  remarks:  "To  us 
it  does  not  seem  necessarv  to  determine  who  fired  the  first  shot 


XXI   15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  467 

in  order  to  decide  who  were  the  aggressors  in  that  war.  We 
coveted  their  country,  and  the  Filipinos  did  not  wish  us  to  have 
it.  It  makes  no  difference  that  we  really  desired  to  make  them 
happy.  They  did  not  care  for  our  brand  of  happiness,  prefer- 
ring to  undertake  'the  pursuit  of  happiness'  in  their  own  way. 
.  .  .  Mr.  Worcester's  book  is  a  brief  for  the  McKinley- 
Taft  Philippine  policy.  .  .  .  We  are  quite  clear  that  valu- 
able and  striking  as  Mr.  Worcester's  book  is,  it  will  never  stand 
as  the  final  word  about  our  occupation  of  the  islands  any  more 
than  will  Mr.  Blount's.  Both  are  partisan,  but.  to  our  minds. 
Mr.  Blount  has  the  nobler  and  juster  point  of  view,  and  we  are 
the  more  reinforced  in  this  by  Mr.  Worcester's  present  activ- 
ities. He  has  allied  himself  with  a  company  for  the  com- 
mercial exploitation  of  the  Philippines  which  seeks  money  from 
the  public  in  a  sanctimonious,  philanthropic-religious  garb  for 
the  purpose  of  exploiting  the  Philippines — of  course,  entirely 
in  their  interests.  Similar  benevolent  intentions  have  marked 
the  history  of  all  exploitation  of  the  world's  subject  races,  and 
a  similar  disregard  of  what  the  natives  themselves  would  prefer 
or  what  is  best  for  them,  has  made  a  sorry  chapter  in  the 
world's  commercial  history." 

m 

A  STUDY  IN  FRENCH  MANNERS 

M.  Rostand,  in  declining  a  law  suit  with  Madame  Bernhardt,  has 
given  the  whole  world  a  pretty  lesson  in  gallantry  as  a  business  lubri- 
cant. Perhaps  there  was  never  a  neater  example  of  the  soft  answer 
that  turns  away  wrath — that  conciliates  by  sheer  force  of  grace  and 
wit.  It  is  surely  nothing  short  of  a  triumph  to  compare  the  writ  issued 
by  an  angry  woman  of  genius  to  a  lily  from  the  hand  of  beauty. 

The  poet  and  the  actress,  as  everybody  knows,  are  good  friends. 
But  they  have  had  differences  over  the  kinematograph  rights  of 
"L'Aiglon."  Madame  Bernhardt  wanted  M.  Rostand  to  withdraw  the 
piece  from  the  film,  or  at  any  rate  to  alter  the  title  of  the  kinema 
version.  "Call  it,"  she  said  to  the  poet,  "call  it  'Le  Due  de  Reich- 
stadt,'  or  anything  you  like,  so  long  as  it  is  not  'L'Aiglon.' "  M.  Ros- 
tand, to  his  infinite  chagrin,  could  not  agree.  It  was  a  matter  of 
business,  and  "Jes  affaires  sont  les  affaires."  Even  his  vast  respect 
and  love  for  Madame  Bernhardt  could  not  affect  the  necessity  of  his 
allowing  pictures  to  be  taken  of  his  work.  Grieved,  pained,  desolated 
he  still  could  not  agree  to  withdraw  the  kinema  version  or  to  alter  the 
title.  Thereupon  Madame  Bernhardt,  used  to  having  her  own  wa> 
began  proceedings,  "not  against  M.  Rostand,  whom  I  love,  but  in  the 


468  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

hope  of  reaching  his  lieutenants."  The  writ  was  issued.  M.  Rostand 
has,  unhappily,  not  informed  the  world  how  lie  received  it.  or  what 
he  has  done  with  it.  But  it  is  pleasant  to  think  of  the  poet  impressing 
a  solemn  kiss  of  reverence  on  the  blue  paper  and  afterwards  depositing 
it  in  some  private  holy  of  holies,  as  Dumas'  Buckingham  did  with  the 
diamond  studs  of  Anne  of  Austria.  However  this  may  have  been,  M. 
Rostand  at  once  decided  that  wild  horses  should  not  compel  him  to 
enter  the  courts  as  Madame  Bernhardt's  adversary.  "I  would  rather," 
he  telegraphed  to  Madame  Bernhardt's  counsel,  "cut  off  my  right  hand 
than  engage  counsel  against  Madame  Sarah  Bernhardt.  Before  her  I 
bow.  I  declare  that  what  she  wishes  is  always  good.  I  abandon  to  her 
the  whole  of  my  right  in  connection  with  those  kinematograph  repre- 
sentations which  torment  her,  and  I  kiss,  with  respect  and  gratitude, 
her  fingers.    A  writ  held  in  them  has,  in  my  eyes,  the  grace  of  a  lily." 

It  is  possible  that  an  English  or  American  woman  could  withstand 
such  a  compliment.  She  might  even  express,  in  the  vulgar  but  expres- 
sive phrase,  the  suspicion  that  the  eloquent  poet  was  "getting  at"  her. 
Our  women  have  their  share  of  the  obstinacy  of  the  race.  They  are 
shy  and  suspicious,  and  inclined  to  resent  flattery,  especially  if  it  is 
seasoned  with  wit.  If  we  can  judge  by  our  women  novelists,  the 
fierce  compliments  of  a  Fairfax  Rochester  are  more  agreeable  than 
the  wooing  of  a  George  Sand  hero.  But  a  Frenchwoman  is  more 
vulnerable.  Madame  Bernhardt  was  at  once  conquered.  Her  sense 
of  grievance  may  remain — indeed,  does  remain — for  is  she  not,  as 
she  puts  it,  "the  sole  one  injured"?  But  her  vexation — the  really 
important  matter — is  as  the  rains  of  yester  year.  She  declines  the 
$40,000  or  so  tendered  by  M.  Rostand,  and  declares  that  she,  too,  cannot 
go  into  court.  No  more  "blue  lilies"  can  be  sent  to  her  poet.  Even  a 
just  demand  must  not  be  pressed  against  a  man  who  can  express 
himself  so  delightfully. 

It  is  very  pleasant  and  very  French.  It  is  the  most  refined  expres- 
sion of  that  beau  geste  at  which  we  smile,  though  not  without  a 
secret  respect.  We  seldom  do  it  very  well  ourselves.  No  other 
people  does  it  quite  as  successfully  as  the  French.  Men  of  all  nations 
say  fine  things,  noble  things,  profound  things,  things  witty  and  things 
humorous.  But  in  the  art  of  fitting  the  exact  word  to  the  fact,  of 
hitting  off  a  situation  in  one  piquant  phrase,  of  paying  a  compliment 
without  fulsomeness,  or  hitting  a  censure  without  brutality,  the 
French  are  still  the  masters  of  us  all.  Something  may  be  due  to  the 
delicate  strength  of  the  language,  flexible  and  penetrative  as  a  Toledo 
blade,  and  just  a  little  mysterious — a  language  in  which  it  seems  diffi- 
cult to  suggest  the  greatest,  but  which  is  splendidly  fit  to  express 
to  perfection  all  but  the  greatest.  More  may  be  owing  to  the  French- 
man's command  of  his  fine  instrument.  Some  French  is  better  than 
others,  but  there  is  little  really  bad  French.  There  are  still  provinces 
where  the   "Id    speech   is  heard   in   princely   purity;   at  the  worst,  the 

•nt    and    the   artisan    do   speak,   and   do   not    reduce  their   language, 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  469 

as  our  lower  classes  do  theirs,  to  a  scarcely  intelligible  growl.  But 
over  and  above  this,  there  seems  to  be  deep  in  the  nature  of  the  race 
an  instinct  of  meet  and  gracious  behavior.  Julian's  quick  eye  marked 
it  during  his  sojourn  at  Lutetia  of  the  Parish.  The  later  middle 
ages  found  France  exemplar  in  manners  and  teacher  of  the  art  of 
life.  Europe  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries  acknowl- 
edged with  reluctant  admiration  her  primacy  in  the  great  little  things, 
while  stubbornly  disputing  her  claim  to  be  first  in  the  little  great 
things.  For  several  centuries  the  fine  gentleman  of  most  countries 
founded  himself  on  French   models. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


That  our  financial  conditions  are  quite  sound  was 
shown  by  the  fact  that  the  big  Claflin  failure  caused  no 
more  than  a  ripple  of  temporary  excitement  in  the  business 
world.  Whether  this  state  of  affairs  is  the  result  of  the 
psychological  influence  of  the  Federal  Reserve  act,  may  be  a 
debatable  question.  No  doubt  the  knowledge  that  there  is 
an  unlimited  supply  of  currency  always  available  in  ex- 
change for  commercial  paper  is  a  source  of  confidence  and 
prevents  financial  panic. 

♦  ♦  ♦ 

The  Claflin  failure  is  merely  another  exemplification  of 
the  truth  of  certain  well-established  economic  laws.  Big 
combinations  may  defer,  but  they  cannot  prevent  failure. 
The  Claflin  combination  of  stores  was  an  expression  of 
the  monopolistic  tendency  of  the  period  from '1900  to  1907, 
from  which  we  are  now  emerging.  Its  real  and  only  pur- 
pose was  to  control  prices  by  destroying  competition. 
This  is  an  anti-social  tendency,  opposed  to  the  public  wel- 
fare, and  therefore  certain  to  fail  in  an  era  of  "new  free- 
dom" which  strives  to  create  equal  opportunities  for  all 
through  legislative  enactment.  We  feel  that  President 
Wilson  is  right  when  he  says  the  country  is  at  the  begin- 
ning of  a  period  of  great  prosperity. 

-*--•■-*- 

It  is  becoming  fashionable,  in  certain  parts  of  this  coun- 
try, to  engage  vaudeville  actors  and  actresses  for  church 
fairs  and  "socials."  The  recent  experience  of  a  western 
cathedral  congregation  emphasizes  the  need  of  caution 
towards  these  gentry.    A  hired  singer  of  the  variety  stage, 


470  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

to  the  disgust  and  scandal  of  a  large  audience,  sang  a  sug- 
gestive song  ("Who  Paid  the  Rent  for  Mrs.  Rip  Van 
Winkle?")  with  a  few  extra  indecencies  thrown  in  that  do 
not  appear  in   the  published  text,   bad  enough  though   it 

is.     "Non  tolibus  auxiliis     .     .     ." 

■••  ♦  ■#■ 

Mr.  Robert  Dunn,  staff  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  writes  in  the  course  of  a  long  letter  to  his 
paper  (July  6)  from  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico: 

"Quite  frankly,  we  have  not  come  here  as  a  faultless  people,  to  set 
any  kind  of  an  example  in  national  superiority.  Military  forces  are 
naturally  free  from  any  pose  or  hypocrisy  in  ethics;  their  hard  day's 
work,  week  in  and  out,  in  the  mere  problems  of  subsistence,  patrolling, 
discipline,  in  taking  over  the  civil  administration,  have  been  too 
arduous  to  assume  any  holier-than-thou  example.  In  the  days  of  fight- 
ing we  looted,  say  what  the  panegyrists  of  our  humane  attack  will ; 
humanity  has  not  yet  been  so  sublimated  that  when  one's  comrades 
are  being  ambushed,  the  enlisted  man — even  his  officer — can  obliterate 
his  natural  animal  instincts,  and  always  act  'like  a  gentleman.'  And 
daily  the  Vera  Cruzanos  see  our  soldiers  and  sailors,  though  very  few 
of  them  in  proportion,  good-naturedly  drunk  on  the  streets,  the  docks, 

and  plazas." 

-*■-•--•- 

From  President  Wilson's  Fourth  of  July  address,  deliv- 
ered at  Philadelphia : 

"Every  idea  has  got  to  be  started  by  somebody,  and  it  is  a  lonely 
thing  to  start  anything.  Yet  you  have  got  to  start  it  if  there  is  any 
man's  blood  in  you  and  if  you  love  the  country  that  you  are  pretending 
to  work  for.  I  am  sometimes  very  much  interested  in  seeing  gentle- 
men supposing  that  popularity  is  the  way  to  success  in  America.  The 
way  to  success  in  America  is  to  show  you  are  not  afraid  of  anybody 
except  God  and  His  judgment.  If  I  did  not  believe  that,  I  would  not 
believe  in  democracy.  If  I  did  not  believe  that,  I  would  not  believe 
people  could  govern  themselves.  If  I  did  not  believe  that  the  moral 
judgment  would  be  the  last  and  final  judgment  in  the  minds  of  men, 
as  well  as  at  the  tribunal  of  God,  I  could  nut  believe  in  popular  govern- 
ment. But  I  do  believe  these  things,  and  therefore  I  earnesly  believe 
in  the  democracy,  not  only  of  America,  but  in  the  power  of  an  awak- 
ened people  to  govern  and  control  its  own  affairs." 

-•--•-♦• 

The  publication  of  an  article  regarding  a  method  for 
making  childbirth  painless,  in  McClure's  Magazine,  has 
called  forth  widespread  criticism  among  medical  men.  The 
Literary  Digest  gives  space  to  several  extracts  from  medi- 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  471 

cal  journals  in  its  No.  1264.  It  appears  that  the  method 
of  analgesia  ("twilight  sleep")  employed  by  Drs.  Kronig 
and  Gauss,  of  Freiburg,  Germany,  is  not  new ;  that  it  has 
been  put  to  a  thorough  test,  and  practically  discarded  be- 
cause of  the  dangers  connected  with  it.  The  Journal  of 
the  American  Medical  Association  (Chicago,  June  6)  says: 

"The  impression  gained  from  a  review  of  the  literature  is  that 
the  present  method  of  obstetric  anesthesia  by  scopolamin  and  morphin 
is  not  safe  for  the  child  and  not  always  safe  or  successful  for  the 
mother.  The  time  may  come  when  the  hope  exprest  in  1911  by 
Lequeux  may  be  fulfilled,  that  further  clinical  investigations  cautiously 
conducted  will  secure  a  harmless  agent  with  which  to  lessen  or  abolish 
altogether  the  pains  of  labor ;  but  that  time  has  not  yet  arrived." 

There  is  more  truth  than  poetry  in  this  observation  of 
the  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  (Vol.  43,  No.  35)  : 

"There  is  a  false  prudence  as  towards  publicity,  investigation, 
and  free  discussion.  We  may  admit  sound  reasons  at  times  for  res- 
ervation and  reticence  even  as  to  public  affairs ;  but  so  often  in  these 
matters  there  is  a  false  prudence  exerting  itself  to  cover  up  scandals, 
corruptions,  and  the  schemes  of  private  and  personal  interests.  It  is 
usually  false  prudence  to  say  hush !  hush !  or  to  evade  or  to  practice 
any  sort  of  indirection  whatever." 

-*■•*--•• 

The  St.  Paul  Catholic  Bulletin  (Vol.  4,  No.  23)  reas- 
sures those  who  fear  that  national  prohibition  would  inter- 
fere with  the  Mass,  by  saying: 

"In  all  states  where  prohibition  is  now  in  force  an  exception  is 
made  in  favor  of  the  importation  of  wine,  alcohol,  etc.,  for  sacramental, 
medicinal  and  industrial  purposes,  and,  no  doubt,  if  national  prohibition 
ever  comes  into  force,  similar  exceptions  will  be  made.  It  is  unlikely, 
therefore,  that  national  prohibition  would  have  any  effect  on  the 
Catholic  Church  as  far  as  preventing  the  obtaining  of  a  sufficient  sup- 
ply of  wine  for  sacramental  purposes  is  concerned." 

Nevertheless,  this  is  a  point  that  will  bear  watching. 
The  extreme  advocates  of  the  cause  are  for  absolute  pro- 
hibition. No  doubt  the  projected  conference  at  Niagara 
Falls  (see  "Chronicle  and  Comment")  will  pay  due  atten- 
tion to  this  important  matter. 

■»-  -*-  -*- 

The  disproved  prophecies  of  Socialism  are  the  subject 
of    an     interesting    chapter    in     Professor    Miinsterberg's 


472  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

recently  published  book,  "Psychology  and  Social  Sanity." 
We  quote  the  summary: 

"The  history  of  Socialism  has  been  a  history  of  false  prophecies. 
Socialism  started  with  a  sure  conviction  that  under  the  conditions  of 
modern  industry  the  working  class  must  be  driven  into  worse  and 
worse  misery.  In  reality  the  development  has  gone  the  opposite  way. 
There  are  endlessly  more  workingmen  with  a  comfortable  income  than 
ever  before.  The  prophets  also  knew  surely  that  the  wealth  from 
manufacturing  enterprises  would  be  concentrated  with  fewer  and  fewer 
men,  while  history  has  taken  the  opposite  turn  and  has  distributed  the 
shares  of  the  industrial  companies  into  hundreds  of  thousands  of 
hands.  Other  prophecies  foretold  the  end  of  the  small  farmer,  still 
others  the  uprooting  of  the  middle  class,  others  gave  the  date  for  the 
great  crash ;  and  everything  would  have  come  out  exactly  as  the 
prophets  foresaw  it,  if  they  had  not  forgotten  to  consider  many  other 
factors  in  the  social  situation  which  gave  to  the  events  a  very  different 
turn.  But  it  may  be  acknowledged  that  the  wrong  prophesying  was 
done,  not  only  by  the  Socialists,  but  no  less  by  the  spectators." 


Dr.  Arthur  S.  Way,  who  has  already  turned  a  prodigious 
amount  of  Greek  verse  into  English  verse,  is  now  trying  his 
hand  at  Sophocles.  The  "Aias,"  "Electra,"  "Trachinian 
Maidens,"  and  "Philoctetes*'  have  just  been  issued  by  Mac- 
millan.    The  Nation  quotes  a  few  specimen  passages  and  adds : 

"To  reproduce  the  effect  of  the  less  ornate  lines  of  Greek  poetry 
it  is  virtually  necessary  to  heighten  the  tone,  so  to  speak,  by  develop- 
ing the  metaphorical  or  emotional  vocabulary ;  otherwise  what  is 
nervous  and  elegant  in  the  original  becomes  flat  and  prosaic  in  the 
translation — such  is  the  difference  in  the  genius  of  the  two  languages. 
Dr.  Way  has  not  employed  this  art  with  uniform  cunning — but  neither 
has  any  one  of  his  predecessors.     Sophocles  still  awaits  a  translator." 


The  New  York  America,  no  doubt  after  a  careful  study  of 
the  subject,  agrees  with  the  Fortnightly  Review  that  the  Cath- 
olic Church  has  suffered  enormous  losses  in  this  country.  In 
a  notice  of  the  Official  Catholic  Directory  for  1914,  our  e>- 
teemed  contemporary  (No.  264)  says  with  refreshing  candor: 

"The  sum  total  of  our  Catholic  population,  however,  should 
of  course  be  much  greater  than  sixteen  million.  Suppose  every 
Catholic  who  came  to  this  country  from  Europe  during  the  past 
three   hundred    years    had    kept    the    faith:    suppose    all   their   mar- 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  473 

riages  had  been  between  Catholics;  suppose  all  their  children  had 
been  brought  up  Catholics ;  suppose  this  vast  multitude  had 
always  mirrored  forth  in  their  lives  the  beauty  of  Catholic  mor- 
ality; suppose  each  and  every  one  had  burned  with  zeal  for  the 
spread  of  Catholic  truth.  If  all  these  conditions  had  been  ful- 
filled, would  not  the  Catholic  population  of  this  country  be  nearer 
30,000,000  now  than  16,000,000?  In  the  annual  Catholic  Directory, 
of  course,  there  is  never  any  record  of  the  losses  which  the 
Church  from  the  beginning  has  sustained  in  the  United  States. 
But  the  leakage  has  unquestionably  been  enormous." 


The  St.  Paul  Wanderer  (No.  2423)  aptly  observes  in  a 
review  of  the  Official  Catholic  Directory  for  1914 : 

"There  are  in  the  United  States  at  present  18,569  priests  .  .  . 
of  which  number  4,864  belong  to  religious  orders.  In  contemplating 
this  fact  one  cannot  but  wonder  at  the  shortsightedness  and  superficiality 
of  non-Catholic  fanatics  and  weak-kneed  Catholics  who  are  filled  with 
horror  if  they  hear  of  one,  or  even  a  dozen,  in  this  large  number  who 
prove  unworthy  of  their  high  calling.  Take  a  group  of  nineteen  thou- 
sand men  from  any  other  profession,  ascertain  how  many  of  them  are 
convicted  of  crime,  and  you  will  find  that  the  percentage  of  unworthy 
or  bad  priests  is  extremely  small  in  comparison  with  those  in  any 
other  class — including  Socialist  editors." 

*     *     * 

The  Official  Catholic  Directory  for  1914  gives  the  num- 
ber of  boys  and  girls  attending  our  Catholic  parochial 
schools  as  1,429,959,  and  that  of  the  pupils,  male  and 
female,  in  our  higher  institutions  of  learning  as  230,000. 
That  is  a  remarkably  low  figure  in  a  Catholic  population 
of  seventeen  millions.  It  indicates  grave  neglect  of  duty 
on  the  part  of  thousands  of  Catholic  parents  and  points  to 
an  important  source  of  our  much-deplored  leakage. 

■•-■•-■•- 

A  correspondent  having  been  sent  by  his  paper  to  Tours, 
availed  himself  of  the  occasion  to  visit  the  house  in  the 
Rue  Royale  where  Balzac  was  born  ;  and  finding  it  tenanted 
by  a  dentist,  had  a  decaying  molar,  which  was  troubling 
him,  extracted  there.  In  alluding  to  the  circumstance  in 
an  article,  he  wrote :  "I  had  a  tooth  drawn  where  Balzac 
cut  his."  An  intelligent  compositor  fancied  he  detected 
an  omission,  and  kindlv  resolved  to  supply  it,  so  that  on 


474  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

publication  the  passage  read :  "I  had  a  tooth  drawn  where 
Balzac  cut  his  throat."  It  is  not,  however,  always  the  fault 
of  the  compositor  or  proofreader,  for  some  journalists  are 
the  despair  of  printers  in  the  matter  of  handwriting-  and 

careless  editing  of  "copy." 

♦    «••■•■ 

"Roosevelt  Finds  Tribe  of  Unclothed  Savages — In  Unex- 
plored Regions  of  Brazil — Kills  Two."  Thus  ran  the  head- 
lines over  a  dispatch  recently  printed  in  one  of  our  daily  papers. 
Fortunately  for  Mr.  Roosevelt's  reputation,  the  dispatch  did 
not  bear  out  the  sanguinary  implication  of  the  heading.  The 
"two"  that  the  Colonel  killed  were,  not  unclothed  savages,  but 
tiger  cats. 

The  Sacred  Heart  Review  (Vol.  51,  No.  20)  makes  a 
good  suggestion,  viz. :  that  the  Catholic  Actors'  Guild, 
recently  organized,  help  to  furnish  "more  exact  information 
as  to  the  real  religious  affiliations  (if  any)  of  actors  and 
actresses  whose  names  suggest  their  possession  of  the 
Catholic  faith,  and  who  quite  frequently  receive  gushing 
notices  from  innocent  Catholic  editors." 

A  reviewer  in  the  Dial  (No.  667)  says  of  a  certain  class 
of  books  (those  that  pretend  to  give  wise  counsels  for  liv- 
ing), that  they  are  avoided  by  people  who  do  not  care  to 
expose  themselves  to  the  insult  of  complacent  optimism  that 
makes  all  things  good  because  it  sees  all  things  with  a 
comprehensive  impunity  to  their  real  significance. 


A  NEW  CATHOLIC  HYMNAL 

American  Catholic  Hymnal.  An  Extensive  Collection  of  Hymns, 
Latin  Chants,  and  Sacred  Songs  for  Church,  School  and  Home, 
including  Gregorian  Masses,  Vesper  Psalms,  Litanies,  Motets 
for  Benediction  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament,  etc.,  according  to  the 
Motu  proprio  of  His  Holiness  Pope  Pius  X.,  written,  arranged 
and  compiled  especially  for  the  Catholic  youth  of  the  United 
States  of  America  by  the  Marist  Brothers.  P.  J.  Kenedy  & 
Sons,  New  York.     Price,  $1.50. 

Under  the  above  comprehensive  title  another  hymn  book  has 
recently  been  added  to  the  considerable  number  which  has  been  offered 
to  the  public  in  the  last  few  years.     The  collection  contains  Asperges 


XXI  15  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  475 

me,  Vidi  aquam,  two  masses  and  the  Requiem  mass  taken  from  the 
Vatican  Kyriale ;  the  four  antiphons  and  vespers  for  common  feasts  of 
the  B.  V.  M.,  from  the  new  Antiphonale,  and  a  number  of  other 
Gregorian  chants  and  motets  selected  from  various  sources.  Strewn 
here  and  there  throughout  the  collection  are  found  some  older  or  so- 
called  traditional  tunes.  The  rest  of  the  442  numbers  consists  for  the 
most  part  of  original  compositions  by  more  than  forty  composers. 

In  his  capacity  as  member  of  the  board  of  censors,  as  eminent  a 
composer  as  Msgr.  I.  Mitterer,  in  a  report  on  a  group  of  two  and 
three-part  choruses  for  women's  voices  by  August  Wiltberger  (Cae- 
cilien-Vereins-Katalog,  No.  4069) ,  takes  occasion  to  remark :  "The  cre- 
ation of  a  good  hymn  tune  the  present  writer  considers  to  be  one  of 
the  most  difficult  tasks  of  the  composer,  and  it  requires  a  particularly 
favorable  hour  to  produce  even  a  single  one  which  will  arouse  the 
people.  But  when  it  comes  to  a  whole  collection  by  the  same  author, 
one  generally  thinks  himself  happy  if  he  find  one  or  two  among  them 
which  unite  all  the  qualities  of  a  truly  good  hymn  tune."  That  some 
of  the  contributors  to  "The  American  Hymnal"  (many  of  them  are 
designated  by  initials)  do  not  share  Mitterer's  view,  is  shown  by  the 
fact  that  B.  M.  J.  has  furnished  no  fewer  than  57  numbers,  while  M.  H. 
is  a  close  second  with  48  contributions.  Others  have  been  less  pro- 
lific but  hardly  any  of  them  agree  with  Mitterer. 

While  there  is  a  number  here  and  there  which  might  pass,  from 
a  musical  point  of  view,  such  as  some  by  I.  Muller,  the  collection  as  a 
whole,  with  the  exception  of  the  reproductions  noted  above,  is  a  mass 
of  musical  and,  in  great  part,  literary  trivialities,  unworthy  of  per- 
formance in  church,  the  school  or  the  home,  the  productions  of  ama- 
teurs lacking  every  requisite  which  would  fit  them  to  act  as  composers 
or  as  guides  in  matters  musical,  either  in  our  schools  or  in  our 
churches.  To  go  into  particulars  would  be  a  well-nigh  endless  and  quite 
superfluous  undertaking.  Any  qualified  person  may  convince  himself 
of  the  truth  of  our  estimate  by  examining  the  book.  What  hope  is 
there  that  musical  conditions  in  the  churches  of  this  country  will  reach 
a  higher  level,  while  productions  like  that  under  consideration  con- 
tinue to  be  sent  forth,  with  high  sanction,  into  our  schools,  to  form  the 
taste  of  the  "Catholic  youth  of  America"  ?  It  is  urged  that  the  book  might 
be  allowed  to  pass  muster  "when  we  bear  in  mind  the  actual  musical 
taste  of  those  to  whom  it  is  addressed,"  and  that  "it  will  be  a  long  time 
before  we  can  expect  this  country  to  rise  to  the  ideal."  But  was  not 
the  famous  Motu  proprio  issued  by  the  Supreme  Pontiff  precisely  for 
the  purpose  of  eradicating  the  existing  taste  and  creating  one  in  accord- 
ance with  the  spirit  of  the  Church  and  her  liturgy?  It  certainly  will  be 
a  long  time  before  this  country  will  "rise  to  the  ideal,"  if  hymn-books 
like  "The  American  Catholic  Hymnal"  continue  to  obtain  the  approval 
of  high   authority.  Joseph   Otten 


476  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 

"Questions  and  Answers  on  the  Catholic  Church,"  by  the  Rev.  A. 
B.  Sliarpe.  M.A.,  is  a  British  pendant  to  Fr.  Conway's  famous  Ques- 
tion Box.  It  is,  of  course,  adapted  to  English  ideas  and  conditions, 
and,  it  seems  to  us,  more  thorough  in  its  mode  of  treatment.  The 
questions  to  which  Father  Sharpe  has  supplied  telling  answers,  have 
all  been  actually  propounded,  most  of  them  at  missions  or  lectures  to 
non-Catholics.  The  booklet  is  clearly  printed  and  remarkably  cheap — 
35  cts.  net,  paper.  There  is  one  thing  Fr.  Sharpe  ought  to  do  for  a 
new  edition,  i.  e.,  give  references  to  Catholic  Truth  Society  and  other 
publications  in  which  the  subjects  he  discusses  are  treated  more 
fully.     (B.  Herder.)  ♦  ♦  ♦ 

"A  Guide  to  the  United  States  for  the  Jewish  Immigrant"  has 
been  published  by  Mr.  John  Foster  Carr.  Among  the  subjects  on 
which  information  is  given  in  this  little  handbook  are:  The  immigra- 
tion law,  employment,  aid  societies,  traveling,  schools,  government, 
climate,  citizenship,  health,  savings  banks,  labor  laws,  and  marriages, 
births,  and  deaths.  The  Jewish  immigrant  is  strongly  urged  to  go  on 
the  farm,  and  is  provided  with  useful  suggestions  to  this  end.  He  is 
also  advised  to  become  a  citizen,  to  adapt  himself  to  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  American  people,  but  also  to  remember  that  "the  Jew 
is  all  the  better  American  for  being  a  good  Jew."  (New  York:  John 
Foster  Carr,  241  Fifth  Ave.)— John  A.  Ryan,  D.D. 

-♦--••-♦- 

With  the  publication  of  "Narratives  of  the  Indian  Wars,  1675- 
1699,"  edited  by  Dr.  C.  H.  Lincoln,  the  series  of  Original  Narratives  of 
Early  American  History  (Scribner;  $3  net)  has  attained  the  dignity 
of  fourteen  volumes.  At  least  four  more  volumes  are  to  appear;  on 
the  witchcraft  persecutions,  the  insurrections  of  1688,  the  early  North- 
west, and  the  early  Southwest,  bringing  the  number  to  eighteen. 
Further  plans  have  not  been  announced.  The  present  volume  deals 
exclusively  with  the  Indian  wars  in  New  England,  a  limitation  in  the 
subject-matter  that  might  well  have  been  noted  on, the  tide  page, 
and  covers  in  largest  part  that  general  Indian  rising  of  1675  and  1676, 
.vhich  is  known  as  King  Philip's  War.  but  which  involved  a  number 
of  outlying  outbreaks  with  which  Philip  had  nothing  to  do.  The  last 
number  in  the  volume  and  the  longest  narrative  is  Cotton  Mather's 
"Decennium  Luctuosum."  or  Sorrowful  Decade,  which  was  first  issued 
in  1699,  and  in  1702  incorporated  as  a  second  edition  in  an  appendix 
to  the  "Magnalia."  This  famous  text  covers  the  years  from  1686  to 
1699,  and  concerns  the  long-drawn-out  and  sanguinary  struggle  which 
the  New  England  settlers  carried  on  with  (he  Abcnake  tribes  in  the 
territory  of  the  present  State  of  Maine.  This  conflict,  here  narrated 
in  Mather's  inflated  and  intricate  style,  lasted  with  but  few  breathing 
spells  from  the  beginnings  under  Sir  Edmund  Andros  in  1688  to  the 
final  settlement,  made  not  in  America,  but  in  Europe,  the  peace  of 
I'v-wick,  when  FfOntenac  informed  the  \henake  thai  France  would 
withdraw   from   the   struggle. 


XXI    15 


THIl  fortnightly  review 


477 


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478 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW 


1914 


ST.   JOSEPH   COLLEGE 

RENSSELAER,  IND. 

A       BOARDING      SCHOOL 

Conducted  by  the  Fathers  of  the  Precious  Blood,  for  CATHOLIC  BOYS  only 

COURSES — Collegiate,  Academic,  Classical,  Scientific,  Commercial,  Music 

Established  reputation  for  thorough  supervision  and  training;  modern  well-equipped 

buildings;  $100,000  Kecreation  and  Science  Hall  under  construction 

Beautiful    and  extensive  grounds 

TERMS  MODERATE 

Open  to  inspection  throughout  the  summer.      Inquiries  cheerfully  answered. 

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The  Catholic  University  of  America 

WASHINGTON,   D.  C. 

SCHOOLS  OF  ENGINEERING  AND 

TECHNOLOGY. 

Offering  Courses  in 
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XXI  IS  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  479 

CHAMINADE,  COLLEGE. 

CLAYTON,  MO. 

(12  Miles  West  of  St.  Louis  Union  Station) 

THE  COLLEGE  YOUR  BOY  SHOULD  ATTEND  TO  PROCURE  A  THOROUGH 
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The  "Ideal  College,"  you  will  say,  upon   personal  investigation,    For  full   particulars. 
Catalog,  etc.,  address  REV.  PRESIDENT,  CHAMINADE  COLLEGE, 

Clayton,  Mo. 

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Superbly  illustrated.     Freiburg,  1901.     $4. 
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ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  16.  AUGUST  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  War  in  Europe 

The  disastrous  war  in  Europe  is  the  chief  topic  of  dis- 
cussion at  present.  In  the  words  of  His  Eminence  Cardinal 
Gibbons,  who  has  recently  returned  from  the  other  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  "such  a  war  is  almost  unfathomable  in  the 
misery  and  the  suffering-  that  must  result  from  it.  One 
cannot  think  of  it  without  the  deepest  feelings  of  regret.'' 

Needless  to  say,  our  Holy  Pather  Pope  Pius  X  made 
every  effort  in  his  power  to  prevent  the  terrible  catas- 
trophe, but  in  vain.  In  an  exhortation  to  the  Catholics  of 
the  Universal  Church,  issued  since  and  transmitted  by  the 
Catholic  Press  Association,  he  says : 

"Our  soul  is  torn  with  bitterest  sorrow  for  the  life  of  so  many 
beloved  people  involved.  We  feel  that  this  terrible  and  widespread 
conflict  demands  our  paternal  love  and  apostolic  ministry,  that  we 
cause  men's  minds  to  be  raised  to  Him  from  whom  alone  help  can 
come — Christ,  the  Prince  of  Peace,  the  most  potent  mediator  for 
men  before  God.  Wherefore  we  exhort  Catholics  the  world  over 
to  hasten  to  the  throne  of  grace  and  mercy.  First  of  all,  as  an 
example,  let  all  the  clergy,  under  the  direction  of  their  bishops,  offer 
public  prayers  in  their  respective  parishes,  that  God  may  take 
pity  and  remove,  as  soon  as  possible,  the  fearful  tortures  of  war 
and  mercifully  inspire  the  rulers  of  the  earth  to  thoughts  of 
peace." 

It  is  too  early  to  comment  on  the  causes  of  the  war. 
and  it  would  be  entirely  useless  to  speculate  with  regard 
to  its  probable  outcome.  So  much  unfortunately  seems 
certain:  With  all  Europe  aflame,  religion  is  sure  to  suffer. 
The    Chicago   New   World   pertinently    recalls   the   alleged 

481 


482  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

prophecy  of  St.  Malachy,  according-  to  which  the  successor 
of  the  "Ignis  Ardens"  is  to  look  upon  a  "despoiled  religion" 
^Religio  Depopulata). 

The  Situation  in  Mexico 

While  the  Mexican  imbroglio  seems  likely  to  be  disen- 
tangled without  the  armed  intervention  of  this  country, 
the  prospects  of  the  Church  in  that  unfortunate  country  are 
anvthing  hut  reassuring.  We  could  not  express  our  own 
opinion  of  the  situation  more  tersely  than  is  done  in  the 
subjoined  clipping  from  Vol.  79.  Xo.  6,  of  our  esteemed 
contemporary,  the  "Ave  Maria": 

''The  more  one  reads  of  the  first-hand  testimony  of  credible 
and  authoritative  witnesses,  the  more  settled  becomes  one's  con- 
viction that,  whoever  wins  the  political  victory  that  is  to  succeed 
the  cessation  of  active  warfare,  the  Catholics  of  Mexico  are  likely 
to  be  persecuted  anew.  Such  military  and  political  leaders  as  loom 
large  in  that  distressful  republic,  are  apparently  inoculated  with 
the  anti-Catholic  virus,  and  peace  itself  will  scarcely  spell  happi- 
ness for  the  rank  and  file  of  the  citizens.  Mexico  needs,  and  should 
receive,  the  assistance  of  the  prayers  of  the  Catholic  world." 

A  Catholic  "Home  University" 

The  Denver  Catholic  Register  lias  lately  been  pleading  for 
some  sort  of  Catholic  home  university  or  correspondence  school 
for  the  instruction  of  those  who  are  desirous  of  acquiring  a 
systematic  knowledge  of  the  Catholic  religion  but  lack  the 
opportunity.  The  editors  of  the  Catholic  Encyclopedia 
have  seized  upon  the  idea  and  inform  the  public  that  they 
expect  to  establish  "a  Catholic  Home  University"  as  soon 
as  the  number  of  subscribers  to  that  excellent  reference 
work  reaches  50,000 — which  will  probably  not  be  long,  as 
the  Knights  of  Columbus  have  undertaken  to  circulate  a 
very  considerable  number  of  sets  of  the  Encyclopedia  at  a 
greatly  reduced  price  liberally  granted  by  the  publishers. 

This  "Home  University"  will  use  the  Catholic  Encyclo- 
pedia as  its  main  text  and  will  be  conducted  along  the  lines 
of  the  usual  correspondence  school. 

"Courses  of  study  in  science,  art,  religion,  and  history  will  be 
provided    in    manuals   especially   prepared    f'>r   this   work   by   the 

erudite   contributors    to    the    Encyclopedia.      A    correspondence    bn 

reau  will  direct  the  use  of  these  manuals  ami  answer  questions, 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  483 

Lectures  will  supplement  the  manuals  and  correspondence,  and 
gradually  an  entire  body  of  literature  will  be  developed  by  this 
movement,  covering  every  field  of  human  interest  and  endeavor. 
All  that  the  intelligent  man  or  woman  should  know,  not  only  of 
the  learning  that  is  more  commonly  regarded  as  proper  for  the 
clergy,  but  also  of  that  which  appeals  to  the  average  man  or 
woman — history,  art,  science,  philosophy,  literature,  education, 
social  science — all  come  within  the  scope  of  this  university,  as 
well  as  current  events,  and  questions  of  the  day  with  which  every 
one  is  concerned — none  more  so  than  Catholics." 

We  hope,  with  the  Catholic  Register,  that  the  con- 
ductors of  the  new  "Home  University"  will  also  regularly 
examine  their  students  and  reduce  the  study  to  a  system, 
as  is  done  by  the  International  and  other  correspondence 
schools  flourishing-  in  this  country. 


Freemasonry's  Hatred  of  the  Church 

A  correspondent  to  the  Southern  Messenger  calls  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  the  late  James  D.  Richardson,  Sov- 
ereign Grand  Inspector  General  of  the  Scottish  Rite 
Masons  of  the  Southern  Jurisdiction,  who  died  at  Murfrees- 
boro,  Tenn.,  July  24,  was  "anti-Catholic,  and  in  his  last 
address  to  the  lodges  urged  them  to  renewed  hostility 
towards  the  Catholic  Church." 

We  are  in  a  position  to  substantiate  this  latter  charge 
from  the  published  "Extracts  from  the  Allocution  of  the 
Hon.  James  D.  Richardson,  Sow'.  Grand  Commander  of  the 
Supreme  Council,  33°,  of  the  A.".  &  A.'.  S.\  R.'.  of  Freema- 
sonry, Southern  Jurisdiction,  U.  S.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
October,  1913."    We  quote  : 

"Masonry  has  set  its  face  against  that  bold  declaration  from 
Rome,  'that  America  shall  be  made  Catholic'"  (p.  6).  The  Roman 
Church  "is  not  purely  a  church  limiting  itself  to  spiritual  purpose> 
and  means,  but  is  a  political  as  well  as  a  religious  organization, 
interfering  with  the  political  affairs  of  the  country,  and  assuming 
to  dictate  the  political  action  of  its  members,  what  political  opinion 
they  shall  entertain  and  how  they  shall  vote  on  political  questions" 
(p.  7).  "The  [Masonic]  Order  has  grown  everywhere  despite  the 
brutal  bulls  emanating  from  the  Vatican.  In  our  Republic  the 
membership  is  increased  until  in  the  symbolic  or  Blue  Lodges  of 
Masonry  there  are  now  nearly  a  million  and  a  half  members,  nearly 
two   hundred   thousand,  of  whom   are   enrolled   in    the    Ancient   and 


4S4  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Accepted  Scottish  Rite.  This  grand  army  of  our  Republic,  to- 
gether with  the  united  membership  of  every  Protestant  church, 
and  all  patriotic  Americans  without  regard  to  creed  or  society,  are 
by  common  consent  firmb/  and  resolutely  arrayed,  as  one  band 
of  brothers,  against  the  avowed  purposes  of  the  Hierarchy  of  Rome 
to  make  America  Catholic,  and  in  resistance  to  the  declaration  of 
the  present  Pope  Pius  X  in  his  efforts  to  enforce  what  he  says 
is  the  duty  of  all  Catholics,  that  is,  to  bend  every  energy,  'public, 
social  and  political,'  toward  making  America  'the  first  Catholic 
nation  in  the  world.'  We  have  the  right  to  summon,  not  only 
everj-  Scottish  Rite  Mason,  but  every  Protestant  in  religion,  every 
true  patriot  and  lover  of  his  country,  .  .  .  who  places  the  Con- 
stitution .  .  .  above  and  paramount  to  the  dogmatic  and  some- 
times cruel  and  bloody  edicts  and  bulls  of  the  Papacy,  to  resist 
to  the  utmost  the  aggressiveness  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.'' 

(pp.  H-12.) 

■♦•♦.♦. 

The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith 

The  annual  report  of  "The  Society  for  the  Propagation 
of  the  Faith,"  published  by  the  National  American  Office  of 
the  Society  (627  Lexington  Avenue,  New  York  City),  shows 
a  gratifying  increase  in  gifts  devoted  to  the  mission  cause 
in  the  United  States,  of  $73,543.72  over  the  preceding  year. 

The  total  amount  collected  by  the  society  in  1913  is 
$1,622,996.61.  France,  as  usual,  leads  the  Catholic  world  in 
its  contribution  to  the  cause,  having  given  $590,191.87.  The 
other  countries  that  contributed  the  largest  amounts  come 
in  the  following  order: 

United  States  $440,004.31 

Germany  201,457.19 

Belgium  „ 72,676.77 

Italy  59.363.79 

Argentine   50,615.46 

Spain  33,044.33 

Ireland   28,405.13 

Switzerland  19,652.10 

Chili  16,943.86 

England  16,772.35 

The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith  is  far  from 
being  exclusively  interested  in  foreign  missions,  for  it 
extensively  helps  our  home  missions,  which  last  year  re- 
reived  over  $90,000. 

It   i-  gratifying  to  note  that   the  total  expenses  of  the 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  485 

American  branch  office  of  the  society  amounted  to  less  than 
5%  of  the  gross  receipts. 

This  expenditure  includes  absolutely  all  the  outlay  occa- 
sioned by  the  carrying  on  of  the  work,  viz. : 

1.  The  salaries  of  two  directors  and  nine  assistants  or  helpers; 

2.  Office  rent; 

3.  Office  expenses  (stationery,  postage,  expressage,  furniture); 

4.  The  printing  of  literature  for  advertising  and  organizing  of 
the  work  (423,000  pieces  of  literature  were  distributed  in  1913); 

5.  The  publishing  and  mailing  of  two  magazines:  "The 
Annals  of  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith"  and  "Catholic  Missions," 
whose  aggregate  circulation  amounted  to  352,000  copies  in  1913; 

6.  The  expenses  of  trips  made  in  the  interest  of  the  work. 

The  Catholic  Extension  Society  might  profit  by  a  careful 
study  of  the  administration  methods  of  the  Society  for  the 
Propagation  of  the  Faith.  And  it  is  further  to  be  hoped 
that  the  ill-considered  centralization  scheme  broached  at 
the  Boston  Missionary  Congress,  and  criticised  at  the  time 
in  a  much-remarked  contribution  to  this  Review,  will  be 
promptly  relinquished. 

Important  Discoveries  at  Antioch 

Sir  William  M.  Ramsay,  the  archeologist,  one  of  the 
foremost  authorities  on  the  travels  of  St.  Paul  and  the 
archeological  aspects  of  early  Christianity,  has  written  a 
letter  to  an  American  friend,  in  which  he  announces  some 
important  discoveries.     We  quote  : 

"We  have  found  what  I  was  in  search  of,  viz.,  the  Forum  of 
Antioch  in  Pisidia.  It  remains  to  be  excavated,  but  we  have  done 
enough  to  discover  that  it  still  is  (apart  'from  the  effects  of  ruin 
and  decay)  very  much  as  it  was  when  St.  Paul  walked  through  it. 
It  was  put  into  its  proper  and  complete  form  about  14  to  18  A.  D.. 
and  retains  that  form  amid  its  ruins.  No  later  change  of  any  con- 
sequence was  made  in  it.  There  is  practically  nothing  similar 
known  in  Corinth  or  Athens .  or  Ephesus,  compared  with  this 
Antiochian  Forum.  An  inscription  of  great  length,  a  sort  of  review 
of  the  life  and  exploits  of  Augustus,  was  engraved  on  the  balustrade 
of  the  great  staircase,  sixty-six  feet  broad,  which  ascended  to  the 
Forum  from  the  lower  town.  A  large  church  (probably  the  Church 
of  St.  Paul)  stood  at  the  lower  end  of  the  street  that  leads  up  to 
this  stairs  and  to  the  Forum.  There  is  now  no  doubt  that  Antioch 
is  the  place  whence  further  light  on  early  Christian  history  is  to  be 
expected.       It    has    already    given    us    the    two    Quirinus    inscriptions; 


486  THE  FORTNIGHT! A'  REVIEW  1914 

and  the  definite  answer  to  man)'  questions  of  Pauline  history  and 
about  the  Acts  and  the  Epistles,  is  to  be  found  in  further  excava- 
tion. This  is  the  one  place  which  holds  out  hope,  and  here  we  have 
an  almost  complete  certainty  that  further  knowledge  will  be  dis- 
covered." 

-♦--••-♦- 

Latin  Songs 

That  Latin  is  still,  to  a  certain  extent,  a  living  language, 
even  among  non-Catholics  in  this  country,  is  shown  by  the 
recent  publication,  by  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  New  York,  of 
a  volume  entitled  ''Latin  Songs."  compiled  by  C.  S.  Brown. 

Here  are  nursery  rhymes,  such  as  "Twinkle,  Twinkle, 
Little  Star."  translations  of  popular  English  and  German 
lyrics,  such  as  Longfellow's  "Psalm  of  Life,"  "God  Save 
the  King,"  "The  Watch  on  the  Rhine"  ;  odes  by  Catullus 
and  Horace,  and  by  post-classical  Christian  poets  of  the 
fourth  century  and  later;  medieval  church  hymns,  such  as 
"Stabat  Mater"  and  "Yeni  Creator" ;  convivial  and  folk 
songs,  Christmas  carols,  and  Latin  songs  of  the  great 
English  schools.  All  are  set  to  music  ;  eleven  pages  of  it 
accompany  Horace's  ode  "To  Chloe."  Those  whom  Latin 
has  introduced  to  Greek  are  not  forgotten  :  "The  Lorelei" 
is  given  in  German,  Latin,  and  Greek;  "The  Good  Com- 
rade," in  German  and  Greek;  "The  Rose  in  the  Meadow." 
in  Latin  and  Greek.  So  with  Catullus'  ode  "To  Lesbia" ;  it 
is  given  its  original  Greek,  as  penned  by  love-sick  Sappho, 
six  centuries  before  him. 

A  Cipher  in  Virgil's  "Christian  Pastorals" 

There  is  something  Christian  in  the  spirit  of  Virgil's 
pastorals.  Intuition,  no  less  than  the  allegorical  method, 
led  the  Church  Fathers  to  find  in  the  mysterious  prophecy 
of  the  fourth  Eclogue  something  akin  to  the  Jewish  hope 
and  the  Christian  belief  in  the  coming  of  the  Messiah.  That 
Virgil  knew  the  book  of  Isaiah  at  first  or  second  hand  is  a 
perfectly  possible,  but  by  no  means  necessary,  supposition; 
we  do  not  need  it  to  account  for  the  tender,  brooding  mys- 
ticism of  the  poem  and  it^  Messianic  prospect  of  better 
things  to  come.  There  we  had  better  let  the  matter  rest. 
Xot  so  Mr.  Vincent  A.  Fitz  Simon,  M.D.,  who,  in  "The  Ten 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  4*7 

Christian  Pastorals  of  Virgil"  (Little  &  Ives),  finds  mean- 
ings that  put  the  primitive  exegesis  of  a  Lactantius  or  a 
Fulgentius  to  the  blush.  The  clue  is  a  cipher,  which  we 
do  not  pretend  to  have  mastered.  A  table  of  "allotrops" 
shows  how,  by  the  substitution  of  one  letter  for  another, 
the  word  locus,  for  instance,  by  '"straight  reading  gives 
rogus,  varus,  occus,  bolus,  palus,  fucus,  cocus,  gurus,  lucus," 
etc.,  while  "transposition  gives  pasco,  posco,  equus,  uulus, 
lator,  pluma,  turba,  credo,"  etc. 

It  would  be  a  dull  wit  that  could  not,  with  such  help,  find 
all  the  articles  of  the  Christian  faith  in  the  Eclogues,  or, 
indeed,  in  any  pagan  work.  The  author  discovered  his 
cipher  in  Hesiod,  corroborated  it  in  Homer,  and  promises 
soon  "The  Christian  Odes  of  Horace."  We  are  not  sur- 
prised that  the  Scholiasts  and  the  Schoolmen  knew  the  art, 
or  that  the  writer  of  "Shakespeare's  Plays"  practiced  it  in 
his  works. 


THE   CASE    OF    PAUL    VON    HOENSBROECH,    EX- 
JESUIT 

It  is  now  nearly  twenty-two  years  since  Count  Paul  von 
Hoensbroech  left  the  Jesuit  order,  of  which  he  had  been  a 
member  for  fourteen  years.  During  this  long  period  he  has 
become  an  unfortunate  celebrity,  mainly  through  his  un- 
ceasing attacks  not  only  upon  the  Society  of  Jesus,  but 
upon  the  Catholic  Church  and  her  institutions.  His  writings 
against  the  society  and  the  Church  have  been  so  numerous 
that  he  himself  boastfully  asserts,  "an  enumeration  of  my 
writings  would  be  too  extensive." 

A  remarkable  fact  concerning  these  onslaughts  upon 
men  who  were  once  his  brothers  and  with  whom  he  shared 
the  same  religious  observance,  is  that  those  attacked  con- 
sistently maintained  a  charitable  silence.  Even  friends  of 
the  Jesuits  found  it  strange  that  in  face  of  Hoensbroech's 
obvious  perversions  of  facts  and  malicious  misinterpreta- 
tions of  Jesuit  rules  and  practices,  the  members  of  the  order 
should  not  have  taken  up  the  cudgels  in  their  own  defense. 
This  has  now  been  done  by  one  who  was  a  member  of  the 
same    communities  in   which    Hoensbroech    lived — Father 


488  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Robert  v.  Nostitz-Rieneck,  S.J.,  in  a  brochure  entitled,  "Count 
Paul  von  Hoensbroech's  Flight  from  the  Church  and  His 
Order."* 

It  will  be  best  to  leave  Father  von  Nostitz-Rieneck  tell 
in  his  own  words  what  led  to  the  writing  of  this  "apologia" 
for  his  order.  He  says:  "There  is  nothing  in  the  least 
revengeful  in  the  title  of  this  book.  For  Count  von  Hoens- 
broech  himself  speaks  of  his  'flight'  from  the  order.  .  .  . 
More  than  twenty  years  have  since  elapsed.  In  these  two 
decades  Yon  Hoensbroech  has  waged  a  bitter,  unceasing 
war  against  the  order  and  the  Church  by  many  writings 
and  innumerable  addresses.  The  Jesuits  have  maintained 
an  unbroken  silence  towards  their  quondam  brother,  and 
have  met  none  of  his  productions  with  a  reply.  They  have 
thereby,  without  doubt,  served  the  cause  of  religious  peace." 

To  show  the  viciousness  of  Hoensbroech's  attack — a 
viciousness,  which  even  those  who  know  little  or  nothing 
about  "novitiate-life"  can  easily  detect — the  ex-Jesuit  says 
that  in  the  ascetic  training  of  the  order  the  Gospel  "plays 
practically  no  part."  What  a  malicious  accusation  against 
a  system  of  spiritual  upbringing,  the  very  life  and  spirit  of 
which  are  directly  drawn   from  the  Gospels ! 

The  first  two  chapters  of  Fr.  von  Nostitz-Rieneck's 
brochure  present  an  eloquent  apology  for  the  perennial  truth 
and  beauty  of  the  Catholic  "Weltanschauung,"  showing 
how  the  Christian  conception  of  life  stands  solid  and  strong, 
no  matter  from  what  standpoint  it  be  analyzed  or  attacked. 
There  may  be  occasional  shadows  flitting  across  the  bright 
light  of  the  Catholic's  faith,  but  such  trials  cannot  rob  the 
believing  mind  of  an  abiding  trust  in  God,  and  of  the  peace 
that  springs  from  hope  in  His  eternal  word.  Nor  can  the 
achievements  of  historic  criticism  prevail  against  the  eternal 
verity  of  Catholic  belief.  But  Count  Hoensbroech  alleges 
that  within  him  there  went  on  a  struggle  between  "better 
insight,"  which  gradually  came  to  him,  and  loyalty  to 
former  ideals,  and  that  he  capitulated  at  last  to  the  deeper 
knowledge.  One  might  therefore  believe  that  intellectual 
honesty    impelled    him    to    leave    the    Church.      In    this    case 


•■'Or.-if  I'.iul   von    1 1"<  n    Inn' .  h's   Kluclit   ;ms   Kirche  un<i  Orden:    was 
er  eerllflM  und  verlor."    1  r»  1 .1 .    .ins.   KflsH.   Kempten  :m«i  Munich.    65  cts. 


XXI  16  TiiE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  489 

those  interested  in  Count  von  Hoensbroech  would  be  desir- 
ous of  knowing  why  the  foundations  of  faith  no  lunger 
seemed  firm  to  him,  why  another  attitude  towards  his 
former  creed  seemed  preferable,  and  especially  what  was 
the  crushing  evidence  that  the  Catholic  faith  consists  of 
empty  formulas. 

To  all  these  legitimate  questions  no  answer  is  given. 
Hoensbroech  has  much  to  say  "about  his  moods  and  his 
personal  antipathies.  These  self-revelations  are  richly  sup- 
plemented by  anecdotes  and  small  talk."  According  to 
Hoensbroech's  confessions,  his  religious  doubts  increased 
greatly  during  his  course  in  theology.  These  years  were 
spent  at  the  scholasticate  of  the  Jesuits  at  Ditton  Hall, 
England.  He  describes  his  stay  there  as  a  veritable  hell 
("ausere  und  innere  Holle").  No  one,  says  Fr.  von  Nostitz- 
Rieneck,  "will  look  upon  the  disposition  betrayed  by  such 
a  confession  as  a  fit  one  for  the  pursuit  of  theological 
studies.  Such  a  heavy  strain  on  the  emotional  life  would 
rather  check  than  promote  love  for  theological  learning." 

Father  von  Nostitz-Rieneck  made  his  course  at  the  same 
place  and  under  the  same  superior,  and  examines  some  of 
Hoensbroech's  statements.  Hoensbroech  complained  of  the 
place  as  a  wretched  one  on  account  of  its  location  in  the 
vicinity  of  chemical  shops.  Poisonous  vapors  and  odors 
and  an  atmosphere  blackened  by  the  smoke  of  the  factories 
surrounded  him.  On  walks  he  could  see  only  the  miseries 
of  factory  life,  etc.  But  other  students  thought  that  pre- 
cisely this  facility  of  noting  the  dark  features  of  modern 
industrial  life,  at  close  range,  was  a  splendid  preparation 
for  an  apostolic  career;  the  feeling  of  fellowship  with  the 
poor  working  classes,  they  regarded  as  a  blessing  and  a 
salutary  lesson  in  bearing  patiently  their  own  burdens. 
Moreover,  says  Fr.  von  Nostitz-Rieneck,  "between  the 
chemical  factories  and  a  diminished  faith  there  is  no  nexus 
whatever ;  but  there  is  indeed  a  psychologic  nexus  between 
a  moody  feeling,  as  if  in  hell,  and  a  morose  attitude  toward 
one's  surroundings,  coupled  with  disgust  for  the  bonds 
attaching  one  to  them."  And  what  about  the  "inner  hell" 
for    which    painful    state     "the    Jesuit     Wiedenmann,"    his 


490  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

superior,  is  accused  of  being"  responsible?  The  latter  is 
characterized  by  Hoensbroech  as  "talkative,  small,  vengeful, 
suspicious,  proud,  cunning,  false  through  and  through — he 
had  all  the  qualities  of  a  superior  apt  to  make  life  a  torture 
to  his  subjects."  Fr.  von  Nostitz-Rieneck's  estimate  of 
Wiedenmann  differs  toto  coclo  from  Hoensbroech's :  "Easy 
of  access,  large-minded,  of  noble  disposition,  extremely  be- 
nignant, sympathetic,  yes,  very  sympathetic,  Wiedenmann 
possessed  all  the  qualities  apt  to  render  the  life  of  his  sub- 
jects agreeable.  Thus  he  appeared  at  the  time  to  me  and 
to  my  brethren  of  the  order;  thus  the  dear  departed  one 
remains  in  my  memory.  This  is  my  testimony  concerning 
him." 

It  is  not  hard  to  determine  what  value  to  give  to  the 
passionate  utterances  of  a  man  who,  after  leaving  the  com- 
munity of  which  he  had  been  a  member,  could  go  so  far  as 
to  besmirch  the  memory  of  men  who  were  universally 
recognized  as  models  of  priestly  virtue  and  character.  But 
Hoensbroech  was  not  content  with  pouring  the  vials  of  his 
wrath  upon  his  former  brethren  in  one  or  two  passing 
sentences.  He  goes  on :  "The  Jesuit  Nix  I  hate ;  the 
Jesuit  Wiedenmann  does  not  merit  this  sentiment  on  ac- 
count of  his  pitiable  smallness  and  nothingness;  he  deserves 
contempt." 

"A  sad  outbreak  of  wild  passion  which  judges  itself," 
rightly  comments  Father  von  Nostitz-Rieneck.  "My  brethren 
may  have  been  right  when  they  thought  that  no  answer 
is  the  best  reply  to  such  utterances.  What  then,  in  reality, 
is  that  hell,  after  we  have  undertaken  the  painful  task  of 
examination?  It  is  a  superior  who  is  regarded  with  aver- 
sion. What  has  this  to  do  with  the  foundation  of  faith? 
Why,  nothing  at  all.  If  a  man  were  to  become  an  anarchist 
because  his  superior  seems  ill-disposed  towards  him,  would 
this  be  a  change  of  faith  owing  to  better  insight,  or  rather 
to  unrestrained  feeling?  If  everyone  to  whom  a  superior 
seems  unfriendly  were  to  turn  anarchist,  the  entire  public 
service  would,  no  doubt,  speedily  go  to  rack  and  ruin." 

There  are  still  other  "reasons"  which  are  alleged  by 
Hoensbroech  to  have  paved  the  way  to  his  leaving  the 


XXI   16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  491 

order.  The  dogma  of  the  Eucharist  became  a  stumbling- 
block  to  him  because  it  is  a  "mystery."  He  distinguishes 
between  simple  faith  and  the  "terror  of  dogma."  Of  the 
simple  faith  he  rightly  says  that  "it  transfigures  the  life  of 
the  Catholic  Christian."  For  the  dogma  he  finds  hard 
words:  "brutal,  ethically-perverse,  coarsely-sensuous,  allied 
to  anthropophagy,"  etc.  But  all  his  efforts  to  cast  a  slur 
upon  the  dogma  by  such  polemics  are  vain.  "Simple  faith" 
and  dogma  do  not  thereby  become  different  things.  For 
it  is  precisely  simple  faith  which  believes,  rejoices,  and 
finds  spiritual  strength  and  uplift  in  dogma. 

We  are  also  told  in  the  Count's  Autobiography  of  other 
factors  in  his  process  of  emancipation.  Among  them  must 
be  counted  a  period  of  study  at  Brussels  and  Berlin.  At 
the  former  place  he  pretended  to  have  found  for  the  first 
time  books  which  "judged  the  Church  and  the  papacy  from 
a  rigidly  scientific  point  of  view."  He  contends  that  these 
volumes  enlightened  him.  "One  knows  not,"  comments 
Father  von  Nostitz-Rieneck  on  this  strange  confession,  "for 
what  children  this  is  written.  Count  von  Hoensbroech  had 
studied  Civil  and  Canon  Law  at  German  universities  and 
asks  himself  at  the  age  of  38:  'What!  the  history  of  the 
popes  also  contains  dark  pages?  The  papacy  can  be  judged 
not  only  from  a  Catholic,  but  also  from  a  Protestant  view- 
point? What  an  unforeseen  revelation!'  But  could  not 
the  Count  Jiave  informed  himself  on  these  dark  pages  from 
standard  Catholic  works,  like  those  of  Hergenrother  and 
Baronius?  Then  Berlin  is  said  to  be  very  much  responsible 
for  his  breaking  with  the  Church.  Harnack  and  Paulsen 
were  not  so  much  to  blame — but  Treitschke  was  the 
stumbling-block.  Some  ten  or  twelve  lectures  in  which 
that  German  savant  mainly  stormed  against  all  things 
'Roman,'  are  credited  by  the  Count  with  having  made 
large  breaches  in  his  waning  faith.  But  of  still  more 
decided  influence  than  Treitschke's  twelve  lectures,  was 
private  study.  'Ranke  and  Gregorovius  exposed  the 
papacy.'  Ranke !  this  sounds  strange.  It  would  have  been 
advisable  to  read  Macaulay's  classic  essay  on  Ranke's 
History  of  the  Popes.    Gregorovius  !    Mommsen's  judgment 


492  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

on  Gregorovius  should  not  have  been  overlooked." 

Thus  our  critic  riddles  the  strange  assertions  in  which 
Hoensbroech's  works  abound.  He  shows  the  utter  incon- 
sistencies of  Hoensbroech's  reasonings  with  the  opinions 
expressed  by  him  when  still  a  member  of  the  Church,  and 
how  the  attempts  at  explanation  make  his  sad  plight  all 
the  more  pitiful,  and  his  abandonment  of  Mother  Church 
all  the  more  inexplicable.  How  account,  moreover,  for  his 
contradictory  views  concerning  the  order  he  abandoned? 
Shortly  after  leaving  the  society,  Hoensbroech  wrote :  "The 
Jesuit  Order  is  a  wonderfully  splendid  institution ;  an  organ- 
ism of  marvelous  unity,  vitality,  and  many-sided  activity; 
its  aims  are  the  most  comprehensive,  and  because  directed 
by  the  aims  of  Christianity  itself,  they  are  the  noblest,  the 
loftiest,  and  worthy  of  enthusiasm  and  praise."  But  now 
he  writes :  "The  spirit  of  the  Jesuit  Order  is  the  spirit  of 
domination,  the  spirit  of  deceit  and  falsehood,  boundless 
self-seeking,  the  spirit  of  avarice  for  the  wealth  and  pos- 
sessions of  men,  and  yet  more  for  the  control  of  their 
freedom  and  independence,  the  spirit  of  unreligion  and  of 
antagonism  to  Christianity." 

It  is  apparent  from  these  remarks  that  Hoensbroech 
deserves  pity  rather  than  reproach,  prayers  more  than 
reprehension.  May  the  prayers  of  his  former  friends  prove 
helpful  to  him !  Fr.  von  Nostitz-Rieneck's  booklet  is  an 
interesting  study  of  the  typical  career  of  those  who  have 
turned  away  from  the  faith  which  was  theirs  when  their 
hearts  had  not  yet  been  drawn  into  the  devious  paths  of 
pride  and  error.  But  it  is  also,  though  only  incidentally,  an 
eloquent  apology  for  the  Church  which  continues  her 
beneficent  career  unmindful  of  the  persecution  of  nations 
and  the  defection  of  individuals,  leading  those  of  good  will 
to  the  peace  and  certainty  that  she  alone  bestows  upon  all 
those  who  faithfully  put  their  trust  in  her. 


"Sam,  I  understand  there's  a  schism  in  your  church," 
-aid  the  jocular  man  to  his  colored  servant. 

"Kain't  be,  less'n  somebody  done  made  us  a  present  of 
it,  'cause  we  done  spent  all  onah  money  fob  a  new  ohgan." 


XXI   16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  493 

CATHOLIC  PRESS  ACTIVITY  IN  SPAIN 

It  is  gratifying-  to  learn  of  the  splendid  social  activity 
of  our  Spanish  brethren  at  a  time  when  we  hear  so  much 
of  the  persecution  of  the  Church  in  that  country  by  Socialists 
and  members  of  secret  societies.  In  some  phases  of  Catholic 
social  work  Spain  can  compare  favorably  even  with  Ger- 
many, where  Catholic  social  work  is  so  well  organized.  The 
Spanish  bishops  show  a  keen  and  intelligent  interest  in  all 
movements  for  Christian  social  reform.  In  many  dioceses 
they  have  inculcated  upon  seminarians  the  necessity  of  the 
study  of  sociology  in  connection  with  their  theological 
studies. 

One  of  the  proofs  of  this  new  impetus  given  to  social 
study  and  social  activity,  under  the  encouragement  of 
ecclesiastical  authority,  is  the  new  life  and  vigor  that  has 
been  infused  into  most  diocesan  papers  and  the  journals 
issued  by  theological  schools.  One  of  the  latter  is  the  well- 
edited  journal  "Ora  et  Labora,"  the  organ  of  the  "Section 
of  Propaganda"  of  the  Seminary  of  Seville.  This  is  a  monthly 
review,  and  is  now  in  its  eighth  year.  Its  field  of  activity  is 
stated  to  be  catechetical  instruction,  social  activity,  and  the 
encouragement  of  good  reading.  Each  number  contains  a 
"pagina  catequistica." 

The  managers  of  this  paper  give  an  account  of  the  methods 
by  which  they  develop  skill  in  writing,  the  "journalistic  in- 
stinct," and  a  facility  in  presenting  results  of  study  and  investi- 
gation in  practical  articles.  They  have  instituted  an  "Academia 
Periodistica,"  whose  members  receive  weekly  instruction  in 
such  timely  subjects  as  "How  to  write  for  the  press,"  "The 
making  of  a  newspaper,"  etc.  Each  of  the  ten  members,  of 
which  the  academy  is  composed,  receives  a  topic  for  investiga- 
tion. One  of  the  principal  rules  of  the  academy  is  that  "no 
student  is  to  attend  the  'Certamen  Semanal'  (weekly  literary 
contest)  empty-handed."  He  must  come  with  a  short  prac- 
tical paper.  "Ora  et  Labora"  also  contains  essays,  short  stories, 
sketches,  and  practical  hints  for  those  who  wish  to  devote 
themselves  to  some  line  of  social  service.     There  is  no  doubt 


494  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

that  this  paper  will  do  much  to  prepare  efficient  writers  from 
ihc  ranks  of  the  seminarians. 

Another  evidence  of  the  activity  of  the  directors  of  "Ora  et 
Lahora"  in  the  cause  of  Catholic  social  reform  is  the  ''Almanac 
of  the  Catholic  Press,"  which  contains  practical  suggestions 
for  priests  and  laymen ;  in  fact,  for  all  who  are  taking  part 
in  the  social  apostolate.  Resides  the  usual  features  of  a  well- 
edited  Catholic  almanac  there  are  others  hearing-  more  directly 
upon  the  scope  of  "Ora  et  Labora" — Catholic  social  activity. 
There  is,  in  the  first  place,  an  account  of  the  social  work 
directed  by  this  journal,  a  description  of  its  methods  in  arous- 
ing the  social  sense  among  the  people  of  Spain,  and  an  outline 
of  what  it  has  done  in  this  respect  by  means  of  its  special 
leaflets  and  brochures.  The  Almanac  contains  also  the 
"Trabajos  Premiados"  (prize  essays)  written  by  seminary 
students  for  a  literary  contest  open  to  the  students  of  all 
Spanish  seminaries. 

A  most  interesting  and  timely  section  is  the  one  devoted 
to  the  Catholic  press.  Here  we  see  what  excellent  results  have 
been  achieved  through  the  "Association  of  the  Good  Press," 
founded  at  Seville  in  1899.  In  order  to  further  this  work  it 
has  been  proposed  to  establish  a  central  office,  similar  to  that 
existing  at  Paris,  whence  periodicals,  books,  and  reviews  are 
to  be  issued.  This  section  is  followed  by  another  still  more 
interesting,  containing  a  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  entire 
Catholic  press  of  Spain.  There  is  an  alphabetical  classification 
of  all  papers  and  journals,  another  according  to  place  of  pub- 
lication, and  a  third  based  on  the  subject-matter,  i.  e.,  whether 
political,  apologetic,  scientific,  etc. 

From  a  leaflet  published  with  the  Almanac,  we  take  the 
following  data  concerning  the  work  accomplished  by  the 
"Centro  Ora  et  Labora  of  the  Seminary  of  Seville  during  the 
year  1913."  It  printed  the  Almanac  of  the  Catholic  Press,  a 
volume  of  256  pages,  containing  a  catalogue  of  600  Spanish 
Catholic  publications,  and  more  than  1,000  foreign  works. 
It  also  published  special  lists  of  the  titles  and  publishers  of 
Catholic  works,  thus  rendering  an  immense  service  to  the 
cause  of  Catholic  literature.  Tt  founded,  with  episcopal  sanc- 
tion, an  academy  of  writers,  which  holds  weekly  meetings,  and 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  495 

whose  first  essays  were  published  in  the  "Ora  et  Labora." 
During  the  entire  academic  year  it  maintained  a  Central  Bureau 
to  whose  service  more  than  twenty  seminarians  devoted  part 
of  their  time  every  day.  On  the  day  of  St.  Isidore  it  celebrated 
in  the  Assembly  Hall  of  the  Seminary,  the  jubilee  of  the  Catholic 
press,  the  Bishop  of  Lugo  presiding.  Shortly  before  the  sum- 
mer vacations  it  effected  a  reduction  in  subscription  rates  to 
leading  Catholic  magazines  for  the  summer  months.  It  en- 
larged the  scope  of  catechetical  instruction,  introducing  a 
special  "page  for  catechists"  in  the  afore-mentioned  paper, 
and  also  invited  seminarians  from  all  Spain  to  assist  at  the 
Catechetical  Congress  at  Valladolid.  During  the  vacation 
months  it  published,  besides  the  "Ora  et  Labora,"  another 
journal,  "La  Palestra,"  which  contained  the  prize  essays.  Dur- 
ing the  entire  year  it  maintained  relations  with  ninety-five  insti- 
tutions, with  about  1,000  publications,  with  hundreds  of  centers 
of  propaganda,  and  more  than  10,000  individual  workers.  It 
also  had  communication  with  twenty  principal  foreign  centers 
and  with  a  hundred  publications  outside  of  Spain.  Finally 
it  obtained  a  large  success  by  means  of  its  "Sixth  Contest  in 
Composition.''  The  subjects  proposed  were  forty  in  number 
(journalistic,  catechetical,  scientific,  literary,  and  social)  ;  one 
hundred  prizes  were  offered ;  645  essays  were  presented,  206 
more  than  in  the  preceding  year. 

This  outline  of  the  social  activity  of  our  Catholic  brethren 
in  Spain  not  only  shows  us  that  the  ancient  Faith  of  that  country 
is  producing  work  for  the  glory  of  the  Church  and  the  uplift 
of  the  people ;  it  also  teaches  what  large  results  can  be  ac- 
complished by  means  of  unity,  mutual  good  will,  and  system — 
three  factors  which,  if  always  accompanying  our  efforts  for 
social  amelioration,  would  invariably  achieve  similar  success. 

ALr.F.RT  Muntsch.  S.J. 


A  curious  dictum  of  Ruskin  is  recorded  in  the  recently 
published  Reminiscences  of  Mr.  Henry  Holiday.  Ruskin 
declined  to  reissue  his  volume  "Sheepfolds"  on  account  of  the 
religious  views  expressed  therein.  "The  fact  is."  he  said.  "I 
was  brought  up  to  the  Protestant  faith,  and  consequently  knew 
nothing  whatever  about  Christianity." 


496  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

THE  FABLE  OF  THE  FEMALE  POPE 

Tn  the  May  issue  of  "The  Month"  (No.  599)  Father  Her- 
bert Thurston,  S.J.,  gives  a  summary  of  an  article  on  Pope 
Joan  from  the  "Dictionnaire  Apologetique  de  la  Foi  Catho- 
lique."  The  article  is  by  the  Abbe  F.  Vernet,  Professor  in  the 
Catholic  University  of  Lyons,  who.  Fr.  Thurston  says,  "has 
skilfully  put  the  coping-  stone  upon  a  famous  essay  of  Dollin- 
ger,  once  the  last  word  of  historical  criticism,  but  now  some- 
what out  of  date." 

The  fable  of  the  female  Pope  is  traced  to  seven  sources : 
(1)  the  "Liber  Pontificalis,"  into  which  the  story  has  been 
interpellated  (see  Duchesne,  "Lib.  Pont."  ii,  p.  xxvi)  ;  (2) 
the  Chronicle  of  Marianus  Scotus.  about  1080,  the  genuine 
text  of  which  makes  no  reference  to  Joan  (see  "Monumenta 
Germanise  Hist.,"  SS.  v.  p.  550)  ;  (3)  the  Chronicle  of  Sige- 
burt  of  Gembloux.  about  1105,  in  which  the  mention  of  Pope 
Joan,  which  occurs  in  the  cditio  princcps,  can  be  found  in  no 
MS.  (ibid.  vi.  p.  340  n)  ;  (4)  the  Chronicle  of  Otto  of  Freis- 
ingen,  about  1146,  in  regard  to  which  there  is  no  MS.  author- 
ity for  the  reference  to  Pope  Joan  (ibid,  xx,  p.  229)  ;  (5)  one 
relatively  late  MS.  of  the  Chronicle  of  Richard  of  Poitiers, 
apparently  copied  from  Martinus  Polonus.  to  whom  the  wide 
popularity  of  the  fable  in  later  times  is  due;  (6)  Godfrey  of 
Yiterbo,  about  1186,  the  older  MSS.  of  whose  chronicle  con- 
tain no  reference  to  Joan  (ibid,  xxvi,  p.  78)  ;  and  Gervase  of 
Tilbury,  about  1214,  the  late  MSS.  of  whose  chronicle,  which 
alone  contain  the  Joan  entry,  simply  copy  Martinus  Polonus 
(ibid,  xxvii,  pp.  35()  sq.). 

Whence  it  appears  that  the  original  source  of  the  fable  is 
the  contemporary  "Liber  Pontificalis,"  which  is  variously  attrib- 
uted to  Anastasius  Bibliothecarius  or  Pandulphus.  But  al- 
ready I  )r.  Harding,  writing  against  Jewel  in  1565,  pointed  out 
that  "in  the  margin  of  Pandulphus  this  fable  is  put  in  between 
Leo  IV  and  Benedict  III,  written  in  a  hand  far  different  from 
the  old  characters  of  that  ancient  book,  added  by  some  man 
of  later  times."  (Jewel's  Works,  Parker  Society,  vol.  iv,  p. 
64Xj    There  is  only  one  manuscripl  (Vaticanus  3762)  known 


XXI   16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  497 

to  contain  this  insertion,  and  the  page  lias  been  published  in 
facsimile  by  Msgr.  Duchesne  in  his  edition  of  the  "Liber  Pon- 
tificalis,"  vol.  ii,  Preface,  p.  xxiv.  The  addition  consists  merely 
of  a  copy  of  the  fable  as  told  by  Martinns  Polonus  (  Martin  of 
Troppau),  in  his  Chronicle,  which  was  written  about  1250,  or 
nearly  four  hundred  years  after  the  death  of  the  alleged  female 
pope.  It  may  even  be  considered  doubtful  whether  Martin  is 
himself  responsible,  as  the  fable  is  said  not  to  occur  in  the 
manuscripts  of  the  third  and  last  redaction,  which  the  author 
took  in  hand  about  the  year  1268.  "Evidently."  says  Fr. 
Thurston,  "the  element  of  extravagance  and  coarseness  in  the 
Pope  Joan  fable  appealed  to  the  medieval  imagination,  and 
copyists  of  a  later  date,  who  are  troubled  with  few  scruples  on 
the  ground  of  textual  accuracy,  considered  it  a  pity  that  in  any 
general  history  this  spicy  incident  should  not  find  a  place. 
Thus  the  story  makes  its  appearance  in  one  or  more  copies  of 
all  the  following  chronicles  [see  list  above],  though  it  is  practi- 
cally certain  in  each  case  that  the  original  text  contained  no 
reference  to  it." 

More  interesting  than  the  propagation  of  the  fable  is  its 
origin.  The  Abbe  Yernet  finds  the  explanations  hazarded  by 
various  writers  from  the  days  of  Bellarmine  and  Baronius 
down  to  a  recent  article  by  Tomassetti  "quite  extravagant  and 
improbable."  His  own  opinion  is  that,  "in  those  terrible  days 
of  the  tenth  century,  when  under  a  succession  of  popes  who  bore 
the  name  of  John,  from  John  X  to  John  XIII.  the  destinies  of 
Rome  were  really  swayed  by  Theodora,  wife  of  Theophylact, 
and  by  her  two  daughters,  Marozia  and  Theodora,  the  gibe 
must  often  have  been  upon  men's  lips  that  the  real  pope  was  a 
woman."  This,  he  thinks,  "would  alone  have  been  sufficient 
to  give  rise  to  the  myth  of  a  female  pope,"  and  he  finds  con- 
firmation in  the  name  Joan  or  Johanna,  which  is  the  natural 
feminine  of  John,  as  well  as  in  the  fact  that  the  fabulous 
Joan  is  supposed  to  have  been  intruded  between  a  Leo  and  a 
Benedict,  just  as,  at  the  time  of  the  troubled  pontificate  of  John 
XII,  a  Benedict  was  elected  to  succeed  him  on  his  death  in 
964,  while  he  had  previously  been  in  conflict  with  a  Leo 
chosen  at  St.   Peter's  in  a  council  convoked  by  the   Emperor 


49S  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Otho.  (See  Mann,  "Lives  of  the  Popes,"  vol.  iv,  pp.  260  sq.) 
Fr.  Thurston  is  not  satisfied  with  this  explanation.  He 
thinks  "a  more  definite  nucleus  for  the  evolution  of  such  a 
myth  "is  provided  by  the  occurrence  at  an  earlier  date  of  a 
story  that  a  woman  had  been  patriarch  of  Constantinople. 
Stories  of  this  kind  have  always  a  tendency  to  gravitate 
towards  the  centers  of  supreme  interest.  Then,  there  were 
two  familiar  objects  in  Rome  which  gave  the  fable  point  and 
definiteness :  the  statue  of  a  woman  with  a  child  (presumably 
representing  Juno  suckling  Hercules)  which  stood  in  a  narrow 
street  on  the  way  to  the  Lateran,  with  the  letters  P.  P.  P.  P.  P. 
inscribed  on  the  pedestal,  which  were  interpreted  by  the  un- 
scientific antiquaries  of  the  thirteenth  century  as  yielding  the 
hexameter  line : 

Papa  Pater  Patnmi  Papisse  Paiidito  Partum, 

or  something  of  that  sort;  and  the  sedes  stcreorata,  a  marble 
bench  on  which  the  pope  took  his  seat  for  the  first  time  and 
which  was  later  confused  with  two  other  perforated  marble 
seats  also  employed  in  the  ceremony  of  installation  and  which 
had  apparently  at  one  time  been  used  in  an  ancient  Roman 
thermae  or  bathing  establishment. 


SOME   AMERICAN   HISTORIES 

We  students  of  a  generation  ago  had  not  much  choice  when 
we  came  to  study  the  history  of  our  native  country.  The  only 
"standard  works"  on  the  subject  were  those  of  Bancroft  and 
Hildreth.  There  were  some  others  of  worth,  but  none  as  com- 
prehensive or  half  as  well  known.  Iiancroft's  work  ended 
with  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  Hildreth's  with  the 
administration  of  John  Quincy  Adams.  ( )ur  older  readers  know 
that  we  for  one  never  admired  Bancroft.  He  saw  everything 
from  the  point  of  view  of  an  exaggerated  patriotism  and  in  .all 
and  over  all  the  finings  of  American  politicians,  the  directing 
hand  of  Providence.  Hildreth  never  achieved  much  popu- 
larity because  he  was  an  intense  Federalist  and  tended  to 
worship  the  Constitution.      Neither  of  these  historians  looked 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  499 

very  far  beneath  the  surface  of  things.  Hardly  anything  other 
than  the  glory  of  war  and  the  pomp  of  power  was  considered 
worthy  of  notice. 

The  present  generation  have  a  number  of  good  histories 
to  choose  from,  both  general  and  particular.  They  can  begin 
their  study  with  such  admirable  handbooks  as  Albert  Bush- 
nell  Hart's  "Essentials  in  American  History,"  widen  their 
outlook  by  means  of  such  larger  manuals  as  Carl  Russell  Fish's 
"The  Development  of  American  Nationality"  (both  published 
by  the  American  Book  Co.),  then  take  up  Fiske  or  Rhodes 
or  Schouler  or  McMaster  and  the  special  works  of  Park- 
man,  Thwaites,  Eggleston,  Henry  Adams,  Lodge,  Lowry. 
Bandelier,  Tyler,  Foster,  Roosevelt,  and  many  others,  not 
to  speak  of  a  number  of  admirable  "source  books,"  sitch  as 
Hart's  "Contemporaries,"  Levermore's  "Forerunners  and 
Competitors  of  the  Pilgrims  and  Puritans"  (see  this  Re- 
view, Vol.  21,  No.  6,  p.  187),  etc. 

Schouler's  "History  of  the  United  States  of  America  under 
the  Constitution"  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.)  was  recently  com- 
pleted. The  Review  (Vol.  21,  No.  4,  pp.  118  sq.)  has  already 
informed  its  readers  of  the  contents  of  the  eighth  and  conclud- 
ing volume,  and  of  the  general  character  of  the  work. 

Meanwhile  Prof.  John  Bach  McMaster.  whose  "History  of 
the  People  of  the  United  States"  began  to  appear  thirty  years 
ago,  has  issued  a  seventh  and  final  volume  on  the  Reconstruc- 
tion Period  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.).  McMaster  set  out  with  a 
plan  similar  to  that  of  Johannes  Janssen  when  he  undertook  to 
write  the  history  of  the  German  nation  since  the  close  of  the 
Middle  Ages.  "Instead  of  confining  himself  to  the  generals 
and  warriors  in  the  foreground,  he  proposed  to  bring  out  the 
people  in  the  background."  His  mistake  was,  perhaps,  that  he 
relied  too  largely  on  the  newspapers,  and  played  the  part  of  a 
photographer  rather  than  that  of  an  interpreter,  though  his  vol- 
umes read  interestingly  enough.  Social  conditions  and  eco- 
nomic activities  play  a  large  part  especially  in  his  last  volume, 
but  the  author  makes  it  clear — which  some  other  writers  do 
not! — that  negro  slavery,  while  it  was  the  dominating  issue. 


500  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

was  by  no  means  the  only  interest  of  the  American  people 
during  the  period  dealt  with. 

We  may  remark  in  this  connection  that  President  Wood- 
row  Wilson's  "History  of  the  American  People"  (Harper  & 
Pros.)  is  a  philosophical  essay  rather  than  a  history  proper. 
Nor  is  it  nearly  as  extensive  a  work  as  one  might  he  led  to 
think  from  the  advertisements  or  seeing  it  on  the  booksellers' 
shelves.  The  five  bulky  volumes  could  be  easily  compressed 
into  one.  at  least  so  far  as  the  text  is  concerned. 

From  the  Catholic  point  of  view,  we  regret  to  say  there 
is  no  adequate  history  of  the  United  States,  either  large  or 
small.    Here  is  a  splendid  field  open  for  Catholic  scholars. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 

Apropos  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's  retirement  from  the  editorial 
staff  of  the  Outlook,  the  Manchester  Guardian  calls  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  the  redoubtable  Colonel  never  was  an 
editor  in  the  real  sense  of  the  term. 

"Wide  as  is  the  American  usage  of  the  word  editor,  it  did  not 
properly  apply  to  Mr.  Roosevelt,  who,  on  going  out  of  office, 
became  attached  to  the  New  York  Outlook  as  its  principal  and  very 
highly  paid  contributor.  He  was  called  contributing  editor,  a  term 
unknown  to  us,  and  new  in  America,  and  provocative  of  many  jests 
among  Mr.  Roosevelt's  journalistic  friends  and  opponents.  Readers 
of  that  lively  paper,  the  New  York  Sun,  for  example,  will  have 
remarked  that  letters  from  private  correspondents  go  under  the 
heading  'From  Onr  Contributing  Editors,'  a  standing  gibe  ;it  Dr. 
Lyman   Abbott's  celebrated  coadjutor.'* 

*■  ♦   ♦ 

Hard  things  are  said  about  the  magazines,  but  none, 
surely,  worse  than  this:  "I  always  read  the  advertisements 
first.  They're  the  best  part  of  the  magazine."  It  was 
related  with  much  delight,  a  few  years  ago,  that  Mr.  Kipling 
reproved  a  friend  for  sending  him  a  periodical  from  which 
all  the  advertisements  had  been  cut.  "I  can  write  stories 
myself,"  said  he,  implying  with  frightful  mock-modesty 
that  it  took  heaven-born  genius,  far  beyond  that  of  the 
author    of    "The    Courting   of    Dinah    Shadd,"    to    compose 


XXI   16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  501 

advertisements.  The  thing  has  passed  into  current  speech. 
It  is  a  compliment  "over  the  left,"  indeed.  For  American 
magazine  advertising,  as  the  New  York  Nation  recently 
pointed  out,  is  almost  universally  characterized  by  lack  of 
attraction  and  bad  taste.  Excepting  a  few  notable  instances, 
the  advertisements  are  repellant  rather  than  attractive. 

The  Monitor,  official  organ  of  the  Archdiocese  of  San 
Francisco,  in  its  Vol.  56,  No.  10,  echoes  the  cry  of  Catholic 
school  books  for  Catholic  children  that  has  so  often  re- 
sounded in  the  pages  of  the  Fortnightly  Review.  We 
quote  part  of  an  editorial  article : 

"Are  the  geographies  and  readers,  for  instance,  that  are  put 
into  the  hands  of  our  children  Catholic — or  merely  'neutral'?  Dr. 
Conde  B.  Pallen,  managing  editor  of  the  Catholic  Encyclopedia,  in 
a  recent  discussion  on  school  books,  very  truly  observed,  concern- 
ing a  certain  kind  of  geography  used  in  some  of  our  schools: 
'The  neutral  geography  is  a  source  of  bane;  it  poisons  the  mind 
by  its  emasculated  impartiality.  Just  read  the  neutral  geography 
when  it  comes  to  describe  Catholic  countries  and  people.  Take 
South  America,  for  instance;  the  impression  gathered  from  the 
neutral  geographies  is  that  the  people  of  South  America  (who  are 
Catholics)  are  degraded,  superstitious,  vicious,  benighted.  Your 
neutral  geography  does  not  say  because  they  are  Catholics;  but  the 
inference  is  plain.  Well,  the  supposed  facts  are  not  facts,  and  the 
plain  inference  is  a  plain  lie;  yet  this  is  the  kind  of  geography 
'which  in  many  instances  is  put  into  the  hands  of  our  Catholic 
children.'  " 

Says  the  New  York  Sun  (July  29)  : 

"Church  unity  may  still  be  far  away,  as  the  Rev.  Dr.  F.  B. 
Meyer,  who  is  secretary  of  the  committee  working  to  bring  the 
Protestant  sects  in  England  together,  says.  But  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  many  of  the  old  barriers  of  bigotry  and  prejudice  have 
been  lowered,  if  not  pulled  down.  All  religious  bodies  are  closer 
to  one  another  today  than  ever  before  in  the  world's  history,  in 
charity,  in  good  will  and  in  community  of  aim.  There  are  few 
today  who  in  their  hearts  condemn  their  fellows  to  eternal  penalties 
because  of  differences  of  definition  or  ceremony." 

In  view  of  the  anti-Catholic  wave  that  is  sweeping  the 

United  States  at  present,  this  sounds  like  cruel  mockery. 

■»•■»•■»• 

It  may  be  doubted  whether  making  desertion,  as  it  were. 

a  venial   sin   will   increase   efficiency  or  improve  discipline 


502  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

in  our  navy.  In  the  eyes  of  a  trained  seaman  desertion  is  an 
unpardonable  offense,  second  only  to  mutiny  in  its  heinous- 
ness.  If  any  enlisted  man  who  is  dissatisfied  with  his  duty 
or  who  resents  a  rebuke  or  who  dislikes  his  superior  may 
take  French  leave  without  fear  of  consequences,  it  will  not 
be  easy  to  keep  crews  together.  Certainly  the  officers  will 
be  put  in  the  position  of  coddling  and  petting  the  men  to 
keep  them  in  good  humor.  In  the  long  run  nothing  could 
be  more  destructive.  The  navy  is  a  stern  service  and  cannot 
be  run  like  a  boarding  school.  Rigid  discipline  and  serious 
penalties  for  its  violation  are  the  indispensable  conditions 
of  success. 

The  latest  contribution  to  the  "twilight  sleep"  discussion 
is  a  letter  from  Dr.  Kronig,  of  Freiburg,  one  of  the  doctors 
so  warmly  praised  in  the  article  in  the  June  McClure's  (see 
our  No.  15).  Dr.  Kronig  says  inter  alia  (see  the  Literary 
Digest,  No.  1267)  : 

"To  the  authoress  of  the  article  in  question,  which  appeared 
in  McClure's  Magazine,  the  desired  material  was  refused  by  the 
clinic.  Thereupon  she  purchased  trie  same  on  her  own  account. 
The  photographs,  too,  were  used  without  the  knowledge  and  with- 
out the  permission  of  the  clinic.  Our  energetic  protest  against 
the  article,  which  was  laid  before  us  in  manuscript  form,  was  in 
vain,  because  the  matter  was  already  in  the  press.  Whoever  knows 
my  clinic  will  grant  that  it  is  not  the  custom  there  to  approve 
popular  publications  of  such  a  sort.  With  respect  to  the  many 
errors  in  fact,  I  can  only  call  attention  to  the  many  scientific 
publications  which  have,  in  the  past,  come  from  my  clinic  about 
the  same  question." 

*•*   -♦-   ♦ 

A  new  liturgical  review  has  been  established  by  the 
Benedictines  of  Praglia  and  Finalpia  in  Italy.  It  appears 
six  times  a  year,  and  bears  the  name  Rivista  Liturgica.  The 
main  object  of  its  editors  is  to  explain  the  sacred  liturgy  of 
the  Church,  and  to  show  its  beauty  and  lovablcness. 

-•■-•--♦- 

Whatever  one  may  think  of  the  advisability  of  agitating 
for  woman  suffrage,  there  can  be  no  dispute  about  the  right, 
nay,  the  duty,  of  Catholic  women  to  make  an  enlightened 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  503 

and  a  conscientious  use  of  the  right  to  vote  when  it  is  once 
granted.  The  Archbishop  of  San  Francisco  says  in  a  recent 
official  circular  to  his  clergy : 

"In  California  woman's  suffrage  is  now  an  accomplished  fact. 
Women  ought  not,  therefore,  to  permit  their  traditional  love  for 
the  virtues  of  the  home,  their  innate  dignity  and  becoming  reserve 
to  prevent  them  from  discharging  the  first  of  civic  obligations. 
Therefore,  advise  our  new  electors  to  register,  that  they  may  be 
at  all  times  prepared  to  give  their  services  in  making  California 
a  model  state,  and  of  handing  down  to  the  children  that  come  after 
them  a  tradition  of  righteousness  and  of  unselfish  patriotism." 

■•>  -•■   -•• 

The  Outlook  (Vol.  107,  No.  10),  in  reviewing  "The  Real 
Billy  Sunday,"  by  E.  P.  Brown,  D.D.  (New  York:  Fleming 
H.  Revell  Co.,  $1),  says: 

"Whatever  the  curious  would  like  to  know  of  the  whirlwind 
evangelist  and  his  family  is  related,  even  to  his  neckties  and  his 
shaving  himself  with  a  poor  razor.  His  campaigns  and  their  suc- 
cess in  winning  a  quarter  of  a  million  converts  are  put  on  record 
with  unimpeachable  testimony,  with  specimens  of  his  sermons  and 
his  epigrammatic  sayings.  The  only  point  of  reticence  is  the 
evangelist's  philanthropic  use  of  the  great  total  of  the  free-will 
offerings  poured  into  his  hands.'' 

-•■-•■-*■ 

The  Christian  Science  church  has  one  of  the  most  powerful 
daily  papers  in  America.  The  Mormon  church  controls  two  in 
Salt  Lake  City.  The  Catholic  church  does  not  have  even  one  in 
America,  outside  those  printed  in  foreign  tongues.  Why? — Colorado 
Catholic,  Vol.  9,  No.  51. 

Because  the  English-speaking  Catholics  of  this  country 
are  stone-blind  with  regard  to  the  crying  need  of  a  Catholic 
daily  press.     For  this  condition  of  affairs,  which  bodes  ill 

for  the  future,  the  leaders  are  largely  to  blame. 

-•■-»--•- 

The  Colorado  Catholic  (Vol.  9,  No.  51)  has  evolved  a 
new  plan  to  win  converts.  (  )ur  contemporary  suggests  that 
a  society  be  formed  to  prepare  a  lucid  explanation  of  the 
Catholic  faith,  arranging  it  like  studies  in  a  correspondence 
school,  two  lessons  on  each  leaflet.  Advertise  in  the  leading 
magazines  and  offer  to  send  these  lessons  periodically  free 
of  charge,  in  unmarked  envelopes. 

"We   believe    that    10,000  converts   a   year   could   be   gained   by 


504  T 1 1 1 C   FORTNIGHTLY   RF.V1KW  1914 

>uch  a  plan.  The  only  reason  why  Protestants  do  not  Hock  into 
the  Catholic  church  is  that  they  do  not  know  her  doctrines.  Her 
teachings  are  so  logical  that  the  average  person  of  clean  morals 
who  looks  into  them  is  compelled  to  accept  them.  It  would  take 
a  small-sized  fortune  to  finance  such  a  plan  annually.  But  it  also 
takes  small-sized  fortunes  to  run  other  great  missionary  and  charity 
endeavors  of  the  Catholic  church  in  America. " 

This  suggestion  is  not  without  merit,  though  it  is  mani- 
festly false  to  say  that  "the  only  reason  why  Protestants 
do  not  flock  into  the  Catholic  church  is  that  they  do  not 
know  her  doctrines."  There  are  man)-  other  reasons  besides 
ignorance.     (See  Chronicle  and  Comment.) 

♦    -•--•- 

William  A.  Pinkerton,  of  the  famous  detective  agency, 
told  a  convention  of  police  chiefs  recently  that  he  regarded 
moving  pictures,  in  their  depiction  of  the  underworld,  as 
among  the  most  insidious  suggesters  of  evil  in  the  country 
today,  especially  in  their  effect  on  boys. 

-•--•-  -•- 

The  Ave  Maria  and  the  Nord-Amerika  call  the  atten- 
tion of  Catholics  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a  violation  of  the 
general  rules  of  the  Roman  Index  to  read  such  anti-relig- 
ious papers  as  the  Menace.    Do  Catholics  read  the  Menace? 

The  Church  Progress  calls  for  testamentary  bequests 
in  favor  of  the  Catholic  press.  The  idea  is  no  less  excellent 
because  it  was  previously  advocated  by  this  Review.  It 
has  seemed  to  us  for  many  years  that  unless  we  get  an 
endowed  Catholic  press  wc  shall  not  have  any  Catholic 
press  at  all,  at  least  not  one  worthy  of  the  cause.  In  the 
course  of  the  past  twenty-five  years  the  Catholic  press  in 
the  United  States  has  been  losing  ground.  The  Church 
Progress  itself  is  an  example  in  point:  it  was  prosperous 
at  one  time;  now  it  is  scarcely  self-supporting. 

We  notice  that  the  Knights  of  Columbus  are  beginning 
t<>  heed  the  advice  we  have  given  them  so  often  and  so  per- 
sistently. "A  precedent  was  established  by  the  K.  of  C.  at 
Waterville,   Minn.."   says  the  Catholic  Columbian    (Vol.  39, 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  505 

No.  32),  "when  the  fourth  degree  obligation  of  the  society 
was  submitted  in  full  to  the  district  court  by  William  J. 
McGinley,  of  New  York,  custodian  of  ceremonies  for  the 
order.  As  a  result  the  jury  found  A..M.  and  (1.  E.  .Mor- 
rison of  the  Mankato  Journal  guilty  of  criminal  libel  against 
E.  M.  Lawless  of  the  Waterville  Sentinel,"  whom  they  had 
charged  with  taking  a  treasonable  oath.  Let  the  order 
publish  all  its  secret  oaths  and  obligations  and  these  calum- 
nies will  cease.  A  Catholic  secret  society,  as  we  have 
always  contended,  has  no  raison  d'etre  and  in  the  long  run  is 
sure  to  do  more  harm  than  cfood. 


LETTER  TO  THE  EDITOR 


To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

The  criticism  of  Rev.  Theodore  Van  Eyck,  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review  of  June  15th,  on  the  article  of  Rev.  T.  F.  Coakley,  D.D., 
which  appeared  recently  in  "America,"  shows  that  the  critic  missed 
the  mark  entirely.     Rev.  Father  Van  Eyck  writes: 

"On  page  103  the  grand  total  of  Catholic  immigrants  from  1820  to 
1910  is  given  as  6,998,317." 

Dr.  Coakley  does  not  make  this  statement  at  all.  Here  are 
his  very  words: 

"The  United  States  Census  gives  the  number  of  persons  of  foreign 
birth  in  this  country  at  every  decennial  census  period  since  1820.  We 
know  the  countries  from  which  they  came.  We  know  the  percentage  of 
Catholics  in  those  countries.  Estimating  on  that  basis,  the  additions  to 
the  church  through  persons  of  foreign  birth  at  the  end  of  each  census 
period,  were  as  follows:  " 

Then  we  have  a  table  giving  the  number  of  persons  to  be  added 

at  the  end  of  every  census  period  to  the  foreign  born  population  of 

the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States  at  the  end  of  the  preceding 

period. 

1820-1830  12,000 

1830-1840  212,220 

1840-1850  888,374 

1850-1860  1,041,752 

1860-1870  728,501 

1870-1880  556,357 

1880-1890  1.284,802 

1890-1900  713,112 

1900-1910  1,561,199 

Total 6,998,317 

This  table  is  evidently  compiled  from  the  statistics  of  immigra- 


506  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

tion  and  the  census  reports  of  the  United  States,  and  takes  into 
account  the  deduction  by  death  and  emigration  in  the  total  number 
of  Catholics  of  foreign  birth,  and  gives  the  figures  by  which  the 
actual  living  foreign  born  population  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the 
United  States  is  to  be  increased  at  the  end  of  each  decade,  from 
1820  to  1910. 

Out  of  the  total  of  about  28,000,000  immigrants  that  came  to 
the  United  States  between  1820  and  1910,  approximately  15,000,000 
were  Catholics;  and  as  death  and  emigration  reduced  the  28,000,000 
to  13,000,000  in  1910,  so  death  and  emigration  reduced  the  total 
Catholic  immigration  during  the  same  period  from  15,000,000  to 
less  than  7,000,000  in   1910. 

Dr.  Coakley's  immigrants  may  have  been  a  "healthy  lot,"as  Father 
Van  Eyck  says,  or  they  may  have  been  an  unhealthy  lot;  but 
healthy  or  unhealthy,  Dr.  Coakley  docs  not  "figure  that  they  live 
forever,"  and  had  Father  Van  Eyck  read  the  article  in  "America" 
more  carefully,  he  would  not  have  made  the  mistake  of  representing 
the  figures  that  were  given  to  show  "additions  to  the  church 
through  persons  of  foreign  birth  at  the  end  of  each  census  period" 
from  1820  to  1910,  as  though  those  figures  were  given  to  indicate 
the  grand  total  of  Catholic  immigration  during  the  same  period. 

Father  Van  Eyck  is  scarcely  less  unfair  in  his  other  comments 
on  Dr.  Coakley's  article.  In  that  article  it  is  clearly  admitted  that 
there  has  been  a  loss  from  the  Catholic  body,  but  it  is  claimed  that 
there  have  been  large  gains  through  conversions  to  the  Church  in 
this  country,  and  that  the  converts  and  the  larger  birth-rate  among 
Catholics  have  made  up  for  the  losses;  so  that  if  by  immigration 
and  natural  increase  there  should  have  been,  as  Bishop  Canevin 
stated,  about  18,500,000  Catholics  in  the  United  States  in  1910, 
and  we  could  account  for  that  number  by  enumerating  all  the 
Italians,  Belgians,  French,  Spanish,  and  so  forth,  who  were  counted 
as  Catholics  among  the  immigrants,  it  could  not  be  said  that  the 
leakage  has  been  enormous,  and  it  is  altogether  absurd  and  false 
to  say  that  the  Catholic  population  in  the  United  States  by  immi- 
gration and  natural  increase  since  1820  ought  to  amount  to  more 
than  30,000,000  at  the  present  day. 

I  beg  to  conclude  by  quoting  a  few  sentences  of  Dr.  Coakley's 
article  in  "America": 

"There  are  no  .statistics  of  Immigration  that  nive  any  foundation 
for  the  aBBertion  that  the  Catholic  population  of  the  United  States  should 
be  thirty  millions.  Unless  it  can  he  proven  thai  there  has  been  an  increase 
of  at  least  ten  millions  by  conversions,  those  who  assert  that  we  should 
have   thirty  millions  Of  Catholics   must    produce   proof  stronger  than   their 

own  prejudices  to  establish  their  claims.    The  truth  is  that  in  in*  country 


XXI  16  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  507 

of  Europe  has  the  Catholic  Church  had  so  few  losses,  compared  with  its 
gains  in  the  last  hundred  years,  as  in  the  United  States.  If  there  had 
been  no  immigration  at  all  since  1820,  the  increase  of  the  Catholic  Church 
in  this  country  would  be,  in  every  decade,  at  least  ten  per  cent  higher 
than  the  increase  of  the  non-Catholic  population.  .  .  .  While  the 
Catholic  population  had  multiplied  ninety  times,  the  non-Catholic  popu- 
lation had  increased  less  than  nine  times." 

"Immigration  will  not  altogether  account  for  the  rapid  Increase  "i 
Catholics;  only  a  birth  rate  in.  every  decade  five  or  six  per  cent  higher 
than  the  birth  rate  among  non-Catholics  will  account  for  it.  The  total 
Catholic  increment  by  persons  of  foreign  birth  and  their  descendants  in 
the  last  hundred  years,  estimated  by  the  proportion  of  Catholics  in  the 
country  from  which  the  immigrants  come,  increased  decade  by  decade 
by  the  ordinary  natural  increase  of  the  population  of  the  United  States 
and  reduced  by  the  ordinary  death  rate  would  give  a  Catholic  inclement 
of  less  than  twelve  millions." 

CHARLES  C.   ENGEL 
306  Western  Reserve  Building, 

Cleveland,  Ohio. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  not  supplied  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

Schlachter,  Rev.  Godfrey,  C.PP.S.  The  Forbidden  Fruit,  or  Mixed  Mar- 
riages. New  and  Revised  Edition.  32  pp.  Pamphlet.  Collegeville. 
Ind. :  St.  Joseph's  Printing  Office.     1914.     5  cts.,   $1.75  per  100. 

Doyle.  Rev.  Win.,  S.J.  Synopsis  of  the  Rubrics  and  Ceremonies  of  Holy 
Mass.  24  pp.  in  stiff  card-board  covers.  Benziger  Bros.  1014.  15 
cts.,  net. 

Shell,  S.  Jones  and  Smith  Discuss  Socialism.  4(1  pp.  12mo.  Hunting- 
ton, Ind.:  Our  Sunday  Visitor  Press.     Pamphlet. 

Rigge.  Rev.  Win.  F.,  S.J.  Astronomical  Panoramic  Views  from  a  City 
Observatory.  11  pp.  Svo.  (Reprint  from  "Popular  Astronomy"). 
Pamphlet. 

Btrors,  Rev.  Fr.  X.,  S.J.  (Tr.  by  Elizabeth  Rut.)  A  Modern  Crusade  for 
an  Old  Cause.  The  Mission  Work  Among  the  Heathens.  62  pp.  16mo. 
Techny,  111.:  Mission  Press  of  the  Society  of  the  Divine  Word. 
Pamphlet.     15  cts. 

Jones,    Herbert.      Altar    Flowers    and    How    to    Grow    Them.      A    Concise 

.    Handbook    on    the    Selection    and    Culture    of    White    Flowers    for    the 

Service  of  the  Church.      With    Additional   Notes  on   the  Most  Suitable 

Red    Species    and    Varieties,     xix    &    107    pp.      12mo.      Benziger    Bros. 

1914.     90  cts.,   net. 

Cox,  V.  Rev.  Charles.  O.M.I.  Sweet  Sacrament  Divine.  Daily  and  Other 
Devotions  for  Holy  Communion,  x  iV-  :";  pp.,  prayer-booh  size.  Ben- 
ziger Bros.     1914.     35  cts..  net. 

Lasance.  Rev.  F.  X.  Prayer-Book  for  Religious.  A  Complete  Manual 
of  Prayers  and  Devotions  for  the  Use  of  the  Members  of  all  Religious 
Communities.  New,  Revised  Edition,  xiv  &  1200  pp.  lfimo.  Ben- 
ziger Bros.     1914. 

Geiermann,  Rev.  P.,  C.SS.R.  Constitutions  of  the  Friends  of  Jesus  and 
Mary.  A  Rule  of  Life  for  Devout  Catholics.  24  pp.,  vest-pocket  size. 
Benziger  Bros.     1914.     15  cts. 

Gatterer,  Rev.  M..  S.J.,  and   Krus,   Rev.   F..   S.J.     (Tr.  by   Rev.  -I.    B    Cule- 


508  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

mans.)  The  Theory  and  Practice  of  the  Catechism.  410  pp.  Svo.  Fr. 
Pustet  &  Co.     1914.     $1.75  net. 

Rinns.  Harold.  Outlines  of  the  World's  Literature.  With  SO  Portraits, 
xii  &  482  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $2.25  net. 

Germanus  of  St.  Stanislaus.  Rev.  (Tr.  by  Rev.  A.  M.  O' Sullivan,  O.S.B.) 
The  Life  of  the  Servant  of  God  Gemma  Galgani,  an  Italian  Maiden 
of  Lucca.  "With  an  Introduction  by  Cardinal  Gasquet.  xxxii  &  450 
pp.  Svo.  London:  Sands  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder.  1914.  $1.80, 
net. 

Barrett.  Rev.  Michael.  O.S.B.  Footprints  of  the  Ancient  Scottish  Church, 
xi  &  264  pp.  Svo.  London:  Sands  &  Co.;  St.  Louis.  Mo.:  B.  Herder. 
1914.     $1.80  net. 

Haile.  Martin.  An  Elizabethan  Cardinal.  William  Allen,  xix  &  388  pp. 
Svo.  London.  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder.  1914. 
$6  net. 

Gibbs.  Philip.  The  New  Man.  A  Portrait  Study  of  the  Latest  Type.  255 
pp.  12  mo.  London:  Isaac  Pitman  &  Sons;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B  Her- 
der.    1914.     $1  net. 

Xist.  Rev.  James.  (Tr.  by  Rev.  F.  Girardey,  C.SS.R.)  Private  First 
Communion  Instructions  for  Little  Children,  iv  &  151  pp.  12mo.  B. 
Herder.     1914.     60  cts.,  net. 

Hannon,  Rev.  Wm.  B.  Leaves  from  the  Note-Book  of  a  Missionary. 
xi  &  235  pp  12mo.  London:  Sands  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder. 
75  cts.,  net. 

Thomson,  .Tohn.  Francis  Thompson,  the  Preston -Born  Poet.  120  pp. 
12mo.  London:  Simpkin.  Marshall.  Hamilton.  Kent  &  Co.;  St.  Louis, 
Mo.:  B.  Herder.     Second  Edition,  1913.     90  cts..  net. 

Forbes.  F.  A.  St.  Catherine  of  Siena.  (Standard-Bearers  of  the  Faith. 
A  Series  of  Lives  of  the  Saints  for  Children.)  Illustrated.  123  pp. 
16mo.  London:  James  Brodie  &  Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Herder,  30 
cts.,  net. 

Forbes,  F.  A.  The  Life  of  Saint  Columba.  (Same  series  as  above.) 
Illustrated.     126  pp.     16mo.     Same  publishers.     30  cts..  net. 

The  Catholic  Library.  London:  Manresa  Press;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:  B.  Her- 
der. Of  this  series  we  have  recently  received  the  following  additional 
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shaw.  with  an  Introductory  Study  by  R.  A.  Eric  Shepherd.  No.  11: 
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des,  by  the  V.  Rev.  Msgr.  R.  H.  Benson.  No.  13:  The  Question  of 
Miracles,  by  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Joyce,  S.J.     Price  per  volume,  30  cts..  net. 

FICTION 

Robin.  E.  G.     Perilous  Seas,     vii  &  350  pp.     12mo.     Benziger  Bios.     1914. 

$1.25  net. 
Groves,  Freda  M.     My  Lady  Rosia.     viii  &  302  pp.     12mo.     Benziger  Bros. 

1914.     $1.25,   net. 
Kendal,   Theodora.     Ed.  by  Philip   Inglethorpe.     The   Inglethorpe  Chron- 
icles; or.   Manners  and   Morals,     vi   &  209   pp.     12mo.     Benziger  Bros. 

1914.     75  cts..  net. 
Bolanden,   Konrad  von.     Landesgotter  und    Hexen.     Deutsches   Kulturbild 

aus   dem    sechszehnten    .lahrhundert.      272    pp.      16mo.      Fr.    Pustet    & 

Co.     1914.     60  cts. 

GERMAN 
S<  humacher,   H..    Prof.      Christus   in   seiner    I'niexistenz   und    Kenose    nach 

Phil.      2.    5-8.    1.      Teil:    Historische    Uhtersuchung.      xxxi    &    236    pp. 

large  8vo.      Home:    Pontificin   Istituto   Biblirn.      L.   4.50.      (Orders   to  be 

sent  to  M.  Rretschneidei ,   Via  del  Tritone  X.   60,   Rome,   Italy.) 
Sinthern.    Rev.    P..    S.J.      Im    Dienste    der    Himmolskonigln-Vortrag.'    und 

Sklzzen    fur    Marianische    Kongregationen.       xi    &    296    pp.      12mo.       B. 

Harder.     1914.     $1.10,  net. 
Btrater.    Aug.    B  J.      Die    Vei  trHbung    d«r    .l.-suiten    aus    I  xut.schland    im 

Jahre    1872.      (116    Erganzungahefl    to    d<-n    ,,Stimmen    aus    Maria - 

I>aach.")     94   pp.     Svo.      I'..    Herder.      1  !*1 4.     45  cts.,  net.     Paper. 
h    Chr.,    B.J.     Zur   aeuern    Literatur   ilber   Xestorlus;    Kneller,   K.    A.., 

S  J,      Der   hi.    Cyprian   und   das   Kennzelchen  der  Kirche.      (115  Ergan- 

znngshcft    TO    den    ..Stlmmen    aus    Marla-Laach.")      71    pp.      8vo.      B. 

Herder.     1914      r.n  <  ts  ,  net.     Paper. 
Hurter.    Hugo.    S..J.      KntwUrfe    TO    I  tffl  z-.l'-su-  Predlgten.      (Drel    Zyklus.) 

V-VII.      139   pp       Sv<».      Vr.    Pustet    &.  Co.      1914.      60  cts. 

Weber,  Rev.  P.  3.     Kurt  k'<-fas.«t<-  Chronlk  un<\  Geschlchte  der  St.   .\il<<»- 


XXI   16 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY    RKV1EW 


509 


laus  Gemeinde,  zu  Aurora,   Illinois.     Zum  Andenken  an  daa  goldene 

Jubilaum  derselben  vom  IS.  bis  :>5.  Mai  1913.     154  pp.  8vo.,  illustrated. 

Vermeersch,  Arthur,  S.J.  Tr.  by  Dr.  A.  Sleumer.  Die  Toleranz.  xxvi  & 
334  pp.   Svo.     B.   Herder.     1!>14.     $1.25,   net. 

Plassmann,  Dr.  Jos.  Jahrbuch  der  Naturwissenschaften  1913-1914.  Mit 
96  Bildern  Auf  10  Tafeln  und  im  Text,  xviii  &  445  pp.  large  8vo. 
B.  Herder.     1914.     $2.20,  net. 

FRENCH 

Nicoullaud,  Chs.  Les  Idees  Maconniques  au  Convent  de  1913.  50  pp.  large 
8vo.  Paris:  Bureaux  de  la  Revue  Internationale  des  Societes  Secretes, 
96,     Boulevard  Malesherbes.     1914.     1  franc.     Paper. 

Nicoullaud,  Chs.  fipisode  Antimagonnique.  251  pp.  12mo,  Same  pub- 
lishers.    1914.     3  fr.   50.     Paper. 

ITALIAN 

Elenco  Alfabetico  delle  rubblicazioni  Periodiche  esistenti  nelle  Biblio- 
theche  di  Roma  e  Relative  a  Scienze  Morali,  Storiche,  Filologiche, 
Belle  Arti,  ecc.  Con  Saggio  di  Indice  Sistematico  per  quelle  dedicate 
a  Discipline  Theologiche,  Bibliche  e  Orientalistiche.  xvi  &  406  pp. 
large  Svo.     Rome:  Pontiflcio  Istituto  Biblico.     1914.     L.  6.50.     Paper. 


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XXI   16  THE   FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  511 

CHAMINADE.  COLLEGE. 

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BARGAIN  BOOK    COMPANY 
ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  17.  SEPTEMBER  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


Death  of  Pius  X 

His  Holiness  Pope  Pius  X  passed  away  rather  unex- 
pectedly, August  20.  He  had  been  ill  for  some  time, 
though  to  all  appearances  not  seriously.  The  outbreak 
of  the  great  European  war  grieved  him  terribly  and  no 
doubt  hastened  his  demise.  His  last  official  communica- 
tion to  the  Catholic  world  was  the  pathetic  exhortation 
quoted  on  the  first  page  of  our  August  15  issue: 

"Our  soul  is  torn  with  bitterest  sorrow  for  the  life  of  so  many 
beloved  people  involved.  We  feel  that  this  terrible  and  widespread 
conflict  demands  our  paternal  love  and  apostolic  ministry,  that  we 
cause  men's  minds  to  be  raised  to  Him  from  whom  alone  help  can 
come — Christ,  the  Prince  of  Peace,  the  most  potent  mediator  for  men 
before  God.  Wherefore  we  exhort  Catholics  the  world  over  to  hasten 
to  the  throne  of  grace  and  mercy.  First  of  all,  as  an  example,  let 
all  the  clergy,  under  the  direction  of  their  bishops,  offer  public  prayers 
in  their  respective  parishes,  that  God  may  take  pity  and  remove,  as 
soon  as  possible,  the  fearful  tortures  of  war  and  mercifully  inspire  the 
rulers  of  the  earth  to  thoughts  of  peace." 

The  Pontiff's  passing  away,  as  Archbishop  Ireland  has 
pointed  out,  is  dramatic  in  its  setting. 

"The  occasion  could  not  have  been  better  chosen  to  show  forth 
what  is  meant  by  the  Roman  pontificate,  what  power  there  is  in  a 
personality  to  command  the  attention  of  the  vast  family  of  men  and 
of  nations.  A  tremendous  war  is  being  waged,  filling  the  eyes  of 
men,  whether  by  the  grandeur  of  the  clashings  or  the  awful  import 
of  its  consequences,  as  never  before  in  the  course  of  history.  In  the 
midst  of  all  an  aged  man  dies  in  Rome,  and  for  the  moment  the  world 
pauses  in  its  wonderings  and  expectations  to  rivet  attention  upon  the 
Eternal   City — on  the  silent,   death-clasped  figure  of   Pius  X." 

The  first  encyclical  issued  by  Pius  X  contained  a  declar- 
ation of  policy  in  the  following  terms:     "In   bearing  the 

513 


514  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

pontifical  office,  our  one  purpose  is  to  restore  all  things  in 
Christ.*'  It  seems  from  the  telegraphic  reports  that  the  itali- 
cized words  were  also  his  last.  The  determination  they  express, 
certainly  runs  all  through  his  life,  and  no  one  can  justly  com- 
plain that  the  Pontiff  failed  to  carry  out  his  promise  during 
the  eleven  years  of  his  busy  pontificate.  Revival  of  the  prim- 
itive practice  of  frequent  Communion,  the  restoration  of  the 
ecclesiastical  chant  in  the  purest  form  at  present  accessible, 
research  on  Scriptural  questions  and  revision  of  the  Latin 
text  itself  of  Holy  Writ,  the  maintenance  of  sound  doctrine 
by  a  resolute  campaign  against  the  errors  of  Modernism,  an 
overhauling  of  the  whole  corpus  of  Canon  Law,  vigorous 
legislation  upon  matrimonial  subjects,  regulations  affecting 
the  secular  clergy  and  the  internal  administration  of  the  great 
religious  orders,  the  reconstruction  of  seminary  courses,  and 
much  more  that  cannot  be  recalled  within  the  brief  space  of 
this  notice,  has  either  been  completed  or  at  least  inaugurated. 
And  as  if  all  this  were  not  a  sufficient  output,  the  indefatigable 
Pontiff  laid  hands  upon  that  thorny  puzzle,  Breviary  reform, 
and  while  it  was  not  granted  to  him  to  finish  this  work, 
he  at  least  succeeded  in  putting  it  under  way,  "in  a  manner 
bold,  clever,  and  by  God's  help  decisive,"  as  Msgr.  Batiffol  has 
described  it. 

Personally  Pius  X  was  a  saintly  man  of  lovable  character, 
who  will  be  gratefully  remembered  by  all  faithful  Catholics 
and  by  many  non-Catholics  who  had  an  opportunity  to  make 
his  acquaintance  or  observe  his  official  career.    R.  I.  P. 

Mexico  and  the  Masons 

Speaking  at  the  corner-stone  laying  of  a  Masonic  temple 
in  Washington,  the  other  week.  Vice-President  Marshall  said 
that  he  was  proud  of  his  Masonic  membership,  "proud  of  the 
fact  that  1  am  called  brother  by  thousands  of  fellow  mem- 
bers." 

Which  moves  the  San  Francisco  Monitor  (Vol.  56,  No. 
12)  to  call  upon  Mr.  Marshall  to  express  his  opinion  of  his 
brother  Masons  in  Mexico. 

"We  know,  of  course,  that  personally  the  Vice-President  must 
repudiate  with  abhorrence  the  bloody  deeds  perpetrated   hy   Masons  in 


XXI   17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  515 

Mexico.      What    we   would    like    to   hear    is,   how    can    such    things    be 
tolerated  without  protest  by  American  Masons?" 

This  question,  as  a  writer  in  the  same  paper  (Mr.  J.  M. 
Doyle)  points  out.  is  most  pertinent  in  view  of  two  facts: 
(1)  priests  are  being  killed  and  driven  out,  churches  pro- 
faned, schools  broken  up  and  their  teachers  executed  or 
exiled  by  the  Masonic  leaders  of  the  Mexican  revolution  and 
their  apprenticed  subordinates;  (2)  our  American  Masons, 
who,  according-  to  the  World  Almanac  for  1914.  "are  in  full 
affiliation  with  the  Grand  Lodges  of  .  .  .  Mexico,"  have 
never  said  one  word  in  protest  against  these  outrages  com- 
mitted by  their  brother  members  in  Mexico. 

Mr.  Doyle  appeals  to  American  Masons  "to  use  their  good 
offices  in  rebuking  and  restraining  the  intolerance  of  their 
brothers  in  Mexico."  But  we  fear  this  appeal  will  prove 
vain.  Freemasonry  is  always  and  everywhere  essentiallv  anti- 
Catholic. 

A  New  Poland? 

Much  might  be  said,  in  the  interest  of  justice,  good  feel- 
ing, and  European  peace,  for  the  creation  of  a  new  Poland  as 
a  "buffer  state."  It  would  be  a  nice  question  for  the  historian 
whether  Germany  or  Austria  or  Russia  ever  reallv  gained 
anything  by  the  partition  of  Poland.  They  acquired  popula- 
tions which  have,  indeed,  submitted  to  their  rule,  because  noth- 
ing else  could  be  done,  but  have  submitted  sullenly.  There  has 
been  the  least  possible  assimilation.  Russia  has  steadily  sup- 
pressed and  punished  its  Polish  subjects.  In  Prussia  the  Ger- 
mans and  Poles  have  got  on  very  badly  together.  Open-eyed 
Germans,  especially  of  the  Catholic  Center  Party,  have  admit- 
ted that  the  problem  of  making  the  two  races  live  together  in 
harmony  was  almost  insoluble.  It  has  been  a  not  uncommon 
opinion  of  Germans,  not  of  the  official  class,  that  it  might  be  a 
good  thing  if,  some  day,  the  Poles  could  be  left  to  themselves 
again  and  erected  into  some  sort  of  independent  border  state — 
we  would  have  said  ''neutralized,"  but  for  the  fate  of  Belgium 
and  Luxemburg.  The  possibility  of  such  a  thing  as  the  out- 
come of  the  war  is  at  least  made  to  seem,  by  the  Czar's  recent 
proclamation  promising  autonomy,  not  wholly  a  dream. 

Meanwhile,   in   view  of  their  past   experience  of   Russian 


516  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

government,  the  Poles  must  he  excused  if  they  wait  a  while 
before  believing-  in  the  Czar's  newfound  enthusiasm  for  a 
free  and  united  Poland. 

-••■♦--•- 

Catholic  Losses  in  England 

At  the  beginning  of  this  year,  Father  Wright,  of  Preston, 
published  some  startling  calculations  as  to  the  extent  of  the 
annual  "leakage"  in  England.  Though  at  pains  to  avoid  an 
exaggerated  estimate,  he  was  obliged  to  conclude  that  of  the 
children  who  leave  the  elementary  schools  every  year,  upwards 
of  15,000  desert  the  Church,  simply  because  they  get  beyond 
the  reach  of  Catholic  influence  before  their  faith  is  robust 
enough  to  withstand  attack. 

On  this  appalling  state  of  things  the  Month  (No.  602) 
comments  as  follows : 

"What  wonder  that,  in  spite  of  a  large  and  constant  accession  of 
converts,  our  numbers  remain  practically  stationary.  Our  first  duty 
is  surely  to  keep  what  we  have  got,  yet  from  one  cause  or  another,  for 
every  single  convert  we  make  we  lose  nearly  two  born  Catholics. 
Father  Wright's  paper  is  not  merely  alarmist:  it  contains  a  thoroughly 
well-considered  scheme  for  remedying  this  terrible  evil,  one  that  is 
easily  applicable,  not  only  to  British  conditions,  but  to  those  that  obtain 
everywhere.  In  essence  it  consists  in  securing  that  an  organized  band 
of  earnest  and  competent  Catholics  should  look  to  the  general  welfare 
of  every  child  on  quitting  school,  in  such  a  way  that  no  one  in  any 
parish  should  be  charged  with  more  than  three  or  four.  It  is  personal 
service  on  behalf  of  Christ's  little  ones — the  most  practical  form  of 
Christianity — that  is  called  for.  Happily,  we  gather  that  Father 
Wright's  paper  will  presently  be  issued  as  a  C.  T.  S.  pamphlet,  when 
we  trust  that  the  'After-Care  Society'  scheme,  already  successfully 
established  at  Preston,  will  be  taken  up  all  over  the  country." 

In  America,  where  conditions  are  probably  as  bad  as,  if 
not  worse  than,  in  England,  the  fact  seems  not  yet  to  have 
COme  to  the  Catholic  consciousness. 

Industrial  Slavery  in  the  Black  Hills 

Under  this  heading  the  Central  Bureau  of  the  Catholic 
I  entral  Society  has  recently  issued  a  bulletin  prepared  by  one 
of  it-  representatives  who  went  to  Lead,  S.  1).,  to  attend  the 
public  hearings  by  the  I".  S.  Commission  on   Industrial   Rela- 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  517 

tions  as  to  industrial  conditions  existing  in   the   Black  Hills, 
which  were  first  brought  to  general  notice  by  Bishop  Busch. 

The  testimony  before  the  commission,  supplemented  by  the 
investigations  of  the  Bureau's  special  representative,  disclosed 
a  peculiar  situation.  While  the  working  conditions  in  the 
mines  are  good,  and  the  miners  well  cared  for  materially,  the 
Homestake  Mining  Co.  dominates  the  city  of  Lead,  whose 
inhabitants,  one  and  all,  are  but  "well-fed  subordinates  com- 
pletely at  the  mercy  of  the  superintendent  of  the  mine,  who 
has  been  vested  with  absolute  power  bv  the  Company's  direct- 
ors." 

The  facts  disclosed  show,  in  the  words  of  the  Central 
Bureau's  bulletin,  that  "the  Catholic  people  of  this  country 
should  exert  their  influence  to  restrict  the  power  of  such  great 
corporations  as  the  Homestake  Mining  Co.  and  that  they 
should  vigorously  enter  into  a  campaign  for  Sundav  observ- 
ance and  the  passage  of  legislation  providing  for  one  day's 
rest  in  seven.  Such  legislation  is  at  present  in  force  in  New 
York  State  and  has  recently  been  declared  constitutional  for 
the  second  time  in  the  Niagara  County  Court.  The  trouble 
with  many  of  our  Catholics,  however,  shown  also  in  this  inves- 
tigation, is  that  they  abandon  their  principles  when  these  come 
in  conflict  with  their  economic  interests.  Some  of  the  tools  of 
the  Homestake  Mining  Co.  are  Catholics,  who  have  shown 
their  bitter  enmity  to  the  Bishop  throughout  this  trouble. 
Catholics  in  this  country  should  cease  to  compromise  with  the 
'time  spirit'  and  it  would  be  better  by  far  for  both  themselves 
and  for  the  commonwealth." 


REMINISCENCES    OF   RALPH   WALDO    EMERSON 

The  last  two  volumes  have  recently  appeared  of  "Emer- 
son's Journals"  (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.).  Like  the  preced- 
ing eight,  these  volumes  arc  "a  pot  pourri  of  ideas — ideas 
on  the  weather,  science,  poetry,  turtles.  Shakespeare-and- 
Bacon,  drink,  stars,  slavery,  horse  training.  Henry  James, 
magic,  tobacco,  railroads,  cold  baths,  life,  death,  love,  and 
immortality."     Never,  in   the  words  of  Mr.  Joyce  Kilmer. 


518  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

whom  we  are  quoting  ( N.  Y.  Times  Review  of  Books,  Apr. 
12).  "never  have  pages  been  packed  so  full  of  striking  and 
unrelated  thoughts." 

There  you  have  a  good  characterization  of  the  Sage  of 
Concord's  so-called  philosophy — a  pot  pourri  of  striking  and 
unrelated  thoughts. 

There  are  many  diverting  and  some  touching  passages 
scattered  through  these  Journals.  Thus,  in  one  place, 
Emerson  copies  Whipple's  witty  but  forgotten  remark  that 
Walt  Whitman,  the  author  of  "Leaves  of  Grass,"  had  every 
leaf  but  the  fig  leaf.  It  is  not  surprising  to  be  told  that 
Dante  was  regarded  by  Emerson  as  "a  man  to  put  in  a 
museum,  but  not  in  your  house." 

There  is  something  tragic  in  the  occasional  glimpses 
which  Emerson  gives  of  his  passionate  struggles  after 
knowledge.  He  feels  deeply,  it  is  evident,  the  pathos  of  this 
story : 

"I.  T.  Williams  told  me  that  the  last  time  he  saw  Albert  H.  Tracy 
he  told  him  that  when  he  and  Cass  were  in  Congress  they  became  very 
intimate  and  spent  their  time  in  conversation  on  the  immortality  of  the 
soul,  and  other  intellectual  questions,  and  cared  for  little  else.  When 
he  left  Congress  they  parted,  and  though  Mr.  Cass  passed  through 
Buffalo  twice,  he  did  not  come  near  him,  and  he  never  saw  him  again 
until  twenty-five  years  afterward.  They  saw  each  other  through  open 
doors  at  a  distance,  in  a  great  party  at  the  President's  House  in  Wash- 
ington. Slowly  they  advanced  toward  each  other  as  they  could,  and 
at  last  met,  said  nothing,  but  shook  hands  long  and  cordially.  At  last 
Cass  said:  'Any  light,  Tracy?'  'None,'  answered  Tracy;  and  then  said: 
'Any  light,  Cass?'  'None,'  replied  he.  They  looked  in  each  other's 
eyes,  gave  one  shake  more  each  to  the  hand  he  held,  and  thus  parted 
for  the  last  time." 

This  anecdote  Emerson  tells  sympathetically.  But  when 
Isaac  T.  Ilccker,  who  had  been  Thoreau's  intimate  friend 
and  a  member  of  the  Brook  Farm  Community,  came  to  see 
him  and  to  present  certain  newly  acquired  (Catholic!) 
opinions  on  "the  immortality  of  the  soul  and  other  intel- 
lectual question^,"  Kmerson  sent  him  away,  he  tells  in  his 
journal,  with  scant  ceremony. 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  519 

A  FIRST-CENTURY  RITUAL 

Under  the  title  "L'Eucharistia,  Canon  Primitif  de  la 
Messe,"  Doni  Paid  Cagin  two  years  ago  edited  what  he  be- 
lieved to  be  the  primitive  canon  of  the  Mass.  The  critics 
were  so  much  taken  by  surprise  that  they  have  scarcely  yet 
ventured  to  pronounce  an  opinion  on  his  sensational  thesis. 

Now  comes  Professor  Theodore  Schermann  with  an 
ancient  text  which  he  claims  to  be  the  ritual  used  by  the 
Roman  Church  at  the  beginning-  of  the  first  century  in  con- 
ferring holy  orders.  ("Ein  Weiheritus  der  romischen  Kirche 
am  Schluss  des  1.  Jahrhunderts.  Herausgehobcn  von  Theo- 
dor  Schermann."  Miinchen-Leipzig:  Walhalla-Yerlag.  1913. 
M.  4.) 

Like  Dom  Cagin's,  Schermann's  text  is  not  a  new  discov- 
ery, but  taken  from  the  Latin  version  of  the  Egyptian  Church 
Ordinance  discovered  by  E.  Hauler  at  Verona  and  edited  in 
1900  at  Leipzig.  ("Disdascaliae  Apostolorum  Fragmenta 
Veronensia  Latina.") 

The  most  important  part  of  this  ritual  are  the  rubrics  and 
prayers  prescribed  for  the  three  degrees  of  the  priesthood.  If 
they  are  really,  as  Schermann  contends,  the  work  of  St. 
Clement  of  Rome,  we  have  direct  proof  of  the  exercise  within 
sixty  years  after  the  death  of  Our  Lord  of  such  distinctively 
"Catholic"  functions  as  the  Roman  primacy,  the  forgiveness 
of  sins,  the  celebration  of  the  Holy  Eucharist  by  ordained 
priests,  the  blessing  of  sacramentals,  etc. 

Dr.  Schermann  marshals  a  stately  phalanx  of  arguments, 
both  internal  and  external,  in  support  of  his  thesis.  Does  he 
really  prove  it?  Fr.  J.  B.  Umberg,  S.J.,  in  a  review  of  the 
book  in  the  "Stimmen  aus  Maria-Laach"  (Vol.  87,  No.  1). 
concludes,  after  a  careful  scrutiny  of  the  whole  argument, 
that  while  the  demonstration  is  not  absolutely  convincing,  it 
deserves  serious  consideration.  The  chief  objection  to  which 
it  is  open  may  be  put  into  the  brief  question  :  Was  it  possible 
for  the  functions  of  different  church  officials  to  be  so  pre- 
cisely differentiated  as  early  as  the  first  century?  Of  course, 
if  Dom  Cagin  is  right  in  asserting  that  the  Eucharistic  liturgy 


520  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  the  Egyptian  Church  Ordinance  dates  from  the  same  early 
period,  Dr.  Schermann's  thesis  will  appear  far  more  probahle. 
\Ye  sincerely  hope  that  Dr.  Schermann  will  succeed  in  prov- 
ing his  thesis  beyond  peradventurc,  for  it  would  definitively 
dispose  of  the  objection,  so  popular  among-  modern  Protestants 
and  infidels,  that  Catholicism  owes  its  existence  to  the  play  of 
Hellenic  influences  upon  the  Gospel. 


THE  CAUSE  OF  CHURCH  MUSIC  REFORM 

\Ye  hud  the  following  news  item  in  Vol.  17,  No.  8,  of  the 
Hartford  Catholic  Transcript: 

"The  first  American  Congress  of  Catholic  Organists  and  Choir- 
masters and  those  interested  in  the  cause  of  sacred  music  has  recently 
been  held  at  Cliff  Haven,  N.  Y.  The  United  States,  Canada  and 
.Mexico  were  represented  at  the  congress,  which  had  for  one  of  its 
chief  objects  the  promotion  of  the  Motu  prof>rio  of  Pope  Pius  X., 
dated  November  22,  1903.  The  congress  discussed  some  practical  plans 
for  the  betterment  of  the  present  condition  of  ecclesiastical  music  on 
this  continent,  and  it  is  much  to  be  hoped  that  the  discussions  will 
bring  about  sorely  needed  reforms." 

The  readers  of  this  Review,  which  agitated  the  cause  of 
Church  music  reform  long  before  the  publication  of  the 
famous  Motu  proprio,  and  has  devoted  special  efforts  to  it 
since,  need  not  be  reminded  how  opportune  the  above-men- 
tioned movement  is.  and  how  necessary  it  is  to  adopt  "practical 
plans"  for  the  betterment  of  the  present  lamentable  condition 
of  affairs,  on  which  such  a  cautious  and  conservative  journal 
as  the  Jesuit  "America"  commented  only  the  other  week 
(issue  of  Aug.  15)  in  these  strong  terms: 

"More  than  tin  years  have  passed  since  the  I  Inly  Father  issued 
his  M"tu  proprio  on  the  reform  of  Church  music.  The  plan  of  reform 
there  outlined  has  met  with  indifference  in  some  quarters,  and  in  others 
ha-  been  checked  by  an  exaggerated  idea  of  the  difficulty  of  putting  it 
into  effect.  Abuses  grow  stronger  with  time  and  claim  more  than  the 
veneration  reserved  for  respectable  old  age.  Changes  have  come 
-lowly.  Organists,  too,  and  choir-masters  sometimes  have  queer  ideas 
about  the  music  that  best  befits  an  ecclesiastical  function.  Only  a  few 
yean  ag"  a  Papal  Delegate  accompanied  by  two  metropolitans  and 
several  bishops  was  greeted  on  his  solemn  entry  into  a  church  by  the 
trains  of  Mendelssohn's  Wedding  March.  Church  music  has 
gone  SO  far  astray  that  many  of  our  musical  directors,  not  to  speak  of 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  521 

the  clergy,  must  divest  themselves  of  their  old  ideas  on  the  subject 
before  they  can  enter  into  the  spirit  of  the  reform  proposed  by  the 
Holy  Father." 

The  "America"  is  somewhat  more  hopeful  in  the  matter 
than  we  are.  But  whether  its  expectations  be  realized  in  the 
near  future  or  not.  we  trust  our  contemporary  will  continue 
to  fight  the  good  fight,  until  Pope  Pius  X.  and  the  law  of  the 
Church  have  won  a  decisive  victory  over  the  "autocrats  of  the 
organ  loft"  and  their  clerical  and  lay  allies  here  in  America. 


THE  MONROE  DOCTRINE  IN  A  NEW  LIGHT 

What  is  known  as  the  Monroe  Doctrine  was  formulated 
by  John  Quincy  Adams,  then  a  member  of  Congress,  at  the 
behest  of  President  Monroe,  and  by  him  inserted  in  his  famous 
"Fifty- Four  Forty  or  Fight"  message.  The  passage  reads  as 
follows : 

"The  American  continents,  by  the  free  and  independent  condition 
which  they  have  assumed  and  maintain,  are  henceforth  not  to  be  con- 
sidered as  subjects  for  future  colonization  by  European  powers.  .  .  . 
We  should  consider  any  attempt  on  their  part  to  extend  their  system  to 
any  portion  of  this  hemisphere  as  dangerous  to  our  peace  and  safety. 
With  the  existing  colonies  or  dependencies  of  any  European  power, 
we  have  not  "interfered  and  shall  not  interfere.  But  with  the  govern- 
ments who  have  declared  their  independence,  and  maintained  it,  and 
whose  independence  we  have,  on  great  consideration,  and  on  just 
principles,  acknowledged,  we  could  not  view  any  interposition  for  the 
purpose  of  oppressing  them,  or  controlling,  in  any  other  manner,  their 
destiny,  by  any  European  Power,  in  any  other  light  than  as  the  mani- 
festation of  an  unfriendly  disposition  towards  the  United  States." 

Colonization  was  an  entirely  different  thing  in  1823  from 
what  it  is  now.  The  "colony''  was  in  the  European  concep- 
tion what  it  had  been  in  the  days  of  Athens — a  dependency  of, 
and  an  adjunct  to,  the  Mother  State.  The  character  of  the 
colonization  problem  has  wholly  changed,  and  that  portion  of 
President  Monroe's  message  which  relates  to  colonization  is 
now  practically  obsolete. 

In  framing  the  second  part  of  the  passage  quoted,  Mr. 
Adams  probably  had  in  mind  a  family  of  American  States 
under  the  hegemony  or  leadership  of  the  United  States.  But 
as  one  of  his  own  descendants,  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
recently  pointed  out  in  a  remarkable  address  delivered  before 


522  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  American  Society  of  International  Law,  at  Washington 
(reported  in  substance  by  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Post  of  April 
25).  "so  far  as  existing  conditions  on  the  two  American  con- 
tinents are  concerned,  the  hegemonic  application  of  the  Mon- 
roe Doctrine  is  .  .  .  out  of  the  question.  Racial  limita- 
tions bar  the  way." 

There  is,  however,  another  interpretation  of  the  Doctrine 
which  threatens  to  make  trouble.  Mr.  Charles  Francis  Adams 
refers  to  it  as  "Mommsen's  Law,"  because  it  was  enunciated 
with  brutal  frankness  by  that  famous  historian  in  his  History 
of  Rome  (Vol.  Y,  Ch.  8),  as  follows: 

"By  virtue  of  the  law,  that  a  people  which  has  grown  into  a  state 
absorbs  its  neighbors  who  are  in  political  nonage,  and  a  civilized  people 
absorbs  its  neighbors  who  are  in  intellectual  nonage — by  virtue  of  this 
law,  which  is  as  universally  valid  and  as  much  a  law  of  nature  as  the 
law  of  gravity — the  Italian  nation  (the  only  one  in  antiquity  which  was 
able  to  combine  a  superior  political  development  and  a  superior  civili- 
zation, though  it  presented  the  latter  only  in  an  imperfect  and  external 
manner)  was  entitled  to  reduce  to  subjection  the  Greek  states  of  the 
East  which  were  ripe  for  destruction,  and  to  dispossess  the  peoples  of 
lower  grades  of  culture  in  the  West — Libyans,  Iberians,  Celts,  Germans 
— by  means  of  its  settlers;  just  as  England  with  equal  right  has  in 
Asia  reduced  to  subjection  a  civilization  of  rival  standing  but  politically 
impotent,  and  in  America  and  Australia  has  marked  and  ennobled,  and 
still  continues  to  mark  and  ennoble,  extensive  barbarian  countries  with 
the  impress  of  its  nationality." 

When  this  passage  was  written,  the  framer  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  was  already  in  his  grave.  But  Mr.  Charles  Francis 
Adams  thinks  that  John  Ouincy  Adams  had  Mommsen's  Law 
clearly  in  mind  when  lie  enunciated  the  doctrine  contained  in 
the  message  of  1823.  Both  hegemony  and  Mommsen's  Law 
were  distinctly  present  in  the  enunciation  of  the  Monroe  Doc- 
trine, and  they  are  still  operative,  only  that  the  United  States, 
as  the  now  dominant  American  world-power,  has  taken  the 
place  of  Europe.  Recently  the  thing  has  masqueraded  as 
"Benevolent  Assimilation"  or  "Sphere  of  Influence."  Secre- 
tary Olney  laid  down  the  principle  that  the  United  States  is 
"practically  sovereign  on  this  continent  and  that  its  fiat  is  law 
upon  the  subject  to  which  it  confines  its  interposition."  To 
clear  away  the  oracular  obscurity  of  this  utterance,  President 
Roosevelt,  in  1904,  declared  that  "the  adherence  of  the  United 
States  to  the  Monroe  Doctrine  may   force  the  United  States. 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  523 

.  .  .  in  flagrant  oases  of  wrongdoing  or  impotence,  to  the 
exercise  of  an  international  police  power." 

In  view  of  all  this  we  heartily  agree  with  Mr.  Charles 
Francis  Adams  when  he  says : 

"With  the  law  of  Hegemonic  Limitation  and  Mommsen's  Law, 
'that  two-handed  engine,  at  the  door/  is  it  not  desirable  that  the  still 
so-called  Monroe  Doctrine  should  at  this  juncture  receive  further  and 
thoughtful  consideration?  National  self-complacency  is  a  weakness 
from  which  even  we  are  not  altogether  exempt ;  and  in  the  American 
family  circle  Benevolent  Assimilation  may,  after  all,  be  looked  upon 
as  only  a  euphemistic  form  of  Nutritive  Deglutition.  The  mask 
removed,  may  not  Mommsen's  Law,  in  all  its  nakedness,  stand  re- 
vealed?" 


THE  CHURCH  IN  SOUTH  AMERICA 

The  official  position  of  the  Church  in  the  ten  republics  of 
South  America"  is  summed  up  by  a  writer  in  the  Month  (No. 
602)   as  follows: 

Argentina — The  Constitution  declares  that  the  Catholic 
religion  is  that  of  the  nation.  The  State  must  protect  it 
though  it  does  not  hold  the  position  of  a  State-endowed 
Church.  The  President  and  Vice-President  must  be  Catholics 
by  profession.  (Nevertheless  only  secular  education  is  given 
in  the  State  schools.) 

Bolivia — The  Catholic  religion  is  declared  to  be  that  of 
the  nation,  but  other  forms  of  worship  are  tolerated.  A  small 
grant  of  a  few  hundred  dollars  a  year  is  made  towards  the 
support  of  the  seminaries  and  the  Indian  missions. 

Brazil — Separation  of  Church  and  State  decreed  on  the 
proclamation  of  the  Republic  in  1889.  But  "the  Government 
left  to  the  Church  all  religions  buildings,  and  their  properties 
and  income.  The  Catholic  Church  is  perfectly  free:  religious 
Orders  are  allowed  and  are  prosperous.  All  but  about  100.000 
of  the  population  are  Catholics."" 

Chili — "The  Catholic  religion  is  maintained  by  the  State, 
but  according  to  the  Constitution  all  religions  are  respected 
and  protected." 

Colombia — "The  religion  of  the  nation  is  Roman  Cathol- 

*  "Statesman's  Year  Book,  1914."  The  other  passages  in  this  sum- 
mary, marked  with  inverted  commas,  are  also  quotations  from  the  "Year 
Book."  Its  information  has  a  semi-official  character,  as  it  is  produced 
with  the  co-operation  of  the  governments  of  the  various  countries  re- 
ferred to. 


524  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

icism,  .  .  .  other  forms  of  religion  being"  permitted,  so  long  as 
their  exercise  is  'not  contrary  to  Christian  morals  nor  to  the 
law.'  .  .  .  Nearly  all  the  secondary  schools  maintained  or 
assisted  by  the  nation  are  entrusted  to  religious  corporations 
oi  the  Catholic  Church." 

Ecuador — "The  Church  of  the  Republic,  according  to  the 
Constitution,  is  the  Roman  Catholic.  .  .  .  Its  income,  in  sub- 
stitution for  tithes,  is  annually  provided  for  in  the  estimates. 
In  1904  a  law  was  passed  and  promulgated  placing  the  Church 
and  its  property  under  the  control  of  the  State,  and  forbidding 
the  foundation  of  new  orders,  or  the  entrance  of  foreign 
religious  communities  into  the  country.  All  members  of  the 
episcopate  are  required  to  be  Ecuadorian  citizens.  Civil  mar- 
riages are  obligatory  in  accordance  with  regulations  prescribed 
by  the  law  of  December,  1902." 

Paraguay — "The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  the  estab- 
lished religion  of  the  State,  but  the  free  exercise  of  other 
religions  is  permitted.  .  .  .  The  law  of  civil  marriage  was 
introduced  in  1898." 

Peru — The  Catholic  Church  is  that  of  the  nation.  "By 
the  terms  of  the  Constitution  there  exists  absolute  political 
but  not  religious  freedom,  the  fourth  article  of  the  Constitu- 
tion prohibiting  the  public  exercise  of  any  religion  but  the 
Roman  Catholic,  which  is  declared  the  religion  of  the  State. 
But  practically  there  is  a  certain  amount  of  tolerance,  there 
being  Anglican  churches  and  missionary  schools  in  Callao, 
Lima,  Arequipa  and  Cuzco.  On  October  3,  1913,  however, 
both  chambers  agreed  so  to  amend  Article  4  of  the  Constitu- 
tion as  to  grant  full  religious  liberty.  Before  the  amendment 
can  become  law  it  must  be  passed  by  another  Congress.  The 
churches  and  convents  are  the  property  of  the  State.  The 
State  pays  about  £16,000  annually  for  the  purposes  of  public 
worship." 

Uruguay — "The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  State  religion, 
but  there  is  complete  toleration." 

Venezuela — '"The  Roman  Catholic  is  the  State  religion, 
but  there  is  complete  toleration  of  all  others." 

In  Venezuela- — as  in  Ecuador — the  Government  has  at- 
tempted to  assert  a  right  of  vexatious  interference  in  eccle- 

tical  matters.     Bui  as  a  rule  a  South  American  Republic, 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  525 

while  recognizing  Catholicity  as  the  religion  of  the  people, 
does  not  give  the  Church  the  position  of  an  Establishment, 
and  thus  its  independence  of  state  control  is  secured.  In  some 
cases  a  small  contribution  is  made  from  the  budget  to  the 
support  of  the  seminaries  and  of  the  Indian  missions.  The 
sum  is  nowhere  a  large  one.  The  Church  in  South  America 
is  supported  directly  by  the  people.  Only  in  Chili  is  any  large 
part  of  the  expense  of  maintaining  the  churches  and  clergy 
paid  by  the  State. 

Only  a  few  months  ago  the  Legislative  Congress  of  Col- 
ombia decreed  that  the  Eucharistic  Congress  held  in  the  capital, 
Bogota,  should  be  a  national  celebration,  and  that  it  should 
be  commemorated  by  a  monument  with  an  inscription  setting 
forth  that  the  nation  thanked  God  for  its  peace  and  prosperity, 
and  through  its  elected  representatives  "rendered  homage, 
adoration  and  grateful  thanksgiving  to  our  Redeemer.  Jesus 
Christ,  in  the  august  mystery  of  the  Eucharist."  The  resolu- 
tion was  unanimously  voted  by  the  legislature.  Proposed  by 
the  Prime  Minister,  it  was  seconded  by  Sehor  Mejia,  who 
had  in  past  years  been  the  leader  of  the  Masonic  anti-Catholic 
party.     After  alluding  to  this,  he  said : 

"But  I  have  learned  that  God  is  the  very  base  of  the  social 
edifice,  and  I  proclaim  today,  before  this  assembly  of  the  most 
distinguished  men  of  my  country,  that  Christ  lives,  Christ 
reigns,  Christ  triumphs.  As  I  once  resolutely  championed  the 
cause  of  atheism,  so  will  I  henceforth  acknowledge  the  faith  of 
Christ,  and  with  all  the  power  of  my  being  do  I  now  and 
forever  profess  it." 

An  incident  like  this  is  a  concrete  proof  of  the  progress  of 
the  great  revival  that  is  making  the  Southern  Continent 
Catholic,  not  in  profession  only,  but  in  solid  reality. 


THE  MAIN  BARRIER  TO  FREQUENT  COMMUNION 

The  Rev.  Father  R.  Fullerton,  writing  in  Xo.  557  of  the 
Irish  Theological  Record,  puts  the  truth  in  regard  to  con- 
fession in  its  relation  to  holy  Communion  even  more  strongly 
than  it  has  been  stated  in  the  FORTNIGHTLY  Review.   He  says: 

With  regard  to  the  first  condition,  the  state  of  grace,  the 
rule  laid  down   bv   Dr.    Antoni.   whose  work,   "Vain   Fears," 


?:<>  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

etc.,  has  the  approbation  and  special  blessing  of  the  Pope, 
is  very  simple  and  very  clear,  and  will  be  found  of  the  utmost 
practical  service  for  persons  dealing  with  this  question  of 
frequent  Communion  :  it  is  this  :  "Never  communicate  with- 
out confessing  beforehand,  if  you  are  certain,  that  is,  if  you 
can  swear  to  being  in  a  state  of  mortal  sin."  In  other  words, 
yon  can  continue  going  to  Communion  every  day,  unless  you 
are  prepared  to  swear  that  you  committed  mortal  sin  since 
your  last  good  confession.  There  is  nothing  more  important 
than  this — some  clear,  definite  rule,  to  guide  the  faithful  in 
regard  to  the  state  of  grace  and  the  need  of  Confession.  We 
know  that  it  is  false  notions  about  Confession  that  constitute 
the  main  barrier  which  prevents  people  from  receiving  Holy 
Communion  frequently  and  even  daily.  Old  prejudices  die 
hard ;  and  it  is  no  easy  matter  to  get  it  into  people's  heads 
that  Confession  need  n*ot  have  any  necessary  connection  with 
Communion ;  that  it  is  only  necessary  if  they  have  committed 
mortal  sin  since  their  last  confession. 

It  is  very  strange  how  well-instructed  persons  imagine, 
in  their  own  case  at  any  rate,  that  they  must  go  to  Con- 
fession every  time  they  wish  to  receive  Holy  Communion ; 
and  it  is  stranger  still,  how  some  people  accuse  themselves 
in  tribunals  of  not  going  to  Communion  after  their  last  con- 
fession— when  they  could  not,  for  some  reason  or  other.  The 
main  task  which  confronts  us — and  it  is  not  nearly  so  easy  as 
it  might  appear — is,  to  separate  from  one  another  in  the  minds 
of  the  people,  the  two  sacraments  of  Penance  and  the  Euchar- 
ist. Penance  is  only  hypothetically  necessary  for  Holy  Com- 
munion. If  what  is  "most  earnestly  desired  by  Christ  Our 
Lord  and  the  Catholic  Church,"  is  put  into  practice,  viz., 
fre<|nent  and  daily  Communion,  then  Penance  as  a  preparation 
for  Holy  Communion  becomes  the  exception,  and  a  compara- 
tively rare  exception  at  that,  and  not  by  any  means  the  rule. 
This  must  be  clearly  and  distinctly  made  known  and  be  under- 
stood, first  of  all;  in  other  words,  to  put  it  boldly  and  briefly 
at  once,  yon  must  preach  down  Penance  if  yon  wish  to  preach 
up  this  "most  earnest  desire  of  Christ  and  the  Catholic 
Church." 

I  shall  not  be  understood,  I  am  sure,  as  depreciating  in 
any  way  the  sacrament  of  Penance,  which  conveys  to  the  sonls 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  527 

of  sinners  the  saving  and  sanctifying  Blood  of  Jesus  Christ. 
The  necessity  for  the  sacrament  of  Penance  is  in  no  danger  of 
being  lost  sight  of.  But  where  Penance  stands  in  the  way  of 
Holy  Communion,  it  must  be  firmly  set  aside ;  and  it  is  certain 
that  nothing  keeps  people,  who  are  in  a  state  of  grace,  from 
frequent  and  daily  Communion  so  much  as  wrong  notions 
about  Confession  and  vain  fears  about  the  state  of  grace. 

It  can  never  be  strongly  enough  insisted  upon,  that  all 
the  faithful,  irrespective  of  age  or  state,  are  invited  and 
exhorted  by  Our  Lord  Himself,  speaking  through  the  mouth 
of  the  person  who  represents  Him  on  earth,  to  receive  Holy 
Communion  every  day,  unless,  as  Dr.  Antoni  teaches,  with 
papal  approval,  they  can  swear  that  they  have  been  guilty  of 
mortal  sin  since  their  last  confession.  That  is  practically  the 
whole  doctrince  regarding  frequent  and  daily  Communion. 
It  is  very  simple,  plain  and  straight. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


The  authorities  of  the  Horace  Mann  School  of  Teachers 
College,  Columbia  University,  long  conspicuous  among  co- 
educational institutions,,  have  recently  abandoned  co-education. 
The  reason  given  is  that  "the  radically  different  aims  and 
ideals  of  the  two  sexes  can  be  better  studied  and  guided 
separately." 

The  discovery  that  noise  is  not  a  necessity  may  turn  out  to 
be  one  of  the  great  achievements  of  the  twentieth  century.  A 
number  of  our  cities  have  begun  a  campaign  for  greater  quiet. 
The  point  mainly  insisted  upon  is  the  bad  effect  of  noise  upon 
the  schools.  A  local  committee  in  Indianapolis  declares  that 
85  per  cent  of  the  noises  in  the  neighborhood  of  school  build- 
ings can  be  abated,  and  suggests  the  creation  of  "zones  of 
quiet,"  the  repaving  of  streets  with  noise-absorbing  material, 
the  location  of  school  buildings  with  reference  to  immunity 
from  disturbance.  As  soon  as  we  care  as  much  about  doing 
away  with  unnecessary  noise  as  we  care  about  the  things  for 


528  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the   sake  of   which   we   endure   the   noise,   our   cities   will   be 
revolutionized. 

Speaking-  before  an  assembly  of  English  Catholics  not  long 
ago.  the  Bishop  of  Northampton  said : 

"When  the  causes  of  leakage  are  under  consideration,  I  give  as 
my  unhesitating  opinion  that  the  outstanding  cause  is  the  decay  of 
parental  responsibility  and  parental  control ;  and  when  we  begin  to 
look  for  remedies,  I  assert  emphatically  that  we  shall  make  small 
progress  until  we  have  restored  the  Catholic  atmosphere  of  the  home." 

♦  ♦    ♦ 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Andy  Carnegie's  Peace  Palace  will 
not  be  blown  up  by  one  of  the  mighty  armies  now  engaged  in 
the  death  struggle  in  Europe. 

-•--•--♦- 

We  heartily  congratulate  our  highly  esteemed  confrere, 
the  Rev.  H.  J.  Heuser,  upon  the  acquisition  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Wm.  Turner,  of  the  Catholic  University,  as  editor  of  the  Eccle- 
siastical Review.  Dr.  Turner  is  both  learned  and  practical 
and  possesses  the  temper  of  a  true  scholar.  We  have  no  doubt 
the  Ecclesiastical  Review  will  continue  to  flourish  under  his 
direction  as  it  did  for  so  many  years  under  its  venerable 
founder,  whom  advancing  age  and  ill-health  have  unfortu- 
nately compelled  to  relinquish  editorial  control.  The  Church 
in  America  owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  Dr.  Heuser. 

♦  ♦   ■•■ 

Little  Holland  has  twenty  Catholic  daily  newspapers.  We 
English-speaking  Catholics  of  the  United  States,  far  more 
numerous  and  wealthy,  have  none! 

•>    ♦   ♦ 

Mixed  marriages  are  a  bane  everywhere.  Thus  the  Irish 
Theological  Quarterly  (No.  35),  speaking  of  the  Protestant 
districts  of  Holland,  says:  ''Unfortunately,  .  .  .  mixed 
marriages  are  only  too  common,  and,  as  elsewhere,  they  inflict 
a  great  injury  on  the  Church." 

■•>   ♦  ■♦ 

We  don't  think  it  is  true,  as  some  of  our  contemporaries 
ert,  that  American  Masons  as  a  body  condemn  the  Menace. 
Individual  Masons  do — some,  perhaps,  because  they  really  dis- 
approve its  aims,  but  the  majority,  no  doubt,  for  the  reason 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  529 

that  the  tactics  of  the  Aurora  publication  arc  altogether  be- 
neath contempt. 

■•-•••    ♦ 

It  may  interest  some  of  our  readers  to  learn  that  Arm- 
strong Springs,  the  well-known  Arkansas  health  resort,  has 
been  reopened  under  the  control  of  the  Rev.  Father  T.  J. 
Griffin,  of  the  Little  Rock  Diocese. 

The  latest  secret  society  that  has  come  to  our  notice  is 
the  "Exalted  Order  of  Big  Dogs,"  which  recently  held  its 
fourth  "Annual  Conclave"  in  Des  Moines,  la.  Its  branches 
are  called  Kennels,  its  administrative  council,  the  Royal 
Kennel.  In  connection  with  their  annual  meeting  the  Big 
Dogs  quite  appropriately  hold  a  "Bone  Fest."  As  we  find 
this  information  in  Vol.  13,  No.  10,  of  the  "International 
Musician,"  which  is  the  "Official  Organ  of  the  American 
Federation  of  Musicians,"  we  presume  the  Exalted  Order 
of  Big  Dogs  is  an  association  of  musicians.     Cave  canes! 

The  latest  quarterly  bulletin  of  the  Catholic  Educa- 
tional Association  (Vol.  X,  No.  4)  is  devoted  to  an  address 
by  Brother  J.  B.  Nichol,  S.M.,  of  Brooklyn,  on  "Present- 
Day  Tendencies  in  Education."  The  tendencies  noted  are : 
to  redistribute  the  time  allotments  for  elementary  and  sec- 
ondary studies ;  to  centralize  control  both  in  city  and  rural 
schools;  to  supervise  more  closely  the  immediate  processes 
of  education  in  the  class-room ;  to  place  sex  hygiene  on  the 
school  programme  (this  particular  tendency  is  now  fortu- 
nately on  the  wane)  ;  and  to  provide  vocational  training. 
This  last-mentioned  demand,  Brother  Nichol  says,  gives 
rise  to  difficult  problems.  The  criterion  for  judging  all 
new  tendencies  and  demands,  he  rightly  insists,  should  not 
be  individual  or  class  considerations,  but  the  true  religious 
interests  of  the  child,  the  family,  and  the  Church. 

It  will  be  well  to  take  the  reports  about  monstrous 
brutalities  committed  on  the  European  battle-fields  with  a 
large  grain  of  salt.  Crimes  there  will  be,  of  course,  as 
there  were  plenty  by  Americans  in  uniform,  both  North 
and  South,  from   1861   to  1865.      War  loosens  all  the  evil 


530  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

passions.  But,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  Russians, 
the  soldiers  engaged  in  this  gigantic  conflict  are  more  or 
less  cultured  Christians ;  and  rumors  of  brutality  are  al- 
ways rife  in  war.  Did  not  our  own  Admiral  Sampson 
accuse  the  Spanish  of  mutilating  the  American  dead  in 
Cuba,    in    1898.    and    subsequently    have    to    apologize    and 

withdraw  the  charge  as  utterly  unfounded? 

-•--•--♦• 

The  newly-founded  Baltimore  Catholic  Review  is 
worrying  how  to  get  Catholic  papers  into  non-Catholic 
homes.  "We  have  a  worry  nearer  home,"  comments  the 
older  and  wiser  Newark  Monitor  (Vol.  15,  No.  32),  "that 
of  getting  our  Catholic  papers  into  our  Catholic  homes. 
When  we  have  accomplished  this  we  shall  feel  that  the 
leaven  will  spread  until  the  whole  mass  is  leavened." 

It  is  announced,  on  seemingly  good  authority,  that  the 
records  of  the  Holy  Office  are  at  present  being  arranged 
with  a  view  to  throwing  them  open,  in  a  restricted  way,  to 
the  use  of  competent  scholars.  This  is  good  news,  that 
must  rejoice  the  hearts  of  many  others  besides  Dr.  Lud- 
wig  von  Pastor,  "the  historian  of  the  popes,"  who  as  late 
as  1912  made  another  strong  plea  for  the  opening  of  these 
archives,  in  the  introduction  to  his  brochure  "Allgemeine 
Dekrete  der  Romischen  Inquisition  aus  den  Jahren  1555- 
1597"  (Herder.  40  cts.,  net),  in  which  (p.  4),  by  the  way, 
he  quotes  approvingly  some  remarks  made  on  the  subject 
by  the  Fortnightly  Review,  1910,  p.  24.  We  sincerely  hope 
the  archives  of  the  Inquisition  will  be  opened  with  as  few 
restrictions  as  possible,  at  least  to  men  of  such  approved 
orthodoxy  and  probity  of  character  as  Dr.  von  Pastor. 

Mr.  Frank  Spearman,  the  Catholic  novelist,  who  was  a 
Freemason  as  well  as  a  Protestant  before  his  conversion, 
i-  quoted  as  saying:  "From  the  Masonic  side  of  the  ques- 
tion in  my  case,  there  was  no  reason  that  I  could  see  why 
I  could  not  belong  to  the  Church  and  to  the  [Masonic] 
order." 

Which    simply    proves,    either    that     Mr.    Spearman    was 
er  more  than  a  "knife  and  fork"  Mason,  or  that  Masonry 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  531 

never  had  his  real  sympathy  and  allegiance.     Vide  our  "Study 
in  American  Freemasonry."  B.  Herder,  passim. 

♦■    ♦    -*■ 

"A  Study  in  American  Freemasonry,"  by  the  way,  in  an 
authorized  French  translation,  has  duly  run  its  course  in 
La  Revue  Internationale  des  Societes  Secretes,  of  Paris, 
and  if  the  war  does  not  interfere,  will  appear  in  hook  form 
before  long. 

The  Syracuse  Catholic  Sun  some  time  ago  announced 
(Vol.  21,  No.  46)  that  a  number  of  Catholic  men  and 
women  in  New  York  had  organized  a  "Bureau  of  Catholic 
Information,"  whose  principal  objects  were:  first,  to  pre- 
vent the  use  of  the  name  "Catholic"  for  purposes  not 
approved  by  the  ecclesiastical  authorities,  such  as  charity 
balls,  etc.,  and  second,  to  keep  the  public  informed  as  to 
the  character  and  record  of  those  men  in  public  life  who 
are  known  to  depend  in  a  measure  on  their  real  or  sup- 
posed influence  with  Catholics.  Both  these  objects  are 
praiseworthy  and  necessary ;  but  if  the  new  Bureau  has 
done  anything  noteworthy  towards  attaining  them,  so  far, 
we  regret  to  say  we  have  not  heard  of  the  fact. 

-♦--♦--♦- 

The  controversy  with  regard  to  the  alleged  anti- 
Catholic  bias  of  the  Associated  Press  news  service  is  not 
yet  at  an  end.  As  is  well  known,  Archbishop  Ireland  and 
several  other  prominent  representatives  of  the  Church  have 
pooh-poohed  the  charge.  But  there  is  one  thing  even  the 
warmest  admirers  of  Mr.  Melville  Stone  and  his  wonderful 
agency  cannot  deny :  The  Associated  Press  has  never 
been  at  pains  to  contradict  false  or  damaging  statement^, 
even  when  it  was  chiefly  responsible  for  the  divulgation  of 

them. 

-♦--♦--•- 

Father  Ernest  R.  Hull.  S.J.,  points  out  in  his  paper,  the 
Bombay  Examiner,  that  the  addition  of  "D.D."  or  the  pre- 
fix "Doctor"  to  the  names  of  archbishops  or  bishops  is 
neither  necessary  nor  in  conformity  with  the  best  usage. 
"Dr."  does  not  of  itself  indicate  any  sacred  dignity  or  office, 


532  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

but   is   merely   an   honorary   title   acquired   ipso   facto   by   the 
elevation  to  the  episcopacy. 

♦   -•--•• 

This  is  the  kind  of  "war  news*'  our  newspapers  are  liber- 
ally dispensing  at  present : 

(Name  of  place  struck  out),  August  22. — Your  correspondent 
reached  this  place  (I  am  not  permitted  to  tell  where  it  is)  last  night. 
I  immediately  went  out  (I  am  not  permitted  to  say  which  way  from 
town)  and  saw  (I  am  forbidden  to  tell  what  I  saw).  There  is  no 
question  but  the  (struck  out)  are  winning.  They  have  taken  (struck 
out,  struck  out,  struck  out,  struck  out)  one  after  the  other,  and  are 
now  before  (I  am  not  permitted  to  tell  where  they  are).  This  morn- 
ing, looking  out  of  the  hotel  window,  I  plainly  saw  (I  am  forbidden 
to  say  what,  but  I  saw  it  none  the  less  plainly).  Tonight  I  will  try  to 
get  to  (I  am  forbidden  to  say  where)  but  you  may  rest  assured  that 
I  will  try  none  the  less  hard  to  get  there.  You  say  you  want  news. 
Wait  until  I  get  home.  I  have  news  that  will  stagger  humanity.  Be 
patient,  and  try  to  imagine  from  what  is  here  cut  out  some  part  of  the 
stupendous  drama  now  in  progress.     (Clark  McAdam.) 

That  is  the  shape  genuine  "news"  takes;  the  rest  is  mostly 
"faked."     Xo  wonder  newspaper  readers  are  going-  mad. 


The  Ladies'  Home  Journal  deals  at  some  length  in  its 
September  number  with  the  scopolamine  method  of  painless 
childbirth.  Mrs.  II.  Rion  Yer  Beck,  who  was  delegated  by 
the  editor  to  make  a  personal  investigation  of  the  method  at 
the  famous  Frauenklinik  of  Freiburg,  is  enthusiastic  about  it 
and  concludes  her  paper  with  the  statement  that  "the  women 
who  have  tried  it  certainly  believe  in  it."  Which  ought  to  be 
a  good  criterion.  At  the  same  time,  however,  the  Journal 
publishes  opinions  from  four  eminent  American  obstetricians 
who  have  tried  or  carefully  observed  the  method  and  warn 
their  confreres  against  it.  It  is  not  likely  that  childbirth  will 
ever  become  entirely  painless,  because  of  the  ancient  curse 
(Gen.  3:14):  "In  sorrow  shalt  thou  bring  forth  children." 
But  it  seems  the  scopolamine  method  opens  up  a  way  toward 
mitigating  its  pains.  The  apathy,  nay  hostility,  of  the  Ameri- 
can medical  fraternity  is  difficult  to  understand.  Is  there,  as 
the  American  Journal  of  Clinical  Medicine  (Chicago,  August) 
intimates,    "a    conspiracy    of    silence,  .     .     owing   to   the 

natural    resistance   of   an    organized    body    to    change?"      The 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  533 

main  difficulty  seems  to  lie  in  the  administration  of  the  drug, 
which  often  causes  fetal  asphyxia  and  endangers  the  life  of 
the  mother. 

It  seems  that  the  Catholic  total  abstainers  who  met  at 
Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y.,  August  4,  "for  the  purpose  of  shaping 
a  movement  that  will  enlist  the  active  service  of  Catholic  men 
and  women  in  the  work  of  passing  laws  to  eliminate  the 
liquor  traffic"  (see  this  Review,  No.  15,  p.  449),  organized  a 
Catholic  Prohibition  Party  with  a  "progressive"  platform. 
That  platform  must  be  very  radical,  indeed,  for  the  Catholic 
Total  Abstinence  Union  of  America,  at  its  44th  annual  con- 
vention, has  refused  to  endorse  it.  Too  much  radicalism  has 
been  the  bane  of  the  temperance  movement  in  America.  In 
Europe,  with  more  moderate  demands  and  methods  (as  we 
have  repeatedly  pointed  out)  the  movement  against  alcoholism 
has  been  far  more  successful  among  Catholics. 

The  Pittsburgh  Observer  (Vol.  16,  No.  9)  reports  the  in- 
corporation, under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York,  of  the 
Catholic  Film  Association,  which  intends  to  buy  and  distribute, 
and  eventually  also  to  manufacture,  amusement  pictures  suit- 
able for  Catholic  parishes  and  institutions.  (See  adv.  on  p. 
543,  infra.) 

The  Ave  Maria  (Vol.  79,  No.  8)  comments  tersely  on  a 
recent  decision  of  the  Missouri  Supreme  Court  which  "dis- 
closes the  chameleon-like  character  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association"  : 

"When  there  is  question  of  the  Association's  getting  permission  to 
erect  its  buildings  on  government  reservations,  or  of  enticing  Catholic 
young  men  into  its  ranks,  it  emphasizes  the  exclusively  social  and 
intellectual  purposes  for  which  it  stands;  when  it  comes  to  paying 
taxes  on  its  property,  part  of  which  is  rented  for  purely  commercial 
purposes,  it  vociferously  declares  that  it  is  an  out-and-out  religious 
organization.  The  latter  contention  is  the  true  one,  as  we  have  not 
infrequently  pointed  out;  and  its  truth  constitutes  an  all-sufficient 
reason  why  our  Catholic  young  men  should  turn  a  deaf  ear  to  the 
plausible  but  fallacious  arguments  which  promoters  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
use  in  soliciting  Catholics  to  enter  their  ranks." 

On  August  15  the  Panama  Canal  was  thrown  open  for 
traffic,  but  there  is  no  foreign  traffic.     Could  anything  be  more 


534  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

sardonic?  It  is  doubtful  if  am  one  happening  could  throw 
into  clearer  relief  the  wasteful  and  destructive  character  of 
war  tlian  Col.  Goethals'  notice  to  the  world  that  the  greatest 
American  conquest  of  peace  is  ready  to  serve  those  who  are  so 
busily  engaged  cutting  one  another's  throats. 


LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


Father  James  Mist's  "Private  First  Communion  Instructions  for 
Little  Children,"  done  into  English  and  adapted  by  the  Rev.  F. 
Girardey,  C.SS.R.,  are  designed  to  serve  as  a  model  to  priests  and 
others  who  have  to  prepare  little  children  for  first  Communion.  They 
seem  to  us  well  adapted  to  their  purpose.  The  translator  has  acquitted 
himself  creditably  of  his  none  too  easy  task.     (B.  Herder.    60  cts.,  net.) 

We  should  like  to  recommend  "Sweet  Sacrament  Divine,"  a 
prettily  gotten  up  collection  of  "daily  and  other  devotions  for  Holy 
Communion,"  by  the  V.  Rev.  Charles  Cox,  O.M.I.,  were  it  not  that 
the  preface  is  not  quite  in  conformity  with  the  mind  of  our  recently 
deceased  Pontiff,  or  at  least  apt  to  give  fresh  food  to  certain  false 
notions  current  among  the  faithful  with  regard  to  the  relation  of  the 
Sacrament  of  Penance  to  Holy  Communion.  (Benziger  Bros.  35  cts., 
net.) 

A  "Synopsis  of  the  Rubrics  and  Ceremonies  of  Holy  Mass,"  by  the 
Rev.  Wm.  Doyle,  S.J.,  is  manifestly  intended  for  the  use  of  young 
priests  and  seminarians,  to  whom  it  will  prove  a  handy  and  useful 
vade-mecum.     (Benziger  Bros.     15  cts.,  net.) 

"Altar  Flowers  and  How  to  Grow  Them,"  by  Mr.  Herbert  Jones,  is 
"A  Concise  Handbook  on  the  Selection  and  Culture  of  White  Flowers 
for  the  Service  of  the  Church,"  with  some  additional  notes  on  the 
most  suitable  red  species  and  varieties.  It  is  an  English  book,  written 
for  English  readers,  but  the  directions  it  gives  will  prove  helpful  also 
in  this  country  to  those  who  take  an  active  interest  in  the  flora]  decora- 
tion of  our  altars.     (Benziger  Bros.    90  cts.,  net.) 

♦    ♦    •*• 

The.  Rev.  J.  B.  Culemans  presents  "The  Theory  and  Practice  of 
the  Catechism,"  an  English  translation,  from  the  second  German 
edition,  a  justly  famous  work  by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  M.  ( bitterer  and 
F.  Krus,  of  the  University  of  Innsbruck.  This  excellent  treatise 
(over-,  the  whole  field  of  catechetical  teaching  in  detail,  and  is  par- 
ticularly valuable  f<,r  its  advocacy  of  sane  modern  theories  without 
detriment  to  the  traditional  and  approved  methods  of  the  Church.     We 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  535 

would  call  special   attention  tu  the   treatment  of   the  question    (,Nos. 

57-83  and  112-135)  whether  or  not  the  catechism  should  he  discarded 
as  no  longer  up  to  the  requirements  of  advanced  pedagogy.  (Fr.  Pus- 
tet  &  Co.    $1.75,  net.) 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  Rev.  P.  Sinthern,  S.J.,  publishes  a  number  of  addresses  and 
sketches  for  sodalities.  There  is  much  matter  contained  in  them  that 
will  prove  of  service  to  our  American  clergy,  especially  those  in 
charge  of  German-speaking  congregations.  ("Im  Dienste  der  Himmels- 
konigin.  Vortrage  und  Skizzen  fur  Marianische  Kongregationen.  (B. 
Herder.    $1.10,  net.) 

Always  ready  to  improve  an  occasion  for  fostering  every  phase  of 
its  noble  aims,  the  Volksverein  of  M.  Gladbach  has  recently  published 
a  brief  but  interesting  commemorative  sketch  of  Frederick  Ozanam 
and  his  great  work,  the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society,  with  special 
reference  to  academic  youth.  ("Student  und  Vinzenzverein,"  by  Hans 
Grundei ;  55  pp.,  40  Pfennig.)  The  writer  shows  how  Ozanam's  society 
not  only  offers  a  proper  field  of  work  for  students,  but,  in  a  certain 
sense,  is  a  necessary  complement  to  anything  like  a  thorough  study  of 
the  social  question.  Was  it  not  the  far-seeing  and  saintly  General 
De  Sonis  who  characterized  the  St.  Vincent  Society  as  "one  of  the 
planks  of  refuge  in  the  social  shipwreck''?— James  Preuss,  SJ. 

■♦••♦--•■ 

Likewise  in  commemoration  of  the  Ozanam  centenary  a  short 
history  of  the  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  Society  in  England,  together  with  a 
sketch  of  the  life  of  its  founder,  has  been  gotten  out  by  Mr.  Archi- 
bald J.  Dunn  ("Frederick  Ozanam  and  the  Establishment  of  the 
Society  of  St.  Vincent  de  Paul,"  118  pp.  Benziger  Bros.  50  cts.). 
The  title  should  be  more  specific.  Only  a  dozen  pages  are  devoted  to 
the  history  of  the  Society  outside  of  England,  with  twenty-six  to  the 
life  of  Ozanam;  practically  all  the  rest  of  the  118  pages  are  taken 
up  with  England's  share  in  the  work.  The  sketch  is,  however,  a 
valuable  contribution  to  our  social  literature.  The  St.  Vincent  de  Paul 
Society  has  done  efficient  social  service  in  the  past,  and  it  goes  to  the 
root  of  social  disorders.  Says  Mr.  Dunn:  "The  most  striking  point 
in  all  the  reports  of  Conferences  with  respect  to  their  patronage  work, 
is  the  prevailing  anxiety  shown  by  them  to  look  after  the  boy  at  the 
most  critical  period  of  his  life,  when  he  leaves  the  protection  of 
school  and  home.  .  .  .  This  is  the  most  important  of  all  works  of 
the  Society,  for  it  is  training  the  men  of  the  next  generation,  who  will 
in  turn  influence  succeeding  generations   for  good  or  ill."     (p.  44.)  — 

James  Preuss,  S.J. 

♦■••■♦ 

In  a  booklet  entitled  "Supernatural  Merit:  Your  Treasure  in 
Heaven,"  the  Rev.  F.  J.  Render,  CM.,  of  Kenrick  Seminary,  explain- 
in   a   series   of   brief   and   pithy   chapters   what   supernatural    merit    is. 


536  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

what  conditions  a  man  must  fulfill  to  render  his  actions  meritorious, 
how  he  can  make  every  moment  of  his  life  a  source  of  merit,  and 
why  it  is  that  most  men  are  so  lamentably  indifferent  to  the  work  ol 
laying  up  treasures  in  heaven.  Father  Render  employs  a  style  thai 
must  appeal  to  the  ordinary  reader.  Some  of  his  explanations,  e.  g. 
that  the  "heaven"  of  repentant  sinners  is  not  the  same  as  that  awarded 
to  souls  that  have  spent  many  years  in  the  faithful  service  of  God,  are 
exceptionally  good.  The  booklet  is  well  suited  for  the  parochial  book- 
rack.     (B.  Herder.     Price,  paper,  15  cts. ;  cloth,  40  cts.) 

♦■  ♦  ♦ 
The  Life  of  Louis  Veuillot,  begun  a  good  long  while  ago  by  his 
brother  Eugene,  has  been  completed  by  the  latter's  son  Frangois.  The 
fourth  and  last  volume,  recently  published,  deals  with  the  great  ed- 
itor's later  career,  from  the  Vatican  Council  onward — his  life  at  Paris 
during  the  two  sieges,  his  attitude  in  the  attempts  at  Restoration,  his 
last  and  greatest  efforts  on  behalf  of  the  Church  in  France.  That  his 
services  are  now  fully  recognized  is  shown  by  the  pontifical  letter, 
prefixed  to  the  book,  in  which  Pope  Pius  X  pays  a  splendid  tribute  to 
the  man  and  his  work.  To  commemorate  the  centenary  of  Veuillot's 
birth,  the  publishers  of  the  Life,  Messrs.  Lethielleux,  have  undertaken 
an  edition  of  his  complete  works,  in  about  forty  volumes,  including 
thirteen  volumes  of  correspondence,  the  greater  part  of  which  was 
published  some  twenty  years  ago. 

In  a  strong  pamphlet  the  Rev.  Joseph  Sasia,  S.J.,  who  has  long 
since  earned  his  spurs  as  a  controversialist,  defends  "The  Divinity  of 
Jesus  Christ  and  His  Virgin  Birth"  against  the  notorious  Dr.  Aked, 
who  had  attacked  both  these  fundamental  truths  in  a  (save  the  mark!) 
sermon.  On  p.  18  the  author  acknowledges  his  indebtedness  to  Dr. 
Pohle's  Mariology,  as  translated  by  the  editor  of  this  Review.  Fr. 
Sasia's  brochure  is  forceful  and  instructive,  and  we  hope  that  Dr. 
Pohle's  learned  series  of  dogmatic  text-books  will  be  utilized  by  other 
popular  writers  in  a  similar  way.     (Price  10  cts.) 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


Catholics  at  Stanford  University 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

Mr.  (1.  Wilfrid  Maloney  says  in  a  paper  on  "Catholics  at  Stan- 
ford University  and  Their  Work,"  contributed  to  Vol.  56,  No.  12,  of 
the  San  Francisco   Monitor: 

".Stanford    University  of   today    is,  .     .     as   most    people   are  aware, 

a  nonaectaiian  institution  and  one  where  the  greatest  of  religious  free- 
dom prevails.  We  have  at  Stanford  about  one  hundred  and  forty  Cath- 
olics;   the    number    Is    small,    yes,    but    not    as    small    as    it    was   at    the    I  i i n < - 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  537 

our    present    pastor,    Rev.    Joseph    M.    Gleason,    came    to    Palo    Alto    s 

four    years   ago,    since   which   time    there   has    been   a   steady    increase    in 
the  number  of  Catholic   students  attending   the  University." 

From  which  it  appears  that  the  presence  of  Father  Gleason  at  Palo 
Alto,  and  the  special  care  bestowed  by  him  upon  the  Catholic  students 
of  Stanford  University,  has  led  to  a  steady  increase  of  Catholics 
frequenting  that  "nonsectarian"   institution   of  learning. 

Another  factor  in  bringing  about  this  increase  probably  is  the 
presence  of  two  Catholics  in  the  faculty.  Mr.  Maloney  boasts  of 
these  things  and  glories  in  the  fact  that  Catholics  now  number  no  less 
than  140  out  of  a  body  of  1500  students. 

The  presence  of  two  Catholic  instructors  in  the  faculty,  and  the 
efforts  of  a  devoted  chaplain  on  behalf  of  the  Catholic  students  may 
ameliorate  conditions  somewhat,  but  they  do  not  and  cannot  change 
the  essential  fact  that  Stanford  University  is  a  purely  secular  institu- 
tion of  learning,  largely  subject,  as  all  such  institutions  are,  to 
Protestant  and  infidel  influences,  and  that  the  140  Catholic  students 
attending  its  courses  are  in  grave  danger  both  as  to  faith  and  morals. 
And  if  the  whole  thing  is  exploited  in  the  way  in  which  Mr.  Maloney 
.  does  it  in  the  Monitor,  the  result  can  only  be  to  draw  still  larger 
numbers  of  Catholic  students  to  the  secular  universities,  to  the  detri- 
ment of  our  Catholic  institutions  of  learning  and,  what  is  infinitely 
worse,  to  the  injury  of  many  immortal  souls  and  the  hurt  of  the 
Catholic  cause. 

Will  not  the  Catholic  press  see  and  do  its  plain  duty  in  the 
premises? 

Californian 

San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Educational  Conditions  in  New  Mexico 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

Most  of  New  Mexico's  inhabitants  are  of  Spanish  origin,  mixed 
with  Indian  blood.  When  American  civilization  set  its  foot  into  this 
vast  country,  they  began  to  lose  their  old  customs  and  good  habits,  at 
first  in  the  cities,  then  little  by  little  also  in  the  country.  I  do  not 
wish  to  throw  a  stone  at  the  public  schools  of  this  State,  but  it  is 
certain  that  our  Mexican  people  do  not  receive  a  sufficient  education 
and  by  far  not  enough  religious  and  moral  training  in  them.  The 
cities  have  splendid  public  schools,  attended  largely  by  Mexican  chil- 
dren, though  there  are  available  excellent  Catholic  institutions  which 
give  not  only  an  up-to-date  scientific  training,  but  also  educate  the 
minds  and  hearts  of  their  pupils.  There  are  various  reasons  why  the 
Catholic  people  of  Mexican  nationality  do  not  patronize  these  insti- 
tutions. The  first  reason  is  the  activity  shown  by  school  officers  and 
directors.  Even  Catholics  in  high  office  and  position  give  recommenda- 
tion and  praise  to  non-Catholic  institutions.  Thus  the  Mexicans, 
naturally   inclined  to  adopt  anything  that  is  new,   send   their  children 


5   8  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

to  the  public  schools  because  they  think  they  will  get  a  hotter  training 
there.  Experience  teaches  that  a  Mexican  who  is  in  constant  contact 
with  non-Catholic  Americans,  as  a  rule  loses  his  good  old  customs,  and 
though  he  will  rarely  lose  the  faith,  he  will  become  indifferent  to  it 
and  scarcely  ever  return  to  its  practice. 

The  language  may  be  another  reason.  The  inhabitant  of  New 
Mexico  is  an  American  citizen  like  the  inhabitants  of  any  other  State. 
He  is  obliged  to  learn  the  language  of  the  country.  English  is  not 
hi-  mother  tongue  and  the  Mexican  children  in  the  country  districts 
hardly  ever  learn  it.  It  seems  to  be  different  in  the  cities,  but  where 
I  am  stationed  the  children  cannot  read  or  write  either  English  or 
Spanish.  The  country  schools  in  some  parts  of  New  Mexico  are  in 
a  terrible  condition.  An  old  adobe  house  serves  as  school  building. 
The  furniture  consists  of  a  rough  table  for  the  teacher.  There  are 
no  desks  for  the  pupils,  at  most  a  few  rude  benches.  It  may  be 
objected  that  the  people  are  too  poor  to  have  good  schools.  Certainly 
they  are  poor,  but  they  are  willing  to  help,  and  if  the  school  directors 
and  superintendents  would  but  do  their  duty,  the  situation  would  look 
different.  There  are  counties  such  as  Santa  Fe  and  Bernalillo  where 
the  schools  are  in  splendid  condition.  It  proves  that  something  can  be 
done. 

The  paucity  of  parochial  schools  may  be  another  reason.  The 
priests  of  New  Mexico  are  zealous  missionaries.  They  do  their  very 
best  to  provide  parochial  schools.  They  have  succeeded  well  in  the 
cities.  In  the  country  school  buildings  can  be  erected  with  the  help  of 
the  people,  who  are  willing  to  sacrifice  their  last  cent,  but  it  is  impos- 
sible to  keep  them  up  without  a  school  fund.  Another  point  to  be 
considered  is  that  New  Mexico  is  still  a  mission  country.  Nearly 
every  "parish"  consists  of  from  ten  to  twenty  missions  and  most  of 
the  children  in  these  missions  cannot  attend  the  parochial  school  if 
there  is  one.  Regular  catechism  teaching  is  almost  impossible,  because 
the  missionary  can  visit  each  mission  but  once  a  month  at  best.  In 
many  cases  even  once' a  month  is  more  than  he  can  do.  On  these  visits 
he  cannot  see  all  the  children,  because  many  do  not  come,  the  farmers 
living  at  great  distances  from  their  mission  church.  The  utmost  a 
priest  can  do  is  to  teach  catechism  once  a  month,  and  for  the  rest  of 
the  time  appoint  a  lady  catechist  to  give  instructions  every  Sunday  in 
the  mission  chapel.  What  a  great  help  it  would  be  if  the  school 
teachers  coiild  teach  catechism  in  the  public  schools!  Then  the 
children  would  have  religious  instruction  for  at  least  live  or  six 
months  per  year. 

Vice-President  Marshall  said  in  one  of  his  addresses:  "One  of 
America's  ills  to-day  is  that  there  is  too  much  science  in  the  so-called 
educational  system,  and  too  little  God  Almighty."  Of  the  public 
schools  of  New  Mexico  wc  may  justly  say  that  there  is  too  little 
icience  in  them  as  well  as  "too  little  God  Almighty."  I  conclude  with 
tl  <•   words   of  tb.-  celebrated  apologist,  P.  Albert  M.  Weiss:     "We  can 


XXI  17  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  539 

never   approve   of   the   entire   separation   of    religion    from    education." 
("Lehens-  und   Gewissensfragen,"  p.  27.) 

Chaperito,   N.    M.  (Rev.)   Peter   ECuFPERS 

••»    ^    •#■ 

Catholics  in  the  State  Schools 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

A  signed  communication  published  in  the  Fortnightly  Review 
recently  exhorts  Catholic  lay  teachers  to  "make  the  little  sacrifice"  of 
seeking  other  employ ;  and  the  authorities  to  forbid  Catholics  to  teach 
in  our  "godless  schools." 

The  American  nation  has  decided  to  offer  every  child  a  free 
education,  and  as  with  eight  hundred  warring  sects  and  over  fifty  per 
cent  of  the  population  in  the  ranks  of  agnosticism,  a  common  ground 
has  not  been  found  upon  which  to  teach  religion  in  those  schools,  that 
subject  has  been  excluded.  On  American  principles,  therefore,  the 
minority  who  want  religion  in  the  schools,  must  bide  their  time  until 
they  will  have  become  the  majority;  and  then  they  will  have  to  come 
to  some  agreement  amongst  themselves  as  to  the  form  of  religion  that 
will  not  be  objectionable  to  the  Hebrew,  the  Protestant  and  the  Catholic, 
not  to  speak  of  the  Hindu,  the  Japanese,  the  Chinese,  the  Mohametan, 
etc. 

Anybody  can  transact  business  with  persons  of  all  shades  of 
religion.  Why  cannot  anybody  teach  mathematics,  chemistry,  physics, 
languages,  etc.,  without  infringing  upon  his  own  or  his  pupils'  religious 
convictions? 

Moreover,  our  schools  are  no  more  "godless"  than  our  Constitu- 
tion. I  should  rather  call  them  non-sectarian.  I  have  often  heard 
very  reverent  mention  made  in  them  of  God.  But  such  mention  is 
excluded  from  mathematics  and  physics  text-books,  etc.  In  fact, 
much  care  is  exercised  in  the  selection  of  texts  with  a  view  not  to 
hurt  anybody's  sensibilities.  There  arc,  of  course,  no  classes  in  Chris- 
tian  doctrine. 

The  question  mooted  by  your  contributor  is  a  delicate  one  and 
gives  rise  to  much  casuistry.  What,  for  instance,  is  the  status  of  the 
taxpayer  who  contributes  directly  towards  the  maintenance  of  the 
State  schools?  What  of  the  realty  owner  who  sells  the  ground  for 
such  schools,  the  contractor  who  builds  them,  the  furnisher  who 
equips  them?  What  is  the  moral  responsibility  of  the  voter  who  help- 
to  elect  school  boards  that  perpetuate  those  schools,  the  government 
that  maintains  them,  the  publishing  house  and  its  personnel  that  supply 
the  books,  etc.,  etc.?  And,  to  go  farther,  how  does  the  paper  manu- 
facturer, jobber,  and  salesman  form  his  conscience  when  he  sells  to 
our  "godless  press"  paper  upon  which  God  and  religion  are  not  only 
slighted  but  often  ridiculed  and  attacked? 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  if  we  must  draw  the  bow  so  taut,  I  cannot 
conceive  how  some  people  can  be  American  citizens. 

A  young  man  or  woman  discloses  an  aptitude  (avocation)  for  the 
teaching  profession.     If  he  happens  to  be  a  Catholic,  he  must  abandon 


54(1  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

his  vocation  and  step  into  paths  for  which  he  is  not  fitted.  Catholic 
schools  are  generally  supplied  with  teachers  by  religious  orders  or 
congregations.  Catholic  laymen  and  women  are  practically  excluded 
from  them.  Hence  a  layman  who  feels  he  has  a  teaching  vocation 
must  either  court  failure  in  walks  for  which  he  has  no  aptitude,  join  a 
religious  order  with  or  without  vocation,  or  teach  wherever  his 
services  are  acceptable.  Teachers  in  our  public  schools  are  not  only 
not  obliged  to  teach  anything  against  religion,  but  they  are  forbidden 
to  do  so ;  and  while  one  out  of  a  thousand  might,  on  occasion,  forget 
himself,  if  he  is  reported,  he  will  promptly  be  called  to  order. 

C.  E.  d'Arnoux 
Clayton,  Mo. 


+Rev.  Joseph  M.  Thies 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

Rev.  Joseph  M.  Thies,  until  recently  pastor  of  Sacred  Heart 
Church.  Dunkirk.  X.  Y..  died  August  9.  In  him  the  Fortnightly 
Review  lost  a  stanch  and  proven  friend,  who,  in  its  early  years,  had 
also  been  a  contributor  to  its  pages.  His  wide  and  deep  knowledge, 
critical  acumen  and  searching  thoroughness  eminently  fitted  him  for 
this  task  and  made  his  comments  interesting  and  valuable.  He  was 
ever  ready  to  break  a  lance  for  his  favorite  journal,  and,  like  yourself, 
was  an  inveterate  hater  of  shams  and  make-believes.  He  exercised 
God's  ministry  in  the  Diocese  of  Buffalo  for  nearly  thirty  years.  They 
were  years  of  earnest  work  and  quiet  self-denial.  It  is  to  honor  his 
memory  and  to  ask  for  a  memento  for  the  repose  of  his  soul  that  the 
undersigned,  his  successor,  has  penned  and  requests  you  to  publish 
these  lines. 

(Rev.)   Henry  B.  Laudenbach 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y. 


*■ 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  failed  to  supply  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

Ignatius,  St.  kfanreea.  The  Spiritual  exercises.  For  General  Use.  New 
ReMt    F.dition.     557   pp.     16m<>.     Fr.    Pustet   &  Co.     1914.     $1,   net. 

Kuhn,  Rev.  In.  Albert,  O.S.B.  Koma:  Ancient.  Subterranean,  and  Mod- 
em Rome  in  Word  and  Picture.  Parts  IV  and  V.  Benzi^er  Pros. 
1914.    M  ete,  per  part. 

Sa.Mla,  Rev.  .J-.h  .  S.I..  vs.  Kev.  Charles  F.  Aked.  I). I;.  The  Divinity  ..I' 
.I.-.Hiis  Christ  and  IliH  Virgin  Birth.  24  pp.  8vo.  San  Jose,  Cal.: 
Baton  <<-  •  '•>.  Published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Catholic  Federa- 
tion or  Santa  Clara  County,  CaL     10  ete.     (Paper.) 

Caeeilly,   Rev'   P.,  S.J.     what  shall   i   Be?     A   Chal   With   Young  People. 


XXI  17 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


541 


viii  &  70  pp.     lOmo.     New  York:    America  Press.     11U4.     30  cts.     $22.50 
per  100. 
Gerrard,   Rev.    Thos.    J.      A   Challenge   to   the   Time-Spirit,      viii  &  266    pp. 
12mo.     Benziger  Bros.      1914. 

GERMAN 

Einsiedler-Kalender  fiir  das  Jahr  1915.     75.   Jahrgang.      Illustrated.     Ben- 
ziger Bros.     20   cts. 
Benziger's  Marien-Kalender  fiir  1915.     Illustrated.     Benziger  Bros.     25  cts. 
Gaugusch,   L.     Der  Lehrgehalt     der     Jakobusepistel.       Eine     exegetische 

Studie.     xiii  &  115  pp.     8vo.     B.   Herder.     1914.     75  cts.,  net.     (Paper.) 
Metzger,  M.  J.     Zwei  karolingische  Pontifikalien  vom  Oberrhein.     xv  &  190 

&  115*  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1.65,  net.     (Taper.) 
Nolle,  L.,  O.S.B.     Einfache  Katechesen  fiir  die  Unterklasse  im  Anschlusse 
•    an  den  Kleinen  Katechismus  von  Jakob  Linden,     xvi  &  243  pp.     12mo. 

B.  Herder.     1914.     95  cts.,  net. 
Krebs,  E.,  Heiland  und  Erlosung.     Sechs  Vortrage  iiber  die  Erlosungsidee 

im  Heidentum  u.  Christ entum.     vi  &  160  pp.     12mo.     B.  Herder.    1914. 

70  cts.,  net. 
Dubowy,    E.      Klemens    von    Rom    iiber    die    Reise    Pauli    nach    Spanien. 

vii  &  111  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1,  net.     (Paper.) 


YOUNG     ORGANIST    wishes    to    change   position.      For   particulars, 
address  X.  Y.  Z.,  care  of  this  Review. 


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XXI  17 


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Superbly  illustrated.     Freiburg,  1901.     $4. 

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BARGAIN  BOOK   COMPANY 
ST.  CHARLES,  MO. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  18.  SEPTEMBER  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  Threefold  Duty  of  the  Hour 

The  Ave  Maria,  in  an  admirable  editorial  (Vol.  79,  No. 
7),  emphasizes  the  "twofold  duty  of  the  hour"  for  us 
Americans. 

The  first  and  most  important  duty,  which  has  already 
been  pointed  out  by  the  Vicar  of  Christ,  is  to  pray  for  the 
restoration  of  peace. 

Our  second  duty,  as  individuals,  springs  from  the  hetero- 
geneous character  of  the  population  of  the  United  States. 
It  is  to  refrain  from  wounding  the  natural  susceptibilities 
of  those  of  our  neighbors  whose  racial  brethren  across 
the  Atlantic  are  engaged  in  what  they  doubtless  all  con- 
sider to  be  a  justifiable  war.  "Much  uncharitableness  in 
thought  and  word,  many  an  acrimonious  dispute,  and  not  a 
few  bootless  and  senseless  quarrels  may  be  avoided  by  a 
little  prudence  in  our  conversations  during  the  next  few 
months.  And  the  more  frequent  and  fervent  are  our  pray- 
ers for  peace  among  the  nations,  the  more  likely  are  we 
to  preserve  charity  among  ourselves." 

A  third  duty,  we  may  add,  is  to  aid  the  Red  Cross  and 
other  charity  organizations  in  extending  aid  to  the  wounded, 
widows,  and  orphans,  and,  last  but  not  least,  to  provide  for 
the  foreign  missions,  which  are  deprived  of  their  revenues 
in   consequence   of   the   war,   as    Fr.    Markert,   S.V.D.,   has 

545 


546  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

pointed  out  in  a  circular  to  which  we  advert  on  another 
page  of  this  issue. 

Our  Lady  and  Her  Anglican  Children 

The  London  Tahlet  (No.  3874)  calls  attention  to  a 
recent  book  by  an  Anglican  archdeacon,  the  Rev.  A.  Theo- 
dore Wirgman,  entitled  "The  Blessed  Virgin  and  All  the 
Company  of  Heaven"  (London:  Cope  &  Fenwick). 

What  this  Anglican  parson  defends  is  no  less  than  the 
whole  Catholic  position  of  our  Lady,  her  perpetual  virginity, 
immunity  from  sin,  immaculate  conception,  the  value  of  her 
intercession,  her  position  as  queen  of  saints  and  mother  of 
all  men.  All  this,  he  says,  may  and  should  be  held  by 
every  member  of  the  Church  of  England,  without  disloyalty 
to  his  own  form  of  Christianity. 

Mr.  Wirgman  has  collected  many  sayings  of  Anglicans, 
more  or  less  in  this  direction,  e.  g.,  Wordsworth's  line : 
"Our  tainted  nature's  solitary  boast,"  and  Keble's :  "Ave 
Maria!  thou  whose  name — All  but  adoring  love  can  claim." 
He  is  naturally  still  more  successful  in  showing  that  the 
Fathers  of  the  Church  have  always  given  high  honors  to 
Mary. 

Whether  the  Anglican  who  honors  our  Lady,  who 
believes  her  conception  immaculate,  who  asks  for  her  pray- 
ers, is  really  acting  so  much  in  the  spirit  of  the  Reformers 
and  Anglican  divines  of  the  past,  as  Archdeacon  Wirgman 
thinks,  is  a  question  we  may  fitly  leave  our  separated 
brethren  to  discuss  among  themselves.  The  book  is  valu- 
able as  a  statement  of  the  Catholic  position  written  by  an 
outsider,  and  for  this  reason  should  reach  many  who  would 
not  read  a  work  of  the  same  kind  by  a  Catholic.  "May  it 
do  its  work  among  them,"  says  the  Tablet,  "and  if,  in 
coming  back  to  his  mother,  the  modern  Anglican  imagines 
that  he  does  so  in  the  company  of  even  Cranmer  (p.  19),  we 
need  not  resetit  that.  Our  Lady  herself  will  easily  forgive 
the  harmless  illusion." 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  547 

The  Mysteries  of  Eleusis 

There  were  "secrets" — secrets  that  have  been  compared 
to  those  of  modern  Freemasonry — involved  in  the  worship 
of  the  pagan  goddess  Demeter  at  Eleusis,  an  ancient  city 
fourteen  miles  from  Athens.  Much  has  been  written  at 
various  times  regarding  the  probable  nature  of  these  secrets 
or  "mysteries,"  as  they  are  commonly  called.  Now  a 
French  archaeologist,  Paul  Foucart,  who  has  devoted  many 
years  of  research  to  the  subject,  brings  out  a  new  and 
costly  volume  on  "Les  Mysteres  d'Eleusis."  Unfortunately 
for  the  inquisitive,  M.  Foucart  is  not  yet  able  to  tell  us 
categorically  what  the  mysteries  of  Eleusis  were.  We  must 
still  remain  ignorant  of  the  strange  rites  and  whatever  else 
there  may  have  been  revealed  from  priestly  lore  in  that 
famous  Hall  of  Mysteries,  the  vestiges  of  which  have  been 
discovered  by  modern  investigators.  But  M.  Foucart,  by 
collecting  together  all  the  allusions  to  these  mysteries  scat- 
tered through  the  writings  of  the  ancients,  reaches  the 
interesting  conclusion  that  the  entire  Eleusinian  ceremonial 
was  non-Hellenic,  that  it  was  an  importation  from  some 
older  civilization,  and  that  to  solve  it  one  must  seek  else- 
where. 

Pope  Pius  X  and  Lourdes 

Some  of  the  Catholic  papers  are  pointing  out  an  interest- 
ing passage  in  the  late  Pope  Pius  X's  letter  to  Cardinal 
Granito  di  Belmonte,  who  represented  him  as  legate  at  the 
Eucharistic  Congress  at  Lourdes.  In  that  letter  the  Pontiff 
draws  attention  to  a  remarkable  change  which  has  come 
to  pass  in  regard  to  the  cures  that  take  place  at  Lourdes. 
It  is  noteworthy,  he  says,  that  whereas  formerly  the  mir- 
acles for  the  most  part  took  place  before  the  image  of  our 
Lady,  they  now  occur  more  frequently  at  the  solemnities 
in  honor  of  the  Blessed  Sacrament.  The  explanation, 
according  to  His  Holiness,  is  that  the  principal  object  of 
the  apparitions  was  to  prepare  a  way  for  healing  the  wounds 
of  the  soul.  The  Blessed  Virgin  having  by  means  of  these 
apparitions  and  her  clemency,  awakened  the  interest  of 
multitudes  of  her  clients  in  Lourdes,  felt,  as  it  were,  that 


548  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

her  office  was  fulfilled,  and  it  seemed  good  to  her  that  the 
Heavenly  Physician  Himself  by  whom  alone  all  evils  can 
be  cured,  should  come  to  trw  relief  of  the  sufferers.  (Acta 
Apost.  Sedis,  Aug.  3,  1914.) 

Certain  it  is  that  the  zeal  of  many  earnest  propagandists 
of  devotion  to  the  Blessed  Sacrament  has  been  quickened 
at  Lourdes.  They  have  themselves  experienced  there  the 
blessings  derived  from  it. 


Pope  Benedict  XV 

Habetnus  pontificcm!  On  September  3rd,  the  Sacred 
College  of  Cardinals  elected  Cardinal  Giacomo  della  Chiesa 
as  successor  to  the  late  Pius  X.  The  new  Pope  was  crowned 
in  the  Sistine  Chapel,  September  6th.  He  assumed  the  name 
of  Benedict  XV.  His  newly  appointed  Secretary  of  State 
is  Cardinal  Domenico  Ferrata. 

Pope  Benedict  XV  was  born  at  Pegli,  in  the  Diocese  of 
Genoa,  November  21st,  1854,  and  is  therefore  not  yet  sixty 
years  old.  After  his  ordination  to  the  priesthood,  at  the  age 
of  twenty-four,  he  served  as  secretary  of  the  nunciature  at 
Madrid  and  later,  in  1887,  entered  the  Secretariate  of  State 
at  Rome,  under  Cardinal  Rampolla.  December  16th,  1907, 
Pius  X  appointed  him  Archbishop  of  Bologna.  On  the 
25th  of  May  last  he  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate. 

The  old  adage  that  he  who  enters  the  conclave  as  pope 
comes  out  a  cardinal,  again  proved  true.  None  of  those 
prominently  mentioned  was  elected,  but  the  choice  fell  upon 
one  of  the  youngest  members  of  the  Sacred  College,  whose 
election  no  one  expected. 

Besides  the  data  just  summarized,  about  all  that  the 
daily  papers  of  this  country  and  the  Catholic  weeklies  in 
their  wake,  have  been  able  to  tell  the  public  about  the  new 
Pope  is  that  he  belongs  to  the  school  of  Leo  XIII,  that  he 
is  a  trained  diplomat,  that  he  valiantly  upheld  the  anti- 
Modernist  campaign  of  Pius  X  (which  such  Catholic  papers 
as  the  New  World,  of  Chicago,  are  now  trying  to  discredit), 
and  that,  as  Archbishop  of  Bologna,  he  issued  a  pastoral 
letter  condemning  the  tango.  We  shall  have  to  wait  for 
additional  details  until  the  European  papers  arrive.    Mean- 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  549 

while  Christendom  rejoices  at  the  speedy  election,  and  prays 
that  God  may  strengthen  Benedict  XV,  in  order  that  he 
may  prove  worthy  of  his  last  great  namesake,  Benedict 
XIV,  whom  he  seems  to  have  chosen  for  his  model,  and 
succeed  in  carrying  the  reforms  so  valiantly  inaugurated 
by  Pius  X  to  a  happy  issue. 

-»■-•--•■ 

The  Catholic  Extension  Society 

[The  remark  in  our  second-last  issue  (p.  485),  "The 
Catholic  Extension  Society  might  profit  by  a  careful  study 
of  the  administration  methods  of  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Faith,"  has  caused  protestations  to  be  ad- 
dressed to  this  office.  In  justice  to  the  Extension  Society 
we  give  space  to  the  substance  of  these  protestations.] 

All  records  of  the  Society  are  regularly  audited  by  a  public  certi- 
fied accountant,  a  layman,  whose  responsibility  is  not  to  any  individual 
acting  official  of  the  Society  for  his  findings,  but  to  the  General  Audit- 
ing Committee  and  to  the  Most  Reverend  Chancellor  of  the  Society. 

The  statement  of  an  incident  that  occurred  when  the  present  treas- 
urer was  elected  to  that  office,  will  serve  as  the  best  evidence  of  the 
business  management  of  the  Society.  Mr.  John  A.  Lynch,  who  is 
president  of  The  National  Bank  of  the  Republic,  of  Chicago,  111.,  when 
elected  treasurer  of  the  Society  four  and  one-half  years  ago,  accepted 
the  position  on  the  condition  that  he  would  be  given  permission  to  send 
an  independent  expert  accountant  to  examine  all  our  books  and  records 
for  Mr.  Lynch's  own  satisfaction.  This  permission  was  granted  him. 
The  expert  accountant  happened  to  be  a  non-Catholic,  and  a  prominent 
member  of  a  Protestant  Missionary  Board  of  Chicago.  For  that  rea- 
son the  accountant  quite  naturally  took  more  than  an  ordinary,  or  an 
official,  interest  in  his  searches. 

Mr.  Lynch  was  so  delighted  with  the  findings  of  the  expert  that 
he  could  not  refrain  from  calling  up  the  Society's  headquarters  during 
his  banking  hours,  and  telling  them,  over  the  telephone,  how  pleased 
as  well  as  surprised  he  was  to  learn  that  a  man  considered  one  of  the 
most  able  public  accountants,  reported  that  he  had  never  examined 
the  records  of  any  big  corporation,  or  inspected  the  office  system  of 
any  concern  that  could  be  called  superior  to  that  of  The  Catholic 
Church  Extension  Society.  His  surprise  was  so  great  that  he  added 
words  of  encomium  which  were  expressed  in  the  remark  that  he  (the 
accountant)  had  learned  something  which  he  could  well  recommend 
to  his  own  missionary  society. 

It  is  hardly  fair  to  make  a  comparison  between  the  salaries,  office 
rent,  and  running  expenses  of  the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Faith  and  The  Catholic  Church  Extension  Society.  In  the  first  place, 
the  one  has  been  established  for  years,  and  its  collecting  mediums  are 


550  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

naturally  reduced  to  a  minimum  expense,  because  of  the  fact  that  the 
Society  is  officially  established  and  recommended  in  almost  all  the 
dioceses  of  the  country.  Under  those  circumstances,  the  expense  of 
securing  funds  and  sending  them  to  headquarters  are  less  by  far  than 
is  the  case  when  an  organization  is  left  practically  alone  to  rely  on  its 
own  resources,  and  obliged  to  gather  its  funds  without  such  general 
and  official  support. 

As  to  office  expenses,  comprising  stationery,  postage,  expressage, 
and  furniture,  anyone  who  will  make  a  close  investigation  of  the  actual 
conditions,  will  come  to  the  conclusion  that  there  is  a  justification  of 
the  expense  incurred  by  the  Extension  Society.  Incidentally,  a  good 
deal  of  the  substantial  furniture  of  the  Chicago  office  has  been  donated 
by  individuals  without  any  cost  to  the  Society. 

As  to  the  cost  of  printing,  literature,  advertising  and  organizing 
work,  any  competent  judge  of  such  expenditures  would  find  it  all  fully 
justified  upon  a  close  and  impartial  investigation. 

The  comparison,  with  regard  to  the  other  items  held  up  as  a 
standard,  is  equally  unfair  when  properly  investigated. 

What  the  public  would  like  to  know  is  just  what  per- 
centage of  the  total  income  of  the  Extension  Society  goes 
for  running  expenses,  advertising,  etc.,  and  how  much  is 
directly  applied  to  the  pious  purposes  for  which  all  of  it  is 
given. 


INHUMAN  WAR 


It  is  charged  that  the  Germans  are  carrying  on  an  in- 
human war.  But  so  are  all  the  others.  For,  as  The  Nation 
rightly  observed  the  other  day,  there  is  no  such  thing  as  a 
humane  war.  No  war  ever  was  that  did  not  drag  down 
women  and  children.  Dead  women  have  been  found  in 
the  wreck  left  by  every  army  that  ever  fought — and  chil- 
dren, too.  The  invaders  who  are  halted  at  a  crossroads  by 
fire  from  a  nearby  village  cannot  stop  to  inquire  before 
unlimbering  their  batteries  if  all  women  and  children  have 
been  removed ;  they  cannot  tarry  to  ask  whether  their  shells 
will  destroy  innocent  houses  a  mile  in  the  rear  of  their 
immediate  target. 

There  never  was  a  war  in  which  the  enemy  was  not 
accused  of  atrocities.  During  our  own  war  of  independence 
the  British  vied  with  the  Americans  in  denouncing  their 
antagonists  for  their  treatment  of  neutrals,  for  burning 
villages,  and  robbing  homes.     In  our  Civil  War  the  soldiers 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  551 

of  Gen.  Sheridan  in  the  Shenandoah,  in  1864,  executed  a 
number  of  Confederates  in  cold  blood  as  a  retaliation  for 
some  atrocities  of  Mosby's  men;  whereupon  the  Confed- 
erates hanged  without  trial  the  first  Federals  they  captured, 
giving  them  scarce  an  hour  to  prepare  for  their  end.  In 
Charleston  so  bitter  was  the  feeling  over  the  bombardment 
of  the  city,  that  hundreds  of  Federal  prisoners  were  placed 
on  the  race  course  as  a  target  for  the  shells  of  their  com- 
rades. What  a  cry  would  arise  were  the  Belgians  to  do 
this  tomorrow,  everybody  can  imagine.  How  the  world 
would  be  horrified  if  the  Germans  were  to  slaughter  Turcos 
as  the  Confederates  did  the  surrendered  colored  soldiers  at 
Fort  Pillow !  Yet  this  is  war — nothing  more  and  nothing 
less. 

It  is  true  that  certain  laws  have  been  laid  down  to 
insure  a  more  humane  warfare.  Thus  the  Red  Cross  flag 
may  not  knowingly  be  shot  at,  and  wells  may  not  be 
poisoned.  But  such  gains  are  trifling  compared  to  the  sum 
total  of  all  the  cruelty  and  iniquity  which  war  spells.  Our 
readers  should  remember  this  as  they  read  the  dispatches. 
We  would,  of  course,  not  palliate  needless  cruelties  or 
wanton  destruction.  But  if  certain  Belgians,  certain  Rus- 
sians, Austrians,  and  Germans  have  not  kept  their  passions 
in  check,  if  they  have  murdered  innocent  non-combatants, 
if  they  have  wantonly  destroyed  property,  etc.,  why  it  is  the 
system,  not  the  men  who  are  at  fault.  Such  things  will  be 
so  long  as  Christianity  is  unable  to  banish  from  earth  the 
wickedness  and  the  folly  which  is  war. 


ENDOWMENT  OF  RELIGIOUS  PAPERS 

The  Protestant  religious  press,  too,  is  beginning  to 
agitate  the  endowment  of  religious  papers.  Thus  we  read 
in  a  recent  issue  (No.  4324)  of  the  Christian  Intelligencer 

(New  York)  : 

"This  incident  [the  legacy  of  a  Mrs.  Pell  to  various  institutions 
of  the  Reformed  Church]  brings  up  again  a  thought  that  has  often 
before  arisen  as  to  the  propriety  of  bestowing  benevolent  funds 
upon  a  Church  institution  that  seems  to  be  seldom  or  never  in  tha 
minds  of  testators — the  Church  or  denominational  paper.     To  give 


552  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

substantial  gifts  to  educational,  missionary  and  benevolent  societies 
is  a  praiseworthy  and  profitable  action.  But  is  not  the  religious 
paper  also  an  institution  whose  influence  is  often  as  potent  as 
that  of  any  other  organization  for  the  intellectual  and  spiritual 
good  of  men?  A  newspaper,  maintained  for  the  dissemination  of 
religious  news,  the  statement  of  religious  truth  and  the  perpetua- 
tion Of  religious  influence  is  second  to  no  other  means  for  develop- 
ing the  spiritual  life  of  its  readers  and  stimulating  them  to  the 
support  of  the  great  missionary  and  benevolent  activities  of  the 
Christian  Church.  It  is  often  presumed  that  because  such  a  paper 
is  in  a  sense  a  business  enterprise  it  is  therefore  a  profitable  one. 
This  is  almost  never  the  case.  The  great  majority  of  such  papers 
are  published  at  a  loss,  which  must  be  periodically  made  up  by 
their  friends;  or  are  carried  on  by  the  personal  sacrifices  of  those 
immediately  concerned  in  their  production.  Even  so  they  are 
often  hampered  by  financial  limitations,  which  greatly  lessen  the 
possible  value  of  their  service  to  religion  and  humanity.  Limited 
as  they  are  in  the  size  of  their  clientele,  and  excluded  from  many 
fields  of  profitable  advertising  which  are  fully  opened  to  the  secular 
paper  and  magazine,  their  opportunities  for  making  use  to  the  full 
of  their  unquestionable  power  for  the  moral  and  ethical  uplift  of 
their  readers  is  greatly  hampered  by  the  lack  of  money  to  employ 
those  methods  which  other  classes  of  periodicals  usually  employ 
to  extend  their  influence  and  develop  their  helpfulness. 

"And  yet  even  with  such  serious  limitations  there  is  probably 
no  means  of  reaching  and  educating  Christian  people  more  useful 
than  the  religious  paper.  Why,  then,  should  not  cordial  support 
of  the  living  or  the  thoughtful  provision  of  the  dead  be  more 
frequently  and  freely  given  to  these  silent  preachers  of  righteous- 
ness, whose  printed  pages  enter  so  many  homes,  influence  so  many 
lives  and  uphold  so  firmly  the  best  convictions  and  the  earnest 
efforts  of  those  who  in  every  Christian  community  are  striving  to 
do  spiritual  and  material  good  unto  all  men,  especially  to  those 
who  are  of  the  household  of  faith?" 

Tout  commc  chcz  nous!  Unless  this  and  similar  appeals 
are  heeded,  it  is  to  be  feared  that  there  will  be  no  dis- 
tinctively religious  press  of  any  denomination  in  this  coun- 
try fifty  years  hence.  Observes 


A  distinguished  New  York  physician  who  has  operated 
on  a  large  number  of  cancer  patients,  suggests  that  there 
may  be  some  connection  between  that  dread  disease  and 
tobacco.  "I  have  never  operated  on  a  cancer  patient,"  he 
Bays,  "who  was  not  himself  a  tobacco  user  or  descended 
from  parents  who  were  tobacco-users." 


XXI  18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  553 

PRO  PACE! 

[In  the  '"Catholic  Register  and  Canadian  Extension,"  of  Toronto, 
the  Rev.  James  B.  Dollard  has  the  following  free  translation,  into  Eng- 
lish verse,  of  the  Church's  beautiful  prayer  for  peace.  At  this  moment 
the  translation  is  most  timely.] 

Oh,  God,  from  Whom  right  counsels  flow 
And  sacred  longings,  here  below ; 

From  Whom  the  works  of  justice  spring, 
To  bless  the  subject  and  the  king; 

Give  us,  who  in  Thy  fear  do  live, 
That  peace  the  vain  world  can  not  give, 

So,  our  full  hearts'  obedience  given 
Unto  the  sweet  commands  of  Heaven, 

And  panic  of  the  foe's  rude  sway 
Far  driven  from  our  souls  away, 

Our  days  may  calm  and  tranquil  be 
While  hymns  of  praise  we  chant  to  Thee, 

Through  Jesus  Christ,  our  Lord,  Thy  Son, 
Who  with  Thee  lives  in  Godhead  One, 

And  with  The  Paraclete  most  high, 
Eternal  reigneth  in  the  sky, 
Amen. 


EMPLOYERS'  WELFARE  WORK 

At  the  St.  Louis  World's  Fair,  in  1904,  the  writer  became 
interested  in  the  exhibit  of  the  National  Cash  Register  Com- 
pany, of  Dayton,  O.  Those  who  visited  the  Liberal  Arts 
Building  may  recall  the  splendid  "welfare  work"  exhibit  of 
that  company  and  the  illustrated  lectures  that  were  given 
at  stated  intervals  to  show  the  nature  and  scope  of  its 
activities.  One  of  the  attendants,  noticing  my  interest  in 
the  exhibit,  asked:  "Don't  you  Catholics  believe  in  this 
kind  of  work?  It  seems  your  Church  members  have  not 
yet  taken  up  any  activity  of  this  kind." 

Many  times  since  then  has  this  remark  recurred  to  me 
when  reading  of  the  social  activities  of  governmental 
agencies  and  various   sectarian  bodies.     It  really   seemed 


554  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

as  if  our  Catholic  charitable  and  social  efforts  lacked  organ- 
ization and  method  when  compared  with  the  work  set  afoot 
by  those  outside  the  Church.  But  fortunately  we  have  now 
begun  to  "regularize"  our  activities.  We  have  at  least  the 
beginning  of  co-operation  and  mutual  friendly  assistance 
between  Catholic  societies  and  institutions  devoted  to  one 
phase  or  another  of  charitable  and  social  work.  As  an 
example  we  may  mention  the  first  two  conferences  of  the 
Catholic  Charities  of  St.  Louis,  held  in  1912  and  1913.  As 
a  more  specific  instance  of  '"welfare  work"  successfully 
aided  by  the  united  efforts  of  a  Catholic  body,  we  refer  to 
the  activity  of  the  various  branches  of  the  Central  Verein 
in  securing  the  passage  of  the  "Esch  Bill,"  forbidding  the 
use  of  white  phosphorus  in  the  making  of  matches. 

Welfare  work  in  factories,  department  stores,  mercantile 
establishments,  etc.,  is,  of  course,  only  one  phase  of  the 
great  movement  for  the  amelioration  of  conditions  in  the 
industrial  world,  to  which  so  large  a  part  of  the  efforts  of 
social  workers  is  devoted.  It  is,  however,  of  great  value 
to  such  workers  to  have  clearly  set  before  them  what  em- 
ployers are  doing  in  the  various  cities  of  the  country  for 
the  benefit  and  relief  of  their  employees. 

We  have  such  an  expose  in  a  Bulletin  recently  published 
by  the  United  States  Department  of  Labor.*  The  aim  is 
"to  give  an  account  of  what  is  done  for  the  welfare  of 
employees  in  certain  establishments  noted  for  welfare  work, 
with  a  hope  that  it  would  become  clear  what  is  the  legiti- 
mate field  for  such  work.  Nearly  fifty  establishments  were 
personally  visited.  For  convenience  these  are  grouped 
under  three  heads — manufacturing  establishments,  mercan- 
tile establishments,  and  public  utilities." 

A  glance  at  the  contents  shows  that  the  examination 
has  been  conducted  on  a  sufficiently  large  scale  to  warrant 
conclusions  of  value  for  those  employers  who  have  not  yet 
introduced  welfare  work  into  their  industries.  We  find  that 
welfare  work  is  in  vogue  in  manufacturing  establishments, 
machine  shops,  woolen  mills,  clothing  factories,  paint  fac- 


♦Employers'  Welfare  Work  —  Mullet  in  of  the  United  States  ISiueau  of 
Labor  Statistic*.  Whole  Number  123.  Washington:  ( Jovernment  Printing 
Office,   1918. 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  555 

tories,  foodstuff  factories,  printing  and  publishing  houses, 
department  stores,  mail-order  houses,  and  public  utilities, 
such  as  telephone  companies,  railway  and  express  offices, 
and  hotels. 

There  has  been  a  tendency  in  labor  circles  to  frown 
upon  employers'  welfare  work.  Some  claim  that  it  savors 
of  paternalism  and  fosters  a  spirit  of  dependence,  and  that, 
as  a  result,  the  workers  do  not  reach  their  full  development. 
It  may  be  for  this  reason  that  the  New  York  Telephone  & 
Telegraph  Company,  and  the  Chicago  Company,  consider 
the  term  welfare  work  objectionable,  and  substitute  for  it 
the  phrase  "efficiency  work."  Yet,  under  whatever  name 
the  efforts  are  carried  on,  they  bid  fair  to  be  permanent. 
For,  as  a  recent,  much-discussed  book  ("What  Eight  Million 
Women  Want,"  by  R.  C.  Dorr)  affirms :  "The  fact  is  that 
welfare  work,  carefully  shorn  of  its  name,  has  proved  itself 
to  be  such  good  business  policy  that  in  future  all  intelligent 
employers  will  advocate  it;  public  opinion  will  demand  it; 
laws  will  provide  for  it." 

Another  objection  to  welfare  work  is  stated  thus,  by 
Mrs.  Dorr :  "Too  often  this  so-called  welfare  work  has 
been  clumsily  managed,  untactfully  administered.  Too  often 
it  has  been  instituted,  not  to  benefit  the  workers,  but  to 
advertise  the  business.  Too  often  its  real  object  was  a 
desire  to  play  the  philanthropist's  role,  to  exact  obsequience 
from  the  wage-earner." 

One  of  the  most  interesting  types  of  welfare  work,  to 
which  both  the  Bulletin  and  Mrs.  Dorr's  work  devote  con- 
siderable space,  is  the  Filene  System  of  developing  efficient 
workers.  "The  entire  policy  of  the  Filene  management  is 
bent  on  developing  to  the  highest  possible  point  the. effi- 
ciency of  each  individual  clerk.  The  best  possible  material 
is  sought.  No  girl  under  16  is  employed,  and  no  girl  of 
any  age  who  has  not  graduated  with  credit  from  the  gram- 
mar schools.  There  are  a  number  of  college-bred  men  and 
women  in  the  Filene  employ."  Moreover,  this  welfare 
work  differs  entirely  "from  the  usual  betterment  work,  in 
that  the  employer  has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  it.  It 
is  done  entirely  through  an  association  of  employees,  the 


556  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Filene  Co-operative  Association,  of  which  every  employee 
is  a  member.  .  .  .  Every  employee  has  voting  power." 
It  is  interesting  to  add  that  the  corporation  "has  recently 
adopted  a  minimum  wage  scale.  No  female  employee  is 
to  receive  less  than  $8  per  week,  and  no  male  employee 
less  than  $6  for  the  first  six  months,  $7  for  the  next  six 
months  and  $8  if  employed  for  one  year  or  longer."  As 
might  have  been  expected,  the  National  Cash  Register  Com- 
pany, of  Dayton,  O.,  figures  largely  in  the  account  given 
in  the  Bulletin — two  pages  and  a  half  being  devoted  to  this 
company,  which  "has  long  been  a  synonym  for  employers' 
welfare  work." 

In  striking  contrast  with  the  rush  and  turmoil  that 
characterized  the  conduct  of  business  and  the  work  in  fac- 
tories and  shops  two  or  three  decades  ago,  and  that  still 
accompany  industrial  life  in  many  avocations  are  the  leisure 
and  the  "rest  period"  now  introduced  into  many  business 
concerns  where  the  welfare  work  idea  has  penetrated.  Thus, 
in  the  factory  of  the  Shredded  Wheat  Company,  at  Niagara 
Falls,  10-minute  rest  periods  occur  in  the  forenoon  and  in 
the  afternoon.  The  National  Cash  Register  Company  allows 
its  women  workers  a  10-minutes'  rest  during  the  forenoon 
and  another  10-minutes'  recess  in  the  afternoon.  The  opera- 
tives of  the  New  England  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Com- 
pany enjoy  a  15-minute  relief  period  in  the  morning  and 
one  in  the  afternoon,  "to  freshen  them,  that  they  may  give 
better  service." 

It  would  seem,  therefore,  that,  in  the  words  of  the 
Bulletin,  "the  sphere  of  welfare  work  would  appear  very 
definitely  marked.  .  .  .  Indeed  it  is  safe  to  predict  that 
the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  much  of  present-day  wel- 
fare work  will  be  a  requirement."  And  yet  the  attentive 
student  of  modern  social  and  industrial  conditions  must 
wonder  at  times  why  so  much  legislation  should  be  neces- 
sary and  why  such  pressure  must  be  brought  to  bear  upon 
employers  before  they  make  those  concessions  for  the  bene- 
fit of  their  employees  which  an  elementary  sense  of  justice 
would  seem  to  demand.  In  the  Middle  Ages,  as  far  as  we 
know,  there  was  no  inspection  of  the  sanitary  conditions 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  557 

of  workshops  and  no  laws  of  hygiene  were  posted  in  con- 
spicuous places.  Yet  the  men  of  old  performed  their  work 
in  shops  and  studios  with  greater  joy  and  interest  than  their 
successors  today.  Walk  through  any  museum,  like  the  Field 
Columbian  at  Chicago,  or  the  Metropolitan  in  New  York, 
and  you  will  be  surprised  at  the  many  splendidly  wrought 
pieces  of  workmanship  in  weapons  and  ornaments  of  all 
kinds,  and  the  artistic  creations  in  wood,  ivory,  and  bronze. 
Those  ancient  workers  wrought  not  only  with  their  hands 
but  with  their  minds  and  hearts  and  imagination.  There 
was  then,  as  Bishop  Keppler  so  happily  puts  it,  "more  joy" 
in  life  and  work.  There  was,  too,  a  more  sympathetic  under- 
standing, in  spite  of  all  assertions  to  the  contrary,  between 
master  and  man.  Let  us  try  to  put  a  little  more  of  this 
genial  companionship  into  the  relations  between  our  work- 
ers today.  Let  us  teach  the  workers  themselves  that  if  they 
approach  their  daily  tasks  in  the  spirit  of  Faith,  these  tasks, 
though  mean  and  humble,  may  bear  precious  fruit,  not  only 
in  temporal  compensation,  but  in  eternal  reward  in  the 
kingdom  of  God's  love.  Yet,  until  this  happy  consumma- 
tion is  brought  about,  until  the  workingmen  of  today  and 
their  masters  look  again  upon  all  things  earthly  with  the 
joyous  eyes  of  Faith,  as  in  medieval  times,  we  may  recom- 
mend such  studies  as  those  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  Labor  as  safe  and  helpful  guides  for  employers 
desirous  of  promoting  the  well-being  of  their  workers. 

Albert  Muntsch,  S.J. 


AN  HONEST  PROTESTANT  HISTORIAN 

Mr.  H.  C.  Watts  reviews  sympathetically,  in  the  Lamp 
(Vol.  12,  No.  4),  the  posthumous  fourth  volume  of  the 
late  Dr.  James  Gairdner's  "Lollardy  and  the  Reformation 
in  England,"  a  work  well  known  to  our  readers  from  copious 
extracts  reproduced  in  this  Review  from  the  previous  vol- 
umes. Volume  IV  treats  of  the  accession  of  Queen  Mary, 
and  takes  us  down  to  the  landing  of  Philip  of  Spain  at 
Southampton.  Needless  to  say,  this  honest  Protestant  his- 
torian completely  rehabilitates  "the  good,  gentle,  and  inex- 
perienced  queen,"  who  has  been   so  unjustly  branded  as 


55S  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

"Bloody  Mary."    We  cordially  agree  with  Mr.  Watts  when 
he  says : 

"It  is  little  short  of  a  calamity  that  death  should  have  claimed 
Dr.  Gairdner  before  the  completion  of  his  great  work,  and  we  can 
but  hope  that  a  faithful  disciple  may  continue  in  his  steps.  So  far  as 
England  is  concerned,  the  most  important  period  of  the  Reformation 
is  that  between  the  death  of  Mary  and  the  excommunication  of  Eliza- 
beth. England  was  reconciled  to  the  Holy  See  under  Mary,  and  the 
schism  was  healed  temporarily ;  but  the  true  history  of  the  tearing 
asunder  of  the  newly  healed  wound  has  yet  to  be  written." 

Dr.  Gairdner  had  planned  to  carry  down  his  work  to 
the  excommunication  of  Elizabeth,  in  1570.  The  character 
of  the  departed  historian  is  well  summarized  by  the  editor 
of  this  fourth  volume,  Dr.  William  Hunt,  who  says : 

".  .  .  He  was  thoroughly  honest ;  he  set  down  what  he  found 
in  his  authorities  with  a  fidelity  as  complete  as  that  with  which  he 
calendared  state  papers.  .  .  .  He  believed  that  he  had  a  special 
work  to  do ;  indeed,  it  may  almost  be  said,  a  message  to  deliver. 
Modest  and  humble  as  he  was,  he  could  not  but  be  conscious  that  he 
had  gained  a  fuller  knowledge  of  the  Reformation  period  than  was 
in  the  possession  of  the  public.  He  felt  constrained  to  publish  the 
results  of  his  labors,  for  he  considered  that  much  error  was  current 
on  these  matters,  that  religious  prejudice  had  warped  the  judgment  of 
many  who  had  written  on  them,  and  that  too  little  account  was  taken 
of  the  wrongs  inflicted  on  Catholics,  and  of  the  tyranny,  greed,  and 
irreverence,  the  robbery  of  God  and  His  Church,  which  in  his  view 
disgraced  the  Reformation  in  England." 


THE  MOVING  PICTURE  CRAZE 

The  prevailing  laziness  of  mind,  of  which  this  Review 
has  so  often  complained,  has  gained  its  crowning  satisfac- 
tion in  the  now  ubiquitous  moving  picture  shows  ("picture 
palaces,"  they  call  them  in  England  ;  the  popular  American 
name  is  "movies"),  in  which  those  who  crave  entertainment 
wholly  divorced  from  mental  effort,  find  their  earthly 
paradise. 

Even  the  crudest  kind  of  popular  fiction  demands  from 
its  readers  a  certain  measure  of  application  and  concentra- 
tion. The  spectators  at  the  picture  shows,  assisted  by  '.he 
tcr^c  running  commentaries  flashed  at  intervals  upon  the 
screen,  are  absolved  from  the  trouble  of  exercising  their 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  559 

minds  at  all.  And  so  it  comes  about  that  these  places  are 
little  gold  mines,  and  that  they  continue  to  multiply  at  an 
amazing  rate  in  every  city  and  town. 

A  great  deal  of  cant  has  been  talked,  in  this  connection, 
about  the  value  of  the  cinematograph  as  an  educational 
instrument.  No  one  would  be  so  stupid  as  to  deny  that  its 
possibilities  as  a  popular  educator  are,  in  theory,  very  con- 
siderable. But,  the  most  casual  study  of  the  programme  of 
the  average  moving  picture  show— apart  from  a  few  ambi- 
tious metropolitan  houses  which  draw  their  patronage  from 
a  more  select  and  cultivated  class — will  suffice  to  show  to 
what  extent  the  appeal  to  intelligence  enters  into  the 
scheme  of  those  who  exploit  the  film  as  a  vehicle  of  public 
amusement.  There  may  be  an  occasional  pictorial  version 
of  some  famous  novel,  or  even  (to  the  undisguised  boredom 
of  a  majority  of  spectators)  an  attempt  to  illustrate  some 
story  from  the  ancient  classics,  by  way  of  giving  an  air  of 
comprehensiveness  and  a  suggestion  of  "tone"  to  the  pro- 
gramme. But  the  items  which  provide  the  bulk  of  the  enter- 
tainment, and  upon  which  the  moving  picture  show's  un- 
limited powers  of  attraction  depend,  are  furnished  in  fairly 
equal  proportions  by  sensational  stories  of  crime,  mawkishly 
sentimental  domestic  drama,  Far  Western  cowboy  ro- 
mance, rough-and-tumble  buffoonery,  and  illustrations  of 
topical  events — these  last  being  to  all  intents  and  purposes 
the  "picture  paper"  over  again  in  an  animated  and  conse- 
quently far  more  seductive  form.  It  would,  of  course,  be 
absurd  to  find  fault  with  the  people  who  run  these  places 
on  the  score  of  the  class  of  entertainment  they  provide.  As 
commercial  dealers  in  amusement,  it  is  their  business  to 
discover  what  their  customers  want,  and  to  supply  it.  But 
that  the  majority  of  their  "shows"  have  any  value  as  an 
educational  medium  it  would  need  a  rare  degree  of  moral 
hardihood  to  pretend. 

There  is  no  need  to  over-emphasize  what  has  been  said 
about  the  influence  upon  young  and  impressionable  minds 
of  the  criminal  and  sensational  stories  which  these  picture 
theatres  illustrate  so  freely,  but  the  possibilities  of  harm 
from  this  source  surely  cannot  be  ignored  by  parents  and 


560  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

educators.  It  is  far  from  reassuring  to  learn  that  not  only 
the  public  libraries,  but  even  the  technical  evening  schools 
are  being  adversely  affected,  as  regards  attendance,  by  the 
lure  of  the  "movies." 

If  the  disastrous  inertness  of  mind  that  is  betrayed  by 
this  readiness  to  grasp  at  shadows  and  lose  the  substance, 
is  not  checked  in  time,  the  present  picture  epidemic  may 
prove,  in  the  long  run,  a  deadlier  scourge  to  its  victims 
than  any  of  the  plagues  of  ancient  Egypt. 

There  is  some  hope  for  betterment  in  the  movement  to 
supply  clean  and  instructive  films,  on  which  we  have  some- 
thing in  petto  for  our  next  issue. 


THE      POSSIBILITY      OF      OTHER      HABITABLE 
WORLDS    BESIDES    OURS 

Mr.  C.  de  Kir  wan,  reviewing  a  recent  book  by  the  Abbe 
Moreux,  in  the  Revue  des  Questions  Scientifiques,  gives 
it  as  his  opinion  that  "the  more  astronomical  science  pro- 
gresses, the  smaller  become  the  chances  of  seeing  physio- 
logic life  extended  therein."  He  does  not  refuse  to  admit 
the  possibility  of  other  habitable  globes  than  ours,  but 
asserts  that  science  is  powerless  to  tell  us  anything  on  this 
head. 

The  question  can  be  solved  with  some  degree  of  prob- 
ability only  on  philosophical  grounds.     Father  Secchi  said : 

"It  seems  to  me  absurd  to  look  upon  the  vast  celestial  regions  as 
uninhabited  deserts ;  they  must  be  peopled  by  intelligent  and  reasonable 
beings,  capable  of  knowing,  honoring,  and  loving  their  Creator;  and 
perhaps  these  dwellers  in  the  stars  are  more  faithful  than  we  to  the 
duties  imposed  on  them  by  their  gratitude  toward  Him  who  has  brought 
them  up  from  nothingness." 

Secchi's  pupil  and  biographer,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph 
Pohle,  of  the  University  of  Breslau,  who  is  not  only  a 
great  theologian,  but  likewise  an  eminent  astronomer,  has 
developed  this  sublime  idea  in  his  book,  "Die  Sternenwelten 
und  ihre  Bewohner"  (Cologne:  Bachem),  of  which  quite  a 
number  of  editions  have  been  published  and  which,  by  the 
way,  in  its  present  form,  is  perhaps  the  best  all-around 
introduction  to  the  study  of  modern  astronomy. 

The  present  state  of  the  question  has  perhaps  been  most 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  561 

succinctly  put  by  M.  Herve  Taye,  who  says,  in  his  learned 
book  on  the  Origin  of  the  World : 

"If  it  would  be  puerile  to  pretend  that  there  eould  be  only  one 
inhabited  globe  in  the  universe,  it  would  be  just  as  untenable  to 
assert  that  all  these  worlds  are  or  should  be  inhabited." 

Anyone  who  has  studied  Secchi,  and  especially  Pohle, 
knows  how  fascinating  and  probable  is  the  hypothesis  that 
other  worlds  than  ours  are  inhabited  by  rational  beings 
able,  like  ourselves,  to  know  and  glorify  the  Creator  of  this 
vast  and  wonderful  universe. 


LATIN  AS  A  LIVING  TONGUE 

Our  old  friend,  Dr.  Arcadius  Avellanus,  of  "Praeco 
Latinus"  fame,  is  still  alive,  and  engaged  in  his  favorite 
occupation  of  popularizing  "living"  Latin.  Recently  he  has 
translated  into  Latin  Ruskin's  "The  King  of  the  Golden 
River"  (The  Latin  Press  Printing  Company,  Philadelphia). 
E.  Parmalee  Prentice  supplies  the  introduction.  Mr.  Pren- 
tice puts  his  finger  on  one  very  real  difficulty  that  confronts 
teachers  of  Latin — the  lack  of  anything  possessing  human 
interest,  which  can  be  used  as  a  "reader."  Petronius  and 
Apuleius,  "on  account  of  subject-matter  and  difficulties  in 
the  text,"  are  unavailable ;  and  there  is  nothing  else.  The 
only  resource  he  finds  is  "a  modern  translation  of  modern 
stories."  His  happy  comparison  of  Dr.  Avellanus  with 
Apuleius,  "himself  a  foreign  learner  of  the  language,"  is 
sufficient  to  disarm  the  hypercritical. 

It  is  quite  in  accordance  with  the  translator's  theories, 
says  The  Nation,  that  he  makes  no  attempt  to  find  "equiva- 
lents" for  the  original,  as  we  were  taught  to  do  in  the  old, 
bad  days.  Latin  here  is  a  living  tongue,  and  if  the  age  of 
Cicero,  or  of  Ulpian,  or  even  of  St.  Isidore  of  Seville,  knew 
no  word  for  coal,  it  is  for  us  to  invent  one — observing,  as 
far  as  possible,  the  rules  of  the  game,  and,  if  necessary, 
adding  a  footnote  of  justification.  "The  little  king's  mous- 
tache curled  like  a  corkscrew."  With  what  stern  joy  should 
we  oldsters  have  sought  a  Tacitean  equivalent  for  "cork- 
screw" !     Not  so  Dr.  Avellanus,  who  unblushingly  evolves 


562  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

exturaculum — ami  then  in  a  note:  "Exturacuhtm  voco  rem 
qua  snber,  obtnraenlnm  orificii  laganae  vinarire,  sabaiae, 
medicinariae,  evellinms."  I'ol^iolum  placciitariuiu  also  evokes 
a  note,  and  well  it  may  ;  we  will  not  give  so  excellent  a 
puzzle  away,  but  refer  the  reader  to  p.  7  of  the  pamphlet. 
The  dialogue  is  quite  in  the  manner  of  Roman  comedy — 
only  more  so.  It  will  delight  the  layman — the  layman,  that 
is,  in  the  matter  of  living  Latin — when  he  has  broken  him- 
self of  the  habit  of  ejaculating  "that  isn't  Latin !" — often, 
doubtless,  quite  unjustly.    Take,  for  instance,  the  following; 

"Jam  hinc  facesse!" — "Paulisper,"  instat  senecio. — "Apage!" 
clamat  Schwartz. — "Rogo  vos,  ingenui  viri— — "  "I  in  malam 
crucem!"  inclamat  eura  Hans  per  collare  comprehensum." 

"Per  collare  comprehensum !"  Shades  of  Roger  Ascham, 
Busby,  and  the  late  Dr.  Thring,  of  LTppingham ! 

In  the  descriptions  of  nature,  the  beauties  of  the  original 
are  admirably  reproduced.  The  following  is  a  fair  example, 
with  its  abundant  charm  and  the  odd,  unclassical  touch  at 
the  end : 

"Adspectante  Gluck  nova?  herbae,  novum  gramen,  novaque  vincta 
secundum  novas  scaturigines  germinarc  ac  pullulare  et  in  diversas  partes 
per  solum  repere  cceperunt.  Secundum  ripas  fluvii,  haud  aliter  quam 
stellse  crepusculo  augescente,  subito  recentes  flosculi  emerserunt,  turn 
myrtorum  virgulta,  surcili  et  pampini  vitis  umbris  suis  crcscentibus 
vallem  sensim  obdere  inchoarunt.  Sic  itaque  Vallis  Thesaurorum 
pedetentim  in  hortum  mutabatur,  atque  patrimonium,  quod  crudelitate 
amissum  erat,  charitate  reparabatur." 

We  are  promised  translations  of  other  modern  stories.  There 
are  many  one  would  like  to  see  similarly  treated,  quite 
regardless  of  whether  the  study  of  such,  even  combined 
with  some  consideration  of  the  construction  of  cum  tem- 
poral— which  Mr.  Prentice  allows — would  be  the  best  pos- 
sible "preparation  for  college  in  Latin." 


"I  am  wickedly  in  the  habit  of  saying  that  the  three 
maladies  which  hinder  piety  are  fanciful  books  of  devotion, 
theatrical  music  in  church,  and  pulpit  oratory." — Cardinal 
Manning,  in  a  letter  to  Rev.  P.  O'Keefe,  reproduced  in  the 
Irish  Kcclesiastical  Record,  No.  556,  p.  356. 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  563 

NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


The  new  Pontiff's  first  plea,  pronounced  in  a  consistory 
held  September  8th,  was  for  peace,  and  he  urged  the  faithful 
to  pray  fervently  for  the  cessation  of  warfare.  On  the  same 
day  President  Wilson  issued  a  proclamation  in  which  he  said : 
"I  .  .  .  designate  Sunday,  the  fourth  day  of  October  next, 
a  day  of  prayer  and  supplication,  and  do  request  all  God- 
fearing persons  to  repair  on  that  day  to  their  places  of  worship, 
there  to  unite  their  petitions  to  Almighty  God,  that,  over- 
ruling the  counsel  of  men,  setting  straight  the  things  they 
cannot  govern  or  alter,  taking  pity  on  the  nations  now  in  the 
throes  of  conflict,  in  His  mercy  and  goodness  showing  a  way 
where  men  can  see  none,  He  vouchsafe  His  children  healing 
peace  again  and  restore  once  more  that  concord  among  men 
and  nations  without  which  there  can  be  neither  happiness  nor 
true  friendship  nor  any  wholesome  fruit  of  toil  or  thought  in 
the  world;  praying  also  to  this  end  that  He  forgive  us  our 
sins,  our  ignorance  of  His  holy  will,  our  wilfulness  and  many 
errors,  and  lead  us  in  the  paths  of  obedience  to  places  of  vision 
and  to  thoughts  and  counsels  that  purge  and  make  wise."  Let 
us  all.  with  the  Pontiff  and  the  President,  pray  for  peace  and 
wisdom ! 

Richard  Harding  Davis  can  at  least  be  picturesque  in 
his  descriptions ;  that's  about  the  limit  of  a  war  corre- 
spondent's endeavors  under  the  present  military  regulations. 

-*--•--♦- 

Germany,  with  over  35.000  separate  books  produced  in 
1913,  leads  the  publishing  world.  But  since  the  outbreak 
of  the  war,  the  publishing  of  books  in  that  country  as  well 
as  in  France  and  Austria  has  almost  entirely  ceased,  and 
it  is  being  much  limited  in  England.  Probably  in  another 
year  the  United  States  will  lead  the  world  so  far  as  the 
output  of  books  is  concerned.    Let  us  hope  that  the  quality 

will  keep  pace  with  quantity. 

■»--»■■*■ 

Professor  Ludwig  von  Pastor,  the  historian  of  the  Popes, 
has  been  honored  with  the  theological  doctor  title  honoris 
causa  by  the  University  of  Innsbruck.      It  is  a  rare  honor 


564  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

for  a  layman,  and  as  well  deserved  as  it  is  rare.     May  Dr. 
Pastor  continue  his  good  work  for  many  years  to  come ! 

One  of  our  subscribers  complains  of  the  omission,  in 
some  current  prayer-books,  of  the  two  invocations,  "From 
the  scourge  of  earthquakes"  and  "From  pestilence,  famine, 
and  war,"  in  the  Litany  of  the  Saints.  He  says  that  even 
the  "Manual  of  Prayer"  compiled  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Third  Plenary  Council  of  Baltimore  is  marred  by  this  defect, 
at  least  in  one  of  its  later  editions,  and  finally  inquires : 
"Can  you  explain  this  omission?"  We  cannot.  Presum- 
ably it  is  due  to  an  oversight,  which  will  be  promptly  cor- 
rected if  the  publishers'  attention  is  called  to  it. 

♦         ♦         «•> 

At  least  one  Catholic  weekly — the  best  and  most  influ- 
ential of  all,  we  are  glad  to  say — agrees  with  us  as  to  the 
advisability  of  a  change  of  policy  on  the  part  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus.  Says  the  Sacred  Heart  Review,  of  Boston, 
Vol.  52,  No.  12: 

"This  is  the  first  time,  our  St.  Paul  contemporary  assures  us, 
that  the  Fourth  Degree  obligation  has  been  made  public.  It  seems 
to  us  that  the  more  publicity  we  give  to  this  matter  the  better. 
The  order  of  the  K.  of  C.  is  only  following  good  Catholic  precedent 
when  it  makes  known  what  it  stands  for.  As  we  have  often  said 
before,  the  Church  has  nothing  in  its  teachings  that  it  hesitates 
to  make  known  to  the  world.  It  welcomes  investigation  of  its 
doctrines  and  practices.  So  also  should  the  Knights  of  Columbus. 
There  is  not  one  good  work  the  Knights  of  Columbus  is  likely  to 
do  that  cannot  be  accomplished  without  any  secrecy  or  hugger- 
mugger  whatsoever.  All  this  secrecy  or  playing  at  secrecy  only 
begets  suspicion  on  the  part  of  Protestants  (already  prone  enough 
to  be  suspicious),  and  makes  more  difficult  the  task  of  explaining 
why  the  Church  is  opposed  to  secret  societies." 

That  has  been  our  position  from  the  beginning. 

We  are  informed  from  Paris  that,  owing  to  the  war, 
La  Revue  Internationale  des  Societes  Secretes  has  been 
compelled  temporarily  to  suspend  publication.    We  hope  to 

sec  tin's  important  magazine  reappear  as  soon  as  possible. 

■+--+■-•■ 

The  eight  volumes,  so  far  published,  of  the  Oxford  "New 
English    Dictionary,"  contain   337,256  words,  indicating  a 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  565 

probable  total  that  will  nearly  double  the  number  of  words 
in  the  dictionaries  of  the  Utopians  described  by  Mr.  U.  G. 
Wells  in  "The  World  Set  Free."  Which  goes  to  prove  that 
when  a  writer  essays  to  depict  the  future  marvels  of  human- 
kind, his  imagination  is  apt  to  fall  short  of  the  reality. 

-•--♦--•- 

The  most  recent  English  translation  of  Dante  is  by  John 
Pyne  ("An  English  Dante."  New  York :  Albert  and  Charles 
Boni).  The  translator  retains  "the  original  rhythm  and 
rhymes,"  and  thereby  succeeds  in  saving  the  peculiar  undu- 
lation of  movement  which  is  so  beautiful  a  characteristic 
of  Italian  verse.  But  he  has  had  to  sacrifice  much  of  the 
chaste,  classic  beauty  of  the  original,  and  here  and  there 
perverts  the  sense  by  the  insertion  of  words  wholly  unwar- 
ranted by  any  implied  meaning  of  the  text.  In  a  perfectly 
strict  sense  (says  a  critic  in  the  New  York  Times  Book 
Review),  Mr.  Pyne's  work  is  neither  "English"  nor  a 
"Dante."  What  a  contrast,  for  example,  between  Dante's 
"Fecemi  la  divina  potestate,"  and  the  translator's  "Om- 
nipotence my  deep  foundations  charted."  It  is  doubtful 
whether  any  one  who  has  felt  Dante's  majesty  and  sim- 
plicity, whereby  the  words  seem  to  gather  force  as  they  are 
reduced  in  number,  will  ever  find  any  translation  adequate 
that  is  hampered  by  the  restrictions  of  either  rhythm  or 
rhyme  in  choosing  the  words  that  shall  give  the  most  exact 
rendering. 

Just  now,  more  than  ordinarily,  we  hear  men  say  that 
they  dislike  or  hate  whole  nations.  They  "have  no  use  for" 
French  or  Germans  or  Russians  or  English.  It  is  a  foolish 
and  altogether  un-Christian  feeling.  We  must  love  all  our 
fellowmen,  and  if  one  has  had  an  opportunity  to  get 
acquainted  with  persons  of  different  nationalities,  he  has 
found  very  many  among  them  fine  and  charming.  Occa- 
sionally you  may  have  come  across  a  disagreeable  one. 
Every  nation,  including  your  own,  has  such. 

-•-■•■-•■ 

Msgr.  R.  H.  Benson,  in  a  preface  contributed  to  W.  Douglas 
Newton's  new  book,  "War,"  points  out  that  if  Christianity 


566  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  1914 

"is  not  plaving  that  overt  part  in  pacification  which  might 
have  been  expected  of  it,"  this  is  owing  "largely  to  the 
lamentable  divisions  among  Christians." 

The  Rev.  Fr.  Markert,  S.V.D.,  of  St.  Mary's  Mission 
House,  Techny,  111.,  addresses  to  the  Catholic  press  a  printed 
circular,  in  which  he  points  out  how  the  foreign  missions 
are  suffering  from  the  war.  Five-sixths  of  the  ordinary 
contributions  to  the  missions  were  made  by  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Belgium,  and  they  have  now  ceased,  and  will 
scarcely  be  taken  up  again  until  a  long  time  after  the  war 
is  over.  Under  these  circumstances  thousands  of  mission- 
aries will  see  the  results  of  long  and  arduous  labors  de- 
stroyed, unless  help  comes  from  America.  American  Catho- 
lics, Fr.  Markert  adds,  have  a  twofold  reason  to  lend  this 
assistance.  First,  out  of  gratitude  for  having  been  spared 
the  horrors  of  war;  secondly,  because  the  revenues  of  the 
Protestant  missions,  which  continue  to  flow  freely,  come 
to  a  large  extent  from  this  country.  We  hope  this  urgent 
appeal  will  not  be  in  vain.  Contributions  for  the  foreign 
missions  may  be  addressed  to  the  headquarters  of  the 
Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Faith,  New  York,  to  St. 
Mary's  Mission  House,  Techny,  111.,  to  the  Mission  Semi- 
nary at  Ossining,  N.  Y.,  or  to  the  Director  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  the  Holy  Childhood,  at  Pittsburgh. 

The  Social  Service  Commission  of  the  Catholic  Federa- 
tion, in  one  of  its  recent  press  bulletins,  calls  attention  to 
an  article  in  "La  Follctte's  Weekly"  by  Congressman  C.  H. 
Tavenner,  of  Illinois.  Mr.  Tuvcnner  points  out  that  there 
exists  a  great  international  war  trust,  which  derives  large 
profits  from  the  manufacture  of  instruments  of  warfare; 
that  its  American  branch  is  composed  of  the  Powder  Trust, 
the  Armor  and  Ammunition  Ring,  and  the  Shipbuilding 
Trust,  which  arc  assisted  by  many  friends  in  the  army  and 
navv  and  in  the  government;  and  that  the  cure  for  the 
reckless  expenditure  of  $250,000,000  annually  is  govern- 
mental manufacture.  There  may  be  some  truth  in  Mr. 
Tavenner's  deductions,  but  the  Social  Service  Commission 
ought  to  know  better  than  to  send  out  a  synopsis  of  them 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY   REVIEW  567 

without  a  word  of  criticism.    The  War  Trust  is  by  no  means 

the  only,  nor  even  the  most  powerful,  factor  in  the  situation. 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  Rev.  J.  T.  Roche,  of  the  Canadian  Extension  Soci- 
ety, who  was  in  London  when  the  present  war  began,  says 
in  a  letter  to  the  Toronto  Catholic  Register  (Vol.  22,  No. 
33)  that  the  United  States  has  no  monopoly  of  yellow 
journals  and  that  "London  can  teach  America  something 
on  that  score." 

In  the  same  letter  Dr.  Roche  criticises  the  well-known 
tourist  agency  of  Thomas  Cook  &  Sons  for  fleecing  the 
traveling  public  at  a  time  when  the  money  situation  was 
tense.  "They  were  discounting  American  money  at  16 
per  cent,"  he  says,  "and  on  the  continent  they  cut  their  own 
checks  as  much  as  25  per  cent." 

Under  date  of  July  16,  1914,  three  of  the  archbishops  and 
six  of  the  bishops  of  our  unfortunate  Sister  Republic  to  the 
South  issued  a  joint  pastoral  letter,  in  which  they  solemnly 
declare  that  neither  the  bishops  nor  the  clergy  of  Mexico 
"have  ever  contributed  to  any  of  the  revolutions  that  have 
disturbed  our  country  in  these  modern  times" ;  that  their 
"endeavor  has  always  been  directed  to  obtain  peace" ;  that 
it  is  untrue  that  the  Church  in  Mexico  "abounds  in  riches 
and  temporal  goods,"  but,  on  the  contrary,  not  only  the 
pastors  of  numberless  parishes  but  also  some  of  the  prelates 
are  subjected  to  privations  and  misery.  The  pastoral  in- 
timates that  new  trials  are  in  store,  and  exhorts  the  people 
to  accept  them  patiently,  in  satisfaction  for  their  sins  and 
in  union  with  the  sufferings  of  Our  Lord.  This  pastoral 
letter  will  prove  interesting  to  all  who  have  at  heart  the  fate 
of  the  Church  in  Mexico.  It  may  be  found  in  full,  in  an 
English  translation,  in  the  Southern  Messenger,  of  San 
Antonio,  Texas,  edition  of  August  27,  Vol.  23,  No.  28. 

We  see  from  the  same  paper  that  one  Mexican  arch- 
bishop and  two  bishops  are  sojourning  as  refugees  in  San 

Antonio. 

-♦--•--•- 

A  mail-order  house  advertises  a  noise-maker  for  use  on 


568  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

automobiles,  which  will  give  to  wayfarers  ahead  "a  courte- 
ous warning."  That  phrase  is  deserving  of  attention.  It 
indicates  that  the  discourtesy  and  insolence  of  many  of  the 
warning  devices  now  employed  is  beginning  to  be  widely 
recognized. 

Unless  the  European  war  ends  in  less  than  a  hundred 
days,  the  last  shipload  of  toys  has  already  reached  our 
shores.  It  came  in  the  Hamburg-American  liner  Arcadia, 
towards  the  end  of  August.  Last  year  our  importations  of 
tovs  amounted  to  nearly  eight  million  dollars,  three-fourths 
of  them  from  Germany,  which  is  now  commercially  shut  off 
from  the  rest  of  the  world.  Yankee  ingenuity  will  have  to 
manage  to  supply  the  lack  this  year. 

-•--♦--•- 

The  popularity  of  literary  rubbish  at  times  alarms  us, 
yet  we  know  of  no  instance  where  rubbish  has  long  sur- 
vived the  generation  in  which  it  was  written.  Every  age 
produces  its  own  rubbish  and  consumes  it.  Great  writers, 
on  the  other  hand,  often  have  to  wait  long  for  recognition 
and  die  while  they  wait,  and  in  after  years  they  may  slip 
a  while  from  popular  favor,  even  as  Shakespeare  and  Milton 
did.  But  in  the  end  great  books  never  remain  the  close 
preserve  of  small  cultured  circles.    Genius  is  a  blazing  star. 

-•--•--♦- 
The  Catholic  Book  Notes  (No.  197)  calls  attention  to  the 
fact  that  Pius  X,  shortly  before  his  death,  granted  a  list  of 
new  indulgences  to  those  who  devoutly  read  in  the  Bible  as 
often  as  possible.  These  indulgences,  of  which  a  list  is 
given  in  the  official  Acta  Apost.  Sedis  for  June  12,  are 
plenary  and  partial,  and  applicable  to  the  souls  in  Purga- 
tory. 

Our  esteemed  Canadian  contemporary,  The  Casket,  (Vol. 
62,  Xo.  35),  remarks: 

Tin;  FOBTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  says  thai  "in  the  course  of  the  past 
twenty-five  yean  the  Catholic  press  in  the  United  States  lias  been 
losing  ground."  We  hope  this  is  too  pessimistic;  but  we  arc  very  sure 
that,  proportionately  to  the  number  and  influence  of  other  papers,  it 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  569 

is  very,  very  far  short  of  what  it  ought  to  be,  and  of  what  Catholics 
could  easily  and  quickly  cause  it  to  be.  And  the  same  is  true  in 
Canada. 

Prof.  F.  P.  Graves,  who  holds  the  chair  of  the  History  of 
Education  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  rightly  declares 
that  the  Montessori  method  is  being  ridden  to  death  by  fad- 
dists. He  finds  not  a  little  to  commend  in  the  movement,  but 
thinks  its  existence  as  "a  cult  or  propaganda  should  end."  and 
together  with  Frobelian  pedagogy,  "Montessorianism" 
should  be  "merged"  with  the  wider  and  more  dynamic  prin- 
ciples of  modern  educational  practice." 

The  threatened  general  strike  of  European  Socialists 
against  war  did  not  materialize.  Instead,  the  German  Social- 
ists are  living  up  to  August  Bebel's  pledge  that  when  the 
Fatherland  was  in  danger,  he  would  shoulder  a  musket  and 
start  for  the  frontier.  In  Belgium  and  in  France,  too,  the 
Socialists  have  rallied  to  the  defense  of  their  respective  coun- 
tries "against  unjust  attack."  When  did  any  nation  ever  fight 
for  an  i{)ijust  cause  ?  Let  us  not  be  too  hard  upon  the  Social- 
ists. A  general  strike  in  favor  of  peace  at  this  time  would  be 
hopeless  and  only  add  to  the  misery  of  war.  And  so,  for  many 
years  to  come,  the  international  character  of  Socialism  must 
be  like  the  neutrality  of  Belgium :  "a  fact  in  times  of  peace, 

a  dream  in  times  of  war." 

-•-♦--•- 

A  recent  graduate  of  Columbia  University  was  asked  to 
consider  an  offer  of  $25,000  a  year  for  his  services.  If  his 
specialty  had  been  scholarship,  the  offer  might  have  been 
$2,500;  but  he  had  specialized  in  baseball. 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  NEW  ENGLAND 
PURITANISM 

Recent  infidel  utterances  by  Dr.  Eliot,  and  the  simultaneous 
conversion  to  the  Catholic  Church  of  a  prominent  scion  of  an  old 
New  England  family,  have  again  called  attention  to  the  remarkable 
"evolution"'  of  Puritan  Calvinism  in  America — a  process  that  has 
been  graphically  sketched  by  Professor  Barrett  Wendell  of  Harvard 
in  his  Literary  History  of  America  (Fifth  Edition.  New  York. 
1909,  pp.  277  sqq.). 

The  Puritanism  that  ruled  New  England  for  over  a  century 
and  a  half  was  pure,  unadulterated  Calvinism.    It  taught  that  human 


570  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

nature  was  wholly  corrupted  by  original  sin;  that  mankind,  having 
fallen  in  Adam,  are  under  God's  curse  and  liable  to  the  pains  of 
hell  forever;  that  from  this  ruined  race  God,  out  of  His  mere  good" 
pleasure,  has  elected  a  certain  number  to  be  saved  by  Christ,  leav- 
ing the  rest  to  corruption  and  damnation.  This  mournful  dogma 
the  Puritans,  who  believed  themselves  to  be  of  the  small  number 
of  the  "predestined,''  had  brought  over  from  England.  "When 
Cotton  Mather  wrote  his  Magnalia  in  the  closing  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, his  purpose  was  to  prove  that  during  the  first  seventy-five 
years  of  New  England  there  had  flourished  and  lived  and  died 
there  so  many  regenerate  human  beings  that  a  man  of  sense  might 
almost  statistically  infer  New  England  to  be  specially  favored  by 
God." 

But  by  and  by  new  immigrants  came,  and  the  Calvinists  found 
that  there  was  a  considerable  element  of  goodness  outside  of  their 
own  church.  Besides,  the  Rationalism  of  the  Encyclopedists  sowed 
the  seeds  of  doubt  in  the  minds  of  many.  "So  even  by  the  time  of 
[Jonathan]  Edwards,  Calvinistic  dogma  and  national  experience 
were  unwittingly  at  odds.  .  .  .  The  native  human  nature  of 
America  continued  to  express  itself  in  forms  which  could  not 
reasonably  be  held  infernal.''  In  New  York,  for  example,  the  first 
third  of  the  nineteenth  century  produced  Brockden  Brown,  Irving. 
Cooper,  and  Bryant.  In  New  England,  at  about  the  same  time, 
Webster,  Everett,  Winthrop,  and  other  eminent  men  established  a 
tradition  of  sustained  dignity,  and  the  scholarship  of  the  Puritan 
colonies  "ripened  into  the  stainless  pages  of  Ticknor,  of  Prescott, 
of  Motley,  and  of  Parkman.  ...  In  a  society  like  this,  Cal- 
vinistic dogma  seems  constantly  further  from  the  truth,  as  taught 
by  actual  life." 

Gradually,  therefore,  a  considerable  number  of  ministers  began 
insensibly  to  relax  the  full  rigor  of  dogmatic  Calvinism.  There 
was  no  formal  break  at  first,  but  in  process  of  time  a  school  arose 
which  altered  the  traditional  liturgy  and  adopted  a  milder  form  of 
Protestant  belief.  This  newer  Liberalism  in  theology  came  to  be 
known  as  Unitarianism.  It  was  fought  bitterly  by  the  orthodox 
party,  but  in  1X05  the  Unitarians  succeeded  in  capturing  the  chief 
theological  chair  at  Harvard  University,  whereupon  the  orthodox 
party  founded  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover,  "which  until 
very  lately  forlornly  defended  old  Calvinism  in  a  region  abandoned 
to  its  enemies."  • 

Unitarianism  never  formulated  a  creed,  but  after  having  tacitly 
accepted  certain  doctrines  and  traditions  set  forth  by  William 
Ellery  Charming  (b.  17X0,  d.  1X42),  gradually  drifted  into  that 
extreme  Rationalism  which  \)r.  Eliot,  \)r.  Aked,  and  other 
Protestant  theologians  are  now  carrying,  with  perfect  consistency, 
to   its   last  conclusion,   i.   c,   rank  agnosticism.     As   Prof.   Wendell 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  571 

puts  it,  "on  the  one  hand,  the  progress  of  personal  freedom  led 
to  something  like  rejection  of  Christianity;  on  the  other  hand,  it 
reacted  into  acceptance  of  the  oldest  Christian  traditions.  Typical 
examples  of  these  tendencies  may  be  found  in  the  careers  of  Mr. 
George  Ripley  and  his  wife.  Beginning  in  full  sympathy,  as 
ardent  Unitarians,  they  so  parted  in  faith  that  Mrs.  Ripley  died 
in  communion  with  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  while  Mr.  Ripley, 
who  long  survived  her,  became  a  devout    [sic I]    freethinker." 


LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


Up  to  date  in  research  and  scientific  methods,  yet  pervaded 
by  a  soundness  and  saneness  nowhere  more  appreciated  than  in 
subjects  educational,  Dr.  Jakob  Hoffmann's  "Die  Erziehung  der 
Jugend  in  den  Entwickelungsjahren"  (279  pp.,  B.  Herder.  95c),  con- 
stitutes a  contribution  to  pedagogical  literature  that  no  one  inter- 
ested in  the  subject  can  well  afford  to  overlook.  Though  not 
minutely  detailed  in  treatment,  it  is  nevertheless  comprehensive 
and  exhaustive  in  its  way,  taking  account,  among  other  subjects,  of 
numerous  problems  of  youth  whose  origin  is  of  very  recent  date. 
Almost  on  every  page  truths  are  brought  out  and  profitable  advice 
and  hints  offered  that  will  be  of  genuine  value  to  the  active 
educator. — James  Preuss,  S.J. 

"Footprints  of  the  Ancient  Scottish  Church,"  by  Dom  Michael 
Barrett,  O.S.B.,  is  a  collection  of  many  facts  relating  to  the  ancient 
religion  which  once  held  exclusive  sway  in  Scotland,  as  in  so 
many  other  countries  of  Christian  Europe.  The  information 
gathered  by  the  learned  author  is  grouped  together  under  the  fol- 
lowing headings:  Cathedrals,  Collegiate  Churches.  Hospitals,  Fairs, 
Holy  Wells,  and  Honors  Paid  to  the  B.  V.  Mary.  In  studying 
these  "footprints  left  by  the  Church  of  old  on  the  shifting  sands 
of  time,"  one  is  vividly  impressed  with  the  staunch  Catholicity  of 
the  ancient  Scots,  and  the  enormity  of  the  crime  committed  by 
the  Protestant  Reformation.  "Hundreds  of  faithful  children  of 
the  Catholic  Church  laid  them  down  to  their  last  sleep  comforted 
by  the  assurance  that  the  prayers  of  those  who  were  to  come  after 
them  would  never  cease  to  plead  for  them  before  God.  How 
painful  the  sequel!  Lands  and  documents — no  matter  how  sacred 
their  purpose — met  with  the  same  scant  courtesy  at  the  hands  of 
so-called  Reformers  as  the  buildings  to  which  they  had  been 
attached.  The  revenues  of  many  a  noble  family  became  greatly 
augmented  by  despoiling  the  dead  of  their  just  rights.  Masses 
ceased;   prayers   for   the   dead   were    silenced   by   the   overthrow   of 


572  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  communities  who  had  undertaken  the  sacred  duties  required 
of  them.  Generous  benefactions  were  put  to  other  and  less  noble 
uses,  and  the  unhonored  dead  were  forgotten."     (B.  Herder.  $1.80, 

net.) 

♦  ♦    ♦ 

Volume  13  of  "The  Catholic  Library"  is  devoted  to  a  popular 
discussion  of  "The  Question  of  Miracles,"  by  the  Rev.  G.  H. 
Joyce,  S.J.  The  author  explains  the  true  idea  of  miracles,  their 
possibility  and  proof,  their  relation  to  faith-healing,  their  evi- 
dential value,  the  miracles  of  the  Gospel,  and  ecclesiastical  miracles. 
He  brings  out  forcefully  the  fact  that  the  miraculous  element  in 
Christianity  is  in  accordance  with  its  internal  character  as  a 
supernatural  religion.  "Christianity  as  a  religion  supposes  that 
God  has  superseded  the  natural  order  on  man's  behalf.  And 
considered  in  the  light  of  these  truths,  external  miracle  appears 
but  the  congruous  expression  of  the  tremendous  spiritual  trans- 
formation" (pp.  vii  sq.).  The  little  volume  is  worthy  of  warm 
recommendation.     (B.  Herder.     30  cts.,  net.) 

♦  *    ♦ 

Fr.  Arthur  Vermeersch's,  S.J.,  classic  treatise  on  Tolerance,  of 
which  we  recommended  the  English  edition  not  long  ago,  can  now 
also  be  had  in  German.  ("Die  Toleranz.  Deutsche  Ausgabe  von 
Albert  Sleumer.")  It  is  far  and  away  the  best  modern  Catholic 
treatise  on  the  difficult  and  important  subject  to  which  it  is 
devoted,   and   should   be    in    every   Catholic    library.      (B.    Herder. 

$1.25,  net.) 

-♦--♦--♦- 

The  new  and  revised  edition  of  Fr.  Lasance's  well-known 
"Prayer  Book  for  Religious,"  which  was  recently  announced  in 
our  "Books  Received"  department,  is  seven  by  five  inches  in  size, 
and  comprises  no  less  than  1,200  pages.  It  is  perhaps  the  most 
complete  manual  of  prayers  and  devotions  for  the  use  of  religious 
in  existence,  and  may  be  had  in  the  following  bindings:  Silk  cloth, 
round  corners,  red  edges,  $1.50;  American  seal,  limp,  round  corners. 
gold  edges,  $2.50.     (Benziger  Bros.) 

♦  ♦    ♦ 

"Francis  Thomson,  the  Preston-Born  Poet,"  is  the  rather 
awkward  title  of  a  memorial  volume  by  John  Thomson,  which,  in 
three  parts,  gives  a  biographical  sketch  of  the  author  of  the  "Hound 
of  Heaven,"  discusses  some  of  the  outstanding  characteristics  of 
his  verse,  and  presents  sundry  notes  on  "The  Hound  of  Heaven," 
the  "Ode  to  the  Setting  Sun,"  "Daisy,"  and  "In  No  Strange  Land." 
The  author  would  have  produced  a  more  acceptable  book  had  he 
moderated  his  enthusiasm.  No  doubt  Francis  Thomson  was  an 
inspired  poet,  .'in<l  some  of  his  poema  will  live  as  a  splendid  protest 
against  the  materialism  of  the  age    But  to  say  that  "the  love  of 


XXI   18  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  573 

his  poems  has  a  place,  second  only  to  their  religion,  in  the  hearts 
of  thousands,"  is  surely  an  exaggeration.  The  volume  is  full  of 
such  exaggerations.     (B.  Herder.    90  cts.,  net.) 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  new  critical  edition  of  the  Latin  Vulgate,  by  the  Rev. 
Michael  Hetzenauer,  O.M.Cap.,  recently  published  by  Fr.  Pustet 
&  Co.,  is  based  upon  the  three  Clementine  editions,  and  designed 
to  take  the  place  of  these  editions,  which  differ  in  so  many  details. 
A  running  analysis  of  the  text  is  printed  in  the  margin.  Eventually, 
of  course,  the  official  text  now  being  prepared  by  Cardinal  Gasquet's 
commission  will  supersede  this  as  well  as  all  previous  editions  of 
the  Latin  Vulgate;  but,  as  Fr.  Hetzenauer  points  out,  it  will  be  a 
long  time  yet  before  the  official  text  can  be  published.  Meanwhile 
Fr.  Hetzenauer's  own  critical  edition  will  prove  immensely  service- 
able.    It  is  gotten  out  in  Pustet's  best  style.     (Price  $3.) 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Ansgar  Baumeister  presents  the  first  volume  of  a 
collection  of  advanced  catechetical  instructions  for  the  use  of 
priests  and  teachers  ("Katechesen  fiber  den  mittleren  Katechismus. 
Zugleich  als  Stoffsammlung  fur  die  Christenlehre"),  which  deals 
with  "Faith,"  and  for  which  the  Messrs.  Herder  evidently  anticipate 
a  large  sale,  as  they  have  printed  an  unusually  big  edition.  The 
text  is  adapted  to  Fr.  Linden's  catechism,  which  is  now  being 
widely  used  in  Germany,  and  of  which  an  English  edition  is  in 
course  of  preparation.     ($1.50,  net.) 

-♦--•--•- 

Another  volume  of  catechetical  instructions,  by  Dom  Lambert 
Nolle,  O.S.B.  (Einfache  Katechesen  ffir  die  Unterklasse),  published 
by  the  same  firm,  is  also  adapted  to  Linden's  catechism,  but  unlike 
Baumeister's  commentary,  is  intended  to  accompany  only  the 
edition  intended  for  small  children.  Fr.  Nolle  is  not  only  an 
experienced  catechist,  but  professor  of  the  science  of  catechetics 
at  Oscott,  and  his  work  will  no  doubt  command  careful  attention 
on  the  part  of  experts  and  all  those  interested  in  this  important 
branch  of  the  perennial  activity  of  the  Ecclcsia  docens.     (95  cts.,  net.) 

-•■■•-■•■ 

"Leaves  from  the  Note-Book  of  a  Missionary,"  by  the  Rev.  Wm. 
B.  Hannon,  is  a  collection  of  short  sketches  from  the  personal  experi- 
ence of  a  missionary  whose  chosen  work  lies  mainly  in  the  sphere 
of  missions  to  non-Catholics,  both  in  America  and  England.  The 
sketches  are  graphic  and  pointed  in  application.  They  may  be  utilized 
to  adorn  sermons,  or  be  put  directly  into  the  hands  of  those  who  will 
not  read  solid  books.     (B.  Herder.    75  cts.,  net.) 

Two  more  volumes  have  been  added  to  "Standard-bearers  of  the 
Faith,"  a  series  of  "Lives  of  the  Saints  for  Children,"  previously 
recommended  in  this  Review.      The  new  additions  arc :     "The  Life  of 


574  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Saint  Columba,  Apostle  of  Scotland,"  and  "St.  Catherine  of  Siena," 
both  by  F.  A.  Forbes.  The  scries  well  sustains  its  reputation  and  we 
heartily  recommend  it.  especially  for  high-school,  college,  sodality  and 
parish  libraries.     (B.  Herder.    30  cts.,  net,  each.) 


Fr.  Pustet  &  Co.  have    published    a  "new   [newly!]    reset  edition' 
of  "Manresa,  the  Spiritual  Exercises  of  St.  Ignatius."     ($1,  net.) 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  failed  to  supply  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

Burton,  G.     The  Choir  Manual  for  Cathedral  and  Parish  Church,  Juvenile 

or  Adult  Choirs,  in  Accordance  with  the  Motu  Proprio      445  pp.    16mo. 

New  York:  J.  Fischer  &  Bro.  1914.  Vocal  Part  Edition,  80  cts.,  net. 
Tesniere,    Rev.    A.,    S.S.S.      Adoration    of    the    Most    Blessed    Sacrament 

through  the  Mysteries  of  the  Holy  Rosary.     Second   English   Edition. 

262   pp.,    praver-book   size.      New   York:     The   Fathers   of   the    Blessed 

Sacrament,  i85  E.  76th  St. 
Tenaillon,   Rev.   E.,  S.S.S.     Ven.   Pierre  Julien   Eymard,   the  Priest  of  the 

Eucharist,  Founder  of  the  Congregation  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Blessed 

Sacrament,     vi  &  322  pp.     12mo.     New  York:    The  Sentinel  Press,  185 

E.   76th   St. 
Owen-Lewis,    Henry.      A    Layman's    Retreats.      Ed.    by    E.    Lester,    S.J. 

viii  &  260  pp.     16mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     $1.27,  postpaid. 
M.    A.      From    Court    to    Cloister.      A    Sketch.      136    pp.      12mo.      Benziger 

Bros.     85  cts.,  postpaid. 
Villefranche,  G.,  S.J.     Tr.  by  Irene  Hernaman.     Thanksgiving  after  Holy 

Communion,     xv  &  224  pp.,  prayer-book  size.     Benziger  Bros.     85  cts., 

postpaid. 
Sisters   of  Notre   Dame.     Doctrine   Explanations.      Baptism   and    Extreme 

Qnction.     64  pp.     16mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914. 
Heiermann,  F.,  S.J.     The  Teaching  of  Sex  Hygiene  in  Our  Schools.    With 

Addenda  by   the  Publishers.     20  pp.     12mo.     St.   Louis,    Mo.:     Central 

I'.ureau  of  the  Central  Verein,  307  Temple  Bldg.       5  cts.;  per  100,  $4. 
Mortal,   Dom   G.,    O.S.B.      (Tr.    C.   Gunning.)     xvi    &   200  pp.     12mo.     Ben- 
ziger  Bros.     1914.     $1.25,   net. 
Tierney,  Rev.  R.  H.,  S.J.     Teacher  ana"  Teaching,     viii  &  178  pp.     12mo. 

New  Tork:     Longmans,  Green  &  Co.     1914.     $1,  net. 

GERMAN 

Ifuondf-r,  A..  B.J.     Die  Mission  auf  der  Ranzel  und  im  Verein.     Sammlung 

von  Predigten,  Vbrtragen  und  Sklzzen.     Drittes  (Schluss-)   Bandchen. 

xiii  &  211   pp.     8va     B.   Herder,     mil.     $1,  net. 
H'-inz,   '».,  O.Cap.      RellgionBuntoirieht  und    Ileidcnmission.     Ein  Weckruf 

zur  JugendmiAsionsbewegung.     4s  pp.     L6mo.     B,    El'erder.     1914.     20 

cte.,    int.     (Stiff   paper  covers.) 
sti.-ii.    u.ii.t..    o.m.i.     Mlulonspredigten.     Zwelter   Tell:     Der   gbttliche 

vVMle.     its  pp.     L2mo.     Drltter  Tell;    Daa  apoetolische  Werk.     140' pp. 

B.  Herder.     1914.    70  cts.  and  65  its.,  nit,  respectively. 

SPANISH 

B3enita»"de  Dice  Banto."  La  Violets  •  i >i  santfsimo  Sacramento.  Tra- 
duccidn  de  la  BSdicidn  Alemana.  <"<>n  tree  grabadoe.  xvi  &,  92  pp. 
l6mo.     i'..   Herder.     1914.     26  cte.,  net;  per- dozen.  82.60. 


XXI   18 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


575 


Conception  College  &  Seminary 

An  ideal  College  home.  Location  beautiful  and  healthful. 
L,arge  campus  and  shady  walks.  Complete  College  and 
High  School  courses.  Modern  languages  free.  Church 
music  a  specialty.  Board,  tuition,  lodging,  laundry  $200.00 
a  year. — For  catalogue  address 

The  Rev.  Rector 

Conception,  Mo. 


CHAMINADE,  COLLEGE, 

CLAYTON,  MO. 

(12  Miles  West  of  St.   Louis  Union  Station) 

THE  COLLEGE  YOUR  BOY  SHOULD  ATTEND  TO  PROCURE  A  THOROUGH 
CLASSICAL.  COMMERCIAL.  SCIENTIFIC  OR  AGRICULTURAL   EDUCATION. 

Preparatory,  High  School  and  Collegiate  Departments. 

Under  the  management  of  the  Brothers  of  Mary,  who  have  an   enviable  reputation  as 
teachers,  the  pupils'  talents  are  sure  to  receive  the  attention  they  deserve. 

Thoroughly  modern,  fire-proof  building— complete  equipment.     City  conveniences,  with 
the  fresh  air  and  out-door  benefits  of  country  life.    Ample  athletic  and  gymnastic  facilities. 

The  "Ideal  College,"  you  will  say,  upon  personal  investigation.    For  full   particulars 
Catalog,  etc.,  address  KEY.  PRESIDENT,  CHAMINADE  COLLEGE, 

Clayton,  Mo. 


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WANTED- A  position  as  Janitor  in  a  German  Church  hy  a  middle  aged 
man    with    small   family.       Is   also   able   Organist.       Best   of   references. 
Address:     Care  Fortnightly  Review. 


WANTED- A  position  in  a  larger  city,  by  an  Organist  and  Choir  Director 
with  the  very  best  of  references.     Cecelian  music  and  Vatican  Choral  pre- 
ferred.    Apply  to  the  Editor  of  The  Fortnightly  Review,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


576  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 


Bargains  in  Secondhand  Books 

[Cash  must  accompany  all  orders.] 

Cox,    Chas.,    O.M.I.       Daily     Reflections     for     Christians.      London,     1914. 
Two  volumes.     $2.50. 

Bacuez,   L.     Major  Orders.     Instructions  and  Meditations.     St.  Louis,  1913. 
$1.25. 

Field,    Michael.     Mystic  Trees   (Foems).     London,   s.   a.     50  cts. 

Officium    Hebdomadae   Majoris  a  Dom.   in  Palmis  usque  ad  Dom.   in  Albis 

iuxta   Kubricas   Pli  X.     Ratisbon,   1914.     rocket  ed.,   bound   in  flexible 

leather.  $1. 

Schell,     H.      Christus — Das      Evangelium     und     seine     weltgeschichtliche 

Bedeutung.     Richly  illustrated.     Mainz,   1903.     Like  new.     85  cts. 
Pesch,   Chr.,   S.J.     Praelectiones  Dogmatieae.     9  vols.     Freiburg,   1898  sqq. 

$12. 
Rouet     de     Journel,     M.J.,    S.J.     Enchridion   ratristicum.      Freiburg,    1911. 

$2. 
Rauschen,   G.     Eucharistie     und     Russsakrament     in     den     ersten     sechs 

Jahrhunderten  der  Kirche.     2nd  ed.     Freiburg,  1910.     $1. 
Riblia   Sacra    Vulgatae  Editionis.     Notis,   etc.     Illustrata.     Ed.   B.   Galura. 

Innsbruck.  1834.     $1.50. 
La  V€rit#,  of  Quebec,  ed.  by  J.  P.  Tardivel.     Vol.  17,  July,  1897-8.    Bound, 

in  fair  condition.     $2. 
Moran,   Rev.   Wm.     The  Government  of  the  Church  in  the  First  Century. 

An   Essav  on  the  Beginnings  of  the  Christian  Ministry.     Dublin,  1913. 

$1.20. 
Preuss,  Edw.     Zum  Lobe  der  unbefl.     Empfangnis.     Freiburg,  1879.    80  cts. 
Jones,   H.     Altar-Flowers  and  How  to  Grow  Them.     London,   1914.     75  cts. 
Sinthern,   P.,   S.J.     Im  Dienste  der  Himmelskonigin.     Vortriige  u.    Skizzen 

fur  Marianische  Kongregationen.     Freiburg.   1914.     85  cts. 
Lasance,    Rev.    F.   X.     Prayer-Book  for  Religious.     New   Edition.     Cincin- 
nati,   1914.      $1.20. 
Kumpfmiiller,  Rev.  Jos.  Bliiten  u.     Friichte     aus     dem      Garten      des     hi. 

Franziskus.     21  Predigten  fur  Tertiaren.     Innsbruck,  1914.     65  cts. 
Nist,    Rev.   J.     Private    First    Communion    Instructions    for    Little    Chil- 
dren.    Tr.   by  Rev.   F.   Girardey,   C.SS.R.     St.   Louis,   1914.     45  cts. 
Grisar,    Rev.    H.,    S.J.     Rom   beim    Ausgang  der   antiken   Welt.      Superbly 

illustrated.     Freiburg,   1901.     $3.50. 
Manresa.     The  Spiritual  Exercises  of  St.   Ignatius  for  General  Use.     New 

Ed.     New  York,  1914.     80  cts. 
Gbtz,  J  oh.   B.     Die  religiose  Bewegung  in  der  Oberpfalz  von  1520  bis  1500. 

Freiburg,  1914.     85  cts.      (Paper.) 
Bolanden,    K.    von.     Landesgotter  u.    Hexen.      Deutsches     Kulturbild     aus 

dem  16.     Jahrh.    Ratisbon,  1914.     40  cts. 
Hannon,    Rev.    Wm.    B.      Leaves    from    the    Note-Book    of    a    Missionary. 

London,   1914.     55  cts. 
Lives  of  the   Saints  for  Children:    Two  vols.     St.   Catherine  of  Siena  and 

St.    Columba.      London,    1913.      Both,   50   cts. 
Taylor,    The    Cardinal-Democrat,     Henry     Edw.    Manning.      London,    1908. 

85  cts. 
Vaughan,    Rev.    B.,    S.J.      Society,    Sin    and    the    Saviour.      London,    1908. 

85  cts. 
Grisar,  H.,  S.J.     Luther.     (German  original  ed.  in  3  vols.)     Freiburg,  1911- 

13.     $10. 
Wlrth,   Rev.    E.  J.     Divine  Grace.      N.  Y.,   1903.     85  cts. 
Vigouroux,    Rev.    F.,   et   al.      Dictionnaire   de   la    Bible.      5   large   illustrated 

vols.,  superbly  hound,  like  new.  Big  bargain.  $20.  (Carriage  extra.) 
Roosevelt,  Th.  Hunting  Tales  of  the  West.  N.  Y.,  1907.  $1.60.  4  vols. 
Klimke,    Rev.    Fr.,    S.J.      Der    Monismus    und    seine      philos.       Grundlagcii. 

Freiburg.  1911.     $2.20. 
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BARGAIN  BOOK  COMPANY,   St.  Charles,  Mo. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  19.  OCTOBKR  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  Father  of  All  the  Faithful 

Benedict  XV  had  scarcely  ascended  the  pontifical  throne 
when  the  newsgatherers  began  to  mix  him  up  in  the  war  tales. 

First,  he  was  represented  as  threatening  the  Kaiser  with 
ill-will  for  not  granting  to  Cardinal  Mercier  a  safe  conduct 
to  his  episcopal  see. 

Then  it  was  reported  that  he  had  reminded  the  Emperor  of 
Austria  that  he  is  getting  to  be  an  old  man,  and  that  the  roaring 
of  cannon  would  not  be  apt  to  mitigate  the  rigor  of  the  divine 
sentence  soon  to  be  expected  on  his  un-Christian  conduct. 

Lately  a  cable  dispatch  said  that  the  new  Pope,  in  a  letter, 
had  congratulated  the  King  of  England  on  the  justice  of  the 
war  he  was  waging  for  Christian  culture  and  civilization,  and 
expressed  the  hope  that  the  Allies  would  win. 

It  is  fortunate,  under  these  circumstances,  as  the  Hartford 
Catholic  Transcript  observes  (Vol.  17,  No.  14)  that  "Bene- 
dict XV  enters  upon  his  pontificate  with  a  well-earned  reputa- 
tion for  diplomacy."  And  it  will  be  well  for  Catholics  to  re- 
mind themselves,  whenever  they  read  such  pseudo-news,  that 
he  has  taken  up  his  great  work  as  ruler  of  the  Church  of  God 
with  the  promise  of  special  divine  protection,  which,  no  doubt, 
will  be  vouchsafed  to  him  in  all  important  affairs,  not  excepting 
his  relations  with  the  heads  of  the  mighty  governments  now 
engaged  in  warfare. 

"And  so,  when  strange  rumors  come,  involving  the  Supreme  Pontiff 
in  dubious  transactions,  we  need  not.be  disturbed.  He  is  not  a  parti- 
san.    On  the  day  of  his  election  he  deplored  the  fact  that  his   spiritual 

577 


578  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

children  were  arrayed  on  both  sides  of  the  contending  nations.  He 
will  not  and  he  can  not  deviate  from  the  course  marked  out  by  neutral- 
ity and  right  reason.  Malice  itself  can  not  place  him  on  either  side.  He 
is  the  father  of  all  the  faithful." 

■♦-••--•- 
The  Maine  Election 

In  the  recent  fall  election  in  the  State  of  Maine  the  total 
vote  for  governor  was  bigger  by  about  12,000 — or  nearly  10 
per  cent — than  the  total  vote  for  President  two  years  ago.  In 
round  numbers  the  Progressive  vote  shows  a  loss  of  30,000, 
the  Republican  vote  a  gain  of  32.000  and  the  Democratic  vote 
a  gain  of  11,000. 

So  far  as  this  election  affords  ground  for  a  forecast  of  the 
congressional  elections  next  November,  it  indicates  that  the 
Progressive  vote  will  be  small,  but  yet  large  enough  to  enable 
the  Democrats  to  carry  a  considerable  number  of  constituencies 
in  which  the  Republicans  and  Progressives  would  be  victorious 
if  they  were  united.  Upon  this  circumstance  rests  the  prospect 
of  the  Democratic  party  continuing  to  control  the  House  of 
Representatives  by  a  comfortable  majority.  Some  reaction 
against  them  will  unquestionably  appear.  The  business  depres- 
sion, quite  regardless  of  all  thought  as  to  its  causes,  weighs 
inevitably  against  the  party  in  control.  But  the  Maine  election, 
in  the  opinion  of  impartial  observers,  tends  to  confirm  the  im- 
pression that  this  reaction  is  not  likely  to  prove  of  formidable 
dimensions. 

The  Magic  Tesseract 

No  doubt  many  of  our  readers  will  be  interested  in  a  little 
book  by  Claude  Bragdon,  entitled  "A  Primer  of  Higher  Space 
(The  Fourth  Dimension,),"  and  published  by  the  Manas  Press, 
of  Rochester,  N.  Y.     (Price,  $1.00.) 

The  idea  of  a  fourth  dimension  is  simple  enough.  One 
space  is  generated  by  a  point  moving  in  a  straight  line.  This 
line,  moving  at  right  angles  to  itself,  generates  a  square.  The 
square,  moving  at  right  angles  to  itself,  generates  threr  space 
cube,  having  length,  breadth  and  height.  Theoretically  it  »nould 
be  possible  to  move  this  cube  at  right  angles  to  itself  in  some 
direction,  so  as  to  create  a  fourth  dimensional  figure,  thereby 
generating  a  hyper-solid  or  so-called  tesseract.     Strictly  speak- 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  579 

ing,  therefore,  the  fourth  dimension  may  be  denned  as  that 
direction  in  which  we  can  move  a  cube  at  right  angles  to  any 
of  its  present  dimensions.  We  can  not  conceive  this  with  our 
imagination ;  nor  can  we  practically  construct  any  geometrical 
figure  which  fulfills  the  requirements.  But  Mr.  Bragdon  shows 
by  analogy  and  illustration  just  how  a  fourth  dimension  might 
exist  and  the  sort  of  dimension  it  might  be.  He  describes  a 
tesseract  as  possessing  sixteen  corners,  thirty-two  edges, 
twenty-four  square  faces  and  eight  bounding  cubes,  and  works 
out  an  ingenious  theory  of  time. 

Mr.  Bragdon  explains  certain  psychic  phenomena,  such  as 
clairvoyance,  obsession  and  possession  by  means  of  the  fourth 
dimension.  This,  of  course,  is  in  line  with  Professor  Zollner's 
work  on  "Transcendental  Physics,"  published  a  number  of 
years  ago,  on  the  strength  of  his  researches  in  spiritism. 

If  this  curious  theory  has  been  subjected  to  competent  crit- 
icism from  the  point  of  view  of  scholastic  philosophy,  we  are 
not  aware  of  the  fact.  It  is  greatly  to  be  desired  that  such 
criticism  be  undertaken  now,  as  Mr.  Bragdon's  book  is  apt  to 
carry  "The  Magic  Tesseract"  far  and  wide  among  American 
readers,  and  incidentally  prove  a  medium  for  the  propagation  of 
spiritistic  delusions. 

An  Official  Protest  Against  a  Pious  Fraud 

The  Catholic  Advance  of  Wichita,  "The  Official  Catholic 
Paper  of  Kansas  and  Oklahoma,"  protests  in  its  Vol.  21,  No. 
24,  against  certain  abuses  connected  with  the  popular  devotion 
to  St.  Anthony : 

"Many  bishops  have  abolished  the  'box  of  St.  Anthony's  bread,' 
because  it  led  to  abuses.  In  certain  places  it  had  grown  to  be  a  pious 
penny-in-the-slot  machine.  Good  people  would  drop  in  their  dime  or 
quarter,  fully  expecting  in  return  some  great  temporal  favor  from  the 
Saint,  much  as  the  child  puts  in  his  penny  for  the  chewing  gum  of  auto- 
matic machines.  The  superstition  was  fostered,  unconsciously  no  doubt, 
by  pious  periodicals  that  published  letters  such  as  the  following,  which 
was  sent  to  us  and  taken  from  a  Catholic  publication :  'Please  have 
prayers  said  for  two  special  favors  :  First,  that  I  may  get  money  loaned 
to  a  friend  without  trouble ;  second,  that  I  may  get  a  position  with  a 
better  salary.  If  both  are  granted  by  October  2nd  I  will  send  you 
$5.00;  if  one,  I  will  send  $2.00.  A  firm  believer  in  St.  Anthony.'  In 
cases  like  this  religion  becomes  a  matter  of  dollars  and  cents." 


580  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Conditions  must  be  pretty  bad  in  Kansas  and  Oklahoma 
when  the  official  organ  of  the  local  bishops  finds  it  necessary 
to  protest  in  such  vigorous  terms  against  a  pious  fraud. 

Trying  to  Stop  "The  Menace" 

The  company  which  publishes  The  Menace  at  Aurora,  Mo., 
has  reorganized  under  the  name  of  The  United  States  Publish- 
ing Company,  with  a  capital  of  $300,000.  It  is  reported  that 
greater  efforts  are  to  be  made  than  ever  before  to  spread  this 
vile  sheet  broadcast. 

Meanwhile  previous  attempts  by  the  K.  of  C.  and  others 
having  failed.  Mr.  Paul  Bakewell,  of  St.  Louis,  has  addressed 
an  open  letter  to  Postmaster  General  Burleson,  in  which  he 
proves,  by  specific  references  to  laws  and  precedents,  that  The 
Menace  and  its  publications  are  in  violation  both  of  the  letter 
and  the  spirit  of  the  federal  statutes,  which  debar  from  the 
privilege  of  the  mails  such  publications  as  are  apt  to  debauch 
or  injure  private  or  public  morals  or  reflect  injuriously  on  the 
conduct  or  character  of  others.  The .  Postmaster  General  is 
requested  to  exclude  The  Menace  and  its  books  and  like  publi- 
cations from  the  United  States  mail,  and  also  to  bring  the  mat- 
ter before  the  Attorney  General,  so  that  proper  action  may  be 
taken  against  the  publishers  for  violation  of  the  statutes  of  the 
United  States. 

"The  Friendly  Feeling"  Between  the  Knights  of  Columbus 
and  the  Masons 

The  subjoined  item  recently  made  the  rounds  of  a  portion 
of  the  Catholic  press  (we  have  clipped  it  from  the  "Kentucky 
Irish-American,"  Vol.  33,  No.  9,  p.   1)  : 

"The  friendly  feeling  existing  between  the  Knights  of  Columbus 
and  the  Masons  was  well  illustrated  during  the  recent  national  conven- 
tion at  St.  Paul.  At  the  opening  session  the  Knights  received  an  invita- 
tion from  the  Masonic  bodies  to  make  their  clubrooms  their  headquar- 
ters during  their  stay.  'I  bis  was  in  return  for  recognition  of  similar 
courtesies  extended  by  the  Knights  to  the  Masons  at  meetings  of  their 
Grand  Lodge." 

Such  a  "friendly  feeling"  and  exchange  of  courtesies 
between   Catholics   and    Masons  is  inexplicable  to  one  who  is 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  581 

familiar,  as  all  Catholics  ought  to  be,  with  the  attitude  of  the 
Church  towards  Freemasonry,  as  proclaimed  in  Clement  XII's 
Constitution,  "In  Eminent!,"  of  April  28,  1738;  Benedict  XIV's 
Bull,  "Providas,"  of  May  18,  1751  ;  Pius  VIII's  Encyclical, 
"Traditi,"  of  May  21,  1829;  Gregory  XVI's  "Mirari,"  of  Au- 
gust 15,  1832;  Pius  IX's  Encyclical,  ''Qui  Pluribus,"  of  No- 
vember 9,  1846;  Leo  XIIFs  Encyclical,  "Humanum  Genus,"  of 
April  20,  1884,  and  many  other  pontifical  utterances,  in  which 
Freemasonry  is  condemned  as  a  pernicious  sect,  and  Catholics 
are  forbidden,  under  penalty  of  excommunication,  incurred 
ipso  facto,  and  reserved  to  the  Pope,  to  enter  or  in  any  way  to 
promote  or  favor  (quomodociuiquc  favere)  Masonic  societies. 
In  view  of  these  facts,  the  Fathers  of  the  Third  Plenary  Coun- 
cil of  Baltimore,  in  their  Pastoral  Letter  (p.  xcvi),  solemnly 
warned  the  faithful  that  "The  Church  forbids  her  children  to 
have  any  connection  with  such  [Masonic  and  kindred]  socie- 
ties, because  they  are  either  an  open  evil  to  be  shunned  or  a 
hidden  danger  to  be  avoided." 

Fraternizing  with  the  Freemasons  and  allied  organizations, 
using  their  halls,  clubrooms  and  regalia,  exchanging  "cour- 
tesies" with  them  is,  if  not  directly  opposed  to  the  letter,  most 
assuredly  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  Church's  legislation 
against  Masonry  and  unworthy  of  a  body  of  Catholic  men  who 
claim  to  love  her  and  faithfully  to  obey  her  mandates. 


Socialists  and  the  A.  F.  of  L. 

Apropos  of  a  forthcoming  English  translation  of  Carl  Le- 
gien's  "Observations  on  the  Labor  Movement  in  America,"  the 
Central  Bureau  of  the  Catholic  Central  Society,  in  one  of  its 
current  press  bulletins,  issues  a  timely  warning  against  the 
machinations  of  those  who  are  trying  to  make  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  a  vehicle  for  Socialistic  propaganda.  We 
quote : 

"The  International  Labor  Movement,  as  it  has  been  called,  ever 
since  the  A'.  F.  of  L.  affiliated  with  it  has  proven  nothing  more  nor  less 
than  a  vehicle  for  Socialist  propaganda  in  the  latter  body.  Its  news 
letters  violently  and  falsely  attack  the  Christian  Unions,  and  from 
Legien's  hook  we  learn  that  its  head  and  principal  spokesman  attacked 
the  faith   of  those  who  make  up   a  not   inconsiderable   number  of  the 


582  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

American  trade  unionists.  How  long  are  American  Catholic  working- 
men  going  to  allow  this  condition  to  exist?  To  split  the  American  Labor 
Movement,  as  will  have  to  be  done  if  this  policy  continues  to  grow  as  it 
has  in  the  past,  would  be  a  calamity — to  the  Church  in  this  country,  as 
well  as  to  the  unions  here.  The  fight  against  these  things  must  be 
carried  on  within  the  labor  movement.  The  Socialists  must  not  obtain 
control  of  the  A.  F.  of  L.  And  in  order  to  prevent  all  these  catastrophies 
American  Catholic  workingmen,  while  working  diligently  with  their 
unions,  should  organize  into  Catholic  workingmen's  associations,  where 
they  can  study  to  refute  the  false  attacks  of  the  Socialist  agitator  and 
can  learn  the  proper  solidarity  with  which  to  oppose  his  tactics." 

-♦--♦--•- 

A  Word  Regarding  the  Associated  Press 

Mr.  Melville  E.  Stone,  General  Manager  of  the  Associated 
Press,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  editor  of  this  Review,  pro- 
tests against  a  remark  made  on  page  531  of  our  No.  17,  that 
"The  Associated  Press  has  never  been  at  pains  to  contradict 
false  or  damaging  statements,  even  when  it  was  chiefly  respon- 
sible for  the  divulgation  of  them."  Mr.  Stone  denies  this  and 
asserts  that,  "quite  on  the  contrary,  we  have  always  been  ready 
to  correct  any  error  made  by  the  Associated  Press,  and  if  you 
will  point  out  one  error  of  the  Associated  Press  to  which  my 
attention  has  ever  been  called  and  that  we  have  not  corrected. 
I  shall  be  grateful  to  you." 

The  denial  doesn't  quite  cover  the  charge.  "Not  to  be  at 
pains"  is  by  no  means  synonymous  with  "to  refuse  when  hard 
pressed." 

Nor  are  we  able,  at  this  moment,  to  make  formal  proof 
of  the  charge  as  it  stands.  Our  statement  was  based  on  per- 
sonal experience  on  the  editorial  staff  of  certain  daily  papers 
served  by  the  Associated  Press,  and  on  many  years'  of  careful 
and  unbiased  observation  as  an  outsider.  Time  and  again  we 
have  noted,  in  what  were  plainly  reports  of  the  Associated 
Press,  incorrect  statements  that  were  never,  so  far  as  we  could 
see,  retracted  or  corrected,  though  their  absurdity  must  have 
been  patent,  even  to  the  careless  reader.  Despite  the  notori- 
ousness of  the  offense,  it  is  most  difficult  to  bring  the  formal 
proof  that  Mr.  Stone  invariably  and  triumphantly  demands 
whenever  a  voice  is  raised  in  criticism  of  his  agency.  The  rea- 
sons are  these : 

1.      Many,  if  not  all,  the  daily  papers  served  by  the   Asso- 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  583 

ciated  Press  also  publish  news  furnished  by  other  agencies, 
and  special  telegrams,  without,  as  a  rule,  giving  the  source 
of  each.  Thus  the  Associated  Press  may  easily  be  credited 
with  or  blamed  for  dispatches  with  which  it  has  had  nothing 
to  do. 

2.  If  one  makes  an  effort,  as  we  have  repeatedly  done,  to 
ascertain  whether  a  certain  news  item  originated  with  the 
Associated  Press  or  not,  one  usually  receives  no  answer  at  all 
or  a  curt  note  saying  that  it  is  impossible,  a  day  or  two  after 
the  publication  of  a  dispatch,  to  say  where  it  came  from. 

3.  If  one  perchance  succeeds  in  tracing  the  responsibility 
for  a  false  or  damaging  statement  to  the  Associated  Press,  and 
complains  to  the  management,  they  will  naturally  first  demand 
formal  proof  to  the  contrary,  and  by  the  time  such  proof  has 
been  submitted,  any  correction  the  manager  may  condescend 
to  make  will  be  deemed  "ancient  history"  or  "not  worth  while" 
by  the  newspaper  offices  to  which  it  is  sent  and  promptly 
"killed."  Besides,  who  is  able  to  tell  whether  a  correction 
has  been  made  or  not,  and  what  is  the  value  of  a  correction 
if  the  newspapers  refuse  to  publish  it? 

The  management  of  the  Associated  Press  is  well  aware 
of  this  condition  of  affairs  and  makes  the  most  of  it  whenever 
it  is  criticised  or  attacked.  We  shall  keep  a  doubly  vigilant 
optic  on  its  faults  and  mistakes  in  the  future,  and  request  our 
readers  to  assist  us  in  the  matter,  if  only  to  demonstrate  by 
actual  experiment  that  it  is  true  that  "The  Associated  Press 
has  never  been  at  pains  to  contradict  false  or  damaging  state- 
ments [especially  in  regard  to  Catholic  affairs],  even  when  it 
was  chiefly  responsible  for  the  divulgation  of  them." 

-•■-••"■•■ 
The  Catholic  Press 

Whenever  some  one  (the  Fortnightly  Review,  for  in- 
stance) points  out  that  the  Catholic  press  in  this  country  is 
not  receiving  the  support  to  which  it  is  entitled,  there  are  loud 
protests,  some  of  them  based  on  ignorance  of  the  real  situation ; 
others  inspired  by  that  spirit  of  exaggerated  optimism  and 
boastfulness  that  is  the  bane  of  the  Church  in  America.  The 
Bishop  of  Columbus  is  one  of  the  few  "who  know  better"  and 
who  do  not  believe  in  treating  a  running  sore   with  talcum 


584  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

powder.     He  said  in  a  sermon  delivered  at  the  recent  conven- 
tion of  Catholic  editors  and  publishers  at  Detroit : 

"Those  who  are  at  all  familiar  with  the  conditions  of  the  Catholic 
press  know  only  too  well  that  our  Catholic  people,  as  a  rule,  do  not 
take  very  much  interest  in  its  progress — nor  do  they  sufficiently  under- 
stand its  importance.  They  like  to  hear  a  good  sermon  when  they  go  to 
mass  on  Sunday  morning;  they  receive  it  with  reverence  and  joy,  and 
it  never  fails  to  produce  good  results.  But  the  Catholic  paper,  with  its 
crisp  and  interesting  account  of  Church  affairs,  its  strong  and  convincing 
articles  on  the  teachings  of  faith,  its  extracts  from  striking  sermons  and 
lectures,  its  beautiful  stories  of  Catholic  faith  and  piety — hardly  ever 
finds  its  way  to  the  family  fireside ;  and  if  it  does  how  often  it  is  thrown 
aside  to  give  place  to  sensational  literature  and  the  current  events  of  the 
daily  press — a  style  of  reading  that  never  fails  to  make  Catholic  people 
worldly-minded  and  give  them  a  positive  distaste  for  all  Catholic  litera- 
ture." 

Commenting  on  Msgr.  Hartley's  sermon,  the  official  organ 
of  the  Bishop  of  Hartford,  the  Catholic  Transcript,  says  (Vol. 
17.  Xo.  14)  : 

"It  is  well  for  the  writers  to  know  that  some,  at  least,  of  the 
hierarchy  have  faith  in  the  mission  of  the  press  and  are  spontaneously 
and  enthusiastically  committed  to  its  support.  The  life  of  the  Catholic 
journal  is  not  cast  in  bounteous  places.    It  is  precarious  at  best." 

The  same  journal  aptly  explains  the  place  of  Catholic 
journalism  in  the  economy  of  religions  life,  as  follows  : 

"The  Catholic  journal  has  its  place  in  the  economy  of  religious  life. 
It  stands  with  the  school  and  the  Sunday  school,  the  pulpit  and  the  plat- 
form. When  any  one  of  these  co-laborers  is  wanting,  the  Catholic  cause 
does  not  enjoy  the  fullest  possible  support.  The  Church  is  a  teacher. 
She  must  teach  before  she  can  undertake  to  administer  the  sacramental 
system,  for  without  faith  the  sacraments  are  null  and  void.  In  her 
capacity  of  representative  of  her  divine  Master  she  must  make  use  of 
every  vehicle  of  human  knowledge,  and  no  instrument  for  the  spread  of 
enlightenment  ought  to  be  foreign  to  her  endeavor.  All  this  makes  the 
Catholic  journalist  feel  the  immensity  of  the  task  laid  upon  him  and 
his  utter  inability  to  meet  its  requirements  without  the  sympathy  and 
rapport  of  others  who  should  be  just  as  much  interested  in  upholding 
Catholic  ideals  and  Catholic  faith  as  he  is  himself.  Me  has  need,  per- 
petual and  pressing,  of  the  support  and  co-operation  of  rdl  such 
Christians,  nor  can  their  assistance  he  denied  without  a  prodigal  waste 
of  the  means  of  well-doing  committed  by  the  Almighty  to  the  hands 
of   I  lis  servants." 

— *— 

Tact  is  the  unsaid  portion  of  what  you  think. 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  585 

A  STEP  IN  THE  RIGHT  DIRECTION 

In  our  last  issue  (No.  81)  we  published  a  short  paper 
on  moving  picture  shows.  It  contains  a  warning  which 
has  to  some  extent  been  heeded,  since  the  writing  of  that 
paper,  by  Dr.  Conde  B.  Pallen  and  certain  other  eminent 
Catholics,  among  them  Dr.  James  J.  Walsh  and  Mr.  Joseph 
Frey,  President  of  the  Catholic  Central  Verein,  who  have 
established  a  Catholic  Film  Association,  which  has  for  its 
object  "the  education,  entertainment,  and  edification  of 
Catholics  throughout  the  United  States,"  to  quote  from  a 
circular  issued  from  the  company's  headquarters,  18  E. 
Forty-first  Street,  New  York  City. 

In  the  same  circular  Dr.  Pallen  is  quoted  as  follows : 

"Up  to  the  present  time  the  moving  picture  has  been  allowed 
to  grow,  like  mushrooms,  at  random,  without  direction  or  purpose. 
The  result  has  been  that  its  wonderful  influence  has  failed  to  be 
utilized  by  the  religious  and  educative  forces  of  the  country,  and 
left  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  irresponsible  speculator.  A  general 
and  concerted  movement  ...  is  necessary  to  counteract  the 
evil.  ...  In  some  instances,  Catholic  pastors  .  .  .  have 
established  moving  picture  exhibitions  for  their  parishes  and 
schools.  Wherever  this  has  been  done,  it  has  met  with  remarkable 
success.  There  have  been,  however,  difficulties  in  the  way.  First 
of  all  in  getting  suitable  films,  and  secondly,  in  securing  Catholic 
subjects.  In  order  to  put  the  moving  picture  at  the  service  of  the 
Church  everywhere,  and  provide  properly  censored  films  as  well 
as  Catholic  subjects  for  our  parishes,  schools,  societies,  and  insti- 
tutions, the  Catholic  Film  Association  has  entered  the  field,  with 
ample  capital  and  a  thoroughly  equipped  organization,  to  furnish 
the  entire  moving  picture  outfit  to  every  parish,  school,  society, 
and  institution  in  the  country." 

We  hail  this  as  a  step  in  the  right  direction.  If  the 
Catholic  Film  Association  will  supply  the  public  with  relig- 
ious themes  and  secular  subjects  of  good  character  and 
dramatic  interest,  its  films  will  doubtless  soon  find  their 
way,  not  only  into  our  Catholic  schools  and  halls,  but  also 
into  the  public  theatres,  where  they  can  do  an  immense 
amount  of  good. 

We  note  with  pleasure  that  the  new  company  also 
intends  to  furnish  educational  films  in  complete  courses, 
embracing  subjects  from  the  primary  grades  to  the  highest 


586  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

scientific  classes.  The  moving  picture  has  such  great  educa- 
tional possibilities  that  we  feel  certain  that,  through  the 
Catholic  Film  Association,  every  parish  school  will  soon  be 
equipped  with  a  complete  set  of  apparatus  enabling  it  to 
utilize  this  helpful  agency  for  the  benefit  of  our  children. 


A   MUCH-BEPUFFED    SENSATIONALIST 

Writing  to  The  Nation  (No.  2546)  of  the  first-fruits  of 
G.  K.  Chesterton's  dramatic  muse,  the  much-discussed, 
much-bepufted  "Magic,"  Mr.  William  Archer,  the  famous 
English  dramatic  critic,  says : 

"Like  so  much  of  Mr.  Chesterton's  other  work,  ['Magic']  is  a 
piece  of  genial,  unblushing  effrontery.  .  .  .  We  feel  that  we 
have  to  do  with  no  mere  journeyman  of  the  theatre,  but  a  born 
writer.  And  a  born  thinker?  Ah,  that  is  the  question!  It  some- 
times seems  as  though  'thought'  were  a  misnomer  in  relation  to 
Mr.  Chesterton's  mental  processes — as  though  some  new  word 
ought  to  be  invented  for  his  freakish  and  volatile  cerebration. 
.  .  .  Presented  at  a  very  small  theatre,  and  by  a  company  inno- 
cent of  stars,  'Magic'  had  a  fair  success  and  was  nearing  its 
hundredth  night  when  its  withdrawal  was  announced.  Then,  for 
some  appropriate  occult  reason,  a  morning  paper,  The  Daily 
Chronicle,  was  seized  with  a  violent  enthusiasm  for  the  play,  de- 
clared it  a  burning  shame  that  such  a  masterpiece  should  not  have 
a  longer  run,  and  devoted  itself  day  by  day  for  two  or  three  weeks 
to  puffing  it  into  popularity.  All  sorts  of  advertising  devices  were 
adopted — among  them  an  afternoon  debate  on  miracles,  held  on 
the  stage  of  the  theatre,  in  which  Mr.  Chesterton  himself  figured 
as  protagonist.  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  was  present  on  the  occasion, 
but  did  not  speak:  whereupon  everyone  said  that  miracles  evi- 
dently did  happen.  Then  Mr.  Shaw  came  to  Mr.  Chesterton's 
aid  with  a  one-act  absurdity  named  'The  Music-Cure,'  which  was 
played  before  'Magic'  By  these  means  the  life  of  the  play  was 
prolonged  some  fifty  nights;  but  as  I  write  its  sands  are  running 
out.  The  moral  seems  to  be  that  for  solid  success  something 
more   is  needed   than   brilliant   improvisation." 

Mr.  Chesterton  is  a  freak  who  has  obtained  his  popu- 
larity, such  as  it  is,  mainly  through  his  '"genial,  unblushing 
efTrontry."  What  has  won  over  the  Catholic  press  in  favor 
of  this  much-bepuffed  writer  is  probably  the  fact  that,  in 
ni'  .-t  of  his  works,  as  in  "Magic,"  he  casts  scorn  on  rational- 
i  -  in  and  puts  in  a  plea  for  faith,  miracles,  etc.     Rut  he  never 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  5X7 

does  it  effectively.  What  he  actually  does  in  "Magic,"  for 
instance,  is,  in  the  words  of  Mr.  Archer,  "to  assert  the 
reality  of  black  magic,  and  to  show  how  one  of  its  prac- 
titioners drives  a  shallow  rationalist  mad  by  performing 
some  puerile  tricks  with  a  family  portrait  and  a  doctor's 
red  lamp."  All  of  Chesterton's  work,  or  nearly  all  of  it,  is 
little  more  than  this  play — "a  piece  of  fine  confused  think- 
ing, helped  out  by  good  writing  and  some  humor."  Aren't 
we  Catholics  making  fools  of  ourselves  in  burning  incense 
to  this  brilliant  sophist? 


LITERARY  CRITICISM 

A  clever  writer  in  an  Eastern  newspaper  says  that  the 
critic  "has  the  same  relation  to  literature  that  a  flea  has 
to  a  dog — he  infests  it,  lives  off  it,  without  either  advancing 
or  adorning  it." 

If  the  author  had  read  Sir  W.  Robertson  Nicoll's 
recently  published  work,  "A  Bookman's  Letters"  (George 
H.  Doran  Co.,  $1.75)  before  making  his  invidious  compari- 
son, we  venture  to  think  he  would  not  have  made  it.  For 
Dr.  Nicoll  has  not  only  laid  down  some  sound  and  kindly 
principles  of  literary  criticism,  but  he  has  lived  up  to  them 
through  the  forty-odd  chapters  of  his  entertaining  book. 

Dr.  Nicoll  mentions  seven  varieties  of  reviewing :  the 
"ostentatious  essay,"  which  is  probably  more  common  in 
England  than  in  America ;  the  hypercritical  review,  in  which 
the  writer  bears  hard  on  a  misplaced  accent — though  the 
advice  given  to  the  reviewer  to  accept  such  errors  "as  mis- 
prints if  he  can"  does  seem  a  little  hard  on  the  printer ! — 
the  man-of-all-work's  review — "the  miscellaneous  reviewer 
is  not  such  a  fool  as  people  think  him.  He  knows  his  way 
about  through  snares  and  pitfalls,  and  generally  has  traveled 
it  for  many  a  mile" ;  the  puff — "This  kind  of  review  is 
ancient  and  lively.  We  need  not  go  far  to  find  it;  we  shall 
never  need  to  go  far" ;  the  review  inspired  by  personal 
animosity,  now  happily  growing  rarer;  the  honestly  enthusi- 
astic review,  pleasantest  of  all  to  write,  and  the  Right  Kind 
of  Review.  The  author's  advice  to  the  young  reviewer  is: 
"Leave    the    bitter    word    unspoken.      .      .      .       There     are 


588  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

occasions    which    justify    stern    and    severe    criticism,    but 
reviewers  should  stand  up  to  men  who  can  hit  back." 

As  for  Catholic  book  reviewers,  in  this  country  at  least, 
the  feeling  that  authors  so  often  display  against  them  as  a 
class,  is  for  the  most  part  unfounded.  For  while  the  "Right 
Kind  of  Review"  may  still  be  somewhat  rare  in  our  news- 
papers and  magazines,  there  is  manifested  today  little 
bitterness  and  scarcely  any  personal  animosity.  The  only 
complaint  that  can  be  made  with  any  sort  of  justice,  is  that 
there  is  altogether  too  much  "puffing"  of  worthless  or  at 
least  inferior  books.  This  fault  is  perhaps  in  most  instances 
due  to  ignorance  as  much  as  to  excessive  indulgence.  We 
need  critics  who  are  not  only  fair-minded  and  pleasant,  but 
above  all  capable  and  experienced — critics  who  not  only 
never  lose  sight  of  the  amenities  of  cultured  society  and  the 
final  purpose  of  all  literary  criticism,  but  who  can  size  up 
a  book  correctly  when  they  read  it,  who  know  that  a  poorly 
wrought  book  often  does  more  harm  than  good,  and  who 
are  aware  that  severe  censure  is  sometimes  a  stern  if  un- 
pleasant duty. 


MANNING  AND  NEWMAN  AS  VIEWED  BY 
PROTESTANT  CONTEMPORARIES 

Mr.  J.  E.  C.  Bodley,  who  was  closely  associated  with 
the  late  Cardinal  Manning  on  the  famous  Royal  Commis- 
sion for  the  Housing  of  the  Poor,  has  lately  published  a 
volume  of  papers  ("Cardinal  Manning;  The  Decay  of 
Idealism  in  France;  etc."  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.  $3),  in 
which  he  discourses  interestingly  on  the  great  "Cardinal- 
Democrat."  Out  of  their  common  work  for  humanity  grew 
a  lifelong  friendship.  "Whenever  you  are  in  London  and 
not  dining  out,  come  to  me  for  a  talk  at  half-past  eight," 
Manning  used  to  say  to  Bodley.  and  the  latter  relates: 

"So  many  a  night  saw  me  at  Archbishop's  house,  where  we 
talked  till  nearly  eleven,  when  Newman  would  arrive  to  put  me 
out.  Newman,  it  should  be  explained,  was  Manning's  butler.  The 
malicious  said  he  had  been  chosen  for  this  name  of  his  because 
Manning  liked  to  order  about  a  person  called  Newman — but  that 
was  pure  legend.  .  .  .  The  only  object  of  piety  discernible  in 
the    dim    lamp-light    was    a    fine    malachite    crucifix    on    the    mantel- 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  589 

piece,  which  was  given  to  him  in  Rome  soon  after  his  conversion, 
and  had  always  stood  near  him  for  twenty-seven  years — so  said 
his  executor,  Dr.  Butler,  who  sent  it  to  me  when  the  Cardinal  died. 
Facing  it,  Manning  used  to  sit,  in  a  low  armchair.  With  his  faded 
red  skullcap  cocked  over  his  eyebrow  he  looked  like  an  old  warrior 
of  the  days  of  his  boyhood,  when  men  of  war  were  often  as  clean 
shaven  as  priests.  The  best  nights  were  those  when  lie  fought 
his  old  battles  again.  ...  Of  the  loneliness  of  his  last  years 
there  is  no  doubt,  in  spite  of  the  devotion  of  the  kind  priests  of 
his  household,  and  in  spite  of  the  numerous  callers  of  all  types, 
whom  he  received  perhaps  too  accessibly." 

Apropos  of  Newman,  Stephen  Coleridge,  a  son  of  Lord 
Chief  Justice  Coleridge,  in  a  volume  of  "Memories"  pub- 
lished not  long  ago,  gives  a  charming  character  pastel  of  the 
famous  Oratorian,  in  the  course  of  which  he  says: 

"He  bore  about  him  the  perfect  humility  of  true  greatness. 
His  face  had  a  strange  wistfulness,  and  his  eyes  seemed  habitually 
to  be  gazing  beyond  and  through  the  visible  things  of  the  world 
about  him  to  some  vision  far  distant  and  unsubstantial.  There 
was  always  a  sense  of  power  behind  his  unruffled  gentleness  and 
urbanity.  When  he  entered  a  room  full  of  people,  and  these  not 
undistinguished,  every  one  else  seemed  to  become  by  comparison, 
insignificant  and  ordinary'    and  this  before  he  had  spoken  a  word." 


PROBLEMS  OF  THE  FARM 

Frederick  Irving  Anderson,  in  an  interestingly  written 
volume  entitled  "Farmers  of  Tomorrow"  (Macmillan),  puts 
his  finger  on  two  of  the  greatest  problems  of  the  future  of 
farming  in  the  United  States. 

The  first  of  these,  the  increasing  of  our  farming  area,  is 
in  the  course  of  solution.  Our  free  public  lands  being  now 
virtually  gone,  there  remains  to  reclaim  those  which  so 
far  are  naturally  unfit.  We  have  more  than  three  hundred 
million  acres  under  actual  cultivation,  with  nearly  half  as 
much  of  pasture  land,  on  existing  farms,  to  be  improved. 
Dry  farming  has  apparently  reached  its  limit  (will  other 
authorities  agree  to  this?),  but  there  are  a  hundred  million 
acres  to  be  cleared,  thirty-five  million  to  be  added  by  irriga- 
tion, and  seventy-seven  million  to  be  drained.  The  total 
number  of  acres  capable  of  profitable  cultivation,  Mr. 
Anderson  reckons  at  672,000,000.     On  these  acres  must  be 


590  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

supported  our  future  population,  which  will  in  time  prob- 
ably equal  the  density  of  that  of  Europe.  Yet  to  sustain 
our  present  sparse  population  on  our  present  acreage  is 
already  somewhat  of  a  problem,  as  indicated  by  our  notably 
diminished  exports  of  foodstuffs. 

Our  future  difficulties  must  be  met  by  better  farming, 
the  crucial  problem  of  which  occupies  the  second  part  of 
Mr.  Anderson's  book.  We  are  learning  what  our  farms  are 
best  fitted  for,  and  the  trend  towards  specialization  is  very 
hopeful.  But  the  great  question  is  one  of  plant  food,  and 
here  we  find  Mr.  Anderson  distinguishing  himself  among 
recent  writers  by  his  advocacy,  remarkably  temperate  and 
uncontroversial,  of  the  theory  which  the  United  States 
Bureau  of  Soils  stands  almost  alone  in  supporting.  "The 
soil,"  says  Milton  Whitney,  chief  of  the  Bureau,  "is  the  one 
indestructible,  immutable  asset  that  the  nation  possesses. 
It  is  the  one  resource  that  cannot  be  exhausted,  that  cannot 
be  used  up.  It  may  be  impaired  by  abuse,  but  never  de- 
stroyed." The  statement  applies  to  mineral  constituents 
alone,  and  the  question  is  virtually  whether  we  need  to 
apply  chemical  fertilizers,  at  least  in  accordance  with  pres- 
ent practices.  Against  the  Bureau  stand  most  of  the  scien- 
tists of  the  world,  American  as  well  as  foreign. 

Here  is  the  germ  of  a  great  controversy,  affecting  every 
inhabitant  of  future  America,  but  no  to  be  settled  for  an- 
other generation. 

Meanwhile  other  and  minor  problems  of  the  future  of 
our  farms  are  discussed  by  other  writers,  among  them 
Mr.  G.  Harold  Powell  in  his  "Co-operation  in  Agriculture" 
(Macmillan's  Rural  Science  Series).  To  most  of  us  public 
co-operation  in  agriculture  means  chiefly  the  self-defense  of 
milk  farmers  or  fruit  growers,  protecting  themselves  against 
the  rapacity  of  the  middleman.  Such  purely  commercial 
enterprises  form,  of  course,  a  large  proportion  of  agri- 
cultural co-operative  societies ;  but  more  interesting  and 
promising  for  the  development  of  our  farming  are  associa- 
tions for  cow-testing,  cattle-breeding,  seed  improvement, 
etc.  Even  the  simple  and  almost  accidental  expedient  of 
gathering  and  marketing  a  local  egg  supply  through  a  co- 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  591 

operative  creamery  has  led  to  the  improvement  of  breeds, 
the  prevention  of  much  loss,  and  a  fine  uniform  product; 
but  the  deliberate  agreement  among  neighbors  to  apply 
co-operative  methods  to  the  improvement  of  stock  or  seed 
means  much  more. 

Of  great  importance  are  associations  for  rural  credit, 
which  in  Europe  have  relieved  farmers  of  a  heavy  incubus, 
and  which  are  slowly  entering  into  our  own  country  dis- 
tricts. Mr.  Powell  distinguishes  between  associations  for 
profit  and  for  mutual  benefit;  his  book  is  valuable  in  its 
warnings  as  to  the  application  and  changing  of  existing 
laws,  as  to  the  methods  of  operation,  and  the  spirit  of 
membership,  so  vital  to  success.  Mr.  Powell  quotes  numer- 
ous forms  of  associations  and  rules  of  operation,  among 
the  dry  phrases  of  which  the  reader  is  cheered  to  find  the 
summarized  purpose  of  the  Farmers'  Union  (Southern)  : 
"To  garner  the  tears  of  the  distressed,  the  blood  of  martyrs, 
the  laugh  of  innocent  childhood,  the  sweat  of  honest  labor, 
and  the  virtue  of  a  happy  home  as  the  brightest  jewels 
known."  There  is  appended  to  the  book  an  excellent  bibli- 
ography. 


IBID  AND  HIS  BROTHERS 

Edward  Lester  Pearson  includes  in  his  latest  volume  of 
library  sketches  ("The  Secret  Book;"  Macmillan)  a  discus- 
sion of  the  complaint  of  a  member  of  the  New  York  Public 
Library  staff  that  the  question  of  the  identity  of  Ibid  has 
never  been  cleared  up.  It  had  been  raised  by  a  number  of 
students  at  a  local  university  who  were  amazed  at  the  vast 
number  of  Ibid's  writings  and  the  universality  of  his  mind. 

"The  old  gink,"  said  one  of  them,  "seems  to  have  written 
a  book  on  every  subject  in  the  world.  They're  all  the  time 
quoting  him  in  the  Greek  grammars,  and  I've  found  things 
by  him  on  psychology,  astronomy,  calculus,  and  political 
economy.  My  roommate  says  he  was  an  associate  and  col- 
laborator of  Ovid — they  got  out  a  book  of  poems  together, 
by  Ovid  and  Ibid,  or  Ibid  and  Ovid,  he's  not  sure  which. 
I've  hunted  all  through  that  card  index  at  the  librarv.  but 


592  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

they   don't-  seem   to   have   any  of  his   books — though   that 
doesn't  prove  much,  for  I  can  never  find  anything-  in  it." 

One  of  the  librarian's  fellows  is  moved  by  his  perplexity 
to  hunt  up  a  rare  "Dictionary  of  Authors,  Sacred  and  Pro- 
fane." in  which,  according"  to  Air.  Pearson,  is  found  the 
following: 

"Ibid,  or  Ibidimus,  Marcus  Alias ;  Roman  poet  and  rhetorician. 
Ibid  is  supposed  to  have  flourished  about  240  B.  C,  though  in  his  own 
autobiography — a  work  of  doubtful  authenticity — he  says:  'I  was  born 
August  17,  185  B.  C  He  is  the  author  of  'De  te,  Fabula,'  'De  et  Nox,' 
and  over  300  other  books.  He  invented  the  ablative  absolute,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  by  the  Senate  with  the  proconsulship  of  Ultima 
Verba.  His  military  career  seems  to  have  led  him  also  into  northern 
Italy,  for  it  is  recorded  that  on  one  occasion,  after  a  long  siege,  'he 
took  Umbrage,  and  retired  into  hither  Gaul.'  The  latter  years  of 
his  life  are  clouded  in  mystery,  for  he  lived  mostly  in  exile.  He  passed 
his  time  in  writing  the  vast  number  of  poems  which  were  subsequently 
published  under  his  pen  name  of  'Anon/  Finally,  he  seems  to  have 
transgressed  the  laws  seriously,  for  he  was  hanged  in  Effigy,  a  town 
of  lower  Egypt,  on  Christmas  Day,  102  B.  C." 

Further  research  reveals  the  fact  of  Ibid's  close  literary 
connection  with  the  Cit.  brothers.  Op  and  Loc,  the  Roman 
poetess  Vide  Supra,  the  nondescript  Infra,  and  the  Italian 
poet  Ante.  Mr.  Pearson's  scholars  do  not  mention  the 
other  voluminous  author,  evidently  a  Persian,  named 
Passim. 


"THE  STAMPEDE" 

With  evident  gusto,  the  Menace  reprints  the  report  of 
various  sects  concerning  defections  from  our  ranks,  and  the 
affiliation  of  former  Catholics  with  Protestant  denomina- 
tions.    It  calls  the  process  a  "stampede." 

I,  for  one,  do  not  believe  those  "reports"  to  be  truthful, 
for  a  Catholic  can  never  become  a  Protestant  at  heart. 
Catholics  who  leave  the  Church,  do  so  either  because  they 
have  lost  faith  in  religion  (the  number  of  those  who  become 
downright  agnostics  is  comparatively  small,  and  furnishes 
no  recruits  to  Protestantism)  ;  or  because  they  live  in  sin 
and  are  refused  absolution — in  that  case  they  have  not  lost 
the  faith  and  could  not  consistently  join  a  sect.  There  is 
only  one  class  of  "Catholics"  that  might  outwardly  join  a 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  593 

Protestant  community — those  living  in  mixed  marriage. 
The  Catholic  party  might,  to  please  the  other  party,  go  to 
church  with  him  or  her,  once  in  a  while;  but  even  that  is 
problematical  and  not  within  my  experience.  Yet,  should 
there  be  a  number  of  such  people  in  any  particular  place, 
it  is  well  to  remember  that  many  of  these  ceased  to  be 
Catholics  when  they  married.  At  any  rate,  there  is  no 
"stampede." 

There  is  a  "leakage,"  and  we  all  know  it,  in  the  Protes- 
tant sects  and  in  the  Catholic  Church,  mostly  because  of  the 
popular  trend  towards  unbelief  and  loose  living. 

Much  has  been  written  about  this  "leakage,"  without 
tangible  results,  probably  because  no  one  has  offered  a 
practicable  remedy. 

It  has  been  my  privilege  to  study  young  people  with  a 
view  to  moulding  them  for  life ;  and  in  the  twenty-five  years 
of  this  experience,  with  probably  more  than  three  thousand 
cases  under  observation,  I  have  found  that  there  is  gross 
ignorance,  especially  among  the  wealthier  young  people,  on 
all  matters  of  religion.  (I  have  been  told,  for  instance,  that 
Easter  was  the  day  when  Christ  was  born,  etc.)  To  the 
vast  majority,  especially  of  boys,  religion  is  a  coat  which 
you  may  wear  or  not,  as  you  are  inclined, — a  "fad  affected 
by  the  old  people,  who  are  notoriously  behind  the  times." 
These  youngsters  are  not  in  any  way  pugnacious  or  obsti- 
nate about  it, — they  simply  "don't  care"  ;  but  they  usually 
listen  with  attention  when  an  attempt  is  made  to  inform 
them. 

Our  youth  needs  instruction,  hungers  for  information. 
They  who  sneer  at  this  statement  think  that  the  motor-idea 
of  youth  is  to  satisfy  appetite,  that  they  are  not  seriously 
inclined,  but  bend  all  their  energies  on  crowding  into  six- 
teen or  eighteen  hours  of  the  day  as  much  "pleasure"  as 
possible.  But  why  do  the  young  seek  pleasure  with  the 
frenzy  which  characterizes  our  day?  Because  their  life  is 
empty,  without  a  purpose,  not  worth  living;  an  empty  ex- 
istence from  day  to  day  into  which  they  would  fain  put 
some  spice.  But  while  they  seek  the  piquant,  they  are  fully 
aware  that  spice  is  not  food. 

Young    men    daily    go  to  work  machinalement,    eternally 


594  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

grumbling  and  complaining  about  their  superiors.  The  idea 
of  duty  never  enters  their  minds.  At  home  they  are  to  a 
great  extent  strangers,  and  many  consider  home  merely  as 
a  restaurant  and  place  to  sleep.  The  true  relation  of  parent 
and  child  rarely  exists.  Is  it  a  wonder  that  the  youngsters 
seek  "pleasure"?  But  even  pleasure  often  harbors  a  deadly 
sting;  and  then  there  is  the  financial  brake;  so  that  even 
pleasure  often  turns  to  wormwood. 

Time  was  when  girls  looked  to  young  men  to  furnish  a 
quantum  of  diversion  and  pleasure.  But  the  days  of  chiv- 
alry are  past,  and  the  ladies  are  compelled  to  shift  for  them- 
selves. But  they  find  themselves  handicapped  on  all  sides. 
If  they  seek  compensation  in  dress,  dress  without  admirers 
is  no  pleasure.  If  they  go  out  into  the  street  with  exotic 
apparel,  they  will  soon  find  that  morbid  curiosity  is  not  tan- 
tamount to  attraction  and  admiration.  House  pets  soon 
pall,  novels  accentuate  loneliness  when  the  reader  awakens 
from  the  dream.     What,  then,  have  they  in  life? 

I  recall  an  incident  of  pointed  applicability.  A  wealthy 
young  Protestant  lady  had  a  Catholic  girl  chum.  One  day 
the  former,  out  of  the  slough  of  her  loneliness,  thus  apos- 
trophized the  latter:  "When  life  becomes  empty  for  you, 
you  pray,  you  become  a  nun.  What  have  I?"  Her  friend 
noticed  the  breach,  and  her  efforts  with  the  grace  of  God 
soon  brought  lasting  interest  into  that  aimless  life. 

Here  is  an  interesting  field  for  missionary  work.  The 
great  majority  of  young  men  and  women,  if  they  could  only 
be  made  to  understand  that  there  is  in  life  a  deep  interest, 
of  which  their  defective  education  has  not  given  them  an 
opportunity  to  dream,  would  gladly  embrace  the  faith,  if 
properly  presented.  Much  of  that  missionary  work  will,  of 
course,  devolve  on  laymen.  But  the  clergy  has  the  privi- 
lege of  fitting  our  youth  for  such  missionary  work.  Prac- 
tically, the  proposition  can  be  put  this  way :  Let  parents 
inure  their  children  from  early  youth  to  the  practice  of  re- 
ligion. No  arguments,  but  doing.  Somewhat  in  line  with 
this  is  the  First  Communion  idea  of  our  late  Holy  Father. 
Let  the  practice  begin  early,  so  that  the  habit  of  religion  is 
formed  before  the  child  is  exposed  to  the  dangers  of  the 
world.     Let  us  also    have    more    sociability  for  Catholic 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  595 

young  men  and  women  up  through  the  school  years  into 
manhood  and  womanhood.  Then  they  can  no  more  reiter- 
ate ad  nauseam  that  they  do  not  "know  any  Catholics"  and 
hence  must  marry  Protestants. 

Our  teachers,  lay  and  clerical,  should  have  an  armament 
of  timely  answers  to  timely  objections,  and  drill  boys  and 
girls  in  them,  so  that  Catholic  youth  will  not  eternally 
stand  abashed  before  every  objection  made  to  their  religion. 

I  shall  never  forget  one  noon  hour  when  Mr.  Richard 
Kerens  stepped  into  the  Continental  National  Bank  of  St. 
Louis  to  attend  a  board  meeting.  Somebody  made  an  apol- 
ogetic remark  about  the  Catholic  Church.  Mr.  Kerens,  who 
heard  the  remark,  walked  up  to  the  table  and,  raising  him- 
self to  his  full  height,  said  in  an  emphatic  and  convincing 
voice:  "Gentlemen,  the  Catholic  Church  is  the  grand  old 
Church  and  needs  the  apologies  of  no  man." 

If  every  Catholic  were  trained  to  take  such  a  stand,  to 
give  timely  information  about  the  Church,  about  religion, 
the  end  and  purpose  of  life,  we  should  shortly  enter  upon  a 
new  era — our  Catholic  boys  and  girls  would  no  longer  be 
tempted  to  hide  their  faces  when  others  malign  religion ;  on 
the  contrary,  they  would  disseminate  the  knowledge  of 
which  the  world  stands  so  sorely  in  need. 

It  may  be  that  not  every  one  would  be  competent,  but 
competent  lay  missionaries  would  be  the  rule,  not,  as  now, 
the  exception. 

Public  lecture  courses  by  eminent  men,  well  managed 
and  well  advertised ;  frequent  missions  on  timely  aspects  of 
society;  ably  conducted  Catholic  daily  papers;  amusements 
for  old  and  young  with  that  true  Catholic  spirit  which  ac- 
knowledges the  humble  and  the  poor;  picture-shows,  if  you 
like,  and  a  thousand  other  activities  would  further  the  de- 
sired end.  The  ability  of  a  general  is  most  effectively 
brought  out  by  harnessing  existing  circumstances  to  serve 
his  purpose.  We  all  know  that  dances  are  capable  of  pro- 
ducing abuses;  but  we  also  know  that  young  people  love 
them  and  seek  them ;  why  not  eliminate  the  chances  of 
harm  as  much  as  possible  from  this  class  of  amusement  and 
bring  the  young  people  together? 

Clayton,  Mo.  C.  E.  d'Arnoux 


596  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Fancy's  Home. 

"Tell  me,  Fancy,  sweetest  child, 
Of  thy  parents  and  thy  birth  ; 
Had  they  silk  and  had  they  gold, 
And  a  park  to  wander  forth, 
With  a  castle  green  and  old?" 

"In  a  cottage  I  was  born, 
My  kind  father  was  Content, 
My   dear  mother   Innocence ; 
On  wild  fruits  of  wonderment 
I  have  nourished  ever  since." 

— William   Davis. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


The  late  Goldwin  Smith  was  the  master  of  an  almost 
perfect  style.  From  his  recently  published  biography, 
by  Mr.  Arnold  Haultain,  it  becomes  evident  that  this  ap- 
parent ease  of  utterance  was  the  result  of  years  of  painstaking 
attention  to  verbal  detail.  Near  the  middle  of  his  volume,  Mr. 
Haultain,  who  was  Prof.  Smith's  private  secretary,  says : 
"I  wonder  if  many  octogenarian  writers  take  this  care  in 
their  style.  The  astonishing  thing  to  me  is  the  extraordinary 
simplicity  of  the  product!  The  Chief  will  think  out  an 
article,  a  little  short  article,  for  a  newspaper ;  will  then 
write  it  out  in  his  own  hand  at  eight  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing; will  dictate  it  to  me  at  9:15;  will  carefully,  most  care- 
fully, go  over  my  MS.,  correcting,  altering,  adding,  and 
excising;  will  demand  proofs  and  revises  to  be  sent  to  him 
(by  a  special  messenger  often — at  ten  cents  per  special 
messenger)  ;  will  then  go  down  to  the  newspaper  office  and 
see  another  revise;  will  correct  this;  and,  if  he  does  not 
demand  yet  another  revise,  it  is  simply  because  he  relies 
upon  my  seeing  to  it  that  his  ultimate  revision  is  faithfully 
carried  out  by  the  printers  in  the  composing  room;  and  not 
until  I  come  downstairs  and  report  that  'everything  is  all 
right'  does  he  slowly  rise  and  totter  out  of  the  office.  This 
at  eighty!  What  would  T  not  give  to  have  seen  him  at 
work  at  thirty!" 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  597 

Mr.  Yeats  has  lately  been  talking  to  us  about  the  art  of 
poetry,  and  his  message  seems  to  be  that  rhetoric  must  be 
eschewed.  But  rhetoric,  as  the  Dial  justly  insists,  is  simply 
the  fine  art  of  expression,  nothing  more  nor  less  than  that. 
There  is  splendid  rhetoric  and  there  is  tawdry  rhetoric ; 
there  is  the  rhetoric  of  exalted  emotion  and  the  rhetoric 
of  conceit  and  fancy,  but  both  species  pay  homage  to  some 
guiding  principle  of  expression.  To  condemn  all  rhetoric 
off-hand  is  to  condemn  nearly  all  great  poetry,  to  condemn, 
for  example, 

"Oh,  here 
Will  I  set  up  my  everlasting  rest 
And  shake  the  yoke  of  inauspicious  stars 
From  this  world-wearied  flesh," 

which  is  simply  rhetoric  of  the  most  magnificent  sort,  for 
Shakespeare  was  the  most  consummate  rhetorician  of  the 
modern  world.  The  thing  to  do  is,  not  to  deny  to  rhetoric 
its  valid  claims,  but  to  learn  to  distinguish  its  nobler  from 
its  baser  forms. 

The  four  stages  of  a  banquet  are  wittily  described  in  a 
medieval  four-liner  as  follows  : 

Striatum  silentium 
Stridor  dentium 
Fluctus  dicentium 
Perturbatio  mentium. 

Bishop  Stubbs  was  witty,  even  when  he  grumbled.  He 
was  not  willing  to  be  moved  from  Chester  to  Oxford  ;  and 
he  said,  as  he  left  the  chapter  house:  "I  am  like  Homer; 
I  suffer  from  translations." 

The  difficulty  of  explaining  denominational  differences 
to  Protestant  converts  in  missionary  lands  is  well  illustrated 
by  Bishop  Williams  of  Michigan,  who  says  that  in  "trans- 
lating our  denominational  names  into  the  Chinese  language, 
the  Baptist  Church  becomes  the  Big  Wash  Church,  the 
Presbyterian  Church  the  Church  of  the  Ruling  Old  Men. 
while  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  is  rendered  into  the 
Church  of  the  Kicking  Overseers." 


598  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

President  Wilson's  work,  "A  History  of  the  American 
People,"  is  to  be  printed  in  braille  for  the  use  of  the  blind. 
Braille,  invented  in  1829,  is  the  most  widely  used  of  the 
three  styles  of  characters  adopted  for  sightless  readers. 
Unfortunately,  the  cost  of  producing  braille  books,  with 
the  means  at  present  employed,  makes  them  very  expensive. 
One  small  volume  of  "Ivanhoe,"  for  instance,  which  sells 
for  about  twenty  cents,  when  reproduced  in  braille,  fills 
six  large  volumes,  costing  nearly  $5  to  manufacture.  Mr. 
Wilson's  History  will  be  one  of  the  longest  books  ever 
printed  for  the  blind. 

Dr.  James  H.  Hyslop  summarizes  his  views  on  communi- 
cation with  the  spirits  of  the  departed  in  a  volume  entitled 
"Psychical  Research  and  Survival"  (MacMillan),  which  The 
Dial  (No.  665)  calls  a  "mixture  of  unconvincing  philosophy 
and  unphilosophical  conviction."  Speaking  of  the  whole 
class  of  books  to  which  that  of  Dr.  Hyslop  belongs,  our 
Chicago  contemporary  justly  observes  : 

".  .  .  .  Extravagant  books  like  Dr.  Hyslop's,  that  misrepresent 
scientific  interests  and  philosophical  aims,  have  a  fog-like  efficiency 
in  obscuring  the  plainest  truths  and  the  most  familiar  landmarks  of  the 
mind.  Fortunately,  the  recognition  is  becoming  common  that  the 
vapors  thus  diffused  are  not  the  sign  of  inspiration,  but  of  intoxication; 
and  that  the  interest  in  the  revelations  which  they  induce,  is  swinging 
back  after  a  long  aberration  to  the  normal  equilibrium  characteristic 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  sturdiness  of  mind." 

-♦-♦--♦- 

An  Edinburgh  cabman  was  driving  an  American  around 
the  city.  In  High  Street  he  stopped,  and  with  a  wave  of  his 
whip  announced :  "That  is  John  Knox's  house."  "John 
Knox  I"  exclaimed  the  pork  packer  from  Chicago,  "who  was 
he?"     This  was  too  much   for  the  cabby.     "Good  heavens, 

man,"  he  exclaimed,  "did  you  never  read  your  Bible?" 

-•--♦-♦ 

To  avoid  the  evil  influences  sometimes  exerted  upon  children 
by  motion  pictures  of  violence  and  vice,  the  Independent  suggests 
special  theatres  for  children,  or  programmes  suited  to  them  at 
certain  hours  of  the  day.  The  suggestion  is  worth  considering. 
To  prohibit  all  plays  and  pictures  of  current  events  unsuited  to 
children,  would  be  to  condemn  the  motion  picture  to  perpetual 
childishness. 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  599 

A  flirt  is  a  rose  from  which  everybody  takes  a  petal; 
the  thorns  remain  for  the  future  husband. 

An  authorized  translation  of  the  pastoral  letter  of  the  arch- 
bishops and  bishops  of  Mexico,  to  which  we  referred  and  from 
which  we  quoted  in  our  last  issue,  can  be  had  in  pamphlet  form 
from  the  Passing  Show  Printing  Company,  San  Antonio,  Tex. 

The  Rev.  Fr.  Albert  Muntsch,  S.J.,  has  contributed  to  the 
August  number  of  La  Nouvelle  France,  of  Quebec,  an  interest- 
ing paper  on  "La  Presse  Catholique  aux  Etats-Unis."  He 
deals  mainly  with  the  weekly  papers.  The  magazines  are  to  be 
considered  later.  Fr.  Muntsch  expresses  the  confident  hope 
that  by  the  cordial  co-operation  of  clergy  and  laity  the  Catholic 
press  will  eventually  attain  in  America  that  high  degree  of 
efficiency  by  which  it  is  distinguished  in  some  other  countries. 
Eventually,  perhaps ;  but  not  for  a  good  long  time  to  come. 

■»■-+■-*■ 

A  Toledo  correspondent  of  the  New  York  "America."  in 
Vol.  XI,  No.  22,  of  that  journal,  gives  some  circulation  figures 
for  Catholic  American  papers  that  are  apt  to  mislead.  From 
our  knowledge  of  the  situation  we  feel  certain  that  not  one 
of  the  journals  mentioned  has  anywhere  near  the  number  of 
subscribers  ascribed  to  it  by  Mr.  Kirschner,  who  is  evidently 
unfamiliar  with  the  tricks  of  the  professional  circulation  man- 
ager. "The  Catholic  press  is  supported,"  as  Mr.  K.  claims;  no 
doubt  about  that ;  but  it  is  far  from  being  adequately  or  effect- 
ively supported. 

-♦--♦--♦- 

In  a  recent  number  of  The  Animal's  Friend  a  city  mayor  is 
held  up  to  obloquy  as  teaching  cruelty  to  animals  because,  in  the 
interests  of  public  health,  he  offered  a  prize  to  the  child  who 
would  destroy  the  most  flies.  Which  leads  The  Month  (No. 
603)  to  observe  that  the  good  cause  of  kindness  to  animals 
suffers  much  from  the  sentimentality,  or  rather,  the  irrational- 
ity, of  some  of  its  adherents.  The  Catholic  Church  through 
all  her  history  has  sanctioned  the  use  of  animals  as  "things," 
not  "persons" — things  to  be  lawfully  subordinated  to  the  vari- 
ous needs  of  men,  and  she  denounces  cruelty  towards  animals, 


600  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

not  because  they  are  akin  to  US  as  potentially  hitman,  but  be- 
cause cruelty  is  an  offense  against  God,  and  kind  treatment 
of  them  for  God's  sake  is  a  virtue. 


Bellevue  Hospital,  New  York,  is  trying-  out  the  much-dis- 
cussed "twilight  sleep*'  method  of  childbirth,  known  since  1902,. 
but  perfected  recently  by  Drs.  Kroenig  and  Gauss  of  Freiburg. 
The  preponderance  of  American  opinion  has  hitherto  regarded 
with  distrust  the  use  of  scopolamine,  mainly  on  the  score  of 
safety.  (Cfr.  this  Review,  No.  17,  p.  532.)  There  have  been, 
however,  counterbalancing-  expressions  of  enthusiasm  also  in 
this  country,  notably  from  the  New  York  Jewish  Maternity 
Hospital,  with  120  cases.  If  the  perfected  method  accomplishes 
the  blessing  claimed  it  can  not  be  too  rapidly  diffused  over  the 
country.  But  hasty  newspapers  should  realize  the  mischief 
and  cruelty  possible  through  the  breeding  of  false  hopes  and 
the  stimulation  of  rash  action. 

■*•■•-■♦■ 

The  official  "Acta  Apostolicae  Sedis,"  in  its  edition  of  Au- 
gust 20,  announced  the  death  of  Pope  Pius  X  in  five  brief 
lines : 

Sanctissimus  Dominus  Noster 

Pius  PP.  X. 

In  Pace  Christ!  Obiit 

Die  20  August!  Hora  1:15  A.   M. 

R.   I.   P. 

The  same  number  of  the  Acta  (Vol.  VI,  No.  12)  contains 
a  new  decision  of  the  BiblicaJ  Commission,  approved  by  the 
late  Pontiff,  "De  Auctore  et  Modo  Compositionis  Epistolae  ad 
Hebraeos."  Like  all  previous  decisions  of  the  Commission, 
this  one  is  soundly  conservative.  Since  the  accession  of  Bene- 
dict  XV,  by  the  way,  there  has  been  a  rumor  that  the  Biblical 
Commission  will  be  discontinued.  Probably  "the  wish  is  father 
to  the  thought." 

♦     -•--•- 

The  New  York  Evening  Post  (September  14)  estimates 
the  number  of  children  attending  the  public  State  schools  of 
this  country  at  IX.000,000,  and  notes  an  increasing  "dissatisfac 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  601 

tion  with  a  school  machinery  built  for  rural  conditions  and  out- 
grown when  America  became  largely  urban."  The  public 
school  system  suffers  from  more  radical  effects  than  an  anti- 
quated ruralism.  If  the  spirit  of  innovation  that  is  latterly 
taking  hold  of  the  educational  world  were  to  strike  at  these 
radical  evils  instead  of  advocating  ruthless  changes  inspired  by 
the  false  notion  that  the  basic  ideas  of  education  have  been 
made  antiquated  by  a  mere  increase  in  population,  it  might 
accomplish  some  real  good.  As  it  is.  we  don't  expect  much 
of  it  except  more  kindergartens  and  Montessori  schools. 

-•--•-    -«• 

The  Evening  Post  (September  15)  says  that  one  of  the 
extraordinary  effects  of  the  European  war  is  that  it  has,  from 
a  journalistic  point  of  view,  detached  New  York  City  from 
the  rest  of  the  United  States.  ''The  enormous  cost  of  furnish- 
ing the  detailed  news  of  what  is  going  on  in  Europe,"  says 
our  contemporary,  "has  compelled  the  [New  York]  newspapers 
practically  to  cut  off  all  domestic  news."  A  similar  condition 
exists  in  other  big  cities.  The  papers  publish  little  domestic 
news,  and  what  they  publish  is  largely  boiled  down.  There  is 
only  one  news  field  which  the  war  has  not  affected — the  baseball 
games  are  reported  with  their  usual  fullness. 

-•--••-•■ 

It  is  plain  that  the  middleman — some  sort  of  a  middleman — 
is  indispensable ;  but  need  there  be  four  or  five  of  them  to  con- 
duct a  head  of  cabbage  from  the  farm  to  the  "ultimate  con- 
sumer," so  that  it  starts  at  three  cents  a  head  and  reaches  the 
purchaser  at  thirteen,  as  one  statistician  has  figured  out? 

-•--♦--•- 

Americans  who  have  emigrated  to  Canada  are  now  begin- 
ning to  realize  that  they  belong  to  the  British  Empire. 

■•■■♦•♦ 

Whoever  desires  to  study  Great  Britain's  side  of  the  war 
controversy  will  find  the  full  text  of  the  famous  "White  Paper" 
of  the  Foreign  Office  reprinted  in  the  New  York  Times  of  Sun- 
day, August  23rd. 

The  day  after  Pope  Benedict  XV  held  his  first  consistory 
some  of  our  daily  papers  published  a  dispatch  saying  that  he 


602  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

had  created  two  new  cardinals;  others  reported  that  he  had 
created  one,  in  petto;  still  others  that  he  had  created  no  cardi- 
nals at  all,  but  simply  imposed  the  red  hat  on  four  prelates  who 
had  been  elevated  to  the  cardinalate  by  his  lamented  predeces- 
sor. We  have  no  means  of  knowing-  which  one  of  these  reports 
was  sent  by  the  Associated  Press,  but  the  last-mentioned  one 
alone  turns  out  to  be  correct.  No  new  cardinals  were  created. 
The  Catholic  Press  Association  now  announces  that  a  new 
consistory  will  probably  be  held  in  October,  at  which  Msgr. 
Boggiano  and  Msgr.  Scapinelli  will  be  elevated  to  the  Sacred 
College. 


We  do  not  know  whether  The  Outlook,  in  expressing  itself 
on  the  Mexican  situation  as  it  did  in  its  Vol.  108,  No.  3 
(September  16),  had  in  mind  the  persecution  of  the  Catholic 
Church  in  that  unfortunate  country ;  very  likely  not ;  but  our 
contemporary's  utterance  is  all  the  more  significant  and  timely 
in  view  of  that  persecution.    We  quote : 

"It  is  right  that  the  United  States  should  insist  on  the  observing  of 
every  legal  requirement  in  the  establishing  of  a  new  government  in 
Mexico.  It  is  also  right  that  it  should  look  not  only  to  the  letter  but 
to  the  spirit  of  the  law.  We  should  not  abandon  our  watch  over  Mex- 
ico's affairs  until  it  is  clear  that  the  new  government  is  not  only  legal, 
technically  speaking,  but  that  it  stands  for  fair  dealing  and  is  not  a  mere 
dictatorship  under  another  name.  Otherwise  the  whole  question  may 
have  to  be  taken  up  afresh." 


The  newspapers  recently  printed  a  dispatch  saying  that  the 
French  were  impressed  by  the  coolness  of  the  British  soldiers 
under  fire  because  they  went  into  battle  smoking  their  pipes. 
Which  moves  "A  West  Point  Graduate"  to  observe  in  The 
Outlook  (Vol.  108,  No.  3)  : 

"This  is  no  uncommon  occurrence  in  both  the  British  and  American 
armies.  In  hard  service  of  any  kind  parade-ground  discipline  is  largely 
laid  aside,  and  especially  in  battle  a  soldier  is  allowed  to  do  almost 
anything  that  will  keep  up  his  nerve,  keep  him  going  towards  the  enemy 
and  keep  his  rifle  popping.  He  can  smoke,  swear,  or  even  take  a  drink 
if  he  can  get  it,  so  long  as  he  keeps  going  in  the  right  direction.  It  is  a 
common  thing  to  see  American  soldiers  smoking  under  fire.  In  the 
fight  at  El   Caney,   Santiago,   Cuba,   in    1898,   the   story  was   told   that 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  603 

General  Chaffee  had  half  of  his  cigar  shot  away  by  a  Spanish  sharp- 
shooter, at  which  discourtesy  the  General  expressed  his  opinion  of  that 
Spaniard  in  no  uncertain  terms." 


Not  all  of  the  news  is  dolorous.  On  or  about  November  1st 
through  sleeping-car  service,  via  the  Colorado  Southern  R.  R., 
will  begin  between  Galveston,  Tex.,  and  Seattle,  Wash.,  sig- 
nalizing the  establishment  of  a  new  transcontinental  railroad 
route  which  will  link  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  with  the  Pacific 
Ocean  by  direct  train  service  and  provide  a  new  tie  between 
the  cotton-growing  South  and  the  cotton-spinning  Orient.  This 
evidence  of  national  growth  deserves  modest  notice  among  the 
lurid  columns  reporting  the  war's  destruction  and  the  chatter 
of  the  politicians. 

-•--♦--♦- 

The  popular  amusement  of  eavesdropping  on  rural  tele- 
phone lines  may  be  seriously  interfered  with  if  a  device  de- 
scribed in  "Popular  Mechanics"  for  September  becomes  gener- 
ally available.  This  attachment  immediately  heralds  the  fact 
that  a  third  person  is  listening  to  a  conversation,  and  also  in- 
forms the  person  using  the  line  whose  instrument  has 
"plugged  in." 

"Everybody's  Magazine"  offered  a  prize  of  $500  for  the  best 
article  on  the  liquor  evil.  It  received  9,000  letters,  and  in  the 
September  number  prints  the  winning  article,  by  Isaac  Fisher, 
of  Vicksburg,  Miss.  As  the  "Best  Remedies  for  the  Liquor 
Traffic"  Mr.  Fisher  suggests:  "1.  Stop  denouncing  anybody 
about  the  liquor  traffic.  2.  Get  the  truth  about  the  liquor  ques- 
tion in  all  of  its  aspects.  3.  Get  the  truth  about  the  whole 
liquor  question  to  the  people." 


Some  of  our  American  Catholic  papers  are  as  disre- 
spectful in  their  references  to  Pius  X  as  the  opponent  of 
Modernism,  as  they  were  in  their  criticism  of  Leo  XIII 
because  of  his  condemnation  of  "Americanism."  Both 
errors,  they  allege,  never  existed  except  in  the  respective 
Pope's  brain.     Thus  the  "official  organ"  of  the  Archbishop 


604  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  Chicago,  the  New  World  (Vol.  33,  No.  3),  is  not  ashamed 
to  say : 

"The  death  of  Pius  X  resurrects  what  really  never  amounted 
to  a  very  grave  matter  inside  the  Church,  the  question  of  Modern- 
ism. It  may  not  be  very  gracious  to  say.  but  it  must  have  occurred 
to  many  ecclesiastics,  that  the  amount  of  attention  given  to  the 
movement  seemed  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  importance.  .  .  . 
Now,  no  one  is  the  less  loyal,  who  really  thinks  that,  whilst  there 
may  have  been  such  a  league,  it  never  did,  nor  never  could  have 
amounted  to  anything.  We  remember  a  similar  scare  about 
so-called  'Americanism,'  a  thing  about  which  American  Catholics 
were  as  innocent  as  they  were  ignorant." 


The  following  remark  from  a  little  article  in  the  Chris1- 
tian  Cynosure  (Vol.  47,  No.  4),  though  inspired  by  hostility 
to  the  Catholic  Church,  contains  a  grain  of  truth  that  de- 
serves to  be  pondered  by  those  who  are  intent  on  "making 
America  Catholic" : 

"The  reason  Catholic  domination  is  feared  in  civil  matters  is 
not  simply  such  object  lessons  as  are  before  us  of  Catholic  Italy, 
Spain,  and  Mexico,  but  the  influence  of  Catholics  in  positions  of 
civil  service  here  in  our  own  land." 

"Catholic  politicians"  are  one  of  the  greatest  dangers  to 
the  Church  in  America. 


The  English  Church  Council  is  being  urged  to  admit 
women  to  orders.  The  champions  of  this  movement  claim 
that  "the  priesthood  is  a  human  office,  not  a  sexual  one,  and 
since  women  are  human  beings,  it  is  unreasonable  to  refuse 
them  an  opportunity  of  holding  it  merely  because  they  are 
women."  If  these  ladies  become  aggressive,  the  English 
Church  will  find  it  hard  to  refuse  their  demand,  and  if  they 
are  successful,  facetiously  observes  the  Hartford  Catholic 
Transcript  (Vol.  17,  No.  8),  "the  old  calumny  of  the 
Popess  Joan  may  lose  its  point." 

-•-    ♦    •• 

No  classic  quotation  is  more  often  misapplied  as  "One 
touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin."  The  phrase, 
taken    from    Shakespeare's    bitterly    ironical     "Troilus    and 


XXI  19  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  605 

Cressida,"  is  not  complimentary  to  humanity.  The  "one 
touch  of  nature"  Ulysses  describes  in  his  cruel  speech  to 
sulky  Achilles  is  the  common  habit  of  human  beings  to 
forget  past  favors,  neglect  old  heroes,  and  worship  new 
idols. 

"One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin, 

That  all  with  one  consent  praise  new-born  gawds, 

Though  they  are  made  and  moulded  of  things  past, 

And  give  to  dust  that  is  a  little  gilt 

More  laud  than  gilt  o'er-dusted."  (Act  III,  Scene  3) 

Ulysses  might  have  discovered  that  another  "touch  of 

nature"  is  the  common  tendency  to  misapply  quotations. 

■••■•-■*■ 

Sir  Gilbert  Parker  declares  that  although  civilization 
has  greatly  increased  the  things  we  can  do  and  the  places 
to  which  we  can  go,  our  powers  of  observation,  and,  there- 
fore, our  enjoyment,  have  been  lessened.  As  proof  he  com- 
pares a  wilderness  guide  with  a  city  chauffeur. 

Again  and  again  the  hue  and  cry  is  raised  in  our 
literary  reviews  after  clearness  in  writing.  Clearness  is  an 
essential  of  every  good  style.  But  clearness  is  not  the 
be-all  and  end-all.  If  it  were,  an  electric  motto  flaming 
against  a  dark  sky  would  be  the  masterpiece  of  art.  Rich- 
ness, flexibility,  and  variety  of  style  are  much;  imagination, 
thought,  and  truth  are  still  more.  Without  these,  the 
literature  of  clearness  becomes  nothing  more  than  sounding 
brass  and  tinkling  cymbal. 

"The  first  sign  of  nervous  disorder,"  says  the  editor  of 
the  Ladies'  Home  Journal,  "is  that  our  notion  of  the  size 
of  things  is  turned  topsy-turvy.  We  see  the  big  things  as 
though  they  were  small,  and  the  small  things  loom  up 
mountainously.  It  is  like  looking  through  the  wrong  end 
of  a  telescope.  To  see  things  in  their  true  size,  in  their 
true  relations,  to  keep  a  vigorous  sense  of  proportion — this 
is  half  the  battle  of  life."  Unfortunately,  our  newspapers 
are  doing  much  to  destroy  the  sense  of  proportion  ordinarily 
inherent  in  the  American  mind.  Largely  through  the 
agency  of  a  crazy  press  we  are  getting  to  be  a  nervous 
and  unbalanced  nation. 


606  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


There  has  been  an  increase  of  interest  in  sodalities  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  during  the  last  few  years.  As  proof  of  this  we  may  consider 
several  recent  manuals  explaining  the  purpose  and  advantages  of  these 
congregations.  Still  many  of  the  faithful  need  further  instruction 
regarding  the  nature  and  spiritual  blessings  resulting  from  membership 
in  a  sodality.  These  will  find  all  needed  information  in  a  booklet  just 
issued  by  Rev.  James  A.  Dowling,  S.J.  It  is  entitled  "Practical  Ques- 
tions on  the  Sodality."  It  comes  from  the  Loyola  University  Press, 
Chicago,  and  may  also  be  obtained  at  B.  Herder's,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Price, 
5  cents ;  $2  per  100,  net.— A.  M. 

-•■••■•♦■ 

The  surest  road  to  social  reform  is  that  of  self-reformation.  One 
of  the  most  helpful,  because  practical  and  kindly-spirited,  books  that 
will  aid  to  do  this,  is  Father  Edward  F.  Garesche's  (S.J.)  "Your  Neigh- 
bor and  You."  It  is  a  handsomely  illustrated  little  volume,  brimful  of 
persuasive,  appealing  thought,  and  written  in  a  style  that  can  not  fail  to 
attract  and  charm  the  reader.  (New  York:  Apostleship  of  Prayer.)  — 
James  Preuss,  S.J. 

A  neat  little  pocket  volume  that  should  prove  instructive  and  serv- 
iceable to  seminarians  is  Christian  Kunz's  "Die  Tonsur  mid  die  kircli- 
lichen  Weihcn."  (Pustet,  100  pp.,  30  cents.)  It  comprises  the  liturgical 
text,  together  with  apposite  instructions,  of  the  tonsure,  the  four  minor 
orders,  and  the  subdeaconate.  A  German  translation  accompanies  the 
Latin  text,  while  interesting  historical  data  concerning  the  origin  and 
development  of  each  order  are  prefixed  to  the  single  chapters. 

♦•-•■•♦ 

Herder's  "Jahrbuch  der  Naturwissenschaften,"  for  the  year  1913- 
1914,  gives,  as  usual,  a  succinct  survey  of  the  progress  of  the  different 
physical  sciences,  including  anthropology,  ethnology,  and  primitive  his- 
tory. The  most  interesting  department  this  time  is  perhaps  that  on 
Medicine,  edited  by  Dr.  H.  Moescr,  of  Cologne,  who,  inter  alia,  reports 
on  the  Friedmann  cure  for  tuberculosis  (not  without  some  merit,  but 
still  rather  uncertain),  the  latest  experiments  with  salvarsan,  and  similar 
timely  subjects.     (B.  Herder,  $2.20,  net.) 

■#■     ♦     ■•■ 

Father  Thomas  J.  Gerrard  has  collected  a  series  of  essays  previously 
published  by  him  in  the  Dublin  Review  and  the  Catholic  World  into 
a  volume  under  the  title  "A  Challenge  to  the  Time-Spirit."  He  defines 
the  time-spirit  as  "a  general  tendency  to  exaggerate  subjective  claims 
at  the  expense  of  objective  evidence."  Its  aspirations  are  not  all  bad. 
Like  the  human  passions,  they  must  not  be  destroyed,  1ml  their  due 
claims  must  be  recognized  and  their  rights  allowed.  "Limits  must  be  set 
to  them,"  and  "they  must  be  adjusted  to  the  higher  claims  of  the  Spirit 
of  God."    It  is  this  Fr.  Gerrard  attempts  to  do.    I  lis  chapters  deal  with 


XXI  19 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


607 


such  subjects  as  Monism,  .decadence,  eugenics,  the  revolt  against  mar- 
riage, futurism  in  art,  economic  reforms,  etc.,  and  he  discusses  them  in 
the  clear,  white  light  of  truth,  with  the  admirable1  scholarship  and  keen 
acumen  to  which  we  have  become  accustomed  in  his  writings.  The  book 
can  be  cordially  recommended  to  all  educated  and  thinking  students. 
(Benziger  Bros.) 

-♦--♦--♦- 
Messrs.  B.  Herder  have  recently  published  the  third  and  concluding 
volume  of  Fr.  A.  Huonder's  (SJ.)  "Die  Mission  auf  der  Kanzel  und  im 
Verein"  ;  Volumes  II  and  III  of  "Missionspredigten,"  by  Fr.  R.  Streit, 
O.M.I.,  and  a  brochure,  "Religionsunterricht  und  Heidenmission,"  by  Fr. 
Odoric  Heinz,  O.Cap.  It  is  a  pity  that  the  war  has  interrupted  the  good 
work  for  the  foreign  missions  in  Europe.  As  has  already  been  pointed 
out  in  this  Review,  the  work  ought  now  to  be  taken  up  with  redoubled 
zeal  in  this  country,  and  in  pushing  it  forward  among  German-speaking 
Catholics  the  books  just  mentioned  will  prove  very  serviceable. 


WANTED — Editor  for  English  Catholic  weekly. 
German- American  preferred.  In  making  application, 
state  experience  and  Salary  expected. 

Address:  "Catholic,"  c/o  Fortnightly  Review. 


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WANTED-^  position  as  Janitor  in  a  German  Church  by  a  middle  aged 
man    with   small   family.       Is   also   able   Organist.       Best   of   references. 
Address:     Care  Fortnightly  Review. 

WANTED- A  position  in  a  larger  city,  by  an  Organist  and  Choir  Director 
with  the  very  best  of  references.      Cecilian  music  and  Vatican  Choral  pre- 
ferred.    Apply  to  the  Editor  of  The  Fortnightly  Review,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


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Cox.  Chas.,  O.M.I.  Daily  Reflections  for  Christians.  London,  1914. 
Two  volumes.     $2.50. 

Bacuez,  L.  Major  Orders.  Instructions  and  Meditations.  St.  Louis,  1913. 
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Pesch,  Chr.,  S.J.  Fraelectiones  Dogmaticae.  9  vols.  Freiburg,  1S98  sqq. 
$12. 

Rouet  de  Journel,  M.J.,  S.J.  Enchridion  Patristicum.  Freiburg,  1911. 
$2. 

Rauschen,  G.  Eucharistie  und  Busssakrament  in  den  ersten  sechs 
Jahrhunderten  der  Kirche.     2nd  ed.     Freiburg,  1910.     $1. 

Biblia  Sacra  Vulgatae  Editionis.  Notis,  etc.  Illustrata.  Ed.  B.  Galura. 
Innsbruck,  1834.     $1.50. 

La  Verite,  of  Quebec,  ed.  by  J.  F.  Tardivel.     Vol.  17,  July,  1897-8.    Bound, 

in  fair  condition.     $2. 
Moran,   Rev.   Wm.     The  Government  of  the  Church  in  the  First  Century. 

An  Essay  on  the  Beginnings  of  the  Christian  Ministry.     Dublin,  1913. 

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Preuss,  Edw.     Zum  Lobe  der  unbefl.     Empfiingnis.     Freiburg,  1879.    80  cts. 
Grisar,    Rev.    H.,    S.J.     Rom   beim   Ausgang   der   antiken   Welt.      Superbly 

illustrated.     Freiburg,   1901.     $3.50. 
Manresa.     The  Spiritual  Exercises  of  St.   Ignatius  for  General   Use.     New 

Ed.     New  York,  1914.     80  cts. 
Gotz,  J  oh.   B.     Die  religiose  Bewegung  in  der  Oberpfalz  von  1520  bis  1560. 

Freiburg,  1914.     85  cts.     (Paper.) 
Bolanden,    K.    von.     Landesgotter  u.    Hexen.      Deutsches     Kulturbild     aus 

dem  16.     Jahrh.    Ratisbon,  1914.     40'  cts. 
Hannon,    Rev.    Wm.    B.      Leaves    from    the    Note-Book    of    a    Missionary. 

London,  1914.     55  cts. 
Taylor,    The    Cardinal-Democrat,     Henry     Edw.    Manning.      London,    1908. 

85  cts. 
Vaughan,    Rev.    B.,    S.J.      Society,    Sin    and    the    Saviour.      London,    1908. 

85  cts. 
Grisar,  H.,  S.J.     Luther.     (German  original  ed.  in  3  vols.)     Freiburg,  1911- 

13.     $10. 
Wirth,   Rev.   E.  J.     Divine  Grace.     N.  Y.,   1903.     85  cts. 
Klimke,    Rev.    Fr.,    S.J.      Der   Monismus   und    seine     philos.       Grundlagen. 

Freiburg,   1911.     $2.20. 
McGinnis,    Rev.    Chas.    F.      The    Communion    of    Saints.      St.    Louis,    1912. 

$1.10. 
Weiser,    Dr.    !_.,    and    Merz,    Dr.    H.     Bilderatlas   zur   Weltgeschichte   nach 

Kunstwerken   alter  und   neuer   Zeit.      147   Tafeln   mit   tiber  5,000   Dar- 

stellungen.     3rd   ed.      Stuttgart,    1884.      (A   magnificent  work,    in   good 

condition.)     $7. 
Berthe,    Rev.    A.,    C.SS.R.      Life    of    St.    Alphonsus    de'    Liguori.      Tr.    by 

Harold  Castle.     2  vols.     Rome,  1906.     $2.75. 
Jungmann,    Rev.    Jos.,    S.J.      Aesthetik.      3rd    ed.      2   vols.,    bound    in    one. 

Freiburg,  1886.    $2. 
Manning,   Card.     The  Internal  Mission  of  the  Holy  Ghost.     5th  N.  Y.   ed. 

M  eta. 
Manning,   Card.     The   Temporal   Mission   of  the   Holy  Ghost.      New  York, 

1MB.     40  cts. 
Kneller,   Rev.   Al.,   S.J.     Christianity  and   the  Leaders  of  Modern   Science. 

Tr.   by   T.    M.    Kettle.      St.   Louis,   1910.      $1.10. 
Dwight,   Dr.  Thos.     ThoiiKhts  of  a  Catholic  Anatomist.     New  York,   1911. 

K  '-ts. 


BARGAIN  BOOK  COMPANY,  St.  Charles,  Mo. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  20.  OCTOBER  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  Protestant  Churches  and  the  People 

The  editors  of  the  Homiletic  Review  not  long  ago  commu- 
nicated with  many  Protestant  leaders  in  America  and  Europe 
concerning"  "the  present  indifference  of  the  masses  towards 
the  Church"  and  also  as  to  "the  basis  and  direction  for  a 
fundamental  theology  for  the  present  age."  One  hundred  and 
five  replies  were  received.  They  are  now  accessible  in  book 
form  under  the  title,  "The  Church,  the  People,  and  the  Age" 
(Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.  $3).  They  cover,  as  The  Outlook 
points  out  (Vol.  108,  No.  5),  "the  entire  field  of  Protestant- 
ism, domestic  and  foreign,  with  competent  testimony." 

The  statements  of  these  105  Protestant  authorities  are 
distributed  into  three  groups,  and  each  is  prefaced  with  a 
sketch  of  the  writer.  The  salient  features  are  summarized  by 
Dr.  Clarence  A.  Beckwith,  of  Chicago  Theological  Seminary, 
in  an  admirable  analysis  as  follows : 

(1)  Agreement  only  as  to  the  fact  of  wide  indifference  to  the 
Church,  but  disagreement  as  to  its  cause.  (2)  Great  diversity  as  to 
the  requirement  of  a  creed  and  the  extent  of  creed  required  for  church 
membership.  (3)  The  same  diversity  as  to  the  relation  of  theology 
to  metaphysics  and  the  development  of  theology.  (4)  An  irreconcilable 
disagreement  as  to  what  the  Church  stands  for. 

The  book  furnishes  valuable  material  for  Catholic  apolo- 
gists. Its  gist  is,  in  the  words  of  The  Outlook,  a  periodical 
assuredly  not  prejudiced  against  the  Protestant  churches,  that 
"the   [Protestant]   Church  is  still  in  the  woods." 

Our  Growing  Population 

Since  the  census  of  1910  was  taken  the  population  of  all  the 
territory  embraced  by  the  United  States  has  increased  more 
than  7.000,000,  according  to  a  bulletin  containing  estimates  of 

609 


610  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

population  for  the  years  since  1910,  which  was  prepared  by 
experts  of  the  Department  of  Commerce  for  use  by  the  Census 
Bureau  in  calculating-  death  rates  and  per  capita  averages  for 
the  last  four  years.  The  estimates,  which  are  believed  to  be 
fairly  accurate,  were  made  according  to  what  is  known  as  the 
arithmetical  method,  which  assumes  that  the  increase  in  popu- 
lation each  year  since  the  census  year  of  1910  has  been  equal 
to  the  average  annual  increase  from  1900  to  1910. 

According  to  this  bulletin  the  population  of  all  the  territory 
of  the  United  States  is  now  109,021,992.  In  1910  it  was 
101.748.269.  There  are  now  believed  to  be  98,781,324  persons 
in  the  forty-eight  States  and  the  District  of  Columbia,  as 
against  91,972,266  in  1910.  According  to  the  bulletin,  every 
State  is  gaining  in  population,  and  the  gain  seems  to  be  dis- 
tributed pretty  evenly  over  the  entire  country.  The  largest 
sheer  gain  is  credited  to  Massachusetts,  which  is  believed  to 
have  jumped  from  2,366,416  to  3,605,522 — an  increase  of  more 
than  a  million. 

As  regards  the  cities,  it  is  believed  that  the  increase  is 
pretty  well  distributed  among  them  also,  except  that  the  Pacific 
coast  towns  have  had  more  than  their  share. 

♦    •*■■♦ 

A  Useful  War  Guide 

Mr.  Simeon  Strunsky  has  compiled  a  handy  little  war 
guide,  based  on  the  most  authoritative  sources,  namely,  the 
headlines  in  the  final  editions  of  the  afternoon  papers.  ("I 
took  the  final  editions  because  there  are  no  later  editions  to 
contradict  them.") 

It  is  a  useful  little  book.  The  author  has  called  it  "500 
Lies,  Classified,  Summarized,  .  and  Arranged  According  to 
Nationality/'  with  a  complete  index  and 'an  introduction  on 
the  relation  of  truth  to  righteousness.  From  this  list  we  select 
half  a  dozen  examples,  including  Lies  Proper,  Innuendoes, 
and  Plain  Idiocies,  which  every  newspaper  reader  would  do 
well  to  carry  with  him  all  the  time. 

"(1)  The  following  victorious  armies  are  received  with  joy  by  the 
conquered  population :  the  Russian  army  when  it  enters  Austrian 
Poland ;  the  Austrian  army  when  it  enters  Russian  Poland  ;  the  Servian 
army  when  it  enters  Bosnia  ;  the  Bosnian  troops  of  Austria  when  they 
enter  Servia;  the  Germans  when  they  enter  Russia;  the  Russians  when 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  611 

they  cross  into  Germany ;  the  French  when  they  enter  Alsace ;  the 
Germans  when  they  enter  Belgium.  Since  the  subjects  of  every  nation 
are  anxious  to  be  conquered  by  some  other  nation,  it  is  plain  that  the 
present  war  could  have  been  avoided  by  a  peaceful  interchange  of 
sovereigns. 

"(2)  According  to  Paris,  Berlin,  Antwerp,  Vienna,  Petrograd,  Lon- 
don, popular  discontent  is  rife  in  Germany,  France,  Germany  again, 
Russia,  Austria,  and  Germany  again ;  and  the  danger  of  a  Socialist 
uprising  according  to  every  name  in  our  first  list  is  looming  up  omi- 
nously in  every  corresponding  name  in  our  second  list. 

"(3)  Paris  reports  that  the  Germans  are  exhausted  from  chasing  the 
allies,  whose  physical  condition  keeps  on  improving  because  of  the 
much  needed  exercise.  Berlin  reports  that  if  the  allies  pursue  the 
Germans  much  farther  they  will  run  themselves  completely  out  of 
breath,  and  so  fall  easy  victims  to  the  Kaiser's  seasoned  sprinters. 

"(4)  The  heavy  rains  retard  the  enemy's  flight,  because  of  the  diffi- 
culty of  dragging  heavy  guns  through  the  mire.  Thus  marooned  the 
enemy's  batteries  will  be  overtaken  and  destroyed  by  our  own  guns, 
which  are  presumably  carried  across  country  in  light-draught  barges. 

"(5)  By  retreating  to  a  narrower  front  we  threaten  to  pierce  the 
enemy's  lines;  which  are  greatly  overextended.  By  compelling  the 
enemy  to  draw  up  on  a  narrow  front,  while  extending  our  own  line, 
we  threaten  to  envelop  him  and  destroy  him." 


Immense  Land  Holdings  in  the  United  States 

The  Bureau  of  Corporations  has  recently  published  its 
long-expected  report  on  the  timber  barons  and  their  immense 
land  holdings.  This  report,  according  to  the  New  York 
Evening  Post,  reveals  a  condition  that  must  seem  serious  to 
all  friends  of  equitable  national  development.  We  have  within 
our  own  borders  estates  which  the  most  opulent  Mexican  land- 
holders would  regard  with  envy ;  they  were  in  some  cases 
acquired  unfairly,  if  not  illegally ;  and  they  are  in  many 
cases  administered  without  regard  for  the  common  good. 

Briefly,  the  report  shows  that  "1.694  timber  owners  hold 
in  fee  over  one-twentieth  of  the  land  area  of  the  United 
States" — 105.600.000  acres,  or  an  area  two  and  one-half  times 
the  size  of  New  England.  Sixteen  owners  hold  47,800,000 
acres ;  three  railways  have  enough  to  give  fifteen  acres  to 
every  adult  male  in  the  nine  Western  States  where  their 
holdings  lie;  while  in  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  45 
per  cent  of  the  land  is  held  by  thirty-two,  and  in  Florida  one- 
third  of  the   entire   State  bv   fiftv-two  timber   owners.      The 


612  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

cause  of  all  this  is  lavish  land  grants  and  loose,  ill-enforced 
land  laws.  Lands  that  in  the  early  days  of  the  republic  were 
granted  in  expectation  of  quick  redistribution  to  small  holders 
are  still  intact.  Of  82,500,000  acres  granted  to  three  Western 
railroads  in  the  sixties,  the  roads  still  retained  40  per  cent  in 
1910. 

These  figures  should  give  the  country  a  new  interest  in 
"government  suits  like  that  instituted  last  year  to  recover 
millions  of  acres  from  the  Southern  Pacific  Company,  the 
Southern  Oregon  Company,  and  others.  They  should  also 
stimulate  the  belated  movement  to  revise  the  public-land  laws. 

A  Revolutionary  Change  in  Turkey 

Turkey  has  taken  advantage  of  the  preoccupation  imposed 
upon  the  powers  by  the  Great  War  to  do  what  she  would  not 
have  dared  to  do  in  times  of  peace.  She  is  trying  to  rid  herself 
of  all  her  treaty  obligations  in  regard  to  foreigners  residing 
within  her  territory  and  in  regard  to  foreign  trade. 

The  so-called  capitulations  affect  the  United  States  mainly 
as  to  the  protection  given  to  mission  schools  in  Turkey,  for 
our  commercial  relations  are  inconsiderable. 

It  is  from  the  same  point  of  view — that  of  religion — that 
the  recent  decree  is  causing  grave  concern  at  the  Vatican, 
since  it  not  only  sweeps  away  the  French  protectorate  over 
Christian  affairs,  but  also  destroys  the  liberty  of  public  wor- 
ship and  the  rights  of  semi-religious  instruction,  which  Chris- 
tianity, in  virtue  of  a  portion  of  the  capitulations,  has  enjoyed 
throughout  the  Ottoman  Empire.  The  Holy  See  is  entering 
an  earnest  protest  because  it  foresees  that  so  revolutionary  a 
change  must  mean  serious  damage  to  the  Christian  religion 
throughout  Turkey. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  United  States  government  will 
take  the  matter  up  energetically,  in  default  of  the  warring  pow- 
ers, who  under  present  circumstances  can  hardly  be  expected  to 
do  more  than  protest.  The  New  York  Independent  (No. 
3433)  puts  the  matter  thus: 

"The  capitulations  with  Turkey  ought  to  he  kept  in  force  only  so 
long  as  the  interests  of  foreigners  in  the  country  need  such  a  safe- 
guard.    The  principle  of  cxtra-tcrritoriality  is  not  one  which  one  civi- 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  613 

lized  country  should  insist  upon  applying  in  the  case  of  another  civilized 
country.  It  is  just  because  Turkey  has  not  shown  herself  civilized  in 
her  treatment  of  foreigners  within  her  borders  that  it  has  been  justi- 
fiable for  the  powers  to  maintain  the  capitulations  till  now.  It  is 
doubtless  humiliating  for  Turkey.  But  it  is  a  humiliation  brought 
upon  her  by  her  own  incapacity  and  lack  of  the  self-restraint  of  civili- 
zation. ...  It  is  perfectly  safe  to  say  that  so  far  as  the  United 
States  is  concerned  the  capitulations  will  not  remain  in  force  with 
Turkey  a  day  after  American  citizens  have  become  as  safe  there  as 
they  are  in  Japan.  It  is  equally  safe  to  say  that  we  shall  not  allow 
Turkey  to  rid  herself  prematurely  of  her  capitulatory  obligations  by 
sharp  practice." 


The  Campaign  for  Health 

Some  persons  are  born  healthy,  some  achieve  health,  and 
some  have  health  thrust  upon  them.  These  last  are  the  school 
children,  for  whom  the  coming  of  autumn  means  a  detailed 
examination  of  eyes,  ears,  and  noses,  besides  which  the  exami- 
nation of  their  intellectual  processes  is  the  merest  inci- 
dent. To  their  parents,  who  grew  up  in  laxer  days,  the  system 
already  seems  elaborate  and  even  formidable,  but  the  medical 
authorities  are  concerned  over  its  incompleteness.  One  of 
them,  writing  in  the  Journal  of  the  American  Medical  Asso- 
ciation, contends  that  our  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  social 
hygiene  is  greatly  in  excess  of  their  application.  Another 
utters  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly  the  same  idea,  and 
places  the  responsibility  for  this  condition  less  upon  the  public 
than  upon  his  own  profession.  This  writer,  Prof.  Benjamin 
Moore,  of  Liverpool,  speaking  as  the  president  of  the  Physio- 
logical Section  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  at  its  last  meeting,  is  severe  upon  the  "aloofness" 
of  his  colleagues  who  confine  themselves  to  research  in  their 
laboratories  and  to  the  teaching  of  the  principles  of  physiology 
to  medical  students,  but  leave  the  community  as  a  whole  unin- 
structed  as  to  the  objects  of  this  research  and  its  practical 
value  to  everybody.  He  urges  the  necessity  of  allowing  as 
small  a  gap  as  possible  "between  the  making  of  discoveries 
and  the  application  of  their  results  by  organized  national  effort 
for  the  well-being  of  the  whole  community.'" 

This  is  all  well  enough ;  but  on  how  many  discoveries  is 


614  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

medical  science  agreed,  and  how  many  are  rejected  as  useless 
and  even  detrimental  after  being  carefully  tried  out? 

The  physical  health  of  our  school  children  is  an  important 
matter ;  but  are  we  not  making  too  much  of  it,  in  comparison 
with  the  intellectual  and  moral  health  of  these  same  children, 
which  is  so  badly  neglected  in  the  public  schools? 


Labor  Legislation  in  the  United  States 

The  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  has  just  published  as  its 
Bulletin  No.  148  a  compilation  of  the  labor  laws  of  the  United 
States  with  brief  notes  on  court  decisions.  This  is  the  fifth 
such  compilation  which  has  been  issued  by  the  Commissioner 
of  Labor  Statistics  since  the  organization  of  the  Bureau  in 
1884.  the  last  preceding  compilation  having  ended  with  the 
legislation  of  the  year  1907.  The  present  work  is  in  two  parts 
and  includes  the  laws  of  all  the  States  and  of  the  United  States 
up  to  the  close  of  the  year  1913. 

A  large  part  of  the  laws  relate  to  the  two  subjects  of  the 
regulation  and  inspection  of  factories  and  mines.  Another 
important  subject  is  that  of  the  regulation  of  the  conditions 
of  employment  of  women,  closely  connected  with  which  is  the 
employment  of  children.  New  classes  of  laws  relating  to 
women  and  children  have  recently  claimed  attention,  one  look- 
ing toward  the  fixing  of  minimum  wages  for  women  and 
children,  and  another  providing  for  the  so-called  mothers'  or 
widows'  pension,  which  is  in  fact  an  undertaking  to  care  for 
needy  families  until  the  children  reach  the  age  when  they  can 
aid  in  the  support  of  the  family.  The  Bulletin  shows  minimum 
wage  laws  in  nine  States  (California,  Colorado,  Massachu- 
setts, Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Utah,  Washington  and 
Wisconsin),  besides  the  provision  of  the  Ohio  constitution 
which  authorizes  such  law.  though  none  has  been  enacted,  and 
twenty-one  laws  providing  for  the  support  of  the  mothers  of 
dependent  children. 

( )n  an  examination  of  the  carefully  prepared  index  it  can- 
not be  overlooked  that  railroads  have  received  a  very  consider- 
able degree  of  attention  within  recent  years,  train-crew  laws, 
hours-of-service   laws,   laws   requiring   shelters   for   workmen, 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  615 

regulating  the  height  of  bridges,  etc.,  over  the  tracks  or  the 
distance  of  structures  from  tracks,  and  numerous  laws  requir- 
ing safety  appliances  being  in  evidence. 

The  compilation  includes  also  the  orders  of  the  industrial 
commissions  of  New  York  and  Wisconsin,  which  have  the 
force  of  laws. 

The  notes  of  the  decisions  are  necessarily  brief  in  a  work  of 
this  kind,  and  are  confined  chiefly  to  decisions  by  the  supreme 
courts  of  the  various  States  and  of  the  United  States. 

The  two  parts  of  this  bulletin,  containing  approximately 
1,200  pages  each,  furnish  a  mine  of  information  for  any  one 
interested  in  labor  legislation,  the  work  being  practically  in- 
dispensable to  any  student  in  this  field,  owing  to  the  wide 
distribution  of  the  material  in  the  various  State  codes  and 
session  laws,  which  have  been  searched  page  by  page  to  locate 
the  desired  material. 


A  QUESTION  OF  DRESS 


In  the  original  state  of  paradise  no  need  for  clothes  was 
experienced ;  and  when  after  the  fall  a  need  was  felt,  it 
was  satisfied  with  fig-leaves.  Several  archaic  peoples  have 
kept  up  the  tradition  of  scanty  dress  to  this  day,  and  find  it 
sufficient  to  answer  all  their  psychological  requirements; 
but  every  advance  in  civilization  has  led  to  an  increase  of 
costume.  This  seems  to  have  arisen  sometimes  from  the 
needs  of  climate,  sometimes  from  the  desire  to  use  more 
material  and  more  ornament.  But  in  any  case  total  or  al- 
most total  covering  became  the  convention  among  civilized 
peoples ;  and  it  was  this  convention  that  Christianity  adopted 
and  made  its  own.  Any  tendencies  to  diminish  the  amount 
of  costume  which  has  arisen  since,  have  been,  if  not  always 
the  effect,  at  least  always  the  accompaniment  of  a  growing 
laxity  in  the  direction  of  the  natural  as  against  the  super- 
natural, the  sensuous  and  self-indulgent  as  against  the 
ascetical;    and    this    is    the  case  even  where  defended  by 


616  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

some  high  and  cultured  plea,  such  as  the  beauty  and 
perfection  of  "the  human  form  divine,"  and  the  like. 

The  point  of  interest  is  that  when  once  a  convention 
has  been  established,  any  departure  from  it  in  the  way  of 
reducing  the  costume  becomes  always  objectionable  from 
a  psychological  point  of  view,  because  it  always  seems  to 
suggest  and  therefore  to  provoke  a  sensuous  tendency.  If 
the  present  denudation  process  continues  and  prevails,  we 
shall  certainly  in  course  of  time  get  used  to  it,  and  begin 
to  think  nothing  of  it,  merely  because  it  will  then  become 
the  convention.  But  the  transition-stage  from  the  more 
to  the  less  is  always  awkward  for  the  reason  already  given. 

Now  it  is  quite  possible  that  Catholics  and  others  of 
the  traditional  school  may  be  unable  to  stop  the  movement; 
but  at  least  they  ought  to  do  all  they  can  to  retard  it,  and 
ought  not  to  throw  themselves  into  it  and  help  it  on.  It 
is  true  that  the  ladies — especially  those  whose  pretensions 
to  being  real  ladies  are  dubious  or  non-existent — are  at  the 
mercy  of  the  fashion,  which  is  imposed  upon  them  by  a 
clique  of  unscrupulous  designers  in  Paris.  Still  there  is  a 
certain  amount  of  elasticity  in  their  bondage ;  and  if  they 
cannot  resist  the  tide  of  fashion  altogether,  they  might  at 
least  be  content  to  float  with  it,  and  not  begin  swimming 
vigorously  with  it.  They  might,  in  other  words,  without 
making  themselves  a  byword  in  their  social  circle,  be  as 
reserved  and  backward  in  adopting  the  fashion  as  possible. 

Similarly  with  theatrical  exhibitions  and  the  like.  We 
should  advise  Catholics  to  keep  up  as  far  as  possible  that 
reserve  and  strictness  of  principle  which  is  traditional  among 
us,  and  thus  do  what  they  can  to  maintain  a  standard  which 
is  certainly  conducive  to  greater  integrity  of  life.  Even 
those  "hardy  annuals"  who  say  they  "get  no  harm"  from 
such  things,  might  consider  that,  if  this  be  so  in  their  own 
case,  there  are  around  them  numbers  of  Catholics  who  are 
"not  hardy  annuals,"  and  who  would  come  into  mischief  if 
they  followed  such  an  example.  Hence  On  every  ground  it 
would  be  advisable  for  Catholics  not  to  patronize  such 
exhibitions,  even  by  way  of  experiment,  and  even  sup- 
p  ising  that  the  extreme  elements  were  eliminated  from 
them. 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  617 

MARIOLATRY  IN  ABYSSINIA? 

The  Christians  of  Abyssinia  seem  to  be  pre-eminently 
members  of  the  Church  militant.  Dr.  Adrian  Fortescue 
says  of  them  in  his  recently  published  work,  "The  Lesser 
Eastern  Churches"   (pp.  321  sq.,  n.)  : 

The  proud  mark  of  an  Abyssinian  Christian  is  the  blue  cord  he 
wears  always  round  his  neck;  on  it  are  strung  crosses,  amulets,  tooth- 
picks, scratchers,  and  so  on.  He  also  carries  in  his  belt  two  or  three 
pistols,  and  perhaps  five  daggers.  At  his  side  hang  a  broadsword  and  a 
rapier ;  a  gun  is  slung  across  his  back,  and  he  carries  one  in  his  hand. 
A  gentleman  of  quality  is  followed  by  his  servants,  who  carry  the  rest 
of  his  weapons — several  more  guns  and  swords,  a  bayonet  or  two, 
pistols  and  daggers. 

It  may  seem  superfluous  to  say  anything  in  defense  of 
a  gentleman  so  well  able  to  take  care  of  himself;  but  we 
are  tempted  to  question  some  of  Dr.  Fortescue's  statements 
about  the  Abyssinian's  alleged  excesses  in  devotion  to  Mary. 
"Among  Abyssinians,"  he  says,  "there  is  a  real  exaggera- 
tion of  honor  paid  to  her,  culminating  in  adoration,  in 
the  idea  that  she  too  died  for  our  sins,  is  our  redeemer; 
that  all  grace  can  only  come  through  (or  even  from)  her" 
(p.  319).  It  is  true  that  on  a  later  page  some  doubt  is 
thrown  on  the  charges  made  by  Protestant  travelers,  and 
we  are  rightly  reminded  that  the  same  charges  are  also 
made  against  ourselves.  But  what  we  have  just  quoted 
seems  to  be  stated  as  a  fact.  Now  it  would  be  rash  to 
hazard  a  contradiction  in  toto.  For  we  know  that  errone- 
ous notions  and  superstitious  practices  have  arisen  from 
time  to  time  among  Catholic  clients  of  Mary,  and  have 
been  vigorously  condemned  by  the  Roman  authorities. 
And  Abyssinians  are  at  least  as  likely  to  err  in  this  matter, 
and  when  they  go  wrong  they  have  not  the  same  advan- 
tages in  the  way  of  correction.  But  one  who  has  read  many 
Ethiopic  prayers  to  Mary  in  liturgical  manuscripts  says 
that  he  has  never  come  across  anything  therein  open  to 
theological  objection  and  as  long  as  Dr.  Fortescue  gives 
no  authority  for  the  statement  quoted,  we  must  refuse  to 
credit  the  charge  of  Mariolatry  made  against  our  Abyssin- 
ian brethren. 


618  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

A    QUEER    STORY    ABOUT    PIUS    IX 

One  cannot  help  wondering  what  authority  Mrs.  Hugh 
Fraser  (sister  of  the  late  Francis  Marion  Crawford)  has 
for  such  stories  as  the  following  about  Pius  IX,  quoted  by  the 
"New  York  Times  Book  Review"  from  her  recently  pub- 
lished work  "Italian  Yesterdays"  (2  vols.  Dodd,-  Mead  & 
Co.): 

The  secret  societies,  following  their  usual  programme,  had  decided 
to  "remove"  Mgr.  Mastai  [later  Pius  IX]  without  delay.  He  was  sit- 
ting in  his  study  one  morning  when  his  faithful  old  servant,  Baladelli, 
who  had  accompanied  him  everywhere,  entered  to  say  that  a  lady,  who 
seemed  in  a  great  hurry,  begged  him  to  grant  her  a  few  minutes' 
conversation. 

"Ask  her  to  wait  a  little,"  said  the  Archbishop,  as  he  rose  and 
went  into  his  private  chapel.  Some  time  passed  and  the  servant  came 
and  found  his  master  on  his  knees. 

"Monsignor,  will  you  speak  to  that  lady  now?"  he  asked. 

"Tell  her  to  wait  a  little  longer,"  was  the  reply. 

The  man  retreated,  to  return  more  than  once;  Monsignor,  still  on 
his  knees,  always  gave  the  same  message,  and  at  last  Baladelli,  after 
the  manner  of  old  servants,  lost  his  temper  and  exclaimed :  "For 
goodness'  sake,  come  and  speak  with  that  poor  woman !  She  has  been 
waiting  for  hours." 

Then  the  Archbishop  looked  around  at  him  and  said,  very  quietly, 
"I  speak  with  the  living,  not  with  the  dead." 

The  frightened  domestic  rushed  into  the  anteroom,  where  the 
petitioner  bad  been  left,  and  beheld  a  tumbled  heap  on  the  floor.  Call- 
ing his  fellow-servants  to  help  him,  he  raised  it  up.  The  heavy  veil 
had  slipped  from  the  face.  The  "lady"  was  a  man  with  a  great  sharp 
knife  concealed  in  his  feminine  garments.     He  was  stone  dead. 


MOTHER  TONGUES  IN  AMERICA 
Up  to  the  present  time  the  information  concerning  the 
racial  distribution  of  our  foreign  born  population  has  re- 
ferred only  to  country  of  birth.  In  1910  a  question  was 
asked  of  all  our  white  population  of  foreign  birth  or  parent- 
age concerning  mother  tongue.  These  figures,  therefore, 
possess  a  peculiar  significance  in  that  they  offer  us  for 
the  first  time  a  fairly  accurate  picture  of  the  ethnic  com- 
position of  our  foreign  white  stock. 

Of  the  total  population  of  this  country  in  1910,  32,243,382, 
or  a  trifle  more  than  one-third,  were  whites  of  foreign 
parentage.     According  to  Prof.   VVm.   B.   Bailey,  of  Yale, 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  619 

the  eight  major  mother  tongue  stocks  amounting  to  87.5  per 

cent  of  the  total  are  as  follows: 

Per  Cent 
Mother  Tongue.  Number.  Distribution. 

English 10,037,420  31.1 

German 8,817,271  27.3 

Italian 2,151,422  6.7 

Polish 1,707,640  5.3 

Yiddish  and  Hebrew 1,676,762  5.2 

Swedish 1,445,869  4.5 

French 1,357,169  4.2 

Norwegian 1,009,854  3.1 

Total,  eight  mother  tongues 28,203,407  87.5 

Other  mother  tongues 4,039,975  12.5 

All  mother  tongues 32,243,382  100.0 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  English  or  German  was  the 
ancestral  language  of  nearly  three-fifths  of  the  foreign 
white  stock  of  this  country.  The  proportion  of  our  foreign 
stock  who  claim  English  as  the  mother  tongue  is  very  much 
larger  than  the  proportion  of  those  who  came  from  England, 
since  many  from  Ireland,  Scotland,  Wales,  Canada,  and 
other  countries  spoke  English  before  coming  to  this  country. 
Thus,  of  the  foreign  born  white  population  in  this  country 
25.2  per  cent  claim  English  as  the  mother  tongue  and  yet 
only  6.6  per  cent  came  from  England. 

There  are  about  375,000  more  persons  claiming  Ger- 
many as  their  home  than  German  as  their  mother  tongue. 

There  are,  of  course,  some  from  Austria,  Switzerland 
and  Hungary  whose  language  was  German,  but  these  were 
more  than  ofi'set  by  the  large  number  of  Poles  from  Ger- 
many. Those  claiming  Polish  and  Yiddish  or  Hebrew 
for  mother  tongue  occupy  an  anomalous  position.  Al- 
though constituting  perhaps  an  ethnic  group,  they  are 
without  a  national  existence. 

The  most  remarkable  case  is  furnished  by  Russia.  Of 
the  immigrants  to  this  country  from  Russia  52.3  per  cent 
were  Hebrew  and  only  2.5  per  cent  Russian.  The  remain- 
der are  largely  Polish,  Ruthenian,  and  Lettish.  The  number 
reporting  their  mother  tongue  as  Yiddish  or  Hebrew  is 
probably    somewhat   too    small,   as    many   whose   ancestral 


620  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

language  is  Hebrew  have  reported  German,  English,  Polish 
or  some  other  language  as  their  mother  tongue.  From 
Canada  about  two-thirds  report  English  and  one-third 
French  as  the  mother  tongue.  It  is  rather  remarkable  that 
while  over  4  per  cent  of  the  foreign  white  stock  in  this 
countrv  report  French  as  the  mother  tongue,  less  than  1  per 
cent  came  from  France.  The  large  number  from  Canada, 
Switzerland  and  Belgium  who  reported  French  as  the 
mother  tongue  accounts  for  this. 


ECONOMIC   WASTE   AND   THE   RESPONSIBILITY 
OF  THE  RICH 

Mr.  Hartley  Withers,  in  his  recently  published  work 
"Poverty  and  Waste"  (E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.),  to  which 
we  have  already  adverted  in  a  previous  issue  of  this  Review, 
gives  some  specifications  of  expenditures  which  he  would 
like  to  see  applied  towards  the  increase  of  capital  and  the 
reduction  of  the  cost  of  production  of  goods. 

One  of  them  is  familiar  on  this  side  of  the  ocean,  al- 
though cited  in  a  British  book  regarding  British  railways. 
The  British  railroads,  according  to  Mr.  Withers,  have 
expended  $450,000,000  in  promoting  or  opposing  laws. 
Necessarily  that  waste  reduces  the  amounts  applicable  to 
the  reduction  of  rates  or  the  increase  of  wages. 

Whatever  the  production  of  goods  in  any  year,  the  share 
of  the  poor  has  been  reduced  by  the  amount  squandered 
upon  lawyers  engaged  in  supporting  or  opposing  laws. 
Legislation  lies  at  the  foundation,  and  is  one  of  the  things 
society  as  a  whole  is  responsible  for.  Society  ought  to 
make  its  laws  better,  giving  good  laws  for  nothing  and 
rejecting  bad  laws  without  cost  to  those  who  suffer  by 
them,  the  railroads  in  the  first  place,  and  everybody  else 
in  the  next  place. 

Another  specification  is  within  the  power  of  anybody 
and  everybody  to  correct.  It  is  advertising  waste.  In 
England  .$500,000,000  is  spent  annually  on  advertising,  *.  e., 
in  telling  people  what  they  ought  to  know  best  for  and  of 
themselves — what  they   want  to  buy.     Mr.   Withers  does 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  621 

not  regard  this  as  entire  waste.  There  are  novelties  which 
it  is  economy  to  be  told  of  and  to  buy.  What  he  complains 
of  is  that  producers  apply  their  capital  toward  mere  shout- 
ing their  wares  rather  than  toward  cheapening  them  and 
commending  them  to  discriminating  buyers  by  their  excel- 
lence. Introduction  of  novelties  is  not  the  use  mainly  made 
of  advertising.  It  is  the  glory  and  the  boast  of  the  modern 
advertiser  that  he  makes  people  buy  what  they  do  not  reallv 
want,  and  would  not  know  that  they  wanted  until  and 
unless  they  were  told  so  by  those  who  wish  only  to  sell. 

This  exploitation  of  the  unintelligencc  of  the  consumer 
is  part  of  the  cost  of  production  and  lessens  the  supply  of 
capital. 

Still  another  specification  of  how  the  well-to-do  take 
the  bread  out  of  the  mouths  of  the  poor  is  expenditure 
of  excessive  sums  upon  what  is  unnecessary  for  mainte- 
nance of  body  and  mind  in  good  condition.  Twenty  years 
ago  there  was  as  much  pleasure  and  health  in  England  as 
now,  although  a  statute  forbade  speed  exceeding  four  miles 
an  hour  by  mechanically  propelled  vehicles.  Now  England 
spends  $365,000,000  annually  upon  automobiles  of  all  classes. 
Bicycling  is  more  healthful  than  driving  a  motor  cycle.  Ris- 
ing in  the  scale  nobody  would  keep  a  car  if  he  thought  about 
the  depreciation  cost.  Yet  thousands  motor  who  never 
would  have  dreamed  of  indulging  in  the  luxury  of  a  horse 
and  carriage.  If  the  money  spent  upon  useless  automobiles 
— not  including  the  many  strictly  economic  applications  of 
the  invention — were  applied  to  industrial  production,  it 
is  beyond  argument  that  there  would  be  more  and  cheaper 
things  to  divide  among  those  who  have  not  enough,  and 
who  are  prevented  from  having  them  by  the  thoughtless 
expenditures  of  the  rich. 

These  are  merely  examples  of  a  principle  as  broad  as  the 
philosophy  of  the  expenditure  of  all  income.  In  this  manner 
those  whose  incomes  are  not  enough  to  give  them  their 
reasonable  wants,  and  those  who  spend  too  much  for  their 
own  good,  would  both  benefit.  The  poor  would  perceive 
that  they  were  the  wards  of  society,  and  the  wealthy  would 
act  as  though  they  were — as  indeed  they  are — the  trustees 
for  society  of  what  they  could  neither  have  nor  enjoy  but 


622  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

for  society.  The  big  earners,  the  big  spenders  of  money 
they  did  not  earn,  would  do  well  to  reflect  that  as  things  are 
going  their  earnings  and  their  spendings,  which  they  are 
accustomed  to  think  is  nobody  else's  business,  may  be  made 
everybody's  business. 

It  is  true  that  conditions  are  not  so  bad  as  some  re- 
formers describe  them,  but  in  proportion  as  they  are  im- 
proved by  reduction  of  the  grievances  of  those  who  have 
them,  our  system  may  be  prolonged  indefinitely  instead 
of  being  overturned  in  search  of  something  better  than  the 
world  has  ever  known.  If  the  rich  would  retain  their  riches 
they  would  do  well  to  reflect  that  they  should  not  consume 
without  regard  to  the  welfare  of  those  who  produce.  Money 
should  be  earned  and  spent  with  a  greater  sense  of  respon- 
sibility. This  is  not  a  panacea,  but  it  has  greater  possibil- 
ities of  benevolence  than  some  nostrums  advertised  as 
panaceas. 


PROTESTANTISM  AND  PROHIBITION 

It  is  commonly  supposed,  upon  what  grounds  no  one 
has  yet  discovered,  that  Protestantism  and  sweet  liberty 
go  hand  in  hand.  This  may  have  been  some  ultimate  rosy 
vision  which  the  early  Protestants  saw — with  the  eye  of 
faith  evidently — through  the  smoke  of  burning  religious 
houses,  the  dust  of  ruined  sanctuaries,  the  steaming  blood 
of  slaughtered  priests.  It  may  have  been;  for  it  is  good 
to  have  an  ideal,  even  if  one  finds  it  unattainable.  The 
Pilgrim  fathers,  fleeing  from  the  tyranny  of  a  papistically- 
minded  king,  first  brought  liberty  to  these  shores  and 
shared  it  with  all  who  were  not  of  their  way  of  thinking. 
Thus  did  liberty  flourish  in  the  great  American  continent 
until  Rome  (a  Protestant  generic  term  for  Catholics  all 
and  sundry)  got  a  look  in  at  the  political  situation;  since 
which  time  the  country  has  gone  to  the  dogs,  or  has  been 
brought  under  the  domination  of  Rome,  which  is  pretty 
much  the  same  sort  of  thing!  This  is  popular  opinion, 
and  on  the  hypothesis  that  vox  populi  est  vox  Dei  (sheer 
pantheism),  it  must  be  true.  That  is  to  say,  Protestantism 
and  Liberty  are  synonymous.  But  the  American  idea  of 
liberty  is  democracy  or  the  right  of  every  man  to  choose; 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  623 

and  that  is  a  plain  Catholic  doctrine  called  Free  Will. 

One  of  the  commonest  ways  in  which  man  may  exercise 
his  free  will  is  in  his  choice  of  what  he  shall  eat  and  what 
he  shall  drink.  He  may  drink  to  excess ;  whereby  he  be- 
comes intoxicated,  abuses  the  gifts  of  God  and  defiles  the 
temple  of  the  Holy  Ghost.  On  the  other  hand,  he  may 
drink  to  satisfy  his  bodily  needs;  thereby  practicing  the 
virtue  of  temperance.  Or  again,  he  may,  with  St.  Paul, 
deny  himself  altogether,  and  thus  practice  total  abstinence. 
But  in  any  case,  it  is  open  to  him  to  make  a  perfectly  free 
choice  for  himself;  this  is  liberty. 

But  this,  so  it  would  appear,  is  not  the  ideal  of  Protestant 
liberty,  in  whose  train  marches  a  heresy  and  a  tyranny- 
called  Prohibition.  A  heresy  in  that  it  maintains  the  ma- 
terial gifts  of  God  to  be  in  themselves  evil;  a  tyranny  in 
that  it  would  force  a  man's  free  choice  by  means  of  a  re- 
pressive law.  The  principle  of  Prohibition  is  a  direct 
assault  upon  the  liberty  of  free  choice,  inherent  in  every 
rational  being.  A  dipsomaniac,  like  any  other  maniac,  is 
not  a  rational  being;  and  restrictive  legislation  designed 
for  maniacs  of  one  sort  or  another  is  a  horrible  menace 
when  forced  upon  all  without  distinction. 

The  connection  between  drinking  and  dancing  is  what 
philosophers  call  the  association  of  ideas;  and,  incidentally, 
it  also  happens  to  be  an  occasion  in  which  both  the  Catholic 
Church  and  Protestantism  have  taken  a  hand.  Acting  on 
the  principle  that  it  is  better  to  enter  the  Kingdom  of 
Heaven  a  social  failure  than  to  tango  on  two  feet  into 
hell  fire,  the  Church  warned  her  children  that  certain 
modern  dances  were  lascivious ;  in  fact,  that  Christian 
modesty  and  the  modern  dance  were  incompatible;  that 
if  Catholics  would  persist  in  following  the  fashion  of  the 
children  of  this  world,  they  must  not  complain  if  they 
should  find  themselves  shut  out  of  the  company  of  the 
children  of  light.  Which  is  a  plain  doctrine,  for  as 
the  proverb  says :    "You  can't  eat  your  cake  and  have  it !" 

Protestantism,  or  a  section  of  it,  came  along,  and  discov- 
ered much  the  same  thing,  and  at  Paterson,  N.  J.,  they 
sought   to   obtain   legislative   measures   for  the   regulation 


624  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  dance  halls;  a  perfectly  sound  proceeding.  But  certain 
aldermen  voted  against  the  measure,  which,  too,  was  their 
right,  but  not  to  the  liking  of  the  Paterson  Ministerial 
Association.  The  ministers  set  to  work  and  appointed  a 
committee  to  investigate  the  public  and  private  lives  of 
those  aldermen  who  had  voted  against  dance-hall  legisla- 
tion, and  the  committee  has  been  instructed  to  prepare  its 
findings  for  publication.  The  ministers  expect,  so  they  say, 
to  discover  sufficient  facts  to  gain  public  support  for  their 
campaign ! 

Two  things  may  be  noticed  about  this  move.  First,  the 
ministerial  body  is  obviously  self-constituted,  and,  sec- 
ondly, it  intends  placing  before  the  public,  to  gain  its  own 
ends,  information  acquired  by  an  impertinent  interference 
with  the  private  lives  of  other  men.  This  is  the  so-called 
liberty  which  Protestantism,  or  a  section  of  it,  would  set 
before  the  eyes  of  American  citizens  as  a  thing  to  be 
desired.  On  Thanksgiving  day  a  solemn  mass  will  be 
celebrated  in  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Washington,  and  it 
will  be  followed  by  an  outcry  from  Protestants  of  every 
shade  of  belief  that  the  Catholic  Church  is  trying  to  en- 
slave the  American  people  and  bring  them  under  the  yoke 
of  Rome.  The  real  fact  is  that  Protestantism  is  the  foe  of 
liberty,  for  it  would  deny  to  man  the  very  foundation  of  his 
rationality,  the  right  to  choose,  the  exercise  of  the  faculty 
of  free  will.  Segregation  has  its  function — for  lunatics; 
and  coercion  may  serve  very  well  for  slaves — and  beasts. 
But  the  average  citizen  is  neither  the  one  nor  the  other, 
however  much  Puritanism  may  treat  him  as  such. 

Xew  York  Citv  H.  Christopher  Watts 


AD  UNIVERSOS  ORBIS  CATHOLICOS 
Benedictus  PP.  XV 

Ubi  primum  in  beati  Petri  cathedra  constituti  sumus, 
equidem  probe  conscii  quam  impares  tanto  essemus  muneri, 
arcanum  reverentissime  adoravimus  consilium  Dei  providentis, 
qui  Xostrae  humilitatem.  pcrsonae  ad  hanc  sublimitatcm 
gradus  evexisset.  Quod  si,  non  idoneis  ornati  laudibus  meri- 
torum,    tamen    fidenter    administrationem    summi    Pontificatus 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  625 

suscepisse  videmur,  dumtaxat  divinae  benignitatis  fiducia 
suscepimus,  minime  dubitantes,  quin  is  Nobis  opportunam 
collaturus  esset  et  virtutem  et  opem,  qui  maximum  imposuisset 
onus  dignitatis.  —  lam  ex  hoc  Apostolico  fastigio  ut  oninem 
dominicum  gregem,  Nostrae  demandatum  curae,  circumspexi- 
mus,  continuo  percussit  Nos  horrore  atque  aegritudine  inenar- 
rabili  immane  totius  huius  belli  spectaculum,  cum  tantam 
Europae  partem,  igni  ferroque  vastatam,  rubescere  videremus 
sanguine  christianorum.  Scilicet  a  Pastore  bono,  Iesu  Christo, 
cuius  obtinemus  locum  in  gubernanda  Ecclesia,  hoc  ipsum 
habemus,  ut  omnes,  quotquot  sunt,  eius  agnos  et  oves  visceri- 
bus  paternae  caritatis  complectamur.  Quoniam  igitur  pro 
eorum  salute,  ipsius  exemplo  Domini,  debemus  esse,  ut  sumus, 
parati  vel  animam  ponere,  certum  ac  deliberatum  Nobis  est, 
quantum  in  Nostra  erit  potestate,  nihil  facere  reliqui,  quod 
ad  celerandum  huius  calamitatis  finem  pertineat.  In  praesens 
autem,  —  antequam,  more  institutoque  Romanorum  Pontifi- 
cum  sub  initium  Apostolatus  universos  sacrorum  Antistites 
encyclicis  appellemus  litteris  —  non  possumus  quin  Decessoris 
Nostri  sanctissimi  et  immortali  memoria  digni,  Pii  X,  extre- 
mam  illam  decedentis  excipiamus  vocem,  quam.  in  primo 
huius  belli  frangore,  apostolica  ei  sollicitudo  atque  amor  humani 
generis  quodammodo  expressit.  Itaque  dum  Nosmet  ipsi, 
oculis  manibusque  ad  caelum  sublatis,  erimus  Deo  supplices, 
omnes  Ecclesiae  filios,  praesertim  qui  sunt  sacri  ordinis,  ut 
ille  perstudiose  hortatus  est,  ita  Nos  hortamur  atque  adeo 
obsecramus  pergant,  insistant,  contendant,  privatim  humili 
prece,  publice  supplicationum  frequentia,  arbitrum  ac  domi- 
natorem  rerum  implorare  Deum,  quoad  suae  misericordiae 
memor,  hoc  ftagellum  iracundiae,  quo  quidem  a  populis  poenas 
peccatorum  repetit,  deponat.  Adsit  vero  et  faveat  precamur. 
communibus  votis  Virgo  Deipara,  cuius  beatissimus  ortus,  hoc 
ipso  concelebratus  die,  hominum  generi  laboranti,  tamquam 
aurora  pacis,  illuxit,  cum  eum  esset  paritura,  in  quo  voluit 
Pater  aeternus  reconciliare  omnia,  pacificans  per  sanguinem 
cruets  eius  sive  quae  in  terns  sive  quae  in  coelis  sunt."-' 

Eos   autem,   qui   res   temperant  populorum,   oramus   vehe- 
menter  atque  obtestamur,  ut  iam  inducant  animum  sua  omnia 


*  Coloss.  1,  20. 


626  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

dissidia  saluti  societatis  humanae  remittere ;  considerent  iam 
nimis  miseriamm  et  luctuum  huic  mortali  vitae  comitari,  ut 
non  earn  oporteat  longe  miseriorem  ac  luctuosiorem  reddere ; 
satis  esse  velint  quod  iam  editum  est  rainarum,  satis  quod  effu- 
sum  est  humani  cruoris ;  properent  igitur  pacis  inire  consilia 
et  miscere  dextras ;  praeclara  enimvero  turn  sibi  turn  suae  quis- 
que  genti  ferent  a  Deo  praemia ;  optime  de  civili  hominum  con- 
sortione  merebuntur;  Nobis  autem,  qui  ex  hac  eadem  tanta 
perturbatione  rerum  non  mediocres  difficultates  in  ipso  auspi- 
cando  Apostolico  munere  experimur,  sane  gratissimum  se 
facturos  atque  optatissimum. 

Datum   ex   aedibus  Vaticanis,  die  vin  Septembris,  in  festo 
Mariae  Sanctissimae  nascentis,  anno  mcmxiv. 

BENEDICTVS    PP.   XV. 


The  eminent  German  philosopher,  Rudolf  Eucken,  has 
written  a  book,  "Can  We  Still  Be  Christians?"  (Macmillan 
&  Co.),  and  he  says  we  can,  even  though  we  throw  over 
the  incarnation  and  the  resurrection  and  the  conception  of 
a  God  become  man.  The  book  is  very  profound  and 
learned.  Its  argument  is  impressive.  But  after  one  has 
pursued  the  dialectic  to  the  last  page,  one  wonders  how 
we  are  to  be  Christians  after  we  have  reasoned  Christ  away 
to  nothingness.  Eucken  twists  and  distorts  Christ's  mes- 
sage to  the  world  into  something  profoundly  unintelligible. 
He  makes  elaborately  vague  every  definite  promise  of  the 
Saviour  to  man.  How  one  can  be  a  Christian  and  yet  have 
not  Christ,  is  not  apparent.  Eucken  denies  everything 
about  Christ  that  makes  him  the  Christ  of  Christianity. 


THOUGHTS 

The  dead  stars  in  the  sky 

Are  still  beheld, 
Though  centuries  gone  by 

Their  fires  were  quelled, 
From  such  unreckoned  height 
Doth  fall  their  light. 

So  thoughts  that  barren  seem 

And  without  bourne, 
May  like  a  dead  star  beam 

In  souls  forlorn, 
When  those  that  writ  them  sleep 
Unfathomably  deep. 

Wilfrid  Thorley 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  627 

NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


In  reply  to  a  remark  in  the  Wichita  Catholic  Advance 
(Vol.  21,  No.  26),  we  wish  to  say  that  it  is  of  no  particular 
concern  what  this  or  that  individual  may  or  may  not  have 
done  for  the  cause  of  Catholic  Church  Extension,  but  it  is 
of  very  great  and  general  interest  to  know  just  what  per- 
centage of  the  total  income  of  the  Extension  Society  goes 
for  running  expenses  and  advertising. 

-•--•-     -•- 

"Critics,  pestilential  or  otherwise,"  observes  the  London 
(Ont.)  Catholic  Record  (Vol.  36,  No.  1874),  "are  not  wont 
to  level  attacks  at  things  that  are  dead.  So  why  be  wrathy" 
when  you  are  criticised?  "If  we  cannot  see  eye  to  eye  with 
our  critics  we  should  go  on  our  way  serenely,  not  stopping 
to  waste  time  on  acrimonious  and  ineffective  discussion." 
That  is  a  recipe  the  Foktnightly  Review  has  followed  for 
a  number  of  years  and  intends  to  follow  for  the  remainder 
of  its  career,  how  long  or  short  that  career  may  prove  to 

be. 

■••    -♦-    ♦ 

A  European  contemporary  contrasts  the  brief  stature 
of  Benedict  XV  with  the  length  of  his  title  in  the  Italian 
form.  His  Holiness'  style  and  title  make  him,  in  fact,  less 
"acclamable"  than  any  of  his  predecessors  for  many  a  day. 
"Viva  Pio  Decimo"  went  off  like  musketry,  and  "Viva  Pio 
Nono"  sounded  an  even  sharper  shot.  But  "Viva  Benedetto 
Decimoquinto"  makes  a  polysyllabic  shout.  It  is  even  longer 
than  the  cry  for  "Leone  Decimoterzo"  which  surged 
through  the   spaces  of  St.  Peter's  when  that  great  Pontiff 

held  his  jubilee. 

-♦--♦-•■ 

The  senate  of  Cambridge  University  has  invited  the 
Catholic  University  of  Louvain  to  move  to  Cambridge, 
there  to  continue  its  own  separate  studies,  to  grant  degrees, 
and  generally  to  pursue  its  activities. 

Vol.  VI,  No.  13,  of  the  official  Acta  Apostolicae  Sedis, 
of  August  21,  is  entirely  devoted  to  the  "extrema  infirmitas. 


628  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

obitus.  funebria"  of  the  late  lamented  Pope  Pius  X.  The 
official  account  for  the  most  part  merely  confirms  the  facts 
already  known  through  the  newspapers.  The  "Moeroris 
Testimonia"  take  up  sixteen  pages.  Among  them  is  this 
one  from  the  President  of  the  United  States : 

"The  President  desires  ...  to  express  his  sense  of  the  great 
loss  which  the  Christian  world  has  sustained  in  the  death  of  His  Holi- 
ness Pius  X.  By  his  pure  and  gentle  character,  his  unaffected  piety, 
and  his  broad  and  thoughtful  sympathy  with  his  fellow-men,  he  adorned 
his  exalted  station  and  attracted  to  himself  the  affectionate  regard  of 
all  who  felt  his  world-wide  influence." 

We  understand  that  the  Acta  Apostolicae  Sedis  will  con- 
tinue to  serve  as  the  official  organ  of  the  Roman  Curia  under 
Benedict  XV. 

The  Rome  correspondent  of  the  Catholic  Press  Associa- 
tion, too,  warns  the  Catholics  of  America  against  giving 
credence  to  reports  which  attribute  to  the  Holy  Father  per- 
sonal expressions  of  opinion  in  reference  to  the  great  Euro- 
pean war  and  its  incidents. 

"Pope  Benedict  is  much  too  wise  and  experienced  a  diplomat  to 
express  either  in  private  or  in  public  any  opinion  upon  such  matters, 
or  to  indicate  in  any  way  preferences  for  one  or  other  of  the  nations 
that  are  engaged  in  the  terrible  conflict.  The  Holy  See  remains  what 
Pope  Pius  X  officially  announced  it  to  be — absolutely  neutral." 

This  example  of  the  Holy  See  is  a  good  one  for  the 
Catholic  press  in  neutral  countries  to  follow. 


Mr.  Geo.  W.  O'Toole  suggests  in  a  communication  to 
the  Jesuit  "America"  (No.  285),  that  the  Catholic  news- 
papers of  this  country  are  themselves  at  fault  if  they  have  not 
the  circulation  they  ought  to  have.  If  they  "want  an  increase 
of  circulation,"  he  says,  "they  should  be  a  little  more  liberal 
in  distributing  their  copies  in  the  news  depots  of  the  land." 
There  is  hardly  a  Catholic  newspaper  in  America  that  has 
not  tried  this  plan  and  done  what  Mr.  O'Toole  suggests, 
viz. :  "sacrifice  a  few  thousand  copies,"  only  to  find  that 
the  public  will  not  buy.  It  may  be  true,  as  Mr.  O'Toole 
says,  that  "the  mass  of  the  people  are  too  busy  to  be  look- 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  629 

ing  for  papers ;  they  make  their  choice  from  what  they  see ;" 
hut  why  do  they  so  rarely  choose  Catholic  papers? 

In  the  September  issue  of  the  Salford  Catholic  Federa- 
tionist,  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc  declares  that  a  daily  Catholic 
paper,  to  be  viable  in  England,  would  have  to  be  directly 
and  liberally  subsidized.  The  London  Catholic  Universe, 
discussing  this  suggestion,  says  (we  quote  from  the  Mil- 
waukee Catholic  Citizen,  Vol.  43,  No.  46)  : 

"The  whole  difficulty,  in  our  opinion,  resides  in  Catholic  apathy 
towards  the  press — an  apathy  which  is  evinced  in  two  ways :  failure 
on  the  part  of  the  great  majority  of  Catholics  to  buy  Catholic  papers, 
and  failure  on  the  part  of  those  who  have  means  to  provide  adequate 
funds  to  conduct  them.  When  Catholics  begin  to  shake  off  this  apathy 
— when  they  rally  to  the  support  of  their  weekly  papers,  then  it  will  be 
time  to  consider  the  possibility  of  producing  a  daily  paper,  although 
there  are  many  difficulties  which,  we  think,  would  militate  against  its 
chances  of  success." 

Why  does  this  apathy  exist  only  in  English-speaking 
countries?  Almost  everywhere  else  Catholics  have  a  vigor- 
ous, flourishing  daily  press. 

Pray  that  you  may  live  for  twenty  or  thirty  years,  so  that 
you  may  find  out  the  truth  about  what  really  happened  in 
this  war. 

Being  an  editor,  observes  the  Hon.  Hiram  Hayfield,  of 
Grass  Valley,  Mo.,  is  much  like  being  a  justice  of  the  peace. 
Both  try  to  be  just  to  all  and  are  usually  held  in  contempt 
for  doing  it. 

A  Catholic  gentleman  who  complained  to  the  Post  Office 
Department  about  The  Menace  was  told  in  a  letter  signed 
by  the  Assistant  Attorney  General  of  the  United  States,  that 
"under  the  United  States  laws  the  admissibility  to  the  mails 
of  a  newspaper  is  not  affected  by  the  insertion  of  articles  of 
a  'scurrilous  character,'  or  that  may  be  abusive,  derogatory, 
libelous  or  defamatory,  unless  the  language  used  in  such 
articles  is  obscene,  lewd,  lascivious  or  filthy  in  violation  of 
section  211  of  the  Criminal  Code  of  the  United  States,  or 
unless  there  'appears  upon  the  outside  cover  or  wrapper'  con- 


630  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

taining  them,  'libelous,  scurrilous,  or  defamatory'  written  or 
printed  matter,  in  violation  of  section  212  of  the  Criminal 
Code."  "Must  we  stand  idly  by  while  all  that  is  dearest, 
holiest,  and  best  in  our  Catholic  faith  is  being  derided  and 
reviled?"  queries  the  recipient  of  this  information  in  a  let- 
ter to  "America."  Not  necessarily;  we  can  try  to  have  the 
laws  changed  so  as  to  make  them  cover  the  case  of  The 
Menace  and  similar  publications. 

During  "William  Marion  Reedy's  absence  in  Europe  last 
summer,  the  St.  Louis  Mirror  was  edited  by  Louis  Albert 
Lamb,  who  acquitted  himself  of  the  difficult  job  so  well 
that  there  have  been  many  inquiries  as  to  his  identity.  Mr. 
Reedy  now  tells  us  that  "Lamb  is  a  painter,  poet,  statis- 
tician, engineer,  astronomer,  chemist,  musician,  and  all 
around  genius,"  and  that  the  only  reason  why  his  name 
does  not  appear  in  "Who's  Who"  is  that  "he's  too  busy 
with  things  of  the  mind  and  spirit  to  have  time  to  write  his 
own  biography  and  remit  it  with  $4.85  to  the  editor  of  that 
valuable  publication." 

♦         «•-         ♦ 

The  New  York  Times  has  republished  the  English 
"White  Paper,"  together  with  the  German  "White  Paper," 
and  other  important  documents  bearing  on  the  Great  War, 
in  pamphlet  form.  It  is  having  a  much  larger  sale  than  any 
of  the  most  popular  novels. 

The  Germanistic  Society  of  Chicago  has  begun  to  issue  a 
series  of  pamphlets  dealing  with  the  war  and  its  underlying 
causes  from  the  German  point  of  view.  We  have  so  far 
received  four  numbers :  "Germany  and  the  Peace  of  Europe," 
"The  Causes  of  the  European  Conflict,"  "How  Germany 
Was  Forced  Into  the  War,"  and  "The  Session  of  the  Ger- 
man Reichstag  on  Aug.  4,  1914."  Copies  of  these  pamphlets 
are  for  sale  at  the  office  of  the  Society,  332  South  Michigan 
Ave.,  Chicago,  111.,  at  the  following  prices:  Single  copies, 
5  cts. ;  10  copies,  25  cts. ;  100  copies,  $1.50;  1000  copies,  $10. 
Also  at  B.  Herder's,  St.  Louis. 

The  New  York  Times  Book  Review  calls  attention  to 
the  curious  fact  that,  while  in  the  Franco-Prussian  war  of 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  631 

1870-1871  the  French  muse  vigorously  stimulated  heroic 
deeds  on  the  battlefield  (we  need  only  to  recall  the  patriotic 
verses  of  Victor  Hugo,  Leconte  de  Lisle,  Victor  Laprade, 
Sully-Prudhomme,  and  Alphonse  Daudet),  in  the  present 
war  the  poets  of  France  remain  silent,  whereas  those  of 
England  have  already  produced  enough  verse  to  move  the 
publishers  to  announce  the  immediate  appearance  of  several 
volumes  of  war  poems.  "Why  is  it,"  queries  our  contem- 
porary, "that,  after  a  lapse  of  forty-four  years,  the  English 
and  the  French  writers  of  verse  have  exchanged  roles?" 

•»•  ♦  ■#• 

Francis  Thompson's  fame  (see  this  Review,  Vol.  XXI,  No. 
18,  pp.  572  sq.)  is  so  uncertain  in  America  that  even  such  a 
well-informed  periodical  as  The  Outlook  refers  editorially 
(Vol.  108.  No.  5,  p.  250)  to  "Maurice  Thompson's  'Hound  of 
Heaven.'  " 

The  people  of  Virginia  have  adopted  prohibition  by  a 
majority  of  some  35,000.  This  brings  the  roll  of  "dry  States" 
up  to  ten :  Georgia,  Kansas,  Maine,  Mississippi,  North  Caro- 
lina, North  Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  West 
Virginia,  placing  a  population  of  over  17,000,000  under  a  pro- 
hibitory regime,  so  far  as  intoxicating  liquor  is  concerned. 
The  Virginia  law  will  take  effect  November  1,  1916,  and  will 
do  away  with  over  100  distilleries.  The  danger  of  national 
prohibition,  which  we  signalized  some  time  ago,  is  growing 
more  imminent.    ■ 

Mr.  George  Harvey,  in  the  current  North  American  Re- 
view, lets  out  the  secret  reason  why  Congress  was  op- 
posed to  additional  war  tax  burdens  on  whisky.  Congress,  he 
says,  believes  whisky  is  already  bearing  all  the  tax  burdens 
it  can  pay  without  being  driven  out  of  existence  as  a  revenue 
producer,  and  any  further  levy  would  make  it  so  expensive 
that  even  the  prohibitionists  would  quit  drinking  it ! 

The  New  York  Evening  Post  (Oct.  3)  quotes  the  interest- 
ing estimate  of  Benedict  XV  and  his  presumptive  policies 
given  by  "an  eminent  Roman  prelate"  in  the  Milan  Corriere 


632  .  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

della  Sera  of  September  4.  According  to  this  authority,  the 
new  Pope  will  be  found  to  belong  to  the  school  of  Leo  XIII 
rather  than  that  of  Pius  X,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  believe 
that  he  will  be  "excessively  unyielding."  Our  New  York 
contemporary  gives  the  opinion  of  the  unnamed  prelate  "for 
what  it  is  worth,"  merely  remarking  that  "a  liberal  Pope  is 
not  necessarily  a  contradiction  in  terms."  A  Liberal  Pope  is ; 
not  so,  however,  a  /iberal  Pope.  Benedict  XV  is  liberal,  but  he 
is  no  Liberal  in  the  technical  sense  of  the  term. 

Harry  Doyle,  claim  agent  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad 
at  Yicksburg,  recentlv  received  the  following  from  a  Franklin 
Countv  (Mississippi)  farmer  whose  hog  was  killed  by  an 
Illinois  Central  train : 

My  razorback  strolled  on  your  track 

A  week  ago  today. 
Your  twenty-nine  came  down  the  line 

And  snuffed  his  life  away. 
You  can't  blame  me — the  hog,  you  see, 

Slipped  through  a  cattle  gate, 
So  kindly  pen  a  check  for  ten, 

This  debt  to  liquidate. 

This  is  the  reply  received  by  the  farmer : 

Old  twenty-nine  came  down  the  line 

And  killed  your  hog,  we  know, 
But  razorbacks  on  railroad  tracks 

Quite  often  meet  with  woe. 
Therefore,  my  friend,  we  cannot  send 

The  check  for  which  you  pine. 
Just  plant  the  dead;  place  o'er  his  head — 

"Here  lies  a  foolish  swine." 
♦  "••••■ 

The  war  is  toppling  over  at  least  one  new-found  cult, 
Eugenics.  Before  and  since  Galton,  we  have  had  it  dinned 
into  us  that  the  world  must  look  to  the  methods  of  human 
breeding;  that  the  best  stocks  should  be  cherished  and  propa- 
gated ;  that  only. the  physically  fit  should  be  allowed  to  marry. 
But  we  now  see  five  nations  sending  their  most  physically  fit 
young  men  to  the  slaughter.  By  the  hundred  thousand  they 
will  be  killed  off,  leaving  parentage  in  the  immediate  future 
to   the   weaker   and    defective.      What   this    means   of    familv 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  633 

misery  everybody  can  see.    What  it  will  mean  of  race  impair- 
ment, time  alone  can  tell. 

Winona,  Minn.,  we  learn  from  the  Sacred  Heart  Review, 
has  a  Catholic  Press  Club,  organized  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing the  Catholic  publications  of  the  United  States  better 
known  to  local  Catholics.  The  club  keeps  copies  of  the  prin- 
cipal Catholic  papers  on  hand,  secures  subscriptions  for  them, 
and  makes  a  special  effort  to  interest  Catholic  readers  in 
Catholic  literature. 

We  learn  from  the  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  that  the 
Knights  of  Luther  have  established  a  daily  newspaper  in 
Waterloo,  la.  It  is  known  as  ''The  Free  Press,"  and  the 
notorious  Spurgeon  is  associate  editor.  We  note  this  news 
item  merely  to  show  once  again  how  the  children  of  dark- 
ness are  more  wide  awake  than  the  children  of  light  when  it 
comes  to  utilizing  the  powerful  agency  of  the  press.  We 
Catholics  can't  have  a  daily  newspaper,  it  seems. 

The  American  Magazine  has  been  taking  a  vote  as  to  who 
is  the  greatest  man  in  the  United  States?  The  results  are 
published  in  the  October  issue.  Curiously  enough  Theodore 
Roosevelt  heads  the  list,  with  Thomas  A.  Edison  second,  and 
Woodrow  Wilson  third.  The  only  clergyman  named  is  Bishop 
Vincent  of  Chautauqua  fame. 

It  is  said  that  the  music  of  "It's  a  Long,  Long  Way  to 
Tipperary,"  the  song  now  so  popular  in  the  British  army,  is  a 
good  deal  better  than  the  words.  "It  would  not  have  to  be 
very  good  to  be  that,"  curtly  observes  the  Sacred  Heart  Re- 
view (Vol.  52,  No.  16).  "The  words  are  about  as  silly  as 
the  words  of  present-day  popular  songs  usually  are." 

The  Denver  Catholic  Register  (Vol.  10,  No.  9)  publishes  a 
commendatory  letter  written  by  a  priest  to  the  "Rev."  Billy 
Sunday  and  the  latter's  answer  thereto.  The  priest  in  ques- 
tion regards  Billy  Sunday  "as  an  advance  agent  for  the  Cath- 


634  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

olic  Church."  Sunday  has  some  sane  ideas,  and  he  tries  to 
be  fair  to  the  Church.  But  we  fear  such  letters  as  that  pub- 
lished by  the  Register  will  mislead  the  Catholic  public. 

-♦--•--•- 

Mr.  John  A.  Kuster,  of  Denver,  Colo.,  formerly  publisher 
of  the  Catholic  Columbian,  says  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the 
Catholic  Register  (Vol.  10,  No.  9)  : 

"If  our  Catholic  people  once  realized  their  intolerable  position  in  this 
country  without  a  Catholic  press  to  champion  their  interests,  there 
would  be  less  splitting  of  pennies  in  our  support  of  it  and  no  splitting 
of  hairs  in  our  criticisms.  For,  it  must  be  confessed,  we  are  more  or 
less  'touchy'  when  the  editor  has  the  effrontery  to  express  views  not 
in  accord  with  our  own.  I  venture  to  say  if  St.  Paul  were  to  come 
down  from  heaven  and  edit  The  Register  for  a  spell,  lots  of  us  could 
tell  him  where  his  epistles  were  lame  and  the  counting  room  would 
be  keen  to  'fire'  the  new  editor  because  his  course  was  displeasing  to 
many  of  our  best  Catholic  families  in  Ephesus !" 

■•■    ♦    •♦ 

The  Acta  Apostolicae  Sedis  for  Sept.  3d  (Vol.  VI,  No.  14) 
contains  a  new  decree  of  the  S.  Congregation  of  the  Propa- 
ganda "On  the  Spiritual  Administration  of  the  Greek- 
Ruthenian  Church  in  the  United  States  of  North  America." 
The  decree  confirms  the  independent  status  of  that  church  and 
transfers  the  see  of  the  Greek-Ruthenian  Bishop  to  New  York. 
His  vicar-general  is  to  reside  at  Philadelphia,  where  there  is 
also  to  be  erected  a  seminary  for  the  training  of  a  native 
Ruthenian  clergy.  The  previous  strict  prescriptions  regarding 
the  transfer  of  Ruthenians  to  the  Latin  rite  arc  reinforced. 
No  one  belonging  to  the  Greek-Ruthenian  rite  can  adopt  the 
Latin  rite  except  for  grave  and  just  reasons,  and  with  the 
special  permission  of  the  Propaganda,  which  will  in  each  case 
first  hear  the  Greek-Ruthenian  Bishop  of  the  United  States. 

"The  Easiest  Way"  and  other  similar  plays  arc  merely 
heart-to-heart  talks  with  vice. 


Mrs.  I'utton-Ayres  had  picked  up  a  few  French  phrases 
which  she  worked  into  her  talk  on  every  possible  occasion. 
Entering  the  butcher's  shop  one  day  she  inquired  if  he  had 
any  "bon-vivant."  "Boned  what,  ma'am?"  asked  the 
butcher,  puzzled.  "Bon-vivant,"  she  repeated.  "That's 
the  French  for  good  liver,  you  know." 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  635 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


The  Rev.  Frederick  Beuckman,  assisted  by  many  collaborators,  is 
compiling  a  History  of  the  Diocese  of  Belleville  from  1700  to  1914,  of 
which  the  first  section,  dealing  with  St.  Clair  County,  has  just  ap- 
peared. (Buechler  Publishing  Company,  Belleville,  111.)  The  work 
was  undertaken  at  the  request  of  the  late  Bishop  Janssen  and  opens 
with  a  commendatory  preface  by  his  successor,  the  Rt.  Rev.  Henry 
Althoff,  who  encouragingly  remarks  that  "the  portrayal  in  word  and 
illustration  of  the  labor,  sacrifices,  and  achievements  of  past  genera- 
tions, who  have  bequeathed  to  us  the  precious  inheritance  of  faith, 
will  prove  an  incentive  to  the  present  and  future  generations  to  like- 
wise champion  the  cause  of  our  holy  faith."  Most  of  the  data  that 
make  up  this  section  of  the  history  have  been  contributed  by  the  re- 
spective pastors.  Not  a  few  of  the  parish  and  institutional  sketches 
are  illustrated.  The  general  history  of  the  diocese  is  to  appear  later 
as  a  special  section.  The  present  part  was  written  and  printed  in  con- 
siderable haste  to  get  it  ready  in  time  for  the  centennial  celebration 
of  St.  Clair  County.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  later  sections  will  be 
prepared  with  more  leisure,  because  a  work  that  embodies  so  much 
valuable  information,  so  painstakingly  gathered,  deserves  to  be  pre- 
sented to  the  reading  public  in  as  accurate  a  form  as  possible  and  with 
the  literary  finish  that  only  the  "labor  limae"  can  give.  The  "Necrology 
of  Deceased  Priests,"  at  the  end  of  the  volume,  will  be  particularly 
welcome  to  those  who,  like  ourselves,  have  had  the  privilege  of  know- 
ing personally  a  number  of  the  zealous  and  able  clergymen  whose  lives 
are  here  sketched.  The  list  contains  the  names  of  at  least  three  former 
contributors  to  the  Fortnightly  Review.  (Price  50  cts.,  in  paper 
covers.) 

■•--•--•- 

The  V.  Rev.  Henry  Cafferata,  Canon  Penitentiary  of  the  Cathedral 
of  Southwark,  has  translated  into  English  the  meditations  from  Canon 
Schmitt's  famous  "Manna  Quotidianum  Sacerdotum,"  thereby  reducing 
the  size  of  the  work  to  one  volume.  The  long  prayers  which  take  up 
over  1,000  pages  of  the  original,  are  omitted  for  reasons  given  in  the 
translator's  preface.  In  the  meditations,  which  cover  every  day  of  the 
year,  Canon  Cafferata  has  rearranged  the  points  and  subdivisions  some- 
what, to  suit  the  taste  and  needs  of  English  readers.  "The  Priest's 
Daily  Manna"  is  handsomely  gotten  out  by  B.  Herder,  on  thin  paper, 
in  pocket  format,  bound  in  flexible  leather,  with  gilt  edges.  (Price 
$1.80,  net.) 

C.  Gunning  presents  an  excellent  translation  from  the  French  of 
Dom  Germain  Morin's  work,  "The  Ideal  of  the  Monastic  Life  Found 
in  the  Apostolic  Age."  It  is  a  series  of  retreat  conferences  delivered 
by  the  famous  Benedictine  savant  about  twenty  years  ago.  "We  find 
here  no  parade  of  erudition,  no  affectation  of  research,"  says  Dom 
Bede  Camm  in  his  brief  preface.     "We  have  the  humble  and  devout 


636  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

monk  speaking  simply  and  earnestly,  to  his  brethren  of  the  cloister,  of 
the  eternal  truths  and  of  those  special  obligations  which  the  monastic 
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"Thanksgiving  after  Holy  Communion,"  translated  from  the  French 
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suitably  employing  the  time  of  thanksgiving  after  Holy  Communion, 
it  is  also  admirably  adapted  both  as  a  book  of  meditations  and  for 
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part  in  this  manual.     (Benziger  Bros.     85  cts.,  net.) 

-•--•--♦• 

Vol.  X  of  "The  Catholic  Library"  contains  "The  Religious  Poems 
of  Richard  Crashaw,"  with  an  introductory  study  by  R.  A.  Eric  Shep- 
herd. Crashaw  (1613-1649)  was  both  a  poet  and  a  saint.  Mr.  Shep- 
herd's biographical  sketch  deals  mainly  with  his  religious  development. 
He  rightly  says :  "Most  poets  are  for  a  mood,  and  Crashaw  is  for  our 
moments  of  religious  ecstasy"  (p.  15).  It  is  pleasant  to  have  the  best 
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Kenny,   Rev.    M.,    S.J.     Freemasonry   and   Catholicism    in   America.      24   pp. 

K.mo.     (The  Catholic  Mind,  No.  15.)     New  York:  The  America  Press. 

5  cts.     (Wrapper.) 
8chmltt,  James,  Canon.     Tr.  by  II.  Cafferata.     The  Priest's  Daily  Manna. 

Short  Points  for  Meditation  for  Every  Day  in  the  Year,    xx  and  569  pp. 

lCmo.     B.   Herder.     1914.     $1.80,  net. 
Bandera,    BL    EL     Some  Counsels  of  S.   Vlnr-ent  de  Paul,   to  Which   is  Ap- 


XXI  20  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  637 

pended  The  Thoughts  of  Mademoiselle  le  Gras,  First  Superior  of  the 
Sisters  of  Charity.     144  pp.     16mo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     40  cts.,  net. 

Phillimore,  J.  S.  Commentary  on  the  Seven  Penitential  Psalms  by  John 
Fischer,  Bishop  of  Rochester.  (First  Published  in  A.  D.  1509.)  Vol.  I. 
(The  Catholic  Library),  xvi  and  118  pp.  12mo.  B.  Herder.  30  cts., 
net. 

Von  Oer,  Sebastian,  O.S.B.  Tr.  by  the  Countess  Alfred  von  Bothmer. 
Our  Failings,     x  and  271  pp.     12  mo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1.10,  net. 

Wright,  Rev.  Thos.  Christian  Citizenship.  (Catholic  Studies  in  Social 
Reform.     VI.)     80  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     20  cts.,   net.     (Paper.) 

Keating,  Rev.  Jos.,  S.J.  The  Drink  Question.  (Catholic  Studies  in  Social 
Reform.     VII.)     106  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     20  cts.,  net.    (Paper.) 

The  Spiritual  Classics  of  English  Devotional  Literature. — The  Spirit  of 
Cardinal  Newman.  With  a  Preface  by  C.  C.  Martindale,  S.J.  xi  and 
208  pp.  16mo.  Benziger  Bros.  1914. — The  Spirit  of  Father  Faber, 
Apostle  of  London.  With  a  Preface  by  Wilfrid  Meynell.  ix  and  201 
pp.     16mo.     Same  publishers.     50  cts.   each;   postage  extra. 

Beuckman,  Rev.  Fred.  History  [of  the]  Diocese  of  Belleville.  1700-1914. 
Section  One:  St.  Clair  County,  viii  and  94  and  14*  pp.  8vo.  Belle- 
ville, 111.:  Buechler  Publishing  Co.     1914.     50  cts.     (Paper.) 

Schwager,  Rev.  Fred.,  S.V.D.  The  World  Missions  of  the  Catholic 
Church.  117  pp.  Svo.  Techny,  111.:  The  Mission  Press  of  the  Society 
of  the  Divine  Word.     40  cts.     (Wrapper.) 

Our  Negro  Missions.  A  Short  Historical  Sketch — Present  Conditions — 
Prospects.  Dedicated  to  the  Friends  and  Benefactors  of  the  Mis- 
sions by  the  Fathers  of  the  Divine  Word.  55  pp.  16mo.  Techny,  111.: 
Mission  Press  S.V.D.     10  cts.     (Wrapper.) 

Ellerker,  Marie  St.  S.  The  Story  of  St.  Dominic  for  Little  People.  108  pp. 
16mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     35  cts.,  net. 

Brother  of  the  Little  Oratory,  A.  Meditations  on  the  Rosary.  61  pp. 
16mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     35  cts.,  net. 

Goodier,  Rev.  Alban,  S.J.  The  Meaning  of  Life  and  Other  Essays,  vii  and 
142  pp.     16mo.     Benziger  Bros.     ls>14.     35  cts.,  net. 

Grafton,  Frances  M.  The  Crucifix  or  Pious  Meditations.  Translated 
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cts.,  net. 

Musser,  Benj.  F.  Outside  the  Walls.  Tributes  to  the  Principle  and  Prac- 
tice of  Roman  Catholicism  from  our  Friends  Fuori  le  Mura.  ix  and 
362  pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1.25.  net. 

O'Connor,  Rev.  Jos.  V.  Hints  on  Preaching.  69  pp.  16mo.  Philadelphia: 
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Schlachter,  Rev.  G.,  C.PP.S.  The  Forbidden  Fruit,  or  Mixed  Marriages. 
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Daniel,  Mary  S.     Choice,     ix  and  186  pp.     12mo.     B.  Herder.     75  cts.,  net. 
Pember,   Mrs.    E.    G.      A   Vision   of    St.    Bride   and    Other   Poems.      27   pp. 
16mo.     Boston:     Angel  Guardian  Press.     1914. 

GERMAN 

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Lucens.  Im  Kampf  um  Lourdes.  Ein  deutscher  Roman.  336  pp.  12mo. 
Benziger  Bros.     1914.     $1.25. 

FRENCH 

Bainvel,  J.  V.  La  Vie  Intime  du  Catholique.  xii  and  116  pp.  16mo. 
Paris:  Gabriel  Beauchesne,  Rue  de  Rennes,  117.  1914.  1  fr.  25. 
(Wrapper. ) 

LATIN 

Bainvel,  J.  V.     De  Vera  Religione  et  Apologetica.     viii  and  270  pp.     8vo. 

Paris:  G.  Beauchesne.     1914.     3  fr.     (Wrapper.) 
D'Herbigny,  M.,  S.J.     Prudens  Sexdecim  Linguarum  Confessarius.     Etiam 

sine  ulla   scientia  linguarum.     102  pp.     16mo.     Paris:    G.   Beauchesne. 

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CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


A  Valiant  Catholic  Daily 

From  the  daily  newspapers  an  item  has  crept  into  the  Cath- 
olic weekly  press  of  this  country  (see,  e.  g.,  the  Cincinnati 
Catholic  Telegraph,  Vol.  83,  No.  41)  that  "the  Berlin  Kolnische 
Volkszeitung,  the  leading  Catholic  newspaper  in  Germany,  has 
been  suspended  by  the  censor." 

The  Kolnische  Volkszeitung  is  not,  of  course,  published  at 
Berlin,  but,  as  its  name  indicates,  at  Cologne,  and  it  has  not 
suspended  publication.  For  defending  the  clergy  against 
unjust  criticism,  it  was  ordered  to  stop  publication  for  one  day. 
As  it  is  ordinarily  issued  three  times  daily  (morning,  noon,  and 
evening),  this  meant  the  suspension  of  three  numbers.  But 
on  the  following  day  the  Volkszeitung  reappeared  as  usual. 
All  this  might  have  been  known  to  the  editors  of  our  Catholic 
weeklies  from  the  Volkszeitung  itself  if  they  took  the  trouble 
of  reading  that  important  newspaper, — the  largest,  most  ably 
edited,  and  most  influential  Catholic  daily  in  the  world. 

The  Volkszeitung,  by  the  way,  has  a  weekly  edition,  which 
the  publishers  are  at  present  widely  distributing  in  order  to 

bring  Germany's  side  of  the  war  before  foreign  readers. 

-•--•-■•- 
Public  Duty  Before  Party  Leadership 

President  Wilson's  decision  to  make  no  political  speeches 
before  the  November  election  has  met  with  the  universal  appro- 
bation of  all  right-thinking  Americans.  Public  duty  comes 
before  party  leadership.  At  a  time  when  a  world  crisis  puts 
unusually  heavy  responsibilities  upon  the  Chief  Magistrate  of 
this  nation,  and  when  Mr.  Wilson  is  asking  his  fellow-citizens, 
without  distinction  of  party,  to  do  what  they  can  in  helping 

641 


642  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

him  to  meet  these  responsibilities,  it  is  but  fair  and  right  that 
he  should  abstain  from  active  campaigning.  If  he  were  to  "go 
on  the  stump,"  he  would  necessarily  expose  himself  to  reply 
and  attack,  and  that,  as  The  Nation  aptly  remarks,  would  be 
unfortunate  at  a  juncture  when  the  authority  of  his  office 
ought  to  be  preserved  whole  for  possible  use  in  ways  far  tran- 
scending party  conflicts,  or  even  the  interests  of  our  own  coun- 
try alone.  Asking  the  support  of  all  his  countrymen  as  vigilant 
upholder  of  our  neutrality  in  a  devastating  war,  and  as  medi- 
ator between  the  combatants,  should  the  opportunity  offer, 
President  Wilson  acts  prudently  in  refraining  from  doing  any- 
thing that  might  cause  political  controversy  to  rage  divisively 

about  him. 

♦     •♦■■•- 

The  Personality  of  Pope  Benedict  XV 

Writing  familiarly  to  Archbishop  Roy,  Cardinal  Begin  of 
Quebec  thus  describes  the  new  Pope : 

"The  Pope  is  thin  and  small  of  stature;  eyes  very  bright;  alert, 
amiable  in  conversation,  very  intelligent;  shows  astonishing  vivac- 
ity of  spirits,  is  an  indefatigable  worker,  and  well  posted  on  church 
affairs.  He  was  adored  by  his  people  in  Bologna.  They  say  he  is  a 
first-class  orator.  The  little  speech  I  heard  at  his  coronation  in 
reply  to  the  splendid  address  of  old  Cardinal  Agliardi,  was  justly 
admired.     Benedict  XV  is  at  home  in  Latin  and  also  in  French." 

This  is  the  best  pen  picture  yet  given  of  the  new  Pontiff. 

Cardinal  Gibbons,  by  the  way,  in  an  interview  printed  by 
the  daily  papers,  adds  the  interesting  information  that  Pope 
Benedict  XV  is  able  to  converse  a  little  in  English.    • 

The  "Christian  Science  Monitor" 

We  have  repeatedly  called  the  attention  of  our  readers  to 
the  great  daily  organ  of  the  sect  of  Christian  Scientists,  "The 
Christian  Science  Monitor."  The  "International  Edition"  of 
this  well  printed  and  ably  edited  newspaper  is  for  sale  in  every 
large  city  of  the  land  for  two  cents  a  copy.  We  buy  it  occa- 
sionally, and  invariably  find  that  the  Monitor  is  improving. 
Its  financial  prosperity,  after  six  years  of  continuous  publica- 
tion, is  self-evident. 

The  Monitor  does  not  carry  the  Associated  Press  service, 
but  it  covers  the  news  of  the  world  fully  by  means  of  the 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  643 

United  Press  dispatches  and  special  telegrams  from  its  own 
correspondents,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Europe.  Its  war 
news  is  more  intelligently  edited  and  displayed  than  that  of 
the  average  American  daily.  The  telegraphic  reports  are  sup- 
plemented by  "special  correspondence."  There  is  an  evident 
desire  to  be  fair  and  just  to  all  parties  concerned.  Ordinarily 
the  religious  bias  of  the  editors  is  scarcely  in  evidence,  even 
on  the  editorial  page,  but  when  "Christian  Science"  is  attacked 
the  Monitor  does  not  hesitate  to  rush  to  the  defense.  There  is 
a  considerable  amount  of  advertising,  most  of  it  from  Boston, 
but  also  a  good  deal  from  other  cities.  In  the  number  before 
us  (Vol.  VI,  No.  258),  c.  g.,  Siegel,  Cooper  &  Co.  of  Chicago 
advertise  automobile  supplies,  Eaton,  Crane  &  Pike  Co.,  of 
Pittsfield,  Mass.,  writing  paper,  and  so  forth.  Merchants  as 
far  away  as  Oakland,  Cal.,  find  it  profitable,  or  advisable  for 
some  reason,  to  advertise  in  this  daily  paper  published  at  Bos- 
ton, Mass. 

What  a  lesson  in  this  successful  venture  for  us  Catholics, 
and  what  an  encouragement !  It  proves  that  a  "national 
Catholic  daily"  is  no  impossibility,  for  are  we  not  far  more 
numerous  and  financially  stronger  than  the  comparatively  small 
flock  of  Christian  Scientists?  Would  to  God  we  had  half  of 
their  keen  perception  of  the  need  of  a  powerful  daily  press 
and  one-tenth  of  their  enterprise  and  their  willingness  to  make 

sacrifices  for  the  cause  of  religion ! 

-•--•--♦- 

A  Rickety  Institution 

While  the  Christian  Scientists  are  building  up  a  powerful 
daily  press  (for  the  Boston  Monitor  will  no  doubt,  in  course  of 
time,  be  followed  by  other  daily  papers  in  other  large  cities), 
the  Catholic  press  of  this  country  seems  to  be  gradually  dying 
from  inanition,  and  a  veteran  journalist  is  quoted  in  the 
Catholic  Columbian  (Vol.  39,  No.  14)  as  referring  to  it  as 
"that  rickety  institution  called  by  courtesy  Catholic  American 
journalism."  The  arraignment,  the  Columbian  admits,  is  un- 
fortunately but  too  true. 

"Too  many  pages  of  our  Catholic  papers,  no  matter  whether 
East  or  West,  North  or  South,  are  given  over  to  the  recording  of 
purely  social  affairs  of  Catholic  societies,  big,  little,  and  fraternal, 
the  euchre  and  the  dance  and  the  festive  festival  to  draw  the  coin, 


644  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

all,  of  course,  for  the  glory  of  the  Church,  until  it  has  become 
absolutely  an  evil  that  will  drag  and  has  already  to  some  extent 
dragged  Catholic  papers  to  the  level  of  mere  advertising  sheets, 
to  advertise  societies  and  particular  persons,  yea,  often  to  boost 
some  one  into  prominence  and  financial  ease.  There  are  a  brave 
few  who  still  stem  the  tide,  as  of  old,  but  they  are  growing  less  in 
number  every  year  and  the  hope  that  others  of  the  same  calibre 
may  rise  to  take  their  places  is  not  a  very  bright  one." 

All  this  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  there  is  no  lack  of  jour- 
nalistic talent  in  our  ranks.  As  the  writer  whom  we  have  just 
quoted  points  out  (ibid.),  there  are  about  fifty  Catholic  col- 
lege and  academy  monthlies  published  in  this  country,  of 
which  not  a  few  display  considerable  journalistic  talent,  and  the 
secular  press  is  served  by  many  Catholic  young  men  and  women 
in  various  capacities.  Nor  can  the  decline  of  the  Catholic 
press  be  owing  to  lack  of  means.  Our  people  are  more  pros- 
perous than  they  ever  were  before.  The  only  agency  of  re- 
ligious uplift  and  propaganda  that  they  are  egregiously  neg- 
lecting is  the  press,  the  most  necessary  and  most  powerful  of 
all,  under  present  conditions,  as  Leo  XIII,  Pius  X,  and  other 
eminent  leaders  have  time  and  again  pointed  out.  Why  this 
discreditable  apathy?  Let  there  be  a  national  examination  of 
conscience  on  this  point,  followed  by  some  good  resolutions ! 

A  Psychological  Problem 

Under  this  caption  a  correspondent  of  the  New  York 
"America"  (Vol.  XII,  No.  1)  discusses  "a  peculiar  attitude 
of  mind  of  many  Catholics  toward  Catholic  enterprises,"  which 
has  a  good  deal  to  do  with  the  non-support  of  the  Catholic 
press.    He  says : 

"Many  a  man  will  withdraw  his  support  from  a  Catholic  un- 
dertaking the  first  moment  it  diverges  from  his  personal  views, 
though  he  will  not  do  so  in  regard  to  non-Catholic  undertakings. 
One  of  the  most  estimable  men  I  know  wrote  a  sharp  note  and 
stopped  his  twenty-year-old  subscription  to  a  prominent  Catholic 
magazine,  because  there  appeared  in  it  an  editorial  of  which  he  did 
not  approve,  but  he  kept  on  reading  and  paying  for  his  daily 
paper,  with  whose  editorial  column  he  seldom  agreed  and  of  whose 
news  columns  he  could  seldom  entirely  approve.  Never  in  his  life 
did  he  write  a  letter  to  any  other  editor.  He  could  not  be  made 
to  see  how  unreasonable  he  was.  You  yourself  [the  correspondent 
is   addressing   the   editor   of   the   "America"]    must   certainly   have 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  645 

found  how  prevalent  is  this  attitude  of  mind.  If  the  psychology 
of  it  could  be  studied,  and  proper  remedies  administered  from  our 
pulpits  and  in  our  schools,  would  not  one  great  obstacle  to  a 
strong  Catholic  press  be  removed?" 

No  doubt  a  good  deal  could  be  done  to  recall  our  Catholic 
people  to  a  sense  of  their  duty  towards  the  Catholic  press  by 
the  two  agencies  mentioned. 

The  Catholic  Press  Hour 

We  note  with  pleasure  that  some  Catholic  schools  are  adopt- 
ing an  effective  method  of  getting  the  young  people  acquainted 
with  and  interested  in  the  Catholic  press.  They  are  introduc- 
ing "the  Catholic  Press  Hour"  into  their  study  halls  each  week. 
The  idea  is  to  encourage  the  pupils  to  read  Catholic  papers 
attentively,  to  discuss  their  news  items,  editorial  articles,  and 
other  features,  to  show  in  what  they  are  superior  to  and  a 
necessary  corrective  of  the  daily  newspapers,  and  to  instruct 
the  young  in  the  urgent  need  of  a  well-conducted  Catholic 
press  in  these  parlous  days  of  rampant  infidelity  and  immor- 
ality, when  newspapers  and  magazines  form  almost  the  only 
intellectual  pabulum  of  the  masses.  The  Sacred  Heart  Re- 
view (Vol.  52,  No.  18)  quotes  from  another  Catholic  weekly 
as  follows : 

"Catholic  young  men  and  women  should  be  up-to-date  on 
current  Catholic  news.  It  is  well  that  they  should  be  made  ac- 
quainted with  the  growth  of  the  Church  at  home  and  abroad,  and 
receiving  instructions  in  school  is  the  proper  place  to  begin  this 
good  work.  It  is  instructive  for  Catholic  pupils  to  make  a  thorough 
study  of  non-Catholic  authors,  but  these  girls  and  boys  should 
be  thoroughly  conversant  with  Catholic  writers  also.  Again,  if 
mature  pupils  know  nothing  of  Catholic  news,  they  will  give  all 
of  their  reading  hour  to  the  sensationalism  of  the  day  as  gleaned 
from  the  secular  press,  and  this  is  to  be  deplored.  How  much 
more  interesting  for  Catholic  boys  and  girls  to  converse  on  the 
latest  Catholic  news  from  Rome,  Lisbon,  Paris  or  London  than 
to  be  compelled  to  hang  their  heads  in  shame  when  the  subjects 
of  sex  hygiene,  eugenics,  murder,  and  divorce  are  referred  to. 
And  the  latest  crime  is  always  published  in  the  secular  journals — 
especially  those   of  the   sensational   class." 

The  "Catholic  Press  Hour"  should  be  adopted  in  every 
parish  school,  high  school,  college,  academy,  seminary,  and 
university  throughout  the  land. 


646  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

The  Administration  and  the  "Kulturkampf"  in  Mexico 

The  Southern  Messenger  (Vol.  23,  No.  35)  reports  that 
among  the  Mexican  refugees  who  recently  passed  through 
San  Antonio,  Tex.,  was  the  Rev.  Andres  Rongier,  S.J., 
with  a  number  of  Jesuit  scholastics,  from  the  City  of  Mex- 
ico, where  they  had  been  deprived  of  house  and  home  by 
the  "Carranzistas."  From  these  refugees  our  esteemed 
contemporary  learned  that  of  the  three  Jesuit  churches  in 
Mexico  City,  that  of  Los  Angeles  has  been  turned  into  a 
barracks  for  the  Constitutionalist  soldiery,  while  that  of 
St.  Brigid  has  been  given  to  the  Socialists.  There  can  be 
no  doubt,  from  all  accounts,  that  a  veritable  Kulturkampf  is 
raging  in  Mexico.  Can  the  Wilson  administration  do  noth- 
ing towards  recalling  its  friends,  the  Carranzistas,  to  a  sense 
of  their  duty? 

It  is  said  that  both  the  President  and  his  Secretary  of 
State  manifested  genuine  sympathy  in  the  plight  of  the 
priests  and  religious  of  Mexico,  when  the  committee  ap- 
pointed by  the  American  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies 
called  on  them  the  other  day  to  present  their  resolutions 
of  protest.  Mr.  Bryan  asked  the  committee  to  draft  a  defi- 
nite proposal  on  the  subject  for  the  information  of  the  State 
Department.  "It  will  require  time  to  attend  to  these  pre- 
liminaries," remarks  the  St.  Paul  Catholic  Bulletin  (Vol. 
4,  No.  42).  "and  meanwhile  the  Catholic  Church  in  Mexico 
must  continue  to  suffer."  It  was  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment that  removed  Huerta,  who  seems  to  have  been 
the  only  man  capable  of  giving  Mexico  a  stable  rule.  Is 
not  this  same  government  responsible  for  the  outrages  per- 
petrated by  its  proteges,  the  Carranzistas?  We  Catholics 
of  the  United  States  are  plainly  justified  in  looking  to 
President  Wilson  to  protect  the  lives  and  rights  of  our 
brethren  in  Mexico,  and  if  he  fails  to  do  this,  we  shall  most 
assuredly  hold  him  responsible. 

-•-     ♦-     ■* 

Stick  to  Facts  and  Logic! 

In  regard  to  both  the  origin  and  the  conduct  of  the  war 
an  immense  mass  of  contradictory  reports  and  assertions 
is  constantly  put  before  the  public.     These  reports  and  as- 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  647 

sertions  should  be  subjected  to  tests  of  evidential  values. 
Scraps  torn  from  their  context  should  be  put  back  in  their 
rightful  place.  Gossip  should  not  be  taken  as  the  equiva- 
lent of  testimony  under  oath  and  subject  to  cross-exam- 
ination. Evidence  at  second  or  third  hand  should  not  be 
put  on  the  level  of  affidavits  by  eye-witnesses.  Yet  we  all 
know  how  far  these  merely  ordinary  rules  of  caution  in 
coming  to  a  verdict  have  been  disregarded.  Nor  is  it 
simply  the  unthinking  newspaper-reading  public  that  has 
shown  itself  credulous  in  the  extreme.  Public  men,  clergy- 
men, university  professors  have  gulped  down  incredible 
stories.  In  fact,  a  large  part  of  the  controversy  provoked 
by  the  war  has  been  on  the  basis  of  unproved  allegations  or 
statements  which  could  easily  be  shown  to  be  false — on 
matter,  that  is,  which  in  a  court  of  justice  would  speedily 
be  ruled  out  as  irrelevant  or  unsupported.  With  the  great 
war  debate  raging  all  over  the  world,  there  is  nobody  to 
hold  the  disputants  to  facts  and  logic,  or  to  tell  them  that 
they  will  not  be  heard  unless  they  confine  themselves  to  the 
law  and  the  testimony. 

The  New  York  Evening  Post  (Oct.  18)  is  quite  right 
in  insisting  that  "against  all  this,  it  is  necessary  to  main- 
tain a  resolutely  skeptical  attitude.  Keeping  the  mind  open 
does  not  mean  that  we  must  permit  our  brains  to  be  swept 
clear  of  reason  by  every  idle  surmise  that  blows.  The  war 
has  brought  a  great  rush  of  many  kinds  of  human  weak- 
nesses; but  we  ought  to  do  our  best  to  prevent  it  from 
causing  fresh  inroads  of  credulity  and  superstition." 

"Religio  Depopulata" 

"The  Month"  fears  that  the  Pseudo-Malachian  epithet, 
"Religio  depopulata"  (in  the  sense  of  "religion  devastated") 
will  really  become  the  distinguishing  mark  of  the  pontifi- 
cate of  our  new  Pope. 

"The  burden  of  responsibility  which  Benedict  XV  is 
now  constrained  to  assume,"  says  our  distinguished  con- 
temporary (No.  604),  "is  appalling  to  think  of.  However 
one  may  judge  of  the  famous  prophecy  of  St.  Malachy,  one 
cannot    but    feel    that    Religio    depopulata    ('religion    devas- 


648  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

tated')  is  likely  to  be  a  fitting  description  of  the  situation 
that  lies  before  him.  This  war  is  not  directly  a  religious 
war,  but  its  devastations  can  hardly  fail  to  end  in  a  wide- 
spread overturning  of  ancient  landmarks,  a  widespread  up- 
rooting of  that  fabric  of  European  civilization  which,  since 
the  peace  of  1815,  has  been  laboriously  built  up.  When  so 
much  else  perishes  in  the  general  conflagration,  the  relig- 
ious institutions  that  have  grown  up  during  the  same  period 
must  needs  suffer  in  corresponding  measure,  whilst  the 
racial  animosities,  so  hostile  to  the  spirit  of  Catholicism  and 
to  the  reorganization  of  its  salutary  works,  have  been 
lashed  into  a  fury  which  it  will  take  years  and  decades  of 
years  to  subdue." 

The  Alleged  Prophecy  of  St.  Malachy 

In  an  article  in  the  same  number  of  The  Month,  Father 
Herbert  Thurston,  S.J.,  briefly  restates  the  arguments  that 
prove  the  spuriousness  of  the  supposed  prophecy  of  St. 
Malachy. 

"First,  not  the  slightest  trace  of  it  is  to  be  found  until  the 
end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  350  years  after  the  death  of  St. 
Malachy.  Secondly,  down  to  the  year  1595  the  mottoes  are  puerile, 
but  easy  of  interpretation,  having  reference  either  to  the  Pope's 
coat  of  arms  or  to  the  events  which  occurred  before  his  election 
to  the  pontificate.  After  1595  interpretation  becomes  an  almost 
hopeless  task,  and  those  who  attempt  it  are  compelled  to  find  the 
justification  of  the  mottoes  in  the  events  of  the  pontificate  itself. 
Lastly  and  most  conclusively  we  have  in  the  'Epitome  Ponti- 
ficum  Romanorum'  of  Onofrio  Panvinio,  first  printed  at  Venice 
in  1557,  the  very  work  which  the  forger  down  to  that  date  em- 
ployed in  his  fabrication.  Panvinio,  as  later  researches  have 
shown,  not  infrequently  makes  mistakes  with  regard  to  the  arms 
of  the  different  Popes  and  other  details.  Several  of  these  mistakes 
are  reproduced  in  the  supposed  prophecy,  thus  proving,  one  would 
think,  beyond  the  possibility  of  doubt,  that  the  mottoes  are  of 
human,  not  of  celestial,  origin." 

In  a  footnote  the  learned  English  Jesuit  expresses  regret 
that  the  article  "Prophecy"  in  Vol.  XII  of  the  Catholic 
Encyclopedia  (by  the  Rev.  Arthur  Devine,  C.P.)  treats 
the  alleged  prophecy  of  St.  Malachy  as  if  a  very  good  case 
could  be  made  out  in  its  favor  and  gives  a  most  inadequate 
indication  of  the  arguments  which  show  it  to  be  spurious. 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  649 

NIETZSCHE  AND  TREITSCHKE 

Nietzsche  and  Treitschke  are  names  now  frequently  men- 
tioned in  the  American  press  in  connection  with  the  spirit 
animating,  or  supposed  to  animate,  Germany  in  the  present 
war. 

Mr.  Abraham  Solomon  points  out  in  a  letter  to  the  New 
York  Evening  Post  (Oct.  14)  that  it  is  ludicrous  to  hold 
Nietzsche  responsible  for  German  militarism.  Militarism,  in 
Germany  as  elsewhere,  is  a  political  and  economic  product. 
Nietzsche  was  essentially  a  lyric  poet  who  wrote  psychology 
when  he  began  to  suffer  from  paresis.  What  he  knew  of  his- 
tory he  used  for  an  analysis  of  values,  not  for  state  polity. 
He  shrank  from  the  irritations  of  reality  and  had  little  patience 
with  the  national  spirit  cultivated  after  Sedan,  warning  his 
countrymen  that  their  victory  was  not  that  of  a  superior  cul- 
ture, that  Germany  had  no  style  but  a  barbaric  mixture  of 
many  styles,  etc.  His  unfinished  work,  ''The  Will  to  Power," 
shows  that  he  was  really  engaged  in  building  a  tower  of  Babel. 
He  touched  real  life  at  the  circumference,  not  at  the  center, 
and  his  philosophical  valuations  are  too  bizarre  to  have  obtained 
any  wide  popularity. 

As  Mr.  Solomon  rightly  observes,  it  is  superficial  to  make 
Treitschke  and  Bernhardi  disciples  of  Nietzsche.  Bernhardi's 
much-read  book  is  based  on  the  fundamental  idea  that  if  Ger- 
many desires  a  just  proportion  of  over-sea  territories,  she  will 
have  to  gain  it  by  force  of  arms.  In  the  development  of  this 
idea  he  makes  many  generalizations  calculated  to  dazzle  the 
multitude.  Yet  it  is  a  fact  that  his  book  would  have  rested  in 
obscurity  but  for  the  war. 

As  for  Treitschke,  he  was  lauded  as  early  as  1886  by  that 
eminent  English  historian,  Lord  Acton,  and  his  work  is  rated 
high  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Headlam  in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 
The  London  Nation,  and  its  New  York  namesake,  have  re- 
peatedly called  for  an  English  translation  of  Treitschke's  "His- 
tory of  Germany  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  of  which  Mr. 


650  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

G.  P.  Gooch  says  in  his  "History  and  Historians  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,"  that  it  is  "one  of  the  greatest  historical  works 
of  the  century."  In  Germany,  Treitschke  has  by  no  means 
been  universally  praised.  Thus  Herder's  Konversationslexi- 
kon,  which  reflects  the  mature  opinions  of  German  Catholic 
scholarship,  says  of  him :  "Treitschke  was  first  of  all  and 
above  all  a  politician  .  .  .  and  often  changed  his  political 
opinions.  For  instance,  he  was  first  in  favor  of  the  Kultur- 
kompf  and  later  condemned  it.  As  a  historian  no  less  than 
as  a  politician  he  was  much  too  subjective."  His  extreme  spirit 
of  partisanship  and  numerous  faults  of  taste  neutralized  the 
effect  of  his  historical  writings,  and  they  have  never  become 
really  popular.  It  is  not  true  that  Treitschke  "raised  the  axiom 
of  self-preservation  into  a  philosophy  of  force,"  and  if  it  were, 
the  teaching  of  one  single  writer  of  such  limited  influence  could 
not  possibly  account  for  the  marvelous  effects  our  newspaper 
and  magazine  writers  attribute  to  it.  S. 


YELLOW  JOURNALISM  IN  LITERATURE 

Among  other  suggestions  for  the  reform  of  literature,  Mr. 
A.  J.  Eddy,  in  his  recently  published  book,  "Cubism  and  Post- 
Impressionism,"  gives  the  following: 

"Revolution  in  typographical  appearance.  .  .  .  Employ  on  the 
same  page  three  or  four  inks  of  different  colors,  and  twenty  different 
characters,  if  necessary;  for  example,  italics  to  express  rapid  sensa- 
tions; capitals  for  violent,  etc.,  etc." 

Commenting  on  this  suggestion,  a  Yale  University  pro- 
fessor says  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  New  York  Nation : 

How  poetry  gains  by  this  device !  Cleopatra  speaks  as  fol- 
lows in  Shakespeare's  famous  play — small  caps  mean  sharp 
commands,  large  caps  a  cry  or  shriek,  diamond  type  a  whisper, 
very  large  caps  a  climax,  black  letter  a  pleasing  reminiscence 
— italics  indicate  "rapid  sensations"  and  sensibility  generally; 
the  printer  (who  is  a  standpatter)  will  not  allow  us  the  red, 
purple,  and  blue  ink  that  might  suggest  still  more  effectively 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  651 

the  sensuality,  aspiration,  and  other  perfervid  emotions  of  the 
text: 

Give  me  my  robe,  put  on  my  crown;  I  have 

Immortal  longings  in  me.    Now  no  more 

The  juice  of  Egypt's  grape  shall  moist  this  lip. 

Yare,  yare,  good  Iras ;  quick.    Methinks  I  hear 

Anthony  call;  I  see  him  rouse  himself 

To  praise  my  noble  act.     .     .     .     HUSBAND,  I  COME ! 

Now  to  that  name  my  courage  prove  my  title ! 

I  am  -fire  and  air  ;  my  other  elements 

I  give  to  baser  life;  so;  have  you  done? 

Come  then,  and  take  the  last  warmth  of  my  lips. 

FAREWELL,  KIND  CHARMIAN,  IRAS,  long  farewell. 

Now  all  this  is  simply  and  solely  the  logical  development  of 
journalism ;  the  exquisite  result  of  the  pressure  of  exaggera- 
tion upon  words.  And  how  stupid  of  the  journalists  to  lag 
so  far  behind  their  programme !  They  have  debauched  the 
adverb  and  the  adjective,  it  is  true,  but  they  have  not  yet  had 
the  courage  to  throw  the  battered  bodies  overboard.  They 
have  snubbed  the  good  old  punctuation  marks,  but  still  meanly 
depend  upon  them  in  a  pinch.  Two  colors  and  several  types 
have  appeared  in  their  pages,  but  with  what  crudity.  A  yellow 
article  full  of  scarlet  lies  dripping  with  purple  sentimentalism, 
and  with  a  black  motive  at  the  bottom  of  it,  is  printed  in  8- 
point,  with  only  a  scattering  of  italics,  or  a  black  and  red  head- 
line, to  indicate  its  vivid  and  emotional  mendacity. 

A  high-school  psychologist  knows  that  it  takes  a  stronger 
and  then  a  stronger  stimulus  to  keep  up  excitement  in  a  jaded 
nerve.  Either  the  journalists  and  the  advertisement  writers 
must  give  up  their  struggle  to  divert  us  from  dull  truth,  or 
devise  a  more  compelling  diction. 

Henry  Seidel  Canby 


MYTH-MAKING   IN   WAR   TIME 

A  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post  writes 
from  London,  under  date  of  September  30: 

That  we  have  slipped  back  from  the  twentieth  century 
/into  the  Dark  Ages  is  the  natural  conclusion  to  be  drawn 
from  a  study  of  the  daily  war  dispatches.     The  return  to 


652  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

medievalism  is  confirmed  by  the  amazing  growth  and 
vogue  of  a  legend  fit  to  be  bracketed  with  the  story  of  the 
Flying  Dutchman.  Within  living  memory  there  has  been 
no  popular  superstition  comparable  to  the  belief  in  the  mys- 
terious host  of  Russian  soldiers,  alleged  to  have  been  trans- 
ported in  troopships  from  Archangel  to  Scotland,  thence 
secretly  by  train  to  the  seacoast  of  England,  and  once  more 
by  vessel  across  to  France  or  Belgium. 

Weeks  and  weeks  ago  everybody  in  England  had  heard 
of  this  remarkable  piece  of  strategy.  The  newspapers  were 
absolutely  silent  about  it,  but  there  could  be  no  doubt 
about  the  facts.  The  Russians  had  actually  been  seen  at 
Newcastle,  at  Norwich,  at  Peterborough,  at  St.  Albans,  at 
Willesden  Junction — everywhere  almost.  Somehow,  direct 
and  precise  evidence  of  name  and  date  was  difficult  to 
get,  but  everybody  knew  somebody  who  knew  somebody 
else  who  had  seen  them.  My  own  case  is  probably  typical. 
I  have  seen  no  Russians,  nor  have  I  met  any  one  who 
professes  to  have  seen  them.  But  I  have  (1)  a  friend  who 
knows  a  member  of  a  shipping  firm  who  declares  that  he 
had  a  contract  Avith  the  government  to  provide  some  of 
the  transports,  and  (2)  another  friend  who  has  had  a  let- 
ter from  a  friend  in  Aberdeen  on  whom  some  of  the  Rus- 
sians where  billeted,  and  (3)  another  friend  who  knows  a 
nurse  who  tended  a  wounded  Russian  soldier  in  a  hospital 
at  Ostend.  The  individual  stories  were  quite  circumstan- 
tial— in  some  cases  rather  too  circumstantial,  as,  for  in- 
stance, that  told  by  a  railway  porter  at  a  country  station, 
where  a  troop  train  with  whitewashed  windows  suddenly 
drew  up,  and  there  stepped  out  onto  the  platform  a  tall, 
booted,  bearded  foreigner,  with  snow  on  his  boots! 

There  were,  of  course,  obvious  difficulties  in  the  way  of 
accepting  these  tales.  There  was  the  initial  improbability 
of  the  Russians  being  able  to  mobilize  at  Archangel  so 
early  in  the  war  any  force  of  the  size  reported,  which  num- 
bered, according  to  some  accounts,  as  many  as  250,000  men. 
There  was  the  further  question  why  they  should  not  be 
taken  by  sea  all  the  way  to  their  final  landing-place.  There 
seemed  no  reason  for  disembarking  them  in  Scotland,  and 
carrying  them  by  train   through  the  country  to  a  second 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  653 

place  of  embarkation,  with  the  risk  that  the  move  might  be 
reported  by  German  spies.  But  these  were  mere  a  priori 
considerations,  and  could  avail  little  against  a  story  of 
which  every  one  seemed  to  have  some  private  confirmation. 

The  Press  Bureau,  it  was  true,  scouted  all  mention  of 
it.  But  one  remembered  how  all  the  operations  connected 
with  the  dispatch  of  the  British  Expeditionary  Force  across 
the  Channel  had  been  carried  out  without  a  single  word  in 
the  press  until  at  last  an  official  signal  was  given  for  pub- 
lication. No  doubt  the  newspaper  silence  about  the  Rus- 
sians could  be  explained  in  the  same  way.  Besides,  the 
newspapers  evidently  had  some  private  information  of  im- 
portance which  they  were  not  yet  at  liberty  to  make  pub- 
lic. A  Daily  Chronicle  editorial  on  the  progress  of  the 
war  had  ended  with  these  significant  words:  "There  is 
also,  no  doubt,  present  in  Lord  Kitchener's  calculations  an- 
other formidable  factor  which  for  military  reasons  we  for- 
bear to  mention,  but  which,  when  its  existence  is  disclosed, 
may,  we  venture  to  think,  stagger  Europe." 

Then,  too,  the  story  seemed  to  fit  in  precisely  with  the 
published  news.  It  was  admitted  that  on  certain  railroads 
ordinary  freight  traffic  was  suspended  for  certain  days. 
What  more  reasonable  explanation  than  that  this  was  to 
assist  the  movement  of  the  Russian  troops?  There  was, 
again,  the  naval  battle  in  the  Heligoland  Bight.  Was  this 
a  mere  fight  for  fighting's  sake,  or  was  it  not  rather  a 
scheme  to  distract  the  attention  of  the  German  fleet  from 
the  transportation  of  the  Russians?  Finally,  there  came 
the  sudden  retirement  of  the  Germans  when  they  were  al- 
most within  gunfire  of  Paris.  The  appearance  of  a  Russian 
army  somewhere  in  Belgium  would  amply  account  for  this 
check  to  their  advance. 

It  was  just  after  this  that  there  was  published  a  tele- 
gram from  Rome  endorsing  the  rumor  and  giving  it  at  last 
a  recognition  in  the  English  press.  The  telegram  came 
early  one  afternoon,  and  consequently  all  the  evening  pa- 
pers had  it.  "I  told  you  so,"  said  everybody  to  everybody 
else.  The  next  day,  however,  when  people  turned  eagerly 
to  their  morning  papers  in  the  hope  of  reading  full  details, 
they  found  simply  yesterday's  telegram  relegated  to  an  ob- 


654  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

scure  corner  with  a  notice  that  the  news  was  not  con- 
firmed. Those  who  have  taken  the  advice  given  by  Mr. 
Asquith,  in  another  connection,  to  "wait  and  see,"  are  by 
this  time  pretty  sure  that  the  whole  thing  is  a  myth.  The 
official  Press  Bureau  puts,  too,  its  quietus  on  the  story.  If 
there  had  been  any  substance  in  it,  the  Russian  contingent 
would  long  before  now  have  made  itself  visible  in  the  actual 
theatre  of  war. 

Some  day  a  candidate  for  a  doctorate  in  psychology 
may  set  himself  to  the  task  of  tracing  out  the  history  of 
this  popular  delusion,  as  material  for  his  thesis.  Possibly 
its  foundation  was  the  journey  across  England,  from 
Greenock  or  Liverpool,  of  Russian  reservists  on  their  way 
from  America  to  the  front.  Early  in  the  war  the  Russian 
government  announced  that  Russians  living  abroad,  who 
were  liable  to  military  service,  need  not  return  to  Russia, 
but  might  join  the  allied  forces  at  any  point.  This  would 
explain  not  only  this  movement  of  reservists  from  America, 
but  also  the  presence  of  a  few  Russian  soldiers  in  Belgian 
hospitals. 

Some  other  personal  narratives  can  be  disposed  of  quite 
as  easily.  There  is  the  American  art  student  from  Paris, 
who  declared,  on  arriving  at  New  York,  that  while  passing 
through  London  he  had  actually  seen  Russian  soldiers 
marching  along  the  Thames  embankment.  What  he  really 
saw,  any  Londoner  could  tell  him.  A  detachment  of  the 
Guards  marches  every  evening  along  the  embankment  to 
take  up  guard  at  the  Bank  of  England  during  the  night. 
It  returns  by  the  same  route  the  next  morning.  These 
Guards  wear  the  old-fashioned  bearskins. — 

Many  a  marvelous  tale,  says  John  Stuart  Mill,  owes  its 
origin  to  an  incapacity  to  discriminate  between  one's  infer- 
ences and  the  perceptions  on  which  they  were  grounded. 
"The  narrator  relates,  not  what  he  saw  or  heard,  but  the  im- 
pression which  he  derived  from  what  he  saw  or  heard,  and  of 
which,  perhaps,  the  greater  part  consisted  of  inference, 
though  the  whole  is  related,  not  as  inference,  but  as  matter 
of  fact."  These  fallacies  of  observation  are  especially  likely 
to  flourish  in  such  a  period  of  popular  excitement  and 
heated   imagination   as  the   present.      Instances    are    con- 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  655 

stantly  accumulating-.  The  other  day  all  Brighton  was 
distressed  to  learn  that  the  Argyll  regiment  had  been  sur- 
rounded and  had  surrendered  en  bloc.  In  this  case  the 
origin  of  the  story  could  be  traced.  A  girl  staying  at  the 
Argyll  Hotel,  in  this  town,  had  hung  out  from  her  window, 
to  dry,  a  white  skirt  that  had  been  soaked  by  the  sea.  This 
caught  the  eye  of  two  visitors  passing  along  the  front. 
"That  looks  like  a  white  flag,"  said  one  of  them.  "Yes," 
replied  his  friend,  "the  Argyll  has  surrendered."  The  last 
phrase  was  overheard  by  another  visitor,  and  within  a  few 
hours  the  news  of  a  disaster  had  spread  through  the  town. 

H.  W.  H. 


CHRISTIANITY  AND  WAR 

The  Archbishop  of  St.  Paul,  in  a  recent  pastoral  letter 
on  the  ethical  aspects  of  war,  reminds  his  people  of  some 
ancient  truths  which  some  of  us  have  almost  forgotten  in 
our  horror  over  the  needless  bloodshed  and  the  atrocities, 
real  or  fictitious,  with  which  the  papers  have  recently  been 
filled.    Says  Msgr.  Ireland: 

"We  deplore  war :  deplore  it  we  ever  must.  Still  in  this 
regard  we  should  be  on  our  guard  not  to  go  too  far,  and 
form  judgments  which  neither  reason  nor  religion  author- 
izes. 

"It  is  not  true  that  war  is  to  be  condemned  as  always 
unnecessary  and  always  unjust,  that  on  whatever  side  the 
combatants  may  be,  they  do  wrong  when  they  engage  in 
conflict.  So  long  as  men  remain  men,  and  nations  are  com- 
posed of  men,  controversies  will  arise,  and  at  times  no 
other  mode  of  pacification  is  possible  save  the  arbitrament 
of  the  battle-field.  The  terrible  ordeal  is  necessary  that 
supreme  rights  be  saved,  that  supreme  righteousness  be 
made  to  triumph.  Fearful,  indeed,  the  sacrifice  then  ex- 
acted from  the  individual  member  of  the  nation.  But  the 
individual  member  is  only  a  unit  in  the  general  body:  the 
salvation  of  the  general  body  never  must  prime  over  that  of  the 
lower  unit.  And  so,  where  the  consciousness  of  justice 
commands,  and  redress  is  not  possible  outside  the  battle- 
field, war  is  honorable,  and  the  soldier,  in  obeying  the  call 
of  country,  is  obeying  the  supreme  law  of  justice  and  of 


656  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

patriotism,  meriting  to  himself  the  approval  of  earth  and 
of  Heaven. 

"It  is  not  true  that  the  occurrence  of  war  among  Chris- 
tian peoples  is  an  indication  that  the  Christian  religion 
has  failed  in  its  preachings,  that  in  the  high  heavens  there 
reigns  not  an  almighty  and  all-loving  power,  caring  for 
men  and  for  nations.  The  Christian  religion  puts  before 
us  the  ideal  condition,  universal  peace — peace  made  secure 
when  all  men  and  all  nations  know  where  justice  lies,  and 
seek  it  to  the  forgetfulness  of  private  or  public  interest. 
Towards  that  ideal  the  Christian  religion  labors  and  en- 
courages humanity  to  labor.  But  it  has  not  set  forth  the 
guarantee  that,  whatever  its  own  efforts,  the  human  vision 
shall  never  be  blinded  nor  restricted  in  its  gaze,  that  the 
human  heart  shall  never  be  enslaved  by  the  passion  of 
wrong-doing.  The  mission  of  Christianity  is  never  a  fail- 
ure. It  accomplishes  its  purposes  with  men  of  good  will. 
The  failure  is  with  humanity  itself,  in  its  lack  of  response 
and  co-operation.  Freedom  of  will  remains;  it  is  the  in- 
alienable endowment  of  the  human  soul,  which  the  Al- 
mighty Himself  respects,  which  His  religion  is  not  author- 
ized to  impair  or  destroy.  A  blame  to  Christianity  for  dis- 
cord and  wars  is  a  misconception  of  the  mission  it  has 
received  from  its  Founder." 


REVOLUTION  AND  RELIGION  IN  MEXICO 

In  a  previous  article  in  the  Fortnightly  Review,  I  have 
endeavored  to  show  that,  since  Comonfort,  religion  has  of- 
ficially ceased  to  exist  in  Mexico,  but  continued  its  activi- 
ties sub  rosa,  by  the  tolerance  of  Porfirio  Diaz,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  his  wife,  Madame  Romero,  a  fervent  Catholic. 

In  judging  religious  conditions  in  our  sister  "repub- 
lic," therefore,  we  are  dealing  with  an  agency  not  at  its 
best,  but  barely  tolerated.  One  might  almost  compare  the 
Condition  and  influence  of  the  Church  in  Mexico  with  that 
of  the  early  Church,  while  still  in  the  catacombs.  It  would 
be  obviously  slanderous  to  attribute  the  decrepitude  of  the 
late  Roman  Empire  to  the  catacombed  Christians.  Church 
bells  have  not  rung  throughout  Mexico  for  fifty-odd  years. 
The  religious  orders  have  not  been  allowed  to  emerge  from 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  657 

their  cloisters;  if  they  did,  they  were  subject  to  arrest  and 
their  convents  were  sequestrated.  Do  not  the  Dominicans 
of  Coyocan  dress  their  young  alumni  with  gingham  aprons 
over  their  habits  when  they  work  in  the  fields  adjacent  to 
the  convent — simply  to  prevent  their  habits  being  seen? 
Have  not  all  the  religious  schools  in  Mexico  been  com- 
pelled to  remove  their  religious  signs  and  symbols?  Secu- 
lar priests  have  sporadically  and  locally  been  permitted  to 
wear  their  mantellas,  and,  in  rarer  instances,  cassocks;  but 
they  have  always  been  made  to  feel  that  this  was  purely 
on  tolerance. 

After  the  Conquistadores  had  gotten  a  free  hand  to 
Christianize  the  natives,  and  after  they  had,  at  least  par- 
tially, succeeded  in  disabusing  the  Aztecs  and  Toltecs  of 
the  deep  suspicion  caused  by  their  treachery  towards  Moc- 
tezuma  and  the  natives  generally  by  the  civil  arm  of  the 
invasion,  the  Indians  accepted  Christianity  en  masse.  It 
was  the  Church  that  caused  Spain  to  adopt  the  most  hu- 
mane policy  towards  the  Indians  that  has  been  practiced 
anywhere.  They  were  not  herded  into  reservations  but 
treated  like  equals,  and  have  continued  and  still  continue 
to  live  side  by  side  with  their  conquerors,  much  as  our 
negroes  live  among  their  liberators. 

Mexico  City  has  only  about  50,000  white  inhabitants ; 
the  other  450,000  are  Indians  and  half-breeds. 

The  Church  has  always  stood  between  the  conqueror 
and  the  conquered,  and  has  not  only  restrained  the  mailed 
hand  of  the  former,  but  taught  the  latter  submission  to  the 
inevitable.  Both  groups  of  the  population,  therefore,  owe 
her  a  large  debt  of  gratitude. 

Diaz  had  uppermost  in  his  mind  the  education  of  the 
Indian,  and  for  that  purpose  erected  Indian  schools  all 
over  the  land.  In  1904  I  had  the  pleasure  of  an  hour's  con- 
versation with  the  old  gentleman  on  that  very  subject ;  and 
I  was  amazed  at  the  mass  of  information  he  had  at  his 
fingers'  ends  and  at  the  earnestness  with  which  he  pressed 
me  for  further  details.  He  had  grasped  the  knot  of  the 
puzzle,  he  had  solved  the  national  Mexican  enigma.  His 
endeavors  in  this  direction  were  made  solely  from  a  polit- 
ical   and    perhaps    social    view-point.      The    Church,    for    as 


658  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

long-  as  she  was  given  a  free  hand,  had  anticipated  him. 
In  every  hamlet  where  there  was  a  church,  there  was  also 
a  school.  It  was  only  after  the  Church  was  shorn  of  her 
liberties  that  the  schools  had  to  be  hidden  so  that  even  the 
natives  could  no  longer  find  them.  Why  then  blame  the 
Church  for  the  ignorance  of  the  Mexican  peons? 

Why  was  the  Church  suppressed  in  Mexico,  and  by 
whom? 

The  Conquistadores  appreciated  the  fact  that  the  Church 
opened  the  doors  for  them  to  the  heart  of  the  people.  But 
their  successors  did  not  appreciate  the  value  of  her  help. 
When  Freemasonry  became  rampant  among  the  whites, 
the  clergy  opposed  its  progress  by  all  legitimate  means,  as 
they  well  foresaw  what  it  meant.  They  felt  that  church 
and  school  were  needed  to  raise  the  Indian  to  the  level  of 
the  white  man ;  that  such  equalization  would  sooner  or 
later  become  imperative;  that  the  rule  of  two  or  three  mil- 
lions of  civilized  people  over  ten  or  twelve  millions  of  In- 
dians and  half-breeds  could  not  continue  indefinitely.  One 
of  the  means  adopted  was  the  formation  of  a  strong  Cath- 
olic political  party,  to  vote  down  the  insensate  policies  of 
the  "new  thought."  Here,  probably,  the  clergy  made  a 
mistake.  For  the  downfall  of  that  political  party  involved 
their  own  downfall.  Masonry  took  the  Mexican  gentleman 
by  his  pride  or  vanity.  It  told  him  to  be  manly,  not  to  be 
priest-ridden,  not  to  believe  all  the  priests  said.  Many 
were  induced  to  desert  the  cause  from  such  motives. 

The  churchmen  of  Mexico  made  a  further  mistake : — 
they  always  upheld  the  existing  authority.  Now  it  hap- 
pened that  the  first  authority  so  upheld  was  Spain.  But  the 
people  wanted  to  become  independent  from  their  mother- 
country.  The  impetus  of  republicanism  or  democracy  was 
too  powerful ;  and  when  the  clerical  party  went  under, 
Mexican  churchmen  lost  nearly  all  their  prestige. 

Later  on  the  clergy  (the  bulk  of  them)  supported  the 
unfortunate    Maximilian,    and    again    went  under    with    him. 

Similarly,  they  supported  Porfirio  Diaz  against  Madero, 
and  once  more  were  "on  the  wrong  side." 

This  was  not  done,  as  maligncrs  say,  because  the  clergy 
meddled   in    politics.     They    always   preached :      "Give    to 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  6a9 

Caesar  what  is  Caesar's,"  and  upheld  the  existing  author- 
ity;  they  did  not  "electioneer,"  as  it  is  called  here,  but 
taught  the  people  to  remain  loyal  to  the  de  facto  govern- 
ment. 

Finally  the  Clericals  (as  the  party  was  called,  though 
its  members  were  all  laymen,  priests  being  prohibited  from 
joining)  were  utterly  routed,  and  the  ascendant  party  at  once 
wreaked  its  vengeance  on  the  Church,  which  per  se  had  had 
nothing  to  do  with  the  resistance  to  modern  ideas.  I  can  say 
from  personal  knowledge  that  the  hierarchy  (with  perhaps  two 
exceptions,  the  Bishop  of  San  Luis  Potosi  and  the  Bishop  of 
Puebla)  never  even  propagated  the  Clerical  party,  and  insisted 
solely  on  the  Biblical  law  of  obedience  to  the  existing  authori- 
ties. 

A  word  about  the  Mexican  priest.  All  of  us  know  that 
the  Mexican  priesthood,  in  many  of  its  members,  is  below 
par  compared  with  the  American.  This  is  largely  due  to 
the  catacomb-life  of  the  entire  Church  for  about  a  half- 
century.  Largely  also  to  the  dearth  of  candidates  for  the 
priesthood,  necessitating  the  ordination  of  inferior  men 
(peons)  without  adequate  training,  etc.  That  fact  drove 
many  of  the  high-class  Mexicans  from  the  Church,  as  the 
scorn  those  classes  have  for  the  peon  in  any  garb  cannot 
adequately  be  pictured.  Characters  already  weakened  by 
outside  influences  are  easily  confirmed  in  animosity  by 
such  a  deep-seated  scorn.  Peon  priests  have  caused  much 
scandal,  there  can  be  no  doubt,  and  have  never  harmonized 
with  the  higher  classes.  But  even  the  peons  themselves 
regard  them  with  doubtful  loyalty ;  for  while  they  hate  the 
overbearing  white  man,  yet  they  look  up  to  him ;  and  they 
would  rather  look  up  to  their  priests.  They  scorn  their 
own  lowly  class  and  will  never  forgive  a  priest  for  belong- 
ing to  it. 

There  are  individual  priests  who  are  unworthy,  as  I 
know  personally ;  but  to  say  that  the  Mexican  Church 
should  suffer  for  that  is  not  sound  logic.  The  present  crisis 
is  due  to  the  fact  that  Mexican  clergymen  upheld  Diaz 
against  the  revolution  of  Madero  and  Huerta  against  the 
revolution  of  Carranza.  Both  Madero  and  Carranza  have 
been  successful,  and  vented  and  vent  their  spleen  against 


660  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  Church  as  such.  In  this  the  revolutionists  make  an 
egregious  blunder,  for  only  religion  will  be  able  to  check 
the  flood  that  threatens  to  submerge  the  gentc  decente  of 
Mexico.  We  shall  soon  hear  these  very  opponents  of  the 
Church  appeal  to  her  for  help. 

Clavton,  Mo.  C.  E.  d'Arnoux 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


The  War  Tax  Bill  has  been  altered  in  many  points  by  the 
Senate  Democrats,  and  of  the  changes  one  stands  out  as  so 
obviously  commendable  that  it  calls  for  special  notice.  It  is 
the  putting  of  an  added  war  tax  on  whisky,  for  the  omission 
of  which  subject  of  taxation  from  the  House  measure  Col. 
Harvey  of  the  North  American  Review  found  the  curious 
explanation  adverted  to  in  our  last  issue  (p.  631).  The  emer- 
gency tax  on  spirits  is  expected  to  yield  $5,000,000,  and  there 
is  certainly  no  good  reason  why  whisky  should  not  contribute 
to  the  required  revenue  as  well  as  beer. 

George  Fleming  Moore,  of  Montgomery,  Ala.,  was  elected 
Sovereign  Grand  Commander  of  the  Ancient  and  Accepted 
Scottish  Rite  Masons  for  the  Southern  Jurisdiction  of  the 
United  States  by  the  Supreme  Council  at  Washington,  D.  C, 
October  7.  He  succeeds  the  late  James  D.  Richardson,  who, 
in  an  "allocution"  delivered  shortly  before  his  death,  reiter- 
ated his  anti-Catholic  sentiments.  No  doubt  Moore  is  a  man 
of  the  same  stamp. 

A  writer  in  the  New  York  Times  Review  of  Books  (Oct. 
4.  p.  1)  says:  "It  is,  unfortunately,  not  to  be  denied  that  dis- 
cussion of  the  questions  of  the  hour  in  the  American  daily  press 
tends  to  be  hasty,  on  the  surface,  and  without  just  perspective." 
This  radical  defect  is  w.ell  exemplified  in  the  comments  of 
the  major  portion  of  our  newspapers  on  the  great  European 

war. 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

Msgr.  R.  H.  Benson,  the  famous  priest-novelist,  has  been 

calling  upon  Americans  to  take  the  side  of  England  in  the 

present  war.     He  is  quoted  as  saying:     "I  suppose  in  sheer 

self-defense  Americans  would  join  us  if  the  allies  should  be 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  661 

beaten."  "Let  not  Msgr.  Benson  nor  any  other  Englishman 
lay  that  flattering  unction  to  their  souls,"  remarks  the  New 
York  Freeman's  Journal.  "The  first  attempt  to  drag  the 
United  States  into  the  present  war  would  cause  a  popular  up- 
heaval such  as  has  not  been  witnessed  since  the  close  of  our 
own  Civil  War.  Washington's  warning  against  interference 
in  Europe's  quarrels  has  as  much  weight  today  as  it  had  when 
it  was  first  sounded  by  the  Father  of  his  Country." 

Msgr.  Benson  died  while  the  above  paragraph  was  put  into 
type. 

-•-      -A-      -•- 

One  of  the  tall  new  office  buildings  near  the  Grand  Central 
Terminal  in  New  York,  according  to  the  Evening  Post  of  that 
city  (Oct.  7),  has  a  suite  of  five  rooms  on  its  roof.  They  are 
called  a  bungalow  apartment  and  rented  for  private  residence. 
With  this  aerial  home  goes  a  miniature  garden.  This  is  a  new 
feature,  and  as  it  suggests  a  way  of  utilizing  roof  space,  it  is 
probable,  in  the  opinion  of  our  contemporary,  that  "in  time 
New  York  may  have  many  dwellings  in  the  clouds." 

The  Chicago  Post  thinks  that  one  result  of  the  European 
war  will  probably  be  armored  cathedrals. 

In  the  list  of  casualties  of  this  war,  facetiously  observes  the 
Albany  Journal,  Truth  occupies  a  conspicuous  place. 

The  "white  list"  of  plays  does  not  mean,  as  some  good 
people  seem  to  think,  that  the  Catholic  Church  is  formally 
committed  to  it,  much  less  that  she  urges  Catholics  to  see  all 
or  any  of  the  pieces  so  listed.  It  means  simply  this,  that  certain 
estimable  Catholics  have  selected  a  list  of  plays,  from  the  many 
now  given  on  the  American  stage,  which,  in  their  opinion,  may 
be  safely  witnessed  by  Catholics.  The  people  who  made  this 
list  are  not  infallible,  and  there  may  be  a  difference  of  opinion 
as  to  the  "safeness"  of  some  of  the  plays  they  mention.  Never- 
theless, the  aim  of  the  Catholic  Theater  Movement  is  com- 
mendable and  we  hope  it  will  succeed. 

The  Social  Service  Commission  of  the  A.  F.  C.  S.,  in  a 
recent  number  of  its  "Weekly  Press  Service,"  deplores  the 
lack  of  uniform  and  complete  birth  records  in  this  country. 


662  THE  FORTNIGHTLY.  REVIEW  1914 

Such  records,  the  Commission  points  out,  will  prove  indis- 
pensable in  the  eradication  of  three  great  evils  which  now  affect 
the  children  of  America,  viz. :  infant  mortality,  illiteracy,  and 

child  labor.  * 

-•--•--♦- 

The  Rockefeller  Foundation,  which  was  endowed  with 
$100,000,000  by  Air.  John  D.  Rockefeller  some  years  ago  for 
just  such  purposes,  is  about  to  undertake  a  world-wide  investi- 
gation of  the  relations  of  labor  and  capital.  One  of  the 
declared  purposes  of  this  inquiry  is  to  "search  out  the  causes 
of  the  bitter  enmities''  to  which  labor  troubles  give  rise,  and, 
if  possible,  to  find  a  remedy.  The  scope  of  the  inquiry,  it  is 
announced,  will  have  no  limit.  The  investigators  are  expected 
to  consider  all  proposed  remedies  for  the  existing  social  evils 
— Socialism,  single  tax,  religion,  profit-sharing,  free  trade, 
protection,  etc.     We  trust  the  Catholic  solution,  based  on  the 

idea  of  ''Christian  Solidarity,"  will  receive  due  attention. 

-•-     -•-*-•- 

The  methods  of  our  Catholic  Prohibitionists  are  as  odd  as 
some  of  their  ideas.  Thus,  in  a  report  on  the  "Conference  of 
Catholics  Favoring  Prohibition,"  recently  held  at  Niagara 
Falls,  N.  Y.,  we  read  in  Father  Zurcher's  little  journal,  "Cath- 
olics and  Prohibition"  (Marilla,  N.  Y.,  No.  28,  Sept.,  1914)  : 

"Mr.  J.  F.  Judge  said  he  would  reveal  a  secret:  'During  the 
entire  convention  of  the  C.  T.  A.  U.  at  Scranton,  Pa.,  Father 
Zurcher  and  I,  under  noms-de-plume,  occupied  a  large  space  in 
the  leading  daily  papers.  We  were  supposedly  antagonistic  and 
argued  against  each  other  and  in  this  way  gave  out  a  lot  of  con- 
densed temperance  matter  which  attracted  the  attention,  not  only 
of  our  own  people,  but  of  the  public  at  large." 

-♦--•--•- 

The  Conference  referred  to  was  attended  by  about  one 
hundred  delegates  and  adopted  a  platform  which  demands,  inter 
alia:  that  the  traffic  in  alcoholic  liquor,  except  for  medicinal, 
sacramental,  and  industrial  purposes,  be  abolished;  that  liquor 
advertisements  be  made  unmailable ;  that  it  be  made  a  misde- 
meanor to  ship  intoxicating  beverages  into  prohibition  terri- 
tory; that  liquor  dealers  be  disqualified  for  jury  service;  that 
all  persons  convicted  of  drunkenness  be  disfranchised  for  five 
years;  that  all  taxes  on  liquor  dealers  be  abolished  but  that  in 
lieu  thereof  distilleries  and  liquor  houses  be  assessed  for  an 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  663 

amount  sufficient  for  the  care  and  disposal  of  all  criminals, 
disorderlies,  orphans,  patients,  and  paupers  produced  by  intoxi- 
cants; and  that  the  appeal  of  the  Third  Plenary  Council  of 
Baltimore  urging  "all  Catholics  engaged  in  the  sale  of  alco- 
holic liquors  to  quit  that  dangerous  traffic  as  soon  as  possible 
and  to  make  their  living  in  some  more  honorable  way,"  be 
made  more  widely  known  throughout  the  country. 

Against  most  of  our  Catholic  societies  the  Catholic  press 
might  easily  bring  an  action  for  non-support. — Sacred  Heart 
Review,  Vol.  52.  No.  18. 

We  have  only  to  change  our  ideas  to  change  our  friends. 
Our  friends  are  only  a  more  or  less  imperfect  embodiment  of 
our  ideas. 

Concern  is  felt  by  observers  in  the  South  over  the  increase 
in  the  number  of  tenant  farmers  as  compared  with  those  who 
own  their  land.  In  North  Carolina,  thirty  years  ago,  33  farm- 
ers in  every  100  were  tenants ;  the  number  is  now  42.  In  South 
Carolina,  the  increase  has  been  from  50  in  1880  to  63  in  1910. 
In  Georgia,  the  number  has  risen  from  44  to  65 ;  in  Alabama, 
from  46  to  60;  in  Mississippi,  from  43  to  66;  in  Tennessee, 
from  34  to  41 ;  in  Arkansas,  from  30  to  50 ;  in  Louisiana,  from 
35  to  55 ;  and  in  Texas,  from  37  to  52.  Since  leases  are  on  the 
one-year  plan,  it  is  to  the  tenant's  interest  to  "skin"  the  land. 
No  method  is  provided  by  which  a  good  tenant  may  receive  any 
reward  for  the  improvement  he  makes  in  soil  fertility  or  in  the 
appearance  and  value  of  the  farm.  Students  of  the  matter  are 
convinced  that  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  when  the  South 
must  adopt  the  British  plan  of  long  leases,  with  credit  to  the 
tenant  for  improvements,  and  with  penalty  for  any  permanent 
injury  which  he  does  the  land  he  hires. 

"The  Catholic  American  who  believes  and  grows  indignant 
over  every  tale  of  'atrocity'  that  comes  across  the  water  or  is 
cooked  up  in  American  newspaper  offices,"  says  the  Sacred 
Heart  Review  (Vol.  52.  No.  18),  "is  the  same  who  is  serenely 
apathetic  about  the  real  atrocities  committed  in  Mexico  by  the 


664  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

men  now  in  power  in  that  country — through  the  grace  and 
favor  of  the  United  States." 

When  one  reads  of  General  Rennenkampf  leading  the  Slavs 
against  a  Teutonic  force  headed  by  General  Boevericz,  one  is 
tempted  to  lose  faith  in  the  maxim  that  blood  is  thicker  than 
water. 

The  Osservatore  Romano,  the  semi-official  organ  of  the 
Vatican,  editorially  emphasizes  the  fact  that  the  Holy  See  is 
absolutely  neutral  in  the  present  war  and  urges  Catholics, 
especially  priests,  to  refrain  from  the  use  of  intemperate 
language  in  regard  to  those  of  other  nations  engaged  in  the 
conflict.  The  Church,  the  Osservatore  reminds  us,  is  the  house 
of  God  and  the  home  of  peace,  and  from  its  pulpit  nothing 
should  be  preached  but  the  Gospel  and  the  things  it  stands  for. 

A  new  and  noble  use  has  been  found  for  the  aeroplane. 
The  London  correspondent  of  one  of  our  Catholic  weeklies 
relates : 

"At  a  German  field  hospital,  some  distance  behind  the  en- 
trenched lines,  a  young  Catholic  German  officer,  dying  of  his 
wounds,  implored  those  about  him  to  bring  him  a  priest.  There 
was  no  priest  in  the  vicinity,  but  a  Taube  aviator  who  had  been 
resting  near  by,  offered  to  obtain  one.  He  flew  a  considerable 
distance  and  brought  back  in  his  aeroplane  a  priest  who  spoke 
German  and  who  bore  with  him  the  Blessed  Sacrament.  Thus 
through  the  air  came  the  holy  Viaticum  to  the  wounded  soldier." 

♦■••-♦ 

Let  everyone  thinking  to  be  an  author  read  the  un- 
published letters  of  Carlyle — first  printed  in  the  London 
Times  lately — to  Charles  Augustus  Ward : 

"If  you  resolve  to  devote  yourself  to  literature,  and  the  ques- 
tionable enterprise  of  unfolding  whatever  gifts  may  be  in  you  in 
the  shape  of  more  spoken  or  written  words — which,  for  a  young 
man  in  earnest  with  his  life,  and  possessed  of  real  capabilities  and 
opportunities  for  work  in  this  world,  I  consider  a  very  question- 
able enterprise  indeed — it  is  clearly  necessary,  in  the  first  place, 
that  you  instruct  yourself,  acquire  knowledge  far  and  wide,  amass 
experiences,  and  digest  the  same  into  definite  results — in  short, 
that  you  should  have  attained  to  some  conquest  of  what  at  least 
seems  to  yourself  Wisdom   and  beautiful   Insight,   before   you  at- 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  665 

tempt  uttering  yourself  with  the  whole  world  for  audience.     You 
are  otherwise  in  the  condition  of  a  man  'speaking'  without  having 

anything  to  say." 

-•--•--♦- 

Mr.  Scannell  O'Neill,  associate  editor  of  the  Milwaukee 
Catholic  Citizen,  writes  to  us : 

"Referring   to    Mary    Crawford    Frazer's    story    of    Pio 

Nono  (see  No.  20,  p.  618  of  your  Review),  I  remember  my 

mother  telling  me  that  this  story  originally  appeared  in  the 

Pilot  during  the  lifetime  of  Pius  the  Ninth." 

-*■-•--•- 

Col.    Roosevelt    says    he    has    English,    Irish,    Scotch, 

Welsh,  French  and  German  blood  in  his  veins.     Were  he 

"hyphenated"  his  designation  would  look  like  the  name  of 

some  antediluvian  vertebrate. 

At  the  Congress  of  the  British  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  recently  held  in  Australia,  Sir  Oliver 
Lodge,  the  retiring  president,  delivered  several  addresses, 
"but  nothing  that  he  did,"  says  a  correspondent  of  the 
New  York  Evening  Post  (Oct.  13),  "caused  more  comment 
than  his  affirmation,  in  a  Sunday  afternoon  speech  here  in 
Sydney,  of  his  belief  in  the  Christian  religion." 

At  the  same  congress  Professor  Bateson  lectured  on 
"Heredity."  The  chief  conclusion  drawn  by  him  was  "the 
negative  one  that,  although  one  must  hold  to  one's  faith 
in  the  evolution  of  species,  there  is  little  evidence  to  show 
how  that  evolution  came  about  and  no  clear  proof  that  the 
process  is  continuing  in  any  considerable  degree  at  the 
present  time." 

In  discussing  the  subject  of  defectives,  Professor  Bate- 
son said :  "I  may,  perhaps,  be  allowed  to  say  that  the 
remedies  proposed  in  America,  in  so  far  as  they  aim  at  the 
eugenic  regulation  of  marriage  on  a  comprehensive  scale, 
strike  me  as  devised  without  regard  to  the  needs  either  of 

individuals  or  of  a  modern  state." 

-♦--•--•- 
Another  "inside  story"  of  Mexican  affairs  is  given   in 
Edward  Bell's  "The  Political  Shame  of  Mexico,"  of  which 


666  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

we  find  a  notice  in  No.  3436  of  the  New  York  Independent. 
Mr.  Bell  has  little  hope  of  Carranza  and  Villa,  and  con- 
cludes with  some  regret  that  since  the  failure  of  Madero, 
Mexico  has  lost  its  last  chance  for  self-government  and  that 
at  least  a  temporary  occupation  of  the  country  by  the  Uni- 
ted States  will  be  inevitable.    We  hope  not. 

We  note  that  a  new  scientific  work  on  "The  Nervous 
System  of  Vertebrates"  puts  emphasis  in  declaring  that 
"There  is  no  such  thing  as  a  pars  superaneuroporica  of  the 
lamina  terminals,"  and  having  made  careful  search  of  our 
previous  statements  we  can  with  all  assurance  reply  that 

we  never  said  there  was. 

-•--•--♦- 

The  Chicago  New  World  (Vol.  23,  No.  9)  quotes  "a 
man  in  the  front  rank"  as  saying  that  there  is  but  one 
serious  obstacle  in  the  way  of  our  having  a  great  Catholic 
daily  paper  in  this  country,  and  that  is  the  lack  of  a  great 
Catholic  editor.  "The  man  that  could  feed  such  a  paper 
with  thoughtful  comment  on  serious  important  events,  is 
the  man  who  is  wanting."  This  view  is  manifestly  based 
on  a  survey  of  the  existing  Catholic  weekly  press,  which, 
with  few  exceptions,  shows  little  or  no  editorial  genius.  A 
Catholic  daily  edited  after  the  fashion  of  most  of  our 
weeklies,  and  with  the  unmitigated  stupidity  that  character- 
izes, e.  g.,  the  New  World  itself,  could  never  succeed.  But 
we  venture  to  think  that  from  the  available  forces  a  staff 
of  editors  could  be  recruited  that  would  make  a  Catholic 
daily  superior  to  most  American  daily  newspapers  and 
equal  to  the  best.  The  managing  editor  would  have  to 
be  "a  genius"  in  a  way,  but  he  would  not  necessarily  have 
to  write  much  himself.  Great  editors  now-a-days  show 
their  genius  by  surrounding  themselves  with  able  collab- 
orators, inspiring  them  and  supervising  their  work. 

The  coat  of  arms  of  Benedict  XV  is  an  escutcheon  sur- 
mounted by  an  eagle  with  spread  wings,  whilst  the  field  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  the  lower  containing  the  figure  of  a 
small  church,  typifying  the  family  name,  Delia  Chiesa. 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  667 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


"Some  Counsels  of  S.  Vincent  de  Paul,"  translated  and  se- 
lected by  E.  K.  Sanders,  are  taken  from  the  Saint's  addresses  to 
the  Mission  Priests  and  Sisters  of  Charity  founded  in  France  for 
the  teaching  and  assistance  of  the  poor.  They  deal  with  such 
subjects  as  humility,  the  spirit  of  service,  confidence  in  God, 
prayer,  etc.,  and  are  characterized  by  the  simplicity  and  directness 
which  distinguished  St.  Vincent  de  Paul  himself.  The  compiler 
has  added  "The  Thoughts  of  Mile,  le  Gras,"  the  first  superior  of 
the  Sisters  of  Charity,  for  whose  use  these  thoughts  were  set 
down.  The  tastefully  printed  and  bound  booklet  makes  an  appro- 
priate present  for  nuns.     (B.  Herder;  40  cts.  net.) 

"The  Spiritual  Classics  of  English  Devotional  Literature"  is 
a  new  series  of  books  for  spiritual  reading,  of  which  the  first  is 
entitled  "The  Spirit  of  Cardinal  Newman"  and  the  second  "The 
Spirit  of  Father  Faber,  Apostle  of  London."  The  selections  (prose 
and  poetry)  from  the  writings  of  these  eminent  authors  have  been 
made,  in  the  former  case  by  the  Rev.  C.  C.  Martindale,  S.J.,  and 
in  the  latter  by  Mr.  Wilfrid  Meynell.  We  take  pleasure  in  quoting 
a  beautiful  passage  from  Fr.  Martindale's  preface:  "Happiness, 
doubtless,  we  may  learn  from  him  [Newman].  Still,  we  shall  not 
forget  that,  with  his  seership,  came  a  call  to  martyrdom.  Soli- 
tary in  spirit,  supremely  aware  of  two  only  realities,  of  God,  and 
of  self  elect  and  yet  rebellious,  he  from  the  beginning  was  on  the 
rack  of  his  own  soul,  and  in  moments  even  of  most  expansive 
gaiety,  never  ceased  to  'shudder  at  himself.'  Later,  sensitive  be- 
yond words  not  only  to  the  unkindness  or  unawareness  of  those 
who  should  have  loved  him,  but  (more  often  than  they  them- 
selves) to  the  intellectual  agonies,  spiritual  griefs,  or  loneliness, 
or  inexplicable  aching  need,  or  impulse,  or  paralysis,  of  individuals 
and  of  multitudes  he  passed  to  the  end  in  such  stress  of  soul  that 
often  it  grew  hard  for  him  to  communicate  a  'comfort'  of  which 
he  stood  in  such  sore  need  himself.  Yet  the  Prophet  and  the 
Martyr  would  fain  be  an  Apostle,  too;  and  across  the  barriers  of 
style  (for  to  many  the  very  rhetoric,  the  archaisms,  the  modern- 
isms of  his  style  are  a  barrier),  of  taste  (for  he  loved,  defiantly, 
Oxford;  and  much  Victorianism  of  culture  and  of  tradition  is  ir- 
remediably his),  and  even  of  religious  temperature  (for  to  the 
end  he  feared  'lest  sights  of  earth  to  sin  give  birth,  and  bring  the 
tempter  near,'  and  could  not  joy  whole-heartedly  even  in  the  sun- 
lit hours  of  May),  we  feel  the  yearning,  wistful,  strong  and  tem- 
pestuous human  heart  speaking  to  our  own,  and  our  own  re- 
sponds, and  we  yield  to  its  seduction."  The  only  suggestion  we 
have  to  make  for  the  improvement  of  this  welcome  new  series  is 


668  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

that  the  source  of  each  selection  be  indicated.     (Benziger  Bros.; 
50  cts.  net  per  volume.) 

Professor  W.  P.  M.  Kennedy's  "Parish  Life  under  Queen 
Elizabeth,"  which  forms  Vol.  IX  of  "The  Catholic  Library,"  is  a  his- 
torical monograph  of  more  than  ordinary  value.  The  author  writes 
from  a  direct  knowledge  of  the  sources.  He  shows  in  broad  outline 
how  the  Elizabethan  Reformation  affected  the  every-day  life  of  the 
English  people.  The  picture  on  the  whole  is  a  gloomy  one.  There  was 
little  or  no  genuine  religion.  Education  was  in  the  widest  sense  neg- 
lected. A  general  irresponsibility  characterized  the  various  grades  of 
society.     (B.  Herder;  30  cts.  net.) 

In  Vol.  XI  of  "The  Catholic  Library,"  Maisie  Ward  draws  a 
vivid  and  sympathetic  picture  of  "S.  Bernardino,  the  People's 
Preacher."  Bernardino,  the  wandering  preacher,  simple  son  of  St. 
Francis,  going  "through  Italy  carrying  Jesus,"  has  been  long  widely 
forgotten ;  but  now  he  is  gradually  coming  into  his  own  again.  "He 
was  a  reforming  saint,  reforming  his  Order  and  his  country,  but  not 
as  Savonarola  thundering  from  above — rather  he  entered  into  the 
people  as  though  feeling  himself  below  the  simplest  and  the  sinner, 
and  so  lifted  them  up  to  God.  .  .  .  His  sermons  were  not  simple 
because  of  any  lack,  but  only  because  perfect  simplicity  is  the  highest 
order  of  oratory,  and  of  sanctity."  The  author  gives  three  of  these 
sermons  in  Ch.  X.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  more  complete  selection 
will  soon  be  published  in  English.     (B.  Herder;  30  cts.  net.) 

-♦--•--•- 

The  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Pohle  has  overhauled  the  first  volume  of  his 
"Lehrbuch  der  Dogmatik,"  of  which  the  sixth  edition  has  lately 
reached  our  desk.  The  most  important  addition  is  the  chapter  on 
Modernism,  pp.  30-36;  but  there  are  many  other  minor  improve- 
ments. Pohle's  text-book  is  no  doubt  the  best  of  its  kind.  Six  edi- 
tions within  twelve  years  represent  a  unique  success  in  the  domain  of 
theological  literature.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  English  adaptation, 
which  is  so  generally  praised  by  competent  scholars,  will  have  an 
equally  large  sale.  Volume  VII,  "Grace,  Actual  and  Habitual,"  will 
appear  shortly.  The  German  edition  of  the  work  is  published  by 
Ferd.  Schoeningh,  of  Paderborn ;  the  English,  by  B.  Herder,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 

In  its  review  of  the  autumn  book  market  the  New  York  Evening- 
Post  (Oct.  10)  says:  "The  quality  of  the  output  of  the  autumn  pub- 
lishing season  seems  to  differ  in  no  remarkable  degree  from  that  of 
other  seasons.  The  European  war  has,  of  course,  affected  the  pub- 
lishing business,  as  it  has  affected  every  other  business,  from  haber- 
dashery to  pork,  but  so  far  as  the  actual  output  of  books  is  concerns], 
the  most  noticeable  effect  has  been  a  vast  outpouring  of  volumes 
dealing  with  old  wars  and  modern  instances.     There  has  been  a  flood 


XXI  21  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  669 

of  books,  too,  on  the  subject  of  international  relationships.  Out  of 
this  enterprise,  permanent  good  may  come,  for  unquestionably  the  in- 
terest of  the  reading  public  in  this  country  has  been  stimulated  as 
never  heretofore  in  the  affairs  and  inter-relationships  of  the  Powers 
of  Europe.  Through  the  impetus  given  by  the  war  to  this  branch  of 
study,  it  is  possible  that  a  reproach  which  has  been  laid  to  us  in  the 
past,  with  some  degree  of  justice — that  we  were  abysmally  ignorant 
of  the  affairs  of  any  country  save  our  own— may  in  part  at  least  be 
removed.  Apart  from  this  aspect  of  the  matter,  however,  we  have 
some  doubts  as  to  the  expediency  of  loading  the  shelves  with  warlike 
literature.  In  the  daily  papers  is  all  the  martial  reading  that  the  aver- 
age man  finds  it  comfortable  to  digest,  and  it  would  not  be  surprising 
if  before  long  the  public  turned  with  relief  for  private  reading  to  the 
less  strenuous  forms  of  literature." 

-••-•■-•■ 
Though  undoubtedly  exceptional  in  literary  quality  and  elevated 
in  tone  and  purpose,  "A  White-Handed  Saint,"  by  O.  K.  Parr,  contains 
a  passage  which  is  objectionable  because  too  sensually  suggestive.  And 
why  spin  out  the  same  unsavory  description  for  a  second  time  in  full 
detail?     (Benziger  Bros.,  $1.25.) — James  Preuss,  S.J. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  failed  to  supply  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 
Wirz,  P.  D.  Corbinian,  O.S.B.     (Tr.  by  T.  J.  Kennedy).     The  Holy  Euchar- 
ist in  Art.     97  illustrations.     New  York:    P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.    1914. 
80  pp.     royal  8vo.     $1;   postpaid,   $1.10. 
Gibergues,    Msgr.    De.      Simplicity    according    to    the    Gospel.      From    the 
French.      151   pp.      16mo.      New   York:      P.    J.    Kenedy   &    Sons.      1914. 
60  cts.;  postpaid,  65  cts. 
Meagher,    Rev.    J.    L.      The    Protestant    Churches:    Their    Founders,    His- 
tories,   and    Developments.      653    pp.      12  mo.        New    ¥ork:    Christian 
Press  Association.     1914.     $1.25  net. 
Neill,    Esther   W.      The    Red    Ascent,      vi    &    261    pp.      12mo.      New    York: 
P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.     1914.     $1  net. 

GERMAN 
Pohle,    Dr.    Joseph.      Lehrbuch    der    Dogmatik    in    sieben    Buchern.      Fur 

akademische   Vorlesungen   und    zum    Selbstunterricht.     Zweiter   Band. 

Sechste,    vermehrte    und    verbesserte    Auflage.      xiii    &    648    pp.      8vo. 

Paderborn:     Ferd.    Schoeningh.     1914. 
Goebel,     Julius.       Deutsch-Amerikanische     Geschichtsblatter.       Jahrbuch. 

der    Deutsch-Amerikanischen    Historischen    Gesellschaft    von    Illinois. 

Jahrgang  1913.      (Vol.   XIII.)     359  pp.     8vo.     Chicago.   111.:   D.-A.   Hist. 

Gesellschaft  von  Illinois,   1608  Mailers  Bdg.,  5  S.  Wabash  Ave. 
Cahusac,   Fr.    H.    E.      What   Think   You   of  Christ?     Is   the   Christ  of  the 

Catholic    Church    the    Christ    of    the    Gospels?      v    &    104    pp.      12mo. 

Benziger   Bros.     1914.     35   cts.,   net. 
Official  Year  Book  and  Seminary  Report  of  the  Diocese  of  Toledo  for  the 

Year  Ending   October  1,    1914.     156   pp.     12mo.      Toledo,   O. :    Diocesan 

Chancery,.   1914. 
A    Protest   and    a    Plea.      Issued    under    the    Auspices    of   the    Knights    of 

Columbus  of  the  State  of  Iowa.     32  pp.     8vo.     No  publisher,  no  place 

of  publication,   and  no  price  given.      (Wrapper.) 


670 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


The  Holy  Bible.  Translated  from  the  Latin  Vulgate,  etc.  With  a 
Preface  by  the  Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Westminster,  lxxxii  &  1435 
&  39!>  pp.  li>mo.  With  indices  and  maps.  Benziger  Bros.  1914.  Price,  in 
cloth,   red  edges,  $1;   finer  bindings  range   from   $1.50   to  $5.00. 

FICTION 
Home,   C.    M.      The   Worst   Boy   in    the   School.      90   pp.      12mo.      Benziger 

Bros.      1914.      45   cts.,    net. 
Christina.  S.  M.     Lord  Clandonnell.     166  pp.     12mo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914. 

60  cts.,  net. 
Finn.    Mary    Agnes.      The    Broken    Rosary    and    Other    Stories.      243    pp. 

12mo.      Benziger   Bros.     1914.     $1.15,   net. 
Browne.    Anna    C.     The  Prophet's   Wife.     248  pp.     12mo.      Benziger   Bros. 

1914.      $1.25. 
Clarke,    Isabel   C.      Fine    Clay.      A   Novel.      446   pp.      8vo.      Benziger   Bros. 

1914.      $1.35,    net. 


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Klimke,    Rev.    Fr.,    S.J.      Der   Monismus   und   seine     philos.       Grundlagen. 

Freiburg,  1911.     $2.20. 
McGinnis,    Rev.    Chas.    F.      The    Communion    of   Saints.      St.    Louis,    1912. 

$1.10. 
Mayrhofer,  Joh.     Nordische  Wanderfahrt.     Regensburg,  1913.     50  cts.     (Il- 
lustrated.) 
Bastien,   Rev.   P.,  O.S.B.     Kirchenrechtliches  Handbuch   fur  die  religiosen 

[Frauen]genossenschaften   mit   einfachen   Geliibden.      (Tr.    by   K.    Elf- 

ner,  O.S.B.)     Freiburg,  1911.     $1. 
Lanslots,    D.    I.,    O.S.B.     Handbook    of   Canon    Law   for    Congregations    of 

Women  under  Simple  Vows.     5th  ed.     New  York,  1911.     $1. 
Miinchen,    Nic.      Das    kanonische    Gerichtsverfahren    und    Strafrecht.      2 

vols.     Koln  u.   Neuss,   1874.     $3. 
Cappello,   F.   M.     De  Curia  Romana  iuxta  Reformationem  a  Pio  X  Induc- 

tam.     2  vols.     Rome,  1911.     $2.35. 
Broglie,  Em.  de.     (Tr.  by  M.  Partridge.)     Saint  Vincent  de  Paul.     London, 

1898.     75  cts. 
Nlessen,  Joh.     Panagia-Kapuli,  das  neuentdeckte  Wohn-   und  Sterbehaus 

der  hi.  Jungfrau  Maria  bei  Ephesus.     Illustrated.     Diilmen  i.  W.,  1906. 

$1.25. 
Schell,   Rev.   Dr.    H.     Jahwe  und  Christus.     Paderborn,   1905.     $1.55. 
Pohle,    Dr.    Jos.      Lehrbuch   der   Dogmatik.     Vol.    I.      6th    ed.      Paderborn, 

1914.      (Paper  covers.)     $1.50. 
Riviere,   J.-     Doctrine  of  the  Atonement.     2  vols.     London,   1909.      (Tr.   by 

L.    Cappadelta.)      $2. 
Jackson,    F.      Memoirs   of   Baron   Hyde   de   Neuville,    Outlaw,    Exile,   Am- 
bassador.    2  vols.     Illustrated.     London,   1913.     $2.50. 
Hillquit-Ryan.    Socialism:    Premise    or   Menace?     A    Debate.      New   York, 

1914.      $1. 
Maxims    from    the    Writings    of    Msgr.     Benson.      (The    Angelus    Series.) 

London,   1914.     35  cts. 
Kellner,    Dr.    K.    A.    H.     Heortologie   oder  die   geschichtliche   Entwicklung 

del    Kirchenjahres    und    der    Helligenfeste.      2nd    ed.      Freiburg,    1906. 

11.60. 
Meigs,  Wm.   M.     The  Life  of  Thomas  Hart  Benton.     Phila.,  1904.     $1.50. 
Curtis,  Wm.  E.    The  True  Thomas  Jefferson.     2nd  ed.     Phila.,  1901.     $1.60'. 
Ford,  P.  1_.     The  True  George  Washington.     Phila.,  1902.     $1.     Illustrated. 

(Slightly   damaged.)     $1. 
Roothan,    J.,    S.J.      Exercitla    Spiritualia    S.    Ignatii    de    Loyola.      Versio 

Lltteralis,     Notis    Illustrata.       Ratisbon,     1911.       (Prayer-book    form.) 

60  cts. 
Pohle-Preuss.      Chriatology.      A    Dogmatic    Treatise    on    the    Incarnation. 

St.   Louis.  1918.     (Unbound  copy.)     75  cts. 
Feasey,   H.   J.     Monasticism:   What  Is  It?     London,   1898.     75  cts. 


BARGAIN  BOOK  COMPANY,  St.  Charles,  Mo. 


THE 

FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW 


VOL.  XXI,  No.  22.         NOVEMBER  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


War  in  the  Sacred  Liturgy 

Among  the  so-called  Votive  Masses  in  the  Roman  Mis- 
sal is  one  in  tempore  belli.  The  three  prayers  of  this  Mass, 
like  the  greater  number  of  prayers  in  our  ancient  liturgy, 
are  remarkable  both  as  regards  their  form  and  the  ideas 
which  they  express. 

The  Abbot  of  Farnborough,  in  a  very  interesting  paper 
in  the  Tablet  (No.  3883),  analyzes  these  prayers  from  both 
points  of  view. 

As  regards  their  form,  he  shows  that  the  different  mem- 
bers into  which  each  prayer  is  divided  are  balanced  one 
against  the  other  in  a  kind  of  parallelism  and  in  conformity 
with  tonic  rules,  forming  a  sort  of  rhythmic  and  measured 
prose  that  gives  the  impression  almost  of  poetry. 

An  analysis  of  the  ideas  contained  in  these  prayers 
brings  out  the  following  as  their  salient  points : 

(1)  God  is  the  Sovereign  Lord  of  all  things;  the  lot  of  kingdoms 
and  of  kings  is  in  His  hands ;  it  is  He  that  puts  an  end  to  war,  and 
it  is  He  that  gives  the  victory. 

(2)  War  is  a  terrible  scourge,  and  in  it  man  should  recognize 
the  punishment  of  his  sins. 

(3)  Consequently,  if  we  really  desire  to  profit  by  this  punishment, 
a  war,  great  calamity  as  it  always  is,  may  prove  of  real  utility,  and  be 
a  means  of  correcting  our  vices. 

(4)  Hence  it  is  that  we  pray  to  God  to  turn  a  favorable  ear  to 
these  prayers  offered  in  union  with  the  Sacrifice  of  the  Body  and 
Blood  of  His  Son,  to  bring  the  war  to  an  end,  and  to  protect  His  peo- 
ple against  its  innumerable  perils. 

Here  we  have,  in  a  few  short  phrases,  the  teaching  of 
the  Church  with  regard  to  war. 

673 


674  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Benedict  XV's  Part  in  the  Near  Future 

The  editor  of  the  British  Review  devotes  a  short  article 
in  the  October  issue  of  that .  distinguished  magazine  to  the 
new  Pope  and  the  part  he  is  destined  to  play  in  the  near 
future  of  the  civilized  world. 

Whilst  the  responsibility  placed  upon  Benedict  XV  is  hardly- 
equaled  in  history,  his  opportunity  is  such  as  has  been  granted  to  few 
even  among  popes.  "This  war,  at  its  close,  will  call  for  the  execu- 
tion, on  no  stinted  scale,  of  retributive  justice;  it  will  call  also  for 
calm  restraint  and  for  such  measure  of  mercy  as  the  circumstances 
rightly  warrant.  It  is  for  the  Head  of  Christ's  Church  on  earth  to 
see  that  in  matters  such  as  these  the  collective  Christendom  of  Europe 
remain  true  to  the  traditions  of  civilization  and  of  faith.  .  .  .  It  is 
not  for  nothing  that  on  the  Throne  of  the  Fisherman,  at  a  moment 
when  the  whole  world  stands  in  need,  above  all  things,  of  the  best 
diplomacy  and  of  the  best  statesmanship,  God  the  Holy  Ghost  has 
set  a  diplomat  and  a  statesman.  Splendidly  and  with  most  signal 
effect  Pope  Pius  X  supplied  the  needs  of  his  generation.  That  genera- 
tion has  passed,  and  with  it  Pope  Pius  has  passed,  though  he  lives  and 
will  live  forever  in  the  grateful  memory  of  Christendom.  To  minister 
to  our  needs  a  new  Pope  has  come  to  us." 

On  another  page  the  editor  offers,  amongst  his  "Obiter 
Dicta,"  the  following  happily  turned  epigram: 

BENEDICTIO    PlETATIS 

Succedis,  Benedicte,  Pio;  benedictus  at  ille 
Semper  erit,  semper  tu,  velut  ante,  pius. 

-•--♦--♦- 

More  "Scraps  of  Paper" 

A  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Evening  Post,  in  a 
satirical  letter  to  that  newspaper  (November  3),  calls  at- 
tention to  the  fact  that  we  Americans,  too,  have  "scraps  of 
paper,"  viz. :  nearly  four  hundred  treaties  made  by  our  gov- 
ernment with  the  Indians,  and  nearly  every  one  of  them 
broken.  Thus,  for  instance,  under  a  treaty  made  in  1858, 
the  Ponca  Indians  were  guaranteed  their  reservations  in 
Dakota  forever.  But  in  1876  Congress  resolved  that  they 
should  be  removed,  with  their  consent.  When  they  refused 
to  go,  they  were  removed  forcibly  by  act  of  Congress,  of 
March  3,  1877.  The  Cherokee  Indians  were  in  1817  guar- 
anteed their  possessions  in  Georgia,  and  promised  that 
they  would  be  permitted  to  retain  their  tribal  organization, 
etc.     But.  on  December  19,  \H2(),  the  State  of  Georgia  made 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  675 

a  law  "to  annul  all  laws  and  ordinances  made  by  the  Chero- 
kee nation  of  Indians,"  and  in  1838  the  Cherokees,  a 
civilized  tribe  with  schools  and  churches,  were  forcibly 
ejected  in  violation  of  their  treaty  rights.  Many  similar 
instances  could  be  given  in  connection  with  the  Nez  Perces, 
the  Sioux,  and  other  Indian  tribes.  To  crown  it  all,  on 
January  5,  1903,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States 
declared  all  treaties  with  Indians  were  mere  scraps  of  paper 
which  Congress  could  at  any  time  declare  invalid. 

The  correspondent  refers  to  Helen  Hunt  Jackson's  "A 
Century  of  Dishonor,"  and  Seth  K.  Humphrey's  "The  In- 
dians Dispossessed,"  and  in  conclusion  reminds  the  Even- 
ing Post  that  it  has  published  articles  warning  the  Ameri- 
can people  against  breaking  the  Hay-Pauncefote  treaty, 
and  that  that  treaty  was  actually  broken,  though  since 
"mended." 

The  Evening  Post  has  nothing  to  say  in  reply  to  this 

stinging  letter. 

-•--•--♦• 

No  National  Directory  of  Catholic  Charities 

The  Rev.  W.  J.  Kerby,  D.D.,  in  a  review  of  the  work 
of  the  National  Conferences  of  Catholic  Charities,  published 
in  the  November  Catholic  World  (No.  596)  announces  that 
the  work  of  compiling  a  National  Directory  of  Catholic 
Charities,  begun  in  1910,  and  carried  on  intermittently  since 
then,  has  been  suspended.  The  reasons  for  the  suspension 
are  given  as  follows : 

"Naturally  the  work  had  to  be  done  through  correspondence.  The 
services  of  the  Catholic  press  were  asked  and  were  cordially  given. 
Systematic  correspondence  seeking  approval  from  -the  authorities  in 
the  Church,  and  seeking  direct  relation  with  those  in  authority  in  our 
great  communities,  was  begun  and  maintained.  As  a  result  of  the  most 
persevering  efforts,  the  files  of  the  National  Conference  show  at  this 
date  that  complete  information  is  on  hand  from  ten  dioceses ;  incom- 
plete information  is  on  hand  from  fifty-three  dioceses ;  there  is  no 
information  whatever  from  thirty-two  dioceses.  Out  of  a  total  of 
over  a  thousand  institutions  in  charge  of  religious  in  the  United 
States,  information  is  on  hand  from  five  hundred  and  thirty.  A  last 
effort  was  made  in  June  of  this  year  when  a  personal  letter  was  sent 
to  five  hundred  and  twenty-six  institutions,  asking  that  the  simple 
directory  blank  be  filled  out  and  returned.  But  thirty-eight  replies 
were  received  to  the  five  hundred  and  twenty-six  letters.     When  these 


676  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

results  were  presented  to  the  Conference  at  its  recent  meeting,  it  voted 
to  suspend  work  on  the  directory  for  the  present.  Evidently  we  must 
await  a  day  when  the  larger  interests  of  the  Catholic  Church  will 
inspire  its  agencies  to  co-operate  with  more  generosity  to  serve  the  im- 
personal and  general  interests  of  the  Church,  no  less  than  in  its  im- 
mediate and  daily  tasks.  An  optimist  finds  ready  warrant  for  believ- 
ing that  we  shall  yet  have  a  director}'  of  the  Catholic  charities  of  the 
United  States,  in  the  spirit  of  progress  that  is  making  its  way  in  our 
circles,  and  in  the  measures  of  self-defense  to  which  our  institutions 
are  sometimes  driven  by  those  who  have  little  sympathy  for  them  and 
for  their  works.  History  has  its  paradoxes  as  well  as  logic.  Some- 
times our  enemies  accomplish  for  us  by  indirection  what  we  ourselves 
find  it  impossible  to  do." 

The  Failure  of  Protestantism  in  Cuba 

The  Rev.  Richard  Aumerle  Maher,  O.S.A.,  of  Havana, 
in  a  very  interesting  paper  contributed  to  the  Catholic 
World  (No.  596),  shows  that  the  Protestant  missionary 
propaganda  in  Cuba,  though  carried  on  under  the  most 
favorable  conditions,  is  a  complete  failure. 

To  prove  that  the  Cuban  experiment  is  a  definite  and 
conclusive  test  of  the  power  of  Protestantism  in  this  direc- 
tion, Fr.  Maher  establishes  three  things :  First,  that  a  de- 
termined and  systematic  effort  has  been  made  and  sus- 
tained by  various  Protestant  missionary  organizations; 
second,  that  the  Catholic  Church  has  not  been  in  a  position 
to  offer  any  hindrance,  official  or  of  any  kind  whatever,  to 
the  Protestant  campaign ;  third,  that  outside  conditions 
have  been  favorable  to  the  side  of  Protestantism. 

And  what  has  been  the  result?  After  fifteen  years  of 
powerful  effort,  after  the  expenditure  of  much  money  and 
enthusiasm,  "there  is  not  today  a  single  established  Prot- 
estant congregation  of  Cubans.  .  .  .  Even  those  [few] 
who  go  with  some  regularity  to  the  Protestant  services,  do 
not,  as  a  rule,  fail  to  have  their  children  baptized  in  the 
Catholic  Church." 

"That  Protestantism  is  failing  in  Cuba  is  attested  by  two  widely- 
separated  facts.  First,  there  are  today  thirty  per  cent  less  missions 
and  fifty  per  cent  less  workers  than  there  were  six  years  ago.  Sec- 
ond, the  whole  attitude  of  the  missions  and  the  preaching  has  under- 
gone a  complete  and  radical  change.  All  over  the  island  men  and 
women  workers  are  giving  up  the  struggle  and  coming  home.  There  is 
no  future  in  sight  for  the  work.     The  mission  societies  also  at  home 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  677 

are  becoming  wearied  of  the  constant  strain.  For  years  they  have  been 
giving  glowing  and  wonderful  promises  of  the  things  to  be  done  in 
Cuba,  and  these  promises  are  overdue. 

"In  the  beginning  the  missionaries  preached  aggressively  against 
the  Church,  its  idolatry,  its  fostering  of  the  superstition  of  the  people. 
In  this  they  were  good  and  logical  Protestants.  But  today  they  are 
falling  back,  for  attractions,  upon  the  very  things  they  so  bitterly 
condemned  in  the  beginning.  They  crown  statues  in  their  churches, 
observe  the  feast  days  of  the  Church,  and,  where  formerly  they  went 
to  all  lengths  to  emphasize  and  mark  the  difference  between  Protestant- 
ism and  Catholicity,  they  now  assume  every  robe  to  hide  those  differ- 
ences.    It  is  a  confession  of  failure  which  cannot  bring  respect." 

No  doubt  it  will  be  the  same  in  Mexico,  towards  which 
the  Protestant  propaganda  is  now  turning. 


THE  K.  OF  C.  RITUAL  APPROVED  BY  THE 
FREEMASONS 

We  notice  from  The  Tidings,  the  official  organ  of  the 
diocese  of  Los  Angeles  (edition  of  Oct.  16),  that  the 
Knights  of  Columbus  have  obtained  the  formal  approbation 
of  a  committee  of  California  Freemasons  for  their  "work, 
ceremonies,  and  pledges,"  which,  if  we  understand  the 
phrase  rightly,  means  their  famous  ritual  that  has  hither- 
to been  kept  so  secret.  It  is  not  quite  clear  from  The  Tid- 
ings' account  why  the  ritual  was  divulged  to  the  Masons ; 
but  the  official  approbation  of  the  Masonic  committee 
speaks  for  itself  and  is  such  an  interesting  document  that 
we  give  its  text  in  full : 

"We  hereby  certify  that  by  authority  of  the  highest  officer  of 
the  Knights  of  Columbus  in  the  State  of  California,  who  acted 
under  instructions  from  the  Supreme  Officer  of  the  Order  in  the 
United  States,  we  were  furnished  a  complete  copy  of  all  the  work, 
ceremonies  and  pledges  used  by  the  Order,  and  that  we  carefully 
read,  discussed  and  examined  the  same.  We  found  that  while  the 
Order  is  in  a  sense  a  secret  association,  it  is  not  an  oath-bound 
organization  and  that  its  ceremonies  are  comprised  in  four  de- 
grees, which  are  intended  to  teach  and  inculcate  principles  that 
lie  at  the  foundation  of  every  great  religion  and  every  free  state. 
Our  examination  of  these  ceremonials  and  obligations  was  made 
primarily  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether  or  not  a  certain 
alleged  oath  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus,  which  has  been  printed 
and  widely  circulated,  was  in  fact  used  by  the  Order  and  whether, 
if  it  was  not  used,  any  oath,  obligation  or  pledge  was  used  which 


678  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

was  or  would  be  offensive  to  Protestants  or  Masons,  or  those  who 
are  engaged  in  circulating  a  document  of  peculiar  viciousness  and 
wickedness.  We  find  that  neither  the  alleged  oath  nor  any  oath 
or  pledge  bearing  the  remotest  resemblance  thereto  in  matter, 
manner,  spirit  or  purpose  is  used  or  forms  a  part  of  the  ceremonies 
of  any  degree  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus.  The  alleged  oath  is 
scurrilous,  wicked  and  libelous  and  must  be  the  invention  of  an 
impious  and  venomous  mind.  We  find  that  the  Order  of  Knights 
of  Columbus,  as  shown  by  its  ritual,  is  dedicated  to  the  Catholic 
religion,  charity  and  patriotism.  There  is  no  propaganda  pro- 
posed or  taught  against  Protestants  or  Masons  or  persons  not  of 
Catholic  faith.  Indeed,  Protestants  and  Masons  are  not  referred 
to  directly  or  indirectly  in  the  ceremonials  and  pledges.  The 
ceremonial  of  the  Order  teaches  a  high  and  noble  patriotism, 
instills  a  love  of  country,  inculcates  a  reverence  for  law  and  order, 
urges  the  conscientious  and  unselfish  performance  of  civic  duty  and 
holds  up  the  Constitution  of  our  country  as  the  richest  and  most 
precious  possession  of  a  Knight  of  the  Order.  We  can  find  noth- 
ing in  the  entire  ceremonials  of  the  Order  that  to  our  minds 
could  be  objected  to  by  any  person. 

MOTLEY  HEWES  FLINT,  33°, 
Past  Grand  Master  of  Masons  of  California. 

DANA  REID  WELLER,  32°, 
Past  Grand  Master  of  Masons  of  California. 

WM.  RHODES  HERVEY,  33°, 
Past  Master  and  Master  of  Scottish  Rite  Lodge. 

SAMUEL  E.  BURKE,  32°, 
Past  Master  and  Inspector  of  Masonic  District." 


We  have  held  back  this  remarkable  document  in  order 
to  see  how  the  Catholic  press  would  comment  on  it.  But 
the  Catholic  press  as  a  whole  has  been  strangely  silent. 
The  only  comment  we  have  noticed  is  this  by  the  Sacred 
Heart  Review  (Vol.  52,  No.  21)  : 

"Of  course  Catholics  did  not  require  at  the  hands  of  Freemasons 
any  testimony  as  to  the  innocence  of  the  Knights  of  Columbus  of  the 
foul  charge  leveled  against  them ;  and  so  the  republication  of  this 
incident  and  the  reproduction  of  these  findings  in  a  Catholic  paper 
will  seem  rather  superfluous.  T?ut  the  Sacred  Heart  Review,  in  com- 
mon with  most  Catholic  papers,  goes  into  the  offices  of  Protestant 
newspapers  and  magazines,  and  it  is  with  the  hope  that  this  striking 
refutation  of  the  bogus  oath  (which  so  many  of  our  Protestant  con- 
temporaries have  referred  to,  and  in  the  genuineness  of  which  several 
of  them  have  expressed  their  belief)  may  be  seen  and  possibly  copied, 
that  wc   reproduce  it  here.'' 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  679 

VULGARITY   IN   POPULAR  SONGS 

"Who  paid  the  rent  for  Mrs.  Rip  Van  Winkle, 
When  Rip  Van  Winkle  went  away? 
While  he  slept  for  twenty  years, 
Who  was  it  kissed  away  her  tears?" 

This  and  similar  "popular"  songs,  with  their  vulgar 
text  and  banal  tune,  inspired  Mr.  Albert  C.  Wegman  to 
publish,  in  the  St.  Louis  Times  of  Oct.  17,  a  strong  protest 
against  some  of  the  "popular  music  of  to-day."  He  quotes 
from  such  salacious  lyrics  as  "The  farmer's  daughter  that 
had  such  beautiful  eggs,"  "O  my  love,  won't  you  pull  down 

that  curtain,"  "And  then ,"  and  says  that,  unfortunately, 

these  delectable  selections  are  not  confined  to  the  vaude- 
ville theatres  but  find  their  way  into  many  respectable 
homes.  We  quote  a  few  of  Mr.  Wegman's  sane  and  timely 
remarks : 

Mrs.  Rip  and  the  farmer's  daughter  would  have  been 
considered  unmentionable  in  our  grandmother's  day.  Pic- 
ture the  startling  contrast  between  a  brazen  lady  with 
"beautifu-1  eggs,"  and  "Sweet  Alice"  of  yore,  whose  "hair 
so  brown"  was  as  diffidently  sung  as  though  desecrated 
thereby.     This  maid 

"Wept  with  delight  when  you  gave  her  a  smile,. 
And  trembled  with  fear  at  your  frown." 

Not  even  the  widest  stretch  of  the  imagination  could 
endow  Miss  "Great  Big  Beautiful  Doll"  with  sensibilities 
so  tender. 

Anatomical  personalities,  undreamed  of  in  the  day  of 
the  hoop-skirt,  are  mere  suggestive  commonplaces  in  this 
jaded  era  of  the  slit  skirt. 

Those  old-time  innocents,  "Little  Annie  Rooney"  and 
"Capt.  Jinks  of  the  Horse  Marines,"  should  they  reappear 
in  any  guise,  would  be  greeted  with  derision.  "When  the 
Corn  Is  Waving,  Annie    Dear,"  now  seems  "trooly  rural," 


680  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

and  no  one  today  would  tolerate  "White  Wings" — unless 
they  were  soiled. 

The  tunes  of  the  old  songs  were  not  less  banal  than 
those  of  the  latter-day  effusions,  but  they  stopped  at  ban- 
ality. Today  pandering  to  vulgarity  is  the  tendency.  Judg- 
ing by  "best  sellers,"  and  songs  most  frequently  heard, 
double  meaning — no  matter  how  clumsily  suggested — 
seems  to  be  the  principal  ingredient  used  in  the  concoction 
known  as  a  "hit."  This  is  supposed  to  give  the  desired 
"punch"  to  the  lyrics,  and,  combined  with  rhythms  that 
inspire  the  words  "wiggle"  and  "wriggle,"  send  a  song  well 
on  the  way  to  success. 

Rhythms,  nowadays,  are  as  indecent  as  lyrics  are  ob- 
scene. For  this  the  "animal  dances,"  largely,  are  respon- 
sible. There  are  tunes  played  at  polite  society  functions 
quite  as  suggestive  as  the  notorious  "dans  du  ventre"  of 
the  Orient.  One  characteristic  specimen  of  this  class  is 
entitled  "Ballin'  the  Jack,"  and  the  limit  of  rhythmic, 
"rough  stuff"  is  reached  in  a  type  of  "rag"  known  as 
"Blues." 

This  tendency  to  commonness  is  exemplified  by  two 
conspicuous  "hits"  in  the  forced  and  futile  "Follies"  that 
Mr.  Ziegfeld  ascribes  to  191.4.  These  numbers  were  writ- 
ten by  a  negro  composer  of  New  York,  for  an  organization 
of  people  of  his  own  race,  performing  in  a  hall  frequented 
by  negroes. 

The  songs  are  distinctly  characteristic.  Mr.  Ziegfeld 
transplanted  them  to  the  New  Amsterdam  Theatre,  where 
these  elevating  specimens  of  modern  popular  song  litera- 
ture are  given  with  much  unction  by  the  principal  members 
of  his  company. 

Occasionally  a  modern  song  writer  attempts  the  style 
of  long  ago,  with  variable  success.  The  "weeper"  is  as 
plentiful  today  as  it  was  in  the  70s  and  80s,  but  the  pathos 
of  "Mary  of  the  Wild  Moor"  has  turned  into  bathos. 

One  emotional  epic,  proclaimed  "a  moral  song  with  a 
blessing/'  is  a  prime  favorite  with  stout  and  seasoned  vet- 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  681 

erans  of  the  varieties.    Yells,  in  raucous  tones,  the  "fat-and- 
forty"  lady : 

"You  ma-a-a-de  me  what  I  am  today, 

I   hope  you're  satisfied. 
You  dra-a-gged,  and  dra-a-a-gged  me  down, 

Until  my  soul  within  me  died. 
You've  shattered  each  and  every  dream, 
You  fooled  me  from  the  start, 
And  though  you're  not  true 
May  Gawd  bless  you, 
That's  the  curse  of  an  aching  heart." 

Another  impressive  specimen  of  this  class  is  entitled, 
"You  Broke  My  Heart  to  Pass  the  Time  Away."  The  "ren- 
dering" of  these  hectic  ballads  being-  difficult — excepting  in 
the  spirit  of  burlesque — to  anyone  afflicted  with  a  sense  of 
humor  they  are  not  so  universally  accepted  as  are  the 
"rags." 

The  changes  have  been  rung  on  the  "rag"  until  it  would 
seem  that  the  end  has  been  reached.  Each  new  one  is  only 
a  repetition  of  those  that  have  gone  before,  with  a  palpable 
and  painful  effort  to  give  it  a  new  twist. 

In  recent  years  a  new  iniquity  has  been  added  to  the 
song  writers'  sins.  Vulgarized  versions  of  famous  melo- 
dies are  being  freely  injected  into  the  "popular"  compo- 
sition. Poor  Mendelssohn  would  turn  in  his  grave  could 
he  know  the  base  uses  to  which  his  graceful  "Spring  Song" 
has  been  put.  Liszt  also  has  not  been  spared,  and  now 
comes  a  perversion  entitled,  "Desecration  Rag,"  which 
includes  the  themes  of  a  number  of  respectable  composi- 
tions clumsily  joined  in  syncopated  rhythms. 

Syncopation  is  a  delightful  rhythmic  effect,  but  debased 
and  distorted  as  it  is  in  the  prevailing  style  of  "popular" 
writing,  it  is  an  abomination.  Clever  and  amusing  songs 
and  dance  tunes  are  now  and  again  published,  but,  except 
in  isolated  instances,  these  are  rarely  "big  sellers."  Merit 
of  any  sort  seems  to  be  a  negligible  quantity.  One  com- 
poser is  beneath  criticism  from  the  musicians'  point  of 
view,  yet  he  has  more  "best  sellers"  to  his  credit  than  any 
other  member  of  his  craft.  It  is  said  that  this  man's  income 
is  $60,000  annually — so,  in  his  own  language,  he  "should 


682  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

worry"  about  harmonic  laws  or  well-balanced  phrases. 

The  one  fortunate  circumstance  attending  these  crude 
creations  is  their  evanescence.  The  vogue  of  the  popular 
song  or  dance  lasts  only  a  few  months,  possibly  a  year. 
"Alexander's  Ragtime  Band,"  which  created  a  furore  two 
or  three  years  ago,  is  now  forgotten,  and  "Billy,"  the  hero 
of  his  day,  remains  unsung. 

Despite  the  short  lives  of  these  "hits,"  there  is  never  a 
dearth  of  new  "popular"  music.  Inspiration  is  not  neces- 
sary to  the  "rag-maker" ;  he  simply  works  over  old  suc- 
cesses to  conform  to  the  1915  models.  Consequently, 
"words  and  music"  are  ground  out  daily  and  industriously 
disseminated  by  enterprising  publishers.  The  predominat- 
ing note  in  the  music  of  this  crude  manufacture  is  not 
only  an  offense  against  good  taste,  but  an  insult  to  the 
intelligence  of  the  public. 

However,  Mr.  Wegman  thinks  that  the  limit  of  license 
has  been  reached  and  that  it  is  probable  that  there  will  be  a 
revulsion  of  feeling,  or  rather,  a  change  of  policy,  and 
"popular"  music  will  gradually  be  placed  on  a  higher  plane 
— morally  if  not  musically. 

We  hope  so,  though  it  is  hard  to  be  optimistic,  seeing 
that,  for  years  popular  music  has  steadily  been  going  from 
bad  to  worse. 


THE  RELIGIOUS  PERSECUTION  IN  MEXICO 

Our  Catholic  papers  have  been  informing  their  readers 
during  the  last  seven  months  of  the  revolutionary  upheaval 
in  our  neighboring  Republic,  and  of  the  disastrous  effects 
that  upheaval  has  had  upon  the  Church.  We  have  been 
told  of  numerous  outrages  upon  priests  and  brothers,  of 
churches  desecrated,  and  of  Catholic  practices  reviled  by  a 
rabble  soldiery.  We  may  have  been  tempted  to  ask  our- 
selves whether  such  cruel  wrongs  could  really  have  been 
perpetrated  by  the  revolutionists,  with  the  connivance  of 
their  leaders.  Reliable  reports  unfortunately  confirm  the 
statements  of  refugees,  that  the  "Constitutionalists"  have 
introduced  a  reign  of  terror  and  are  using  their  power  to 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  683 

cripple  the  Church  and  her  activities  among  the  people  of 
Mexico.  There  was  ample  reason  to  bring  complaint  to 
our  government  of  the  tyrannic  procedure  of  leaders  like 
Carranza  and  Villa.  That  the  authorities  at  Washington 
have  as  yet  done  nothing  to  remedy  conditions  from  which 
the  Church  is  suffering  so  cruelly  throws  a  dubious  light 
upon  their  promise  to  restore  peace  and  order  in  the  much- 
tried  Republic. 

We  are  pleased  to  present  to  the  readers  of  the  Fort- 
nightly Review  a  reliable  account  of  the  sad  state  of  af- 
fairs in  one  of  the  Mexican  states — Guadalajara.  This  ac- 
count is  based  upon  a  report  in  the  excellent  Spanish 
weekly,  Revista  Catolica.  of  Las  Vegas,  N.  M.  (Oct.  18, 
1914).  Few  are  better  equipped  to  give  authentic  infor- 
mation on  the  Mexican  question  than  the  editors  of  that 
journal. 

The  chronicle  begins  with  the  withdrawal  of  General 
Huerta's  troops  from  Guadalajara  during  the  night  of  July 
7.  General  Obregon's  forces  immediately  entered  the  city, 
and  began  to  proclaim  to  the  people  that  the  "Constitution- 
alist" cause  was  the  cause  of  the  people  and  of  justice. 
They  ordered  the  saying  of  Juarez,  "Respect  for  the  rights 
of  others  is  peace,"  engraven  over  the  portals  of  the 
schools. 

This  hypocritical  proceeding  was  in  keeping  with  the 
conduct  they  at  once  began  to  display.  Obregon  seized 
upon  all  the  automobiles,  coaches  and  fine  horses  in  the 
town.  He,  himself,  took  the  Archbishop's  carriage.  His 
soldiers  forced  an  entrance  into  houses  of  members  of  the 
Catholic  party  and  of  political  opponents.  Some  of  the 
latter  were  shot  with  unusual  cruelty.  On  the  9th,  a  body 
of  soldiers  took  possession  of  the  Jesuit  College.  Hardly 
had  the  Fathers  left  the  class-room  on  the  first  floor  when 
the  building  was  invaded  by  a  horde  of  Yaqui  Indians,  in 
war-paint,  camp-followers  of  Obregon,  who  at  once  in- 
stalled themselves  and  their  wives  in  the  college.  The  de- 
struction of  valuable  scientific  instruments  followed  the  in- 
vasion. The  seminary,  another  of  the  city's  splendid  insti- 
tutions, was  likewise  occupied  by  the    troops    and    their 


684  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

horses  on  the  same  day  that  the  Jesuit  college  was  at- 
tacked. The  looting  began  immediately.  The  soldiers,  led 
on  by  their  leaders,  threw  the  books  of  the  library  out  of 
the  windows,  or  sold  them  at  a  paltry  price  to  the  first 
comer.  The  convent  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  although  sur- 
mounted by  the  English  flag,  was  likewise  invaded.  The 
marauders  seized  even  the  habits  of  the  religious  and  the 
clothes  of  the  children,  sold  whatever  they  could,  de- 
stroyed the  rest,  and  then  took  up  their  lodging  in  the 
abodes  of  the  sisters  and  students,  who  had  fled  on  the  pre- 
ceding evening. 

In  committing  these  outrages  the  soldiers  were  ably 
seconded  by  their  chiefs,  Obregon,  Lucio  Blanco,  Rafael 
Buelna,  and  the  so-called  Governor,  Dieguez.  Though  there 
were  public  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  the  troops, 
the  leaders  ordered  their  men  to  Catholic  institutions.  As- 
sisted by  the  Freemasons  and  enemies  of  the  Catholic 
Church  in  various  localities,  the  chiefs  imposed  heavy  fines 
upon  Catholics,  and  especially  upon  priests,  referring  to 
the  latter  as  enemies  that  ought  to  be  shot.  They  gave 
public  honor  to  a  shameless  woman,  one  Atala  Apodaea, 
proclaimed  war  to  death  against  the  clergy,  and  spread  the 
vilest  calumnies  in  the  two  or  three  obsequious  sheets  they 
allowed  to  be  published. 

On  July  21st,  Governor  Dieguez  gave  orders  to  forcibly 
arrest  all  priests  and  to  seize  all  the  churches.  He  arrested 
not  only  the  priests,  but  also  the  sacristans  and  some  of  the 
faithful  found  in  the  churches,  the  Marist  Brothers,  and  a 
number  of  boys  playing  in  the  college  yard.  They  were 
forced  to  spend  that  night  in  a  filthy,  crowded  prison, 
either  standing  or  sitting  between  drunken  soldiers,  who 
plied  them  with  brutal  insults.  They  were  deprived  of 
everything — money,  watches,  books  and  even  spectacles. 
The  following  day  there  were  more  than  120  priests  of  all 
nationalities  in  the  prison  of  Escobedo,  among  them  the 
Bishop  of  Tehuantepec,  Msgr.  D.  Ignacio  Plasencia,  who 
happened  to  be  passing  through  the  city.  They  were  kept 
in  this  condition  for  six  or  seven  days,  against  all  laws  of 
the  country,  without  anyone  knowing  what  crime  they  had 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  685 

committed,    or  what  accusation  had  been  lodged    against 
them. 

The  Catholic  population  abstained  from  any  manifesta- 
tion in  favor  of  the  prisoners,  from  fear  that  the  latter 
might  be  shot.  On  Sunday  there  was  no  Mass,  no  ringing 
of  bells.  But,  in  the  meantime,  the  Constitutionalists 
"went  to  church,"  men  and  women,  in  wild  confusion,  tak- 
ing away  objects  of  value  from  some  of  the  places  of  wor- 
ship, and  searching  for  arms  and  cannons  which  they  as- 
serted were  hidden  there.  They  even  opened  and  dese- 
crated graves  and  announcd  that  they  had  discovered 
bodies  of  persons  assassinated  by  the  "Clericals"  and  arms 
(which  they  themselves  had  placed  there).  On  the  eighth 
day,  at  the  return  of  Obregon  from  Colima,  the  prisoners 
were  set  free  without  any  explanation,  and  deprived  of  the 
money  that  had  been  taken  from  them  in  the  various  places 
where  they  had  been  confined.  The  Jesuit  Fathers  were 
not  permitted  to  return  to  their  college.  The  soldiers  had 
plundered  everything  that  could  be  useful  to  themselves, 
disposing  of  valuable  scientific  instruments  for  one  or  two 
dollars  each.  The  college  was  occupied  by  a  squad  of  sol- 
diers, and  was  entirely  appropriated  on  the  3rd  of  August, 
the  Fathers  not  even  being  allowed  to  claim  objects  for  their 
personal  use. 

There  were  many  foreign  religious  of  both  sexes  en- 
gaged in  teaching  in  the  various  colleges  and  academies. 
These  were  called  together  on  August  5th,  by  Sefior  Lo- 
bato,  president  of  the  ayuntamiento  (council),  who  told 
them,  in  the  name  of  Dieguez,  that  though  most  of  them 
were  innocent  ( !),  yet  for  political  reasons  they  would 
have  to  leave  Mexican  soil  within  three  days.  All  pro- 
tested vigorously  against  so  flagrant  a  violation  of  the  Con- 
stitution and  of  international  law.  The  application  of  Ar- 
ticle 33  of  the  Constitution — to  exile  foreigners  of  danger- 
ous character  without  trial — is  reserved  to  the  president 
of  the  Republic.  Appeal  was  made  to  Carranza  and  to  all 
the  foreign  consuls,  but  no  attention  was  paid  to  the  ap- 
peal, nor  were  telegrams  allowed  to  be  sent. 

The  exiles  were  compelled  to  pass  through  the  port  of 


6S6  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Manzanillo,  still  occupied  by  the  Federals.  As  those  to  be 
banished  were  Europeans,  they  asked  that  the  sentence  be 
put  off  until  the  way  through  Vera  Cruz  was  safe,  since  it 
would  be  less  expensive  for  all  to  leave  the  country  by  this 
city.  Dieguez  maintained  that  it  would  be  necessary  to 
pass  through  Manzanillo  in  spite  of  its  climate ;  that  from 
thence  they  could  go  wherever  they  wished,  and  that  he 
would  place  a  boat  at  their  disposal,  but  nothing  more.  The 
more  sensible  people  of  Guadalajara  could  not  convince 
Dieguez  of  the  barbaric  nature  of  this  edict,  nor  of  the 
plight  of  men  who  had  been  despoiled  of  all  they  had,  nor 
of  the  wrongs  committed  against  a  foreign  nation  By  mak- 
ing it  impossible  for  the  banished  to  communicate  with 
their  consuls. 

On  the  10th  of  August,  at  an  hour's  notice,  in  order  to 
prevent  the  people  from  assembling  to  bid  them  farewell, 
the  priests  and  foreign  teachers  were  ordered  to  the  sta- 
tion, with  the  threat  of  imprisonment  or  death  for  those 
who  would  not  obey.  At  the  station  they  were  received  by 
soldiers,  some  Constitutionalists  and  Freemasons,  and  a 
music  band.  Dieguez  and  the  Masons  ordered  the  band  to 
strike  up  the  hymn  of  Juarez,  and  after  some  other  pieces, 
the  "Golondrina,"  at  the  moment  the  train  departed  from 
the  station.  The  Catholics  and  the  pupils  of  the  exiles, 
who  had  come  to  the  station  to  take  leave  of  their  teach- 
ers, wept  with  grief.  The  exiles  also  wept  at  seeing  how 
the  good  people  were  ruled  by  a  handful  of  bandits.  But 
the  trouble  did  not  end  here. 

After  many  hardships  and  painful  delays,  the  expelled 
religious  finally  succeeded  in  securing  a  steamer  at  the 
price  of  $6,300,  preferring  to  be  in  the  company  of  a  Chi- 
nese crew,  and  to  sleep  in  wretched  bunks,  rather  than  re- 
main longer  under  the  savage  guard  of  the  Constitutional- 
ists. The  combined  fortune  of  the  100  exiles  hardly 
amounted  to  one-half  the  price  required  by  the  captain, 
who  had  to  accept  the  promise  that,  at  the  arrival  in  San 
Francisco,  the  amount  still  due  would  be  contributed  by 
the  generosity  of  American  citizens. 

Tt   may  be  asked:     Will   the  American   people  permit 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  687 

such  outrages  as  here  described  to  be  continued?  Will  no 
indemnity  be  demanded  of  Dieguez  and  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment, to  enable  those  driven  out  to  return  to  their  coun- 
try, and  in  the  meantime,  to  provide  for  their  needs  in 
exile? 

The  article  in  the  Revista  concludes  with  a  protest  on 
the  part  of  all  the  victims  against  their  unjust  treatment 
and  the  spoliation  of  their  property,  which  they  intend  to 
reclaim.  They  hope  that  the  American  people,  lovers  of 
justice  and  of  civilization,  will  require  satisfaction  for  the 
flagrant  violation  of  the  promises  made  by  Carranza  and 
his  followers.  If  this  be  not  done,  the  impression  will  be 
confirmed  that  all  the  outrages  here  recounted,  as  well  as 
others  perpetrated  by  the  followers  of  Carranza,  are  taking 
place  with  the  knowledge  and  approval  of  the  United 
States  government. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


At  a  meeting  of  the  "American  Christian  Missionary  So- 
ciety" in  Atlanta,  Ga.,  one  preacher  made  a  fervent  plea  for 
increased  activity  in  missionary  work  in  Mexico,  Central 
and  South  America,  whereupon  another  dominie  arose  and 
quietly  called  attention  to  "the  portentous  fact  that  here  in 
America  hundreds  of  rural  churches  [Protestant,  of  course] 
are  dead  and  hundreds  dying  of  inanition."  Which  moves 
the  Southern  Messenger  (Vol.  23,  No.  35)  to  suggest  that 
"missionary  work,  like  charity,  should  begin  at  home." 

The  Ladies'  Home  Journal  (Nov.)  says  that  fifty  of 
every  one  hundred  persons  who  go  to  public  libraries  ask : 
"What  is  a  good  book  for  me  to  read?"  This  is  especially 
true  of  the  young.  Of  course,  their  reading  should  be 
directed  by  their  parents ;  but  where  that  direction  is  ab- 
sent, as  unfortunately  it  is  so  often,  much  depends  on  the 
librarian  and  his  associates,  and  the  Ladies'  Home  Journal 
is  therefore  doing  a  good  work  in  calling  the  attention  of 
its  readers  to  the  importance  of  putting  the  right  kind  of 


688  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

persons  in  charge  of  the  public  libraries.  We  Catholics 
especially  ought  to  give  a  little  more  care  to  this  matter. 

William  Watson's  war  poem  telling  how  the  English 
naval  gun  "bit"  the  Germans — 

"And  thundering  its   delight, 
Opened  its  mouth  outright, 
And  bit  them  in  the  bight, 
The  bight  of  Heligoland," 

leads  even  such  an  ardent  pro-British  paper  as  the  Toronto 
"Catholic  Register  and  Extension"  (Vol.  22,  No.  40)  to 
express  the  hope  that  Mr.  Watson  may  be  "tried  by  jury" 
for  the  line 

"Bit  them  in  the  bight  " 

When  Pope  Leo  XIII  was  dying,  a  negro  fruit-seller 
visited  the  Signal  office  in  Atlanta.  "Are  you  a  Catholic?" 
asked  the  editor.  "No,  I'se  a  Baptist."  "Then  you're  not 
interested  in  the  Pope's  condition?"  "Yes  I  is."  "Why, 
the  Pope's  a  Catholic."  "Good  Lord,  is  the  Pope  a  Catho- 
lic?" "  I  hear  so."  "Why,  I  thought  he  was  an  Italian!" 
To  be  a  Catholic,  the  negro  thought,  one  had  to  be  Irish. 
There  are  others. — Catholic  Register  and  Extension,  Vol. 
22,  No.  40. 

The  Republic,  a  Catholic  weekly  published  at  Boston, 
in  its  edition  of  Oct.  24,  printed  a  picture  of  the  Rt.  Rev. 
Msgr.  Shahan,  with  the  legend :  "Bishop  of  Baltimore," 
and  in  an  accompanying  news  article  informed  its  read- 
ers that  "When  the  Rt.  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Shahan,  rector 
of  the  Catholic  University  of  America,  was  consecrated 
a  titular  bishop  at  the  Cathedral  at  Baltimore,  he  was 
presented  with  a  ring  by  the  Ancient  Order  of  Hiber- 
nians .  .  ."  Msgr.  Shahan's  consecration  will  not  take  place 
until  Nov.  15.  As  for  his  new  title,  a  circular  sent  to  the 
press  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Catholic  University  'of 
America,  under  date  of  Oct.  22,  gives  it  as  "titular  bishop 
of  Germanicopolis." 

In  the  same  official  or  semi-official  circular,  by  the 
way,  it  is  stated  that  "Monsignor   Shahan   .   .   .   received 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  689 

his  early  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Millbury, 
Mass."  Catholic  children  are  usually  educated  in  Cath- 
olic schools.  If  Msgr.  Shahan,  as  a  boy,  was  sent  to  a 
public  school,  why  make  a  special  note  of  this  misfor- 
tune in  a  eulogistic  write-up  intended  for  the  press?  Such 
notices  grieve  good  Catholics  and  encourage  others  in 
neglecting  a  sacred  duty. 

In  New  York  City  bombs  were  recently  exploded  in 
the  Cathedral  and  in  the  Church  of  St.  Alphonsus.  In 
Chicago,  St.  Jarlath's  Church  and  the  Church  of  St. 
Charles  Borromeo  have  been  wrecked  by  fires  believed  to 
be  of  incendiary  origin.  Some  of  our  Catholic  papers  are 
asking  the  pertinent  question :  "Who  are  the  church 
wreckers?"  Most  probably  they  are  to  be  sought  among  the 
crazed  readers  of  such  vile  sheets  as  The  Menace,  which 
make  it  their  business  to  inflame  the  minds  of  the  ignorant 
and  bigoted  with  outrageous  calumnies  against  the  Cath- 
olic Church. 

■••    ♦     ♦ 

"It's  a  Long,  Long  Way  to  Tipperary,"  the  song  now 
so  popular  in  the  British  army  (see  No.  20  of  this  Review' 
page  633),  is  said  to  be  of  Irish  origin.  Father  Peter  C. 
Yorke  protests  against  this  claim  in  his  paper,  the  San 
Francisco  Leader  (Vol.  13,  No.  43).  "This  Irish  marching 
song,"  he  says,  "is  like  the  definition  of  a  crab  as  a  fish 
that  walks  sideways,  for  a  crab  is  not  a  fish  and  it  does  not 
walk  sideways.  'A  Long,  Long  Way  to  Tipperary'  is  not 
a  song,  and  it  is  not  Irish.  It  is  a  cockney  music-hall  jin- 
gle, and  its  words  are  a  libel  even  on  the  stage  Irishman." 
Here  is  a  sample  of  what  Dr.  Yorke  justly  calls  "idiotic  rub- 
bish" : 

"Paddy  wrote  a  letter  to  his  Irish  Molly  O', 
Saying,  'Should  you  not  receive  it,  write  and  let  me  know.' 
'If  I  make  mistakes  in  spelling,  Molly  dear,'  said  he, 
'Rememher  it's  the  pen  that's  bad — don't  lay  the  blame  on  me.' " 

The  Extension  Teaching  Department  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity will  offer  during  the  coming  term  a  course  in  mod- 
ern Irish  by  Mr.  M.  A.  O'Brien,    Ph.B.,    of    St.    Francis 


690  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Xavier  College,  New  York  City,  "a  pioneer  in  the  revival 

of  the  ancient  tongue." 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

As  in  the  United  States,  so  in  England,  Catholics  are 
at  the  mercy  of  estimates,  and  even  conjectures,  as  to  how 
they  stand  numerically  among  the  accurately  known  num- 
ber of  their  fellow  countrymen.  The  London  Tablet,  in  a 
recent  issue  (No.  3883),  estimates  the  Catholic  population 
of  England  at  2,300,000.  This  estimate  is  based  on  the 
pastors'  returns,  which  "are  inevitably  below  the  mark" 
on  calculations  from  the  general  birth-rate,  which  are  "just 
as  inevitably  above  it,"  and  on  the  school  total,  with  due 
consideration  of  the  Catholic  children  attending  Protestant 

schools.    The  annual  gain  is  figured  as  "at  least  50,000." 

■*•    ♦    ♦ 

On  the  origin  of  the  term  "Alma  Mater,"  as  applied  to 
a  college  or  university,  Professor  Schrors,  of  Bonn,  who 
is  a  Catholic  priest,  is  quoted  in  the  Bombay  Examiner 
(Vol.  65,  No.  39)  as  follows :  "That  this  term  should  have 
its  origin  in  the  statue  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  placed  over 
the  portal  of  our  University  is  a  legend  sometimes  heard 
'in  Catholic  circles.  As  it  happens  often  in  legends,  a  thing 
not  sufficiently  understood  has  been  explained  by  some 
definite  object.  The  term  is  older  than  the  University  of 
Bonn,  though  I  do  not  know  when  or  where  it  first  occurs. 

The  meaning  is  obviously  'alma  mater  studiorum.' " 

■•--•■'♦■ 

Cardinal  Merry  del  Val  has  been  appointed  secretary 
of  the  Congregation  of  the  Holy  Office.  One  of  our  Cath- 
olic exchanges  announces  this  appointment  under  the 
rather  disrespectful  heading:  "New  Job  for  Merry  del  Val." 

A  report  of  the  circuit  judges  of  Chicago  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  tersely  sums  up  the  problem  of  divorce  by 
saying  that  "the  churches  alone  can  handle  the  situation." 
But  the  state  could  help  considerably  by  more  stringent  di- 
vorce laws. 

■*■     ♦     ♦■ 

It  is  reported  that  Cardinal  Gasparri,  who  takes  the 
place  of  the  late  lamented  Cardinal  Ferrata  as  Papal  Sec- 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  691 

retary  of  State,  will  have  his  work  so  arranged  as  to  leave 
him  sufficient  time  to  complete  the  important  task  of  the 
codification  of  Canon  Law,  on  which  he  has  been  so  long 
and  assiduously  engaged. 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

Replying  to  an  address  of  homage  presented  by  the  Ital- 
ian Association  of  St.  Cecilia,  Pope  Benedict  XV  said  that 
he  wished  to  uphold  as  pope,  just  as  he  had  done  as  Arch- 
bishop of  Bologna,  the  principles  laid  down  by  his  prede- 
cessor, Pius  X,  in  the  famous  Motu  proprio  of  Nov.  22, 
1903,  and  he  hoped  that  the  efforts  of  the  Pontifical  School 
of  Sacred  Music  would  prosper  even  more  in  the  future 
than  they  have  prospered  in  the  past,  so  that  Rome  might 
set  an  example  to  the  world. 

Seton  Hall  College,  at  South  Orange,  N.  J.,  has  dropped 
football  as  a  dangerous  sport. 

According  to  the  "Journal  of  the  Grotto,"  published  at 
Lourdes,  Pope  Benedict  XV  is  an  officer  of  the  French 
Legion  of  Honor.  He  was  named  chevalier  of  the  order 
in  January,  1889,  while  secretary  to  Cardinal  Rampolla. 

Cardinal  Falconio  has  been  appointed  a  member  of  the 
S.  Congregation  of  the  Consistory.  This  will  give  him  a 
voice  in  the  selection  of  bishops  for  this  country.  The  Con- 
sistorial  Congregation  needs  a  competent  American  ad- 
visor. 

*»■    -i*-    ■*■ 

We  have  heard  and  read  much  in  praise  of  the  work  of  the 
Chicago  "Municipal  Court  of  Morals,"  which  tries  all  cases 
that  may  be  cloaked  under  the  general  phrase  of  "moral 
turpitude."  In  a  survey  of  the  workings  of  this  court  in 
Vol.  23,  No.  12,  of  the  New  World,  Mr.  Clement  Deters, 
who  has  evidently  made  a  close  study  of  the  matter,  inti- 
mates that  the  Municipal  Court  of  Morals  is  a  failure : 

"There  are  the  moral  derelicts  and  they  who  have  piloted  them  to 
their  destruction.  Their  crimes  are  stated,  their  defense  listened  to, 
the  judgment  passed,  but  what  is  the  result?     Some  are  discharged  on 


692  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

legal  technicalities,  some  fined  with  the  alternative  of  the  Bridewell. 
But  most  frequently  from  unknown  sources  the  sum  of  the  fine  is  pro- 
duced and  the  convicted  one  goes  free.  Then  again  they  are  charged 
to  vacate  their  quarters  by  a  certain  date.  This  command  is  usually 
obeyed,  but  the  result  is  far  from  satisfactory,  for  in  a  few  months' 
time  the  police  will  find  them  in  another  quarter  plying  their  vicious 
trade." 

There  is  but  one  redeeming  feature:  "Occasionally 
from  the  tide  that  sweeps  through  the  court,  one  who  has 
just  floundered  grasps  the  helping  hand  extended."  That 
is  something,  and  as  much  as  one  has  a  right  to  expect  from 
any  court.     For,  after  all,  as  Mr.  Deters  justly  observes, 

the  judiciary  can  do  little  more  than  punish. 

-•--♦--♦• 
Under   the   title,   "Concerning    Poultry,"    the     Denver 
Catholic  Register  (Vol.  X,  No.  14)  says: 

"He  who  uses  the  word  'chicken,'  referring  to  the  maidens  fair, 
and  thinks  he  is  using  twentieth-century  slang,  is  baffled.  'Chicken,' 
in  this  sense,  surprising  to  say,  is  classical  English,  having  come  to 
us  through  no  less  honorable  channels  than  Dean  Swift  and  Charles 
Dickens.    Again  we  must  wail,  'Is  there  nothing  new  under  the  sun?'" 

We  are  not  aware  of  any  such  usage  in  English  litera- 
ture. Nor  does  the  Oxford  "New  English  Dictionary," 
which  is  quite  complete  in  these  matters,  bear  out  our  con- 
temporary's claim.  The  figurative  application  of  the  term 
"chicken"  to  young  and  inexperienced  persons  of  either  sex, 
is,  of  course,  familiar  to  students  from  the  writings  of 
Steele,  Swift,  Cobbett,  etc.,  and  from  the  phrase  "(to  be) 
no  chicken,"  i.  e.,  no  longer  young.  Spencer  Walpole  re- 
lates in  his  History  of  England  (III,  xii,  43)  of  Michael 
Angelo  Taylor,  M.P.,  that,  having  called  himself  on  one  oc- 
casion "a  mere  chicken  in  the  law,"  he  was  ever  afterwards 

known  as  "Chicken  Taylor." 

•♦-  ♦  -•- 
Tt  was,  of  course,  inevitable  that  the  Democrats  in  this 
year's  elections  should  lose  a  large  part  of  the  lead  they 
had  won  two  years  ago.  It  turns  out  that  their  majority 
in  the  House  has  been  very  nearly,  if  not  completely,  wiped 
out,  and  that  in  a  number  of  the  most  important  States  of 
the  Union  they  have  suffered  decisive  defeats.  This  is 
what  has  always  happened  to  the  party  in  power  when  the 
country  has   suffered   seriously  from  business  depression; 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  693 

and  in  this  instance  there  entered  another  factor  of  im- 
portance, the  return  to  the  Republican  ranks  of  almost  the 
whole  body  of  Progressives  which  had  deserted  them  in  the 
extraordinary  flare-up  of  1912.  "That  the  Democratic 
party  should  have  come  so  near  holding  its  own,"  observes 
one  of  our  leading  independent  newspapers,  "is  evidence  of 
soundness  and  strength,  and  gives  sufficient  ground  for  it 

to  face  the  national  contest  of  1916  with  courage." 

♦■♦■♦■ 

It  seems  Msgr.  Benson  died  rather  suddenly,  from  heart 
failure.  The  Catholic  Transcript  says  he  "killed  himself 
with  hard  work."  His  novel  "Oddsfish !"  reached  us  since 
his  demise.  His  last  two  works,  the  papers  tell  us,  a  mys- 
tery play  and  "a  special  book  of  devotions  and  intercessions 
on  behalf  of  all  those  affected  by  the  war,"  will  be  issued 
shortly. 

The  bishops  of  Ireland  have  issued  a  dignified  protest 
against  the  spiritual  neglect  of  Catholic  soldiers  by  the 
British  government,  which  refuses  to  appoint  an  adequate 
number  of  chaplains. 

Among  the  Catholic  chaplains  at  the  front  is  Msgr. 
Bickerstaff-Drew,  better  known  to  the  general  public  as 
"John  Ayscough."  Together  with  Msgr.  Keating,  he  re- 
ceives honorable  mention  in  a  recent  despatch  of  General 
French. 

Amongst  the  Catholic  chaplains  with  the  German 
armies  is  Prince  Max,  brother  of  the  king  of  Saxony.  This 
royal  priest  never  rests.  He  goes  with  his  soldiers  every- 
where and  has  just  been  decorated  by  the  Emperor  with 

the  Iron  Cross  for  valor  on  the  field. 

-♦•-♦--•- 
The  Western  Watchman  (Vol.  49,  No.  29)  rejoices  in 
the  defeat  of  Governor  Martin  H.  Glynn,  of  New  York,  be- 
cause he  "apologized  for  Catholics  and  everything  Catholic, 
declared  that  he  was  a  child  of  the  public  schools  of  New 
York  and  would  send  his  children  to  no  other.  .  .  .  If 
Governor  Glynn  was  not  educated  in  a  Catholic  school," 
adds  the  Watchman,  "it  was  his  misfortune,  not  his  fault; 


694  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

but  his  declaring  that  he  would  not  send  his  children  to  a 
Catholic  school,  showed  him  a  renegade  at  heart." 

Coming  from  Father  D.  S.  Phelan,  this  is  truly  refresh- 
ing. 

For  the  rest,  President  Wilson  deserves  credit  for  his 
ante-election  telegram  to  Mr.  McAdoo,  in  which  he  says: 
"An  American  citizen  should  never  vote  as  a  sectarian,  but 
always  as  an  American  citizen." 

The  war  has  caused  incessant  rains  around  the  regions 
of  the  battlefields,  and  cold  weather,  as  severe  shocks  to 
the  atmosphere  generally  do.  The  terrific  tearings  of  the 
earth's  atmosphere  will  certainly  affect  the  conditions  of 
air  currents  over  a  vast  territory,  and  it  will  be  interesting 
to  study  their  effects  from  the  meteorological  point  of  view. 
Nothing  like  it  having  ever  been  on  record,  it  would  be  pre- 
sumptuous to  predict  too  confidently.  It  seems  safe  to  say, 
however,  that  if  the  heavy  rains  continue  in  Europe,  it  will 

be  at  the  expense  of  the  rainfall  in  America. 

♦  ♦  ■*■ 
On  October  31,  two  New  York  papers,  the  Evening 
Sun  and  the  Mail,  published  the  same  picture  on  their 
front  pages.  The  former  declared  in  large  type  that  it 
was  the  "Sinking  of  the  Cressy,  Aboukir,  and  Hogue  by  a 
German  Submarine,"  while  the  Mail  labeled  it  "Sinking 
of  Two  German  Destroyers  by  British  Cruiser  in  the 
North  Sea."  Since  the  experts  are  unable  to  agree,  the 
readers  ought  to  have  a  guess  at  it.  A  correspondent  of 
the  Evening  Post  thinks  it  is  a  photograph  of  the  excursion 
fleet  returning  to  New  York  after  the  last  American  cup 
race.  If  not  that,  perhaps  it  is  the  Emden  sinking  French 
and  Russian  cruisers  at  an  Asiatic  port.  The  office  boy 
says  there  has  not  been  time  for  a  photograph  of  the  Emden 
to  reach  this  country;  but  why  indulge  in  carping  criticism? 

The  fakers  must  live! 

-♦--•--•- 
The  following  item  will  prove  interesting  in  connection 
with  some  articles  we  have  lately  published  on  prohibition. 
Fourteen  States  now  have  laws  prohibiting  the  sale  of  alco- 
holic beverages.     They  are:     Arizona,  Colorado,  Georgia, 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  695 

Kansas,  Maine,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  Oregon,  Ten- 
nessee, Washington,  West  Virginia,  North  Dakota,  Okla- 
homa, and  Virginia.  Alabama  at  one  time  adopted  a  pro- 
hibition amendment  to  its  constitution,  but  later  rescinded 
it.  South  Carolina  is  largely  prohibitionist  under  various 
acts.  Besides,  a  score  of  States  have  more  or  less  stringent 
local  option  laws.     Is  national  prohibition  coming? 

Whether  national  prohibition  is  coming  or  not,  woman 
suffrage  certainly  is,  unless  we  misread  the  signs  of  the 
times.  In  the  following  eleven  States  women  now  have 
full  suffrage :  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Utah,  Idaho,  Washing- 
ton, California,  Arizona,  Kansas,  Oregon,  Nevada,  and 
Montana.  Twenty-one  States  allow  partial  suffrage  to 
women,  to-wit :  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida,  Iowa,  In- 
diana, Illinois,  Kentucky,  Michigan,  Massachusetts,  Minne- 
sota, Mississippi,  Nebraska,  New  Hampshire,  New  Jersey, 
New  Mexico,  New  York,  North  Dakota,  Ohio,  South  Da- 
kota, Vermont,  and  Wisconsin. 

That  women  painted  and  powdered  four  thousand  years 
ago  is  shown  by  a  complete  "vanity  box,"  made  in  2000 
B.  C.j  just  received  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania 
Museum  from  the  British  School  of  Archaeology  in  Egypt. 
The  box,  which  is  of  delicately  carved  ivory,  according  to 
the  Public  Ledger,  contains  receptacles  for  paints  and 
powders  and  a  glass  vessel  for  perfumes.  Under  the  lid  is  a 
piece  of  highly  polished  stone,  which  served  as  a  mirror. 

The  C.  P.  A.  Service  calls  attention  to  the  remarkable 
fact  that,  although  a  reign  of  terror  has  for  months  existed, 
and  continues  to  exist,  in  Mexico,  and  churches  are  dese- 
crated, nuns  ravished,  priests  imprisoned,  exiled,  impover- 
ished and  killed,  and  the  practice  of  religion  treated  as  a 
crime,  the  Associated  Press  carries  no  reports  on  these  hor- 
rors, and  with  scarcely  an  exception  there  is  complete 
silence  throughout  the  daily  papers  of  America  on  the  sub- 
ject.   The  Service  adds : 

"The  whole  world  rang  with  the  story  of  the  trial  of  Dreyfus  in 
France,  with  the  story  of  the  execution  of  Ferrer  in  Spain,  with  the 


696  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

story  of  the  ritual  murder  case  of  Beiliss  in  Russia,  but  twelve  millions 
of  people  are  brutally  subjected  to  persecution  here  on  the  American 
continent,  across  the  Rio  Grande  from  us,  and  all  our  daily  papers 
ignore  the  atrocities.  The  power  of  the  great  international  society 
which  shrouds  itself  in  darkness,  could  not  easily  be  more  strongly 
demonstrated." 


LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


A  Letter  from  Mexico 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

I  enclose  a  copy  of  a  letter  (with  a  few  sentences  of  personal  na- 
ture omitted)  which  I  have  just  received  from  Vera  Cruz.  I  think 
its  contents  will  be  of  the  greatest  interest  to  Catholics,  as  it  reveals 
the  fact  that  the  same  policy  which  was  followed  in  the  Philippines — 
"The  friars  must  go !"— is  being  followed  again  in  Mexico.  Only  the 
opening  of  the  eyes  of  Catholics  to  this  fact  will  stop  it,  and  I  think 
that  the  Catholic  press  has  in  this  matter  a  clear  duty  to  perform. 

(Rev.)  Edmund  J.  Wirth,  D.D. 

St.  Bernard's  Seminary,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

"Vera  Cruz,  Mex.,  Oct.  14,  1914. 

"Dear  Father: — It  may  be  well  to  acquaint  you  with  conditions  in 
Mexico,  accounts  of  which  are  mostly  censored  by  Carrothers  and  Silli- 
man.  This  town  had  at  one  time  nearly  700  refugee  bishops,  priests, 
and  sisters.  All  who  could,  left  for  Spain,  Havana,  South  America  or 
the  United  States.  The  rest  remained,  dependent  upon  charity.  Soldiers 
and  sailors  were  generous,  but  the  cost  of  living  went  up  and  the 
money  did  not  go  far.  Padres  were  compelled  to  become  waiters, 
stevedores,  or  to  accept  other  unpleasant  but  honest  employment.  Sis- 
ters were  compelled  to  sleep  five  or  six  hours  by  turns,  as  the  con- 
gested quarters  did  not  permit  of  sufficient  army  cots  for  all.  The 
Red  Cross  helped,  but  the  war  in  Europe  called  the  Red  Cross  away. 
Help  was  asked  through  Father  O'Hcrn,  but  lie  answered:  'No  re- 
sult.' Thereupon  the  refugees  in  all  sorts  of  disguises  ventured  back 
into  the  interior  to  look  up  former  friends.  Now  that  there  are  only 
60  left,  it  looks  as  though  transportation  were  forthcoming. 

"The  Church  was  surely  in  agony  here.  Priests  shot,  mutilated, 
sisters  outraged.  Bishops  in  prison,  robbed,  churches  looted,  converted 
into  dance  halls  where  nude  women  replaced  statues  during  the  dances; 
vestments  used  as  saddle  blankets — these  are  some  of  the  infamous 
acts  of  the  Carranza  forces.  These  arc  all  facts,  not  mere  statements. 
And  all  the  time  Carranza  was  backed  by  Messrs.  Wilson  and  Bryan. 
Mr.  Silliman,  who  was  appealed  to,  answered  that  he  was  of  Orange 
descent,  and  that  it  was  generally  conceded  that  the  Catholic  Church 
was  the  next  worst  thing  to  prostitution,  and  that  both  must  get  out 
of   Mexico. 

"After  all,  how  helpless  we  are,  how  helpless  all  these  priests  and 
sisters  are!  With  all  its  wealth  and  influence  the  Church  of  the 
United  States  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  us  in  Vera  Cruz.  If  charity  is  not 
dead,  she  surely  is  a  sound  sleeper.  I  have  seen  bishops  here  content 
with  bread  and  soup  who  formerly  lived  in  palaces,  even  as  bishops  live 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  697 

elsewhere.  There  should  be  funds  available  somewhere  for  emergencies 
like  this.  Soldiers  and  sailors,  without  pretention  of  any  kind,  gave  all 
they  had  to  give.  The  Church  should  not  expect  charity  to  come  en- 
tirely from  'the  other  fellow.'  Wilson  and  Bryan  are  responsible  for 
this  expulsion,  and  I  am  afraid  the  Catholics  of  the  States  will  let 
them  get  away  with  it.  It  is  religion,  not  politics.  Sometimes  it  is  nec- 
essary to  fight  to  live.  If  these  pious  priests  and  bishops  had  fought  the 
propaganda  of  lies  at  the  start,  they  would  not  now  be  hunted  down 
like  dogs." 

Apropos  of  Prohibition 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

Will  you  permit  me  space  for  a  few  words  apropos  of  Mr.  Watts' 
article  in  No.  20  of  the  Review? 

Though  a  temperance  worker  and  a  total  abstainer,  I  am  not  a 
prohibitionist.  In  fact,  I  regard  the  adoption  of  legal  prohibition  as 
a  declaration  of  bankruptcy  of  religion.  When  a  state  is  forced  to 
forbid  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks,  that  is  a  sign 
that  a  large  number  of  its  citizens  have  lost  their  practical  religion, 
for  religion  bars  drunkenness  and  moderates  habitual  drinking  so  that 
it  cannot  become  a  public  danger. 

Legal  prohibition  is  for  the  protection  of  citizens.  It  has  nothing 
to  do  with  religion.  It  is  advocated  by  adherents  of  all  denominations, 
and  also  by  infidels.  A  Catholic  can  consistently  be  a  prohibitionist 
if  he  thinks  prohibition  good  and  feasible. 

Legal  prohibition  does  not  regard  alcohol  as  an  evil  in  itself 
(which  would  be  Manichaeism),  for  it  allows  its  use  for  medicinal 
and  religious  purposes.  Prohibition  considers  alcohol  a  relative  evil 
because  of  the  lawlessness  it  produces  and  the  havoc  it  works  on  its 
victims  and  even  on  innocent  third  parties  (the  wives  and  children  of 
drunkards,  etc.). 

That  alcohol  is  an  occasion  of  evil  no  one  denies.  The  difference 
between  prohibitionists  and  non-prohibitionists  is,  that  the  former  re- 
gard the  sale  of  alcohol  as  a  proximate,  while  the  latter  consider  it 
merely  a  remote  occasion.  The  former  declare  that  the  evils  of  alco- 
hol cannot  be  eradicated  except  by  stopping  its  sale,  whereas  the 
latter  hold  that  stopping  such  sale  would  not  eradicate  the  evils  in 
question,  but  aggravate  them.  The  prohibitionists  claim  that  prohibi- 
tion will  rob  no  one  of  true  liberty,  because  the  "liberty"  it  takes  away 
is  merely  the  liberty  to  do  evil ;  the  latter  call  all  prohibitory  legisla- 
tion sumptuary  because  it  unduly  regulates  the  diet  and  expenses  of 
free  citizens. 

I  do  not  presume  to  say  who  is  right.  If  the  legislators  of  a  state 
think  that  the  free  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors  is  a  proximate  occa- 
sion of  sin  and  injury  to  many;  that  the  sin  and  evil  is  necessarily 
connected  with  the  sale ;  that  no  citizen  has  a  right  to  do  what  may 
be  hurtful  to  many  others,  they  can  enact  legal  prohibition  without 
reference  to  any  religious  motive  whatever.  It  is  a  natural  law  that 
the  State  may  and  should  procure  the  greatest  possible  happiness  for 


698  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  greatest  possible  number  of  its  citizens  without  encroaching  on 
private  rights  or  the  law  of  God. 

Whether  prohibition  will  produce  the  desired  improvement  is  a 
question  in  dispute.  If  it  does,  the  restrictions  it  puts  upon  the  indi- 
vidual can  be  justified. 

Legal  prohibition  does  not,  as  a  rule,  prohibit  the  shipment  of 
liquor  to  individuals  for  personal  use,  and  hence  cannot  be  called 
sumptuary  legislation. 

Unfortunately,  the  entire  liquor  question  has  almost  ceased  to  be 
a  moral  question.  Many  employers  forbid  their  employees  to  drink — 
because  sobriety  makes  them  more  efficient,  lengthens  their  lives,  bene- 
fits their-  offspring,  etc.  Many  men  voluntarily  quit  drinking  because 
it  is  no  longer  fashionable.  Whither  are  we  drifting?  Must  every 
virtue  be  preached  in  the  name  of  Utility  and  Temporal  Happiness 
only?  What  if  I  prefer  to  tickle  my  palate  with  strong  drink,  even 
at  the  risk  of  shortening  my  life  by  ten  or  twenty  years?  What  if  I 
prefer  a  lower  salary,  provided  my  employer  does  not  attempt  to  cur- 
tail my  personal  liberty?  All  this  has  nothing  to  do  with  religion. 
Neither  has  legal  prohibition.  Its  advocates  claim  that  it  empties  the 
jails  and  workhouses;  that  it  diminishes  the  number  of  insane  and 
feeble-minded ;  that  it  lowers  the  tax  rate,  diminishes  vagrancy  and 
promotes  thrift.     What  share  has  religion  in  all  this? 

Hence,  the  apparent  paradox  that  prohibition  is  frequently  advo- 
cated by  Protestants,  who  demand  religious  liberty  (in  the  sense  of 
private  judgment)  ;  by  Republicans,  who  stand  solidly  for  representa- 
tive government;  by  Democrats,  who  are  extreme  individualists. 
Hence,  too,  the  still  greater  paradox  that  prohibitory  laws  are  passed 
by  legislatures  of  whose  members  not  one-third  are  teetotalers.  I  can 
be  a  drinker  and  yet  vote  for  legal  prohibition  if  I  consider  the  sale 
of  liquor  dangerous  to  the  community  as  a  whole.  I  can  be  a  total 
abstainer  and  vote  against  prohibition  if  I  consider  it  a  dangerous  or 
useless  measure,  or  one  not  warranted  by  present  conditions. 

The  means  employed  by  prohibitionists  in  advocating  their  cause 
are  often  wrong.  The  pulpit,  above  all,  is  not  the  place  to  preach  it, 
for  legal  prohibition  has  nothing  to  do  with  religion.  It  is  a  still 
greater  abuse  to  threaten  Catholics  who  refuse  to  vote  for  prohibi- 
tion with  excommunication. 

I  admire  the  courage  of  many  prohibitionists,  though  I  deprecate 
their  methods.  Let  us  fight  them,  if  fight  we  must,  on  economic  and 
political  grounds,  not,  as  Mr.  Watts  does,  by  calling  names  or  bandy- 
ing the  charge  of  heresy.  Spreading  the  truth  as  to  the  dangers  of 
alcoholism  and  emphasizing  the  moral  motives  against  it  (as  the  Fa- 
thers of  the  Third  Plenary  Council,  Leo  XIII,  and  Pius  X  have  done) 
will  do  more  towards  warding  off  extreme  measures  than  denying 
plain  facts  and  denouncing  the  motives  of  fanatic,  though  well-mean- 
ing, agitators.  (Rev.)  U.  F.  Mu'txer,  C.PP.S. 

Carthagena,  O. 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  699 

LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


We  are  informed  that  only  a  limited  number  of  sets  remain  of 
the  complete  works  of  Dr.  O.  A.  Brownson,  edited  by  his  son,  the 
late  Henry  F.  Brownson.  Any  one  desirous  of  securing  a  set  should 
lose  no  time  in  applying-  to  Mrs.  Brownson,  243  East  Larned  street, 
Detroit,  Mich.  The  writings  of  this  great  Catholic  publicist  are  so 
valuable  that  no  library  should  be  without  them.  ($60.00  per  set,  20 
vols.,  net;  $3.00  per  vol.,  net.)  "The  Spirit-Rapper"  can  be  had  sepa- 
rately for  $1.50;  "The  Life  of  Orestes  A.  Brownson,"  by  Henry  F. 
Brownson  (3  vols.),  for  $9.00;  Tarducci's  "Christopher  Columbus," 
translated  by  Henry  F.  Brownson,  for  $3.00. 

-♦--•--•- 

A  new  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  Father  F.  G.  Holweck's 
"Fasti  Mariani,"  undertaken  by  B.  Herder  of  Freiburg,  Germany,  has 
had  to  be  postponed  on  account  of  the  war. 

♦•••••■ 

The  Rev.  Godfrey  Schlachter,  C.PP.S.,  a  missionary  of  wide  ex- 
perience, has  written  a  well-reasoned  and  timely  pamphlet  on  mixed 
marriages,  which  the  St.  Joseph's  printing  office  at  Collegeville,  Ind., 
publishes  in  a  very  handy  form  under  the  title,  "The  Forbidden  Fruit, 
or  Mixed  Marriages"  (32  pp.,  16mo.).  Fr.  Schlachter  begins  with 
some  observations  on  "vocation"  and  then  shows  how  the  first  and 
indispensable  requisite  in  a  Christian  marriage  is  that  the  life-partners 
be  of  the  same  faith.  He  briefly  quotes  Sacred  Scripture,  the  Fathers, 
and  a  number  of  Councils  to  prove  that  the  Church  has  always  re- 
garded mixed  marriages  as  a  great  evil,  and  adds  some  notes  on  the 
true  nature  of  dispensation  and  life  in  mixed  marriages, calculated  to 
open  the  eyes  of  those  who  are  tempted  to  make  the  dreadful  mistake 
of  choosing  a  non-Catholic  partner.  Fr.  Schlachter  writes  plainly  and 
with  great  earnestness  and  conviction,  and  his  little  pamphlet  is  quite 
the  strongest  argument  against  mixed  marriages,  within  such  a  nar- 
row scope  and  in  such  popular  style,  that  has  yet  come  under  our  no- 
tice. We  heartily  recommend  it  to  the  reverend  clergy  for  distribu- 
tion among  the  people.  (The  retail  price  of  the  brochure  is  five  cents 
per  copy;  special  rates  per  hundred  to  priests  and  booksellers.) 

-♦--•--♦- 

The  Life  of  Gemma  Galgani,  by  her  confessor,  Fr.  Germanus  of 
St.  Stanislaus,  C.P.,  has  been  translated  into  English  by  the  Rev.  A. 
M.  O'Sullivan,  O.S.B.,  who  expresses  the  opinion  that  "the  facts  of 
this  wonderful  yet  comparatively  human  life  being  recent,  are  em- 
phatically on  that  account  calculated  to  do  more  good  than  if  they 
were  of  a  remote  period."  Cardinal  Gasquet,  who  contributes  an  in- 
troduction, thinks  that  "a  perusal  of  [this  life]  cannot  but  make  Cath- 
olics realize  the  fact  that  God  is  really  nearer  to  us  than,  in  the  midst 
of  our  usual  absorbing  occupations  in  this  rationalistic  age,  we  have 
perhaps  thought  possible."  His  Eminence  refers  those  who  are 
"skeptical  about  the  whole  account"  to  the  appendices.      These  appen- 


700  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

dices  (by  the  author)  are  not  quite  convincing,  and  we  venture  to  ob- 
serve that  a  brief  synopsis  with  critical  notes  would  have  appealed 
more  strongly  to  English  and  American  readers  than  a  translation  of 
the  diffuse  and  naively  eulogistic  Italian  original.  (London:  Sands  & 
Co.;  St.  Louis,  Mo.:     B.  Herder.    $1.80,  net.) 

♦•  ♦  ♦ 
The  America  Press  has  republished  in  pamphlet  form  certain 
papers  on  "Freemasonry  and  Catholicism  in  America,"  originally  con- 
tributed to  the  Messenger  of  the  Sacred  Heart  and  "America"  by  the 
Rev.  Michael  Kenny,  SJ.  The  brochure  contains  some  interesting 
and  valuable  information.  We  are  glad  "America"  has  taken  up  the 
Masonic  problem.  "It  is  well,"  to  quote  Fr.  Kenny's  concluding 
words,  "that  every  Catholic  should  be  wakeful,  take  notice  and  be- 
come well  posted  on  Masonic  activities."  (New  York:  The  America 
Press,  59  East  83d  St.  5  cents.)  By  the  way,  some  one  ought  to 
give  us  an  edition  of  the  chief  papal  bulls  issued  against  Freema- 
sonry, in  Latin  and  English. 

In  a  solid  little  book,  titled  "Unsere  Lebensideale  und  die  Kultur 
der  Gegenwart,"  the  Rev.  P.  Dr.  J.  Chrysostom  Schulte,  O.M.Cap., 
discusses  a  number  of  timely  topics  of  equal  importance  for  the  clergy 
and  educated  laymen,  e.  g.t  the  meaning  of  religion,  ecclesiastical  au- 
thority, Catholicism  and  intellectual  life,  the  social  duties  of  Catholics, 
etc.  The  book  is  written  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  pastor  and  for 
pastoral  purposes.  Though  primarily  intended  for  Germans,  it  offers 
splendid  material  for  sermons  and  lectures  to  cultured  Catholics  every- 
where.    (B.  Herder,  95  cents.,  net.) 

"Outside  the  Walls,"  by  Benjamin  Francis  Musser,  is  a  collection 
of  "tributes  to  the  principle  and  practice  of  Roman  Catholicism"  from 
non-Catholics  of  all  denominations  and  no  denomination.  Mr.  Mus- 
ser, who  is  a  scholarly  convert,  has  strung  together  his  valuable  and 
sometimes  extremely  striking  citations  with  a  literary  skill  that  adds  to 
their  effectiveness.  Here  and  there  one  would  wish  that  he  were 
more  precise  in  giving  his  authorities.  The  book  is  particularly  adapted 
to  impress  fair-minded  non-Catholics.  The  inevitable  objection  of 
casuistry  is  well  refuted  in  the  preface.     (B.  Herder.     $1.25,  net.) 

The  character  and  purpose  of  Fr.  Michael  d'Herbigny's,  S.J., 
"Prudens  Sexdecim  Linguarum  Confessarius"  is  sufficiently  indicated 
by  the  sub-titles :  "Etiam  sine  ulla  scicntia  linguarum.  Mcthodus 
optica  pro  confessione  integra  et  matrimonio,  sacerdote  et  poenitente 
mutuas  linguas  prorsus  ignorantibus."  The  usefulness  of  such  an  aid 
can  only  be  determined  by  actual  practice.  No  doubt  those  who  need 
a  book  of  this  kind  will  be  willing  to  give  Fr.  d'Herbigny's  a  fair  trial. 
("Paris:  Gabriel   Bcauchcsne,  117  Rue  de  Rennes.     2  fr.) 

-•-      -♦•      ■*■ 

"Our  Failings,"  by  the  Rev.  Sebastian  von  Oer,  O.S.B.,  trans- 
lated    from   the   tenth   edition   by   the    Countess   Alfred   von    Bothmer, 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  701 

treats  with  deep  insight  and  kindly  indulgence  of  such  failings  as  im- 
patience, fickleness,  false  shame,  bad  temper,  loquacity,  want  of  tact, 
curiosity,  etc.,  which  often  mar  the  character  of  even  saintly  persons, 
and,  in  the  words  of  the  author,  constitute-  "the  well-tilled  soil  from 
which  sins  spring  up."  The  author  amiably  confesses  that  he  got 
most  of  his  information  "from  self-criticism  and  self-examination." 
He  has  also  closely  observed  others,  and  his  little  book  forms  a  splen- 
did help  to  self-knowledge,  admittedly  a  thing  as  difficult  as  it  is  im- 
portant to  acquire.  The  work  is  well  translated  and  can  be  cordially 
recommended  for  spiritual  reading.     (B.  Herder.     $1.10,  net.) 

"A    Study    in  American  Freemasonry,"  edited  by  Arthur   Preuss, 
has  appeared  in  its  third  edition.     (B.  Herder.    $1.50.) 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  failed  to  supply  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 
Dominican   Fathers  of  the   English   Province.      The   "Summa   Theologica" 
of  St.   Thomas  Aquinas.     Literally  translated.     Part  III.     Third  num- 
ber.     (QQ.   LX— LXXXIII.)      468  pp.     8vo.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     $2, 
net. 
Durin,  Rev.  J.  F.     Novena  for  the  Relief  of  the  Poor  Souls  in  Purgatory. 
By  a  Missionary   of   the   Sacred  Heart.      2nd   ed.,    revised   by   Rev.    B. 
Dieringer.      63    pp.    32mo.      Milwaukee:    Columbia    Publishing    Co.      10 
cts. ;  $1  per  dozen.     (Wrapper.) 
Hagspiel,    Rev.    Bruno,    S.V.D.      Catholic    Mission    Literature.      A    List    of 
Books,    Pamphlets,   and    Periodicals   Dealing   with   Home   and   Foreign 
Mission  Work.     Compiled  for  the  Libraries  of  Our  Parochial  Schools, 
Colleges,   Academies,   Convents,   and  Motherhouses  of  Religious   Com- 
munities.    Techny,   111.:   Society  of  the  Divine  Word.      (Pamphlet.) 
Kuhn,    Rev.    Albert,    O.S.B.      Roma.     Ancient,    Subterranean,    and    Modern 
Rome   in   Word   and   Picture.      Complete   in    18   Parts,    with    938    Illus- 
trations,  40   Full-page  Inserts,    and   3    Plans  of  Rome.      Published   bi- 
monthly.    Part  VI.     Benziger  Bros.     1914.     35   cts.   per  part. 
The  Holy  Bible  Translated  from   the  Latin  Vulgate,  Diligently  Compared 
With   the   Hebrew,    Greek,   and   Other   Editions   in   Divers   Languages. 
.     .     .     Annotations,   References,   an   Historical   and   Chronological   In- 
dex,   Many   Maps   and    Illustrations.      Published   with    the   Imprimatur 
and  Approbation  of  H.   E.   John   Cardinal   Farley,  Archbishop  of  New 
York.     New  York:     The  C.  Wildermann  Co.     1390  pp.     8vo.     In  bind- 
ings from  $1  to  $6.50,  net.     Special  rebate  to  clergy  and  sisters. 
MacRory,  Rev.  Joseph.     The  Gospel  of  St.  John.     With  notes,  Critical  and 
Explanatory.     Fourth  Edition,     lviii  &  378  pp.     8vo.     Dublin:     Browne 
&  Nolan,   Ltd.;    St.   Louis,   Mo.:     B.   Herder.      1914.     $2.25,   net. 
Bamberg,  Rev.  Hubert  (Edited  by  Rev.  Herbert  Thurston,  S.J. ).     Popular 
Sermons   on   the   Catechism.     Volume   I:    Faith.      451    pp.      8vo.      Ben- 
ziger Bros.     1914.     $1.50,   net. 

FICTION 

Hall-Patch,  W.  The  Conversion  cf  Cesare  Putti.  A  Tale  of  the  Time 
of  St.  Philip  Neri.  37  pp.  12mo.  Illustrated.  Benziger  Bros.  35 
cts.,   net. 

Benson,  V.  Rev.  Robert  Hugh.  Oddsfish!  An  Historical  Novel.  467  pp. 
12mo.     New  York:     P.   J.   Kenedy   &  Sons.     1914.     $1.35,   net. 

MUSIC 
Becker,    Ren6    L.      Laetentur    Coeli.      Offertory    for    the    First    Mass    on 

Christmas  Day.     Four  mixed   voices.      New  York:     J.    Fischer   &  Bro. 

12  cts. 
Becker,    Ren6    L.      Tui    Sunt    Coeli.      Offertory    for    the    Third    Mass    on 


702 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


Christmas  Day.     Four   mixed  voices.     New  York:     J.   Fischer   &  Bro. 
12  cts. 

Becker.  Ren£  L.  Mass  in  Honor  of  St.  Barbara.  For  Chorus  of  Mixed 
Voices  with  Organ.     New  York:    J.  Fischer  &  Bro.     Score,  80  cts. 

Muller,  Joseph  I.  Mass  in  Honor  of  St.  Benedict.  For  Chorus  of  Mixed 
Voices,  with  Organ  Accompaniment.  (Also  published  in  an  arrange- 
ment for  Four  Male  Voices.)  New  York:  J.  Fischer  &  Bro.  Score, 
80  cts. 


WANTED- A  position  in  a  larger  city,  by  an  Organist  and  Choir  Director 
with  the  very  best  of  references.      Cecilian  music  and  Vatican  Choral  pre- 
ferred.    Arply  to  the  Editor  of  The  Fortnightly  Review,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


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Big  Bargain  in  Good  Catholic  Fiction 

Yorke,    Anthony,    "Margaret's  Travels"; 
Haultruont,  Marie,   "The  Marriage   of  Lau- 
rentia'';  Sheehan,  Canon,  "Miriam  Lucas"; 
Fitzgerald,  Percy,  "Worldlyman";    Schmid, 
Elsa,  "Pame  Clare's  Story-Telling";  Barton, 
Geo.,  "In  Quest  of  the  Golden  Chest";    Ric- 
cardi-Cubitt,    Vera,     "The    Pearl    of    Great 
Price";     Waggaman,     Mary    T.,    "Captain 
Tedd";     Anonymous,    "Faith,    Hope,     and 
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Cabin." 

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Rambles  in  Catholic  Lands 


This  Year's  GIFT-BOOK 
PAR   EXCELLENCE 

By    KKV.  MICHAK1,   HAKKKTT,  O.S.I*.,  Author  of   "Up  In  Arrimutrland,"  etc. 

8vo.,  cloth,  with  many  full-page  illustrations,  in  box,  net,  #2.00 

The  genial  author  of  '  I'p  in  Ardmuirland"— who  writes  with  a  strength  and  simplicity 
that  remind  us  of  Washington  Irving — describes  his  travels  in  lands  where  the  Faith  is  still 
as  much  a  part  of  life  as  it  was  ages  ago.  It  is  refreshing  to  read  of  Father  Unrretfs  visits 
to  olden  churches  and  monasteries  and  to  learn  from  this  sympathetic  yet  discerning  critic 
of  the  lives  and  customs  of  the  God-fearing  people  that  still  worship  in  them  as  did  their 
forefathers  centuries  ago.  The  infoi  motion  Father  Harrett  imparts  is  not  given  with  the  air 
of  a  conscious  pedant  or  bored  traveler,  but  with  a  fresh  candor  that  is  rendered  all  the 
more  delightful  by  the  narration  of  diverting  incidents  of  the  trip.  "Rambles  in  Catholic 
Land*"  has  the  charm  that  is  lacking  in  most  works  of  this  nature— it  is  naturally  written 
and  the  Knglish  is  pure. 

dENZIGER  BRO  I  HERS  nnaiiiM't  Magazine  New  York,  Cincinnati,  Chicago 


XXI  22  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  703 


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Gilmartin,   T.     Manual  of  Church  History.     Vols.   1  and  2.     Dublin,   1909. 

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Reiffenstuel,    A.,    O.F.M.      Jus    Canonicum    Universum.      Ed.    2a.      5    vols., 

bound  in  4.     Ingolstadt,  1728  sqq.     $12.     (Carriage  extra.) 
Durand,    A.,    S.J.      The   Childhood   of    Christ   according    to    the   Canonical 

Gospels.     Phila.,  1910.     $1. 
Riedel,  A.  F.     Geschichte  des  preussischen  Konigshauses.     2  vols.     Berlin, 

1861.     $2. 
Weiss,   A.    M.     Soziale   Frage   und   soziale   Ordnung.     4th   ed.     Freiburg, 

1904.     2  vols.     $2. 
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Gerrard,   Rev.  Thos.  J.     The  Cult  of  Mary.     London,  1912.     30  cts. 
Seitz,    Rev.    Jos.     Die  Verehrung   des   hi.   Joseph   in   ihrer  geschichtlichen 

Entwicklung  dargestellt  bis   zum  Konzil  von   Trient.     Mit   80  Abbild- 

ungen.     Freiburg,  1908.     $1.50. 
Schell,  Rev.   Dr.  H.     Religion  und  Offenbarung.     2nd  ed.     Paderborn,  1902. 

$1.35. 
Schaefer,    Bishop  Al.     (Tr.   by  Rev.   Brossaert.)     The  Mother  of  Jesus  in 

Holy  Scripture.     New  York,   1913.     $1.50. 
Gigot,  Rev.  Fr.  E.,  S.S.     Special  Introduction  to  the  Old  Testament.     Part 

1.     The  Historical  Books.     New  York,  1901.     $1. 
Hitchcock,   Rev.   Geo.   S.     The  Epistle   to  the  Ephesians,   Translated   from 

the  Greek  and  Explained  for  English  Readers.     London,  1913.     $1.50. 
Lauterer,   Jos.     Japan,    das  Land   der  aufgehenden   Sonne.     Nach   Reisen 

und  Studien  geschildert.     Leipzig,   1902.     $1.75. 
Bryce,    James.      The    American    Commonwealth.      2    vols.      3rd    ed.      New 

York,   1901.      $2.25. 
Howitt- Binder.     Friedrich  Overbeck.     Sein  Leben  u.  sein  Schaffen.     Frei- 
burg, 1886.     2  vols.     $1.50. 
Keppler,   Bishop  P.  W.  von.     Aus  Kunst  und  Leben.     Neue  Folge.     (Con- 
taining the  famous  essay  "Von  der  Freude.")     Freiburg,   1906.     $1.50. 

Illustrated. 
Duhr,  Rev.  B.,  S.J.      Die  Studienordnung  der  Gesellschaft  Jesu.     Freiburg, 

1896.     $1. 
Kirsch,    J.    P.      Die    Lehre    von    der    Gemeinschaft    der    Heiligen.      Mainz, 

1900.     90  cts. 
Mausbach,  Jos.,  et  al.     Moralprobleme.     Freiburg,  1911.     $1. 
Pruner,    J.    E.      Lehrbuch    der    Moraltheologie.      2nd    ed.      Freiburg,    1883. 

$1.50. 
Cox,    Chas.,    O.M.I.       Daily     Reflections     for     Christians.      London,     1914. 

Two  volumes.     $2.50. 
Preuss,  Edw.    Zum  Lobe  der  unbefl.     Empfangnis.     Freiburg,  1879.    80  cts. 


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Lucens.      1m    Kampf    um    Lourdes.      Ein    deutscher    Roman.      Einsiedeln, 

1914.     $1. 
Schumacher,    H.      Christus    in    seiner   Priiexisienz    und    Kenose.      I.    Teil: 

Historische   Untersuchung.      Rome,    1914.     75   cts.      (Unbound.) 
Bacuez,   L.     Major  Orders.     Instructions  and  Meditations.     St.  Louis,  1913. 

$1.25. 
Pesch,  Chr.,   S.J.     Praelectiones  Dogmaticae.     9  vols.     Freiburg-,   1898  sqq. 

$12. 
Rouet   de   Journel,    M.   J.,   S.J.     Enchiridion   Patristicum.      Freiburg,    1911. 

$2. 
Biblia   Sacra  Vulgatae  Editionis.     Notis,   etc.     Illustrata.     Ed.   B.   Galura, 

Innsbruck,  1834.     $1.50. 
La  Verite,  of  Quebec,  ed.  by  J.  P.  Tardivel.     Vol  17,  July,  1897-8.     Bound, 

in  fair  condition.     $2. 
Moran,   Rev.   Wm.     The  Government  of  the  Church  in  the  First  Century. 

An  Essay  on  the  Beginnings  of  the  Christian  Ministry.     Dublin,  1913. 

$1.20. 
Manresa.     The  Spiritual  Exercises  of  St.   Ignatius  for  General  Use.     New 

Ed.     New  York,  1914.     80  cts. 
Gotz,  J  oh.   B.     Die  religiose  Bewegung  in  der  Oberpfalz  von  1520  bis  1560. 

Freiburg.  1914.     85  cts.     (Paper.) 
Hannon,    Rev.    Wm.    B.      Leaves    from    the    Note-Book    of    a    Missionary. 

London,  1914.     55  cts. 
Wirth,  Rev.   E.  J.     Divine  Grace.     N.  Y.,  1903.     85  cts. 
Klimke,    Rev.    Fr.,    S.J.     Der  Monismus   und    seine     philos.       Grundlagen. 

Freiburg,   1911.     $2.20. 
McGinnis,    Rev.    Chas.    F.      The    Communion    of   Saints.      St.    Louis,    1912. 

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lustrated.) 
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vols.     Koln  u.    Neuss,  1874.     $3. 
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tam.     2  vols.     Rome,  1911.     $2.35. 
Broglie,  Em.  de.     (Tr.  by  M.  Partridge.)     Saint  Vincent  de  Paul.     London, 

1898.     75  cts. 
Niessen,  Joh.     Panagia-Kapuli,  das  neuentdeckte  Wohn-  und   Sterbehaus 

der  hi.  Jungfrau  Maria  bei  Ephesus.     Illustrated.     Dtilmen  i.  W.,  1906. 

$1.25. 
Schell,   Rev.   Dr.   H.     Jahwe  und  Christus.     Paderborn,   1905.     $1.55. 
Riviere,   J.     Doctrine  of  the  Atonement.     2  vols.     London,   1909.      (Tr.   by 

L.    Cappadelta.)      $2. 
Jackson,    F.     Memoirs   of   Baron    Hyde   de    Neuville,    Outlaw,    Exile,   Am- 
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Hillquit-Ryan.    Socialism:    Promise    or   Menace?     A    Debate.      New   York, 

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Meigs,  Wm.   M.     The  Life  of  Thomas  Hart  Benton.     Phlla.,  1904.     $1.50. 
Curtis,  Wm.  E.    The  True  Thomas  Jefferson.     2nd  ed.     Phila.,  1901.     $1.50. 
Ford,  P.  L.     The  Tnie  George  Washington.     Phila.,  1902.     $1.     Illustrated. 

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THE 

FORTNIGHTLY    REVIEW 


VOIy.  XXI,  No.  23.  DECEMBER  1,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


Mexico  and  the  Wilson  Administration 

Mr.  Michael  Williams,  an  American  journalist  who  has 
watched  the  recent  development  of  Mexican  affairs  on  the 
spot,  says  in  an  article  contributed  to  the  San  Francisco  Moni- 
tor (Vol.  56,  No.  25)  : 

"It  soon  was  apparent  to  me  that  all  the  Constitutionalist  lead- 
ers were  hostile  to  the  Catholic  Church,  and  that,  if  they  suc- 
ceeded in  gaining  power  they  meant  to  destroy  the  Church,  if 
they  could.  They  made  no  secret  of  their  intentions.  On  the 
contrary,  they  loudly  and  insistently  proclaimed  them.  And,  as 
we  now  see,  they  are  making  good.  All  that  they  said  was,  of 
course,  well  known  to  the  United  States  military  and  naval  com- 
manders, and  to  the  United  States  special  agents.  Either  they 
did  or  they  did  not  report  these  matters  to  Washington.  If  they 
did,  Washington  helped  these  anti-religionists  with  full  knowl- 
edge of  their  intentions.  If  they  did  not,  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment was  virtually  tricked  into  its  notoriously  powerful  sup- 
port of  the  Constitutionalists,  and  it  should  now  expose  and 
punish  the  tricksters  and  make  reparation  as  fully  as  possible 
for  the  damage  already  done,- while  taking  steps  to  stop  all  future 
attacks  upon  religion." 

♦     ♦•.•    ♦ 

Prohibition  and  the  Mass 

The  Catholic  Citizen  (Vol.  44,  No.  1)  quotes  from  a  letter 
written  by  an  Arizona  priest  to  the  Douglas  Daily  Dispatch 
(Oct.  18)  the  following  statement: 

"I  received  instructions  from  Rt.  Rev.  H.  Granjon,  Bishop  of 
Tucson,  Ariz.,  to  inform  all  Catholics  that,  according  to  a  written 
statement  of  Judge  John  Wright,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Tucson,  the 
proposed  prohibition  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  Arizona  will 
make  it  illegal  or  criminal  for  all  the  Catholic  priests  of  the  State  of 
Arizona  to  celebrate  Mass,  and  consequently,  if  this  amendment  becomes 
law,  all  Catholic  priests  in  Arizona  will  be  liable  to  be  arrested  for 

70S 


706  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

saying  Mass,  and  those  who  do  say  Mass  will  perform  an  illegal  act 
hy  doing  so." 

Arizona  has  since  adopted  the  proposed  amendment  and 
the  Citizen  expresses  the  hope  that  "some  other  lawyer  may 
be  found  who  will  give  a  more  optimistic  opinion"  than  Judge 
Wright. 

Meanwhile,  the  clergy  of  Arizona  are  in  an  upleasant 
position  and  have  cause  for  worrying. 

In  Colorado,  which  has  also  adopted  state-wide  prohibition, 
to  go  into  effect  Jan.  1,  1916,  the  new  constitutional  amend- 
ment contains  a  proviso  that  statutory  permission  may  be 
granted  for  the  sale  or  gift  of  wine  for  sacramental  and 
medicinal  purposes ;  but  it  will  require  a  special  act  of  the 
legislature  to  carry  this  out,  and  the  Denver  Catholic  Register 
(Vol.  10,  No.  15)  rightly  insists  that  the  matter  be  "so  agi- 
tated that  there  will  be  no  question  about  it." 

Catholics  everywhere,  no  matter  whether  they  favor  or 
oppose  prohibition,  should  see  to  it  that  under  any  proposed 
measures  in  this  direction  the  use  and  the  sale  of  wine  for 
sacramental  purposes  is  always  properly  safeguarded. 

Unrestricted  Book  Borrowing  Privileges 

Books  ad  libitum,  or  unrestricted  borrowing  privileges, 
seems  to  be  the  goal  towards  which  public  library  practice  is 
now  progressing,  according  to  The  Dial  (No.  681).  Some 
libraries,  notably  that  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  lend  books  practically 
without  limit  in  number  to  those  asking  for  them  in  good 
faith  and  showing  a  disposition  not  to  abuse  the  privilege. 
Others  show  a  disposition  to  relax  former  restrictions.  The 
librarian  of  the  Williamsport  (Pa.)  Public  Library  says  in  his 
seventh  annual  report:  "That  this  is  a  move  in  the  right  di- 
rection seems  almost  certain,  for  it  makes  for  better  service 
and  in  addition  reduces  clerical  work."  The  Dial  suspects 
that  "emulation  in  respect  to  circulation"  operates  as  a  power- 
ful motive  with  library  officials  in  allowing  this  greater  free- 
dom. 

Students  and  scholars  sometimes  need  a  number  of  books 
for  reference,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  be  permitted  to  take  home  a 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  707 

batch  instead  of  being  compelled  to  spend  hours  in  a  public 
reading  room.  But  why  the  average  reader  should  want  to 
take  out  more  than  one  or  two  books  at  a  time,  or  how  he 
will  be  benefited  by  the  "freedom  of  the  shelves"  which  char- 
acterizes the  "fearless  and  liberal  library  policy"  of  the  pres- 
ent, we  do  not  quite  perceive. 

A  Fit  Audience,  Though  Few 

The  literary  critic's  limited  audience  is  one  not  to  be 
despised.  Of  far  more  influence  and  respectability  is  it  than 
the  unnumbered  thousands  that  drive  to  their  capacity  the 
presses  of  the  popular  magazines.  In  Professor  Bliss  Perry's 
second  paper  on  American  literary  criticism,  in  The  Yale 
Review  for  October,  he  finds  occasion  to  say : 

"Take  the  fact  of  the  limited  audience.  No  matter  how  lim- 
ited we  think  it  is  today,  it  was  certainly  more  limited  still  in 
1836,  when  Emerson  declared  that  we  had  no  critic,  and  Poe  set 
himself  doggedly,  month  after  month,  in  the  Southern  Literary 
Messenger,  to  demonstrate  that  there  was  at  least  one  critic  to 
be  reckoned  with.  And  how  much  this  indefatigable  advocate 
of  the  determinate  principles  of  criticism  accomplished  at  his 
lonely  post!  With  better  health,  and  better  temper,  and  with 
that  broader  and  deeper  culture  which  was  denied  to  him,  what 
might  not  this  theorist  and  craftsman  have  done  for  American 
criticism,  in  spite  of  the  small  circle  of  subscribers  to  the  Mes- 
senger, and  in  spite  of  the  indifference  of  the  general  public!  The 
American  critic  of  today  who  can  enunciate  a  principle  or  record 
with  delicacy  and  beauty  and  absolute  honesty  a  critical  verdict 
for  a  few  thousand  readers  in  The  Dial,  The  Nation,  the  Yale 
Review,  need  not  worry  about  the  limits  of  his  audience.  It  is  the 
small  audience  that  is  the  vital,  the  responsive,  the  propagating 
audience." 

The  conscientious  critic's  prayer  is  ever  that  of  Milton  in 
his  petition  for  a  fit  audience,  though  few. 

♦■    .♦     ♦ 

The  Peril  of  Race  Suicide 

Dr.  Meyrick  Booth,  in  the  Hibbert  Journal,  gives  sta- 
tistics relating  to  the  connection  between  Protestantism  and 
the  decrease  of  population  in  various  countries  of  the  world. 
The  figures  show  that  the  birth-rate  is  highest  in  Catholic 
communities  and  lowest  where  Protestantism  prevails,   from 


708  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

which  Dr.  Booth  (himself  a  Protestant)  draws  the  conclusion 
that : 

"It  is  clear,  even  when  we  leave  India  and  China  out  of  ac- 
count, that  the  Protestant  nations  are  being  left  far  behind  in  the 
general  growth  of  the  world's  population.  ...  It  would  ap- 
pear that  modern  Protestantism  is  now  (in  practice  if  not  in 
theory)  virtually  identified  with  a  very  extreme  type  of  Mal- 
thusianism,  and  that  in  consequence  of  this  state  of  affairs  it  is 
being  driven  back  in  practically  all  the  great  centers  of  civiliza- 
tion, both  in  the  Old  World  and  the  New." 

And  warning  the  ministers  of  Protestantism  in  England, 
he  tells  them : 

"It  is  not  in  the  least  necessary  to  cast  about  them  for 
evidence  of  Jesuit  machinations  wherewith  to  explain  the  decline 
of  Protestant  Churches.  Let  them  rather  look  at  the  empty 
cradles  in  the  homes  of  their  own  congregations." 

We  are  indebted  for  these  quotations  to  the  New  York 
Freeman's  Journal,  No.  4503. 

The  Cigarette  Habit 

According  to  Mr.  Chas.  Bulkley  Hubbell,  writing  in  the 
New  York  Evening  Post,  the  injury  and  demoralization  fol- 
lowing indulgence  in  the  cigarette  habit  does  not  derive  from 
the  cigarette  itself,  but  from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  com- 
monly smoked.  The  vast  majority  of  cigarette  smokers,  he 
says,  inhale  the  smoke,  and  so  firmly  establish  the  inhaling 
habit  that  they  derive  no  satisfaction  in  smoking  tobacco  in 
any  form  unless  they  inhale  it — and  therein  lies  the  menace,  to 
youth  especially.  There  is  no  perfect  combustion  in  smoking 
tobacco;  a  part  of  the  consumption  passes  into  a  noxious  gas, 
closely  allied  to  the  fire  damp  of  the  mines.  When  this  sub- 
stance passes  by  inhalation  into  the  circulation  and  a  part 
finally  into  the  brain,  the  pleasure  of  the  cigarette  smoker  is 
achieved.  A  mild  and  agreeable  intoxication  ensues  that 
at  once  is  the  joy  and  the  menace  of  the  cigarette  smoker. 
When  the  cigarette  inhaling  habit  is  once  firmly  established,  it 
is  almost  as  difficult  to  abandon  as  the  taking  of  morphine; 
every  cigarette  inhaler  knows  that.  The  majority  of  pipe 
and  cigar  smokers  are  moderate  in  their  indulgence  and  smoke 
usually   at   stated   periods   and    practically    without   injury   or 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  709 

interference  with  their  callings  or  business,  but  the  confirmed 
cigarette  inhaler  has  to  keep  his  indulgence  going  most  of  the 
time. 

Modern  Mysticism 

Rabindranath  Tagore,  of  Nobel  prize  fame,  is,  if  the  vul- 
gar image  may  be  permitted,  making  hay  while  the  sun  shines. 
A  fair  specimen  of  Mr.  Tagore's  philosophy  may  be  found  on 
page  28  of  his  book,  "Sadhana,"  recently  translated  into 
English  (Macmillan)  : 

"To  understand  anything  is  to  find  in  it  something  which  is 
our  own,  and  it  is  the  discovery  of  ourselves  outside  us  which 
makes  us  glad.  This  relation  of  understanding  is  partial,  but  the 
relation  of  love  is  complete.  In  love  the  sense  of  difference  is 
obliterated  and  the  human  soul  fulfils  its  purpose  in  perfection, 
transcending  the  limits  of  itself  and  reaching  across  the  threshold 
of  the  infinite." 

Which  is  trite.  It  may  have  a  parallel  in  some  Sanskrit 
passage  of  the  Upanishads  or  Brahmanas,  for  anything  may 
be  found  in  those  books,  but  it  is  about  as  far  from  their  real 
spirit  as  the  sunset  is  from  the  sunrise.  We  have  here  merely 
another  illustration  of  the  modern,  rather  flabby  mysticism 
which  is  crusading  over  the  world. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes  and  the  Presidency 

In  his  lately  published  "Life  of  Rutherford  Birchard 
Hayes,  Nineteenth  President  of  the  United  States"  (2 
vols.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $7.50  net),  Mr.  Charles  Richard 
Williams,  late  editor  of  the  Indianapolis  News,  after  the 
manner  of  a  true  historian,  allows  his  subject  "to  speak 
for  himself,"  wherever  possible.  We  quote  a  statement 
from  the  preface  that  bears  directly  on  the  most  exciting 
chapter   in    Mr.   Hayes'   career: 

"I  approached  my  work  with  many  misgivings  and  prejudices, 
being  by  inheritance,  by  early  training,  and  by  conviction,  of  the 
Democratic  faith.  I  had  lightly  accepted,  without  investigation  or 
reflection,  the  common  Democratic  assumptions  regarding  the  dis- 
puted election.  As  the  result  of  my  prolonged  studies  I  have  no 
hesitation  in  affirming  my  conviction,  first,  that  under  the  Con- 
stitution the  decision  of  the  Electoral  Commission  was  the  only 
possible  decision;  second,  that  the  decision  was  not  only  legally 
right  and  sound,  and  essential  to  the  preservation  of  the  integrity 


710  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  State  authority,  but  that  it  was  in  accord  with  the  eternal  equi- 
ties of  the  situation,  and  third,  that  Mr.  Hayes'  large  wisdom  of 
administration  was  vastly  more  beneficial  to  the  South,  to  the  peace 
and  reconciliation  of  the  country,  than  any  course  of  conduct 
that  can  reasonably  be  thought  of  as  possible  to  Mr.  Tilden 
could   have   been." 

Such  a  judgment,  from  a  man  who  is  both  a  vigorous 
journalist  and  a  trained  historian,  will  go  far  towards  cor- 
recting the  impression  still  largely  prevalent,  that  Mr.  Hayes 
was  "counted  in"  and  that  his  tenure  of  the  presidency 
was  little  less  than  a  national  misfortune. 


THE  WORLD  WAR  AND  PEACE  PIFFLE 

War  may  be  Hades  let  loose.  War  may  also  be  a 
blessing  in  disguise.     It  never  is  an  unmitigated  evil. 

A  violent  clash  between  nations  will  naturally  cause 
great  destruction.  But,  like  a  prairie  fire,  it  removes  much 
that  hinders  real  growth.  Mars  unchains  lust  for  blood. 
He  also  imbues  people  with  a  salutary  fear  of  death  and 
eternity.  He  fosters  martial  virtues  that  are  the  price  of 
safety  in  civic  and  religious  life.  Self-indulgence,  Effemi- 
nacy and  Luxury  hate  Mars  bitterly. 

The  danger  of  war  may  be  reduced  by  the  fostering  of 
good  will  among  nations  and  races.  Still,  war  will  never 
be  out  of  date. 

Armed  conflict  between  nations  is  a  fierce  blaze  devour- 
ing the  materials  for  a  bonfire  heaped  up  by  men's  pas- 
sions during  times  of  peace.  Were  there  no  greed,  envy, 
hate,  injustice,  murder,  and  other  crimes  among  races  and 
nations,  as  well  as  in  single  communities,  Mars  might  as 
well  sink  his  rifles,  cannon,  warships  and  other  parapher- 
nalia in  midocean  and  enter  vaudeville  as  a  champion  of 
perpetual  peace.  But  in  that  event  mankind  would  have  to 
be  made  up  of  angels  in  human  flesh,  or  at  least  of  practical 
Christians. 

As  long  as  this  does  not  obtain,  war  will  have  to  be 
reckoned  with,  and  Mars  will  do  some  business  at  the  old 
stand. 

In  a  pastoral  issued  at  the  outbreak  of  the  world  war 
Cardinal  Bourne,  Archbishop  of  Westminster,  writes: 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  711 

"War  is  in  truth  one  of  the  greatest  material  evils  that  the  world 
can  see,  but  our  Divine  Master  has  warned  us  that  it  is  an  evil  for 
which  we  must  be  prepared.  'You  shall  hear  of  wars  and  rumors  of 
wars.  See  that  ye  be  not  troubled.  For  these  things  must  come  to 
pass,  but  the  end  is  not  yet.  For  nation  shall  rise  against  nation,  and 
kingdom  against  kingdom.'  War  is,  at  the  same  time,  a  reminder  of 
sin,  for,  without  the  sin  of  individuals  and  of  nations,  enmities  and 
consequent  hostilities  would  not  exist." — (Tablet,  Aug.  8th.) 

The  prophetic  words  of  our  Divine  Lord  show  that  it 
is  absurd  to  babble  about  universal  peace  as  long  as  human 
nature  remains  the  same,  and  attentio-i  is  centered  on  ar- 
bitration and  neutrality  agreements  which,  as  ex-President 
Roosevelt  recently  observed,  are  not  worth  the  paper  used 
to  write  them  down.  We  must  go  deeper  and  get  a  firm 
hold  on  the  conscience  of  mankind.  Says  Our  Sunday  Vis- 
itor (Sept.  6th)  very  pertinently: 

"Man,  driven  on  by  jealousy,  ambition  or  avarice,  or  by  love  of 
fatherland  or  religion,  is  willing  to  accept  every  suffering  entailed  by 
war,  to  make  every  sacrifice  demanded  for  its  successful  prosecution, 
to  drain  to  the  dregs  the  cup  of  the  agony  of  death  in  order  to  secure 
the  victory.  No,  there  must  be  offered  him  better,  higher  motives 
than  mere  material  loss  to  enlist  him  under  the  banner  of  interna- 
tional  peace !" 

Editor  Keeley  of  the  Chicago  Herald  (Sept.  2d)  prac- 
tically endorsed  this  view  when  he  wrote : 

".  .  .  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  war  was  'popular'  in  Europe, 
much  as  some  of  us  would  like  to  believe  the  contrary.  In  Servia, 
Belgium  and  France  the  feeling  of  the  masses  may  be  explained  by 
the  instincts  of  self-defense ;  in  Russia  by  the  sense  of  Slavic  broth- 
erhood ;  in  England  by  a  conviction  that  the  national  honor  was  in- 
volved; in  Germany  by  a  conviction  .  .  .  that  the  national  existence 
was  at  stake.  Whatever  the  instincts,  convictions  or  delusions  be- 
hind it,  there  is  no  doubt  that  these  six  governments,  in  going  to  war, 
Were  supported  with  practical  unanimity  by  their  peoples." 

And  these  "battered  and  impoverished  peoples,"  ob- 
serves Prof.  F.  Schevill,  of  Chicago  University,  in  a  pam- 
phlet of  the  Chicago  Germanistic  Society,  "will  be  pre- 
served for  no  other  purpose  than  new  wars  and  new  disas- 
ters, if  they  do  not  fit  themselves  with  a  new  mind.  And 
that  means  that  the  individual — for  everything  depends  on 
him — must  learn  the  lesson  of  peace  and  love  .  .  ." 

It  also  means  the  recognition  by  the  principal  powers 


712  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

of  some  impartial,  disinterested  international  court  or  medi- 
ator. Of  course,  even  these  would  not  guarantee  perpetual 
peace,  for  the  animal  in  man  can  not  be  completely  abol- 
ished. 

Time  was  when  the  Pope,  as  sovereign  and  Father  of 
Christendom,  was  appealed  to  by  would-be  combatants. 
Quite  often  he  succeeded  in  settling  international  disputes. 
But  not  always.  Where  an  agency  with  the  moral  prestige 
and  the  reputation  for  disinterestedness  enjoyed  by  the 
Papacy  was  not  generally  successful,  no  other  institution 
will  be,  especially  if  it  ignores  the  Holy  See.  Take  this  il- 
lustration : 

At  the  request  of  Italy  the  Pope  was  excluded  from  the 
first  session  of  The  Hague  Peace  Congress.  All  sorts  of 
meetings  were  held,  agreements  for  regulating  arbitration 
and  international  disputes  were  signed,  and  the  peace  advo- 
cates were  in  dulci  jubilo.  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie  built  a 
palace  for  the  peace  dove.  But  all  the  while  no  nation 
placed  complete  trust  in  the  other's  professions,  because 
none  was  a  disinterested  party.  And  now,  by  the  irony 
of  fate,  the  Czar  of  Russia,  who  called  the  first  peace  con- 
gress, was  chiefly  instrumental  in  reopening  the  door  to 
Mars. 

Some  blame  the  resulting  cataclysm  on  the  two  great 
alliances  of  powers — the  Triple  Alliance  (Germany,  Aus- 
tria and  Italy)  and  the  Triple  Entente  (Russia,  France  and 
England).  They  say  Bismarck's  attempt  to  arrange  for 
a  coalition  strong  enough  to  prevent  war  induced  Eng- 
land, France  and  Russia  to  form  a  counter-coalition.  This 
looks  plausible.  But  it  concerns  itself  with  surface  indi- 
cations only.  Why  did  Bismarck  and  his  successors  not 
feel  secure  in  their  power?  Partly,  perhaps,  because  they 
were  too  suspicious,  and  partly  because  they  had  learned 
the  lessons  of  history  and  did  not  close  their  eyes  to  in- 
ternational antagonism,  envy  and  jealousy  inseparably 
bound  up  with  human  nature  in  its  present  state  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  progress. 

As  long  as  there  are  conflicting  creeds  and  until  the 
generality  of  men  become  practical  followers  of  the  Prince 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  713 

of  Peace  in  their  every-day  lives,  sympathies,  feelings  and 
aspirations,  all  talk  of  international  good  will,  complete  dis- 
armament, effective  arbitration,  etc.,  is  mere  peace  piffle. 
Dubuque,  la.  A.  Beck 

(To  be  Concluded.) 


GRAPE  JUICE  FOR  THE  MASS? 

It  appears  from  No.  27  of  "Catholics  and  Prohibition," 
a  monthly  leaflet  edited  by  the  Rev.  George  Zurcher,  of 
Marilla,  N.  Y.,  that  some  American  priests  have  submitted, 
or  are  about  to  submit,  to  the  Holy  See  a  petition  asking 
for  permission  to  use  unfermented  grape  juice  instead  of 
wine  at  the  Holy  Sacrifice  of  the  Mass.    We  quote : 

"By  permitting  us  undersigned  priests  in  the  United  States  to 
use  unfermented  wine  in  mass,  according  to  the  ancient  discipline  of 
the  Church,  your  Holiness  would  wonderfully  help  to  abate  that  rag- 
ing pestilence  which  every  year  in  these  United  States  alone  kills  in 
soul  and  in  body  about  35,000  Catholics.  The  alcoholic  liquor  traffic 
controls  and  corrupts  our  civil  government,  bribes  the  clergy  into  si- 
lence, is  most  powerful  and  devastating  where  Catholics  are  numer- 
ous, and  constitutes  the  greatest  hindrance  to  the  conversion  of  Prot- 
estants." 

The  Church  has  always  regarded  wine,  i.  c,  the  pure 
juice  of  the  grape  naturally  and  properly  fermented,  as 
one  of  the  two  elements  indispensable  for  consecration. 

"The  necessity  of  wine  of  the  grape  [for  the  Eucharistic 
sacrifice],"  says  Dr.  Pohle  (Cath.  Encyclopedia,  Vol.  V, 
page  585),  "is  not  so  much  the  result  of  the  authoritative 
decision  of  the  Church  as  it  is  presupposed  by  her  (Coun- 
cil of  Trent,  Sess.  XIII,  Cap.  iv),  and  is  based  upon  the 
example  and  command  of  Christ,  who  at  the  Last  Supper 
converted  the  natural  wine  of  grapes  into  His  blood.  .  .  . 
The  Catholic  Church  is  aware  of  no  other  tradition,  and  in 
this  respect  she  has  ever  been  one  with  the  Greeks." 

Bishop  Hedley  writes  in  his  work,  "The  Holy  Eucha- 
rist" (London,  1907,  p.  77)  :  "...  Some  modern  Prot- 
estants have  advocated  the  use  of  water  in  the  Eucharist, 
on  temperance  principles,  and  some  of  unfermented  grape 
juice  (which,  at  least  if  recent,  is  valid  matter,  though  un- 
lawful).     The   Catholic   Church   has   uniformly   insisted    that 


714  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  only  valid  matter  of  the  consecration  of  the  Chalice  is 
true  wine  of  the  grape." 

It  is  not  likely  that  this  Apostolic  custom  will  be 
changed  in  response  to  a  petition  from  Father  Zurcher  and 
his  friends. 


WAS  ST.  PETER  IN  ROME? 

Seven  or  eight  years  ago  we  presented  a  summary  of 
the  arguments  by  which  present-day  Catholic  controver- 
sialists prove  their  claim  that  St.  Peter  was  in  Rome  and 
there  founded  the  Roman  Church.  These  arguments  have 
been  so  strongly  re-enforced  of  late  that  fair-minded  Prot- 
estant scholars  no  longer  deny  their  cogency.  Thus  we 
rind  in  the  New  York  Evening  Post  of  Oct.  20  the  follow- 
ing remarkable  admissions: 

"The  origin  of  Christianity  in  Rome  is  still  an  unsolved  prob- 
lem. All  than  can  be  affirmed  with  certainty  is  that  the  Epistle  of 
St.  Paul  to  the  Romans  presupposes  the  existence  of  a  church  or 
churches  in  the  capital.  To  be  sure,  there  is  a  fourth-century 
tradition,  perhaps  derived  from  Hippolytus,  to  the  effect  that 
Peter  came  to  Rome  in  the  year  42,  and  died  in  67;  and  there  is 
another  tradition,  noted  by  Clement  of  Alexandria  and  regarded 
by  Harnack  as  'very  old  and  well  attested,'  which  states  that  the 
Apostles  were  to  remain  in  Jerusalem  for  twelve  years.  Though 
there  are  obvious  difficulties  with  these  traditions,  yet  the  argu- 
ments adduced  against  them  are  not  so  compelling  as  to  preclude 
the  possibility  of  their  essential  genuineness.  In  fact,  the  brilliant 
Leiden  scholar,  Professor  Lake,  who  happily  for  American  schol- 
arship has  just  accepted  a  call  to  Harvard,  recently  confessed:  'I 
am  not  at  all  convinced  that  St.  Peter  was  not  the  founder  of  the 
Roman  Church.' 

"This  negative  and  tentative  adherence  to  tradition  becomes 
positive  and  final  in  the  Bampton  Lecturer  for  1913,  George  Ed- 
mundson,  whose  work  entitled  'The  Church  in  Rome  in  the  First 
Century'  (Longmans;  $2.50  net)  is  at  once  industrious,  erudite, 
■nd  independent.  This  independence,  to  which  he  himself  alludes 
(p.  13),  enables  him  to  concentrate  for  his  own  purposes  into  the 
decade  60-70  A.  D.  a  number  of  documents  which  the  tradition 
of  critical  scholarship  inclines  to  put  later,  c.  g.,  Acts,  First  Peter, 
Hebrews  (which,  according  to  Tertullian  and  our  author,  was 
written  by  Barnabas),  Clement  of  Rome,  and  the  Revelation  of 
St.  John.  Even  the  Shepherd  of  Hermas  is  to  be  dated  at  about 
90,  while  the  Didachc  is  thrust  forward  into  the  fourth  century. 
Thus  equipped  with  contemporary  documents  and  leaning  heavily 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  715 

on  late  traditions,  our  skilful  author  traces  with  unexpected  firm- 
ness of  detail  the  movements  of  St.  Peter,  namely,  his  arrival  in 
Rome  in  the  summer  of  42;  his  departure  from  the  city  in  45, 
accompanied  by  St.  Mark,  who  had  just  written  his  Gospel;  his 
appearance  in  Jerusalem  in  46,  and  in  Antioch  from  47  to  54;  his 
visit  with  Barnabas  to  Corinth  in  54,  and  to  Rome  and  Italy  during 
55  and  56,  and  finally  his  third  and  last  visit  to  Rome  in  63, 
which  was  followed  in  65  by  his  First  Epistle  and  his  martyrdom. 
Curiously  enough,  it  would  appear  that  since  the  encounter  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul  in  Antioch  in  the  year  49  the  two  Apostles 
never  met  again.  It  is  needless  to  add  that  the  eight  lectures  are 
well  documented  with  footnotes  and  appendices,  and  provided  with 
adequate  indices." 


SOME  RECENT  CATHOLIC  FICTION 

"The  Conversion  of  Cesare  Putti,"  by  W.  Hall-Patch,  af- 
fords a  delightful  glimpse  of  St.  Philip  Neri's  ways  of  dealing 
with  all  sorts  of  people.     (Benziger  Bros.    35  cents,  net.) 

"Alias  Kitty  Casey,"  by  Mary  Gertrude  Williams,  has  an 
entertaining  though  somewhat  improbable  plot.  The  style  is 
flimsy  and  completely  lacking  in  depth  of  thought.  (New 
York:    P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons.) 

"The  Mantilla,"  by  Richard  Aumerle,  is  a  thrilling  ro- 
mance centering  around  the  work  of  a  young  American  en- 
gineer in  Havana  harbor.  The  story  is  exceedingly  well  knit 
and  told  with  dash  and  spirit.  It  has  the  dramatic  element 
conspicuously  displayed,  and  we  would  recommend  that  the 
reverend  author  try  his  hand  at  a  play.     (B.  Herder.    80  cts.) 

"My  Lady  Rosia,"  by  Freda  Mary  Groves,  is  a  fourteenth 
century  romance,  with  an  English  youth  as  hero  and  several 
historical  personages  and  happenings  prominent  in  the  back- 
ground. The  tale  moves  along  smoothly  and  rapidly  for  the 
reader  and  with  the  natural  number  of  obstacles  and  excite- 
ments demanded  by  any  hero  who  is  really  a  hero.  The  story 
is  healthy  in  tone  and  honestly  strives  to  reflect  the  period  in 
which  its  scenes  are  cast.     (Benziger  Bros.    $1.25,  net.) 

"Perilous  Seas,"  by  E.  Gallienne  Robin,  deals  with  the 
time,  the  men,  and  the  principles  of  the  French  Revolution. 
The  immediate  interest  is  the  life  of  refugees  in  the  Channel 
Islands,  their  intercourse  with  the  native  inhabitants,  and  the 
missionary  labors  among  the  latter  by  the  exiled  priests.     But 


716  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  course  of  events  in  France  is  closely  followed,  and  the 
diversity  of  views  and  adhesions  among  the  refugees  them- 
selves well  brought  out.  Present  events  make  this  revival 
of  the  most  awful  period  of  French  history  of  particular  in- 
terest. The  ground  now  quaking  with  the  weight  of 
struggling  masses  of  men  and  arms  was  fought  over  inch 
by  inch  in  the  days  immediately  following  the  Terror ;  and 
have  not  the  illusions  of  certain  Catholics  of  France  in  those 
times  as  to  the  Utopian  possibilities  of  the  desired  republic, 
their  counterpart  among  those  deluded  Catholics  of  the  past 
few  years  who  have  coquetted  with  the  fallacies  of  Syndical- 
ism? "Perilous  Seas"  is  exceedingly  well  written  and  is  an 
excellent  romance  apart  from  its  suggestive  background. 
(Benziger  Bros.    $1.25).  Susan  Tracy  Otten 


A   VALUABLE    NEW    MANUAL   OF   BIBLICAL 
HERMENEUTICS 

We  are  profoundly  grateful  to  Dr.  G.  Hoberg,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Freiburg,  for  his  recently  published  "Katechismus 
der  biblischen  Hermeneutik"  (B.  Herder,  1914). 

The  first  part  of  this  valuable  little  book  deals  with  what 
the  author  styles  "Theological  Hermeneutics,"  thereby  clearly 
meaning  to  suggest  that  the  Scriptures  are  a  locus  thcologicus 
only  when  they  are  interpreted  in  the  manner  described  in 
these  pages.  The  literal  and  spiritual — Dr.  Hoberg  seems 
to  prefer  for  the  latter  the  name  "real" — sense  are  defined  in 
the  words  of  St.  Thomas.  The  student  will  not  find  in  the 
short  pages  devoted  to  these  notions  the  customary  discussion 
of  certain  questions  which  were  once  the  object  of  spirited 
jousts.  A  terse  assertion  has  been — rightly — deemed  suf- 
ficient to  tell  him  what  he  ought  to  believe :  there  is  no  passage 
in  Holy  Writ  which  has  not  a  literal  sense;  no  sentence  can 
have  several  literal  senses.  This  latter  assertion  opposes  a 
celebrated  opinion  of  St.  Augustine,  which  perhaps  has  not 
yet  entirely  died  out.  But  despite  the  authority  of  the  great 
Doctor  of  Hippo,  we  believe  Dr.  Hoberg's  Katechismus,  et 
timplius,  for  we  have  a  notion  that  even  John  xi,  50  may  be 
no  Exception  to  the  rule. 

The  old  treatises   mentioned  the  80-caUed   anagogical  and 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  717 

tropological  senses  among  the  species  of  the  spiritual  sense. 
Dr.  Hoberg  breaks  with  this  Scholastic  tradition  ;  and  again 
we  believe  he  is  right.  For  him  anagogy  and  tropology  (sit 
venia  verbis])  are  mere  accommodations. 

The  exponent  of  the  Scriptures  should  never  lose  sight  of 
the  divine  inspiration  which  moved  the  sacred  writers,  for  it 
imparts  to  their  works  special  prerogatives  not  to  be  found  in 
any  other  books,  no  matter  what  the  genius  and  intellectual 
acumen  of  their  authors.  Of  these  prerogatives  Dr.  Hoberg 
singles  out  as  worthy  of  particular  notice  absolute  inerrancy 
and  freedom  from  self-contradiction ;  and  the  pages  which  he 
devotes  to  these  two  subjects,  especially  the  former,  are  per- 
haps the  most  weighty  and  interesting  of  his  little  treatise. 
On  one  point,  however,  we  should  like  the  learned  writer  to 
have  made  some  distinctions.  While  truth  is  always  adaequatio 
rei  et  intcllectus,  so  that  there  can  never  be  any  biblical  asser- 
tion that  is  not  true  in  sc  (because  every  biblical  assertion  must 
be  in  conformity  with  the  divine  idea  of  its  object)  ;  never- 
theless for  us,  readers  and  interpreters  of  the  Bible,  there  are 
truths  and  truths,  as  Dr.  Hoberg  intimates :  there  is  a  certain 
truth  in  historical  statements,  yet  another  in  a  statement 
specietcmts  tantum  historicum,  and  yet  another  in  the  popular 
(and  prima  facie  erroneous)  description  of  a  scientific  fact. 
It  would  not  have  been  amiss  to  state  in  a  clear-cut  way  these 
necessary  distinctions. 

Most  worthy  likewise  of  meditation  as  well  as  of  study 
is  the  short  chapter  on  "Holy  Scripture  and  the  Teaching 
Office  of  the  Church."  For  us,  who  are  at  every  turn  con- 
fronted by  Protestant  ideas,  it  will  be  useful  often  to  recall 
the  theological  grounding  of  our  Catholic  position,  on  which 
Dr.  Hoberg,  who  is  not  concerned  with  our  peculiar  condi- 
tions, lays  no  stress.  The  very  notion  of  Scripture  is  insep- 
arable from  the  idea  of  an  authority  established  by  God  to 
explain  it.  The  reason  of  this  cannot  fail  to  strike  any  fair- 
minded  person.  Either  the  Scriptures  are  clear  throughout,  so 
that  the  average  reader  can  comprehend  them ;  or  they  contain 
obscurities,  yea,  mysteries  impervious  to  the  highest  human 
intellect.  If  the  Scriptures  were  clear,  would  it  be  for  the 
reason  that  they  dealt  with  no  subjects  beyond  the  grasp  of 


71S  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

the  human  mind  ?  Why,  then,  speak  of  divine  revelation, 
since  revelation  in  that  hypothesis  would  have  no  object?  But 
all,  Protestants  and  Catholics  alike,  believe  that  the  Bible  is 
obscure  and  deals  with  mysteries.  Who  will  clear  up  these 
obscurities?  Who  will  furnish  the  key  to  these  mysteries? 
Does  God  so  illumine  the  pious  reader's  intellect  as  to  enable 
it  to  understand  what  otherwise  is  incomprehensible?  I,  for 
one,  am  quite  unaware  of  such  a  divine  illumination  being  at 
any  time  vouchsafed  to  me ;  nay,  I  am  perfectly  sure  that  none 
was  ever  vouchsafed  to  me.  The  fact  may.  of  course,  be  at- 
tributed to  my  sins  and  uncircumcision  of  heart ;  moreover,  it 
may  be  argued  that  a  merely  personal  and  accidental  experi- 
ence, being  possibly  an  exception,  cannot  hold  against  a  sup- 
posedly general  rule.  But  I  will  say  this :  Read  your  pious 
divines  who,  as  you  believe,  are  gifted  with  that  illumination 
from  on  high,  and  see  how  they  stumble  over  difficult  passages 
of  Scripture  and  contradict  one  another  in  their  explanations — 
(can  God  be  admitted  to  say  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same 
breath  "yea"  and  "nay"?) — or,  in  their  embarrassment,  look 
for  the  old  interpreters  of  the  time  when  there  was  but  one 
fold  and  one  shepherd ;  thereby  implicity,  though  unwillingly, 
acknowledging  the  old  Catholic  contention  that  the  Church, 
not  the  individual,  is  the  divinely  appointed  interpreter  of  the 
Scriptures. 

Passing  over  Dr.  Hoberg's  lucid  treatment  of  the  scnsus 
accommodatus,  we  reach  the  latter  part  of  the  Katcchismns, 
where  the  rules  of  biblical  Hermeneutics  are  given  and  excel- 
lently explained  and  illustrated.  Occasionally,  as  for  instance 
when  the  writer  deals  with  the  subject  of  Allegory,  the  illus- 
trations are  so  multiplied  and  so  carefully  selected  as  to  fur- 
nish the  materials  for  an  historical  sketch.  C.  L.  S. 


ANOTHER  SOCIALIST   IN   CONGRESS 

The  New  York  Independent,  in  its  edition  of  Nov.  23rd, 
publishes  a  biographical  sketch  of  Mr.  Meyer  London,  who 
recently  defeated  Henry  M.  Goldfoglc  in  the  19th  New 
York  (a  strong  Tammany)  district,  and  thus  became  "the 
first  Socialist  in  the  East,  and  the  only  one  in  the  country, 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  719 

with  the  exception  of  Victor  Berger,  of  Milwaukee,  to  be 
elected  to  the  United  States  Congress." 

Meyer  London  is  a  Jew,  born  in  Poland  forty-two  years 
ago,  raised  in  southern  Russia,  emigrated  to  America  at 
eighteen,  a  lawyer  by  profession,  "self-educated  and  self- 
made,  a  moral  and  intellectual  leader."  His  chief  work  up 
to  the  present  has  been  legal  and  economic  rather  than 
political.  "There  is  probably  no  man  in  the  country  who 
has  done  more  to  build  up,  lead  and  advise  labor  organi- 
zations than  he."  Naturally,  the  labor  organizations  stake 
great  hopes  on  him.    Will  these  hopes  be  realized? 

Mr.  Berger  accomplished  practically  nothing  in  a  con- 
structive way  while  in  Congress.  In  fact,  he  hurt  the  cause 
of  organized  labor  by  voting  against  the  Immigration  Re- 
striction Bill  and  by  supporting  President  Taft's  veto  of 
the  amendment  excepting  labor  unions  from  the  anti-trust 
laws — measures  which  would  protect  the  workingman  and 
his  right  to  organize. 

We  hope  Mr.  London  will  not  follow  Mr.  Berger's 
example,  either  in  voting  against  the  cause  of  labor  or  in 
claiming,  as  Berger  did,  that  he  is  the  only  representative 
of  the  working  class  in  Congress.  In  the  first  session  of 
the  62nd  Congress,  as  the  Central  Bureau  of  the  Central 
Society  (Vol.  II,  No.  19)  opportunely  points  out,  there 
were  fourteen  members  who  held  union  cards,  and,  by  pur- 
suing a  constructive  policy,  they  were  able  to  advance  the 
cause  of  labor  substantially.  The  results  of  their  efforts 
have  been  published  from  time  to  time  in  the  "American 
Federationist." 

The  Independent  says  that  "if  each  political  party  was 
[were]  represented  in  Congress  in  proportion  to  its  voting 
strength,  the  Socialists  who  polled  at  the  last  election  near- 
ly one  million  votes  would  have  twenty-nine  representa- 
tives." 

Possibly,  if  they  were  thus  adequately  represented, 
they  would  be  able  to  do  something  more  than  Mr.  Berger 
was  or  Mr.  London  will  be  able  to  do  for  the  cause  of 
the  laboring  people ;  though  if  we  study  the  history  of  the 
Socialist  parties  in  European  parliaments  we  find  that  their 


720  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

efforts  have  been  largely  destructive,  and  consequently 
fruitless.  The  great  social  reform  legislation  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  for  instance,  has  been  built  up  mainly  by  the 
Catholic  Center  in  co-operation  with  well-meaning  mem- 
bers of  the  bourgeois  parties,  and  against  the  violent  opposi- 
tion of  the  Socialists. 


A  LIST  OF  ANTI-CATHOLIC  PAPERS  AND  MAGA- 
ZINES 
In  an  address  delivered  at  the  national  convention  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Catholic  Societies,  at  Balti- 
more, the  Rev.  J.  Noll,  editor  of  "Our  Sunday  Visitor," 
gave  the  following  list  of  anti-Catholic  papers  and  maga- 
zines now  regularly  published  in  this  country : 

Papers 

The    Menace  The  Yellow  Jacket  The  Sentinel  of  Liberty 

The  Accuser  The  Beacon  Light  The  Woman's  Witness 

The   Lash  The  Good  Citizen  The  Silverton  Journal 

The  Patriot  The    Jeffersonian  The   Mankato  Journal 

The    Peril  The  Liberator  The  American  Citizen 

The  Danger  Signal 
Magazines 

The   Melting  Pot       The  Truth  Seeker  Watson's    Magazine 

The    Rip   Saw  The   Burning  Bush         The  Converted  Catholic 

Bitterly  anti-Catholic  in  tendency,  though  not  profes- 
sedly published  for  the  purpose  of  combating  Catholicity, 
are  the  following: 

The  Christian  Herald  The  Christian  Worker's    Magazine 

The  Lutheran  Witness  The  Lutheran  Church  Worker 

The  Christian  Standard  The  Christian  Witness    and 
The  Review  and   Herald                    Advocate 

This  list  is  by  no  means  complete,  especially  in  its  third 
part,  to  which  should  be  added  practically  all  the  Lutheran 
and  many  other  Protestant  church  organs,  as  well  as  most 
of  the  Socialist  papers  and  magazines.  Likewise  a  dozen 
or  more  Masonic  journals  and  an  occasional  daily,  especial- 
ly in  the  South. 

It  would  be  a  useful  task  for  the  Central  Bureau  of  the 
Catholic  Central  Society,  or  a  committee  of  the  Catholic 
Federation,  to  draw  up  a  complete  list  of  all  anti-Catholic 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  721 

periodical  publications  issued  in  this  country,  properly 
classified  and  with  such  information  about  the  leading  ones 
among  them  as  would  be  apt  to  prove  helpful  in  the  de- 
fensive battle  that  these  journalistic  reptiles  are  forcing 
upon  us. 


NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


Vita  vera !  vita  gravis ! 
Meta  non  est  obitus ; 
"Cinis  es  et  cinis  eris," 
Nihil  est  ad  spiritus 

Sumni  nos  admonent  omnes 
Simus  inter  nobilis, 
Et  legemus,  discedentes, 
Signa  viae  posteris. 

Thus  Longfellow's  "Psalm  of  Life"  has  been  safe- 
guarded against  the  time  when  the  English  tongue  shall  be 
submerged.  The  version  is  by  Benjamin  L.  D'Ooge,  writ- 
ten in  1885,  and  reprinted  by  Calvin  S.  Brown  in  his  "Latin 
Songs  with  Music"  (Putnam's).  For  a  musical  setting  to 
Longfellow's  inspirational  verse,  the  editor  has  found  an 
eighteenth-century  air  by  Barthelemon. 

Thirty  priests  have  died  in  one  Eastern  diocese  within 
the  last  three  years.  Alarmed  by  this  fatality  a  leading  life 
insurance  company  has  declined  to  take  a  short-term  risk  on 
the  life  of  a  parish  priest  in  that  diocese.  Commenting  on  the 
exacting  nature  of  his  duties,  the  company  says  the  priest 
must  answer  sick  calls  day  and  night,  he  must  attend 
patients  no  matter  how  contagious  their  disease,  he  must 
fast  every  morning  until  he  says  his  Mass,  he  must  pass 
hours  in  the  confessional  Saturday  afternoon  and  evening, 
and  the  next  day  he  may  have  to  go  without  food  and  drink 
until  after  the  last  Mass  after  mid-day ;  and  then  he  has  the 
cares  and  responsibilities  of  the  church  and  school,  and 
the  congregation  weighing  him  down.  So  with  broken 
rest,  irregular  meals,  exhausting  tasks,  dangerous  visits  to 
smallpox  and  other  sufferers,  exposed  to  colds,  etc.,  and 
with  little  chance  to  take  care  of  himself,  a  priest's  ex- 
pectancy of  life  is  short.  But  he  lives  for  eternity.  And,  in 
the  light  of  eternity,  ten  years  and  fifty  years  are  like  two 


722  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

grains  of  sand,  so  nearly  alike  that  it  is  useless  to  try  to 
tell  them  apart. 

We  sincerely  hope  that  those  who  have  contributed  to 
the  relief  of  war  conditions  in  Europe  will  not  content 
themselves  with  that.  There  is  need  in  plenty  for  money 
in  connection  with  the  unemployed  and  the  suffering  in 
this  country.  All  reports  of  charitable  societies  go  to  show 
that  there  is  in  prospect  the  worst  period  of  unemployment 
among  the  poor,  and  even  among  small-salaried  workers, 
that  this  country  has  ever  known.  Again,  many  absolutely 
vital  undertakings,  such  as  hospitals,  are  already  endan- 
gered by  the  hard  times.  It  is  a  case  where  those  who 
have  the  means  to  give  must  give  twice,  to  take  care  of 
existing   charitable   agencies   and   still   find   something   for 

the  sufferers  abroad. 

■♦--•--•- 

The  ninth  beatitude  of  American  politicians,  according  to 
the  Wichita  Catholic  Advance  (Vol.  22,  No.  6)  is:  "Bcati  qui 
non  expectant  quia  nou  disap point abuntur."  The  Advance's 
Latin  is  like  Father  Phelan's,  of  which  the  late  Chancellor  Van 
der  Sanden  used  to  say  that  to  understand  it  one  needs  to  be 

familiar  with  English. 

-•--•--♦- 

The  plan  of  fining  congressmen  $50  a  day  for  absence 
from  Washington  seems  to  be  the  next  best  thing  to  fining 
them  $100  a  day  for  being  there  and  putting  useless  and  un- 
enforceable laws  upon  the  statute  books. 

Buffalo  is  the  first  city  of  over  400,000  population  to  adopt 
the  commission  form  of  government.  Her  desperate  fight 
against  the  aldermanic  gang  has  extended  over  six  years. 
Henceforth  the  city  will  be  governed  by  five  commissioners, 
and  five  per  cent  of  the  voters  can  call  for  a  referendum  on 
any  ordinance.  The  largest  cities  heretofore  under  the  com- 
mission form  have  been  New  Orleans,  Jersey  City,  St.  Paul 
and  Denver.     None  of  these  has  tried  the  system  long  enough 

to  justify  definite  conclusions  as  to  its  value. 

♦     -♦•-•- 

On  account  of  his  kind  words  for  the  German  Emperor, 
the  statue  of  Andrew  Carnegie  in  his  native  town  has  been 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  723 

stoned  by  the  Scots ;  which  leads  an  American  editor  to  ob- 
serve: "It  is  always  safe  to  leave  the  statue  business  until  a 
man  is  dead."  Even  that  didn't  save  the  image  of  George 
Washington  in  the  City  of  Mexico. 

We  are  indebted  to  Messrs.  Benziger  Brothers  for  a 
reproduction,  in  ten  colors,  of  a  painting  of  Pope  Benedict 
XV,  made  by  Mr.  John  F.  Kaufman.  It  is  said  to  be  a  per- 
fect likeness  and  is  reproduced  in  the  highest  style  of  art. 
The  picture  can  be  had  in  different  sizes  and  styles,  and 
at  different  prices,  from  fifty  cents  each  down  to  35  cts. 

a  dozen  (post  cards). 

■•■♦■♦ 

The  first  graduate  of  the  new  American  Seminary  for 
Foreign  Missions,  at  Maryknoll,  N.  Y.,  Daniel  Leo  McShane, 
was  ordained  Nov.  10th.  He  is  a  native  of  Columbus,  Ind.  A 
second  student  at  Maryknoll  will  shortly  receive  subdeacon- 
ship,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  steady  stream  of  American 
missionaries  will  soon  be  pouring  from  this  Seminary  and  the 
two  recently  established  mission  houses  of  the  Society  of  the 
Divine  Word  into  the  foreign  mission  field,  so  that  our  be- 
loved country  may  soon  do  its  share  of  the  important  work 

of  carrying  the  Gospel  to  the  gentiles. 

-♦•-♦--•- 

"Extension"  announces  that,  after  the  first  of  next  year, 
its  subscription  price  will  be  $2  instead  of  $1  a  year.  The 
Denver  Catholic  Register,  which  has  lately  raised  its  own  sub- 
scription from  $1.50  to  $2,  says  (Vol.  X,  No.  14)  that  "other 
raises  are  ahead  in  the  Catholic  publication  field."  Especially 
the  Catholic  magazine,  observes  our  Rocky  Mountain  con- 
temporary, "has  a  hard  row  to  hoe."  Its  circulation  is  limited 
and  it  cannot  get  much  of  the  advertising  which  fills  the  coffers 
of  the  secular  magazine.  "Hence,  unless  [the  Catholic  maga- 
zines] make  it  up  in  their  subscription  rate,  they  are  doomed." 
In  the  words  of  a  New  Mexico  correspondent  of  the  Catholic 
Register,  "It's  a  mighty  poor  Roman  who  would  not  pay  an 
extra  fifty  cents  for"  a  good  Catholic  paper  or  magazine. 

♦■    ♦    ♦ 

Msgr.  Kelly's  weekly  "Rome."  published  in  the  Eternal 
City,  has  suspended  publication.    Our  Canadian  contemporary, 


724  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

The  Casket,  hopes  that  the  Monsignor  will  find  use  for  his 
able  pen  and  great  abilities  in  some  other  line  of  Catholic 
literature,  and  adds  rather  despondently : 

"At  present  there  is  too  much  apathy,  and  not  all  on  the  part 
of  the  laity,  on  this  subject  to  allow  any  serious  prospects  of  a 
great  and  powerful  Catholic  press  to  cheer  those  who  took  to 
heart  the  many  grave  utterances  of  Pope  Pius  on  the  subject. 
The  time,  however,  will  come.  But  in  the  meantime,  many  a 
promising  journal,  like  'Rome,'  will  go  down  to  oblivion  while 
Catholics  cheerfully  pay  their  hard-earned  money  to  support 
yellow  journals  and  Sunday  editions." 

-•--♦--•- 

That  many  men  seek  the  saloon  mainly  for  its  light  and 
stir  is  suggested  by  the  report  from  Brooklyn  that,  though 
the  population  has  increased  steadily,  there  are  fifty-three 
fewer  saloons  today  than  there  were  a  year  ago.  For  every 
saloon  that  has  disappeared,  two  motion-picture  theatres  have 
arisen,  and  the  License  Bureau  states  that  "motion  pictures 
are  supplanting  the  saloons  in  the  heart  of  the  Brooklynites." 
Other  cities  have  noted  the  same  rivalry. 

From  a  letter  received  from  a  French  correspondent,  Mr. 
Coningsby  Dawson  makes  public  this  curious  piece  of  infor- 
mation :  Gen.  Joffre  gave  the  countersign  "Jeanne  d'Arc" 
to  his  troops  on  the  critical  day  when,  together  with  the  Brit- 
ish, they  stopped  the  German  advance  to  Paris. 

"The  use  of  the  word  Jeanne  d'Arc  for  an  Anglo-French 

army,"  says  Mr.  Dawson,  "is  one  of  the  miracles  of  history." 

-♦--♦--♦- 

The  Paris  Liberte  tells  of  two  French  chaplains  in  the 
present  war,  a  priest  and  a  rabbi,  who  became  fast  friends  and 
en  one  occasion  lay  down  together  in  their  uniforms  on  a 
truckle-bed.  "It  is  too  bad,"  said  the  priest,  "there  is  no  pho- 
tographer to  take  a  picture  of  the  Old  and  the  New  Testament 
as  bedfellows.*'  "America"  (No.  289)  recalls  a  parallel  story 
from  our  Civil  War : 

"When  Rev.  Joseph  Twitchell,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  and 
Father  Joseph  O'Hagan,  S.J.,  were  chaplains  in  the  Excelsior 
Brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  they  became  bosom  friends, 
and  having  one  cold  night  but  two  thin  blankets  between  them, 
they  wrapped  themselves  up  in  them  in  one  bundle.  The  blankets 
soon    heaved    with    Chaplain    Twitchell's     laughter,     and     Father 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  725 

O'Hagan  asked  the  cause  of  his  emotion.  'I  was  thinking,'  he 
said,  'how  my  Puritan  ancestors  would  feel  if  they  saw  me  and  a  Jesuit 
bundled  up  together.' " 

According  to  the  "Acta  Ordinis  Fratrum  Minorum." 
quoted  in  Vol.  83,  No.  46,  of  the  Catholic  Telegraph,  Pope 
Benedict  XV  is  a  member  of  the  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis, 
and,  in  a  private  audience  granted  on  Sept.  21st,  assured  the 
Superior  General  of  the  Franciscans  and  his  council  that  he 

would  "look  to  the  good  of  the  Order  with  the  greatest  care." 

♦    ♦'■••■ 

The  Rev.  Richard  M.  O'Farrell,  of  Frankfort,  Ont,  was 
instantly  killed  while  hurrying  in  his  automobile  to  attend  a 
dying  parishioner.    The  car  turned  over  and  crushed  his  skull. 

The  Roman  correspondent  of  the  Western  Watchman 
(Vol.  49,  No.  30)  says  that  Cardinal  Gasparri,  the  new  papal 
Secretary  of  State,  comes  to  that  high  office  "after  ten  years 
of  silent  labor  amid  tons  of  Canon  Law."  Tons  of  Canon 
Law !? 

Commenting  on  the  anti-Catholic  movement  in  this  coun- 
try, Father  Phelan  observes  in  the  Western  Watchman  (Vol. 
49,  No.  30)  that  "Catholics  in  this  country  need  such  chas- 
tisement" because  of  the  great  apostasy  going  on  among  them. 
"Catholics  are  falling  away  from  the  Church  in  great  num- 
bers," he  says,  "not  all  at  once,  but  gradually."  and  he  pro- 
ceeds to  point  out  one  of  the  main  causes  as  follows : 

"Catholics  begin  by  sending  their  children  to  the  public 
schools,  without  any  reason,  and  when  they  have  better  schools 
of  their  own  to  send  them  to.  Some  Catholics  think  a  Catholic 
school  is  a  hotbed  of  narrow  pietism  and  a  sort  of  novitiate. 
They  want  their  children  broad-minded  and  liberal,  and  they  send 
them  to  the  public  schools  for  that  reason.  They  manage  to 
get  them  passed  for  their  First  Communion;  but  that  generally 
begins  and  ends  practical  Catholicity  in  the  family." 

At  least  a  few  of  our  secular  dailies  are  beginning  to  per- 
ceive that  Freemasonry  is  playing  a  part  in  the  Mexican 
troubles.  "For  many  years,"  says  the  New  York  Times 
(Nov.  8th),  quoted  by  the  St.  Louis  Times  of  Nov.  11th, 
"Masonry  exerted   a  strong   factional   force    throughout    the 


726  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

country,  and  the  sudden  reappearance  of  the  Scottish  Rite, 
in  a  pronunciamento  against  the  United  States  Government 
for  not  withdrawing  the  troops  from  Vera  Cruz  without  con- 
ditions, suggests  that  Masonry  may  have  been  exerting  its 
influence  quietly  in  the  upheavals  of  the  last  four  years.  .  .  . 
The  survival  or  the  revival  of  Masonry  as  a  force  in  politics  in 
Mexico  is  interesting  and  may  be  important.'' 

The  disproportion  between  the  value  of  meat  and  that  of 
mere  money  is  growing  fast.  The  First  National  Bank  of 
Aurora,  111.,  advertises :  "Money  to  loan  to  farmers  for  feed- 
ing cattle." 

Commenting  on  the  decision  of  the  board  of  directors  of 
the  Knights  of  Columbus  to  pay  the  insurance  on  the  lives 
of  all  members  of  the  order  who  are  killed  in  the  European 
war,  the  Milwaukee  Catholic  Citizen  (Vol.  44,  No.  1)  says: 

"The  K.  of  C.  could  very  easily  make  this  liberal  ruling,  inas- 
much as  only  a  few  of  its  Canadian  members  are  apt  to  incur  the 
dangers  of  the  war.  If  the  war  involved  this  country,  no  such 
liberal  ruling  were  possible.  Except  for  the  restriction  against 
the  hazards  of  war,  a  state  of  war  would  break  down  every  fra- 
ternal insurance  company  in  the  country." 

According  to  a  letter  from  Msgr.  De  Becker  to  Bishop 
Maes,  quoted  in  the  Louisville  Record  (Vol.  36,  No.  46),  the 
American  Seminary  at  Louvain  remains  unscathed.  To  the 
American  ambassador,  Mr.  Brand  Whitlock,  Msgr.  De  Becker 
says,  "next  to  God  I  owe  my  life;  to  him  our  American  College 
of  Louvain  is  beholden   for  its  unique  privilege  of  standing 

whole  in  the  midst  of  surrounding  ruins." 

■♦■     ♦    ♦ 

The  Baltimore  Katholischc  Volkszeitung,  one  of  the  oldest 
<  ierman  Catholic  papers  in  America,  has  suspended  publi- 
cation. The  Volkszeitung  at  one  time — some  forty  years 
ago — circulated  widely  throughout  the  country  and  was  a 
power  for  good.  Of  late  it  had  been  languishing  for  want  of 
support. 

Two  new  English  Catholic  weeklies  arc  to  be  started 
shortly,  one  by  the   Papal   College  Josepbinum  at   Columbus, 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  727 

O.,  the  other  by  the  company  that  publishes  the  "Aurora  unci 
Christliche  Woche"  for  the  benefit  of  the  German  Catholic 
Orphan  Asylum  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  We  hope  both 
ventures  will  meet  with  success. 

♦    ♦    ♦ 

The  U.  S.  Public  Health  Service  has  made  a  report  on  the 
Friedmann  cure  for  consumption.  Very  few  cases  of  those 
that  were  studied  showed  any  notable  improvement.  About 
one-fourth  of  the  patients  developed  running  sores  or  ab- 
scesses where  the  serum  was  injected.  The  conclusion  is  that 
the  alleged  remedy  is  not  a  specific  for  the  "white  plague." 

-»■-•--•■ 

A  special  dispatch  from  Bordeaux  to  the  St.  Louis  Globe- 
Democrat,  Nov.  9,  in  announcing  that  a  Russian  privy  coun- 
cillor has  given  his  library  to  the  University  of  Louvain,  adds : 
"It  is  known  that  the  Germans  removed  the  most  precious 
manuscripts  before  burning  the  library,  so  it  is  hoped  that 
the  treasures  will  be  eventually  restored  to  Louvain."  This 
is  pleasing  intelligence,  for  the  value  of  the  destroyed  library 
lay  mainly  in  its  ancient  manuscripts. 

"Christian  America,"  says  the  New  York  Independent 
(No.  3439),  "may  confidently  expect  that  President  Wilson 
will  aim  for  peaceful  protection  of  our  Presbyterian  educa- 
tional and  religious  institutions  in  Syria,  and  those  of  Con- 
gregationalists  in  Constantinople  and  Asia  Minor.  We  want 
a  watchful  yet  not  ineffective  inactivity."  Evidently,  Ameri- 
can Protestants  will  not  be  satisfied  with  the  policy  the  Presi- 
dent has  been  exercising  towards  the  Catholic  educational  and 
religious  institutions  of  Mexico ! 

The  American  press  is  gradually  awakening  to  the  fact 
that  the  war  news  cabled  to  this  country  is  to  a  large  extent 
falsified.  The  Independent  (No.  3439)  classifies  the  sources 
of  the  current  war  news  according  to  their  presumptive  relia- 
bility as  follows :  "Berlin,  Paris.  London,  Petrograd,  Vienna, 
Nish,  Rome."  An  important  point  to  remember  is  that,  in  the 
words  of  our  observant  contemporary,  "even  the  official  re- 
ports from  the  continent  are  not  to  be  relied  upon  if  they 


728  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

come  through  London,"  and  another,  that  "Rome  emanates 
or  disseminates  extravagant  stories  of  all  sorts." 

In  a  very  interesting  paper  in  the  same  number  of  the 
Independent,  Mr.  Alfred  Stead  says  : 

"With  all  his  qualities  the  British  soldier  is  not  a  linguist,  and 
so  there  is  growing  up  [in  the  field]  a  sort  of  pigeon  English  for 
use  in  France,  or,  as  one  officer  put  it,  the  British  army  is  speak- 
ing 'Frenglish,'  a  new  language,  the  golden  bridge  between  allied 
armies.'' 

To  ascertain  American  sympathies  in  the  European  war, 
the  Literary  Digest  obtained  statements  from  between  350 
and  400  newspaper  editors  all  over  the  country,  telling  their 
own  attitudes  and  the  feelings  of  their  communities  toward 
the  warring  nations.  Of  the  367  who  replied,  105  editors 
report  that  they  favor  the  Allies,  20  favor  the  Germans,  and 
242  are  neutral.  The  feelings  of  the  cities  and  towns  repre- 
sented is  reported  as  favoring  the  Allies  in  189  cases,  the  Ger- 
mans in  38,  and  neutral  or  divided  in  140.  The  sentiment  on 
the  whole  is  in  favor  of  the  Allies,  but  at  the  same  time  a  num- 
ber of  editors  report  a  more  favorable  feeling  toward  Ger- 
many now  than  at  the  start  of  the  war,  which  moves  the  Lit- 
erary Digest  to  observe  (No.  1282)  that  "both  sides  can  exact 

some  comfort  from  the  findings." 

■•■-»■■«- 

According  to  M.  Jean  Chautard,  who  recently  presented 
his  investigations  to  the  French  Academy  of  Science,  pe- 
troleum is  of  organic  origin  and  not  mineral. 

-♦--♦•-♦- 

"Cantor,"  writing  in  No.  291  of  "America,"  calls  for  a 
"White  List"  of  operas.  He  says,  truly,  that  the  representa- 
tion of  immoral  themes  is  not  justified  simply  because  a  thou- 
sand-dollar-a-night   voice  does   it   in   rhymes  and  harmonized 

notes,  or  in  a  "foreign"  tongue. 

-•-     -•-     -•- 

This  REVIEW  has  repeatedly  referred  to  the  craze  of  some 
educators  for  introducing  sex  hygiene  into  the  schools.  We 
believe  we  have  sufficiently  shown  the  false  position  of  these 
enthusiasts,  lint  it  is  always  good  to  have  the  outspoken  opin- 
ion of  those  not  of  onr  Church   on  tin's  matter  which  has  been 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  729 

so  much  in  the  public  eye  during  the  last  four  or  five  years. 
It  is  with  pleasure,  therefore,  that  we  quote  the  following 
strong  words  from  the  Educational  Review  (November,  1914, 
page  425).  The  comment  is  written  in  connection  with  a  brief 
reference  to  a  new  book,  entitled  Teaching  Sex  Hygiene  in 
the  Public  Schools.  The  reviewer  speaks  of  it  as  a  "silly  lit- 
tle book"  and  adds : 

"We  deplore  more  than  we  can  say  the  vulgarizing  of  matters 
of  personal  conduct  and  morality,  and  we  are  convinced  that  the 
discussion  of  what  is  called  sex  hygiene  in  schools  and  in  drawing 
rooms  will  have  no  effect  but  an  evil  one.  Every  time  we  see  a 
new  text-book  on  this  subject  we  find  additional  evidence  in  sup- 
port of  this  opinion." 

♦     ♦     ♦ 

To  the  honor  of  our  press  it  must  be  said  that  not  all 
of  the  Catholic  weeklies  reprinted  the  "nihil  obstat"  given 
by  the  California  Freemasons  to  the  Order  of  the  Knights 
of  Columbus  (see  our  last  number),  and  that  at  least  two 
or  three  editors  mildly  intimated  their  disapproval  of  the 
whole  unworthy  proceeding.  We  have  already  quoted  the 
Sacred  Heart  Review.  The  Northwest  Review  (No. 
1543)  reproduces  the  Masons'  pronouncement  under  the 
heading:  "A  Peculiar  Proceeding."  The  Cleveland  Catho- 
lic Universe  (Vol.  41,  No.  20)  says: 

"Considerable  space  has  been  given  in  several  of  our  ex- 
changes to  a  report  that  a  number  of  representative  Masons  in 
California  have  examined  the  ritual  and  pledge  of  the  Knights  of 
Columbus  and  have  made  a  favorable  report  on  both.  We  cannot 
see  wherein  the  Masons  were  concerned  in  this  matter,  nor  the 
significance  of  their  findings." 

The  latest  anti-Catholic  paper  is  the  Denver  American.  It 
is  published  from  the  same  building  in  which  the  Catholic 
Register  has  its  home,  and  the  Register  is  already  busily  en- 
gaged in  refuting  the  lies  and  calumnies  of  its  new  step-sister. 

Mr.  Paul  Bakewell's  open  letter  to  the  Postmaster  Gen- 
eral, concerning  The  Menace,  has  been  printed  as  a  leaf- 
let, and  copies  can  be  had  by  applying  to  the  Secretary, 
Knights  of  Columbus  Building,  3549  Olive  street,  St.  Louis, 
Mo. 


730  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


Catholics  in  Politics 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

Some  one  ought  to  write  an  article  (or  a  book!)  on  the  in- 
fluence of  the  public  school  system  on  American  Catholics.  I 
think  this  influence  would  to  a  large  extent  account  for  Catholic 
inaction  in  our  country.  When  anything  is  done  which  may  be 
said  to  be  just  or  favorable  to  the  Church,  it  is  done  in  a  "wire- 
pulling" way.  We  have  two  Catholic  congressmen  from  this  dis- 
trict. Both  are  typical  politicians.  They  would  not  risk  losing 
one  voter's  good-will  (vote)  for  the  most  essential  principle  for 
which  Catholicism  stands.  Theirs  is  the  "non-sectarian"  mental 
attitude.  There  are  enough  Catholics  in  Congress  to  make  an  im- 
pression on  the  whole  country,  but  as  soon  as  they  walk  over  the 
threshold  of  the  Capitol,  they  become  "non-sectarian."  They  are 
just  as  supine  as  the  Freemason-ridden  French.  If  they  did  not  go  to 
the  public  schools,  their  children  do,  and  their  sisters,  their  cousins  and 
their  aunts  teach  in  them.  When  shall  we  ever  get  clear  of  the  en- 
tanglement ?  Observer 

A  Providential  Institution 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

The  Rev.  E.  Pruente,  in  a  correspondence  published  by  the 
St.  Louis  daily  German  "Amerika,"  Nov.  23rd,  quotes  a  distin- 
guished prelate  as  referring  to  that  excellent  Catholic  daily  news- 
paper as  "a  providential  institution."  It  is  truly  that,  because 
for  over  forty  years  it  has  been  to  the  German-speaking  Catholics 
of  St.  Louis  and  the  entire  Middle  West  a  daily  guide,  philosopher, 
and  friend,  has  confirmed  thousands  in  the  faith  and  the  Catholic 
world-view,  and  within  its  wide  circle  of  readers  has  powerfully 
stemmed  the  rushing  tide  of  apostasy  which  has  swept  so  many 
millions  of  Catholic  immigrants  of  all  nationalities  into  the  whirl- 
pool of  heresy  and  rank  infidelity.  Had  our  English-speaking 
Catholic  pioneers  been  as  zealous  for  the  preservation  of  the  faith, 
in  themselves  and  their  descendants,  as  were  the  founders  of  the 
"Amerika,"  had  they  established  Catholic  daily  newspapers  in  our 
big  cities  and  supported  them  properly,  our  Catholic  population 
would  be  far  more  numerous  than  it  is  at  present,  and  immensely 
more  influential  in  every  walk  of  life.  The  "Amerika"  became  a  power 
for  good  under  the  editorship  of  the  late  Dr.  Edward  Preuss,  so  ably 
succeeded  for  a  time  by  his  son,  the  editor  and  publisher  of  the 
Fortnightly  Review,  and  it  has  remained  a  power  for  good  under 
its  present  editor,  Mr.  E.  P.  Kcnkcl,  K.S.G.,  who,  like  Dr.  Preuss, 
is  a  convert  to  the  Church  and  a  scholar  of  rare  ability  and  pro- 
found acumen.     Though  a  smaller  paper  in  bulk  than  most  of  the 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  731 

secular  dailies,  the  "Amcrika"  is  edited  with  incomparably  greater 
ability  and  discrimination,  and  one  can  but  hope  that  it  will  con- 
tinue to  receive  the  support  it  so  richly  deserves,  and  that  if  the 
English-speaking  Catholics  of  the  country  ever  follow  the  example 
of  their  German-speaking  brethren  (as  they  should  have  done  long 
ago  and  eventually  must  do),  they  will  take  the  "Amerika"  for  their 
model.  Another  Prelate 


LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


A  Text-Book  of  Apologetics 

"De  Vera  Religione  et  Apologetica,"  by  the  Rev.  J.  V.  Bainvel, 
of  the  Institut  Catholique,  of  Paris,  is  part  of  a  brief  course  of 
fundamental  theology,  in  three  parts,  of  which  the  first  ("De 
Magisterio  Vivo  et  Traditione  ac  de  Scriptura  Sacra")  has  already 
been  noticed  in  this  Review,  while  the  third  ("De  Ecclesia 
Christi")  is  to  follow  shortly.  The  author  writes  clearly  and  suc- 
cinctly along  traditional  lines,  and  his  teaching  is  thoroughly  con- 
servative and  orthodox.  His  bibliographical  notices,  so  far  as  they 
refer  to  English  apologetical  literature,  are  unfortunately  all  too 
meager.  The  work  will  prove  useful  as  a  text-book  and  a  means  of 
repetition  for  students.  (Paris:  G.  Beauchesne,  117  Rue  de 
Rennes.     Price,  about  $1.25,  bound.) 

Fisher's  Commentary  on  the  Penitential  Psalms 

Vol.  14  of  "The  Catholic  Library"  contains  the  first  install- 
ment of  a  reprint  of  Blessed  John  Fisher's  "Commentary  on  the 
Seven  Penitential  Psalms,"  which  was  first  published  in  1509,  and 
went  through  several  editions  between  that  year  and  the  official 
birth-year  of  the  Anglican  Church,  1559.  It  is  offered  to  the 
twentieth-century  public  by  the  editor,  Mr.  J.  S.  Phillimore,  "both 
as  an  excellent  piece  of  devotional  reading  and  as  an  excellent 
piece  of  literature."  As  a  book  of  devotion,  this  commentary  is 
singularly  robust  and  satisfying  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  taste.  From 
the  literary  point  of  view  it  is  a  masterpiece.  The  editor  has 
modernized  it  but  slightly  by  adapting  the  spelling  but  not  the 
diction,  adding  instead  a  running  glossary  of  the  obsolete  words, 
which  are  surprisingly  few.     (B.  Herder.  30  cents,  net.) 

'A  Layman's  Retreat 

"A  Layman's  Retreat,"  by  Henry  Owen-Lewis,  edited  by 
Edmund  Lester,  S.J.,  is  a  selection  of  "notes  written  during  a 
retreat."  Their  publication  is  a  tribute  to  the  compiler  from  his 
family.  As  the  Bishop  of  Newport  justly  remarks  in  his  preface, 
"one  is  not  called  upon  either  to  praise  or  to  criticise  a  publica- 
tion of  this  kind."     The  general  reader  will  find  in  these  beautifully 


732  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

printed    pages    much    that    is    suggestive    and     of    practical     value. 
(Benziger  Bros.     $1.37,  postpaid.) 

The  Drink  Question 

In  a  sprightly  brochure  on  "The  Drink  Question,"  which 
he  contributes  to  "Catholic  Studies  in  Social  Reform,"  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Keating,  S.J.,  editor  of  our  brilliant  contemporary.  The 
Month,  gives  a  clear  analysis  of  that  vast  sociological  problem 
and  shows  to  what  extent  and  in  what  way  Catholic  principles  are 
concerned  in  its  solution.  Fr.  Keating  writes  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  teetotaler,  but,  unlike  so  many  of  his  fellows,  he  writes 
with  sobriety.  He  frankly  admits  in  his  preface  (page  5)  that  the 
cause  of  total  abstinence  "has  suffered  from  the  advocacy  of  the 
fanatical  and  the  ill-instructed.  Much  of  the  prejudice  with  which 
it  meets  is  due  to  the  Phariseeism  or  Manichaeism  of  certain  of 
its  upholders,  which  has  betrayed  them  into  assertions  either 
grossly  exaggerated  or  wholly  contrary  to  fact  and  principle." 
Fr.  Keating  is  neither  a  Pharisee  nor  a  Manichaean.  He  states  the 
problem  fairly  and  squarely,  and  in  his  last  chapter  impartially 
reviews  the  various  attempts  made  at  a  solution  of  the  liquor 
question,  with  a  view  to  finding  out  what  will  most  effectively 
check  the  abuse  of  strong  drink.  He  has  his  doubts  about  the 
ethical  soundness  and  the  efficacy  of  total  prohibition.  "Its  suc- 
cess," he  says,  "is  and  must  be  precarious  except  where  backed 
by  a  growing  force  of  educated  public  opinion."  No-license  by  only 
a  bare  majority,  "is  mere  tyranny  resulting  in  worse  conditions." 
In  matter  of  plain  fact,  "there  is  no  solution  of  the  problem  to 
be  found  in  mere  legislation.  .  .  .  Human  nature  cannot  be 
reformed  by  compulsion.  .  .  .  Moral  motives  alone  can  ef- 
fectively remedy  such  a  wide-spread  moral  disease.  .  .  .  Moral- 
ity leans  necessarily  on  religion.  .  .  .  Temperance  should  be 
inculcated  in  schools,  both  as  a  most  acceptable  form  of  service 
to  Almighty  God  and  as  a  most  practical  way  of  serving  one's 
country.  .  .  .  The  hopes  of  the  future  lie  in  the  proper  train- 
ing of  the  young  generations  today.  .  .  .  Until  the  habits  and 
prejudices  of  generations  have  been  altered,  until  public  opinion 
in  this  regard  has  become  not  merely  rational,  but  Christian,  the 
solution  of  the  drink  question  lies  in  the  hands  of  'resolute  men 
and  women,  inspired  by  love  of  God  and  of  their  neighbor,  and 
united  in  associations  pledged  to  take  all  lawful  means  to  over- 
throw the  tyranny  of  drink  by  example,  by  instruction,  by  legis- 
lation, and  by  prayer."  We  recommend  this  admirable  treatise  to 
all,  but  especially  to  our  American  Catholic  temperance  reformers. 
They  can  learn  a  great  deal  from  it.     (B.   Herder.     20  cents,  net.) 

The  Christology  of  St.  Ignatius  of  Antioch 

Dr,   Michael   Rackl's  "Die  Chiistologic  dea  lil.     Ignatius  von 

Antiochicn"    is    an    important    contribution    to    patrology    and    the 
history  of  dogma.    The  author  begins  by  defending  the  authenticity 


XXI  23  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  733 

of  the  letters  of  St.  Ignatius  against  recent  attacks,  and  then  pro- 
ceeds to  set  forth  his  conception  of  Christ.  St.  Ignatius'  chief 
mission  was  to  defend  the  reality  of  our  Saviour's  humanity  against 
the  Docetists,  and  he  performed  this  task  with  the  same  vigor 
and  success  with  which  St.  Athanasius  championed  the  divinity 
of  .Christ  against  the  Arians.  Among  the  incidental  questions 
treated  by  Dr.  Rackl  is  that  concerning  the  sources  of  St. 
Ignatius'  conception  of  Christ  and  the  relation  of  his  Christology 
to  that  of  the  Synoptics,  St.  Paul  and  St.  John.  (B.  Herder,  1914. 
$2.20,  net,  unbound.) 

A  Biblical  Concordance  in  a  Nutshell 

"Sententiae  et  Exempla  Biblica,"  by  the  Very  Rev.  P.  Berthier, 
M.S.,  is  a  biblical  concordance  in  a  nutshell.  There  are  approxi- 
mately 400  titles,  arranged  in  alphabetical  order.  Priests  may  turn 
to  the  Sententiae  in  the  preparation  of  their  talks  and  sermons. 
(Graviae,   Hollandia.) — S. 

The  New  Man 

With  the  facile  pen  of  the  journalist,  Mr.  Philip  Gibbs  has 
undertaken  to  show  up  "The  New  Man."  If  the  portrait  is  dark, 
at  times  very  dark,  it  is  not  the  author's  fault.  The  book  might 
seem,  and  has  been  judged,  a  gross  exaggeration.  It  would  be 
such  if  its  purpose  were  to  portray  "the  average  man  of  the  twen- 
tieth century."  This  is  not  the  case.  Mr.  Gibbs  is  not  concerned 
with  individual  men  supposed  to  combine  in  their  characters  all 
those  unamiable  traits  ascribed  to  the  New  Man.  His  sole  con- 
cern is  to  sketch  tendencies  and  movements,  some  incipient,  others 
well  under  way,  rather  than  actual  incarnations  of  the  spirit  of 
the  world  carried  to  it  ultimate  consequences.  It  does  one 
good  to  see  whither  we  shall  drift  if  we  are  not  on  our  guard.  The 
last  three  chapters  are  perhaps  the  most  interesting.  The  book  is 
well  worth  reading.  There  is  only  one  remedy  for  the  ills  of  the 
New  Man:  the  soul-saving  institution  founded  by  Christ.  (B. 
Herder.    $1.)— S. 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

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ENGLISH 

Ferdinand,  Fr.,  O.F.M.  Catechism  of  the  Third  Order  of  St.  Francis.  60 
pp.  16mo.  Teutopolis,  111.:  Franciscan  Herald.  1914.  5  cts.,  net; 
100   copies,   $3.50,    net.      (Wrapper.) 

Report  of  the  Proceedings  and  Addresses  of  the  Eleventh  Annual  Meeting 
of  the  Catholic  Educational  Association,  Atlantic  City,  N.  J.,  June 
29,  30,  July  1,  2,  and  3,  1914.  viii  &  405  pp.  8vo.  Columbus,  O.: 
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Catholic  Home  Annual.  32nd  Tear.  84  pp.,  large  8vo.  Illustrated. 
Benziger  Bros.     25   cts. 

Official  Documents  Bearing  upon  the  European  War.  Reprinted  through 
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Schwager,  F.,  S.V.D.  Woman's  Misery  and  Woman's  Aid  in  the  Foreign 
Missions.  An  Appeal  to  our  Catholic  Women.  Tr.  by  Elizabeth  Ruf. 
40  pp.    12mo.    Techny,  111.:  Mission  Press  S.  V.  D.     10  cts.    (Wrapper.) 

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(Leaflet.) 

Ecker,  James.  The  Catholic  School  Bible.  Translated  by  Patrick  Cum- 
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Herder,  St.  Louis,  Mo.     60  cts.,  retail;  45  cts.,  wholesale. 

Barrett,  Michael,  O.S.B.  Rambles  in  Catholic  Lands.  264  pp.  8vo.  Pro- 
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FICTION 
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Benziger  Bros.     1914.     60  cts. 
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cts.,    postpaid. 
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Striiter,  Augustin.  Die  Jesuiten  in  der  Schweiz.  1814-1847.  Ein  Gedenk- 
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THE 

FORTNIGHTLY     REVIEW 


VOI,.  XXI,  No.  24.  DECEMBER  15,  1914. 


CHRONICLE  AND  COMMENT 


The  First  Encyclical  of  the  New  Pontificate 

The  first  encyclical  of  the  new  pontificate  was  published 
on  November  16.  It  is  a  lengthy  document,  and  is  natur- 
ally devoted,  in  part  at  least,  to  what  the  Pope  describes  as 
"this  most  atrocious  and  grievous  spectacle"  of  the  Euro- 
pean war. 

Elevated  to  the  Chair  of  Peter,  Benedict  XV  casts  his 
eyes  on  the  immense  flock  entrusted  to  him,  and  is  full  of 
sorrow  at  the  miserable  condition  of  society,  mingled  with 
joy  at  the  state  in  which  his  predecessor  handed  down  the 
Church.  The  great  war  recalls  Christ's  prophecy  of  wars 
and  rumors  of  wars,  and  of  nation  rising  against  nation 
and  kingdom  against  kingdom,  and  the  Pope  makes  his  own 
the  last  words  of  Pius  X,  and  calls  upon  kings  and  rulers  to 
restore  the  blessings  of  peace  to  their  peoples. 

But  besides  this  armed  struggle  there  is  a  conflict  of 
souls  which,  though  bloodless,  is  not  less  fraught  with  dis- 
aster, and  is  indeed  the  origin  of  the  first.  The  pretense  of 
emancipating  human  civil  authority  from  the  authority  of 
God  has  caused  the  links  between  superiors  and  inferiors  to 
become  daily  looser.  Sovereigns  and  rulers  should  con- 
sider this,  and  see  whether  it  is  wise  to  divorce  themselves 
from  the  religion  of  Christ,  and  whether  it  is  good  policy 
to  banish  the  Gospel  from  education. 

The  four  principal  factors  in  the  conflict  are  the  lack  of 
mutual  love  between  men,  want  of  respect  for  authority, 
injustice  between  the  different  classes  of  society,  and  the 
regarding  of  material  welfare  as  the  only  object  of  human 
activity.    Having  developed  these  points,  His  Holiness  con- 

737 


738  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

eludes  with  a  call  for  the  suppression  of  differences,  and 
especially  of  Modernism  in  the  Church,  for  peace  among 
the  nations,  and  with  an  expression  of  hope  for  the  cessa- 
tion of  the  abnormal  situation  in  which  the  Vicar  of  Christ 
is  placed  in  Rome,  and  against  which,  in  fulfillment  of  his 
*sacred  duty,  he  renews  the  protests  of  his  predecessors. 


Personal  Traits  of  Benedict  XV 

From  a  paper  on  Benedict  XV  contributed  to  the  De- 
cember Rosary  Magazine  by  a  Roman  correspondent,  we 
take  the  following  interesting  notes  on  the  personality  of 
our  new  Pope : 

Physically  he  is  very  small  of  stature,  so  small,  indeed, 
that  the  shortest  pontifical  robe  in  the  Vatican  at  the  time 
of  his  election  was  far  too  long.  He  is  somewhat  stooped, 
probably  from  long  hours  of  work  over  his  desk.  One 
shoulder  is  slightly  raised  above  the  other,  and  one  foot  is 
shorter  than  the  other — both  of  which  give  a  certain  halt  to 
his  gait  not  far  removed  from  a  limp.  He  is  very  thin  and 
frail  looking.  His  face  is  ascetical,  sallow  and  irregular  in 
feature.  His  abundant  hair  is  jet-black,  as  also  are  his 
eyes,  which  are  quick,  lively — like  black  diamonds.  Noth- 
ing escapes  them.     His  lips  are  thin  but  full  of  expression. 

The  whole  appearance  of  the  Pope  is  that  of  a  frail  man. 
But,  whilst  he  has  never  been  robust,  he  has  never  been  ill. 
It  is  well  known  that  from  youth  the  Pope  had  a  poor, 
thin  voice,  by  no  means  resonant  or  musical.  But  it  is  not 
hard  to  understand  him,  if  you  are  close  enough  to  him.  He 
speaks  little.  But  there  is  great  decision  in  his  words.  He 
never  speaks  without  thought.  This  is  especially  notice- 
able when  he  preaches,  for  in  the  beginning  he  halts  as  if 
to  seek  for  the  word  that  will  most  accurately  convey  his 
ideas.  But  as  he  proceeds  his  speech  becomes  free  and 
elastic. 

He  is  also  known  as  a  letter-writer.  His  letters  are  care- 
fully composed  and  written  in  a  firm,  bold  hand.  His 
choice  of  words  is  almost  finically  correct.  He  does  not  like 
a  secretary  because  he  prefers  to  write  himself  what  he  has 
to  write. 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  739 

A  Surprise  in  Polar  Exploration 

As  elusive  as  the  Ice  Maiden  of  Alpine  legend  seem  to 
be  some  of  the  islands,  promontories,  and  seas  of  the  polar 
regions.  The  recent  report  of  the  Crocker  Land  Expedi- 
tion of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  that 
Crocker  Land  does  not  exist,  but  is  a  mirage,  apparently 
convinces  the  experienced  Peary  of  error.  In  1906  that  emi- 
nent and  cautious  explorer  described  its  heights  from  Nan- 
sen  Sound,  much  as  it  is  recorded  the  first  explorers  of  New 
England  waters  saw  the  White  Mountains  "like  great 
bright  clouds  above  the  horizon."  It  now  appears  that  the 
latest  explorers  also  thought  for  two  days  that  they  saw 
land,  but  that  on  closer  approach  they  found  it  was  but  an 
optical  illusion.  The  disappointment  is  of  a  different  sort 
from  the  reverses  of  Stefansson's  party,  but  must  be  severe. 

Whether  this  is  a  case  where  the  possible  utility  of  error 
has  proved  actual,  after  all,  and  the  experienced  geologists 
and  botanists  of  the  party  have  secured  any  results  of  value, 
remains  to  be  seen ;  but  the  primary  end  of  MacMillan's 
trip  is  unattained. 

The  whole  occurrence,  with  the  checks  received  by 
Stefansson  in  his  attempts  to  verify  the  existence  of  land 
indicated  north  of  Alaska  by  the  tides,  is  a  reminder  of 
how  vague  is  still  our  knowledge  of  all  that  portion  of  the 

earth. 

-•■■♦•■•■ 

Treitschke  and  the  War 

The  ever-repeated  mention  of  Treitschke  as  one  of  the 
causes  of  the  present  war  reminds  us  that  that  brilliant 
German  historian  has  been  accused  of  an  equally  sinister 
influence  upon  at  least  one  individual,  the  notorious  ex- 
Jesuit  Paul  von  Hoensbroech,  who  claims  that  a  few  lec- 
tures of  Treitschke.  which  he  attended  at  Berlin,  had  much 
to  do  with  his  apostasy.  In  a  previous  discussion  of  Hoens- 
broech's  case  (Vol.  XII,  No.  16),  we  showed  that  his  asser- 
tions concerning  the  German  historian  must  have  been  ex- 
aggerated. But  at  the  present  moment,  when  Treitschke 
is  once  more  in  the  public  eye,  because  of  his  supposedly 
baneful  influence,  we  think  it  worth  while  to  quote  a  few 
appropriate  words  from  Father  von  Nostitz-Rieneck's  dis- 


740  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

cussion  of  Hoensbroech's  alleged  reasons  for  leaving  the 
Church.  We  read:  "As  to  Harnack's  lectures,  it  is  as- 
serted that  there  was  not  'the  least  influence';  neither  was 
Paulsen  a  contributory  cause.  Treitschke,  however,  was 
such  in  the  highest  degree.  Treitschke,  with  some  ten  or 
twelve  lectures!    This  is  astounding!" 

We  believe  that  the  future  historian  will  find  it  equally 
astounding  (erstannlich)  that  so  much  space  and  importance 
was  given  in  our  day  to  the  Berlin  Professor  as  one  of  the 
supposed  authors  of  the  present  war. 


Chinese  Superstitions 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Rev.  M.  Kennelly,  S.J.,  for  an 
English  translation  of  the  first  volume  of  Fr.  Henry  Dore's, 
S.J.,  "Researches  into  Chinese  Superstitions."  This  work, 
like  others  of  the  same  series,  published  by  the  T'Usewei 
Printing  Press  of  Shanghai,  is  composed  chiefly  with  the 
intention  of  helping  the  missionaries  in  their  work.  Inci- 
dentally, these  treatises  are  also  of  great  value  to  the 
student  of  comparative  religion,  as  well  as  to  all  who  take 
an  intelligent  interest  in  the  social  and  family  life  of  the 
Chinese  people. 

We  learn  here  that  most  of  the  Chinese  believe  man  to 
have  two  souls — first,  the  superior  soul  (which,  after  death, 
according  to  the  Buddhists,  is  reincarnated;  but,  according 
to  the  Taoists,  lives  among  the  stars;  and,  according  to  the 
Confucians,  "vanishes  entirely")  ;  and,  secondly,  the  in- 
ferior soul,  which  usually  remains  with  the  body  in  the 
grave,  but  sometimes  comes  out  of  it  in  the  form  of  a  ghost. 
It  seems  there  is  a  popular  adage  in  China  that  "the  three 
religions  are  one";  and  the  translator  calls  the  usual  re- 
ligion in  that  country  "a  medley  of  superstitions,  varying 
according  to  places,  but  essentially  the  same  in  their  funda- 
mental features."  "Each  person,  in  fact,  selects  what  suits 
best  his  fancy,  or  meets  the  present  requirements." 

Into  the  details  of  such  a  book  as  this  it  would  be  end- 
less to  enter.  Wc  will  only  observe  that  the  Chinese  pray 
for  the  dead  and  the  delivery  of  their  souls  from  Hades. 
The  seventh  month  is  specially  set  apart  for  this  purpose, 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  741 

and  many  and  highly  elaborate  are   the  ceremonies   pre- 
scribed for  the  Chinese  Month  of  the  Dead. 


The  Psychology  of  Men  in  Battle 

The  psychology  of  men  in  battle  has  generally  been  left 
to  novelists  after  the  event.  But  surgeons  are  already  hold- 
ing psychiatric  clinics  in  the  trenches  and  elsewhere. 

The  investigations  in  Russian  hospitals  by  Dr.  Maltseff, 
Moscow  psychiatrist  and  honorary  member  of  the  Munich 
Medical  Society,  reported  from  various  sources — one  the 
Petrograd  correspondence  of  the  Springfield  Republican — 
have  every  appearance  of  impartiality.  Not  all  men  may 
be  liars,  but  he  thinks  that  all  soldiers  are,  after  a  hot  fight. 
Like  a  sprinter  approaching  the  tape,  the  soldier  in  violent 
action  is  confused  in  perception,  unconscious  or  subcon- 
scious in  all  he  does.  Of  seventeen  wounded  men  tested  at 
one  time,  twelve,  all  intelligent,  "betrayed  a  curious  pas- 
sion for  exaggeration."  In  Moscow,  nineteen  wounded 
were  carefully  examined  for  accuracy,  and  sixteen  gave 
answers  that  were  "hopeless."  One  who  had  killed  two 
Germans  with  his  bayonet  at  first  remembered  nothing  of 
the  fact.  Another  man,  going  Sir  John  Falstaff  several  bet- 
ter, magnified  six  prisoners  into  1,000. 

Another  of  Dr.  MaltsefFs  conclusions  is  that  the  sol- 
dier's sentiment  towards  his  enemy  is  mainly  governed  by 
victory  or  defeat:  if  he  wins,  he  is  sympathetic;  if  he  loses, 
he  is  savage,  and  inclined  not  merely  to  commit  outrages 
himself,  but  to  exaggerate  those  of  his  foe. 

The  fairness  of  these  conclusions  contrasts  with  the 
alacrity  of  many  in  accepting  for  gospel  the  atrocity-tales 
of  every  "eye-witness." 


The  "Go-to-church-Sunday"  movement  is  meeting  with 
enthusiastic  support  from  an  unexpected  quarter.  A  con- 
siderable section  of  the  population,  misunderstanding  the 
meaning  of  the  slogan,  is  willing  to  go  to  church  on  such 
an  occasion,  provided  nothing  of  the  kind  is  expected  be- 
tween times.  One  such  day  a  year  strikes  some  men  as  a 
splendid  arrangement. 


742  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

THE  WORLD  WAR  AND  PEACE  PIFFLE 

Conclusion 

Peace  is  the  result  of  conduct  based  on  genuinely  Chris- 
tian principles.  It  is  not  born  of  speeches.  It  presupposes 
well-balanced  progress. 

During  the  last  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  mankind 
has  advanced  by  leaps  and  bounds  in  the  field  of  technical 
progress.  But  morally  it  has  almost  remained  at  a  stand- 
still, as  is  evidenced  by  the  popularity  of  filthy  literature, 
suggestive  dancing  and  indecent  fashions.  Ingenious  sci- 
entists and  inventors  have  harnessed  the  forces  of  Nature, 
while  millions  of  men  and  women,  through  their  rejection  of 
Christianity,  yea,  even  of  the  belief  in  a  hereafter,  have  let 
their  passions  run  riot. 

Generally  speaking,  man's  power  over  the  forces  of  de- 
struction has  increased  enormously.  But  his  control  over 
himself  has  suffered.  Vice  and  passion  claimed  more  vic- 
tims, while  our  grandest  technical  triumphs  were  cele- 
brated in  engines  of  destruction.  And  nations  are  only  ag- 
gregations of  families. 

Hence,  in  the  words  of  Charles  Devas  (Political  Econ- 
omy, p.  85),  "the  very  progress  of  invention  has  imposed 
on  each  nation  that  values  its  national  existence  a  heavy 
burden  of  costly  armaments."  As  the  one-sided  develop- 
ment continued,  the  tension  finally  reached  the  breaking 
point,  releasing  titanic  forces  that  threatened  the  ruin  of 
treasures  stored  up  during  centuries  of  toil  and  study.  Tens 
of  thousands  of  the  healthiest  and  most  promising  men 
and  young  men  in  Germany,  France,  Russia,  England,  Aus- 
tria and  Servia  are  going  to  a  premature  grave,  cut  down 
in  their  strength  by  Mars  triumphant.  "Misery,  bitter 
misery,"  writes  Dr.  F.  Zopfl  in  the  Allgemeine  Rund- 
schau, of  Munich  (issue  of  Aug.  8th),  "we  had  to  bear 
thus  far;  but  threefold,  a  hundredfold,  yea,  a  millionfold 
misery  will  soon  appear,  now  that  the  wild  cavalcade  of 
apocalyptical  cavalry  has  started  on  its  course  of  destruc- 
tion. The  noblest  domestic  happiness  is  suddenly  blasted. 
The  father  is  snatched  away  from  his  weeping  children ;  the 
husband   from   his  wife;  the  son  from  his  aging  mother." 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  743 

And  yet  this,  the  most  terrible  clash  of  arms  in  the  world's 
history,  is  fraught  with  blessings  also.  Men  in  the  very 
midst  of  the  din  and  suffering  and  bloodshed  tell  us  so. 
From  light-hearted  France  come  stories  of  how  serious 
thoughts  have  driven  frivolity  from  many  a  mind.  In  all 
the  belligerent  countries  many  proud  and  self-sufficient 
people  look  to  Heaven  for  help.  Describing  conditions  in 
Germany,  Dr.  F.  Zopfl  says  graphically: 

"This  war  will  sweep  over  our  country  like  a  thunderstorm,  which 
works  havoc,  and  yet  becomes  a  source  of  blessing.  During  the  long 
and  beautiful  summer  time  everything  blooms  and  sprouts  under  the 
beneficent  rays  of  the  sun.  But  in  the  swamps  and  lowlands  poisonous 
vapors  gather,  many  dangerous  plants  shoot  up,  and  men  become  in- 
dolent and  apathetic.  Everything  man  can  do  to  stem  this  tendency  is 
futile.  A  thunderstorm  must  come,  and  thunder,  lightning  and  drench- 
ing rain  must  clear  the  air.  Many  a  flower  is  broken,  plants  are 
knocked  down,  and  grain  fields  devastated.  But  the  earth  is  refreshed 
and  benefited.     The  result  of  this  war  will  be  similar. 

"A  long  summer  period  is  past.  Our  culture  blossomed  splen- 
didly. .  .  .  All  the  world  hastened  to  our  cities,  to  our  industrial  estab- 
lishments, our  universities,  our  schools,  our  armies;  and  unknowingly 
the  visitors  learned  of  us  and  unreluctantly  carried  the  German  name 
and  German  thoughts  into  the  utmost  regions. 

"However,  also  many  weeds  flourished,  vice  and  sin  assumed  bold 
airs.  Justice  was  termed  injustice;  sensuality  paraded  brazen-faced  in 
its  nakedness  through  all  the  streets  and  exposed  itself  in  theaters  and 
public  places ;  the  most  venerable  bulwarks  were  razed  amid  scornful 
laughter;  the  most  sacred  things  were  desecrated  and  abused.  Earthly 
pride  wished  to  dethrone  God  and  destroy  the  spiritual  order.  There 
was  also  much  quarreling  and  wrangling  and  pettiness  in  our  conduct 
and  Christianity.  Scarcely  one  bond  united  us  brothers.  Even  with 
reference  to  religion  and  the  Fatherland,  the  bonds  that  unite  most 
closely,  our  people  were  at  odds.  .  .  .  Popular  educators,  priests, 
preachers  often  let  their  hands  drop  in  despair  and  lost  all  faith  in 
the  good  traits  of  human  nature.  Many  sighed :  'Lord  God,  our  work 
is  in  vain.  If  you  do  not  interfere,  then  we  must  see  our  people  and 
country  sink  into  the  morass !' 

"And  now  God  has  taken  the  tools  from  our  hands ;  now  He 
Himself  wishes  to  purge  mankind  with  fire  and  sword  and  blood.  And 
He  will  purge.     That  is  our  consolation. 

"The  war  will  accrue  to  our  benefit.  Even  now,  shortly  after 
the  battle  cry  has  resounded,  we  see  the  good  in  human  hearts  reas- 
serting itself  and  triumphing  over  all  the  low,  petty  and  vulgar  in- 
stincts. All  selfish  considerations  have  been  set  aside.  Who  would 
have  thought  a  year  ago  that  this  disrupted  and  torn  German  people, 
set  upon  itself  by  wild-eyed  agitators,  could  be  so  firmly  united  that 


744  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

all  social  and  party  antagonism  would  be  wiped  out ;  that  all  religious 
differences  would  cease ;  that  all  would  be  bound  to  one  another  by  a 
great  love  of  the  Fatherland,  ardent  Christian  charity,  a  holy  spirit 
of  sacrifice  and  self-denial?  All  are  ready  to  offer  their  blood  and 
treasure,  life  and  property  for  the  general  welfare.  The  generosity 
of  the  human  soul  has  awakened  again.  The  noble  and  good  and 
great  increase  in  proportion  to  the  misery  crying  to  heaven,  the  bloody 
tears  shed,  and  the  sighs  heaved  by  heavy  hearts.  .  .  . 

"This  struggle  will  be  a  war  of  liberation,  in  the  sense  that  the 
slumbering,  sin-enslaved  human  soul  will  wake  again  to  life  and  lib- 
erty; that  we  shall  again  become  a  morally  strengthened,  pure  and 
holy  people,  a  united  nation  of  brothers." 

Germany  is  only  one  of  at  least  five  great  countries  that 
will  be  recompensed  in  this  way  for  the  terrible  price  they 
are  paying  in  blood  and  treasure.  Of  course,  for  men  who 
insist  on  having  their  heaven  on  earth,  regardless  of  conse- 
quences to  society,  and  who  would  have  us  believe  that 
man,  like  the  irrational  animal,  ends  with  the  grave,  this 
consideration  is  of  no  value. 

Still,  even  they  will  have  to  admit  that  war  is  not  by 
any  means  the  worst  of  evils.  Take  this  illustration :  Dur- 
ing the  Franco-Prussian  War  about  50,000  officers  and 
men  were  killed  on  each  side.  That  -means  sorrow  in  100,- 
000  homes.  Do  we  realize  that  the  divorce  demon 
annually  disrupts  as  many  homes  in  the  United  States 
alone?  Unless  restrained,  this  monster,  born  of  as  fierce 
a  passion  as  the  lust  for  blood,  will  bring  sorrow  and  mis- 
ery to  as  many  homes  as  are  likely  to  be  grief-stricken  on 
account  of  the  awful  world  war!  And  the  death  of  a 
brother  or  father  on  the  battlefield  does  not  mean  the  scan- 
dal and  rehashing  of  filthy  details  incident  to  the  average 
suit  for  divorce  and  its  exploitation  by  a  sensational  daily 
press. 

Then  there  is  the  social  evil,  which,  as  was  indicated  by 
a  cartoon  in  the  Survey  about  a  year  ago,  annually  claims 
about  60,000  women  in  this  country  alone !  What  an  ap- 
palling number  must  be  sacrificed  on  the  altars  of  Lust 
throughout  the  entire  world  ! 

Also,  the  Alcohol  demon  devours  his  tens  of  thousands 
every  year.  Homicide  takes  another  ten  thousand.  Pre- 
ventable industrial  accidents  and  diseases  claim  over  fifty 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  745 

thousand — according  to  conservative  estimates  of  acknowl- 
edged authorities  on  American  industries !  In  short,  there 
is  a  long  list  of  "peace  horrors,"  as  voracious  and  insatia- 
ble as  Mars,  which  take  their  enormous  toll  year  after  year. 
And  yet  we  are  thoroughly  shocked  only  when  we  see  men 
slain  in  large  numbers  by  means  of  bullets  and  the  sword.  The 
silent,  systematic  butchery  of  tens  of  thousands  of  children 
and  women,  as  well  as  of  men,  by  "peaceful"  evils,  troubles 
only  the  reformers  and  some  few  leaders.  "Consistency, 
thou  art  a  jewel."  A.  Beck 

Dubuque,  la. 


THE  TRUE  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN 

Messrs.  Browne  &  Howell  Co.,  Chicago,  have  just  repub- 
lished Mr.  Francis  F.  Browne's  "The  Everyday  Life  of  Abra- 
ham Lincoln"  ($2.50  net),  a  work  which  was  originally  issued 
thirty  years  ago  but  did  not  receive  the  attention  then 
which  it  deserved.  The  material  was  collected  from  more 
than  five  hundred  of  the  friends  and  contemporaries  of  Lin- 
coln, and  the  compiler's  aim  was  to  "present  Lincoln,  the 
man,  rather  than  Lincoln,  the  tradition." 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  traditional  Lincoln  is  a 
highly  idealized  concept.  The  tremendous  and  tragic  cir- 
cumstances of  his  career  were  admirably  suited  to  act  as  a 
distorting  medium.  It  will  probably  never  be  possible  en- 
tirely to  separate  the  tradition  from  the  factual,  but  that 
critical-minded  historian  of  the  future  who  shall  write  the 
fairest  possible  appraisal  of  Lincoln's  character  will  be 
obliged  to  make  liberal  use  of  Mr.  Browne's  volume. 

In  a  brief  notice  like  this  we  can  bring  out  but  one  im- 
portant point.  Mr.  Browne  shows  plainly  what  has  never 
been  a  secret  and  yet  is  persistently  ignored,  that  Lincoln 
held  out  as  long  as  he  could  against  those  who  urged  the 
abolition  of  slavery,  issuing  his  famous  proclamation  only 
as  a  last  desperate  means  of  subduing  the  South.  It  was 
the  master  stroke  of  a  wise  opportunist  rather  than  the  ex- 
alted deed  of  a  humanitarian.  And  yet  millions  of  children 
have  been  led  to  believe  that  our  Civil  War  was  primarily 
a  war  against  the  institution  of  slavery,  and  that  Lincoln's 
chief  concern  was  with  the  freeing  of  the  slaves.    True,  he 


746  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

1 
was  opposed  to  slavery,  but  he  constantly  placed  the  preser- 
vation of  the  Union  above  abolition,  believing  that  the  lat- 
ter would  be  accomplished  by  a  slow  process  of  purchase 
and  colonization.  That  he  thus  proved  his  farsightedness 
is  apparent  now  when  the  negro  question  has  become  an 
issue  of  grave  importance.  There  is  much  in  the  evidence 
presented  by  Mr.  Browne  to  show  that,  had  Lincoln  lived 
through  the  Reconstruction  period,  the  negro  would  have 
been  dealt  with  in  a  much  more  effective  way  than  that 
employed  by  the  high-handed  ultra-humanitarians  who  in- 
sisted upon  regarding  him  as  an  Anglo-Saxon  with  a  black 
skin. 


THEOLOGY  IN  THE  TWELFTH  CENTURY 

The  Rev.  J.  de  Ghellinck,  S.J.,  has  recently  published  an 
erudite  and  entertaining  volume  of  studies,  researches,  and 
documents  on  "Le  Mouvement  Theologique  du  Xlle  Siecle" 
(Paris:  Gabalda.  7  fr.  50).  The  book  moves  on  parallel 
lines  with  a  portion  of  Dr.  Martin  Grabmann's  valuable 
but  still  unfinished  "Geschichte  der  scholastischen  Methode" 
(Freiburg:  Herder;  vol.  i,  1909;  vol.  ii,  1911).  Generally 
Fr.  de  Ghellinck  confirms  with  fuller  evidence  the  positions 
already  taken  up  by  Dr.  Grabmann.  On  some  points,  how- 
ever, notably  on  the  question  of  the  authorship  of  the 
"Summa  Sententiarum,"  he  differs  from  him.  Neither 
scholar  considers  the  question  to  be  definitely  settled,  but 
while  Dr.  Grabmann  thinks  the  received  opinion,  that  Hugh 
of  St.  Victor  is  the  author  of  that  famous  "Summa,"  has  the 
weight  of  evidence  for  it,  Fr.  de  Ghellinck  inclines  to  the 
opposite  view. 

The  middle  point  of  the  history  of  medieval  Scholastic 
theology  is  the  Book  of  Sentences  of  Peter  Lombard,  which 
appeared  at  Paris  about  the  year  1150.  The  factors  that 
went  to  its  making  go  back  to  the  Carolingian  schools;  in 
its  materials  and  models  it  may  truly  be  said  to  be  a  product 
of  all  the  works  that  went  before  it.  After  its  appearance 
it  became  the  text-book  of  the  theological  schools  and  the 
subject  of  many  commentaries.  Its  importance  in  the  his- 
tory of  theology   is  evidently  of  the  greatest.     It   is  this 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  747 

important  work  which  forms  the  natural  center  of  lrr.  de 
Ghellinck's  book. 

The  book  is  divided  into  live  long  chapters,  each  rein- 
forced by  several  appendices.  In  "La  Preparation  Theo- 
logique  du  Xlle  Siecle"  (chapter  I)  the  author  takes  us 
first  from  the  decline  of  the  patristic  period  through  the 
Carolingian  renaissance  of  the  eighth  and  ninth  centuries 
and  the  black  period  of  the  tenth  century.  The  studies,  the 
works,  the  tendencies,  and  controversies  of  the  period  are 
gone  into  with  great  fulness  of  detail.  There  is  an  interest- 
ing account  of  the  codification  of  the  Canon  Law  in  the 
ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  which  prepares  the  way  for  an 
important  study  at  the  end  of  the  book  on  the  relations 
between  Canon  Law  and  theology  in  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  centuries.  The  final  section  of  this  chapter  deals 
with  the  eleventh  century,  which  opened  a  new  era  in 
theology.  Speculative  reasoning  came  to  play  a  greater 
part  in  theology,  and  so  we  come  to  the  monographs  of  the 
type  of  St.  Anselm's  works.  We  are  now  ready  for  a  more 
precise  study  of  the  immediate  influences  which  combined 
to  produce  Peter  Lombard's  great  work  in  the  chapter 
entitled  "Le  'Liber  Sententiarum'  de  Pierre  Lombard  et  sa 
place  dans  l'histoire  des  recueils  theologiques  du  Xlle 
Siecle."  After  a  description  of  the  many  previous  compila- 
tions from  the  sixth  century  we  are  treated  to  a  discussion 
of  the  works  of  Abelard  and  his  influence,  an  account  of 
the  schools  of  Paris  and  of  Hugh  of  St.  Victor,  and  an 
appreciation  of  the  school  of  Bologna,  which  ends  with  an 
analysis  of  the  "Decretum  Gratiani," — the  storehouse  from 
which  Peter  Lombard  drew  so  much  of  his  material.  And 
so  we  reach  the  "Liber  Sententiarum."  Its  sources,  its 
contents,  its  method  are  entered  into  in  detail.  The  bitter 
opposition  to  it  and  its  final  triumph  at  the  Lateran  Council 
of  1215,  with  its  great  success  till  it  was  replaced  by  the 
"Summa"  of  St.  Thomas  in  the  sixteenth  century,  are  then 
described. 

The  third  chapter  is  a  discussion  of  the  relation  between 
the  "Sententiae"  of  Gandulphus  of  Bologna  and  the  "Liber 
Sententiarum"  of  Peter  Lombard.  Both  these  writers  quote 
the  "De  Fide  Orthodoxa"  of  St.  John  Damascene.     This 


W8  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

leads  Father  de  Ghellinck,  in  chapter  IV,  to  investigate  the 
way  in  which  St.  John  Damascene  became  known  to  the 
West.  The  first  translation  was  made  by  Burgundio,  a 
jurist  of  Pisa.  His  work  was  corrected  in  what  was  virtu- 
ally a  new  translation,  which  is  still  unedited,  made  by 
Robert  Grosseteste,  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  who,  with  the  Greek 
before  him,  made  Burgundio's  translation  more  intelligible, 
and  added  what  the  first  translator  omitted. 

The  last  chapter,  entitled  "Theologie  et  Droit  Canon  au 
Xle  et  au  Xlle  Siecles,"  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting  of 
all.  After  tracing  the  history  of  the  collections  of  Canon 
Law  which  culminated  in  the  "Decretum  Gratiani,"  the 
author  shows  how  the  theologians  borrowed  most  of  their 
Patristic  quotations  from  the  canonists,  and  in  particular 
how  much  Peter  Lombard  owes  to  the  Bolognese  canonist. 
This  dependence  of  the  theologians  on  the  canonists  is 
especially  marked  in  the  treatise  on  the  Sacraments  and 
in  the  later  treatises  "De  Romano  Pontifice"  and  "De 
Ecclesia,"  which  the  Italian  canonists  of  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury worked  out  in  great  detail  in  their  resistance  to  the 
imperial  theologians.  ' 

No  serious  student  of  the  history  of  scholastic  theology 
can  afford  to  neglect  Fr.  de  Ghellinck's  work.  With  the 
Tablet,  whose  review  we  have  followed,  we  await  with 
great  interest  the  learned  author's  promised  work  on  the 
history  of  the  theology  of  the  Sacraments  in  the  Middle 
Ages. 


Undeniably  the  presence  of  twenty  thousand  priests  in 
the  French  army  is  productive  of  much  good.  But  does 
that  circumstance  justify  the  government's  action  in  com- 
pelling these  priests  to  serve  as  common  soldiers?  The 
Sacred  Heart  Review  is  decidedly  of  the  opinion  that  it 
does  not.  "The  rifle  is  not  the  weapon  of  a  priest" — 
observes  our  excellent  Boston  contemporary,  always  so  safe 
and  sound  and  Catholic  in  its  outlook  upon  life.  "He  should 
be  exempt  from  the  necessity  of  carrying  it  and  of  taking 
part  in  battle.  His  place  is  with  the  men  as  chaplain.  This 
is  recognized  by  all  other  really  civilized  countries."  (Vol. 
52,  No.  25.) 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  749 

THE  WRITINGS  OF  DUMAS  AND  THE  INDEX 

Our  Catholic  papers  are  not  always  as  careful  in  answer- 
ing queries  from  their  readers  as  those  readers  have  a  right 
to  expect. 

Thus  the  Cleveland  Catholic  Universe  says  editorially 
in  a  recent  issue  (Vol.   41,  No.  23)  : 

"A  correspondent  asks  us  if  the  works  of  Dumas,  father 
and  son,  are  on  the  forbidden  list  of  Catholic  reading.  The 
reply  is :     Yes,  they  are  on  the  forbidden  list." 

"The  forbidden  list  of  Catholic  reading"  is  an  awkward 
and  somewhat  ambiguous  term ;  but  the  meaning  of  the 
query  evidently  is :  Are  the  works  of  Dumas,  pcrc  and  fils, 
on  the  Index  of  forbidden  books? 

The  Catholic  Universe  says :  Yes.  Those  familiar  with 
the  "Index  Librorum  Prohibitorum"  in  its  latest  editions, 
know  that  "omnes  fabulae  amatoriae"  of  both  the  elder  and 
the  younger  Dumas  were  forbidden  by  decree  of  June  22, 
1863.  Not  all  their  works  can  justly  be  classed  as  "fabulae 
amatoriae,"  however,  and  even  if  they  could,  or  even  if  the 
prohibition  read  "opera  omnia,"  it  would  still  be  inaccurate 
to  answer  such  a  broad  question  as  that  addressed  to  the 
Universe  with  an  equally  broad  Yes. 

The  matter  is  clearly  explained  by  Father  Joseph  Hil- 
gers,  S.J.,  in  his  well-known  and  authoritative  work.  "Der 
Index  der  verbotenen  Biicher  in  seiner  neuen  Fassung 
dargelegt  und  rechtlich-historisch  gewiirdigt"  (Freiburg, 
B.  Herder,  1904),  pp.  106  sqq. 

Regarding  the  "opera  omnia"  decrees  in  general,  Fr. 
Hilger  says  that  even  if  all  the  works  of  an  author  are  pro- 
hibited by  the  Index,  one  may  be  permitted  to  read  those 
of  which  it  is  certain  that  they  are  not  essentially  against 
faith  or  morals.  He  instances  Zola.  All  the  novels  of  Zola 
are  on  the  Index,  he  says,  yet  though  this  author  is  one  of 
the  most  corrupt  and  dangerous  of  modern  times,  it  is  gen- 
erally held  that  one  would  be  allowed  to  read  such  of  his 
works  as  are  not  distinctly  immoral,  e.  g.,  "Le  Reve." 

With  regard  to  the  two  Dumas  in  particular.  Father 
Hilger  says:  "In  1863,  the  S.  Congregation  of  the  Index 
prohibited  all  the  love  stories  of  both  the  elder  and  the 
younger    Dumas.       From     1841-45     Dumas    pcre    published 


750  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

.  .  .  'Le  Comte  de  Monte  Cristo,'  a  novel  which  .  .  . 
can  not  be  regarded  as  forbidden  since  the  Leonine  edition 
of  the  Index.  Both  Dumas  here  and  Dumas  His  published 
novels  after  1863.  Though  these  do  not  fall  under  that  de- 
cree, it  is  undeniable  that  the  'opera  omnia'  prohibition  has 
created  a  certain  presumption  against  the  later  productions 
of  these  writers.  Even  in  the  case  of  these,  therefore,  it 
must  be  observed  that  one  may  read  them  only  if  one  is 
reasonably  sure  that  they  are  not  dangerous."  (Hilgers, 
op.  cit.j  pp.  107  sq.) 

It  is  always  safe  to  inform  inquirers  that  all  immoral 
and  obscene  books,  and  such  as  glorify  divorce  and  other 
errors  condemned  by  the  Church,  are  forbidden  by  the  gen- 
eral rules  of  the  Index,  no  matter  whether  they  are  nomi- 
nally condemned  or  not.  It  is  this  general  rule,  and 
the  natural  moral  law  upon  which  it  is  based,  that  can  and 
should  above  all  be  emphasized.  When  it  comes  to  explain 
the  bearing  of  single  decrees,  however,  it  is  often  necessary 
and  always  prudent  to  consult  a  competent  guide,  such  as 
Father  Hilgers. 


In  No.  294  of  "America,"  the  Rev.  Henry  S.  Spaulding, 
S.J.,  of  Loyola  University,  Chicago,  calls  attention  to  the 
unsatisfactory  character  of  the  "Encyclopedia  of  Social  Re- 
form," edited  by  William  D.  P.  Bliss  and  published  by 
Funk  &  Wagnalls.  Fr.  Spaulding  says  that  while  this  oft- 
quoted  reference  work  contains  much  valuable  information, 
it  is  decidedly  unsatisfactory  as  a  whole,  both  from  the  sci- 
entific and  the  historical  point  of  view.  The  chief  objec- 
tion is  that  this  encyclopedia  does  the  Catholic  Church  "the 
double  injustice  of  omitting  all  mention  of  most  of  the 
social  work  which  her  children  have  accomplished,  and  of 
misrepresenting,  or  damning  with  faint  praise,  the  Cath- 
olic factors  to  which  it  gives  space."  Father  Spaulding's 
critique  is  just  and  timely,  and  should  induce  the  publish- 
ers to  overhaul  the  work  completely  for  the  next  edition. 


The  Louisville  Herald  runs  a  daily  column  of  "Idiot- 
orials."  That  would  be  an  appropriate  heading  for  the  ed- 
itorial page  of  a  good  many  American  newspapers. 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  751 

NOTES  AND  GLEANINGS 


A  MINOR  POET 

The  firefly,  flickering  about 

In  busy  brightness,  near  and  far, 
Lets  not  his  little  lamp  go  out 

Because  he  cannot  be  a  star. 
He  only  seeks,  the  hour  he  lives, 

Bravely  his  tiny  part  to  play, 
And  all  his  being  freely  gives 

To  make  a  summer  evening  gay. 

Amelia  Josephine  Burr 


The  Fortnightly  Review  wishes  all  its  subscribers  a 
Merry  Christmas  and  a  Happy  New  Year. 

-•■-••-♦■ 

We  regret  to  learn  that  the  work  on  the  revision  of  the 
Vulgate  is  seriously  impeded  by  the  war. 

-♦--♦--•- 

The  Chicago  Public  Library  has  set  an  example  to  its 
sister  institutions  by  opening  a  department  for  the  circula- 
tion of  good  music. 

A  correspondent  of  the  London  Tablet  notes  that  our 
present  Holy  Father  is  not  the  first  Benedict  XV  in  the 
Church's  history.  An  anti-pope  of  that  name,  the  last  rem- 
nant of  the  Western  Schism,  died  a  prisoner  in  the  castle  of 

Foix,  in  1433. 

-••■•--♦■ 

Among  new  volumes  in  the  well-known  "Collection 
Gallia"  we  are  pleased  to  note  Louis  Veuillot's  "Odeurs  de 
Paris"  and  "Parfum  de  Rome."  The  series  is  published  by 
Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

♦     -•--•- 

To  the  people  who  are  sure  that  nations  must  be  all  of 
one  race,  The  New  Republic  (I,  3)  suggests  this  question: 
Austria-Hungary  consists  of  many  races,  and  you  say  it 
ought  to  be  dismembered  on  racial  lines;  the  LInited  State- 
consists  of  still  more  races,  and  you  say  it  ought  to  be 


752  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

united.     Austria-Hungary    is    the    "whirlpool  of  Europe," 
and  we  are  the  "melting-pot"  of  the  world.    Wherein  is  the 

difference? 

-♦--•--♦• 

Here  is  a  problem  for  discussion  at  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Nut  Club :  Why  is  it  that  freight,  if  it  goes  by  ship  is  a 
cargo,  and  if  it  goes  by  car  is  a  shipment? 

-•--♦--•- 

The  Casket  thinks  that  if  we  had  a  well-stocked  pam- 
phlet rack  in  every  church.  Catholic  papers  would  not  give  so 
much  space  to  answering  for  the  thousandth  time  stale  ob- 
jections against  the  Church.  We  don't  know  about  that. 
It  is  said  that  most  of  the  fool  questions  editors  answer  are 

asked  by  themselves. 

♦•    ♦     ■•■ 

Prominent  Washington  women  in  a  box  at  the  Colum- 
bia Theatre  brought  forth  knitting  material  during  the  in- 
termissions. The  things  they  make  are  to  be  sent  to  Bel- 
gium for  the  relief  of  the  suffering  inhabitants.  One  pair 
of  socks — twenty  cents ;  one  box  at  the  theatre — twenty 
dollars.  The  impulse  may  be  all  right,  but  what  about  the 
arithmetic? 

"Why  Catholic  Workmen  Should  Not  be  Socialists"  is 
the  title  of  an  eight-page  penny  leaflet  just  published  by  the 
alert  and  indefatigable  Central  Bureau  of  the  Catholic  Cen- 
tral Society.  It  is  in  reply  to  a  newspaper  article  by  Carl 
D.  Thompson  and  carries  conviction  because  it  is  written 

with  knowledge  and  admirable  moderation. 

-•»    ♦    -•- 

Last  year  we  referred  to  the  excellent  work  of  a  num- 
ber of  ladies  who  had  formed  a  Catholic  Literary  Club  at 
Leavenworth,  Kansas.  The  Association  was  organized  in 
18%,  and  has  issued  a  yearly  program  outlining  the  papers 
read  and  discussions  held  at  the  various  meetings.  Last 
year  the  Club  studied  the  work  of  eminent  Catholic  poets 
and  artists.  We  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  good  work 
may  be  done  by  such  societies  in  making  better  known  the 
contributions  of  Catholics  to  art  and  literature.  "Travel" 
is  the  general  subject  of  discussion  for  1914-1915.    We  wish 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  753 

the  Club  success  in  the  carrying-  out  of  its  program  during 
the  coming  year. 

Our  Civil  War  is  held  accountable  for  the  preponder- 
ance of  women  in  the  teaching  profession  in  this  country. 
The  European  war  may  possibly  have  a  similar  effect  in  the 
Old  World.  In  London,  at  any  rate,  according  to  The 
Nation,  the  enlistment  of  nearly  1,000  male  teachers  has 
caused  so  great  a  shortage  in  the  staff  of  the  Council 
Schools  that  the  educational  authorities  have  had  to  allot 
a  considerable  proportion  of  their  female  teachers  to  the 
boys'  side.  As  many  of  the  students  in  the  training  col- 
leges have  also  joined  the  colors,  the  innovation  is  likely 
to  be  permanent. 

A  writer  in  the  Dublin  Review  (No.  311)  aptly,  though 
somewhat  ungrammatically,  characterizes  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells, 
the  famous  novelist,  as  "one  of  those  very  modern  people 
who,  having  fundamentally  a  deep  'conviction  of  sin,' 
spends  his  life  running  away  from  it."  Mr.  Wells,  he  adds, 
also  has  "a  strong  sense  of  the  Supernatural  buried  under 
his  fertile  and  creative  imagination,  and  every  now  and 
then,  at  moments  of  stress  and  confusion,  little  flickers  of 
its  light  are  thrown  along  the  path  he  tries  to  carve  for  hu- 
manity, but  he  is  afraid  of  it  as  yet  and  hastily  extinguishes 
it  under  a  bushel." 

♦■        •♦•        «♦ 

Ours  is,  beyond  most  that  have  preceded  it,  a  self- 
conscious  and  self-analytical  age ;  as  a  New  York  Times 
book  reviewer  recently  put  it — "we  are  on  terms  of  almost 
immoral  intimacy  with  ourselves." 

In  the  lobby  of  the  Kingsway  Theatre  in  London  there 
is  a  little  book-stand  where  any  evening  you  may  buy  for  a 
shilling  or  thereabouts  a  trim  paper-bound  copy,  not  only 
of  the  play  occupying  the  house  at  the  moment,  but  of  any 
published  play  by  a  contemporary  author.  This  is  an  es- 
tablished institution,  and  more  than  one  confirmed  play- 
goer from  the  United  States  has  looked  at  it  covetously,  as 
if  half  minded  to  carry  off  the  collection  bodily  in  a  taxi. 


754  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Perhaps  some  American  manager  will  emulate  the  example 
if  it  is  made  widely  known  that  the  book-stand  in  the  Kings- 
way  Theatre  takes  in  enough  shillings  to  pay  for  its  main- 
tenance. 

-•-■•--•- 

The  doctrines  of  brotherly  love  and  Christian  peace 
have  survived  cataclysms  as  great  as  the  present  war,  and 
gone  steadily  on  to  wider  conquests  by  the  nobility  of  their 
ideals.  They  are  certain  in  the  end  to  overthrow  all  ene- 
mies and  to  unite  in  one  friendliness  the  Slav  and  the  Teu- 
ton, the  black,  the  yellow,  and  the  white  alike. 

-•--•--♦- 

At  the  tercentenary  exhibition  held  in  honor  of  Wash- 
ington Irving  at  the  New  York  Public  Library,  a  special 
room  is  devoted  to  original  manuscripts,  first  editions,  let- 
ters, etc.,  the  principal  feature  being  an  unpublished  jour- 
nal, in  which  Irving  relates  the  incidents  connected  with 
his  travels  through  France,  Sicily,  Italy,  and  Holland.  This 
journal  fills  two  large  manuscript  volumes,  and  though 
probably  not  written  for  publication,  it  is  strange  that  it 
has  eluded  the  publisher  all  these  years.  Irving  was  a  keen 
observer  of  men  and  affairs,  and  what  he  saw  he  turned  into 
literature  with  an  inimitable  touch  of  humor. 

-•--♦--•- 

Commenting  on  the  action  of  the  California  Knights  of 
Columbus  in  submitting  their  ritual  to  a  committee  of 
Freemasons  (see  this  Review,  Vol.  XXI,  Nos,  22  and  23), 
the  Southern  Guardian  (Little  Rock,  Ark.,  Vol.  IV,  No. 
38)  says :  ".  .  .  whilst  we  do  not  wish  to  condemn  our 
brethren  of  the  West  for  a  useless  concession  to  bigotry, 
we  deplore  the  necessity  for  such  action  as  they  saw  fit  to 
take." 

The  newspapers  have  been  printing  an  article,  first  pub- 
lished in  a  Swedish  journal,  in  which  the  late  Count  Tol- 
stoy was  alleged  to  have  predicted  the  present  war  and  to 
have  foretold  the  coming  of  a  new  Napoleon  from  the 
North.  The  prophecy  appeared  in  the  form  of  a  letter  of 
Tolstoy's  to  his  daughter.  His  literary  representative  and 
executor,    Vladimir   Tchertkoff,     writes     from     Russia    to    a 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  755 

London  paper  to  expose  the  fraud.     Tolstoy  never  wrote 

anything  of  the  kind. 

-•••*■-•• 

Mrs.  Karl  Formes,  of  Oakland,  Cal.,  writes  to  the  San 
Francisco  Monitor  (Vol.  56,  No.  28),  indignantly  protest- 
ing against  melodramatic  organ  performances,  silly  love 
songs  and  cabaret  tunes  at  Benediction.  She  says,  inter 
alia,  that  one  of  the  favorite  tunes  of  Catholic  organists  on 
the  Pacific  Coast  is  "Sing,  Smile,  Slumber,"  by  Gounod,  the 
text  of  which  is  by  the  atheist  Victor  Hugo  and  contains  a 
sentence  of  gross  indecency,  which  has  not  been  trans- 
lated into  English.  We  heartily  echo  Mrs.  Formes'  con- 
cluding query :  "Why  cannot  we  have  our  own  beautiful 
hymns,  plain  chant,  our  Catholic  music?" 

It  is  encouraging  to  note  that  Great  Britain  is  beginning 
to  realize  the  unworthy  character  of  the  Tipperary  jingle 
with  which  her  soldiers  march  into  battle.  Thus  the  Man- 
chester Guardian,  while  defending  it  on  the  ground  that  it 
is  a  good  marching  rhythm,  admits  that  eminent  persons 
have  urged  that  it  be  suppressed  and  an  effort  made  to 
substitute  for  it  Sir  Edward  Elgar's  "Land  of  Hope  and 
Glory."  But  this,  the  Guardian  contends,  is  too  musical 
and  gives  too  much  "highly  intellectual  pleasure"  to  appeal 
to  Tommy  Atkins,  who,  after  all,  will  be  the  arbiter  of  his 

own  songs,  however  atrocious. 

■♦■    ■•-    ■*■ 

Keats'  "Ode  to  a  Nightingale"  would  be  a  thing  of 
literary-  perfection,  were  it  not  for  one  flaw,  namely,  the 
pagan  desire  to  "cease  upon  the  midnight,  without  pain." 

Of  course,  it  is  right  and  commendable  to  "improve  each 
shining  hour,"  but  what  about  burnishing  up  the  dull  ones 

a  bit? 

-#--•-■•- 

It  is  nothing  more  than  human  nature  that  enables  a  man  to 
find  the  majority  of  fools  among  the  people  who  do  not  agree 

with  him. 

♦    ♦    ■•■ 

In  these  strenuous  days  a  man  has  to  hustle  to  get  money, 
and  then  has  to  keep  on  hustling  to  prevent  some  one  else  from 
getting  it  away  from  him. 


756  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

Among  recent  "household  hints"  is  one  to  the  effect 
that  coffee  grounds  burned  in  a  room  will  remove  the  odor 
of  stale  tobacco  smoke.  Burning  a  rubber  shoe  will  prob- 
ably remove  the  odor  of  the  burned  coffee  grounds. 

"A  Dictionary  of  Abbreviations,"  giving  the  meanings, 
and,  where  necessary,  the  derivations  of  an  extensive  list 
of  short  forms  in  ordinary  and  technical  use,  has  been  pre- 
pared by  the  late  Walter  T.  Rogers.  (The  Macmillan 
Co.     $2.) 

When  science  applied  to  human  affairs  goes  hand  in 
hand  with  a  sober  and  cautious  exercise  of  the  thinking 
faculty,  it  does  not  deliver  judgments  which  fly  in  the  face 
of  common  sense. 

A  story  of  quick  wit  turned  to  apologetic  uses  is  going 
the  rounds  of  the  English  papers.  A  Salvation  Army  lassie 
was  being  tormented  for  her  belief  in  the  story  of  Jonah. 
"When  I  get  to  heaven,  I'll  ask  him  for  an  explanation," 
she  said. 

"But  suppose  he  is  not  in  heaven?"  said  her  tormentor. 

"Then  you  can  ask  him." 

-••-•--♦- 

The  current  joke  in  Caracas  is  that,  as  a  meaure  of  econ- 
omy, all  Venezuelan  statues  of  national  heroes  have  their 
heads  screwed  on.  When  Humpty  Dumpty  comes  down 
to  his  native  clay,  a  fresh  head  can  thus  be  expeditiously 
attached  to  the  alien  trunk  and  the  new  popular  idol  is 
complete. 

After  reading  this  issue  of  the  Review,  pass  it  along  to 
a  friend.  When  he  becomes  a  subscriber — as  is  likely  to 
happen  sooner  or  later — pass  your  copies  on  to  another 
friend.     The   endless   chain   of   neighborhood   appreciation 

makes  a  steadily  growing  circulation. 

♦    ♦    ■» 

To  be  misunderstood  even  by  those  whom  one  loves  is 
the  cross  and  bitterness  of  life.  It  is  the  secret  of  that  sad 
and  melancholy  smile  on  the  lips  of  great  men  which  so 
few   understand  ;   it  is   the   crudest   trial   reserved   for  self- 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  757 

devotion ;  it  is  what  most  often  wrung-  the  heart  of  the  Son 
of  man ;  and  if  He  could  still  suffer,  it  would  be  the  wound 

we  should  often  be  inflicting  upon  Him. 

■•»-»•■#■ 

"Who  ever  heard  of  a  Catholic  teacher  in  a  public 
school  attempting  to  proselytize  among  her  pupils?  Only 
Protestant  teachers  do  that,"  proudly  observes  a  Catholic 
contemporary.     Is  it  a  reason  for  boasting? 

It  is  said  that  church  properties  aggregating  in  value 
twelve  million  dollars  are  now  for  sale  in  New  York  City. 
This  does  not  mean  that  the  churches  are  failing,  but  that 
the  population  is  rapidly  changing  with  the  advance  of 
business   encroachment   and   increased    facilities    for   rapid 

transit. 

♦    ♦     ♦ 

Marc  Pourpe,  a  French  aviator,  describes  in  "Flying" 
how  he  flew  over  the  Pyramids  in  Egypt.  "The  Pyra- 
mids !"  he  says,  "I  nearly  failed  seeing  them — they  looked 
like  little  cones  that  a  child  could  have  let  fall  from  a  box 
of  playthings.  And  the  Sphinx?  I  searched  for  it.  .  .  . 
Then  I  distinguished  a  vague  stony  spot  on  the  sand.  Evi- 
dently it  was  HE."  The  capitals  are  apparently  meant  to 
call  attention  to  the  common  error  of  ascribing  femininity 
to  the  Sphinx.  The  Sphinx  is  really  a  statue  of  Harmachis, 
the  Egyptian  god  of  the  morning.  This  fact  was  seemingly 
unknown  to  Emerson  when  he  wrote  his  famous  lines : 

"The  Sphinx  is  drowsy, 
Her  wings  are  furled; 
Her  ear  is  heavy, 

She  broods  on  the  world." 

Apropos  of  the  revival  of  efforts  to  introduce  Scripture 
readings  into  the  public  schools,  a  suggestion  made  by 
Horace  Greely  half  a  century  ago  comes  to  mind.  "Read," 
said  he,  "the  King  James  version  on  Monday  for  the  Protes- 
tants ;  the  Douay  version  on  Tuesday  for  the  Catholics ;  the 
Old  Testament  on  Wednesday  for  the  Catholics,  Protes- 
tants and  Jews ;  the  Koran  on  Thursday  for  the  Moham- 
medans, and  the  Declaration  of  Independence  or  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  for  all  others."     Horace's  plan  to 


758  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

suit  everybody  did  not  suit  anybody,  and  this  Bible  reading- 
question  is  still  in  the  same  status  in  which  he  left  it. 

-•--•■■•• 

''For  a  number  of  years  Mr.  Henry  Van  Schaick,  a 
devoted  member  of  our  church,  has  annually  given  The 
Intelligencer  a  considerable  sum  to  send  the  paper  regu- 
larly to  aged  and  indigent  ministers  of  our  church,  or  their 
widows,  or  to  other  needy  friends."  So  says  a  Protestant 
exchange,  and  it  intimates  that  the  sum  annually  donated 
for  this  purpose  by  Mr.  Van  Schaick  was  $250.  During  the 
Spanish-American  war  a  fund  donated  by  the  readers  of 
the  Catholic  Citizen  enabled  that  paper  to  send  bundles  to 
all  the  United  States  army  camps  in  Florida.  We  suppose 
that  among  a  hundred  other  ways  of  doing  nice  things  with 
surplus  $50  bills  would  be  sending  a  religious  periodical  to 
one  hundred  or  more  hospitals  and  homes  for  the  aged. 
What  pleasure  one  copy  of  a  Catholic  paper  or  magazine 
might  bring  as  passed  around  weekly  among  the  sick  beds 
of  a  hospital,  or  sent  to  the  ice-bound  missionary  in  Alaska. 

Thank  God,  some  of  us  have  an  old-fashioned  mother. 
Not  a  woman  of  the  period,  painted  and  enameled,  with  all 
her  society  manners  and  fine  dresses,  whose  white,  jeweled 
hands  never  felt  the  clasp  of  baby  fingers,  but  a  dear  old- 
fashioned  mother,  with  a  sweet  voice,  eyes  into  whose  clear 
depths  the  love  light  shone,  and  brown  hair,  just  threaded 
with  silver,  lying  smooth  upon  her  faded  cheek.  Those 
dear  hands,  worn  with  toil,  gently  guided  our  steps  in 
childhood,  and  smoothed  our  cheek  in  sickness,  ever  reach- 
ing out  to  us  in  yearning  tenderness.  Blessed  is  the  mem- 
ory of  an  old-fashioned  mother.  It  floats  to  us  like  the 
beautiful  perfume  of  some  wood  blossoms.  The  music  of 
other  voices  may  be  lost,  but  the  enchanting  memory  of  her 

will  echo  in  our  soul  forever. 

-•■-•--•- 

"Careful  parents  should  think  twice,"  says  the  Ave  Ma>- 
ria,  "before  favoring  the  movement  to  abolish  home  work  for 
school  children.  The  principal  reason  advanced  for  this  in- 
novation is  that  the  young  folk  would  have  more  time  to 
spend  in  social  pleasure  with  their  parents.     But  an  hour 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  759 

or  two  of  study  need  not  deprive  them  of  this  privilege. 
Goodness  knows,  school  children  nowadays  have  ample 
time  for  recreation.  If  they  are  not  made  to  study  while 
at  school,  they  are  likely  to  be  drones  or  incompetents 
in  after  life.  One  sure  thing  is  that  the  average  university 
will  never  make  students  of  them.  Doing  away  with  home 
work  for  children  attending  school  would  mean  in  most 
cases  more  mischief,  and  at  night  more  time  spent  on  the 
streets  and  at  degrading  entertainments.  The  best  place 
for  children  after  dark  is  the  family  circle ;  and  if  they  are 
obliged  to  devote  an  hour  or  two  to  the  preparation  of 
their  lessons  it  will  be  the  best  kind  of  discipline  for  them." 

A  narrow  car;  seats  filled  with  persons  attempting  to 
read  newspapers  while  the  car  swings  and  jolts  along  its 
way;  aisles  jammed  with  men  and  women,  boys  and  girls 
and  tiny  children,  swaying  and  rubbing  one  against  the 
other,  coughing  and  sneezing,  pushing  and  pressing — what 
a  sight  for  a  progressive  age;  what  a  sermon  for  the  mor- 
alist; what  a  despair  for  the  student  of  public  health  and 
hygiene !  Endless  problems  are  presented  by  this  picture, 
seen  daily  in  nearly  every  American  city,  says  the  Journal 
of  the  American  Medical  Association.  Most  important  is 
the  menace  to  health  from  the  thousands  of  bacteria,  hid- 
den in  the  throats  of  diseased  men  and  women,  and  sprayed 
directly  into  a  stagnant  air,  moist  and  unmoving  in  the 
absence  of  sufficient  means  of  ventilation.  Virulent  organ- 
isms are  inhaled  into  the  throats  and  lungs  of  tired  workers 
and  tiny  babes,  who  form  an  excellent  host  for  their  quick 
cultivation.  The  fare  for  the  ride  is  small  but  the  cost 
cannot  be  estimated  in  terms  of  dollars  and  cents. 

-♦■-•--•- 

The  progress  of  the  "Oxford  English  Dictionary,"  com- 
pared with  that  of  other  great  dictionaries,  has  not  been 
slow.  Of  the  works  in  any  way  comparable  in  scope  with 
the  Oxford  work  the  "Deutsches  Worterbuch,"  inaugurat- 
ed by  Jacob  and  Wilhelm  Grimm,  of  which  the  first  part 
was  published  in  1852,  is  still  incomplete,  about  one-sixth 
remaining  to  be  done;  the  "Woordenboek  der  nederland- 
sche  Taal,"  started  in  1864,  has  entered  on  the  letter  P,  but 


760  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

has  some  gaps  to  fill  in  earlier  letters.  The  "Ordbok  ofver 
Svenska  Spraket."  which  is  issued  under  the  auspices  of 
the  Swedish  Academy,  began  to  be  published  in  1893,  and 
in  twenty  years  has  completed  A  and  produced  fractions  of 
B.  C  and  D.  Thus  the  "Oxford  English  Dictionary,"  the 
first  section  of  which  was  published  in  1884,  is  unique 
among  the  great  modern  dictionaries  in  the  regularity  and 
consecutiveness  of  its  production. 

Interest  in  moving  pictures  is  growing,  not  waning,  as 

was  predicted  several  years  ago  would  soon  be  the  case.    It 

is  one  of  the  tremendous  businesses  of  the  country,  and  the 

statement  is  made  that  there  are  18,000  picture  theaters  in 

the  United  States  with  a  daily  patronage  of  15,000,000  to 

20.000.000  people.      In   New   York   there   are   nearly    1,000 

such   places,   and   the    average   daily   attendance    is    about 

360,000.    The  rapid  growth  of  this  form  of  entertainment  is 

trulv  marvelous. 

♦ 

LETTERS  TO  THE  EDITOR 


Catholics  and  Secret  Societies 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir: 

The  subjoined  clipping  from  the  St.  Paul  (Minn.)  Daily  News,  of 
October  30,  will  prove  interesting  reading  for  many  subscribers  of  the 
Fortnightly  Review: 

The  term  "non-Catholic"  does  not  necessarily  mean  anti-Catholic  in 
the  opinion  of  the  Minnesota  Supreme  Court,  which  today  upheld  the 
judgment  of  the  Ramsey  County  court,  deciding  that  Joseph  Goronime, 
beneficiary  of  the  estate  of  Barth  Goronime,  is  entitled  to  judgment  for 
$1,094  against   the   German   Roman   Catholic   Aid   Association   of  America. 

The  membership  certificate  issued  to  Goronime  by  the  German  asso- 
ciation provided  that  its  obligations  should  cease  if  the  member  belonged 
to  a  "secret  non-Catholic  aid  association"  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
Goronime  died  in  June,  1912,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Mystic  Workers 
of  th  World.  The  German  association  refused  to  pay  the  $1,000  death 
benefit,  contending  that  the  Mystic  Workers  was  included  in  the  list  of 
organizations   known    as   non-Catholic. 

Judge  F.  N.  Dickson,  district  court,  held  that  the  Mystic  Workers 
of  the  World  did  not  discriminate  against  Catholics,  and  could  not  be 
held  to  be  non-Catholic  unless  the  term  used  could  be  construed  as 
meaning  anti-Catholic 

The  Supreme  Court  holds  that  the  Mystic  Workers  Is  open  to  Roman 
Catholics,  Is  not  anti-Catholic,  but  non-sectarian,  and  that  the  bene- 
ficiary is  entitled  to  judgment. 

Considering  the  decision  of  the  Third   Plenary  Council  of   Balti- 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  761 

more,  n.  255,  and  the  fact  that  there  exist  secret  or  quasi-secret  socie- 
ties in  the  bosom  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  America  today,  we  can 
hardly  blame  the  Supreme  Court  of  Minnesota  for  deciding  the  ques- 
tion as  they  did. 

However,  this  should  not  prevent  priests  and  Catholic  societies 
from  laboring  with  all  their  might  against  the  secret  society  propa- 
ganda in  our  midst,  as  thousands  of  Catholics  are  no  doubt  led  astray 
annually  by  this  dangerous  companionship.  "Tell  me  with  whom  you 
associate,  and  I  will  tell  you  what  sort  of  a  man  you  are." 

(Rev.  Dr.)  John  H.  Strom  berg 

Haider,  Wis. 

Value  of  a  Catholic  Daily 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review — Sir : 

What  "Another  Prelate"  says  in  your  issue  of  December  1st,  con- 
cerning the  influence  of  the  St.  Louis  daily  German  Catholic  "Amerika," 
is  well  said.  At  the  present  time  we,  who  are  subscribers  to  that  daily, 
may  make  use  of  it  in  an  effectual  way  by  giving  it  to  German  people, 
who  are   not   Catholics. 

The  Germans  are  of  course  anxious  to  read  as  much  as  they  can 
get  hold  of,  of  war  happenings.  The  "Amerika"  has  not  only  a  good 
digest  of  the  daily  occurrences,  but  good  editorials  on  the  subject  as 
well.  Around  here  a  number  of  non-Catholics,  even  Socialists,  who 
read  German,  anxiously  wait  for  my  daily  "Amerika,"  after  I  am 
through  with  it.  Of  course,  it  is  mainly  the  war  news  and  comments 
they  want,  but  incidentally,  they  get  to  read  the  rest  also.  Thus  preju- 
dice is  wiped  out  in  the  minds  of  many.  Some  are  subscribers  to  other 
daily  papers,  but  they  are  anxious  to  see  the  "Amerika"  anyway. 

Troy,  Mo.  (Rev.)    L.   F.   Schlathoelter 


LITERARY  MISCELLANY 


Oar  Catholic  Heritage  in  English  Literature 

"Our  Catholic  Heritage  in  English  Literature  of  Pre-Conquest 
Days,"  by  Emily  Hickey,  is  a  brief  eulogy  of  Anglo-Saxon  literary 
remains,  written  for  the  young.  There  is  reflected  in  it  a  little  of  that 
almost  superstitious  admiration  of  the  English  language  and  litera- 
ture which  has  been  prevalent  for  these  many  years ;  but  the  main 
object  of  the  little  book,  which  is  to  point  out  that  the  first  literary 
productions  in  England  were  Catholic  and  of  a  high  order  of  merit, 
is  attained.     (B.  Herder.) — Susan  Tracy  Otten. 

Meditations  on  the  Rosary 

The  "Meditations  on  the  Rosary,"  by  a  Brother  of  the  Little  Ora- 
tory, are  intended  as  aids  for  fixing  the  attention  in  times  of  spiritual 


762  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  1914 

dryness.  They  are  full  of  suggestion  and  always  contain  the  sub- 
stance of  the  proper  Gospel  narrative.  They  are  in  rhyme,  with  ten 
verses  for  each  decade,  and  while  the  metre  is  unusual  and  a  little 
halting  at  the  first  reading,  perhaps  this  also  serves  to  assist  the  atten- 
tion and  memory.  We  can  recommend  the  little  book,  which  is  very 
attractively  dressed.  (Benziger  Bros.;  35  cts.  net.) — Susan  Tracy 
Otten. 

A  Book  of  the  Love  of  Mary 

"A  Book  of  the  Love  of  Mary,"  compiled  and  edited  by  Freda 
Mary  Groves,  has  an  appreciative  preface  by  H.  E.  Cardinal  Bourne. 
The  author  summarizes  the  evidences  of  devotion  to  the  Blessed 
Mother  in  Catholic  times  in  England  under  the  following  heads : 
Churches,  Pictures,  Images,  Shrines,  Guilds,  Holy  Wells,  The  Angelic 
Salutation,  the  Rosary,  Some  Quaint  Poems  to  Our  Lady,  Flowers 
Named  after  Our  Lady,  Days  Devoted  to  Our  Lady.  The  whole 
makes  a  most  interesting  story,  which  one  cannot  read  without  sorrow 
at  the  contrast  between  the  present  attitude  of  England  towards  the 
Mother  of  God  and  that  of  former  days.  The  little  book  is  very  taste- 
fully printed  and  bound.  (B.  Herder;  75  cts.  net.) — Susan  Tracy 
Otten. 

The  German  Jesuits 

The  excellent  service  which  the  German  Jesuits  are  rendering  in 
the  European  war  lends  timely  interest  to  a  brochure  describing  their 
banishment  from  the  German  Empire  in  1872,  "Die  Vertreibung  der 
Jesuiten  aus  Deutschland  im  Jahre  1872,"  by  August  Strater,  S.J.  In 
view  of  the  self-sacrifice  of  the  fathers  now  devoting  their  best  ener- 
gies to  the  German  soldiery,  it  is  more  than  painful  to  read  the  open- 
ing paragraph  of  the  brutal  decree  of  expulsion,  dated  July  4th,  1872: 
"The  Order  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  and  kindred  orders  and  congrega- 
tions are  excluded  from  the  domain  of  the  German  Empire."  It  is 
still  more  noteworthy  that  the  unjust  decree  followed  so  closely  upon 
the  heroic  work  of  the  Fathers  on  the  battle-fields  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war.  Father  Strater  begins  with  an  account  of  the  expulsion 
of  the  Fathers  from  Paderborn,  on  November  2nd,  1872,  and  then 
treats  of  the  suppression  of  the  remaining  houses  of  the  Order  in 
North  Germany.  In  the  twelfth  and  last  chapter  the  author  speaks  of 
his  own  experiences  in  Essen.  This  narrative  is  an  excellent  com- 
panion piece  to  Father  Rist's  previously  published  study,  entitled:  "Die 
Deutschen  Jesuiten  auf  den  Schlachtfcldcrn  und  in  den  Lazaretten 
1870-1871."     (B.  Herder;  45  cts.  net.)— M. 

Hints  on  Preaching 

As  preaching  is  still  one  of  the  most  important  means  we  have  of 
bringing  people  to  the  knowledge  and  love  of  God,  any  help  towards 
the  perfecting  of  this  means  ou^ht  to  be  welcomed.  "Mints  on  Preach- 
ing," by  Rev.  Joseph   V.  O'Connor,  ought  rather  to  be  called  "Hints 


XXI  24  THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW  763 

and  Helps,"  for  its  seven  chapters  offer  practical  suggestions  which 
can  readily  be  made  use  of  by  those  engaged  in  the  sacred  work  of  the 
pulpit.  We  are  glad  to  note  that  the  author  emphasizes  the  super- 
natural aim  of  preaching.  The  booklet  will  help  young  preachers  to 
get  over  certain  common  defects,  and  suggests  to  them  what  to  do  and 
what  to  avoid  both  in  the  preparation  and  in  the  delivery  of  the  ser- 
mon.    (Philadelphia:     John  Joseph  McVey;  25  cts.) — M. 

The  Holy  Eucharist  in  Art 

Under  the  above  title  Mr.  T.  J.  Kennedy  presents  an  English 
translation  of  Dom  Corbinian  Wirz's  essay  on  the  iconography  of  the 
Holy  Eucharist,  which  both  in  text  and  illustration  furnishes  a  stimu- 
lating survey  of  the  productions  of  the  plastic  arts  in  honor  of  the 
Blessed  Sacrament,  from  the  early  days  of  Christianity  to  the  present. 
The  volume  has  ninety-seven  illustrations  and  will  make  an  acceptable 
and  inexpensive  Christmas  present.  (New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy  & 
Sons;  $1.10  postpaid.) 

A  Compendious  Exposition  of  the  Gospel  of  St.  John 

B.  Herder  has  undertaken  the  American  agency  for  the  sale  of 
Professor  Joseph  McRory's  "The  Gospel  of  St.  John,  With  Notes 
Critical  and  Explanatory."  This  compendious  exposition,  now  in  its 
fourth  edition,  is  preferred  by  many  to  the  more  exhaustive  work  of 
Dr.  MacEvilly,  the  only  other  commentary  on  the  Johannine  Gospel  in 
the  English  language.  The  critical  introduction  has  been  rewritten  and 
considerably  enlarged  since  the  first  edition  was  published  seventeen 
years  ago.     (B.  Herder;  $2.25  net.) 


BOOKS  RECEIVED 

[Every  book  or  pamphlet  received  by  the  Editor  of  the  Fortnightly 
Review  is  acknowledged  in  this  department ;  but  we  undertake  to  review 
such  publications  only  as  seem  to  us,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  call 
for  special  mention.  When  the  price  of  a  book  is  not  stated,  it  is 
because  the  publishers  have  failed  to  supply  this  useful  information.] 

ENGLISH 

Additional  Official  Documents  Bearing  upon  the  European  War.  59  pp. 
12mo.  New  York:  American  Association  for  International  Concili- 
ation. 407  W.  117th  Street.     1914.     (Wrapper.) 

Proceedings  of  the  First  Conference  of  Catholics  Favoring  Prohibition. 
Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  August  4-5,  1914.  47  pp.  12mo.  Scranton,  Pa.: 
James  F.  Judge,  Dime  Bank  Bldg.     (Wrapper.) 

Coppens,  Rev.  Charles,  S.J.  Spiritual  Instructions  for  Religious.  269 
pp.     8vo.     B.  Herder.     1914.     $1.25,  net. 

Dunne,  Rt.  Rev.  Edmund  M.  Memoirs  of  Zi  Pre',  v  &  256  pp.  12mo.  B. 
Herder.     1914.     Paper,  25  cts..   net;   cloth,   50  cts.,   net. 

Fonck,  Rev.  Leopold,  S.J.  The  Parables  of  the  Gospel.  An  Bxegetlcal 
and  Practical  Explanation.  Translated  from  the  Third  German  Edi- 
tion by  E.  Leahy.  Edited  by  George  O'Neill,  S.J.  829  pp.  laifre  8vo. 
Fr.   Pustet  &  Co.     1915. 

Lelong,   Mgr.     Catechisme   de   la  Vie   Religieuse.     216   pp.      16mo.     Paris: 
Pierre  Tequi,  82,  rue  Bonaparte.     1914.     1  fr.  50. 
GERMAN 

Bosch,   Dr.    Franz.     Die   neuere  Kritik   der   Entwlcklungstheorien.    beson- 

ders  des  Darwinismus.     136  pp.     8vo.     Koln:     J.  P.  Bachem.     1914. 

FICTION 

Egan,  Maurice  Francis.  The  Ivy  Hedge.  331  pp.  8vo.  Benziger  BroS. 
1914.     ?1.35  net. 


764 


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1914 


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XXI  24 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


765 


INDEX 

To  Volume  XXI  of  the  Fortnightly   Review 

1914 


Action  Sociale  314  sq. 

Actors,  Catholic  474. 

Advertisements,    Dubious,    in    Catholic 

journals  38  sq. 
Aeronautics  386  sq.,  664. 
Africa  403. 
Alaska  463  sq. 
Ambidexterity   154,    418. 
American    Literature,    A    new    history 

of  326  sq. 
Amerika,   The   St.   Louis  daily   730   sq., 

761. 
Anti-Catholic   Papers.   List  of  720' sq. 
Antioch,    Important   discoveries   at   485 

sq. 
Antiquity  of  Man,  The  247  sqq. 
Antony,  St.  579  sq. 
A.   P.   A.   Movement,   The   new   26,    236 

sq.,   341  sqq.,   720  sq. 
Aristophanes  377. 
Arthur,  St,   153,  430. 
Associated  Press  531,   582  sq.,   602. 
Atlantis,  The  legend  of  389  sq. 
Austria,  America's  debt  to  457  sq. 

Bacon,  Roger,  Seventh  centenary  of 
366  sqq. 

Balkan  War,  Lessons  of  the  175  sqq. 

Ballads,   Collecting  old  113  sqq. 

Bandelier,  Adolph  230  sqq.,  263. 

Begin,   Cardinal  314  sq. 

Belgium  432  sq. 

Benedict  XV  548  sq.,  563,  577,  601  sq., 
624  sqq.,  628,  631  sq.,  642,  647  sq.,  666, 
674,   691,   723,   725,   737,  738,   751. 

Benson,  Robert  Hugh  316,   335  sq 
660  sq.,    693. 

Bible  reading  in  school  757  sq. 

Bible  Show,  A  traveling  198  sqq. 

Billboard  Nuisance,  The  291. 

Billie  Burke  304. 

Billy  Sunday  197,  265  sq.,  346,  503,  633 
sq. 

Black   Hills,    Industrial   slavery 
516  sq. 

Book  Dedications  182  sq. 

Book  of  Armagh  387  sq. 

Book  Reviews  and  Notices  28  sqq.,  41 
sqq.,  53  sq.,  58  sqq.,  73  sq.,  75  sq.,  76 
sqq.,  90  sqq.,  99  sq.,  109  sqq.,  118  sq., 
122  sq.,  124  sqq.,  129  sqq.,  136  sqq.,  144 
sqq.,  147  sqq.,  155  sqq.,  185,  197  sq., 
220  sqq.,  252  sq.,  259,  261  sqq.,  264  sq., 
282  sqq.,  297  sqq.,  317  sq..  348  sqq.,  353 
sq.,  354,  355,  358  sqq.,  364  sq.,  370  sq., 
371  sqq.,  377,  380  sqq.,  387  sq.,  391, 
400  sq.,  403,  410  sqq.,  421  sq.,  423  sq., 
428  sq.,  434,  438  sqq.,  452  sq.,  453  sq., 
476,  517  sq.,  519  sq.,  531,  534  sqq.,  546 
sq.,  565,  571  sqq.,  578  sq.,  589  sq.,  606 
sq.,  620,  635  sq.,  667  sqq.,  699  sqq.,  709 
sq.,  715  sq..  716  sqq.,  731  sqq.,  761 
sqq. 

Books,  The  duty  on  324  sq. ;  The  per- 
ishability of  modern  385;  Unrestrict- 
ed borrowing  706  sq. 

Boston  Missionary  Congress,  The  4 
sqq.,  69  sq. 


Boy   Scouts  435. 
Bulwer-Lytton 
280  sqq. 


and     Mary     Magdalen 


378, 


the 


Campion  College  53. 

Canada  154,  341. 

Cancer  123. 

Canon  Law,   Codification  of  the  23. 

Castle,    Vernon   271,    379. 

Catholic  Directory  for  1914,  The  267 
sq.,  309  sq.,  389. 

Catholic  Educational  Association  9  sqq. 

Catholic  Encyclopedia,  The  269  sq.,  482 
sq. 

Catholic   Extension    Society   549  sq. 

Catholic  Film  Association  533,  543, 
585  sq. 

Catholic   "Home  University"   482  sq. 

"Catholic   Library,"   The  52,   729  sqq. 

Catholic  Press  Hour,  The  645. 

Catholics,  On  Politics  214,  303  sq.,  604, 
730;  Proportion  of,  in  the  population 
of  various   States  388  sq. 

Catholic  Social  Year  Book  147  sqq. 

Central-Blatt  &  Social  Justice  257. 

Chain  Prayers  140  sq. 

Charities,  A  national  directory  of 
Catholic  675  sq. 

Chautauqua  Assemblies  as  Hotbeds  of 
Radicalism    201  sqq. 

Chesterton,  G.  K.  219,  586  sq. 

Childbirth,  Painless  470  sq.,  503,  532  sq., 
600. 

Child,  The,  In  city  and  country  244  sq. 

China  133  sqq. 

Chinese  superstitions  740  sq. 

Christianity  and  War  655  sq. 

"Christian   Science"   427,   642  sq. 

Church  Music,  Notes  on  112,  408  sq., 
474  sq.,  520  sq..  691,  755. 

Cigarette  Habit,   The  708  sq. 

Civil  War,  New  light  on  the  history  of 
our  421  sq. 

Claflin  Failure.  The  469. 

Colgate    122. 

College  Text  Books,  A  satire  on  179  sq. 

Colorado,   The  war  in  291  sq. 

Communion,  And  the  Mass  85  sq. ;  Fre- 
quent 219,   525  sqq. 

Commission  Form   of  Government  722. 

Constitutionalism,   The  crisis  in   26. 

Cost  of  Living  390. 

"Creation,"  Pastor  Russell's  photo- 
drama   198  sqq. 

Crocker  Land  739. 

Cruelty  to  Animals  599  sq. 

Cuba  676  sq. 

Cullom,   Shelby  M.   100  sqq. 


Daily  Press,  Improvement  in  the 
sq.,  Deterioration  of  the  336  sq. 
Catholic  629,  643.  666. 

Dancer's  Pledge,   The  323  sq. 

Dante,   An   English   565. 

Daughters  of  Isabella   150,  219. 

Daughters  of  Pocahontas  407  sq. 

Defection,  See  Leakage. 

Defence,      International     Catholic 
sqq. 


151 
;    A 


225 


76o 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


insertion  in  the  Army  501  sq. 
Drama,   A   revolt   against    the   unclean 

238  sq. 
Dress,  A  question  of  615  sq. 
Drought  insurance  123  sq. 
Dugdale  109  sqq. 
Dumas,  Alexander  749  sq. 
Dunne,  Governor  262  sq. 

Earth,  How  man  has  ravaged  the  86; 
A  magnet  183  sq. 

Ecclesiastical  Review,   The  528. 

Education: — Religion  in  the  schools  26; 
End  of  the  Faribault  plan  33  sq. ; 
Catholic  students  at  secular  univer- 
sities 47  sq.,  117  sq.,  260,  536  sq. ;  Sex- 
ual instruction  in  school  120,  289,  72S 
sq. ;  School  libraries  122;  A  satire  on 
college  text  books  17:*  sq. ;  Catholic 
teachers  in  public  schools  203  sqq., 
275  sq.,  310  sq.,  539  sq.;  Modern  fads 
vs.  pedagogic  efficiency  305  sqq.,  330 
sqq.;  Catholic  students  in  public  high 
schools  312  sqq.,  338  sq. ;  Too  much 
science  and  too  little  God  Almighty 
322  sq.;  Continuation  schools  in  Ger- 
many 355  sq.;  Religious  instruction 
for  Catholic  children  attending  the 
public  schools  356  sqq. ;  Greek  at 
Hamilton  College  402;  "Downtrodden 
parents"  403  sq.;  The  "efficiency 
test"  applied  to  universities  451'; 
Sending  Catholic  children  to  public 
high  schools  455  sqq. ;  Neglect  of 
duty  on  the  part  of  Catholic  parents 
473;  Catholic  books  for  Catholic  chil- 
dren 501;  Co-education  527;  Present- 
day  tendencies  in  529;  Defects  of  the 
public  school  system  600  sq.;  School 
hygiene  613  sq.;  Home  task  for 
school  children   758  sq. 

Efficiency  Test,  The,  Applied  to  uni- 
versities 452. 

Elections  of  1914,  692  sq. 

Eleusis,  The  mysteries  of  547. 

Elks  B.  P.  O.  211,  437. 

El  Paso,  Diocese  of  228. 

Emerson,   Ralph  Waldo  517  sq. 

Employers'   Welfare  Work   553  sqq. 

Endowment  of  Religious  Papers  551  sq. 

England,   Catholic  population  of  690. 

Esperanto  87  sq. 

Eugenics  227,  632,  665. 

Evades  56. 

Evolution    208  sq.,    390  sq.,    665. 

Exalted  Order  of  Big  Dogs  529. 

Faribault  Plan  33  sq.,   150  sq. 

Farm,  Problems  of  the  589  sqq. ;  Ten- 
ant  farmers   663. 

Farmers'   Associations  131,   321  sqq. 

Farmers'  Educational  and  Co-Opera- 
tive  Union  131. 

Female  Pope,  The  fable  of  a  496  sqq. 

Flying,  Can  it  be  made  safe?  182. 

KosHir,  The  oldest  human   14  sqq. 

Fourth   Dimension,  The  578  sq. 

France.    Race   suicide  in   261  sq. 

Fraternal  Societies,  A  conference  of 
Catholic  4r.'i  h(|. 

Kr.-izcr's   "Golden    Bough"  289. 

PleeillllSOIIIJL    In    the    Philippines    120; 

President  Wilson  ;in<i  ir.2;  And  crime 
210;  Why  ex-Masons  will  not  squeal 
210;  International  274:  J,  i>.  Kich- 
ardson's  "Allocution"  845  sq.,  483  «<|.; 
'  >ur  presidents  and  392  sq. ;  Inter- 
national »'{];  Hatred  of  the  Church 
if*  SO.;    In    M<-xl'o   514  Ml.;    "A    Stu<ly 


in  American"  531,  701;  Richardson's 
successor  660;  In  Mexico  725  sq. 

Friedmann  Tuberculosis  Treatment 326, 
727. 

Funerals,   Exorbitant  123. 

Gairdner,  Dr.  James  557  sq. 

German  Classics,  The  263. 

Germany  68,   355  sq. 

Gibbons,   Cardinal  315,   335,   342 

Glennon,  Abp.  27. 

Government    ownership     of     telegraph 

and   telephone  lines  55. 
Grail,  The  legend  of  the  holy  400  sq.. 
Grape  Juice  for  the  Mass?  713  sq. 
Greek    Dictionaries   212  sqq. 
Griffin,   Martin   I.   J.    368  sqq. 

Habitable  Worlds,  Other  than  ours  560 

sq. 
Hapgood,    Norman   139  sq. 
Harper's  Weekly   139. 
Hayes,   R.   B.,   And   the  presidency   709 

sq. 
Health,   The  campaign   for  613  sq. 
Heine  121. 
Higher   Criticism   Put   to   the   Test   152 

sq. 
Histories,   Some  American   498  sqq. 
Hoberg's   "Katechismus  der  biblischen 

Hermeneutik"   716  sqq. 
Hoensbroech,  Paul  von  487  sqq. 
Holiday  Cards  89. 
Holland  376,   432.  433,   528. 
Holy  Hour.  Devotion  of  the  180. 
"Home,"   The  author  of   293  sq. 
Hymnal,  A  new  Catholic  474  sq. 

Ibid  and  his  Brothers  591  sq. 

Ido  87  sq. 

Immigration    97,    135  sq.,    136  sqq.,    153, 

327  sq.,   424  sqq.,   431  sq. 
Immortality  100  sqq. 
Index,  The  749  sqq. 
Indians,   American  35  sqq. 
Information,  A  bureau  of  Catholic  531. 
Initiative  and   Referendum  451  sq. 
Inquisition,  Archives  of  the  530. 
Ireland  353,  379,  693. 
Irving,   Washington  754. 
Italy,   Side-lights  on  United  144  sqq. 
"It's  a  Long,  Long  Way  to  Tipperary" 

633,  689,  755. 

Jellyfish,    Catholic   30'3  sq. 
Joan,  Popess  496  sqq. 
Journalism.    Schools   of   115  sq. 
Joy,   A  little  book  of  297  sqq. 
Jukes,  The  109  sqq. 

Kerens.   It.  C.   266. 

Knights  of  Columbus:  Their  "oath"  43, 
234,  504  sq.;  "Jiners"  122;  Scholar- 
ships in  the  Catholic  University  170 
sq. ;  And  the  Tango  217  sq. ;  And  Cler- 
icalism 272;  A  challenge  325  sq.;  As 
Socialists  406;  A  change  of  policy 
564;  Hobnobbing  with  the  Masons 
580  sq.;  Ritual  approved  by  the  Free- 
masons 677  sq. ;  Liberal  insurance 
ruling  apropos   of   the   war  726. 

Knights   of    Luther   132  sq.,    633. 

Knights  of  Malta  131  sq. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Eagle  178  sq. 

K'iinisrhe  Volkszeltung  641. 

Labor  Legislation  in  the  U.  S.  614  sq. 

Laetare  Medal  229. 


XXI  24 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


767 


Land  Holdings  in  the  U.  S.  Oil  sq., 
663. 

Language,  Proposed  union  for  an  in- 
ternational   80  sqq. 

Languages  Spoken  in  America  618  sqq. 

Larks,  Order  of  437. 

Latin  as  a  Living  Tongue  561  sq. 

Law,   The  source  of  184. 

Leakage,  Catholic  12  sqq.,  20  sqq.,  38, 
112,  172  sqq,  375  sq.,  472  sq.,  505  sqq., 
516,  528,  5y2  sqq.,  725;  Protestant  354 
sq. 

Lent  and  the  Catholic  Press  235. 

Lenten  Pastoral,   A  Timely   161   sqq. 

Leo  House  153. 

Leuchtturm,  Der  92. 

Library  of  Congress  153  sq. 

Lincoln,  The  true  745  sq. 

"Lincoln  Way,"  The  52  sq. 

Lindenwood  College  337  sq. 

Literary  Criticism  587  sq. 

Liturgical  Congress,  A  261. 

Liturgy,  War  in  the  673. 

Live  Issue,  The  237. 

London,  Meyer  718  sqq. 

Lourdes   547  sq. 

Louvain,  American  Seminary  at  726. 

Maeterlinck  and  the  Index   215. 

Maine,  Election  in  578. 

Malachy,    The  alleged  prophecy   of   St. 

648. 
Manners,  A  study  in  French  467  sqq. 
Manning,  Cardinal  588. 
Mariolatry  617. 
Marriage  Decree  of  June  21,   1912,   373 

sq. 
Mary,    Bl.    Virgin,    And    her    Anglican 
'     children  546  sq. 
Masques  and  Pageants  459  sqq. 
Mass,   Prohibition  and   the  705  sq.,   713 

sq. 
Melting-Pot,    The   over-taxed   276  sqq. 
Menace,  The  106,  236,  257,  341,  346,  401, 

504,  528  sq.,  580,  592,  629,  729. 
Mexico    57.    23y  sqq.,    278,    315  sq.,    321, 

470,  482,  514  sq.,  567,  602,  646,  656  sqq., 

663  sq.,  665  sq.,  682  sqq.,  687,     695  sq., 

705,    725. 
Middle  Ages,  Discovering  the  365  sqq. 
Miles,  Gen.  Nelson  A.  342. 
Minimum  Wage,   The  movement  for  a 

398  sqq. 
Missions,  Foreign  119  sq.,   566,   723. 
Mistral   265. 

Mixed  Marriages  314,  528. 
Modernism  among   the  Methodists   294 

sq.  Alt 

"Mona  Lisa"  27,  65. 
Monroe  Doctrine,  The  521  sqq. 
Montessori  Method,   The  569. 
Mother  Tongues  in  America  618  sqq. 
Moving  Picture  Shows  504,  558  sq.,  598. 

724. 
Municipal  Court  of  Morals  691  sq. 
Mysticism,   Modern   709. 
Mystic    Order    of   Veiled    Prophets    436 

sq. 
Myth-Making  in  War  Time  651  sqq. 

Nathan,  Ernesto  295  sq.,  337,  377  sq., 
431. 

National  Air,  Have  we  a?  185  sq. 

National  Protestant  League   401  sq. 

Newman,  Cardinal,  The  sadness  of  167 
sq. ;  As  viewed  by  a  Protestant  con- 
temporary 589. 

New  Mexico,  Educational  conditions  in 
537  sqq. 


News  Faking  115  sq. 

New  Testament,  A  new  edition  of  the 

Greek   (von  Soden's)   371  sqq. 
New  World,  The  273  sq.,  603  sq.,  666. 
Nicaea,  Minutes  of  the  Council  of  186. 
Nietzsche   649. 

Nightingale,    Florence   241  sqq. 
Noise,   Campaign  against  627  sq. 
Nude,  Cult  of  the  25,  245  sqq.,  616  sq. 

Obscene    Literature    139  sq. 

O'Connell,  Cardinal  235,  335. 

Operas,     With    American    themes    89. 

Need  of  a  "white  list"  of  728. 
Our  Sunday  Visitor  38  sq.,  273. 
Owls,  Order  of  the  88. 
Oxford   English  Dictionary  759  sq. 
Oxyfakery  111  sq. 

Panama-Pacific   Exposition    72  sq.,    205 

sqq.,  295  sq.,   324,   337,  377  sq. 
Pastor,  L.  von  530,  563  sq. 
Paulist  Choristers  360  sqq. 
Paul,  St.,  Was  he  an  epileptic?  428. 
Peace  Piffle  710  sqq.,   742  sqq. 
Peril,  The  106  sqq. 

Peter,   St.,  Was  he  in  Rome?  714  sq. 
Philippine   Islands  56,   120,   466  sq. 
Piltdown  Skull,   The  209. 
Pius  IX  618,  665. 
Pius  X  23,  513  sq.,  547  sq.,  568,  600,  603 

sq.,   628. 
Poland  515  sq. 
Political      Economy,      A      monumental 

work  on  99  sq. 
Politics    and    Religion    6  sqq.,    39  sqq., 

730. 
Population  of  the  U.   S.  609  sq. 
Poverty  and  Waste  452  sq. 
Praying  for  the  Dead,  A  Protestant  on 

428  sq. 
President,  Our,  and  Free-Masonry  392 

sq. 
Press,    The    Catholic    90,    336.    503.    504, 

583  sq.,  599,   628  sq.,  634,  643  sqq.,   723 

sq.,  726,  752,   758. 
Priesthood,  Vocation  to  the  370  sq. 
Priest,  The,  on  the  stage  57;  The  old- 
est in  the  world  258;   Unworthy  473; 

The,    as    an    insurance    risk    721  sq.; 

Priest  and  rabbi   in  war  724  sq. 
Profit-Sharing  279. 
Prohibition    48  sqq..    301  sqq.,    345.    347, 

449  sq.,  471,  533,  622  sqq.,  631,  662  sq., 

694  sq.,   697  sq.,   705  sq. 
Prostitution,  The  problem  of  76  sqq. 
Protestants,     Their    missionary     work 

among   Catholic    immigrants    135  sq.; 

Churches  and  the  people  609;  Failure 

in   Cuba  676  sq. 
Psychology  of  men   in   battle   741. 
Public  Ledger  151  sq-. 
Public  Libraries   687  sq.,   706  sq.,   751. 
Public  School  System  600  sq. 
Punish,   The   right   to  290  sq. 
Pure  Food  Law  141  sqq. 
Puritanism.     The     evolution     of     New 

England   569  sqq. 

Quack  nostrums  86  sq. 

Queen's   Work.    The   259  sq.,    356. 

Race  Suicide,  In  France  261.  434;  Prot- 
estantism  and   707  sq. 
Red  Men,  Improved  Order  of  407  sq. 
Reformation,  Prof.   Vedder  on  the  259. 
Reinhart,  Albert   (O.  P.)   397  sq. 
Revista   CatClica  78  sqq. 


768 


THE  FORTNIGHTLY  REVIEW 


1914 


Revue  Internationale  des  Societes  Se- 
cretes 89,   564. 

Rhetoric    697. 

Ritual,    A   first-century   519  sq. 

Roosevelt.  Theodore,  On  evolution  390 
sq.;  As  an  editor  500,  633. 

Rooster.  The.  How  it  became  the  Dem- 
ocratic emblem  24. 

Rota,  A  slander  case  before  the  343  sq. 

Russell,   "Pastor"  51  sq.,  198  sqq. 

Ruthenians  634. 

Ryan-Hillquit   Debate   358  sqq. 

Sacred  Heart,  Promises  of  the  53  sq. 

Saloons  24. 

Schmidt,  Hans  296. 

Schouler's  History  of  the  U.  S.  118  sq. 

Scotus,    Duns,    The    rehabilitation    of 

423  sqq. 
Secret  Societies,  Notes  on  131  sqq.,  Ii8 

sq.,   407  sq.;     The  danger   of   169  sq.; 

Bp.  Corbett  on  193  sqq.,  209  sqq.,  436 

sq.,   760  sq. 
Sex  Hygiene  in  School,  see  Education. 
Shahan,  Bp.  688  sq. 
Sheehan,  Canon  56. 
Single  Tax,  The  417  sq. 
Smith,  Goldwin  598. 
Smith,  John  Talbot  335. 
Socialism   358  sqq.,    385  sq.,    453  sq.,    471 

sq. 
Socialists,    Catholic    258  sq.;    And    the 

press    292  sq.;    Damaging   admissions 

294;    The,   and   war  569;    And   the   A. 

F.   of  L.    581  sq.;    Socialists   in   Con- 
gress 718  sqq. 
Social  reconstruction,  Catholicism  and 

65  sqq.,  102  sqq. 
Societies,  Catholic,  Secret,  and  neutral 

(a  pastoral  by  Bp.  Corbett)  193  sqq. ; 

Catholics  and  neutral  296. 
Society  and  the  Saviour  419  sqq. 
Society    for    the    Propagation    of    the 

Faith  484  sq. 
Sodality  of  St.  Peter  Claver  119  sq.,  329 

sq. 
Songs,  Latin  486,  Vulgarity  in  popular 

679  sqq. 
Sophocles,    Translations   of   472. 
South    America,    The    Church    in    523 

sqq. 
Spain  493. 

Spelling  Reform  264. 
Star  of  Bethlehem,  The  185. 
Sun,  The,  A  magnet  183  sq. 
Syndicalism  385  sq. 


Taft,  Ex- President  354. 

Talosophy  215  sq. 

Tango,  The  217,  264,   270  sqq.,  379. 

Teachers,    Catholic,    In   public   schools 

203  sqq. 
Theology    in    the    twelfth    century    746 

sqq. 
Thies,   Rev.  Jos.  M.  540. 
Thompson,  Francis  16  sqq.,  73  sq. 
Tolstoy  754  sq. 
Toys,  A  study  in  50  sq. 
Treaties   674  sq. 
Treitschke  649  sq.,   739  sq. 
Trine,  Ralph  Waldo  70  sqq. 
Trusts  54  sq. 
Turkey   612. 

"Twilight  Sleep."  see  Childbirth. 
Typhoid,  The  war  against  88. 

Unemployment  391,  434  sq.,  722. 

United  Commercial  Travelers  of  Amer- 
ica  211. 

Universe,  The,  Is  it  a  huge  vacuum 
tube?    387. 

Unpopular  Review,  The  26,  435. 

Urban  Congestion  216,  390. 

Van  de  Ven,   Bp.  161,  404  sq. 
Veuillot  Centenary,  The  3  sq. 
Virgil.  A  cipher  in  486  sq. 
Vocation  to  the  Priesthood  370  sq. 

Wages  82  sqq. 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russell  353  sq. 

War,  The  great  European  481  sq.,  529, 

532,  545  sq.,  550  sq.,  553,  565,  566,  567, 

569,  577  sq.,  601,  602,  610.  628.  630,  631, 

632  sq.,    646  sq.,    651  sqq.,   655  sq.,    661. 

693,      694,      710  sqq.,     727  sq.,     739  sq.,«f 

742  sqq.,  753. 
Ward,   Wilfrid  393  sqq. 
Waste,   Economic  452  sq.,   620  sqq. 
Western  Watchman  39,  693  sq. 
White  slave  traffic  90. 
Wilson,    President   152,     315,     328,     470, 

598,   641,   694,   727. 
Wirth,  The  case  of  Father  268  sq.,  418 

sq. 
Woman  Suffrage  364  sq. 
Women's  League,  A  Catholic  299  sq. 
Worcester,  Dean  C.  466  sq. 

Yellow  Journalism  in  Literature  650  sq. 
Y.  M.  C.  A.  232,  533. 
Young  Men,  Our,  And  the  need  of  the 
hour  464  sqq. 


CATHOLIC  THEOLOGICAL  UNION 


R433  1914  v. 21 


Fortnightly  review  (St. 
Ho.) 


f^