Frank Forester's horse and horsemanship of the United States and British provinces of North America

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JOHNA.SEAVERNS

FilA.NK FOKESTEH'S

HORSE AND HORSEMANSHIP

UNITED STATES

BRITISH PROYINCES OF NORTH AMERICA.

BY

HENRY WILLIAM HERBERT,

ACTHOB OF

"frank forester's field sports," "fish and fishing,"

"the complete manual for young sportsmen,"

etc. , etc. , etc.

REVISED, CORRECTED, ENLARGED, AND CONTINUED TO 1871,

BY

S. D. & B. G. BRUCE.

WITH THTRTT ORIGINAL PORTRAITS OF CELEBRATED HORSES.

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.

NE^V YORK:
GEO. E. WOODWARD, PUBLISHER,

191 B E, O A. ID -^^7" A. -a' .

1871.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by

STRINGEK & TOWNSEND,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District ©r

New Yorlj.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1871, by

GEO. E. WOODWARD,

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOL. II.

ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL.

ViGKETTE Title, designed by F. 0. C. Daeley, engraved by J. Smtllie.

ETHAN ALLEN,
LADY SUFFOLK,
POCAHONTAS,
FLORA TEMPLE,
BLACK HAWK,
DOUBLE TEAM MATCH,
DEXTER, .
LADY THORNE,
HAMBLETONIAN, .
EDWARD EVERETT,
THORNEDALE, .
ERICSSON, .
MORRILL (YOUNG) .
BASHAW, .
LADY PALMER AND )
FLATBUSH MAID, )

Painted by
W. F. ATTWOOD,

R. C. CLARKE, .

L. MAURER,

L. MATJRER,

W. F. ATTWOOD,

L. MAURER,

PROM PHOTOGRAPH,

MAR!-DEN,

FROM PHOTOGRAPH,

E. TROTE,

J. MACAUIilFFE,

E. TROTE,

MARSDEN,

FROM PHOTOGRAPH,

MAESDEN,

Engraved by Page

J. DUTHIE, ... 48

CAPEWEIiL & KTMMEIiL, 80

R HINSHELWOOD, . 112

CAPE WELL & KIMMELL, 144

CAPEWELL & KIMMELL, 17G

R. HINSHELWOOD, . 208

T. PHILLLBROWN, . . 240

R. HINSIZELWOOD, . 272

T. PHILLLBROWN, . . 304

E. ROGERS, . . . 336

G. R. HALL, . . . 368

R. DUDENSIXG, . . 416

W. G. JACKSON, . . 448

C. RUST, . . . 480

W. G. JACKSON, . . 528

LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS.

ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD.

EXECUTED BY N. ORR.

The Vermont Draught Horse,
The Conestoga Horse,
The Canadian Horse St. Lawrence,
Cleveland Bay Stallion Emperor,

Colt's Bridle,

Position op the Hands in Riding,
A Neat Seat on Horseback, .
Baucher's System. Figiire 1, .
2. .

Ventilator,
Rack,

Page
49

65

65

289
348
359
361
392
392
394
394
396
397
417
418

Manger, 419

Am Pipe, 420

Saddle Bench, 421

City Stable Ground Plan, 423

Interior Section, 424

Elevation, 425

Small Country Stable Side Elevation, 427

Ground Plan and Interior Section, 428

End Elevation, 429

Large Country Stable Ground Plan, 431

End Elevation, 482

Elevation, 434

Shoeing — The Foot, 488

" Fullering Iron, . . . 489

" Cold Chisel 490

LIOT OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 5

Page

Shoeing— Shoe. Figure 2, 490

"3, 491

"4, 491

Tool For Turning the Toes, 494

Construction of the Leg, 496

Shoe. Figure 7, 498

"8, 499

Horse-Shoe Nails, 500

Foot. Figure 10, 501

Figure 11, . . 503

" Ready for Shoeing, . . . " 12, . . 503

" Shod with Leather, . . . " 13, . . 504

Near Hind Shoe, " 14, . . 505

Near Hind Shoe with Nail-holes, . " 15, . . 506

OOlSTTEIvrTS OF YOL. II.

The Horse, his American Varieties and Breeds, 9

The Vermont Draught Horse, 49

The Conestoga Horse, 57

The Canadian Horse, 63

The Indian Pony, 65

The Narragansett Pacer, 67

The Horse Stock of Ohio and the West, 76

The Horse Stock of Southern Ohio, 83

The Horse Stock of Michigan, 88

The Horse Stock of Iowa, 100

The Morgan Horse, 104

Memoir and Description of the Justin Morgan, 110

The Trotting Horse, 123

Account of the Celebrated Horse Topgallant, 143

Memoir of Lady Suffolk, and Summary of her Performances, . . .208

Memoir of Flora Temple, Pedigree, Performances, etc., .... 229

Performances of Flora Temple, 235

Lady Thome, Pedigree, Performances, &c., 240

'Goldsmith Maid, « " 248

Dexter, " " 253

Rysdyk's Hambletonian, Pedigree, Performances, etc., .... 260

Young Morrill, " " 268

Major Winfield (now Edward Everett), Pedigree, Performances, etc. . . 266

Ericsson, Pedigree, Performances, etc., 269

Bashaw, Jimior, " " 272

Thomdale, " " 274

Ethan Allen, Performances, 2/8

Best Time on Record, Mile Heats, 283

O COISTTENTS.

Best Time on Record, Two-mile Heats, 383

" " Three-mile Heats, 383

" " Four Miles, 384

" " Pacing, .385

Miscellaneous Examples of Extraordinary Performance by American Trotters, 386

Principles of Breeding, . 389

Principles and Practice of Breeding for the Turf, etc., .... 392

Theory of Generation, ... 392

In-and-in Breeding, 395

Out-Crossing, 303

The Best Mode of Breeding for Racing-Purposes, 307

Selection of Brood Mare, 310

Choice of Stallions, 315

Best Age to Breed from, 318

Best Time for Breeding, 319

Thoughts on General Breeding, 320

The Stud Farm, 333

Management of the Mare, 339

Management of the Foal, 341

Breaking, 343

Practical Horsemanship, 344

Breaking and Teaching, Baucher's System, 374

Of the Forces of the Horse, 383

The Flexings of the Horse, 387

Stabling and Stable Architecture, . . 410

City Stable and Coach House, . . . 423

Small Country Stable, . 427

Large Country Stable, 431

Stable Management, 436

The Horse's Food, 464

General Management of Horses, 469

Condition, 470

Management of Farm Horses, 473

Summering in the Stable, . 478

Riding, Driving, and Road Management, 476

Treatise on Horse-Shoeing, by Mr. Miles, 485

Diseases of the Horse, 510

Formulas for Medicine, 586

Rules of Racing and Trotting Courses, 539

Index, . . . , 589

THE HORSE;

HIS AMERIOAK VARIETIES AND BREEDS.

The thoroughbred horse of America having been treated 2n
extenso in the whole of the first volume, which is devoted solely
to that branch of the subject, it is my purpose, in this, to deal
with the various races and types of the animal in general use,
of breeding, conditioning, stabling, breaking, and managing in
general.

The thoroughbred horse of America is the only family of the
horse, on this continent, of pure and unmixed blood. IS'or can
even this pretension be made out to satisfaction, in all cases,
even where the American thoroughbred can trace directly in both
lines, to imported English tlioroughbred dam and sire.

For, as it has been shown in the preceding volume, many of
the most distinguished English race-horses, distinguished as sires
no less than runners, cannot establish an unquestionable descent
on both sides, from oriental sire and oriental dam ; which is, of
course, requisite to constitute a perfect thoroughbred.

Under this category, falls Eclipse himself, who traces, in the
female line, to Brimmer, a son of the D'Arcy Yellow Turk, and
a Royal mare,* out of a dam, concerning whom no record has
been received — Blank, son of the Byerly Turk, and an unknown
dam — ^Whynot, who in the female line runs also to the Byerly
Turk and an unknown dam — Grey Hautboy, by Hautboy, son
* See Note 1, p. 56.

10 THE HORSE.

of tlie White Turk and a Royal mare, and Grey Grantham son
of the Brownlow Turk, who were both sons of unknown and
uncelebrated mares — Eockwood, of whom nothing is recorded,
but that he was out of the Lonsdale Tregonwell mare, and many
other horses and mares of established character in the history
of the turf.

This does not show, nor, in my opinion, does it even give rise
for a just suspicion, that these unknown ancestors were of ignoble
blood ; it is only, as I regard it, a necessary consequence of the
remote period, the incorrect and careless habitudes of the
times, and the want of regularly authenticated documents, on a
subject, which, although now of the most general interest, was
at the origin of racing and the turf, a mere individual concern.

In the same manner, many American horses, whose blood is
undoubtedly pure, cannot be traced, for the reasons above given,
to the fountain-head of imported ancestors of pure blood, on
both sides.

It must be understood, that to prove a horse to he of coarse
and cold-blooded descent, is one thing certain and conclusive ;
while not to prove a horse of pure blood establishes nothing be-
yond a doubt. And, while on this point, I will observe that
recent writers in America on the English Turf, are falling into
a general error, as to what, in England, is held to constitute a
thoroughbred. I have often seen it stated, of late, that eight
crosses of pure blood, constitute a thorougbred horse, even if
the ninth cross be unknown, or, what is worse, actually /bwZ.

I beg to explain, and to assert that no such opinion prevails,
either among breeders, or among the sporting world in general,
in England.

No horse, now in the year 1856, can possibly trace to any of
the old unknown mares or sires, of which I have been speaking,
in eight generations — scarcely in twice the number.*

For the last century, at the least, every mare of thorough-
blood is entered by name in the stud-books, and all her foals
recorded, the oldest and most remote of these mares, tracing
back their eight, nine, or more generations to the worthies in
question, whose dams are unknown.

No horse or mare is counted, or would be held, thoroughbred
in England, the dam and sire of which is not in the stud-book.
* See Note 2, p. 56.

WHAT 18 A THOROUGHBRED? H

"No breeder would dream of owning a mare, from which to
raise thoroughbreds, she not being found in the Stud-Book.

Nor, owning a thorouglibred mare, would any person stint
her to a horse professing to be thoroughbred, which should not
be named in the pages of that record. Any horse or mare,
warranted to be thoroughbred, and purchased on such guaran-
tee, would be returnable, and its price would be recoverable
at law, if its name were not in the Stud-Book, or in default there-
of, if it could not be proved beyond dispute, to be entitled to
place therein.

No horse or mare in the Stud-Book, as foaled since 1850, could
possibly have so little as eight crosses, before the family should
become unknown ; because it would, in that case, he known,
foul ; and would, therefore, not have place in the book at all.

For instance, Lexington, son of Boston, sou of Timoleon, son
of Sir Archy, son of Diomed, is already the offspring in his own
person, at that stage of his pedigree, of four pure crosses ; but
Diomed, through his dam, sister to Juno, has twelve pure crosses,
before he comes to the thirteenth, the Byerly Turk, by whom
his twelfth progenitrix was begotten upon an^ unknown mare.

Lexington therefore has, holding Timoleon's American fe-
male ancestry to be pure, seventeen pure crosses of blood ; and
his foals, of the present season, have eighteen crosses before they
reach the oriental blood. This is not a very long, but an aver-
age, pedigree. It is therefore idle to speak of stud-book horses,
or, in other words, English thoroughbreds, being held to be such,
on proof of eight generations, since cold-blood.*

The way in which this misapprehension has occurred, is easy
to explain. For regular races, for prizes to be run for by thor-
oughbred horses, the age of the animal entered is all that the
owner is asked to prove. It is presumed, as a matter of course,
that all the horses entered will be thoroughbreds ; but if not,
no objection would be made. For, since a thoroughbred horse
is believed to be the most complete and finished animal of his
kind, any other starting against him does so to his own proper
loss and disadvantage, not to that of the field or of the racing
community ; and this alike, whether it be an imported Barb, or
Arab, a foreign-bred racer, or an animal of inferior blood.

K any person should think proper to start a hunter, a car-
* See Note 3, p. 56.

12 THE HORSE.

riage horse, or for that matter, a dray horse, for the Derby or
St. Leger, he would be laughed at for his pains, but there would
be no obstacle to his doing so.

In England, however, there is another class of races, con-
fined, for the most part, to inferior race-courses in the provinces,
and to hunt-meetings, at which prizes are given to be run for
by hunters not thoroughbred, and by other horses of inferior
blood, known in common parlance, as Cocktail Stakes.

These prizes had their origin, for the most part, in the desire
to elevate the style, character, action and blood, in various sec-
tions of the country, among animals not thoroughbred ; and it is
a frequent condition attached to these, that the horses entered
must have been hunted so many times in the season, with such
or such a pack of hounds.

As these races became popular, as the sweepstakes increased
in value, and as the reputation gained by the winners began to
add sensibly to their value, it became an object to introduce
horses quite thoroughbred, or as nearly thoroughbred as possible,
under the guise of hunters, to compete with the half and three-
quarter bred nags, over which they had an incalculable advan-
tage ; the rather that these hunters' stakes are for the most part
heat races, and that coming-again is especially the point in
which blood tells the most.

To this end, dangerous, headstrong, runaway, thoroughbred
weeds would be sent out the requisite number of times in the sea-
son with a light stable-boy on their backs, to see the hounds throw
off, canter across a few fields, pull up and return to their stables.
The hunting season at an end, they would receive the huntsman's
certificate in due form, that they had been hunted so many times,
as might be necessary to qualify ; would be put into training,
and would, of course, win the stakes at their ease, against great
weight-carrying half-breds.

This state of things it was necessary to prevent, as it was
entirely frustrating the end for which these races were instituted ;
and in order to do this, it was judged advisable to determine a
certain standard of purity of blood, beyond which a horse should
not be allowed to start in a cocktail race ; or, in other words,
beyond which he should be deemed thoroughhred, in so far as
contests with horses of avowedly inferior strain are concerned.

PURE GENERATIONS OF LEXINGTON. 13

After consideration, it was resolved that the proof adduced
against any horse, that lie had eight crosses of thorough blood,
should disqualify hira from running as not thoroughbred ; and,
in that way, it has come to be a general mode of speech to say
that a horse having eight pure crosses on both sides, is thor-
oughbred.*

In some cocktail stakes, five pure crosses, on both sides, is a
disqualification ; and in many farmers' stakes, three crosses on
the two sides, disqualify a horse from starting for such stakes,
as not thoroughbred.

Any of these, however, are far from proving him to he
thoroughbred.

It was a general impression in Yorkshire, in my time, among
the horse-breeding, hard-riding, fox-hunting farmers, that a colt
got by a thoroughbred horse, out of a dam and grand dam,
similarly begotten, was thoroughbred : and I believe that the
same o^^inion largely obtains among the breeders and owners of
trotting horses in the United States. At least, I know, that I
have heard many animals, positively, declared to be thorough-
bred, when the person asserting such to be the case, did not
pretend to trace the descent above two or three generations, and
that, for the most part, on the sire's side only.

The only thing which constitutes a horse truly thoroughbred
is, that he, either, proves back directly on both sides to oriental
sire and oriental dam, or proves back so far, into the mist of an-
tiquity, that the memory of man goeth not to the contrary. It
is one thing to trace Sir Archy to Bustler, who was the son
of the Helmsley Turk, in the reign of Charles I., and a mare
whose name and origin is unknown.

But it would be quite another thing to trace him to the son
of the Helmsley Turk, and a mare who should be perfectly well-
known to be a Flemish dray mare.

Even should that be the case, however, so many generations
have elapsed since Bustler was begotten — not less than fifteen
or sixteen, at the least, to the present day — that the effect would
be only to show that, as has been already stated, there is unde-
niably, at the remotest point to which we can go, an infinitesi-
mal drop of some blood other than pure Arab, Barb or Turk,
in the veins of the English and American race-horse.
* See Note 4, p. 56.

14 THE H0K8E.

It has been sliown above, at page 99 of vol. i, that in the tenth
cross, a horse has but one one-thousand-and-twenty-fourth part
of the blood of either of his progenitors. In the sixteenth gener-
ation, therefore, he could have but one sixty-six-tliousand-nine-
hundred-and-seventj-sixth part of the blood of either ; in other
words, that is to say — supposing Bustler to be the son of a cart-
mare, which is incredible, not to say impossible — of coarse, cold
blood.

So also, in the pedigi-ee of Eclipse, fifteen full generations
are accomplished in the foals of the present year, since the un-
known mare, who was the most remote progenitrix of Spiletta,
the mother of Eclipse, was stinted to Brimmer.

JSTow, on the other hand, supposing the dam or sire, in the
eighth degree of remoteness, of any animal, to be of Flemish, or
Cleveland Bay, or Suffolk Punch, unimproved blood, the animal
in question would have one two-hundred-and-fifty-sixth-part of
that base blood ; and in every successive generation, nearer to
the strain, the proportion of base blood will be doubled ; until
where the sire is thoroughbred, and the dam wholly coarse-
blooded, the mixture will be half and half.

To those, who have not made this subject of the crossing of
bloods their especial study, it will appear incredible that the
two-hundred-and-fifty-sixth part in the blood of an animal should
tell to his detriment ; to those who have done so, it is a certain
fact ; and one might fully as well argue with such persons against
the efficiency of blood at all, as question the deterioration con-
sequent on such a strain.

One more observation, and I pass to the consideration to
which these remarks are preliminary, as to the other distinct
bloods or breeds, among horses, which are to be found, improved
or unimproved in America.

That observation is — that the probable reason for the adop-
tion of the eighth generation, as that which should debar an
animal from running as not thoroughbred, is the idea that
after such lapse of time no difference was discoverable in the
perfoi'mances of animals tracing directly to Barb or Arab horse,
and Barb or Arab mare, and of animals whose parentage was,,
on one side or the otlier, dark. And this reason would have

SPANISH BLOOD. 15

been a good one, but for two objections — either of them the
fatal.

Firstly — it should have been shown that the stock had been
improving constantly, by each successive cross of pure blood,
since the unknown admixture, but that cannot be shown. Nor
is there the slightest reason to suspect that Marske was a better
horse than Squirt, or Squirt than Bartlett's Childers, or tlian
Snake, his maternal grandfather, who was only one generation
removed from blood which cannot be authenticated ; the daugh-
ter of Hautboy, Snake's dam, not being traceable on the side
of her dam.

Secondly — it should be established, that in the case of these
remotest ancestors and ancestresses of unknown blood, that
blood was base ; whereas, so far from that being the case, the
reverse of that proposition is almost certain.

Thei'e are a dozen mares on the old Turf records, not as un-
known, but known, under their names, as for instance, the old
Montagu Mare, the old Yintner Mare, the mare above quoted,
daughter to Hautboy, Bright's Roau, the Lonsdale Tregon-
well mare, and others, of whom either nothing can be authenti-
cated on either side, or, if any thing, on the side of their sires
only.

Many of these mares were the best runners of their own
day, as their progeny have been in all after days ; and we have
sujQicient evidence at this period, from the Marquis of J^ew-
castle's work and others, that racing was fully established, that a
distinct breed of running horses existed, and that the science of
breeding for the turf was already partially, if not — as I should
say, from a careful examination of his writings — pretty thor-
oughly understood.

These horses were, it seems, nearly, if not entirely, of pure
Spanish blood, previous to the admixture of directly imported
Barb blood, which Il^I'ewcastle distinctly prefers to Arabian.

How far the imported Spanish mares and horses were, at
that date, of pure Barb blood, it is now impossible to decide.
We know the Andalusian horse was a very high-caste animal, of
Barb descent, and I think it probable if the archives of Spain
could be consulted, that the royal studs and Haras of Cordova
would be proved to have contained pure Barbs, and nothing

16 THE HOKSE.

beside ; and that tne Eoyal Spanish horses, from which the ear-
liest EngHsh importations were made, were as purely and dis-
tinctly of oriental blood, although bred on Spanish soil, as is the
English and American race-horse of the present day.

In that case, and I am myself nearly convinced that so it was,
the unknown progenitrixes to which so much speculation has
attached, would have been as noble as the noblest stallions to
which they bore the champions of the early English Turf, and
the parents of our greatest modern winners. One thing is in-
disputably certain, that our ancestors in the reign of Charles
the First and Charles the Second, were far too well acquainted
with the theory and principle of breeding — as is evinced by the
writings of ]^ewcastle, and the satires of Bishop Hall, so long
before as in the reign of Queen Elizabeth — to put a Flanders or
Lincolnshire coach mare to a horse of high blood, at a compara-
tively high price, in the hoj^e of her progeny turning out a racer.

It is idle, therefore, I say, in the last degree, to believe that
the unknown progenitrixes of Snake, of Bustler, of Grey Haut-
boy, of Grey Grantham, and of Whynot, were, because unknown,
ignoble.

I may almost say, we know that they were not so. First,
because the breeders of those capital horses could not, in any
ordinary human likelihood, have been so ignorantly stupid as
to breed such mares to the best Turks and Arabs ; and, second,
because, by all that the turf-experience of two centuries has
taught us, we may be sure that, if they had done so. Snake, and
Bustler, and "Whynot, and Grey Hautboy, and Grey Grantham,
would not have been the result of the ridiculous experiment,
but some carriage horses, or, at the best, troopers, of which not
a word would have descended to posterity.

The laws of nature are, save in exceptional cases, immu-
table ; and one of the most paramount of these seems to be
that which insists, as a consequence, that like must beget like.

So long ago as in the reign of Augustus CaBsar, the first Latin
Lyric Poet wrote, not as a fanciful hypothesis, but as an estab-
lished principle.

Fortes creantur fortibus et bonis.
Eat in juvencis, est in equis, patrum

Virtus, nee imbelleni ferocoa

Progenerant aquilae columbam.

WHAT IS BLOOD? 17

Which one may render — freely, but to the point —

The brave begotten are by the brave and good.
There is in steers', there is in horses' blood,
The virtue of their sires. No timid dove
Springs from the coupled eagles' furious love.

And to this day the stanza is tlie breeder's rule. So much so,
that when a real turfman is informed that Timoleon, the son of
Sir Archy, had for his great great grandsire a common cart-
stallion, named Fallow,* he merely shrugs up his shoulders, well
satisfied that there must be an absurd error somewhere, although
he may not be able to account for the way in which it has arisen.
It is enough, that no owner of a full-blooded mare by Driver,
dam by V^ampire, &c., would have dreamed of putting her to a
cart-horse ; and much more, that, if he had been so abject an
ass, Timoleon, a three-parts-bred, could never himself have
stayed the distance, much less have got generation after generation
of the best and stanchest horses in tJie world.

The result and end of all this inquiry and disquisition brings
us to the inevitable conclusion that, although, in some cases,
even in the best families, all the links may not be distinctly
traceable, the English horse known as thoroughbred is virtually
of pure Barb, Arab, and Turkish descent, in nine hundred and
ninety-nine parts out of a thousand of his blood, his physical
conformation, and his hereditary moral qualities, if I may use
such a term, of courage, sj^irit, endurance, and determined will ;
and that the American thoroughbred is directly descended in
the same, or more than the same, proportions from the English
thoroughbred.

In England, although, when mention is made oi pure blood,
thorough blood of the Oriental strain, as opposed to what is
generally known as cold blood, is intended, it is universally
conceded that there are many other bloods — meaning, by bloods,
distinct families or races capable of transmitting their own type
and qualities, undeteriorated, by a continual process of in-breed-
ing— which have been preserved up to this day, and still exist,
as pure — if by tlie word pure we imply unmixed with any other
blood — as that of the highest form of racer. Of these distinct
families, the most remarkable is the gigantic dray-horse, used

* This should be imported Fellow, a son of Cade. — Ed.
Vol. II,— 3

IS THE HORSE.

principally, if not only, by the London brewers and distillers,
vast, ponderons, slow animals, of enormous powers of draught,
but incapable of travelling beyond a foot's pace. These huge
quadrupeds, four of which being once presented by the East
India Company to some native prince, were not inappropriately
named by him English elephants, vary from sixteen to nineteen
hands in height, and are distinguished by their broad chests,
short backs, round barrels, their immense volume of mane,
resembling that of a lion, their heavy tails, great liairj' fetlocks,
and immense, well-formed feet.

The lighter of these horses, before tlie days of railroads, were
used for teaming, and for carriers' wagon-horses ; and the very
lightest in the reign of Queen Anne, for carriage-horses, and
even for mounting the heavy cavalry with which Marlborough
and Prince Eugene rode over the splendid squadrons of Maison
Roi at Oudenarde and Malplaquet.

Now, they are restricted entirely to the use whence they
derive their name, and are employed only in the metropolis, and
there, perhaps, rather as a matter of pomp and class-pride, than
of real utility, by the wealthy brewers and distillers, who keep
stables full of these great costly beasts, as fat and sleek as brew-
ers' grains, hot stabling, and careful grooming will render them,
and parade them a few times in every year, glittering in splen-
did brass-j)lated harness, and driven by human bipeds almost as
bulky, as useless, and as slow as the animals they conduct.

These horses are, it is supposed, originally of Flanders
descent ; but they have been bred for many centuries in the
fens of Lincolnshire, where they reach their highest perfection
as to size, and still exist entirely unmixed. The cause of the
preservation of this singular race of animals, in a perfectly pure
state, seems to be its unfitness, even when crossed with lighter
breeds, for any thing but the slowest work, which has long led**
to its disuse even for farm-work and the heaviest teaming on
roads ; carriers' wagons themselves having, long since, passed
into abeyance as complete as the pack-horses which they super-
seded.

It is needless to say, that for carriage horses, much less for
tlie mounts of dragoon regiments, no cross, however remote, of
these huge, slow-stalking, hairy-hoofed masses of fat and exuberant

CLEVELAND BAYS. 19

mnscle, would in these flying days bo tolerated, when nothing
will suit the purpose but animals, wdiich can go the pace and
keep it up, under the saddle, or before a draught, in a style
which can be done by nothing but a large admixture of the best
thorough blood.

The second great English family which may, perhaps, be
regarded as the true type of the English horse of the Midland
Counties, from the remotest times, is that of the far-famed
Cleveland Bays. Cleveland, a district of the East-riding of
Yorkshire, and the Yale of Pickering, in the same county, has
been from a very distant period the principal breeding region for
carriage horses, hunters, troop horses, and hackneys, of the high-
est grade ; and it still preserves its character in that particular;
although the character of the animals themselves, used for all
these jjurposes, is now entirely altered ; and although, in con-
sequence of the alteration of the demand, the original breed is
rapidly passing away, and a pure Cleveland Bay, of unmixed,
or unimproved blood, is now rarely to be met with, even in its
own native district.

The Cleveland Bay, in its natural and unmixed form, is a
tall, powerfully-built, bony animal, averaging, I should say,
fifteen hands three inches in height, rarely falling short of fif-
teen and a half, or exceeding sixteen and a half hands.

Tlie crest and withers are almost invariably good, the head
bony, lean, and well set on. Ewe necks are, probably, rarer in
this family than in any other, unless it be the dray-horse, in
which it is never seen.

The faults of shape, to which the Cleveland Bay is most
liable, are narrowness of chest, nndue length of body, and flat-
ness of the cannon and shank bones. Their color is universally
bay, rather on the yellow bay than on the blood bay color, with
black manes, tails, and legs.

They are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excel-
lent capabilities for draught, and good endurance, so long as they
are not pushed beyond their speed, which may be estimated at
from six to eight miles an hour, on a trot, or from ten to twelve — ■
the latter quite the maximum — on a gallop, under almost any
weight.

The larger and more showy of these animals, of the tallest

20 THE H0E8E.

and heaviest ty^^e, were tlie favorite coach horses of their day ;
the more spiry and lightly-bnilt, of equal height, were the hunt-
ers, in the days when the fox was hunted by his drag, unken-
nelled, and run half a dozen hours, or more, before he was
either earthed, or worn out and worried to death. Then the short-
er, lower, and more closely ribbed up were the road hackneys ;
a style of horse unhappily now almost extinct, and having, un-
equally, substituted in its place, a wretched, weedy, half-bred
or three-quarter-bred beast, fit neither to go the pace with a
weight on its back, nor to last the time.

From these Cleveland Bays, however, though in their pure
state nearly extinct, a very superior animal has descended, which,
after several steps and gradations, has settled down into a family,
common throughout all Yorkshire, and more or less all the Mid-
land counties, as the farm-horse, and riding or driving horse of
the farmers, having about two crosses, more or less, of blood on
the original Cleveland stock.

The first gradation, when pace became a desideratum with
hounds, was the stinting of the best Cleveland Bay mares to
good thoroughbred horses, with a view to the progeny turning
out hunters, troop-horses, or, in the last resort, stage-coach
horses, or, as they were termed, machiners. The most promis-
ing of these half-bred colts were kept as stallions ; and mares,
of the same type with tlieir dams, stinted to them, produced tlie
improved English carriage horse of fifty years ago.

The next step was the putting the half-bred fillies, by tho-
rouglibreds out of Cleveland Bay mares, a second time, to tho-
roughbred stallions ; their progeny to become the hunters,
while themselves and tlieir brothers were lowered into the car-
riage horses ; and the half-bred stallions, wliich had been t]ie
getters of carriage horses, were degraded into the sires of the
new, improved cart-horse.

From this, one step more brings us to the ordinary hunter
of the present day, of provincial hunting countries, for light
weights, and persons not willing, or able, to pay the pi*ice of
thoroughbreds. These are the produce of the third and fourth
crosses of thorough blood on the improved mares, descended in
the third or fourth degree from the Cleveland Bay stock; and
are in every way superior, able and beautiful animals, possess-

THE MODERN HUNTER. 21

1112^ speed and eiidnrfinco sufficient to live with the best lionnds
in any countries, except the very fastest, such as tlie Melton
Mowbray, the Northamptonshire, and, perhaps, the Yale of
Belvoir, where the fields are so large, the land all in grass, and
the scent so fine, that fox-hunting in them is in fact steeple-
chasing; so that no fox can live before the hounds on a fine
scenting day above half an hour, nor any horse, except a tho-
roughbred, live even that time with the hounds, having fourteen
stone or upward on his back.

The three or four parts bred horses, of which I have been
speaking, are in general better leapers than pure-blooded horses ;
are perfectly up even to sixteen or eighteen stone with hounds,
across any of the plough countries in which the scent does not
lie so hotly as on the grass lands ; and, indeed, across any coun-
try, whether grass or plough, in w^hich the fields are small, the
enclosures frequent, and the dividing fences large and difficult.
For it must be borne in mind, first, that fences impede hounds,
which have to scramble over them, more than they do horses,
which take them in their stroke ; secondly, that it is necessary,
nine times out of ten, to take a horse by the head, when
going at his leaps, and to give him a slight pull on alight-
ing, which in some degree allows him to catch his wind ; and,
thirdly, that in narrow fields of six or eight acres, which is per-
haps the average size in the arable countries, a horse cannot
extend himself in a racing stroke, as he can over the great forty
and 'sixty acre pastures of Leicestershire and Rutlandshire, but
must be kept going within himself, at a three-quarters gallop,
and always under a pull. Severe fencing, although it takes
something out of a horse, on the whole, undoubtedly tavors'the
lower bred hunter; because it always in a degree diminishes the
pace, and, as every sportsman knows, it is the pace that kills ; and
also, because the part-bred horse is, for the most part, both the
bolder and the hardier jumper — the thoroughbred, from the
thinness of his skin and the fineness of his coat, disliking to face
stiff thorny hedges, and having, in many cases, an insurmount-
able objection to cross bright water.

These three or four part bred hunters are, I think, as a gen-
eral rule, the most beautiful horses I have ever seen ; far supe-
rior in form to the average of thoroughbreds. They have a good

22 THE HOKSE.

deal of tlie Arab form m their lean, bony beads ; have almost
invariably fine, lofty, arcbed crests, and bigb, tbin witbers, and
sbow tbeir blood in tbe softness and fineness of tlieir coats, and
in tbe flat sbape and solid construction of tbeir cannon bonef.
and sbanks.

They have, in a great degree, lost tbeir distinctive bay color,
from tbe numerous blood crosses of other shades ; and are often
found chestnuts, iron greys, blue and red roans, and dark browns
with cinnamon muzzles ; which last is a favorite color, being
supposed to indicate hardiness. Blacks are not so common, and
are held to indicate an inferior cross, often of tbe black Lincoln-
shire cart-horse, unless where the line is distinctly traceable to
the thoroughbred sire.

Many of the most distinguished race-horses have been tbe most
favorite and most successful hunter-getters, and have acquired
as much celebrity for tbe transmission of their qualities to their
half-bred stock, as they have for their racing descendants ; just
in the same manner as Messenger has gained celebrity, in this
country, for his roadsters.

In some districts, particular colors are very prevalent ; indi-
cating tbe preference felt foi* some particular stallion, which has
stood in that neighborhood ; as greys in the West riding of York-
shire, where Grey Orville,* a St. Leger winner himself, and the
sire of Ebor, Emilius, Mnley, and many other racers in a very
high form, was a most favorite hunter-getter, and the sire of
many of the veiy best part-bred horses that ever crossed a coun-
try— browns, with white locks in the tail, in tbe East riding,
where Woodpecker, of whom that is the distinctive mark to the
four\h and fifth generation, stood for several seasons — blacks in
tbe vicinity of Doncaster, tbe descendants of Smolensko — chest-
nuts, wherever that beautiful horse, Comus, covered country
mares ; and, in yet later days, dark browns in the North riding
of Yorkshire, where that undeniable racer and progenitor of
racers, hunters, and steeple-chasers, Lottery, formerly Tinker,
by Tramp out of Mandane, has deservedly been the favorite of
all favorites.

It is no wonder, that the offspring of such liorses as those
named above, out of dams begotten l)y such sires as Uamble-
tonian. Sir Peter Teazle, Doctor Syntax, and Filbo da Puta, from
* See Note 5, p. 56.

BREEDING. 23

mares tliemselves half-bred out of Cleveland Bays Ly thorough-
bred stallions, should be hunters and steeple-chasers, in the
highest possible form, and little, if at all, inferior, for any pur-
pose, except that of actual racing, to full-blooded horses.

The price which the breeders pay for the service of these
stallions is very considerable, although it is usual for horses
which stand for thoroughbred mares at twenty and twenty-five
guineas the leap, to serve country mares for sums varying,
according to the popularity of the horse, and the quality of the
mares likely to be sent to him, from live to seven and ten
guineas. But the farmers willingly pay the charges, and are
amply rewarded for doing so. The colts and fillies are usually
broken at two years old, to the lightest sort of farm harness
work, such as brusli-harrowing, in order to render them tract-
able and hardy ; and, when three years old and rising four,
are broken to the saddle, and taken out with the hounds, by
their owners ; who are generally hard and determined riders,
though they have rarely good hands, and are yet more rarely
capable of making or turning out a made and perfect hunter.

If such young animals are of good j^romise, gallop well,
fence boldly and clevei'ly, and are of good forn;i, they will real-
ize to the breeder from eighty to a hundred and twenty guineas,
at four years old ; and, if, in the dealers' hands, into which they
generally fall secondly, they realize their promise, they become
worth from a hundred and fifty to three hundred guineas, ac-
cordingly as they are weight-carriers, and have a greater or
less turn of speed. If they prove, on the other hand, as colts,
too leggy, cumbersome and slow for hunters, with high-stepping
action and fine show, they will bring the breeder nearly as
much for first-class carriage-horses, as they would have done,
had they proved suitable for hunters. If they should fall short
of size and show for these, but be sound, active, and clever
horses, up to fifteen two inches high, they are sure to realize
thirtj^-five guineas, the regulation price, for light dragoon and
huzzar chargers ; and if yet smaller, say from fourteen three
to fifteen one, with beauty, style, and action, they will be
worth from fifty guineas, upward, for roadsters, cover hacks, or
boys' hunters. At the very worst, if they go wrong in the
wind, short of being decidedly broken-winded, throw out bad

24 THE HOKSE.

curbs, or even incipient spavins or ringbones, tliey are certain
of fetching at least twenty-five ponnds for leaders of tlie fast
coaclies ; and probably are now Avorth as rancli for liorsing the
rural omnibuses and railroad tenders.

No sort of breeding in England is so profitable as this. The
breeder is comparatively secured against any thing like ulti-
mate loss, while he has a fair chance of drawing a capital prize,
in the shape of a first-rate hunter, or a carriage horse of su]3e-
rior quality ; and it is to the breeding of such class of animals
that the attention of the farmers, in horse-breeding counties, is
wholly directed at this date.

Eor this reason, one has no more pure Cleveland Bays, the
use of the stallion of that breed being entirely discontinued ;
large, bony, slow thoroughbreds of good form, and great power,
which have not succeeded on the turf, having been substituted
for them, even for the getting of cart and farming-team horses ;
and the farmers finding it decidedly to their advantage to work
large, roomy, bony, half or two-third bred mares, out of which,
when they grow old, or if by chance they meet an accident,
they ma}^ raise hunters, coach horses, or, at the worst chargers,
or machiners, rather than to plough with garrons and weeds,
the stock of which would be valueless and worthless, except for
the merest drudgery.

It is of these horses, that I am perfectly convinced, trotters
might be made of the highest quality, if those most fitted to
the purpose were selected for that end by men properly quali-
fied to judge of them, and were then trained and trotted, ac-
cording to American rules, by such men as Spicer, Woodruff,
or "Wheelan — and tliat such could be furnished, even in greater
numbers, than they are here, in America, from hunting stables,
and farm-studs devoted to the rearing of such animals, I have
no sort of doubt.

I liave seen several American trotters, Avhich, from their ap-
pearance, would have passed as English hunters — especially those
of Messenger's get — and which, I doubt not, if trained for that
purpose, would have shone as much across country as they did
on the trotting turf. I would particularly specify that very ex-
cellent and game animal, of the olden day, who accomplished
the then — I speak of twenty years ago and upward — rare i'eat

PAUL PRY.

25

of trotting above eighteen miles in the hour, Mr. Wm. McLeod's
Paul Prj.

This liorse lived to a good old age, and was last owned by
Mr. WiUiam Niblo. As he grew old, he became gaunt and
raw-boned, but, in his better days he presented to my eyes very
nearly the cut of an English, or, perhaps, I should say, rather
an Irish hunter — for he had something of a goose rump — of
the highest form. I have repeatedly ridden him, as he stood
for many months in my stable, and he was a fine steady galloper,
and could take a four-foot fence in his stroke and think nothing
of it.

I have often wondered that, among the many importations of
stock by our spirited and enterprising breeders, who are doing
60 much for the improvement of horses and cattle in America,
no one has thought of im]3orting some fine, roomy, sixteen
hands, half or two-third parts bred mares, by highly reputed
sires* lam satisfied, that such mares, judiciously bred to the
strongest and most powerful of om* American or imported stal-
lions, such horses as Consternation is reported to be, or as Bos-
ton was, in all but the fatal defect of his blindness, would do
more to improve the stock of the United States in size and sub-
stance, without loss of speed or blood, than any other plan of
breeduig can eifect — since I am satisfied that all attempts at
giving strength, bone, and substance to the ofispring of light,
under-sized, weedy, highbred mares by stinting them to Mor-
gan, or Black Hawk, part-bred trotting stallions, or to im-
ported JSTormr.u horses, are moves in the wrong direction, and
must lead not to the improvement, but to the deterioration of
the stock ; which will probably not gain much in size or power,
and will certainly lose in blood, and consequently in the ability
to stay a distance.

In order to improve a race, it appears to be indisputable,
that the superior blood must be on the sire's side, the size, form
and beauty, on that of the dam.

This is, however, a portion of my subject which will be
considered more at length in another part of this volume, under
the head of breeding, where all the considerations of that in-
teresting topic will be reviewed at some length.

I shall now proceed, shortly, to the other more remarkable
* Boston was uot blind when lie died.

26 THE H0K8E.

Englisli families of tlie liorse ; treating tliein, however, far more
succinctly than I liave done the Cleveland Bays, as they have
been less often imported into this country, and have contributed
little, if at all, to the formation of any part of the stock of the
United States, having left scarcely any perceptible trace of
their blood in any existing breed. This is not true of the
Cleveland Bays, whose mark is clearly discernible in the work-
ing horses of several of the Eastern States, Massachusetts, and
Yermont, more especially, into the former of which several
mares and one stallion were imported by the late Admiral Sir
Isaac Coffin, beside others, I believe, at a more remote period.

The second distinct, old English breed is the Suffolk Punch,
which is said to be originally descended from the Norman stal-
lion and old Suffolk cart-mare.

It is now, like the Cleveland, nearly extinct; but has been
replaced by an animal possessing many of the characteristic
peculiarities and excellences of its ancestors, with higher blood
and more perfect finish. " The true Suffolk," says Mi*. Youatt,
" stood from fifteen to sixteen hands high, of a sorrel color ; was
large-headed ; low-shouldered, and thick on the top ; deep and
round-chested ; long-backed ; high in the croup ; large and
strong in the quarters ; full in the flanks ; round in the legs,
and short in the pasterns. It was the very horse to throw his
whole weight into the collar, with sufficient activity to do it
effectually, and hardihood to stand a long day's work."

I should here observe, that what is in England called soi'rel
is a very different color from that which we understand by the
same name ; which is, in truth, chestnut, in all its various tints,
from something nearly approaching to real sorrel, up to copper-
colored brown, with golden reflections.

The real Suffolk sorrel trenches very closely on the dun, with
a kind of bluish or nmd-colored under-tint running through it.
Their manes and tails are heavy, inclined to curl or wave, and
are invarial)ly of a far lighter shade than the bodies ; they are
often cream-colored, and sometimes even pure white, though
without the silvery gloss and sparkle peculiar to the mane of a
gray or white horse; and the legs, which are also invariably
light, from the knee downward, have a dull, dingy, wliitey -brown
hue, which is the reverse of pleasing or beautiful

THE SUFFOLK PUNCH. 27

In fact, the characteristics of the Suffolk are all those of
utility as opposed to show. He is peculiar to the Saxon coun-
ties of old England, and is prettj nearly to the horse what the
Saxon man is to the human race at large — a shortish, thick-set,
square-built, stumpy, sturdy individual, with a good many ster-
ling, solid qualities, and a plentiful lack of graces and amenities ;
he is stout of body, but slow to move, and when moved, yet
slower to desist from motion ; persevering, of indomitable will,
iron resolution and determined obstinacy, not far removed from
stubbornness ; but of little spirit, and less fire. Ho was a useful
cart-horse and excellent for teaming; but, in proportion as rail-
roads and locomotives have superseded vans and wagons for the
transportation of heavy merchandise and slow passengers, ex-
cept in cities, the Sufiblk Punch has made way for quicker
travelling and lighter, if not more honest, or intrinsically valua-
ble animals.

" The present breed," Mr. Youatt continues, " possesses
many of the peculiarities and good qualities of its ancestors. It
is more or less inclined to a sorrel color; it is a taller horse;
higher and finer in the shoulders ; and is a cross of the York-
shire half or three-quarters bred horse.

" The excellence and a rare one of the old SufiTolk — and the
new breed has not quite lost it — consisted in nimbleness of ac-
tion, and the honesty and continuance with which he would
exert himself at a dead pulL Many a good draught horse
knows well what he can effect ; and after he has attempted and
failed, no torture of the whij) will induce him to strain his
powers beyond their natural extent. The Suffolk, however,
would tug at a dead pull until he dropped. It was beautiful to
see a team of true Suffolks, at a signal from the driver, and
without the whip, down on their knees in a moment and drag
everj^ thing before them. Brutal wagers were frequently laid
as to their power in this respect, and many a good team was
injured and ruined. The immense power of the Suffolk is ac-
counted for by the low position of his shoulder, which enables
him to throw so much weight into the collar.

" Although the Punch is not what he was, and the Sufiblk
and Norfolk farmer can no longer boast of ploughing more

28 THE HOKSE.

land in a day than any one else, this is iindonljtedly a valuable
breed,

" The Duke of Richmond obtained many excellent carriage
horses, with strength, activity, and figure, by crossing the Suf-
folk with one of his best hunters.

"The Suffolk breed is in great request in the neighboring
counties of ISTorfolk and Essex, Mr. Wakefield of Barnham, in
Essex, had a stallion for which he was offered four hundred
guineas,"

Few of this useful breed of working horses have, I believe,
been brought to the United States ; and I find no record of any
mares, whatever, being imported, A Suffolk cart stallion was,
however, sent into Massachusetts, in the year 1821, by Mr,
John Coffin of 'New Brunswick ; and, although I do not know
in what part of the State he stood, or what mares he served,
I have sometimes fancied that I could detect something of the
character of the Punches in the short-built, active horses used
in the cartmen's drays of Boston, in that State ; a widely dif_
ferent animal from that used in the ISTew York trucks, many of
which show a considerable degree of blood.

There are two other w^ ell-known families of working horses
in Great Britain ; the first of which is the improved Clydesdale
cart-horse, which is said to owe its origin to the Duke of Hamil-
ton, who crossed some of the best Lanark mares, with stallions
he had brought over from Flanders. " The Clydesdale is longer
than the Suffolk, and has a better head, a larger neck, a lighter
carcass, and deeper legs," " It is strong," says Mr. Youatt,
" hardy," pulling true, and rarely restive. The southern j^arts of
Scotland are princij^ally supplied from this district ; and many
Clydesdales, not only for agricultural purposes, but for the
coach and the saddle, find their way to the central and even the
southern parts of England."

I am not aware that any of these horses have been brought
to America ; nor do I know that any ])articular advantage is to
be looked for from their introduction, although they arc good
and faithful horses, excellent for fiirm purposes, and would
make, without any improvement of blood, extremely useful
stage-horses, especially for hilly and heavy roads, where more
power than speed is desired.

THE GALLOWAY. 2&

The Heavy Black Ilorse of Lincolnshire is another distinct
variety, bred in all the midland counties from Lincoln to Staf-
fordshire. They are, in fact, only a smaller and lighter style
of dray-horse, improved by admixture of Flanders, and, per-
haps, of a small percentage of thorough-blood. They are still
immense animals, standing seventeen hands high, with better
forehands, finer withers, and flatter and deeper legs than the
dray-horse. The improvement in their blood has increased
their pace from two and a half to about four miles an hour, on
a walk, which is their only pace, since they are incapable of
raising a trot. They are used for wagon-horses, and for draw-
ing heavy teams from the wharves through the streets of Lon-
don, and occupy much the same position in England, as is held,
here, by the Conestoga horse, which I believe to be in great
part, if not entirely, of this blood.

There was an excellent breed of little horses, varying from
thirteen to fourteen hands high, existing in the district of Gal-
loway, on the shore of the Solway Frith, in the south of Scot-
land, which had their name from the district in which they had
their origin. But it is now nearly extinct.

"There is a tradition," according to Mr. Youatt, "that the
breed is of Spanish extraction, some horses having escaped from
one of the vessels of the Grand Armada, which was wrecked on
the neighboring coast. This district, however, so early as the
time of Edward L, suj^plied that monarch with a great number
of horses."

It is much to be lamented, that this admirable race of ani-
mals is almost lost, and where it exists is sorely deteriorated,
owing to the non-perception and non-appreciation of its peculiar
excellences as a roadster and hackney, either to drive or ride ;
and to its unsuitability to ordinary farm work from want of
power and size.

To increase these, and obtain a race more suitable to the
purposes of agriculture, the farmers of its native region have
crossed it with larger and coarser farm-stallions, which has had
the very eifect, that may always be looked for, under such cir-
cumstances ; the peculiar excellences of the race are lost, and
those, which it is desired to ingraft upon it, are not attained.

It is to be regretted that the truly admirable qualities of the

30 THB HOESE.

Galloway were never brought into notice, until it was too late ;
the employment of it, while the race was in its best form, being
confined, for the most part, to the better class of farmers, small
rnral proprietors and little country gentry, who were not, in the
last century, persons of extended views, or liberal education.

I am disposed to dwell on this animal a little more fully
than I should otherwise do, not that it exists in these States, or
has ever — so far as we know or suspect — been imported to them ;
but because it is closely analogous to a kindred animal, of,
I believe, the same stock, participating in a high degree of the
same virtues, which has in the same manner become extinct,
to the deep regret of all true lovers of the horse.

It must be remembered, that in Great Britain, in conse-
quence of the existence of this peculiar pure race of small-sized
animals, in the district of Galloway, whence they obtained their
name, all very small horses came to be called Galloways ; and
that in tlie North of England, particularly, the word Galloway
is now synonymous with pony, conveying no pretence that the
animal, so called, has any distinctive blood. I will here add
that the word pony, in England, is used to imply a horse under
tliirteen liands in height, whicli is not subject to taxation — not,
as it is used in America, an animal of a short stocky formation,
such as, or even larger than, one which would, across the water,
be called a Cob. I well remember my surprise at being shown
a pair of clever, close-ribbed, round-barrelled horses, of full fifteen
hands, and perhaps something over, under the appellation of
ponies, on my first arrival here. I proceed, however, to Mr.
Youatt's description of the true Galloway, to which I shall ap-
pend a few observations of my own, on the original breed, its
failure, and the attempts which have been made to replace it.

" The pure Galloway," says he, " was said to be nearly four-
teen hands high, and sometimes more, of a bright bay or brown,
with black legs, and small head and neck, and peculiarly deep
clean legs. Its qualities were speed, stoutness, and surefooted-
ness, over a very rugged and mountainous country.

" Dr. Anderson thus describes the Galloway. ' There was
once a breed of small elegant horses in Scotland, similar to those
of Iceland and Sweden, which were known by the name of Gal-
loways, the best of which sometimes reached the height of four

PERFOEMAJfCE OF GALLOWAYS. 31

teen and a half hands. One of this description I possessed, it
liaving been bought for my nse when I was a boy. In point of
elegance of shape, it was a perfect picture ; and in disposition
it was gentle and compliant. It moved almost to a wish, and
never tired. I rode this little creature for twenty-five years,
and twice in that time I rode a hundred and fifty miles at a
stretch, without stopping, except to bait, and that not for above
an hour at a time. It came in at the last stage with as much
ease and alacrity as it travelled the first. I could have under-
taken to liave performed on this beast, when it was in its prime,
sixty a miles a day for a twelvemonth running, without any
extraordinary exertion.'

"A Galloway in point of size — whether of Scotch origin or
not we are uncertain — pez-formed, about the year 1814, a greater
feat than Dr. Anderson's favorite. It started from London with
the Exeter mail, and notwithstanding the numerous changes of
horses, and the rapid driving of that vehicle, it arrived at Exe-
ter— one hundred and seventy-two miles, a quarter of an hour
before the mail.

" In 175-1, Mr. Corker's Galloway went one hundred miles
a day for three successive days, over the Newmarket Course,
and without the slightest distress.

" A Galloway belonging to Mr. Sinclair, of Kirby Lons-
dale, performed, at Carlisle, the extraordinary feat of a thousand
miles in a thousand hours.

" Many of the Galloways now in use are procured either
from Wales or the New Forest ; but they have materially dimin-
ished in number ; they are scarcely sufficient to supj^ly even
the neighboring districts, and they are still more materially de-
teriorated in form and value. Both the Welsh and Hampshire
Galloways and ponies claim, however, some noble blood."

In my own youth, I recollect to have seen two Galloways
of the true Scottish blood, as distinct from those, of which I shall
presently speak, created by especial breeding, in the vain hope
of filling the vacancy.

They were both, as nearly as possible, of the size indicated,
fourteen hands to fourteen hands and a half in height ; but, un-
like what is stated above of their color, they were of a deep,
rich, glossy cliestnut, almost copper-colored in the shadow, with

32 THE HOKSE.

legs not black, but decidedly darker, instead of being ligliter
than the bodies,

I have myself no objection whatever to white legs and feet,
of any nnmber, or to any extent — I do not believe that white
hoofs are, in the least degree, softer or more brittle than black
hoofs ; and I believe that the old ideas current, in reference to
the number of white legs or feet indicating excellence or the re-
verse, are the merest and stupidest of all old wife's superstitions ;
but I do plead guilty to the strongest prejudice against self-col-
ored legs of a ligliter shade than the rest of the limbs, growing
paler and more dingy as it descends.

A bay horse, with pale, dingy, dull-yellow legs, approaching
to dirty sorrel, is, according to my notion, to whatever pedigree
he may lay claim, certain to be largely tainted with coarse cold
blood ; and a chestnut with sorrel legs, or a sorrel with whitey-
brown-paper legs, I think worse yet ; and I would own such an
one, on no consideration. On the other hand, I consider the
gradual darkening of the legs downward to the hoof, or if the
animal have white feet or white stockings, downward to the up-
ward margin of the white, as a corroborative indication of good
blood ; if the legs be also clean, flat-boned, and free from hair
about the fetlocks.

All these points were conspicuous in the Galloways of
which I speak, and, moreover, they had long, thin manes ;
rather spare than shaggy tails ; small, lean, bony heads ; one of
tliem with the broad brow and basin face of the Arab; tliin
necks, particularly fine toward the throat, and setting on of the
head ; soft silky coats ; large eyes, and all the particuhir indica-
tions of thorougli blood.

Their paces were generally the walk or the canter ; and nei-
tlier of the two was a particularly handsome or fast trotter, going
along at a good rate, indeed, but in a shufliing style, neither
clearly a trot nor a canter. One of them, which I often rode,
amhled., as it was called then and there, so fast as to keep up
with tlie liand gallop of a thoroughbred lady's mare, in company
with which it was constantly ridden.

This Galloway, so far as I can remember it, was in fact nei-
ther more nor less than a natural pacer, and I am convinced

PACING GALLOWAYS. 33

tliat the other might with ease liave been trained to the same
])ace, and to a good rate of going.

Whether this was or was not a characteristic of tlie race, I
am unable to say ; but I know that tlie animals seemed to me,
then, perfect heaux ideals of Andalusian jennets, and were regard-
ed as such, by persons more competent to pronounce than my-
self.

Taken in consideration with reference to the tradition, as to
their origin, and comparing this with the like story in regard to
the ISTari-aganset pacers, I am of opinion that these two now
nearly extinct races, were nearly, if not altogether identical,
both in characteristics and descent ; and that it is equally
lamentable, that both breeds have passed away, owing to a want
of comprehension of their merits, and a failure of well-directed
efforts to preserve them.

In relation to the Scottish Gallow^ay, attempts have been
made, by breeding, to produce a creature analogous to it, and
possessing the same qualities ; it has, however, but partially
succeeded. iSTeither its remarkable beauty, nor its singular en-
durance as a roadster, which was its most marked, as well as its
most important, characteristic, having been in any degree re-
produced by the experiments at artificial breeding.

This, by the way, is in nothing remarkable, although the
converse proposition would have been very much so ; if, as is
insisted, tlie Scottish Galloway was, in itself, an animal of pure
original descent. Since it is well established, that, however
nearly, by the admixture of different races of animals, we may
in the end produce an external imitation of some particular fam-
ily or breed, we must never look to create physical or moral
qualities, much less to establish, by a succession of mixtures, a
blood which shall transmit itself immixed and identical, from
generation to generation.

This appears to be an immutable, as it is a most wise and
providential law of nature.

Monsters and mongrels cannot reproduce their qualities, or
even their external form. Were it not so, this fair earth would,
long ere this, have become a chaos — a mere laboratory of mon-
strosities ; and. the excellent forms, graceful movements, and ar-
tistically attributed hues of the tvpes of the animated world,
Vol. II.— 3

34: THE HOESE.

would be lost in a mixed congeries of grotesque and daily-de-
generating hybrids and monsters.

And tliis is a fact which never ought to be forgotten by the
breeder of animals. He may raise a superior animal by the
crossing of an inferior with a superior blood ; but he can never
establish that cross — never keep it stationary — never render it
capable of reproduction, preserving its improved attributes un-
altered.

Thus from a Cleveland Bay mare, one may, by the service of
a thoroughbred sire, readily produce a most valuable half-bred
animal, for many purposes of the field, the road, or the farm.

Naturally, one would suppose, that by taking two such half-
breds of opposite sexes, the offspring of parents entirely uncon-
nected by birth, but both pair holding the same relation of
blood, that is to say, both the sires thoroughbred and both the
dams Clevelands, and breeding them together, he would obtain
an offspring similar to the immediate parents ; of wliich it ne-
cessarily possesses the identical blood, in the identical propor-
tions— viz. one half thorough, one half Cleveland Bay, blood ;
though in four, instead of- two crosses.

'No such thing, however, is the case ; as is well known to
every breeder in the north of England, if not elsewhere.

No man, putting his half-bred mare to a half-bred, or even
two-thirds-bred, stallion, would expect to have a colt equal to
either of the parents ; or even, in case of the sire having two
or more crosses of pure blood, equal to the progeny of a com-
mon mare with a thoroughbred horse.

Nor would any man dream of buying an animal so bred,
with a view to hunting him ; knowing right well, that before he
had gone fifteen minutes at the best pace of hounds, his tail
would be shaking ; and that, before half an hour, he would
stand still. Yet the same man would not hesitate to ride a
half-bred, by a thoroughbred.

Wliy these things should be, we do not know. It is one of
the mysteries of nature, which we cannot fathom, and of wliich
we must rest content to know, that they are, and will continue
to be, in despite of all man's weak attempts, wliether intentional
or casual, to interrupt the course of nature.

Even in our own race, it is an assured fact, that the off-

HYBRIDS. 35

8pring of the wliite and the negro cannot continue, above a gen-
eration or two, or at most three, to intermarry, like to like, and
reproduce itself, without recurring to one of the original stocks,
from which to derive vitality and vigor.

By continual interconnection with the white, it rises nearer
and nearer to the higher type ; by recurrence to the black, it
relapses into that, from which it was temporarily lifted by the
Urst hybridization.

So it is with horses, to the letter. If the half-bred filly be
united to a thoroughbred, and her female progeny be so con-
nected ad infinitum^ after a few generations, although the drop
of base blood must still be there, until the end of time, the
progeny w^ill be but a little removed in quality, and entirely
undistinguishable in outward appearance, from the pure-
blooded animal.

If, on the contrary, the half-bred filly be bred back to the
Cleveland Bay, or cart-horse, even more rapidly than in the
other case, will the process of assimilation, or, in this instance,
of re-assimilation advance. Before the third or, at farthest, the
fourth cross, the outward characteristics of the pure blood will
have wholly disappeared ; and, although, as in the other in-
stance, the drop of noble blood must continue there ad infini-
tum^ its efiPects will be to all intents and purposes lost, and
the animal will be, in spirit and endurance, as in show, little su-
perior, if at all, to the baser of its original progenitors.

That the same process should occur, where half-breds are
inter-bred with half-breds, generation after generation, is inex-
plicable; but it is certain. Why the pure blood, w^hich, where
it exists unmixed, seems to be indestructible, should be incapa-
ble of a prolonged existence when mixed, and must, slowly, but
certainly, die out, no man can say, or conjecture. But that it
is so, is shown, beyond a peradventure, by the experience of
centuries in the system of breeding, and is confirmed by the
opinion of all distinguished physiologists.

Like democratic conquests, it can only be preserved by far-
ther conquests. Acquisition must be added to acquisition, or
the first gain must become a loss.

To this consideration I shall have occasion ere long to re-
vert, when dealing with the pretensions of what assumes to be a

36 THE HORSE.

peculiar and distinct family of the American horse, and again
when treating of the theory and system of breeding in general.

l^ow, briefly, to revert to the subject matter whence I have
recently been led devious, I would remark that the attempt
to reproduce the Scottish Galloway, of which I have spoken as
a failure, was simply the stinting clever, active, pony-mares of
twelve and a half or thirteen hands in height, purj)osely select-
ed for their shape, legs, feet, general soundness and hardihood,
and easy action, to thoroughbred stallions of the best blood,
chosen with as much care as the dams, low in stature, but bony
and close-ribbed up, with the flue heads and necks, the sloping
shoulders and thin withers of the oriental type,

From this union was produced a stock of extremely neat,
highly bred and finely formed animals, with pretty action and a
fair turn of speed. These are the animals which are used as
boys' hunters, up to the time when the aspiring Etonian or
Harrowite is supposed to be arrived at the supreme height of
liis ambition, the capacity to manage a horse.

I have myself ridden, in my younger days, two and three-
part bred Galloways, from an original pony stock, which, with
a boy's seven or eiglit stone upon their backs, were quite able
to hold their own and live, not perhaps quite in the first flight,
but in a very fair place, among hard-riding and well-mounted
men, through a racing run with fox-hounds, and win a brush
for their rider at the end.

On these same Galloways the young ladies of the family
learn to ride, while the masculines of the rising generation are
construing Homer, cricketing, or sculling wherries on the
Thames ; and ultimately, as the boys, promoted into men, as-
cend the backs of veritable horses, the girls obtain possession of
the little favorites, transmitting them each to the next younger,
as they, too, mount up to the thoroughbred park-hack, with its
darling bangtail, and become, ex officio, young ladies.

The larger and heavier of these become covert hacks and
roadsters for non-hunting, elderly gentlemen, clergymen and
country doctors; they are usually sure-footed — a quality which
they inherit from the pony mother, probably of Scottish or Cam-
brian mountain descent, — have good, round action, and a reason-
able turn of speed.

WELL-BRED PONIES. 37

If they increase to full fourteen and from thence np to fif-
teen hands, powerfully built, with short backs, round barrels,
deep, clean legs, coupled with lofty crest and carriage, fine
heads, the ability to carry fourteen stone, or upward, at their
ease, to trot fourteen, or gallop eighteen, miles in the hour,
having two, or more, authenticated crosses of pure blood, they
are called cobs of the first class, command immense prices, often
above a hundred guineas, and are intrinsically, apart from the
consideration of money price, extremely valuable quadrupeds,
and much sought after, by men \\\\o ride heavy, and who ride
much, on the road.

Still, they are not Scottish Galloways, nor any thing resem-
bling them — if only in the one point that the Scottish Galloway
could and did, and that the artificial Galloway cannot and does
not, transmit either its form or its qualities by hereditary de-
scent.

Of the other English or British breeds, it is needless to speak
at large ; as most of them are known and imported, though rare-
ly, if ever, bred in this countr}^ ; and the others, which are not
known, have no interest attaching to them, as having no espe-
cial utility or adaptation for any purposes here.

The former are the little Shetlander ; rarely exceeding
twelve hands in height, and often much smaller ; which, for
such an atom of horseflesh, has greater weight-carrying power,
greater comparative speed, and greater endurance than any ani-
mal in the known world ; and the larger and less finely formed
Highland pony, which, while acknowledged inferior to the
genuine Sheltie, still possesses many of its qualities, especially
its hardihood, sure-footedness, power to carry weight, and gal-
lant endurance. In neatness of form and limb, it is inferior, as
much as it is superior in size, to the Shetlander ; yet the smaller
of the Highland ponies are frequently passed off on those, who
are not first-rate judges, as their tiny northern cousins.

Their great good-temper, docility, and sureness of foot, ren-
der them the best of all animals on which to put young chil-
dren, and they are commonly used for that purpose in Amer-
ica ; the ass, which is decidedly better than the pony for giving
a firm seat and controlling hand, inasmuch as it is far more dif-
ficult to sit, and as it requires both a will and a way to

38 THE HORSE.

compel it against its own will, being liardlj known at all, and
never used for sucli purposes in the United States.

In England, it is invariably the first step, and it is curious
to see what power it gives to the young rider, who, having
learned his rudiments on the obstinate but long-enduring grizzel,
finds himself impregnably seated on a high-spirited pony, which
an inexperienced spectator would imagine infinitely the more
difficult to ride, and able to defy all its cabrioles or soubresaults
to unseat him.

A boy who can sit an ass, so that he cannot be kicked over
its head, can sit any thing, and is in a fair way to make a first-
rate horseman. Hence its extreme fitness for teaching chil-
dren ; its form rendering it very difficult to sit, its temper very
difficult to control, while, at the same time, its stolid and lazy
habits avert all danger of its doing more than depositing its
young rider gently in the dirt, and then falling to graze on the
nearest dock leaf or Canada thistle. It never shies, never
plunges, and, above all, never runs away. It is, perhaps, at
once the least dangerous and most diflBcult animal to ride in
the whole range of the quadruped creation.

I well remember the fun of a scene, which occurred at some
rural merry-makings in the park of a gentleman in whose neigh-
borhood I was brought up ; when donkey races being a part of
the programme, half a dozen young men, all of them first-rate
performers across country, and able to handle the wildest thor-
oughbred, relying on the fact, that they had all once been
donkey-riders themselves, undertook to act as jocks on the occa-
sion, to the racing neddies.

It was all very well at first, but when the tug arrived, and
the spur was exhibited at the run-in, up went the heels and
down went the heads of all the neddies simultaneously, and away
went the gallant jocks, yards over the long ears of their 9non-
turcs, who at once betook themselves to munching the green-
sward, much to the amusement of the lady spectators, and to
the delight of the ten and twelve year-old urchins — legitimate
owners of the neddies, and younger brothers, or cousins, of the
discomfited Meltonian jocks — who shortly after, legitinuitely
perched on the croups of the animals, delivered a sweepstakes,
which came off' with great eclat, among universal cudgelling

THE IRISH HUNTER. 39

and spiirnng, none of the riders caring an iota more for the nod-
dy's kicking up, than neddy cared for his rider's spurring, or
losing so much as a stirrup in the race.

Befoi'e passing to tlie next branch of my subject, I suppose
I should say a word as to the Irish hunter, as he is, in some sort,
a distinct animal ; not as producing himself from original pa-
rents, but as originating from a cross of the thoroughbred with
the native Irish horse, and as possessing a peculiar way of going,
which, at first, I presume, acquired in conformity with the re-
quirements of the country he is called upon to cross, has be-
come characteristic, and now appears to be native to the breed,
as it seems to be " to the manner born."

Tlie Irish hunter is in general a less highly-bred horse than
his English competitor ; not often, I should say, having more
than two crosses of pure blood, and is not unfrequently some-
what ragged in his shajDes.

He has, almost always, a good forehand and crest, not a
particularly ilood-shaped head, but bony and well set on. He
is so often goose-rumped as to render that point, in some degree,
one of his characteristic marks ; and, in the old day, if he had
Deen long in his own country, he was too often nicked, so as to
make him carry his dock curled over his rumj), greatly to tlie
detriment of his appearance, and tending to make him look
even less blood-like than he really is.

His legs and feet are almost invariably good ; he is apt, I
think, to be a little short and straight on his pasterns, but is
sound and sure-footed. He is quick, rather than fast ; nimble,
rather than swift ; a clever jumper, rather than a slashing
fencer.

He goes, owing to the nature of his country, wherein there
is little, comparatively speaking, of good galloping ground, the
soil being for the most part either deep and soft, or broken,
rugged and stony, far more within himself and upon his haunches,
and far less extended, than an English hunter. For wall-leap-
ing, where there are no ditches, he is unrivalled, though very
uneasy and difficult to sit ; taking nothing in his fly, but stop-
ping short with his forefeet almost in contact with the obstacle,
and then bucking over it with all his legs together, and alight-
ing not unusually on his hind feet — a practice, which, however

40 THE HOKSE.

Tinj)leasant to sit, and difficult to unaccustomed riders, unques-
tionably spares the back sinews of the forelegs many a severe
jar.

He is particularly adapted to the broken, rudely tilled, and
rugged country, in which he is used ; where stone walls are the
most ordinary fences, and next to them double ditches, with a
turf bank or dyke between them. These latter he has a partic-
ularly clever trick of spurning with his liind hoofs, as he tops
them, so as to gain a purchase whence to make a second spring,
thereby clearing the second drain — the whole fence being usu-
ally too wide to be cleared at a stride, while the turf dyke is too
rotten and insecure to admit of its being leaped, on and off, like
the somewdiat similar banks of Hertfordshire and Essex.

In England he is not a favorite, his mode of leaping causing
him to lose time at his fences, when the hounds are flying as
they do in the grass countries, and also rendering him liable to
jump short, in case of there being a large ditch, as there usually
is, to the stake and bound fences. He is, moreover, not gene-
rally a good water-jumper, which is a fatal defect in countries
abounding, as the best English hunting counties do, in large
brooks and yawning drains.

For American hunting, where hunting on horseback exists,
he is, of all others, the very horse required ; his immense jiow-
ers, as a jumper of height, enabling him to hop over the stiffest
six-bar Virginia rail-fences, as if they were nothing ; while the
woodland and otherwise encumbered character of the country
would render his want of speed of comparatively small account.

I know not how, or why, it should be so ; for I have no know-
ledge that Irish horses have ever been imported into this coun-
try in sufficient numbers to have any effect on the character of
the American horse ; but the resemblance of the two families
struck me, on my first arrival in the United States, nor can I
yet divest myself of the idea.

Tlie American Stud Book, from the earliest times, records
but tliree or four importations of Irish race-horses ; I myself re-
member but one, Harkforward,""-' the brother of Harkaway, by
Economist, out of Fanny Dawson, by Nabocklish, imported by
the late Judge Porter into Louisiana; and he died, almost im-
mediately after his arrival, of tlie bite of a rattlesnake.
* See Note C, p. 56.

THE COVER-SroE. 41

Head there, liowever, been many thoroiiglibred stallions cov-
ering here, it could not account for the similarity ; since the pe-
culiar points of the Irish hunter, in which the similarity resides,
are not those of his thorouglibred sire, but of his Irish dam.

It does not seem likely that Irish hunting mares should, at
any period, or in any part of the United States, ever have been
largely imported, as there has not, at any time, been a demand
for such animals ; and it is next to a certainty, that common
Irish farm horses never have been brought hither, as they are —
those of the native and indigenous type, I mean, unimproved by
mixture with the Cleveland bays, the Punches, or the Lincoln-
shire blacks — as wretched a race of raw-boned, straight-shoul-
dered, ewe-necked garrons, as a man had need to behold.

Still, the resemblance is so striking, that I am certain the
first impression of an American horseman, on seeing the gather-
ing at an Irish coverside, would be that two-thirds of the field
were mounted on American trotting horses ; while, at a similar
scene in England, he would be half inclined to set down the
highly-blooded and highly-groomed two and three parts bred
cock-tails, as gigantic thoroughbreds, until corrected by a fuller
estimate of their bone and weight.

And I could instance scores of trotting horses here, such as
old Top-Gallant, Columbus, Paul Pry, and in later days, Tacony,
Lancet, and others, M'liich have precisely the cut, to the life, of
an Irish hunter in a very high form, and which, I have no doubt
whatever, if thoy had been trained to leap and gallop, instead
of to trot, would have won their laurels as decidedly on that
field, as on this which they now occupy with so much distinction.

I now come to the American application of the facts collected
above, in regard to the different races, or families, of English
horses, which do, or did recently, exist in that country, entirely
pure and unmixed ; although it is not usual to apply the word
" pure " to any stock or breed except that of the thoroughbred
race-horse.

It will, of course, have been observed and understood, by
any one who has read, attentively what has gone before, that
the efieet of the improvements, brought to pass in horses of
every caste, intended for every purpose, in England, has been
to destroy and abolish distinct races, other than that of the

42 THE HOESE.

thoroughbred ; and that there is, probably, now in England no
breed or family whatever, entirely without mixture, in some
greater or less degree — some, of course, infinitesimally small —
of thorough blood, unless it be the dray-horse and the Scottish
pony.

There is constantly going on a prodigious quantity of that,
which Mr. Carlisle is pleased to designate as inai^ticulate howling,
over the decline of the good old English hunter, the excellent
old English roadster, and, in a word, of every thing that is old
in the way of horse-flesh.

All this is, in my opinion, the merest of stupidity — precisely
on a par with the regret, expressed by some wiseacres, for the
decline of the good old English squires, of the days of the first
Georges — the riders of these identical excellent old English
roadsters and hunters, concerning whose loss illce lachrywce.
These good old English squires, be it observed, en passant, were
generally ignorant, stolid, besotted, and brutal, to a degree com-
parable to nothing which exists in any class, however abject, o±
the present day, that is not positively vicious.

Rising at four o'clock in the morning, in the saddle and trail-
ing the fox to his kennel before six, they plodded along through
mud and fallow, on great hairy-fetlocked brutes, as coarse, and
slow, and uneducated as themselves, for eight or ten mortal
hours ; they adjourned from the saddle to the dining-room ;
whence, gorged with half-raw beef and venison, besotted with
October and punch, roaring out stupid or obscene songs, through
an atmosphere reeking with tobacco-smoke, they were carried
off, by nine at the latest, by their clownish servants, only less
drunk than their masters, to their beds, there to snore off the
evening's debauch ; and thence, on the next morning, by a repe-
tition of the past day's exercise, to earn an appetite for the next
evening's revel.

And this no casual occurrence, no picture of an accidental
or occasional lapse of a minority, but the daily habitude, during
seven or eight months of tlie year, of nine-tenths of the resident
rural i)r()prietors of this good old England, from the times of
Queen Anne nearly to the commencement of the present cen
tury.

During those dark and corrupt ages, the basest and most dis-

OLD ENGLISH IIOKSES. 43

creditable, to my mind, of any in the whole history of England,
all that there was of education, of grace, or of refinement, was
crowded into the metropolis, mixed even there with inconceiv-
able coarseness, inconceivable corruption ; while the whole
gentry, and, with a few rare exceptions, even the clergy of the
rural districts, were steeped in ignorance, imbrued with brutal
debauchery, and marked by a coarseness of manner and lan-
guage— even in the presence of their women — that has no
parallel at the present day, in the wildest frontier taverns of
the farthest South-west, in the rudest camp of California or Aus-
tralia, in short, any where among civilized men, unless it be at
a wake or a pattern in Galway or Tipperary, if the performer at
those celebrations can be called civilized.

In one word, I believe that there is exactly the same degree
of comparison between the English or American country gentle-
men of the present day, and the English squire of those dark
ages, that there is between the English and American hunter,
roadster, trotter, carriage-horse, and cart-horse, of the latter half
of the nineteenth century, and the corresponding animal of the
first half of the eighteenth ; and that there is just as mucli sense
in howling over the decline of the horses of that age, or pretend-
ing to desire their reproduction, as there would be in affecting
to desire to introduce the Squire Westerns, the Bumper Squire
Joneses, and the parson Trullibers of 1757, in place of the edu-
cated and accomplished gentlemen of 1857, on both sides of the
Atlantic.

Furthermore, I believe, that very much of the absurdly
exaggerated estimate which tradition has set on the mythical
performances of the horses of the olden time, on the racing turf,
such as Childers, Eclipse, and many others of the same period — •
an estimate which still miraculously befogs the judgment even
of men capable of judgment, long after it has been proved to be
founded on nothing — has its origin, in a great measure, from the
incalculable superiority of thoroughbred horses, even of ordinary
excellence, to the coarse-bred road-hacks and scarcely superior
hunters of that day.

To men, accustomed to ride Cleveland Bays, with no cross
of thorough blood, in their unmixed state, as the best style
of hunters, and to trot along the road on animals which no

44 THE HORSE.

teamster would now put into his cart-shafts, the pace of even a
very slow race-horse would naturally seem so enormous, that
one easily ceases to wonder at the spectators believing that
Flvinff Childers ran his mile in a minute — the rather, that there
were no means then in existence by which speed of that kind
could be tested ; and that a mile in a minute was a purely ideal
rate, which could be compared to nothing, and reduced to no
standard ; since there existed nothing on earth capable of being
tried, or, known to men, which had ever gone, or was capable
of going at that speed, unless it were a bird in the air, or a fish
in the sea.

How any sane man can persist in inquiring whether this or
that horse ever ran a mile in a minute — as we see by the queries
in sporting newspapers, that fifty, at the least, are inquiring
every year — when he has surely seen a railroad engine going at
something far under that rate, yet far above the powers of any
horse to rival it, one would find ditficulty in comprehending ;
if it were not evident that the credence which men give to
things, nowadays, is in the inverse ratio to their intrinsic
credibility ; and that, in a word, if any thing be disbelieved, at
present, it is not because it is absurdly incredible, but because
it is not sufficiently absurd or incredible to command credence.

Be this as it may, there is no evidence, or shadow of evi-
dence, that the early English race-horse was superior, in any
point of speed, endurance, or capacity of labor,, to the American
or English horse of to-day.

If there are, now, more rarely wonders that outdo all coii-
temporaries, it is that the general standard of excellence is so
much higher, that to surpass it extraordinarily is infinitely more
difiicult.

In every other class of horse, except the thoroughbred — the
hunter, the roadster, the trotter, the carriage-horse, the trooper,
even the team-horse — the improvement is not smaller, in the last
century, than that in machinery, and scientific applications,
during the same lapse of time.

i^or is it altogether true, that any class or type of animal
has wholly disappeared or become extinct in England ; or, for
that matter, in America, either, so far as it ever had any exist-
ence on that continent, unless it be the very coarsest type of

GENERAL IMPKOVEMENT. 45

cart-horse, or some fancy family of no general application or
utility, such as the Naragansctt pacer, or the Scottisli Galloway.
What has occurred is this — all the types of animals, even with
all the improvements which have been made in them, have
fallen down three or four stages ; and if the much bemoaned
good old English squires could arise from their lowly beds

" At breezy call of incense-breathing morn,"

and resuscitate with them Towler and Jowler, and all their deep-
mouthed, crook-kneed packs, with which to badger a fox to
death in a run of eight mortal hours, they would find infinitely
superior hunters to any they had ever backed during their lives,
going indeed not as hunters, but drawing the slow^est second-
class gentlemen's carriages in the coiintry, and the very best
beasts of their own precise class, in the better style of vans and
omnibuses, in the towns and cities.

There are hundreds of horses to-day in Xew Yoi-k carmen's
trucks, superior in blood, form, and powers of every kind, to the
best hunter that went in England in the reign of the first or
second George ; and the best road-hackneys of the same date
were not comparable to the smaller and lighter cart-horses of
the present day, such as go in the baker's or the butcher's wag-
on. So much for the croaking of the praisers of the age that
has just departed !

In all branches of equestrianism, speed has been for years
the end aimed at, in connection with the ability to carry weight
and to endure continued exertion. Mere weight and the ability
of dragging enormous loads at a foot's pace, have ceased to be
qualities desired or desirable, in the horse ; while quickness is,
and ever will continue, so long as time shall have its value, the
valuable consideration.

Whether the present modes of racing, either in this country
or in England, are the best devised to preserve the breed of
race-horses at their utmost perfection, is another question, and
is open to much doubt — doubt fully as great on this, as on the
other side of the water — the absurdly light weights adopted in
America, being in my opinion fully as detrimental, in encouraging
the maintenance of a wrong type of thoroughbred, as are the
short distances now run in England.

4:6 THE HOESE.

For my part, I could wish to see four-mile races introduced
in England, though without the reintroduction of heats, which I
cannot regard but as an unnecessary and over severe strain on
the faculties of the animals, and the return to nine and ten
stone weights, or 126 lbs. and 140 lbs., on the back of five and
six-year-old horses.

Whatever may be the effect of the present system in Eng-
land, as to throwing the weight-carrying thoroughbreds, capa-
ble of running four-mile heats, out of the turf and into the
hunting stables, I am not prepared to say; but certain I am,
that the system has not been in effect absolutely to abolish the
type of horse capable of that work ; far more certain than I am
that the system of breeding to carry extremely light weights,
boy's weight in fact, in the United States, has not been to pre-
vent the creation of a type or race of thoroughbreds, capable of
carrying heavy men in the field or in the road, with as mucli
distinction as they have won by their speed and undeniable
powei- of staying a distance on the turf.

On the trotting course, as on the racing turf, tlie tendency of
the age has been, and still continues to be, toward speed — but
in our trotting, as in English fox-hunting, neither the power to
carry weight nor tlie endurance to continue at Avork, is neglect-
ed. ]^or is there the slightest appearance of growing degeneracy
in either quality.

On the contrary, with the increase of blood and of speed,
the power of endurance has advanced, both in the hunter and
the trotter; nor in either has the ability to carry weiglit dimin-
ished. Of course the union of tlie three qualities in the latter
animals commands the largest price ; whereas in the racer, so far
as he is viewed as a racer only, and not as a progenitor, speed
and endurance for a distance alone are regarded. Even in
these, however, and even under the present system, the ability
to carry weight must needs enhance, and does enhance, their
value for the stud, as increasing the probability of their j^roving
the sires of the most serviceable and costly half-breds.

In every other department and style of horse-breeding, I am
convinced that the introduction of pure blood into all the old
strains has done incalculable good, and that every stamp of
animal through the country, has advanced upon the similar

THE NOKMAN HORSE. 47

animals of the last centuiy, almost as far as pure science or
mechanism has advanced.

And I should as soon think of regretting the progress of
mechanism, of naval architecture, of gunnery, of the arts, or
of pure science, as I should of deploring the dying out of the
obsolete races of cart-horses, of old English roadsters, and of
those equine elephants who wore as many bushels of hair at
their heels as they could move tons of coal or pig-iron at a dead
pull, and were, at the same time, incapable of going three miles
in an hour, with a feather on their backs or behind them, to
save their own or their owners' lives.

In the United States and British America, again, we shall
find that this process of absorption or abolition of all the old
special breeds, and of the amalgamation of all into one general
race, which may fairly be termed specially " American," pos-
sessing a very large admixture of thoroughblood, has gone on
far more rapidly than in England — the rather that, with the one
solitary exception of the Norman horse in Canada, no special
breeds have ever taken root as such, or been bred, or even
attempted to be bred, in their purity, in any part of America.

In Canada East, the Norman horse, imported by the early
settlers, was bred for many generations entirely unmixed ; and,
as the general agricultural horse of that province, exists so yet,
stunted somewhat in size, by the cold climate and the rough
usage to which he has been subjected for centuries, but in no-
wise degenerated, for he possesses all the honesty, courage, en-
durance, hardihood, soundness of constitution, and characteristic
excellence of feet and legs of his progenitor.

Throughout both the provinces he may be regarded as the
basis of the general horse, improved as a working animal by
crosses of English half-bred sires ; and as a roadster, carriage-
horse, or higher class riding or driving horse, by an infusion of
English thorough blood.

All these latter types are admirable animals, and it is from
the latter admixture that have sprung many of the most cele-
brated trotting horses, which, originally of Canadian descent,
have found their way into the New England States and New
York, and there won their laurels as American trotters.

Still it is not to be denied that there are, in different sections

48 THE IIOKSE.

of the United States, different local breeds of horses, apparently
peculiar, and now become nearly indigenous to those localities,
and that those breeds differ not a little, as well in qualities as in
form and general appearance.

A good judge of horse flesh, for instance, will find little
difiiculty in selecting the draught-horse of Boston, that is to say, of
Massachusetts and Yermont, from those of ISTew York and New
Jersey, or any of the three from the large Pennsylvania team-
horses, or from the general stock of the Western States.

The Yermont draught-horse and the great Pennsylvania
horse, known as the Conestoga horse, appear to me in some con-
siderable degree to merit the title of distinct families, inasmuch as
they seem to reproduce themselves continually, and to have done
so from a remote period, comparatively speaking, within certain
regions of country, which have for many years been furnishing
them in considerable numbers to those markets, for which their
qualities render them the most desirable.

I had hoped, on commencing this work, to be able to obtain
authentic and satisfactory accounts of these various families, and
to liave approximately at least, fixed their origin and derivation.
With a view to this end, I' addressed circulars to the ofiicers of
the agricultural societies of all the principal breeding States of
the Union, to whom I take this opportunity of recording my
obligations for the aid which they have rendered me in my im-
dertaking; but I regret to say, that the result has generally been
disappointment; for, with scarcely an exception, these most
useful societies being but of recent origin, and having turned
their attention rather to improving the present and providing
for the future, than to preserving records of the past, have in
their possession no documentary evidence whatever, as to the
sources whence their peculiar stocks have derived their origin
and excellences. All, therefore, that can now be done, is to
describe the characteristic points of the breeds in question, and
by comparison with existing foreign races, and by the collation
of such scanty notices of importations as can be gleaned from
periodicals, to approach, conjecturally, the blood from which
they are derived, and also the manner in which they have been
orig'nated, where they are now found.

me

j:^£j^.':^^f:^.:g:aE&t^::

/■..'A:.'.erierlOel.

HISTORY

OF THE VERMONT D R A U G H T- H 0 R S E .

In the first place, of the Yermont draught-horse, I have been
able, from his own locality, to obtain no information whatever ;
all the horse interest and ambition of that State, and indeed
of the Eastern States generally, appearing somewhat strangely
and injudiciously, I must say, it seems to me, to centre in what
they are pleased to call the l>lLoYgixn family.

The above cut is a portrait from life of a fine gray draught
horse, in the possession of Adams's Express Co. ; height, 16
hands ; weight, 1160 lbs.

Incomparably, however, the best light team-horse, or ex-
tremely heavy carriage-horse, and another yet lighter horse of
somewhat the same type, are raised in Vermont, and in Yermont
alone, in perfection.
Vol. II.— 4.

50 THE H0K8E.

1^0 persons familiar with the streets of New York can fail to
have noticed the magnificent animals, for the most j^art dark
bays, with black legs, manes and tails, but a few browns, and
now and then, but rarelj, a deep rich glossy chestnnt, which
draw the heavy wagons of the express companies ; and I would
more especially designate those of Adams & Company.

They are the very model of what draught-horses should be ;
combining immense power with great quickness, a very respect-
able turn of speed, fine show and good action.

These animals have almost invariably lofty crests, thin
withers, and well set on heads ; and although they are em-
phatically draught-horses, they have none of that shagginess of
mane, tail and fetlocks, which indicates a descent from the
black horse of Lincolnshire, and none of that peculiar curliness
or waviness which marks the existence of Canadian or Norman
blood for many generations, and which is discoverable in the
manes and tails of very many of the horses, which claim to be
picre Morgans.

The peculiar characteristic, however, of these horses, is the
shortness of their backs, the roundness of their barrels, and the
closeness of their ribbing up. One would say that they are
ponies until he comes to stand beside them, when he is astonish
ed to find that they are oftener over, than under, sixteen hands
in height.

These horses are, nine out of ten, from Yermont, and not only
are they the finest animals in all the United States, in my opin-
ion, for the quick draught of heavy loads — for which opinion of
mine I have a reason to produce in justification — but the mares
of this stock are incomparably the likeliest, from which, by a
well chosen thoroughbred sire, to raise the most magnificent
carriage-horses in the world.

In proof of what I assert, I will relate two circumstances
connected with this breed of horses, which have come under
my own immediate observation, and which cannot fail to have
weight with candid judges.

During the Canadian rebellion of 1837, the English force
being largely augmented in the provinces, two cavalry regi-
ments, with a considerable park of artillery, were among the
number of the reinforcements. The cavalry consisted of the

EASTERN STAGE COACHING. 51

First Dragoon Guards and of the Seventh Hussars ; the latter of
which, a light regiment, brought its horses with it from Eng-
land. The Dragoon Guards, which is as heavy a cavalry regi-
ment as any in the world, except the Lifeguards and the Royal
Horseguards, which are cuirassiers^ came dismounted, and were
all horsed from Vermont, with scarcely an exception, the Cana-
dian horses not having either the size or power necessary to
carry such weight.

I saw this magnificent regiment several times under arms,
after the horses had been broken and managed, and certainly
never saw a heavy regiment more splendidly mounted in my
life. The whole of the artillery was horsed from the same
region, and with precisely the stamp of horse which I now see
daily before the New York Express Yans ; and I myself heard
a very distinguished ofiicer of rank, who has won still higher
distinction in the Crimea say, that the artillery had never, in
his knowledge of the service, been better, if so well horsed, as it
was while in Canada.

It may be worth while to add, that the hussars, when ordered
home, as is usual, in order to save the expense of transporta-
tion, sold their horses ; but the dragoon guards and artillery,
unless I have been most wrongly informed, took the greater
part of theirs, and especially the mares, home with them, owing
to their superior quality.

Of the existence of this breed, therefore, there can be no
doubt, nor of its excellence. In the old days, while staging was
in its perfection in New England, before the railroads had su-
perseded coaching, it was the lighter animals of this same breed
and stamp, which drew the post-coaches, in a style that I have
never seen approached, out of New England, in Amei'ica ; nor
do I believe that it ever has been approached elsewhere. For
several years it was my fortune, some twelve or thirteen years
since, when Salem was the extreme eastern limit of railroad
travel, to journey a good deal between Boston and Bangor, in
Maine ; and, as I always preferred the box, with the double
object of observing the country, and seeing the horses work,
having, also, a tolerable knack of getting on with the coach-
men, who, by the way, were coachmen, on those roads, in those
days, not stable-helpers — each one coaching his own team along,

62 THE H0E8E.

as well or as badly as he could, according to the fashion of all
the other States in which I have journeyed — I contrived to pick
up some information, concerning the quick-working, active,
powerful, well-conditioned, and sound animals, which excited
both my wonder and my admiration.

My wonder! for that, in my stage-coach experiences in New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Upper Canada, from the
year 1831 to 1836, of which I had enjoyed considerable oppor-
tunity— having once voyaged in what was called, by a cruel
irony, the Telegraph Line, from Albany to Buffalo, through, in
three days and two nights — I had formed any thing but a favor-
able estimate of American stage-coaching.

My admiration! for that over roads, though very well kept for
the state of the country, which would have made an English
whip open his eyes, and probably his mouth also, in impreca-
tions both loud and deep, and through a very rough line of
country, so far as hills and long stages were concerned, I never
saw any horses, in my life, do their work more honestly, more
regularly, or more quickly.

The rate of going was nine miles, including stoppages ; to do
which it was necessary to make between ten and eleven over
the road ; the time was punctually kept — as punctually as on
the best English mail routes, at that time, when the English
mail was the wonder of the world ; and I have no hesitation in
saying that ten and a half to eleven miles an hour, over those
roads, is fully equal to thirteen or fourteen over the English
turnpikes, as they were at the time concerning which I am
writing. And I speak, on this subject, with the conviction that
I speak knowingly ; for, between the years 1825 and 1831, there
were not a great many fast coaches on the flying roads of the
day, on the boxes of which I have not sat, nor a few of the fast-
est, on which I have not handled the ribbons.

All these horses were evidently of the very breed and stamp
which I describe ; and I learned, on inquiry, that it is from the
region I have named, the northern part of Massaclmsetts, namely,
Yermont, and perhaps some portion of New Hampshire, that
most of the horses came, and that from those quarters, moreover,
is the origin of the horse of Maine, almost without admixture.

Whence this admirable stock of horses came, or how it has

THE DRAUGHT HORSE OF VERMONT. 63

been created, there is, <as I have observed, no record. I do not,
however, think it impossible, or even difhcult to arrive at some-
thing not very far from the facts of the matter ; if one look to
the sources whence he might reasonably expect such a strain to
be deduced, and then find that such sources are not wanting,
and that nearly in the proportion one would have suggested.

In the first place, then, the size, the action, the color, the
comparative freedom from hair on the limbs, the straightness
of the longer hairs of the mane and tail, and the quickness of
movement, w^ould, at once, lead one to suspect a large cross,
perliaps the largest of any, on the original mixed countiy horse,
of Cleveland Bay. There are, however, some points in almost
all these horses, which must be referred to some other foreign
cross than the Cleveland, not thoroughbred, and, as I have men-
tioned above, certainly not Norman or Canadian, of w^hich these
animals do not exhibit any characteristic. The points to which
I have referred, are, principally, the shortness of the back, the
roundness of the barrel, the closeness of the ribbing up, the
general punchy or pony build of the animal, and its form and
size, larger and more massively muscular than those of the
Cleveland Bay, yet displayiiig fully as large, if not a larger,
share of blood than belongs to that animal, in its unmixed
form.

The prevalent colors of this breed, or family, if I may so call
it, also appear to point to an origin different, in part, from that
of the pure Cleveland Bays, which, as I have before observed,
lean to the light or yellow bay variation, while these JS^ew Eng-
landers tend, as decidedly, to the blood bay, if not to the brown
bay or pure brown.

IS^ow these latter are especially the dray-horse colors, and
the points which I have specified above are also those, in a great
measure, of the improved dray-horse.

The cross of this blood in the present animal, if there be one,
is doubtless very remote, and whether it may have come from
a single mixture of the dray stallion, long since, or from some
half-bred imported stallion, perhaps got by a three-part tho-
roughbred and Clevelander from a dray mare, must, of course,
he doubtful. At all events, I sho-ild have little hesitation in
pronouncing that what I call the ii •. r draught horse of Yermont

54 THE HORSE.

has in its veins principally Cleveland Bay blood, witli some
cross of thorough blood, one at least, directly or indirectly, of
the improved English dray-horse, and not impossibly a chance
admixture of the Suffolk.

And to bring this hypothesis, which, thus far, it must be
admitted, is in the main conjectural, to something more like fact,
we find that so long since as 1821 a Suffolk cart-horse stallion
was imported into Massachusetts by John Coffin ; that in 1825
a Cleveland Bay stallion and mare, and a London dray-horse
stallion ; and that again in 1828, another Cleveland Bay stal-
lion, with two thoroughbreds. Barefoot, the St. Leger winner,
of 1823, and Serab, who unfortunately proved impotent, were
imported into Massachusetts by the late Admiral Sir Isaac
Coffin, no less distinguished for his patriotism than for his
eccentricity and gallantry, in the British service.

I cannot, of course, pretend to assert that the race of the
animals in question are ipso facto the descendants of these very
imported mares and stallions ; but when one finds, in any
region or district of country, a certain stock, be it of horses or
of neat cattle, of sheep, or even of swine, strongly showing the
characteristic marks of some well-known distinctive race or
races, and then ascertains that progenitors or progenitrixes of
those very races were actually introduced into that district, for
the avowed purpose of improving the native breeds, at a period
prior to any positive notice or description of the now existing
stock, he would hardly, I think, be rash in ascribing the present
family to the intermixture of the bloods of those ancestors in a
greater or lesser degree.

This view, it must be observed, concerning the draught-horse
of Yermont, which I have ventured to term a family, is not
intended to militate against the opinions set forth above as to
the possibility of creating, by intermixture of bloods, a family
which shall reproduce itself unmixed.

No such claim has been set on foot for the Yermont draught-
horse, although something of the kind has been attempted, con-
ceniing a single highly-bred branch or offset, as I regard it, of
the general stock of the region.

I do not even mean to assert that these horses can claim any
one, or more, individual family ancestors, common to all ; or

EFFECT OF IN-BREEDING. 65

that tliey have any such actual blood connection among them,
as should constitute them, in actual fact, a family.

All that I believe, or desire to j^ut forth, is, that there now
exists a peculiar type of horse of great merit for many purposes,
over a large district of country, subdivisible into some three or
four secondary classes, modified, as I should judge, by the pos-
session of more or less blood — I mean, of more or less thorough
blood of the English or American racer — yet all showing the
characteristics of the other English families which I have named,
and, I doubt not, having derived a part of their own peculiar
merits from each one of those families.

I believe that the mares of all the various classes of this type,
from the heaviest to the lightest, are the best brood mares, by
many odds, of any one class that I have seen in America, from
which to raise stout, hardy, sound, active, and speedy stock, for
all practical purposes, to well-selected, large-sized, bony, tho-
roughbred stallions. At any time, when the stock of heavier,
larger, and slower mares appear to be becoming scarce, recourse
should be had to powerful stallions of the native stock ; not to
be joined, as sires, to weakling, under-sized, high-blooded mares,
in order to recuperate the race — for that they will not do — but
to be coupled to the finest and roomiest mares of their own class ;
from which union will probably result something with yet more
bone and less blood, in other words, coarser than either parent ;
and this offspring, if a colt, when castrated, will prove a capital
team-horse ; if a filly, will be exactly what is wanted to stint to
the thoroughbred.

This is nearly what I believe to be the history of the Morgan
horse, as it is styled, when it was in its first prime. That is to
say, I believe it to be an entirely made, or artificial, animal ;
made, probably, in a great degree, in this instance, by the pos-
sessing a small portion of one particular strain of blood.

The perpetuation of that strain by in-breeding, or by breed-
ing from sires of that race, either with cold-blooded or hot-
blooded mares, I know to be impossible, for the original strain
must go on, from generation to generation, in a scale diminuendo.

But that the same stamp of horse can again be reproduced^
and reproduced ad infinitum, by having recourse to the same
system of artificial crossing which produced it, and that many

56 THE HORSE.

if not all its best qualities may be retained, or even improved,
hj judicious breeding, I in no wise dispute or doubt.

I now come to tlie second, and, in fact, the only other, now
existing, distinct type of horse known in the United States as a
breed ; I mean the Conestoga draught-horse of Pennsylvania — the
Canadian, when found with us, is, to all intents and purposes, a
foreigner ; and is rarely, if ever, bred on this side of the line,
like sire to like dam.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

• (P. 9.) Royal mares were all Arabians or Barbs. King Charles the
Second sent abroad the master of the horse, to procure a number of foreign
horses and mares for breeding, and the mares brought over by him (as also
many of their produce) have since been called Royal mares.

'^ (P. 10.) This is not true. The Stud Book is full of cases to the contrary.
Eight generations in long-lived families will carry you back a hundred and
twenty years, and in some cases a longer time.

^ (P. 11.) English juries have decided that a horse warranted thorough-
bred is returnable if any flaw can be proved in his pedigree — that is to say, if it
can be proved that his pedigree is not directly traceable, both on his sire and
dam's side, to an imported Barb or Arab. Timoleon's pedigree is well estab-
lished.

■* (P. 13.) They have also decided in England that no number of pure
crosses from a common stock can produce a horse warrantable as thoroughbred.
But it is held that five successive crosses of thoroughbred blood so far neutralize
the remaining common strain, as to render the produce nearly a match for any
blood ; and the proof of this is that in half-bred (or as they are usually tenned
Cocktail) stakes, horses the produce of the fifth pure cross are disqualified. In
America the same view is now generally adopted, and a horse of the fifth pure-
cross is considered a thoroughbred.

5 (P. 22.) Orville, the winner of the St. Leger in 1802, was a bay colt by
Beningbrough, out of Evelina, by Highflyer.

^ (P. 40.) Harkforward, imported by Hon. Alex. Porter, of Oak Lawn, near
Franklin, La. He did not die immediately after his arrival. Imported mare
Vaga had a filly foal by him in 1844, which ran at New Orleans in the spring of
1847.

HISTOKY

OF THE CONESTOGA HORSE.

Of this noble dranglit-horse, I regret to saj that there is
nothing more certainly on record, than there is in relation to
the Yerniont horse.

The above cut is the portrait of a fine brown Conestoga
horse, in the possession of Adams's Express Co. ; height, 16
hands and a half inch ; weight, 1440 lbs.

In appearance, he approaches far more nearly to the im-
proved light class London dray-horse, and Jias, in so far as I can
judge, little, if any, admixture of Cleveland Bay, and, most
emphatically, none of thorough blood.

He is a teamster, and a teamster only ; but a very noble, a
very honest, and a moderately quick-working teamster. In
size and power, I have seen some of these great horses, employed

58 THE HOKSE.

in drawing the canal-boats down the railroad track in Market
street, Philadelphia, little if at all inferior to the dray-horses of
the best breweries and distilleries in London ; many of them
coming up, I should say, fully to the standard of seventeen or
seventeen and a half hands in height.

In color, too, they follow the dray-horses ; being more often
blood-bays, browns, and dapple-grays, than, I think, of any
other shade. The bays and browns, moreover, are frequently
dappled also on their quarters, which is decidedly a dray-horse
characteristic and beauty ; while it is, in some degree, a deroga-
tion to a horse pretending to much blood.

This peculiarity is often observable also in the larger of the
heavy Yermont draught-horses, and I believe it is not unknown
in the light and speedy Morgans.

They have the lofty crests, shaggy volumes of mane and tail,
round buttocks, hairy fetlocks and great round feet of the dray-
horse. But they are, I should say, longer in the back, finer in
the shoulder, looser in the loin, and, perhaps, flatter in the side,
than their English antitypes.

They do not run to the unwieldy superfluity of flesh, for
which the dray-horse is unfortunately famous ; they have a
lighter and livelier carriage, a better step and action, and are,
in all respects, a better traveller, more active, generally useful
and superior style of animal.

They were, for many years, before railroads took a part of
the work oif their broad and honest backs, the great carriers of
produce and provision from the interior of Pennsylvania to the
seaboard or the market ; and the vast white-topped M^agons,
drawn by superb teams of the stately Conestogas, were a dis-
tinctive feature in the landscape of the great agricultural State.
The lighter horses of this breed were the general farm-horses
of the country, and no one, who is familiar with the agricul-
tural regions of that fine State, can fail to observe that the
farm-horses, generally, whether at the plough or on ^le road,
are of considerably more bulk and bone than those of New
York, New Jersey, or the Western country.

It is probable, though I am not qualified to say how far, that
the heavy draught of the mineral wealth of the State, may, iu a
measure, foster the use of a larger horse, the mule being, at

THE CONESTOGA HOESE. 69

least in those portions of Pennsylvania with which I am fami-
liar, less generally used for teaming, than farther South.

Of the Conestoga horse, although it has long been known
and distinguished by name as a separate family, nothing is posi-
tively authenticated, from the fact that such pedigrees have
never been, in the least degree, attended to ; and, perhaps, no
less, from the different language spoken by the German farmers,
among whom this stock seems first to have obtained, and by
whom principally it has been preserved.

It is much to be feared, that it is now too late to obtain any
satisfactory data concerning this, as concerning many other
matters of much interest to the equestrian and agricultural
world ; so long a period having elapsed since the arrival of the
early settlers, that tradition is almost duinb concerning their
advent, much more the nature of their importations.

It seems to me, however, taking into consideration the thrifty
character and apparently ample means of the early German
settlers, their singular adherence to old customs and conserva-
tism of old-country ideas, most probable that they brought with
them horses and cattle, such as Wouvermans and Paul Potter
painted ; and introduced to the rich pastures of the Delaware
and the Schuylkill the same type of animals, which had be-
come famous in the similarly constituted lowlands of Flanders,
Guelderland, and the United Provinces.

So early as 1775 a stallion named " American Dray-Horse,"
sixteen and a half hands in height, got by the " Old English
Dray-Horse," imported by Col. Francis, it is not stated out of
what mare, stood at ]^ew Garden, in Chester county, Pennsyl-
vania ; and if, as I am inclined to suspect, the Conestoga-horse
is descended from a mixture of the Flemish cart-horse with the
English breed, to which it bears so considerable a resemblance,
it may well be that this remote importation may be one of the
forefathers of the family, which, it is earnestly to be hoped, will
not be allowed to fall into abeyance, although the railroads
have deprived Othello of one half his occupation.

In reply to a letter, addressed by myself, to the worthy pre-
sident of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, who has done
so much for that State in the line of fine cattle, inquiring what
information could be afforded to me concerninof the horse-in-

60 THE HOESE.

terest of the State, and especially concerning the Conestoga
horse, I i-eceived the subjoined letter, from a gentleman, whom
he considered the most likely to assist me ; in which, I pre-
sume, all is embodied, that can be now ascertained.

Near New Providence, Lancaster Co., Penn., June \th^ 1856.

Hon. James Gowan,
president of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society ;

Dear Sir — In looking over Mr. Herbert's letter, which you
placed in my hands, requiring information, in relation to the
diiferent stock and breeds of Jiorses in our State, I find nothing
to which I can give any thing like a satisfactory answer, having
never paid much attention to the subject, and having no statis-
tics or records that will throw any light on it.

Having been brought up, however, in the immediate vicinity
of the Conestoga Yalley, I will impart what knowledge I have
of the Conestoga horse, or horses. The valley of the Conestoga
having been originally settled by Germans, who took a great
deal of pride in keeping fine, large, fat horses, and — before rail-
roads were constructed — their large heavy teams being em-
ployed in transporting their surplus produce to market, and in
conveying merchandise from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, those
teams attracted attention and admiratiou, wherever they went ;
and the region, whence they came, became noted and exten-
sively known, as producing the finest horses in the country.
But there was not, I think, any distinctive, original stock to
which the appellation of Conestoga could, with propriety, be
applied. Some sixty or seventy years ago, a horse was intro-
duced in this county called the " Chester County Lion," and a
great many horses have been raised from that stock. About
the same time, or perhaps a little later, another was brought
hither called the " English Bull," a large, heavy, clumsy horse,
probably of Flemish stock, apparently well calculated for heavy
draft. This horse struck the fancy of our German farmers, and
that stock was extensively bred for some time ; but experience
proved that they were sluggish, slow in their movements, and
incapable of performing as much service, or standing as much
hardship, as a smaller and more active breed. There have
been also several blooded or Enc-lish horses brouo-lit into Cones-

PRESENT CONDITION. 61

toga Yalley, which, being crossed with other breeds, have pro-
duced some very fine, active, serviceable horses, and all these
have been considered Conestoga horses. I recollect a horse
that was called " Conestoga Lion," but the name was only a
fancy of the owner, who resided in Conestoga township ; and
the horse was generally known in the neighborhood as " Ste-
man's horse ; " and, though many fine colts have been raised
from him, he had no more claim to the distinctive title of a
Conestoga horse than a hundred others.

Respectfully yours,

John Stkohm.

It will be understood from this clear and intelligent state-
ment, which is just what such a statement should be, telling
exactly what the writer Tcnows and surmising nothing on proba-
bilities, that the original or early horse of this celebrated local-
ity, when it first gained its renown, was of the heavy stamp,
which, and not the more recent improved type of the same stock,
I have described above as the Conestoga horse ; and that it was
descended, in part at least, from Flemish and English dray-horse
stock. JSTor is it at all impossible that the " Chester-County
Lion," spoken of, may be sprung from the loins of the dray-horses
specified heretofore, the dates seeming to corroborate the hypo-
thesis, as also the country whence he came.

Whether there was an earlier Flemish stock brought by the
Germans to that locality, or whether they merely raised the
standard and size of the horse by breeding, carefully and exclu-
sively, from the finest and largest animals, both dam and sire, is
not now a point worthy of consideration. That such judicious
and scientific breeding will produce its efi'ect after a time, with
whatever animal, down to a Bakewell sheep or a Suffolk swine,
is an indisputable fact.

It is enough that the family is there ; that it was created for
a certain purpose, and yet exists and is in demand for analogous
purposes, wherever such occur, to the present day. That from
this, as from all other strong, bony, cold-blooded stocks, highly
useful horses are raised by adopting the service of thoroughbred
sires, is merely corroborative of what I have written before, and
particularly in relation to the Yermont draft-horse. It only re-

62 THE HORSE.

mains to liope, that in improving the stock by the introduction
of blood, the breeding of mares of the original type, from parents
of size, power and shape, of the same stock on both sides, will
not be neglected ; for it may, I think, be taken as an established
physical fact, that when the mares of any family have degene-
rated in size and bone, from being brought too nearly to oriental
blood, the stock cannot be improved, or brought back to the
original bulk and bone, retaining the game qualities of the blood,
by the use of large coarse sires.

And this brings me to the Canadian horse, which I regard,
as in its unmixed state, and I believe very many to exist in
Canada perfectly unmixed, to be of the purest and best N^orman
blood.

HISTORY

OF THE CANADIAN HORSE.

The Canadian is generally low- sized, rarely exceeding fifteen
hands, and oftener falling short of it.

The above cut is a portrait, drawn from a photograph in the
possession of Mr. Wra. T. Porter, by Mr. Fitzgibbons, of the
celebrated Canadian trotting stallion St. Lawrence, taken at
the St. Louis Agricultural Fair, in the fall of 1856. It is
thought to be a particularly good likeness, and the horse him-
self is a fine type of this peculiar breed.

His characteristics are a broad, open forehead ; ears some-
what wide apart, and not unfrequently a basin face ; the latter,
perhaps, a trace of the far remote Spanish blood, said to exist in
his veins ; the origin of tlie improved ITorman or Fercheron
stock being, it is usually believed, a cross of the Spaniard, Barb
by descent, with the old Norman war-horse.

His crest is lofty, and his demeanor proud and courageous.
His breast is full and broad ; his shoulder strong, though some-

64 THE HOKSE.

what straight and a little inclined to be heavy ; his back broad,
and his croup round, fleshy and muscular. His ribs are not,
however, so much arched, nor are they so well closed up, as his
general shape and build would lead one to expect. His legs and
feet are admirable ; the bone large and flat, and the sinews big,
and nervous as steel springs. His feet seem almost unconscious
of disease. His fetlocks are shaggy, his mane voluminous and
massive, not seldom, if untrained, falling on both sides of his
neck, and his tail abundant, both Jiaving a peculiar criTinjpled
wave, if I may so express myself, the like of which I never saw
in any horse which had not some strain of this blood.

He cannot be called a speedy horse in his j)ure state ; but he
is emphatically a quick one, an indefatigable undaunted travel-
ler, with the greatest endurance, day in and day out, allowing
him to go at his own pace, say from six to eight miles the hour,
with a horse's load behind him, of any animal I have ever
driven. He is extremely hardy, will thrive on any thing, or al-
most on nothing ; is docile, though high-spirited, remarkably
sure-footed on the worst ground, and has fine, high action,
bending his knee roundly and setting his foot squarely on the
ground.

As a farm-horse and ordinary farmer's roadster, there is no
honester or better animal ; apd, as one to cross with other
breeds, whether upward by the mares to thoroughbred stallions,
or downward by the stallions to common country mares of other
breeds, he has hardly any equal.

From the upward cross, with the English or American
thoroughbred on the sire's side, the Canadian has produced
some of the fastest trotters and the best gentleman's road and
saddle horses in the country ; and, )n the other hand, the Cana-
dian stallion, wherever he has been introduced, as he has been
largely in the neighborhood of Skeneateles, and generally in
the western part of the State of New York, is gaining more and
more favor with the farmers, and is improving the style and
stamina of the country stock. He is said, although small him-
self in stature, to have the unusual quality of breeding uj) in size
with larger and loftier mares than himself, and to give the foals
his own vigor, pluck and iron constitution, with the frame and
general aspect of their dams.

HIS BAKB BLOOD. 65

This, by tlie way, ap2:)ears to be a characteristic of tlie Barb
blood above all others, and is a strong corroboration of the
legend, which attributes to him an early Andalusian strain.

THE INDIAN PONY.

Tlie various breeds of Indian ponies found in the West, gene-
rally aj)pear to me to be the result of a cross between the South-
ern mustang, descended from the emancipated Spanish horses
of the southwest, and the smallest type of the Canadian, the
proportions varying according to the localities in which they are
found, those farther to the south sharing more largely of the
Spanish, and those to the north of the Norman blood.

On my first visit to Canada, in 1831, I had an opportunity
of seeing great herds of these ponies, running nearly wild on the
rich meadow lands about the Grand River, belonging to the
Mohawk Indians, who had a large reservation on that river, near
the village of Brantford, which took its name, I believe, from
the chief, who was a son of the famous Brant, Thayendanagca,
of ante-revolutionary renown.

These little animals, which I do not think any of them
exceeded thirteen hands, had all the characteristics of the pure
Canadians, and, except in size, were not to be distinguished
from tliem. They had the same bold carriage, open counte-
nance, abundant hair, almost resembling a lion's mane, the
same general build, and above all, the same iron feet and
legs

I hired a pair of these, I well remember, both stallions, and
they took me in a light wagon, with a heavy driver and a hundred
weight, or upwards, of baggage, over execrable roads, sixty
miles a day, for ten days in succession, without exhibiting the
slightest distress, and at the end of the journey were all ready to
set out on the same trip again.

I was new at the time in America, and was much surprised
and interested by the performance of this gallant little pair of
animals. They were perfectly matched, both in size and color,
very dark brown, and twelve hands and a half in height ; and
where the road was hard and good, could spin along at nearly
nine miles in the hour. They were very merry goers.
Vol. II.— 5

66 THE HOKSE.

It was their wonderful sure-footedness, sagacity, and docility,
however, which most delighted me. The}'" were driven without
blinkers or bearing reins, and where, as was often the case,
bridges seemed doubtful, the bottom of miry fords suspicious of
quagmires, or the road otherwise dangerous, they would put
down their heads to examine, try the difficulty with their feet,
and, when satisfied, would get through or over places, which
seemed utterly impracticable.

In short, I became perfectly in love with them ; and, as the
price asked for them was fabulously small — considerably, if I re-
collect aright, under fifty dollars for the pair — I should certainly
have bought them, had there been any way of getting them
down from what was then almost a wilderness, though it is now
the very finest part of the province.

Whence this pony breed of Canadians has arisen, 1 am un-
able to say ; but I believe it to be almost entirely peculiar to
the Indian tribes, wherefore I am inclined to think it may have
been produced by tlie dwarfing process, which will arise from
hardship and privation endured generation after generation,
particularly by the young animals and the mares while heavy
in foal.

These animals had, I can say almost positively, no recent
cross of the Spanish horse ; but I have seen, since that time,
ponies approaching nearly to the same type, which showed an
evident cross of the mustang ; and I liave seen animals called
mustangs, in which I was convinced that there was Canadian
blood.

With this, I take my leave of what I consider the last of the
families of the horse, now existing, peculiar to America ; here-
after, I shall proceed to give some statistics and general infor-
mation, for which I am indebted to my friend Col. Harris of the
Ohio Cultivator, and to Messrs. A. Y. Moore and Joshua Clem^
ents of Michigan, and to Mr. J. H. Wallace of Muscatine,
Iowa, with various friends and correspondents of tliese gentle-
men, concerning the breeds of horses, and the general condition
of the horse interest, in the West. In none, however, of those
newly settled, but vastly thriving agricultural States, is there
anything that can, with the least propriety, be claimed as a dis-
tinctive tamily of the horse.

THE NAERAGANSETT PACER. 67

I pass, therefore, briefly to the consideration of what was,
while it existed in its purity — I fear one may now say, Avhile it
existed, in broad terms — a truly distinct, and for its own pecu-
liar use and purpose, a most valuable, as it was a most interest-
ing, curious and beautiful variety, or species — for it seems to
me that it almost amounts to that — of the Equine Family.

THE NAKRAGANSETT PACER.

This beautiful animal, which, so far as I can ascertain, has
now entirely ceased to exist, and concerning which the strang-
est legends and traditions are afloat, was, I think it may be
positively asserted, of Andalusian blood. The legends, to
which I allude, tell in two wise; or rather, I should say,
there are two versions of the same legend. One saying that the
original stallion, whence came the breed, was picked up at sea,
swimming for his life, no one knew whence or whither ; and
was so carried in by his salvors to the Providence Plantations ;
the other, evidently another form of the same story, stating that
the same original progenitor was discovered running wild in the
woods of Rhode Island.

The question, however, thus far seems to be put at rest by
the account of these animals given in a note to the very curious
work "America Dissected," by the Rev'd James McSparran,
D.D., which is published as an appendix to the History of the
Church of j^arragansett, by Wilkins Updike.

Dr. McSparran was sent out in April, 1721, as their mission-
ary, by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
Parts, to that venerable church of which he was the third incum-
bent, and over which he presided thirty-seven years, generally
respected and beloved, until he departed this life, on the first
day of December, 1759, and was interred under the communion
table of the church, which he had so long served.

In his "America Dissected" the doctor twice mentions the
pacing horse, which was evidently at that remote date an estab-
lished breed in that province.

"To remedy this," he says — this being the great extent of
the parishes in Yirginia, of which he is at first speaking, and the
distances which had to be travelled to church — " to remedy this,
as the whole province, between the mountains, two hundi-ed

68 THE H0E8E.

miles up, and the sea, is all a champaign, and without stones, they
have plenty of a small sort of horses, the best in the world, like
the little Scotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary journey to
ride from sixty to seventy miles, or more, in a day. I have
often, but upon larger pacing horses, rode fifty, nay, sixty miles
a day, even here in New England, where the roads are rough,
stony, and uneven."

And elsewhere he speaks more distinctly of the same breed,
"The produce of this colony," Rhode Island, "is principally
butter and cheese, fat cattle, wool, and fine horses, which are
exported to all parts of English America. They are remarka-
ble for fleetness and ^^'i^t pacing ; and I have seen some of them
pace a mile in a little Tnore than two minutes, and a good deal
less than threes

If the worthy doctor of divinity were a good judge of pace
and had a good timing watch, it would seem that the wonder-
ful time of Pocahontas was equalled, if not outdone, above a
century ago ; at all events, he establishes, beyond a peradven-
ture, the existence of the family and its unequalled powers, as
well of speed as of endurance.

To the latter extract is attached the following note, which I
insert entire, with all the quotations as they stand in the origi-
nal. These are, however, somewhat confused ; so that it is not
altogether clear, at all times, who is the speaker.

" The breed of horses, called ' Narragansett Facers,' once so
celebrated for fleetness, endurance and speed, has become ex-
tinct These horses were highly valued for the saddle, and trans-
ported the rider with great pleasantness and surencss of foot.
The pure bloods could not trot at all. Formerly, they had pace
races. Little Neck beach, in South Kingston, ot one mile in
length, was the race course. A silver tankard was the prize,
and high bets were otherwise made on speed. Some of these
prize tankards were remaining a few years ago. . Traditions re-
specting the swiftness of these horses are almost incredible.
"Watson, in his 'Historical Tales of Olden Times,' says: 'In
olden time, the horses most valued were jpacers, now so odious
deemed. To this end the breed was propagated with care. The
Narragansett racers were in such repute, that they were sent

HISTORY OF PACERS. 69

for, at miicli trouble and expense, hj some who were choice in
their selections.

" The aged Thomas Matlock, of Philadelphia, was passionately
fond of races in his youth — he said all genteel horses were
pacers. A trotting horse was deemed a base breed. All races
were pace races.

" Thomas Bradford, of Philadelphia, says they were run in a
circular form, making two miles for a heat. At the same time
they run straight races of a mile.

" Mr. I. T. Hazard, in a communication, states, that " within
ten years, one of my aged neighbors, Enoch Lewis, since de-
ceased, informed me that he had been to Virginia as one of the
riding boys to return a similar visit of the Virginians in that
section, in a contest on the turf; and that such visits were com-
mon with the racing sportsmen of Karragansett and Virginia
when he was a boy. Like the old English country gentlemen ^
from whom they were descended, they were a horse-racing, fox-
hunting, feasting generation.

"My grandfather, Gov. Robinson, introduced the famous
saddle horse, the ' Narragansett Pacer,' known in the last cen-
tury over all the civilized part of North America and the West
Indies, /row whence they have lately been introduced into Mig-
land as a ladies' saddle horse, under the name of the Spanish
Jenette. Governor Robinson imported the original from Anda-
lusia, in Spain, and the raising of them for the West India mar-
ket was one of the objects of the early planters of this country.
My grandfather, Robert Hazard, raised about a hundred of them
annually, and often loaded two vessels a year with them, and
other products of his farm, which sailed direct from the South
Ferry to tlie West Indies, where they were in great demand.
One of the causes of the loss of that famous breed here, was the
great demand for them in Cuba, when that island began to cul-
tivate sugar extensively. The planters became suddenly rich,
and wanted the pacing horses for themselves and their wives
and daughters to ride, faster than we could supply them ; and
sent an agent to this country to purchase them on such terms as
he could, but to purchase at all events.

"I have heard my father say he knew the agent very well,
and he made his home at the Rowland Brown House, at Tower

YO THE H0E8E.

Hill, where he commenced purchasing and shippiiig, until all
the good ones were sent off. He never let a good one escape
him. This, and the fact that they were not so well adapted for
dratt as other horses, was the cause of their being neglected, and
I believe the breed is now extinct in this section.

" My father described the motion of this horse as differing
from others, in that its back bone moved through the air in a
straight line, without inclining the rider from side to side, as
the common racker or pacer of the present day. Hence it was
very easy ; and, being of great power and endurance, they would
perform a journey of one hundred miles a day, without injury
to themselves or rider.

" Those kept for family use were never used in harness,
drafting stiffened their limbs. In the revolutionary war, trot-
ting horses became more valuable for teaming than pacers, and
would sell better in market, and could be easier matched. Af-
ter the war, trotters were more valuable for transportation, and
the raising of pacing horses consequently ceased. Only a few
of the country gentlemen kept them for their own use. In the
year 1800, there was only one- living.

"'An aged lady, now living in Narragansett, in 1791, rode one
of these pacers, on a ladies' side saddle, the first day to Plainfield,
30 miles, the next day to Hartford, 40, staid there two days,
then rode to Kew Haven, 40, from thence to New London 40,
and then home to ITarragansett, 40 miles more. She says she
experienced no sensible fatigue.

" Horses and the mode of travelling, like every thing else,
have undergone the change of fashion."

The latter reasons, I presume, assigned for the extinction of
this breed, are probably the nearest to the truth ; for one would
imagine that, how great soever the Spanish demand, and how-
ever large the prices the agent might be willing to pay, there
would be some persons of sufficient foresight to retain animals
enough to support a breed, which must naturally have become
the more valuable, the greater the demand for it.

The fact seems to be, that, up to the beginning of the pre-
sent century in this country, much as it was half a century yet
farther back in England, the roads were so bad, as to be, except
in the finest weather, wliolly impracticable for wheel carriages;

CAUSE OF TIIEIE DECLINE. 71

and that, except on the great turnpike roads, and in tlie immedi-
ate vicinity of large cities, private pleasure vehicles were almost
unknown. All long journeys, at that time, with few exceptions,
and all excursions for pleasure, for ordinary business, such as
calls the rural population to the post town on market days, and
all visitings between friends and neighbors, were performed, by
both sexes, on the saddle.

At that time, there was therefore a demand, not as a matter
of pleasure or display, but as an actual necessity, for speedy, and
above all, for pleasant and easy-going saddle-horses — since to
ride a bone-setting trotter, a journey of successive days, over the
country as it then was, would have been a veritable peine folate
et dure. ~^o horse, kept constantly at harness work, particu-
larly at farming work, can possibly be an agreeable, if even a
safe, saddle horse to ride. For the use of hanging on the collar
accustoms a horse to depend on it, as if for support, although
in truth it can afford none ; and, when he cannot feel it, he is
sure to bear heavily on the hand, and is likely, if not delicately
handled, to come upon his head.

Hence persons who are particular — not to say fanciful — about
their saddle horses, never allow them to look through a collar ;
and as, when the possession of an easy-going saddle horse was
a matter of as much consideration as that of an easy-fitting shoe,
every one was particular about his riding horse, pacers, when-
ever they could be found, were more than a luxury, and almost
a necessity, to men or women, who were used to be much in the
saddle.

The expense of this was, of course, considerable, since the
pacer was useless for any other purpose; so soon, therefore,
as the roads improved, in proportion tc the improvement
of the country and the general increase of population, wheel
carriages generally came into use, and the draft horse supplant-
ed the saddle horse. At the same time, as property became
subdivided among many heirs, the fortunes of the country gen-
tlemen diminished, and, in process of time, country gentlemen,
resident on their own estates, in aflOluence approaching to luxury,
ceased to be.

It was soon found, that, whereas one could not have a toler-
able saddle horse, if he were allowed to work in the plough or

72 THE HORSE.

draw the team, the same labor in no degree detracted from the
chaise or carriage horse.

Hence the pacer was superseded by the trotter; and the
riding horse from being an article of necessity, became one of
exclusive luxury ; to such a degree, that, until comparatively a
very recent jjeriod, when ladies again began to take up riding,
there have been very few distinctively broken riding horses,
and still fewer kept exclusively as such, in the ^Northern States
of America.

Probably, there never was a country in the world, in which
there is so large a numerical proportion of horses to the popula-
tion, and in which the habits of the people are so little eques-
trian, as the States to the north and east of Mason and Dixon's
line.

In a day's journey through any of the rural districts, one
will meet, beyond a doubt, a hundred persons travelling in light
wagons, sulkies, or chaises, for five — I hardly think I should
err, if I were to say for one — on horseback.

And this unquestionably is the cause of the decline, or ra-
ther the extinction, of the pacer.

For, although there have been, since my own recollection,
pacing horses in this section of the country, professedly from
Rhode Island, and called by names implying a l!»[arragansett ori-
gin, and although it may well be that they were from that re-
gion, and possibly from that blood, in a remote degree, they did
not pace naturally, because they were ISTarragansett Pacers, but
were called ISTarragansett Pacers because, coming somewhere
from that region of country, they paced by accident — as many
chance horses do — or, in some instances, had been taught to
pace.

It is a matter of real regret that this family has entirely dis-
appeared, and I presume without any prospect or hope of its re-
suscitation. In England, notwithstanding what Mr. Hazard
states, in the note I have quoted above, concerning the impor-
tation of these pacers, under the name of Spanish jennets, I
never saw or heard tell, having been among horses and horse-
men since my earliest childhood, of any such race of ladies' rid-
ing horses ; nor have I ever read, to the best of my memory,

THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS. Y3

of pacers, in satire, poem, or romance, as a feature of feminine
luxury.

In Andalusia and Spain generally, I have no knowledge of
a breed of horses to wliich that gait is native and characteristic ;
and if it were so, all the English military and many of my own
friends and relations, in my younger days, being thoroughly
familiarized to all the Spanish provinces during the course of
the Peninsular campaigns, I could hardly have been ignorant of
the fact. Beyond which, I well remember the question being
mooted as to the actual reality of natural pacers^ when, by the
mention of this particular breed of Narragansetts by Mr. Cooper,
in his " Last of the Mohicans," they w^ere first introduced to the
English horseman.

It would almost appear that various species of domestic
animals have their own allotted period of existence contempo-
raneous with the dates of their greatest utility ; and that when
the requirement has ceased to exist, the race itself speedily
passes away. For it would seem to require further causes than
the mere cessation of care in preserving any given species to
produce, in so short a space, the total extinction of a family, as
has been the case within the memory of man with several
varieties, both of the dog and the horse.

Of the latter I may instance the true Scottish galloway and
the Narragansett pacer, which it would seem have some claims
to be considered pure races, besides several of the coarser breeds
already noticed — the former two entirely, the others nearly,
obliterated from the list of horses now in use, or even in being.

Of the former, the pure Talbot bloodhound, the great Irish
wolf-dog, the genuine rough-haired Highland deer-hound, and
the old English mastifi^, not crossed with bull, do not, it is
believed, exist at all in their original purity ; yet on many of
these much care has been expended, in the hope of perpetuating
their breeds ; and efforts have been made to reproduce them
by a course of artificial breeding.

At all events, even if it were possible, as I am satisfied it is
not, to recreate these varieties of the horse, the attempt is not
likely to be made, for the age of long journeys on horseback, or
in private vehicles, has passed away for ever in the civilized
countries of the world ; and for riding horses of mere pleasure,

74 THE HOESE.

speed, style, beauty, blood, and action, not an easy gait and the
maintenance of a slow pace for many successive liours or days,
are the desiderata at the present time.

With the l^arragansett pacer I close my account of the dis-
tinctive families of the American horse,

I cannot be brought to believe that what is called the Mor-
gan horse is in any true sense of the word a family ; or, in plain
English, that the qualities attributed, and probably attributed
with truth, to the very useful stamp of horse, known under that
name, are derived from any one peculiar strain of blood, still less
from any one particular individual.

That one stallion, himself not a thoroughbred — or even if he
had been a thoroughbred, which is scarcely claimed for the Justin
Morgan — should be the progenitor, to the sixth generation, of
stallions, all out of inferior mares, or at best, mares of their own
precise strain of blood, possessing and transmitting the same
qualities of excellence, year after year, is an anomaly unheard
of, a pretence which has never been elsewhere put forward, and
one may say, founding the dictum on the experience of all time,
a physiological impossibility.

In another place I shall consider the Morgan horse at some
length ; for I admit that the animals so called have their merits ;
and then I shall endeavour to show what they are, and what they
are not ; but I cannot admit them to be a distinct, or even a new
family ; nor can I recommend the use of stallions of that blood
for mares of the same type, and still less for mares of higher
blood, with a view to propagating animals of the like speed,
finish or courage.

From inferior mares such sires will unquestionably produce
offspring superior to the mares^ but, as certainlj^, inferior to
theTYhselves / since of whatever blood it be that gives the merit,
the offspring must have one-half less than the sire. I pass,
therefore, for the present, to a review of the origin and present
condition of the horse stock of several of the Western States,
which, with the sole exception of Vermont, are becoming daily
more and more the great horse-breeding regions of the United
States, and in respect of numbers such without exception.

This review is made up of reports by most intelligent and
competent gentlemen in the several States, and their informatiou

MOEGAK AND BLACK HAWK STALLIONS. T6

may be doubtless received as authority. It will be seen, that
not a few of tliese doubt or deprecate the use of the Morgan and
Black Hawk stallions, to the disuse of thoroughbreds, and are
painfully sensible of the fact, that with the decline of horse-racing
proper, the race of horses must also decline. Whereof I have
much more to say hereafter

THE HOKSE STOCK

OF OHIO AND THE WEST.

In the early settlement of the Ohio,which was commenced near
the close of the last century and in the beginning of the
present, the original horse-stock, like the people themselves,
came from divers quarters — by far the larger portion from
Yirginia and Pennsylvani'a, while many of the settlers of the
northern counties, known as the " Connecticut Western Reserve,"
were from Connecticut and Massachusetts, and the New Eng-
land States, and also from l^ew York.

The settlement of Ohio forms a distinct epoch in the history
of American emigration, as previously had done the settlement
of the " Holland Purchase " and " Genesee Country " in New
York, by emigrants from the north of New England. The
settlement of Ohio was the second great wave of Eastern emi-
gration towards the West, as that had been the first, and then
there was a comparative lull until the tide set for Michigan,
about the period of 1827.

Tlius in writing the history of the horse in the West, we
must first name the origin of the men and the time of their
most rapid immigration, in order to get a correct clue to their
inseparable and most useful companion — the Horse. From
1815 to 1820 was the greatest tide of the New England immi-
gration, while that from Pennsylvania and Yirginia to Central
and Northern Ohio, was some years earlier, by whicli means
the type of the original horse stock of the State was more

OKIGIN OF THE OHIO STOCK. TY

generally fixed by the heavy Flemish bloods of the Dutch
farmers from Pennsylvania, and the lighter and better bred
descendants of the cavaliers from Virginia. Meanwhile Ken-
tucky had got in advance of Ohio in blood horses, and many
drafts were made upon that gallant State, which resulted in the
diffusion of some of the best blood, which now underlies what
are called the native stock of Ohio.* And as from this as a
centre have gone forth the recent tides of emigration westward,
the original type of the horses of Ohio has been diffused all
over the great "West, and forms the basis, which until quite
recently had not been disturbed or improved by the admixture
of any better blood, and I am sorry to say, of any better style of
breeding. For it is a notorious fact, that most of the early
settlers had no just appreciation of the superiority of a well-bred
horse over any animal called by that name, even though as
ungainly as a kangaroo, and bred downwards until they had
as little heart and loin as a newly dropped merino lamb.

Having thus briefly sketched the origin and identity of the
men and horses of this Trans- Alleghanian region, which gave
tone to a breadth of a thousand miles, I will now proceed to
particulars, in which it will not be necessary to include special
pedigrees, as this stock is sprung from notable animals whose
origin and performances are noted elsewhere in this work.

Of the blood stock first brought to the Scioto Yalley region,
were several mares introduced from the south branch of the
Potomac, Ya., by John I. Yan Meter, and later the stallion
"Spread Eagle," from the same region, bred by Abel Seymour,
and a close descendant of Gen. Cocke's " Spread Eagle," of
Surry Co., Ya., which was foaled in 1802, got by imported
" Spread Eagle," running back through Moreton's " Traveller,"
to a Spanish mare. The stock of this stallion seems to have
been most diffused and esteemed, of any single horse's ever
brought to southern Ohio. He was afterward owned by Felix
Renick, of Chillicothe, and after farther service in Ohio was
taken back to Hardin Co., Ya., on account of the popularity of
his stock in that region, where he died, upon the common, at an
advanced age. Most of the blood stock of this region runs back
more or less to Sir Archy.

From the same quarter came a few of the " Diomed " stock,
* See Note 1, p. 87.

78 THE HORSE.

principallj esteemed as saddle horses. In the adjoining vicinity
of Fairfield Co., was introduced the horse, known as " Printer,"
a longish bodied, low and very mnscular animal, a breed which
old Mr. Yan Meter says he knew when a boy in Virginia, and
which he says are nearly identical with the present Morgan
stock. Many of these animals were excellent quarter nags —
good in a short I'ace, but with too little bone for the muscle.
The oldest stallion of this strain in the country is now owned
near Lancaster, Ohio, and has won many a small purse in scrub
races.*

'Next to this portion of the Sciota Yalley, another point
of introduction, as contributing largely to fixing the style of
the early horses in Ohio, was that part of eastern Ohio, about
Steubenville, in the vicinity of Wheeling, Va., and south-west-
ern Pennsylvania ; and the horses brought in from those States
liave been of far greater variety in style. The first to be noticed,
was a large French draught-horse, called " Salisbury," from the
name of his owner, which bred well upon the heavy Flemish and
Conestoga mares of the Pennsylvania wagoners, who in that
day did the principal carrying business into Ohio from the east-
ern cities.

Another famous stallion of this region, was " Shylock," of
medium size and a good roadster. " Pirate," by Maryland
" Potomac," was a smaller sized horse, and belonged to the
class of running stock. " Chilton " was another favorite of the
" Childers " strain. Then came a class of horses which were
diffused all over eastern Ohio and western Virginia, whose popu-
larity even at this day is second to none. They are the " Tuck-
alioe," the " Hiatoga," and the " Timoleon." These are well
knit, livel}'- and serviceable horses. Most of the good mares in
eastern Ohio are based upon " Consul " blood ; the " Eclipse "
stock is also considerably interwoven, and the kindred of " Sir
Archy " and " Duroc."

In northern Ohio, which received the immigration from the
North-eastern States, the horse stock was quite miscellaneous,
and showed more ill-breeding than in the two sections before
noted. They seemed to be, in too many cases, the worst scrub
breeding from run-out English and Flemish mares, showing a
great number of narrow-chested, leggy, pale, dun and sorrel
* See Note 2, p. 87.

HORSE STOCK OF OHIO. 79

animals, without constitution or action. Many of the first
settlers brought tolerably good teams with them, but for want
of suitable stallions, the race was not kept up.

This is a brief and general Aaew of the horse stock of Ohio
as late as the year 1835, when the great speculative movements
of emigration from the East and immigration to the West, set the
world crazy to make money ; and, in the upheaving of business,
farm-stock took a rise with the rest. Hitherto, a few of the
best horses had been annually culled out and taken to eastern
markets ; and, as prices were not sufficient to stimulate to im-
provement, this had the eflfect to sink the general character of
the stock by the early removal of the best specimens for
breeding.

About the year 1840, the Bellfounder stallion, raised by
T. T. Kissam, of N"ew York City, foaled in 1832, was sent to
Cleveland, Ohio, by Lewis F. Allen, whence he was shortly
taken to south-western Ohio, where he stood two years.
Thence he was taken to central Ohio, where he stood long
enough to show the superiority of his stock, and in the mean
time the stock in the south-west, had shown such excellence,
that he was repurchased at $1,000 to return to Butler Co.,
where he now remains in a green old age. This stock has proved
capital for roadsters, and forms the best of the carriage and
light-harness stock in central Ohio.

Before this time, the stallion known as " Kentucky Whip,"
was brought to the Sciota Yalley, where he has left a fine
progeny, and died at an advanced age. In the same region,
was also introduced from Kentucky some Bertrand stock, which
did not however become permanently popular. And soon after-
ward, the fast boys of that region brought out some of the
Boston stock, which is very apt to turn up at this day, where
there is a call for something lively.

Gov. Allen Trimble, of Highland Co., at the time of which
we are speaking, was propagating the Eclipse stock in great
purity, and thus introduced a class of stylish carriage horses,
which were soon after still increased by the bringing into
Warren Co. of " Iron's Cadmus," the sire of the famous mare
"Pocahontas," and also of the "Walker Cadmus," now owned near
Wheeling, Ya."'"' Of this, or a more lofty style, was another cou-
» See Note 3, p. 87.

80 THE HORSE.

tribution in the " Claj Trustee," sired bj imported " Trustee,"
foaled 1845, and raised by tlie late Henry Clay, of Kentucky,
and brought to Ohio by John Yan Pearse, of Lancaster.

In the year 1847, Messrs. Wm. H. and Jas. D. Ladd, of
Jefferson Co., Ohio, near Steubenville, brought from Vermont
an excellent Morgan stallion, " Morgan Tiger," sired by David
Hill's "Black Hawk," and out of a Sherman Morgan mare.
With the exception of a Bulrush Morgan stallion, introduced
into Trumbull Co. by !N". E. Austin, this was probably the first
of the Morgan stock brought west for breeding purposes.
Morgan Tiger stood in Jefferson County until the season of
1851, when he was accidentally disabled and killed. His stock
has proved among the best of that famous race, embracing
about a hundred and fifty colts, which have mostly been sold at
high prices and taken farther west. On the heels of this popu-
larity, the introduction of Morgan and Black Hawk stallions to
the west has been rapid, until there is hardly a district where
they are not to be found, though many of them are only distant
relations of the famous individuals of that breed.

The prejudices of many -farmers are in favor of a larger style
of horses than the Morgans, which has led to the importation of
several animals, among which are two IS^ormandy stallions, one
in Pickaway Co., and the other in Union, which by judicious
crossing upon the best of the Flemish mares, produces a fine
large draught stock. Other gentlemen, desiring to keep up high
style, have brought in several famous old stallions, chief of
which are imported " Monarch," owned by Peber and Kutz, of
Fairfield Co. " Grey Eagle," brought from Kentucky by Messrs.
Smith, of Picliland, and " Bush Messenger," from Maine, by
Messrs. Ladd, of Jefferson Co. The Sciota Valley Horse Com-
pany have also the imported " White Hall," standing in Ross
and Jackson Counties, and the Butler Co. Horse Company have
*' Gray Highlander " and " Victor " from Kentucky. In north-
ern Ohio, besides the noted Morgans, " Onderdonk," " Napo-
leon," "Flying Cloud," Eastman's " Green Mountain," &c., the
trotting stallion, " Kennebec," in Trumbull Co., is owned by
L. Pelton, and the half Arabian " Hassan," got by the stallion
which the Emperor of Morocco presented to Pres. Van Buren,
and owned by Chas. Cornwell, of Salem, Columbiana Co.

DISUSE OF THE SADDLE. 81

This summary mention of individuals embraces only a few
comparatively of tlie best representatives of the horses of the
west. Many others of like strain or blood are equally worthy
of mention, but it is not necessary at this time, as enough has
been said to give a comprehensive view of the general origin
and style of the horses of Ohio, and consequently of the States
farther west, which have received their stock through this
channel.

The present number of horses in Ohio, as returned for taxa-
tion, is about 600,000, valued at $32,000,000. The last year
has shown a falling off in the number of horses returned in the
State, but the present continued high prices must induce a more
numerous propagation.

With the advance of wealth and cultivation in the country
has come the passion for fine horses, so that a handsome turn-
out is not confined to the gentlemen of the towns and cities, but
the farmers themselves delight to appear in public with as
good teams and carriages as the most fashionable aristocrats of
the land.

The sports of the turf have hardly kept up their ancient
renown in Ohio ; trotting matches are much more common than
races, especially since the introduction of the Morgans.*

The Queen City Course, at Cincinnati, the Capital City
Couree, at Columbus ; a course at Monroeville, in Huron Co. ;
one at Hayesville, in Ashland Co., and others more or less in
disuse, are what remains of the regular stamping grounds of the
Jockey Clubs. In place of these, most of the county agricultural
societies have well graded driving rings, to which the boys re-
sort for exercising their fast stock.

Aside from the regular exhibition and trial of horses at the
agricultural fairs, it is becoming quite customary, either for the
society, or an independent one, to get up an exclusive horse
show, some time in the spring or fall, where liberal premiums
are awarded, and decided for the most part on the ground of
speed.

The general introduction of carriages had nearly done away
with saddles, except in the most sparsely settled parts of the
country and with drovers ; and, in towns, it was difficult ever
to obtain a saddle hor&e at a livery stable, until an original idea

* See Note 4, p. 87.
Vol. II.— G

83 THE HOESE.

was developed by tlie exhibition of ladies riding at the agricnl-
tiiral fairs, which has grown so rapidly into public favor as to
have become an institution of itself, and the most attractive
feature of the whole exhibition.

The result of this practice has been, that gentlemen cavaliers
being ashamed to be outdone in boldness and skill in the saddle
by the ladies, have taken to horse, as escorts of the fair riders ;
and a taste for horsemanship once created and the facilities of
equipment at hand, there is a great demand for saddle horses,
both in town and country, and many of the best nags of this
class are in the hands of girls, who have trained them to an
admirable style of performance. The docility and obedience of
the highest spirited horses in the hands of a resolute woman is
truly wonderful. There is scarcely a courser in the country
that will not yield to a petticoat — even old Grey Eagle, that had
not felt the saddle for years, and was pronounced by his owner
impracticable, bore a woman proudly upon his back at the Ohio
State Fair in Cleveland, in 1856. And the fiery Hassan yields
kindly to the rein of his mistress, as he bears her over the field,
like the wind, with his wide thin nostrils, flashing eyes, and tail
like a great banner in the breeze.

The contagion of this stirring example of petticoat chivalry
in Ohio, has extended itself in all directions.* "Westward to
Iowa and Wisconsin, the ladies' riding has become the feature
of the agricultural fairs. Southward to Kentucky, where modish
belles first received the idea with prudish horror, the new pas-
sion has become fully inaugurated ; and eastward, in New York,
and even in old Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, in this
year of grace, 1856, have the long skirts of the lady equestrians
fluttered in the astonished eyes of the sons and daughters of the
pilgrims, while they — not knowing what else better to do — have
looked on with amazed delight and finally clapped their hands
in approbation of the new heresy. The petticoats have con-
quered, as they always do. So mote it be, for ever !

S. D. IIAERIS,

Ohio Cultivator.

* Equestrian exercises, by both sexes, have been time out of mind vory char-
acteristic of Keutuckians and the Southern States. — Ed.

THE HORSE STOCK

OF SOUTHERN OHIO.

Southern Ohio Lunatic Abtlum, )
Dayton, March 28ih, 1856, )

Mk. H. "W". Herbert.

Dear Sir, — My time is so miicli employed, that I find it
impossible to do full justice to your request. But I will give
you my own recollection, and as far as it goes you can rely on
it as authentic. My observation goes back to 1825, and is limited
to south-western Ohio. The original stock of horses was brought
from ISTew Jersey, Long Island, Virginia and Maryland. About
1825 some good stallions were brought into Ohio, but we have
no authentic date of any good brood mares having been intro-
duced. I^one were imported from England with nndoubted
pedigrees, prior to 1825.

Among the early importations of horses from the old States,
the first exerting a decided influence npon our stock, was one
Blossom thoroughbred stallion from I^ew Jersey, by Mr. H.
Phillips. In 1825, Mr. William P. Strader brought from New
Jersey two fine stallions. Defiance, by Ball's Florizel, ont of
Miss Dance; she by Roe Buck, &c., and Flag of Truce by Sir
Solomon. About the same time several stallions were brought
from Kentucky into western Ohio. They were by Cook &
Blackburn's Whip ; he by imported Whip.

A few years later, about 1827, a fine stallion, by imported
Expedition, was brought fi*om New Jersey, and about the same
time the Messenger and Imported Diomed* stock were also iutro-

* Messenger was foaled 1780, died 1808, aged 28 j-ears. Diomed was foaled
1777, died 1807, aged 30 years.

84: THE HOKSE.

duced. These horses stood in a part of Warren County called
the " Jersey Settlement," and their influence is still very mark-
ed in horses for all work. The farmers of the " Jersey Settle-
ment" are owners of the best stock in this part of the State.

In 1829 or 1830, Governors Mc Arthur and Trumbull brought
from Virginia some fine thoroughbred stock, descendants of old
Sir Archy and the Medleys, the best of Virginia blood. With
this importation was a lot of fine brood mares and the stallion
Tarifi", by Sir Archy, out of Bet Bounce ; she by imported Sir
Harry, &c. These gentlemen, McArthur and Trumbull, estab-
lished a large stock farm for raising thoroughbreds in Ross Co.,
near Chillicothe. The influence of that importation was very
great, and is still apparent in that region.

About the year 1831, Mr. M. Beach brought from New
Jersey and Long Island several fine horses and brood mares.
Among them, the Orphan Boy out of Maid of the Oaks by im-
ported Spread Eagle, &c. The Admiral, by imported Barefoot,
and several fine brood mares and colts from the stock farm of
Messrs. Bathgate and Purdy, New York. These stallions,
Orphan Boy and Admiral, stood in Hamilton, Butler, Warren
and Montgomery Counties. Their influence for roadsters and
all work is still to be seen.

About the same time, Mr. David Buchanan introduced some
fine thoroughbred stock from Kentuck}^, descendants of old Sir
Archy, and some of the most noted of his get, such as T3er-
trand's, Kosciusko's, Whipster's, Whip's, Hambletonian's, and
Spread Eagle's. Their influence is also apparent among road-
sters, hacks, &c.

In 1832, Mr. John Garner brought to this section the stal-
lion Kobert Burns, by Stockholder, standing for a number of
years in this and adjoining counties south, producing a very
durable stock. Many of his get, however, were affected with
string-halt, as was the sire.

In the same year, Mr. Peter Voorhees brought from Ken-
tucky a brown horse, Friendly Tiger, descendant of Cook &
Blackburn's Whip. This stock for " all work " had no superior,
and were particularly valuable for coach horses.

Cadmus, by American Eclipse, out of Dii "Vernon, she by
Ball's Florizel ; and Washington, by Timoleon out of Ariadne,

BLOOD STALLIONS. 85

she by imported Citizen, were imported from the old States in
1838. Washington stood in Dayton two seasons, getting some
of the finest stock we have.

In 1839, Capt. Riley's imported Barb horse Mayzube, was
brought to Ohio. Some of his get were very durable, tough,
hardy horses, as farm horses and roadsters.

In 1840, Civil John by Tariff, the son of Sir Arcliy, &c., out
of Mary Haxall by Ilaxall's Moses, &e. Good stock. Also a
Medoc horse brought from Kentucky,

In 1842 or 1843, Mr. William V. Barkalow, of Franklin, War-
ren Co., introduced Com. Stockton's imported horse Langford,
also ten or twelve fine brood mares and fillies, and established a
stock farm in the " Jersey Settlement." Among the mares,
both native and imported, were of the former Miss Mattie and
Caroline by Echpse.* These were of the best. The get of
Langford and Eclipse mares constitute decidedly the best cross
we have, all large, fine, good tempered, gentle and kind, and of
the most durable. We have at present very few well authenti-
cated pedigrees of brood mares in western Ohio ; the cause is
negligence, very little attention being given to the Register.
Also in 1842, the famous old horse Bellfounder, not more than
a half-bred, if that, took up his quarters in Butler Co. His get
are large, moderate trotters, looked upon as good coach horses,
of early maturity, doing their best at 4 and 5 years and old
horses at 7 and 8. Also the half-bred Archy Lightfoot, from
Kentucky, son of Archy of Transport ; getting fine, large coach
horses, early maturity — bays mostly — not lasting.

In 1S45 and 1846, two fine thoroughbred Kentucky horses,
Gazan and Marco, bred by Doctor Warfield, Lexington, Ky.,
both got by his famous horse Sir Leslie, son of Sir William of
Transport, he by Sir Archy, made three or four seasons in south-
west Ohio. The stock is stylish, superior quality ; both of the
horses are now in western Illinois and are greatly prized for their
produce.

Young Iron's Cadmus by Cadmus, he by Eclipse, dam by
Sumpter, son of Sir Archy, was bred in Warren Co.

This horse is the sire of the famous pacing mare Pocahontas,

* Miss Mattie was by Sir Archy, and was tlie dam of Caroline by American
Eclipse.

86 THE HOKSE.

now owned on Long Island. She was raised in this region.
Many of Young Cadmus's get are of the best we have. A stock
farm in an adjoining county has some fine stock, some of them
probably thoroughbred, but I am unable to give their pedigrees.

There is a stock farm being established in Fairfield County,
east of us. They have purchased of Mr. Lewis G. Morris, of
Mount Fordham, !N". Y., the celebrated imported horse Monarch,
also Fashion, and some others.

A trotting stallion, Cassius M. Clay, Jr., stood in Cincinnati
in 1855, but I know nothing of his stock ; he by old Cassius M.
Clay, he by Henry Clay by Andrew Jackson by Young Bashaw,
&c. Dam of C. M. Clay, Jr., by old Abdallah, the sire of Rys-
dyk's Hambletonian ; grandam by Lawrence's Eclipse ; he by
American Eclipse. Cassius M. Clay, Jr., is still living, the
property of R. S. Strader & Co. of Bulletsville stud farm, Boone
Co., Ky.

White Hall, a Messenger horse, was at Chillicothe, and a
horse called Highlander, in Butler Co., both doubtful.

There has been recently introduced in this region a small,
and I believe, very indifferent horse, claiming to come from Yer-
mont, and by the famous old Justice Morgaa. These horses,
Morgans of to-day, all that I have seen are very unprepossessing.
Square shoulders, short body, head and limbs, scrubby, not suited
for anything — badly gotten up and bogus stock in general.

Road horses for " all work " are mostly the produce of early
importations from the old States of New York, New Jersey,
Maryland and Virginia, The very best are the descendants of
imp. Messenger, imp. Diomed, and imp. Expedition. Draught
horses are mostly of the old Pennsylvania stock, large and strong,
built something like an elephant and will do as much in j)ropor-
tion.

As early as 1825, we had a few race courses. Annual fiill
meetings were held at Cincinnati, Chillicothe, Dayton and Ham-
ilton. The number of race courses increased considerably up to
1838. Since then the races have been published in the old
" Spirit." In the fall of 1838, the Buckeye Course, near Cincin-
nati, was established, regular meetings were held, and sport fine.
The contending horses, mostly from Kentucky, were Roanoke,
Bertrand, Arcliy, Muckle Johns, Woodpeckers, &c. About the

RACE-COUESES IN OHIO. 87

same time the Chillicotlie course opened anew ; tlie reports were
published, which can be seen by reference to the old " Spirit."
There were at that time about 15 regular race courses in the
State. Meetings were held at Columbus and Dayton every fall,
and racing was continued over these courses until 18-iG. There
were also some additions of new courses in the northern part of
the State. In 1846, however, it all died away, and has never
been revived.

The action of our wise Legislature has done this ; there is
not a single course in Ohio, where regular meetings are held for
turf racing. There have been a few trotting matches. The
Queen City Course belongs to Ohio, but is situated in Kentucky;
it is the only show we have. The interest that was becoming so
prominent in the raising of hlood stock, has subsided, and with
that of course our stock must depreciate.

In the eastern and north-eastern part of the State there have
been a few trotting meetings, but I can say nothing about them.

I regret that I am unable, for want of time, to send you a
more complete history. This as it is, I most cheerfully furnish,
and wish you much success for your commendable undertaking.
Believe me, sir, very respectfully yours,

JOSHUA CLEMENTS.
To H. W. Heebeet, ISTewaek, K. J. .

EDITORIAL NOTES.

' (P. 77.) Tlie great West has been supplied from Kentucky and Tennes-
see for the past fifteen years, which has tended greatly to improve the stock.
In many of the northwestern States large breeding farms have been estab-
lished.— Ed.

* (P. 78.) Printer, it is claimed, was by Imp. Janus, out of a thoroughbred
mare. Nothing is known positively about his breeding. He came to Kentucky
a suckling colt, and died in Kentucky about 1825 or '26. His stock were very
speedy for a quarter or half mile.

* (P. 79.) Cadmus, son of Am. Eclipse, was owned in Ohio ; he was the
sire of Iron's Cadmus.

* (P. 81.) Since this was written, horse racing and trotting have taken a
fresh start at Cincinnati, Columbus, Chillicothe, and various other points in the
State.

THE HOESE STOCX

OF MICHIGAN.

Schoolcraft, April 9th, 1856.
Henky Wm. Heeeeet, Esq., ISTewark, N. J.

Dear Sh\ — I have delayed writing you mucli longer than I
had anticipated, owing to not having received some letters that
I considered important. Perhaps those to whom I applied ha\e
thought it too much trouble to give the details of my inquiry,
therefore I am obliged to answer your inquiries much less per-
fectly than I would desire, not having an extensive knowledge
on the subject. Some of my own views I will set forth, and
enclose the letters of a few other gentlemen for your perusal.

The original stock of horses in this State may be considered
what we call the Indian pony — a very inferior race of animals.
Yet occasionally one, in the hands of the French settlers of
ancient date, Avould turn out an exceedingly fast pacer, or per-
haps fast trotter, but not to equal the time now given of trotters
of character. The introduction of horses from the States of New
York and Vermont, has been a great improvement; those
from the latter State have been of recent importation, com-
paratively speaking ; they are of the Morgan and Black Hawk
stock, now becoming quite celebrated as roadsters and fast
trotters. At an early day. Gov. Porter introduced some fine
blood stock from Pennsylvania, Lexington and Kippalo as stal-
lions. The pedigree of the former I have not. The latter were
got by John Richards, he by Sir Archy. I had one of the

HORSE STOCK OF MICHIGAN. 89

Kippalo stock, who was a horse of great bottom as a traveller,
and a hardy work horse, but rather small. " Bay Roman," kept
in our State for several years, a thoroughbred, got some good
colts, but too small, except for the saddle ; they were tough,
durable horses, but did not become celebrated in consequence
of lack of size. In fact, we have not yet had a thoroughbred
here that has produced the desirable size for the popular uses of
this State ; yet no very superior horse has been produced that
was not from good blood of pretty high grade.

Some of the stock of old American Eclipse has been kept in
the State, and these prove excellent horses for business, having
fine action and endurance. I have had two stallions of that
breed myself, one a son of the old horse, the other a great-
grandson. The latter was called Bucephalus, and was the most
perfect horse that I ever saw ; nor did I ever hear a person say
that they had ever seen a horse so perfectly beautiful. He was
got by Eclipse 3d, he by Long's Eclipse, and he by American
Eclipse. The dam of Bucephalus was got by Florizel. Bucephalus
was a horse of great bottom, and could run his mile in 1.56,
and keep it up for four miles. He was taken to California by
my son, and there died at the age of 11 years. I have five
filly foals, all from high blood mares, they are not only fast run-
ners, but are excellent trotters. ISTo stock of horses has ever
been introduced into this section of the State possessing so much
bottom, style and gaiety as these colts from Bucephalus, yet un-
fortunately they are too small for high prices to those unacquaint-
ed with their superior qualities. " Post Boy," by Henry, that
matched John Bascombe some years since for $20,000 a side, was
brought to Lenawee County in this State, some four years since ;
he was then 21 years old. What his success has been as a stock
horse I have not been able to learn ; but if put to good mares
must undoubtedly have been good. He is a very superior horse,
of good size, and at Long Island was one of the best runners ot
his day. There are many good horses in the State called the
Bacchus stock, got by Old Bacchus of Ohio, owned by Cone, who
was shot at a race-track, a noted horse-racer of that State.
They are the fastest horses for short races that have ever been
in our State, not large generally, bnt very strong and muscular.
I have the largest one, a stallion, that I ever saw, full 16 hands

90 THE HOESE.

higli, weighing about 1,300, ran fast for his size, a four-minute
trotter, and the best farm-horse that I ever owned. My neigh-
bor, Mr. Armstrong, owns the horse well-known in this State as
John Bacchus, as good a half-mile horse as I ever saw ; his dam
was " Printer." " Telegraph," owned by John Hamilton, of
Flint, Mich., is a full brother to John Bacchus, and said to be
equally fast. It is said they can run eighty rods in 23 seconds.
I cannot vouch for that, but believe it to be, at least, very nearly
correct. The Bacchus horses generally are road-horses, draught-
horses and running-horses combined, and I believe, if trained,
will make fast trotters. Some Morgan horses from Yermont
were introduced into Kalamazoo County some ten years since,
fine in their style and action, but too much of the pony order to
have been a real benefit to the country. The colts were small,
except where crossed to very large mares. Since that time a good
many have been brought into the State of larger size, mostly
from the Black Hawk part of the family, and very fine trotters,
some quite superior, of which I will speak again. H. R. Andrews,
Esq., of Detroit, and Dr. Jeifries, of Dexter, Washtenaw, have
got some very fine stock and thoroughbreds. "Bob Letcher,"*
of Lexington, Ky., was a very favorite horse of theirs, and died
last summer ; he doubtless will leave some good stock. For the
balance of the stock and performance, I refer you to Dr. Jeflfries'
letter herewith enclosed. I will say, however, that I have seen
the stock of Mr. Andrews and Dr. Jeflfries, and consider it of the
most superior class of thoroughbreds — especially Madeline ; being
very fine, and above 16 hands high, and every way well pro-
portioned. I believe her, in reality, the best blood mare that 1
ever saw. Within the last two years, a number of very superior
trotting horses of the Black Hawk stock have been brought into
the State, and Coldwater, Branch Co., appears to have the
best. Mr. A. C. Fisk, of that place, has been the importer of
three, which I will name. The first horse is now owned by
Messrs. F. V. Smith and J. B. Crippen, of Coldwater, called
Green Mountain Black Hawk ; he was got by Slierman Black
Hawk, exhibited at the jSTational Fair at Boston, and was next
to Ethan Allen in speed — 2.35. Green Mountain Black Hawk
is now coming 6 years old, nearly 16 hands high, and weighs
in good condition very nearly 1,200, and can trot in less than

* See Note 1, p. 99.

MORGAAS IN MICHIGAN. 91

3 minutes considerably. His colts are very fine and uniform in
their appearance ; lie bids fair to be No. 1 of this State, if not of
the nation. The next importation of Mr. Fisk, was Vermont
Hero, half-brother to the above-mentioned horse, the sire being
the same ; a larger horse, and perhaps as fast — but this is not
known, they never having been tried together — every way well
formed, but does not show quite so much style forward. The
third importation of Mr. Fisk appears to be his favorite. He is
called Black Prince, got by Old Black Hawk, and a fast trotter ;
a little smaller, but very handsome. Dr. Hayes notes a black
horse of his that is a good horse ; took second premium at our
State fair, and bids fair to be a valuable stock horse. William
Johnston, of Marshall, also has a good trotting horse, called
" Black Tiger," of some Morgan blood. I perhaps have said
more in this confused manner, than can be well understood. I
will now speak of some of the horsemen in this State, and their
success. Eben Adams, of Adrian, perhaps, stands first as a
horse-dealer, to make it pay. He matches horses, trains trot-
ters, and sells at high prices, as his letter will show, herewith
enclosed. H. R. Andrews, of Detroit, has good blood stock,
and is a good judge of horses generally. Dr. Jeffries also is a
good judge. Dr. Hayes, of Marshall, is one of the best trainers
of trotting horses, to get them ready for market. F. Y. Smith,
of Cold water, has a peculiar faculty to see an animal, and for his
practice is a first-rate horseman. My friend, J. Starkweather,
of Ypsilanti, is a good horseman, trains horses, and sells at high
prices. There are many more in the State, too many, indeed, to
mention, of the same capacity. There are but few farmers that
have made it much of a business to raise horses, and as a gene-
ral thing we have bought more than we haA^e sold ; but the time
has now come when great attention will be given to raising fine
trotting horses. Michigan feels capable of producing as good
horses as Yermont, by breeding from the Black Hawks and
Morgans. Tlie thoroughbred turf-horse is esteemed very highly
by some, and I am one amongst the number ; but I think to
cross them with the Black Hawk stock will j)roduce the best
trotters. I have been a breeder of blood horses myself, perhaps
more extensively than any one in the State, having numbered
as high as 48 at one time ; am now reduced down to 12, and in-

92 THE HOKSE.

tend to make the blood cattle something of a bnsiness hereafter,
as well as tine horses.

I will give you a list of stallions now owned and kept in the
State, which I consider very superior horses.

" Green Mountain Black Hawk " will be six years old in
July, is a beautiful golden chestnut, 16 hands high, and weighs
over 1,100 lbs. ; was bred in Addison Co., Vermont, and got by
Sherman Black Hawk — who trotted at the I^ational Show in
Boston, last fall, in 2.35 — ^he by Hill's Black Hawk, who was
by Sherman Morgan; he by the original, or Justin Morgan,
by True Briton ; by Moreton's Traveller, imported ; he by
the celebrated Croft's Partner, &c. ; Justin Morgan's dam
was by Diomed ; he by the Church Horse ; he by im-
ported Wild Air. The dam of Black Hawk was a large black
mare from Lofty by Wild Air ; Grand dam Doll by Wild Air ;
she was a fast trotter. The dam of Sherman Morgan was im-
ported, and a fast trotter. Sherman Black Hawk's dam was from
Messenger, Leonidas, and Bellfounder, The dam of Green
Mountain Black Hawk was got by Gifford Morgan ; he by
Burbank, who was the original or Justin Morgan ; grand dam,
a Morgan mare, supposed to be by Sherman Morgan.

It will be seen by the above pedigree, that Green Mountain
Black Hawk possesses the orginal Morgan blood, in such purity
as is seldom found at the present day, and descended through
two of his best sons, "Sherman" and " Burbank."

He combines size, style, beauty, speed and action, in perfec-
tion— very rarely found in one horse. Among his ancestors are
numbered the best trotting stallions ever known. He can trot a
mile under three minutes.

" Vermont Hero." — Black ; sired by the same horse ; dam,
a Hamiltonian mare ; fast trotter and of large size ; owned by
A. C. Fisk, Coldwater.

" Black Prince."— Black ; got by Old Black Hawk ; fast
trotter ; medium size ; stands at $25 the season ; owned by
A. C. Fisk, Coldwater.

* This pedigree as given, which I omit, is all erroneous. Moreton's Traveller
vraa by Partner, dam by Bloody Buttocks. See Catalogue of Stallions.

MORGAN STALLIONS. 93

" Green Mountain Boy." — Livingston Co. See Dr. Jeffries'
letter.

A five-year-old colt of the '* North Horse," at Lansing, a
very superior horse in beauty, style and action. Name of owner
and horse not known.

Mr. Starkweather, in his letter, speaks of two good horses of
that breed in Washtenaw Co. I have heard, from a different
source, that they are very good.

"Billy Boston." — Owned by H. R. Andrews, Detroit, and
Dr. Jeffries, Dexter. See Dr. J .'s letter.

" John Bacchus." — Bay ; 15^^ hands high ; very muscular ;
fast runner. Sire, Cone's Old Bacchus. Dam, Old Nell, by
Printer.

" Telegraph." — Full brother to John Bacchus, and larger ;
fine and fast ; ow^ned by John Hamilton, Flint, Mich.

" Black Eagle." — Black ; owned by Dr. Hayes, of Marshall.
See his letter; good trotter and fine horse.

" Black Tiger." — Black ; good size ; pretty fast trotter ; some
Morgan blood ; owned by Wm. Johnson Marshall.

There are three Morgan horses at Kalamazoo, brought from
Vermont, good travellers ; medium size ; owned by a company
and individuals,

" Old Post Boy." — Thoroughbred ; chestnut ; by Henry,
he by Sir Archy, his dain by Diomed, grand dam by Bel-Air,
Postboy's dam ; Garland by Duroc ; grand dam. Young Dam-
sel ; g. g. d. Miller's Damsel, the dam of Eclipse.

"Abdallah Chief."— Sired by Old Abdallah ; chestnut; a
fast trotter ; large, being 16^ hands high ; weighs 1,200 lbs. ; a
good horse ; owned by a company. In charge of J. Parish, at
the race-course, Detroit.

At Detroit there is an established race-course, which has
been kept under the direction, principally, of Mr. J. Parish ;
some excellent running and trotting has been performed there.

At Adrian there is a race-track, more for the purpose of
training than for general racing.

At Coldwater, the horsemen have a private race-track to train
upon ; no public racing allowed, but occasionally a match race
or trot.

94 THE HOKSE.

At Kalamazoo there is a race -course of two-thirds of a mile,
with petty races occasionally ; kept mostly for training.

At Marshall there was one, but it has not been kept up for
the last year ; also one

At Jackson, which has shared the same fate.

Yours, &c. &c.,

A. Y. MooEE.

Grand Rapids, February 29<A, 1856.

A. Y. MooEE, Esq.

Dear Sir, — Your favor of yesterday is received. I am
sorry that I' can impart so little information from this section of
our State which will be of any moment to Mr. Herbert. You
are aware that we do not raise any thing like horses enough
here to supply the local demand. Hundreds of horses are
brouglit to this place every year for sale from Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois and southern Michigan. We have now at work daily in
our streets two Morgan horses, which are known to be over
30 years old, and they are still hale and vigorous. They were
brought from Vermont. We have also several Messenger
horses, which were brought here at an early day, and although
they have attained a great age, they still retain then- vigor, and
plainly show the distinctive characteristics of the Messengers.
Most of our stallions have been raised here, although we have a
few which have been brought from New York and Oliio. We
have no thoroughbred horses in this part of the State, and l)ut
few stallions whose owners can show a well authenticated pedi-
gree. The only breed of horses which lay claim to fleetness, are
a stock known by the name of Bay Roman. They are small,
but exceedingly fine. There is no race-course in this section of
our State. If this meagre description of the horses in our sec-
tion of the State is of any consequence, it is cheerfully given.

W. S. H. Pelton.

Ypsilanti, March 3, 1856.

A. Y. MooEE, Esq.

I received your letter of the 28th February on Saturday, anc)
hasten to reply.

In that portion of our State bordering on the great hikes and

ORIGINAL STOCK. 95

rivers, wliicli was early settled by the French, the Norman, or
better known, the French horse, was the first introduced. By
long neglecting that judicious course of breeding which is a sure
guarantee for the perfection of this noble animal, they have
degenerated into a most miserable form, and lost the type of his
ancient prototype — though in truth may it be said, that he yet
possesses wonderful powers of endurance on scanty fare — and
have proved themselves superior to our English horses, for jour-
neying across our plains to the Pacific. High grooming adds but
little to their qualities, while with the better bred horse it is all-
important, and nine times in ten proper fitting and training wins
the race. It is desirable that some skilful hand should yet
awake from his Rip Van Winkle sleep, and cause this breed of
horses to take a more prominent position in the family of his
kind. They are well adapted for most kinds of farm work, and
possess the advantages of thorough acclimatizing, longevity,
soundness of limb, and docility ; they are, however, below the
medium size, wanting of action and of that gay appearance
which fills the eye of the connoisseur. They may be emphatically
termed the poor man's horse, and are hence, if hence only, a
desirable family.

Our best breed of horses in this county formerly came from
the Middle and Eastern States. Occasionally can be met one
that shows his breeding from Messenger all over. They are,
however, rare ; we almost reverence such an animal. The tales
of our father, now no more, instinctively rushes in memory, con-
cerning his faithful and enduring Messenger, while a soldier in
his country' service. IS^ever will our hand forget to imitate his
example, in showing kind and gentle treatment to this noble
animal. The Messenger stock has indelibly stamped its excel-
lence on most of our first-class horses ; though we have none
here that can show their pedigree with certainty. Our county
also, previous to the introduction of the blood horses owned
by Mr. Andrews, struck out of the list of premiums this class,
simply from the fact that none could show reliable pedigrees.
Moreover, the animal's appearance, when exhibited, belied the
thoroughbred parentage claimed by his owner. Thus it will be
Been that our horses are of no known parentage ; yet we have
many good horses, and some of them have shown speed. " Frank

96 THE HOKSE.

Hajs " was bred in this county. " Shave Tail, or the Cincinnati
Pet," was also raised here, from a French mare and Hamilton's
" Hickory," the latter claiming thorough blood, but we doubt
it. Nothing is known of Frank Hays's parentage ; he possessed
wonderful foot, but would choke down, consequently was not
reliable on the turf. Old Bay Roman was owned at Plymouth,
in Wayne county, for ten or twelve years ; he was undoubtedly
thoroughbred, having run his mile in less time than any horse
on record in this country — so says the Spirit of the Times,* As a
stock-getter, he was inferior, and but few can boast of improve-
ment by using him, many of his colts failing in the limbs.

The most noted stallions in this county at the present time
are those claiming Black Hawk Morgan as their sire. One at this
place, owned by Mr. Turner, can trot his mile in three minutes,
full 15^ hands high, and weighs 1100 pounds in medium condi-
tion. Good horse judges look at him favorably, and freely ex-
press their opinion that his stock will be an improvement. It
must be admitted, however, that such opinions are not always
sure indications of such an event. It is one thing to express
ourselves regarding the improvement of the horse ; it is quite
another thing — and much more difficult — to accomplish the task.
There is also one owned by Mr. Newland, of Ann Arbor, much
similar to the one I have described, and a full size larger ; they
are, doubtless, as represented by their owners. Besides, there
is the chestnut stallion owned by Mr. Andrews of Detroit ; he
is now in the possession of Doct. Jeffries, of Dexter, being the
only animal of his class that has recently come under my ob-
servation, which I think worthy of special notice. There are
no other horses in this section, I know of, possessing distinct
characteristics, except those named. There is no race-course in
this county, but there is one at Adrian.

Gov. Porter, while Michigan Territorial Governor, introduced
several thoroughbred horses from the South ; but this worthy
enterprise proved of little advantage, in consequence of the
death of Gov. Pointer, which occurred shortly after their intro-
duction. The late Thomas Shelden, Esq., regarded them with
high favor, and made strenuous efforts to have farmers cross
them on our common mares. Tliey were, however, viewed with
distrust by the majority. Thus his efforts were of no permanent

* See Note 2, p. 99.

CONSTELLATION. 97

benefit. A portion of the stock were tcaken back Soutli ; tliose
retained here were Lexington and Kippalo, the former a brown
horse, the latter grey. Lexington produced some excellent
market horses. It has long been my opinion tliat an infusion
of the thoroughbred English race-horse blood is indispensable
to the perpetuity of first-class horses in this country, even for
general purposes ; and it is to be regretted that so little skill is
manifested in the science of breeding them here. In sheep-
husbandry and tlie science of breeding them, we are a match
for our contemporaries of the Old World ; but ^vlien we come
to liorses, neat stock, and swine, we are deficient. Many claim
that our horses are fully equal, in the aggregate, to those of any
other country. This may be so. One thing-is certain — that we
arc at a loss to give their history ; hence it may be inferred that
their excellence is as likely to be the result of chance as of skil-
ful breeding. If frequent crossing be of permanent benefit, we
are entitled to much praise, for it is seldom that a farmer puts
his mare to the same horse the second time.
Yours truly.

Adrian, March 3, 1856.

A. Y. MooEE, Esq.

Sh\ — Y'ours of 27th February is at Iiand, and contents no-
ticed ; but I must say that I am not in possession of the neces-
sary informatiou to assist you much in your undertaking. Still,
I might say wc are much in want of blood horses in our county.
There is a sorrel horse that is owned by a Mr. Bemas, of this
county, called Constellation, said to be thoroughbred, brought
here last spring by a Mr. Mason, now in Detroit. In Cold
Water, Branch County, Mr. A. C. Fisk has two Black Hawk
stallions ; also Frederick Smith has a nice stallion, said to be
good blooded. I have no stallion at the present time. I have
a pair of bays valued at $2000 ; also a pair of bays, $1500 ;
also a pair of greys, $1200 ; also a pair of blacks, $800 ; also,
some half dozen nice single horses, ranging in value from $250 to
$600 a piece. I sold a pair of bays four years ago to S. Douglas
for $1000 ; also, a year ago last December, a large prime pair
of brown geldings to N". C. Baldwin, of Cleveland, for $1200 ;
Vol. II.— 7

98 THE HORSE.

also this last fall I sold a gelding, Chatauque Chief, to Mr,

James Carlisle, of Toledo, Ohio, for .... $2500

Also Charley Howard, a brown gelding trotter, . 1500

Also a brown trotting gelding, Dan. Barrett, . . 450

Also a black gelding trotter, called Frank Hubbard, . 600

And a brown mare trotter, called Olive Rose, . . 600

$5650
A pretty good stable of speed, all of which can spoil three min-
utes in harness on the trot.

There is a race course on my farm, established three years
ago, called the Prairie Trotting Course, which has and is doing
very much to improve stock of horses in this county.

Yours truly, E. Adams.

Dexter, 3Iarch 22, 1856.

Andrew Y. Moore, Esq.

Dear Sir, — It is with much pleasure that I comply with
your request, to give you the pedigree and performances of the
blood stock owned by Mr: H. R. Andrews and myself. You
must excuse the delay ; it was in consequence of my absence in
the northern wilds of Michigan.

I will commence with Bob Letcher. Bob Letcher, b, h,, by
Medoc, dam by Rattler. The only race of Bob's that I have a
record of is reported in Mason's Stud Book, and was run on tlie
Lexington Course, Kentuck}^, May 26, 1843 ; three-mile heats ;
time, 5.52 — 5.46 — 6.12 — 5.51. His time in other races can be
found in the old " Spirit of the Times." Died ^ov., 1855.

Madeline, s. m., foaled 1849. By Boston, dam Magnolia, by
imp. Glencoe, owned by J. M. Clay, Lexington, Ky. Time on
Hamtramck Course, 1853, mile heats, best three in five, 1.49 —
1.48— 1.4T. Two miles, 3.42^-, same year. Two miles, 3.50 —
8.49, 1855.

Hebe, b, m., foaled in 1849. By Berthune,* dam sister of
Alice Carneal, the dam of Lexington. Time, best three in five,
mile heats, on Adrian Course, Michigan, 1.53 — 1.55 — 1.53 —
October, 1854.

Dora, s. m., foaled 1850, By Boston, dam Moonlight, by
imp. Emancipation, her dam the dam of Donna Maria.

* Bcrtlmnc, Alice Carneal had no sister. Ilebe was out of Marigold by Sir
Leslie, half sister to Alice Carneal.

MB. JEFFKIES' STOCK. 99

Fniy, s. m., foaled Marcli 4tli, 1851. By Altorf, dam Ly
Imp. Stamboul, g. dam by Sumpter. Time, best three in five,
mile heats, 1.49—1.50—151.

Madeline, Hebe, and Dora, are in foal by Bob Letcher,

Billy Boston was got by Boston, but I have not the certificate
of his pedigree in full. It was given to the commissioner at the
State Fair in 1854, and not returned. I will write to Mr. Black-
burn, of Kentucky, who bred him, and procure his pedigree,
which I will send to you as soon as I receive it. Boston will
stand for mares at my stable the coming season. I consider him
the best horse now in Michigan, but it is quite unnecessary for
me to give an opinion as to the merits of a horse that you have
seen. You being a much better judge than myself.

There is a very good horse at Ann Arbor. lie was got by
old Black Hawk. There is also a very superior Morgan horse
owned by an association of gentlemen of Livingston County.
He. is good size, fine style, and superior action. He is called
" Green Mountain Boy ;" was got by old Green Mountain Boy ;
he by Sherman Morgan. These are the only horses of superior
merit in this vicinity.

If you wish any farther ]3articulars regarding my stock, or
the horses in this vicinity, I shall be very happy to furnish any
information within my reach.

Yours, respectfully, Chas. A. Jeffkies.

EDITOKIAL NOTES.

^ (P. 90.) Bob Letcher by Medoc, son of Am. Eclipse, dam by Thornton's
Rattler.

' (P. 96.) Bay Roman has no tuvf record, and never ran a fast heat or race.

THE

HORSE STOCK OF IOWA.

Secretary's Office, Muscatine, February 21, 1856.
Mk. Herbert,

Dear Sir, — Your favor of tlie 28tli ult., addressed to tlie
Secretary of our State Society, readied me tliis evening, througli
tlie politeness of Mr. Warden of Ottumna, in this State, to
\vlioni it appears to liave been addressed.

Your enterprise is an excellent one, and permit me most
heartily to wish you entire success. Such a work is much
needed.

In a few days I will endeavor to give you all the informa-
tion that is within my reach ; bnt it will necessarily be very
meagre, and probably unsatisfactory. At the present time, I
do not believe there is a thoroughbred in the State, and it is
doubtful whether ever there was one in the State. My impres-
sion is, however, that as early as 1838-40, one man brought
Bome three or four stallions, which have been bred with com-
mon mares until there is very little good blood perceptible.

Within the last two years, a very commendable ambition is
prevalent to improve this noble animal, which has set princi-
pally in the direction of the Vermont Black Hawks and Mor-
gans.*

I take the liberty of enclosing you a cut of a horse f of my

* Ethan Allen, owned by J. II. Wallace, Muscatine, Iowa. By old Black Ilawk,
he by Sherman Morgan, it is not stated whether S. M, 1 or 2. Dam by Tippoo Saib,
he by old Duroc — not the race-horse Tippoo Saib.

•]• This cut represents a very fine and stylish horse, in slow action, exhibiting
mist of the points which are claimed as peculiar to the Morgans — the high crest,

IOWA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 101

own, wliicli by judges is said to be an excellent likeness, except
the head, which is too low to represent his style, and not just
the right shape. And — pardon me for saying so — he is the
fastest stallion in the State. He has never been trained, but
does his mile in 2.50 very nicely.
You will hear from me soon.

Yours truly, J. II. "Wallace,

Sec. Iowa State Agr. Soc'y.

P. S. — I also enclose you a slip showing the action of our
State Society on the breed of horses. J. H. W.

PKOVE THE BREED OF YOUR HORSES.

Iowa State Agricultural Society, Secretary's Office, )
Muscatine, February 2, 1856. f

Mr. Editor,

The Directors of the Iowa State Agricultural Society at the
last Annual Fair, passed the following resolutions ; —

^^liesolved^ That the owners of stallions in this State, claiming
either that their horses are ' thoroughbred,' or belong to a par-
ticular distinguished family of horses, be required to file an
authenticated copy of their pedigree — so far as they may be
able to obtain it — with the Recording Secretarj^ of the Society.

^^Mesolved, That every newspaper in the State favorable to
the improvement of stock, be requested to publish the foregoing
resolution."

It may not be improper to remark, that the action of the
Directory on this subject was had with a view to correct an evil
which, it is feared, exists in many portions of the State. It is
known that there is a very general fever for the introduction
of horses of the Messenger, the Black Hawk, and the Morgan
families. This arises from the fact that good specimens of
any of these families, as well as some others not enumerated,
bring enormous prices in all portions of the country, for the
purpose of improving the breed. The Directory do not nnder-

well-set-on head, powerful chest and shoulders, round barrel, and deep quartei-s.
It was not, however, found possible to add a cut of this fine and showy stallion to
our list of illustrations, for reasons above stated.

102 THE HOKSE.

take to decide whether this is wise or unwise, or whether these
families are any better than many others not half so much
talked about. But it is feared that frauds are being practised
in many portions of the State, by horses being represented
as Messenger,* when there is not a drop of Messenger blood
in their veins ; or as Black Hawk, when neither old Black
Hawk, nor any of his sons or grandsons, ever saw their dams.
It is no difficult matter, if a horse has any pedigree, for his
owner to procure it in legal form, and file an authenticated
copy of it at my office. Then when a Morgan horse goes into a
neighborhood, it is a very easy matter for some^ one in that
neighborhood to make the inquiry of me whether the pedigree
of such a horse is in my office, and if so, what it is. And it will
afford me great pleasure at all times to answer such interrog-
atories.

It is hoped, therefore, that all persons interested in the im-
j3rovement of this noble animal will give the necessary attention
to the above resolutions.

J. H. Wallace,
■ Rec. Sec'y Iowa State Agr. Soc'y.

No information has been received from any other of the
Western States, although all means have been taken to procure
such ; but it appears that, in fact, nothing is definitively known,
no registries or records being preserved, and pedigrees but little
attended to, in those newly settled communities.

In Illinois it is supposed that there exists a considerable
mixture of the French horse, and that in the South-western
States some Spanish blood may yet be discovered. There has,
however, been a veiy general intermixture of all breeds and
bloods ; and it is improbable that, until very recently, any
horses of unquestionably pure blood have had much to do with
the general stock of those States, the nearest approach thereto
being in all probability half-bred stallions, got by thorough-
breds, for the production of carriage-horses and roadsters.

It is, I believe, generally from the horses of these States that
the cavalry of the United States are mounted ; and although they
are not supposed to be any thing extraordinary in point of blood
or speed, it is understood, tliat in making long continuous

* Imp. Messenger died 1808.

CAVALRY HORSES. 103

marches of many weeks, or even months' duration, in subsisting,
without material deterioration or loss of condition, on grass alone,
without grain or dry forage of any kind, and in enduring all
inclemencies of weather, hot or cold, wet or dry, picketed in the
open air, they arc not to be surpassed, if, indeed, they can be
equalled, by any cavalry horses in the world.

AVhat they would do in a single charge against the elite of
European cavalries, mounted on horses of at least three parts
pure blood, is very doubtful ; since, if the charge be made
home on both sides, the more swiftly moving body, of any thing
like equal weight, must of the two prevail — inasmuch as the
impetus of any moving power is necessarily in the ratio of its
weight into its velocity — but in the preservation of efficiency
for long periods, and through more severe hardships, unless it
be the Cossacks, it is probable that no cavalry in existence could
compete with them.

On this head, however, before closing this volume, I hope to
have fuller information from head-quarters.

I now proceed, not without some delicacy, but without the
slightest hesitation or distrust of the correctness of my opinion,
to the consideration of a branch of this subject, which has, of
late years, created much excitement, in particular quarters ;
and which has been debated and discussed, as is too much the
case with all debatable matters in our excitable community,
with an eagerness of partisanship, that falls but little short of
degenerating into personal acrimony and recrimination.

I mean the stock, type, or family^ of horses, as they claim
to be considered, generally known as the Morgans ; which, it
would appear, are, in the eyes of some persons, in the Eastern
States more especially, the only horse in existence which pos-
sesses any merits ; and the only one fit for real service on the
road, or in the stud.

Fully admitting the peculiar excellencies of this stamp of
horse for the purposes and uses to which he is applicable, yet
by no means going to the extreme length of its ultra advocates,
I proceed to give my views of its origin, present condition, and
general utility ; as well as of the mode to be observed in main-
taining the character of this type of animal undeteriorated.

I scarcely expect that my views will be satisfactory to the

104 THE HOKSE.

exclusive advocates and exclusive admirers of the Morgans ;
but I am certain that thej are founded on correct and ascer-
tained principles of nature, in regard to the breeding of ani-
mals ; and, as I have no possible interest, ^ro or con^ and onlj
desire to advance, to the utmost, by all means within my power,
the horse-interests of the country, I put forth what I believe to
be true, influenced by neither fear nor favor.

THE MOKGAN H0E8E.

Kecently there has become familiar to the sporting world a
class or type of horse coming from the State of Vermont, known
as the Morgan horse ; and still more recently, a claim has been
set up that this class is neither more nor less than a distinct
family, directly descended from a single horse, owned a little
before and a little after the commencement of the present cen-
tury, by Mr. Justin Moi'gan, of Randolph in Yermont, a school-
master, and teacher of writing and singing in the district schools
of that region of country — from whom the name is given to the
family — as it is pretended to be.

In this place, therefore, it is convenient to refer to the por-
trait of Ethan Allen, from a painting executed for this work
from life by Mr. Attwood, a pupil of the celebrated animal
painter Ansdell, who is spoken of as the probable successor to
the great Landseer in this peculiar line.

Ethan Allen I have selected as the type of the Morgan
horse, just as I chose Young Black Hawk as the representative
of the highbred trotting horse — which does not claim its excel-
lence as arising from any exclusive breed — not because I assume
to decide that either is the best trotting stallion, or is better
than the other, or than any other or others, but because they
are beautiful specimens of the style of animals to which they
are admitted, without dispute, respectively to belong, and
strongly exhibit the characteristics of their respective breeds.

Ethan Allen was got by the Morgan Black Hawk — liis dam
a medium-sized white mare, said to be of Messenger blood.

The Morgan Black Hawk was by the Sherman Morgan
liorse, his dam the Howard mare, got by a colt of Hamble-
tonian.

ETHAN ALLEN. 105

Tlie Sherman horse was by the original or Justin Morgan,
his dam variously represented as an English and as a Spanish
mare, of good blood. In truth, nothing is known of her
blood.

Ethan Allen is a handsome bright bay horse, with an im-
mensely full black tail and black mane. He is claimed by his
owners and friends to be the fastest trotting stallion now alive,
but the claim seems to be doubtful.

The performances of Ethan Allen, so far as known, are as
follows ; —

On the 10th of May, 1853, a match took place on Long Isl-
and between Ethan Allen, three years ten months old, and
Rose of Washington, several months older, mile heats, for one
thousand dollars a side, the best three in five.

The match was won by the horse in 2.42 — 2.39 — 2.36 ; which
is claimed to be, and probably is, the fastest time on record for
that age, since horses are rarely put to trot so early.

In 1855, at the Fair of the United States Agricultural So-
ciety, he received the first premium for speed, beating Colum-
bus, Sherman, Black Hawk, and Stockbridge Chief, in 2.34^ —
2.37.

In 1856, Ethan Allen beat Hiram Drew twice, respectively,
in 2.44^2.40^2.40— and in 2.46^— 2.32f— 2.35^and after-
terward was started for the Agricultural Society's purse at Bos-
ton, against Flora Temple, by whom he was most signally
defeated in 2.32^ — 2.36^, although at the time of his starting
his friends were confident of his beating the famous mare.*

The portrait of this horse, so faithfully preserved and care-
fully engraved by Mr. Duthie, is said to be a very striking like-
ness. The horse is of a light yellow bay, and has that particu-
lar redundance and coarseness of tail, which especially charac-
terizes the Morgans, and which may be regarded as undeniable
proof of their having an admixture of Canadian blood.

One would say, at first sight, that the extraordinary length
of the tail is exaggerated in the engraving ; but I am assured
by Mr. Attwood, the artist, from whose very beautiful and
spirited picture it is made, that while he was engaged in taking
his portrait, the horse actually trod upon his tail, more than
once, pulling out several of the long, coarse, wavy hairs.

* See Ethan Allen's performances, p. 278.

106 THE HOESE.

It is not easy to ascertain precisely at what time the claim to
the existence of this family, as a peculiar, new and distinct strain
of blood, capable of reproduction through an indefinite series
of years, was sj^read abroad, beyond the boundaries of Ver-
mont.

But it appears, from the fact that no endeavors were made
to ascertain the origin of this so-called family, until about the
commencement of the third decade of the present century, to be
certain that, previous to that time, there was no such foreign
demand for the animal, as to make it necessary to discover, or
in default of discovery, to trump up a pedigree for the family,
which should in some sort justify its pretensions, and account
for its alleged power of reproduction.

The reputation of these horses since that period, has spread
incredibly ; until, at this moment, the rage for Morgans is com-
parable only to that which, a few years since, possessed the
popular mind, for the morus ^nultieaulis j and, still more re-
cently, for Slianghai poultry, and lop-eared rabbits.

In the year 1856, the Agricultural Society of the State of
Vermont awarded their " first premium to Mr. D. C. Linsley, of
Middlebury, Vermont, for his elaborate essay on the Morgan
horse."

On this work, therefore, I take it for granted that we have
to rely, for all the authentic information that exists concerning
the origin of the first sire of the stock ; concerning the qualifi-
cations assumed to be distinctive of the stock, if such it can be
called ; and, lastly, concerning the points of evidence going to
prove that there is any such stock, whatever, in the j^roper
acceptation of the term, which can be shown to be the family
of that one individual animal.

That Mr. Linsley has taken all possible pains to investigate
his subject, is not to be questioned. That he is deeply interest-*
ed in the cause, is no less certain ; since the whole volume is
interwoven with a thread of ingenious special pleading in favor
of this particular race, and in depreciation of all otlier races,
but more especially in depreciation of the thoroughbred horse.

Indeed, it is not a little singular to contrast his earnestness
in running down the thoroughbred horse, as a progenitor of
useful horses for general work, with his equal earnestness in

TEUE EPJTON. 107

endeavoring to prove that what was known as the Justin Mor-
gan horse, the original forefather of tlie family, was, if not
absolutely, at least as nearly as possible, a thorouglibred him-
self.

But now, to come directly to the point, we find, from a mass
of affidavits, of exactly of such a character as one would be led
to expect, made by the sons and grandsons of the man himself,
and of the neighbors of the man, who owned this horse above
half a century ago — a horse of whose pedigree the owner kept
no records, and of which he himself evidently knew nothing,
except what he had received from the loosest hearsay evidence,
and village or bar-room gossip — something to the following
effect.

The horse was got by a stallion, variously called "True
Briton " and " Beautiful Bay," owned by one Selah Xorton, of
East Hartford, Connecticut.

Of this True Briton, which must not be confounded Avith
the True Briton got by the imj^orted horse Othello out of the im-
ported mare Gant's Milly, whose name is in the Stud Book —
nothing can be said to be authenticated, even if it be conceded
that he was the horse stolen from Colonel Delancy, at Kings-
bridge, who commanded a corps of refugee cavalry, and was
the son of the imported "Wildair, Lath, and the celebrated Cub
mare — although it depends only on an " it is said " that he was
the stolen horse.

Thus far I am disposed, however, to accept the tradition.
That the horse belonging to Mr. Justin Morgan was the son
of True Briton, is probably a fact ; and that True Briton was
stolen, as described, is probably true also ; since that is the sort
of fact concerning which tradition is likely to be correct ; an
exploit of that kind, during the existence of a partisan war, being
of the very nature to create much attention, to elevate the suc-
cessful marauder into a local hero, and to render the stolen
animal also notorious, and unlikely to be mistaken for another.

We how, however, come to rumor number two, resting on
nothing but the merest local gossip, that True Briton was the
son of the imported English horse. Traveller, then standing in
New Jersey.

From this vague rumor, elevated into a fact, we are next

108 THE HOESE.

treated to a deduction — to wit, that this imported horse, Traveller,
is no other than the famous horse Moreton's Old Traveller,
bj Partner, without even an attempt to show that this horse was
so much as standing in JN^ew Jersey, at the time of the occur-
rence.

But to proceed. We are, one step farther, treated to half a
score of different hypotheses concerning the dam of Justin Mor-
gan and the dam of the stolen horse True Briton. Mr. John
Morgan, a distant relative, contemporary and neighbor of Justin
Morgan, the owner of the original Morgan horse, writing in
1842, asserts, that he knew the dam of the horse in question ;
that she was of the " Wildair 'breed^'' of middling size, with a
heavy chest, of a very light bay color, with a bushy mane and
tail, the hair on the legs rather long, and a smooth and hand-
some traveller. She was got by Diamond, a thick heavy horse
of about the middling size, with a thick heavy mane and tail,
hairy legs and a smooth traveller. Diamond was raised in East
Hartford, Connecticut ; his sire was Wildair^ known as the
Church horse, got by Delancy's imported Wildair. His dam
was the noted imported itiare Wildair, owned by Captain
Samuel Bart, of Springfield, Massachusetts.*

The latter part of this pedigree is simply nonsense ; since
there never was any imported mare Wildair, nor any mare
Wildair at all, "Wildair" being the name of a horse.

If this mean any thing, it means a Wildair mare, instead of
a mare Wildair, that is to say, a mare begotten by Delancy's
Wildair, on some dam, concerning which there is no pretence
to her being of blood.

But this is not likely, since farmers would not be generally
disposed to stint a daughter to her own sire, as a stallion ; since,
beside that the practice is unscientific, it is in some degree
morally repugnant to the ideas of unsophisticated men.

The above is the pedigree given by Mr. F. A. Weir, in tlie
Albany Cultivator of 1846, concerning which Mr. Linsley re-
marks— ^" If this pedigree be correct, the dam must be at least
three-eighths thoroughbred."

But it is no such thing ; and, if it had been, it would be no-
thing to boast of, in a progenitrix.

If she were got by Diamond out of a common mare, and

* No mare of tliis name was ever imported. — Ed.

TRUE Briton's dam. 109

Diamond by Wildair 2d, out of a common marc, and Wildair
2dj by Wildair, thoroughbred out of a half-bred mare — the de-
grees of blood would be as follows ; —

Wildair 2d — by thorough out of half-bred — is fths-bred.
Diamond — by three-fourths-bred out of common — is fths-bred.
Morgan's dam — b}' three-eighths-bred out of common— is 3-16ths-
bred. Or, in other words, she had one-eighth and half-eighth part
of thoroughbred in her veins ; which, so far from constituting
her a highly bred mare, would constitute her just a degree
above a common road horse, and would scarcely have any ap-
preciable influence on her own appearance, or qualities, much
less on those of her progeny.

But again, assuming True Briton to have been got, if not
by Moreton's Traveller, at least, by some thoroughbred, im-
ported or native. Traveller, of which there were thirteen or
fourteen covering in different j^arts of the country at that
period, there is not the shadow of a shade of evidence to show
that he. True Briton, was a thoroughbred horse.*

The idea of quoting Selah Norton's advertisement of his
stallion, stating loosely that True Briton was out of Delancy's
imported racer ; and arguing that she was the famous Cub mare,
is purely preposterous.

Still worse, is the absurdity of dragging in Lindsay's Ara-
bian, for no other conceivable reason than on some such argu-
ments as this.

Lindsay's Arabian covered mares, east of the Hudson river,
between the years 1766 and 1790.

True Briton's granddam was covered, between the years
1766 and 1790, somewhere or other, by some horse or other.

It is quite as likely, since Colonel Delancy lived east of the
Hudson river, that she was covered there, as any where else.

Again, it is quite as likely that she was covered by Lindsay's
Arabian, as by any other horse.

Therefore she was covered by Lindsay's Arabian, and True
Briton's dam was the daughter of that well-known stallion.

Even this, however, Avould not make True Briton thorough-
bred ; nor is it at all probable, that Colonel Delancy would
have ridden a thoroughbred stallion ; much less one of such
pre-eminent blood, in a warfare of partisan skirmishing, where

* See Note 1, p. 206.

110 THE HOKSE.

nothing was more to be expected, tlian what seems to have ac*
tually happened, the stealing of the animal ridden.

But again, even if True Briton were thoroughbred, of
which there is not a reasonable supposition, the original Mor-
gan horse, got out of a mare liaving three-sixteenths of pure
blood, would have only been an inappreciable fraction better
than a half-bred.

If True Briton himself were but a half-bred, and I can
see no possible grounds for believing him any thing materially
better, then the Justin Morgan horse would have been a trifle
better than a one-fourth-part-bred horse ; and such, I think, any
good judge of horseflesh would pronounce him to be, more or
less, from the description of him given by Mr. Linsley in his
agreeable and comprehensive volume.

MEMOIR AND DESCBIPTION OF THE JUSTIN MORGAN.

" The original, or ' Justin Morgan,' was about fourteen hands
high, and weighed about nine hundred and fifty pounds. His
color was dark-bay, with black legs, mane, and tail. He had no
white hairs upon him. His mane and tail were coarse and heavy,
but not so massive, as has been sometimes described ; the hair
of both was straight and not inclined to curl. His head was
good, not extremely small, but lean and bony, the face straight,
forehead broad, ears small and very fine, but set rather wide
apart. His eyes were medium size, very dark and prominent,
and showed no white around the edge of the lid. His nostrils
were very large, the muzzle small, and the lips close and firm.
His back and legs were, perhaps, his most noticeable points.
The former was very short ; the shoulder-blades and thigh-bones
being very long and oblique, and the loins exceedingly broad
and muscular. His body was rather long, round and dcej:),
close-ribbed up ; chest deep and wide, with the breast-bone
projecting a good deal in front. His legs were short, close-
jointed, thin, but very wide, Jiard and free from meat, with mus-
cles that were remarkably large for a horse of his size ; and this
superabundance of muscle manifested itself at every step. His
hair was short, and at almost all seasons soft and glossy. Ho
had a little long hair about the fetlocks, and for two or three

SHOUT KACES. Ill

inches above the fetlock, on the back side of the legs ; the rest
of his limbs were entirely free from it. His feet were small,
but well shaped ; and he was in every respect perfectly sound
and free from blemish. lie was a very fast walker. In trotting
his gait was low and smooth, and his step short and nervous;
he was not what in these days would be called fast, and we
think it doubtful whether he could trot a mile much, if any,
within four minutes, though it is claimed by many that he could
trot in three.*

" Although he raised his feet but little, he never stumbled.
His proud, bold, and fearless style of movement, and his vig-
orous untiring action have, perhaps, never been surpassed.

* * vi- w -X- ^J -S- vc

" He was a fleet runner at short distances. Running short
distances, for small stakes, was very common in Yermont fifty
years ago. Eighty rods was very generally the length of the
course, wdiich usually commenced at a tavern or grocery, and
extended the distance agreed upon up or down the public road.
In these races, the horses were started from a ' scratch.' That
is, a mark was drawn across the road in the dirt, and the
horses, ranged in a row upon it, went off at the dropping of a
hat, or some other signal.

" It will be observed that the form of the Justin Moro^an
was not such as, in our days, is thought best calculated to give
the greatest speed for a short distance. Those who believe in
long-legged racers will think his legs, body, and stride, M-ere all
too short, and to them it may, perhaps, seem surprising that he
should be successful, as he invariably was, in such contests."

The last paragraph quoted is wholly erroneous, and is evi-
dently wa-itten by one personally unacquainted with racing, and
forming his idea of what judges consider the requirements of a
racer wholly from hearsay, or from a preconceived opinion —
which, I think, can be discovered running through every line
of Mr. Linsley's work — that all thoroughbreds are long, leggy,
weedy, loosely-coupled, light-boned brutes, with no qualification
beyond speed.

* The claim is, of course, absurd. Sucb a thing as a horse trotting a mile in
three minutes was undreamed of, much more unheard of, in the days of this horse;
as will appear, when I come to treat of trotting.

112 THE HOKSE.

Than which, it is needless to say, no possible idea can be
more erroneous ; since it is especially in the texture of his
sinews and muscles, and in the character and conformation of
his bones, that the thoroughbred horse of Arab descent is so
immeasurably superior to every other horse in the known world.

l^ow, so far from it being, as Mr. Linsley surmises, the case
that, in our days, the form of Justin Morgan would not be
thought best calculated to give the greatest speed at short dis-
tances— the form described as his, and no other fonn, is judged
the best for short distances, and the shorter tlie better, and for
no other distances than short ones.

Every one, who knows the first rudiments of racing, or of
the motions of a horse, knows that a short, close-coupled, quick-
gathering animal jumps at once into his stroke, and at his third
or fourtli stride is going at the top of his pace, which he can
never much outdo ; and that, consequently, he is at the end of
his eighty rods — less than a quarter of a mile — before the large,
long-striding racer has well got under w' ay.

On this principle, I perfectly remember, when I was a
young school-boy, that it was my especial delight to get gentle-
men, visiting at my father's house, to match their three-part-
bred hunters against a little rat of a Shetland pony, which I
rode, for a single dash around the carriage sweep, before the
hall-door, a distance of something better than a hundred yards
in a circular form, in which I invariably came oif the winner.

And on this principle, again, it is well ascertained that, for
a straight fifty yards, any man w^ho has got the use of his legs,
and for a straight hundred, any good runner, can beat a race-
horse nine times out of ten, both starting from a stand-still.

ISTor is this all. For not only is it well known and admitted
that small, short-stepping, quick-gathering horses are always,
caeteris pm'ibus, superior at short distances, or in round circles
of small diameter, to large, rating gallopers, which would run
clean away from them at long distances over a straight level ;
but it is equally conceded, that, for such distances, in a single
dash, a thoroughbred horse has no advantage whatsoe^'cr, from
being thoroughbred, over a half, or two-thirds, or one-fourtli bred
• — nay ! over a liorse which has no blood at all in his veins, if

LONG-LEGGED EACERS. 113

he chance to be well made, quick upon his legs, and gifted with
a turn of speed.

Some thoroughbred horses are exceedingly speedy, some are
as slow as tops ; and so of horses of all other races and families ;
and speed is by no means, nor ever has been, considered, the
peculiar or exclusive attribute of the thoroughbred horse. On
the contrary, endurance is his forte.

There are hundreds and thousands of half and three-part-
bred hunters, known and selected for their speed, in England,
which would to a certainty beat, for a single half-mile, as many
thoroughbreds, of pedigree as pure as Eclipse, which by slug-
gishness of temper or awkward action, chance to be heavy
gallopers and slow goers.

But make the half-mile four miles, or make the single dash a
heat race, and you will see, very soon, where the blood tells ;
for your thoroughbred will sail away at his ease, slow as he is,
when the speedy cocktail is past the power of being kicked
alojig, with tail flirting, flanks at w^ork, in distress unutterable.
And so of all the degrees, from the thoroughbred down to the
lowest grade, which has a show of blood. It is not superior
speed, but the power to support the speed during superior
periods, and at more rapidly recurring intervals, that is given
by superiority of blood — and that no more at the gallop than at
the trot, or at the trot than at the walk — no more, in step-
ping away with a feather on the back, than in struggling to
move a ton in the shafts, until death would ensue in the collar,
if man's cruelty should urge the continued eff'ort.

Mr. Linsley, therefore, has entirely misunderstood the opin-
ion, which racing men would form in regard to the probable
qualities of an animal, framed as he describes the Justin Mor-
gan to have been framed. Still more does he misunderstand
the points of a race-horse, which are esteemed desirable, when
he speaks of " those who believe in long-legged racers ; " and
when he confounds a long-striding horse with a long-legged
horse, which are two things as distinct from one another, as
any two things, in the world, well can be.

Many years have passed, since I first heard the points of
horses discussed ; and when I first did so it was in a country
where probably more good horses, of every description, are
Vol. II- S

114 THE HOKSE.

raised, than in any other equal extent of territory in the known
world ; but I have yet got to see the first man who believes in
long-legged horses, or any man who ever used the term a leggy
horse, except as a term of disapprobation and rej)roach.

But now, to return directly to the point at issue, the true
character of the Morgan horse, who first received that name ;
I said above, that all which can by the largest courtesy be
allowed, as established, concerning the pedigree of this horse,
is that he was something between a half-bred and a four-parts-
bred animal ; to all appearance, nearer to the lower than to the
higher grade ; and that, from the description given of him —
and, I might have added, from the woodcut, but that I do not
suppose the likeness to be authentic — a person conversant with
horse-breeding would suppose him to possess about that propor-
tion of blood, and not much more or much less.

The heavy mane and tail, the hairy fetlocks, and the long
hairs extending up the bacl<; sinews are more conclusive of the
large portion of coarse blood in his veins, than would be all the
affidavits that could be sworn to by all the people, in Yermont,
who had ever heard their gi-andmothers talk about their sleigh-
ing frolics before the Revolution, and the superiority of every
thing, in the good days of old, to every thing now.

It is worthy of remark, that not only his dam, but his grand-
sire on the dam's side. Diamond, are both also distinctly stated
to have had thick, heavy manes and tails, and hairy legs ; and
yet we are asked to believe that Diamond was got by the son of
a thoroughbred horse out of the imported mare Wildair,

Now it is, of course, known that the thinness of the mane,
and the absence of hair on the legs, are tlie first and most char-
acteristic external points of the thoroughbred animal ; and that
a lialf-bred, unless he be out of a dray mare, or a JSTorman, or
some other breed distinguished for extraordinary shagginess,
loses the liairy shag of his legs, and shows a comparatively fine
mane and tail, even in the first generation.

But extraordinary hairiness of legs and weight of mane and
tail — extraordinary, I mean, as compared to their speed, light-
ness of movement, endurance, and general finish of shape and
form — is the decided characteristic of what are called the Mor-
gan family. This, therefore, I. hold at once to set aside, in con-

THE SONS OF MORGAN. 115

junction with the very best face that can be put upon tlie
original Justin Morgan's pedigree, all claim to any higli stand-
ard of blood, even in that horse ; much more in his posterity to
the fourth and fiftli generations, unless it have been introduced
from other sources ; in which case, the race and its virtues cease
to be Morgan.

Kow, it is alleged that there were but six known or re-
corded stallions, got by the Justin Morgan, which M^ere kept
for service in the stud, Bulrush, Sherman, AVoodbury, Revenge,
and the Fenton and Hawkins horses ; of which the three for-
mer only were noted stock-getters, no stock at all being trace-
able to the Fenton, and very little to the Hawkins horse, or to
Kevenge.

Of the dams of no one of these six Morgan stallions, of the
second degree, has any thing been authenticated, in spite of
attempts, the earnestness of which is shown by the number of
different vereions promulgated.

It is highly probable, that they were fine useful animals and
good travellei-s, but quite as improbable that they possessed any
considerable share of thorough blood ; for the reason, that, from
the beginning to the present day of American history, there has
been less of that blood imported into the New England States,
than into any other quarter of the Union.

This second generation, then, cannot be held to have con-
tained in their veins, at most, above one-eighth part of that
thorongh blood to which the Justin Morgan owed his worth, if
he did owe it, as is assumed, to a cross of rich, pure Arabian
blood on the common stock.

The next generation, or third from the Justin Morgan, would,
of course, contain, unless bred out of own sisters or cousins,
one-sixteenth ; the fourth, such as " Green Mountain 2d,"
grandson of " Woodbury," and great grandson of Justin, one
thirty-second ; the fifth as " Morgan Empire," son of " Green
Mountain 2d," one sixty-fourth ; the sixth as " Black Morgan,"
son of " Morgan Empire," one hundred and twenty-eighth ;
and the seventh, as " American Eagle," one two hundred and
fifty-sixth part of the pure Arabian blood, which coursed in the
veins of the Justin Morgan, and to which it is pretended that
the merits and characteristics of this class of horses belong.

116 THE HOKSE.

The above calculation is founded on the supposition that all
the dams were of common stock. It is not pretended, and it is
scarcely possible, that any of them should have been thorough-
breds— for no owner of a thoroughbred mare stints her to a stal-
lion of inferior race, and it is barely possible that any of them
were half-breds, as few thoroughbreds have been covering in the
States whence the dams are likely to have come.

If, however, it be assumed — which would, in some degree,
constitute the Morgan horse a family — that, from the beginning
to the present day, all the so-called Morgan stallions have been
bred out of their cousins and sisters — then the seventh genera-
tion would possess one one-hundred and twenty-eighth instead of
one two-liundred and fifty-sixth portion of the blood ; but would
be in far worse position, since there is no such thing known as
the incestuous in-breeding of a single family of six persons,
at first, to the sixth generation, without its producing utter de-
terioration, imbecility, and the gradual extinction of the race.

On the other hand, it is contradictory to all that is known of
horse-breeding, or indeed of the breeding of any animal of
a high finish, to assume that a sire himself, having only one two-
hundred and fifty-sixth part of any pure blood, whether it be
Arab horse, Durham bull, or setter dog, can transmit any ap-
preciable portion of that blood, or of the particular virtues
which that blood may contain, to its progeny, begotten on a
cold-blooded, or different-blooded animal.

As I have shown above, the eighth cross from a thorough-
bred stallion, on seven generations of dray-mares, would not be
distinguishable from a dray-horse.

The eighth cross of a red Irish setter, on seven generations of
bull bitches, would scarce show a mark to distinguish it from
the true bull, and would have no more inclination to point a
partridge, than he to point an ox. Consequently, in my opinion,
it is idle to talk of the Morgan horses of Yeraiont as a distinct
family, or to attribute their qualities to their descent from the
Justin Morgan horse, or from any other one, or two, or half
dozen horses whatsoever.

The only mark or evidence of a family which they do show,
is to their disadvantage — it is their undersize, whicli is probably
the result of an attempt, ill-advised and unnatural, to make a

THE USE OF THE MORGANS. 117

family of them, instead of preserving them, at what they origin-
ally were, and in some degree still are — an admirable cross of
the thoroughbred horse, on that very excellent and useful ani-
mal— itself a cross of several breeds — which I have described
under the name of the Yermont draught-horse.

Tliis cross could have been maintained, as I have observed
above, and shall show more fully hereafter, under the head of
breeding, not by re-breeding the cross-bred animals, like to
like — ^for they will not, by an absolute law of nature, produce
the like again ; but by reintroducing in their purity both the
strains of blood, out of which the first beneficial admixture
grew. •

As for instance, to the finest Morgan stallion in the eighth
degree stint the noblest draught-mare, or imported Norman, or
choice Canadian, and stint the female progeny of that admix-
ture to the finest, mind I do not say speediest^ sound, short-
legged, bony, muscular, thoroughbred stallion, of indisputable
pedigree, and undoubted constitution — to exactly such a horse,
for instance, as Boston* would have been, had it not been for his
unfortunate blindness, which it is to be feared will be hereditary
in his blood, as it has already proved to be in the case of Lex-
ington, or as Trustee was.

In the same way, the finest Morgan mares may be bred with
advantagjs to properly chosen thoroughbreds ; and the progeny
of this cross again bred with the different, but somewhat similar
cross, last described, will preserve the type, or class, of animal
required, while reinvigorating the blood by the introduction of
new strains, from the same original fountain head, though they
have been flowing long through widely devious channels.

I can readily believe, that, many persons in reading this will
imagine, that it is my object to decry this type of horse, because
I deny to it the name of family.

And I fancy I can already hear the outcry, that I am hostile
to, or prejudiced against, the breed. It is not so in the slightest
degree. Far from it — they are, or wei-e, the very horse of all
others, which I believe to be the best for all general purposes ;
the saddle, light harness, the hunting field, if it were required,
and in a great degree, the trotting course. I mean the result of
an infusion of thorough blood in a very large proportion into

* See Note 2, p. 20G.

118 THE H0K8E.

the soundest, hardiest and most active, not desert-descended
races.

It is because I do like the class of horse, that I protest against
its being forged into a family.

It is but human nature, that the owners of stallions, really
descended from this Justin Morgan horse, now that the name of
Morgan has obtained, should claim that all the virtues which
the stock or class so named do or might possess, come directly
from the loins of that horse ; and that the nine-millionth part of
a drop of his blood, infused into the veins of any screw, will
produce a Morgan.*

It is equally human nature, that the name of Morgan having
once become the fashion, every breeder who has a likely stal-
lion, however bred, and even if much more highly bred than
any of the present real Morgans could be — if there were any —
will assert it to be a Morgan. I^o diflScult matter, by the way,
since in Mr. Linsley's work there are recounted by name
above two hundred and fifty Morgan stallions, now covering ;
and I myself know sons of some among these very stallions,
which may again have sons- of theirs, at this moment serving
mares. In other words, there may be two farther generations
of Morgan stallions, than he has named ; which, for aught that
one can tell, may extend the present number of foal-getting
Morgans to some thousands; at the same time that it reduces
the quantity of Justin Morgan blood, in the veins of each, to
one one thousand and twenty-fourth part. If this be not run-
ning the doctrine of hereditary succession, and tlie divine right
of blood, into the ground, I do not know what should do so.

The starchest stickler for thorough blood never started so
untenable a position as this ; and I dare say never will.

I will now briefly record the qualities, for which I believe
this type of horses to be really renowned ; I will give my
own hypothesis as to what this type is, and whence it sprang,
and, in conclusion, how far it is to be depended on, and how
used, to-day.

According to what may be fairly deduced from the very
conflicting accounts of the Morgans, as they now exist, it may, I
think, be stated, that they are a small, compact, active style of

* See Note 3, p. 206.

PAUL CLIFFORD. 119

horse, showing the evidence of a strain of good blood, not in
general very recent, or very considerable.

They i*arely, if ever, exceed fifteen hands two inches, and it
is probable that a hand lower, or from that up to fifteen, is
nearer to their standard. They are not, I think, particularly
closely ribbed up, and many of them are inclined to be sway-
backed. Their hind quarters are generally powerful, and their
legs and feet good. There is an evident family resemblance in
their forehands, their necks and crests being so often, as to
render the mark somewhat characteristic, lofty but erect, with-
out much curvature, and the neck apt to be thick at the setting
on of the head, which, though good, is rarely blood-like.

The manes and tails of these horses are almost invariably
coarse, as well as heavy and abundant, and have very often —
as cannot fail to be remarked by any one, who will closely
examine the wood-cuts in Mr. Linsley's work, which, although
very coarse in execution, are believed to be fair likenesses, as
being taken generally from daguerreotypes — a strong wave, or
even curl of the hair.

All these points are those of the Canadian or JSTorman horse,
the latter so decidedly so, that I believe no such thing ever
occurs, where there is not a strain of that blood.

I should say, that any judge of horseflesh, on seeing the por-
traits to which I allude, if not informed w-hat race of animals
they are intended to represent, would at once pronounce many
of them Canadians.

I will specify more particularly Green Mountain 2d, Mor-
gan General, Flying Morgan, Golden Eagle and ]S"orth Star, the
last-mentioned as woolly as a Virginia negro.

It is farther worthy of special remark, that every one of the
horses represented in this volume, which have the least of this
appearance, or none of it at all, as Paul Clifford, Black Hawk
and Black Jack, all of which have clean legs, arched crests,
well-set-on heads and straight hair, have large mixtures of pure
blood, other than whatever did, or did not come, from the Justin
Morgan.

Thus the dam of Paul Clifford was by young Hamiltonian,
he by Bishop's Hamiltonian, thoroughbred, by imported Mes-
senger, imported Leonidas, and Bellfounder. The dam of

120 THE HORSE.

Black Hawk was an imported half-bred Englisli mare. The
dam of Black Jack was got by Medley, he by Little Medley,
thoroughbred, he by imported Medley — his granddam by Shep-
ard's Consul — thoroughbred — by Bond's First Consul.

In all which instances, I submit that it is preposterous to
refer the qualities of these animals to the verj^ remote strain of
doubtful blood, on the sire's or Morgan side, rather than to the
recent ]3ure strains, of the highest quality, on the dam's.

But to proceed with the present stock, the qualities, to
which they pretend, are neat style, good trotting action, great
honesty, great quickness and sprightliness of movement, apart
from extraordinary speed, which is not insisted on as a charac-
teristic of the breed — although some have possessed it — and con-
siderable powers of endurance. There has been some conflict
of opinions concerning the courage and endurance of the Mor-
gans, as they are called, and their ability to maintain a good
stroke of speed, say ten miles an hour, for several hours in suc-
cession ; but 1 conceive it to be well established that the excep-
tion has not been fairly taken, and that these horses lack neither
courage nor ability to persevere, though not, so far as I can
judge, at a high rate of speed.

And now, having admitted these qualities, I mean to assert
that they are qualities appertaining to all horses, which are more
or less — and the more the better — crossed with thorough blood.

In the quarter, whence the Morgans come, there is an excel-
lent type of draught mare, of diiferent degrees of m- eight, power
and speed, itself doubtless the produce of a variety of crosses,
originally I think from the Cleveland Bay stock, possibly with
a strain of Suifolk Punch, unquestionably with a large strain of
Canadian, and unquestionably, also, with more or less admix-
tures of thorough blood, entirely distinct from that of True
Briton. That from the highest bred of these mares by crosses,
sometimes with other thoroughbreds, sometimes with stallions,
the sons and grandsons of the Justin Moi'gan, themselves out of
well-bred dams, sometimes with clever half-bred trotting horses,
a likely and useful stamp of horses should arise, possessing just
the form and exactly the qualities, which the pretended Mor-
gans do possess, would be predicted by any person, in the least
degree cognizant of the principles of horse-breeding.

THE- NAME MORGAN. 121

Still, there is not the slightest reason for attributing their
merits or demerits to the Justin Morgan horse, or to True
Briton ; nor any pretext for giving them the name of Morgan
horses, or for insisting that they are, in any possible respect, a
distinct family.

It may be replied to this, that Morgan is at all events only
a name, and that, being as good a name as any other, the
adoption of it can do no harm, and will serve to designate, as
well as any that can be devised, the style of light carriage or
buggy hoi*se, which I admit to be distinctive of the region of
country from which they hail.

But it is not so ; for the name, in itself false, necessarily
tends to inculcate a false idea and introduce a false principle
of breeding.

For, if the Morgan horses were a distinct family, so widely
propagated as they now are, the stallions reckoned by hundreds,
if not by thousands, and the mares by ten times that number,
with no danger existing any longer of incestuous breeding, it
would be safe and wise to breed from them, Morgan horse into
Morgan mare, as one would thoroughbred into thoroughbred,
with a certainty that the stock would reproduce itself, with all
the virtues of the parents.

But, as they are not a distinct family, nothing but disap-
pointment can result either from in-breeding, or from stinting
superior mares to such stallions. Mares of this much-crossed
stock, well selected with a view to bone, shape, action and other
qualities, would undoubtedly throw valuable foals to properly
selected thoroughbred horses ; and I should regard them as the
most valuable of brood mares, where they possess sufficient size
and room. I cannot say that I should recommend the use of
the stallions, at all ; unless it be to give a cross of warmer blood
and higher spirit to essentially cold races, as the Canadian or
J^orman. And even then I should judge them more likely to
transmit the inferior size produced by in-breeding, and the
coarser qualities of the blood, than the diluted, pure stream.

In a word, if I desired to give blood, I would rather go to
the fountain-head — and no one will, I presume, dispute that it
is no difficult task to find horses, of the purest thorough blood,
of heavier bone, larger muscle, and greater points of size and

122 THE HOKSE.

power, than the ordinary run of Morgan stallions — and if I de-
sired to breed cart-horses, I should prefer to fall back on the
Cleveland Bay, the ISTorman, or the Punch.

But, the universe over, for general work, there is not, and
never will be any thing comparable to a high cross of the very
best thorough blood on the sire's side, with the very best general
stock on the dam's.

And this very best general stock, for such breeding purposes,
so far as the United States are concerned, I am willing to con
cede, is to be found on the frontiers of Vermont, of the most
approved quality.

In corroboration of my own opinion, on this subject, I take
the liberty to subjoin a few lines from that excellent horseman
and breeder, the late President of the Union Jockey Club,
Mr. J. Prescott Hall, to whom, on commencing this under-
taking, I applied for information on this and other subjects,
and to whom I am glad to record my indebtedness for invalu-
able assistance.

"The Morgan horse" — he writes me — "is not, in my judg-
ment, a new creation. I knew them well more than forty years
ago ; and my father had at one time no less than four stallions
of this breed.

"They are crosses from thoroughbreds, and one of the four to
which I have referred had imported King William for his sire. All
of them had fine trotting action, and great speed in quarter races."

ISTow King William was got by Herod out of Madcap by
Snap, g. d. Miss Meredith, &c. He was imported by Mr. Skinner,
of Hartford, Conn., and is stated, by Mr. C. H. Hall, in a MS.
note to the Stud Book, to have got good stock, and left visible
traces of his blood in Conn., even down to the year 1828,
although he had not the advantage of having blood mares.

This is, directly, a case in point ; as here was a King Wil-
liam stallion, of known breed, passing as a Morgan horse, when
he had just as much right to be called an Arab, or a jackass ;
and, of course, his progeny have borne the same title, and thus
Morgan has obtained a credit to which he is, in no sort, entitled.

Doubtless, if clues could be had and traced out, we should
detect tlie same process at work every where in the history of
this stock.

HISTOEY

OF THE TROTTING HORSE.

I NOW arrive, in the due course of my subject, at what may be
called, without fear of contradiction, the most truly character-
istic and national type of the horse, and phase of horsemanship,
in America,

I mean, of course, the Trotting Horse, and the riding and
driving of Trotters, as well on the road, as on courses regularly
prepared for this most popular of sports.

And in this place I refer with pleasure to the beautiful en-
graving from an excellent painting by Mr. W. F. Attwood, of
Young Black Hawk, better known as Yernol's Black Hawk^
who is claimed, and held by many competent judges, to be the
best trotting stallion now on the road.

He was got by Long Island Black Hawk, out of tlie Whip
mare. She was by old Kentucky Whip, and her dam a Sliak-
speare mare, herself a good trotter. Old Black Hawk was by
Andrew Jackson, dam Sally Miller by Mambrino.

Andrew Jackson was by Young Bashaw, dam by Why-not,
son of imp. Messenger.

Young Bashaw was by the imported Barb, Grand Bashaw,
dam Pearl by First Consul, &c.

Sally Miller was by Mambrino, a half-bred son of Messenger,
her dam unknown.*

It is seen at once by this pedigree, which may be relied upon
as authentic, that Yernol's Black Hawk has a very large pro-
portion of pure thorough-blood in his veins.

In Europe, and in England, perhaps, more especially, the

* Sally Miller was the dam of Long Island Black Hawk, and not Young
Bashaw.

124 THE HORSE.

use of trotting horses has declined in proportion to the improve-
ment of the high-roads, which has long since dispensed with the
necessity of travelling on horseback, and even in private vehi-
cles, through the suj)eriority of posting and of the rapid mail
and stage travelling, in the first instance, and of railroad con-
veyance, in the second.

The use of light one-horse vehicles, in the country, and even
in towns, with the exception of private cabriolets and public
cabs, in London and the great cities, never very general — owing
partly to the tax on pleasure-carriages, partly to other causes,
on which I shall touch hereafter — has decreased amazingly in
recent years ; as much, perhaps, or more than it has increased
in America.

It is not difficult to understand the reason of this ; nor would
it be dangerous to prophesy that, in England, the trotting-horse
will never become generally popular, as it is in America ; in a
word, that he will never be kept to any extent, except by per-
sons of great wealth ; who, capable of any expense, may choose,
in addition to a full stud of hunters and general horses for gen-
eral purposes, to keep a flying trotter or two, for the name of the
thing ; or by those who intend to make a gain of them, by
matching, as turf-men do of their race-horses.

The reasons, for this state of things, are manifold — first, per-
haps, one may say, that the spirit of the English equestrian is
thoroughly set on the saddle, and not on wheels. I do not think
that I ever knew, or heard tell of such a thing, in my life,
in England, as of two gentlemen going out to take a drive for
pleasure in a light carriage, unless it were fast collegians driving
tandem.

Country gentlemen, of small fortune, indeed, often keep a
dogcart or heavy stanhope, as a means of family locomotion,
and of paying visits, capable of carrying a week's baggage, and
drawn by a great, powerful, ten-mile-an-hour horse, often a
worn-out hunter, who has seen better days ; but use, not pleas-
ure, is the object, and with that use great speed is incompatible.
So again, a smart tradesman, in a thriving country town or vil-
lage, may find his profit in keeping his fast, active nag, to drive
his stanhope about for orders, and on Sunday evenings to give
his pretty wife a country jaunt or airing.

USE OF TK0TTER3. 125

Travelling agents — hagmen^ as tliey used to be called — and
butchers' boys, have long stood alone in the possession of fast,
really fast, trotters ; and they were, nme times out of ten. screws,
cripples, or touched in the wind.

But tlie rail has done away with the bagmen, while the other
classes remain in statu quo.

The farmer, as a general thing, one may say ninety-nine times
in a hundred, keeps no vehicle lighter than his market cart, nor
any other animal to put before it than one of his light team-
horses, or, at best, a brood mare, or a young thing which he
despairs of selling for a hunter or a charger, and which he is
consequently breaking to harness.

Every man, it may be said, in short, in the country, or In
country towns, who can afford to keep a horse for pleasure, much
more to keep two or three horses, unless it be those who have a
carriage and pair for state purposes and family use, keeps that
horse with a view, occasionally, to seeing the hounds — farmers,
well to do in the world, invariably so ; and the shopkeepers and
business men, brewers, maltsters, millers, corn-dealers, butchers,
and the like, even to the village doctor, and the village attorney,
almost as frequently as the farmers.

And if they do not aspire to the Earl's fox hounds, they are
constantly in the field with the squire's, or the subscription nack
of liarriers, or with the lo7ig dogs., in view of " poor puss and
currant jelly."

To none of these purposes are trotting horses suitable ; and
before trotting horses can, ever, become generally popular, or
generally in use in England, the whole spirit and tastes of the
English equestrian population must be changed, and field sports
must give way to road driving ; which is not a whit more likely
than that road driving and the trotting course will give way to
fox-hunting, hare-hunting, or coursing in the United States.

In the United States, on the contrary, every farmer neces-
sarily keeps his wagon and driving horse ; and, as it costs him
no more to keep a good horse than a bad one, he naturally
keeps one which can administer both to his pleasure and his
self-esteem, beside doing him yeoman service on the road ; and
which may, probably, if he prove to be something uncommon,
turn out just such a prize to him, as the first-class hunter would

126 THE HOKSB.

to his English conteraporaiy, and fill his pockets with hard
cash.

In the like manner, every tradesman, artisan, business man,
or mechanic, whose affairs require the service of a horse, in
America, keeps, as that by which he can alone combine profit
with pleasure, a fast and hardy trotter, of greater or less speed
or power, as the nature of his business maj^ demand.

So also, or far more, does the well-to-do person, who can
afford a horse, or a pair, purely for his amusement, keep such
as will afford him the only amusement which is to be had out
of horseflesh in America, as a general rule ; I mean, of course,
trotters for the road, either in harness or under the saddle — the
latter being, in fact, seldom to be seen ; for the two or three
Southern States, in which hunting on horseback exists at all,
are an exception, and not a rule ; and, even in these, the hunt-
ing itself is an exceptional and class amusement, confined en-
tirely to the aristocratic planters, and never attemjDted by the
city tradesmen. Farmers, in the usual sense of the word, there
are none to attempt it, in those States.

There is yet another reason, wherefore horse-trotting will
always be a popular sport in America ; which is this, that the
utility of this class of horse and the great demand for it — similar
to the demand for hunters in England — having created a very
superior class of animals, trotting-courses naturally followed —
as steeple-chases have followed in England.

Kow, horse-racing and steeple-chasing can never, from their
very nature, become, in the true sense of the word, jpopular.
The people may love to be spectators, but can never hope to
become j^articipators in them. Since the keeping up of racing
establishments, or even of hunting-stables, including a large
number of horses — applicable to no possible purpose of imme-
diate practical utility — a large number of servants of a particular
class, at extraordinary wages, and requiring almost unbounded
expenditure, beside involving abundant leisure, constant atten-
tion, and the ownership of soil, can never extend to others than
the few, the wealthy pleasure-seekers, of any community. The
masses can never pretend to those sports.

The trotting-course, on the other hand, is common to all. It
is the trial-ground and arena of the roadster, open to every one

POPtJLAKITY OF TROTTERS. 127

who keeps a horse for his own driving, to compete thereon, ac-
cording to that horse's pretensions to speed or endurance. Nor
on it has the millionnaire, who keeps his regular trotting stable,
his private trotting course, and his private trainer, one iota of
advantage over the butcher, the baker, or the farmer, who keeps
his one fast crab, trains it himself into general condition on the
road, and puts it for a month or two, into the hands of Spicer,
Woodruff, Wheelan, or some other such tip-top-sawyer, to bring
it to its best time, and trot it, when the purse is to be won.

Trotting, in America, is the people's sport, the people's pas-
time, and, consequently, is, and will be, supported by the
people.

And, as it does for every thing else, the demand creates the
thing demanded.

Wlienever trotting becomes popular, in this sense, in Eng-
land, or in Europe generally, the same demand will arise ; and
trotters will be created in abundance, out of the abundant ma-
terial which exists in the noble half-bred, and yet more highly-
bred, horses of those countries.

But it is safe to say, that it never will become popular, and
that the demand never will arise.

Even in America, at this day, it is not popular with the
wealthier classes and those who assume to be the aristocracy ;
but is supported mainly by the people.

Regarding it in this light, I must say that it has often struck
me as somewhat cockneyish, not to say snobhisTi^ on the part of
American travellers, to go on, usque ad nauseam^ wondering why
there are not such trotters in England as there are in the United
States, and thinking it a great matter, for which to brag over
the Old Country, because there are no horses there which can
do their mile in the thirties.

I am certain that if an English traveller should make a sim-
ilar 7'out about the absence of hunters and steeple-chasers in
America, where nobody wants them, and should maintain such
a coch-Growing^ as do some of our newsjjaper letter- writers,
soi'disant horsemen, and Parisian correspondents, on the want
of trotters, over the inability of American horses to leap six-feet
stone walls, or twenty-five feet water-ditches, he would be set
down, in America universally, as a conceited braggadocio fool

128 THE H0K8E.

of a foreigner, and written down, at home, as a prejudiced,
narrow-minded, ignorant ass.

Another reason, inferior in practical truth to the others
adduced, but physically superior, is this — that before American
trotters could be generally used in Great Britain, the whole
system of British road-making must be altered ; which is not
very likely to occur. On an ordinary English Macadamized
turnpike, which is exactly the same as the hardest central part
of the J^ew York Third Avenue, without any soft track along
side of it, an American trotter would pound his shoes off in an
hour's trot, and his feet off in a week's driving; and this is
doubtless, whatever may be said of the o})jections heretofore
offered, one which must operate for ever against the general use
of trotters after the American fashion ; unless they be trained
and kept exclusively for sporting purposes. This, however, is
no more, but even less, likely to occur, than the total alteration
of the whole system of English road-making, and tlie entire
change of the tastes and habits of the English people. Since
the point, which renders the trotting horse so popular here,
would there be wanting, namely, his equal adaptability to or-
dinary road-driving and purposes of general utility, and to
occasional matching and turf-amusements of a peculiar^ though
inferior description.

Considering, however, the American trotting-horse, as he
now exists, in the light of an animal possessing extraordinary
qualities in a most extraordinary degree, and of one singularly
adapted to the state of society in this country — in the eastern
and western portions of it more especially — to the condition,
tastes and wants of the poj)ulation, it will be necessary to look a
little to what he is, to his origin, to the means by which he has
been produced, and lastly, to his character and characteristic
qualities, viewed as stationary or progressive.

And first, we shall find that the time-trotter, in America, i3
neither an original animal of a peculiar and distinct breed, nor
even an animal of very long existence, since his first creation.

Secondly, we shall find, that in an almost incredibly short
space of time, owing to the great demand for and universal po-
pularity of the animal, united to a perfectly devised, and now
ubiquitously understood, system of breaking, training and driv-

THEIK ORIGIN. 12d

ing him, so as to develope all his qualities to the utmost, the
trotting-horse, of high speed, good endurance, showy style of
going and fine figure, has become, from a rarity, a creature of
every-day occurrence, to be met with by dozens in every village
of the Eastern and Middle States, and scarcely any longer
regarded as a trotter, unless he can do his mile in somewhere
about two minutes and a half.

Thirdly, it will appear that the trotting-horse is, in no possi-
ble sense, a distinct race, breed, or family of the horse ; and that
his qualities, as a trotter, cannot be ascribed or traced to his origin
from, or connection with, any one blood, more than another.

It is true and it is to be regretted, that of trotting-horses, the
pedigrees have been so little attended to, and probably from the
nature of circumstances are so seldom attainable, that few, in-
deed, can be directly traced to any distance, in blood.

Enough is known, however, to show that some horses of
first-rate powers have come from the Canadian or Norman
French stock ; some from the ordinary undistinguished country-
horse of the southernmost of the midland States ; some from the
Vermont family ; some from the Indian pony ; and lastly,
some, mainly, if not entirely, from the thoroughbred.

To no one of these families can any superiority be attributed
in producing trotters of great speed. All have shown their speci-
mens, by means of which to claim their share in the production.

Onl}^, it may be affirmed generally, that while some very
famous trotting-horses have been nearly, if not entirely, thorough-
bred, the low, lazy, lounging, daisy-cutting gait and action of the
full-blooded horse of oriental blood, is not generally compatible
with great trotting action or speed. Still, it is true that the best
time-trotters have not the round, high-stepped action, which is
prized in carriage-horses, or parade horses for show, and which
probably originated and existed to the greatest extent in the
Flemish or the Hanoverian horse, of the coldest of all imaginable
strains of blood ; and that they have^ in a great measure, the
long-reaching stride, the quick gather, and the comparatively
low step of the thoroughbred.

That a strong infusion of the best blood adds both courage
and ability to endure, is not doubted ; and there is much reason
for believing that the animals most celebrated for undaunted
Vol. II.— 9

130 THE HOESE.

pluck and indomitable perseverance, have been extraordinarily
higli bred — as much so, to say the least, as the hest English
hunters, thirty years ago, or as most English hunters, except in
the grass counties, Leicestershire, Rutlandshire and ISTorth-
amptonshire, at the present day.

Lastly, it stands preeminently confessed and undeniable, that
the speed and powers of the trotting-horse of America are as yet
in a progressive and improving state. That constant increase of
speed does not imply decrease of power to endure, either in
reference to time or to the weight carried or drawn, but exactly
the reverse. In other words, the experience of the day shows
that with improvement in speed, improvement in endurance,
both for distance and for the w^eight to be moved, advances
likewise. Nor that only, but iignre, action, size and appearance
also.

That is among the reasons which goes far to disprove the
growing opinion, that with the efforts to increase speed in the
English and American race-horses, its admirers are sacrificing
bottom, courage and power.

In other words, that the animal is degenerating.

Now it is clear, that since blood is more largely infused from
the best horses into the veins of the ordinary American road-
ster, the endurance and the beauty of that class of animal, as
well as its speed, are increasing a hundredfold.

This certainly does not go to show that thorough blood is
deteriorated itself, or the cause of deterioration in others; mnch
less that as some blockheads — I can use no other term — have
argued, it requires a mixture of coarse cold blood to restore its
pristine vigor.

Much more conclusively does it controvert, confound and
utterly condemn the foolish, fanatical, prick-eared, false philoso-
phy of the pundits of the Agricultural Societies, who would pro-
hibit the exhibition of speed at their fairs ; as if by being fast on
foot, horses lost the power of staying a distance, or carrying or
drawing a weight, whereas every one knows tlie fact to be the
very reverse ; and that there are ten horses to-day, in every
county in the Union, which can draw two men in a wagon at a
rate of ten miles an hour, and keep up their work, where there

THE PREJUDICE. 131

was one that could do it at the beginning of the present half
century.

The only thing to be expected now of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Society, is, that it should exclude all women from
their grounds, who possess above a low average of good looks,
for fear the men should neglect looking at fat pigs, in view of
the superior attractions of fair women.

It is too little to say, that such befogged and Bostonian enact-
ments are behind the spirit of the age ; are utterly unscientific,
unpractical, detrimental to the object which they profess to
encourage, and indicative of a low, prejudiced, one-sided, exclu-
sive and Pharisaical condition of the poj)ular mind, where such
absurdities can be promulgated without calling forth general
reprobation, or awakening universal and inextinguishable ridi-
. cule.

The Pharisees have succeeded, one may say, for the excep-
tion scarcely exists to prove the rule, in abolishing trials of speed
among race-horses every where east of the Potomac, and north
of the Ohio Rivers. The consequence is, that they have all but
succeeded in abolishing the thoroughbred horee in the same
region ; and have brought it to pass, that in 1856 there are not
ten thoroughbred stallions of proved blood and tried powers —
indeed, not ten thoroughbred stallions, of any kind, serving
mares, where in 1826 there were fifty.

It remains for two or three generations hence, to show whe-
ther the general stock of the country will have improved or
deteriorated, by the substitution of Morgan and Black Hawk
trotting stallions, with at most two or three-eighths of thorough
blood in their veins, and without size, length or room, for such
animals as Eclipse, Henry, Medoc, Mingo, Postboy, Leviathan,
Trustee, of later days ; or as King William, Messenger, Medley
and Wildair, in the brave times of old, when men did not
assume it necessary, that because they were " virtuous," there
must needs be " no more cakes and ale."

But it does need the lapse of generations to enable the expe-
rienced breeder, who takes proof and the tested wisdom of ages,
instead of new-fangled notions, for his guide, to foresee what the
effect will surely be.

Nor does it need a second-sighted eye, or a prophetic tongue,

132 THE HOESE.

to discover and declare, that if trials of speed be prohibited to
trotters in the next quarter of a century, the trotter will be as
nearly extinguished in the North and the West, as the thorough-
bred now is; and that, as the men of 1856 have seen trotting half-
breds take the place, on Long Island and in New Jersey, of the
noble thoroughbred stallions of 1826, so will the men of 1886
see cart and Conestoga stallions, in the place of the Morgans
and the Black Hawks of to-day.

Whether the Agricultural Societies who esteem speed as a
crime in a horse, just as their Puritan ancestors held beauty in
a woman a delusion and a snare, accept the consequence of their
action, as a desirable conclusion, and " a consummation devoutly
to be wished," or no — it is the certain and legitimate conclusion
thereof.

If it bo persisted in, the same Thebans, who rejoice and con-
sider it " a Providence " that there is not a " four-mile-heater,"
north of the Potomac, will have equal cause to rejoice, within
another quarter of a century, that there is not a horse that can
trot his mile within four minutes, or do his eight miles, instead
of his twenty, within the hour.

This will be their deed ; but they must not expect to be able
to shelter themselves from the just reproach of the country, or
from the silent scorn of time, by any plea, such as Macbeth's to
bleeding Banquo's shadow —

" Thou canst not say I did it ; "

for it is already found as a true bill of indictment against them,
and there are those awake to the subject, who will suffer no
nolle prosequi to be entered up for their protection, from the
consequences of their more than moon-struck madness.

Persons who only see the trotting-horse as he now exists, an
established institution of the country, and perhaps remember
that within their own memory, time has been brought down
from 2m. 408. to the as yet unequalled, though we may not
doubt to be surpassed hereafter, 2m. 24^s. of Flora Temple, will
doubtless be astonished to learn how modern is the date of this
celebrated creation, and how recent the establishment of trottinsr
courses, and the proclamation of purses for trotters.

TOM THUMB. 133

" The first time," I quote from the old Spirit of the Times
of December 20, 1856, " ever a horse trotted in public for a
stake, was in 1818, and that was a match against time for
$1,000." The word ever in the above quotation, I presume, to
have reference to America, as trotting matches on the road in
England had certainly taken place earlier than that date.

" The match," continues the writer, " was proposed at a
Jockey Club dinner, where trotting had come under discussion ;
and the bet was, that no horse could be produced which could
trot a mile in three minutes. It was accepted by Major William
Jones, of Long Island, and Col. Bond^ of Maryland ; but the
odds on time were immense. The horse named at tlie post
was ' Boston Blue,' who won cleverly, and gained great
renown. He subsequently was purchased by Thomas Cooper,
the celebrated tragedian, who drove him on several occasions
between this city," New York, " and Philadelphia, thereby
enabling himself to perform his engagements in either city on
alternate nights.

" It was as late as 1830 before the fast-trotting courses were
established, and public purses offered in this country. Edwin
Forest made his best time in 1834, and Sally Miller hers in
1833, and at that date 2m. 31-|s. was the maximum of speed."

There is an error in the above statement, concerning the
date of the first establishment of trotting courses and offer of
purses, as I suspected from my own recollection, on first reading
it — Shaving seen Tom Thumb trot his match in England, while
an under-graduate at Cambridge, on the ]^orthampton turnpike-
road, much earlier than the date named, which would hardly
have been tlie case had not trotting been already a well-under-
stood sport in the United States.

By reference to that excellent old work, the American
Farmer, by the late J. S. Skinner, a useful and honored con-
tributor to all that belongs to sporting in America, I find in
vol. iv. p. 265, for 1823, the first distinct notice of trotting
courses.

It is embodied in an act passed March 30, 1831, which is
published in the Farmer, in connection with the " Articles and
Rules of the New York Association for the improvement of the
breed of horses."

134 THE HOKSE.

This Association, it appears, was instituted in the year first
named, 1823, founded on the act alluded to, bearing date of two
years previous.

This enactment runs thus —

" Be it enacted by the people of the State of New York,
represented in Senate and Assembly, that from and after the
passing of this act, the training, pacing, trotting and running of
horses, upon regulated courses and upon private property, in
the county of Queens, is hereby declared to be exempted and
freed, for and during the period of five years, from the passing
of this act, from the provisions and penalties of the act, entitled,
' An act to prevent horse-racing, and for other purposes.' "

There are farther clauses to this act, but as it is my object,
at present, only to fix dates, it is unimportant to refer to these.

On page 415 of the same volume, I find the following
notice, taken from a Glasgow paper; evidently showing that,
although there might as yet be no regular trotting-courses or
public purses given, the art of making and training trotters was
already well understood ; —

" The public were informed of the speed of two American
trotters, the property of Mr. Aldridge, and it seems two others,
lately arrived, are superior in speed, and equal to 17 miles an
hour. They are the property of a gentleman named Bening-
borough ; one of them was matched to do eight miles in half an
hour on the Cambridge road, on Thursday, and to carry 11 stone,
154 lbs. The horse is an iron gray, rat-tailed, and is sixteen
hands high. The match was for 100 sovereigns at a week's
notice, and the horse did his —

min. sea.

mm. sec.

First mile in .

. 3 30

Fifth mile in .

. 3 32

Second " .

3 29

Sixth "

. 3 50

Third "

. 3 26

Seventh " . .

. 3 40

Fourth " .

. 3 36

Eighth "

. 3 52

inaking the whole eight miles in 28m. 55s.

" The horse broke once in the sixth mile. The other horse
was matched to trot 17 miles in one hour on the same road, for
200 sovereigns." — Glasgow Herald.

I can find no farther mention of these horses, cither in the
English or American sporting publications of that date, unless

EAKLT MATCHES. 135

one of them be alluded to in a brief notice in the Annals of
Sporting, an English work, vol. v., p. Y4. " On the 10th De-
cember, 1823, tlie American Roan started to do one mile in
3m. 6s., upon the trot, for 50 sovereigns, and won, with two
seconds to spare."

The next records which I find, are these from the American
Farmer of the following year, 1821:.

" New York, June 2.

" Trotting. — Last Monday's Evening Post contained an ac-
count of an extraordinary trotting match on Sunbury Common,
England, in harness. Mr. Giles trotted his mare 28 miles, in the
short space of one hour and 57 minutes, which is said to be un-
paralleled, and that there is nothing like it on record. But let us
see how it compares with the match between Mr. Somerindyke's
horse Topgallant, and Mr. Coster's mare, Betsey Baker, who were
matched for one thousand dollars a side, to trot three miles in
liarness, on the Jamaica road. They started yesterday, at one
o'clock, the horse driven by Mr. Purdy, the mare by Mr. How-
ard. The horse had the advantage in starting, as he came up
hard in hand, with fine action, a little ahead of the mare. The
word was given to start, and the horse led the mare in fine style
and beat her about 40 yards, performing the three measured
English miles in the short space of eight minutes and 42 seconds.
Topgallant last summer performed 12 miles on the road in 39
minutes, beating the celebrated horse Dragon, owned by T.
Carter. All three of the above horses were raised on Long
Island. Mr. Purdy trotted the Albany pony on the same
ground, against Mr. Howard one mile, which was performed in
2m. 40s. The Boston Blue horse trotted his eighteen miles
within the hour, and the Tredwell mare trotted her mile in 2m.
34s. The two last horses were taken to England, and won
several matches," — Evening Post.

I presume that Boston Blue is the rat-tailed, iron-gray, men-
tioned above in the " Cambridge Road" match, elsewhere called
the Slate-colored American, and the Tredwell mare, the brown
mentioned in the same extract. Boston Blue is the horse re-
corded in the quotation from the Spirit as winning a thousand
dollars by doing, for Major Wm. Jones, the first mile ever re-
corded in three minutes, in 1818. The Tredwell mare, it ap-

136 THE HORSE.

pears, if the above statement be correct, had already, in 1824,
brought the time down below the forties ; but for many years
afterward a 2m. 40s. horse was not an every-day occurrence,
even among those considered extra fast, while a three-minute
horse was, until very recently, considered extraordinary as a
private gentleman's roadster.

Again, in the same year, we find the following notice of a
road-match, done nearly at the same rate as those previously
noticed, which was evidently about the top time of the day.

" On Saturday last, for a bet of $100, a horse of Mr. Yan
Buren's was trotted to a wagon, without collar or traces, six
miles in 28 minutes. The time allowed was 34 minutes, and
the performance was done on the Jamaica turnpike from the
12th to the 6th mile-stone. The horse came in without fatigue,
although the whole of the tire came off one of the wheels." —
New York Paper.

Tlie trick of the match last named, lies in the animal having
drawn the greater part of the load by the bit, in its mouth,
although it is probable that the shafts were attached pretty
firmly to the belly-band, and there may have been a breast-
plate.

In the year 1825, from the same source, the American
Farmer, which is the only responsible guide on such matters
until 1829, when its editor commenced, in September, the pub-
lication of the American Turf Register, I derive the account of
the following match.

" The lovers of fine trotting were gratified yesterday morn-
ing by witnessing a match between a bay horse belonging to
Mr. Russel, and Mr. Howard's sorrel horse. Defiance, for a purse
of $1,000. The distance was three-mile heats, and the purse
was won by Defiance in very handsome style. The fii*st heat
was won by the bay horse, but it is presumed that Defiance
would have come in ahead, if he had not lost a shoe. Tlie dis-
tance was performed as follows —

First heat, .... 9m. lis.

Second " . . . . 9m. 08s.

Third " . . . .9m. 06s.

Whole nine miles in . . 27m. 25s."

NEW -SORK TROTTING CLUB. 137

On a later page of the same volume, there is a record,
which, as it relates to an English match, it is not worth the
while to extract entire, to the effect that " Mr. Willan's horse,
which beat the Slate-colored American''^ — Boston Blue, I ima-
gine— " was backed to trot three miles in nine minutes, for
100 guineas."

The horse did his first mile in 2m. 53s., and at the end of the
second mile had 12 seconds to spare ; but when a hundred yards
from home he broke, and was so hemmed in by the crowd when
turned back, that he could not clear himself, and lost his match
by 5 seconds.

This system of turning, by the way, when a horse breaks, is
one of the errors in English trotting rules, which has militated
against all progress or improvement. A horse loses enough by
being pulled down into his stroke again, as every driver knows.
If he must turn back, an unsteady horse, such as Pelham, would
be distanced every time he started.

This year brings us to what may be called the origin of
authorized and authenticated trotting, as in it was established
the association of which this, from the same journal of May 19,
1826, is the first record extant.

" The New York Trotting Club was got up last year with a
view of improving the speed of road horses, which they con-
sider the most useful of their species, and it met with great en-
couragement from the' admirers of that noble and most useful
class of animals ; the following are the inducements offered by
the Club to persons owning good horses to train and enter them
for the prizes, and by these means many horses whose speed is
now in obscurity will be brought into notice, and consequently
their value enhanced. The Club's course is near the Jamaica
Turnpike, about a mile below the Union Course, L. I.

" The first day's purse this spring, of $200, will be trotted
for under the saddle, on the 16th inst., at 2 p. m. Two-mile
heats.

"Second day, the 17th, a purse of $200, to be trotted for in
harness. Two-mile heats.

" Third day, the 18th, a sweepstake of $200, under the sad-
dle ; three-mile heats, open for trotters, rackers, and pacers.
" A piece of plate is to form the half of each purse."

138 THE HORSE.

" The weiglit to be carried is 150 lbs. for the saddle, and a
feather for harness.

" Horses to be entered the day previous at John R. Snede-
cors, at 4r o'clock, p. m."

To which the editor adds the following exhortation ; — " Why
are not clubs like the above formed in this vicinity ? It would
afford an excellent test for the speed and value of harness
horses, as the turf does for the race-horse. Who will set it
a-goino; ? "

It is curious to read such words, dated only thirty years ago,
and to look at the changes which have ensued within so short a
space. Then trotting-horses were scarce in existence, and but
one course in the Union, while race-horses and racing were as
common as flowers in May. Now, a fast trotter is in every third
wagon you meet on the road, trotting courses meeting you at
every corner, while racing, and all that pertains to it, except
in a few Soutliern States, of which long may it continue the
boast and glory, has every where fallen into abeyance among
us, and seems to hang

" Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail
In monumental mockery."

The next we learn from the Ifeio York Gazette^ May 16,
1826, that, " The trotting purse of $200 was contested for yes-
terday by Screws, Screwdriver and Betsey Baker. It was won
in handsome style by Screwdriver in two heats. The first twc
miles in 5m. 36s.

" The second two miles in 5m. 38s.

" $100 in money and $100 in silver plate were delivered by
the Vice-president with an appropriate speech. The owners
and friends of the winning horse gave a splendid dinner and
champagne at Snedecor's tavern, where the following horses
were entered for this day's purse.

" Two-mile heats in harness. Entries — ^Tom Thumb, by
Garvey Q. Brown ; Screws, by Blank ; Jersey Kate, by
McGuire. Great sport is expected."

I find no record of the farther notice of this meeting, nor of
the year, until the Autumn meeting on the Union Course, L. I.,
October 3, 1826.

KATTLEK AND SCREWDRIVER. 139

"Wlien, on the same day on which Mr. Stevens' ch. f. Janet
won the Association's purse of four-mile heats — the first in Tm.
48s, the second in a canter, no time kept.

" The silver plate of the ISTew York Trotting Club was
trotted for in harness, two-mile heats, at 11 o'clock, by Trouble,
Screws, Tom Thumb, and Lady Pluck.

" Won by Trouble in 5.27—5.31.

" At four o'clock in the afternoon, Betsey Baker, Buckskin,
Shakespeare and Rob Roy trotted for a sweepstakes of $100.
three-mile heats.

" Betsey Baker won the purse, by taking the first and third
heats. Shakespeare won the second heat.

"Time, 8.21, 8.20, 8.19."

Herewith closes the brief of all the American trotting, on
regular courses, of the year 1826.

Of the following year, 1827, we have somewhat fuller ac-
counts, and those of horses whose names, as well as those of
their riders, are still household words among our sporting men,
and who were still performing and winning green laurels on the
Turf, within my own personal recollection.

"A trotting match against time was decided yesterday —
April 23 — on the Trotting Course, Long Island. The conditions
of the bet were, to trot fifteen miles in harness, fifteen within
the hour ; which was performed by the Long Island horse
Whalebone, in fifty-six minutes, notwithstanding the heaviness
of the course, owing to the rain which fell the night preceding,
and in the forenoon of the day of the race. The 14:th mile was
accomplished in 3m. 10s., and the last, the 15th, in 3m. 5s. —
and, what is very remarkable, the horse came in at the end of
the race in gallant style, and appearing not more distressed than
the common run of horses would in performing the same dis-
tance at the rate of eight miles the hour. The owner has ofiered
to trot him seventeen miles in an hour for a thousand dollars.

'* AurEE. Farmer."

Again,

" A trotting match took place, October 3, on the Long Island
Course, between the celebrated horse Rattler, owned by Mr.
Wm. Jackson, and Screwdriver, the property of Mr. Brown,
for one thousand dollars a side, two-mile heats.

140 THE HOKSE.

" At starting, Screwdriver had tlie pole.

" The horses went off in good style head and head for some
distance, when Rattler made a break, and in pulling up to regain
his trot, lost between fifty and sixty yards. By the good man-
agement of his rider, he gained gradually on his opponent, and
finally won the heat by about a head.

" The second heat, the horses again went off head and head.
Kattler made another break, which left him considerably in the
rear; but having more /bo^ than his opponent, soon regained his
lost ground, passed him, and won the race in fine style. Rattler
was ridden by Mr. M. Clintock ; Screwdriver, by Mr. White
Howard.

"This match was certainly the greatest treat that amateurs
have probably witnessed on this or any other tm"f in the annals
of trotting.

" Time of the first heat, 5m. 24s. Second heat, 5m. 26s.

" New York Paper P

I cannot discover any records of the regular meetings or the
contests for the purses of this year, the absence of any authentic
work devoted exclusively to sporting up to a period of two years
later, rendering it almost impossible to get at facts worthy of
record as authentic.

From this date, however, trotting may be regarded as a tho-
roughly authentic and legitimate sport, as in the next year a
second Association and trotting course was established in the
second city of the Union, and from that day the progress of the
sport has still been, without a check, onward and upward.

HUNTING PARK ASSOCIATION, PHILADELPHIA.

" The meeting for this Association was held at the Indian
Queen Tavern, South 4th street, Philadelphia, February 8, 1828.
The object of the Association was such as ought to induce sim-
ilar ones at all the country towns. Tliey would promote a fond-
ness for fine horses, would increase their number, and greatly
augment the value of the capital which must always exist in the
article of horses. The purpose of the Association is clearly ex-
plained in the first article, as follows.

"Article 1. For the encouragement of the breed of fine

HUNTING PAKK COUKSE. 141

horses, especially that most valuable one known as the trotter,
whose extraordinary powers cannot be developed or properly
estimated without trials of speed and bottom, and in order to
prevent those vicious practices which often occur on the course,
where it is not subject to the government and direction of an
Association, empowered and resolved to maintain good order —
the subscribers agree to associate under the name and title of the
Hunting Park Association."

To copy the remainder of the articles and rules, would be a
needless waste of space ; but it may be briefly stated that — ^The
government of the Association is vested in a President, two Yice-
presidents, and seven Managers, to be elected annually.

" No new member to be admitted without the consent of
two-thirds of the Board of Managers.
" Annual subscription, ten dollars.

" Every rider to be neatly dressed in a fancy silk jacket,
jockey cap and boots, and all horses to carry weight according
to age, as follows —

An aged horse, . . . . 150 pounds

Six years, ...... 143 "

Five years, 136 "

Four years, 129 "

Three years, . • . . . . 122 "
Mares, fillies, and geldings allowed three pounds. Intervals of
thirty minutes between heats of four miles, twenty minutes be-
tween heats of three miles, and fifteen between every other heat.
"All combinations and partnership between horses pro-
hibited, and their owner never again allowed to enter a horse.
A horse must win two heats to win a race, unless he distance
all others at one heat ; but if three horses win each a heat, no
other horse to start against them.

The distance on four-mile heats is fixed at . . 320 yards.
" three " " . . 240 "

" two " «. . . 160 "

" one " " . . 80 "

" Art. 26. All trials for speed shall be under the saddle,
unless directed otherwise by a majority of the members t)f this
Association, or two-thirds of the oflicers of the same ; but the
first day's and largest purse shall, in all cases, be contended for

142 THE H0K8E.

under the saddle. When trotting in harness is permitted and
authorized, the officers of the Association shall give notice of
the same, and prescribe the rules, at least one month before the
pm'se is trotted for.

" PEKFOKMANCES ON THE COURSE OF THE HUNTING PARK ASSOCIATION
FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF TROTTING HORSES.

"First match was on the 15th May, 1828, when three horses
were entered for the Association's purse of $300, and a splendid
cup ; viz.. Screwdriver, Betsey Baker, and Topgallant.

" Distance, three-mile heats.

" Screwdriver won the two first heats, beating Betsey Baker
by a few feet.

" Time of performance — first heat, 8m. 2s. ; second heat,
8m. 10s.

" This was the best time then on record." It has been done
since by Dutchman in 7m. 32|s., and Lady Sufiblk in 7m. 40^s. —
7m 56s.*

" Second day's Spring races, 16th May, Whalebone, Creeper,
Gentle Kitty, Grey Squirrel, and Moonshine, were entered, two-
mile heats, purse $200, and a handsome silver cup.

" Whalebone took the two first heats, distancing Gentle Kitty
and Moonshine first heat. Distance, two-mile heats.

" Performance — first heat, 5m. 40s. ; second heat, 5m. 38s.

"October 21, 1828. The Fall Kaces took place. On the first
day. Topgallant and Paul Pry were entered. Topgallant took
the two first heats, purse $200, and a silver cup. Distance, two-
mile heats.

" Performance — first heat, 5m. 55s. ; second heat, 5m. 35s.

" October 22, second day. Spot, Paul Pry, and Ephraim
Smooth. Purse, $300. Distance, four-mile heats. Spot won
the two first heats with ease.

"Performance — first heat, 11m. 34s. ; second heat, 11m. 40s.

" In the afternoon of said day, the following fillies contended
for the Colt and Fillies' Purse, $50, and a silver cup of the same
value. Sally Miller and Lady Washington.

Sally Miller, first heat, . . . 3m. 9s.
Lady Washington, second heat, . . 3m. 6s.
Sally Miller, third heat, . . . 3m. 4s.

* See Note 4, p. 207. .

TOPGALLANT.

143

" March 19, 1829. The following horses were started for a

purse of $200, as second-rate horses. Distance, two-mile heats.

Creeper, Lady Jackson, Lady Kate, Moonshine, and Paul Pry.

Lady Jackson, first heat, . . . 5ni. 47s.

Moonshine, second heat, . . . 5m. 43s.

Moonshine, third heat, . . . 5m. 388.

" May 21 . Match race between Topgallant and Ephraim
Smooth, for $500 a side, three-mile heats. The two first heats
won by Ephraim Smooth.

" Time, first heat, 8m. 20s. ; second heat, 8m. 10s.

" Ameiican Ttirf Register, Vol. I. p. 63."

In connection with the Hunting Park Course, of which this
is the first record, it will be not out of place to give, in this
place, a memoir of the celebrated old horse Topgallant, who for
many seasons stood nearly at the head of the American Trotting
Turf, and for some reason, which it is not easy now to indicate,
for it certainly was not dependent wholly on his real merits as a
victor, for he was often defeated, and not by any means in
extraordinary time — or what would now be considered such —
was one of the most popular animals and the greatest favorites,
with the masses of the spectators, that has ever been known on
the Turf.

He stood, in this respect, as Lady Suffolk in her day, and as
Flora Temple now.

He was the " Old Top," as Lady Suff'olk formerly was the
" Old Lady," of the B'hoys, who were always ready to cheer
them to the echo in their successes, and to sympathize, as if it
were private calamity, in their defeats.

He was a fine dashing-looking animal, with a blood look, a
lean bony head, and fine action.

AN ACCOUNT OF THE CELEBRATED TEOTTLNG HORSE TOPGALLAJ^T.

Among the many horses which have acquired distinction on
the Hunting Park Course, no one, perhaps, is so general a
favorite as the veteran trotter. Whenever the " Old Horse," as
he is familiarly and aff'ectionately called, appears upon the
course, his presence is greeted with every demonstration of
enthusiasm, by the spectators, and in his performances he is

144: THE H0E8E.

watched with the deepest anxiety. Tliis attachment to him
springs from his extreme age, joined to his general good be-
havior, and the fact that he is in a great degi*ee identified with
the history of our course. He was one of the first liorses ever
entered for the purse of the Hunting Park Association, and has
since been engaged in every regular contest which has taken
place under their auspices. In all of these — though not a con-
stant winner — he has sustained an excellent reputation, and
whenever defeated, he has experienced more sympathy than
most others in success.

The life of Topgallant has been strangely varied. Of his
earlier years, but little is known, though he is generally be-
lieved to belong to the stock of the famous Old Messenger.
Where, or by whom he was bred, we have been unable to learn,
nor can we ascertain his precise age, though his marks indicate
twenty-five years last spring. At one period, he was used as a
common coach hackney in New York, and has at other times,
been employed in various laborious occupations.

Topgallant has changed owners so frequently, that it is
nearly impossible to procure a regular detail of his perform-
ances. Some of these have taken place at Long Island, and in
parts of l^ew Jersey, but those feats whicli are considered the
most remarkable, have been accomplished at Allen's, now better
known as the Hunting Park Course. His reputation as a trot-
ter, has been established for many years, and so high did he
stand in the opinion of those who knew him, that at a meeting
of the board of officers of the Hunting Park Association, held
to regulate the trotting for their purses, the first year of their
institution, it was resolved, that Topgallant should not be per-
mitted to enter for the second day's purse, inasmuch as they
considered him a first-rate horse.

On Thursday, May 15, 1828, Topgallant trotted against
Screwdriver and Betsey Baker, three-mile heats, &c., for the
first purse and prize cup, offered by the Hunting Park Asso-
ciation. On this occasion, Screwdriver succeeded in win-
ning.

Time, 1st heat, 8m. 2s. — 2d heat, 8m. 10s.

Though a loser, Toj) suff'ered nothing in the estimation of his
friends.

.i.. '\^\':»''^f^sm^:-.}''^.?-: ij^'^ :::i^'^mM:_^

TOPGALLANT. 145

Tuesday, Oct. 25, 1828, Top trotted against Paul Pry, for
the Association third purse of $200, and won by the first two
heats.

Time, 1st heat, 5m. 55s. — 2d lieat, 5m. 35s.

In this contest neither of the horses were pushed.

Wednesday, 20, 1829, Top trotted against Columbus, AVhale-
bone, Bnckskin, and Epliraim Smooth, for the Association eightli
purse, of $300 ; Epliraim Smootli won.

Time, 1st heat, 8ni. 27s.— 2d heat, 8m. 20s.

Notwithstanding this defeat, the friends of the old horse
immediately matched him against the winner, Epliraim Smooth,
for three-mile heats, $500 a side, to be trotted the following
day. Accordingly, on the 21st May, the match took place,
when Epliraim Smooth again succeeded in winning the two
heats.

Time, 1st heat, 8m. 20s.— 2d heat, 8m. 10s.

On Thursday, October 15, 1829, Topgallant, Epliraim
Smooth, Whalebone and Chancellor, trotted for the pnrse of
$200, four-mile heats. It was in this contest that Topgallant
proved the excellence of his bottom. Four heats were trotted.
Top came out ahead m the first. The second was prononnced a
dead heat. Whalebone took the third, and old Top the fourth.
This trot aflforded excellent sport to the spectators, and was
justly considered one of the best that had taken place on the
course.

Time, 1st heat, 11m. 4s. — 2d or dead heat, 11m. 30s. — 3d
heat, 11m. 17s. — 4th heat, 12m. 15s.

Thursday, May 20, 1830, Columbns, Ephraim Smooth, Top-
gallant, and Lady Jackson trotted for the Association purse of
$200, tliree-mile heats. In this trial Columbus was victor, doing
the 1st heat in 8m. 19s. — 2d heat, 8m. 27s.

So sanguine were the friends of Topgallant that his loss
was attributable to untoward circumstances, and not to any in-
feriority of speed, that they offered a match of $500 a side, two-
mile heats, against the winner, Columbus, which was accepted.
In consequence of this arrangement, the match took place on
the 22d of June following, when the old horse won the two first
heats with all ease.

His time was as follows ; — 1st mile on the 1st heat, 2m. 468.
Vol II.— 10

146 THE H0K8E,

— 2d mile on the 1st heat, 2m. 4:3s. — 1st mile on the 2d heat,
2m. 43s. — 2d mile on the 2d heat, 2m. 46s., making 5m. 29s.
each heat.

Top did not break once during this performance.

On the Tth of September, 1830, a match was trotted between
Topgallant and a gray horse from Boston, called Buster, mile
heats, for $100 aside. This money Top won without diffi-
culty, doing each heat in 2m. 39s. He would have per-
formed his 2d heat some seconds sooner, but his rider held
him in.

On the 22d and 23d of Oct., 1830, Top contended for the
purses offered by the Association, but was unsuccessful on both
days, Bull Calf taking the first, and Whalebone the second.

Thursday, May 19, 1831, Topgallant, Bull Calf, Tyro, and
Sally Miller, entered for the Association purse of $200, two-mile
heats, and in this trial Top succeeded in winning the 2d and 3d
heats, Sally Miller having taken the first.

Time, 1st heat, 5m. 21s. — 2d heat, 5m. 21s. — 3d heat,
6m. 16s.

Thursday, June 2, 1831, a match race was trotted between
Topgallant and Whalebone, four-mile heats, in which Top took
the lead from the score, and kept it during the 1st and 2d heats,
being only once lapped by his ojjponent.

Time, 1st heat, 12m. 5s.— 2d heat, 12m. 2s.

In consequence of Whalebone's breaking up continually,
Top was not pushed, and, of course, the time was not so good as
had been expected.

On the 20th Oct. 1831, Top trotted against Sally Miller, Bull
Calf, and the Clark's Colt, two-mile heats, for a premium of
$200, which was taken by Sally Miller.

.Time, 1st heat, 5m. 26s.— 2d heat, 5m. 23s.
; On the 21st, the day following. Top entered with seven
horses, to trot three-mile heats, for a premium of $300. On
this occasion. Top took the second heat, distancing Columbus in
8m. 19s. and worked the winning horse very closely in the
third and fourth heats, both of which he lost by only a few
feet.

On the 29th of October, at the Central Course, Baltimore, he
won a purse of $250, three-mile heats — winning the first and

LONG ISLAND COURSE. 147

tinrd heats; second lieat taken by Dread. The other horses
entered were (yoUector, Spot, ChanceHor and Terror.

Top is a fine, clean-lhnbed, well-looking bay, about fifteen
hands high, and his movement is sure, though easy. Every
visitor to the Hunting Park Course is well acquainted with liim,
and all, as we remarked before, are attached to him. It is said
that upon one occasion, a match trot was formed in some part of
New Jersey, neither of the horses being known to the adverse
parties, and when the animals were brought upon the ground, a
small boy, who had visited Philadelphia, after looking closely
for some minutes at the frame and movements of one of them,
exclaimed, with a burst of admiration, " By G — d. Old Top." —
Upon inquiry, it was found to be so, and the trot was declined.

A few days only before the fall meeting, described above, on
the Hunting Park Course, the noted old trotter. Screwdriver,
finished his career, and his obituary is thus registered in the
American Farmer ; —

" The emjperor of horses is no more. Screwdriver is dead.
He died suddenly on Sunday, October 19, 1828, in his training
stable at Philadelphia. This is the noble animal that trotted
and won at Philadelphia the silver cup and $300, on the lotli of
May last, beating Betsey Baker and Topgallant. On the 7th
inst. he won the $300 purse on Long Island, and was intended
for the $300 purse to be trotted for on Tuesday, the 21st inst,
at Philadelphia. He was considered the best trotter ever known
in this or any other country, of a fine figure and excellent tem-
per. He was the property of J. P. Brown, of this city." — PhU.
Paper.

In September of the following year, 1829, the publication of
the American Turf Register was commenced, and in its second
number are the following notices ; —

" On September 7th, at half-past four o'clock, a race was
paced on the Long Island Course, for a purse of $500, by the
celebrated horses Bowery Boy and Stranger. The distance was
two-mile heats. The first heat was paced in 5m. Ol^s. ; the
second in 5m. 07s. Both heats were won by Bowery Boy ; the
first with ease ; the second by a short distance. At a former
race Stranger was the winning horse."

'' The New York and Lono- Island Trotting Club announce

148 THE H0K8E.

to the public, that their trotting and pacing sports commence on
the 3d, 5th, and 7th days of October, on the trotting course on
Long Island, at three o'clock, p. m. Each day's purse will consist
of $200. The iirst, for horses under the saddle, carrying 145 lbs.,
three-mile heats ; the second, in harness, carrying 145 lbs., three-
mile heats, and the third, for pacers, rackers and trotters, carry-
ing a feather."

" LONG ISLAND TROTTING COtJKSE.

' An interesting and extraordinary trot took place on the
Long Island Trotting Course, before a large concourse of people.
The purse was contended for by Topgallant, Columbus, Comet,
Spot, and William. Columbus was declared the winner of the
first heat ; the second and third heats were won by Topgallant,
who with difiiculty was successful in winning the third heat from
Comet.

min. sec.

" First heat, 3 miles 8 20

"Second " 8 11

"Third " 8 14

" On the same course, at 3 p. m., a paced match took place
between Bowery Boy, Fireaway, and Stranger, the last winning
the match in two heats. The first was well contested, Fireaway
and Stranger coming in almost neck and neck. On the second,
all three were nearly lapped at its termination. The race-course
was in good order, and an immense number of persons were on
the ground.

" PHILADELPHIA HUNTING PARK COURSE.

'• The following is a statement of the result of the trotting on
this course ; —

" Wednesday, October 14. Two-mile heats.

" Lady Jackson, 11

" Lady Childers, 2 2

"Collector, dist

" Time, 5m. 868.— 5m. 4l8.

*' All Philadelphia horses."

HUNTING rAKK COURSE. 149

« Same day. Four-mile heats, in harness.

1 1

"Whalebone,

Sir Peter,

1 2

"Time, llm. 28s.— Second, 11m. 27a.

" The winner is a New York horse. Whalebone is owned
in Philadelphia.

" Thursday, October 15. Four-mile heats.

"Topgallant, 1021

"Whalebone, 2012

" A gray from New York, 3 0 drawn

" Ephraim Smooth, . dist

" No time kept,

" This was one of the handsomest trots ever seen on this
course. Ephraim Smooth, however, after contesting the first
two miles of the first heat, side by side with Topgallant, lest a
shoe and was distanced. Whalebone was side by side with Top-
gallant nearly throughout the three other heats, winning one.
The second heat was drawn, there being some complaints of
foul riding by Topgallant's rider, who came out ahead." I sup-
pose this should read against Topgallant's rider, as, if he won
the heat, he would hardly complain.

The time of the three-mile heats has been brought as low as
7m. 32|s. by Dutchman, in 1839, and 7m. 40^s. by Lady SuflPolk,
in 1841, under the saddle ; and as low as 7m. 41s. by Dutch-
man, and 7m. 53s. by Ripton, in harness, in 1839 and 1848.* Pet
and Kemble Jackson have done it in wagons as low as 8m. Is.
and 8m. 3s., respectively. So that horseflesh has shown its
progress, in these events against time, as victoriously in this as
in any other branch of sporting.

As of two-mile heats, so it may be said of two, that pace
has again gained upon time.f Flora Temple and Lady Suifolk
have reduced it to 4m. 57s., and 4m. 59s. respectively, and many
have done it in a few seconds over five minutes, even in second
heats, and in harness.

At four-mile heats there has been less improvement than at
any other distance.:}: Dutchman has done it in llm. 19s., 10m.
51s., and Lady Suifolk in llm. 15s., llm. 58s. Otherwise there
has been no gain on Sir Peter's time. In fact, of late years,
three and four-mile heats have lost their popularity.

* See Note 5, p. 207. \ See Note 6, p. 207. % See Note 7, p. 207.

150 THE HORSE.

It appears by a letter from the American correspondent of tli«
English Sporting Magazine, published in August, 1829, and
quoted in the November number of the American Turf Register,
that " Topgallant, Whalebone, Sir Peter, Trouble and Shakes-
peare, were got by Hambletonian ; that Betsey Baker was by
Mambrino ; Screwdriver, dam. Bull by Mount Holly ; Kattler
by an imported English horse out of a Canadian mare, and Tom
Thumb a Narragansett, an excellent breed of trotters, but their
origin unknown."

This is peculiarly worthy of remark, as I have not else-
where seen any notice of the pedigrees of these animals ; and
this is generally likely to be correct, as written probably by an
Englishman for an English periodical, who would naturally
strive to obtain accuracy on a point likely to create so much
attention as the origin of this new race of extraordinary trotters
was sure to do in the English sporting circles.

There are two Hambletonians in the Stud Book, one by Sir
Archy out of Bellona, a Carolinian mare ; the other by imported
Messenger, out of a mare by imported Messenger, 2d dam a
southern mare.*

It is of course the latter horse, which is the sire of these
trotters, as he is known to have served many common mares,
and it is claimed that the Morgans have some of his blood.

The trotting stallion Mambrino was by Messenger, and must
not be confounded with the race-horse by American Eclipse.

Mambrino was owned in Philadelphia. There is some
blunder here as to Bull,j- who could not well be any one's dam,
and I cannot find how Mount Holly was bred, though I believe
he was by Mambrino. Kothing, probably, is known of the sire
of Battler, but the chances are that he was a well-bred horse.

The statement that Tom Thumb was a Narragansett, I take
to be an error, from confounding the breed of pacers with that
of trotters, natural enough to an Englishman, to whom both
were strange.

I have often seen the horse, which had not the slightest
resemblance to the Narragan setts, either in shape or color, but
closely resembled an Indian pony of the Canadian type.

In this same year it appears that a Trotting Clab was estab-
lished at Baltimore — I believe on what has been known since as
the Kendal Course — and, since that time trotting has continued

* See Note 8, p. 207. f See Note 9, p. 307

BALTIMORE COURSE. 151

to advance and to gain popularity, until at the present day, there
is scarcely a State in the Union, North, East, or VVest — the South
being devoted almost exclusively to running horses — except that
in which I write these lines, and which, in every thing pertain-
ing to either physical or mental cultivation, is at least half a
century behind the rest of the American World — that does not
possess a number of arenas for the trial and exhibition of the
speed of its trotting horses.

It is a little singular that New Jerseymen, who are so much
addicted to levying taxes on all who are so unfortunate as to
enter their borders, should be willing, in this instance, to pay
a tax to Long Island every time they want to test the power of
their nags, and thus to let a dollar or two escape, Mdiich might
have been kept within the limits of the State, had they a trotting
course of their own. In this instance, however, the two ruling
qualities are pitted against each other — narrow fanaticism and
love of money-getting ; and, for once, the former wins. Bigotry,
for the most part, triumphs over all beside, but yields at once to
the more potent adoration for the dollar.

The first trotting on the new Baltimore Course is thus re-
corded, in the May number of the American Turf Register of
1830 :—

" GREAT TROTTING.

" Two trotting matches against time came off on the Canton
Course on Thursday last. The first for $1,000, that Lady Kate,
a bay mare, fifteen hands high, could not do fifteen miles \vithin
the hour. The bet was won by the mare doing sixteen, in beau-
tiful style, in 56m. 13s., having 3m. 4:7s. to spare ; she could
have done seventeen with ease. Each mile was done in the
following time.

"1st mile, 3m. 41s.— 2d, 3ra. 24s.— 3d, 3m. 23s.— 4th, 3m.
20s.— 5th, 3m. 30.— 6th, 3m. 30s.— 7th, 3m. 28s.— 8th, 3m. 28s.—
9th, 3m. 59s.*— 10th, 3m. 42s.— 11th, 3m. 42s.— 12th, 3m. 28s.—
13th, 3m. 28s.— 14th, 3m. 26s.— 15th, 3m. 25s.— 16th, 3m. 19s.
Total, 56m. 13s.

" The money being staked with the judges, and paid to Mr.

* " In this round, the rider was changed for a lighter one, and the mare was re-
freshed by sponging her mouth, nostrils, &c., with strong wine and water."'

152 THE HORSE.

Duffy, tlie owner of the mare, another bet was made of $300,
that a b. g. Paul Pry, could not go thirteen miles within the
liour. Mr. Duffy compounded to ride him seven miles, with
privilege of a catch rider for the remainder of the distance. He,
however, rode the whole distance, riding, we should judge, 145
pounds, and did it in 53m. 278., having 6m. 33s. to spare. First
mile, 3m. 55s.— 2d, 3m. 58s.— 3d, 4m. 2s. — 4th, 4ra. 3s.— 5th,
4m. Is. — 6th, 4m. 3s. — 7th, 4m. 5s.— 8th, 4m. 7s.— 9th, 4m.
13s._10th, 4m. 12s.— 11th, 4m. 18s.— 12th, 4m. 18s.— 13th,
4m. 12s. Total, 53m. 27s. The course is a measured mile.

I shall close my account of this year's performances on the
trotting turf by the following match on the —

"long island tkotting course.

" Match between Whalebone and Jerry, or the Clark Colt —
three-mile heats, for $500.

"Jerry, 11

■'"Whalebone, 2 2

'•Time, first heat, 8m. 23s.; second heat, 8m. 153.

" The first heat was won easily by Jerry, and Whalebone
was very nearly distanced.' Jerry's appearance was fine, but
by some considered rather too fleshy. Whalebone was, on tlie
contrary, very thin, and very much tucked up, and the horse
without his usual courage — there being little doubt that he had
gone through too severe training. The second and tliird miles
of the second heat were done in 2m. 42s. by Jerry, which is
about as fast as either mile in a second heat has been trotted.

''New York, May 11, 1830."

I have thus far briefly orought down the history of American
Trotting, from its very first commencement to the close of the
year 1829, and spring of 1830, after which it may be considered as
a thoroughly established sport, constantly increasing in populari-
ty until the present day. Henceforth, therefore, it will be impos-
sible, within the limits of this work, to attempt giving a con-
tinuous record even of all the regular constituted Spring and
Autumn meetings on all the established trotting or i)acing
courses, much less of all the matches made and won over the
whole country. To do so would require the whole space of two

■WIN2^EK8 OF 1830. 153

laro-er volumes than these, within which I have to confine my
entire subject.

From this time forward, therefore, the course which I shall
adopt, is to mention briefly the most distinguished horses which
have succeeded one another, in the succession of years, describ-
ing shortly tlie races which have exhibited any very decided
improvement in point of time, so as to mark the progressive
advance of speed and the gain of power and pace, as well as of
courage, in the animal, year after year.

In connection with this, I shall note the establishment of such
new courses as have tended to the improvement of the horse,
and shall dwell something at length on the pedigrees — where in
any sort attainable — the characteristics and performances of the
extraordinary animals, which have manifested of late years such
surpassing powers on the trotting-turf, and in the result have
rendered this, during the latter quarter of the nineteenth cen-
tury, pre-eminently the popular amusement of American horse-
men.

During the year 1830, Topgallant, "Whalebone, and Sweet-
brier continued to keep at the top of the crowd ; Bull Calf,
Buster, Comet, Terry, and Sir Peter being the most celebrated
of their competitors, and running them pretty hard to preserve
their laurels.

The best time, for two-mile heats, during this year, was
5m. 22s. — 5m. 21s. ; and for three miles, 8m. 263. — 8m. 27s. —
8m. 41s. — 8m. 5Gs.

Whalebone and Sweetbrier did six miles in 18m. 52s., the
course being heavy, and the horses being backed to make the
distance inside of lYm. Time, however, for once proved the
victor. On the 12th of February, 1831, " the Maine Associa-
tion for Improvement in the Breed of Horses," was set on
foot by some of the most distinguished and influential gentlemen
of that State, with power, also, to hold fairs, exhibitions, and
trials of speed and power.

I am not aware, however, that much was accomplished in
that State, in the trotting line, until recently — a trotting course
being now in the full tide of success at Bangor, whereas, if I am
not in error, none existed in the State some twelve or thirteen
years since.

154: THE HOKSE.

In this year also two animals made tlieir renown on the trot-
ting turf, 'whose contests continued nearly as long, and excited
as much interest among the sporting world as the more recent
antagonism between Lady Suffolk, Americus, and James K.
Polk, and, at the present day, of Flora Temple, Tacony, and
Lancet, and which were in their day considered as wonderful
paragons of horseflesh, as are the favorites, unrivalled until they,
too, shall be surpassed in the progress of events, of yesterday
and to-day. These were Sally Miller and Columbus, who in-
stantly took their place at the head of the list, the mare putting
old Topgallant up to 5m. 21s., in order to beat her at two-mile
heats ; and Columbus doing four miles in 8m. 07s., and Cato the
same distance in the then best time of 8m. 02s., neither of which,
by the way, has since been so often beaten, as to be even now
regarded ordinary going.

The same year appeared Cato, Tyro, Lady Victory, and Paul
Pry, the latter of whom proved himself a very gallant and in-
domitable horse ; though shortly afterward falling into the hands
of that " fine old Scottish gentleman," William McLeod of ISTew
York, he was not regularly on the turf, though in private
matches he was often admirably handled by his noble owner.
On this occasion he ran ill, being, it is said, overtrained, and
farther displaying unmanageable temper. If tins be so, he soon
got over that defect ; for though a hard puller, and very high
strung and full of spirit, he was a perfectly kind and docile
animal, as I can surely testify, having both ridden and driven
him many a mile, in happy days bygone, which can no more
return.

Besides these. Moonshine, Dred, Collector and Chancellor
trotted this year with great credit ; and Chancellor, having ac-
complished the then unjiaralleled feat of trotting thirty-two
times around the LIunting Course track, which, measured on the
saddle track, is fifty feet over the mile in circumference, in Ih.
58m. 31s., challenged Whalebone to the same feat against time.

This, going in a sulky, and thereby losing a considerable
advantage. Whalebone accomplished in Ih. 55m., beating Col-
lector's time under the saddle, by 3m. 31s.

In the following year, 1832, the same horses kept the game
going, but with no decided gain of time, or increase of speed.

PAUL PRY 8 TIME MATCH. 155

It is remarkable, indeed, that t]ie chef d'oeuvre of tliis year was
a trot in EngUmd, although made by an Americah horse,
" Rattler," wliich had been purchased by that well-known sports-
man, George Osbaldeston.

This was a match against a celebrated English horse of the
day, " Driver," to trot thirty-four miles under the saddle, Os-
baldeston riding Rattler, himself, 11 stone, or 154 pounds, against
9 stone, 12G pounds — a monstrous advantage in such a perform-
ance. The distance was made in 2h. 18m. 56s., Rattler coming
out easily the winner.

Unfortunately, no weight is recorded of the time-match of
Whalebone just recorded, which renders it impossible to judge
of the comparative performances of the animals.

Osbaldeston's time is a fraction over 4m. to every mile, and
when the weight he carried is taken into consideration, it cannot
be regarded other than a creditable performance, even when we
think of Trustee's and Lady Fulton's twenty miles respectively
in 59m. 35|s. and 59m. 55s., the rather that it was done over a
common road, by unprofessional riders, and under the disad-
vantage of being compelled to turn back in case of a break,
according to the English rule.*

In this year also Sally Miller made the best time which had
as yet been accomplished under the saddle, 2.37 — 2.37i — and
on another occasion distanced Columbus, her great competitor,
in 2.39, leaving her, for the time being, the victress of the age,
and supposed to be invincible on the Turf.

In 1833, the spring passed without any trots of especial mo-
ment, but on the eighth day of November, Mr. Wni. McLeod's
gr. g. Paul Pry, 9 years old, was backed to do ITf miles within
the hour, over the Long Island Trotting Course, and not only
won his match with the greatest ease, but went eighteen times
round, being in all 18 miles and 36 yards, in 58m. 52s. He is
said to have done it without the least difficulty or fatigue ; and
it is to be remembered that up to that day, the nearest approach
to his time was Jerry's 17 miles in 58m. under the saddle, and
Bellfounder's — the English trotting stallion — 174- miles within
the hour."j"

The following is the time, taken up in going each mile.

* See Note 10, p. 207. f See Note 11, p. 207.

156

THE HOKSE.

1st mile,

2d "

3tl "

4th "

5tli "

6th "

7th "

8th "

9th "

min.

see.

. 8

18

8

16

. 3

17

3

09

. 3

13

3

14

. 8

19

3

17

. 3

13

mm. sec

10th mile, including stop, . .41

11th " . . . .37

12th " . . . .82

13th " . . . . 3 20

14th " . . . . 3 16

15th " . . . . 3 11

16th " . . . .39

17th " . . . .37

18th " . . . .88

He was ridden by a boy named Hiram Woodruff, weighing
138 poimds, in beautiful style and with great judgment. Judges
were placed at each quarter-mile from that which was the last
of the sixteen to the end, by those who had bets thereon. Paul
Piy is now nine years old; he was bred on Long Island, and
got by Mount Holly, dam by Hambletonian.

JVeio York Sporting Ilagazine.

It is not a little curious to hear the great trotting rider and
driver, whose fame is as widely spread beyond the Atlantic as
here at home, spoken of as " a boy named Hiram Woodruff,"
but it is believed that this was one of his first steps toward
celebrity, although he comes of a family who are all horse-
men.

A few days later on the Eagle Course at Trenton,Sally Miller
beat Columbus and distanced Screwdriver, the second of that
name — the time not given ; and Edwin Forrest, this being his
first appearance, and the first earnest of his great after perform-
ances, beat Columbus, Lady Clay, Gipsy, and Lady Jackson, in
2.40^—2.37—2.43—2.40.

In the same month, at the Hunting Park Course, Sally Mil-
ler beat Gipsy and Lady, the best three in five, in her usual
time, about 2.37 ; and on the following day Columbus beat
Dread in 5.28 — 5.47 ; track very heavy. Neither weights nor
ages reported.

On the Harlem, New York, Trotting Park, in December
following, there was some fair trotting between Kip Van Win-
kle, Crazy Jane, and Comet, Confidence, Marshal Blucher, and
Edwin Forrest, and on the last day between Charlotte Temple,
Modesty, and Major Jack Downing, Collector being withdrawn
as a first-rate horse, the purse being offered only for second
rates.

EDWIN FORREST. 157

On tlie day after the meeting, however, there was "a trotting
match under tlie saddle, for a purse of $200, three-mile heats,
deserving of especial notice, for the unexampled speed in which
it was performed. The horses entered were Columbus, Confi-
dence, and Charlotte Temple, and they came in as follows ; — •

Columbus, . . . . .12 1

Charlotte Temple, . . . 2 12

Confidence, .... dist.

Time, 7.45; 7.42; 7.49.

" The course is forty four yards short of a mile, and the time
was therefore for three full miles, Tm. 57s. ; 7m. 54s. ; 8.m, Is.

" Which time has never been made before in a trotting
match in any part of the world. The course is, it is well known,
a heavy one ; has a bad hill and a short turn.

" Betting, on starting, was any odds on Columbus against the
field. On the first heat, Columbus was led by both the horses
for the first two miles, he then passed them easily. On the
second heat, Charlotte Temple was, for the first mile, more than
a distance ahead, owing to Columbus having broke on rising the
hill. On the second mile, he gained a little, and on coming out
was about six lengths behind, the mare a good deal distressed.
On the third heat, Columbus lay behind, and the mare led him
for the first mile and three-quarters sixty or seventy yards. He
did not make a push till he entered on the third mile, and then
he passed her, on the first quarter afterwards. The course was
well attended." — New Ywh Courier.

" 1834.— A match came ofi" on Friday, May 9th, for $1,000,
h. f. mile heats, between Sally Miller, of celebrated memory,
and Edwin Forrest, who had his laurels yet to win. They got
off well together, and kept head and head for about two-thirds
of a mile, when Sally Miller broke, and was left by her antago-
nist some distance in the rear — Edwin Forrest trotting his mile
in the unprecedented time of 2m. Sl^s.

" On the second heat, the start was again good, although the
judge did not tap the drum until both horses had got past the
starting post — again they kept together for some distance around,
when the horse unceremoniously left the lady in the lurch, and
came in under a hard pull, beating the mare very easily. —
Time, 2.33.

158 THE HORSE.

" This I consider the greatest trot on record, particularly
when the length of the course is taken into consideration, which
is, by a surveyor's certificate, one mile and ten yards. Tlie
owners of the horse, directly after the match, offered to stake
$1,000 to $500 that the horse could trot around the course that
afternoon in 2m. 30s.

" Yours truly, A. M. G. B."

From Skinner'' s Turf Register^ vol v, No. 11.

In 1835, the sport of trotting became more and more popular,
and there was scarce a gentleman in ]^ew York, who did not own
one or two fast horses. Matches were daily ridden or driven on
the Third Avenue, from Bradshaw's at Harlem, to the Bull's
Head in, or for shorter distances on the same road, as well as on
the Harlem and Centreville courses, by gentlemen amateurs and
riders. Indeed, at this time the trotting-horse department was
as completely in the hands of gentlemen sportsmen, as the turf
proper. Among the patrons of this noble sport, then in its
infancy, I can name now, without fear of wounding any preju-
dice, personal friends of my own, half the leading young gen-
tlemen of the city at that -day, who all drove their own teams,
and many of them with skill scarcely, if at all, inferior to the
professionals. A few of these were the late lamented Hamilton
Wilkes, whose black four-in-hand, all mares, which could trot
their mile all-together inside of three minutes, were the admira-
tion of the avenue ; William McLeod, with Paul Pry, and
Tantrum Bobus and Bull-in-the-Woods, the latter a pair of
smashing bays, good for 2.40 together ; George Wilson, also,
like the two fine sportsmen and gentlemen I have last named,
long since departed — with Jerry and Blackbird ; Mr. Wil-
liam Laight, with an admirable pair of gray mares ; Mr. De
Brosses Hunter, with a spanking bay four-in-hand ; Mr. Coster
with Fanny Pullen, the mother of the incomparable Trustee ;
Mr. James Valentine with Beppo ; Mr. James Bradhurst with
Yankee Doodle ; Mr. Peter Barker with Dutchman ; Mr. Ncill
with Awful ; these, and a hundred others, whom, one might
easily enumerate, were, in this and a few succeeding years, as
successive cracks arose in succession, the men, as justly cele-
brated as promoters of roadsters, the men who as successfully

'tis twenty years since. 150

advanced the interests of their country, by tlic advocacy of this
newly-risen sport, and gradually improving race of animals, as
the distinguished gentlemen to whom I have alluded in
another place, as the true patrons of the turf.

During this year, Edwin Forrest ruled the roast, challenging
any horse in the world to contend with him at four-mile heats,
for any sum, from $5,000 to $10,000, without finding a taker.

In the spring, at Centreville, Eolla, a new horse, beat old
Columbus, three-mile heats, in 8.13 — 8.05 — 8.07, which was
at that time considered very fair, not to say good going, never
having been much outdone, except by Columbus himself, though
soon to be reduced so low down as the sevens with a fraction.

In July, Blackbird, of whom I have spoken above, as one of
Mr. George Wilson's pair, shortly afterwards made his debut, as
a green one from Maine, and beat Richard III. and Master
Burke, mile heats, best three in five, in three straight heats ;
2.55.-2.55.-2.54.

I may here add, that the Blackbird was the ^v&ifast trot-
ting-horse over whose back I put my leg ; and that he and his
mate, Jerry — a little the larger of the two, both being consid-
erably under 15 hands, formed the prettiest, pleasant est, most
gentlemanlj'-looking, and a long way short of being the slowest^
pair of pony trotting-horses I ever saw in the hands of a private
gentleman.

Many things have passed since those days ; many changes
have rolled over the great city, which has been trebled in size, in
po^^ulation, in wealth, in commerce, and in luxury ; and I see but
few, around me, who remember the things that then were, as
they were. Many a good and gallant heart is cold, which would,
I sometimes imagine, feel strangely and at a loss, if it were in-
formed again by the warm life-blood, and brought back to
revisit the places which it would no longer recognize. And
though I abhor the character of a croaker, and would shun,
above almost all things, to believe myself a mere laudator tem-
'poris acti, regret I must those old times, as fuller far of man-
hood, of reality, of truth, as heartier and healthier, and in every
way more generous and human, than the new days of effemi-
nacy and flippancy, of womanish luxuries and unmanly vices.

160 THE nORSE.

into wliicli the rising generation of the present day is sinking,
as if into a sty, softer and loathlier than that of Epicurus.

But to resume, for this is not the place for such bootless
retrospection, a remarkable match against time was made that
year, by a horse never trained, " Black Joke," driven by a man
weighing lYSlbs., his owner, apart from the weight of his
wagon, to do fifty miles in four hours in harness. This he
accomplished easily, with three minutes to spare, not in the
least distressed, doing the first 12 miles in one horn*, the second

12 miles in 1 hour, the third 13 miles in 1 hour, the fourth

13 miles in 57 minutes. He stopped three times to be sponged
and to catch his wind, but it is worthy of remark, that he kept
gaining on time, the more, the farther he went against it. One
could hardly esteem the driving judicious, although it proved
successful.

In August, Fire King and Modesty made mile heats in
2.43 ; 2.41 ; 2.39 ; which is recorded as good, it being considered
that, at whatever age, they carried 145 lbs.

Samson and Battler made two-mile heats in 5.38 ; 5.48 ;
5.39 ; nothing farther worthy of record occurring in the rest of
that season, except that Mpdesty crowned the year by doing two
miles under the saddle in 5.25; 5.19; 5.21, the best as yet on
record.

The year 1836 was remarkable for the appearance of two
very remarkable animals, one of which in his own time, and in
all time at long distances, has never been surpassed, I mean
Dutchman and Awful.

Than these animals, which were for a time rivals and com-
petitors, no two creatures could be more dissimilar, either in
shape, action, style of going, general show, or blood.

That they both were — as cannot be denied — although in very
difierent degrees, exceedingly superior trotters, goes far to prove
that, whatever may be the case with race-horses, trotters can
come of all sort of stocks, and go in all sort of forms.

Dutchman was seen somewhere or other in Pennsylvania,
by Mr. Peter G. Barker, Irampling clay in a brickyard, nothing
whatever being known of his pedigree. What Mr. Barker
could have seen, or heard about the horse, is not easily iniagin-

DUTCHMAN A^'X) AWFUL. 161

able. He was a great, coarse, ugly, brown horse, with a short
hogneck, a fearful borer when going, with his head down, and
his neck thrust obstinately out before him, and was in all re-
spects about tlie most nngainly goer, and the most unpleasant
horse to drive, I ever sat behind.

He could go the pace, however, at a long boring stroke ; was
very lioncst, and had any amount of bottom and endurance re-
quired. At all events, out of the brickyard Mr. Barker bought
him, and the beast — for a beast he was in all respects, except
to make money of him — did him good service ; and, what is
strange to tell, the master and the horse finished their career, a
good fellow and a good animal, within a few days one of the
other.

Awful, on the other hand, was a tall, spiry, dashing, blood-
looking bright bay, with, I think, a white star ; a very upstand-
ing sort of horse, with a curious style of high sprawling action,
and a peculiar bouncing way of going from side to side.

He was a very queer-tempered horse, easily scared, and,
when alarmed, violent and headlong ; but he had a great turn
of speed, fair endurance, and was for a time supposed to be the
'phenomenon. But he could not live up to his early show,
among such horses as Forrest and Dutchman, not to speak of
others. Lady Suffolk among the rest — although the Lady was
as yet but in her gristle, and Bryan, her owner and trainer —
who never was like to set the Hudson on fire — was in his most
verdant greenness.

Still he mnst not be undervalued, for he was a great good
horse, not very far from being quite the best of his day, and
that day not a day to be in any sort disparaged.

He was bred Ijy Mr. Thomas Laird of Monmouth Co., K. J.,
the famous trainer, and was got by " American Boy " out of an
" Expedition " mare, said to be thoroughbred.

It is said in the "Sj)irit of the Times" of this year, that
" Awful and Paul Pry are the only thoroughbred horses on the
trotting tuif."

Whether "Awful" actually was so, I cannot say; but he

had all the appearance of being so, and such he was generally

reported in his day. As to " Paul Pry," I hnow^ from the best

anthority, liis owner, with whom I have frequently conversed

Vol. II.— 11

162 THE HOKSE.

on that very point, that he could not be 'proved thoroughbred.
He was by Mount Holly, dam by Hambletonian.

Of the sportsmen of this year, in his introduction to the
events of the July meeting on the Harlem Trotting Course, the
Editor of the " SjDirit of the Times " writes as follows ; —

" One would suppose that the excessive heat of the weather
would put an end, for the present, to trials of bits of blood on
the trotting course ; but that such is not the fact will be proved
by the annexed report of several capital trotting matches, within
the last few weeks.

" Many of our country readers may not be aware that a
fondness for fast cattle is a passion among our whips, and that
we have some odd hundred roadsters belonging to private gen-
tlemen, who can trot their mile in harness under three minutes,
that we have sixty who can perform that distance in 2.40, and
more than one that can do it under 2.30.

"Edwin Forrest, now owned in Philadelphia, has been
matched against time to trot his mile under the saddle in 2.28 ;
and it is currently believed that on the day he received forfeit
from Confidence, last fall, he trotted a mile half a second within
that time, over the Hunting Park Course — a feat unparalleled
in the annals of the turf.

" Every pleasant afternoon, the Third Avenue — a superb
macadamized road, extending from Broadway to Harlem — is
covered with crack nags and amateurs in horseflesh ; and dozens
of private matches are the consequence. As these are of a
personal nature, made up between friends, and as the horses
themselves are as well known on the road, as are their owners
in society, we have not felt ourselves at liberty to chronicle
their results, nor to allude to them, except in general terms,
though they frequently create a great sensation in sporting
circles."

The events worthy of notice in this year are —

Harlem Trotting Course, July 28, 2 miles in harness. John
Tyler, Papa, Maria Monk, Eienzi,— 5.55 ; 6.10 ; 6.01.

This trot is only worth recording, from the curious fact, that,
by the rules, all the horses were distanced — Rienzi and Tyler
for foul riding, Maria Monk for bolting the course, and Papa's
rider for dismounting before reacliing the stand.

TEOTTING AT MOBILB. 103

Lazarus, Rienzi and Maria Monk, two miles, 5.45, 5.46, 5.46.

Modesty and Beppo, saddle, " " 5.42, 5.39.

Rolla, Maria Monk and Job Fox, saddle,

two miles, 5.37, 5.38.

Sliortl}'^ afterward Dutclmian, on liis first appearance, made,
under tlie saddle, a mile in . . . . 2.33
in harness, ..... 2.35

Awful, under saddle, did two miles in . 5.28 5.21^

Don Juan, " " " " . 5.17 5.14

Henry, in harness, '' " " . . 5.20 5.28

Dntcliman also made four miles, under the saddle, in the ex-
traordinary time of 11m. 19s., lOni. 51s., which time^ to this day,
never has been beaten, no other heat — much less second heat —
having been done within the eleven minutes.*

Don Juan's two-mile time this year is five seconds the best
yet on record, and Awful's, though 2^ seconds worse than Mod-
esty's, of last year, was great for a green horee.

The year 1837 opened by a very remarkable and game match,
Dolly, by Messenger,! out of a thoroughbred mare — therefore, if
the last be correct, lierself thoroughbred — being backed to go
five miles in 17m, 30s., with two persons w^eighing 300 pounds,
in a wagon.

This feat the gallant little mare performed with ease in
16m. 45s., the driver and his comrade being ten pounds over
w^eight, or 310 pounds ; when, some remarks being made dero-
gatory to her endurance, a second match was made that she
would start on the instant, and do ten miles farther at the same
rate, viz. in 35 minutes, wliicli she also won handily in 34m. 07s.

The year 1837 is farther remarkable for the opening of a
trotting course at Mobile, Alabama, the first, it is believed,
within the Southern States, where galloping horses have always
been, and are to this day, preferred to trotters. The horses were
importations from Kew York, Eolla, Onondaga chief, and others.
The time made was of no account, but the fact is worthy of
remembrance, as connected with the increase and popularity of
the sport.

Awful, this season, beat the famous old horse Screwdriver,
said to be fourteen years of age, in 8.23 — 8.I60, three-mile heats,
but shortly afterward, the greatest time as yet recorded was made

* See Note 12, p. 207. t See Note 13, p. 207.

164 THE HOKSE.

over the Centreville Course, by Daniel D. Tompkins, "beating
Rattler, under the saddle. Three-mile heats, 7.59 — 8.09, under
the saddle. Tliis match was trotted October 5, 1837.

It is with disgust and regret, that I record one of those pieces
of atrocious cruelty, which disgrace humanity, cast a deserved
stigma on the Trotting Turf, and bring all sportsmen more or
less into infamous odor with right-thinking men — a long match
against time, in which a game and gallant animal was barbar-
ously overmarked, forced to continue under distress, and, of
course, slaughtered.

Mischief, by Mount Holly, out of a Messenger mare, was
backed by her owner, Mr. Charles Siberg, a livery keeper in
New York, to go along the post road from Jersey City to the
Front street bridge in Philadelphia, a distance of ninety miles,
more or less — a desperately severe sandy road most of the way —
in ten hours.*

At the end of the tenth mile, the mare began scouring, which
was, of course, reason enough why she should have been instantly
pulled up. It was on the first of July, one of the hottest days
ever experienced. I personally remember it well, for I was out
woodcock shooting in Orange County, where no game laws then
were, and, before twelve o'clock, both dogs and men were so
totally beat, that we had to give it up and return to the house.
At the end of the eightieth mile, she shoAved much distress and
became very restive, a thing entirely out of her character, but
was still kept at it, until when about five and three-quarters of
a mile from home, having an hour and twenty-eight minutes in
which to go that distance, her distress had increased to such a
degree that it was found necessary to stop her, take her out of
harness, and give her a short rest in a stable.

" It then hecams evident that she had hurst a diminutive
hlood-vesselP I quote from the "Spirit o\ the Times." '''■This
fact, however, did not excite much alarm, and no fears were
entertained of the successful accom/plishmejit of the match I "

Hereupon, by way of relieving her, some person dashed a
bucketfull of cold water over the loins of the mare, profusely
perspiring, and of course thorougldy collapsed, and, as any one,
not a born fool, would have known must be the result, the mare
was dead in ten minutes.

* See Note 14, p. 207.

BRUTAL TIME MATCHES. 165

It is said that the owner had no liand in the last act of the
tragedy. Whetlier lie had or no, matters not one iota — that
was an act of stupidity only, not of atrocity. The persisting,
after the mare showed severe distress, and the damning barbar-
ity of proposing to renew the effort, w^hen the mare was known
to have burst a blood-vessel, already, through her terrible exer-
tions on that truly terrible day, Avas the crime.

How much Mr. Siberg felt, one can judge by the fact, that
w^ithin a week of the deed, he publicly challenged a bet that he
would accomplish the same match in the following September
in nine hours.

It is not too much to say that the drive of ninety miles over
the Philadelphia post road, on that July day, was a far greater
feat than the drive of a hundred over a course in the same time;
and that to do the same in nine hours would have been a far
greater feat than those performed by either Fanny Murray,
Fanny Jenks, or Kate, each of whom did a hundred miles some
seconds within the time.

I wish sincerely that there was an act for compelling such
men, as make these matches, to run for nine hours, themselves,
in the shafts even of an empty sulky, through a July day, with
a good stiff jockey whip in a willing hand behind them, to make
tliem show their pluck and ability to stay a distance, under pun-
ishment, and that hand mine !

All these long matches against time are useless, cruel, dero-
gatory to the turf, disgraceful to humanity.

They are never accomplished — whether the horse be urged
beyond its powers by the torture of the whip, or only by the
incitement of its own high courage and emulation, which, every
horseman knows, will spur a well-bred animal to die, rather than
to give in — without great present distress of the creature, great
risk of its dying in the trial — and, in nine cases out of ten, its
serious and permanent injury and deterioration, even if it win
the match, and appear to win without distress.

In my judgment, all such matches should be prohibited by
law, at real penalties ; and the death of the animal matched
should be visited on its butcher, as a high misdemeanor.

They have nothing to do with sport— no connection with the
true spirit of the turf — no possible influence on the breeding, oi

166 THE HOESE.

improving the breed, of horses — no effect in testing anj thing,
unless it be how far the rapacious cruelty of man will drive him,
in tormenting the noblest of animals ; and how tar the spirit of
the animal can be made to strive toward the performance of
what is physically impossible, under obedience to the man's
sordid lust of lucre.

It is never the educated man, the true turfman, the breeder,
the lover, the friend of the valuable animal which he owns, and
in whose vigor and beauty, no less than in whose triumphs he
rejoices, that is concerned in snch cruelties as this ; and it is
rarely indeed, I am happy to say, on a course of any kind, that
they are accomplished.

Nine times out of ten such matches are made up by the low-
est of the low — the hangers-on and outsiders of the lowest sta-
bles— thimble-riggers, bonnets, and sporting men of the dog-
fighting and bear-baiting order ; and the object of them is,
solely, to win money.

If the money to be won is larger than the value of the
animal to be killed, killed it is — with as little remorse as a com-
pany of grenadiers is sacrificed by a great general, that he
may win a pitched battle^ and finish a campaign at a blow.

It has been now ascertained that horses com do a hundred
miles within ten hours ; and if one horse can, then others can ;
and we may be sure that the best bred, the fleetest, the gamest
of spirit, and the stoutest of muscle and bone', are those which
will accomplish it ; if there be need and cause, for life or death,
why it must be accomplished.

Of one thing, at least, one may rest very certain — that a
horse which has once done it will rarely if ever do it again ; and
that to all serviceable purposes, it is, and ever will be, a dam-
asred and inferior creature in all time to come.

For the benefit of the good souls who stand aghast at the
idea of fast horses, who regard speed as immoral, and a fast
horse as a delusion and a snare, let it be known, that jpaoe^
although it be technically said to hill^ never yet was known to
kill any thing, at short distances; but must be combined with
time and distance,before it can inflict torture and death ! Lot
it be known, that ninety -nine horses have been driven to death,
or decrepitude, at a very slow pace, far below a mile in four

LADY SUFFOLK. 1G7

minutes, unduly protracted, wliere one lias been even sliglitly
injured at top speed ! Let it be known, lastly, that probaljly
more noble animals have been irremediably ruined and destroyed
by hauling at dead weights, on a foot's pace, beyond their abil-
ity to move, than in all the time matches that have ever been
run, be they long or short, fast or slow !

Having discharged my mind, however, 1 proceed to tlie
record. The year 1838 is celebrated for several events worthy
of long remembrance on the trotting turf.

First, for the astonishing feats and challenges of Dutchman
and Daniel D. Tompkins ; and, second, for the appearance of
Lady Suffolk on the turf, of which she was for so many years
to be the brightest ornament.

The gray mare was not very successful at first, and it seems
to have been the general opinion that she was ill-trained and
badly handled by her owner, D. Bryan.

She was beaten by Black Hawk — not the Stallion — and
Apollo, in indifferent time ; then won a trot of two-mile heats,
nnder the saddle, for animals never winners of $100, beating
Lady Victory, Black Hawk, Cato, and Sarah Paff, in two heats,
5.15— 5.1T.

On the Hunting Park Course in May, Daniel D. Tompkins
beat Edwin Forrest four-mile heats. First heat, 8.07 ; second
heat, Forrest distanced — first two miles done in 5.30.

This was a match for $10,000 ; and after winning it, Tomp-
kins challenged any horse in the world to trot him three-mile
heats, over the Hunting Park Course, at Philadelphia, for the
sum of $1,000, without immediately finding a taker.

On the sixth day of October following, however, on the Bea-
con Course, New Jersey, Dutchman met Battler three-mile heats,
for $1,000, and the time was such as speedily to turn the tables ;
four heats were made, and the time was less remarkable, even,
than the stoutness evinced by both competitors.

The match was under the saddle, weight, as ordered by the
rules this year established at Centreville Course, 145 pounds
each, and the result as follows.

Dutchman, . . . . .2101

Battler, . . . . . 12 0 2

Time, T.&4+— 7.50— 8.02— S.24J.

168

TBCE HORSE.

This is, by very much, the best time ever made up to that
date; and immediately afterward appeared a challenge from
Dutchman to trot any horse in the world three-mile heats over
the Centreville Course, for $1,000 or $3,000. Should Edwin
Forrest or Daniel D. Tompkins choose to enter, Dutchman will
give $1,200 to $1,000, to induce them to come to the Island.
No takers were found as yet, and it was well for them.

On the following day, Awful and Lady Suffolk contended in
harness, at two-mile heats, over the same course.

Awful, . . . . . . .11

Suffolk, . . . . . . 2 2

Time, 5.28—5.12}.

Betting was 10 to 1 on Awful, but it is described by the
" Sj^irit" as no disgrace to the mare to be beaten by the Phe
nomenon, " the rather that she had been fed six quarts of oats
and a bundle of straw, before her match." Bryan had refused
$3,500 for her, and she is spoken of as a tip-fop mare, but the
world is warned, not to throw away their money in backing her,
as she will hardly do aught, but lose, under her present training
and management.

At the end of this volume, will be found the rules of the
eastern and western race courses, and trotting congress rules
of the United States, as they exist at the present day, so that by
reference to these it will be easy to ascertain what are the modi-
fications which have taken place in the systems, in regard to
each of these manly and interesting sports, from their first
institution to their present advanced condition, and to perceive
at a glance what are the terms to be complied with by those
wishing to enter horses, to ride, or to bet, in connection with any
of the regulated sports and events of the road and turf.

The year 1839 produced several trotting results of consider-
able interest, Dutchman, on the whole, maintaining his place at

LADY SUFFOLK. 169

the head of the trotting turf, Awful, if any thing, ratlier declin-
ing, than advancing, on his former renown, and Lady Suffolk
steadily increasing in favor, and rising toward the high position
which she afterward so long and so nobly occupied, as the fleet-
est, stoutest, and most honest piece of horseflesh, that ever went
on four shoes, until she at last departed from the scene of her
triumphs.

At this period of her career, however, she was, it cannot be
denied, somewhat uncertain, and was in all likeliliood — as ap-
pears to have been tlie prevalent opinion — ill-managed by her
owner, and not often at the top of her condition, wlien called
upon to work.

This, indeed, is evident from the irregularity of her time in
this present year — she who, when in her prime some years later,
could be counted upon with certainty, almost to a second.

She opened the ball, this season, on the Beacon Course in the
first Spring meeting, two-mile heats, (saddle,) in 5m. 21s., the
liorse drawn, the second heat.

A few days later, at the same meeting, she went two-mile
heats, against Dutchman, under the saddle, the liorse winning
the two heats in 5.16 — 5.09.

This was, at that day, the fastest two miles that had been
done; and has only in fact, since that, been beaten by Edwin
Forrest, Lady Suflolk, and our present favorite, Flora Temple.*

Although thf gray mare was beaten, she made fine going,
forced the horse up to his time, and, in fact, gained credit by the
performance.

On the Centreville Course, during the same spring, Dutch-
man made in harness, two-mile heats in 5.11 — 5.16, the best two
heats yet made in harness ; and, since that. time, beaten only by
Lady Sufi'olk, Ripton, and Flora Temple.

The Lady beat Cato on the Centreville, in 5.39, the liorse
drawn the second heat ; and Dutchman, in a three-mile match,
distanced Awful, the first heat, in 7.41. Tliis was the fastest
three miles in harness then done, and only beat, since then, by
Lady Suifolk.

In July, on the Beacon Course, Dutchman again beat Awful,
three-mile heats in harness, in 8.18 — 7. 59, and one-mile heats,
the best three in five, in 2.35—2.32—2.35.

* See Note 15, p. 307.

170 THE HOKSE.

In tlie same montli, at the Hunting Park Course, Phila-
delphia, Lad}' Suffolk was beaten by Lady Victory, two-mile
heats, the best three in five, in 5.28 — 5.31 — 5.32 — 5.42, the
Lady winning the third heat ; and on the following day beat hei-,
the same match and distance, in 5.38 — 5.35. — 5.40. On the
third day of the meeting, in a match against Lafayette, he to
draw two persons in a buggy, weighing in all 373 lbs., she in a
sulky, Lady Suffolk was again beaten, mile heats, in 2.52 — ■
2.50.

The odds were two to one upon the mare, but it was evident
that she had been trashed oif her legs, by the excessive work she
had undergone in the last two days ; she broke up often — a thing
of which she was rarely guilty — was evidently oif her foot, and
was easily beaten.

This was too often the case witli this noble mare. If she had
not been literally made of wrought iron, and had a courage as
line and clear as tempered steel, she never could have endured
the incessant and unreasonable work, to which she was subjected
by an owner, who, being possessed of an extraordinary animal,
was just sensible of those qualities, without having the sense
how to apply them.

How she should have retained her foot, her courage, and her
unequalled stamina, as she did so many years, as the queen of
the trotting turf — never stale, never sulky, and rarely, if ever,
beaten, but when she was utterly overmatched — was the admira-
tion of all who knew her, and made her the people's pet and
darling.

It was on August 1st, however, on the Beacon Course, that
the great feat of the year was accomplished. It was a memor-
. able day for several causes ; at noon, the famous steamships the
Great Western and the British Queen took their departure to-
gether from the Battery, which was crowded with fifty thousand
spectators, while every new steamer and sailing craft that was
at liberty accompanied them in a triumphal procession to the
Narrows. In the afternoon, there was a highly interesting boat
match in the bay ; but at six in the evening was to come off, to
sportsmen, the great event of that exciting and eventful day.

On the 11th of July preceding, when Dutchman beat Awful
three miles in harness, a matcli was made on time, against the

LADY SUFFOLK. 171

winner, for $1,000, tliat lie could not make three miles in
Ym. 49s.

The backers of the horse had the choice of harness or saddle,
and the right to two trials, with two hours' intermission, in case
of a failure on the first attempt. The saddle was chosen, and
Hiram Woodruff put into it, with a gray thoroughbred mare,
jockeyed by Isaac Woodruff, to keep up the horse's emulation.

It seems that the backers of the horse were so confident of
his accomplishing the match at the first trial, that they waved
the oj3portunity of the second ; for it wanted but a quarter of
seven o'clock, when Hiram threw his leg over the saddle, which
would have afforded but scanty time for the intermission and
the second trial, even on a midsummer night. The day had
been one of unusual heat, even for that season, which was prob-
ably tlie cause for selecting so late an hour for the acconjplish-
ment of the match.

The course, it is said, was dusty, but in good order. The
match was done as follows.

First quarter,

. 40

First half, .

. 1.17.

First mila,

. 2.-34

Second "

. 88

Second "

. 1.15.

Second "

. 2.28.

Third "

. 39

Third "

. 1.16.

Third "

. 2.30.

Whole time of the three miles, 7m. 321s.

Dutchman thus winning his match with sixteen and a half
seconds to spare.

This continues to the present day the best three miles ever
done, and the second mile in 2.28, was then, and long continued
to be, the best second mile on record, and has only been beat
by Lady Suffolk, Tacony, and Flora Temple.

In October of this year. Lady Suffolk beat Don Juan, in
5.14 — 5.24 ; and afterwards made her four miles under the sad-
dle in 11.22, which time has never been beaten since, except
by herself, nor before except by Dutchman, who got down in
1836, as has been recorded, to the almost incredible time, for a
trotter, of 10m. 51s.*

Of late years, three and four-mile trots have ceased to be
the fashion. The trotting of the year 1840 was marked chiefly
by the steady advance in excellence of that noble mare. Lady
Suffolk, who had several sharp contests with Edwin Forrest and
Dutchman, over whom she finally established a distinct supe-

* See Note 16, p. 207

172 THE HOESE.

riority. It also produced the following new, and afterward dis-
tinguislied names on the trotting course, Napoleon, "Washington,
Bonaparte, Americus, and Aaron Burr, as also Oneida Chief,
the great pacer of his day.

It is much to be regretted, that in the records of trots, the
ages of the animals, weight not being relative to age, is rarely
given, which breeds much confusion, as names are repeated, ad
infinitum^ here as on the turf proper, leading to almost irre-
mediable error, as to the individuality of the animals named.

The year, 1841, opened at Centre ville, with a trot of two
miles in harness, between Don Juan, Ripton, a new horse in his
first year, soon destined to stand next to the top of the tree, and
"Washington. The last was distanced in the first heat, which
was won by Ripton in 5.19 ; the second was won by Don Juan
in 5.36, and, Ripton being drawn for the third, the Don took
the race.

May 4:th, Centreville. Lady Suffolk beat Confidence and
"Washington, the last distanced, two-mile heats in harness.

First mile, . . . 2.82
Second " . . 2.41 .J

First heat, . . 6.13 J.

On the same course, a few days later. Confidence, Lady
Suffolk and Aaron Burr, made a fine trot, with a severe con-
test, at mile heats, the best three in five, Confidence taking the
purse ; and, on the following day, Ripton beat Brandy wine and
Hector two-mile heats in 5.23 — 5.21|.

About the same date. Lady Suffolk won great distinction,
and achieved her position, which she never lost, by beating
Dutchman over the Hunting Park Course, two matches, the first,
of two miles in harness, done in 5.21^ — 5.19^^—5.21 ; and the
second, of three miles, nnder the saddle, as follows ; —

FIRST nr.AT.

First mile, .

. 2.-96

Second "

2.38

Second heat, .

. 5.41

First mile, 2.82^

Second " 2.34

Third " 2.84

"Whole time, . . . 7.40.V

SECOND HEAT.

First mile, 2.86

Second " . . . . . 2.35

Third " 2.45

Whole time, . . . 7.56

On the Centreville Course, Brooklyn Maid, a green five-year
old mare, by Abdallah, whose stock now began to take high
ground in public favor, beat Lady Clinton the best three miles

DEBUT OF KIl'TOX. 173

in five, trotting six heats, the third a dead heat, winning the
first, fifth, and sixth miles in 2.42—2.41—2.40—2.401—2.40—
2.38. A remarkable trot, owing to the extreme regularity of the
jjerformancc, and to the fact that the sixth mile was the best. It
is said by the " Spirit of the Times," to be the best trot on re-
cord, made by a five-year old.

On the 7th June, over the Beacon Course, the Brooklyn
Maid again won, beating Mingo and Kattler, at three-mile heats,
in 8.27—8.24.

On the 10th, Confidence beat "Washington two miles in 5.24
— 5.28. On the 12th, Cayuga Chief beat Aaron Burr, the best
three in five miles, in harness, in 2.38 — 2.38 — 2.46 — 2.37 ; and
on the following day Aaron Burr beat Lady Suffolk and
Awful, three miles in harness ; the gray mare taking the first
heat, the second a dead heat, and Awful, third in the three first
heats, ruled out for the fourth. Time, 8.02^ — 8.03—8.08—
8.16.

The defeat of the gray mare, who was known to be able to
do many seconds better than this time, was attributed to the
obstinacy of her owner, David Bryan, who at this time, what-
ever he became afterward, was a bad driver and worse rider, in
persisting to jockey himself, contrary to advice and persuasion.

On tlie Beacon Course, July 5th, Lady Sufi'olk beat liipton,
two straight heats, under the saddle, in 2.35 — 2.37i, the horse
canning 169 lbs., being 24 over weight.

Over the same course, on the 13th, Dutchman beat Aaron
Burr, two-mile heats, easy, in 5.25 — 5.23. On the 22d, Lady
Suffolk beat Awful two-mile heats in harness, winning the
second and third, in 5.26| — 5.28 — 5.24. And again, on the
27tli she defeated Oneida Chief, the celebrated pacer, the
odds 100 to 60 on the horse, distancing him the first of two-mile
heats in the extraordinary time of 5.05, which has never been
excelled but by herself and Flora Temple, in 1840, 1853, and
1855 respectively.*

At Philadelphia, on the Hunting Park Course, Ripton won
two matches, beating Duchess and Roan Quaker ; and was
himself beaten by Dutchman ; the time not being extraordinary.
The great event of the year, however, was unquestionably the
five-mile match of Americus and Lad}^ Sufi'olk, for $5,500, over

* See Note 17, p. 207.

174 THE HORSE.

the Centreville Course, in wagons, tlie drivers to weigh 145 lbs.,
won by the former in two straight heats.

FIRST HEAT.

SECOND HEAT.

Time of first mile,

. 2.54,^

Ti

me

of first mile,

. 2.5U

" second "

2.50}

"

second "

2.50

" third "

. 2.46

"

third " . . .

. 2.46

" fourth "

2.42J

"

fourth "

2.47

" fifth "

. 2.40i-

"

fifth " . . .

. 2.44

Whole time,

. 13.54

Whole time,

18.5S+

The aggregate of the time given is respectiveh", first lieat,
13.54 ; second, 13.58^.

The whole ten miles done, without distress, in the amazing
time of 27m. 52^s.

This year is remarkable for the sustained performances of
Lady Suffolk and Dutchman, the improvement of the extraordi-
nary young horse Americus, and the amazing promise of the
new entries, Ripton, who long afterward proved himself nothing
but a good one, and Brooklyn Maid, worthy the noble stock of
Abdallah.

1842. The first event of this year was the occurrence of one
of those acts of savage barbarity, which have brought such dis-
grace on the trotting turf, and contributed too justly to render it
a scandal in the sight of all moral and kind-hearted men. This
was the driving to death of a mare called Empress, on the
Bascombe Course at Mobile, in an attempt to do thirty miles in
two hours, which the unfortunate animal had not so much as a
chance to accomplish. She gave out hopelessly beaten at the
twenty-first mile, and was dead of pure exhaustion in less than
two hours.

In this season a number of Abdallali colts came out with
more or less success, and there were several matches and purses
given for competition by that horse's stock alone. Among these
were Hector, Ajax, Fourth of July, and Brandy wine, all of
which did good work ; the last-named more especially.

Over the Beacon Course, May 6th, Ellen Thompson made a
four-mile race, beating Tom Jefferson ; the mare under saddle,
the horse in harness, in 11.55 — 11.33 ; good time, and beaten by
Lady Suffolk aud Dutchman only.

The following day, Ripton beat Confidence and Lady Suffolk,
two straight heats of two miles, in 5.10^ — 5.12^ ; and three days

KirTON AND LADY SUFFOLK. 175

afterward tlie gray mare turned the tables on Eipton, beating
liiin the same matcli, in 5.10 — 5.15.

On tlie 31st of the same month, at the Hunting Park Course,
Phihidflphla, Lady Suffolk and Eipton again went a two-mile
match, in harness ; the horse winning the first and third heats.
Ti;ne, 5.07—5.15—5.17. This was the best time that hud been
made, at that date, in harness, for two miles.

It was done again by Eipton in the following year, but by no
one else, until Flora Temple beat it, by ten seconds, in 1855.*

The same day, on the same course, the best time, for two-mile
heats, in double harness, was made by Lady Suffolk and Eifle,
distancing Hardware and Apology, in 5.19.

On the Eagle Course, at Trenton, Lady Suffolk, Eipton, and
Confidence again came together; when Eipton won, 5.16 — 5.22.

At Centreville, Eipton beat Confidence, two-mile heats, in
wagons, to weigh 175 lbs. each, drivers, 145 lbs. Eipton was
tooled by Hiram Woodruff', 23 lbs. over weight, in 5.14^ — 5.27 —
5.37, the best wagon time on record ; and, one week later, again
beat the same horse in sulkies, in 5.10 — 5.14|.

On the 1st of August, Eipton, Lady Suffolk, and Confidence
started for three-mile heats in sulkies, when Eipton won in two
heats, 8.0— 7.56i.

The result of this race produced much dissatisfaction. It was
generally asserted that the gray mare was out of condition, and
abominably ill-driven ; her owner obstinately refusing to allow
George S]3icer to take the reins, on which the odds instantly
went heavy, and justly so, against the gallant gray.

On the Beacon Course, September 26tli, Americus beat Eip-
ton, Confidence paying forfeit — two-mile heats, in wagons, to
weigh, with the driver, 300 lbs. — in 5.14 — 5.20, beating Eipton's
former time by half a second, but with 43 lbs. less weight than
in that match.

At Centreville, in October, Eipton again beat Confidence,
and Cayuga Chief beat Duchess, respectively in 5.104 — 5.20 —
5.19^—5.20.

Over the Beacon Course, Eipton beat Americus, three-mile
heats, in sulkies, in 8.10 — 8.01, and 8.8, the course very heavy.

On the Hunting Park Dutchman beat Eifle the best three in
five, in 2.43—2.37—2.33—2.35.

* See Note 18, p. 207.

176 THE HOES-E.

And to conclude, Lady Suffolk beat Independence, having
scarcely run a winner before in the whole season, with great
ease, the horse being amiss, in 5.37.

This season was disgraced by another cruelly long match,
Black Joke being matched to do fifty miles in four hours. The
feat was accomplished with three minutes to spare ; but the
animal was driven all but blind, and it was with the greatest
difficulty that his eyes were saved.

In London, an English mare, Lady Hampton, did seventeon
miles in one minute twenty-three seconds within the hour ; said
to be the best time ever made in that country, though I believe
erroneously ; for if I do not err, the trotting stallion, Bellfounder,
subsequently imported to America, had done seventeen miles
and a half within the hour, previous to 1831.*

On the whole, the peculiarity of this year was the want of
success of Lady Suffolk, which was attributed universally to
the obstinacy and inefficiency of her owner; and tlie distin-
guished performances of Kipton, who was decidedly the cham-
pion of the season, beside having made the best recorded time
in harness, and the best time in wagons, under an extraordinary
weight. This and 1843 were his best years, and he never ex-
celled, nor indeed ever again quite equalled their promise.

In the year 1843, the season opened so early as February
27tli and 28th, with trotting on the ice at Missisquoi Bay, in
Canada East, not far from the frontiers of Vermont, which has
continued to be a distinguished trotting region, and has sent
some excellent animals to New York. On this occasion, al-
though the sport was said to be very good, no time was kept,
so that it is useless to enter into details.

Early in this season, also, there were trotting and pacing
matches at New Orleans, and on the Kendall Course at Balti-
more, but nothing occurred worthy of being recorded, nor any
time, to be com})ared with that of the Northern trotting courses.

At Quebec, however, a French horse, Passe Carreau^ who,
under a different name, in after days, earned great distinction,
made his debut, doing 2.34 on ice. Of him we shall see more
anon.

In the mean time, on the Beacon Course, May 15, came off
the first great event of tlie season, being the first of tliree

* See Note 19, p. 207.

i

t

BEACON COURSE. 177

matclies in harness between Kipton and Americns, Tliere was
a good deal of betting on time, and the odds ran that the tln-ee
miles in sulkies would be done nearer to 8.00 than to 7.50.

Tlic fastest time of three-mile heats, hitherto, was Dutch-
man's T.-il, and tlie next to that Ripton's 7.50^ ; on both which
occasions the course was said to be in better order for making
great time, than now.

This match was, however, won bj Ripton, beating his for-
mer time, in 7.53 — 8.03.

On the 22d, the same horses went their second match, in
sulkies, two-mile heats, Ripton winning the first and third
heats. In the second, being frightened by a dog, he became
uncontrollable, and was adjudged to lose the heat for uninten-
tional, foul driving. Time 5.12 — 5.12 — 5.17.

On the 29th, Ripton won the last match of the mile heats
in harness, in 2.43 — 2.41, the course very heavy; thus proving
himself the better horse at short and long distances. Two
or three days before this match, although I omitted it in
its proper turn, in order to give the three matches of Ripton
and Americns consecutively, Beppo beat Independence, the
best three in five, mile heats, in the remarkable time of 2.32^ —
2.311—2.33—2.38—2.35, beating Edwin Forrest's 2.31|— 2.33
by half a second, his being previously the best on record in
harness.

On the same course, July 4th, Lady Suffolk, Beppo and In-
dependence, trotted mile heats, the best three in five, with
catch weights, in the saddle, the mare carrying 143 lbs., and
winning the first, fourth and fifth heats, the second a dead heat
between her and Beppo, in 2.28|— 2.28— 2.28— 2.29— 2.32.

And again, July 12, trotters at catch weights in the saddle,
pacers in harness with 145, Lady Sufiblk and Beppo carrying
143 and 135 lbs. respectively, went against Oneida Chief with
145 lbs. in a sulky, when the gray mare won, making the best
time ever recorded until the year 1853, when it was outdone by
Tacony, and since byFlora Temple. Time 2.26^-2.27—2.27.

On the 12th, she once more defeated Beppo at mile heats,
under the saddle, in 2.30|— 2.42| — 2.28.

But in her next match on the Beacon Course, August 15,
against the pacer Oneida Chief, the odds being heavy on the
YoL. II.— 12

178 ' THE HOESE.

mare, she was defeated easily by the horse in 7.44 — 7.52. She
had previously won in 7.40|, over the Hunting Park Course,
Philadelphia, always a slower track than the Beacon, and in
bad trotting order at the time. She was evidently out of con-
dition, and dead beat, even in the first heat, and was also said
to be very ill driven by Brjan, who, justly or unjustly, bears
all the blame of the mare's defeats.

In September, however, she somewhat retrieved her laurels,
beating Oneida Chief, saddle against sulky, in 2.29 — 2.30 —
2.28^; and Confidence, a few days afterwards, in 2.38 — 2.39,
and 2.41.

On the 25th of the same month, Americus beat Dutchman,
three-mile heats, in sulkies, the best three in five, Kipton lame
and paying forfeit, in 8.04—8.11—8.26, and 9.40.

The trotting at Cambridge was not worthy of record, in Sep-
tember ; but in October good time was made there by the after-
ward famous stallion Black Hawk.

At the Kendall Course, Baltimore, Oneida Chief beat Lady
Suffolk, three miles under the saddle, in 7.48 ; and again beat the
mare and Dutchman, the same distance, in 7.59, 8,15, and 8.01.

A remarkable pacing, match came off, over the Beacon
Course, late in the season, in which Sir "Walter Scott, against
time, being backed to do eighteen miles in the hour, beat time,
with 22 seconds to spare, not having halted or broken his pace.
After the match he was freely backed to do 19 miles within the
hour, without takers.

All this year, and all the last. Lady Suffolk went unsteadily
and uncertainly ; was often out of condition, and appeared to
tire without reason. She and her driver did not seem to under-
stand one another ; and, as I have said before, rightfully or
wrongfully, on him was laid the blame of her shortcomings.

On the whole, the honors of this year were to Ripton, who '
made some capital trotting, and succeeded in establishing his
superiority to the far-famed Americus.

The year 1844 opened early in April, with the trotting of
the New Orleans Association, but it produced no event worthy
of commemoration ; indeed, to the southward it does not appear
that the genius of either man or horse inclines seriously to this
pace.

MOSCOW OR PASSE-CARREAU. 179

Tlie same may be said of the spring meetings on tlie Ijoacon,
Centreville and Cambridge Courses, on none of wliich was any
time made worthy of record.

0]i the 20th of May, over the Beacon, Lady Suffolk beat
Americus, Ripton, Washington and Pizarro, two miles, in
harness ; Americus, the favorite, in 5.17 — 5.19 — 5.18 ; and on
the 23d, Washington beat Duchess and Rifle, the second tlie
favorite, at 10 to 7, in 5.17—5.20.

On the 6th of June Lady Suffolk beat Columbus, three miles,
in harness, at Centreville, in 7.51 — -8.02.

About the same time there was a pacing match on the
Metairie Course at New Orleans, most remarkable from tlie
fact, that Tippecanoe, who came off victor, though losing the
first heat, over Grey Eagle, in 2.53—2.36—2.40, carried 60 lbs.
over his weight.

On the Beacon Course, June 15, was a remarkable trot,
Ripton against Confidence, the former in a wagon, the latter in
harness, the best three in five. Ripton, beside the odds he gave
in the match, w^as so lame, that his driver would have paid for-
feit, but being refused, decided to go in, when he won without
distress, in 2.40-2.41—2.38-2.1:2^ — 2.40, Confidence winning
the first two heats.

The same course, Cayuga Chief, in a wagon weighing 220 lbs.,
beat Washington and distanced Americus, by a bad break in his
first heat, in 2.36^— 2.53^-2.40— 2.42— 2.45.

Cayuga Chief made his first half mile, though he lost the
first heat, in 1.15, no such time ever having been made before
in public.

A few days afterward Americus beat Lady Suffolk and dis-
tanced Columbus over the Beacon, in 7.53| — 8.01.

At Albany, on the 4th of July, General Dunham's Moscow
made his first appearance in the United States, having been
previously a winner of some note in Canada, and believed by
her Majesty's subjects to be able to beat any Yankee horse or
mare, handily. He did nothing creditable in this, his first year,
but subsequently trotted worthily of his original renown, and
holds a high place in the annals of American trotting.

His name " Moscow," is a vulgar and barbarous mis-pro-
nunciation of his original name, Passe-carreau^ or Pass-dior

180 THE HOKSE.

mond ! the title of a game of cards, in common use among the
French habitans^ who are, for the most part, inveterate gamblers.
I suppose that tlie unmeaning name, " Poscora," under which I
have observed that a trotting stallion has been advertised for
sale during the last autumn and winter, is also a misnomer for
Passe-carreau, though not, of course, applied to Moscow, although
the sound is certainlj a nearer approach to the true name.

Passe-carreau, or Moscow, was a very well-bred horse. His
sire was a white-footed chestnut-horse, owned and ridden by C.
C. S. de Bleury, of Montreal ; got by Sir Walter, he by Hickory
by Whip, imported. Hickory's dam Dido by imported Daredevil,
g, d. by Symmes' Wildair, &c.

Whip was by Saltram, dam by King Herod, g. d. by Oroo-
noko, g. g. d. by Cartouch, &c., &c.

Daredevil was by Magnet, dam Hebe, by Chrysolite, g. d.
Proserpine, sister to Eclipse, &c.

Symmes' Wildair was by old Pearnought, dam by Jolly
Koger, out of Kitty Fisher, &c.

Sir Walter's dam was Nettletop, by imported Diomed, g. d.
Betsey Lewis, by imported Shark, g. g. d. by Lindsay's Arabian.

This j)edigree is endorsed as correct by the editor of the
old " Spirit of the Times," vol. 13, p. 85, with this addition : " Sir
Walter was owned by the late Bela Badger, Esq. ; he is de-
Bcribed to us as a horse of remarkable speed and great beauty."

The chestnut horse of M. de Bleury, which showed much
blood, with a smooth coat and clean limbs, is said to have been
got out of a good, well-bred mare, though probably not thorough-
bred ; and Passe-carreau, or Moscow, was out of a " stout
Yankee mare of spirit and a great roadster." The correspondent
of the " Sj^irit," from whom the above information is derived, an
amateur and horse-breeder from Sherbrooke, C E., also states,
that the dam of Passe-carreau, the Yankee mare, described
above, had extraordinarily large and well-opened nostrils, which
descended to her son — an infallible mark of blood — and that
there is no French Canadian blood in his stock.

According to this account, it is probable that the sire of
Passe-carreau held not less than six-eighths, or perhaps seven-
tenths of thorough blood, and that his dam was a half-bred marc
or tliereabout. This would make him a very high-bred horse of

FANNY JENKS. 181

the liuntcr stamp. lie was foaled in 1830 ; he was a fine sliowy
animal, with easy and striking action.

On the Beacon Course, May 2, came off a pacing match, mile
lieats, the hest three in live, the horse,Unknown, in a sulky, against
the mare, Fairy Queen, in a wagon, which was won by the horse
in 2.23 ; time that had never then been equalled on record, and
which has since that time been excelled only by the famous
mare Pocahontas, who has performed it in 2.17^.*

Lady Suffolk subsequently beat Duchess and Washington,
over the Beacon Course, the best three in five, at mile heats,
Washington winning the first heat, in 2.38 — 2.33|^ — 2.34 — 2.37.
The course was fetlock deep in mud. Suffolk did one half mile
in 1.15 ; Duchess had never made equally good time before.

On the Centreville track came off, October 2, a remarkable
match between Fanny Jenks, Misfortune and I^eptune, to go
ten miles in harness, with drivers of 145 lbs. weight, exclusive
of sulkies. It was won by the mare Fanny Jenks, who per-
formed greater feats afterward, and obtained a curious celebrity
by the figure she cut as " Pigeon," in the sporting trials and
alleged swindling case of the Alleynes, formerly of the Seventh
Hussars, who subsequently purchased the mare in New York,
carried her to England, and won large sums, as it was charged
against them, by fraudulent misrepresentations. The cases were
curious and interesting, the decisions being more than once
reversed or set aside, and the whole matter, I believe, recently
reopened, after it was believed to be entirely settled.

The time was as follows ; —

Time of first mile, .

. 3.13

3.13

Time of sixth mile,

. 2.58

18.12

" second "

. 3.04

6.17

" seventh " .

. 2.56

21.03

third " .

. 3.01

9.18

" eighth " .

. 2.55

24.03

'« fourth " .

. 3.00

12.18

" ninth " .

. 2.55

26.58

fifth " .

. 2.56

15.14

" tenth " .

. 3.10

29.59

This must be admitted to be a most extraordinary perform-
ance, whether we look to the character of the horses, which had
no remarkable reputation, and are, in fact, designated by the
" Spirit of the Times," in its comments on this trot, merely com-
mon roadsters ; or to the fact, that only twenty-two years had
elapsed since it was heavy odds in favor of time, against any
horse in the United States accomplishing a single mile in three
minutes. Boston Blue astonished the sporting world by doing

* See Note 20, p. 207

182 THE HOKSE.

it inside the time ; and here, within a few years, we find that fe.it
so utterly outdone, that it is considered notliing ; and that we
find common roadsters keeping up the same pace, in a match,
not against time, for ten consecutive miles, and beating it in the
ninth mile by five seconds.

A few days later, Lady Sufi'olk trotting against the pacers,
J. C. Calhoun and Fairy Queen, three in five, mile heats, the
horse winning the first two, won in 2.29 ; 2.31 ; 2.28 ; 2.29 ; 2.30.
Fairy Queen was drawn in the fourth heat, having gone third in
the first three, and being necessarily incompetent to win.

At Centreville, November 14th, Fanny Jenks was again
matched to go ten miles' against Troy, and again won easily in
30.56, the horse not being able to drive her to her former
speed.

These matches long remained unequalled, but they have
since been far outdone by Trustee and Lady Fulton, both of
whom have performed 20 miles within the hour.

The trotting turf of 1815 owes its greatest eclat to the con-
tests of Americus, Lady Sufiblk, Moscow, Duchess, the pacing
of James K. Polk, the appearance of Lady Jane, who showed for
the first time as a winner, and for the great performance by
Fanny Jenks of a hundred miles in ten successive hours.

Americus went, in all, eight trots, —

Wimiing four times. Three-mile heats in harness, in two
heats, in 8.00 ; 8.05^, of Lady Suffolk and Columbus. Three-
mile heats in harness, in two heats, in 8.05 ; 7.59, of Lady Sufifolk.
Two-mile heats, in three heats, in 5.23 ; 5.17^ ; 5.21, of Moscow.
One-mile heats, in two heats, in 2.31^ ; 2.382-, of Moscow, and
Duchess, and Washington.

Losing four times. Three-mile heats, in three heats, in 8.02 ;
8.07i ; 8.17, to Lady Sufifolk. Two-mile heats, in two heats,
in 5.20 ; 5.29, to Lady Sufi'olk and Columbus. Two-mile heats,
in three heats, in 5.09 ; 5.16 ; 5.12, to Lady Sufi'olk. One-mile
heats, three in five, in 2.40 ; 2.38 ; 2.39 ; 2.46 ; 2.45, to Eipton;
Americus winning the third and fourth.

Lady Suffolk also went, in all, eight times, —

Winning four times. Three times of Americus, as above.
Mile-heats, three in five, in 2.34; 2.29^; 2.30; 2.34; 2.35, of
Moscow, the horse winninci: the third and fourth.

HUNDRED MILES IN TEN HOURS. 183

Losing four ii?nes. Twice to Americus, as above, three-mile
heats. Mile heats, three in five, in 2.37 ; 2.35^ ; 2.35]: ; 2.39,
to Duchess, she winning the third heat, the fastest. Mile heats,
three in five, in 2.33^ ; 2.31^ ; 2.40 ; 2.35, to Moscow, she win-
ning the second heat, the fastest.

Moscow, late Passe-earreau, whose pedigree is given on
p. 183, went in all, ten trots, — ■

Winning six times. Once of Lady Suftblk as above, at mile
heats ; and five times, mile heats, in ordinary time, of Lady
Swan, &c. ; Euclid, &c. ; Reality, &c. ; One-eyed Riley, &c.,
and Duchess.

Losing four times. Twice of Americus, as above, one and
two miles. Once to Lady Suffolk, as above, mile heats. The
three heats, in 2.43 ; 2.42 ; 2.43 ; winning the first heat. Mos-
cow's best time this year was in the trot with Lady Suffolk,
when he won the third heat in 2.30.

Tlie Duchess went in all, three trots, —

Winning once. Of Lady Suffolk, mile heats ; three in five,
as above ; her best time, 2.33|-.

Losing twice. To Americus and Moscow ; mile heats, as
above.

James K. Polk, a pacer, went three times, —

Winning twice. Mile heats, of Cayuga Maid, in 2.27 ; dist.
Mile heats, three in five, in three heats, 2.33i ; 2.31 ; 2.39, of
John C. Calhoun.

Losing once. Two-mile heats, in two heats, in 5.58^ ; 5.57,
to John Anderson.

It is on the 5th of May of this year, that one of the greatest
feats ever performed by a trotting horse, by far the greatest
accomplished at that time, was done by General Dunham's
mare Fanny Jenks, who has been honorably mentioned before,
and who was now backed to trot one hundred miles in ten suc-
cessive hours, with light weight, in harness; no time being
aillowed extra for stoppages, as had been the case in Mr. Theall's
match, recorded above.

The slowest mile of the hundred was the twenty-first, done in
6.25 ; the fastest' was the third, in 4.47 ; but the hundred and
first mile, done within the time, and over and above the match,
was performed in 4.23.

184:

THE HOESE.

First ten miles trotted

in 55.50

Stopped

0,30

Second "

<(

59.04

((

1.01

Third "

"

57.45

((

0.58

Fourth "

"

58.35

u

1.28

Fifth

"

53.55

((

4.09

Sixth "

((

57.18

(t

1.58

Seventh "

u

53.41

(1

2.09

Eighth "

"

54.31

11

3.10

Ninth "

^i

56.39

t<

1.36

Tenth "

11

60.20

When

11
sulky broke,

0.30
0.58

Total of trotting

time,

9h. 20m.

07s.

Total stoppages, 18.27

Add stoppages,

00 ms.

18m.

27s.

from

start to finish.

Total time of 1

9h. 3Sm.

34s.

" 101st mile,

4m.

23s.

Total time of 101 ms. 9h. 42m. 57s,

It is stated that tlie mare was not in the least distressed : but
one knows what that means, where mute animals are concerned,
who cannot tell their suiferings, and whose high s]3irit and in-
domitable courage, constantly induce them to die at their work,
rather than yield to weariness and stop.

Every sportsman who has ridden a well-bred horse until he
stands still, knows that it is a hundred to one that he will lie
down in a minute or two, and that, if he do so, the odds are
any tiling to nothing against his ever standing up again.

It is true that, in this case, the mare was not seriously or
permanently injured, but, to my eyes, this in no degree mitigates
the cruelty or lessens the wrong.

I should like to see such matches made a misdemeanor, and
the makers of them punished by incarceration at hard labor.
It is such deeds as these that bring sportsmen into odium, and
tlie fairest and most useful kinds of sporting into disfavor with
men of humane and religious spirit. I shall never cease from
protesting against them, and I rejoice to observe the storm of
reprobation called forth from the press, universally, by the late
yet more reckless and atrocious time match on the public road,
in New York.

No man deserves to own a horse, who would so cruelly and
wantonly misuse his powers and impose upon liis patient forti-
tude.

SEASON OF 1846. 185

Some other horses and mares, as Boston, Bhick Maria, Hector
and Ileurj Clay were considerable winners, so far as number of
races is concerned, but not against animals of note, nor in time
worthy of record.

The performances of 1846 lay principally among the same
animals, Americus, Lady Suffolk, Moscow, Duchess, Lady Mos-
cow, a new appearance, and the pacer, James K. Polk.

Americus went in all, six trots, —

Winning thrice. Two-mile heats, in two heats, in 5.13 ; 5.11,
of Lady Suffolk and Moscow. Two-mile heats, in two heats, in
5.22 ; 5.20, of Hector. Two-mile heats, in three heats, in 5.17-|-;
5. IT ; 5.22, of Moscow, who won the first heat.

Losing thrice. Mile heats, three in five, in three heats, in
2.37i ; 2.3T ; 2.35, to Lady Suffolk and Moscow. Mile heats,
three in five, in five heats, in 2.34 ; 2.31.} ; 2.34-J- ; 2.35 ; 2.38^,
to Lady Suffolk, winning the first, fourth a dead heat with Mos-
cow, Suffolk third. Two-mile heats, in harness, in five heats, in
5.30i ; 5.25 ; 5.27i ; 5.33i ; 5.45|, to Duchess, winning the
fourth, a second dead heat with Moscow, Duchess third.

Lady Suffolk went in all, five trots, —

Wi7uiing twice. Against Americus and Moscow, as above.

Losing thrice. Two-mile heats, to Americus, in two heats,
in 5.13 ; 5.11. Three-mile heats, saddle, in two heats, in 7.46;
7.46^, to James K. Folk, pacing in sulky. Two-mile heats, sad-
dle, in two heats, in 5.8|- ; 5.16, to James K. Polk, pacing in
skeleton wagon.

Moscow went in all, six times, and "svith bad fortune, though
going well and with first-class horses, —

Losing six tim.es. Once to Americus, as above. Twice to
Lady Moscow, as above. Two-mile heats, in harness, in five
heats, as above, to Duchess and Americus. Two-mile heats, in
two heats, in 5.30 ; 5.36, to Duchess. Two-mile heats, in two
heats, in 5.33| ; 5.21 ; to James K. Polk.

James K. Polk went, in all four times, with great fortnne, — •

Winning four times. Twice, as above, of Lady Suffolk.
Once, as above, of Moscow. Mile heats, three in five, in three
lieats, in 2.58 ; 2.56 ; 2.54, against Cracker Boy.

Lady Moscow went in all, three times, —

186 THE HOKSE.

Winning twice. Mile heats, three in five, in three heats, in
2.47; 2.44i, of Betsey Baker, in harness, last heat not timed.
Mile heats, in four heats, in 2.45 ; 2.39; 2.42^; 2.47.

Losing once. Mile heats, in first heat, distanced, 2.44, to
John Maffit.

On the whole. Lady Suffolk had the honors of the year, beat-
iiip; Americus twice to his once, and Moscow thrice in the same
races, and only losing to a pacer, the fastest of his time.

Moscow showed himself a good horse, although, imjpar con-
gressus, he could not make good the vaunt of his Canadian
friends, against such cracks as Americus and the Old Lady.

Duchess did well, winning both her trots as recorded above,
and beating Americus and Moscow.

Lady Moscow, whose name, by the way, is another exceed-
ingly stupid misnomer, said to be a weak invention to represent
Yamaska, from the valley of which Canadian river she is be-
lieved to have come, and doubly objectionable as seeming to
imply relationship to Moscow, also gave some evidence of what
she would be thereafter, although she is mentioned here, rather
to record her first entrance on the trotting turf, than in right ot
her doings. This year was disgraced by two more brutal trials
against time.

First, Ariel, matched to trot fifty miles, within four hours,
after running away, upsetting her sulky and driver, and losing
5m. 51|s., won the match with 4m. 19|s. to spare.

Not content with this, her owner matched her to go 100
miles, against Fanny Murray and Stager, in sulkies carrying
catch weight ; when, having met with an accident, by which
she lost a mile and lamed herself, early in the race, she was yet
driven through the whole distance, which she accomplished in
9h. 51m., though beaten by Fanny Murray, who performed the
same distance in 9h. 41m. 26s. Stager gave out after going
sixty miles, in pretty good time.

Such performances as these need no comment. It is coolly
added that, but for the accident, in spite of which the unfor-
tunate animal was pressed to the end, after it must have been
long evident that she could not possibly win, the result miglit
have been different.

SEASON OF 1847. 187

The season of 184:7 is marked by tlie withdrawal of Amer-
icus, who lay dark, and though he afterwards reappeared, did
no more great work ; for the extraordinary successes of Lady
Suffolk, the continued ill-fortune of Moscow, the increased re-
nown of Lady Moscow, the steady work of Jack Rossiter, and
the ai:)pearance of three new cracks, in the to be hereafter,
Black Hawk, the trotting stallion ; Lady Sutton, claimed to be
Morgan, both on the sire's and dam's side ; and Jack Rossi ter, of
whom no one pretends to know any thing, except that he was
used at Milwaukie to draw a baggage-wagon, from the dock to
the hotel, where he was seen and admired by Mr. Rossi tei",
whence his name. But of his pedigree nothing is asserted.

The Black Hawk of this year is not to be confounded with
the Morgan Black Hawk, who has been mentioned before as a
winner on the Cambridije Trottinc; Course in 1842.

This is the famous Long Island Black Hawk, by Andrew
Jackson, out of Sally Miller, the famous trotting mare, rival of
Old Columbus.

Roanoke, the pacer, also did capitally well this year.

Lady Suffolk, however, bears away the bell, beyond all
rivalry. She was a winner nine times ; against Hector, twice,
James K. Polk, Moscow, thrice, Roanoke, Lady Sutton, and
Ripton, whose career was drawing to a close. These perform-
ances were at three, two, and one-mile heats, under saddle, in
harness, and to sulkies, doing three miles in 7.56 — 8.06^ — two
miles in 5.03 — 5.10 — 5.12, one mile in 2.33^, and the last mile
in a three-mile heat, which she lost to James K. Polk, in 2.26|.

1^0 trotting-horse came near to her this year, when she was
in her fourteenth year.

James K. Polk, the celebrated pacer, was thrice victorious,
beating Lad}'- Suffolk two-mile heats, sulky against saddle, in
5.04^ — 5.09, and three-mile heats in 7.44 — 7.53 ; and also Roan-
oke and Oregon Maid, two-mile heats in 5.06 — 5.14. He was
beaten once as above by Lady Suffolk, saddle against wagon, in
5.03, which distanced him.

Moscow won two trots at one and two-mile heats, beating
Elias Hicks, but was beaten thrice by Lady Suffolk, to wliom
he was not equal, at any time, and by Hector in company with
Black Maria.

188 THE HOKSE.

Ladj Moscow was thrice a winner, and not beaten, defeating
Gipsej and Grey Harry ; Philadelphia Sal, and Gipsey ; Lady
Sutton, Sal, and Grey Harry, all at one-mile heats, her best time
2.37—2.32—2.33, against Lady Sutton.

Lady Sutton also won thrice, at two-mile heats, against Sal
and Grey Eagle twice ; Ajax once ; best time 5.1Y — 5.21, very
good for a young mare, in her second season. She was beaten
three times, by Lady Suffolk, by E-iptou — whose only victory
"was at her expense — and by Lady Moscow, of whom she was in
after time a constant and worthy rival.

Jack Kossiter won nothing, and was beaten by Jane Redtop,
and Lady Jane, in very good time for a green horse, and with
gain, rather than with loss of credit.

Black Hawk, on the contrary, won on his first appearance,
beating in a 250 lb. wagon, Jenny Lind, in a skeleton wagon,
mile heats, taking the first and last, in 2.40 — 2.38, and 2.43.
lie afterward received forfeit from the same mare, for the best
three in five of mile heats.

Of the first event, the editor of the New York Turf Register
observes, "taking into consideration that Black Hawk never
trotted before, we think it will be conceded that his perform-
ance is the most extraordinary sporting event of the season.
He is but nine years old, and will improve."

This year "Willard Reed made some extraordinary tandem-
driving over the Union Course against time. He was backed to
trot Grey Harry and Betsey Baker a mile in 2m. 50s. Reed to
have two trials.

He did the distance, at the first trial, in 2.41f , but the mare,
'who was the slower of the two, having broken up and galloped
about two hundred yards, before Grey Harry could be j)ulled
back to her ; the judges ordered a second trial, although it was
admitted that Reed had lost no time in bringing her down to
her work.

On the second trial. Reed drove them "as if for a man's life,"
and they trotted the mile, without a break, in 2.43f. They
made the first quarter in 42.} sec, and the first half-mile in 1.22,
the best time, by all odds, on record.

The only long-distance match of this year was a match that
Francis Duffy's Grey Marshall would trot 17 miles in harness in

SEASON OF 1848. 180

one hour. He won it, witli perfect ease, in 58.50, doing his last
mile, the quickest of the match, in 2.5G. In the ojjinion of
competent spectators, he could have done the eighteen miles
witliin the hour.

The great contestants, of 1848, are somewhat altered from
those of the latter years, some new ones having appeared, and
some old friends having been withdrawn temporarily, or to re-
turn no more.

Americus appeared this season only to be beaten ; Black
Hawk improved, justified his promise, and was but once beaten.

Lady Suffolk and Lady Sutton were the great victors of the
year, Lady Moscow scarcely maintaining her character of old.
Between Chatauque Chief, Jack Rossiter, Lady Jane, and St.
Lawrence, a new conqueror, in the shape of a full-blooded
Canadian stallion, lay the great and protracted struggle for
dominion, though not for quite the first place. Black Hawk
won twice, beating Lady Sutton, mile heats, best three in five in
250 lb. wagons, in 2.43— 2.43— 2.42— 2.45^, the mare taking the
second heat ; and Americus, twice at three-mile heats in 250 lb.
wagons, his best time in 8.28. — 8.30 — 8.34, the gelding taking
the first heat; and was beaten once by Lady Sutton.

Lady Suftblk won four times, beating Lady Moscow and
Americus ; Lady Sutton ; and James K. Polk, twice, saddle
against a 200 lb. wagon, and harness against a 220 lb. wagon —
Lady Sutton at one, the others at two-mile heats ; time not
remarkable. She was beaten twice ; once by Lady Moscow,
and once by Lady Sutton, the first defeat being Lady Mos-
cow's only victory.

Lady Sutton also came off four times a winner against Vol-
cano, Lady Sufiblk and Lady Moscow, Black Hawk, aiid Jack
jRossiter ; but was beaten as often, twice by Grey Eagle, once
by Black Hawk, and once by Lady Suffolk.

Chatauque Chief was three times victorious ; over Jack
Eossiter, twice y over St. Lawrence, twice ; and with the latter,
once over Smoke. But he was beaten, in his turn, once by
Jack Rossiter, once by Lady Jane, and four times by St. Law-
rence ; who was numerically the first winner of the year, com-
ing off seven times victorious, and only three times beaten, by

190

THE HORSE.

Chatauque Chief, twice, and again by La Prairie. His trots
were all mile heats, and 2.34, his best time up to this date.

Grey Eagle also did worthily of his name, connected as it
sounds with the legends of a nobler turf ; and Trustee, the son of
imported thoroughbred Trustee, by Catton, out of Emma, by
Whisker, his dam the celebrated trotting-mare Fanny Pullen,
won twice at two, and once at three-mile heats. It was, how-
ever, by a match against time, over the Union Course, Long
Island, that he won for liimself irajDerishable renown as a trot-
ting-horse, who has accomplished at his own gait what it is not,
by any means, every thoroughbred hunter that can perform at a
gallop.

He was backed to do twenty miles wdthin the hour, in har-
ness, and appeared on the scene on Friday, Oct. 20, the course
in good order, no sun, and the wind high.

He was driven by Cornelius S. Bertine, weighing 145 lbs. in
a 150 lb. ordinary sulky. The odds were 100 to 40 on time.
The word " go ! " was given so vehemently that the horse broke,
but he caught his step, and never broke again throughout the
whole performance. In trotting the ninth and tenth miles, the
lioi'se fell off a few seconds, and many persons thought that he
was tiring ; but judges remarked, as he passed the stand, that he
was going perfectly at his ease, with his ears playing. On the
15th mile, the odds on time declined a little. On the 17th, a
horse was galloped by his side to encourage him ; on the 18th,
it was even betting; on tlie 19th mile, 50 to 40 was offered on
the horse. On commencing the 20th mile, Bertine let the horse
out, and lie came in, apparently as fresli as wlien he started, do-
ing his twentieth mile the fastest of the match in 2.514^.

The time was carefully kept, in the judges' stand, by three
watches ; it was as follows ; —

First mile,

3.01 .

Aggregate, 3.01

Eleventh mile

3.03 .

Aggregate

32.39

Second "

2.56 .

6.57

Twelfth

2.54 .

35.33

Third "

2.56

8.53

Thirteenth "

2.69 .

38.32

Fourth "

2.55

11.50

Fourteenth "

3.03 .

41.35

Fifth "

2.54

14.44

Fifteenth "

3.04 .

44.39

Sixth "

2.56

17.40

Sixteenth "

3.05 .

47.44

Seventh "

2.67

20.37

Seventeenth "

2.59 .

50.43

Eighth "

2.58

23.35

Eighteenth "

3.01 .

53.44

Ninth "

3.00

26.35

Nineteenth "

2.59 .

56.43

Tenth "

3.01

29.S6

Twentieth "

2.5U-

59.35i

TRUSTEE. 101

" An hour after the match," says the editor of the Spirit of
the Times, "we visited Trustee in his stable; lie exhibited no
distress, and on the following day, was as ' line as silk.' We
have seen him half a dozen times since, and he never looked or
trotted better. He is a prodigy, but blood will tell."

All this may be true. It is clear that, in this case, it was
true.'^ Trustee was something better than a half-bred h.orse — for
his mother, Fanny PuUen, though 1 believe her pedigree is not
ascertained, showed that she had more than an ordinary share
of blood — and that of the most fashionable modern English
blood. One would think, therefore, that this wonderful per-
formance, at a trot, would induce some persons, who are con-
tinually howling about the degeneracy of the modern English
thoroughbred, its inability to stay a distance, and its uselessness
as a progenitor, to make some pause.

Trustee is bred precisely as are half the hunters in England
of the class which carry heavy weights, and do stay the distance
at a killing pace ; and I know no instance which better cor-
roborates what I am fearless to enunciate, that if the best
American trotting trainers were to take the pick of the best
three and four parts thoroughbred hunters, out of the best Eng-
lish stables, and take them in hand, they would make them the
best trotters in the world. He was — for he is gone, alas ! where
the good horses go — also the half-brother of our far-famed Fash-
ion, and the sharer of her constancy and courage.

I will not say that it is not well, now that the deed is done,
and that the gallant animal was none the worse for it, that the
physical possibility of horseflesh performing such a feat ot
endurance, should be demonstrated.

But now that it has been demonstrated, and that there can
be no practical utility in the demonstration — for we can no more
practically employ trotting-horses, at twenty miles within the
hour, for any useful end, than we could have employed the
north-eastern passage, to demonstrate the existence of which so
many noble lives have been squandered — the experiments should
cease, or should summarily be put to an end by legislation.

What one horse has done, doubtless some other horse can be
found to do. But in ascertaining which is the one that can,
out of the thousands which cannot, more than they can fly, we

* See Note 21, p. 207.

192 THE HORSE.

sliall only wantonly, recklessly, and most brutally destroy the
best of the race — for it is only the best, which will persevere
until they be destroyed — using their own highest characteristics
and our knowledge of them to accomplish the destruction. Two
other cruel matches of the same kind were made in the same
year, but not witli the like success.

A black gelding, Ajax, by Abdallah, was next matched to
do twenty miles, over the Centreville Course, against a bay mare,
Marion, in the expectation of making Trustee's time. The mare
stopped midway, and was distanced — what is a distance, by the
way, in a twenty -mile race ? — and the horse got through the
distance in Ih. 7m. 37fs.

Yet later, the same year, November 18, a fine dark chestnut
horse. Woodpecker, 16 hands high and seven years old, said to
be half brother to James K. Polk, the pacer, was backed to do
tlie same match.

Tie had only been a few weeks from grass, and had no
advantage of training, to fit him for such a life-and-death trial.

There was a blunder in the starting on tlie part of the judges,
who did not give the word when his rider expected it, and
allowed him to go on two miles, imagining that he was at work,
before he was stopped and called back.

Thus he had to go in fact twenty-two miles, instead of twenty,
at a winning pace, before he could win his match.

As it was, lie did his nineteen miles in 57.43, and having only
2.17 in which to accomplish his last mile, he was stopped by the
order of his owner. Every one judged that, but for the judges'
fault, lie would have won. At all events I rejoice, with exceed-
ing joy, that his owner lost; and hope that so it may be to all
owners, for ever, who so mismatch the noblest and most gener-
ous of animals.

The year 1849 is remarkable as being that of Lady Suff'olk's
greatest ghjry, embracing her contests with Mac, who was com-
ing up rajjidly in the scale, and Pelham, who rose first into
high notice this year ; and of good work on the part of Lady
Moscow, who also battled it stoutly with Mac and Jack Rossiter,
the latter of whom was on the descending scale, as was also
Lady Sutton, as in comparison witli her former performances.

The old gray mare performed this year nineteen times, and

LADY SUFFOLK.

193

came out- conqueror, twelve ; beating Grey Eagle and Mac twice,
Pelliaiii, five times; Lady Sutton, twice; Trustee, four times.
Black Hawk, Grey Trouble, Plougliboy and others.

One of her greatest performances, which I had the pleasure
of seeing, evincing the wonderful endurance and pluck of this
admirable animal, though it did not bring out her fastest time,
was her trot over the Centreville Course against Pelham and
Lady Sutton, mile heats in harness, the best three in five. I
have never, in my life, seen so closely or severely contested a
struggle, lasting till seven heats had been completed, and till it
was so dark that the judges could not see the gray mare at six
lengths' distance.

It was as follows, the sixth heat marked thus C^) being de-
clared void by tlie judges, both sides complaining of foul driving
on the part of the other, and it being already so dark that none
could ascertain which of the drivers was in the wrong. What
was evident to all is, that Hiram and Bryan, amused themselves
by horsewhipping one another, from the distance home ; that
Hiram had one of his spokes smashed, and David Bryan his face
rendered less beautiful than its wont.

Gr. m. Lady Suflfolk, . . . .112 2 0*1

Br. m. Lady Sntton, . . . 2 2 110*2

B. g. Pelham, . . . .33 dist.

Time, 2.29i; 2.31; 2.80; 2.31i; 2.32; 2.31; 2.38.

Making the aggregate time of the seven miles, 17.43, which
must be considered extraordinary, when we reflect that the best
four miles ever made was Dutchman's 10.51, under the saddle,
which would leave only 6.52 for the three remaining miles, or
2.17^ for each ; time which it is needless to say never has been,
and probably never will be made by a trotter.

A few days before this feat Lady Suffolk did five one-mile
heats, winning the first, second and fifth, against Pelham and
Jack Kossiter, in 2.32 ; 2.32^ ; 2.28 ; 2.29^ ; 2.31. The aggre-
gate time of the five miles being 12.36, leaving 5.07 or 2.33^ for
each for the last two miles. The former is, of course, the greater
performance.

Allowance, on the other hand, must be made for Dutchman's
having performed his four miles consecutively, instead of at
intervals, which of course makes a difference in favor of time.
Vol. XL— 13

194: THE HOKSE.

Americus' best consecutive five miles made in 1S40, two heats,
against Lady Siiifolk, is 13.58 — 13.5S-|^, against 12.36, as above.
Whalebone, and Sweetbrier, in 1830, did 6 miles in 18.52.

The gray mare Avas beaten this season, seven times — by Grey
Eagle, mile heats, in bad time ; Lady Moscow, mile heats ;
Lady Sutton, two-mile heats ; and four times by Mac, who on
the w^hole had the advantage of her, beating her time at single
miles, though he did not approach her formei* time, by several
seconds, at longer distance.

Mac, on the whole, went extremely well this year, winning
eight times, against such nags as Lady Moscow, twice ; Lady
Suftblk, four times ; Jack Rossiter, twice ; Moscow, Grey Eagle
and Zachary Taylor. He made his mile once in 2.26, and his two
miles in 5.09, 5.10; the latter time twice consecutively; although
not in the same race, when he did the faster rate.

This year is enough to prove him, what he was, a first-rate
animal for his day, which, however, was a far briefer one than
that of his great contemporaries. He was beat thrice only by
the two Ladies, Suffolk and Sutton, and that in far worse time
than he made at other times.

Lady Moscow did bTavely, winning six times ; from Lady
Suffolk, once ; Mac, once ; Lady Sutton, Pelham and Moscow,
who had had his day and was nearly done, each once ; and Jack
Kossiter, who did not shine this season, four times. '

Lady Sutton won but once, but then beat Pelham and the
Gray Lady.

Trustee and Trouble both did honest duty, but not at extra-
ordinary time, i\\Q forte of the former being his wonderful power
of holding, for a length of time, a high rate of speed, not for run-
ning away with a single mile.

A Canadian mare Ely, the property of Andrew Elliott, Esq.,
is said, in the columns of the Montreal Transcript, " to have
been driven on Saturday, February 27, from Cornwall to Mon-
treal, a distance of ninety miles, in eight hours and fifteen
minutes, including two hours' stoppages, which, if deducted from
the time, will show an average rate of travelling of fully four-
teen miles an hour, a feat wholly unprecedented in the annals of
Canadian travelling. The gentleman, who drove this wonderful
creature, left Cornwall at 20 minutes to 7 p. m., and telegraphed

HUNDRED MILE TROTS. 195

liis arrival in Montreal at 5 minutes before 3 a. m. He says, that
with tlie same roads, Fly could have performed with ease the
same journey, in the same time, on the following day.''

If the facts can be proved and authenticated, as to the two
hours' stoppage more especially, the Transcript may well say it
was unprecedented in the annals of Canadian travel ; for, assum-
ing the time and distance to be correct as stated, it beats all
time ever made out of sight, whether on the trotting course or
elsewhere.

Fanny Jenks made her hundred miles, stoppages excluded,
in nine hours twenty minutes and seven seconds. Including
stoppages, in nine hours, thirty-eight minutes, thirty-four sec.

Jirs. rain. sec.
Her total trotting time of 100 miles, . . . 9 20 07

Deduct her last ten miles, . . . '. 1 20 0

And we have for the time of her 90 miles, . . 8 0 01

Fanny Murray trotting a hundred miles against Ariel and
Stager, sulkies catch weight — I presume without stoppages, as
'lone are recorded — did the hundred miles in nine hours forty-
one minutes, twenty-six seconds.

hrs. min. sec.
Her total trotting time of 100 miles, . . . 9 41 26

Deduct time of her last ten miles — say — Ih. 41m. . 1 41 00

And we heave the time of her ninety miles, . . 8 0 26

N^ow the Canadian mare is alleged to have done her ninety
miles, including stoppages, in eight hours fifteen minutes, and to
have stopped two hours.

hrs. min.
Therefore her trotting time of 90 miles, was . . 6 15

At the rate of 10 miles per hour, add last ten miles, . 1 0

And we have her time of 100 miles, . . . T 15

Thereby beating Fanny Jenks' time by2h. 10m. 07., and Fanny
Murray's time by 2h. 26m. 26s.

Even supposing her to have stopped but one hour instead of
two, she would have beaten Fanny Jenks Ih. 10m. OTs., and
Fanny Murray by Ih. 26m. 26s. ; and supposing she had not
stopped at all, and that the whole 8h. 15m. were trotting time,
and that she could have done her last ten miles in ten minutes'
worse time than the others — a much greater falling off than the
other mares show, neither of which ever went at the rate of

196 THE HOESE.

eleven miles instead of fourteen, in any one hour — she would
have beaten them both, Fanny Jenks by five minutes and Fanny
Murray by twenty-six minutes.

One would much like to know whether there was any bet on
this performance, and on the particulars, and whether money
• changed hands on it. For if not, I should conclude that the two
hours' stoppage were calculated, by some unknown process of re-
tardation. Since it is not conceivable, that on a hilly road, in a
sleigh and on snow, which are ascertained impediments to rate
of going, this mare could have beaten time, so marvellously be-
yond all record, as by two full hours in ten, or left two such mares
as Fanny Jenks and Fanny Murray, at whose performance the
world is still wondering, such a marvellous distance as twenty
miles in a hundred, travelling fourteen miles to their ten.

I find the performance recorded in the Turf Register of the
year, and therefore give it place here, though questioning greatly
its correctness. In fact, I am of opinion that a Sporting Review
should follow the plan adopted by " Bell's Life in London," of
never recording any sporting performance, unless proper proof
is adduced that the ^performance was admitted, by the payment
of a bet by the losers, who are presumed not to pay over their
money without being satisfied that they have lost it. Hundreds
of feats of walking, shooting and riding are daily recorded in
American journals, which never had any existence except in the
imaginations of their vaunted performers.

And what is worse, pedigrees of horses are published, such
as those of Flora Temple, and of Kemble Jackson, in Porter's
Spirit of the Times, in which there is scarcely a word of truth or
even of verisimilitude. Fortunately, they are so ludicrously in-
correct and stupid, that they can do little harm, and deceive no
one, who knows what a pedigree is. One only wonders how
they should have escaped the watchful eye of the experienced
editor. Turf registers, however, and stud books, have no right
to publish pedigrees on owner's or other interested person's ipse
dixit. They are bound either to require evidence, widely differ-
ent from afiidavits of recollection by the oldest inhabitant, or to
verify the pedigrees produced, by examination of the authentic
books, and so to publish none which cannot show the stamp.
Had Edgar followed this plan, the number of his imported

CHANGING NAMKS. 197

stallions would have been reduced to one-lialf, and two-thirds of
the most wonderful lineages sadly besmirched ; but, as a work
on which to place reliance, it would have gained far more than
it would have lost in size.

Published by subscription, I presume he was quasi com-
pelled to insert such pedigrees as his subscribers chose to foist
upon him, under their own, or their great grandfathers' alleged,
signatures — otherwise I cannot conceive the admission of the
Merry Pintles by Old Merry Pintle, and the Bulle Rocks, going
in four crosses to pure Barb or Arab on both sides, and of a hun-
dred other horses or mares, of whom, of their sires or their dams
there is not a trace — or, if a trace of their parents, such only as
proves distinctly that they never had such issue.

The year 1850 was remarkable for a great addition to the
number of trotting courses, especially in the eastern, and west-
ern States, and in Canada, and to the general favor of this manly
and useful sport.

A good many new horses showed as good numerical winners,
but none to contest the laurels with the old established cracks ;
and this year commenced a practice most absurd, useless and
inconvenient, especially when, as is the case in this instance, it
occurs with regard to horses of established reputation — that, I
mean, of changing the names of trotters, breeding inextricable
confusion, and giving ample range for rascality, in getting bets
from persons not acquainted with the appearance of the horses.

Such tricks ought to be at once put down by jockey clubs
and associations, and all horses having established names oiight
to be declared distanced, if winners, in case of their starting
under any new names.

One can scarcely conceive any end, but fraud, in changing
the names of such horses as Pelliam and Jack Rossiter to
Charley Abel and Ike Carnley. It looks amazingly like a
scheme for getting odds, out of the green ones, against horses,
on which they M'ould have bet, under their own proper appel-
lations.

In this instance, for whatever reason tried, the cock would
not fight ; for people would not call the horses by their new
titles, and they had to return to the old ones. Still, in the Turf
Register of the year 1850, both horses stand recorded under both

198 THE IIOKSE.

names, part of their performances under one name, part under
the other. Can any one conceive such rnbbisli?

This very year in which I write, a very good second-rate
horse, who had the hick some years since to be named after my
humble self, "Frank Forester," when he first came out, in 1850,
at Baltimore, has this year become ashamed of his paternity, and
assumed the more patrician and sonorous denomination of " Ike
Cook." Of Ike, the godfather of the horse, I have not the
honor to be cognizant, nor do I doubt his superior claims, other-
wise, to my own ; but, unless on the old theory of the rose by any
other name, I confess that it appears to me the " Frank " has an
honester sound than " Ike," and that the " Forester " has more
to do with field sports than the " Cook."

But to leave badinage, the practice is an abominable one :
and if not meant to be dishonest, it largely facilitates dishonesty —
as in the case, where Fanny Jenks was ominously rechristened
" Pigeon," not without a cause — and at all events produces em
barrassment and misunderstanding.

Lady Sutton did not appear this year, being withdrawn from
the turf after a brief but brilliant career.

The struggle for supremacy lay between the two mares.
Lady Suffolk and Lady Moscow, and a gallant and protracted
struggle it was, varied by an occasional outside dash at Jack
E-ossiter, who had his own particular contest with Pelham and
St. Lawrence, the latter of whom gave him enough to do.

Lady Sufilblk, for to lier, as of right, I give the precedence,
was eleven times a winner, beating Lady Moscow six times, at
one, two and three miles ; Jack Kossiter, thrice ; Hector, once,
and once her old adversary, James Iv. Polk, in harness, against
his wagon. She was beaten, in her turn, four times by Lady
Moscow, at two and three miles ; and twice, at two miles, by
Jack Rossiter, coming off victorious from both, in each match
of three events.

Lady Moscow, also, won eleven times, beating Suffolk four
times. Jack .Rossiter thrice, Pelham once, Zachary Taylor and
Captain Walker, once each, and receiving forfeit from the latter
and from Captain Davis, at Baltimore. She lost seven times ;
six times to Lady Suffolk, and once to Jack Rossiter.

Neither of these mares made c[uitc the time that they had

HUNDRED MILE TROTS. 199

tliemsclves done before, but they beat every thing they met
except one another, and stood deservedly, first and second of
another good year.

Jack Ro'ssiter also well reg-ahied whatever he had lost of
credit in the last year, contending gallantly with the mares who
were evidently his superiors, and running well with his equals.

He won, on the whole, ten times, beating Lady Suffolk
twice ; Lady Moscow, once ; St. Lawrence, twice ; Pelham
twice ; Grey Eagle twice, and Telegraph once.

He made the best two-mile time of the year at Saratoga,
where he distanced Lady Moscow in 5.04:|.

He was beaten twelve times ; four times by St. Lawrence,
three times by Lady Suffolk, three by Lady Moscow, and once
by Pelham.

Still he gained rather than lost credit, for he was beaten by
none but known good ones, and had his turn at each of them,
and the best of Pelham.

St. Lawrence, Lady "Washington, Lady Bevins, Mendham
Maid, Honest John, James K. Polk, Fanny and Confidence, all
made good and creditable trotting, and were all six times or
more victors.

There were two ten-mile trots this season, Hard Times
against Leopold, in 250 lb. wagons, won by the former in
32.251

And Lady Agnes against Buckskin in sulkies, won by the
former, in 33.17.

Another hundred-mile trot came off this year, on the part of
Mr. John F. Purdy, a gentleman of fortune, to drive his little
road-mare Kate, himself, that distance within ten hours.

My opinion of the character of these matches has been given,
and I cannot recall it ; still it is right to say, that, having the
pleasure to know Mr. Purdy well, and to know him to be both
a judge of a horse's pace and a thoroughly kind-hearted man, I
know that the mare ran no danger of being distressed beyond
what is necessary to the accomplishment of such a task, with
what is called perfect ease.

That she received every aid that attention, tenderness and
experience could bestow, was inevitable ; and that she would
have been pulled up and withdrawn the instant she showed a

200 THE HOKSE.

symptom of hanging on the bit or faltering, had there been ten
times "the amount staked to be lost, every one is assured, who
knows Mr. Purdy.

Mr. Purdy drove himself the whole distance, with skill,
judgment and coolness that astonished and charmed the best
trotting drivers and oldest turfmen present. He used a little
sulky made by Godwin, weighing only 46 lbs., with the lightest
possible harness, himself weighing 132^ lbs. The little mare
was 10 years old, 14 hands high, and under TOO lbs. weight. She
is said to be nearly a thoroughbred, and nearly perfect also, both
in shape, gait and action.

It was observed, strange as it may appear, that she did not
diverge in going the whole distance, round the Centreville
track, six inches from the track she made on the first time round.

She was taken out of harness at the end of the fiftieth mile,
and was cared for, losing twenty-one minutes, besides other
smaller stops.

She won the match, all stops included, in 9h. 49m. f s.

TIME.

hrs. min.

see.

hrs. min.

sec

First mile

. 0 5

25

Fifty miles

. 4 41

0

First ten miles .

0 5T

0}

Sixth ten miles .

0 55

0

Second ton miles

. 0 56

59J

Seventh ten miles .

. 0 54

0

First twenty-five miles

2 21

0

Seventy-five miles

7 14

0

Third ten miles

. 0 54

0

Eighth ten miles

. 1 0

0

Fourth ten miles

0 5T

0

Kinth ten miles .

1 10

0

Fifth ten miles

. 0 56

0

Tenth ten miles

. 1 5

0

Making the 100 miles in 9h. 49m. f s.

I copy this table from the Turf Register of 1850 — the rather
that it claims this to be a greater trot than that of Fanny Jenks.
I cannot conceive why, for her time was better ; and if Fanny
Jenks were driven by two little boys under 75 lbs., I should judge
that the experience and fine driving of Mr. Purdy fully compen-
sated the extra weight, if that even were not overcome by the
lightness of Mr. Purdy's vehicle.

But the table itself is a strange one, and cannot be directly
summed up nor very easily understood.

To cast it up, one must first strike out the time of the first
mile, then of the first twenty-five miles, then of the fifty miles,
then of the seventy miles, and then these being divided, proceed
as with a common sum of addition.

EKROR IN TIMING. 201

This done, tlie sum total of the ten miles does not amount
to 9h. 49m. |s., but to 91i. 49m. Nor is there the slightest clue
given to ascertain what has become of the 21 minutes said to be
lost wlien she was taken out of harness at tlie end of the fiftieth
mile, or of the other stoj^s of lesser moment.

Tlie latter, it is true, might be amalgamated in the whole
time of the ten miles, but not so, possibly, the twenty-one minutes
in the time of the fifth ten miles, which are set down as done
in 56 minutes, from which, deducting twenty-one minutes, one
will have thirty-five minutes as the travelling time of ten miles,
after doing forty miles in seventeen minutes under four hours.

The match was unquestionably done and won, for the bets
were lost and paid, and the judges were honorable men ; but
how it was done, or exactly in what time of actual trotting and
what of stoppage, the above table certainly does not show. I
did not discover the defect till I had transcribed it and begun
to verify it. Having done so, I do not withdraw it ; because
the specimen of the loose way in which matters of this sort
are done in quarters where one would least expect it, leads
liim to spare his wonder at the way the myths of Childers,
Eclipse, and the worthies of old, arose, when stop watches
scarcely were, and horses ran four miles straight away from
the starting to the winning post in a right line.

They might be timed now by electric telegraph, but not even
now otherwise.

The same is the cause of the prodigious fallacy in Tib Hin-
man's time at Ogdensburgh, and in Lady Kate's time at Chicago
— both pure myths ! Both matches were done on a straight
plane ; one man could not time the start and the finish unless
by telegraph. So the starting judge guessed when they got
home, and the placing judge guessed when they started, and,
when it was all over, the two judges compared notes and struck
an average. ISTo fraud was intended, nor any hoax on the pub-
lic ; but it was one nevertheless, and was at once detected, deceiv-
ing no one.

It is impossible, however, to be too rigidly correct in the
recording of such details. How the errors in the above table
came, could probably, noio^ be easily ascertained, so short a
time has elapsed. But had a century flown since the trot was

202 THE HOESE.

made, and did sucli a table accompany the only record remain-
ing of it, the whole story would be set aside as false, on the in
ternal evidence of disagreement with itself.

The year 1S51 was marked by the appearance of a new
borse on the trotting turf, destined sfterward to wear the green-
est, and all but the highest of its laurels, the Maine cham-
pion Tacony ; and by the decline of an old favorite. Lady Mos-
cow, who, from this year, -fell into the second rank, never again
to rise to lier former glories.

Even on tlie indomitable courage and steel-springed frame of
Lady Suffolk, time was beginning to make its inroads ; and
even lier admirers were forced to admit that, altliough still the
Queen of the track, she was no longer quite what she had used
to be. And what wonder, when one considers that she had al-
ready seen her eigbteenth birthday ; and that for thirteen years
she had been almost constantly in training and at work, ready
for all comers, at all distances, and the victress in almost every
city of the Union, where trotting is an institution, over the
best that dared encounter her.

This year she won seven times, beating Jack Rossiter twice ;
St. Lawrence twice ; O'Blenis twice ; Cowdriver, Lady Pelham,
and Lady Jane, once each.

But the time was no longer Lady Suffolk's ; such as she
used to make in her palmy days of old, as she never got below
2.34, for a single mile, although she beat Lady Jane and St.
Lawrence two-mile heats, at 5.08 — 5.13.

On the other hand she w^as beaten five times ; thrice by Lady
Jane; once by Jack Rossiter; once by O'Blenis, and once by
the pacer Eoanoke. Not one of these animals, except, per-
haps. Lady Jane, could have come near her in her best time.

Lady Jane trotted a good and honest marc, this season, win-
ning four times ; thrice of Lady Suffolk ; once of St. Lawrence
and O'Blenis. She was beaten twice only, by the Lady, and
the horse with the Celtic title.

Jack Rossiter, also, held his own, well and improvingly. He
was a winner nine times against all the best horses of the year,
Lady Suffolk, Lady Moscow, Pelham, once each ; St. Lawrence
four times ; Grey Vermont twice ; Zach. Taylor, "War Eagle,
and Tacony.

TACONY. 203

He was beaten four times only ; by Lady Suffolk twice, and
twice by Grey Vermont, wdio was a \^ery promising and rising
horse.

Tacony, who made his debut this year, made a good show
for a young one ; he beat War Eagle twice, and was beaten
once by War Eagle, once by Mac, and once by a horse called
John May.

St. Lawrence, Rhode Island, Grey Vermont, and several
others, kept the game moving, and in good style, but it was nc/t,
all in all, such a year as many we have seen, both before and
since, either for speed or for stoutness. The old were growing
the older, and their successors not yet coming up in force.

I have often regretted that it is too often the case here, that
horses are not withdrawn in time. Age must tell on every
thing, unless it be the almost eternal adamant, and even that
can be ground away l)y endless attrition. Much more must the
power, the agility, the capacity to endure, of the animal ma-
chine.

The best horse that- ever stood on plates must be beaten in
the end, even by a half-bred, if we persist in matching him, in
the decrepitude of extreme old age, against the fibre and vigor
of mature youth.

I will not say that Boston was so trashed away ; for although
he had not fair play — since a horse, taken from serving mares
and from the relaxed fibre of a stud sultan, to enter again into
training, and that against the ablest rival he ever met, cannot
be held, if beaten, beaten fairly — I consider him far greater
after, than before, his defeat by Fashion.

But I do say, that the way in which Fashion was run on,
year after year, in condition or out of condition — as she was,
when she was beaten by the gelding Passenger — was running
the thing disgracefully into the ground, and was destroying
both the physique and the fame — perhaps the promise of the
progeny afterward — of as good a mare as ever run.

When she had beaten Peytona she had done enough, and
M^on enough of glory ; and should have been allowed to retire
and repose upon her honors, hardly won enough, already.

In all other arenas, there is a term for contention and a re-
treat for veteran victors.

204

THE HOKSE.

In the United States, it would seera, that for the noblest
conqueror on the turf, there is no end but to be beaten — beaten,
not b}^ his victor's energy, but by his own decay. I lionor the
pluck of the owner of Ecli^jse, who dared to withdraw him
from the course, old, but unbeaten, and old in honor ; as I con-
demn the false fear of those who persist in wearing out a life-
time of exertion, until defeat must follow, in their bravest
horses, from the poor apprehension of being called afraid !

I have always thought, and still think, the fate of Fashion,
and of the gallant, glorious gray. Lady Suffolk, as but a sadder
and more cruel version of the tale of the high-mettled racer.
Morally, though not physically, it was the same.

With the year 1852, there commenced what I would call
the I^ew Era of the American trotting turf — the heroes and
heroines of the last twenty years all passed, or rapidly passing
away, and a new generation rising upon the stage, in whose
names their fame is, with but a few exceptions, soon to be for-
gotten.

Americus, Awful, Beppo, Dutchman, Lady Moscow, Lady
Sutton, Lady Suffolk herself, have departed from the scene,
which they had so long adorned ; or, as in the case of the last
named, as " veterans lag superfluous on the stage."

The good old mare, now in her nineteenth year, won but
once, and that only of a second-rate, though a good second-
rate, Boston Girl ; her best time being nine seconds behind that
of her prime.

She was beaten nine times ; by Jack Eossiter, Lady Brooks,
Pet, Tacony thrice ; twice by Zach. Taylor, and once by Lady
Jane. And what proves more, in all the lost races she won but
two heats, one against Lady Brooks, and one against Tacony.
What, perhaps, more than any thing proves the indomitable
courage, and truly iron-endurance of this matchless mare, is the
following record of her last great struggle against the young
hero Tacony.

Friday, Sept. 24.— Purse $300— $50 to go to the second best, for trotters, mile heats, best three
In five, wagons.

W. Woodruff's ro. g. Tacony, 1032211

A. Concklin-s gr. m. Lady Suffolk, 3023122

8. McLaughlin's b. in. Lady Brooks 2811338

Jack Eossiter, Lady Jane, Lady Moscow, and Boston Girl drawn.

Time, 2.84— 2.40— 2.3CJ— 2.35— 2.3T— 2.89— 2.41.

LADY SUFFOLK. 205

I am not sure tliat, in her nineteenth year, this may not be
quoted as the greatest feat she ever accomplished. The speed of
her foot had departed with her youth ; but the ability to stay
the distance, and come again for ever, with a scarcely dimin-
ished stroke, seemed to last in for ever.

Her old owner, through all her triumphs, David Bryan, died
in New Orleans in 1851 ; and whatever judges, or would-be
judges, may say of his inability, want of temper, and harshness
to the old gray, she clearly never w^as herself again, he gone.

In 1853 she was purchased by Mr. Hill, of Bridport, in
whose ownership she died, and has left no heir or heiress to her
honors.

Indeed, it is hardly probable, after such severe and long-
protracted exertions, that had she proved fruitful, the progeny
would have been of much account.

I am exceedingly glad to present to my readers a very per-
fect likeness and fine engraving of this unrivalled animal.

I call her unrivalled, because although her time has been
beaten, I, like my friend " Observer," have always regarded
time, alone, as a most insufiicient and fallacious test of the pow-
ers of the horse ; and I, for one, shall certainly not transfer my
allegiance to the new queen, Flora, until she shall have proved
her right, not by the brilliant spurts of a few, brief, glorious sea-
sons, but by the long-continued train of still increasing triumphs,
which render the name of Lady SuiFolk the pride of the trotting
turf of America.

The accompanying portrait, which is indisputably the best
likeness of the mare I have ever seen, has for its basis a litho-
graph by the late lamented Robert Clarke,, who, for the power
of catching and committing to paper the peculiar action, style
of going and salient characteristics of any horse, while in mo-
tion, on the trot especially, has scarcely been equalled.

He w^as somewhat deficient, however, in anatomical knowl-
edge ; and had a habit, which amounted, in his works, to an
absolute mannerism, of representing his animals with under-
sized limbs. I have scarcely seen a painting of his which has
not this defect, more or less ; and I have seen many in which it
amounts to a deformity equal almost to that of the huge-headed
pigmy-bo<lied men of the new style of caricatures, in which it

206 THE HOESE.

needs a quicker perception, than I possess, of the ridiculous, to
see any liumor.

The spirited sketcli alluded to above, of poor Clarke's —
his best I think — is by no means free from this gross fault ;
though, in other points, the likeness is perfect and unmis-
takable.

This defect, and also the very faulty seat of the rider, in the
original cut, have been at my suggestion cleverly corrected by
Messrs. Capewell and Kimmel, the excellent and intelligent en-
gravers, to whose talents in representing on steel some of the
very best of our American equine celebrities, I gladly confess
my indebtedness. All admirers of the famous old mare will
recognize her bloodlike head, her jDCCuliar mode of carrying it
and champing on the bit, her long slashing stroke which led the
way to such oft-re]3eated glories, and the broad white flag, nev-
er displayed to ask for truce, or to give token of submission.

The following summary of her performances, with her pedi-
gree, and an account of her winnings in purses, alone, not in-
cluding bets — unparalleled, it is believed, by those of any trot-
ting horse — are taken from " The Spirit of the Times," of June
2d, 1855. It was iitting that the person who, when she was a
common livery horse, first detected in her the germ of her fu-
ture greatness, should be the one to give the report of her hon-
ors to posterity.

1 say the simple truth, when I record my own belief, that I,
at least, shall not look upon her like again.

EDITORIAL K0TE3.

' (P. 109.) There is but one True Briton given in the stud books, who was by
imp. Othello, dam Grant's Milia by imp. Spark. Delancy's imp. Cub mare never
had a foal by Moreton's Traveller.

' (P. 117.) Boston was not blind the day of his death, and if he had been
properly cared for, would have lived to an old age.

'^ (P. 118.) Since Herbert's day the Messenger blood has become the popular
trotting strain. Imp. Messenger died January 28th, 1808, more tlian sixty-two
years ago, still the papers are full of advertisements of trotting stallions, claim-
ing to be descendants and in-bred to imp. Messenger.

* (P. 142.) Flora Temple trotted a match against Dutchman's time on the
Centreville Course, Long Island, Sept. 27th, 1800. Flora was to have three
trials, first trial 7.33^, second trial resigned at the end of the first mile, trotted

I.ADY SUFFOLK. 207

in 2.42, third trial 7.43^-. The track was 18 feet over a mile, and it was claimed
she boat the time, but the judges thought dilTcrently.

* (P. 149.) Oon. Butler and Dexter have each trotted 3 miles to wagons in
4.5Gi, the latter a second heat ; and Flora Temple trotted 2 miles in harness,
Aug. 16, 1859, in 4.50.^.

« (P. 149.) Flora Temple trotted three miles, in 18G0, in 7.33J— 7.43^.

' (P. 149.) Trustee trotted four miles in harness in 11.06. Longfellow, at
San Francisco, Cal., Dec. 31, 1869, trotted four miles to wagon, two straight
heats, each the fastest on record, 10.42^ — 10.34^. This is so reported in the
California papers.

® (P. 150.) Hamiltonian, not Hambletonian, was by Sir Archy, out of Bellona,
by Jolly Air.

® (P. 150.) We cannot find Bull's pedigree, and we think Screw Driver's dam
was by Bull, a son of Mount Holly, who was by imp. Messenger, foaled 1807, at
Burlington Co., N. J.

'" (P. 155.) Capt. Megowan trotted 20 miles to harness in 58 minutes and 25
seconds. John Stewart 20 miles to wagon in 59 minutes and 23 seconds.

" (P. 155.) Bellfounder was imported by Mr. James Boot, of Boston, Mass.
He was foaled about 1817. Nothing is known as to his pedigree. He is said to
have trotted in England seventeen and a half miles within an hour. The Bell-
founder cross is held in high esteem.

^- (P. 163.) This time has been beaten by Longfellow to wagon in 10.42J —
10.34i

'^ (P. 163.) This could not be imported Messenger, as he died in 1808.

'* (P. 164.) Mount Holly was a son of imp. Messenger, but cannot think that
her dam was by imp. Messenger, but may have been. — Ed.

'^ (P. 169.) Since been beaten by Flora Temple, 4.50^ ; Dexter to wagon,
4.56^ ; General Butler to wagon, 4.56^ — a second heat.

'^ (P. 171.) Longfellow has beaten it since in 10.42^ — 10.34^ to wagon.

" (P. 173.) Been beaten in 1865 by Dexter to wagon, 456^. Butler, a second
heat, to wagon, 4.56^. Flora Temple to harness, 4.50|^.

^^ (P. 175.) Since by Flora Temple, 4.50^ to harness. Dexter to wagon, 4.56^
and Gen. Butler to wagon, a second heat, 4.56^.

'* (P. 176.) Bellfounder, it is stated, trotted seventeen and a half miles with-
in the hour, in England. He was imported about 1823, to Boston, Mass.

^° (P. 181.) Billy Boyce, by Corbeau, paced under saddle, at Buffalo, August
1, 1868, 2.311— 2.15i—2.14i— 2.20 1-. Rollo Goldust, a trotter, won the first heat.

^' (P. 191.) Fanny Pullen was bred in Maine, and said to be by QuicksUver,
a son of Dey of Algiers (an Arabian).

MEMOIR

OF LADY SUFFOLK,

WITH A 8TJMMAEY OF HEE P E E F O E M A N 0 E S .

Lady Stjpfolk was bred in Suffolk County, Long Island, and
was foaled in 1833. At two years old she was purchased by
Mr. David Bryan ; and, in February, 1838, she made her first
public appearance near . Babylon, where she trotted for, and
won, eleven dollars^ after three heats, the fastest of wdiicb
was 3.01. The weather was A^ery cold, and Hiram AVood-
ruff had the honor of riding her in this her first public per-
formance.

Lady Suffolk was got by Engineer, a thoroughbred son of
Engineer by Imp. Messenger, her dam by Plato, another son
of Imp. Messenger, grand dam by Rainbow, out of a connnon
mare. The dam of Lady Suffolk was owned and bred by Gen.
John Floyd, of Smithtown, Long Island, and sold by his son to
Charles Little, Esq., of Smithtown, from whom she passed into
the liands of Richard Blaydenburg, Esq., who bred Lady Suf-
folk.

Lady Suffolk was about fifteen hands and a half high ; of a
beautiful gray, with a large sweeping tail ; small head, well set
on to a fine arched neck, with a good deal of tlie Arab about
it ; large slioulders and quarters, not too heavy, but showing
immense sti-cngth and power of endurance ; long in the body,
legs fine and wonderfully good.

i

>>/^i

LADY SUFFOLK S RACES.

209

In tlic following Summary of Lady Suffolk's Performances,
tlie amount of the purse is given wlien she was the winner, and
left blank when she lost, —

HAKNESS

OR
SADDLE.

Feb.
June

July
Oct.

Nov.
April
July

Nov.

Babylon, L. I.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Philadelphia, Pa.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Beacon Course, N. J.
Centreville, L. I.
Beacon Course. N. J.
Boston, Mass.

May 6 Philadelphia, Pa.
'• 8 i

14 I Centreville, L. I.
June ;-!;( l '• "

Sept. 21 Beacon Course, N. J.

Centreville, L. I.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Centreville, L. I.
Philadelphia, Pa. .

Centreville, L. I.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Centreville, L. I.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Centreville, L. I.
Philadelphia, Pa.

Trenton, N. J.
Beacon Course, N. J.
Boston, Mass.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Baltimore, Md.

Nov.

30

May

4

"

10

"

15

"

IS

Jun ■

15

July

6

"

22

"

27

Oct.

21

Nov.

1

May

1

"

10

"

31

June

2

"

10

Aug.

1

Nov.

IT

July

4

"

12

"

25

Aug.

14

Sept.

4

"

IH

Oct.

5

"

30

Nov. 2

C

May 15

21
June 6

27

Aug. 28

Sept 6

9

Oct. 7

Centreville, L. I

Beacon Course, N. J.

Centreville, L. I

Beacon Course, N. J.
Albany, N. Y

Beacon Course, N. J.

Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,
Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,

Harness

Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,
Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,

Wason,

Saddle,

Harness,

Wasron,
Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,

Saddle,
Harness,

Saddle,

Harness

Saddle,

8.01

5.42, 5.42.

5.15,6.17

5.29, 5.17, 5.40.
5.17, 5.1 3*.

5.28, 5.2H.
5.42i, 5.38J, 5.39

5.18,5.26

8.11, 8.17.

5.38, 5.52.
2.49.

5.21

5.16, 5.09.
5 39

5!28, 5.3i,' 5.32V5.42.

5.88, 5.35, 5.40

2.52, 2.50.

5.28,5.28,5.26

5.20, 5.28.

5.14,5.24

11.22,11.34

2.45i, 2.45, 2.47.

2.52, 2.53, 2.49, 2.47, 2.50.

5.05, 5.06.

7.51, 7.51.

5.26,5.33,5.32

11.15,11.58

Received forfeit

5.22,5.21,5.31

4.59,5.034

Received forfeit

5.1.3^,5.14 .'.".".'!."".!!!

5.2U, 5.19i, 5.21

7.40i, 7.56

5.16i, 5.16i,5.16, 5.18, 6.25,
S.02i, 8.03, S.0S, 8.16.

2.35, 2.37

5.26^,6.23, 5.24

5.05

13.58, 13.58*.

7.50, 8.04.
5.10i, 5.12*.

5.10, 5.15

5.07, 5.15, 5.17.

5.19, dotible harness

5.16, 6.22.
8.00, 7.56*.

5.37,5.49

2.28*, 2.28, 2.28, 2.29,2.32..

2.26*, 2.27, 2.27

2.30i, 2.42*, 2.28

7.44, 7.52

2.29,2.80,2.28*

2.38, 2.39, 2.41

5.19, 5.20, 6.22, 5.19.
7.4S.

5.38,5.35

7.59, 8.16, 8.01.

5.20, 5.24

5.17,6.19, 5.1s

7.51, 8.02

7.52*, 8.01.

2.40,2.34*, 2.88*

2.44 2.26*

2.38. 2.33*,' 2.34.' 2.37 ......

2.29, 2.31, 2.28, 2.29, 2.30. . .

11
100

100

100

200

400

150

800
200

200

1000

2000

750

200

50{»

500

750

200

2000

1250

200
1000

800
200

200
100
200
100

300

300

300

500
500
400

250
250
250
200

Vol. II.— 14

210

THE HOKSE.

1845

1846

1847

1S4S

1849

April 28

May 5

19

June 3

Oct. 8

" 13

16

" 29

Sept. 28

Oct. 8

15

22

Nov. 18

June 7

9

July 14

28

Aug. 5

14

Sept. 13

Oct. 1

" 15

28

Dec. 28

May 19

7

4

17

" 22

Aug. 19

May 21

June 5

6

7

14

25

July 2

9

10

3

1S50

June
Jiily

Aug.

Nov.

Dec.
IM.ay

Sept. 28

Oct. 8

" 17

24

7

12

22

29

12

7

13

21

June 12

" 13

" 19

July 1

Oct.
Nov.

Union Course, L. I. .
Centreville, L. I.
Union Course, L. I. .
Philadelphia, Pa.
Beacon Course, N. J.

Philadelphia, Pa.
Union Course, L. I.

Centreville, L. I.
Union Course, L. I.

Saratoga, N. T. .
Centreville, L. I.

Union Course, L. I.
Centreville, L. I.

Saratoga, N. Y.
Union Course, L. I.
Providence, K. I.

Boston, Mass.
Union Course, L. I.
Centreville, L. I.
Union Course, L. I.

Centreville, L. I.

Union Course, L. I.

Centreville, L. I.
Boston, Mass.

Centreville, L. I.

Philadelphia, Pa.

Baltimore, Md.

Philadelphia, Pa.
Boston, Mass.

Rochester, N. T.

Buffalo, N. Y.

Cincinnati, Ohio

Harness

Saddle

Wagon

Saddle,
Harness,
Saddle,
Harness,

Wagon,
Saddle,
Harness,

Saddle,
Harness,

Saddle,
Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,

Wagon,
Harness,
Saddle,
Harness,

Wagon,
Harness,

5.20,5.29

5.09, 5,16, 5.12

8.00, 8.05*.

8.02, 8,071, 8.17

2.37, 2.35f, 2.35}, 2.89.
2.34, 2.29^ 2.30, 2.34, 2.86... .
2.33i, 2.31i, 2.40, 2.85.
8.05. 7.59.

2.37^,2.37,2.35

5.13,"5.11.

2.34, 2.34i, 2.34J, 2.35, 2.3SV..

7.46, 7.46*.

5.0S*, 5.16.

7.56, 8.06i

5.16*, 5.24

5.03

8, 2.86.

2.37*, 2.43', 2.39*

2.42*, 2,88*, 2.36

2.52,2.54, 2.44

7.44, 7.53.

5.13,5.12V

5.04*, 5.09.

5.10, 5.12

5,18*, 5.25*

2.83, 2.33, 2.35, 2.37, 2.

5.21,5.13,5.17,5.22

5.12,5.14

2.31, 2.32, 2.82

5.22,5.16,5.17,5.16

2.32.*

2.84, 2.30, 2.34, 2.34.
2.29*, 2.32, 2.81.

2.35,1, 2.34,2.38*

5.20:

2.31, 2.26,t 2.27, 2.29.
2.29i,2.33*

2.32, 2.32*, 2.28, 2.29*, 2.34*

2.28, 2.30,231,2.80.

5.09, 5.18.+

2.29*. 2.31, 2.80, 2.81. V, 2.32, 2.81,
2 38

2,32^, 2.m, 2.34, 2.36

.5.16,5.17.5.20.

7.45*, 7,52, 7.57

2.45, 2.40. 2.43

8.13,8.15

5.08*, 5.12. 5.19

5.57,5.34*

2.37, 2.40, 2.88.

5.88,5.86

2 3.3

5.{o, 5^09*.

7.44}, 7.52*.

2..31

2.31,2.33,2.39,2.83

7.58*, 7.55 ,

5.20, 5.11,516

2.31

5.18, 5.10.
5.15, 5.08, 5.0S*.

2,37*, 2.38, 2.40

2.41, 2.45, 2.47

2.47*, 2.39, 2.43, 2.40

5.18, .5.17.

2.35,2.34.2.34

5.141, 5.12*.

2.45,2.41,2.39

250
250

400

250

250
250

800
500
800
250
250
250

800

500
1,000

300
800
250
200

200

8oe

250
250

800

250

800
250
800
250
500

500
250

2.50
2.50
350
800
800

500
500
500

500

600

* Lady Suffolk fell lame, in this heat, ■which she won, but was stopped in the second.

+ Lady Suffolk won the second heat.

i The mare was so much amiss, that she was withdrawn after the first heat.

TABLE OF TERFORMANCES.

211

YEAR.

DATE.

1851

Feb. 19

ALir. 11

April 22

" 80

May 28

June 18

" 23

Aug. 8

Sept. IS

" 19

Oct. 15

23

" 2S

Nov. 17

1852

May 6

13

" 20

81

June 24

July 5

" 14

20

Sept. 20

" 24

Oct 5

11

1853

14

27

New Oi'leans, La.

Mobile, Ala.
New Orleans, La.
St. Louis, Mo.

Rochester, N. T.
Union Course, L. I.

Boston, Mass. .
Union Course. L. I.

Harness,

Saddle,
Harness,

Wagon,
Harness,

Saddle,

Harness,

Wagon.

Harness,

Wagon,
Harness,

2..871, 2.35, 241.

2.38, 2.35, 2.33i, 2.84.

2.49. 2.47, 2.48. 2.47

2.44i, 2.46, 2.41 i, 2.54.

2.39, 2.80, 2.83, 2.80, 2.85

5.28, 5.23.

2.35,2.84

2.35, 2.37,'2..36, 2.36

2.82i, 2.3U, 2.33i.

5.08, 5.13

2.84, 2..87i, 2.88, 2.-87, 2.40^

5.09, .5.10^

2.39, 2.36, 2.86, 2.-34.

2.84, 2.88, 2.364-. 2.37

2.32 J, 2.-38, 3.-36,2.-861.

2.88, 2.35, 2.38}, 2.86. 2,-84.
5.14*, 5.16.

8.00. 8.07.

.5.10, 5.10i, .5.1,3*.

2.40, 2.8.5*. 2.87, 2.39

2.89, 2.43*, 2.48*, 2.46.
2.-34, 2.34*, 2.30.
2.31*, 2.-34, 2.83.

2.34, 2.40, 2.36*. 2.85, 2.87, 2;39,

2.41.
5.07f, 5.08}.
2.31*, 2..30, 2.32.
2.40}, 2.86*, 2.88*, 2.40.
2.-39*, 2.36*, 2.39*, 2.44*.

300
800

800
800

400
600

1,000

230

It will be seen from the above tliat Lady Suffolk was upon
the turf nearly sixteen years, during which time she trotted in
One Hundred and Sixty-One Races, winning Eighty-eight —
and $35,011 — and losing Seventy -Three.

I believe, Mr. P., your own dear self and "Acorn" were
the first to discover the extraordinary powers of Lady Suffolk,
while driving her to Comae, Long Island, in 1837 ; and I have
been told that it was by your advice that her owner entered
her for a purse on the Beacon Course in June of tlie followinic
year, when she gave such .promise of speed and endurance as
to obtain the admiration of all present who were capable of
judging.

The summary designates clearly the course of her travels,
from Babylon through ten States of the Union ; but it is deemed
an act of justice to the Lady to state that her trainer, driver,
and intimate friend^ Mr. David Bryan, on their arrival at jSTew
Orleans in 1851, was unable to attend to her on account of
sickness ; and although Mr. C. S. Ellis, an accomplished trainer,
had her in charge, she seemed to lose her accustomed spirit,
and to droop wath her old master, who died there, leaving his
mare in charge of Mr. Ellis.

212 THE HORSE.

At the sale of the eifects of the late David Bryan, Ladj
Suftblk, I l)elieve, was purchased by Messrs. Shaw and White,
then lessees of the Union Course. In the latter part of 1853,
she was purchased by D. Edgar Hill, of Bridport, when she
was put in the stud and bred to Black Hawk, and prematurely
dropped a foal to him in 1854.

In February last, a most excellent likeness of the Lady — so
represented by a correspondent of the " Spirit " — was taken on
canvas, which her owner intended to have lithographed, and
on the ttii of March, as if this noble old mare considered that
her mission had ended with the taking of her portrait, she died
in the stable of one who knew how to value her past services.
But I cannot do better than copy " Peter Basswood's " letter
from the " Spirit" of the 17th of March, and close ; —

LADY SUFFOLK IS DEAD!
" Death, cold usurer, hath seized his bonded debtor."

She died at Edgar Hill's, Bridport, Yt., on the Itli of March,
in what Mr. Hill supposed to be a fit, as she was in apparent
health but a short time before she died ; Mr. H, was in the
stable when she fell to stand no more. Thus passed from the
turf to a resting place beneath it, an old familiar. We shall
see " The Gray Mare " no m.ore, but her deeds are recorded in
the archives of the " Spirit," and will live long after the epi-
taph of your humble scribbler shall be written ; and when our
hair shall have grown as white as hers that were once gray, we
shall look back through the distance to the deeds that she per-
formed on the Beacon, the Centre ville, the Union, the Hunting
Park, and Cambridge Courses, for

"There's a feeling within us that loves to revert
To the merry old times that are gone."

P. S. — Since the above was written, I have been informed
that Mr. White, of Saratoga, was tlie owner of Lady Suffolk
from the time she left " the Island " till her death, and that he
merely sent her to Mr. Hill to be bred to Black Hawk,

From the New York {pld) Sjnrit of [t/ie Timet,

FLORA TEMPLE. 213

But now, having clone our duty to the honored dead, let us
resume the thread of that year's proceedings, which was doubly
sigualized by her departure from the turf, the first great victo-
ries of the one and the first appearance of the otlier of her most
brilliant successors — Tacony and Flora Temple.

And first, of Tacony, whose earliest efforts I recorded in the
summary of the last year.

He came out in this, like a giant refreshed by slumber, and
burst at once into celebrity.

Tacony won in 1852, no less than twelve times, beating all
the best horses of the day ; Lady Suffolk thrice ; Lady Brooks
four times ; Zachary Taylor four times ; Pelham, Lady Jane,
Lady Moscow, Jack Rossiter and John Tonnelly.

He did his single mile as low as 2.26, the best time as yet
made ; 2.27^, and 2,28 on several occasions — his two miles under
the saddle in 5.02 — 5.05, — and in harness in 5.07f — 5.08f.
He was beaten twice only ; by Lady Jane, who continued
to run on, a stout, honest mare, two-mile heats in wagons,
the horse taking the first heat ; and by Zachary Taylor,
the best three in five, in wagons, the wagon and driver to
weigh 400 lbs. Tacony won the second and fourth, Zachary the
first, third, and fifth heats.

This was justly considered excellent work for the second
campaign of a green horse, whatever his promise.

Zachary Taylor and Lady Jane did the next best, and a num-
ber of otlier horses of old note held their places with credit, as
Chatauque Chief, St. Lawrence, Bhode Island, and others.

In this, and the two last years, had been trotting that remark-
ably beautiful and very highly-bred stallion, Kemble Jackson,
who afterwards showed vast speed, and who is said to have been,
in Hiram "VYoodi'uff' s opinion, the fastest young horse he ever
drove.

This fine stallion unfortunately died in his ninth year, before
he had attained his prime ; for, as it is well known, trotting horses
continually train on^ in their speed, for reasons to be given
liereafter, as they advance in years, until their frames have ac-
tually begun to decline.

I am induced to give the true pedigree of this horse, in this
place, so far as it is ascertained, in consequence of there having

214 THE HORSE.

recently appeared in " Porter's Spirit of the Times," where it
might be taken as authoritative, a mass of stupid forgery ; which,
as it must be immediately detected, would tend to injure his
repute.

This pedigree states that " Fanny Kerable, the dam of
Kemble Jackson, was own sister to Miller's Damsel, the dam
of American Eclipse, and got by Duroo, sire of American
Eclipse."

According to this farrago of nonsense, American Eclipse
was the son of his own half-sister. Did any man ever hear the
like ?

Miller's Damsel was by imp. Messenger, out of the Pot-8-o's
mare, dam by Gimcrack, out of Snap Dragon, by Snap — con-
cerning whom there existed so long a doubt recently solved. So
far was Fanny Kemble from being the daughter of the Pot-8-o's
mare, that the Pot-8-o's mare was dead nearly twenty years be-
fore the distinguished lady, from whom the dam of Kemble
Jackson took her name, was born — much more before her name
was known on this side of the Atlantic.

The truth i.s as follows, —

Kemble Jackson was got by Andrew Jackson — dam Fanny
Kemble, sister to Charles Kemble, by Sir Archy ; gd. Maria, by
Gallatin ; g. gd. by Symms's Wildair ; g. g. gd. by Traveller,
out of an imported mare.

Fanny Kemble was, therefore, perfectly thoroughbred, al-
though she had no more relationship to Miller's Damsel than
she had to Queen Pomare.

Andrew Jackson, the most celebrated trotting stallion of his
day, was got by Young Bashaw, out of a grand-daughter of
Messenger. Young Bashaw was by the imported Tripolitan
Barb, Grand Bashaw, his dam Pearl by First Consul, gd. Fancy
by imported Messenger.

This blood is good enough, one would think, to content any
one ; as Andrew Jackson himself had at least three-fourths of
thoroughblood, and Kemble Jackson, the son of a thoroughbred
mare, consequently had, at the most, but one-eighth of common
blood in his veins.

But to proceed ; in this same year appeared Ethan Allen

BAKBAR0U8 MATCH. 215

also a very fine and fast-trotting stallion, the pride of what is
called the " Morgan breed," and a horse of undeniable merit.

He was got by tlie Morgan Black Hawk, dam a medium
size white mare, said to be of the Messenger breed.

Black Hawk was got by Slierman Morgan, his dam a fast
black mare, said to be an English half-bred.

Sherman was son of the original or Justin Morgan, out of a
mare varionsly said to be of a " Sj^anish breed," and an im-
ported English saddle mare.

Ethan Allen trotted this year, mile-heats, in harness, for a
purse of $15 for 3 years old, against Chazy, a filly, and a chest-
nut gelding, at the Clinton Co. Fair, IST. Y., and won the purse
in 3.20 — 3.21. This is noticed, not on account of the time, but
in view of the celebrity of the animal, who is now claimed to
be the fastest trotting stallion in the world.*

This year, also, appeared Flora Temple, who, so far as
present appearances can be held to justify predictions, seems
destined to succeed to the place lately vacated by Lady Sufiblk.

In this place I shall say nothing of her pretended pedigree,
f(ir that will come in due course with a memoir, to which her
distinction entitles her, and which will follow this branch of my
subject.

Flora won, this year, her first on the regular turf, although
she had won a private match on the Red House track, at
Harlem, and one, likewise, on the Union Course, three times,
winning every time she started, although she was once drawn,
in a purse and sweepstakes won by Lady Brooks ; Pet, "War
Eagle, George West, and Flora Temple entered, the first two
only starting for the stakes.

Pier first trot was mile-heats, best three in five, for a purse
and sweepstakes, in harness. In this she beat Brown Jim
three straight heats, in 2.43 — 2.41 — 2.43. She also beat Young
Dutchman a match of mile-heats, three in five, in 2.40 — 2.39 —
2.36 — and, in December of the same season, Centreville, the
same match, in 250 lbs. wagons — all these races she won with
out losing so much as a single heat. But the time was not par-
ticularly good, and she had, as yet, excited but little attention.

Another barbarous time-match — the most barbarous yet ! —
disgraces the annals of this year. "The spotted mare Anna

* See Etliau Allen's performances, p. 278.

216 THE HOKSE.

Bishop," it is tlius ciirtlj related in the Spirit, " -was hacked to do
one liundred miles in nine honrs ; she started, and, after doing
forty-nine miles in four hours and eleven minutes, broke
down ! "

The register does not give the name of the jDerpetrator of
this savage atrocit}^, or I should rejoice to pillory it ; nor is it
stated what became of the unfortunate animal, which must have
been a good one to do so much before she broke down, lamed
for life probably, if not killed outright.

In 1853, the interest of the season centres wholly in Flora
andTacony, the latter, however, playing, very decidedly, th«>
secondary part.

The little bay mare was seventeen times victorious over all
the best horses of the season; beating Tacony seven times, at
one and two-mile heats ; Black Douglass twice ; Rhode Island
three times; Highland Maid twice; Mountain Maid twice;
Katy Darling twice ; Lady Yernon, Lady Brooks, and Young
Dutchman to make up the tale, hardly losing a heat in the
whole performances. Her best time was 2.27 and 2.28 at mile-
heats, both on several occasions, and at two-mile heats 5.01| —
4.59 — the best on record.- She had at once started up into a
prodigy. She lost four races only, one to Black Douglas, one
to Green Mountain Maid, and two to Tacony, who battled it
out with her with courage, if not with success, equal to her own.

Tacony, though no longer the champion, maintained his
credit more than gallantly, beating Flora twice, as has been
stated ; and Mac, who reappeared very strongly this season, ibur
times, one in the best time on record, under the saddle. He
was beaten six times by Flora, and thrice by Mac. His best
winning time, 2.25|-, at one mile, repeated in two consecutive
heats, was half a minute better than Lady Suffolk's best, 2.26 ;
and he put Flora up to 4.59 — 5.01-i-, to beat him in harness at
two miles.

To show how much horses had gained on time, recently,
2.27, only one second less than the best yet, 2.2G, was made
seven times ; by Dolly Spanker thrice, Flora twice, and Tacony
once ; and Lady Suftolk's best time, 2.2G, and beaten a half-
second by Tacony against Mac.

There was much excellent trotting this year, and horses of

CONQUEROR. 317

merit deserving mention, too many to be recorded in a mere
summary of events such as this.

I must not, however, omit — in order to record my disappro-
bation of them — to mention two ten-mile matches in harness,
between tlie same horses. First, the ch. g. Prince, by "Wood-
jiecker, a trotter, and the gr. g. Hero, pedigree unknown, a
pacer.

The fastest mile was done in 2.38^, the slowest in 3.12|, the
whole time in 28.08^. ITo injury occurred to either horse ; but
that is no justification of these long matches, — which, having
the probability before my eyes of being set down as an old fogy
and anti-progressive, I regard as both useless and cruel.

Second, the same horses, with the same result, except that
Hero was distanced — what is the distance in ten miles nooi con-
stat. Fastest mile, 2.33^ ; slowest, 6.19 ; whole time, 35.18.

On November 12th came off the crowning cruelty of the
American trotting course.

An old, good, honest, well-known roadster, bred in Orange
County, and having a good deal of blood, was driven to death
for the sum of four thousand dollars, Mhich his backers, I re-
gret to say, realized by their merciless barbarity.

He was backed to do 100 miles in 9 hours, and did it. The
total time announced by the judges was 8.55,53. I now quote
from the Turf Register of the year.

" At the conclusion of this immense performance, the horse
did not seem u!iusnally distressed. He was warmly clothed —
and hied, as wc hear — carefully nursed, and every possible at-
tention paid to him; though he " came about" a little the fol-
lowing day, we regret to learn that he gradually sunk, and on
Monday breathed his last. No attempt, we trust, will be made
to rival this performance. 'A merciful man is merciful to his
beast. ' "

This passage deserves some remark. Tlie feeling is all that
could be wished, although the condemnation is not sufficiently
strong; for, be it observed, that a word of rebuke in a journal
devoted to sporting, is of more weight with sporting characters,
as they call themselves, than a column from other sources, which
they either do not see,or regard as old fogy and straitlaced,

Next, as to the race and its results ; first, I would ask, was

218

THE HOESE.

ever any liorse distressed, according to the report of his perform-
ance. Secondly, what is the meaning of the word usually^ in
reference to an event never accomplished before.

Lastly, I would say, that if this unhappy horse were bled, as
it is stated he was, the bleeding was in all probability the im-
mediate cause of his death. In such cases, nine times out of ten,
exhaustion, not plethory, is the result of such eftbrts as this ;
and in this case, every thing indicates that the animal was so
totally overdone and outworn, that the whole system collapsed,
and that nature failed in recuperative power. In such a case,
to take one drop of blood would be as surely fatal as to blow
out the creature's brains. A drench of hot, sj)iced ale, followed
by mashes, and a cordial ball of camphor, condiments, &c., &c.,
would have been far more rational treatment. Nothing, how-
ever, could probably have done any good ; the rather as he was
an old horse ; nor, probably, had he recovered, would it have
done him any good, as in all human likelihood his savage pro-
prietors would have backed him, the next week, to trot 100
miles in eight hours and a half, and so driven him to death any
how.

It is to be wished that- sporting periodicals, instead of herald-
ing these things " as wonderful performances," which leads un-
thinking persons to regard them as something very tine and
worthy of imitation, would either record them fis unsportsman-
like acts of cruelty, worthy only of costermongers and the low
fancy, or let them go wholly unrecorded.

I omitted above to mention, in its proper place, the extraor-
dinary trot of Kemble Jackson, the ch. stallion, whose pedigree
was given in the history of the events of 1852. It is as follows ;

Wednesday, June 1. — Purse and stake, $4,000 — three-mile heats— to 2501b. wagons.

II. Woodruff's ch. h. Kemble Jackson,

W. S. Abraham's b. g. O'Blenis,

J. Nelson's br. m. Boston Girl,

11. Jones's b. g. Pet,

C. Brooks's b. m. lola,

G. Spicer's b. g. Honest John, .

1 1

2 2
5 8
8 4
4 5
C 6

FIRST IIKAT.

Time — first mile, ....

. 2.41

" second " ...

2.39i

" third " . . . .

. 2.421

Total time,

. 8.03

8KCOND HEAT.

Time — first mile, 2.4t

2.39

second
third '

Total time.

2.44J
8.04i

MAO. 219

This is, thus far, the best time on record at three-mile heats,
as was Flora's, recorded above, the best of two-mile heats.
Credit enough for the year '53.

During the spring of 1854, Flora did not appear after Jan-
nary 31, when she met Green Mountain Maid at New Orleans,
being sold into private hands ; consequently she appeared in all
but four times during the year, not being in training until
October. Of her four races she won three, being beaten once
by Green Mountain Maid, which she paid off a few days after
by laying her out in two straight heats. She also beat Mac,
who had forced Tacony to his terrible time, the best three in
five, in three straight heats, also Jack Walters. In fact, to her
this year is all but lost.

Tacony did himself no credit this year ; receiving forfeit
once from Lantern, and getting himself beaten twice by Grey
Eddy and once by Mac.

Mac beat Tacony once, and Know-Nothing twice, of whom
more anon. He was himself beaten by hady Flora and Grey
Eddy, who trotted, a wonderfully good horse, in this, his first
year, winning five trots, without getting beaten once, against
such horses as True John ; Tacony twice ; Mac ; and Highland
Maid twice. There was a great deal of good trotting this
season, by many horses, who, in a few years, would have been
considered first-rate animals and wonders ; but the speed of
trotters had come to be so wonderfully increased since 1818,
when it was odds against any horse being found in America to
do his mile on a trot within three minutes, that now one hardly
looked at a 2.30 horse, or cared to record time slower than 2.27
or 28 for a mile, or 5.00 for two miles ; such was the progress of
horseflesh in so few years.

There appeared, however, on the course, two or three new
horses, two of them of sufficient note to deserve more than a
passing notice.

One of these, it is believed, had trotted a year or two ear-
lier, but it is impossible to ascertain, owing to the stupid and
dishonest practice of changing names — a practice which I am
persuaded arose from a tricky system of starting tried horses,in
new places, as untried horses, and in getting bets out of flats.

The horse in question, one of the best to-day on the turf.

220 THE HORSE.

the slaj^ping black gelding, who has made such splendid con-
tests with Flora Temple, trots now under a diiferent name from
that which he claimed in 1853 ; before that he is known to have
had one or two aliases. He was at the first called Black Dan —
which one would suppose was a good enough name for any-
horse, man, or snob — but one of the last was found, who, I sup-
j^ose. incapable of discerning the man through the fogs of filthy-
politics, not content with the title of the greatest statesman and
man of his dav, changed it to the two-penny bye-word Know-
Kothing.

Leaving his name out of the question, however, which is no
business of mine — and to which I have only alluded in order to
explain my inability to fix this year as the first, second, third,
fourth, or any other given number, of his performance, he is a
right good horse. His name was last year Lancet, perhaps next
year it will be Gouge, or Cliisel, there's no saying !

Know-Nothing, then, in 1854 trotted seven or eigld times ;
for I have some doubts whether the same horse has not trotted
and won under yet other names on other courses.

All his other trots were made at Boston, and in them he
beat the Black Hawk maid four times, and Blue Morgan once.
These were well-tried, good horses, but slow as the times go, of
the Morgan stock, rarely getting below the 40s., or the top of
the 30s. His best time in any of these matches was 2.36 ;
2.36 ; 2.37 ; which is nothing to brag of. He was beaten twice
by Mac, and put him up to 2.35 ; 2.32, and 2.38 ; 2.34, to win ;
so that he rather gained than lost by his defeats.

Black Dan, Know-Nothing, or Lancet, as he is to be hence-
forth called, was got by the Bridport, or Hill's Black Hawk,
commonly known as Yermont Black Hawk, in order to distin-
guished him from Long Island Black Hawk, the son of Bashaw.
Hill's Black Hawk was by Sherman, son of the Justin Morgan,
out of an English mare, reported to be half-bred. Lancet's
dam is " Old Squaw " — a mare said to have some English blood,
and supposed to be got by an imported horse called Lee Boo, in
Canada.

The other great event of this year, however, was the debut
of the magnificent pacing mare Pocahontas, one of the most
superb, and, to use a word well applied by a eulogist to that

POCAHONTAS. 221

noble liorse Grey Eagle — most sumptuous animal, as well as the
fastest of the day.

Pocahontas is a rich clicstnnt mare, nearly sixteen hands in
height, with a superb crest, and tlie liighcst and thinnest withers
I have seen in America. She was foaled in 184G, and was con-
sequently eight years old at the time of her matches, which
came off at New Orleans.

She is, as her appearance shows, very highly bred. She
was got by a thoroughbred horse, well known in Ohio, and fa-
mous as a getter of fine and fast road stock, under the name of
Iron's Cadmus, by Cadmus — a chestnut horse by American
Eclipse, dam Dii Vernon by Ball's Florizel, g. d. by Ogle's
Oscar, gd. by Hero, &c.

Ball's Florizel was by imported Diomed, by the famous
Florizel, out of sister to Juno by Spectator, gd. by Blank, g. gd.
by Childers' g. g. gd. Miss Belvoir, by Grey Grantham, &c. &c.
Medley, gd. Penelope by Yorick, gd. by old Eanter, g. ga. by
Gift, &c.

Hero was by old Yorick, d. by Careless, &c.

It is useless to pursue this pedigree farther, as it is one of
the clearest and best in America, all the horses named being of
undoubted blood. Cadmus, it is said, was sixteen hands high
and well proportioned.

The mother of Pocahontas was a bay mare fifteen and a
half hands high, well put up, with powerful muscles, and a
natural trotter.

She was got by imp. Shakspere ; he by Smolensko, out of
Charming Molly, by Rubens, &c.

The grand-dam of Pocahontas was a good road mare, her
pedigree unknown. I am indebted for these particulars to my
friend Dr. J. S. Unzicker, of Cincinnati, Ohio, who procured
them from the gentleman who first purchased her out of a
team, struck by her show and style.

She is, it will be perceived, certainly three parts of pure
blood, and of such blood as is in but few race-horses' veins, Ame-
rican Eclipse, Sir Arcliy, Herod, Smolensko, Sorcerer, the Godol-
phiu. I am happy to present my readers with a fine portrait of

223 THE HOKSE.

this noble animal during her great match with Hero, from the
pencil of Maurer, and the burin of Ilinshelwood.

She went three times, a match and two purses, in 1854 ; all
of which she won, at New Orleans, against the roan gelding
Silvertail twice ; Tecumseh and Dolly Spanker, the last in
2.20 ; 2.25 ; 2.20 ; admirable time, which she was, however,
herself to outdo thereafter.

There were two twenty, and one ten-mile matches in har-
ness, but with no notable result, no great time made, and no
horses, I believe, butchered.

In 1855, Flora Temple went eight times, and received forfeit
once. She beat Know-Nothing, Sontag, Lady Franklin, Chi-
cago Jack, and Mac, and Hero the jjacer, once each. Frank
Forester twice. She was beaten once by Sontag, in three
straight heats, in 2.31; 2.33; 2.35. Sufficient proof, say her
friends, that she Avas amiss. That does not, however, follow,
for, without being amiss, horses, and mares, yet more often, will
go better one time than another. There is no doubt, however,
that she was the better mare, though not on that day, and that
she could make better time. She soon afterward beat Sontag
easily enough.

Know-Nothing did not shine this year. He w^on three
times ; against the mare of 2.22, myth, Tib Hinman, who came
very short, on this occasion, of doing that or any other decent
time, not being able to j)ut Know-Nothing to a better pace than
2.41 ; 2.43i ; 2.42^ ; 2.49 ; against Sag Niclit, half a mile ; and
against Tacony, who only got him up to 2.38.

He was beaten twice by Chicago Jack, of whom more anon ;
on.ce by Flora Temple ; once by Paddy Gill, and once by Tib
Hinman.

Tacony was out five times, won twice of Mac, and Belle of
Saratoga, recieved forfeit from Sontag, and was beaten by
Belle of Saratoga, and Frank Forester — best time 2.30.V.

Chicago Jack did capital work for a new beginner, in his
second year only ; he w^on five times, beating Know-Nothing
twice, the second in 2.27^ ; 2.29; 2.27^; 2.30; also Murdoch,
Belle of Saratoga, and Lady Litchfield. He was beaten four
times by Belle of Saratoga, a good mare. Flora Temple, in
company with Mac, over whom he came in second ; and twice

TIB hinman's time. 223

by Lady Franklin, a very excellent, honest mare, and a winner,
this season, of six ])urses.

A great many other horses did excellent AVDrk this year,
althongh not quite iirst-rate, although a few years ago it would
have been considered not onl}^ iirst-rate, but prodigious.

The mare Tib Ilinman must not be forgotten. She is set
down in the Register as twice a winner. The first time beating
the Belle of Ogdensburgh, and three others, 2.22 ; 2.27; 2.27 ;
to which tlie Register very properly appends a (?) query. It
might have added admiration stops ad libitum, and no one
would have objected.

The trot was on the ice for $500, the best three in five, won
by Tib Hinman, in three heats. In the heat done at 2.22 no
one of the five horses was distanced ! This, of course, alone,
settles the question. Tlie second heat, 2.27, three were dis-
tanced; and the third, in 2.25, no horse distanced.

It is amazing that no note should be appended to this mon-
strous myth, in the Register, although the utter fallacy of the
statement was exposed in the Spirit of the Times. Like a sub-
sequent allegation of wonderful ice-speed, in this present season,
at Chicago, it rested on mere guesswork.

The track was straight, and the timing M'as done by signal
and calculation.

The following real time, which Tib made afterward, shows
pretty conclusively what sort of timing was used on the ice.

Cambridge Park, May 22, mile heats, best three in five, to wagons. Know-Nothing beat Tib
ninman, 2.41; 2.48^; 2.42^; 2.49.

Chicago, III., Aug. 21, mile heats, best three in five, in harness.

Chatauque Chief, . . . . . .22111

Ileindeer, . . . . . . . 11232

Tib Hinman, . . . . . . .33323

Black Ealph, . . . . . . 4 4 4 4 4

Time, 2.41 ; 2.48* ; 2.43 ; 2.44 ; 2,45.

Same course, August 25, she was again beat by Chatauque
Chief, and Fanny Wood, two-mile heats in harness, in 5.29 ;
5.27. None of which certainly looks very like 2.22 ; 2.27 ; 2.25.
But such nonsense requires no confutation.

There were a number of the abominable long races and
time matches this year.

224 THE HOESE.

First, the cli. g. Trustee Senior and Spangle trotted twenty
miles ; the winner in Ih. 5m. 59s. ; the loser in Ih. 6m. |s.

Then the same horse, Spangle, was backed to do iiftj miles
in four hours, wagon and driver to weigh 400 lbs. which he
won, doing tlie distance in 3li. 59m. 14s.

One month after this, the same horses. Trustee Senior, and
Spangle, went ten miles, as before, to wagons, which was done
a little over the half hour, in 30m. 29^s.

On the 24th of May, with a fatuity inconceivable, if only
in a pecuniary view, with so valuable an animal at stake. Flora
Temple was started to do twenty miles within the hour. What
follows I quote from the Turf Register of the year ; — " In the
eighth round she cast a shoe, and cut herself rather severely, and
from this out her speed began to decrease, until the close of the
twelfth mile, when her backers, seeing she had not a chance,
withdrew her and gave up the match ! "

This needs no comment. The agony of the wounded animal,
whose speed began to decrease from the moment of the mutila-
tion, had no effect on the flinty hearts of the backers, until they
saw that she had not a chance. If she had had a chance, on she
must have gone. If she could have won, she would have been
made to win — lame or sound — live or die ! Though one
would have thought that Flora Temple's life, if insured against
such wanton risks as this, was worth more than five thousand
dollars.

A few days after this, July 12th, Lady Fulton was backed to
perform the same match, and won it, doing the twenty miles in
59m. 553.*

This mare and Trustee, the son of thoroughbred Trustee and
Fanny Pullen — who must not be confounded with the Trustee
Senior, mentioned above, also, I believe, by the same sire — are
the only two animals who have accomplished this prodigious
effort.

It ought never, again, to be attempted. It is a mere matter
of physical endurance. A mere trial of what a horse can do
without dying. There arc hundreds of liorses who can do the
pace for a distance, and who will stay the distance as long
as they can, and that their owners know. The only question is
what distance can they stay, without death ensuing. It is enough

* See Note 1, p. 228.

DOUBLE-TEAM MATCH. 225

to say that for every one horse who does it and lives, twenty will
die in doing it, and as many more, after it is done.

Such trials can answer no purpose whatever, and ought to
be discountenanced by all true sportsmen and lovers of the liorse,
and — in my opinion — to be declared a high misdemeanor at
law.

There was also this year a fine double-team match, between
Lantern and Whalebone, bay and chestnut geldings ; and Alice
Gray and Stella, gray and black mares ; mile heats, over the Union
Course, June 5tli.

The horses were driven by George Spicer, the mares by Hi-
ram Woodruff— time, 2.46^.-2.42.

An exceedingly spii'ited engraving by Mr. E.. Hinshelwood,
from the design of Mr. L. Maurer, representing the start, will
be found in this volume.

The great feat, however, of this season, which I have saved
to the last, in order that, like the autumn forest of America, it
may die in a blaze of glory, is the pacing match of Pocahontas,
the mare described above, and Hero, whom she distanced in the
first heat, to wagons, wagon and driver to weigh 265 lbs., in
the unparalleled time of 2,17.*

The year 1856 was distinguished on the trotting turf, chiefly
by the contests of Flora and Lancet, on whom was concentrated,
especially, the interest of the season, although there was much
excellent trotting, and an increase, both in the number of horses
and of places devoted to this popular amusement, fully equal
to that of the preceding year.

To show how great that increase has been, it will be
enough to mention, that, whereas in 1845 the Turf Register con-
tains fourteen pages of trotting records, in large type, averaging
about eight trots to the page, this, for 1856, contains 36 pages,
averaging twelve trots — these of course only regular contests for
purses or matches on well-known public courses ; that, whereas
in 1845 the whole number of trotting horses which started,
named and unnamed, in the United States and Canada, were but
137, of whom 55 were winners ; in 1856 there started 610 horses,
named and unnamed, of whom 259 won prizes of some sort
— and, lastly, that whereas, in 1845, there were sixteen places of
sport in all the United States and Canada, there were sixty-four

* See Note 2, p. 228.
Vol. II.— 15

226 THE HORSE.

in 1856, thus distributed ; — in New York, twentj-one ; Canada,
six ; Wisconsin, six ; California, four ; Ohio, four ; Massachu-
setts, three ; Kentucky, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Ver-
mont and Virginia, each two ; and Alabama, Connecticut, Illi-
nois, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Khode
Island, and Tennessee, each one. There is, I believe, also a trot-
ting course at Bangor, in Maine, although no report of it has
found its way into the Register.

The above summary will serve also to show in what portions
of the United States trotting is taking the greatest hold on the
popular taste ; in the far West, mainly, and California, next to
New York, and in Canada scarcely less than in the States, where
it is most popular.

Beside the regular courses, it has also become a feature in
most of the Agricultural Societies to have a trotting track in
connection with their exhibitions, and on several of them purses
have been given to the fastest, as well as to the finest ani-
mals.

Flora Temple started this year eleven times. She won nine
purses and nine matches, beating Lancet four times in harness,
her best time against him— 2.30^ — 2.30 — 2.29 ; — Tacony three
times in harness, against his saddle, distancing him the last
match in the unequalled time of 2.24rJ. Chicago Jack, in
harness against his saddle ; and Ethan Allen, who was be-
lieved to be the fastest bit of horse-flesh going, and able to
take down any thing — at least by his owners and by Eastern
sportsmen generally, with the greatest possible ease, at the Agri-
cultural Fair at Boston, in 2.32| — 2.36^.

On the other hand, she was twice beaten by Lancet, he going
under the saddle, she in harness, in 2.28 — 2,28 — 2.25^ ; and the
second time in 2.29—2.29—2.30.

This last was considered by many persons to be the mare's
greatest performance, as the course was very deep in mud,
and the match was done in the teeth of a gale of wind
and torrents of rain, to face which was in itself deemed an
achievement.

Lancet started ten times ; six times as Lancet, five as Know-
Nothing ; — a shuffling absurdity this change of names, which
cannot be too strongly reprobated !

TACONT. 237

As Lancet he 'won twice of Flora Temple, and was defeated
by her four times, as above. Under the name of Know-Noth-
ing he won twice, beating Chicago Jack and Nelly, and two
others, and was beaten twice by Chicago Jack.

He is a fine slashing black gelding, though in past years he
has been reported as a brown, and is well bred. Good sport is
expected of him the coming summer, as it is believed that, like
Tacony, he will make an effort to retrieve his laurels of the
mare.

Tacony started six times, but with little success, winning
twice only, against Chicago and Zachary Taylor, and losing four
times, to Flora thrice, and once to Lady Moscow ; still he can-
not be said to have lost caste or to have shown himself other than
a good horse, since he was beaten only by animals of the highest
character.

Chicago Jack, Lantern and Lady Moscow, the latter a most
stanch and honest mare on the turf, now in her tenth season on
the trotting course, all distinguished themselves, and did good
work.

Tib Hinman, the mare, concerning whom the prodigious
story was circulated in 1855, about the trot on the ice at Og-
densburgh, in 2.22, trotted creditably this year, winning five
times out of seven trots for which she started, but against no
first-rate horses, except Lady Moscow, and in no time which
gives the smallest reason for believing that she ever went with-
in eight or ten seconds of that rate, her best race this season
being 2.32—2.31—2.32—2.34^2.36 against Miller's Damsel.

There were three ten-mile matches this season, by Cincinnati
against McComb's double team in 41.50. Duchess against
Boston Girl and Racker in 29.17, and Gipsey Queen against
Olive Rose, in 31.05. One match to go six miles and one
hundred and fifty-two rods — eight hundred and thirty-six yards
— with two men weighing three hundred and sixty pounds, in a
sleigh, in twenty-five minutes — was won by ]^el]y Bly in
23.08 ; and two five-mile matches were won by Jessie Fremont
against James Buchanan — a curious collocation of names ! — in
16.15 — and by a bay mare of D. Pifer's against Hiram Wood-
ruff's black horse, in 18.30.

As I do not propose to attempt any notice of the early trots

328 THE H0E8E.

of this present season, since it will not be possible to do more
than commence the subject, I shall close this brief and necessarily
incomplete sketch of the origin, rise, and present condition of
the Trotting Turf of America, with a memoir up to the present
date of Flora Temple, with so much of her pedigree as is attain-
able, her performances, and a description of her appearance, to-
gether with the pedigrees of one or two trotting horses which
are distinctly ascertained.

EDITOKIAL NOTES.

' (P. 224.) Capt. McGowan trotted, to harness, Oct. 18th, 1865, on a half-mile,
at Boston, twenty miles in 58.25.

John Stewart trotted to wagon, twenty miles, on Fashion Course, Sept. 22d,
1868, in 59.23.

« (P. 225.) Billy Boyce, under saddle, at Buffalo, August 1, 1868, paced in
2.3li— 3.15i— 2.14i— 2.20i. RoUo Goldust, a trotter, won the first heat.

MEMOIR

OF FLORA TEMPLE.
HER PEDIGREE, CH AR A0TERI8TI0S, AND PERFORMANCES.

It was not until this remarkable mare had obtained celebrity,
from her extraordinary speed and steadiness, that any efforts
were made to ascertain her pedigree or descent.

On demand, however, being made for information concern-
ing her descent, by the editors of "Porter's Spirit of the
Times," there was sent to, and published in that paper, probably
the most impudent, and at the same time stupidest forgery, sworn
to by six individuals, whose name it is not worth the while to
publish, which runs as follows ; —

Madame Temple, the dam of Flora, was foaled the property
of Elisha Peck, Esq., of "Waterville, Oneida Co., N. Y., in the
spring of 1840. Her dam was a small but fleet mare. Madame
Temple was sired " — got — " hy a spotted Arabian stallion,
brought from Dutchess county, and owned by Horace Terry,
Esq."*

So far, probably, this is all true, except as regards the spot-
ted Arabian stallion' and this is, probably, a blunder of ignorant
stupidity, not an attempt to deceive ; since we are told a few
lines later, that this spotted Arabian stallion, who is described
as a " strong, restless, fast-trotting horse," is said to have been
got by a full-blood Arabian stallion, on Long Island — without
stating what stallion, or out of what mare. This shows that the
* See Note 1, p. 239.

230 THE H0K8E.

swearers to this notable pedigree had not a conception what an
Arabian stallion is. Tlierefore, thej stand acquitted here of
fraud.

All that appears tangibly thus far, on the side of Flora's dam,
is this — that she was got by a spotted trotting stallion, about
whom nothing is known, but who is said by common rumor to
be the son of some Arabian or other, out of a Long Island com-
mon mare. Flora's grandam is not pretended to be other than
a common country mare.

When we come, however, to the father's side, we find a
pedigree cooked up alternately out of the American and Eng-
lish stud-books, displaying a mixture of ignorance and cunning
riirely to be paralleled, and, with scarcely a step right from
beginning to end, either in the American or English portions.
Ignorance alone could not have done this, for by no natural
blundering could such a mass of heterogeneous blunders have
been brought about.

So strange is the labyrinth, that even the practised eye of
that admirable sporting writer " Observer," misled, perhaps, by
a couple of false prints in the columns of the Spirit, although he
saw at a glance that the pedigree is false and worthless, failed to
detect the forgery or find the clue.

It runs thus, —

Flora's sire was " One-eyed Kentucky Hunter," his dam, a
chestnut Sir Henry mare, was brought from Kentucky to East
Hartford, Oneida County, I^. Y., where Kentucky Hunter was
foaled." He was the son of " Old Kentucky Hunter." " Old
Kentucky Hunter was got by Old Highlander, out of Col. Tall-
madge's full-bred mare, Nancy Dawson," no sire given — " grand
dam Dido, who was got by the full-bred horse King Fergus.,
from a full-bred mare of Sir Peter Teazle."

Note here, that out of seven Nancy Dawsons in the Ame-
rican Stud-book — Edgar's — not one is out of Dido — that out ot
five Didos in the American Stud-books, not one is by King
Fergus, or out of a Sir Peter Teazle mare.

Note, also, that the only American horse, King Fergus, by
Hyazim, out of Virgin, was not foaled until 1833, and therefore
could not by any earthly means have been the g. g. g. grand
sire of a mare foaled as Flora was, in 1845.

FLORA temple's PEDIGREE. 231

But to proceed —

" Old Iliglilander, the sire of Kentucky Hunter, was got by
Paymaster, son of Blake " — misprint for Blank. " His dam by
Herod, his g. dam by Eclipse, his g. gd. by Ancestor " — another
misprint for Ancaster — " son of Bolton Starling, his g. g. gd.
by Wildair ! ! "

The only American horse, Highlander, is by Old Sharke,
out of Young Selima — foaled 1Y96.

There are no such American horses, nor ever were, as Pay-
master, Blank, Ancaster Starling, or Bolton Starling. Wildair,
who was in America, is foisted into this tissue of folly and for-
gery, to give it an air of verisimilitude.

There was an English horse, Paymaster, by Blank. But his
dam was not by Herod, nor his gd. by Eclipse, nor his g. gd. by
Ancaster Starling, nor his g. g. gd. by Wildair, who, by the
way, was not foaled until the Ancaster Starling was fifteen
years old, which makes it slightly improbable that the Ancaster
Starling should have got foals out of his, "Wildair's, daughters.

Paymaster, by Blank, was out of Snapdragon, by Snap, gd. by
Eegulus g. gd. by Bartlett's Childers, g. gd. by Honeywood's
Ai"abian, g. g. gd. dam of the two True Blues.

It is hardly necessary to add that Paymaster never came to
America, nor got any colt named Highlander out of IsTancy
Dawson or any other mare.

The points which ren.der the intention to deceive in this
false pedigree unmistakable, is the mixing up of the names of
horses known to be connected with American blood, as King
Herod, the grandsire of Sir Archy — or to have been in America,
as Wildair — mixing them up also out of sequence, and in defi-
ance of date and order.

It may appear that this is breaking a butterfly upon the
wheel — but no pain or labor are ever wasted in nailing to the
counter so base a coin as a forged pedigree, or in exposing the
rascality by which one is concocted.

It is so dangerous and so rapidly growing an evil, that, if
stringent legislative means be not taken to prevent it, there will
Boon be no safety in breeding to any horse relying on any testi-
monial.

I may add that there was a fine gray English horse, High-

232 THE HOKSE.

lander, by Boiirdeaux, dam Tetotum, by Matchem, g. g. dam
Lady Bolingbroke, by Squirrel, &c., imported, as it is stated in a
MS. note to Mr. C. H. Hall's stud-book, by an English gentle-
man, Mr. Harriot, who lived at Newark, N. J., and kept him
there, where he got good stock. This horse could not, however,
easily have had to do with Kentucky Hunter.

All, therefore, that we arrive at is this, that a horse called
Kentucky Hunter was brought from that State to Oneida Co.,
N.Y., with an absurd, forged pedigree — ^foritis not to be supposed
that the witnesses, who have stupidly mixed themselves up in
the matter, are either parties in, or guilty of the forgery — that
nothing whatever being even conjecturable concerning his
pedigree, he got One-eyed Kentucky Hunter out of a mare,
said to be by Sir Henry, her dam not described.

This One-eyed Kentucky Hunter got Flora Temple in 1845,
out of a clever, well-formed, fast-trotting mare, Madame Temple,
who, in her turn, was got by a horse concerning whom nothing
at all is known, except that he was not what he is called, an
Arabian, out of a country mare.

Divested of all mystery and falsification, nothing is known
whatever about the mare's — Flora Temple — pedigree, beyond her
sire and her dam.

It is most probable that the sire had some blood — what blood
no one can conjecture — both from the region whence he came,
Kentucky, long noted as a race-horse region, and from the
character of his stock, which certainly show blood.

It is possible that Madame Temple may have had blood
also, but that is far more doubtful ; and the fact of tlie horse
called an Arabian being spotted is against it. Spotting, unless
it be red on a white ground, or black on a deep gray, is not an
Arabian mark. "White spotting on a bay ground is a Hano-
verian or Holstein mark ; and twenty years, or a little longer
ago, the country was full of bay horses, white-spotted across
the loins and quarters, of a very indifferent sort.

The truth is, that the question matters not, whichever way it
is settled.

As " Observer " has well observed. Flora Temple's " merit
rises above blood."

With trotters it is not as it is with thoroughbreds, in whom
it is a blot ineradicable to have a drop of false blood — and a blot,

flora's first match. 233

too, which is sure to cr'op out, as the geologists say of strata,
somewhere, at some time or other, to the detriment of the per-
formance and pluck of the progeny.

It is admitted that the excellence of trotters is .nd generis,
and depends on no strain of blood ; and the search for their
pedigrees is more a matter of curiosity than of practical use.

The above, then, is all that can be ascertained now, probably
that ever will be ascertained, concerned Flora's pedigree.

She was got by One-eyed Kentucky Hunter — who almost
certainly had some good Kentucky thorough blood in his veins,
but for regarding whom as a thoroughbred there are no grounds
whatever — out of a mare, Madame Temple, who might or might
not — the chances rather inclining to the not — have had some
good blood.

Flora was foaled in 1845, the property of a Mr. Loomis, of
Sangerfield, Oneida county, I^ew York. She passed, while
quite young, through several hands, and was at length sold to
Messrs. Kichardson & Kellogg, of Eaton, Madison co., IST. York,
who worked her at livery.

In the month of June, 1850, one of her owners taking a
drove of cattle to l^ew Y^ork, carried Flora with him, and on
his way disposed of her for the sum of $175, to Mr. Yelie, of
"Washington county, New York, who shortly afterward trans-
ferred her for double that sum to Mr. Geo. E. Perrin, of the
city of IN^ew York, by whom she was constantly driven on the
roads in the neighborhood of the city, and tried against the fast
horses which are continuall}^ taking the air on the avenues, un-
til he became well satisfied that he was the owner of something
a little above the common.

Her first trial on a course was a match made between her
and a fine horse known as Yanderburgh's gray stallion, for $500
a side, mile heats, the stallion to go to a 250 pounds wagon, the
mare in harness.

It came oflP on Union Course, L. I., and was won easily in
three heats by the mare, in very handsome style.

This match was not registered, and I record it on the autho-
rity of a very clever and agreeably-written series of papers en-
titled " Flora Temple ; written in one of our office arm-chairs,"
published in Porter's Spirit of the Times, and understood to be
from the pen of Mr. Geo. Wilkes.

334 THE H0K8E,

Flora Temple is a blood-bay mare, with black legs, mane,
and tail, and no white marks. She stands only fom*teen hands
two inches high, but has enormous power, combined with great
lightness. She has a good, bloodlike head, broad between the
eyes, with a little of the Arab basin-face formation. A pecu-
liarly long, sloping shoulder, and a set of legs and feet which
are as near as may be to perfection.

One of her points, and a great one it is in any horse,
and in her, doubtless, one of the great causes of her immense
speed, so unusual to so small an animal, is this ; that while she
is very short in the saddle-place, she is very long below, which
gives her the immense, low, long-reaching stride, for which she
is as famous as for her quick gather. It is stated in the memoir
I have above named, that the stroke of this wonderful little
animal has, by actual measurement, been found to equal that
of a sixteen hand horse.

The beautiful engraving of Flora Temple, which will be
found in this volume, from the burin of Messrs. Capewell and
Kimmel, designed by Mr. L. Maurer, is a faithful portrait of
the " little treasure "' in action, and well preserves her charac-
teristics.

It may be as well to say here, in order to save misconstruc-
tion, that although her best time, 2.24|, is noted under the
plate, that time was not made by her going, as she is here rep-
resented, in a skeleton wagon, but in a sulky, against Tacony,
under saddle, whom she distanced.

I now proceed to furnish a regular table of her perform-
ances to the end of the year 1856, beyond which I do not pre-
tend to carry this work. Where she won, the values of the
purses are stated ; where she lost, they are left blank.*

* We bring the record up to finish ofl" her tiuf career. — Ed.

FLOBA TEMPLE.

235

PERFORMANCES OF FLORA TEMPLE.

1850
1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

Sept.*

May

Oct.

13

Nov.

10

Dec.

10

April
May

21
3
4

May
June

IT
15

"

28

u

30

July

14
19

"

26

Aug.

Sept.
Oct.

Nov.
Dec.

Jan.

Oct.
May

1856

July
Sept.

Oct.

June
July

An?.
Sept.

Oct.

June 26

Nov.

20

Union Course, L. I.

Was not in train-
ing:, owing to an
accident.

Union Course, L. L

Centreville, L. I. . .
Union Course, L. L

Centreville, L. I. . .

Hunting- Park, Pa. .
Union Course, L. I.
Centreville, L. I. . .
Hunting Parle, Pa. .
Centreville, L. I. . .

Union Course, L. L

Saratoga, N. Y. . . .
Rochester, N. Y. . .

Utica, N. Y

Saratoga, N. Y. . . .
Hunting Park, Pa.

Cincinnati, Ohio . .
Oakland Course, Ky.

New Orleans, La. . .

Union Course, L. L
Centreville, L. I. . .
Union Course, L. I.

Centreville, L. I. . .

Cambridge Park,

Mass.
Union Course, L. I.
Centreville, L. I. . .

Union Course, L. I.
Centreville, L. L . .

Union Course, L. I.

Fashion Course,

L.I.
Boston, Mass. ...

harness

wagons,

250 lbs.

harness .

wagons

harness

wagons
harness

harness

waa;ons,

.300 lbs.

wagon .

harness .

wagons ].

harnes .

wagons &,
drivers.
2T5 lbs.
wagons .
harness .

wagon .
harness

2.52. 2.55, 2.52,
2.49.

2.88}, 2.85, 2..36i,

2.43, 2.41, 2.4.3,
2.40, 2.89. 2.86.

2.42, 2.46, 2.44,

2.851, 2 m, 2.35.
received forfeit,
2.3H, 2.82, 2.38i,
2.32i, 2.35. 2.31i

2.29, 2 27, 2.32,
2.28, 2.32, 2.32,

2.33. 2.311,
2.35.

2.32. 2.-32. 2 86,

2.28. 2.27. 2.29,
4.59, 5.011,

2.30, 2,31, 2..32,
5.04, 5.101,
2.85, 2 81}, 2.301.

2 801,
2.311, 2.861,

2.351
2 381, 2 27, 2 281

2.29, 2.84, 2.34,
2.34, 2.82, 2,36,
2.23, 2 881, 2 84,

2.43, 2.40, 2.41,
2.451, 2 42, 2.40,

2.40,
2.89. 2.851, 2.86,

2 36,
5.07, 5.07,
2.31*, 2.32, 2..33.

2.33, 2.89, 2.37,

2.31, 2 38, 2.86,

Pulled up lame,

12th mile,
2.37, 24.8,

5.07, 5.27.
5.121, 5.111,
2.291, 2.31i, 2.34

5.151, 5.171,

AGAINST WHAT
HOUSES.

Received forfeit,
4.59, 4.57, 5.21i

2.301, 2.30, 2.80,

Received forfeit
2.801, 2 30, 2.29,
2.31}, 2.281,

2.29},
Received forfeit
2.241, best time

on record.
2.381, 2.34, 2.31,

2.361, 2,401, 2.43,
2.321, 2.361,

Whitehall and
three others.

Lady Brooks &
Pet,

Brown Jem. . .

Young Dutch-
man,

Centreville . . .

Black Douglass,
Dutchman. . . .
Lady Brooks . .
Black Douglass
Highland Maid

Black Douglass
Tacony

Tacony

Lady Vernon,

MountainMaid,
Rhode Island,
Ivhode Island .

Mount.iinMaid,
Green Mountain
Maid,

Mac

Jack Waters .
Sontag

Time

Know-Nothing,
alias Lancet.

Sontag

Lady Franklin
Chicago Jack,

and Mac.
Frank Forester,

Chicaso Jack,
Miller's Damsel.
Frank Forester
Hero — pacer — ■

in a wagon,
Chicago Jack,

— saddle.
Lancet

Tacony — saddle

Lancet

Ethan Allen . ,

Winning in six years thirty-nine races, losing eight. Netting 46,S5.'

' This, her first trot, was made and recorded under the name of " Flora " alone.

50

150
250

1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000

1,000

1,000
1,000
1,000

1.000

1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

250
250

900
2,000
2,000

8,000

2,000

2,000

500

2,000
2,000

1,000

2,000

honor.

1,000

1^000
1,000

1,000
1,000

236

THE HOKSE.

PERFOEMANCES

OF

FLORA TEMPLE.

HAKNE83,

m

YEAB.

DATE.

COUKSE.

SADDLE,
or WAGON.

s

TIME.

AGAINST WHAT
HOBSES.

P<

1857

July 8

Centreville, L. I. ..

wagon...

1

2.30J, 2.39, 2.37f.

Rose Wash'gton, h.
Ditto— saddle

July 80

" " "

harness..

1

2.31.

$1,000

Sept. 2

Elmira, N. T

1

2.28, 2.27. Lancet to sad., Red Bird and
Miller's Damsel to har. .

300

5

" "

"

1

2.26.1, 2.27, 2.25.

Same horses

2,000

" 12

Albany, "

"

1

2.3;3,;, 2.30.^, 2.30.

Brown Dick

400

Oct. 3

Springfield, Mass. .
Hartford, Conn. . . .

"

1

2.391, 2.32," 2.32.

Lancet to saddle. . .

1,000

" 10

"

1

2.34i, 2.29, 2.25, 2.28.

Lancet "

1858

June 16
" 22

Chestnut Hill, Pa. .
PhU.,Pa

>i

1

1

2.29, 2.31, 2.35.
2.31, 2.37^, 2.29|.

Lancet

1,000
1,000

July 1

Baltimore, Md

'>

1

2.30, 2.29, 2.33.

"

1,200

" 6

" "

"

1

2.35J, 2.31i, 2.33i.

"

1,200

Oct. 2

Detroit, Mich

"

1

2.31i, 2.34.

Prince

300

" 13
" 15
" 27

Chicago, 111

Kalamazoo, Mich. .
Sandusky, Ohio. . . .

;;

1
1
1

2.30^, 2..S8, 2.42.
2.33, 2.29.
2.41, 2.37.A, 2.35.

Ike Cook

1,300
600

Prince

600

Nov. 4

Adrian, Mich

"

1

2.30, 2.28," 2.28.

Reindeer

1,000

" 25

St. Louis, Mo

"

1

2.34,2.35. Won first
heat; dis. for foul.

27

u n n

"

2

5.1U, 5.17^.

"

1,000

Dec. 2

" "

1

2.31i, 2.31i, 2.30f,
2.32i, 2.36-i.

"

1,000

1859

May 31

PashionCoursejL.l

wagon...

1

2.25, 2.27i, 2.27i.

Ethan Allen

2,000

June 17

Eclipse " 1'^

3

7.54, 7.59i.

Princess— match. . .

5,000

" 23

harness..

2

5.02,5.05.

Princess won.

Aug. 9
" 16

(I tt a

"

1
2

2.23.5, 2.22, 2.231.
4.50i, 5.05.

Princess

1,000

1,000

" 23

Boston, Mass

"

1

2.33, 2.26^, 2.34.

"

1,000

27

Saratoga, N. Y

"

1

2.30i, 2.88, 2.34.

"

1,500

Sept. 1

Portland, Me

"

1

2.32, 2.26i^, 2.29.

t>

1,000

" 8

Suffolk Park, Phila.

"

1

2.41,S 2.31, 2.28.

"

1,500

" 10

Baltimore, Md

"

1

2.29, 2.31, 2.22.

"

1,000

•♦ 16

Chicago, 111

"

1

2..31, 2.31, 2.26i.

"

1,000

" 23

Muscatine, Iowa . . .

"

1

Won— no time.

Ike Cook.

Oct. 7

Cincinnati, Ohio. . .

"

1

2.27J, 2.27, 2.21i.

"

1,000

" 15

Kalamazoo, Mich. .

"

1

2..32i,2.22i,2.19^ Princess&HonestAnce

2,000

" 22
" 26

" 28

Cleveland, Ohio

CuyahogaFall,Ohio

;';

1

1
1

240, 2.30i, 2.29.
2.40, 2.30i, 2.29.
2.38, 2.00, 2.^1, 2.33.

Princess

1,000

Ike Cook

1,000

1,000

Nov. 2

Buffalo, N.Y

"

1

2.28, 2.31, 2.28i.

"

1,000

5

" "

"

3

1.46, 1.47, 1.47.

Ike Cook and Belle

" 9

StKatherine, C.W.
Union Course, L. I.

n

1

2.35, 2.29, 2.27.

Saratoga

600

Ike Cook

1,000

" 21

"

1

2.28, 2.23, 2.24. G.M.Patcheu(sad.),r.oflf.

" 24

" " "

"

1

2.27,2.27^,2.26,2.29.

Ethan Allen

1,000

Dec. 1

" " "

"

1

•2.27i, 2.20*^, 2.15}.
2 28i.2.28i2.28},2.28i

"

1,000

1860

Aug. 28

Franklin Park

"

1

Geo. M. Patchen...

1,500

Sept. 15

Kalamazoo, Mich . .

"

1

2.30',, 2.25i, 2.23.

Ethan Allen

2,000

'' 24

Centreville, L. I...

"

2

4.55i, 5.00.

G.M.Patcheu,match

500

4,1 1 1

Match for $500, 3 miles, agst. Dutchman.

1st trial, 7.33?; 2d tr

. resicncd at end of

Time, 7.32.';; mare to ha\

e 3 trials. Lost.

1st m.— trotted in 2.42 ; 3d tr, 7.43}.'^

Oct. 3

Elmira, N.Y

harness. .

1

2.30, 2.3H, 2.30.

Geo. M. Patchen. . .

2,000

" 13

Syracuse, N. Y

1

2.2(Ji, 2.25i, 2.26.

" "

1,000

" 27

Geneva, "

1

2.32, 2.28, 2.29.t

" "

" 23

Rochester, "

1

2.29, 2.29, 2.28, 2.30.

" 11

1,000

" 17

Watertown,"

1

2.28, 2.26, 2.26, 2.25.

11 ii

1,000

31

Corning, "

1

2.33?, 2..31V, 2.31.t

" "

1,000

Nov. 15

Danhury, Conn

1

2.39, 2.37, 2.33.

Widow Machree . . .

1,000

June 6

Union Course, L. I.

1

2.21, 2.24, 2.2H.

G.M.Patchen, match

1,000

" 12

" " "

2

4.531, 4.57i.

" " "

July 4

Philadelphia, Pa. . .

1

2.22i, 2.21:;,2.37i.

" " "

8,000

" 10

" "

2

4.5U, 5.014.

" " "

1,000

Aug. 2

Union Course, L. I.

1

2.23.i,2.22i, 2.23,225 J.

" " "

2,500

1861

May 21

Fashion Coursc.L.I.

wagon...

1

2.32i, 2..34;,', 2.84;;.

Princess.,

500

June 13

Centreville, L. I....

harness..

1

2.24a, Q2(\, 2.28i.

Jn. Morgan, match

2,500

11

" " "

l;

2

4.5.5*, 4.,52}.

u " ' U

2,000

" 25

" " "

3

7.47, 7.48.

" "

1,000

July 15

Union Course, L. I.

1

2.22i,2.22,2.23^ Ethan Allen &rnn'g mate.
2.2U, 2.20}. Ethan Allen & mate to wag.

" 25

Fashion " "

1

1,000

Aug. 8

Union " "

1

2.21;, 2.22, 2.22i.

Sept. 5

, Fashion " "

1

2.2;j, 2.19J, 221.

Winning in eleven years ninety-three races, losing eighteen— one declared off. Netting $113,000

* The track was eierhteen feet over a mile, and it was claimed she had beaten the time, but the
judges thought differently. + Track heavy.

flora's great match. 237

In regard to the vast sums of money won by Flora, it must
be remarked that most of her trots were for matches at high
prizes ; and that the value of trotting purses has been greatly
advanced of late years.

The following account of the match against Tacony, in
which her prodigious time, 2.24|, was made, is from the columns
of the New York Herald ; and with it as a creditable Ji)iale, I
close this brief sketch of the trotting turf of America, from its
first inception to the present day.

There seems every probability that the next season will be
rich in events ; but before the cream of them shall have been
gathered, this work will, Deo volenie, be in the hands of my
readers, so that I judge it best to close the record with the close
of the bygone year.

" Union Course, L. I.

"The Best Time on Record, 2.24| in Harness. — Another
contest between those celebrated nags. Flora Temple and Tacony,
came off for a stake of $1,000. The distance was mile heats ;
Flora Temple in harness and Tacony under the saddle. The
race was won by Flora Temple in one heat, which she performed
in the unprecedented time of 2.24|, distancing Tacony. This
time is one second less than ever before made, either under the
saddle or in harness.

" Tacony, down the back stretch and to the half-mile pole,
went at a prodigious rate, evidently faster than the mare was
going — the gait must have been somewhere in the neighbor-
hood of 2.24 or less. If this had been continued without a break
up, it would have been difficult for the mare to have beaten him
in 2.24^ — the time in which the heat was performed. At the
rate at which Tacony went just previous to breaking, his rider
had not power to retain the horse on his centre of gravity. This
occurred in both instances, and both breaks were bad. It is
this power of preserving the equilibrium in the horse that con-
stitutes the skill of the rider and driver, and for which Hiram
Woodruff is so deservedly celebrated.

" The attendance was rather slim, when we consider the ce-
lebrity of the horses, owing, no doubt, to the absence of sporting
men from the city and the approaching Presidential election.

238 THE HORSE.

The weather, however, was every thing that could be asked, and
the drive out to the course was truly delightful. The trotting
track, however, was not all that could have been desired, being
rather dry and dusty to our mind, and did not conipare favorably
with its condition on some other occasioMs. Some persons, how-
ever, thought it just the thing, and they may have been right.
Time is the proper test.

" Tacony, ridden by Warren Peabody, was the first to
appear on the track, and as he jogged around, previous to the
match, he looked uncommonly well, we thought, and capable
of making as good time as on any former occasion. He is a fine
specimen of the American trotting horse, very muscular, open
gaited, and, in fact, possesses every requisite of the trotter.
His rider, as he jogged along, seemed much at ease, and very
confident of success, notwithstanding the extraordinary creature
against whom he had to contend.

" Flora shortly afterwards made her appearance in harness,
driven by her favorite driver, Hiram Woodruff", who declared
after the race that she could beat a locomotive. She looked, as
she appeared throughout the summer, extremely well, and
jogged around the track as gayly as a cricket. Her friends were
much pleased with her, and were ready to back her to any
extent, 100 to 30 being current just before the start. She is a
universal favorite, and since the days of Lady Suffolk no nag
has stood higher in the estimation of sporting men than Flora
Temple. They believe her invincible, and her race yesterday
seems to justify that belief.

" THE EACE.

" Flora Temple won the inside position, and, at the second
attempt, went off with the lead. She opened a gap of three or
four lengths on the upper turn, and went to the quarter pole in
thirty-seven seconds, with all that advantage. On the back
stretch Tacony gained on her, and was closing very rapidly on
her as they reached the half-mile pole— time 1.13. The mare
now increased her speed, and carried Tacony to a break, from
which he did not recover readily. Hiram perceiving the
distance Tacony was behind, now tried to shut him out entirely,

FLORA TEMPLE. 239

and make surety doubly sure. Tlie pace of Flora then became
truly astonishing, and she reached home from the half-mile pole
in one minute and eleisen and a half seconds^ making the entire
heat in 2.24| ! After Tacony recovered from his first break,
he made a gallant attempt to catch the mare, which resulted in
another bad break, on the home stretch, from which he could
not recover in time to save his distance. And so ended this
long remembered trot of Flora Temple and Tacony.
The following is a summary i-^- |

Tuesday, Sept. 3. Trotting match, $1,000, mile heats.
H. Woodrnflf named b. m. Flora Temple, ..... 1

W. Peabody named r. g. Tacony, ...... dist.

^Time, 2.a4J.

Flora Temple is the property of A. Welch, Chestnut Hill
Stud Farm, near Philadelphia, Pa. She has been placed in th«
stud.

FLOKA. temple's PRODUCE.

1868— Bay Ally by Rysdyk, a son of Rysdyk, Hambletonian, dam by Lexington.

1869— Bay colt by Wm. Welch, a son of Rysdyk's Hambletonian, dam by imported Trustee.

1870— Massed to .

Now in foal to imported Leamington.

EDITORIAL NOTE.

' (P. 239.) R. A. Alexander, Esq., of Woodburn Stud Farm, Spring Station,
Ky., purchased Madame Temple early in the year 1854. After she came into
Mr. Alexander's possession she had the following produce: —

1855 — ^b. G-. Forest Temple by Edwin Forrest.

1856 — b. c. Hunter Temple by Edwin Forrest.

1857— b. c. Norman Temple by Norman.

185S—

1859— b. c. Pilot Temple by Pilot, Jr.

1800— b. f. Mary Temple by Pilot, Jr.

1861— b. f. Bland Temple by Lexington.

1862-

1863—

1864— b. f. by Alexander's Abdallah.

We suppose she missed in 1858, '63 and '63, as no returns are made of the
produce. If she has had a foal since 1864 we have no returns of the fact, and
suppose that she must be barren from her age.

240

THE HORSE.

LADY THOEISTE.

Of all the horses that have won distinction on the trotting
turf, none stand higher than the big bay mare, Lady Thome.
Like the majority of horses known to fame, her career has been
an eventful one. Good blood flows in her veins ; and it is this
blood which gives to her the power of endurance. She was bred
in Kentucky ; was foaled on the farm of Levi T. Rodes, near
Lexington, Kentucky, May 9th, 1856. Her sire was Mambrino
Chief, and her dam was by Gano, a son of the celebrated racer,
American Eclipse ; second dam by a son of Sir William of Trans-
port. Mambrino Chief was by Mambrino Paymaster, a son of
Mambrino, and he by imp. Messenger. The dam of Mambrino
Chief was a mare of Messenger descent. The sire of Lady
Thome was a sire of trotters. Among others he got Brignoli
(Mambrino Prince), Kentucky Chief, Whalebone, Idol,Ericsson,
Clark Chief, Mambrino Patchem, Ashland, and Mambrunello,
and from the sire his sons and daughters inherited the power of
transmitting qualities of speed, for they are producing trotters in
great numbers. Gano, the sire of the dam of Lady Thome,
could boast of an illustrious pedigree. Got by American
Eclipse, and dam Betsy Richards, by Sir Archy, there was no
reason why he should not have been successful on the turf ; and
he was successful, being a good race-horse in that great test of
quality, four mile heats. Lady Thorne has a double cross of im-
ported Messenger in her veins, which must make her all the
more valuable to those who are Messenger crazy. One of those
crosses comes from her sire, Mambrino Chief, and the otlier from
American Eclipse, whose dam was by imp. Messenger. Her
Ladyship has two crosses of imp. Diomed blood, one through
Sir Archy, and the other through the son of Sir William of
Transport. Closely scan the pedigree, and then tell us if the
trotting turf can boast of a better bred animal, known on the

^

N

o n!:

LADY TUOUNE. 241

green ]i ills of fame, than Lady Tliorne? AVhen this now dis-
tin<^'uisliod daughter of Mainhrliio Chief was foaled, JAi: Rodes,
her breeder, christened lier Anna Leconite. Late in tlie fall or
early in the summer of 1S5S, ]\[r. Rodes sold tlie bay filly to
Mr. II. C. Dunlop, formerly of Fayette County, Ky., the price
paid being $300, and two boxes of Havana cigars, valued at $12,
thrown in to bind the bargain. A sliort time after the filly
passed into Dr. Herr's hands, of I^xington, who changed her
name to Maid of Ashland, In her three-year-old form the
Doctor purchased a one-half interest in her, which was all the
interest he ever acquired in the mare. In consequence of an in-
jury received from kicking in harness. Maid of Ashland was
not trained until the summer she was three years old. In the
fall of 1859 she started in mile races. Her first appearance was
in a three-year-old stakes, at Lexington, in which she met Ken-
tucky Chief, Mexican Chief, and one other colt. The stake
was won by Kentucky Chief, the fastest heat being 2,52. Her
second race was in a three-year-old stake at Louisville, and here
she w\as again defeated by Kentucky Chief, the bit breaking in
Maid of Ashland's mouth at the start, and causing her to be
distanced. Iler third race the same fall was a match against a
Snow-Storm horse, over the Lexington track. In this she was
successful ; she won in three straight heats, the time of each
being slow. In her four-year-old form she did no good. She
acted badly the entire season, and those who knew her then
never dreamed that she would astonish the world with marvel-
ous flights of speed. At live years old she was trained with
great patience, and did well. She trotted a trial over the Lex-
ington track in 2.27, and now her star began to rise. In the
fall, while at work on the Louisville track, she accomplished a
half mile in 1.09. She did not show in public at all this year.
As a six-year-old very little was done with her, having been run
out of the State in consequence of the war. In her seven-year-
old form she trotted two races over the Louisville Course. The
first was mile-heats, three in five, which she won in three
straight heats. The day after this race she trotted two miles
and repeat against Indiana Belle, Mountain Jack, and Belle
Chaplin, winning in two heats. In the summer of 1SG3 she
was sold to Mr. Ilelf, a gentleman living near Philadelphia, mIio
Vol. IL— 1G

2-i2 THE HOKSE.

brouglit lier east in August. Tlie bay mare was now known as
Lady Tliorue. This, in brief, is the early history of this wonder-
ful mare. Her record appended will tell the world how great
she really is.

Mr. Rodes, the breeder of the mare, writes : "The dam of
Lady Thorne evinced most remai'kable speed at a time when trot-
ting horses were not much the fashion in Kentucky, so much so
that she was well known to the few who paid any attention to
the subject, although she was never trained. Her daughter,
Lady Thorne, is a duplicate in her disposition, way of going and
form, with the exception that she is a larger animal, partaking
of her sire, Mambrino Chief, in this particular. The dam of
Lady Thorne was the mother of several colts which were, with-
out exception, very fine roadsters, and would doubtless have
made their reputation had they been trained."

In Mr. Relf 's hands Lady Thorne rapidly improved in speed,
and entered upon the high road to distinction. Trained and
driven by Dan Pfifer, she met with success the fleetest horses of
the day. Dexter alone was able to vanquish the big bay mare.
September 17, 1868, Mr. Relf sold Lady Thorne to Messrs.
Welch and McMann. Pfifer continued to drive her, and the
mare continued to improve in speed. When Dexter retired
from the Course into Mr. Bonner's stable, she became the
acknowledged Queen of the trotting turf. The 12th of May,
1870, her Ladyship again changed owners, Messrs. Welch and
McMann disposing of her to Dan Mace, who was the represen-
tative of wealthy unknown parties. The price paid for her was
$30,000. It was the intention of Mace to make an effort to
eclipse Dexter's time of 2.17;| over the Buffalo Course ; he
designed making the effort during the fall meeting of 1870, but
unfortunately a few days before the week appointed for the Fair,
the mare met with a severe accident at Kochester. While in
tlie act of being placed on board a car provided for her, the
bridge gave way and the great trotter met with a heavy fjill,
whicli brought her racing campaign to a sudden close. The
mare, however, was not permanently disabled. To learn how
brilliant has been her performances on the turf, the reader nmst
consult the summary annexed : —

LADY TIIOKNE. 243

PEDIGREE OF LADY THORNE.

Lady Thome, bay lilly, foaled May Otli, 185G ; bred by Levi
T. Rodes, Esq., near Lexington, Ky., by Mambrino Cliief.

1st dam by Gano.

2d dam by a son of Sir William of Transport.

Gano was by American Eclipse, dam Uetsey Richards by
Sir Archy.

Sir William of Transport was by Sir Archy, dam Transport
by Virginia.

In giving the pedigree of Lady Thorne some persons state
that the mare by a son of Sir William of Transport was out of a
Potomac mare, which her breeder, Mr. Rodes, whose letter we
attach, does not claim.

Lexington, Ky., Oct. 3d, 1870.
Messes. S. D. & B. G. Bkuce, N"ew York City :

Gentlemen : — In reply to your letter of Aug. 31st, making
inquiry in regard to the date of the foaling, pedigree, &c., of Lady
Thorne, I would state (from reference to my " Record Book *')
that she was foaled, my property, May 9th, 185G. She Vv'as
named by me Anna Lecomte. Sometime either late in the
summer or early in the fall of 1858, I sold the above named
animal to Mr, H, C. Dunlap, formerly of this county, for the
sum of $300 and two boxes of imported Havana cigars, valued
at $12. After she passed into Mr. D.'s hands, he changed her
name to Maid of Ashland. Subsequently Mr. D. sold her to
Dr. L. Herr, of this city, as I learned, for the sum of SoOO. I
do not know her age at the time of the purchase by Dr. Herr.
Subsequently Dr. H. sold her to Mr. Relf, a gentleman living
near Philadelphia, as I learned, for the sum of $5,000. I do not
remember her age at the time of the last sale. Lady Thorne
was sired b^^ Mambrino Chief, and out of a mare sired by Gano ;
the grandam of Lady Thorne was by a son of Sir AVilliam.
Further than this I am unable to trace her pedigree. The dam
of Lady Thorne evinced a most remarkable speed, at a time
when trotting horses were not much the fashion in Kentucky ;
so much so that she was well known to the few who paid any

244: THE HOESE.

attention to the subject ; altliongli never trained. Her daughter
Lady Thonie was a duplicate in her disposition, way of going,
color and form of her mother, with the exception that she was a
larger animal, partaking of her sire Mambrino Chief in that
particular. I may here add that the dam of Lady Thorne was
the mother of several colts which Avere, without exception, very
fine roadsters, and would doubtless have made their reputation
had they been trained.

The above statements are all facts and not guesses, and com-
prise all that I know of the celebrated trotting mare. Trusting
that they may be of service to you, I remain

Truly your friend,

Levi T. Rodes.

DESCRIPTION OF LADY THORNE.

Lady Thorne is a solid bay mare, without white, standing
sixteen and a half hands high. She has a good head and neck,
fine shoulders, well laid and inclined ; great length, immense
quarters and stifles, w^ith very prominent hips ; good broad flat
legs and sound feet. She has lost an eye accidentally, and has
an enlarged ankle behind, from her kicking propensities when
breaking. She has a long sweeping stride, goes low to the
ground, and is very reliable. Few horses can live with her
when right. She generally cuts them down after going a half
or three-quarters of a mile.

^E^^I'■oKMA^■cES of lady tiiokne.

245

PERFORMANCES OF LADY THORNE.

»: '!5

m W O

DATE.

COURSE.

W iJ o

S 0 <t
« o

DISTANCE.

TIME.

AGAINST WHAT
U0KSE8.

N

1859

Sept.19

Woodluwn, Louis-

Uar.

1, best 2 in 3

*

Kentucky Chief,

ville, Ky.

2..'50;', Olo Bull .

(di.-t.) Sweepstakes.

1863

Oct. 14

Point Breeze, Phil-
adelphia, Pa.

Wag.

Drawn.

Point Breeze 1st,
Johnny 2d, G.
W. Fitzwaters'
b.m. (dr.), Jno.
Gilchrist's b.
m. (dr.), Jno.
Turner's b. m.
(dr.), Samuel
Mc Laughlin's
b. m. (dr.)

Oct. 17

"

Sad.

1, best 3 in 5

2.51, 2.40, 2.39.

Frank, Lady
Tompkins (dr.)

$100

" 20

Har.

2.35, 2.33, 2..37k

John Gilchrist's
b. m., 3d heat,
2.38, b. g. John
Henry, s. g.
Johnny, b. ni.
Mountain Maid
(dr.)

Rattlesnake, re-

200

1864

Sept.20

UnionCourse, L. I.

.;

»

Paid forfeit.

ceived forfeit;

Belle of Hart-

ford, paid for-

feit ; Port Roy-

al, p.aid forfeit.

Oct. 21

Point Breeze Park,
Philadelphia, Pa.

"

"

2.32i, 2,24, 2.34}.

Lovett's b. g.
Shark.

500

1835 June 1

Union Course, L. I.

"

"

2.34]-,2.24i,2.321-.

Mace's b. ^^rk

1,100

Vernam, Walk-

er's b. g. Stone-

wall Jackson.

" 12

" "

"

"

2.24, 2.2Gi, 2.20;-.

Dexter, 3d heat.

2,000

" 16

Hoboken, N. J.

2.27, 2.34}, 2.27f .

Dan. Mace's Fr'k
Vernam, R.
Walker's b. ^.
StonewallJack-
son.

575

Oct. 5

Union Course, L. I.

"

"

2.28},2.27i,2.27i.

Geo. Wilkes and

1,500

1

Lady Emma.

1866

June 7

"

Won by George
Wilkes, 2.21),

2.27, 2.25.

" 14

U 11

Wag.

^*

Won l)v Geor'T'e

Wilkes, 2.27,
2.25. 2.25'.

" 6

Riverside Course,
Bostou.

Har.

"

2.29i,2.31i.2.32}.

George Wilkes.

200

July 17

Mystic Park, Bos-
ton.

Wag.

3.S9, 2.33}, 2 34.

George Wilkes
won 1st & 4th

heats,2.29.2.33}.

2,000

Sept, 8

FashionCourse,L.L

Har.

"

2.974,2.27,2.26}.

George Wilkes.

1,500

Oct. 25

Union Course, L. I.

Wag.

2.27i,2.28},2.28i.

Lady'Emma and
George Wilkes.

2,000

Nov. 1

FashionCourse,L.I.

"

2.23, 2.27, 2.23.

Lady Einma and
George Wilkes.

2,000

1867

May 23

" "

Har.

"

Distanced bv

Dexter, 2.24,

2.22.

June 4

"

Wag.

1

"

Beat by Dexter.
2.32, 2.^, 2.28.

* In September, 18.59, Lady Thome, in her third rear, made her first appearance, entered by
Dr. L. Hcrr, of Lexin";ton, Ky. On the first heat, after pnssin',' the stand, srointr at a rattling
rate, the bit parted in her tnouth, and she was stopped. The lillv is described at that period as
an ill-tempered hussy, rigged in kicking straps heavy enough to hold a three-vear-old

246

THE HOESE.
PEEFOEMAJSrCES OP LADY TnOHWE-Contimed.

K H O

3

DATE.

COUESE.

K 0 a
0 <t ^

DISTAKCE.

TIME.

AGAINST WHAT
IIOKSES.

H

1867

June 14

Fa6luonCourse,L.I.

Har.

S miles and
repeat.

Dexter won. 1st
heat: 1st mile

1

1

2.24, 2d m. 2.£7,

total 4.51. Sd

heat: 1st mile

2.30i, 2d mile.

2.31,total5.0U.

" 29

ifc bt

Wag.

2,hest2in3

Dexter. Istheat:

lstmile2.S0.5d

mile 2.31, total

5.01. 2d heat:

lstmilc2.£3,2d

mile 2.3(3, total

5.09.

July 10

Treaton, N. J.

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

Dexter ,2. 34.2. S6f,
2.20}. Match

for gate money.

Aug. 31

Hampden Park,
Springfield.

"

"

2.302, 2.32, 2.32.

B. m. Lu(*y, 1st
heat, 2.S1.

$1,000

Sept. 6

Narraganset Park,
Providence.

2.26f,2.29I-,2.30i.

Bruno and Lucy ;
Bruno, £d heat,

2.29i.

1,0C0

" 30

FashionCourse,L.I.

2.251-, 2.24, 2.24.

Mountain Boy,
Lucy. Bruno, &

GeorgeWilkes.
Mountain Boy,
2d heat, 2.94K

1,000

Oct. 7

Union Course, L. I.

((

it

Mountain Boy,
2.26;, 2.29, 2.29.

" 22

Narraganset Park,
Providence, R I.

Wag.

2-mile heats

Istheat: Istm.
2.36.':, 2d m.
2.35," total
5.111. 2dh't:
Ist m.2.40, 2d
m. 2. 32i, to-
tal 5.12i.

2.27^, 2d.

Old Put, second
money, $250.

750

" 24

» i«

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

Lucy, 1st, 2.28,

2.26}, 2.25^. 2d

money, ^250 ;

Dan Eice and

Bruno.

Nov. 4

2d heat, dead ;
3d heat, ?.28.

Lucy(withf1rawn
alter 3d heat) ;
1st heat, 2..S0.

2,000

1868

May 22

FashionCouree,L.I.

2.21i, 2.23, 2.25.

Lucy, Gen. But-
ler,Butlcr.Geo.
Wilkes, Atlan-
ta and Jack-
son.

750

" 28

it u

Wag.

"

2.24, 2.2G, 2.25i.

Lucy, George
Wilkes, Eullcr.

750

JnnelS

Narraganset Park,
Providence, E. I.

Har.

2.25}, 2.24, 2.26.

Lucy, Kolla, Gold-
dust, Monnliiin
Boy,Rl!nc!eIsrd

1,000

" 25

Mystic Park, Med-
ford, Mass.

"

"

2.22 ^ 2.2^4^ 2.25.

Lucy and Eolla
Golddust.

1,C00

" 9

Union Course, L. I.

"

''

2.23i,2 21, 2.25J.

Mountain B(iy,2d
heat. 2.21i.

2,000

July 14

Narraganset Park,
Providence, E. I.

Wag.

"

2.27}, 2.27i, 2.30.

Mountain Boy, 3d
heat, 2.27.

1,000

" 15

"

Har.

"

2.27}, 2.27}, 2.30.

George Wilkes,
3d heat, 2.S9.

1,000

Aug. 3

Staten Island.

X mile, once
round the
track.

1.49i.

Mountain Boy,
1st heat, 1.-19},

Sept, 7

Suffolk Park, Phil-
adelphia.

"

1, best 3 in 5

2.22, 2.26, 2.29.

Mountain Boy,
Istheat, 2 ST).

1,000

" 16

Point Breeze, Phil-
adelphia.

u

Mountain Bov,
2.24}.2.94i,2.2'4.

" 30

Union Course. L. I.

"

"

2.24, 2.24}, 2.27J.

Mountain Boy.

2,000

PERF0KMA>X'E8 OF LADY TIIOKNE.
PERFORMANCES OF LADY THORyTE- Continued.

247

(/J W O

K

DATE.

COURSE.

« eJ tS

X 0 <

DISTANCE.

TIME.

AGAINST WHAT

»

■0

K P b

UOIiSE.

e

^4

Oct. 15

Narraganset Park,
Providence.

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

2.25, 2.24i, 2.25.

Lucy. 1st heat,
2.22i; 2d heat,
2.22i; George
Wilkes, Rhode

$1,C50

Island, & Geo.

Palmer.

" 29

Waverly Drivin;'
Park. N. J.

I*

ti

Mountain Poy,
2..30, 2.2?}, 2.27.

Nov. 9

FashionCourfie,L.L

"

"

2.27, 2.25, 2 25.

Luc3'.

2,000

1868

Nov.23

Union Course, L. I.

2.28i,2.27i,2.30J.

Geor;,'e Wilkes,
match declared
a drawn race ;
2.98.1.2.271.2.301

1869

May 4

FashionCourse,L.I.

"

2.26, 2.29}, 2.29}.

American Girl,
5th heat, 2..301.

2,000

" 10

>' «i

Wag.

"

2.30, 2.27, 2.29.

American Girl.

2,000

Jrmell

Eishland Park,
Newburg, N. Y.

Han

"

Mountain Boy,
2.2S}.2..33J,2.28.

" 20

Narrasranget Park,
Providence, R. I.

"

American Girl,
2.2C^.2.]9.2.20j,

GoldsmithMaid,

George Palmer,

Lucy. 2d money, 700

July 13 ' FashionCourse,L.I.

"

"

3d heat, 2.27|.

American Girl,
2.28i.2.24,\2.2.!i.

" 23 Union Course, L. I.

*'

*'

2.21f,2.20i,2.21}.

Goldsmith Maid.

2,000

Aug.So

Saratoga.

It

H

Mountain Boy,
2.27,2.24}.2.25i.

" 28

Prospect Fair
Grounds, L. I.

"

"

3.20],2.20i,2.20J-.

Goldsmith Maid,
American Girl.

2,000

Sept. 3

11 u

"

"

2.331, 2.21, 2.22i.

Mountain Bov.

2.000

" 9 , Point Breeze, Phil-

"

"

2.21|,2.19i,2.2.3i. Goldsmith Maid.

1,500

I adelphia.

American Girl.

" 18 , Prospect Park, L.L

2.22i, 2.23, 2.22.

George Palmer,
Rhode Island,
Mountain Boy.

2,100

Oct. 1 ; Mystic Park, Med-

>'

"

2.20}, 2.20i, 2.20.1 George Palmer,

2.000

i'ord, Jlass.

Goldsmith Maid.

" 8

Narraganset Parlt,
Providence, R. I.

2.191,2.181,2.21.

Goldsmith Maid,
Geo. Palmer, .3d
heat.21fi}.Amer-
ican Girt Rhode
Island.

3,500

1870

July 4

FashiouCoursc,L.I.

2.23i, 2.23, 2.241-.

George Palmer,
GeorgeWilkes,
Lucy. Ameri-
can Girl, Gold-
smith Maid.

2,500

" 23

Prospect Park, L. I.

"

2.19.\,2.20J,2.19,K

Goldsmith Maid.

5,000

Total

1

61,125

l"""i 1 1 1

She has been on the turf eleven years ; trotted 63 races ; won 51, lost 15 ; received $00,175
first money and $950 second money.

248 THE HOESE.

GOLDSMITH MAID.

(fokmerly goldsmith make.)

The history of tliis celebrated trotting mare is fertile in
eventful incidents, the more remarkable, perhaps, from the tact
that it was not until she was eight years old that she began to
develop those wonderful qualities of speed and endurance which
has since marked her career upon the turf. Goldsmith Maid is
a blood bay ; she stands 15^ hands high, and was foaled in the
spring of 1857. She was bred by John B. Decker, of Orange
County, !br. Y., and kept upon that gentlemen's farm without
grain or handling until the winter of 18G5. In February of that
year, Mr. Decker sold her to his son, Mr. John B. Decker, jun,,
for the nominal sum of $250, who, on his way home with her to
another part of the county, was induced to dispose of her to Mr.
William Tompkins, of Hampton, Orange County, for $3G0.
Wliile in this gentleman's possession she was put in harness and
driven occasionally, though not with the view of fitting her for
the turf. Her exceeding ambition made her restive under
restraint, and in her eagerness to cover the ground quickly it
was difficult to steady her into a regular gait. This difficulty to
settle her down to her work, doubtless led lier owner to a mis-
apprehension of her real worth, for we find that on the 2Gtli of
March of the same year, Mr. Tompkins parted with her, Mr.
Alden Goldsmith becoming the purchaser for the sum of Si?G50.
The latter gentleman had previously observed tlie nuire, and
entertained the idea that with proper training and a ditferent
course of treatment slie could be made a good and fast trotter,
and to him belongs the credit of first discerning and of ultimately
developing those qualities for which she is now so eminently
noted.

Mr. Goldsmith immediately took her in liand and commenced

GOLDSMITH MAID, 249

Lreaking and training her for the trotting turf. Finding her of
a naturally amiable disposition, all traditional rules were dis-
carded and a new method originated, tlie main feature of wliicli
was kind treatment. Iler high-strung nature would not brook
the lash, and her sensitive ear heeded not the boisterous denumd ;
a c:entle word kindly spoken was the talisman, the utterance of
wliich subdued her hitiicrto ungovernable temper and ever after
won her obedience. Always high mettled and ambitious, this
treatment soon made her tractable and manageable, and she be-
gan rapidly to improve in speed and in her style of going, until
her best points were finally developed.

It may not be amiss in this connection to venture the sug-
gestion that if Mr. Goldsmith's regime with Goldsmith Maid
was more generally observed in breaking and training high-
spirited horses for the turf, the result to their owners would be
much more satisfactory. The blooded horse, though usually high-
strung, possesses a certain degree of intelligence, pne of the
characteristics of which is that he will appreciate and repay a
kindness as readily as he will fret under and resent bad treat-
ment.

In the latter part of April, 1865, Goldsmith Maid was attacked
with a severe throat distemper, and in consequence was not again
harnessed until about the first of June. It was not, however,
until August of the same year that she made her first appearance
in public ; this was at the Orange County Horse Association
Fair, when she won the premium for which she contended, at
Goshen, over all competitors, in three straight heats, in 2:39 —
2:37—2:36.

During the season of 1SG6 she trotted several times, and won
all the purses she started for in public but one, w^hen she was
beaten at Copake, N. Y., by General Butler, in 2:23|, this time
being the fastest ever made by that horse in harness. These and
her subsequent performances will be found below. In November,
1868, she was sold by Mr. Goldsmith to her present o^raers,
Messrs. B. Jackman and Budd Doble, for the princely sum of
$20,000.

250 THE HOKSE.

DESCRIPTION OF GOLDSMITH MAID.

As previously remarked, Goldsmith Maid was foaled in the
spring of 1857; she is a blood hnj, 15| hands high, and is uni-
versally conceded to be the best living representative of the Ab-
dallah strain. This is a remarkable fact when it is considered
that although both sire and dam were of Abdallah stock, in
form, size, and general characteristics, she bears little or no
resemblance to the illustrious family from whence she has
sprung. In procreation nature is sometimes arbitrary in her
laws ; in the case of Goldsmith Maid this mysterious departure
from hereditary marks is most striking. Though her lower
limbs are clean and well formed, her shoulders are sloping ;
though her neck and throttle are arrowy, resembling Flora
Temple's, her head small and finely cut, and her eyes sparkle
with resolution and courage, yet there is an absence of symmetry
in her general contour, and to one unused to horses of her pecu-
liar build, her receding withers and drooping hams, though per-
haps indicating strength, are not at all suggestive of the speed
and endurance for which she is so notably famous. As an evi-
dence of what thorough training can accomplish, she still pre-
serves her good health, and at very short notice can be put in
condition for a trotting contest. After all her labors on the
turf she is now capable of as much fatigue as she ever was, and
doubtless will yet eclipse her past performances. Up to the
10th of October, 1870, she has won for her owners the large
sum of $58,600, and if she lives, with proper care, she may
double the amount.

PEDIGREE OP GOLDSMITH MAID.

Goldsmith Maid, bay filly, foaled in 1857, bred by John B.
Decker, of Orange County, 'New York, by Edsall's Ilanible-
tonian (afterwards called Alexander's Abdallali).

1st dam by Old Abdallali.

Alexander's Abdallah, formerly Edsall's Ilambletonian, pedi-
gree will be found under the head of " Thorndale," in this work.

Old Abdallah, the sire of Goldsmith Maid's dam, will be
found under the head of " Rysdyk's Ilambletonian."

PERFORMANCES OF GOLDSMITH MAID.

251

PERFORMAKCES OF GOLDSMITH MAID.

1-' •>'
S w o

•

1 2 hJ o

AGAINST WUAT

u

M
H

DATK.

COCKSE.

«9^

-^ S K

DISTANCE.

TIJEE.

UOKSE8.

18CJ

Sept. 7

Goshen Course,
Orange Co., N. Y.

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

2.39, 2.30, 2.09.

Uncle Sam.Moun-

$100

taiu Boy, and

Wild Irit-hmau.

Oct. 15

Doty Park, Pough-
keepsie, N. Y.

"

"

2..32, 2.41, 2.31.

SorrcU Bill.
Beat by General

500

Nov. 2

Copake Park, Co-
lumbia Co., N. Y.

IL

ii

Butler, 2.2:Ji,

2.2,").',, 2.27.

18GT

May 16

Middlctown N. J.

11

ii

Beat by Dexter,

2..32.'.,2.,3:3, 2.32.

June 6

Hiiihland Trotting
P'lt.Newburg,N.Y.

"

"

2.30i, 2.29, 2.24}.

Torment.

500

" 29

Watertou Kivcr
Park Asso., N. Y.

2d heat, 2.29i;
3d (dist.)

Crazv Jane, 2.20,
2.27 ; Captain
Tallraan (dist.)

Sept. 12

Goshen Fair, Or-
ange Co., N. Y.

*'

"

2.35, 2.31, 2.31i.

N e w b u r g h
Breese.

200

Oct. 23

Narraganset Park,
Providence.

2..31},2.29},2.30}.

May Queen, .3d
heat, 2.31; Con-
fidence, Col.
Maynard, Crazy
Jane, Bruno,
Old Put.

750

1868

June 4

Ponghkeepsie,N.Y.

"

"

2.28, 2.32i, 2.315.

Am. Girl, 1st h.,
2.27^;; 2d h., 2.28.

1,000

July 1

Waverly Fair
Grounds, N. J.

"

2.37J, 2.34, 2.32^J.

General Butler.

1,000

" 4

Union Course, L. I.

4th heat, 2.261;
5th heat, 2.28.

Am. Girl, 1st h.,
2.25; 2dh.,2.2G';
3d h., 2.28.

u 1-y

I.aland Park Course.

''

2d.

Lucy won in 2.28,
2.29, 2.241.

500

" 30

Buffalo Driving
Park.

2.241,2.241, 2.26^

Rhode Ii-land, 3d
h.,2.2:3; 4th h.,
2.23; Silas Rich,
Am. Girl. Clara,
and Panic.

2,000

Aug. 6

Seneca Falls

"

"

Best time, 2.29i

Mountain Maid

700

Course, N. Y.

and Clara.

" 21

Pittsfleld, Mass.

"

'^

2.38, 2.36, 2.26i.

Dan Mace's
Rhode Itland.

Sept. 1

Suffolk Park, Phila-
dvlohia.

"

"

2.26J,2.24i,2.26J.

George Wilkes &
American Girl.

1,300

» n

Highland Park,
Newburg, N. Y.

2.28, 2.26J.

George Palmer
won in 2.27|,
2.25i, 2.28'r ;
Fearnaught
(dist.) 2d money.

200

Oct. 2

Island Park, Al-
bany, N. Y.

2.26, 2.27i, 2.25.

Geo. Wilkes, 2d
money; George
Palmer, 3d mon.

1,250

" 7

Mystic Park, Bos-
ton, Mass.

2.23, 2.24i, 2.27.

Geo. Palmer, 1st
2.211; G.Wilkes,
Draco Prince.

1,500

" 30

Point Breeze, Phil.

"

"

2.221, 2.27, 2.25.

George Wilkes.

1,000

1860

May 29

Prospect Park,
Brooklyn, L. I.

"

"

Am. ^Girl, 2.2-?*,
2.2,3}, 2.21; Lucy,

Bashaw. Jr.,

Rhode Island. &

George Wilkes.

June 2

Union Course, L. I.

"

"

Sd.

Am.GirI.2.22i.2.2-3.
2.25 ; Lucv, 2d.

350

" 9

Riverside Park,
Boston, Mass.

2d.

Am. Girl, 1st (no
time named) ;
Bashaw, 3d.

" 18

Mystic Park, Med-
ford, Mass.

2.22— 2d.

Am. Girl, Ist-
2.22i, 2.^4, 2.24 ;
Georsre Palmer,
3d ; Encv, 4th.

1,500

" 25

Narrasransct Park,
Providence, R. I.

li

3d.

Am. Giri. Isr—
2.221. 2.19. 2.2tU:
LadyThorne.2tl;
George Palmer,
4th ; Xucy, 5th.

300

252

THE HOKSE.

PERFORMANCES OF GOLDSMITH MAID— Continued.

S H O

DATE.

COUKSE.

H «-! O
K 0 fe

DISTANCE.

TiaiE.

AGAINST -WHAT
HOKSES.

Ml

<<Z

?

t"

a-«

p<

1869

July 8
"16

Mystic Park, Bos.

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

2.20>2.21i,2.21i.

Lucy.

$2,000

" " "

"

"

2.234S 2.24, 2.24i.

George Palmer.

1,000

" 21

Suftblk Park, Phil.

"

"

2.22,2.23,2.30."

American Girl.

200

" 28

Union Course, L. I.

"

2d.

LadvThorne,2.21i%
2.20, 2.21-J.

Aug. 11

Bnfliilo Driving

"

u

2.193 .2.191,2.19^.

American Girl.

5,000

Park, L. 1.

" 28

Prospect Park.

2d.

LadyThorne,lst;
American Girl,
3d. £d money,

1,000

Sept. 1
" 9

Lancaster, Penn.

"

"

2.311,2.261,2.302.

American Girl.

Point Breeze, Phil.

"

"

3d.

Lady Thome, 1st

pr.—2.21f, 2.192,

2.23 'j ; Ajb. Girl,

2d money.

3d money,

2E0

" 17

Binghamton.

"

"

2.262, 2.25, 2.27}.

American Girl.

" 22

Scranton, Penn.

"

"

3.32}, 2.311, 2.32.

American Girl,2d.

Oct. 1

Mystic Park, Bos-
ton.

"

''

2d.

Lady Thorne,

2.20i 2.20}, 2.20;
Geo. Palmer, 3d;

1,000

Am. Girl, 4th.

" 8

Narraganset Park,
Providence.

u

3d.

Lady Thorne, let
pr.— 3.19j,2.18},
2.21; G. Palmer,
2d ; American
Girl, 4tli; Lucy,
5th. Sd money.

500

" 21

Herdic Park, Wil-
liamsport, Penn.

"

"

2.26},2.28},2.30},

2.29.

American Girl.

5,000

Nov.ll

Baltimore, Md.

No time re-
corded.

Beat Geo. Wilkes,
2d; Doble's Hot-
spur 3d.

1870

June 1

Prospect Park, L. I.

"

"

2.231, 2.22, 2.241.

Am. Girl, 2d; Geo.

Wilkes, 3d.

3,000

" 15

Beacon Park, Bos-
ton.

"

"

2.251, 3.24^ 2.24,

Geo. Palmer, 2d;
Am. Girl, 3d.

3,400

" 20

Mystic Park, Mass.

"

"

2.22, 2.20.}, 2.25.

Geo. Palmer, 2d ;
Am. Girl, 3d.

1,600

" 24

Narraganset Park,
Providence, E. I.

11

3.25, 2.281, 2.28i.

Am.Girl,2d; Geo.
Palmer, 3d.

3,500

July 9

Fleetwood Park,

"

"

2.212,2.222,3.312.

Geo. Palmer, 1st

3,000

Morrisania.

heat, 2.22i ; Am.

Girl, 3d.

" 22

Prospect Park, L. 1.

"

"

LadyThoi-ne,2.19},
2.20^, 2.1 9i.

Aug. 16

Buffalo Park, Buf-

"

"

2.231, 2.21, 2.20.

George Palmer.

4,000

falo, N. Y.

" 31

Narraganset Park,
Providence, R. I.

"

"

2.23J, 2.24, 2.25.

Lucy, 2d ; George
Wilkes, 3d.

3,500

Sept 10

Point Breeze Park,
Phila., Penn.

'^

"

3.25. 2.24, 2.26.

Lucy, 2d; George

Wilkes 3d.
Beat by Honest

2,000

" 15

Prospect Park Fair
Ground, L. I.

a

(I

Allen ami run-

ning mate —

2.18^,2.17', ,2.;;^.

" 23

Beacon Park Fall
Meeting, Brigh-
ton, Mass.

3.20}, 2.24, 2.201.

Am. Girl, 2(1 pr.,
$700; Mountain
Boy ,3d pr., $500.

1,500

Oct. 10

Narraganset Park,
Providence, R. I.

11.

3.23, 2.235, 2.21.

Lucy, 2d money,
$1,000; Moun-
tain Boy, 3d
money, ,^500.

George Wilkes.

2,500

" 21

Prospect Park, L. I.

Wag.

"

3.2^1J,2.25J,2.25.1.

1,000

T'l-jfnl v/lTTniTKT'R

159,600

X Ului VVlUiiliJfg''' • •

Winning in five years. Since Sept. 1805 to Oct. 10, 1870, ehe has trotted 61 races: won 83,
lost 17 ; received second and third money in 10.

DEXTEK. 253

DEXTEE.

'No brighter name adorns tlie annals of eqnine history, or en-
joys a more deserved celebrity, than that of the subject of this
sketch. In viewing this noble animal as he is brought from his
lordly quarters to sniff the morning air in his accustomed exer-
cise, the first impression is that of admiration, coupled with that
sort of distinction which one is wont to j)ay to a superior. His
symmetrical form, fine muscular development, sinewy limbs, large
flashing eye, glowing with intelligence and courage, finely cat
head, glossy, rich brown coat, and proud port, all unite in one
harmonious ensemhle, and tell of his princely origin. These
combined qualities, added to his arrow-like speed upon the turf,
tell also of the science of the breeder, and the triumph of mind
over matter. As an illustration of this fact we have only to
refer to two examples, \\z. : West Australian, as the representa-
tive type of the English racer, and Dexter as that of the Amer-
ican trotter. In the proportion that the former occupies as the
lineal descendant of the Godolphin Arabian, does Dexter bear
to the celebrated Messenger ; both of these royal progenitors
being improved types of the original Arabian and Barb.
Dexter, to-day, contrasted with his archetype in his native wilds,
exhibits a degree of perfection that excites our wonder, — we arc
amazed that human knowledge in its onward march, aided by
the lights of science, can so have improved upon nature's handi-
work in a race universally recognized as the noblest of the
animal creation. Yet in the American trotting horse, with
Dexter as the representative type, we cannot fail to see a con-
summation of the fact.

Dexter was bred by Mr. Jonas Hawkins, Orange County,
N". Y. He was foaled in 1858, is fifteen hands one inch and a
half high, color a rich, silky brown ; distinguishing marks four

254 THE HOESE.

white stockings and a blazed face. His liead, tlioiigli somewliat
large, is clean and bony ; lower jaw w^ell open at the base, leav-
ing ample room for the wind-pipe ; ears tapering and lively ;
eyes bright and prominent ; head well set on to a rather liglit
neck, which is well fitted to fine sloping shoulders ; withers high,
with great depth of brisket, and a good barrel ; back slightly
arched, with broad loin and hips, and a drooping ]-ump ; mi-
commonly long from point of the hip to the hock ; short cannon
bone. Though wide across the hips, he is still wider measured
across the stifles, where his power is most apparent ; fine arm
and thigh; his limbs are clean and sinewy and without blemish,
with long pasterns fitting into well-shaped hoofs ; mane and tail
sufiiciently long and full, and his general appearance that of a
thoroughbred.

Dexter never made his appearance on the turf until he was
six years old, when he was purchased by Mr. George Alley, for
$4:00, who subsequently sold a half-interest in him to a Mr.
Teakle of California. He made his dehit on the turf at the
Fashion Course, L. I., May 4th, 1864, for a purse of $100, mile-
heats, best three in five, when he defeated Stonewall Jackson,
Lady Collins, and Gen. Grant, in three straight heats ; time,
2.34— 2.36— 2.34|.

His first assay to wagon was on May 13th, same year, at
Union Course, L. I., when he beat Doty's bay mare for purse
and stake of $175, mile-heats, best three in five; time, 2.36^—
2.39; mare drawn after second heat. His next notable per-
formance was at Fashion Course, June 2d, 1865, when he beat
Gen. Butler in three straight heats, for purse and stake of
$2,000, mile-heats, three in five, with ease; time, 2.26| —
2.26|— 2.24^.

In his first exploit under saddle, at Fashion Course, L. I.,
June 26th, 1865, match trot for $5,000, three mile heats.
Dexter beat Stonewall Jackson in three heats, Stonewall win-
ning the first ; time, 8.02|— 8.05— 8.00|. The race was trotted
in the rain, over a very muddy track, Stonewall being the favor-
ite at two to one. It was not, however, until October 10th,
1865, that Dexter astonished the world with his wonderful
speed. On that date, at Fashion Course, L. I., he was matched
to trot a mile in 2.19, $1,000 vs. $5,000, which he won, making

DEXTER. 255

the first quarter in 0.34, half mile in 1.00^, and the mile in
2.18J. October 27, 18G5, he defeated Gen. Butler iu a match
for $2,000, two mile heats, in harness; time 5.00^ — 4.50|.
Tliis was his last performance in 18G5.

On Monday, May Ttli, 18GG, Dexter was sold at public
auction at the Fashion Course, to close the partnership be-
tween Mr. Alley and Mr. Teakle ; this being considered the
fairest way to make a division of interests. lie was purchased
by Mr. Alley for $14,000.

After winning several trots during the first part of the
season of ISGG, we find him again defeating Gen. Butlor, under
saddle at Buffalo, August ISth, same year, in mile heats, three
in five ; time 2.21|— 2.2G— 2.18.

Another fine performance of Dexter was his defeat of the
celebrated pacer Magoozler, winning first purse, $1,500, at
Pittsburgh, Pa., in October, 1866, best time 2.21|. On Nov.
2-1, 18G6, he also defeated the famous pacer Polly Ann, at
Washington, D. C. ; best time, 2.211

Dexter's first triumph over Lady Thorne, the recognized
Cjueen of the trotting turf, was at Fashion Course, L. 1., May
28th, 1867, in a match for $2,000, mile heats, three in five, in
harness, when he defeated the mare in two heats, distancing her
in the second ; time, 2.21 — 2.22. The second of the series of
matches of $2,000 each, between these two favorites, came off"
over the same course, on June 7th, same year, mile heats, three
in five, to wagon, and resulted in another victory for Dexter, he
making the best time to w^agon on record; time, 2.32 — 2.24 —
2.28.

One of Dexter's principal defeats resulted in his greatest
triumph ; this w^as on June 21st, 1867, when, for a match of
$250, going single mile in harness, against Ethan Allen and
rimning mate, he w^as beaten in three heats, on the fastest time
ever made in the w^orld, viz., 2.15 — 2.16 — 2.19. Many who
timed him on this occasion assert that he trotted a mile in 2.16.
This time, unfortunately, cannot be placed to his record, being
beaten in the match. Those who are familiar with trotting
events can readily understand the immense disadvantage any
single horse suffers in competing with another fast trotting horse
and running mate; yet, notwithstanding his defeat, his owner

256 THE HOESE.

matcliecl him for $3,000, on the 16th of July, same year, at
the Island Park Course, Albany, K. Y., against Brown George
and running mate, and won an easy victory in three straight
heats ; time, 2.221—2.20^—2.201. On Jnly 30th, same year,
at Riverside Park, Boston, Mass., he again defeated them in
three straight heats, making still better time, viz., 2.21 1 — 2.19 —
2.21|;. This performance was, np to this time, the fastest har-
ness time on record ; beating Flora Temple's best time by three- •
quarters of a second, which fact was the more remarkable be-
cause of the Piverside being a half mile track.

Dexter's greatest time, however, had not yet been fairly
tested. As many were of opinion that he had arrived at the
zenith of his power as the undisputed king of the trotting
turf, he was challenged to beat his own fastest recorded time of
2.19. The match was made for $1,Y00, and the time beaten at
Buffalo, IT. Y., when he astonished the world by trotting
the mile in 2.17^. It was then announced that Robert Bon-
ner, Esq., of the New York Ledger, had bought tliis wonder-
ful gelding, the price paid for him being $33,000, and that im-
mediately after his imiinished engagements at Chicago, he
would be withdrawn from the turf.

In August of the same year, Dexter made his last appear-
ance but one in public, at Dexter Park, Chicago, 111., when,
for a purse of $2,800, going to wagon, he beat easily Silas
Rich, Bashaw, Jr., Tackey, and General Butler, all of them in
harness, the latter being distanced in the third heat.

Dexter's last public performance on the regular turf was
at Chicago, September 7th, 1865, when he had the honor of
again defeating his old competitors. Brown George and run-
ning mate, in three straight heats; time, 2.21 — 2.22 — 2.25.
Thus ended his turf career, after engaging in fortj^-nine con-
tests, losing nine, winning forty, and realizing to liis owners
the princely sum of $67,100, exclusive of gate money. The
following is the

PEDIGREE OF DEXTER.

Dexter, brown colt, foaled in 1858, l)red l)y Mr. elonas
Hawkins, Orange County, N. Y., by Rysdyk's llambletonian.

DEXTEr's rEKI'OKMANCES.

Ja«

1st dam a maro l)y American Star.

For j)edigree of Kjsdyk's llambletonian, see memoir.

American Star was a chestnut horse, foaled 1837, bred by
Henry II. Berry, of Pompton Phiins, Morris Co., 'N. Y., by
American Star, son of Duroc.

1st dam Sally Sloucli, by Henry.

2d dam a mare, said to be a full blood Messenger.

DEXTEE'S PERFORMANCES.

i

a

DATE.

COUESE.

El tJ O

^ 9 -^

DISTANCE.

TIHE.

AGAINST WHAT
HORSES.

tH

W<"«

(^

1361

May 4

Fas!iionCour8e,L.I.

?

1, best 3 in 5

2.33, 2.36, 2.34J.

Stonewall Jack-
son. Lady Col-
lins&Gen. Grant

eioo

" 6

Union Course. L. I.

Har.

"

2.34, 2,36i, 2.37i.

Lady Collins.

173

" 13

11 11

Wag.

"

2 SO^ 2 39

Doty's bay mare.

175

" 18

FashionCour8e,L.I.

Har?

"

2!33,' 2^321-,' 2.30.

Ladv Shannon &

Shark.
Shark and Ham-

250

June 3

u u

Wag.

"

Dexter drawn

after 1st heat.

bletonian, Shark
winning; in 2. .36,
2..39^2.42. Prize

$500.

1865

June 2

" "

?

"

2.26f,2.2ol-,2.24i.

General Butler.

2,000

" 12

Union Course, L. I.

?

2.2T.

LadyThorne won
in 2.24, 2.2ul,
2.26!-. Prize,
$2,000.

" 23

FashionCourse,L.I.

Sad.

"

8.02.K 8.03, 8.09i.

Stonewall Jack-

5,000

Sept. 7
"^ 21

u

u

"

2.26'r,2.2ti,2 22i.

son,
General Butler.

2,C00

" "

Har.

"

2.25i, 2.23, 2.25.

Gen. Ijutler and

1,000

George Wilkes.

Oct. 10

?

1st quarter 0..34,
half mile 1.06.
mile 2,lSi.

Against time.

5,000

" 19

" "

Wag.

"

2.27+, 2.31, 2.29.

General Butler.

2,000

" 27

" "

Har.

2, best 3 in 5

5.00 ,s 4.56}.

General Butler.

2,000

1866

Junel5

11 n

"

1, bests in 5

2.29i,2 28,i,2.27i.

Geo. M. Patchen.

1,000

July 2

2.23, 2.27. 2.2~i,
2 '>U 2 24'-

Gen. Butler and
Com'dore Yan-
derbilt.

1,200

" 9

Suffolli P'k Course,
Piiiladelphia, Pa.

^'

"

3.201, 2.25, 2.23i.

Geo. M. Patchen.

2,000

" 19-

FasliiouCoursc,L.I.

Sad.

"

2.24i, 2.19, 2.22.

Gen. Butler and
Toronto Chief.

1,000

" 29

Syracuse, N. Y.

Har.

2 97A,2..30':.

General Butler.

\ng. 6

Avon Park, N. Y.

?

"

2.3U, 2.2i:

Geo. M. Patchen.

1.000

" 16

Buffalo, N. Y.

Har.

*^

3.27i, 2.29, 2.25.

Geo.M.Patchon &
Rolla Golddust.

4,000

" 18

Fair Grounds, Buf-
falo, N. Y.

Sad.

"

2.21 J. 2.20, 2.18.

General Butler.

" 33

Cleveland, Ohio.

Har.

"

2.321, 2.323,2.32^.

Geo. M. Patchen
and Gen. Butler.

2,000

" 29

Hamtranck Course,
Detroit, Jlich.

"

"

2.245,2.26'r,2.23*.

George M. Patch-
en, Jr.

2,000

Sept. 3

Chicaa;o Drivin<r
Park, miiiois.

"

"

2.301, 2.24i, 2.28.

George M. Patch-
en, Jr.

" 8

" "

Sad.

"

3..33i.

*

* General Butler defeated Dexter, who won the first heat, and was withdrawn after the
third, being out of condition, 2d and third heats, 2 27, 2.261. Butler won the prise of §1,000.

Vol. XL— 17

258

THE HOESE.
DEXTER'S PERFORMANCES— Con«7iwd.

W '^

1

m H O
H i-I O

AGAINST WHAT

H

DATE.

COURSE.

DISTANCE.

TIME.

HORSE.

l«

B-§

1

P.

Sept.l5

Cold Spring Course,
Milwaukee, Wis.

Har.

2.24i. 2.22i. 2.29.

Geo. M. Patchen.

Premium, ^ of

gate money.
Patchen s best

time, 2.29.

" 22

Adrian, Michigan.

"

1, best 3 in 5 2.32, 2.27^, 2.31^.

Geo.M. Patchen,

$2,000

" 28

Toledo Driving
Park, Ohio.

a

"

2..32, 2.22i, 2.31.

No race or purse.

Oct. 5

Kalamazoo Park,
Ohio.

"

"

2.27, 2.21f,2.21i-.

No race or purse.
2d prize, $200.

1,000

" 21

Pittsburg, Pa.

2.22^,2215,2.232,
2.32.

Magoozlcr (pa-
cer) and George
M. Patchen, 3d.

1,500

Nov. 14

Baltimore, 3Id.

"

"

2.31, 2.21^, 2.23 i!.

Silas Rich and
Geo.M.Patchen.

2,500

" 17

" "

Sad.

2.24}.

Against his own
best time, but

did not equal

his 2.18.

" 20

Washington, D. C.

Har.

"

2.30, 2.21J, 2.27J.

Silas Rich.

1,500

" 24

fcb (k

u

2.86i,2.2U,2.27i.

Silas Rich & Pol-

ly Ann (pacer).

1867

May 16

Middletown, N.Y.

"

"

2..32\, 2.33, 2.32.

Lady Abdallah.

8,000

"28

Pa8hionCourse,L.I.

" ,

"

2.34," 2.22.

LadyThorne(dis.)

2,000

June 7

" "

Wag.

"

2.. 32, 2.24, 2.28.

Lady Thorne.

2,000

" 14

" "

Har.

2-mile heats

4.51, 5.01i.

Lady Thorne.

2,000

" 81

" "

1, best 3 in 5

Ethan Allen and
running mate.

Beat Dexter in

2.15, 2.16, 2.19.

Prize $250.

" 29

11 11

Wag.

2-mile heats

5.01, 5.09.

Lady Thorne.

2,000

July 4

Morristown, N. J.

Har.

1, best Sin G

Ethan Allen and
running mate
(Charlotte T.)
defeated Dexter
in2.20.2.20},2.20.
Prize, $2,500.

" 10

Trenton, N. J.

2.34, 2.261, 2.20J-

Lady Thorne.
Premium, gate
money.

" 16

Island Park Course,
Albany, N. Y.

"

u

2.34,2.20i,2.20i.

Brown George &
running mate.

3,000

" 26

Washington Park,
Providence, R. I.

*'

'^

2.20^,2.22.1,2 22}.

Brown George &
running mate.

2,500

" 30

Riverside Park,
Boston, Maes.

"

*'

2.212,2.19,2 21}.

Brown George &
running mate.

3,0C0

Aug. 14

Buflfalo, N. Y.

u

''

2.20J, 2.17}.

Match against his
own time.

1,700

" 23

Hamilton, Canada
WesL

"

"

2.27, 2.22, 2.35.

Bolly Lewis (un-
der saddle).

Sept. 5

Dexter Park, Chi-
cago.

Wag.

2.31^,2.28?, 2.30}.

Silas Rich, 2d
prize, «800 ; Ba-
shaw, Jr., cd
pr.,?:500; Lack-
ey and General
Butler.

1,500

" T

u

Har.

"

2.24, 2.22, 2.25.

Brown George &
running mate.

2,000

Nettinor

'

^67,100

1 1

Winning in three years 40 trots, losing 9.

eysdyk's iiambletonian. 259

RYSDYK^S HAMBLETOJ^IAlvr.

This celebrated son of Abdallali, and the sire of hundreds
of the best trotting horses in the United States, was foaled on
the 5th of May, 1849, at Sugar Loaf, near Chester, Orange Co.,
N. y., on the farm of Mr, Jonas Seely, Jr. When five weeks
old, Mr. "Wm. M. E-ysdjk purchased him and his dam for §125.
Hambletonian is a bright bay, Avith black legs, the black ex-
tending almost to the fetlocks, and running up above the knees
and hocks, white socks behind, and a white star on forehead.
The following from " The Turf, Field and Farm" of February
12th, 1869, is the best description of this valuable horse that has
ever been published. " His coat is the brightest of bays and
glistens like the sheen of satin. Legs without a blemish, swell-
ing with muscular power, and shining like bars of polished
steel ; feet sound, and pasterns springy ; hocks clean, as if
chiseled out of marble by a sculptor ; quarters broad, denoting
immense power ; an Abdallali head ; ears like a thoroughbred ;
neck full and crested ; eyes large and clear, their expression
bold and intelligent ; high withers and loins that bring the
shoulders and quarters compactly together ; his whole appear-
ance expressive of courage, power and activity, and as little like
the portraits painted of him as a water-spaniel is like a bull dog."
He has not a full mane, the bulk of the hair, through the
neglect of a groom, having dropt out many years ago. Though
over twenty-one years old he is full of life and activity, and as
vigorous a getter of foals as a five-year-old stallion. Were it
not for a slight hollow in the back, caused by his frequent
animal service in the stud, he would be taken for a well used
horse of nine years of age. He enjoys robust health, and
though high mettled to a degree, is still playful, and often en-
joys a frolic with his groom.

260 THE HOESE.

Although all of his colts show trotting action, and the ma-
jority of them develop wonderful speed, Ilambletonian was
never trained ; consequently he is without a record upon the
turf. When he was three years old he had been harnessed but
four times. At this age he was speeded around the Union
Course, L. I., the first time he had ever seen a track, and was
timed 2.48^. He was afraid of the fence and frequently shied,
which circumstance prevented his driver from pushing him to
the top of his speed. Being sent early to the stud, and his colts
all turning out promising, Mr. Rysdyk determined to keep him
from the race track so as not to impair his valuable services as
a stallion. When but two years old he was bred to four
mares, three of which produced colts, and two out of the -three
lived totrot their mile in 2.30; one of these, the celebrated
Abdallah stallion, v/as purchased by Mr. Alexander, and for
many years was the pride of the extensive stables of Woodburn
Farm.

When three years old Ilambletonian covered seventeen
mares, thirteen of whom produced foals. From that time for-
ward he became entirely devoted to the harem, and is now re-
garded as the progenitor of the best trotting horses in the world.
^o horse has done so much to improve trotting stock, or pro-
duced anything like the number of valuable animals. It is
estimated that he has covered over seventeen hundred mares,
and is known to have been the sire of twelve hundred and forty,
netting to his owner nearly $200,000. Many of these have be-
come among the most celebrated horses in the world — Dexter,
George Wilkes, Bruno, Brunette, Major Winfield, Yolunteer,
Alexander's AbdaUah, etc., being of the number.

PEDIGREE OF RTSDYK'S HAMBLETONIAN.

Ilambletonian, bay colt, foaled in 1849, bred by Jonas Seely,
of Sugar Loaf, Orange County, K. Y., by Old Abdallali.
1st dam the Charles Kent mare, by imp. Bellfounder,
2d dam One Eye, by Ilambletonian.
3d dam Silvertail, by imp. Messenger.

eysdyk's dambletonian. 261

OLD ABDALLAII.

Abdallali, bay colt, foaled in 1820, bred l)y John Treadwell,
of Jamaica, L. I., was by Manibrino.

1st dam Amazonia, by imp. Messenger.

Manibrino, the sire of AbdaUab, was by imp. Messenger ;
dam by imp. Som- Crout, — imp. V/liirligig. Old Slamerkin, by
imp. Wildair, etc., etc.

We tbink it extremely doubtful al)out Amazonia being by
imp. Messenger. By reference to this volume, on pages 135 and
136, the Treadwell mare (which we suppose and have every
right to think is Amazonia) trotted, in 1824, a mile in 2.34, but
her sire and dam are not given. In " Tlie Sporting Magazine "
for 1840, page 140, will be found the following : —

" John W. Hunt, Esq., of Lexington, Ky., has recently pur-
chased two very fine trotting stallions, selected in this vicinity
expressly for him by the editor of this magazine. One of them,
Abdallah, was bred by John Treadwell, Esq., of Jamaica, L. I.,
and foaled in 1826. He was got by the celebrated Manibrino
(the son of imp. Messenger), out of Mr. T.'s equally celebrated
mare Amazonia, who for ten years or more had no superior on
the road. Abdallah is a beautiful bay without white, fifteen
hands three inches high. He was slightly trained at four years
old, and was considered the fastest horse on Long Island. ISTo
purses being offered at the time for trotting, Mr. T. put him into
the breeding stud, where he has proved himself a sure foal get-
ter, and won the highest reputation. With the exception of
Andrew Jackson, for whom $5,000 has been refused, Abdallah
is the finest limbed and most blood-like trotting stallion we ever
saw. For one of his get — Lady Blanche — $2,000 has been re-
fused. The other horse. Commodore, was bred by Colonel Benj.
Albertson, of North Hempstead, Queens County, Long Island,
and foaled in 1828. He was also got by Manibrino, his dam by
True American (a son of Yolunteer, who was got by imported
Messenger), grandam by Tom Bogus, imported by General Bur-
goyne, of the British army. Commodore is believed to have
more strains of the blood of old Messenger in his veins than any

262 THE HORSE.

liorse remaining on Long Island. He is a rich blood bay, witli no
other white than a pretty star, and over sixteen hands high, of
immense substance and power. He is a horse of noble presence,
and unusually fine action. His stock is held in high estimation
by the breeders of Long Island, where everything in relation to
himself and his get is well known."

We cannot believe that a gentleman so well informed as the
late AY. T. Porter, w^ould have made such a mistake as to state
that Commodore had more of the Messenger blood in his veins
than any horse on Long Island, when he had purchased both
horses. Amazonia was celebrated, and it seems reasonable from
her celebrity that if she was by imported Messenger the fact
would have been stated, and Abdallah been credited with this
more than desirable Messenger cross, and not Commodore. The
truth of the matter is, the sire of Amazonia is unknown, and
cannot be clearly given or proven.

JN'othing is known of the pedigree of imported Bellfounder,
who was imported by Mr. James Boot, of Boston, in 1823.

YOUNG MORRILL. 20J

YOU^G MOEEILL.

Young Morrill was bred by Mr. Smith, of Cabot, Vermont,
and foaled in 1848. His color is a rich brown ; he is a noble
looking stallion; stands 15^ hands; has astonishing muscular
development, giving him great speed and power, and added to
these qualities are endm-ance and fine action. He has an ex-
cellent disposition, high courage, and in his veins runs the blood
of Messenger, Morgan, and Henry. His combination of some of
the most eminent streams renders him peculiarly fitted for the
stud, as the getter of trotting stock, in which capacity the greater
part of his life has been devoted.

The first public recognition of the claims of Young Morrill
dates as early as 1853, at which time he was exhibited at the
Vermont State Fair, held at Montpelier, where he took the first
premium. His great beauty, grace, and muscular development
subsequently won for him first premiums and medals at Rutland,
Vermont, and at the National Horse Exhibition at Boston,
Mass., in 1855 ; at the New Hampshire State Fair in 1860 ; the
National Horse Fair at Hartford, Conn., and at the Agricultural
Fair at Springfield, Mass., in 1863.

As a sire, liis progeny is extensive, numbering among them
some of the finest trotting stock in the country ; of these four
may be mentioned, which alone stamps him as a remarkable sire
of getters, viz., the stallions Hiram Woodrufl", Draco, Velox, and
(as the owner claims) the Eoyal Fearnaught, the latter being con-
sidered the fastest trotting stallion of his age in the United
States, having beaten all competitors for the $10,000 purse at
Buffalo, N. Y., in 1868. Young Morrill possesses the remark-
able faculty of transmitting his peculiar build and beauty of
form to his horse colts, and through this rare quality as a stal-
lion, his services have been in general demand in the New Eng-
land States, where he is most known as the sire of gentlemen's

2G4 THE nORSE.

roadsters. It is claimed, and with some justice, that no stock in
New England compares with the Morrills for this class of horses ;
at the same time it is to be regretted that in making geldings of
them for this purpose, and for the family carriage, the trotting
turf is robbed of some of the best of Young Morrill's progeny.

The first record of this horse's performances on the turf is at
Saugus, Mass., in the spring of 1861, where, on a heavy track,
he beat Flyaway in 2.34:|-. In the summer of the same
year his best time was made on the Providence, R. I., track,
when he trotted under saddle in 2.28|^. In 1862 he Avas engaged
in one trot, after making a season in Philadelphia, at Williams-
port, Pa., where he beat Greyhound, in harness, in 2.35. After
this he was confined to the stud until 1865, in which year he
was allowed a short trotting season, when he was permanently
withdrawn from the turf, and again installed as the king of the
harem. During this short season, as will be seen from the fol-
lowing record of his performances, he won seven purses, making
his best time in harness at Riverside, Brighton, Mass., on June
23d, when, in a match with Blackstone Belle, he beat her in three
consecutive heats, in 2.33, 2.31 — 2.33. Young Morrill could
well afford to retire upon these laurels, having been the winner
of every purse he trotted for. After his retirement from the
turf, his late successes made him popular, and generally sought
after as a stallion. He still preserves his reputation in the stud,
and yields his owner a handsome annual income. Young Morrill
is now the property of S. R. Perkins. Hartford, Conn.

PEDIGREE OF YOUNG MORRILL.

Young Morrill, brown colt, foaled in 1848, the property of
Mr. Smith, of Cabot, Vt., by Old Morrill. 1st dam by Locke
Goss horse; 2d dam by Young Morgan Bulrush.

Old Morrill was by the Jennison horse ; he by One Eye ; he
by Bulrush ; and he by Justin Morgan.

The Locke Gosse horse was by Old Sherman Morgan ; he by
Justin Morgan.

Young Morgan Bulrush, the sire of Young Morrill's grandam,
was the sire of the Jennison horse.

PERFOItMAXCEB OF YOUNG MOKRILL.

265

PERFORilANCES OF YOUNG MORRILL.

1

SSgl

i

DATE.

COURSE.

« a j;

DISTANCE.

TIME.

AGAINST WHAT
DORSES.

1361

May 20

Franklin Course,
N. Chelsea, Mass.

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

2.37,2.34J, 2.37i.

Flyaway.

$1,000

1863

Sept. 9

Hartford Trottlnpr
Park, Coun.

Trial
of

1 mile.

2.34.

Sue Rogers 2d,
S25; Honei^t

f-pced

Abe. Premium. 50

1865

May 15

Suffolk Park, Phil-
adelphia, Pa.

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

2.33J, 2.33J, 2.33.

Goodwin's s. s.
Star, c. 8. Andy
Johnson.

« 26

Hartford Park,
Hartford, Conn.

Sad.

"

2.38J-,2.35^2.32.J.

IMartin'sg.s.Ajas

150

June 2

Hartford Course,

Har.

"

2.40, 2.33.

J. Martin's g. b.
Aja>: (dr.) For

Hartford, Couu.

gate money.

" 23

Riverside Park,
Boston, Mass.

2.33, 2.31, 2.33.

Bl. m. Blakiston
Belle, 1st heat
2..34.

Sorrel Dan.

1,000

July 4

Hartford P'rk, Conn

"

»

2..351, 2.3.5, 2..3.3.

Purse

1st half of 1st

heat, 1.13J.

" 13

Saratoga, N. Y.

2.325, 2.35, 2.33a.

Harry Clav, 1st
heat 2.;iJi : An-
dy Johnson,
dr.; Man's Mt.
Vernon, dr. ;
Ethan AUen.dr.

1,250

Aug. 4

Riverside Park,
Boston, Mass.

2.-33, 2.33}, 2.40.

Blackstone Belle,
1st heat 2.30,
4th heat 2.43;
Sorrel Dan.

1,000

" 24

Hampden Park,
Springfleld,Mase.

Total winnintjs. . .

Paid forfeit.

Harry Clay, re-
ceived forfeit.

4,450

266 THE nOESE.

MAJOE WII^FIELD,

(now EDWAKD EVERETT.)

This celebrated stallion was bred by Major Adam Lilbum,
foaled May 10th, 1855, on the farm of James W. Morrison,
'New Windsor Bay, Orange county, JS". Y. Major Winfield is
a rich golden bay, 15| hands high. Although the annexed
engraving presents a faithful portraiture of this noble animal in
repose, it would be difficult for any artist to properly delineate
the lofty carriage, general expression, and blood-like appearance
he displays while in action.

The pedigree of Major "Winfield, as far as it is traced, is
undoubted. (See pedigree below.) His dam may be incidentally
mentioned in this connection as the daugliter of imported
Margrave. She was a beautiful chestnut sorrel, brought to
New York by a Mr. Smith, and sold to Mr. Columbus Balf ;
subsequently purchased by Major Lilburn, who bred her to
Rysdyk's Hambletonian, by the advice of his friend, Hon. C.
H. Winfield, from whom his name is derived. He was a prom-
ising colt from his birth, and soon evinced unmistakable
indications of his future. When he was one year old he was
taken to Rockland county, N^. Y., where he remained until he
was three years old, when he was again sent to Orange county
and placed in the liands of Francis Dickerson, of Crawford,
wliere he made a season in the stud, turning out a few very
promising colts, one of which developed considerable speed.
He was exhibited the same fall at the Orange County Fair, and
received first premium. He remained a second season at Craw-
ford with Mr. Dickerson, during which time he sired several fine
colts, c)f which Mountain Boy, Sutton Green colt, Dunderberg,
Booth mare, and the Eddy mare, are of the number. Later in

MAJOR vVINFIELD. 267

the fall of the same year he was exhibited at Goshen, Orange
County, N, Y,, wiierc he was speeded and received hrrit
premium, at which time he received an injury which unfitted
him for the stud or for training purposes for two years. In 18G3
he served a few mares, and got the Bogart colt (now Joe Elliott),
purchased by Eobert Bonner, Esq., for $10,000.

In 186J: he w^as taken back to Orange County, where he was
allowed to cover a few mares, and where he got the Bull colt,
sold subsequently to Mr. Humphrey for $20,000, and the Barker
colt ; the former one of the fastest 5-year-old colts in America;
also a fine colt of A. B. Conger, Esq., and held by that gentle-
man at a very high figure.

In 18G5 he served a limited number of mares, and got the
Ferguson mare, very fast ; also the Hill colt, Schafier colt, and
Dickson colt. In 1866, '7, '8, and '9, he is the sire of colts which
are promising in appearance, but have to be matured.

On the 8th of November, 1869, he was sold to Mr. John B.
Ayres and Mr. David Bonner (for Eobert Bonner, Esq., of the
New York Ledger) for the sum of $20,000, the object of the
purchaser being to use him as a stock horse, and not for the
turf.

As a stock horse, Major Winfield is second to no horse in
the United States, and though exhibiting a decided turn for
speed, has never been placed npon the turf. He is a well-
developed horse for his inches, powerfully built, and possesses
great endurance; hence his particular qualifications for the
stud. His dam was a racer, as well as a trotter, no distance
appearing to be too great for her ; she was also a very sagacious
animal, remarkably intelligent, and, before her death, became
the theme of many interesting anecdotes. Her son, Major
Winfield, in many respects bears a great resemblance to her.

Though appropriated entirely to the stud, Major Winfield
possesses in an eminent degree those peculiar qualifications
which invariably fit a horse for the trotting turf. The only
difliculty with his owners has been, whether to train him for,
and place him exclusively on the turf, or confine his ser\-ices to
the harem. Tlie choice determined upon has been a wise one ;
his worth as a sire of trotters is too valuable to withdraw him

268 THE HOKSE.

from the stud, hence the turf is deprived of so distinguished a
representative.

PEDIGREE OF MAJOR WINFIELD.

Major Winfield (afterwards Edward Everett) is by Kysdj'k's
Hamhletonian. 1st dam Fanny by imp. Margrave ; 2d dam by
Trumpator ; 3d dam by Lindsay's Arabian ; 4th dam by imp.
Oscar ; 5th dam by imp. Vampire ; 6th dam CoL Braxton's
Kitty Fisher by Cade ; Yth dam by CuUen's Arabian ; 8th dam
the famous mare Bald Charlotte.

The above pedigree is given upon the certificate of CoL
Philo. C. Bush.

ERICSSON.

2G9

EEICSSOK

Eeicsson, a bay colt, bred by Mr. Enoch E. Lewis, of
Clark county, Kentucky, and foaled the spring of 185G. lie
was by Mambrino Chief; 1st dam Mrs. Caudle.

For pedigree of Mambrino Chief, see Thornesdale's pedigree.
Mrs. Caudle was a Kew York bred mare, celebrated as a road-
ster and ftimous breeder, said to be sired by a horse of Messen-
ger blood who stood in Dutchess county, ^. Y.

DESCRIPTION OF EEICSSOX.

Ericsson is a dark mahogany bay, standing 10} hands high.
lie has rather a heavy coarse head, with full bright eyes. His
head is well set on a good stout neck running into fine shoul-
ders, excellent barrel, great length and powerful hips and
quarters. His limbs are large and well set under him, and his
style is lofty and grand.

Ericsson's performances.

Ericsson made his debut to the trotting world at four years
old, beating Kentucky Chief and Albion over the Lexington
Course, Kentucky, at mile heats, on the 27th of May, 1860,
with only seven days' training, in 2.42^.

Lexington, Ky., Saturday. OctoTjer 13th, 1860— Match for §200, mile heats, best three in five.
Enoch Lewis' b. c. Morgan Chief (now Ericsson) by Mambrino Chief, clam Mrs. Caudle,

4 years old, to wagon Ill

E. M. Todhuutcr's b. c. Idol, by Mambrino Chief, to harness 3 2 3

Time, 2.49—2.41—2.38;.

In a private trial, made a few days before this race, Ericsson
trotted in 2.26 to a wagon.

Louisville, Ky., October 28, 1860— Purse !?200, for four-year-olds and under, milo heats, best

three in five, in harness.
Enoch Lewis' b. c Morgan Cliicf (now Evicssou) by Mambrino Chief, dam Mrs. Candle.

4 years old 2 111

A. H. Brand's br. c. Kentucky Chief, 4 years old, hy Mambrino Chief, dam by Woodford 12 2 2
Time, 2.30i-2.34i-2..30i -2.-32.

270 THE HOKSE.

We extract from the old " Spirit of the Times" tlie follow-
ing description of the race :

For this race there were two entries, both stallions' colts, the
get of Mambriuo Chief, viz., Morgan Chief and Kentucky Chief.
The former was the favorite at 3 and 4 to 1, before the start.
The latter had numerous friends, although he was complaining
in one or both of his fore legs. Time was marked as low as
2.35. Morgan Chief was four years old last spring, while Ken-
tucky Chief will not be four until the 25tli day of next month
(I^ovember). He and Brignoli are by the same horse out of
full sisters. But to the race. After three efforts they got off
for the

First Heat. — Went well together around the turn, when
Morgan broke, and Kentucky took the lead and passed the
quarter in 39 seconds, the half mile 1.16, and won the heat
without a struggle in 2.39|. But for a bad break he made at
the half mile, he would have passed Morgan, who made two
bad breaks in the back-stretch — they both being bad breakers,
but Kentucky the worse of the two.

Second Heat. — Kentucky w^ent off very slow, while Peabody,
with Morgan, came to the score " boiling," took the track before
they got to the turn, and led past the quarter in 37i, two
lengths in front of Kentucky Chief; here the latter put on
steam, and trotted splendidly up the back-stretch in 3G| seconds,
caught the " big one" in a break, but could not get by ; they
passed the half mile in I.IT ; on the upper turn Kentucky broke,
and lost three or four lengths ; went to work again and caught
the " big one" one hundred yards from home, and looked every
inch a winner at the gate, wdien he broke ; just then Morgan
Chief broke, but caught first, and won the heat in 2.3-i|. After
the heat both looked well.

TJiird Heat. — They went off well together, and very fast.
Morgan went in front on the first turn (when Kentucky broke) ;
went to the quarter in 38 seconds, the half in I.IT-^, and won
the heat by two lengths, in 2.30^. As before Kentucky Chief
broke at the distance when catching Morgan.

Fourth Heat. — They got off at the tap of the drum ; IVforgan
led to the quarter in 39 seconds, passed rlie half mile two

ERICSSON. 271

lengths in front in 1.16^. After passing the half mile Morgan
broke, and Kentucky caught him, but did not get the track ;
Morgan led into the home-stretch a length, down the stretch they
both trotted splendidly; Kentucky closed the gap, but broke
inside the distance as before, Morgan winning the heat and race
by less than a length, in 2.32. Thus closed the best four-year-
old race on record.

This closed Morgan Chief's trotting career, and he was sold
by Mr. Enoch R. Lewis to the Hon. K. C. Barker, of Detroit,
Michigan, for $6,000. After his removal to Michigan he had
an attack of pneumonia, which left him with injured wind. He
has been standing in Michigan until the past two seasons, Avhen
he returned to Kentucky, where he is so highly thought of that
he has covered his full limit of mares each season. He covered
some mares before his removal from Kentucky, and the few
that have been trained promise extremely high. In 18G8 a
live-old mare by him trotted in Kentucky in 2.36, and his son
Lumber, the property of J. Ward Macey, they claim can show
thirty. We should have stated that Mr. Barker changed his
name from Morgan Chief to Ericsson after he purchased him.

Clark Chief, the sire of IS^icotine, Mr. Thome's fine four-year-
old colt that won the Hiram Woodruff stakes at Fleetwood
Park, Sept. 13th, 1870, beating three others in 2.40^-2.36f, is
nearly a full brother in blood to Ericsson, both by Mambrino
Cliief, Clark Chief being out of a daughter of Mrs. Caudle the
dam of Ericsson.

His colts have fine size and temper, and good trotting action,
and we have no doubt but they wiU place their sire's claims
amongst the first class as a getter of trotting stock.

272 THE HORSE.

BASHAW, JU]S"IOE.

This famous trotting stallion, one of the best, if not the best,
representative of the Bashaw strain, is a dark chestnut, 15| hands
liigh, and weighs 1050 lbs. His form is symmetrical, neck and
crest large, head well cut, fine throttle, and an eye sparkling with
courage and ambition. His performances up to the present time
have been the best of any horse west of the Alleghany moun-
tains at one and two miles, and there are but few horses in any
locality that have beaten his best time. He trotted at Detroit,
Michigan, in 2.24|; at Clinton, Iowa, in 2.21 ; at Rock Island,
Illinois, on a half-mile track, three heats, in 2.27 ; he defeated
Silas Rich over a very slow track at Chicago, in 5.011, gnd has
also made several broken heats in the Eastern States low down
in the twenties.*

There is little doubt that when in training and in good con-
dition he would now be a fit competitor for the fleetest trotters
in the countr3^ As a stallion he is in every respect unexception-
able, having sired a number of winning horses, and several colts
that promise in time to rank with the flyers. A slight accident
received some time since, while training, has temporarily unfitted
him for the labors of the turf. This he has, however, entirely
recovered from, and his owner is anxious to match him against
any stallion in the country at one or two miles. So great is Mr.
A. F. Fawsett's pride in this animal, that he pronounces hiiu
" the best trotting stallion in the United States." The following
is his full pedigree :

Bashaw Jimior was foaled in 1860 ; he was got by Green's
Bashaw ; dam by Young Green, Mountain Morgan, son of Ilale's
Green Mountain ; gd. a brown Morgan mare taken West by

* Sinco writincT the a1)ovc, Bashaw, Jr., was entcrc;! in a trot at the Maryland State Fair,
Pemlico Fair Groundp, on Sept. 2Tth, 18T0, when he beat Patchai), Jr., and White Mountaiti
easily in three straight heats, in 2.40-2.23—2.341.

;llr.

BASHAW, JUNIOR,

Silas Hale in 1853, along with Young Green Mountain, and sold
to Jos. A, Green, of Muscatine, Iowa ; bred by S. L. Fobs of
Muscatine; owned by Messrs. Piatt and Starr, Tipton, Iowa.

Green's Bashaw, bl. h., foaled in 1855, was got by Yernol's
Black Hawk (formerly Drake's Black Hawk), dam Belle, by
Webber's Tom Thumb.

Vernol's Black Hawk, foaled in 18I-, was got by Long Island
Black Hawk, dam by Kentucky Whip.

Long Island Black Hawk, foaled in 1837, was got by Andrew
Jackson, son of Young Bashaw ; dam Sally Miller, by Mambrino.

Young Bashaw, foaled in 182-, was got by Grand Bashaw
(Arabian) ; dam Pearl, by First Consul.

Grand Bashaw (Arabian), foaled in 1816, and imported from
Tripoli, in 1820, by Joseph 0. Morgan. He stood near Phila-
delphia, and many of our fastest trotters have descended fi'om
him. Died at Kewtown, Pa., 1845.

Vol. II.~18

274 THE HOESE.

THOEI^EDALE.

Thoenedale, bay colt, foaled in May, 18G5, bred by Dr. J. E.
Adams, near Georgetown, Ky., purchased by Col. S. D. Bruce
for Mr. Edwin Thorne, of Thornedale, Dutchess County, IST. Y.,
in 1868, by Alexander's Abdallah (formerly Edsall's Hamble-
tonian,

1st dam by Mambrino Chief; 2d dam by a son of Potomac ;
3d dam by Saxe Weimar.

Thornedale's dam is a bay mare, foaled in 1860. She was
never trained, and we add her produce as far as known.

HEK PEODUCE.

1865— b. c. Thornedale hy Alexander's Abdallah.

1866-

1867—

1868— ch. c. by a eon of Bald Chief, a son of Mambrino Chief.

1869—

1870— br. f. by Abnont.

Alexander's Abdallah (better known in JSTew York as Ed-
sall's Hambletonian) was a bay horse, foaled 1853, by Eysdyk's
Hambletonian.

1st dam by Bay Roman, he by imp. Eoman, out of the
Pinckney mare by Old Hickory.

2d dam by Mambrino, he by Old Mambrino, and he by imp.
Messenger.

Alexander's Abdallah was taken to Kentucky by a Mr. Love,
and he- made a season or two near Cynthiana, Ky., as Love's
Abdallah, when he was purchased by the late R. Aitchison
Alexander, Spring Station, Ky, Abdallah sired many good
horses in Kentucky, such as Thornedale, Belmont, Almont, St.
Elmo, and many others. The Abdallah cross is held in the
highest esteem in Kentucky, but the most noted and far-famed
of his get is the celebrated trotter Goldsmith Maid. Abdallah

TIIOENEDALE. 275

died from the effects of injuries received in a f^nerilla raid niiulc
upon AVoodbiirn Stud Farm in the summer of 1S()4, a <r:Ycsit loss
to his owner, and a still greater loss to the breeding public.

Mambrino Chief, beautiful rich brown, foaled in 1845, by
Mambrino Paymaster, he by Mambrino, and he by imp. Messen-
ger, dam said to be of Messenger blood. Mamljrino Chief was
purchased by Mr. Edwin Thorne, of Thomedale, for Hon. James
B. Clay, and taken to Kentucky in 1854. He made seasons as
the property of Mr. Clay until 1857, Avhen he v/as purchased by
Messrs. Gray & Jones, of Woodford Co., Ky., for $5,020, and re-
mained in their possession until his death in July, 18G1. Mambrino
Chief was a stallion of fine trotting action, which he imparted to
a majority of his stock. From his seasons in Kentucky we have
Lady Thorne, the Queen of the Trotting Turf, Ericsson, Clark
Chief, Brignoli, Kentucky Chief, Bald Chief, Mambrino Pilot,
and a host of others. We append a letter from G. T. Williams
addressed to Edwin Thorne, Esq., to whom we are indebted for
a copy.

PouGHKEEPSiE, DuTCHESs Cc, N. Y., lotli June, 1866.

" Edwin Thoene, Esq. — Sir : — In reply to 3^our inquiries in
relation to the stallion Mambrino Chief, I will give you, in as
few words as I can, all the facts connected with him before he
Avent to Kentucky.

"He was foaled in the summer of 1845, the property of
Richard Eldridge, of Mabbettsville. lie sold him as a three-
year-old to Warren Williams. In the spring of 1851, Williams
having died, his eifiscts were sold at public sale, and I became
the purchaser of the Chief. In the autumn of 1852 I sold a
half interest in him to Mr. James M. Cockcroft, from whom you
purchased him for Mr. Clay, in the winter of 1854. Before
going to Kentucky he had no chance in the stud, as he never
covered over thirty mares any one season, and they were the
common farm mares of the country, without any pretence to
speed or breeding. His colts w^ere more than ordinary travelers,
not over size, like many of his Kentucky get. Some were
speedy ; could trot in three minutes or better. I never knew of
any of them being put in train. He never was in the hands of
a trainer. He was a natural trotter. All the work he ever had
w^as the little Mr. Cockcroft gave him in the autumns of '52 and

2T6 THE HORSE.

'53. The first time he was ever on a track, Seymour Tomlinson
rode him under the saddle, a full mile on the \Yashington Hol-
low track, in 2.30, and then drove him to harness in 2.40. I
held the watch. The only other time I knew of his being timed
a full mile — Mr. Cockcroft rarely speeded him that distance —
Gil Gary caught his time, unknown to Mr. G., in 2.32. I timed
him his quarters several times in 37 seconds, and I think he
C3uld have trotted his mile at that rate the season before he went
to Kentucky. NoiJiing is 'known of the hreediiKj of his dam.
She was a strong made, dark brown or black mare, about 15|-
hands high, with a great deal of nerve, and more than ordinary
speed^characteristics that belonged to the Messengers ; hence she
was called, like many others, a Messenger mare. She had sev-
eral colts, two besides the Gliief, by Mambrino Paymaster ; they
were both trotters, one, Goliah, a bay, plump 16^ hands high,
could trot better than 2.40. Her colts by other stallions never
developed any speed that I ever heard of,

' ' The above is all that is reliably known about Mambrino
Chief, prior to February, 1854, when he went to Kentucky.

" Hoping soon to have the pleasure of seeing you and your"

fine stock,

" I am, very respectfully, yours,

"G. T. Williams,"

DESCRIPTION OF THORNEDALE.

Thornedale is a solid bay, with two white ankles behind,
standing fifteen and a half hands high. He is a grand young
stallion, and impresses every one that sees him with his immense
power. His head is rather heavy and Roman in outline, with
good shoulders, immense length, stout back and loitis, with
greater length from the point of the hip to the whirlbone and
thence to the hock, than any trotting stallion that we are ac-
quainted witli. Ho stands on good broad flat legs, sound feet,
has superb action, with great speed, combined with immense
power. He has grown and thickened much since we knew him
as a three-year-old. He is quite popular in Dutchess County,
covering forty mares — his limit — the past season, and promises
to be the trotting sire of Dutchess County.

TUOUNEDALK. 2'J'J

THORNEDALE S PERFOUMANCES.

Lexington, Ky., Wednesday, July I'jth, 180S— Swecpntake for thrcc-yoar-oldp, $50 entrance,

l)lay or pay. Mile hcatn, best three in five (0 eubscriberH).
Charles II. Buford's b. c. Thornedale, by Alexander's Abdallah, dam by Mambriuo

Chief Ill

Popper & Reamer's b. g. Bismarck 222

W. M. Yates' bl. c. Curtis, by American Clay, dam a Messongcr mare . . . dis.

T. J. Macey's br. f. Duchess, by Iron Duke, dam thoroughbred mare— pedigree lost

during the war dig.

Thomas Britton's r. c. Wilkius Dudley, by Kentucky Clay, dam by Blood's Black

Hawk die.

Time— 2:49.1— 2:50— 2:551.

A correspondent of " The Turf, Field, and Farm " tlins de-
scribes the race : — " The day was intensely hot, the attendance
quite large, and the betting quite brisk upon the diiferent favor-
ites. The race is easily described ; the bay colt, by Abdallali,
taking the lead in each heat and winning at his ease. We re-
gard him as the most promising young horse we have seen in
the West."

This is the only trotting performance of Thornedale. He
took the first premium at Providence, E,. I., in Class 3, stallions
three years old and under five, beating ten others. He took
the second premium at the recent JS'ew York State Fair at
Utica.

Thornedale covered three mares when a two-year-old, and
Mr. Thorne has purchased one of the two foals, the produce of
this S3ason. The colt has been named Wild Oats, and from
what we can leai-n he promises very highly. This colt took the
first premium at the recent fair at Lexington, in his own class,
and afterwards took the premium in the sweepstake ring for all
ages. We were struck, upon a recent visit to Mr. Thome's
estate, how remarkably both Thornedale and Hamlet marked
and colored their colts after themselves. Mr. Thorne has gone
largely into breeding trotters, selecting his sires and mares with
reference to the fashionable cross of Messenger. He is attempt-
ing to recur to the Messenger blood through Hamlet, by Yolun-
teer, a son of Rysdyk's Hambletonian, and Thornedale, by
Alexander's Abdallah (formerly Edsall's Hambletonian), dam
by Mambrino Chief, the latter giving a double cross of this blood
through Alexander's Abdallah and Mambrino Chief.

2 78

THE HOKSE,

PEKFORMANCES OF ETHAK ALLEN— (/See pp. 105 ana 215).

|SǤ

B Hi O

AGAINST WHAT

»

H

DATE.

COUBSE.

)?; 0 <)

K R &

DISTANCE.

TIME.

HORSES.

A

U a. W

g

1857

Oct. 20

Boston, Mass.

Har.

1-mile heat.

.3d (dr.)

Veto, let; Young
St. Lawrence,

2d.

$1,000

1858

Oct. 13

2.37, 2.35, 2..D3.

Columbus, Jr.,
2d; Hiram
Drew, 3d.

" 28

Union Course, L. I.
Wagons weigh-
ing 100 lbs.

Wags.

(t

1st time, 2.28.

Geo. M. Patchen,

(dist.)

2,000

Nov.17

Union Course, L. I.

D'ble
har.

K

2.29}.

Lantern and Pic-
col()mini,2ddi8.

5,000

1859

May 18

FashionCourse,L.I.

Wag.

"

2.27}, 2.40, 2.35.

Lantern & mate.
Flora Temple —

2.25, 2.27}, 2.27}

10,000

—prize, $2,000.

jSrov.24

Union Course, L. I.

ifc

a

Flora Temple—

2.27, 2.27}, 2.26

—prize, $1,000.

Dec. 1

Baltimore, Md.

"

"

Flora Temple —
2.27},2.20},2.23}

—prize, $1,000.

1380

MaylG

Union Course, L. I.

Har.

'^

Geo. M. Patchen—
2.25, 2.24, 2.29—

prize, !S2,000.

" 23

Wag.

2d.

Geo. M. Patchen—
2.27}, 2.26, 2.31—
prize, $1,000.

July 12

u n

Har.

1, best 3 in 5

2.29% 2.25}.

Princess (aist.)

500

"26

Saratoga, N. Y.

"

"

2..33't,2.29},2.29L

Brown Dick, 2d.

1,500

Sept.l5

Kalamazoo, Mich.

2d.

Flora Temple—
2.30}, 2.25 ,s 2.23
—prize, $1,000.

500

Oct. 2

St. Louis, Mo.

2..30}, 2.33, 2.34.

Draco, 2d prize,
$100 ; Fox, Hec-
tor (pacer sad.)

500

" 13

Memphis, Tenn.

"

"

2.361, 2 33^ 2 41,

Draco, 2d ; Put-
nam, 3d.

1,000

1861

Mar. 8

Creole Cour9e,New
Orleans, La.

Go .IS

tliey

"

2d heat, 2.34.

Emma— 2.32,2.36,
2.35 — $2,000 ;
01adiator,Rein-

please

deer.

July 15

Union Course, L. I.
Ethan Allen and
mate.

Wag.

2.22}, 2.22, 2.23].

Flora Temple.

1,000

" 25

PashionCourse,L.I.

Wag.

"

2d heat, 2.21};

Flora Temple

Ethan Allan and

3d heat (dist.)

(har.); 1st heat,

running mate.

2.20}; pr. $1,000.

Au'^. 8

Union Co., L.I., r.m.

"

"

2.24'!, 2.22, 2.22{.

Flora Temple.

200

Sept. 5

Fashion " r.m.

"

"

2.23,' 2.19:;', 2.21.'

Flora Temple.

500

Oct. 22

Franklin Course,
N. Chelsea, Mass.

Har.

2.34, 2.31.i, 2.28.

Brown Dick, 2d,
$200.

1,000

" 25

Ik lb

"

"

2.29}, 2.29, 2.31.

John Morgan, 3d
heat, 2.28.

1,000

1863

Sept.lO

FashionCourse,L.I.

George Wilkes,
prize, $10,000;
2.2t'', 2.25-'. 2.31.

1863

June 3

Franklin Course,
N. Chelsea, Mass.

"

"

2..33, 2.31, 2..30.

Pilot, 1st heat,
2..3'J}.

250

" 27

FashiouCourse,L.L

Wag.

"

2d.

Henry Clav, 1st

1

prize, .$1,000;

2.31, 2.32;, 2.34.

Aug. 3

Riverside Park,
Brighton, Mass.

Har.

2d.

Emijre-s, Islpr.,
$2,000; 2.34},
2.3U, 2.45-;.

" 26

Walford Race
Course, Mass.

"

1, best 2 in 3

2d.

Empress, 1st —
2.41, 2.41.

" 29

Lowell Trotting

u

"

2d.

Empr(!ss,lst pr.,

$500; 2,30-;;, 2.34.

Park, Lowell,

Mass. 1

PERFORMANCES OF ETHAN ALLEN.

270

PERFORMANCES OF ETHAN ALLEN— Continued.

Sept. 0

18G7 May 29

June 21

July 4

Aug. 16

20
Sept. 27

Worcester, Mass.

Fashion Course,L.I

Fashion Course.L.I
Etlmn Allen and
runuiui,' mate
(Charkjtto F.)
Morristown, N. J.
Ethan Allen and
runnini:; mate.
(Charlotte F.)
National Horse
Fair, Rochester,
N. Y.
Ethan Allen and
running mate.
Buifalo Horse Pair,
Buffalo, N. Y.
Ethan Allen and
running mate.

Avon, N. Y.

Ethan AUen and

running mate.

Somerville, N. J.

Ethan Allen and

running mate.

Har.

Wag.
Har

Was

1, best 3 in 5

Ist heat, 2.38;
4th heat, dist.

2.29, 2.21, 2.19.
2.15, 2.10, 2.19.

2.22i, 2.20K 2.20.

2.26i, 2.28^', 2.21.

(Distanced).

2.32i», 2.24, 2.20f .

2d heat, 2.19i;
3d heat, 2.24^.

AOATNST WHAT
UOBSES.

Nettings $37,700

Fearnaught, Ist
prize, i^l.'JO; Ti-
conic, 2d prize,
$100.

Brown George &
running mate.

Dexter, 2d— 2.16.

Dexter.

Honest Allen and
mate.

Honest Allen and
running mate
prize, $2,.S00
1st heat, 2.28.',
3d heat, 2.27
4th heat, 2.27j;
Brown George
and running
mate, 2d prize,
$1,000; 2d heat,
2.231 .

Honest Allen and
running mate.

Honest Allen and
running mate ;
Ist heat, 2.24i.

$1,000
250

3,.?00

2,000

2,000
3,000

In ten years, trotting tliirty-six races, won 20, lost 15 ; received second money once.

PEDIGREE

OF T R 0 T T I N G-H 0 R S E S.

It was my hope that I should be able to give my readers
the complete and authentic pedigrees of several distinguished
trotting-horses, which are believed to be nearly if not entirely
thoroughbred. For although thorough blood is not a necessary
cause of excellence to the trotter, as it is to the race-horse, there
can be no doubt that both for speed and endurance it is an ad-
junct highly desirable.

This is rendered manifest by the known high and pure blood,
on both sides, of many of the most celebrated horses which have
ever trotted on American soil, and, if possible, yet more so by
the attempts constantly made by the owners of trotting-horses
not thoroughbred, to prove .them to be what they are not.

A few, however, and those the very best, are known to be of
the highest strain.

Paul Pry was got by Mount Holly, dam by Hambletonian.

Abdallah and Messenger, trotting stallions, by Mambrino,
also a trotter, by Messenger.

Andrew Jackson, whose pedigree is given above in full, was
got by Toung Bashaw, a thoroughbred son of the Barb Grand
Bashaw, out of a grand-daughter of Messenger.

Kemble Jackson was got by Andrew Jackson out of Fanny
Kemble, sister to Charles Kemble, by Sir Arcliy, &c., &c., per-
fectly thoroughbred of the highest strain.

Long Island Black Hawk was by Andrew Jackson, out of
Sally Miller, a famous trotting-mare, who was got by Mainbrino,
a thoroughbred son of imp. Messenger.

Young, or Yernol's Black Hawk, is by Black Hawk, his dam
by Kentucky Whip, a son of Blackburn's Whip, his great grand
dam on the female side, the famous trotting Shakespere mare.

TROTTING HORSES. 281

Lady Suffolk was by Eni^ineer, said to bo tlioroni^hbred and
a son of Engineer by imp. Messenger — ber dam by Pkito, also a
son of imp. Messenger, grandam by Rainbow.

Awful was by tliorouglibred American Boy, I believe, out
of a tliorouglibred mare. "

Trustee was by imported Trustee out of tbe trotting mare
Fanny Pullen, believed to be of good blood,

Pocabontas is by tlioroughbred Iron's Cadmus, out of an, at
least, balf-bred Sbakespere mare.

And, lastly, the Morgans claim to be descended frcm thorough
blood, although the claim cannot be proved.

PEDIGREE OF THE MORGANS.*

I have just ascertained a fact, which deserves to be recorded
here, as it absolutely sets at rest the question of True Briton's
parentage by the imported horse, Moreton's Traveller.

Traveller was foaled by Bay Bloody Buttocks to Mr. Croft's
Partner, in one of the years 1745-'6, or '7. The American Stud
Book says ahout 1748 ; but in 1748 she missed to Croft's Part-
ner, and, in 1749, bore her last colt to Forester.

Selah ]N^orton's advertisement of 1791, in the Hartford Cou-
rant, states that True Briton was then in his prime.

This is never said of a horse exceeding, at the utmost, twelve
years old.

Kow, if True Briton were twelve years old in 1791, and the
son of Moreton's Traveller foaled in 1747, that horse must have
been thirty-two years old when he got him, which is absurd.

Or, if Moreton's Traveller got him in his twenty-second year,
the oldest at which a stallion is ever recorded to have got a per-
fect foal, True Briton, his son, was in his prime at twenty-two^
which is absurd.f

Ergo^ True Briton was not son of Moreton's Traveller. —
Q. E. D.

* I may here state that I have fallen into an error on page 150 of this vol., in
describing Mambrino, by American Eclipse out of Grand Duchess, as the sire of the
trottiug-mare Betsey Baker. Her sire was the trotting-horse Mambrino, son of Mes-
senger.

\ Imported Diomed, Messenger, Leviathan, Glencoe, Yorkshire and American
Eclipse, all got colts after they were 25 years old. American Eclipse after he
was thirty. — Ed.

282

THE HORSE,

BEST TIME ON RECORD

TROTTING AT MILE HEATS.

SADDLE, HAKNESS,

DATE.

NAME.

OK WAGON.

TIME.

1830

Burster,

Saddle,

3.33.

1833

Sally Miller,

"

2.37i\-, 2.37, 2.40, 3.43, 3.44.

1834

Edwin Forrest,

'•■

3.3U, 3,38.

"

Edwin Forrest,

"

3.37, 3.36, 2.39, 2.40.

"

Charlotte Temple,

"

3.39, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40.

1836

Dutchman,

"

8.36, 3.35, 2.33, 3.33, 2.40.

"

Norman Leslie,

"

2.38, 2.3Q}r, 2.38, 2.39, 2.38.

1837

Locomotive,

"

3.38, 3.36, 2.37.

1839

Dutchman,

Harness,

2.35, 2.32, 2.35.

1841

Brooklyn Maid,

Saddle,

3.43, 3.41, 2.40, 2.40L 3.40, 3.38.

"

Confidence,

Harness,

3.35, 3.37, 3.36.

1848

Lady Suffolk,

Saddle,

3.30i 2.42K 3.28.

((

Lady Suffolk,

"

3.39, 3.30, 3.38*.

"

Lady Suffolk,

"

3 38,V, 3.38, 3.28, 3 39, 2.32.

"

Lady Suffolk,

"

2.26.V, 2.27, 2.37.

"

Ripton,

Harness,

2.331 3.311, 2.33, 3.38, 3.35.

1844

Lady Suffolk,

<i

2.38, 2.38i, 2.34, 2.37.

"

Lady Suffolk,

Saddle,

2.44, 2.26i.

1845

Aggy Down,

"

2,37, 2.2dl-, 2.30, 3.S0, 3.31.

1843

Grey Eagle,

"

3.38, 3.83.1,, 2.83.

"

Lady Suffolk,

"

3 34, 3.341, 3.34^ 3.35, 2.381.

1817

Gen. Taylor,

"

2.27, 2.27, 2.28, 2.30, 2,31.

1848

Lady Sutton,

Harness,

2 88, 2.33, 2.35, 2.37, 2.38, 3.36.

1849

Lady Suffolk,

"

3.39^, 3.31, 2.30, 2.31i, 3.32, 2.31, 3.8&

18.j0

Morphine,

"

2.34. 2.33L. 3.32.

1851

Jack Rossiter,

"

2.39, 2.36, 2.30, 2.84.

1852

Tacony,

Saddle,

3.38, 3.29, 2.26.

1858

Flora Temple,

Harness,

2.33*, 2.27, 2.28. V.

"

Tacony,

Saddle,

2.25*, 2.25*.

"

Tacony,

Harness,

2.28, 2 27, 2.29.

1854

Flora Temple,

"

2.3li, 2.32, 2.33.

"

Grey Eddy,

<i

3.38i, 2.30.1, 2 321

1855

Lady ]\lac,

Saddle,

2.27i 2.81i, 2.28i, 2.29, 2.31.

1856

Flora Temple,

Harness,

2 241.

1866

Dexter,

"

2.21-^, 2.26, 2.18.

"

George Wilkes,

Wagon,

2.20. 3.27, 2.25.

1807

Dexter,

Harness,

2.201, 2.171-.

"

Dexter,

"

2.21i 3.19, 3.311.

"

Dexter,

Wagon,

3.33, 3.34. 2.38.

1868

Lady Thome,

'•"

2.24, 2.26, 2.25i.

1889

American Girl,

Harness,

2.22K 2.19, 2.20i.

tt

Goldsmith Maid,

"

2.19], 2.191, 2.19J.

",

Lady Thome,

"

2.19], 2.18.1, 2.19i,2.21.

Blackwood, 3-yr-old

231, fastest for that age.

TEOTTING TIME.

283

TROTTING AT TWO-MILE HEATS.

SADDLE, HARNESS,

DATE.

NAME.

OR WAGON.

TIME.

1831

Topgallant,

Saddle,

5.27, 5.10, 5.23.

1835

Modesty,

"

5.25, 5.19, 5.21.

1830

Don Juan,

"

5.17. 5.14.

1837

D. I). Tompkins,

"

5.10.',, 5.11.

1838

Edwin Fori est.

Harness,

5.17, 5.13, 5.17.

"

Rattler,

Saddle,

5.17, 5.13^-.

"

Rattler,

"

5.29, 5.17, 5.40.

"

Greenwich Maid,

Harness,

5.20, 5.22.

"

Awtnl,

Saddle,

5.28, 5.2H-.

1839

Dutchman,

"

5.10, 5.09.

"

Dutchman,

Harness,

5.11,5.10.

"

Don Juan,

Saddle,

5.17, 5.14.

"

Ilenrv,

Harness,

5.20, 5.28.

1840

Lady* Suffolk,
Edwin Forrest,

Saddle,

4.59, 5.03^.
5.05, 5.00"

"

Washinp^ton,

Harness,

5.181 , 5.17, 5.26.

1841

Lady Suffolk,

Saddle,

5.05.

**

Confidence,
Duchess,

Harness,

5.10.^ 5.1Gi, 5.10, 5.18,
5.18, 5.20.

5.25.

1843

Lady Suffolk,

Ripton,

Ripton,

Ripton,

Americus,

Confidence,

u

5.10, 5.15.
5.10.V, 5.12A.
5.07, 5.15. '
5.07, 5 15, 5.17.
5.14, 5.20.
5.14.V, 5.27, 5.37.

1843

Dutchman,
Ril)ton,

::

5.19, 5.20, 5.22, 5.39.
5.13, 5.12, 5.17.

1853"

Flora Temple,

"

4.59, 5.01i.

1855

Flora Temple,

"

4.59, 4.57, 5.21i.

1859

Flora Temple,

"

4.50.1, 5.05.

1803

General Butler,f

"Wagon,

4.561, 5.04.

1865

Dexter,

5.001, A.oG\.

* No time of any consequence at two-mile heats during the ten years from 1&43 to 1853.
t General Butler came in first, but the race was given to Geo. M. Patchen for a cross oq
the home stretch.

TROTTING AT THREE-MILE HEATS.

SADDLE, HARNESS,

NAME.

OK WAGON.

TIME.

About 1837

Screwdriver, b. g. \

Saddle,
Harness,

8.02, 8.10.
8.18, 8 38.

1828

Sir Peter,

"

8.32, 8.19.

1829

Topgallant,

Saddle,

8.23, S.06, 8.17.

About "

Whalebone,

Harness,

8.18.

"

Shakespeare,

Saddle,

8.10.

"

B?tsev Baker,

"

816.

"

Sir Peter,

Harness,

8.17, R.13.

1831

Cato,

"

8.03, 8.18.

284

THE HOKSE.

TROTTING AT THREE-MILE HEATS.

SADDLE, HARNESS,

DATE.

OR WAGON.

1831

Lady Victory,

Harness,

8.11.

1832

Screwdriver, cli. g.,

"

8.18, 8.38.

1833

Columbus,

Saddle,

7.571, 7.54, 8.01.

1834

Columbus,
Columbus,

«

8.02, 8.05.
7.58, 8.07.

1836

Lady Warrington,

"

8 05, 8.17, 8.19.

1837

D. D. Tompkins,

"

7 59, 8.09. ■

1833

Dutchman,

Rattler,

D. D. Tompkins,

„

7.54i, 7 50, 8.02, 8.24i.

8.11," 8.17.

8.07.

1839

Dutchman,

"

7.32;^. Second mile in

3.38.

«

Dutchman,

Harness,

7.41.

1840

Dutchman,

Saddle,

7.51, 7.51.

1841

Lady Suffolk,

"

7.40i, 7.56.

"

Aaron Burr,

Harness,

8.02J, 8.03, 8.08, 8.16.

1842

Ripton,
Ripton,

"

8.00, 7.53k
8.03, 8.04.

1843

Ripton,

"

7.53, 8.03.

1845

Americus,
Lady Suffolk,

<«

8.00, 8.05^.
8.02, 8.07i, 8.17.

1853

Kemble Jackson,
Pet,

Wagon,

8.03, 8.04|.
8.03, 8.01.

1860

Flora Temple,

Harness,

7.33!, 7.431

1883

General Butler,

7.34

TROTTING AT FOUR-MILE HEATS.*

SADDLE, HARNESS,

DATE.

NAME.

OB ■WAGON.

TIME.

1829

Sir Peter,

Harness,

11.23, 11.27.

1836

Dutchman,

Saddle,

11.19, 10.51.

1839

Lady Suffolk,

"

11.22, 11.34

1840

Lady Suffolk,

"

11.15, 11.58.

1842

Ellen Thompson,

"

11.55, 11.33.

1849

Trustee,

Harness,

11.00.

1869

Longfellow,

Wagon,

10.42i, 10,34^.

* Of lato years there has been no trotting at two, three, and four-mile heats, when the
time has sui-passcd that of previous years. We have, therefore, refrained from notinc; it

t So given by the California papers. This trot came ofl" at San Francisco, Cal., Decem-
ber 31, 1869.

TKOTTING AND PACING.

285

PACING.

DATE.

NAME.

SADDLE, HARNESS,
OB WAGON.

DISTANCE.

TIME.

1829

Bowery Boy,

Saddle,

2 miles,

5.04^, 5.07^.

"

Stranger,

"

2 "

5.10,' 5.16.

1835

Top Sawyer,

"

1 "

2.31.

"

Oneida Chief,

"

1 "

2.34, 2.33, 2.31.

1838

Oneida Chief,

"

2 "

5.14, 5.09.^.

1839

Drover,

"

1 "

2.30, 2.31, 2.38.

1840

Oneida Chief,

Harness,

o "

8.17, 8.20i.

1841

Volcano,

Saddle,

1 "

2.39, 2.3U, 2.34i, 2.38i

"

Billy,

"

1 "

2.32.

"

Oneida Chief,

Harness,

3 "

7.50, 8.04.

1843

Oneida Chief,

Saddle,

3 "

7.44, 7.52.

1844

James K. Polk,

Harness,

1 "

2.23.

1845

James K. Polk,

"

1 "

2.27.

1847

Roanoke,

Saddle,

1 "

2.25, 2.27, 2.26, 2.2U.

1849

Dan Miller,

Harness,

1 "

2.24, 2.27, 2.271. 0.23.

1850

Roanoke,

Saddle,

1 «

2.26, 2.88, 2.26.

1851

Tecumseh,

Harness,

1 "

2.21.

1852

Roanoke,

"

1 "

2.19.V,2.18i,2.27,2.27,2.45.

1854

Pocahontas,

"

1 "

2.20,'2.25,'2.20.

1855

Hero,

"

1 "

2.28i, 2.23J, 2.255, 2.31.

"

Pocahontas,

Wajron,

1 "

2.17i.

1868

Billy Boyce,

Saddle,

1 "

2.3li, 2.15L 2.UI 2.20i.

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES OF EXTRAORDINARY PERFORMANCES

AMERICAN TROTTERS.

Topgallant trotted in harness, 12 miles in 38 minutes,

A roan mare, called Yankee Sal, trotted in a match against
time, 15^ miles in 48 minutes 43 sec.

Lady Kate trotted 16 miles in 56m, 13s,

In September, 1829, Tom Thumb was driven, in England,
16^ miles in 56m. 45s.; and in February, of the same year,
trotted 100 miles in lOh. 7m., in harness.

In 1831, Jerry performed 17 miles in 58m,, under the saddle.

In 1831, Chancellor trotted 33 miles in Ih, 58m. 31s. The
last mile, to save a bet, was done in 3m, 7s.

Pelham did 16 miles in 5Sm. 2Ss., without training.

Paul Pry, in 1833, accomplislied 18 miles in 58m. 52s.

In 1831, Whalebone did 32 miles in Ih. 55m.

In 1839, Empress trotted 33 miles in Ih. 58m. 55s.

In 1835, Black Joke did 50 miles in 3h. 57s.

Mischief, in 1837, accomplished about 84| miles in 8h. 30m.,
in harness.

A pair of horses, in 1828, did 100 miles in llh. 54m.

Mr. Theall's horses, in June, 1834, did 100 miles within lOh.

In 1841, Fanny Jenks did 10 miles in 29m. 59s.

In 1845, Fanny Jenks trotted 101 miles, in harness, in 9h.
42m. 57s. See Turf Register for 1845.

In 1846, Fanny Murray did 100 miles in 9h. 41m, 26s., and
Ariel 50 miles in 3h. 55m. 40^-s.

Sir "William, in 1847, at Manchester, England, did 18.} miles
in 1 h.

AMERICAN TUOTTKKS. "^^^

184^8. Trustee lias done 20 miles witliin tlie lionr— 50m. 35|s.

Lady Fulton lias done 20 miles witl\in tlie hour — 50m. 55s.

In iSiO, Fly did 00 miles in 8h. 15m., including 2 hours'
stoppage. (Doubtful.)

In 1850, Kate did 100 miles in Oh. 44m. .^s.

Five miles, in harness, Morrissey, Detroit Horse Fair, August
26, 1868, 13m. lis.

Five miles, to wagon, Ameriens, in 18-H, on Long Island,
13m. 54s.

Ten miles, in harness, John Stewart, Riverside, half-mile
track, June 30, 1868, 28m. 02,] s.

Ten ]niles, in harness, IS'ovember 12, 1853, Prince, 28m. 08|s.

Twelve miles, in harness, Philadelphia, Topgallant, 38m.

Twenty miles, in harness. Captain McGowan, half-mile
track, 58m. 25s.

Twenty miles, to wagon, John Stewart, Fashion Course,
September 22, 1868, 59m. 23s.

Fifty miles, to wagon, driver and wagon weighing 400 lbs.,
October 15, 1855, Spangle, 3h. 50m. 04s.'

One hundred miles, in harness, I^ovember 12, 1853, Con-
queror, 8h. 55m. 53s.

One hundred miles, in double harness. Master Burk and
Robin, lOh. 17h. 22s.

A CLEVELAND BAT STALLION.
Imported from the Emperor of France's stables, by W. C. Rives, Esq., of Va.

PRmCIPLES OF BEEEDING.

The following essay on the principles of breeding, on in-
breeding, and out-breeding, selection of blood, and choice of
mares and stallions, is quoted from an excellent English work,
Stonehenge on British Rural Sports.

This has been done, not for the purpose of avoiding trouble
or sparing time, but because I conceive the principles laid
down to be correct throughout, the reasoning logical and co-
gent, the examples well-taken, and the deductions from them
such as can scarcely be denied.

The examples of this writer, it will be seen, are all taken
from English horses. Tliat will, however, be found no drawback
or disadvantage, but rather the reverse ; as the whole system
depends on the power of tracing the blood of the sire and dam,
without interruption or error, directly to the original sources,
which can, thanks to the existence of regularly preserved stud
Vol. II.— 19

290

THE HOESE.

books be done to a certainty in ninety-nine cases out of a hun-
dred in England, whereas with us, after a few generations, the
Kne is too often lost, left in doubt or dependent on mere rumor,
owing to the absence of authentic records. The method which
Stonehenge suggests can readily, however, be carried out here,
after becoming, through his argument and examples, master of
the system; since, although the individual pedigrees of many,
if not most of our horses, are lost before we get to a very re-
mote antiquity, the original strains, from which our very best
blood is derived, through Sir Arcliy, Fearnought, Janus, Jolly
Roger, and Moreton's Traveller, beside others, are perfectly
well known.

So that it is easy, in selecting stallions from among the mod-
ern importations, to go upon whichever system may strike the
fancy, that of in or of out-breeding.

I think, myself, that it is made clear by recent events, and
that such is shown to be the case by the tables of racing stock,
given at the close of the first volume, that previous to the last
quarter of a century, the American Turfman was probably
breeding in too much to the old Yirginia and South Carolina
ante-revolutionary stock, and that the American race-horse has
been improved by the recent cross of modern English blood.
It is also well worthy of remark, that every one of the four
most successful of modern English stallions in this country,
which have most decidedly hit with our old stock Leviathan,
Sarpedon, Priam, and Glencoe, all trace back to several crosses
of Herod blood, Glencoe, and Priam, not less than three or four
several times each, to crosses of Partner blood, and directly
several times over to the Godolphin, Barb, or Arabian — which
are the very strains from which our Yirginia stock derives its
peculiar excellence. It is further worthy of remark, that two
stallions have decidedly hit with the imported English mare
Reel,* as proved by her progeny, Lecomte and Prioress, respect-
ively, to Boston and imp. Sovereign.

Now Reel, through Glencoe, Catton, Gohanna, and Smolen-
sko, has herself no less than seven distinct strains of Herod
blood. Boston, as every one knows, traces directly, through
Timoleon, Sir Archy, Diomed, Florizel, to Herod. Sovereign,

* Reel was foaled in this country, but of pure English imported, being by
imp. Glencoe, out of imp. Gallopade by Catton.

HEROD BLOOD.

291

also, through Emilius, his sire, has Herod on both lines, as his
paternal and maternal g. g. g. sire ; and Tartar, the sire of a
Herod, a third time, in one remove yet farther back.

Now this wonld go to justify Stonehenge's* opinion, that the
recurrence to the same, original, old strains of blood, when such
strains have been sufficiently intermixed, and rendered new by
other more recent crosses, is not injurious, but of great advan-
tage ; and that, on the whole, it is better, ccetei^is paribus^ to
have recourse to such, than to try experiments with extreme
out-crosses.

On this principle, if one might venture to try prediction,
the newly imported stallion Scythian, by Orlando,. out of Scy-
thia by Hetman PlatofF, in addition to many of the best crosses
of out-blood, as Prunella, Highflyer, Eclipse, &c., has at least
fourteen in-crosses of Herod blood, seven in the pedigree of
Cobweb, his g. g. dam ; two through Slane, son of Orville ; one
through Royal Oak, son of Catton, and four through his sire
Orlando, by Beningbrough, Evelina, Buzzard and Diomed, all
of whom run ultimately to the strain.

I have no doubt, in the world, that this is a branch of the
subject of breeding to which no adequate attention has been
given heretofore ; and that it will be found hereafter, due re-
gard being had to the remote lines of descent, and proper study
being given to ascertain the proximate strains of blood, that far
more is to be done for the improvement of stock of all kinds,
than can be effected by the choice of this stallion, or that ;
merely because he is fashionable, because he is handsome, be-
cause he has run well, both for speed and stoutness — though, of
course, all these are arguments in his favor, and, though in de
fault of some of them he should not be chosen at alJ — nor even
because he has got good stock out of mares of a strain wholly
different from that to which it is intended to put him. And I
believe that the same theory may be successfully applied to
other breeds, than the pure thorough-blood, as I shall explain
hereafter.

* This tlieory of breeding we believe to be correct, but it is the merest
twaddle to talk about this or that horse being in-bred to Herod. We defy any
one to take up the pedigree of a thoroughbred horse and not find him in-bred
to Herod, one of the original progenitors of our thoroughbreds.

292

THE HORSE.

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR THE TURF AND
FOR GENERAL PURPOSES.

THEORY OF GENEKATION.

Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical manage-
ment of the breeding stud, it will be well to ascertain what are
the known laws of genei-ation in the higher animals.

The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, neces-
sary for reproduction ; the male and female each taking their
respective share.

The office of the male is to secrete the semen in the testes^
and emit it into the %uterus of the female, where it comes in
contact with the ovutti of the female — which remains sterile
without it.

The female forms the ovum, in the ovary, and at regular
times, varying in different animals, this descends into the uterus.
for the purpose of fructification, on receiving the stimulus and
addition of the sperm-cell of the semen.

The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa, which
have an automatic power' of moving from place to place, by
which quality it is believed that the semen is carried' to the
ovum ; and the sperm-cells, which are intended to co-operate
with the gerrrh-cell of the ovum in forming the embryo.

The ovum consists of the germ-cell, intended to form part of
the embryo, — and of the yolk, which nourishes both, until the
vessels of the mother take upon themselves the task ; or, in ovip-
arous animals, till hatching takes place, and external food is
to be obtained. The ovum is carried down by the contractile
power of the fallopian tubes from the ovary to the uterus,
and hence it does not require automatic particles like the
semen.

The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact
of the semen with the ovum, immediately after which the sperm-
cell of the former is absorbed into the germ-cell of the latter.
Upon this a tendency to increase or " grow " is established, and
supported at first, by the nutriment contained in the yolk of
the ovum, until the embryo has attached itself to the walls of

THE EMBRYO. 293

the uterus, from which it afterward absorbs its nourishment by
the intervention of the placenta.

As the male and female each furnish their quota to the for-
mation of the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall
be represented in it, which is found to be the case in nature ;
but as the food of the embryo entirely depends upon the mo-
ther, it may be expected that the health of the offspring and its
constitutional powers will be more in accordance with her state
than with that of the father ; yet since the sire furnishes one-
half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals
and general character there is retained a facsimile^ to a certain
extent, of him.

Tlie ovum or mammalia differs fi"om that of birds chiefly in
the greater size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this
body is intended to support the growth of the embryo from the
time of the full formation of the egg until the period of hatch-
ing. On the other hand, in mammalia the placenta conveys
nourishment from the internal surface of the uterus to the em-
bryo during the whole time which elapses between the entrance
of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces
nearly the whole of the interval between conception and birth,
and is called utero-gestation.

In all the mammalia there is a periodical " heat," marked
by certain discharges in the femalcj and sometimes by other
remarkable symj)toms in the male. In the former it is accom-
panied in all healthy subjects by the descent of an ovum or ova
into the uterus ; and in both there is a strong desire for sexual
intercourse, which never takes place at other times in them.

The semen retains its fructifying power for some days, if it
be contained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon
ceases to be fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, al-
though the latter part of the time of heat is the best for the
union of the sexes, because then the ovum is ready for the con-
tact with the semen, yet if the semen reaches the uterus first, it
will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because it remains there
uninjured until the descent of the ovum.

The influence of the male upon the embryo is partly depen-
dent upon the fact, that he furnishes a portion of its substance
in the shape of the sperm-cell, but also in great measure upon

294 THE HOESE.

the effect exerted upon the nervous system of the mother by
him. Hence, the preponderance of one or other of the parents
will, in great measure, depend upon the greater or less strength
of nervous system in each. No general law is known by which
this can be measured, nor is any thing known of the laws which
regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, color or con-
formation of the resulting offspring.

Acquired qualities are transmitted, whether they belong to
the sire or dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad
qualities are quite as easily transmitted as good ones, if not
more so, it is necessary to take care that in selecting a male to
improve the stock he be free from bad points, as well as fur-
nished with good ones. It is known by experience that the good
or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or dam are almost
as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of the imme-
diate parents in whom they are dormant. Hence, in breeding
the rule is, that like produces like, or the likeness of some
ancestor.

The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to
be transmitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever
parent is of the purest blood will be generally more represented
in the offspring ; but as the' male is usually more carefully se-
lected, and of purer blood than the female, it generally follows
that he exerts more influence than she does ; the reverse being
the case when she is of more unmixed blood than the sire.

Breeding "in-and-in" is injurious to mankind, and has al-
ways been forbidden by the Divine law, as well as by most hu-
man lawgivers. On the other hand, it prevails extensively in
a state of nature with all gregarious animals, among whom the
strongest male retains his daughters and granddaughters until
deprived of his harem by younger and stronger rivals. Hence,
in those of our domestic animals which are naturally grega-
rious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeeding " in-and-in "
is not prejudicial, because it is in conformity with their natural
instincts, if not carried farther by art, than nature teaches by
her example. JSTow, in nature we find about two consecutive
crosses of the same blood is the usual extent to which it is car-
ried, as the life of the animal is the limit ; and it is a remark-
able fact that in practice a conclusion has been arrived at, which

IN-AND-IN-BREEDING.

2Q5

exactly coincides with these natural laws.''^ " Once in and onco
out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work
on the breeding for the turf; but twice in will be found to be
more in accordance with the practice of our most successful
breeders.

The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to
the subsequent ones ; this has been proved by several experi-
ments, and is especially marked in the equine genus. In the
series of examples preserved in the Museum of the College of
Surgeous, the markings of the male quagga, when united with
the ordinary mare, are continued clearly for three generations
beyond the one in which the quagga was the actual sire ; and
they are so clear as to leave the question settled without a
doubt.f

When some of the elements, of which an individual sire is
composed are in accordance with others making up those of the
dam, they coalesce in such a kindred way as to make what is
called " a hit." On the other hand, when they are too incon-
gruous, an animal is the result wholly unfitted for the task he is
intended to Derform.

IN-AND-IN-BREEDING.

By a careful examination of the pedigrees of our most re-
markable horses, of which I have inserted a series of tables in
the course of my first volume, it will be seen that in all cases
there is some in-breeding ; and in the greater part of the most
successful a very considerable infusion of it.ij: It is difiicult to
say what is not to be considered as such, or when to make it
commence, for in all cases there is more or less relationship be-
tween the sire and dam of every thoroughbred horse ; at least,
I cannot find a single exception — and again, for instance, exam-
ining the pedigree of Harkaway, which is the result of one of
the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, we find that his sire
and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Herod through
three or four strains on each side, as will be seen on referring
to the right-hand column. The same will apply to Alarm, who
also is the result of as direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in
fact, whatever pedigree is analyzed, the result will be that the
bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is made up of Eclipse,

* See Note 1, p. 353. f See Note 3, p. 353. t See Note 3, p. 353.

296

THE HORSE.

Herod, and Matchem, or Regiilus blood. It is not that a horse
goes back to one of these stallions in one line only, but through
six or seven, and sometimes through nearly all his progenitors.
Hence, it may fairly be assumed that all the horses of the pres-
ent day are related, either closely or distantly ; but when we
speak of in-and-in-breeding we mean a nearer relationship than
this, such as a first cousin, or, at the most, one in the second or
third degree. But I believe it will be found that even this
amount of relationship is desirable, if not carried too far, and
that a vast number of our best modern horses have been bred
in this way.

Examples of Success from this Plan. — ^The early race-
horses of the 18th century were notoriously in-bred, of which
Mr. Smith, in his book on breeding for the turf, gives us numer-
ous convincing examples. The two Childers, Eclipse, Ranthos,
Whiskey, Anvil, Boudrow, and, in fact, almost all the horses of
that day, were much in-bred ; sometimes, as in the case of the
dam of Leedes, to an incestuous degree. In the above-men-
tioned treatise the breeder is advised to breed once in, before
breeding-out; and it appears to me that better advice was never
offered, except that I think it is only carried half as far as
it ought to be. But, in consequence of the injurious effects of
the system of in-breeding in the human family, a prejudice has
been raised against it ; and the result has been, that in trying
the opposite plan great mischief has often ensued. I have al-
ready shown that in nature in-breeding prevails very generally
among gregarious animals, like the horse and dog, and I will
now endeavor to illustrate Mr. Smith's argument by modern
examples. It may be remembered that he instances the Herod
and Eclipse blood as having " hit " in a great number of horses,
such as Whiskey, Waxy, Coriander, Precipitate, Calomel, Over-
ton, Gohanna, and Beninbrough, which were out of Herod
mares, by sons of Eclipse. But it must also be known that
Eclipse and Herod are both descended from the Darley Ara-
bian, the one on the sire's side, and the other on that of the
dam ; and that from this circumstance it is not surprising that
a " hit " should follow, if in-breeding be advantageous. There
are two points of view in which in-breeding should be viewed ;
first, as producing successful runners ; and secondly, good stal-

EXAMPLES OF IN-BREEDING.

297

lions and brood mares ; but, thougli it soenis to answer in botli
cases, yet it is in tlie latter point that I think it is ehiefly to be
recommended.

Anionii; the horses of the present century the following re-
markable instances will illustrate this position, to which great
numbers of less illustrious names may be added ; —

Example 1. — In 1827 Matilda won the St. Leger very clev-
erly, and proved herself a superior mare by beating a large
field of good horses. She was out of Juliana, who was by
Gohanna — son of Mercury and a Ilerod mare — out of Platina
— by Mercury, out of another daughter of Herod. — Matilda's
dam, therefore, was the produce of brother and sister.

Example 2. — Cotherstone — winner of the Derby — and Mow-
erina — dam of West Australian — are the produce of first
cousins.

Example 3. — Touchstone and Yerbena, sire and dam of
Ithuriel, were second cousins, taking from Selim and his sister.

Example 4. — Priam is an example of success by in-breed-
ing, after a series of failures in crossing. Cressida, his dam,
■was put to "Walton, Haphazard, Orville, Wildfire, Woful, Phan-
tom, Scud, Partisan, Little John, and Waterloo, without success.
At last, being served by her cousin Emilias — a son of Orville,
who had previously failed, not being related to her — she pro-
duced Priam. This horse and Plenipotentiary w^ere both sons
of Emilius, the latter being the result of as direct a cross as is
often seen ; but the former was in-bred to Whiskey, who was
sire of his dam, Cressida, and also great grandsire of Emilius.
Now the above-mentioned two horses were both extraordinary
runners ; but whilst Plenipotentiary has scarcely had an aver-
age success as a stallion, Priam, considering the short time he
remained with us, has achieved an imperishable fame. See
genealogical table " Priam."

Example 5. — Bay Middleton was the produce of second
cousins, descended from Williamson's Ditto and Walton, own
brothers, whilst Andover, his son, is the second time in with
the Whalebone blood, as follows ; — Web, the great-granddam of
Bay Middleton, is sister to both Whalebone and Whiskey, the
grandsire and great-grandsire of Soldier's Joy, dam of Andover.
He, therefore, is also the son of cousins, uniting the blood of

298

THE HOKSE.

Selim, on his sire's side, with that of Rubens, brother to Selim,
on that of his dam ; and thus he is not only in-bred, but the
produce of an in- bred sire and dam.

Example 6. — Stockwell and Rataplan are just as remarkable,
being descended in the same degree from Whalebone, Whis-
ker, and Web, the very same two brothers and sister as in An-
dover's case, with an infusion also of Selim blood, through
Glencoe, sire of Pocahontas.

Example Y. — Orlando has a still stronger infusion of Selim
blood, his dam being a granddaughter of that horse, and great-
granddaughter of Castrel — brother to Selim — whilst Touchstone,
his sire, is a great-grandson of the last-named horse. Here,
then, in-breeding has been carried out to its fullest extent. Vul-
ture having been the produce of first cousins, and being put
to a second cousin derived through the same sti'ain ; and the
result has been, as is well known, the most remarkable stallion
of the day.

Example 8. — An instance of the comparative value of two
stallions, one more in-bred than the other, may be seen in Van
Tromp and Flying Dutchman, both out of Barbelle. These two
horses ai*e both in-bred to Buzzard ; but Flying Dutchman is
also descended from Selim, 'son of Buzzard on the side of both
dam and sire, Selim being great-grandsire of Barbelle and
grandsire of Bay Middleton. Now, it will not be questioned
at present, that Van Tromp is comparatively a failure, and that
the Flying Dutchman, as far as his stock have been ti-ied, is
eminently successful as a stockgetter ; and such might have
been expected, because his dam unites the stout blood of Catton
and Orville with that of Selim, which last strain, taking with it
the above valuable qualities, hits with the same Selim blood in
Bay Middleton.

Example 9. — Weathergage is another instance of success in
this mode of breeding, his sire and dam both taking from Mu-
ley and Tramp, and Miss Letty, his granddam, being by Priam,
grandson of Orville, sire of Muley, out of a daughter of that
horse — and consequently herself much in-bred. Weatherbit,
the sire of Weathergage, also reunites the blood of the two sis-
ters, Eleanor and Cressida.

Example 10. — I have .already adduced some examples of

THE EXAMPLES OF IN-BREEDINO.

209

the success of the union of the "Whalebone with the Sclim
blood, and I may, in addition, remark on the case of Pyrrlms
I., who is by Epirus, a grandson of Selim, out of Fortress, a
great-grand daughter of Rubens, brother to Selim ; and also in-
bred to Whalebone, his dam being by Defence, the son, out of
Jewess, the granddaughter of that horse..

Example 11. — Safeguard is bred almost exactly in the same
way, but a still closer degree of relationship exists between his
sire and dam, he being by Defence — son of Defiance, by Ru-
l3ens— out of a mare by Selim, brother to Eubens, which same
mare is also descended from the Wellesley Grey Arabian. The
strongest case of success from close in-breeding, with which I
am acquainted, is in a son of the above horse, the steeplechaser
Yainhope, who is by Safeguard, a grandson of Selim, and great-
grandson of Rubens, out of a mare by Strephon, who was also
by Rubens. Now his stoutness and soundness were too well
known to need further comment; and his case alone is a strong
argument in favor of the breeding-in, a second time.

Example 12. — Almost as strong a case has lately appeared
in the Knight of St. George, who was by Birdcatcher, son of
Sir Hercules, out of a grand-daughter of that horse, and with
a still further infusion of Waxy blood in her grand-dam.
These two last examples are the strongest modern instances of
close in-breeding with which I am acquainted ; but as they were
neither of them quite first class, they do not so much strengthen
the argument as some of the previously instanced horses. JSTev-
ertheless, being as close as they are, they show that the practice
is not attended by a bad result in these particular cases.

Example 13. — ^The Saddler, who is remarkable for the stout-
ness, if not for the speed of his stock, is the produce of second
cousins, being descended on both sides of his pedigree from
Waxy.

Example 14. — Chatham, as good a horse as ever ran, is by^
the Colonel, son of Whisker, out of Hester, by Camel, son of
Whalebone, brother to Whisker ; and he is therefore the pro-
duce of first cousins. Both these horses — examples 13 and 14 —
unite the Waxy and Buzzard blood.

Example 15. — Sweetmeat is valuable as a stallion, not only
because he is in-bred to Waxy, but because he also possesses

300

THE H0E8E.

SO mucli of the celebrated Prunella blood, he being descended
from that mare through three several lines — viz., through Para-
sol, Moses, and Waxy Pope.

Example 16. — Grace Darling — dam of the Hero, bj Chester-
field— was the produce of second cousins, both sire and dam
being descended from Waxy, It is, therefore, not to be won-
dered at that she produced so stout a horse as the Hero, com-
bining the Waxy, Priam, Octavian, and Rubens blood. His sire
and dam were also third cousins through Coelia as well.

Example 17. — Wild Dayrell, speedy as he is, may trace his
wonderful powers to a reunion of the blood of Yelocipede,
which exists on the side of both sire and dam, and also to his
descent from Selim and Rubens, own brothers, who are respec-
tively his paternal and maternal great-grandsires.

Example 18. — Cowl, by Bay Middleton, out of Crucifix, is
the result of the union of second cousins, the sire being de-
scended from Julia, and the dam from Cressida, both of them
sisters to the celebrated mare, Eleanor, the winner of the Derby
and Oaks. There is also another cross of Whiskey blood from
Emilius, so that Cowl is in-bred to Whiskey twice. It would
be a curious experiment to put him to some descendant of Mu-
ley — such as Alice Hawthorn or Virginia, and thus unite the
three sisters in one, making a third infusion of this blood with
an intervening out-cross. It should be borne in mind that Young
Giantess, tlie ancestress of all these mares, and also of Sorcerer,
was the produce of second cousins, and each of these second
cousins was also the produce of second cousins, both of their
sires and dams having Godolphin as their great-grandsire.

The following brood mares may be attentively examined,
and their produce by near relations compared with that by
horses only distantly connected, which I have shown all horses
are in the present day. This is a still stronger proof of the
advantage of in-breeding, than the success of solitary horses as
runners.

Example 1. — One of the most successful brood mares of
late years was Decoy, who bred a long list of race-horses to
Touchstone and Pantaloon ; now the former of these horses was
much more successful generally in getting racing stock, than the
latter, and yet in this instance was beaten by him, as proved by

THEORY OF IN-BREEDING. 301

comparing Drone, Sleight-ol'-hand, Yan Amhurg, and Legerde-
main, with Pliryne, Thais, Falstaff, and Fhitcatcher. Now,
why was this ? Simply because Touchstone was a more distant
rehition, and only one line in eacli was similar — namely, the
great-grandsire. Waxy ; but in the case of Pantaloon and De-
coy, there was a cousinship in the second degree, each liaviiig
Peruvian as a grandfather; and not only that, but Decoy herself
was in-bred to Sir Peter, who was grandsire to both her dam
and sire, so that Sleight-of-hand and his brother and sister were
twice in-bred to him, Now, as the Pantaloon and Decoy blood
hit, and their produce not only were fast but stout, there was
good reason for returning to Pataloon after the out-cross with
Touchstone, which produced Phryne ; this mare, when put to
him, was successively the dam of Elthiron, Windhound, Miser-
rima, Hobbie Noble, the Reiver, and Rambling Katie ; thus still
farther proving the value of in-breeding, more especially with
an intervening out-cross, as in this case.

Example 2. — Cyprian, again, is an example of the produc-
tion of a lot of second-class horses, by crossing her with various
sires not related in blood — as, for instance, Jereed, Velocipede,
Voltaire, and Hetman PlatofF; but when put to Bii'dcatcher, a
great-great-grandson of Prunella, being herself a grand-daughter
of the same celebrated mare, she threw a superior animal, in
the shape of Songstress.

Example 3. — Virginia bred a series of middling horses, by
Voltaire, Hetman Platoif, Emilius, and Birdcatcher-, in all of
which there was a single jDoint, in which she was related, but in
all very distantly, neither was the strain, except that of Orville,
first-rate ; but when put to Pyrrhus I. she produced a Virago,
who, as long as she remained sound, was very far the best of
her year. On examining and comi3aring the pedigrees of the
sire and dam, it will be seen that Selim and Rubens — brothers
— occur on each side once, and Whalebone, whose name is seen
twice in the table of Pyrrhus I., is represented in that of Vir-
ginia, by Woful, his brother, beside which Young Giantess
occurs in each table. These are over and above the Hamble-
tonian relationship, which is the same in this case as is that of
the result of the cross with Voltaire and Hetman Platoff.

Example 4. — In the last year, after a series of failures, Alice

302

THE HOKSE.

Hawthorn has given to the turf a race-horse in the shape of
Oulston ; now if the pedigrees of his sire and dam are examined,
it will be seen that Melbourne, the sire, is a grandson of Cer-
vantes, whilst Alice Hawthorn is also a great-granddaughter of
the same horse — Cervantes being a grandson of Eclipse and
Herod, from which latter horse he also receives two other infu-
sions, and Alice being descended from Eclipse, through Orville,
Dick Andrews, Mandane, and Tramp. A very similar case of
in-breeding with the same strains occurred in Sir Tatton Sykes,
who was the produce of a mare, great-granddaughter of Comus,
and also great-great-granddaughter of Cervantes. She was put
to Melbourne, a grandson of both these horses, producing that
extraordinary horse which I am now adducing as an instance of
success in tjiis mode of breeding. The pedigree of the dam of
Sir Tatton Sykes should be carefully analyzed, as exhibiting a
curious reunion of strains. First, Muley is in-bred to Whiskey,
he is then crossed with an Election mare, producing Margrave ;
the dam of Muley being Eleanor, a daughter of Young Giantess.
JSText, Margrave, an out-cross, is put to Patty Primrose, con-
taining in her pedigree t\^o infusions of Young Giantess through
Sorcerer, and one of Cervantes ; and, finally, the Margrave
mare, the result of one in-breeding and one out-cross on the
side of both her sire and dam, is put to Melbourne, composed
of the blood of all three ; being descended from Sorcerer, a son
of Young Giantess, and also from Cervantes.

If the whole of the pedigrees to which I have here alluded
are attentively examined, the breeder can have no hesitation
in coming to the conclusion that in-breeding carried out once,
or twice, is not only not a bad practice, but is likely to be at-
tended with good results. Let him ask what horses have been
the most remarkable of late years as stallions, and with very
few exceptions he will find they were considerably in-bred. It
has been remarked, that the Touchstone and Defence blood al-
most always hits with the Selim ; but it is forgotten that the
one was already crossed with that horse, and the other with his
brother Rubens. On the other hand, the Wliisker blood in the
Colonel has not succeeded so well, it being made up of much
crossed and more distantly related particles, and therefore not
hitting with the Selim and Castrel blood like his cousins, Touch-

OUT-CROSSING.

303

stone and Defence. It has, however, partially succeeded when
in-bred to the Waxy and Buzzard blood, as in Chatham and
Fufleman, who both reunite these three strains. The same aj)-
plies to Coronation, who unites the Whalebone blood in Sir
Hercules with that of Kubers in Euby ; but as Waxy and Buz-
zard, the respective ancestors of all these horses, were both
grandsons of Herod, and great-grandsons of Snap, it only
strengthens the argument in favor of in-breeding. This con-
clusion is in accordance with the 14th and 15th axioms which
embody the state of our present knowledge of the theory of
generation ; and if they are examined, they will be seen to
bear upon the present subject, so as to lead one to advise the
carrying out of the practice of in-and-in-breeding to the same
extent as has been found so successful in the instances which I
have given. Purity of blood is intimately connected with the
practice, because the nearer it is to one standard the more un-
mixed it is, and by consequence the more fully it is represented
in the produce. Hence, it is doubly needful to take care that
this pure blood is of a good kind ; because, if bad, it will per-
petuate its bad qualities just as closely as it would the good, or
perhaps still more so.

OUT-CKOSSING.

By crossing the blood, we understand the selection of a sire
composed of wholly different blood from that of the dam, or as
different as can be obtained of such quality as is suitable to the
particular purpose in view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is
found that continuing in the same strain beyond two stages de-
rateriorates the constitutional health, diminishes the bone, and
lowers the height ; hence, it is important to avoid this evil, and
another strain must be selected which shall lead to the same re-
sults as were previously in existence, without the above deterio-
ration ; and this is called out-crossing, or more commonly, cross-
ing. The great difficulty is to obtain this object without de-
stroying that harmony of proportions, and due subordination of
one part to another which is necessary for the race-horse, and
without which he seldom attains high speed. Almost every in-
dividual breed lias peculiar characteristics, and so long as the
sire and dam are both in possession of them they will continue

304

THE HORSE.

to reappear in the produce ; but if a dam possessing them is put
to a horse of a different character, the result is often that the pro-
duce is not a medium between the two, but is in its anterior parts
like its dam, and in its posterior resembling its sire, or vice vei'sa,
than which no more unfortunate result can occur. Thus, we
will suppose that a very strong muscular horse is put to a very
light racing mare ; instead of the produce being moderately
stout all over, he will often be very stout and strong behind,
and very light and weak before, and as a consequence his hind-
quarter will tire his fore limbs, by giving them more to do than
they have the power of accomplishing. This is well seen in
Crucifix, who was a very wiry and fast, but light mare, •^vith a
fore-quarter hardly capable of doing the work of her own hind-
quarter. Now, she has been several times put to Touchstone —
a horse remarkable for getting bad-shouldered stock, but with
strong muscular propellers — and, with the solitary exception of
Surplice, these have been a series of failures. Surplice was
also defective in the same way, but still he managed to get
along in an awkward style, but somehow or other at a great
pace. Cowl, on the other hand, was a better galloper, because
there was a greater harmony of parts ; but he w^as somewhat
deficient in the stout qualities which Touchstone was intended
to supply ; yet he will prove, I fancy, a better stallion than
Surplice, because he is more truly made, and by consequence
jiore likely to perpetuate his own likeness.

Examples of Out-Crossing. — Harkaway has been alluded
to before as a strong case of out-crossing, his sire and dam not
being closely related, though still going back to Herod or
Eclipse in almost all his lines. He would, however, be consid-
ered a decided case of crossing, and he was no doubt a very su-
perior race-horse. As yet, however, he has not done much as a
sire, his stock generally being deficient in that essential quality,
speed, though stout enough to make good hunters and steeple-
chasers. Perhaps his best son was Idle Boy, in which the
Waxy blood in the sire hit with the same strain in lole, the
dam, who was a daughter of Sir Hercules.

Example 2. — One of the most remarkable cases of success in
crossing, when carried out to a great extent, is seen in Beeswing
and her sons Newminster, Nunnykirk, and Old Port. In the

i

EXAMPLES OF OUT-CROSSING.

305

mare licvBclf the lines arc all distinct, and in her cross with
Touchstone they are so likewise for three removes. At that dis-
tance there is a great-grandsire of Touchstone, Alexander, wlio
is hrothcr to Xantippe, great-grcat-grandmother of Beeswing ;
60 that she and Touchstone were third cousins. Whether or not
this consanguinity, slight as it was, sufficed to produce this
happy result in Newrainster and Nunnykirk, rnr.st be left an
open question ; but there can be no doubt that Touchstone suc-
ceeded with her, whilst a failure resulted from Sir Hercules,
who was still more distantly related, the nearest connection with
him being a fourth cousinship, through Volunteer and Mercury,
own brothers. Queen of Trumps has often been adduced as a
case of successful out-crossing, but though her great grandsires
and great granddams were certainly none of them identical, yet
beyond that line there is an extraordinary influx of Herod blood,
through Highflyer, Woodpecker, Lavender, Florizel, and Ca-
lash, all his sons or daughters. Now, no one can maintain that
it is not very remarkable, when we find such a dash of blood
from one superior horse in such an extraordinary animal as
Queen of Trumps ; neither can it be said that she is composed
of materials not related to each other ; but at the same time
she is fairly to be considered under the ordinary acceptation of
the term as a mare bred from a distinct cross. Hers is, how-
ever, a very instructive example, as showing that success is
sometimes achieved by reuniting, after an interval of several
generations, a series of good strains ; whether or not her good-
ness is dependent upon this reunion, or whether it results from
the crossing, is only to be decided by comparing a number of
cases together, and considering on which side lies the balance
of evidence.

Example 3. — West Australian is an exceedingly valuable
example of the benefit of a good out-cross after in-breeding,
and between his sire and dam there was less relationship even
than usual.

Example 4. — Teddington, on the contrary, so often adduced
for a similar purpose, presents one line of relationship which
interferes with the assumption. I have adduced his sire, Or-
lando, as an instance of successful in-breeding twice through
Selim and Castrel, and certainly that strain is not perpetuated
Vol. II.— ^0

30G THE HOKSE.

in Teddington's dam ; but a little more distantly there occurs
in each portion of the table the name of Prunella and her sister,
Peppermint, but only so far as to make them iifth cousins. Still
it cannot be compared to the case of West Australian, where
the cross is much more decided. In both, however, the sire or
dam was much in-bred, and this must be taken into the account
in all cases.

Example 5. — One of the most thoroughly-crossed pedigrees
of the day is that of Kingston, aiid being such a good horse as
he was, his case must be allowed to weigh in favor of this
kind of breeding ; but, as I before observed, it is not so much
in reference to running as to breeding that this plan is to be
considered, and as yet he has not been able, for want of time,
to show his powers. Where an out-cross is wanted for such
blood as that of Touchstone, which has already been used twice
in a pedigree, I conceive nothing better than this game horse,
who would then, according to this theory, produce the good ef-
fect required by a cross, without interfering with the form of
the Touchstone mare. On the other hand, where a secoiid in-
breeding to Yenison or Partisan mares is required by those who
are fond of that peculiar blood, he is well calculated to carry
out that view, because the* other lines are all good.

Example 6. — Yoltigeur, again, is another instance of success
from a decided cross.

Example 7. — Queen of Trumps may be adduced as a won-
derful animal, resulting from a nmch-crossed pedigree.

Example 8. — Cossack would, likewise, generally be consid-
ered a cross, though even in his case the relationship was that
of a fourth cousin ; but there is no doubt that numerous cases
of successful runners may be adduced where there was no rela-
tionship between sire and dam nearer than a fifth or sixth
cousinship.

COMPARISON OF IN-BEED AND CROSSED STALLIONS.

The following list of thirty of the most immediately suc-
cessful stallions of late years shows the proportion of in-bred to
crossed horses of this class to be equal. I have omitted such
as only became celebrated through their daughters as brood-
mares, for instance. Defence, &c.

CX)MPAJfISON OF STALLIONS.

307

IN-BKKD STALLIONS.

1. Priam,

2. Bay Middlcton,

3. Melbourne,

4. Cotlierstonc,

6. Pyrrhus I.
G. The Baron,

7. Orlando,

8. Itburiel,

9. Cowl,

10. The Saddler,

11. Sweetmeat,

12. Chatham,

13. Flying Dutchman,

14. Sir Tatton Sykes,

15. Chanticleer.

CKOSSED STALLIONS.

1. Partisan,

2. Eniilius,

3. Touchstone,

4. Birdcatchcr,

5. Sir Hercules,

6. Voltaire,

7. Plenipotentiary,

8. Pantaloon,

9. Lanercost,

10. Venison,

11. Alarm,

12. Ion,

13. Harkaway,

14. Velocipede,

1.5. Hetman Platoff.

THE BEST MODE OF BREEDING THE HORSE FOR ALL RACING
PURPOSES.

CHOICE OF BLOOD TO BREED FEOM.

The uncertainty of the results from the best concerted plans
in breeding for the turf is proverbial among those who are en-
gaged in the undertaking. Nevertheless, it is clear that laws
must exist, which regulate this as well as every other operation
of nature ; and, tliough it may at present be difficult to lay
them down with certainty, yet an attempt should be made, in
order that a foundation may be laid for a future superstructure
of sound materials. There are some difiiculties which stare us
in the face, but which, nevertheless, are much more easily ex-
plained than at first sight Avould appear. Thus, for instance, it
is said that when a mare breeds a good colt, and is again put
to the same horse, the second is often as worthless as the first is
superior ; and that, consequently, two and two in-breeding do
not always make four. Now, there can be no doubt that this is
true ; but it is necessary to remember that health is an element

308 THE HOESE.

■which makes or mars every horse ; and that if the second is not
possessed of the same liigh degree of animal vigor, the result
of high health, it is not wonderful wlien he ftills short in per-
formances which are the test of his goodness. But, taking the
other side of the question, it is extraordinary that in some cases
there have been a series of successes resulting from the union
of the same two parents — as in the Whalebone and "Whisker
example, where there were six most extraordinary horses and
mares i-esulting from the union of Waxy with Penelope ; and,
on the other hand, as remarkable a series of failures when slie
was put to even such good horses as Walton, Rubens, and Elec-
tion. Castrel, Selim, and Kubens, again, are out of the same
mare, and all by Buzzard, yet she was put to Calomel, Quiz,
Sorcerer, and Election, without a single successful result.
Again, there are cases where a horse begets racing stock out of
all sorts of mares, and thus we find in more recent days Touch-
stone, a grandson of Whalebone, carrying on his grandfather's
fame still farther, if possible, and begetting a most extraordi-
nary series of winners ; but, be it remembered, with an infusion
also of one of the three above-mentioned brothers, Selim, who
was his maternal great-grandfather. Barbelle, dam of Yan
Tromp and Flying Dutchman, is another similar case ; as is also
Fortress, the dam of Old England, and Pyrrhus I. Another
remarkable example may be traced in the three sisters by Whis-
ker, out of Young Giantess — viz., Cressida, Eleanor, and Julia,
which produced Priam, Muley, and Phantom by three different
sires. The list of similar examples might be extended to a
great length, though not always perhaps occupied with such il-
lustrious names as the above ; but still sufficiently so to indicate
that winning blood runs in families, and by consequence, that
it is not all the result of chance. Sometimes this is the case
with the brood-mare, as in the above instances, and sometimes
with the stallion, as in the case of those which become tlie ce-
lebrities of their day. Moreover, it has been found that certain
unions or crosses almost always succeed, while others as invari-
ably fail ; and as there must be a reason for this, it is desirable
to investigate the matter, and endeavor to ascertain the facts
connected with these successes and failures. For instance ; it
has been found that the union of the Touchstone blood with

GENEKAL KREEDING. 309

that of Sclim or Pantaloon lias uniformly succeeded — or "hit,'
as it is termed — and the example is so remarkable, that it leads
one to investigate the pedigrees of all three, when it turns out
that the first-named is composed of one-eighth Selim already ;
and that in putting him to a descendant of that horse, or his
brother Castrel, the sire of Pantaloon, it is only reuniting the
previously separated particles derived from them. This is a
fact which will serve to form the basis of an argument, and if
supported by similar facts, it would show that in-and-in- breed-
ing to some extent is not prejudicial; but, on the other hand,
that it is in all probability absolutely advantageous. At the
same time it cannot be disputed that the Waxy and Buzzard
blood has almost always hit in its first union, as shown in para-
graph 257, and elsewhere ; and having succeeded once it always
seems to hit again still more successfully ; and the only question
is how far the in-breeding might be carried without deteriora-
tion. Again, reverting to the descendants of AVhiskey, who
was a grandson of Eclipse, we find them hitting once with the
Orville blood in producing Emilius and Muley ; and again, a
second time, with Priam as a result, he being also out of a
daughter of Whiskey. Liverpool, sire of Lanercost, was also a
grandson of Whiskey on his dam's side, his sire. Tramp, taking
a direct descent from Eclipse in the same number of removes
as Whiskey. But it is only by further investigation, and ascer-
taining how far these facts occur in a similar way throughout a
series of cases, that any conclusion can be formed ; and such a
series has been given under the section devoted to an examina-
tion of the propriety of in-breeding. By universal consent,
however, it is now admitted, and common sense would alwavs
lead one to believe, that where a series of winners have ap-
peared of any particular strain, it is likely that others will fol-
low ; and hence it has been the rule to select horses of families
which have been successful on the turf, in the particular line
which it is still further to succeed in. Thus, if a fleet racer is
intended to be bred, the breeder would select blood which has
produced winners of the Derby, Oaks, or St. Leger, or, if possi-
ble, all three. If a steeplechaser is the object of ambition,
then the breeder would, as a matter of course, look for the sires
and dams of such animals as Lottery, Gaylad, Brunette, c*cc.,

310 THE HOESE.

and choose from them, or their immediate rehations, mares and
stallions for his purpose. Again, in breeding hunters, it would
follow that such stallions should be selected as have produced
good stock of that particular class, in which stoutness, clever-
ness, good temper, and sound constitution, are indispensable re-
quisites, when united also with the power of carrying weight.
Trotters, again, must be chosen for getting trotters ; and no one
would expect to rear a horse capable of doing his fourteen miles
per hour at this pace, from a sire and dam which could not trot
above eight, and that with a straight knee.* I have myself
owned a mare by Monarch, out of Gadabout, which was as fine
a trotter as ever was seen, going fast and in the most perfect
trotting style, and I have seen some few others, almost as good,
of full blood; but they are exceptions to the rule; and there is
no case that I know of in which a thoroughbred horse could
compete with the regular match-trotter. In all cases, therefore,
the breeder must make up his mind as to what he wants, and
then select his mares and sires from such animals as belong to
families which have long been famous for the qualities he is in
search of. If, in addition, he can actually procure the individ-
uals which have distinguished themselves, it will be so much
the better ; but we shall hereafter find that family is of more
consequence than individual success.

SELECTION OF BKOOD MAEE.

In choosing the brood mare, four things must be considered —
first, her blood ; secondly, her frame ; thirdly, her state of health ;
and, fourthly, her temper.

Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon the views
of the breeder — that is to say, what particular class of colts he
wishes to obtain, and according to his decision he will look out
for mares of the particular kind he desires to reproduce, on
the principle that " like begets like," but subject to the various
considerations partly alluded to in the last chapter, and partly
in this and subsequent ones.

In frame, the mare should be so formed as to be capable of
carrying and well nourishing her offspring ; that is, she should
be what is called " roomy." There is a formation of the hips

* See Note 4, p. 353.

CHOICE OF THE MAKE. 311

wlilcli is ])ai'ticnl.'irly unfit for breeding purposes, and yet -wliicli
is sometimes caretnlly selected, because it is considered elegant;
tliis is the level and straight hip, in which the tail is set on very
high, and the end of the haunch-l)one is nearly on a level with
the projection of the hip-bone. The opposite form is represented
in the skeleton given with the article "Horse," wliich is tliat of
a thoronghbred marc, well formed for this breeding pnri)Ose,
but in other respects rather too slight. By examining her pelvis,
it will be seen that the haunch-bone forms a considerable angle
with the sacrum, and that, as a consequence, there is i)lenty of
room, not only for carrying the foal, but for allowing it to pass
into the world. Both of these points are important, the former
evidently so, and the latter no less so on consideration, because
if the foal is injured in the birth, either of necessity, or from ig-
norance or carelessness, it will often '■fail to recover its powers,
and will remain permanentl}^ injured. The pelvis, then, should
be wide and deep — that is to say, it should be large and roomy ;
and there should also be a little more than the average length
from the hip to the shoulder, so as to give plenty of bed for
the foal ; as w^ell as a good depth of back-ribs, which are neces-
sary in order to support this increased length. This gives the
whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than is
always desirable in the race-horse, which may easily be over-
topped ; and hence many good runners have failed as brood
mares, whilst a great number of bad runners have been dams of
good rac^e-horses. Beyond this roomy frame, necessary as the
eggshell of the foal, the mare only requires such a shape and
make as is well adapted for the particular purpose she is in-
tended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should belong to
a family having it, according to the 13th axiom given in the last
chapter. If a mare can be obtained possessing all these requi-
sites in her own person, so much the more likely w'ill she be to
produce race-horses; but if not all, then it is better that she
should add as many as possible to the needful framework, with-
out which her ofiice can hardly be well carried out. But with
this suitable frame, if she belongs to a family which, as a rule,
possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she may be relied on
with some degree of certainty, even though she herself should
fail in some of them. Thus, there are many line roomy mares

312 THE HORSE.

which have been useless as race-horses from being deficient in
the power of some one quarter, either behind or before, or per-
haps a Httlc too shack in the loin for their length. Such animals,
if of good running families, should not be despised ; and many
such have stood their owners in good stead. On the other hand,
some good-looking animals have never thrown good stock, be-
cause they were only exceptional cases, and their families were
of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mare could look
much more unlike producing strong stock than Pocahontas, but
being of a family which numbers Selim, Bacchante, Tramp,
"Web, Orville, Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members
in the third remove, it can scarcely occasion surprise that she
should respond to the call of the Baron by producing a Stock-
well and a Rataplan.

In health, the brood mare should be as near perfection as
the artificial state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is
the most important point of all, and in every case the mare
should be very carefully examined, with a view to discover what
deviations from a natural state have been entailed upon her by
her own labors, and what she has inherited from her ancestors.
Independently of the consequence of accidents, all deviations
from a state of health in the mare may be considered as more
or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound con-
stitution, no ordinary treatment such as training consists of will
produce disease, and it is only hereditary predispositions which,
under this process, entails its appearance. Still there are posi-
tive, comparative, and superlative degrees of objectionable dis-
eases incidental to the brood mare, which should be accepted or
refused accordingly. All accidental defects, such as broken
knees, dislocated hips, or even "breaks down," may be passed
over ; the latter, however, only when the stock from which the
mare is descended are famous for standing their work without
this frailty of sinew and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones, large
splents, side-bones, and, in fact, all bony enlargements, are con-
stitutional defects, and will be almost sure to be perpetuated,
more or less, according to the degree in which they exist in the
particular case. Curby hocks are also hereditary, and should
be avoided; though many a one much bent at the junction of
the OS colds with the astragalus is not at all liable to curbs. It

POINTS OF BROOD MARES. 313

is the defective condition of the ligaments there, not the angu-
lar junction, which leads to curbs; and the breeder should care-
fully investigate the individual case before accepting or reject-
ing a mare with suspicious hocks. Bad feet, whether from con-
traction or from too flat and thin a sole, should also be avoided ;
but when they have obviously arisen from bad shoeing, the
defect may be passed over. Such are the chief varieties of un-
soundness in the legs which require circumspection ; the good
points which, on the other hand, are to be looked for, are those
considered desirable in all horses that are subjected to the shocks
of the gallop. Calf knees are generally bad in the race-horse,
and are very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is
also perpetuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Such
are the general considerations bearing upon soundness of limb.
That of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares
seldom breed, and they are therefore out of the question, if for
no other reason ; but no one would risk the recurrence of this
disease, even if he could get such a mare stinted. Eoaring is a
much-vexed question, which is by no means theoretically settled
among our chief veterinary authorities, nor practically by our
breeders. Every year, however, it becomes more and more
frequent and important, and the risk of reproduction is too
great for any person wilfully to run by breeding from a roarer.
As far as I can learn, it appears to be much more hereditary on
the side of the mare than on that of the horse ; and not even the
offer of a Yirago should tempt me to use her as a brood mare.
There are so many different conditions which produce what is
called " roaring," that it is difHcult to form any opinion which
shall apply to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen
from neglected strangles, or from a simple inflammation of the
larynx, the result of cold, it will probably never reappear; but
when the genuine ideopathic roaring has made its appearance,
apparently depending upon a disease of the nerves of the larynx,
it is ten to one that the produce will suffer in the same way.
Blindness, again, may or or may not be hereditary ; but in all
cases it should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to
roaring. Simple cataract without inflammation undoubtedly
runs in families ; and when a horse or mare has both eyes suf-
fering from this disease, without any other derangement of the

314 THE HORSE.

eye, I should eschew tliem carefully. When blindness is the
result of violent infiaramation brought on by bad management,
or by influenza, or any other similar cause, the eye itself is more
or less disorganized; and though this itself is objectionable, as
showing a weakness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular
cataract. Such are the chief absolute defects, or deviations, from
health in the mare ; to which may be added a general delicacy
of constitution, which can only be guessed from the amount of
flesh which she carries while suckling or on poor " keep," or
from her appearance on examination by an experienced hand,
using his eyes as well. The firm full muscle, the bright and lively
eye, the healthy-looking coat at all seasons, rough though it may
be in the winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution which is
wanted, but which often coexists with infirm legs and feet. In-
deed, sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst
legs and feet, chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their
ancestors also have had to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a
habit acquired from idleness, as also is wind-sucking ; but if
not caused by indigestion, it often leads to it, and is very com-
monly caught by the ofi'spring. It is true that it may be pre-
vented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in
the mare, though of less importance than those to which I have
already alluded, if not accompanied by absolute loss of health,
as indicated by emaciation, or the state of the skin.

Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which
must be understood not that gentleness at grass which may lead
the breeder's family to pet the mare, but such a temper as will
serve for the purposes of her rider, and will answer to the stim-
ulus of the voice, whip, or spur. A craven or a rogue is not to
be thought of as the " mother of a family ; " and if a mare be-
longs to a breed which is remarkable for refusing to answer the
call of the rider, she should be consigned to any task i-athcr than
the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose
which had been too irritable to train, unless she ha])pened to be
an exceptional case ; but if of an irritable family, she Avould be
worse even than a roarer, or a blind one. These are defects
which are appparent in the colt or filly, but the irritability
which interferes with training often leads to the expenditure of

CHOICE OF STALLION. 315

large sums on the faith of private trials, wliich arc lost from the
failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous system.

CHOICE OF STALLION.

Like the brood mare, the stallion requires several essentials —
commencing also like her, first, with his blood ; secondly, his in-
dividual shape ; thirdly, his health ; and, fourthly, his temper.
But there is this difficulty in selecting the stallion, that he must
not only be suitable^xr se, but he must also be adapted to the par-
ticular mare which he is to "serve." Thus, it will be manifest
that the task is more difficult than the fixi!)g upon a brood mare,
because (leaving out of consideration all other points but blood)
in the one ease, a mare only has to be chosen which is of good
blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the
same attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's
suitability to the mare, or to " hit" with her blood. Hence, all
the various theories connected with generation must be investi-
gated, in order to do justice to the subject ; and the breeder
must make up his mind wdiether in-and-in-breeding, as a rule, is
desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is adapted to the
particular case he is considering. Most men make up their
minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly,
in which decision much depends upon the j)re vailing fashion.
The rock nj^on which most men split is a bigoted favoritism
for some particular horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to
Orlando ; another, to Surplice or the Flying Dutchman ; although
they may every one be different in blood and form to the others.
Now, this cannot possibly be right if there is any princij^le what-
ever in breeding ; and however good a horse may be, he can-
not be suited to all mares. Some, again, will say that any horse
will do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall be able to
show that there is some science required to enable the breeder
to draw many prizes. That the system generally followed of
late is a bad one, I am satisfied, and with the usual and constant
crossing and re-crossing it is almost a lottery ; but npon proper
principles, and with careful management, I am tempted to be-
lieve that there would be fewer blanks than at present. I have
already given my own theoretical views upon the case, illustra-
ted by numerous examples on both sides of the question. It will

316 THE HORSE.

now be my object to apply these views practically by selecting
particular instances.

In choosing the particular blood which will suit any given
mare, my impression always would be, that it is desirable to Hx
upon the best strain in her pedigree, if not already twice bred
in-and-in, and then to put to her the best stallion available of
that blood. In some cases, of course, it will happen that the
second best strain will answer better, because there liappens to
be a better horse of that blood to be had than of the superior
strain, which would otherwise be preferred. If, on the other
hand, the mare has already been in-bred to the extent of two de-
grees, then a cross will be advisable ; but I am much inclined
to believe, from the success of certain well-known cases, that
even then a cross into blood already existing in the mare, but
not recently in-bred nor used more than once, will sometimes
answer. Upon these principles I should, therefore, look for suc-
cess ; and if the series of tables I have herewith given are care-
fully studied, it will be seen that the production of good winners
has so often followed this practice as to make its adoption ex-
ceedingly tempting. It is surprising to me that this very com-
mon occurrence of in-breeding among our best modern horses
has so generally escaped observation, and the only way in
which I can explain it is by supposing, that having frequently
been through the grandam on either side it has been lost sight
of, because the knowledge of the sire's and grandsire's blood is
generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus, we find
the most recent writer on the subject, who assumes the name of
" Craven," asserting, at page 121 of " The Horse" — " There is no
proximity of relationship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutch-
man, Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton,
Hero, Orlando, Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway,
Lothario, or others of celebrity." Now, of these the Flying
Dutchman is the produce of second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his
sire, being also in-bred to Williamson's Ditto and Walton, own
brothers ; and Orlando, containing in his pedigree Selim twice
over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Melbourne also is
the produce of third cousins, both his sire and dam being de-
scended from Highflyer. But if to these four, which he has
specially named, be added the numerous " others of celebrity "

CONSTITUTION OF STALLION. 317

to which I have drawn attention, besides a host of lesser stars
too numerous to mention, it will be admitted that he assumes
for granted the exact opposite of what really is the case.

The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon their
formation, is not less difficult than that of the marc, and it must
be guided by nearly the same principles, except that there is no
occasion for any framework especially calculated for nourishing
and containing the foetus, as in her case. As far as possible,
the horse should be the counterpart of what is desired in the
produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to select an ani-
mal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is
sought for, especially when that is not connected with the pre-
ponderance of fore or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare is very
leggy, a more than usually short-legged horse may be selected,
or if her neck is too short or too long, an animal with this organ
particularly long, or the reverse, as the case may be, should be
sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to attempt to make
too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen-
erally end in a colt made without a due proportion of parts, and
therefore more or less awkward and unwieldy.

In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly
apply to the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to
be avoided as far as possible, though few horses are to be met
with entirely free from all kinds of unsoundness, some the effects
of severe training, and others resulting from actual disease, oc-
curring from other causes. With regard to fatness, there is an
extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded with fat, just
as there formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It is quite
true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a sign of
a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be
carried to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there
often is hypertrophy, or excess of nourishment of the heart, or
any bony parts, so is there often a like superabundance of fat
causing obstruction to the due performance of the animal func-
tions, and often ending in premature death. This is in great
measure owing to want of exercise, but also to over-stimulating
food; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and also
to get good stock, should take especial care that he has enough
of the one and not too much of the other.

318 THE HORSE.

In temper, also, there is no more to be added to what I have
said relating to the mare, except that there are more bad-tem-
pered stallions met with than mares, independently of their
ATinning, and this is caused by the constant state of unnatural
excitement in which they are kept. This kind of vice is, how-
ever, not of so much importance, as it does not affect the run-
ning of the stock, and solely interferes with their stable man-
agement.

BEST AGE TO BKEED FEOM.

It is commonly supjDosed that one or other of the parents
should be of mature age, and that if both are very young, or very
old, the produce will be decrepit or weakly. A great many of
our best horses have been out of old mares, or by old horses —
as, for instance, Priam, out of Cressida, at twenty ; Crucifix, out
of Octaviana, at twenty-two ; and Lottery and Brutandorf, out
of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ; Voltaire got Yoltigeur
at twenty-one ; Bay Middleton v/as the sire of Andover at eigh-
teen, and Touchstone got l^ewminstcr at seventeen. On th(-
other hand, many young stallions and mares have succeeded
well, and in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has
been the best she ever produced. In the olden times, Mark An-
thony and Conductor were the first foals of their dams ; and
more recently. Shuttle Pope, Pilho da Puta, Sultan, Pericles,
Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred, and Pantaloon, have all been
first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk of su-
perior horses are pi'oduced later in the series. The youngest
dam wliich I ever heard of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who
produced Ugly Buck .at three years old, having been put to
Yenison when only two years of age. Her dam, also, was only
one year older when she was foaled ; and Yenison himself was
quite a young stallion, being only seven years old when he got
■Ugly Buck ; so tliat altogether the last-mentioned horse was a
remarkable instance of successful breeding from young parents.
As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were
not carried out, and he showed far better as a two-year-old, and
earf}- in the following year, than in his maturity. Such is often
the case, and, I believe, is a very general rule in breeding all
animals, whether horses, dogs, or cattle. The general j)ractico

TFME FOR BREEDING. ol'J

in breeding is to use 3'oimg stallions with old mares, and to put
young mares to old stallions ; and such appears to be the best
plan, judging from theory as well as j^ractice.*

BEST TIME FOR BREEDING.

For all racing purposes, an early foal is important, because
the age takes date from the 1st of January. The mare, there-
fore, should be put to the horse in February, so as to foal as
soon after January 1st as possible. As, however, many mares
foal a little before the end of the eleventh month, it is not safe
to send her to the horse before the middle of the second month
in the year. For further particulars, see " Thoughts on Breed-
ing," and the " Stud-Farm," in which the general managemeut
of the mare and foal is fully detailed.f

• The best colts in tliis country have been from sires of mature age, instance
Glencoe, Diomed who was not imported until 23 years old. Lexington was
foaled to Alice Carneal when 14 years old. — Ed.

f The mare should be kept in good condition and well protected in bad
weather, and watched at the time of foaling. We believe those foals that come
after the grass is ^^ell up, succeed as well, and often better, in this country than
those foaled earlier in the year. From the middle of March to the first of May
will be found early enough in a majority of the large breeding States. — Ed.

THOUGHTS

ON" GENERAL BEEEDING.

JSow in relation to breeding for general purposes, tliat is to say
to breeding the general horse, with a view to profit, on the part
of the breeder, and to practical utility and the improvement of
the horse-stock of the country at large, I shall proceed to give a
few brief suggestions, and exj)eriences of my own. And first, I
shall lay down two axioms, which I consider to be as self-evi-
dent, as it is that the nearest line between two points is a right
line ; and those who cannot adopt them with me, will, I fear,
find nothing that they will admire, or that will be of use to them,
in what follows. They are these —

First. That the excellence of any and every breed of horse,
and of every individual horse, consists in his possession of the
greatest attainable degree of pure thorough blood, directly trace-
able to Barb, Arab or Turk, that is compatible with the weight,
bulk, and strength, in hauling, required for the purposes, for
which the horse is intended.

Second, That to be of advantage, the jaure blood must come
chiefly from the sire's, not from the dam's, side.

This second axiom or rule, is a deduction from no theory, or
set of principles, but a fact proved by the breeding experience
of ages. However pure the blood of the dam, if she be stinted
to an animal of inferior blood, the progeny will be inferior to —
what they should be — the half-blood.

French physiologists opine, not without strong reasons for
their faith, that the pure female animal, once impregnated by
an inferior male, from some unknown impression on lier nervous

MONGREL BREEDING. 321

or generative system, becomes, ever after, herself so nearly a
hybrid, that she is thenceforth incapable of producing a pure
progeny, even to a pure sire.*

The case referred to above, on page 265, of the series of hy-
brids, preserved in the museum of the College of Surgeons, fur-
nishes a most singular corroboration of this theory.

The circumstances are these — A thoroughbred mare, of ex-
tremel}' high blood, from which it was anxiously desired to ob-
tain a progeny, was stinted several times to thoroughbred stal-
lions, but was always barren. It was suggested to the owner,
that she might possibly stand in foal, if tried to some of the
ferine varieties of the horse ; and that, if her barrenness could
be once overcome, she would, doubtless, in future prove fruitful
by animals of her own type. She was accordingly stinted to a
quagga, the striped South African animal, akin to the Zebra, —
procured from a menagerie for the purj)ose, — and, as it was pre-
dicted, stood in foal to him, and produced a striped hybrid. There-
after, she was stinted three times in succession to three diiferent
stallions of pure blood — ^there being, of course, no possible means
by which the wild African horse could have had second access
to her — and, in each instance, she gave birth to a striped hybrid.

Phenomena of the same description are so common in the
case of bitches of any pure race, which may have been casually
warded by dogs of another family, or by mongrels, that dog-
fanciers w^ill not attempt to breed from such, as have once borne
ignoble or hybrid litters ; knowing the tendency of the mothers,
to breed hacli^ as it is technically termed, to the type of the first
parent.

Some writers have endeavored to account for this stransre
anomaly, as it would seem to be, by attributing it to the effect
of a first love on the imagination of the female parent; but,
although it be admitted that imagination has its influence on the
generative organs, and to some degree on the whole system of
generation, it seems to be ascribing more than a reasonable,
or conceivable duration to a mere mental affection, when
one assumes its capacity to alter the whole formal and physical
organization of animals, regularly bred of like parents, to the
fourth generation.

The first thing, therefore, in my view of the subject, is to de

* This is not true. See Note 3, p. 353.

Vol. IL— 21

323 THE HORSE.

termine what class of auimals not thoroughbred you will raise,
and I believe the most profitable to be something nearly akin to
the English hunter ; that is to say, something which, having one,
two, three or more crosses of pure blood, on some excellent com-
mon stock, such as the best Yermont mares of the lighter class,
the best Canadian or mixed American and Canadian mares, or the
best, so called, Morgan mares of the largest and boniest class,
may turn out at best a very fast and valuable trotter, or, lacking
the speed for that, a high-bred, showy, grand-actioned carriage
horse, or, in case he should want height for that purpose, a thor-
oughly-useful light farm-horse or roadster.

All these horses are to be raised by judicious breeding of the
thoroughbred upon common mares. But it reqiiires knowledge,
experience and judgment, to succeed in such an attempt.

Nothing is more fatal, as a mistake, than to try to produce
great size, or even increase of size, by stinting under-sized, weedy
mares to great, overgrown, bulky stallions. The result is, almost
invariably, ill-shaped, narrow-chested, slab-sided, leggy animals,
with light round bone, and often altogether defective in balance
and counterpoise of parts ; having heavy heads, long, weak, un-
muscular necks, and either the fore-quarters or the hind-quarters
vastly and disproportionately in excess. Something of this sort
is said by the late J. S. Skinner, in his Journal of Agriculture,
in an article on tlie breeding of the American trotting horse, to
have been notoriously the case of the progeny of a Cleveland
Bay stallion of great size, imported by Robert Pattison of Mary-
land, and sent by him into Frederick county of that State.

This is precisely the result which I should have expected,
supposing the class of mares stinted to him, wliose produce
turned out so unfortunately, to have been of the wretched
weedy, spindle-legged, raw-hipped, ewe-necked class, which one
sees generally used for farm-work, in that State and Delaware, on
the smaller farms and in the hands of the poorer rural proprie-
tors— evidently an effete and run-down cross of thoroughbreds,
probably both male and female, with the poorest kind of the coun-
try horse.

Had the Cleveland Bay, in question, that is if he were really
a fine and well-proportioned animal, with good, carcass, deep
eloping shoulders, broad chest, arched sides, short flat cannon-

CLEVELAND BAY EMPEUOK.

3.i3

bones and good quarters — such as the noble animal Emperor,
lately imported l>y Mr. Kives into Virginia, whose figure stands
at the head of tin's paper, and who nniy be set down as a j;er-
fect type of the highest class of improved Cleveland Bay — ^Ijeen
put to well-selected mares, of the right breed and of the right
formation, he would not have been accused of deteriorating the
breed of horses, but would have undoubtedly given size, but not
size without substance, height without bone, much less length
without proportion.

In some portions of the country, and particularly in those
portions, where there is evidence, in the character of the now
existing horse-stock, that there has been an original strain of
Cleveland Bay blood, subsequently crossed with other bloods,
such as the Canadian and the thoroughbred — the latter remote-
ly— as I think is the case in the State of Vermont, where I con-
ceive the short, compact stocky Morgans to be the result of
such an intermixture, I do not doubt that the services of such
a Cleveland Bay stallion as Emperor, put to long, roomy, well
quart&red and well-proportioned mares of the Morgan breed,
would be of incalculable benefit. I have no doubt that in the
first generation such a horse would produce admirable light
team horses of great show and substance, suitable for express
wagons and the like, and that the mares bred to thoroughbred
horses of the right kind — selected for bone, compactness, and
substance — would give in the first cross carriage-horses, and in
the second trotters, parade horses, or cavalry horses, of the
highest possible caste and form. I doubt, that without some
such cross, giving increased size, bone, and room to the Morgan,
or light Vermont, road mares, extensively crossing with thorough-
breds would not succeed in the first instance, unless from the
very cream of the largest mares, and from a horse of singu-
larly well-selected points and characteristics of bone, form, and
last not least, blood of some strain, such as those of Orville,
Comus, Woodpecker, Lottery, Humphrey Clinker, or our own
Messenger, famous for success in producing hunters or road-
sters.

Such a horse as Priam, whatever may be said of his racer-
getting qualities, would be fatal to a line of roadsters, hunters,
or chargers, from the fatal tying in of his knees.

324 THE HORSE.

Thus, if it be turned to the proper use, I consider tiiat tlio
importation of Emperor, the Cleveland Bay, above spoken of
and represented, is a move in the right direction, and onu
likely to have the most generally beneficial consequences.

If, however, it be intended to set him covering run-out,
narrow, weedy thoroughbreds, or half or three-fourths part
bred mares, in the hope of giving them bone, bulk, and stamina
by the new strain, it needs no prophet to foresee and foretell the
very opposite results.

The animals will have less than the blood — which is the
only one good point left to them — of their dams, and none of the
characteristics of their sire. Since the mares have neither the
uterine capacity to contain the foetus proportioned to such a
horse, with natural reference to its growth and development
previous to its birth, nor the blood and stamina for its nourish-
ment while within their bodies.

There is another class of importations, that of the Percheron
Norman stallions, to which I look with the greatest interest —
although with no idea whatever that the stock got directly by
them out of any class of mares, whatever, will be of iise for
any other purpose than , draught. It is as the progenitors of
mares, which will cast the finest foals for general work, to
thoroughbred horses, deriving show, size, round action, and
bone from the dams, speed, endurance, courage, and blood from
the sires, that I consider they will be invaluable, and even su-
perior to the Cleveland Bays — in that they, in themselves,
possess a share of Barb blood, and that they have by nature,
with some size, the very form, and the shape, and quality of
bone which we desire.

I have no doubt that even well-chosen, pure Canadian mares
would produce wonderfully improved stock to horses of this,
their own, original strain — but that the larger-sized mares of
Canada, the result of a cross between Canadians and well-bred
English crosses — that is to say, the produce of one or two out-
crossings after a long continuance of in-breeding — put once
more to pure Norman stallions, would produce wonderful stock,
can, in fact, hardly be questioned, by any one at all conversant
with the theory of breeding, or its practice. And that the off-
spring of the mares of that new strain, by properly selected

PERCHERON NORMANS.

326

tliorouglibrcds, would be chargers on which a king might be
willino- to do battle for his crown, or which a queen might be
proud to see harnessed to her chariot, on her coronation, I, for
one, would stake my reputation as a horseman.

This, in a word, is what I think is most needed, and most
desirable to be done — to raise by judicious selection of parents,
by large and liberal nourishment of the mares, while in foal,
and by careful feeding, tending, and fostering the young ani-
mals— not forgetting to protect them from severe weather, and
sudden changes of temperature — the standard bone and muscle
of our common country mares, and then to breed them to the
best, and nothing but the best, blood-horses.

And here I will proceed to extract from the American edi-
tion of Youatt on the Horse, a letter to the American editor of
that work, from Edward Harris, Esq., of Mooreetown, New
Jersey, descriptive of his pure imported Norman stock, and
giving his views in reference to the characteristics, which the
stock bred from his Norman stallions are likely to possess, and
to the most judicious mode of introducing this blood. With
most of Mr. Harris's views I most cordially agree, especially in
his positively expressed opinion, that, with sufficient niargin
of time and money combined, with the possession of a large
landed estate, he, or any judicious breeder would produce the
very hest of horses for all purposes^ that is to say the very best
horse of all worTcy by breeding from the thoroughbred English
racer.

The only point in which I entirely differ from him is, as to
the likelihood that the produce of " Diligence " — that is to say,
of a pure Norman stallion, " and a large-sized thoroughbred
mare would be the desired result," that result being " a carriage
horse sufficiently fashionable for the city market."

" Should this fail," he adds, " I feel confident that another
cross from these colts " — that is to say, from stallions, the pro-
duce of a Norman horse and a thoroughbred mare — " will give
you the Morgan horse on a larger scale."

In all this I utterly disagree with Mr. Harris, and am cer-
tain that he is in error — he admits that his horse Diligence has
not had thoroughbred mares stinted to him, but that " the mares

326 THE HORSE.

with which he breeds the best, are the mares which you would
choose to breed a good carriage-horse from, with a good length
of neck, and tail coming out on a line with the back, to correct
the two prominent faults in the form of the breed, the short
neck and the steep rump."

Tliis is doubtless true, and from the mares produced by this
cross, bred once to a fine thoroughbred, I have no fear that he
would obtain the stamp of carriage-horse, which he desires,
and from a second cross of the mares so got to thoroughbred,
again, that the result would be an improved type of the Morgan
horse.

I would not hesitate, moreover, a moment to stint Morgan
mares to either these pure Norman stallions, or good Canadians,
with a view to obtaining improved bone and size without loss
of spirit, by a recurrence to what I do not doubt to be one of
the original sources of the Morgan stock, and then to breeding
the mares, so improved in stature, to the best formed and most
compact hunter-getting thoroughbred stallions I could find.

Morgan stallions, with all deference, I would not use at all —
at all events only for covering large, roomy, cold-blooded mares,
for which purpose they would be identical, as to the object,
though far inferior in degree, with the thoroughbred horse.

Mr. Harris's well-written and intelligent letter speaks for
itself, and with it I shall close this portion of my work. I had
intended to add some account of the cavalry horse of the United
States, but, on reference to headquarters, I find that there is no
such distinctive animal — that there is no regular standard of
blood, size, or form required, and no organized regulations,
either for purchasing or examining the animals — the whole sys-
tem of the cavalry service — that arm having been confined al-
most entirely to the frontiers — being in embryo, and, as I am
given to understand, at this moment in progress of reconstruc-
tion and organization de novo, after the best experiences, under'
a competent board of officers.

"Moorestown, April 6, 1850.

" My dear Sir — Your kind favor of the last of March, has
been duly received. I regret that, in consequence' of the de-
cease of a near relative, it has been out of my power to prepare
my answer as soon as you desired.

PEKCIIERON NORMANS. 337

" I tlunik you, my dear sir, for the order you liave suggested
to be observed in my communication. You will soon perceive
that I am by no means a practised writer, therefore your sug-
gestions are the more acceptable in aiding me to draw up my
' plain, unvarnished tale.'

" Tliese horses first came under my observation on a journey
through France in the year 1831. I was struck with the im-
mense power displayed by them in drawing the heavy dili-
gences of that country, at a pace which, although not as rapid
as the stage-coach travelling of England, yet at such a pace, say
from five to nine miles per hour, the lowest rate of which I do
not hesitate to say, would, in a short time, kill the English horse
if placed before the same load. In confirmation of this opinion
I will give you an extract from an article on the Norman horse
in the British Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, which I quoted
in my communication to the Farmer's Cabinet of Philadelphia,
in 1812, as follows ;

" ' The writer, in giving an account of the origin of the
horse, which agrees in tracing it to the Spanish horse- ■^f
Arabian ancestry — with the account which I have given above,
which I procured from French sources, says, " The horses of
ISTormandy are a capital race for haTd^ work and scanty fare.
[ have never seen such horses at the collar, under the diligence,
the post-carriage, the cumbrous and heavy voiture or cabriolet
for one or two horses, or the farm-cart. They are enduring and
energetic heyond description / with their necks cut to the bone,
they flinch not ; they put forth all their efforts at the voice of
the brutal driver, or at the dreaded sound of his never-ceasing
whip ; they keep their condition when other horses would die of
neglect and hard treatment. A better cross for some of our
horses can not be imagined than those of ISTormandy, provided
they have not the ordinary failing, of too much length from the
hock downwards, and a heavy head." I think that all who
have paid attention to this particular breed of N^orman horses
— the Percheron, which stands A No. 1 — will bear me out in
the assertion that the latter part of this quotation will not apply
to them, and that, on the contrary, they are short from the hock
downwards; that their heads are short, with the true Arabian
face, and not thicker than fhey should be to correspond with

328 TETE HORSE.

the stoutness of their bodies At all events you can witness
that Diligence has not these failings, which, when absent, an
Englishman — evidently, from his article a good horseman — ■
thinks, constitutes the Korman horse the best imaginable horse
for a cross upon the English horse of a certain description.
Again he says, " They are very gentle and docile ; a kicking or
vicious horse is almost unknown there ; any person may pass in
security at a fair at the heels of hundreds.' "

" My own impressions being fortified by such authority from
such a source — where we look for little praise of any thing
French — and numerous others, verbal and written, I made up
my mind to return to France at an early day, and select a stal-
lion at least, as an experiment in crossing upon the light mares
of ]!Srew Jersey. My intention was unavoidably delayed until
the year 1839, when I went seriously to work to purchase two
stallions and two mares with the aid of a veterinary surgeon of
Havre, Monsieur St. Marc, to whose knowledge of the various
distinct breeds which exist in France, and his untiring zeal in
aidmg my enterprise, I take great pleasure in making acknowl-
edgments. The animals in due time were procured, but the
last which was brought for my decision, although a fine stallion^
showed such evident signs of a cross of the English blood — af-
terwards acknowledged by the owner — that I rejected him, and
the packet being about to sail, and preparations being made for
the shipment, I was obliged to put the stallion and two mares
on board, no time being left to look up another stallion. Here
another difficulty arose — I could find no competent groom in
Havre to take charge of them on the voyage, and deliver them
in ISTew York. I was obliged to make an arrangement with one
of the steerage passengers, a German, who had never been to
sea before, to attend to them to'the best of his ability. As you
may suppose, I did not feel very well satisfied with this arrange-
ment. I therefore wrote to M. Meurice of Paris, to take charge
of my baggage which I had left at his hotel, and the next morn-
ing I was on my way to New York in the packet ship Iowa,
Captain Peck, where I lived in the round-house on deck, with
himself and ofiicers. It was the Iowa's first voyage, and her
cabin had not been finished, so great was the fear of the owners,
at that time, that their ' occupation was gone ' of carrying cabin

DILIGENCE.

329

passengers, in consequence of the recent success of the English
sea-steamers. We had three hundred steerage, and I was the
only Gohin passenger. The horses were also on deck. The first
night, so great was the change in the temperature, on the occur-
rence of a slight storm, that all the horses took violent colds,
and, unfortunately, with the best use 1 could make of M. St,
Marc's medicine-chest, and his very judicious directions for the
treatment of the horses under this anticipated state of affairs, I
could not prevent the death of the stallion from inflammation
of the lungs, before reaching Kew York. Tlie mares were
landed safely, but too much stiffened by the voyage and their
sickness, to make the journey at once across the Jerseys on foot.
I procured a trusty man to accompany them, and sent them by
railroad for Burlington. The next morning I had the mortifica-
tion to see my man returned with the sad news that the finest
mare had broken through the bottom of the car, and fractured
one of her hind legs. Thus left Avith one horse out of four se-
lected, the only alternative was to give up, or go back for more.
I did not hesitate about the latter, and in three weeks I was
steaming it on board the Great Western. My next purchase
was " Diligence," another stallion, and two mares. This time
I was more fortunate, and procured an excellent groom to ac-
company them, who succeeded in getting them safely to ITew
York and to Moorestown, carefully shunning the railroad. I
have, since that time, lost one of the mares, and the other stal-
lion went blind after making one season. Not wishing to run
the risk of perpetuating a race of horses with weak eyes, I have
not since permitted him to cover mares; though I must say
for him that his colts have all good eyes, and stand high in
public ftivor.

" Those who are acquainted with the thoroughbred Canadian
horse, will see in him a perfect model, on a small scale, of the
Percheron horse. This is the peculiar breed of ISTormandy,
which are used so extensively throughout the northern half of
France for diligence and post-horses, and from the best French
authorities I could command — I cannot now quote the precise
authorities — I learned that they were produced by the cross of
the Andalusian horse upon the old heavy Norman horse, whose
portrait may still be seen as a war-horse on the painted windows

330 THE HOESE.

of the Cathedral of Rouen, several centuries old. At the time
of the occupation of the ISTetherlands by the Spaniards, the
Andalusiau was the favorite stallion of the north of Europe, and
thus a stamp of the true Barb was implanted, which remains to
the present day. K you will allow me to digress a moment, I
will give you a short description of the old Norman draught-
horse on which the cross was made. They average full sixteen
hands in height, with head short, thick, wide and hollow be-
tween the eyes ; jaws lieavy ; ears short and pointed well for-
wards ; neck very short and thick ; mane heavy ; shoulder well
inclined backwards ; back extremely short ; rump steep ; cpar-
ters very broad ; chest deep and wide ; tendons large ; muscles
excessively developed; legs very short, particularly from the
knee and hock to the fetlock, and thence to the coronet, which
is covered with long hair, hiding half the hoof; much hair on
the legs,

" The bone and muscle, and much of the form of the Perche-
ron is derived from this horse, and he gets his spirit and action
from the Andalusian. Docility comes from both sides. On
the expulsion of the Spaniards from the north, the supply of
Andalusian stallions was cut off, and since that time in the Perche
district in Normandy, their progeny has doubtless been bred in-
and-in ; hence the remarkable uniformity of the breed, and the
disposition to impart their form to their progeny beyond any
breed of domestic animals within my knowledge. Another cir-
cumstance which I think has tended to perpetuate the good
qualities of these horses, is the fact of all their males being
kept entire ; a gelding is, I believe, unknown among the rural
horses of France. You may be startled at this notion of mine,
but if you reflect a moment, you must perceive that in such a
state of things — so contrary to our practice and that of the
English — the farmer will always breed from the best horse, and
he will have an opportunity of judging, because the horse has
been broken to harness and his qualities known before he could
command business as a stallion. Hence, too, their indifference
to pedigree.

" If the success of Diligence as a stallion is any evidence of
the value of the breed, I can state, that he has averaged eighty
mares per season for the ten seasons he has made in this couu-

COLTS OF DILIGENCE. 331

try, and as lie is a very sure foal-getter, he must liave produced
at least four hundred colts ; and as I have never yet heard of a
colt of his that would not readily bring one hundred dollars,
and many of them much higher prices, you can judge of the
benefit which has accrued from his services. I have yet to learn
that he has produced one worthless colt, nor have I heard of
one that is spavined, curbed, ringboned, or has any of those de-
fects which render utterly useless so large a number of the fine-
bred colts of the present day. The opinion of good judges here
is, that we have never had, in this part of the country at least,
so valuable a stock of horses for farming purposes ; and further,
that no horse that ever stood in this section of the country has
produced the same number of colts whose aggregate value has
been equal to that of the colts of Diligence ; for the reason
that, although there may have been individuals among them
which would command a mucli higher price than any of those
of Diligence, yet the number of blemished and indiiferent colts
has been so great, as quite to turn the scale in his favor.

" In reply to your queries, I would say to the first, that
Diligence has not been crossed at all with thoroughbred mares
—such a thing is almost unknown here at the present day ; but
those mares the nearest approaching to it have produced the
cleanest, neatest, and handsomest colts, though hardly large
enough to command the best prices. Those I know of that
cross are excellent performers.

" 2. The style of mares with which Diligence breeds best, ap-
pears to me to be the mare which you would choose to breeu
carriage-horses from, with a good length of neck, and tail com-
ing out on a line with the back, to correct the two prominent
faults in form of the breed, the short neck and steep rump.

" 3. What is the result of the cross with different styles — as
regards size and shape ? — This may be answered in a general
way by stating, the size will depend somewhat upon the size
of the mare, with due allowance for casting after back stock,
which will be well understood by breeders. As regards shape,
you may depend upon the predominance of the form of the
horse in nine cases out of ten ; indeed, I have only seen one of
his colts that I could not instantly recognize from the form.
The reason will occur to you from what I have said of the extreme

332

THE HORSE.

purity of the breed ; such as they are they have been for cen-
turies ; and could you find another race of horses of entirely
different form in the same category as regards their pedigree,
my belief is, that when you should see the first colt from them,
you would see the model of all that were to follow.

" 4c. Can you breed carriage-horses sufiiciently fashionable
for the city markets ? I do not hesitate to say that it cannot be
done with the first cross. Tliere is too much coarseness about
them, which must be worn down by judicious crossing ; and I
think a stallion got by Diligence upon a large-sized throughbred
mare, would go very far towards jDroducing the desired result.
Should this fail, I feel very confident that another cross from
these colts on the thoroughbred mare, will give you the Jfor-
gan horse on a larger scale. I still hold to the opinion I ex-
pressed to you years ago, that the action of our common horses
would be improved by this cross. His colts have higher action
than their dams, and generally keej) their feet better under
them ; in other words, they pick them up quicker, not suffering
them to rest so long upon the ground.

" Your fifth and sixth questions wull be answered by what I
have further to say in regard to the progeny of Diligence.

" I may safely say they are universally docile and kind, at
the same time spirited and lively. They break in without any
difficulty. As regards their speed, I do not know of any that
can be called fast horses, though many smart ones among ordi-
nary road horses. Diligence, as I have said elsewhere, was
chosen — for obvious reasons — as a full-sized specimen of the
breed. As for speed in trotting, we cannot doubt its being in
the breed, when we look at the instances among the thorough-
bred Canadian ponies. Could I have made my selection from
the stallions which I rode behind in the diligences, I could have
satisfied the most fastidious on this point ; but, unfortunately,
these horses all belonged to the government, and are never sold
until past sei'vice. My main object was to produce a valnable
farm-horse. The chance of fast colts is not very great ; because
those persons having fast mares to breed from, naturally look
for a fast stallion, and failing to find him, take one of the best
English blood they can find ; and should they occur, they will
be mares, or, ten to one, horses, gelded before their good quali-

THE STUD FAKM, 333

ties are discovered. Perhaps some part of what I say above
will be more clear to you if I say, that I hold to the opinion
that the Percheron blood still exists in Canada in all its purity.

" You will think, perhaps, that I have said quite enoiifi^h
about my humble hobby, and you will have found out too, that
I have no idea, contrary to your good-natured warning, of mak-
ing ' swans of my geese.' What I should like to see would be
further importations of these horses, thereby multiplying the
chances for a happy hit in crossing, and to draw public atten-
tion to tbem, which would do more for them than wi'iting till
doomsday. So far from considering these horses as capal:)le by
any crossing of producing the very best of horses for all pur-
poses, that is to say, the best horse-of-all-w^ork, I believe that if
I had my time to liv^e over again, had a very large landed estate,
an unlimited supply of ' the dust^ I could produce that horse
by breeding from the thoroughbred English racer. It would
not be difficult now to select, to start from, stallions and mares
possessing all the requisites of size, form, temper, &c. ; but each
of these individuals is such a compound of all kinds of ances-
tors, good, bad, and indifferent, that you would be obliged from
their progeny to select and reject so often, for faults of size and
form, and for blemishes and vices, that your allotted days would
be near a close before you produced any thing like uniformity
in the breed. Still, we see what has been done by Bakewell
and others in breeding stock ; therefore I contend, a la Sam
Patch, that what has been done may be done again.

" I therefore am decidedly of opinion, that we cannot do
better, if we wish to produce in any reasonable time a most in-
valuable race of horses for the farm and the road, than to breed
from the full-sized Norman or Percheron horse.
" I remain, yours very sincerely,

" Edward Hakeis."

THE STUD FAKM.

The necessity for a farm, with all the buildings suitable to a
breeding stud of race-horses, is self-evident, inasmuch as the
mares and colts of that valuable nature, and also of such in-
tractable dispositions, that ordinary accommodation would be

334 THE HOKSE.

insufficient. But even more do tliey require lierbage of a pecu-
liar kind, full of fine clover, yet free from the coarse grasses,
and the land well drained, and of a sandy or chalky subsoil.
The presence of these characteristics has made Yorkshire so pro-
minent as a breeding locality, and its thoroughbreds, as well as
its horses of inferior blood, have always stood high in the scale.
On the other hand, low, marshy situations are unfavorable to
the development of the horse, and cause him to be coarse, un-
wieldy, and generally unsound. In selecting a breeding farm,
therefore, the first and the most absolutely essential point, is the
soil, and by consequence the herbage. The surface should be
undulating, but not very hilly, giving just sufficient alteration
to teach the young stock the difference between up-hill and
down, and enabling them to acquire the power of mastering
themselves over both variations of surface. The size of the
enclosures may easily be altered, if too large or too small ; but it
would be well, and would save much subsequent trouble and
expense, if a farm could be found divided into small enclosures
by banks and strong thorn hedges, and without deep ditches,
which are always a source of danger to both colt and dam.
Walls are very good divisions, if they are high enough, and the
earth is raised against their foundations ; but they are not equal
to good banks, with thorn hedges upon them.

A certain number of hovels proportioned to the mares must
be put up, if they are not already in existence, and they may
most economically be built by placing four together where four
paddocks meet ; or, if those are very large, by building in the
middle of one, and dividing off the field into the four separate
runs, for the mares and foals. But though this plan is very com-
monly adopted from economical motives, it is not a good one,
because the aspect of two of the hovels must be northerly or
easterly, both of which are cold and prejudicial to young stock,
besides being too shady during the early spring. It should,
moreover, be remembered, that in the spring time, when mares
require the most grass they exhaust it the soonest, and therefore
it will not be advisable to allot them too small a run, but rather
to give each hovel a double one, in order that as soon as the
mare has cropped one half close she may have a change into
the other. The annexed plan of a pair of hovels, with yards and

HOVELS FOK STOCK. 335

paddocks, will afford a good idea of the very highest accommo-
dation which can be desired. They may be built of brick, stone,
or timber, according to the taste and purse of the proprietor.
In all cases the size should be about 15 feet by 12 feet for both
hovels and yards, and the aspect should be invariably to the
south, either facing that quarter or a point or two to the east or
west of it. The door should never open in any other direction,
because it often happens in early spi'ing that the weather is too
cold and wet to turn the mare and foal out, and yet the sun
may be admitted by opening the upper lialf of the door with
great advantage to the young animal, which requires sun as
much as its mother's milk. When materials are very expensive,
and money is limited, a hovel of 12 feet square may perhaps
suffice ; but the extra length will be well bestowed, and it should
always be calculated on as desirable, if not absolutely needful.
With regard to height, I should say that eight feet is a good and
sufficient amount of head-room, for as these boxes are never air-
tight, it is not important that they should be very lofty, and if
made too high they become very cold in the long winter nights,
whereas if kept down to eight feet, the warmth of the mare's
body raises the temperature sufficiently to protect the foal from
an excessive reduction during a frost. In all cases the roof
should be thatched, which material is cool in summer and warm
in winter ; and as these hovels are always at a distance from the
main dwelling, it is not here objectionable on account of its ten-
dency to bm-n. 'Next to thatch, tiles offer the most equal tem-
perature ; but they are not in this respect to be compared to it,
though far superior to slates. Tlie walls may be of brick or
stone, which are the best and most desirable materials, and
equally good in every respect, the choice being given to that
which is the cheapest in the locality. Boarding is a bad mate-
rial, as it can scarcely be made warm and air-tight, and is liable
to give cold by allowing small currents or draughts of air to play
upon both mare and foal, which is worse than leaving them ex-
posed to the open air. In every case the doors should be wide
and high, viz., seven feet six by four feet six, and all angles
rounded off ; to which precaution a roller on the door-post is a
very useful addition, as a prevention from accidents. Tlie yard
should be w\qlled in, or divided off by a wooden partition, or a

336 THE HOESE.

gorse fence, either of which should be seven feet high. The door
to the hovel should be of elm or oak, and made in two portions,
BO as to allow the lower half to be shut without the upper one,
in order that air may be admitted at times when the weather
will not allow of the mare and foal leaving the hovel ; a small
window should be inserted in the wall, and the mangers made
in the following manner; — In one corner a manger of good
height should be placed for the mare, with a ring above, to
which she may be tied ; and in the other, a lower one for the
foal, by which arrangement the mare is unable, when tied up, to
deprive her foal of his corn. The hay-rack is better made on
the outside of the wall, so that the groom may be able to re-
plenish it without entering the hovel ; and this is easily effected
by placing it as an excrescence on the outside, with a lid to turn
the wet off, and with bars on the inside. This plan prevents all
chance of accident from the gambols of the foal, which often
lead it into mischief, if the arrangements are such as to give it
any possible opportunity. In the third corner, unoccupied by
the door, should be a water-tank, which may be of iron, and
should always be replenished with fresh soft water from a river,
pond, or rain-water tank. The floor should be paved with flints,
stones, or hard bricks, and' a well-trapped drain placed in the
centre. The yard also should be paved in the same way, though
this is not so essential; and it is sometimes kept replenished
with burnt clay, which thus serves the double purpose of ab-
sorbing all the urine, &c., and keeping it free from putrefaction,
which the clay has the power of doing. It is changed as often
as it is saturated, and is then removed to a situation remote
from the mares and foals. The partition between the two yards
should be partially open, so as to allow the foals to become ac-
quainted with each other before they are turned out together,
which they generally are at weaning time ; and if then strange
to one another, they pine for their dams much more than they
do when they have had the pleasure of a previous introduction.
"When the gorse is used it is applied as follows ; — The door-posts
and uprights are first fixed, and should be either of oak — which
is best — or of good sound Memel fir ; they should be about six
inches by four, and should be fixed six feet apart with three
feet sunk in the ground. After thus fixing the fi-amework, and

H

m^Wi

G0K8E WALLS. 337

putting on the wall-plate and rafters, the whole internal surface
is made good by nailing split poles of larch, or other timber,
closely together across the uprights, taking especial care to
round off the ends when they appear at the door-posts. Tlius
the whole of the interior is tolerably smooth, and no accident
can happen from the foal getting his leg into any crevice be-
tween the poles, if care is taken to nail them securely, and to
leave no space between them. When this internal framework
is finished, the gorse is applied outside as follows ; It is first
cut into small branches, leaving a foot-stalk to each, about
twelve or fifteen inches in length ; these branches are arranged
in layers between the uprights, the stalks pointing upwards
and inwards, and the prickly ends downwards and outwards.
When, by a succession of layers of these brushy stalks, a height
of eighteen inches has been raised, a stout and tough pole,
about the size of an ordinary broomstick, and six feet long, is
laid upon the middle of the gorse, and so as to confine it against
the split poles and between the uprights. The workmen kneel
upon this pole, and by its means compress the gorse into the
smallest possible compass ; and while thus pressed down, and
against the internal framework, it is confined to the latter by
five or six loops of strong copper-wire. When this is properly
done, the gorse is so firmly confined, and withal so closely
packed, that neither wind nor rain can penetrate, nor can all
the mischief-loving powers of the foal withdraw a single stalk.
After fixing the first layer, a second is built up in the same way,
and when neatly done, the extei-ior is as level as a brick-wall ;
but if there are any very prominent branches, they may be
sheared off with the common shears, or taken off with the
ordinar^^ hedging bill-hook. When it is desired to make the
exterior look very smooth, a hay-trusser's knife is used ; but the
natural ends, though not so level, are a much better defence,
and last longer than the cut gorse. In the interior the stalks
sometimes project, and if so they must be smoothly trimmed off.
The fastenings to the door should be free from projections,
and nothing answers better than the common slide-bolt, which
no foal can open. All the wood-work should be painted with
coarse paint, or dressed with tar, which is the best for the pur-
pose, as it effectually prevents the young stock from licking
Vol. II.— 22

338

THE HORSE.

and biting the projections, a trick which often ends in confirmed
crib-biting, or wind-sucking. The yards should have two gates,
one opening into each separate paddock, so that the one maj be
shut up, and the other left for them to use when turned out, and
thus the grass allowed to make head, and a change permitted in
the pasture. In the plan, a 1 and a 2 are the two hovels, h 1
and h 2 the two yards, c 1 and g 2 the two upper paddocks, and
dl and d2 those which are used as a change. By closing
either of the two gates to the yards, the other will admit the
mare and foal to the paddock into which it opens. In all open-
timber partitions plenty of hemlock tips should be inserted to
make them good, in order to ]3revent the foal from slipping in
his gallops, and getting hurt, or even cast under the bars. This
accident has ruined many a foal, and the only certain preven-
tion is to make up all timber fences by the above materials, one
or other of which may always be readily procured.

A certain portion of arable should always be held with the
grass land, in order to produce Lucerne, rye, carrots, &c., foi
early spring feed. It must be recollected, that the thorough-

MANAGEMENT OF MARES. 339

bred mare is required to foal as early as possible in the year,
because the produce takes age from the 1st of January, and
with two-year-olds a month or two is of great importance. In
few situations is there much grass fit for the mare before the Ist
of May, and tlierefore cut stuff of some kind, with carrots or
turnips, must be given. These can only be produced economi-
cally on the stud-farm itself, and provision should always be
made for an early supply. Italian rye-grass is generally the
earliest crop, and if the soil suits it should always be planted,
turnips do pretty well, but not so well as the Italian rye. Car-
rots also are useful ; but in all cases both the carrots and turnips
should be cut very small, for fear of choking the foal, or even
the mare, an accident which has haj^pened to both on many oc-
casions. Lucerne comes in soon after the rye-grass, and is an
admirable food for suckling mares. Vetches are both too late
and too heating, and are not nearly so good as Lucerne.

MANAGEMENT OF THE MAHE.

In this place, in the usual order of things, it might be ex-
pected that I should allude to the selection of the brood-mare,
and the best cross for her ; but, for the sake of simplicity, it will
be better to describe the general management of the breeding-
stud, and the breaking and training of young stock ; and finally,
to consider the most desirable strains for breeding race-horses
after all the various elements of success on the turf have been
thoroughly investigated, as well as the steeplechase, hurdle-
race, &c. This is, to some extent, putting the cart before the
horse, but as it will make this mysterious subject more intelli-
gible, I jDrefer adopting the plan, to the apparently more simple
one which I have rejected.

The duration of pregnancy in the mare is eleven months,
and, consequently, she should never be put to the horse earlier
than the end of the first week in February ; indeed there is
great hazard in sending her before the middle or end of the
month, as so many mares drop their foals a fortnight earlier
than the full time. Should this occur with a mare stinted on.
the 8tli or 9th of February, the foal is dropped in the last week
of December, by which its age is increased one year, and it is

340 THE HORSE.

mined for all weight for age races, and in fact for all pnrposes.
Tlie mare should be allowed to be at large in the fields during
the day time, as exercise is of the greatest consequence to her
health ; and she should be carefully kept from the sight of any
object which can terrify or distress her, such as pig-killing, or
the sight or smell of blood in any way. Sometimes an epidemic
causes a series of miscarriages or premature slippings of the
foals, and almost every mare on the farm is affected in the same
way, and there seems to be no mode of preventing this untoward
result. When the mare is near her time, she shows her state by
the filling of the udder, and by the falling in of the muscles on
each side of the croup, which the farriers call the " sinking of
the bones." When these signs appear the mare should be con-
stantly watched, in order that assistance may be given her if
there is any difficulty in the presentation. The usual mode for
the foal to come into the world is with both fore-legs first, and
if after they appear the nose shortly shows itself, all may be
considered straightforward, and no fears need be entertained.
Sometimes with a large foal and a comparatively small pelvis, a
little assistance may carefully be given by gently drawing upon
the legs after the head is well down ; but these cases are un-
usual, and with this natural presentation it is seldom required.
If, however, there is any other kind of birth, and the head pre-
sents without the legs, or the hind legs first, or if the head is
doubled back upon the body, assistance must generally be ob-
tained, unless the man in attendance is more than ordinarily
skilful. Turning is generally the expedient which is had re-
course to by the regular practitioner, but it requires great care
and skill to accomplish the oj)eration without danger to tlie foal.
As soon as this is born the mai-e should be allowed to clean it,
and the secundines are removed by the attendant ; after which
the mare should have a little warm gruel, and, if very much
exhausted, about a pint of strong ale- -more or less according to
circumstances — may be given with it. It often happens with the
first foal that the mare will not take to it, and not onl}^ refuses to
clean it, but actually denies it the proper nourishment from her
teats. When this is the case, the man should milk the mare
and soothe her, and, after her udder is somewhat empty, and she
is relieved, she will generally allow the foal to suck. They

MANAOEMKNT OF FOALS. 341

slioukl never be left alone till this has taken place, as it is dan-
gerous to do so for fear of the mare doing a fatal injury to her
offspring. Before the coat of the foal is dry, tlie mane should
be combed all on one side ; by which precaution that ragged
unsightly look is avoided which it has if part hangs on one side
and part on the other. For the first twenty-four hours nothing
besides warm gruel and a very little hay should be given to the
mare ; but when the secretion of milk is fully established she
requires oats, bran mashes with malt, carrots, turnips, clover, or
green food in some shape, according to the season of the year.

MANAGEMENT OF THE FOAL.

Handling the foal should be commenced as soon as he is
born, because it is at that time that he is most easily rendered
tractable, and regardless of the presence of his attendant, who
should make a practice of rubbing his head, picking up his feet,
&c., long before he actually wants to do any thing with those
parts. But if these acts are postponed, till they are really wanted
to be done, the colt is wild and unmanageable, and neither
physic nor anything else can be administered without a degree
of violence very dangerous to its welfare. The foal is very
liable to diarrhoea, and it should at once be checked by a drench
of rice-water, with one or two drachms of laudanum, which will
almost always stop it, if repeated after every loose motion. The
sun should in all cases be admitted to the box, whether in winter
or summer, and without it no young animal will long be in
health. If the weather is very severe, with wet as well as cold,
the upper half only of the door should be opened while the sun
is out; but if the weather is dry, the mare and foal may be
allowed to run into the yard ; or if not very cold and frosty, into
the paddock for a short time. By the end of the month the foal
will begin to eat cnished oats, which may be given in its own
low manger, and with the mare tied up to hers. As many of
them as the foal will eat will do good ; and it never happens,
that I have heard, that a young foal will eat more than enough
of this food, which is the main stay of the young racer. Much of
the success of this kind of stock depends upon their early forcing
by means of oats ; and as far as he is concerned, the mare as

343 THE HOKSE.

well as himself can hardly have too much, consistently with a
continuance of health ; but caution must be used in forcing the
mare until she is decidedly stinted. When the mare is tied up,
the halter should not be longer than necessary, nor should it be
fastened to a low ring ; as it has often happened that the foal
has become entangled in it when low, and has been ruined by
his own struggles, or those of his mother. At six months old
the foal is usually weaned, previously to which he should wear
a light and well-fitting head collar, by which he may be led
about with a length of webbing attached to it by a buckle. This
is more easily done before weaning than after, as the mare may
always be made an inducement to the foal, and it will therefore
be half coaxed and half led by a little manoeuvring ; whereas, if
entirely alone, tlie foal will struggle in order to escajDe, and will
not so easily be controlled. Two quarterns of oats may now be
given to the foal during the day, which, with the grass of sum-
mer, will keep him in high flesh, and by this time he ought to
have grown into a very good-sized animal. By this treatment
the foals are made strong and hardy against the advent of the
winter season, during which time their progress is not nearly so
fast as in the summer ; and in spite of every precaution, there
are constantly drawbacks 'in the shape of colds, dysentery, &c
Feeding in this mode is the great secret to rearing racing stock
and though cow's milk, steamed turnips, &c., will make the
yearling look fat and fleshy, you will never see that appearance
of high breeding and condition which is given by oats, nor, when
put into training, do they pass througli that ordeal in the way
which corn-fed colts and Allies may be expected to do. At this
age, when fed in this way, foals are as mischievous as monkeys,
and great care should be taken that they have nothing in their
way which can possibly injure them. Brooms, shovels, pikes,
and buckets must all be kept away from their reach, and all
gates and fences must be carefully put in order. Indeed, with
every precaution, they will strain themselves in their play ; but
if all these points are not attended to, the consequence is almost
sure to be fatal to life or limb. During the winter young racing
stock should all be carefully housed at night ; and their oats may
be increased to three quarterns a day as soon as the grass fails,
with plenty of good sound old hay, and occasionally a few care-

FOOD OF TITF FOAL. 343

fully sliced carrots or turnips. During all this time they should
still be constantly liandled and led about ; and when removed
from one pasture to anotliei", they sliould always be caught and
led by the length of webbing. Tlie absence of tin's precaution
is a fertile source of accidents, while its adoption is only an
instance of that constant handling which must be attended to
even were no removal necessary. These remarks will carry on
the treatment of the yearling to the time when he is broken in
and put into training. At this time — that is, in the second sum-
mer, and as soon as there is plenty of grass, the yearling should
begin to assume the appearance of the horse, with arras and
thighs well developed, and with a fair allowance of fat, which,
though not necessary for racing purposes, is always an indica-
tion of high health, and will make its appearance on the ribs of
a stout and healthy colt in spite of all the exercise in the shape
of frolics and gallops which his high spirits induce him to take.
During the early spring months this cannot always be expected,
from the nature of the food ; but after May, the flesh ought
always to be rather full and round than wiry and free from fat,
which latter condition indicates a delicacy of constitution un-
favorable to the purposes of the race-horse.

Physicking the yearling or the foal is sometimes necessary,
when he is getting off his feet, or is bound in his bowels, or his
eyes become inflamed, or otherwise indicate that he is over-fed
with oats. This is a very common state of things, and the remedy
is a dose of the common aloetic ball, for which see the Diseases
of the Horse, for the dose and mode of administration. About
one-quarter of an ordinary ball is the smallest dose likely to be
beneficial to the young foal.

BREAKING.

THE STABLES NECESSARY FOR YOUNG RACING STOCK.

The stabling which is sufiicient for ordinary racing purposes,
will not answer for the first housing of colts and fillies, which
require more air and room than older horses, as they are a con
Biderable time in becoming accustomed to the warmer and

B44 THE H0B8E.

darker stables suited to horses doing strong work. But not only
is a large roomy box required for eacli colt, but there must also
be a yard, or small paddock, in which they may be suffered to
take that exercise which they cannot yet receive artificially in
an amount which will maintain their health. The breaking is
generally commenced in warm summer weather ; and there is
no danger in allowing the colt to be at liberty during the day,
at such hours as are not required to be occupied by the breaker's
instructions. It is necessary, therefore, to have a series of airy
boxes, separated from one another in the same way as those
in ordinary stables, but of a larger size, being at least 18 feet by
12 feet, and with a very free circulation of air. These are much
better made open to the roof, as they are never used in cold
weather for horses, and will then serve for any other kind ol
stock if required ; but at all events they should now be as airy
as it is possible to make them. Many people object to the use
of litter at this period, as being different to the cool grass to
which the colt has been accustomed, and recommend tan as a
much better kind of material for the floor of the box. I am
inclined to think that there is great reason in this objection, and
that the latter article is less likely to produce that contraction
of the feet which so commonly occurs in the horse in training.
A shady paddock, with as soft a turf as possible, should be pro-
vided ; and here the colt may be turned out the first thing in
the morning for an hour or two, and again at night for the same
time, leaving the middle of the day for the breaker's manipula-
tions. This plan also provides for the gradual alteration of diet,
as the colt will always pick a little grass when turned out, and
will only eat his hay during the long night ; while his oats he
has long been accustomed to, and will still continue to relish.

LEADING TACKLE.

Leading with the cavesson on is the first thing to be prac-
tised, and it should be continued for two or three weeks without
any farther attempt at breaking, if there be plenty of time, and
full justice is to be done to the colt. A roller is put upon the
colt, and a crupper, with long hip-straps,' by the presence of
which he becomes accustomed to a loose sheet, or any other de-

SHOEING. 345

rangemcnt of clothing in his subsequent work. "With this tackle
on, and long boots on his fore-legs to guard against his striking
them, the colt is led about the country, either by the breaker
on foot or mounted on a steady hack ; and for a week he may
generally be confined to soft turf, which will not require his
being shod. Even on such ground as this he will be gradually
accustomed to carts, wagons, droves of sheep, oxen, e^c, and
will daily acquire more confidence in himself and in his leader.
JSTo bit should be put in his mouth as yet, for its too early use
while he is still shy and inclined to struggle, only makes him
more timid, and by far less manageable than with the cavesson
alone.

SHOEING.

Shoeing must be commenced as soon as the colt is in a state
to be taken on the roads, because it will often happen that he
will be inclined to jump and plunge on the meeting of unac-
customed objects ; and if his feet are unshod he will break
the crust, and do that amount of injury, which it will take many
weeks to restore. It is better, therefore, to put some short shoes
on his fore-feet ; but his hind-feet may still perhaps be left in
their natural state for some time longer. I do not myself see
the advantage of this delay, but it is very commonly practised
with young racing stock ; and with wild or badly-handled colts,
it is often necessary, from the greater resistance which they
make to the blacksmith behind than before. The shoes or tips
should be nailed on very carefully, and they should be very neat
and light in their make ; the feet also should afterwards be regu-
larly examined, and the shoes removed every three weeks.
It is a very common practice for the blacksmith to cut out the
heels of these colts, but I am satisfied, that by the use of tips only
the heels may left in a state of nature, and will require little or
no clearing out until the horse is full-shod, and the frog and heel
protected from the friction of the ground.

TYING-UP IN THE STABLE.

The next process is the tying-up in the stall, which the colts
may now be accustomed to, inasmuch as they have fully proved
the power of the halter or leading-rein in their struggles to avoid

346 THE HORSE.

passing objects ; and they will not, therefore, fight much when
tied up in the stable. The head-stall should fit very closely,
and the throat-lash be sufficiently tight to prevent the colt from
pulling it off in his efforts to get free ; for if the young animal
finds he can effect his object once, he is a long time before he
ceases to try it again. The colt is often very fidgety ; if so, he
must be at once compelled to stand still, by the use of wooden
balls attached to the fetlocks by leather straps, which soon ac-
custom him to a steady position, from the blows which they in-
flict upon him when he struggles or moves rapidly from side to
side. A breast-girth may also be put on as a fore-runner of the
breast-cloth ; and it will also serve to prevent the roller, which
is constantly worn, from getting back under the flank, and there-
by irritating the wearer. All the ordinary stable practices may
now gradually be taught, such as washing out the feet, dressing,
hand-rubbing the legs, &c. ; and the colt should be made to
turn from side to side of his stall at the wish of his attendant
groom, who may easily conduct the whole process without the
aid of any regular breaker, unless the temper of the colt is such
as to demand extraordinary skill and address ; and even here
the groom accustomed to thoroughbred colts is often a better
hand than the colt-breaker, who is engaged in breaking all sorts
of animals, and will not bestow suflacient time upon the valua-
ble racing colts and fillies. I^^Tow, without full time, it is impossi-
ble to bring these young things into subjection, and the conse-
quence is that their tempers are ruined, and they are rendered
unfit for the purpose for which they are otherwise well qualified.
Their feeding is so high that they are full of spirit, and will fight
to the death if they are made to resist by ill-treatment or liasty
breaking ; it is therefore more by coaxing and gradual leading
on step by step, from one point gained to another which is to be
overcome, that this animal is vanquished, and made at last to
yield his powers to the guidance of a young lad of perhaps
twelve years of age, or even less.

BREAKING.

Lunging may now be commenced, Mdiich will require the
aid of a second hand, in order to compel the colt to progress in
the circle by threatening him with the whip behind him. The

BREAKING. 347

cavesson, boots, roller, crupper, &c., are all put on, and a long
leading-rein of webbing is attached to the ring in the nose of
the cavesson, just as if the colt was going to be led out as usual.
But instead of merely leading, the colt is made to walk round a
circle on some piece of soft turf; and then when he has learnt
to do this kindly he is made to canter slowly round, tlie assist-
ant walking behind him until he will progress by himself, which
he soon learns to do. As soon as he has gone round the circle
in one direction a dozen times or so, he may be turned round and
made to reverse it, which jjrevents giddiness, and also any un-
due strain upon either leg. This process is repeated at various
times throughout the breaking, and is the best mode of keeping
the colt quiet by giving him any amount of work on the canter
or gallop. It is not, however, used for the same purpose as in
the ordinary breaking of hacks and harness horses, where it is
made a means of getting them upon their haunches ; an alter-
ation from a state of nature which it is not desirable to effect in
the race-horse. On the contrary, it is often necessary to make
him extend himself still more than he otherwise would, and the
less he is upon his haunches the better. The bit, therefore, is
never used in his mouth as a means of putting him back upon
his hind legs ; whilst it is, on the other hand, used more to make
the horse extend himself by playing with it, and slightly resist-
ing its tendency to confine his mouth.

The mouthing-bit may now be put on, and its construction
and form are of the utmost importance to the future delicacy of
mouth which is so essential to the action of the race-horse. In
no kind of horse is the snaffle-bridle so desirable as in the race-
horse, in which a curb is always a means of making him gal-
lop in too round a style ; and yet when he pulls very strongly,
this is a less evil than to let him get away with his rider, and
either bolt out of the course or destroy his chance by over-run-
ning himself early in the race. Hence it is doubly ncessary to
guard against making the angles of the mouth sore, for if once
they get into that state they are almost sure to become more or
less callous and insensible. But if during breaking, a snaffle of
any kind, large or small, is used, this result is almost sure to
occur, either in the horse's early fighting with his bit, or when
'•put upon it" in the stable. Instead of a snaffle, a bit without

348

THE HORSE.

a joint is the simple remedy for all this, made in the form of a
segment of a circle, and with keys as usual hanging- from its
centre. This segmental form is better
than the straight bit, upon which the colt
is apt to pull on one side, and to get an
uneven mouth, whereas when standing
in the stable, and the reins are buckled
to his roller, crossed over his withers, he
can never do otherwise than get an even
pull upon all parts of his mouth, whether
he puts his lips close to one side of the
bit or the other. This is a very impor-
tant point in breaking all colts, and in
racing stock it is doubly so, because of
the necessity of preserving that delicacy
of sensation without which they can never
be taken round corners, &c., except by
lying out of their ground, and thence
losing a considerable distance. But with
this bit the mouth is gradually made
aijd without producing soreness in any
part, which afterwards takes the hit / and
this is the great feature in its use, for as
the tongue and gums take its pressure
chiefly, so the angles of the mouth only
touch it at the will of the colt, and it is
when playing with it that they do touch
at all, and then only to such an extent as to avoid pain to them-
selves. This bit, then, may be used on all occasions without
fear until the colt is fit to take his gallops, when a strong snaffle
may be substituted, and gradually supplanted by that small and
fine kind called the racing snaffle, but which need not be nearly
so small for the horse broken to tlie segmental bit as for one
" mouthed " to the ordinary breaker's snaffle. After the bit has
been put in the mouth, no attempt at first should be made to in-
duce the colt to play with it ; but it may be suffered to remain
in the mouth while he is led about by the cavesson, and with-
out any side-reins being attached. When this has been done for
a day or two, the side-reins are buckled on, and are attached

BREAKING, 349

also to the bucldes in the roller, crossing them over the withers.
At firpt they may be drawn up very slightly, so as just to pre-
vent the colt from putting his head into his usual position, and
in that form he may be left in his box for an hour a-day, be-
sides the usual amount of walking out of doors with the bridle
on. They may now be gradually tightened a hole or two per
day, and also more so in the box than when led out, when the
tightening should be very gradual indeed. Some colts very
soon begin to champ the bit, and play with it, whilst others are
often sulky for a day or two, and hang upon it steadily, with the
intention of freeing themselves. All, however, at last begin to
champ, and when this is freely done, the breaker may teach the
colt the intention of the bit, by making him stop and back when
out of doors, by its means. The rings on each side should be
taken hold of evenly by both hands, and the colt made to stand
3r back by steady pressure, but without alarming him. Kind-
ness and gentle usage, with occasional encouragement, soon ac-
custom him to its use, and he only wants ten days or a fortnight
in order to obtain the desired result of its presence in the mouth,
which is called " getting a mouth," and which is merely the
giving to the sense of touch in the lips an extra degree of deli-
cacy. When this stage is completed, and the mouth is quite
under command, so that the colt will either come forward or
backward by drawing his head in those directions, with the
bit held in both liands, the colt is ready for backing. During
the whole progress of breaking, daily slow lunging and plenty
of walking exercise should have been practised, so that the colt
is not above himself, but is more or less tired each day.

Before actual backing is attempted the saddle should be put
on, and it should always be a roomy one at first, well stuffed
and fitting accurately, so as to avoid all painful pressure. Tlie
withers, especially, should be closely watched, and if high and
thin the saddle should be proportionally high at the pommel.
The roller has been hitherto the only kind of pressure round the
chest, but it has gradually been tightened from time to time, so as
to prepare the colt for the subsequent use of the girths which are
required to retain the saddle in its place. This should be put on
at first with the girths quite loose, and with a crupper in addi-
tion, because having already worn one, the tail has become ac-

350 THE HOKSE.

customed to its use, and it often prevents the saddle from press-
ing with undue force upon the withers, which are very sensi-
tive and easily made sore. The colt should be walked out and
lunged for a day or two with the saddle on before he is mounted
so as to accustom the parts to its presence ; and it is even de-
sirable to increase the weight of the saddle, by j)lacing upon it
some moderately heavy substance of two or three stones' weight,
such as trusses of shot, or the like, gradually making them
heavier, but never putting more than the above dead weight
upon the saddle. "When the colt has thus been thoroughly sea-
soned, he may be taken out and well lunged till he is tired, still
having his saddle on ; and during this exercise the breaker will
occasionally bear considerable weight upon each stirrup, and flap
them against the saddle, with the object of making a noise, to
which the colt should be accustomed. It is a very good plan to
have a leather surcingle made to go over the saddle, and to at-
tach the buckles for the side-reins to this, instead of having
them sewn on to the saddle itself. When all is ready, and the colt
is tired by his lunging, &c., he may be taken into the rubbing-
house, as being close to the exercise ground, and there the
breaker himself, or one of the lads, may be put upon the saddle,
psing him, as in all cases in young horses, with great gentleness,
and giving him constant encouragement by the hand and voice.
Mounting is much better accomplished in the stable than out, and
causes much less alarm, because the colt has been always accustom-
ed to be more handled there, and is less inclined, therefore, to re-
sist. The lad, or breaker, should get up and down again seve-
ral times, and if the colt is good-tempered he will generally allow
all this to be done without the slightest resistance. In mounting
there should be very little spring made, but the lad may hang
about the horse, as if fondling him, and bear his w^eight upon the
saddle; then place one foot in, and hang on steadily, when, if
this is borne, the weight may be taken off for a minute or two, and
then the lad may very gently and insensibly almost raise him-
self up to the command of the saddle, after which he may stead-
ily turn his leg over, and is then seated. When the lud has sat
quietly upon his back for a few minutes, the side-reins having
already been buckled to the leather surcingle, two additional
reins may be attached for his use, though the chief dependence

BACKING THE COLT, 351

at first must be placed upon tlie breaker himself, who leads the
colt, as before, with the cavesson and webbing. With this the
mounted colt is now led out, and walked about for an hour or
more ; after which he should be returned to the stable, and then
the lad should dismount; and on no account should this be
attempted at first out of doors, for it has happened that on get-
ting ofi" there has been a fight to get on again, which has re-
sulted in victory to the horse ; whereas in the stable it can
always be managed, and with the thoroughbred colt it is seldom
wanted elsewhere, until he is quite used to it. If there is no
stable at hand with a door high and wide enough for this pur-
pose, the colt may be mounted in the paddock, the breaker
being very careful to engage his attention, and a third party
being on the off-side to assist in keeping the colt straight and the
saddle from giving way while the weight is being laid ujDon the
stirrup. Most colts give way at first to this one-sided pressure,
but they soon learn to bear up against it, and finally they do
not show any annoyance at all. It will be found that any colt
may be more readily managed by two people in a roomy stable
than by three out of doors, where he is on the look-out for ob-
jects of alarm, and is always more ready to show fight ; the only
difficulty is the getting clear of the door, which should be wide
and high ; and if it is the contrary, it offers an obstacle to the plan,
which must prevent its adoption. The mounted lad should at
first sit steadily and patiently still, and should not attempt to
use the reins, which might indeed well be dispensed with, but
that few riders could balance themselves without holding some-
thing. I have found it a good plan to buckle them to the cav-
esson rather than to the bit, in those cases where the hands of
the rider were not very light. The colt on leaving the stable
often sets his back up, and perhaps plunges or attempts to kick,
which he seldom does in the stable, and less frequently in leaving
it, than when he is suddenly mounted in the field. If he does this
the breaker should speak severely to him, and either keep down
his head, or the reverse, according to whether he is attempting
to rear or kick. It is for the latter vice only that the rider re-
quires the rein to the bit, as it serves to keep the colt quiet if
the bit is suddenly checked, when he gets his head down before
kicking. But in rearing, the lad is likely to do mischief with

352 THE H0K8E.

it, and on tlie whole it is better, I think, to avoid all chance of
using it improperly, unless the rider is very cautious, and ac-
customed to the business of colt-breaking. When the colt is
quite quiet and submissive, after several days' leading about,
the lad may be trusted with the command of the bit, and may
have the reins intrusted to him, the breaker still keeping the
long webbing attached to the cavesson, and being always pre-
pared to assist the lad, who, however, should now begin to try
to turn the colt and stop him at pleasure, taking a rein in each
hand, and using them wide apart, with the aid of his voice and
heel. As soon as it appears likely that the lad can control his
charge the cavesson may be taken off, and the colt placed in a
string of horses, which are so steady as not to give occasion, by
their example, for the colt's beginning to plunge. During the
course of breaking it is always safer to keep the colt rather un-
der-fed with oats, and until he is able to begin his cantering ex-
ercise he will scarcely bear an increase ; but much will depend
upon his temper ; and if he is inclined to fret he will often lose
flesh, and will demand more, rather than less, oats than usual.
Bad-tempered horses, however, will always require light
feeding during breaking, and extra time, as well as care, must
be bestowed upon them. This subject is better understood now
than it used to be, and fewer horses are spoiled than was for-
merly the case ; still, however, there is often room for improve-
ment, and the number of horses which are mismanaged at this
time is by no means small. Thoroughbred horses will not bear
bad treatment, in general, though some are certainly of such
savage tempers by nature as to require to be cowed ; still these
are the exceptions, and the vast majoity will, by early handling,
and cautious tackling and mounting, be broken almost without
a single fight or difficulty of any kind. If they find themselves
hurt by bit or saddle, or by the crupper occasioning a sore, they
show their dislike to the pain by resisting, setting up their backs,
and refusing to progress quietly ; but, unless there be something
wrong, they will submit to being backed and ridden much more
readily than the colts of the common breeds, which have seldom
had a head-stall on their heads, till a few days before they are
backed. I have more than once ridden thoroughbred colts in
tolerable comfort, within a week or ten days of their being first

TRAINING. 353

bitted; but it is a bad plan, and the longer time their mouths
are allowed to become accustomed to the bit, the better they ulti-
mately turn out. It will be many months before they are to be
depended on under any circumstances ; and when they get an in-
crease of oats they are almost sure to attempt some kind of horse-
play ; but the boys easily contend against this, which is very
different from the determined efforts of a colt to dislodge his
rider. When all these points are thoroughly accomplished in
the breaking, it may be said to be terminated, and the training
of the two-year-old commences; the only things yet to be learned
are the use of the spur and whip, which should never be em-
ployed except as a punishment for faults committed ; that is to
say, they should never be used as an e very-day practice ; for,
though every colt should be accustomed to them, it is very sel-
dom that the opportunity is wanting of administering them for
some fault or other.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

' (P. 295.) Once in and twice out has been the rule with the most successful
American breeders, in which we fully concur.

- (P. 295.) This is not agreeable with our experience and observation. The
late Dr. E. Warfield bred many of his thorough mares to a Jack, they were sub-
sequently bred to thoroughbreds and produced winners.

* (P. 395.) The most successful racers have been in-bred, but not incestuously
bred. As we remarked on a former page, all our thoroughbreds are in-bred.
The English, for convenience, have their strains in England, the Byerly Turk,
the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Arabian. The Herod blood represents
the Byerly Turk branch, English Eclipse the Darley Arabian, and Matchem
the Godolphin Arabian. Now if any one will investigate the pedigree of any
of our stallions they will find them in-bred to all three of these great strains,
Herod, Eclipse, and Matchem.

* (P. 310.) It seems that the best trotters we have had and now have, those
capable of compassing a distance of ground, have a cross of thoroughbred
blood. Imp. Messenger and his descendants are the most popular cross, and
Messenger was a race horse and not noted particularly for trotting action. We
firmly believe that the thoroughbred sire crossed upon trotting mares Avill pro-
duce a higher type of trotters than the trotting stallion crossed on the thorough-
bred or trotting mare.

Vol. II.— 23

354 THE H0E8B.

BREAKING THE HOESE.

LEARNING TO RIDE, PRACTICAL HORSEMANSHIP.

1 NOW come to a very important part of my subject, to one very
different from any on which I have yet touched, but at the same
time, one on which I hold most definite opinions, and one, touch-
ing which it appears to me that there is vast room for improve-
ment, in the United States generally ; I mean the breaking of
horses, and the riding of men.

In the first place, I must say it, whether it give pleasure to
my readers or the reverse, one rarely if ever sees a properly and
thoroughly-broke horse, in America, and still more rarely a
thorough horseman.

In the United States, generally, a horse is called thoroughly-
broke, when he will allow himself to be mounted and ridden,
or put in harness and driven, without rearing, plunging, kicking,
throwing his rider over his head, or smashing the vehicle to
pieces with his heels — when he will neither run away, nor stand
still, in spite of his owner's will ; when, in a word, he is sub-
dued, gentle, and free from vice, and when he has acquired a
certain facility of going along, at the regular paces of walk, trot,
canter or gallop, with some indistinct sort of reference to the
wishes of the person who directs him — but without the silghtest
reference to his mode of carrying himself, whether with his nose
in the air, or thrust obstinately out before him, in a straiglit line
with his body, like a run-away pig ; or, naturally and gracefully
in its place, with the neck curved, the line of the face perpen-
dicular to the surface of the earth, the chin in toward the chest.

A WELL-BROB^S HOKSE. 355

the mouth phiying gently with the bits, and yiehling to every
touch of the bridle — without the slightest reference to his mode
of going, whether with his fore-quarters boring and weigh-
ing on the hand, and with his hind-quarters, lobbing along just
as it may happen, all abroad, under no control of the rider, and
in no concert or connection with the action or movements of the
forehand and fore legs ; or with his whole frame in perfect eqiii-
librium and concert, whether going united or disunited, his fore-
hand all grace, lightness and ease, as if on springs, his hind-
quarters well under him, and the centre of the whole animal's
and rider's gravity, exactly where it ought to be, in the centre
of the horse's body, and under the centre of the horseman's seat — ■
which if true and truly kept, in all possible circumstances and con-
ditions of position and motion on the part of the animal, whether
going at a regular pace, rearing, plunging, kicking, leaping or
even falling, should be such that the man's trunk shall always be
perpendicular to the natural or true plane of the horizon — without,
lastly, the slightest reference to the manner of his entering upon,
changing or regulating his paces, whether at his own will or at
the pleasure of the rider ; whether merely from slower to faster,
because urged to increased speed, or at a given and recognized
signal, at once from the walk to the trot, or to the canter, as the
horseman directs by hand and heel ; whether stopping at once,
and again proceeding, at a touch of the bridle, or merely hauled
down by main force from a gallop to a trot, and from a trot to a
walk,

Now, a horse is, in reality, just as far from being broke, when
he will go along peaceably in his own natural way, and at his
own natural paces, under the guidance of his own untaught will,
either carrying his head just as his own obstinate humor or physi-
cal malformation predisposes him to do, or having it dragged
into its place, and kept there, by that disgrace to horsemanship —
a martingale — as a rider is far from being a horseman, when he
can just contrive to stick upon a horse, by the aid of hanging on
by means of his hands and of his bridle by a dead pull on the
beast's mouth, which, in order to steady himself in his seat, he
renders as hard, as insensible, and as unyielding to the bit, as if
it were a piece of sole-leather or a stone wall.

A horse may be an admirable match-trotter, or a first-rate

356 THE H0K8E.

race-horce, and still be utterly unbroken and subject to every one
of the defects I have named above — ^because a match trotter, or a
race-horse, is only required to be able to accomplish one thing ;
that is to go the greatest pace and win, without any regard to the
style, appearance, manner or form of doing it ; and, in fact, to put
him into trained paces might probably detract from his speed, in-
stead of increasing it — but what is the consequence — that, because
match-trotters and race-horses are allowed to batter away, in any
awkward, ungainly, pulley-hauley, nose-out, head-down, boring
way of going, they may naturally adopt, they are, ninety-nine
times out of a hundred, the most disagreeable, bone-setting,
shoulder-dislocating, indocile, unmanageable brutes to ride, that
can be imagined. Where one is not so — as was the case with the
race-mare Fashion, and as is always the case with a few thorough-
breds, and still fewer trotters — it is because the animal is naturally
perfectly well made, well balanced and harmonious in all its parts ;
and necessarily, as a consequence of that physical perfection of
form, perfect, also, in all its motions. When to this, a perfect
temper is added, you have — if it fall into the right hands, of a
person who will not by his own ignorance, inflexibility of hand,
or unsteadiness of seat, teach it bad habits — one of tliose phe-
nomena, a perfect, natural horse, which requires no breaking.

Just in the same way, a man may be an admirable jockey,
and perfection as a match-trotter, and yet may be, especially
in the case of the latter, no horseman in the large sense of the
word — for, though each can ride one sort of hoi-se to perfection,
on any other kind of horse he will be nowhere ; and, in the case
of the match-trotter, the very qualities which give him success,
to wit, his method of keeping a dead pull through the rings of
a martingale, in one steady direction and at nearly one force,
upon a mouth which has been instructed to require such an un-
relaxed pull, to pull against it, and to lean upon it, and his ne-
cessarily acquired habit of steadying his seat, thrown lar back in
his saddle, by the arm's-length pull at the mouth, and by the
firm, bearing pressure on his stirrups, will unfit him for any
other seat, or any other mode of riding.

Put the best jockey rider, used to make the best of hard-pull-
ing, boring race-horses, leaning on the hand and tearing away at
the top of their speed, on the back of a perfectly-made hunter,

HORSEMANSHIP. 357

with a mouth like velvet, vised to moderate and measure his
stride by the slightest impression of his rider's hand, used to
take off, when leaping, at a given place, or a given signal of bit
and heel, and tell him to ride across a stiff line of counti-y, with
Large fences and ugly water ditches, alongside of a pack of
fox-hounds — and see where he will be.

Take Hiram Woodruff, and set him on the back of such a
managed horse as Franconi's "Bayard," with no snaffle and
martingale, by which to steady himself in his seat, but a bit and
bridoon, the least touch of which will set the horse on end, piv-
oting on his fore or hind feet, and leaping six feet into the air
on all four legs, ■svitli diversifications of sobresaults, croupades,
balotades, and caprioles, executed with three or four motions of
the hind legs while in the air, and require of him, in addition,
to go through the lance or broad-sword exercise, with his right
arm, and see how loug it will be before he be himself out of
his saddle, and, in all likelihood, before he have the horse on
his back at top of him.

The breaking of the horse and the riding of the man de-
pend each on the other.

The thoroughly broken horse must have no will, know no
pleasure, but that of his rider, communicated to him by hand
and heel, by the influence of the bit on his mouth, and the
pressure of the limb on his flank ; not as compulsory forces,
which enforce obedience by sheer strength, but as intimations
of a wish which he must obey, for fear of consequences, which
are found to follow disobedience. His mouth must be obedient
to every touch, regulating the position of the head, the flexure
of the neck, the elevation or depression of the forehand, the
consecutive movement of the hind quarters — directing the
choice, the change, and the rate, or speed, of all his paces, and
causing him to advance, retrograde, move sideways, halt sud-
denly, or gradually, measure his strides, lengthening or short-
ening them as required, wheel round, rise at his leap, and,
above all, carry his nose gracefully and easily, and get his quar-
ters well under him, according to the impressions conveyed to
hnn by the hands, the limbs, and the will of his rider.

The thoroughly broken horse, if he be also ordinarily well
made, requires only the simplest trappings ; a plain, well-fitting
saddle, with two girths, neither breast plate nor crupper, a simple

358 THE HOKSE.

bridle, either a plain bit and bridoon, or snaffle and curb, tlie
latter not severe or cruel in form — or if he be uncommonly
light-mouthed, a pelham bit, as it is called, consisting of a snaf-
fle-jointed mouth-piece, without a port, but with branches and a
curb chain — in some cases, a simple snaffle.

In no possible case, for a roadster, hunter, hackney, or driv-
ing horse, is a martingale allowable. It either indicates that
the horse is not half, or half a quarter, broken — or that, in con-
sequence of some radical and incurable fault of conformation or
defect of temper, he is utterly unfit to be either ridden or driven
at all. Of all inventions ever made, except for a racer or a
match-trotter, or, in some extremely exceptional cases, a hunter,
for instance, whose other extraordinary qualities may compen-
sate for and overbalance his want of mouth and malformation of
head and neck — as speed and endurance do, in the racer and
trotter — none is so certain, as the running martingale, to destroy
the mouth of the horse and the hand of the rider, rendering both,
alike and equally, hard, heavy, inflexible, unyielding, and void
of sensation.

No horse, which cannot be ridden or driven without the aid
of a running martingale, is fit to be ridden or driven, at all, as
a matter of pleasure or safety.

'No man, boy, or woman, who has learned to ride by aid of
a martingale and snaffle, can ever, by any possibility, have
either a hand or a seat. He or she will sit and keep their place by
the hand and stirrup, instead of by the unassisted forces of the
body, and, depending on the hand, as on a main stay by which
to secure the position in the saddle, will lose all use of it in
guiding or controlling the animal.

The first thing, therefore, that a rider must learn, is to sit a
horse perfectly, without the aid of either stirrup or rein ; to be
able to move arms, legs, hands, head, trunk, and thighs, all
separately, and without moving the other parts, or atiecting their
position.

Tlien, his hand, being utterly unaffected and undisturbed by
any necessary movements or changes of position of his own
limbs or body, or by any irregular, violent, or awkward pertur-
bations and efi'orts of the horse, will be perfectly free to in-
struct, guide, control, assist, relieve, support, and, in case of ne-
cessity, compel the animal.

A LIGHT HAND. 35'J

The great beauty of a liand is perfect liglitness of touch, to
be constantly feeling and playing with the sensitive mouth of
the animal — which will soon come to delight in the influence of
such a hand, and will manifest its pleasure by tossing, rolling
over and over, and champing the bits — to be continually guiding
and directing every motion, and regulating every step, by the
slightest possible exertion of force, which will accomplish its
end ; to be for ever giving and taking; never continuing to use
force a moment after resistance has ceased, or obedience been
yielded ; never submitting to be overpowered, for a moment.
It is not easy for any one, it is not possible for every one, to
obtain quite a perfect hand — for some men are deficient in
sensibility of touch, in tact, and in temper, all of which are
needed to produce absolute perfection ; but every one is capa-
ble of obtaining a steady seat and a passable hand, sufficient
for all ordinary purposes ; though not, perhaps, such as would
enable him to go across a country, like Squire Osbaldeston, or
to make a managed horse dance to music, like Sir Sidney
Meadows or Franconi.

The annexed cuts, one and two, show the first and general
position of the hand, and the
method of holding the bridle
rein ; the first, when riding
with a single snaffle bit, the
reins then being held between
the middle and the fourth, and
outside of the little fingers, the
ends being brought out, and
secured from slipping between the forefinger and the ball of the
thumb.

The second, when a bit and bridoon are used, with two
reins ; in which case the snaf-
fle reins are held, as here
shown, between the middle
and fourth, and the fourth and
little fingers ; the curb reins
between the fore and middle
fingers, and outside of the lit-
tle finger ; the ends to be held
and secured as before.

360 THE HORSE-

This method of holding the reins, when riding with one
hand, is invariable ; though the position of the hands must ne-
cessarily be varied, at times, and the nails may be held perpen-
dicularly and inward, with the forefinger and thumb upward,
instead of horizontally or downward.

In galloping hard, or riding across country, especially with
a hard-pulling horse, or one that throws his head from side to
side, it is often well to separate the reins, between the two
hands ; which may be held nearer or farther apart, as the cir-
cumstances of the case may require.

In such cases, one snaffle and one curb rein is held in each
hand ; the former between the middle and fourth fingers, the
latter outside the little fingers, the ends brought out upward
and held securely, as before, between the thumb and forefinger.
This gives the greatest attainable power of control, and allows
the exercise of the greatest force on the horse, by an upward
and backward pull, assisted by thrusting the weight of the body
into the stirrups, by straightening the knee and keeping the
heel well down.

In teaching a horse, it is often well to divide the reins
otherwise ; holding the snaffle reins in the left hand, as directed
above, and the curb rein's in the right, the former to regulate
pace and control the animal, the latter to give the proper posi-
tion and flexures to the head and neck, and to direct the mo-
tions of the limbs.

The methods of doing this will be given hereafter. The fol-
lowing admirable directions, as to the mode of acquiring dif-
ferent styles of seats and the uses and modifications of such, are
from an excellent English horse-writer, known by tlie nom de
plutne of " Harry Hieover." I have slightly modified them, in
some places, where they contain local allusions, which are not
readily understood or appreciated by the American reader ;
and, that done, I fully endorse and recommend them to ni}'
friends, as the most practical and comprehensive in the world.
It will be seen, that they relate, in some considerable degree, to
English across-country riding ; but this is no disadvantage to
the American reader, or pupil, even if he never intend to leap
a fence, or ride to a hound, as long as he live.

Since the hunting seat is undeniably the best, tlie strongest

THE HUNTING SEAT.

361

and the firmest, for all gonercil })urposes ; and, when once
adopted, can easily be modified by lowering the heel, lengthen-
ing the stirrup-leather a trifle, and riding with the ball of the
foot instead of the hollow of the instep, on the bar, into the park,
parade, or half military seat.

The hunting hand is necessarily the best of all hands ; be-
cause the safety both of horse and rider depends on it, in every
position ; and on it — more even than on the seat — except in so
far us the seat aftects or does not affect the hand — does the ex-
cellence and success of the rider consist.

Lastly, because a man, who can ride a horse right well across-
country, must necessarily bo able to sit and to handle any horse,
any where— because he must be absolutely master of himself
and of his horse, in all conceivable cases and positions ; and be-
cause he will readily be able to adopt any other style of riding,
and adapt himself to it, whenever it may be required ; because
he must, to be a good across-country rider, have fully estab-
lished a perfect seat on his horse's back independent of his
hand, and a perfect hand on his horse's mouth, inde23endent of
his seat. The accompanying sketch shows, as nearly as possi-
ble, a perfect seat for across-country riding, or for general road-
riding of a trotting horse, when the horse and rider are both at
rest.

For parade or showM-iding the stirrup should be a little longer,
the ball of the foot, at the insertion of the great toe, should rest

363 THE HOKSE.

on the inner side of the bar of the stirrup iron, and the ball of
the little toe on the outer side of it. The toe should be perpen-
dicularly under the point of the knee ; the heel two inches be-
low the toe ; the heel a little out, and the whole leg, from the
shank bone to the crotch, as tight to the saddle, as if glued to
it ; the buttocks well opened out and down upon the saddle ;
the small of the back well in ; the chest expanded, the head
erect, the shoulders squared at right angles to the line of the
horse's backbone ; the elbows close to the sides, the hands well
down, and within an inch or two of the saddlebow.

It is a good plan, to learn to mount a horse from the front,
standing abreast with his fore legs, and with your back to the
direction in which he is looking, as a vicious horse cannot kick
you in this position. You divide your reins properly in your
left hand, grasping with it a lock of hair on the withers, put
your left foot into the stirrup exactly as it hangs, square to the
saddle, throw your right hand to the cantle of the saddle, and,
with a slight spring and rotatory motion of the right leg, you
are in the saddle in an instant.

I will here add, that tlie measure of the stirrup leather for a
well-made man, for an ordinary seat, is the length of his arm,
with the fingers extended. 'If these be set against the bar in
the saddle, to which the stirrup leather is secured, the bar of
the stirrup iron itself, when the leather is drawn to full stretch,
should come well up to the armpit, and touch the body.

For riding across country, or on hard trotting horses, an inch
or two shorter will be advisable. A good test for the length, in
such cases, is to be able to place the width of your hand, held
edgeways, between your fork and the pommel of your saddle,
when standing uj) in the stirrups.

The best general rules for riding are these ; keep your head
and toes up ; your hands and heels down ; your knees and el-
bows in ; your thighs and buttocks close to the saddle.

I now proceed to give from Harry Hieover's practical
horsemanship, the modes by which a man may become a horse-
man.

"There are three modes, by any of which a man may become
a horseman. The one is, by putting him on an ass, pony, gallo-

TEACHING TO KIDE, 363

way, and liorse, each in succession, as a boy, and allowing liim
to tumble about till he learns to stick on, in which case practice
will teach him, certainly, a firm seat and probably good hands ;
but, farther than this, by being accustomed, first to suffer from,
and afterward to be quite aware of, the various tricks and habits
of horses, he will learn to be aware of the symptoms preluding
their being brought into practice, and eventually become com-
petent to counteract them.

The next mode is, supposing a person to have arrived at
manhood without crossing a horse, to place him under a proper
instructor, who will certainly save him many a fall, by putting
him on a docile animal, and, step by step, leading the pupil on
to horsemanship.

It may be objected, that the last mode would only teach the
riding of a trained and quiet horse, and I allow the full force
of this objection; and if the pupil expressed a wish of simply
being taught to ride well enough to navigate his steed up and
down a park ride, as some friend probably learns to manage a
boat on a canal, the one will probably never be able to encoun-
ter a severe day's work on the back of a difiicult horse, or the
other a chopping sea in any part of the Bay of Biscay. But
if the learner of equestrianism says — " Make me a horseman,"
seat and hands can certainly be learned in a riding-school quite
as well as in any situation I know of — no bad foundation — if
obtained — to becoming a horseman ; and there are means and
appliances in a riding-school to teach something more than the
mere walking, trotting, and cantering a kind of automaton horse
round its enclosure.

As a boy, I believe I may say, I could ride any thing, and
cared little for pace, fence, or country, or whether I could hold
my horse or not ; but when I was put on the back of a very
highly-dressed manege horse, and was directed what to do with
rein and heel, and when the voice and whip of the professor in-
duced the horse to rear, put his two fore feet on the wall, and in
that position using hind and fore feet perpetrate a kind of side-
long canter half way down the school, I was not a little aston-
ished, and found sitting leaps over hurdles, gates, and fences
much more easy than balancing my body in this rampant crab-
like pace, if pace it could be called.

364 THE HOKSE.

I further found, to my unbounded surprise, that this horse
would vault on the plane surface of the school, when tele-
graphed to do so, as high as a hunter at a gate, and this several
times in succession.

Although as obedient to my riding-school tutor as a con-
ceited young cub, who had rode fox-hunting, could be expected
to be, there was one point at issue between us ; he advocated
the lengthened stirrup leather, straight knee, and erect military
seat. I pertinaciously adhered to the reverse, fully impressed
with the conviction that, having shown the way at fences to
some men in the hunting-field, and exhibited with success on a
race-course, 1 must know what riding was, better than all the
school tutors in existence. This would, no doubt, have been
fatal to my progress, had I been learning military horseman-
ship ; but as I was only placed there to learn hands, I conde-
scended to be instructed in this particular ; and both in that im-
portant qualification, and, indeed, in firmness of seat, I profited
much by my school practice.

We now come to the third, and by far the best and most
certain mode of making a horseman. This is by putting a boy
on horseback very early in life, and also putting him under the
care of a good horseman; as his instructor. Practice will cer-
tainly, in a general way, teach a man of ordinary ability a good
and ready mode of doing that, which he has constant occasion
to do ; but it does not always follow, that by practice he learns
the very best mode of doing it ; he does it sufficiently w^ell per-
haps to answer his purpose ; but if there is a better and quicker
mode of eftecting his object, he loses time by not adopting it,
and does not effect his object nearly so well. If a boy or man
has sense and temper enough to be taught, ho will save an in-
finity of time, expense, and probably danger or hurt by learn-
ing ; if not, in the case of riding, let him get a severe fall or
two, or some equal inconvenience ; he will then learn that there
are others, who know a little more than himself, and he will
possibly afterward be willing to take instruction from any com-
petent hand.

Tlie result of these three different modes of learning horse-
manship would probably be this — ^The one who learns to ride
by sheer practice, will become very probably a good bold prao-

THE NATURAL EIDER. 3G5

tical rider, but not a scientific one. Tlie one taught chiefly by
precept may, nay will, become more or less scientific ; but will
never get the perfectly easy and natural seat or look of him,
who begun riding at an early age. He will never look as if a
seat on horseback and on a chair was equally natural to him ;
he will always appear artificial. I do not iriean to say he may
not be made to ride well, possibly boldly; and, if well mounted,
may in two or three seasons get to ride across country, as well
as many, perhaps most, out. Still he will never shake off the
certain artistical manner of doing things, inseparable from being
first taught, and then practising, instead of the learning and
practising having gone hand in hand from boyhood or child-
hood.

I have, perhaps, used the term artistically, so as to imply
that doing a thing thus, that is, like an artist, is synonymous to
describing it as being done well. I grant it is so ; but the dif-
ferent modes of doing it is great; for instance, bi'illiant jockeys
and race-riders take hold of their reins artistically; so do good
hunting-riders and steeplechasers; that is, they do so like men
accustomed to do it ; but they do not do so like a dragoon. He
is taught but one way of taking up his bridle rein and one way
of mounting his horse ; the others take their reins up in a seem-
ingly careless way, but still in a proper one. The ti'oop horse
is trained to stand still till mounted, and has a hint to move on ;
so the sanie precise way of mounting can always be practised.
But the race or steeplechase horses, and hunters, are not thus
obedient ; some from vice will bite or kick, if they get a chance,
or perhaps plunge before or after mounting, or sometimes both ;
others from excitement fidget about and away from the rider,
before he gets his foot in the stirrup ; others, the moment he has
done so ; therefore such men are obliged to get on their horses
as circumstances permit, — that is, as they can. Still they do so
like artists. It would not quite have done for a man to stand
twisting his fingers in a high-spirited, half-vicious thorough-
bred's mane, and then get on, or attempt to get on him in ac-
cordance with prescribed riding-school practice ; he would have
been half eaten before he got into his saddle.

The school-taught pupil gets up, we will say, quite properly,
and rides the same ; that is, if all the horses he has to mount

366 THE HORSE.

or ride are in habit and temper about on a par with the one on
which he took lessons. But suppose they are quite different ;
what beccnes of the one prescribed rule he has learnt? Put
him out ot this and he would be quite astray ; lie would want
the resources under different circumstances, that varied practice
only can teach ; and in all he does there is ever a mannerism,
or, to use an expression for the occasion, a one-wayism, that
detects the man taught late in life ; for, to take a liberty with
a line of Goldsmith's, —

Let school-taught pride dissemble all it can,
It leaves its habits stamp'd upon the man.

Let us cast an eye on a squadron or regiment of cavalry,
whether standing, walking, or trotting their liorses ; every man's
hand is in the sam.e position, and in the same place. This looks
extremely soldier-like and well, for uniformity sake ; but let it
be remembered, that to enable this to be done, every horse is
schooled till they all carry their heads alike, or at least enough
so to enable each man to have a proper command of his horse's
mouth while holding his rein hand or arm precisely the same as
his right and left comrades. Thus, with four hundred horses all
taught the same habits, carriage, and evolutions, one general
rule suffices for four hundred men to make them do all that is
required of them ; and the whole machinery of man and horse,
from day to day, and year to year, performs the same thing in
the same way ; and such mode of instruction would suffice for
the private person also, if, like the soldier, he always rode the
same horse, or one with the same habits ; always rode him un-
der the same circumstances, and wanted him to j^erform merely
the same routine of duty.

The soldier requires good hands, and, in a greater or less de-
gree, they are all brought to have such ; but he only wants
hands, or rather a hand, to make a particular horse do a partic-
ular thing. His business is somewhat like that of the driver of
a locomotive engine ; there is a particular handle to increase or
diminish its speed, or stop it ; each engine made on the same
construction is managed in the same way, with a little variation
as to the facility, with which the machinery is propelled, re-
tarded, 01- stopped. It is thus with troop horses ; the same sig-

THE CAVALRY EIDEE, 367

nals of heel and hand, lightly or forcibly used, as the disposition
of the horse may require, make them all do the same thing.
But the case is far different with the jockey, steeplechase rider,
hunting man, or even with him who only rides on the road, if
he rides a variety of horses, for he will find that he will want,
not only good hands for a horse, but hands that are good for all
sorts of horses,

A man may say tliat he merely wislies to ride for amuse-
ment, the show of the thing, air, or exercise, or the whole com-
bined, and that he will only ride horses broken to suit his hand
and seat, or, at all events, that go so as to suit them. Well and
good ; and, if circumstances and his pursuits enable him to do
this, he is quite right in doing it ; but he must not flatter him-
self that he is a horseman ; a neat and pretty rider he may be ;
and if so, and he only intends riding in the park, taking a
canter to make a morning call along a fine level road, or escort-
ing ladies at a watering-place, he is — on a well-broken easy-
going horse — horseman enough for such purposes ; but if he
means " to ride among horsemen, or in the field," he will find
that, in old coaching phrase, " he wants another hand " — mean-
ing that two — such as he owns — are not enough to be of much
use to him in such circumstances and situations.

I have stated that most cavalry soldiers have more or less
good hands ; but I must unequivocally assert, and this without
reservation, that nil good horsemen have. By such I do not
mean mere bold, hard-riding, straight-going men across country ;
many such have hands only fit to wield a sledge hammer, and
the consequence is they cannot ride a delicate-mouthed, gentle-
manly-going horse, and those they do ride soon get mouths as
dead as the anvil the sledge strikes upon ; such men are only
" bruising riders," but not good horsemen. What sort of a
jockey would a man be with such hands? He could only ride a
boring brute like Eclipse ; or, if he merely possessed the hand
of the dragoon, he could only ride a horse whose mouth was
amenable to even the signal the bit gives. How would he
manage if, in the first race, he had to ride a resolute horse that
gets his head nearly down to his knees, with no more mouth
tlian a towed barge, about as easy to bring up, pulling a man's
arms from their sockets ? He must not be let loose, or he would

368 THE H0K8E.

run himself to a stand. If held too forcibly, he shakes his head,
and thrusts it out ; and the reins being knotted, he would pull a
rider out of his saddle unless he " gave and took with him." He
is then put on a harum-scarum colt, that wildly throws up his
head, staring at the sky, and, but for the martingale, making
toothpicks of his ears — an accommodation the jockey avoids by
a close seat, the head and bod}^ a little held back, and the
hands steadying his horse's head as best he can. He is then
put on a nervous, meek, timid two-years' old filly, with a mouth
of silk ; a rude touch of her mouth would throw her all abroad,
a sudden shifting of the seat would alarm her, and seeing or
feeling a hand raised would frighten her to death. How during
such a day would the one-way schooling succeed ? what, in such
three cases, becomes of the thumbs turned up, the hands so many
inches above the pommel, and the elbow fixed to a given point
of the side ? In either of such cases all school rule as to riding
a well-broken horse, would avail but very little indeed ; in
either case the best of hands would be requisite ; but in each
they must be brought into effect in a different manner.

The steeplechase rider requires hands nearly as good as
those of the jockey. I say nearly^ for these reasons ; he does
not ride such young, half-broken animals as the former does.
Steeplechase horses are not usually colts; they are practised
before they are engaged in stakes ; consequently, more or less,
know their business. They know what the bit means ; and if
disposed to resist its influence, it does not arise from sheer igno-
rance, so, by force or humoring, they are to be made amenable
to it, without getting alarmed ; and, farther, it is not calculated
upon, in a general way, that a steeplechase will come to so
nice a point at the finish as a flat race ; so if a horse is allowed
to, or will, take a little liberty with himself in the run, it is not
so fatal as where it is presumed, or perhaps known, that, bar-
ring unforeseen contingencies, there will not be more than a
length difference between horses at tlie winning-post. Most
determined, headstrong, and sometimes desperate horses the
steeplechase rider has to contend with ; but it is not the wild,
riotous conduct of the colt, as often proceeding from fright as
from vice. We may sometimes bully an experienced horse out
of his tricks, or display of stubbornness ; but it would not do with

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WITHOUT STIRRUPS. 3G9

a colt prior to starting for alicavy stake ; lie must be controlled,
but, in a general way, soothed, even if we know he deserves a
sound thrashing.

Many steeplechase horses, as well as old race-horses, are
extremely nervous before starting and even when going, but it
arises from a different cause to that which makes a two-year-
old so ; the former are nervous because they know not wliat they
are going about. Caressing and speaking kindly and encourag-
ingly to such will usually reassure and pacify them ; they will
not be alarmed by a man moving his hand, or judiciously shift-
ing his seat, because they have found a rider do so without its
producing inconvenience to them. But a timid two-year-old
is alarmed at every thing ; a crowd alarms her, so does seeing a
dozen horses by her side and around her. She has no definite
cause of nervousness, like the old race-horse ; but she appre-
hends danger, and feels excitement from any thing new to her.
If she only feared the jockey, his caresses would probably soon
pacify her ; but she would be equally alarmed if a crow flew
nearer to her than usual. No school education as to horseman-
ship would, therefore, put a man on his guard against such va-
garies ; and riding a well-trained horse goes a very little way
towards making a man a good general horseman in difficult sit-
uations, or with difficult horses to manage.

Of boys it would be useless to say much, and still more so
to say much to them, for even in riding they would never vol-
untarily take instruction if they were permitted to ride without
it ; so, in cases where it is determined to make them horsemen,
they must first be told, then obliged to do that which will en-
able them to become such, and be left to find out the effect of
what they are made to do, by after experience.

There are, however, two modes of teaching boys to sit finn
on their horse ; and as each has a different effect, I will men-
tion them ; the one teaches the boy to trust to his hold on his
saddle by his knees and thighs ; this is learnt by his riding for
some time without stirrups. In personal illustration of this, I
rode the whole of one season and the first half of another with
fox-hounds without stirrups, and that, part of my second season,
on full-sized horses. Tlie advantage of this mode of instruction
is, that it teaches, or in fact obliges, a boy to balance his body,
Vol. II.— 24

370 THE H0K8E.

and sit still and firm in his seat, without any other aid than na-
ture has supplied him with ; and it obliges him to keep his legs
motionless ; for should he hold so loosely by his knees and
thighs as to allow his legs to move or swing backward and for-
ward on his saddle skirts, they would allow him to roll over
the one or other side of his horse, and thus " the hope of
the family " might be turned topsy-turvy. The next advantage
derived from this plan is, it finally, in riding terms, gives a lad
hands ; for so soon as he has learned a firm seat, and got in full
confidence in this respect, his hands are as free and as much at
liberty as if standing on the ground. For however fii'm he may
want to hold his horse by the head, to assist, support, or check
him, he wants no hold by his own hands, as a support or stay to
his own body. In fact, by thus learning to ride in the first in-
stance, a seat at once neat and firm is most easily to be acquired
without the vile habit of " holding on by the bridle ; " which,
if once contracted, it would be diflicult, if not impossible, to
break a man of; and until that was done, he never could be
half a horseman.

If during the last page or two, or for the next, I write or
quote personally, I do so to show that I write from personal
practice, and not from mere observation or theory.

I in no shape mean to infer that continuing to ride without
stirrups would be advantageous ; on the contrary, I am clear it
would have quite an opposite effect. It is very well, and I hold
it as very advantageous, as a groundwork for beginners ; but the
artist will require other aids to perfect his work. One of these
is the stirrup. Had I gone on riding two or three more seasons
without them, the consequence would probably have been, that
from practice I should have become so accustomed to ride with-
out them, that I should have been unable to avail myself of
their assistance ; and though, on any thing that is not as slip-
pery as a saddle, a man might sit an unruly horse quite as firm-
ly without stirrups as with, still without their aid he could not
ride for ordinary purposes to the best advantage, or make the
most of his horse without their use.

An Arab ma,y ride bare-backed, sit firmly, and do something
like twenty miles within the hour, on the desert. But he does
it in a wild way; and his horse, ridden by an English jockey,

RACING BOYS. 3/1

would, I am quite certain, do it to greater advantage, that is,
with less fatigue. His doing it, ridden as lie is, is nothing to
the purpose ; it is whether he could not, by being more scien-
tiiicall}' managed and ridden, do it either in shorter time, or in
the same time with more ease.

Racing, or rather exercise riding, hoys learn to ride in the
directly opposite way. They are never allowed to ride even
walking exercise without a saddle and stirrups ; they therefore
learn to depend on them ; in short, with their comparatively lit-
tle strength, they could not ride the horses they do if they did
not. For in very free-going horses and hard pullers, by keep-
ing their feet forward, the stirrup acts with thein as the toe-
board does to a coachman with four hoi'ses in hand ; and if we
were to select from the best riding boys in all the stables at
Newmarket, we should not find one who could, like the dealer's
lad, jump on a horse and ride him bare-backed; at all events,
he could not ride him well ; and indeed I should say the chances
are he would tumble off. So much for learning in one way
only. Now the dealer's lad could not ride a race-horse as well
as the other, but he could ride him ; and when merely following
a head lad, probably he would ride him tolerably well, for he is
accustomed to ride both with and without stirrups, and is indif-
ferent as to which ; and in point of lightness of hand, and mak-
ing the most of a good or bad mouth, the dealer's lad beats the
Newmarket one hollow. This arises from his being taught and
expected to make every horse he gets on go as well, and carry
himself as handsomely, as he can be made to do ; and as he
rides a dozen or more different horses every day, he acquires a
hand for every horse. The Newmarket boy rides the same
horse for months together, and probably not more than half a
dozen different ones in as many years. Tliis is therefore by no
means the best place to learn hands, though a very good one to
teach him to hold strong pullers, which he can do better than
the dealer's lad, though he may be physically far stronger.

The remark might very naturally be made, that if, as I have
said, a jockey requires good hands for all sorts of horses, and
that riding exercise is not the best school to give such, it must
be a bad one to select a jockey from, which I have stated is
mostly done.

373

THE HOKSE.

I will endeavor to reconcile this seeming incongruity. Ex-
ercise boys have not, generally speaking, fine hands ; therefore,
to a certain degree, it is objectionable as a school for a jockey.
But to set against this, in the first place, there is no other in
which the other requisites in a jockey can be taught, or of
course learnt ; for training stables are the only places where a
boy can become acquainted with the habits, temper, style of
going, and powers of speed of the race-horse ; and, what is of
quite as much consequence as all these put together, it is the
best school to enable him to become a good judge of pace
Without these acquirements no man can ever be a jockey.

Having thus far answered the supposed remark, I hope it
will be borne in mind, that, although I said jockeys have most-
ly been exercise boys, I in no way even inferred that exercise
boys mostly become jockeys ; for the fact is, there is not one in
a dozen of these boys that has either head or hands for the pur-
pose ; and it is because a boy is found to possess these in greater
perfection than other boys in the same stables that gets him first
put upon a race-horse as a jockey.

I have now laid before my readers what I conceive to be
the difierent effects of learning to ride without and with stir-
rups, and of learning to ride with them only j and, whether
man or boy, I should most strongly recommend the beginner to
adopt the former course, satisfied as I am that for general riding
it will give both the best seat and best hands.

There are three descriptions of persons among men grown,
who, if they mean to make riding a pursuit, would benefit by
some advice on the subject ; the one is the man who has never
ridden at all; the other one who has ridden a little, and, find-
ing himself in difficulty, is satisfied he knows nothing about it ;
the third is one who has ridden a good deal, and that very bad-
ly. The first would be altogether the readiest pupil, and very
likely would, in the shortest time, become a horseman. He
will do as he is advised, because he has no inducement to do,
nor does he know how to do, otherwise ; and, beginning right,
the right way will become his most natural habit, and of course
the one the easiest to him ; and having in commencing no
habits at all, he will have no bad ones to correct.

The next would give a little more trouble ; for as he has

UNLEARNING ACQUIRED UABIT8. 373

ridden, Avhetlier it may have been twenty times or two hnndred,
he nmst havG ridden somehow ; and though a horseman might
very properly consider this as riding nohow, it will depend upon
the turn of the rider's mind how far it mayor may not be found
difficult to convince him it was so. But, as I have said, he must
have ridden somehow, and that with him has become a liabit ;
therefore, supposing he is diffident enough to be convinced his
habits have been bad ones, he has to forget, or at least to fore-
go, those while he learns proper ones, the former probably being
by far the most difficult task.

With the third, who has ridden a great deal, but ridden bad-
ly, I wish to have nothing to do ; as it is probable, if not cer-
tain, that he will be as opinionated as ignorant, and as unable
as unwilling to appreciate or to profit by instruction. At all
events, no credit is to be gained by such a pupil, and it is all
but hopeless to attempt to make him into a horseman." — Harry
Jlieover^s Pract. Horsemanship.

In addition to this, I have only to state, that nothing which
I have said above, in regard to the use of the martingale, is to
be held as applying either to the riding of race horses, or to the
riding or driving of fast-trotting horses.

To both these ends the use of the martingale is indispensa-
ble ; as, above all things, the heads of the animals must be kept
steady and perfectly inflexible at a hard unyielding pull. The
absence of a good mouth, or of a pleasant and handsome style
of going is necessary to neither animal, and, in the trotter,
the former would be a vice rather than a virtue, as the possession
of a fine, delicate, light hand would be a disqualification, rather
than an advantage, to the rider or driver of such animals.

For race-riders, or riders and drivers of match-trotters, I give
no directions — the professionals are better able to instruct me,
than I to teach them; and amateurs in the former art can hardly
ever expect to succeed ; while, in the latter branch of equestrian-
ism, they can only acquire proficiency by practice and study on
the course and on the road, and then, only at the disadvantage and
penalty of unfitting themselves for any other sort of riding or
driving, of acquiring a bad and ungainly seat, and of losing, if
they ever possessed it, the lightness, sensibility, and delicacy of
touch, which constitute what is known to horsemen as a good hand.

374 THE HOKSE.

Tlie modes of breaking tlie young horse, as usually practised^
and as detailed, in some small degree, above, under the head of
breeding, consist of letting him stand on the colts' or breaking
bits ; lunging him, in a circle, by means of a long leading rein,
with the aid of a four-horse whip ; by which he is taught his
paces, and also how to turn and traverse — and, lastly, by put-
ting him into the hand of a rough rider, who, according as he
did or did not possess — what very few such men do possess — fine
seat, fine hands, great judgment, great tact, unruffled temper,
unwearied patience, indomitable perseverance, and perfect
skill — in other words, talent approaching to genius, — turned out
the horse perfectly well broke, which is the rare exception —
half finished, which is the rule — or a vicious, immanageable
brute, which is but too often the consequence of the breaker
being, what he too often is, a sot, an ass, and a brute.

The following are Stonehenge's additional rules for breaking
a hunter. They are admirable, and easy to be understood and
followed. For every saddle horse they are, moreover, well
worth folloMdng; since not only is every saddle horse much
better and more valuable for being a clever and easy
leaper, but even, if his rider never desire to leap him, he ac-
quires a more perfect use of his limbs, and a greater degree of
docility, by having been put through the forms of these in-
structions.

BREAEING AND TEACHING.

" Breaking is of course required for those colts, which are
specially intended for hunters, but except in teaching to jump, it
does not differ from the plan adopted in ordinary colt-breaking.
Tlie same mouthing-bit which I have recommended above will
also suit this kind of horse, but its reins should be buckled
considerably tighter, and the horse " put upon it " for an hour a
day until he bends himself well. He may also have what is
called a " dumb jockey " buckled on his roller, with springs con-
tained within its arms, by which the bit is allowed to give and
take with the horse's action ; but still always having a tendency
to bend the neck, and bring the horse back on his haunches.
Unless this is effectually done, and the colt is made to use liis
hind legs by bringing them well under liim, thus carrying a

HORSE BREAKING.

:375

good part of liis wciglit, he is never safe across ridge-and-furrow,
nor in awkward places, where he is obliged to creep u]) close to
the take-off, and gather all his legs together before making
the spring. When the horse is being lunged he may be made
to jump a bar, but not too often over a movable one, or he
finds out its tendency to fall, and becomes careless, A fixed bar
should be used as soon as the horse understands this part of his
business, and he will not hurt himself if he falls over it a few
times ; because there is nothing to hold his legs, and, conse-
quently, he either falls forward or backward without injury. The
bar should have side guides, so that in lunging, the horse must
go over, or come back and face the whip of the groom following
him ; and when they are properly managed, the leading-rein
slides over them without catching, and the bar may be taken by
the horse in each round of the lunge. Some horses seem to en-
joy the fun w^hen they are clever and good-tempered, but not
more than six or eight jumps should be given in any one lesson,
for fear of disgusting the pulpil. When he is perfect over the bar
with the lunging-rein, and after he is hrolien to all his paces, he
may be ridden over it, or any small fences, in cool blood ;
but he never ought to be put at this kind of work till he is per-
fect at all his other lessons. For if he does not know what the
spur, or the pull of the rein means, it is useless to confuse him by
trying to make him do what he does not understand. No large
jumps should ever be tried without hounds, and when the colt is
willing to go when he is wanted over small j)laces, it is better to
defer the conclusion of his jumping education until he can be
taken out with hounds, as I have explained under the section
treating of the teaching of the steeiilechaser. With hounds the
colt is inclined to follow the field of horses, and will soon
attempt any place his breaker puts him at ; though often making
mistakes, and sometimes carrying the fence before him into the
next field. Good hands, a firm seat, and an unruffled temper
soon make him know his powers ; and in a few times he learns to
avoid mishaps, and keeps his legs without difficulty. The break-
ing-bit already described is the best to ride young hoi-ses with,
as it is large, and allows of considerable pressure without iujmy ;
60 that if the breaker is obliged to keep the head straight with some
force, the colt is not thereby dragged into the +ence, as would be

376 THE HORSE.

the case with a small and sharp snaffle or with a curb. The same
caution must now be exercised as before with regard to a too long
continuance of the early lessons. The young hunter, as well as the
steeplechaser, should be gradually accustomed to his practice,
consequently should never have too much at first ; as there is
some danger of disgusting him by needless repetition.

And here, a few months since, I should have closed my ob-
servations on riding and breaking, for the maiiege is neither at-
tainable in this country, except by the aid of circus companies,
nor necessary to a rider ; though, if superadded to the other
qualifications of a good field and road horseman, it is a grace to
an equestrian, and a vast excellence to every horse, except a race-
horse, a hunter, and a trotter, for two of which manege rules
would be utterly useless, if not positively detrimental, and for
the third — the hunter — only in a very preliminary and moderate
degree desirable, so far, I mean, as teaching him how to get his
hind legs under him.

Lately, however, I have come across Mr. Baucher's system
of horsemanship, both as teaching men how to ride themselves,
and how to break horses, by an invariable, uniform and infalli-
ble method. I have no hesitation, although I took it up with
considerable doubt and distrust, in adopting it as all that it pre-
tends to be ; and in most urgently recommending all my read-
ers, who desire to become perfect riders themselves, and to have
their horses perfectly broken, to adopt all his preliminary steps,
both of learning to ride and of breaking, as the best ever intro-
duced, and as infallibly certain, if practised with patience and
temper, to produce the result desired.

So satisfied am I of the excellence of this method, and of the
advantage of introducing it, that not being, by any means, satis-
fied with the rendering of the original in the only American
edition, I have prepared a version of such parts of the work as I
judge essential to the learning how to make accomplished riders,
and thoroughly-broken horses for general purposes — not carry-
ing the system to its extreme length, which would make all
horses perfect manege^ or circus, or cavalry horses, and all
riders, riding-masters, circus-masters, or dragoons — which is
neither necessary nor desirable — and this I now submit to my
readers. I farther advise any one, who desires to have a per-

BAUOHER 8 SYSTEM.

377

feet riding liorse, to devote a few hours daily to training his
animal, which will soon be in itself a source of pleasure and
amusement, apart from the ultimate advantage to be obtained —
and farther, whether he be a mere tyro and learner, or an old
horseman, to go through a series of Baucher's lessons for the
acquisition of flexibility of the person and of a perfect seat on
horseback, being well assured that, in the former case, it will
afford the speediest and easiest means of becoming a rider, and
that, in the latter, it will give such increased facility, and mas-
tery of the animal, as well as of the horseman's own powers, as
will largely and amply remunerate him for the pains and the
time devoted to the experiment.

" By following my new instructions," says Mr. Baucher on
his forty-first page, " relating to the seat of a man on horseback,
we shall soon arrive at certain results ; they are as easy to un-
derstand as to demonstrate. Two sentences are sufficient to ex-
plain all to the rider, and enable him to obtain a good seat by
the simple advice of the instructor.

The rider must expand his chest as much as possible, so
that every part of his frame rests upon that next below it, for
the purpose of increasing the adhesion of his buttocks to the
saddle. The arms should fall easily by the sides. The thighs
and legs should, by their own strength, find as many points of
contact as possible with the saddle and the horse's sides ; the
feet will naturally follow the motion of the legs.

By these few lines it is shown how simple a thing it is to
acquire a seat.

The means which I recommend for readily obtaining a
good seat remove all the difficulties which the plan pursued by
our predecessors presented. The pupil of old understood nothing
of the long catechism, recited in a loud voice by the instructor,
from the first word to the last ; consequently he could not exe-
cute it. Here one word replaces all those sentences ; but we
previously go through a course of practisings for the rendering
of his frame flexible and supple. This course will make the rider
expert, and consequently intelligent. One month will not elapse
before the most stupid and awkward recruit will find himself
able to sit a hoi*se properly, without the aid of words of command.

The horse is to be led upon the ground, saddled and bri-

378

THE H0E8E.

died. The instructor must take two pupils ; of whom one shall
hold the horse bj the bridle, and observe what the other does,
in order that he may be able to perform in his turn. The pupil
shall ajDproach the horse's shoulder and prepare to mount ; for
this purpose he is to lay hold of, and separate with the right
hand, a handful of mane, and pass it into the left hand,
taking hold as near the roots as possible, without twisting them ;
he must then grasp the pommel of the saddle with the right
hand, the four fingers inside, and the thumb outside ; when
springing lightly, he will raise himself upon his wrists. As soon
as his middle reaches the height of the horse's withers, he must
pass the right leg over the croup, without touching it, and place
himself lightly in the saddle. This vaulting will tend to render
the man active ; and he should be made to repeat it eight or ten
times, before letting him finally seat himself. The repetition
of this exercise will soon teach him the use of his arms and
loins.

For the stationary exercise on horseback, an old, quiet
horse should be chosen in preference ; the reins to be knotted,
and to hang on his neck. The pupil being on horseback, the
instructor will examine his natural position, in order to exercise
more frequently those parts wdiich have a tendency either to
weakness or rigidity. The lesson will commence with the chest.
He must expand the chest, and hold himself in this position for
some time, without regard to the stiffness which it will occasion
at first. It is by the exertion of force that the pupil will obtain
suppleness and flexibility, and not by tlie relaxation of his natu-
ral powers so much and so uselessly recommended. Motions at
first produced only by great effort, will not require so much ex-
ertion after a while, for the pupil will then have gained skill,
and skill, in this case, is but the result of exertions properly
combined and employed. Wliat is first done bj^ the exertion
of a force equal to twenty pounds is afterward effected by an
effort gradually diminishing. "Wlien it is re(hiced to the last,
we may say that skill is attained. If we commence by a smaller
effort, we cannot attain this result. The flexions of the loins
must be repeated, allowing tlie pupil often to let himself down
into his natural relaxed position, in order to accustom him to
throw his chest quickly into a good position. The body being

FLEXURES OF THE LIMBS. 379

well placed, the instructor will proceed — first, to the lesson of
the arm, which consists in moving it in every direction, first
bent, and afterward extended ; secondly, that of the head ;
which must be turned right and left without allowing its motion
to affect the position of the shoulders.

When the lessons of the chest, arms, and head, have pro-
duced a satisfactory result, which they ought to do at the end
of four days — eight lessons — we pass to the pupil's legs.

He must remove one of his thighs as far as possible from
the flaps of the saddle ; and afterward replace it with a rotatory
movement from without inward, in order to make it adhere to
the saddle at as many points of contact as possible. The in-
structor should watch that the thigh does not fall back heavily;
it should resume its position by a slowly progressive motion,
and without a jerk. He ought, moreover, during the first lesson,
to take hold of the pupil's leg, and direct it, to make him under-
stand the proper way of performing this displacement. He will
thus save him fatigue, and obtain the result sooner.

This kind of exercise, very fatiguing at first, requires fre-
quent rests ; it would be wrong to prolong the exercise beyond
the powers of the pnpil. The motions of bringing back the thigh
which place it in contact with the saddle, and that of protruding
it, which separates it from the saddle, becoming more easy, the
thighs will acquire a suppleness admitting of their adhesion to
the saddle in a good position. Then come the practices for flex-
ing the legs.

The instructor should watch that the knees always preserve
their perfect adherence to the saddle. The legs are to be swung
backward and forward like the pendulum of a clock ; that is to
say, the pnpil will raise them so as to touch the cantle of the
saddle with his heels. The repetition of these flexions will soon
render the legs supple, pliable, and independent of the thighs.
The flexions of the le^s and thio^hs are to be continued for four
days — eight lessons. To make each of these movements more
correct and easy, eiglit days — or sixteen lessons — will be devoted
to them. The fifteen daj's — thirty lessons — which remain to
complete the month, will continue to be occupied by the exercise
of stationary supplings ; but, in order that the pupil may learn
to combine strength of the arms with that of the loins, he must

380 THE H0E8E.

be made to hold at arm's-lengtli, progressively, weights increas
iijg from ten to forty pounds. This exercise should commence
with the least fatiguing position, the arm being bent, and the
hand near the shoulder, and this flexion should be continued to
the full extent of the arm. The position of the chest and trunk
must not be affected by this exercise, but must be kept steady
in its attitude.

The strength of pressure of the knees may be judged of,
and even produced, by the following method. This, which at
first sight will perhaps appear of slight importance, will, never-
theless, bring about great results. The instructor should take a
narrow piece of leather about twenty inches long, and place one
end of it between the pupil's knee and the flap of the saddle.
The pupil will exert the force of his knees on the saddle to pre-
vent its slipping, while the instructor will draw it toward him
slowly and progressively. This process will serve as a dyna-
mometer to judge of the increase of power.

The strictest watch must be kept that each force acting
separately shall not put other forces in action. That is to say,
that the movement of the arms shall not affect the shoulders, or
put them in motion. It should be the same with the thighs, in
respect to the body ; with the legs, in respect to the thighs, and
so with the rest. The power of displacing and flexing, at will, each
several limb, having been thus separately obtained, the chest
and seat are to be temporarily displaced, in order to teach the
rider to recover his proper position without assistance. This is
to be done as follows. The instructor, being placed on one side,
must push the pupil's hip, so that his seat will be moved out of
the seat of the saddle. The instructor will then allow him to
get back into the saddle, being careful to watch that, in regain-
ing his seat, he makes use of his hips and knees only, in order to
make him use only those parts nearest to his seat. In fact, the
aid of the shoulders would soon affect the hand, and this the
horse ; the assistance of the legs would have still worse results.
In a word, in all the displacements, the pupil must be taught
not to have recourse, in order to direct the horse, to the means
which keep him in his seat, and vice versa, not to employ, in
order to keep his seat, those means wliich direct the horse.

Here but a month has elapsed, and these equestrian gym-

BREAKING THE HOUSE.

381

nasties will Lave made a rider of a person who may at first have
appeared incapable of becoming such. Having mastered the
preliminary trials, he will impatiently await the first movements
of the horse, in order to give himself up to them with the ease
of an experienced rider.

Fifteen days — thirty lessons — will be devoted to the walk,
the trot, and the gallop. Here the pupil should solely en-
deavor to follow the movements of the horse ; therefore, the in-
structor will oblige him to attend to his seat only, and not to at-
tempt to guide the horse. He will only require the pupil at
first, to ride straight before him ; and secondly, to ride in every
direction, with one rein of the snaflGle in each hand. At the end
of four days — eight lessons — he may be directed to take the
curb rein in his left hand. Tlie right hand, which is now free,
must be held alongside of the left, that he may early get the
habit of sitting square — with his shoulders abreast and equal.
The horse should be made to trot as much to the right as to the
left. When the seat is firmly settled at all the different paces,
the instructor will explain simply, the connection between the
wrists and the legs, as well as their separate effects.

Here the rider will commence the horse's education, by
following the progression I shall proceed to explain. Tlie pupil
will be made to understand the reasons for each practice, and
will be so led to perceive how intimately the education of the
man is connected with that of the horse.

1. Flexions of the loins for producing expansion of the chest,
four days, eight lessons.

2. Displacements and replacements of the thighs, and flex-
ions of the legs, four days, eight lessons.

3. General exercises of all the parts in succession, eight
days, sixteen lessons.

4. Displacements of the trunk, exercises of the knees and
arms with weights in the hands, fifteen days, thirty lessons.

5. Position of the rider, the horse being at a walk, a trot,
and a gallop, in order to fashion and confirm the seat at these
different paces, fifteen days, thirty lessons.

6. Education of the horse by the rider, seventy-five days,
and one hundred and fifty lessons.

382

THE HORSE.

The whole being accomplished in a hundred and twenty-
one days, two hundred and forty-two lessons.

OF THE FORCES OF THE HORSE.

The horse, like all organized beings, is possessed of a weight
and of forces peculiar to himself. The weight inherent to the
material of which the animal is composed, renders the mass in-
ert, and tends to fix it to the ground. The forces, on the con-
trary, by the power they give him of moving this weight, of di-
viding it, of transferring it from one of his parts to another,
communicate movement to his whole being, determine his
equilibrium, speed, and direction. To make this truth more
evident, let us suppose a horse in repose. Plis body will be in
perfect equilibrium, if each of its members supports exactly that
part of the weight which falls upon it in this position. If he
wish to move forward at a walk, he must transfer that part of
the weight, resting on the leg which he moves first, to those
that will remain fixed to the ground. It will be the same thing
in other paces, the transfer acting from one diagonal to the
other in the trot, from the front to the rear, and reciprocally, in
the gallop. We must not then confound the weight with the
forces ; the latter producing the results, the former being sub-
ordinate to them. It is by removing the weight from one ex-
tremity to the other that the forces put tlie limbs in motion, or
keep them stationary. The slowness or quickness of the trans-
fers fixes the different paces, which are correct or false, even
or uneven, according as these transfers are executed with cor-
rectness or irregularity.

It is understood that this motive power is subdivisible ad
infinitum^ since it is dispersed throngh a''l the muscles of the
animal. When the latter, himself, determines the use of them,
the forces are instinctive ; I shall call them transmitted, when
they emanate from the rider. In the first case, the man is gov-
erned by his horse, and is merely the plaything of his caprices ;
in the second, on the contrary, he makes the horse a docile in-
strument, submissive to all the impulses of his will. The horse,
then, from the moment he is mounted, should act only b}'" trans-
mitted forces. The invariable application of this principle con-
stitutes the true art of the horseman.

rKINCIPLES OF BRKAKINO. 383

But such a result Ciinuot ])0 attained instantaneously. Tlio
young horse, in freedom, having been accustomed to regulate
his own movements, will not, at first, suhmit without difficulty
and resistance to the strange influence that now assumes to take
the entire control of them. A struggle must necessarily ensue
between the horse and his rider, who will be overcome unless
he is possessed of energy, patience, and, above all, knowledge
necessary to the carrying of his point. The forces of the ani-
mal being the element upon which the rider must principally
work, first for conquering, and in the end for directing them, it
is necessary he should apply himself to these before any thing
else. He must study what they arc, whence they spring, the
parts where they unite to etfect the strongest resistance by mus-
cular contraction, and the physical causes, which occasion these
contractions. When this is discovered, he will proceed with
his pupil b}^ means in accordance with his nature, and his lU'o-
gress will be proportionably rapid.

Unfortunately, we search in vain, in ancient or modern
authors on horsemanship, I will not say for rational principles,
but even for any data in connection with the forces of the horse.
All speak very prettily about resistances, oppositions, lightness,
and equilibrium ; but none of them have understood how to tell
us what causes these resistances, how we can combat them, de-
stroy them, and produce that lightness and equilibrium, which
they so earnestly recommend. It is this hiatus which has
caused so much doubt and obscurity about the principles of
horsemanship; it is this that has kept the art so long sta-
tionary ; it is this hiatus, which, in a word, I conceive myself
able to fill.

And first, I lay down the principle that all the resistances
of young horses spring, in the first place, from a physical cause,
and that this cause only becomes a moral one, through the awk-
wardness, ignorance, or brutality of the rider. In fact, besides
the natural stifi'ness peculiar to all horses, each of them has
his own peculiar conformation, the greater or less perfection of
which produces the degree of harmony which exists between
the forces and the weight. The want of this harmony occasions
the ungracefulness of their paces, the difficulty of their move-
ments, in a word, all the obstacles to a good education. In a

384 THE HORSE.

state of freedom, however bad may be the structure of a horse,
instinct is sufficient to enable him to make such a use of his
forces as to maintain his equilibrium ; but there are movements
which it is impossible that he should make, until a preparatory
exercise shall have put him in the way of supplying the defects
of his organization by a better combined use of his motive
power. A horse puts himself in motion only by means of as-
suming a given position ; if his forces be such as to oppose
themselves to this position, they must first be annulled, before
they can be placed by the only ones which can effect it.

Now, I ask, if before overcoming these first obstacles, the
rider adds to them the weight of his own body, and his unreason-
able demands, must not the animal experience still greater diffi-
culty in executing certain movements ? The efforts we make to
compel him to submission, being contrary to his nature, must
we not necessarily find insurmountable opposition? He will
naturally resist, and with so much the more advantage, because
his forces being ill-distributed, will suffice to paralyze the efforts
of his rider. The resistance then emanates, in this case, from
a physical cause. This becomes a moral one from the moment
when — the struggle going on by the same processes — the horse
begins of his own accord to concert means for resisting the tor-
ture imposed on him, and when we undertake to force into ope-
ration parts, which have not previously been rendered supple,
and liable to flexion.

"When things come to this state, they can only from bad
become worse. The rider, soon disgusted at the impotence of
his own efforts, will throw upon the horse the responsibility of
his own ignorance ; he will brand as a jade an animal possess-
ing perhaps the most brilliant resources, and of which, with
more discernment and tact, he could have made a hackney as
docile in character, as graceful and agreeable in his paces. I
have often remarked that horses considered indomitable, are
those w;hich develope the most energy and vigor, when we know
how to remedy those physical defects, which prevent their mak-
ing use of them. As to those which, in spite of their bad for-
mation, are by a similar system made to show a semblance of
obedience, we need thank nothing but the softness of their
natures. If they can be made to submit to the simplest exer

MALCONFORMA'nON. 385

cise, it is only on condition that we do not demand any thing
more of them ; for tliey wonkl soon find energy to resist any
farther attempts. The rider can make them go along at differ-
ent paces, to he sure ; hut how disconnected, how stiff, how
nngraccful in their movements, and how ridiculous such steeds
make their unfortunate riders look, as they toss them about at
will, instead of being guided by them ? This state of things is
natural and necessaiy, unless we first remove the cause of it ;
the irnproper distribution of their forces, and the rigidity caused
hy a had coo') formation.

But it may be objected, allowing that these difficulties are
caused by the formation of the horse, how is it possible to remedy
them ? You do not surely pretend to change the structure of
the animal, and reform the work of nature ? Undoubtedly not ;
but while I confess that it is impossible to give more breadth to
a narrow chest, to lengthen a short neck, to lower a high croup,
to shorten and fill out long, weak, narrow loins, I do not the less
insist that, if I prevent the different muscular contractions re-
sulting from these physical defects, if I supple the muscles, if I
make myself master of the forces so as to use them at will, it
will be easy for me to conquer these resistances, to give more
action to the weak parts, and to subdue the excess of those
which are too vigorous, and thus to make up for the deficiencies
of nature.

Such results, I do not hesitate to say, were and still are im-
possible under the old methods. But if the science of those,
who follow the old beaten track, find so constant an obstacle in
the great number of horses of defective formation, there are, un-
fortunately, some horses who, by the perfection of their organi-
zation, and the consequent facility of their education, contribute
greatly to perpetuate the impotent routines that have been so
unfavorable to the progress of horsemanship. A well consti-
tuted horse is one, all the parts of which being regularly harmo-
nized, induce the perfect equilibrium of the whole. It would be'
as difficult for such a subject to depart from this natural equili-
brium, and take up an improper position, for the purpose of
resistance, as it is at first painful to the badly formed horse to
be brought into that just distribution of forces, without which no
regularity of movement can be hoped.
Vol. II.— 25

386 THE HORSE.

" It is then onlj in the education of these last that the real
difficulties of horsemanship consist. With the others the break-
ing ought to be, so to say, instantaneous ; since, all the springs
being in their places, there is nothing to be done but to put them
in motion ; this result is always obtained by my method. Yet the
old principles demand two or three years to reach this point.
And when, by feeling his way without any certainty of success,
the horseman, gifted with tact and experience, succeeds at last in
accustoming the horse to obey the impressions communicated to
him, the rider imagines that he has surmounted great difficul-
ties, and attributes to his skill a state so near to that of nature,
that correct principles would have obtained it in a few days.
Then as the animal continues to display in all his movements
the grace and lightness natural to his beautiful formation, the
rider does not scruple to take all the merit to himself; thus
showing himself as presumptuous in this case as he was unjust
when he made the badly formed horse responsible for the fail-
ure of his attempts.

If we once admit these truths ; — ■

That the education of the horse consists in the complete sub-
jection of his powers ;

That we can only make use of his powers at will, by annul-
ling all resistances ;

And that these resistances have their source in the muscular
contractions occasioned by physical defects ;

The only thing necessary will be to seek out the parts in
which these contractions arise, in order to endeavor to oppose
and destroy them.

Long and conscientious observations have shown me that,
whatever be the faults of formation that prevent a just distribu-
tion of forces in the horse, it is always in the neck that the most
immediate effect is felt. There is no improper movement, no
resistance, which is not preceded by the contraction of this part
of the animal ; and as the jaw is intimately connected with the
neck, the rigidity of the one is instantly communicated to the
other. These two points are the fulcrum upon which the horse
relies, in order to defy and overpower all the rider's efforts. We
may easily conceive the immense obstacle they must present to
the exertions of the latter, since the neck and head being the

THE FLEXING8 OF TllE IIOR8E. 387

two principal levers by which we direct the animal, it is impos-
sible to obtain any thing from him until we render ourselves
masters of tliese first and indispensable means of action. Behind
the parts in which the forcea are most exerted by muscular con-
tractions for resistance, are the loins and the croup.

The contraction of tliese two opposite extremities are, mu-
tually the one to the other, causes and effects, that is to say, the
rigidity of the neck induces that of the haunches, and vice versa.
We may combat the one by the other ; and so soon as we have
succeeded in anuUing them, so soon as we have re-established
the equilibrium and harmony which they prevented between
the fore and hind parts, the education of the horse will l:)e half
finished, I proceed now to point out the means of arriving in-
fallibly at this result.

THE FLEXINGS OF THE HOKSE.

This work being an exposition of a method which is designed
to subvert most of the old principles of horsemanship, it is under-
stood that I now address men only who are already conversant with
the equestrian art, and unite to an assured seat a familiarity with
the horse, sufficiently great to understand all that concerns his
mechanism. I will not, then, revert to the elementary processes ;
it is for the instructor to judge if his pupil possess a proper de-
gree of solidity of seat, and is sufficiently a part of the horse ;
for at the same time that a good seat produces this identification,
it favors the easy and regular play of the rider's extremities.

My present object is to treat principally of the education
of the horse ; but this education is too intimately connected with
that of the rider, that he should make any considerable progress
in the one without a knowledge of the other. In explaining the
processes which should produce perfection in the animal, I shall
necessarily teach the horseman to apply them himself; he will
only have to practise to-morrow what I teach him to-day. Never-
theless, there is one thing that no precept can give ; that is, a
fineness of touch, a delicacy of equestrian sensibility which be-
longs only to certain privileged organizations, and without
which, we seek in vain to pass certain limits. Having said this,
we will return to our subject.

388

THE HORSE.

We now know the parts of the horse in which the muscular
contractions lie which produce the most resistance, and we feel
the necessity of supplying them. Shall we then cease to attack,
exercise, and conquer them all at once ? No ; this would be to
fall back into the old error, the inefficiency of which we are
convinced of. The animal's muscular power is infinitely supe-
rior to ours ; his instinctive forces, moreover, being able to sus-
tain themselves the one by the others, we must inevitably be
conquered if we put t^iem all at once in motion. Since the
contractions have their seat in separate parts, let us profit by this
division to combat them separately, as a skilful general destroys,
in detail, forces which, when combined, he would be unable to
resist.

For the rest, whatever the age, the disposition, and the
structure of my pupil, ray course of proceeding at the start will
always be the same. The results will only be more or less
prompt and easy, according to the degree of perfection in his
nature, and the influence of the hand to which he has been pre-
viously subjected. The flexings, which will have no other object
in the case of a well-made horse, than that of preparing his
forces to yield to our influence, will re-establish calm and confi-
dence in a horse that has been badly handled ; and in a defec-
tive formation, will make those contractions disappear, which
are the causes of resistance, and the only obstacles to the pro-
ducing of a perfect equilibrium. The difficulties to be sur-
mounted will be in proportion to this complication of obstacles,
but will quickly disappear with a little perseverance on our
part. In the progression we are about to pursue, in order to
produce suppleness in all the different parts of the animal, we
shall naturally commence with the most important parts, that is
to say, with the jaw and the neck.

The head and neck of the horse are at once the rudder and
compass of the rider. By them he directs the animal ; by them,
also, he can ascertain the regularity and precision of his move-
ments. The equilibrium of the whole body is perfect, and its
lightness complete, when the head and neck remain of them-
selves easy, pliable, and graceful. On the contrary, there can
be no elegance, no ease of the whole, when these two parts are
rigid. Preceding the body of the horse in all the impulses

STrFFNESS OF NECK. 389

communicated to it, they ought to give warning, and show bj
their attitude the positions to be taken, and the movements to
be executed. The rider has no power so long as they remain
contracted and rebellious ; he disposes of the animal at will,
when once they become flexible and easily managed. If the
head and neck do not first commence the changes of direction,
if in circular movements they are not inclined in a curved line,
if in backing they do not bend back upon themselves, and if their
lightness be not always in harmony with the different paces at
which we wish to go, the horse will have it in his own power
to execute or to refuse these movements, since he will remain
master of the employment of his own forces.

From the first moment I observed the powerful influence
exercised by the stiffness of the neck on the whole mechanism
of the horse, I attentively sought the means to remedy it. Re-
sistance to the hand acts always either sideways, upward or
downward. I at first imagined that the neck was the sole
source of these resistances, and applied myself to suppling the
animal by flexions, repeated in every direction. The result was
immense ; but although, at the end of a certain time, the sup-
plings of the neck rendered me perfectly master of the forces of
tlie fore-parts of the horse, I still found a slight resistance for
which I could not at first account. At last, I discovered that it
proceeded from the jaw. The flexibility I had communicated
to the neck even increased the effect of this stiffness of the
muscles of the lower jaw, by permitting the horse in certain
cases to escape the action of the bit. I then bethought me of
the means of combating these resistances in this, their last
stronghold, and from that moment it is there I have commenced
my work of suppling with that part.

The first exercise is performed on foot, and gives the means
of making the horse come to the man, and rendering him steady
to mount and generally docile.

Before commencing the exercises of flexions, it is essential
to give the horse a first lesson of subjection, and teach him to
recognize the power of man. The first act of submission, which
might appear unimportant, will have the effect of speedily ren-
dering him calm, of giving him confidence, and of preventing

390 THE H0K8E.

all those movements which might distract his attention, and
mar the success of the commencement of his education.

Two lessons, of half an hour each, will suffice to obtain the
preparatory obedience of every horse. The pleasure we expe-
rience in thus playing with him will naturally lead the rider to
continue this exercise for a few moments each day, and make it
both instructive to the horse and useful to himself. The mode
of proceeding is as follows ; — The rider will approach the horse,
without roughness or timidity, his whip under his arm ; he will
speak to him without raising his voice too much, and will pat
him on the face and neck ; then with the left hand he will lay
hold of the curb reins, about six or seven inches from the
branches of the bit, keeping his wrist stiff, so as to present as
much force as possible when the horse resists. The whip will
be held firmly in the right hand, the point towards the ground,
then slowly raised as high as the horse's chest, in order to tap it
at intervals of a second. The first natural movement of the
horse will be to withdraw from the direction in which the pain
comes, by backing away from it. The rider will follow this
backward movement, without discontinuing the firm tension of
the reins, or the little taps with the whip on the breast, applying
them all the time with the same degree of intensity. The rider
should be perfectly self-possessed, that there may be no indica-
tion of anger or weakness in his motions or looks. , Becoming
tired of this constraint, the horse will soon seek to avoid the in-
fliction by another movement, and by coming forward he will
arrive at it; the rider will avail himself of this second instinctive
movement to stop and caress the animal with his hand and
voice. The repetition of this exercise will give the most sur-
prising results, even in the first lesson. Tlie horse, having dis-
covered and understood the means by which he can avoid the
pain, will not wait till the whip touches him, he will anticipate
it by rushing forward at the least gesture. The rider will take
advantage of this to effect, by a downward force of the bridle
hand, the depression of the neck, and the getting him in hand ;
he will thus at an early period of his education dispose the horse
to receive the exercises which are to follow.

This training, besides being a great recreation, will serve
to render the horse steady to mount, will greatly abridge the

FLEXIONS OF THE JAW. 391

process of liis education, and accelerate the development of his
intelligence. Should the horse, by reason of his restless or wild
nature, become very unruly, we should have recourse to the
cavesson, as a means of repressing his disorderly movements,
and use it with little jerks. I would add, that it requires great
prudence and discernment to use it Avith tact and moderation.

The flexions of the jaw, as well as the two flexions of the
neck which follow, are executed standing still, by the man on
foot. The horse must be brought out to the ground saddled and
bridled, with the reins on his neck. The man will flrst see that
the bit is properly placed in the horse's mouth, and that the
curb-chain is fastened so that he can introduce his finger between
the links and the horse's chin. Then looking the animal good-
naturedly in the eyes, he will place himself before him near his
head, holding his body straight and firm, planting his feet a
little way apart in order to steady himself, and enable him to
struggle advantageously against all resistances.

In order to execute the flexion to the right, the man should
take hold of the right curb-rein with the right hand, at about
six inches from the branch of the bit, and the left rein with the
left hand, at only three inches from the left branch. He must
then draw his right hand towards his body, pushing out his left
hand so as to turn the bit in the horse's mouth. The force
employed ought to be entirely determined by and proportioned
to the resistance of the jaw and neck, and of these only, so as
not to affect the rest of his body. If the horse back, to avoid
the flexion, the opposition of the hands should still be continued.
If the preceding exercise have been completely and carefully
practised, it will be easy by the aid of the whip to prevent this
retrograde movement, which is a great obstacle to all kinds of
flexions of the jaw and neck. Figure 1.

So soon as the flexion is obtained, the left hand will let the
left rein slip to the same length as the right, then drawing the
two reins equally, will bring the head near to the breast, and
hold it there oblique and perpendicular, until it sustains itself
without assistance in this position. The horse, by champing the
bit, will show that he is in hand as well as perfectly submissive.
The man, to reward him, will cease drawing on the reins imme-

392

THE HORSE.

diatelj, and after some seconds will allow him to resume liis
natural position. Figure 2.

Figure 1.

The flexion of the jaw to the left is executed upon the
same principles, and by inverse means ; the man being careful
to change alternately from the one to the other.

Figure 2.

The importance of these flexions of the jaw is easily un-
derstood. The result of them is to prepare the horse to yield
instantly to the lightest pressure of the bit, and to supple

DEPKE88ION OF NECK. 393

directly the muscles which join the head to the neck. As the
head ought to precede and determine the different attitudes of
the neck, it is indispensable that the latter part be always in
subjection to the former, and respond to every impulse conveyed
to it. This would be only partially the case, should we produce
flexibility in the neck alone, which would then force the head
to obey it, by drawing the latter along in its movements. The
cause appears, therefore, why I at first experienced resistance,
in spite of the pliability of the neck, of which I could not ima-
gine the cause. The followers of my method, to whom I have
not yet had an opportunity of making known the new means
just explained, will learn with pleasure that this process not
only brings the flexibility of the neck to a greater degree of per-
fection, but saves much time in finishing the suppling. The
exercise of the jaw, while fashioning the mouth and head, also
induces flexibility of the neck, and accelerates the getting of the
horse in hand.

This exercise is the first of our attempts to accustom the
forces of the horse to yield to those of the rider. It is necessary
then to manage it very nicely, so as not to discourage him at
first. To enter on the flexions roughly would be to shock the
animal's intelligence, who would not in that case have time to
comprehend what is required of him. The opposition of the
hands will be commenced gently but firmly, nor cease until
perfect obedience is obtained ; except, indeed, the horse back
against a wall, or into a corner ; but.it will diminish or increase
its effect in proportion to the resistance, in such a way as always
to govern it, but not with too great violence. The horse which
will not at first submit without difficulty, will in the end come
to regard the man's hand as an irresistible regulator, and will
accustom himself so completely to obey it, that we shall soon
obtain, by a simple pressure of the rein, what at first required
the whole strength of our arms.

At each renewal of the lateral flexions, some progress will
be made in the obedience of the horse. As soon as his first re-
sistances are a little diminished, we must pass to the perpen-
dicular flexions or depression of the neck.

The man will place himself as for the lateral flexions of
the j-aw ; he will take hold of the reins of the snaffle with the

394

THE HOKSE.

left Land, at six inches from the rings, and the curb-reins at
about two inches from the bit. He will oppose the two hands
by effecting the depression with the left and the proper posi-

tion with the right.

Figure 3.

As soon as the horse's head shall fall of its own accord,
and by its own weight, the man will instantly cease all kind of
force, and allow the animal to resume his natural position.

DEPRESSION OF NEOK.

395

This exercise, being often repeated, will soon give supple-
ness to the elevating muscles of the neck, which play a promi-
nent part in the resistances of the horse, and will I'arther lacili-
tate the direct flexions and the getting the head in position,
wliich should follow the lateral flexions. The man can execute
this, as well as the preceding exercise, by himself; yet itwonld
be well to put a second person in the saddle, in order to accus-
tom the horse to the exercise of the supplings with a rider. This
rider should just hold the snaffle-reins, without drawing on them,
in his right hand, the nails downward.

The flexions of the jaw will have already communicated
suppleness to the upper part of the neck, but we have obtained
it by means of a powerful and direct motive power, and we
must accustom the horse to yield to a less direct i-egulating
force. Furthermore, it is desirable that the pliability and flexi-
bility, especially necessary in the upper part of the neck, should
be transmitted throughout its whole extent, so as entirely to
destroy its rigidity.

The force from above downward, practised with the snaflSe,
acting only by the head-stall on the top of the head, often takes
too long to make the horse lower his head. In this case, we
must cross the two snaifle reins by taking the left rein in the
right, and the right rein in the left hand, about six or seven
inches from the horse's mouth, in such a way as to cause a pretty
strong pressure upon the chin. This force, like all the others,
must be continued until the horse yields. The flexions being
repeated with this more powerful agent, will put him in a con-
dition to respond to the means previously indicated. If the
horse responded to the first flexions represented by Figure 4, it
would be unnecessary to make use of this one, (Figure 5).

We can act directly on the jaw so as to render it prompt in
moving. In order to do this, we take the left curb-rein about
six inches from the horse's mouth, and draw it straight towards
. the left shoulder ; at the same time we draw the left rein of the
snaffle forward, in such a way that the wrists of the person
holding the two reins shall be opposite and on a level with each
other. The two opposed forces will soon cause a separation of
the jaws, and end all resistance. The force ought always to be
proportioned to that of the horse, whether in his resistance, or in

396 THE H0K8E.

his easy submission. Thus, hj means of this direct force, a few
lessons will be sufficient to give a pliability to the part in ques-
tion which could not have been obtained by any other means.
Fiffure 6.

Figure 5,

For the lateral flexions of the neck, the man will place
himself near the horse's shoulder, as for the flexions of the jaw ;
he will take hold of the right snaffle-rein, which he will draw
upon across the neck, in order to establish an intermediate
point between the influence which is conveyed from himself
and the resistance which the horse off'ers ; he wWi hold up the
left rein with the left hand about a foot from the bit. As soon
as the horse endeavors to avoid the constant tension of the right
rein by inclining his head to the riglit, he will let the left rein
slip so as to offer no opposition to the flexion of the neck. When-

LATERAL FLKXIONS OF THE NECK.

397

ever the horse endeavors to escape the constraint of the right
rein, by bringing his croup around, he will be brought into
place again by slight pulls on the left rein.

Fisure 6.

"When the head and neck have entirely yielded to the
right, the man will draw equally on both reins to place the head
perpendicularly. Suppleness and lightness will soon follow this
position, and. as soon as the horse evinces, by champing the bit,
entire freedom from stiffness, the man will cease the tension of
the reins, being careful that the head shall not avail itself of this
moment of freedom to displace itself suddenly. In this case, it
will be sufficient to restrain it by a slight support of the right
rein. After having kept the horse in this position for some
seconds, the instructor will make him resume his former posi-

398 THE HORSE.

tion bj drawing on the left rein. It is most important that the
animal in all his movements should do nothing of his own
accord.

Tlie flexion of the neck to the left is executed after the same
principles, but by inverse means. The man can repeat with
the curb, what he has previously done with the snaffle-reins ;
but the snaffle should always be employed first, its efi'ect being
less powerfnl and more direct.

"When the horse submits without resistance to the preced-
ing exercises, it will prove that the suppling of the neck has
already made a great step. The rider can, henceforward, con-
tinue his work by operating with a less direct motive power,
and without the animal's being impressed by the sight of him.
He will place himself in the saddle, and commence by repeat-
ing, with the full length of the reins, the lateral flexions, in
which he has already exercised his horse.

Of lateral flexions of the neck, the man being on horse-
back, in order to execute the flexion to the right, the rider will
take one snaffle-rein in each hand, the left scarcely feeling the
bit ; the right, on the contrary, giving a moderate impression at
first, but which will increase in proportion to the resistance of
the horse, and in a way always to govern him. The animal,
soon tired of a struggle which, being prolonged, only makes the
pain proceeding from the bit more acute, will understand that
the only way to avoid it is to incline the head in the direction
from which the pressure is felt.

As soon as the horse's head is brought round to the right,
the left rein will form an opposition, to prevent the nose from
passing beyond the perpendicular. Great care should be taken
that the head remain always in this position, without wliich the
flexion would be imperfect and the suppleness incomplete. Tlie
movement being regularly accomplished, the horse will be
made to resume his natural position by a slight tension of the
left rein.

The flexion to the left is executed in the same way, the rider
employing alternately the snaffle and the curb-reins.

I have already mentioned that it is of great importance to
supple the upper part of the neck. After mounting, and having
obtained the lateral flexions without resistance, the rider will

LATERAL FLEXIONS ON HORSEBACK. 399

often content himself with executing tlicui half way, the head
and upper part of the neck pivoting upon tlie lower part, wliich
will serve as a base, or axis. This exercise must bo frequently
repeated, even after the horse's education is completed, in order
to keep up tlie pliability of his neck, and facilitate the getting
him in hand.

It now remains for us, in order to complete the suppling of
the head and neck, to combat the contractions which occasion
the direct resistances, and prevent our getting the horse's head
into a perpendicular position.

For the direct flexions of the head and neck, or for bring-
ing in the nose, the rider will first use the snaffle-reins, which he
will hold together in the left hand, as he would the curb-reins.
He will rest the outer edge of the right hand upon the reins in
front of the left hand, in order to increase the power of the
right hand ; after whicii he will gradually bear on the snaffle-
bit. So soon as the horse yields, it will suffice to raise the right
hand, in order to diminish the tension of the reins, and reward
the animal. As the hand must only present a force proportion-
ed to the resistance of the neck, it will only be necessary to hold
the legs rather close to prevent backing. When the horse obeys
the action of the snaffle, he will yield much more quickly to
that of the curb, the effect of which is so much more powerful.
The curb, of course, needs more care in the use of it than the
snaffle.

The horse will have completely yielded to the action of the
hand, when his head is carried in a position perfectly perpen-
dicular to the ground; from that time the contraction will cease,
which the animal will show, as in every other case, by champ-
ing his bit. The ri-der must be careful not to be deceived by the
feints of the horse, feints which consist in yielding one-fourth or
one-third of the way, and then hesitating. If, for example, the
nose of the horse having to pass over a curve of ten degrees to
attain the perpendicular position, should stop at the fourth or
sixth, and again resist, the hand should follow the movement,
and then remain firm and immovable, for a concession on its
part would encourage resistance and increase the difficulties.
When the nose shall descend to No. 10, the perpendicular posi-
tion will be complete, and the lightness perfect. The rider can

400

THE HORSE.

then cease the tension of the reins, but at the same time he must
not permit the head to leave its position. If he lets it return at
all to its natural situation, it should only be to draw it back
again, and to make the animal understand that the perpendicular
position of the head is the only one allowed when under the
rider's hand. He should, at the outset, accustom the horse to
cease backing at the pressure of the legs, as all backward move-
ments would enable him to avoid the effects of the hand, or
create new means of resistance.

This is the most important flexion of all ; the others tended
principally to pave the way for it. So soon as it is executed
with ease and promptness, so soon as a slight touch is sufficient
to place and keep the head in a perpendicular position, it will
prove that the suppleness is completely effected, the contraction
destroyed, and lightness and equilibrium established in the fore-
hand. The direction of this part of the animal will, hencefor-
ward, be as easy as it is natural, since we have put it in a con-
dition to receive all the influences we desire to convey to it,
and instantly to yield to them without effort.

As to the functions of the legs, they must support the
hind parts of the horse, in order to obtain the bringing in of the
nose to the chest in such ' a way that he may not be able to
avoid the effect of the hand by a retrograde movement of his
body. This complete getting in hand is necessary, in order to
drive the hind legs under the centre. In the first case, we act
upon the forehand ; in the second, upon the hind parts ; the
first serves for affecting the perpendicular position of the head,
the second for bringing the haunches under him.

I published four editions of my Method, without devoting a
special article to the combination of effects. Although I myself
made a very frequent use of it, I had not attached sufficient im-
portance to the great necessity of this principle in the case of
teaching ; later experiments have taught me to consider it of
more consequence.

The combination of effects means the continued and ex-
actly opposed forces of the hand and the legs. Its object should
be to bring back again into a position of equilibrium all the parts
of the horse which depart from that position, in order to prevent
him from going ahead, without backing him, and vice versa;

BESTING THE CHIN ON BREAST, 401

finally, it serves to prevent any movement from the right to the
left, or from the left to the right. By this means, also, we distri-
bute the weight of the mass equally on the four legs, and produce
temporary immobility. This comhination of effects ought to pre-
cede and follow each exercise within the graduated limit assign-
ed to it. It is essential when we employ the aids, i. e., the hand
and the legs in this, that the action of the legs should precede,
that of the hand, in order to prevent the horse from hacking
against any place ; for he might find, in this movement, points of
support that would ciuible him to increase his resistance. Thus,
all motion of the extremities, proceeding from the horse himself,
should be stopped by a combination of effects ; finally, when-
ever his forces get scattered, and act inharmoniously, the rider
will find in this a powerful and infallible corrective.

It is by disposing all the parts of the horse in the most
exact order, that we shall easily transmit to him the motive im-
pulse which should cause the regular movements of his extremi-
ties ; it is thus also that we address his comprehension, and that
he is made to appreciate what we demand of him ; then will
follow caresses of the hand and voice as a moral effect ; they
should not be used, though, until after he has done what is de-
manded of him by the rider's hand and legs.

When the horse naturally brings in his chin too closely
on his breast, although but few are disposed by nature to do
this, it is not the less necessary to practise on them all the
flexions, even the one which bends down the neck. In. this po-
sition, the horse's chin comes back near the breast, and rests in
contact with the lower part of the neck ; too high a croup, joined
to a permanent contraction of the muscles that 'lower the neck,.
is generally the cause of it. These muscles must then be sup-
pled in order to destroy their intensity, and thereby give to the
muscles which raise the neck, their antagonists, the predomi-
nance which will make the neck rest in a graceful and useful
position. This first accomplished, the horse will be accustomed'
to go forward freely at the pressure of the legs, and to respond
without abruptness or excitement, to the touch of the spurs ;
the object of these last is to bring the hind legs near the centre,
and to lower the croup. Tlie rider will then endeavor to raise
the horse's head by the aid of the curb-reins ; in this case, the
Vol. IL— 26

403 THE HOESE.

hand will be held some distance above the saddle, and well out
from the body ; the force it transmits to the horse ought to be
continued until he yields by elevating his head. As horses of
this kind have generally little action, we must take care to avoid
letting the hand produce an effect from the front to the rear, in
which case it would take away from the impulse necessary for
movement. The pace, commencing with the walk, must be kept
up at the same rate, while the hand is producing an elevating ef-
fect upon the neck. This precept is applicable to all the chan-
ges of position that the hand makes in the head and neck ; but
is paticularly. essential in the case of a horse disposed to depress
his neck.

It should be remembered that the horse has two ways of
responding to the pressure of the bit ; by one he yields, but
withdraws himself from it at the same time by shrinking and
coming back to his former position. This kind of yielding is
only injurious to his education, for if the hand he held too
forcibly, if it do not wait till the horse changes of his own accord
the position of his head, the backward movement of his body
would precede, and be accompanied by a shifting of the weight
backward. In this case, the contraction of his neck remains all
the while the same. The* second kind of yielding, which contri-
butes so greatly to the rapid and certain education of the horse,
is effected by giving a half or three-quarter tension to the reins,
sustaining the hand as forcibly as possible without bringing it
near the body. In a short time the force of the hand, seconded
by the continued pressure of the legs, will make the horse avoid
this slight but constant pressure of the bit, but by means of his
head and neck only. Then the rider will only make use of the
force necessary to displace the head. It is by this means that he
will be able to place the horse's body on a level, and will obtain
that equilibrium, the perfect balance of which has not hitherto
been appreciated.

Resuming what we have just explained in the case of a
horse who rests his chin on his breast, we repeat that it is by
producing one force from the rear to the front with the legs,
and another from below upward with the hand, that we are soon
enabled to improve the position and movements of the horse.
So that, whatever may be his disposition, it is by first causing

OF THE MOUTH AND THE BIT. 403

the depression of tlie neclv, that we gain a masterly and perfect
elevation of it.

I will close this chapter bj some reflections on the sup-
posed difference of sensibility in horses' mouths, and the kind of
bit wliich ought to be used.

I have already treated this subject at length in my Com-
prehensive Dictionary of Equitation ; but as, in this work, I
make a complete exposition of my method, I think it necessary
to repeat it in a few words.

I cannot imagine how people have been able so long to at-
tribute to the mere difference of formation of the bars, those
contrary dispositions of horses which render them so light or so
hard to the hand. How can we believe that, according as a
horse has one or two lines of flesh, more or less, between the bit
and the bone of the lower jaw, he should yield to the lightest
impulse of the hand, or become unmanageable in spite of all the
efforts of two vigorous arms ? Nevertheless, it is from remain-
ing in this inconceivable error, that people have forged bits of
so strange and various forms, real instrum.ents of torture, the
effect of which is to increase the difficulties they sought to
remove.

Had they gone back a little farther, to the source of the re-
sistances, they would have discovered that this one, like all the
rest, does not proceed from the difference of formation of a feeble
organ like the bars, but from a contraction communicated to the
different parts of the body, and above all to the neck, by some
serious fault of constitution. It is then in vain that we attach to
the reins, and place in the horse's mouth a more or less murder-
ous instrument ; he will remain insensible to our efforts, so long
as we do not communicate to him that suppleness which alone
can enable him to yield.

In the first place, then, I lay down as a fact, that there is
no difference of sensibility in the mouths of horses ; that all pre-
sent the same lightness, when in position with the nose brought
in, and the same resistances, in proportion as they recede from
that position. There are horses hard to the hand ; but this
hardness proceeds from the length or weakness of their loins,
from a narrow croup, from short haunches, thin thighs, straight
hocks, or — a most important point — from a croup too high or

404 THE HOKSE.

too low in proportion to tlie withers ; such are the true causes
of resistances. The contraction of the neck, the closing of the
jaws, are only the effects ; and as to the bars, they are only
there to show the ignorance of self-styled equestrian theoricians.
By suppling the neck and the jaw, this hardness completely dis-
appears. Experiments, a hundred times repeated, give me the
Wght to advance this principle boldly ; perhaps it may, at first,
appear too arbitrary ; but it is none the less true.

Consequently, I only allow one kind of bit, and this is the
form and the dimensions I give it, to make it as simple as it is
easy.

The arms straight and six inches long, measuring from the
eye of the bit to the extremity of the branch ; circumference of
the bit two inches and a half; port, about two inches wide at
the bottom, and one inch at the top. The only variation to be
in the width of the bit, according to the horse's mouth.

I insist that such a bit is sufficient to render passively obe-
dient all horses which have been prepared by supplings ; and I
need not add that, as I deny the utility of severe bits, I reject
all means not coming directly from the rider, such as martin-
gales, &c.

CONTINUATION OF PEACTISINGS TO PBODUCE SUPPLENESS.

In order to guide the horse, the rider acts directly on two
of his parts ; the fore parts and the hind parts. To effect this he
employs two motive powers ; the legs, which give the impulse
by the croup ; and the hand, which directs and modifies this im-
pulse by the head and neck.

A perfect harmony of forces ought then to exist always
between these two motive powers ; but the same harmony is
equally necessary between the parts of the animal which they are
intended particularly to impress. Our endeavors to render the
head and neck flexible, light, and obedient to the tou«h of the
hand, would be vain, its results incomplete, and the equilibrium
of the whole animal imperfect, so long as the croup should con-
tinue immovable, dull, contracted, and rebellious to the direct
governing agent.

I have just explained the simple and easy means of giving

FLEXIONS OF THE CROUP. 405

to the fore parts the qualities indispensable to their good man-
agement; it remains to tell how we can in the same manner
fashion tlie hind parts, in order to give complete suppleness to
the horse, and bring about a uniform harmony in tlie develop-
ment of all his moving j)arts. The resistances of the neck and
croup mutually aiding one another, our labor will be more
easy, as we have already destroyed the opposition of the
former.

In order to teach the flexions of the croup, and to render it
movable, the rider will hold the curb-reins in the left hand, and
those of the snaffle, crossed, in the right, the nails of the right
hand held downward ; he will first bring the horse's head into a
perpendicular position, by drawing lightly on the bit ; after
that, if he desire to execute the movement to the right, he will
carry the left leg back behind the girths and press it closely to
the flanks of the animal, until the croup yields to this pressure.
The rider will at the same time make the left snaffle-rein felt,
proportioning the efiect of the rein to the resistance which is
opposed to it. Of these two forces, thus transmitted by the left
leg and the rein of the same side, the first is intended to com-
bat the resistance, and the second, to determine the movement.
The rider should content himself in the beginning with making
the croup execute one or two steps only sideways.

The croup having acquired more facility in moving, we
can continue the movement so as to complete reversed pivot
motions to the right and the left.* As soon as the haunches
yield to the pressure of the leg, the rider, to cause the perfect
equilibrium of the hoi'se, will immediately draw upon the rein
opposite to this leg. The motion of this, slight at first, will be
progressively increased until the head is inclined to the side
towards which the croup is moving, as if to look at it coming.

To make this movement understood, I will add some ex-
planations, the more important as they are applicable to all the
exercises of horsemanship.

The horse, in all his movements, cannot preserve a perfect

* Pivot movements are of two kinds, when one of the fore legs remain perfectly
stationary as if nailed to the ground, and the hind legs are made to move around
them in a perfect, until the horse is standing in a reverse position, and vice versa,
when one cf the hind feet are stationary and the fore feet traverse around them.

406 THE HOEBE.

and constant equilibrium, without a combination of opposite
forces, skilfully managed by the rider. In the reversed pivot
motion, for example, if when the horse shall have yielded to the
pressure of the leg, we continue to oppose the rein on the same
side on which we give the pressure of the leg, it is evident that
we shall overshoot the mark, since we shall be employing a
force which has become useless. We must then establish two
motive powers, which in effect balance each other, without in-
terfering ; this will be done by the tension of the rein on the
opposite side to that on which the leg acts in the pivot move-
ments. So, we must commence with the rein and the leg of
the same side ; when it is time to pass to the second part of
the work, we must employ the curb-rein in the left hand, and
finally the snaffle-rein opposite to the leg. The forces will
then be kept in a diagonal position, and in consequence, the
equilibrium natural, and the execution of the movement easy.
The horse's head being turned to the side to which the croup is
moving, adds much to the gracefulness of the performance,
and aids the rider in regulating the activity of the haunches,
and keeping the shoulders in position. For the rest, practice
alone will teach him how to use the leg and the rein, in such a
way that their motions will mutually sustain, without at any
time counteracting one another.

I need not observe, that during the whole of this exercise,
as on all occasions, the neck should remain supple and light ;
the head in position, perpendicular, and the jaw movable.
While the bridle hand keeps them in this proper position, the
right hand, with the aid of the snaffle, is combating the lateral
resistances, and determining the different inclination, until the
horse is sufficiently well broken to obey a simple pressure of the
bit. If, when combating the contraction of the croup, we per-
mitted the horse to throw its stiffness into the fore parts, our
efforts would be vain, and the fruit of our first labors lost. On
the contrary, we shall facilitate the subjection of the hind parts,
by preserving the advantages we have already acquired over
the fore parts, and by preventing those contractions we have
yet to combat from acting in combination.

The leg of the rider opposite to that which determines the
rotation of the croup, must not be kept away from his side

EMPLOYMENT OF AN ASSISTANT. 407

during tlie movement, but must remain close to the horse, and
hold him in place, while giving the same impulse from the rear
forward, which the other leg communicates from right to left, or
from left to right. There wall thus be one force keeping the
horse in position, and another determining the rotation. In
order that the pressure of the one leg should not counteract
that of the other, and in order that they be susceptible of being
used together, the leg intended to move the croup should be
placed further behind the girths than the other, which must be
put steady with a force equal to that of the leg which deter-
mines the movement. Then the action of the legs will be dis-
tinct, the one bearing from right to left, the other from the rear
forward. It is by the aid of the latter that the hand places and
fixes the fore legs.

To accelerate these results, at first, a second person may
be employed, who wnll place himself at abreast with the horse's
head, holding the curb-reins in the right hand, and on the side
opposite that to which we wish the croup to traverse. He will
lay hold of the reins at six inches from the arms of the bit, so as
to be in a good position to combat the instinctive resistances of
the animal. The rider will content himself with holding the
snaffle-reins lightly, and acting with his legs as I have already
directed. The second person is only useful when we have to
deal with a horse of intractable disposition, or to aid the inexpe-
rience of the man in the saddle ; but as much should be done
without assistance as possible, in order that the ]3iactitioner may
■judge for himself of the progress of his horse, seeking all the
while for means to increase the efficiency of his touch.

Even while this work is in an elementary state, he will
make the horse execute easily all the figures of the man<^ge of
two pistes. After eight days of moderate exercise, he will have
accomplished, without efibrt, a performance that the old school
did not dare to undertake until after two or three yeai's of study
and work with the horse.

When the rider shall have accustomed the croup of the
horse to yield promptly to the pressure of the legs, he will be
able to put it in motion, or keep it motionless, according to his
pleasure, and he can, consequently, execute all ordinary pivot
motions. For this purpose he will take a snaffle-rein in each

408 THE H0K8E.

hand, one to direct the neck and shoulders towards the side to
which he desires to wheel, the other to second the opposite leg,
if it be not sufficient to keep the croup at rest. At first, this
leg should be placed as far back as possible, and not be used
until the haunches bear against it. Bj careful and progressive
management the results will soon be attained. At the start, the
horse should be allowed to rest after executing two or three
steps well, which will give five or six halts in the complete ro-
tation of the shoulders around the croup.

Here the stationary exercises cease. I will now explain
how the suppling of the hind parts will be comj)leted, by be-
ginning to combine the play of its springs witli those of the fore
parts.

The retrograde movement, otherwise called backing, is an
exercise, the importance of which has not been sufficiently
appreciated, and which yet ought to have great influence on
his education. When practised after the old erroneous methods,
it was of no use, as the exercises which ought to precede it were
unknown. Backing properly differs essentially from that incor-
rect backward movement, which carries the horse to the rear
with his croup contracted and his neck stiff; that is, backing
away from and avoiding the effect of the reins. Backing cor-
rectly supples the horse, and adds grace and precision to his
natural motions. The first of the conditions upon which it must
be obtained, is the keeping the horse well in hand, that is to
say, supple, light in the mouth, steady on his legs, and perfectly
balanced in all his parts. Thus disposed, the animal will be '
able with ease to move and elevate equally his fore and hind
legs.

It is here that we shall be enabled to appreciate the good
effects and the indispensable necessity of suppling the neck and
haunches. Backing, which at first gives considerable pain to
the horse, will always induce him to combat the motions of the
hand, by stiffening his neck, and those of the legs, by contract-
ing his croup ; these are the instinctive resistances. If we can-
not obviate the untoward disposition of them, how can we
expect to obtain that shifting and reshifting of weight, which
alone can render the execution of this movement perfect? If
the motive impulse which, in backing, ought to come from the

BACKING. 409

fore parts, should pass over its proper limits, the movement
would become painful, impossible, in fact, and occasion on the
part of the animal sudden, violent movements, which are always
injurious to his organization.

On the other hand, the side motions of the croup out of the
true line of action, by destroying tlie harmony which should
exist between the relative forces of foi'c and hind parts, also
hinder the proper execution of the backing. The previous
exercise to which we have subjected the croup, will aid us in
keeping it in a right line witli the shoulders, and in so preserv-
ing tlie necessary transfer of the forces and weight.

To commence the movement, tlie rider should first assure
himself that the haunches are on a line with the shoulders, and
the horse light in hand ; then he may slowly close his legs, in
order that the action which they communicate to the hind
parts of the horse, may make him lift one of his hind legs, and
prevent the body from yielding, before the neck gives to his
hand. It is then that the immediate pressure of the bit, forcing
the horse to regain his equilibrium behind, will produce the
first part of the backing. As soon as the horse obeys, the rider
will instantly give the hand to reward the animal, and not to
force the play of his fore parts. If his croup be displaced, the
rider will bring it back by means of his leg, and if necessary,
use for this purpose the snaffle-rein on that side.

After having defined what I call the true movement of
backing, I ought to explain what I understand by shrinking
back s^ as to avoid the bit. This movement is so painful to the
horse, so ungraceful, and so much opposed to the right develop-
ment of his mechanism, that it cannot fail to have struck any
one who has occupied himself at all with horsemanship. We
force a horse backward in this way, whenever we crowd his
forces and weight too much upon his hind parts ; by so doing
we destroy his equilibrium, and render grace, measure, and cor-
rectness impossible. Lightness, always lightness ! this is the
basis, the touchstone of all beautiful execution. TVitli this, all
is easy, to the horse as well as to the rider. That being the
case, it is to be understood that the difficulty of horsemanship
does not consist in the direction which is to be given to the
horse, but in the position which he must be made to assume — a

410 THE HORSE.

position which alone can smooth all obstacles. Indeed, if the
horse execute, it is the rider who impels him to do so ; upon
him, then, rests the responsibility of every false movement.

It will suffice to exercise the horse for eight days, for five
minutes each lesson, in backing, to make him execute it with
facility. The rider will content himself the first few times with
one or two steps to the rear, followed by the combined eifect of
the legs and hand, increasing in proportion to the progress he
makes, until he finds no more difiiculty in a backward than in a
forward movement.

What an immense step we shall then have gained in the
education of our 2)upil ! At the start, the defective formation of
the animal, his natural contractions, the resistances which we
encountered every where, seemed as if they Avould defy our
efforts, for ever. "Without doubt those efforts would have been
vain, had v/e made use of a bad course of proceeding ; but the
wise system of progression which we have introduced into our
work, the destruction of the instinctive forces of the horse, the
suppling of the parts, the separate subjection of all the rebel-
lious influences, have soon placed in our power the whole of his
mechanism to a degree which enables us to govern it com-
pletely, and to restore thai pliability, ease, and harmony of the
parts, which their bad arrangement threatened always to pre-
vent.

Was I not right then, in saying, that if it be not in my
power to change the defective formation of a horse, I can yet
prevent the consequences of his physical defects, so as to render
him as fit to do every thing with grace and natural ease, as the
better-formed horse ? In suppling the parts of the animal upon
which the rider acts directly, in order to govern and guide him,
in accustoming them to yield without difiiculty or hesitation to
the different impressions which are communicated to them, I
have destroyed their stiffness, and restored the centre of gravity
to its true j^lace, namely, to the middle of the body. I have,
besides, settled the greatest difficulty of horsemanship ; that of
subjecting to my will, which is more necessary than aught else,
the parts upon which the rider acts directly, in order to pre-
pare for him infallible means of impressing his will upon the
liorse.

STATIONARY EXERCISE. 411

It is only by destroying the instinctive forces, and by sup-
pling the different parts of the horse, tliat we can oljtain this.
All the springs of the animal's body are tlius sun-endered to tlie
discretion of the rider. But this first advantage will not be
enough to make him a complete horseman. The employment
of these forces, surrendered thus to him, will require botli tact
and skill, which must be obtained by careful practice, and are
the fruits only of long experience. I will show in the subse-
quent chapters the rules to be observed. I will conclude this
one by a rapid recapitulation of the progression to be followed
in the supplings.

Stationaiy exercise by the rider on foot. Fore parts. — 1.
Flexions of the jaw to the right and left, using the curb-bit.

2. Direct flexions of the jaw, and depression of the neck.

3. Lateral flexions of the neck with the snaffle-reins and with
the curb.

Stationary exercise by the rider on horseback. — 1. Lateral
flexions of the neck with the snaflle-reins, and with the curb-
reins.

2. Direct flexions of the head, or placing it in a perpen-
dicular position with the snaflle, and with the curb-reins.

Hind parts. — 3. Lateral flexions, and moving the croup
around the shoulders.

4. Rotation of the shoulders around the haunches.

5. Combining the play of the fore and hind legs of the horse,
or backing.

1 have placed the rotation of the shoulders around the
haunches in the nomenclature of stationary exercise. But the
ordinary pivot motions being rather complicated and difficult
for the horse, he should not be completely exercised in them
until he has acquired the measured time of the walk, and of the
trot, and can easily execute the changes of direction." — Bauch-
er^s Method of HorsemansMjp.

I will only add here in relation to trotting and galloping
horses, and to the training of them, that it has been well re-
marked, by an able English writer on these topics, that no
animal when, in a state of nature, he desires to increase his
speed, goes at the top of any one pace, but adopts a moderate

412 THE HORSE.

rate of that which is the next quicker than the one at which he
is now going, nnless it be when, in mortal terror or furious
haste, he goes at the fastest rate of all that he can command.

If he be walking at a moderate gait, and desire to go some-
what quicker, he does not increase his walk to its utmost, but
breaks into a slow trot. The same again, of trotting, he increases
that trot by striking into a canter, and from that into a gallop.

The utmost speed of any pace is far more distressing to a
horse, than a far superior speed, on the whole, but an inferior
speed at a superior pace. And to continue, for a very long
distance, at the top of any one pace, is the most fatiguing of all ;
since the same set of muscles are exerted in precisely the same
manner, all the time ; whereas, by varying the pace, though at
the same time, diiferent muscles are brought into play and are
exerted in a diiferent way.

If it be necessary to travel a horse a certain large number of
miles at a given high rate of speed, say ten or twelve miles an
hour, he will accomplish it with twice the ease if allowed to
trot and gallop alternately, that he will, if compelled to main-
tain either pace, throughout the whole distance.

This it is which makes so long practice necessary to the at-
tainment of great excellence in trotting horses ; and which
causes them, above all other horses, constantly to improve in
speed and powers of endurance, the longer they are kept at it,
until their powers actually fail through decrepitude and old age.
This too, it is, which renders long time-trotting matches so ter-
ribly exhausting to the horse and so unutterably cruel, that every
humane man and true lover of the horse desires to see them
abolished by legal enactment.

STABLING

AND STABLE ARCHITECTURE.

There is probably no one thing, which has so great an influ-
ence on the well-being of horses, or the reverse, as the construc-
tion and aiTangenient of the stables ; and in none has there
been, for the most part, until a recent period, so much miscon-
ception as to what is requisite, and so much ignorance displayed
both by architects and horse owners, as in this particular.

It being well known and admitted that a horse cannot be in
the highest condition, and capable of doing his best, without
having a short, fine, silky and blooming coat, and that, if he be
put to such work as makes him sweat profusely, when his hair
is coarse, long and shaggy, he incurs great risk of taking serious
cold, beside the consideration that such a coat vastly increases
the labor of the stablemen ; it has of course always been an
object with horse proprietors, to produce and promote, by all
means in their power, this condition of the skin.

Now to this end, heat, to a certain degree, is indispensable ;
but both the degree and the proper means of producing this
heat have been dangerously miscalculated, and exaggerated.

The entire exclusion of the outer atmospheric air has had
the most baleful results, producing, of necessity, a corrupt and
fetid state of that most vital element which the animals are
compelled to breathe, mixed with the powerful effluvia from
the pores of their own bodies, and the vapors arising from

414 THE HORSE.

their excrements and urine, tlie latter replete with pungent
ammonia.

In extreme cases, the consequences ot this exclusion is blind-
ness, and the almost instantaneous generation of that deadliest of
equine scourges, the glanders ; which a few years since was so
fatal, in many of the French cavalry stables, that the loss of
chargers by it,, in many years, exceeded fifty per cent, of all the
horses in garrison, in certain districts. On one occasion, on
board ship, in the ill-fated Quiberon expedition, during tlie war
of the French revolution, the hatches having been necessarily
closed on account of bad weather; this disease broke out
with such incredible fury, either spontaneously generated, or
what is more probable — communicated to tlie rest from some
one infected animal, in which the undetected symptoms had
been aggravated into sudden virulence by the condition of the
air in the closely packed hold, that nearly the whole number
of the troop and artillery horses of the expeditionary forces
perished.

Again, because at times, when he is seeking to rest, the
horse likes a darkened chamber; stables have been too often
built, with scarcely any provision for the admission of light,
without which no stable can be kept either clean or wholesome,
much less cheerful.

And the horse is, above all things, a sociable and cheerful
animal, becoming excessively attached to his comrades of his
own family, or, if deprived of their society, to any dog, cat,
goat, or even poultry, which may chance to share his confine-
ment.

If a horse be shut up alone, in a loose box, or hut, which
has a window or upper part of the door open to the exterior air,
he will be constantly seen putting out his head to seek for
amusement, by looking at what is passing around him.

It is the height of cruelty to exclude the light from a poor
animal, which is thus reduced to a worse condition than that of
the State prisoner of the present day ; whose worst punishment,
for obstinate contumacy, consists in immurement in a darkened
dungeon.

How fatal may be the effects of such confinement in dark-
ness, to animals, is curiously illustrated by the story of the poor

THE EFFECT OF DARKNESS. 415

Newfoundland and Esquimaux dogs, related hy the excellent
and lamented Kane, which in consequence of being confined,
through necessity, in a dark konnol, during the half year of
Arctic winter midnight, became afflicted with a disease partak-
ing the symptoms of melancholy insanity — I do not mean hy-
drophobia— and pined away, until they literally died of the
effects of solitary imprisonment and total darkness.

It may be said, then, that the things indispensable to the
horse in his stable, are warmth, light, air, a dry atmosphere,
freedom from all ill odors, absence of any currents of wind fall-
ing directly on his frame or limbs, and sound, dry, level stand-
ing ground.

If it were possible, it would be advisable that every horse
should be in a loose box, which should be contiguous to another
box, the divisions planked closely up to about four and a half or
five feet from the ground, and above that separating the occu-
pants of the adjoining chambers only by stout upright bars, too
close to admit of the head being passed through, but sufficiently
wide to permit of the animals' seeing and smelling one another,
and, in their mute way, conversing. Where space and expense
are not considerations, I strongly advise this method ; the
horses will keep themselves, in some degree, in exercise, by
walking to and fro ; they will be at liberty to rest and roll, if
they desire it, and will be in all ways happier, more comfort
able, and better to do in the world.

Every stable should have, at least, one such box for sick or
tired horses. ISTone but those who have observed it, can imagine
how a horse, after a severe day's work, rejoices and luxuriates
in a large loose box, plentifully provided with warm, clean, dry
litter. It is a pleasure to see one so situated ; and we shou'id
spare no pains to contribute all in our poAver to the comforts ot
the good, honest, faithful, docile, hard-working, intelligent and
affectionate servant, who ministers so largely to our wants and
our pleasures ; and who only passes, as being inferior to the
dog in sagacity, teachableness and love for his master, because
we, for the most part, abandon him, except when we are on his
back, or in the vehicle behind him, to the care of rude, ignorant,
and too often cruel servants ; because we limit his education to
the learning of paces, and, at most, a few tricks of the manege *

416 THE HORSE.

and do not endeavor to cultivate liis resources, increase his in-
telligence, or conciliate his affections.

I have owned horses, in mj younger days, one in particular,
a beautiful chestnut, thoroughbred park hackney, by Comus out
of a Filho da Puta mare, with a white blaze and four white
stockings, which I bought of my friend, Mr. Manners Sutton,
now Lord Canterbury, just after leaving Cambridge, which had
all the affection and all the docile intelligence of the cleverest
Newfoundland dog, I ever saw. His demonstrations of joy,
when he saw me after a short absence, were as uproarious as
those of a spaniel ; he literally seemed to understand every word
that was said to him ; and, having been perfectly trained to the
manege, would jump into the air and yerk out his heels, kick
with either hind leg, strike with either fore leg, and do a dozen
other pretty tricks, at the word of command, without any touch
or signal of either heel or hand. He was also a horse of extra-
ordinary action, power and speed, having once won me three
matches, on three consecutive days, to walk five, trot fifteen,
and gallop twenty miles, each in an hour, with my own weight,
which w^as then 12 stone, or 168 lbs., on his back.

But to resume — the stable, whether built of wood or brick,
must be warm, dry, light, -airy, and well ventilated. Yet it must
have the means of being darkened, and it must be kept as cool
as possible in the summer. I think it is the best, if it can be
kept as nearly as possible at an even temperature of about YO
degrees of Fahrenheit through the whole season — certainly not
more — for fast working-horses ; — for cart-horses, and beasts of
burthen, no such temperature is needed.

A stable must be perfectly well drained; and the drains
must be provided with valves, opening outward before the rush
of descending fluids, so as to exclude the air, which, if it blows
in upon the heels, is very injurious ; and the dunghill should be
at a distance, and not under the window.

The standing ground should be as level as is compatible with
a sufficient descent to carry off the water ; for which purpose
an inch to the yard is an ample allowance ; and the material
should be such as will neither absorb the moisture so as to be
continually damp, nor become saturated with ammonia ; which

r)iml,

icool

STABLE FLOOR AND WINDOWS.

417

will offend the air, and tend to produce heat in the feet of the
animal.

I consider planks, which are the ordinary flooring of Amer-
ican stables, exceedingly objectionable on this score.

Hard l)rick, set edgewise in cement, or good well squared
paving stones, or even cobble stones, set in the same manner,
or flagstones chiselled in deep grooves, so as to prevent the
horse from slipping, all make good flooring for stalls and boxes,
but I greatly prefer the flrst.

The best covering for drain mouths, which should be in the
centre of loose boxes, with the floor gently descending to them
on all sides, and at the foot of stalls, is a large flagstone, chis-
elled with intersecting grooves at right angles, an inch wide by
half an inch deep, with perforations at every point of intersec-
tion.

The stable should be, at least, twelve feet high in the clear ;
beside having a shaft, or dome, ascending through the loft to a
cupola, which should be provided
with ventilators of Collins' new pa-
tent plan, which allows the egress
of the hot and tainted air as it as-
cends, but prevents the ingress of
descending currents from above.

The bottom of the windows,
which should be opposite to each
other, so as to admit of a thorough
draft in hot weather, should not be
less than eight feet from the ground,
so that the uir cannot blow directly
on the horses. The sashes may be
made to slide from down upward and vice versa, in the thick-
ness of the wall, by means of pulleys, and can be regulated by
cords. They should be guarded by wire nettings, without, to
prevent the entrance of flies ; and with shutters or Yenetian
blinds, within, to exclude the light, when needful.

The doors should in no case be less than five feet wide, and
should open outward and in two halves transversely, so as in
very hot weather to leave the iTpper part open. They should
also be furnished with summer door-frames of wire gauze.
Vol. II.— 27

418

THE HORSE.

Loose boxes should not be less than twelve feet square ; but
the best size is fifteen by twelve.

Stalls should not be less than eight feet — nine is better — in
depth, by six in width ; and the stable from wall to wall should
not be less than fifteen feet in the clear. There should be cup-
boards and shelves, for buckets, currycombs, brushes, chamois
leathers, and such other things ; and proper places for securing
pitchforks, dung forks, brooms, and the like. Nothing must be

left lying about, nor must there be
any dark holes and corners, for the
accumulation of dirt and rubbish, and
the encouragement of lazy and slov-
enly grooms.

The divisions of the stalls should
be of good sound two-inch oak, if pos-
sible, but if not, of pine, plank. Thin
stall divisions are dangerous ; as
horses will at times kick through
them, and lame themselves severely;
they should be at least six feet high
at the foot post, which should be of
' solid, stout oak ; and they may be a
foot higher at the head. The walls
should be wainscoted with oak, to the
same height as the stalls, all round
loose boxes, and wherever they occur
in stalls.

The best mangers and racks are
enamelled iron ones, made in quad-
rant form of two foot radius, placed
in the opposite corners of stalls or
boxes.

The manger should be about three
feet, and the bottom of the rack
about four feet, from the ground. The
bars of the rack should be perpendi-
cular, and the back of it sloping forward, from the top to the
bottom. There should be a seed drawer under it, and, if it be
made with the bars loose, so as to revolve like pivots in sockets

THE AIR SYSTEM. 419

at the top and at the bottom, so much the better, as this ar-
rangement will prevent crib-biting.

The same method is excellent for the bars, at the top of par-
titions between loose boxes ; which bars may be also made of
enamelled iron to great advantage.

Commodious cui)boards may be made
under the racks and mangers, for containing
a water bucket and stable implements, and
will save the further purpose of preventing
the horse, when rising, after taking his rest,
from striking his head or limbs against the
under surfaces. Midway between the rack
and manger, at the head of the stall, must
be a perpendicular tube or shaft to contain
the halter and halter weight, running over
a pulley ; and I will here add, that much
the best and neatest halter is a fine steel
chain covered with leather, like a dragoon
bridle, and attached to the ring of the headstall by a spring
swivel.

The walls, where not wainscoted, must be hard-finished and
whitewashed. The floor of the loft must be made of exceeding
close, well-jointed plank, and should also be under-drawn and
ceiled, as should also the sides of the air-shaft, or dome, in order
to prevent the hay from being impregnated with the efiluvia of
the ammonia and perspiration, which render it odious to the
animal, and prejudicial to his health. There should on no
account, for the same reason, be traps above the racks for throw-
ing in the hay, which ought invariably to be tossed out of the
upper windows, and brought into the stable by the door, from
without, or carried down the stairs within.

And last, but most important of all, there should be in every
stable, in the thickness of the head wall a tube or air-pipe,
either round or square, of full six inches in diameter, running
from end to end, open at both extremities, to the fresh external
air, the apertures being covered by wire gauze to prevent the
entrance of vermin.

This pipe should be at the level of the manger, and from it,
into each stall, should be brought at regular intervals, not less

420

THE HOESE.

than six circular perforated passages of one inch diameter each,
and into each loose box not less than twelve of the same ; but
twice that number would be decidedly more advantageous.

These perforations should be made diagonally upward, and
brought into the stable along the upper edge of a chamfered
cornice running across the stall, from the rack to the manger,
through the middle of the perpendicular side of which the
halter may be brought out.

The air-pipe in the wall, with the chamfered or rounded cor-
nice, is sliown by the accompanying
cut ; it is also exhibited in the thick-
ness of the walls in the ground plans
of the different stables by a white
internal line.

There should be a convenient
harness-room, with glass cases, and
a grate or stove, which should be
accommodated with a boiler for
heating water for the stables, pre-
paring mashes, steaming vegetables,
and such like needful little jobs, as
well as for keeping the leather of
the saddles and harness from mould-
ing and the steel work from rusting. In small stables, where
to save space is an object, the harness-room may contain a
folding bedstead, so that it can be used as a groom's sleeping
apartment also.

Tliere should also be to every well appointed stable a con-
venient feed-room, provided with binns, a proper size for which
is four feet by two, and about two and a half to three in height,
with lids and hasps, for containing oats, cut feed, corn, carrots,
and green meat ; and this room may, if required, contain the
stairway to the hay-loft. The binns ought not to be less than
six or eight in number, arranged on each side with a gangway
between them, and if lined with zinc or tin, although it will
cost a trifle more, in the first instance, it will be a saving in the
long run, by preventing the waste by rats and mice, and the
Bpoiling of what is not devoured by their nasty excrements.
There should be a good glass lantern, in a stable, hung from

9 inch wall.

HARNESS ROOMS.

421

the ceiling, capable of holding two or more large candles, or an
oil lamp, with a strong reflector, so as to afford ample light for
night cleaning of late horses ; and horn or globe-glass hand lan-
terns, for ordinary use. No candle should ever be carried into
a stable uncovered, nor any smoking either of cigars or pipes
allowed, as the smell is not agreeable to the horses, however
it may be to the men, and there is always danger of their com-
municating fire to the straw.

"When the iron ware, steel bits, stirrups, and such like imple-
ments of a stable are likely to be lying idle and out of use for
some time, they may be preserved from rust by throwing them
into a barrel of lime, which has been slacked some time before,
and let to die ; but I do not recommend the practice, as it en-
courages laziness and slovenl}'^ habits in grooms, which cannot
be too strongly reprobated ; and a harness-room never looks so
well, or aJEFords so much pride and satisfaction to a good servant
as when it is full of well-cleaned saddles and harness, and re-
splendent with steel bits, stirrup-irons, curb-chains, spurs and
hames all bright, shining and redolent of elbow grease — saddle
benches may be fastened to the walls on high to save room,
but when so situated the saddles are too apt to be out of sight
out of mind, and to be covered with layers of deep dust.

The accompanying cut shows a neat and convenient stand or
bench for saddles
and bridles, to
which a shelf may
be added below,
guarded by edges
like a tray, for
containing brush-
es, currycombs,
chamois leathers,
sponges, dusters,
and such little
needful appurte-
nances of the sta-
ble, as cannot be
spared, and as
ought to have,

422 THE HOESE.

each one, its proper place, in which it should be put away when
done with, and found again when needed.

I now proceed to give the plans of three stables, with eleva-
tions and estimates, drawn under my instructions, and the ele-
vations designed with great good taste according to his own
ideas, by Mr. Kanlett, of New York, the well known and dis-
tinguished architect.

The first is for a coach-house and stabling for three or four
horses, as may be desired, with harness room, servants' room, and
hay loft and feed-rooms, above, designed for a town lot of 25 feet
front by 44 in depth.

It is built with 12 inch walls of brick on the outer sides and
partition walls of nine inches. It is paved with hard brick,
laid edgewise in cement on a foundation of concrete sloping in all
directions to the coverings of the drain mouths, which are of
channelled and perforated flagstones, as described. •

The second is for a small country stable.

The third is for a large stable for a gentleman's country seat.

STABLE PLANS.

423

I.

CITY STABLE AND COACH HOUSE.

A, is the carriage
entrance, ten feet in
width, with a wooden
platform or bridge-
way over the grated
area for litter, into
which the drains
empty.

B, is the coach-
house, twenty -three
feet in width, by fif-
teen feet deep, in the
clear, to be paved like
the stables with a
similar descent and
perforated flagstone,
for facilitating the
washing of both car-
riages and horses un-
der cover. The great
width, twenty - three
feet, will allow an
ample space for the
passage of the horses
to the gangway C,
leading to the stables,
which is seven feet in
width, lighted by the
glass door, guarded
with iron netting, of

, , , Tr< Ground Plan.

the harness room iL,

at the end. "Within the coach house is a staircase, O, leading

424

THE HOKSE.

into tlie hay-loft and servants' rooms, under which can be made
a convenient closet for brooms, shovels, &c.

D, the stable, proper, is twentj-five feet deep by fifteen wide
in the clear. Paved as described above. It is here represented
as divided into a loose box, of fifteen feet by eleven and a half,
in the clear, and two stalls of nine feet by six, also in the clear.
The part round the exterior separated by dotted lines, shows
the portion which is covered by the ceiling at twelve feet
from the ground ; the oblong within the lines is that which rises
throughout to the roof and cupola above, allowing the egress of
the heated air. This part may be either, simply, transversely
firred out and ceiled on straight lines slanting to the ventilator,
or prettily curved and domed according to the taste and means
of the proprietor. In either case side lights can be let in to
illuminate the hay-loft. It must be observed, that if it be desired
to use this space, always, as a four-stalled stable, all that is ne-
cessary to do, is to take away the long division between the loose
box and stalls, and to divide the former into two of the latter.
If it be thought well to retain the box, with the power of con-
verting it at pleasure into two stalls, all that is needed will be

to have a socket filled
by a movable stone plug
at the edge of the flag
drain cover, for the re-
ception of a grooved
stall post, which will
bolt to the rafter of the
ceiling overhead, which
is so arranged as to coin-
cide exactly Avitli its
position. This can be
fitted with grooved and
tongued planking, lying
liorizontally, having its
other extremities se-
cured by two strips
screwed to the wall, and
kept in its ])lace above
by a similar grooved

Transverse Section T T on Plan.

TOWN STABLE ELEVATION.

425

rider or cornice, fitting into a socket in the stall post and bolted

to the wall.

The parts being prepared, when the stable is built, may be
kept in the loft, and could be easily put up or taken down in
half an hour. The extra rack and manger of iron, as described
above, could be fastened up without difficulty.

E, is a harness-room
with a fire-place, of
nine feet by seven in
the clear.

F, are flagstones
covering the open-
ings into the drains,
channelled at six
inches distance with
intersecting grooves
of an inch wide by
half an inch deep,
perforated with inch
holes at the angles of
intersection.

G, are covered
drains with a fall in
the directions of the
arrow heads, leading
into the area for lit- Elevation.

ter, and guarded at the opening by flap valves, opem'ng out-
ward. They should be a foot wide and nine inches deep, with
a fall of two inches to the yard.

H, is the air-pipe in the thickness of the wall, for introducing
fresh atmospheric air into the stalls and boxes.

I, I, are two stable windows, the bottom seven feet from
the floor, extending to the ceiling, with wire-gauze and shutters
as described before.

M, a fire-place, above which a boiler with a cock and safety-
valve for escape of steam, should be permanently fixed.

N, are the enamelled racks and mangers described above,
of which separate representations are given on page 388.

O, is the stair to the loft

436

THE H0K8E.

P, grated area to contain litter, &c.

Q, is the bridgeway over it.

Annexed is the estimate, at which Mr. Ranlett considers that
this stable can be built in good style, with all the requisite con-
veniences.

160 Cubic yds. excavations,

1

136 Super, ft. stall division 0 18

24 48

at $0 18

$28 80

297 " yds. plastering 0 25

74 25

950 " ft. stone work

0 18

171 00

Staircase and closet

20 00

45 Lin. " stone drain

0 60

27 00

Cupola ventilation,

65,500 Bricks in the walls -

9 00

589 50

complete

40 00

342 Super, ft. paving in

490 Super, ft. side ceiling 0 06

29 40

concrete

0 60

205 20

1 Pair front doors, 70 ft. 0 30

21 00

35 Lin. ft. airie coping

0 40

14 00

1 Sash door and grating

15 00

80 " " wall "

0 30

24 00

1 Pair stall doors, 40 ft. 0 18

7 20

1 Door sill, 8 ft.

0 80

6 40

2 Doors in second story 10 00

20 00

7 Window sills -

2 50

17 50

1 Window, 15 lights,

6 " lintels

3 50

21 00

12 X 18

20 00

65 Super, ft. channelled

6 Windows, 12 lights.

flagging

0 75

48 75

12 X 16 - - 15 00

90 00

41 Lin. ft. iron air pipe

0 90

36 90

1 Window in partition

6 00

6 Racks and mangers

21 00

126 00

1 Mantle of wood

5 00

1 Plank bridge -

5 00

588 Super, ft. of oak

22 Super, ft. iron grating

0 60

13 20

wainscoting - 0 12

70 56

4810 Ft. timber

SO 00

144 00

Painting — two coats,

1440 Super, ft. floor

0 08

115 20

including the roof

920 " " roof, plank

0 16

247 20

and brick front -

and tin

25 Lin. ft. front cornice

1 25

.31 25

Whole cost - $2394 76

SMALL OOUNTBY STABLE.

427

n.

SMALL COUNTRY STABLE

FOR PARTICULAR LOCATION.

The following plan represents the ground plan and elevation
of a small country stable, built for a particular location, under the
author's own supervision, and by his plan. It is a long pa-
rallelogram on a side hill, having a depth of forty-two feet
by a width of fifteen over all. It is built of boards perpen-
dicularly arranged, grooved and tongued, the joints covered
with battens, and iirred, lathed, and hard finished within, finish-
ed in all respects exactly as the stable described in the first
instance.

Side Elevation.

It contains in the side hill, a vaulted carriage house, with
root and coal-houses beyond it, built of field stone, arched in

428

THE H0E8E.

Growivd

J^

Scale

12£t.

24

=1

Ground Plan.

the basement ; and above — the ground being level with the
roof of the vault on the upper or left-hand side — we find A,
the groom's chamber and
harness-room, with fire-
place as before, fourteen
feet by eight in the clear,
entered by a door in
front, from a balcony
reached by an outer stair-
case.

B, stable divided into
two loose boxes, arranged
in all respects, as des-
cribed above, ventilated,
aired, lighted and paved,
with drains, racks, man-
gers, &c., as before, each
fourteen feet by twelve,
and each, if desired, divi-
sible into two stalls of
nine feet by six.

C,

a feed-room, with

binns described as above,
and a ladder to the hay-
loft.

js-eg^^^*

End Section.

SMALL COUNTRY STABLE.

429

D, a shed entry to render the stable warm in winter and
cool in summer.

F, the ^a<fs, covering the drains as before.

G, tlie drains as before.

11, H, H, H, windows, as before, eight feet from the ground,
extending to the ceiling, twelve feet high.

H, air-pipe and as before.

I, I, windows to
groom's chamber and feed-
room.

J, J, doors to ditto.

K, K, doors, perpen-
dicularly divided, to the
stable and both the boxes,
all opening outwards.

L, L, L, L, racks and
mangers as before, all of
enamelled iron.

M, fire-place with boil-
er.

Wire-net outside all
the windows. Sashes slid-
ing up and down in the
wall, with inside Yenetian
shutters.

Box casings, doors,
&c., two-inch oak plank.
Instead of the cupola on
the plan, substitute Col-
lins' patent ventilators, as
on page 387.

This is a perfect little gem of a stable, for a single man keep-
ing a groom and one pair of horses, and cannot, I think, by any
possibility be improved.

The ground plan, section, &c., of this stable are drawn for
brick outside walls and first story partitions; the former 12
inches thick, and the latter 9 inches. Estimates are made for
both brick and wood ; the bricks are estimated at $8 per 1,000,
laid in the walls, which can be done when the fii'st cost of the

^a

End Elevation.

430

THE HORSE.

bricks are but $4 50 per 1,000. Tlie basement is the same,
whether built of brick or wood.

Annexed is the estimate of its cost in detail.

125 Yds. excavation, at $0 18
2790 Cubic ft. stone work 0 18
50 Lin. ft. Stone drain - 0 60
46,000 Bricks laid in the

walls - - - 9 00
336 Super, ft. paving, in

concrete - - 0 25
21 Super, ft. channelled

flagging - - 0 75
206 Super, yds. plaster-
ing - - - 0 25
12 Window sills - - 2 50
2 Door " - - 4 50

i Window lintels - 3 50
2 Door " - 5 00

42 Lin. ft. air pipe - 0 90
4 Backs and mangers 21 00
1308 Super, ft. shingle roof 0 12
70 Lin. " gable cor-
nice - - - 0 30
96 Lin. ft. eave cornice 0 25
2 Ventilating cupolas - 30 00
442 Super, ft. ventilator

lining - - - 0 06
8286 Feet timber - - 0 03
8 Ventilator brackets 0 75
6 Attic windows - 7 00

4 First story windows 21 00
2 Gable " 20 00

1 Shed "

$22 50

502 20

30 00

414 00

84 00

15 75

51 50

30 00

9 00

14 00

10 00

37 80

84 00

156 96

21 00

24 00

60 00

26 52

98" 58

6 00

42 00

84 00

40 00

12 00

2 Partition windows -
2 Outside doors -
2 Inside " -
2 Pairs stall " -
Step ladder
Mantle - - .
746 Super, ft. 14 floor -
532 " " oak wain-
scoting
Painting wood work
only -

6 00
10 00
10 00

7 50

12 00
20 00
20 00
15 00
6 00
3 00
59 68

0 12 63 84

60 00

Whole cost, with brick walls and

partitions - - - - $2139 33

With wood outside uprights and stud par-
titions inside, instead of brick walls and
partitions, the cost will be :

1182 Ft. timber (added) $35 00 $41 37

2068 "3x4 studding - 35 00 72 38
2088 Super, ft. siding and

battens - - 0 08 167 04

Additional painting 70 00

350 79
Balance, deducting 46,000 bricks, 1725 33

Whole cost

$2076 12

LABOE OOUNTKY STABLE.

431

III.

LAEGE COUNTRY STAELE.

The following plans represent a far larger and more ambi-
tious establishment ; consisting of a corjps de loc/is, or main body,

o

Vol. II.— 26

433

THE H0E8E.

of sixty feet in the clear inside length, with two wings, project-
ing anteriorly, measuring internally thirty feet in the clear, in
depth, by fifteen in width.

The right wing contains a four stalled stable, D, D, D, D,
with stalls six feet by nine, fitted in all respects as those de-
scribed in the other stable plans already given, and behind it a
harness-room, C, with a fire-place of fifteen feet by eight.

The left wing contains two loose boxes, B, B, exactly similar
to those described heretofore, of fifteen feet each square.

The stable and loose boxes are both entered by doors open-
ing exactly as previously described into two outer gangways, E
and F, of eight feet width ; in the rear of one of which is a
stairway to the lofts ; and of the other a fire-place, G, and boiler,
H, for cooking vegetables, warming water, and the like.

End Elevation.

In the centre of the main building is a carriage-house, A,
sixteen feet by fifteen in the clear.

In the middle of the paved court between the wings, is a
cesspool, L, covered with a solid movable lid, like that of a hay

LARGE COUNTRY STABLE. 433

scale, into wliich all the drains, K, K, K, from the gratings, I,
I, I, discharge themselves.

Above the stables and loose boxes are lofts for hay and feed,
through which rise the domes or air passages to the ventilating
cupolas on the roof.

And over the centre building are servants' rooms, lighted
with dormer windows, and having a place for a clock in the
centre, if desired.

This building may be either plainly made of timber, or
erected with great architectural ornament and beauty, if de-
sired.

It is to be understood that one description of the interior
arrangements will answer for all, as I hold that these are in-
variable ; and, without desiring to be vainglorious, I believe that
these plans, with the air-tubes and ventilating apparatus, are the
best that have ever been designed, while perfectly practical and
easy of application to any situation in town or country.

The plates on pages 388 and 389, show the form of the
racks, mangers, and closets recommended under them, for the
stowing away of implements and apparatus, which it is believed
will be found both convenient and of real utility ; and that on
page 390, shows the transverse section of the air-pipe and per-
forations for leading the air into all the stables above described
and represented, at the heads of the horses and contiguous to
their nostrils.

I have bestowed much thought and time on the construction,
arrangement, and ventilation of these plans, which are, in all
senses, purely my own ; though I have been ably seconded by
the skill of my friend Mr. Kanlett, whose beautiful and artistic
drawings and elevations cannot fail, I think, to give general
satisfaction.

I have the pleasure of knowing that one or two stables,
according to some of these plans, will be erected this summer,
and 1 shall be more than amply recompensed if they meet suffi-
cient approbation to be largely adopted, as I feel confident, be-
yond a peradventure, that they will do much for the comfort,
health, well-doing, and relief from sufferings to which he is too
often needlessly subjected, of that excellent friend and servant
of man, the good and noble horse.
Vol. II.— 28

43i

THE HOBSE.

ESTIMATE OF COST.

435

The following is the probable estimate of cost in detail ; —

79 Cubic yds. excava-

tion - - at |0 15

$11 87

1420 Ft. stone work

0 15

213 00

4600 Bricks in chimney

and cistern -

12 00

55 20

682 Super, ft. paving in

concrete

0 60

409 20

68 Super, ft. channel

flagging

0 75

51 00

60 Lin. ft. stone drain -

0 60

36 00

11 Mangers and racks -

21 00

231 00

10,113 Ft. timber

30 00

303 39

5840 " studding -

SO 00

165 20

4130 Siding -

0 08

330 40

3390 Super, ft. shingle roof

0 12

406 80

312 Lin. ft. gable cornice

0 45

140 40

104 " " eave "

0 40

41 60

1920 Super, ft. floors

0 08

153 60

Stairs

25 00

62 Lin. ft. air pipe

0 25

15 50

216 Super, ft. stall divi-

sions -

0 18

38 88

1830 Super, ft. oak wain-

scoting

0 12

159 60

1 Pair large double doors

25 00

4 Outside single doors 12 00

48 00

3 Pairs stall doors

8 00

24 00

9 Inside doors -

8 00

72 00

4 Large gable windows

9 50

38 00

1 Large front dormer -

32 00

4 End lower dormers -

9 00

36 00

4 " upper "

12 00

48 00

8 Dormer windows -

8 00

64 00

3 Circular "

6 00

18 00

3 Ventilating cupolas -

40 00

120 00

720 Super, ft. ventilator

lining -

0 06

43 20

12 Ventilator brackets -

0 75

9 00

674 Super, yds. plastering

0 25

368 50

140 Lin. ft. 12 in. base -

0 10

14 00

Painting all the wood

work, except floors

and roof

- $

320 00

Whole cost

1067 84

With brick walls and

partitions, instead

of wood — whole

cost ...

$4643 30

STAELE MANAGEMENT,

GROOMING, FEEDING, CONDITIONING.

The step is natui*al and immediate from the dwelling and quar-
ters of the horses to the manner of lodging, bedding, clothing,
feeding, caring for and conditioning the animals for which we
liave provided habitations.

All the instructions under this head are taken from one or
two English works of th'e highest authority ; Stewart's Stable
Economy, Harry Hieover's Practical Horsemanship, and The
Pocket and the Stud, and the diseases and medical treatment of
the animal, from the latter author, and from the Appendix, to
Youatt on the Horse, with such modifications, as experience has
suggested to me as expedient to adapt them to the circumstances
of this climate and country, and as are needed to correct errors
and misappliances, here, of not unfrequent occurrence.

It will, perhaps, at first appear surprising to my readers, that
I should have preserved, unaltered, all that relates to the feeding
and conditioning of hunters, when, with few exceptions, no such
class of animals exists in America ; but the fact is, that the con-
dition required for the hunter is precisely that necessary for the
fast, high-bred, hard-worked trotter, to put him in his best form
for doing severe work as to speed and distance ; and the method
by which to put both animals into that condition is identical.

All, therefore, that needs to be added, is this, that wherever
the hunter is mentioned, the directions are to be held to apply

STABLE MANAGEMENT. 437

to the fast or mutch trotter ; when tlie hackney is named they
will be taken as applying to the slower horse of all work.

In regard to grooms and stable servants, a few words are
necessary.

This is the rarest and most difficult class of servants to obtain,
in any country, and in this difficult above all others.

In fact, unless the horse owner is himself capable of direct-
ing and enforcing the performance of his orders, the chances of
his stables being well regulated, are small, indeed.

The ignorance or the knowingness of stable servants are
equally annoying, but the latter is probably the more dangerous ;
since close watching may prevent slovenly grooming, teach the
right way of doing things, and enforce cleanliness and industry,
but when a self-conceited, opinionated blockhead takes to giving
nostrums, in secret, and playing the veterinary surgeon, there is
no end to the mischief he may do, and no easy means of detect-
ing or arresting it, until the evil is done and irretrievable.

Of all grooms, probably, the American is the best, when he
will condescend to accept the condition of a servant ; for he is
naturally fond of the horse, and inclined to bestow pains on him ;
he is not apt to be lazy, or to spare his labor ; he is intelligent,
ready, quick to learn, and rarely opinionated, or obstinate.
However, the case is so very rare of a native American being
found willing to enter service, that he may be considered out of
tlie question.

Tlie Englishman, who has been brought up in racing or
hunting stables, is, if steady, sober and industrious, an undeni-
able groom. But the best men can command such good situa-
tions and high wages at home, that they rarely emigrate.
When they do, the fatal cheapness of liquor and the prevalent
custom of dram-drinking, to which in their own beer and porter-
loving country, they are not generally used, too often corrupt
them, and they become slovenly, idle and worthless. It must
be added, that if they be really good men, they are frequently so
conceited, opinionated, and fond of their own way, that they
will not obey their employer, unless they have come to the irre-
sistible conclusion that he knows more about the horse, than they
do themselves.

Of Irishmen — I have heard tell that, in their own country,

438 THE HORSE.

they make good grooms. If so, tliey keep all that are made good
at home. I never saw a passable one, and consider them of all
nations the least apt to the horse. Thej never possess method-
ical habits — than which no one thing is so indispensable to a
well-kept stable — they are almost always slovenly, untidy, and
quick, almost to a miracle, in concealing faults, shirking duties,
and escaping blame. Generally ignorant, they are as generally
obstinately conceited, and resolute in doing what they choose to
consider best, in spite of remonstrance or positive orders. They
are, moreover, too often cruel, and almost always rough and
brutal to the beasts under their charge. For whatever else
I might take an Irishman, I would have him, as a groom, at no
price.

Frenchmen and some Germans — Hanoverians and Prussians,
especially, make good stable servants, though they have not the
intelligent quickness of the American, or the natty knowingness
of the English groom. They are patient, industrious, very
methodical, and the Germans, especially, exceedingly fond of
and attentive to the beasts in their charge. One may do worse
than have a French or German groom.

There is another class, here, the negro, who makes in some
respects, a good stable servant. He will probably not be free
from the national defects of his race ; he will, likely enough, be
lazy if not closely looked after, will lie a good deal, do some
small pilfering, and, now and then, get drunk. But he habitually
loves the horse, and is proud of his appearance ; and will, per-
haps, work more faithfully on him than on any thing else. He
is almost invariably good-natured, and I have observed that
horses become more attached to negroes, than to any other
servants.

If a master is willing to look after his horses a little, and after
his man a good deal, he may do many more unwise things than
to get a smart, steady, cleanly and intelligent man of color in
his stables.

If he will not look after things himself, but expects them to
go on rightly without him, he will soon find that they will go
one way only, and that way is to the bad — from whatever coun-
try he may select his groom, in the United States.

The duties of the groom, considered in relation to time,

STABLE nOURS. 439

usually commence at half-past five or six in the morning
Sometimes he must be in the stable much earlier, and some-
times he need not be there before seven. It depends upon the
time the stable is shut up at night, the work there is to do in the
morning, and the hour at which the horse is wanted. When
the horse is going out earlj and to fast work, the man should be
in the stable an hour before the horse goes to the road. In
general he arrives about six o'clock, gives the horse a little
water, and then his morning feed of gi-ain. While the horse is
eating his breakfast, the man shakes up the litter, sweeps out
the stable, and prepares to dress the horse, or take him to exer-
cise. In summer, the morning exercise is often given before
breakfast, the horse getting water in the stable, or out of doors,
and his grain upon returning. In winter, the horse is dressed in
the morning, and exercised or prepared for work in the fore-
noon. He is again dressed when he comes in ; at mid-day he is
fed. The remainder of the day is occupied in much the same
way, the horse receiving more exercise and another dressing;
his third feed at four, and his fourth at eight. The hours of
feeding vary according to the number of times the horse is fed.
Horses for fast and hard work should be fed five times a-day
during the hunting season. The most of saddle-horses are fed
only three. Tlie allowance of grain for all working-horses
should be given in at least three portions, and when the horse
receives as much as he will eat, it ought to be given at five
times. These should be distributed at nearly equal intervals.
When the groom is not employed in feeding, dressing, and exer-
cising the horse, he has the stable to arrange several times a day,
harness to clean, some of the horses to trim, and there are many
minor duties which he must manage at his leisure. The stable
is usually shut up at night about eight o'clock, when the horse
is eating his supper.

Dressing before Work. — To keep the skin in good order,
the horse must be dressed once every day, besides the cleaning,
which is made after work. This dressing is usually performed
in the morning, or in the forenoon. It varies in character, ac-
cording to the state of the skin and the value of the horse. The
operation is performed by means of the brush, the currycomb,

440

THE HOKSE.

and the wisp, which is a kind of duster, made of straw, haj,
matting, or horse-hair.

The brush, composed of bristles, and varying in size to suit
the strength of the operator, removes all the dust and furfura-
ceous matter lodged at the roots of the hair, and adhering to its
surface. It also polishes the hair, and when properly applied,
the friction probably exerts a beneficial influence upon the
skin, conducive to health, and to the horse's personal appear-
ance.

The currycomb is composed of five or six iron combs, each
having short small teeth ; these are fixed on an iron back, to
which a handle is attached. There is also one blade, some-
times two, without teeth, to prevent the combs from sinking too
deep. The currycomb serves to raise and to separate the hairs
that are matted together by perspiration and dust, and to remove
the loose mud. Like the brush, it may also stimulate the skin,
and have some effect upon the secretions of this organ ; but
except among thick, torpid-skinned, long-haired horses, it is too
harsh for this purpose. In grooming thoroughbred, or fine-
skinned horses, its principal use is to clean the dust from the
brush, which is done by drawing the one smartly across the
other. "••"

The wisp is a kind of duster. It removes the light dust and
the loose hairs not taken away by the brush ; it polishes the
hair and makes the coat lie smooth and regular. The brush
penetrates between the hairs and reaches the skin, but the wisp
acts altogether on the surface, cleaning and polishing only those
hairs, and those portions of hairs, which are not covered by
others. Applied with some force, the wisp beats away loose
dust lodged about the roots. It is often employed to raise the
temperature of the skin, and to dry the hair when the horse is
cold and wet. In many stables the currycomb and the wisp
form the principal, or the only instruments of purification.

Yaluable horses are usually dressed in the stable. The
groom tosses the litter to the head of the stall, puts up the gang-
way bales, turns round the horse, to have his head to the light,
removes the breast-piece, and hood, when a hood is worn ; he
takes away the surcingle and folds back the quarter-piece, but
does not remove it entirely. It keeps tlie dust off* the horse.

* See Note 1, p. 475.

DRESSING THE HORSE. 441

"With the brush in his left hand, and the cunyconib in his ri^ht,
he commences on the left side of the horse, and finishes the
head, neck, and fore quarter ; then his hands cliange tools, and
he performs the like service on the right side. The head requires
a deal of patience to clean it properly ; the hairs run in so
many different directions, and there are so many depressions
and elevations, and the horse is often so unwilling to have it
dressed, that it is generally much neglected by bad grooms.
The dust about the roots, upon the inside and the outside of the
ears, is removed by a few strokes of the binish, but the hair is
polished by repeatedly and rapidly drawing the hands over the
whole ear. The process is w^ell enough expressed by the word
stripping. Having finished the fore part of the horse the groom
returns his head to the manger, and prepares to dress the body
and the hind quarters. A little straw is thrown under the hind
feet to keep them ofi" the stones ; the cloths are drawn off, and
the horse's head secured. The cloths are taken to the door,
shook, and in dry weather exposed to the air, till the horse is
dressed. After the brushing is over, every part of the skin
having been entirely deprived of dust, and the hair polished till
it glistens like satin, the groom passes over the whole with a
wisp, with which, or with a linen rubber, dry or sKghtly damp-
ed, he concludes the most laborious portion of the dressing.
The cloths are brought in, and replaced upon the horse. His
mane, foretop, and tail, are combed, brushed, and, if not hang-
ing equally, damped. The eyes, nostrils, muzzle, anus, and
sheath, are wiped with a damp sponge ; the feet are picked out,
and perhaps washed. If the legs be white, and soiled with
urine, they require washing with warm water and soap, after
which they are rubbed till dry. When not washed, the legs are
polished partly by the brush and the wisp, but chiefly by the
hands. The bed and the stable being arranged, the horse is
done up for the morning.

Is is not an easy matter to dress a horse in the best style. It
is a laborious operation, requiring a good deal of time, and with
many horses much patience and dexterity. Ignorant and lazy-
grooms never perform it well. Tliey confine themselves to the
surface. They do more with the wisp than with the brush.
Tlie horse when thus dressed may not look so far amiss, but

442 THE H0K8E.

upon rubbing the fingers into the skin they receive a white,
greasy stain, never communicated when the horse has been
thoroughly dressed.

All horses, however, cannot be groomed in this manner.
From strappers, carters, farm-servants, and many grooms, it
must not be expected. Such a dressing is not of great ser-
vice, at least it is not essential to the horses they look after,
nor is it practicable if it were. The men have not time to
bestow it.

The horse may be dressed in the stable or in the open air.
"When weather permits, that is, when dry and not too cold, it is
better for both the horse and his groom that the operation be
performed out of doors. When several dirty horses are dressed
in the stable at the same time, the air is quickly loaded with
impurities. Upon looking into the nostrils of the horse, they
are found quite black, covered with a thick layer of dust. This
is bad for the lungs of both the horse and the man. I suppose
it is with the intention of blowing it away that stablemen are in
the habit of making a hissing noise with the mouth. The dust,
besides entering, and probably irritating the nostrils, falls upon
the clean horses, the harness, and every thing else. Racers and
other valuable horses are almost invariably dressed in the stable,
and there they are safest. They have little mud about them —
and from frequent grooming and constantly being clothed,! ittle
dandruff in, or dust on their hair — to soil the stable.

Inferior stablemen sometimes dress a horse very wretchedly.
That which they do is not well done, and it is not done in the
right way. They are apt to be too harsh with the currycomb.
Some thin-skinned horses cannot bear it, and they do not always
require it. It should be applied only when and where neces-
sary. This instrument loosens the mud, raises and separates the
hair ; and when the hair is long, the comb cuts much of it
away, especially when used with considerable force. It is not
at all times proper to thin a horse's coat suddenly, and, when
improper, it should be forbidden. Having raised and separated
the hair, the comb should be laid aside. To use it afterward is
to thin the coat ; and in general, if the coat be too long, it
Bhould be thinned by degrees, not at two or three, but at ten or
twelve thinnings. Then, the currycomb has little to do about

THE CURRYCOMB. 443

the head, Icgp, flanks, or other parts that are bony, tender, or
tliinl}- covered with hair. "When used in these places it should
be drawn in the direction of the hairs, or obliquely across them,
and lightly applied. The comb is often too sharp. For some
horses it should alwaj's be blunt. The horse soon shows whe-
ther or not it is painful to him. If the operation be absolutely
necessary, and cannot be performed without pain, the pain must
be suffered. But it is only in the hand of a rude or unskilful
groom that the comb gives any pain. Some never think of
what the horse is suffering under their operations. Tliey use
the comb as if they wanted to scrape off the skin. They do not
apparently know the use of the instrument. "Without any re-
gard to the horse's struggles, they persist in scratching and rub-
bing, and rubbing and scratching, when there is not the slight-
est occasion for employing the comb. On a tender skin, the
comb requires very little pressure ; it should be drawn with the
hair, or across it, rather than against it, and there should be no
rubbing. The pain is greatest when the comb is made to pass
rapidly backward and forward several times over the same place.
It should describe a sweeping, not a rubbing motion.

For some tender horses even the brush is too hard. In the
flank, the groin, on the inside of the thigh, there can be little
dust to remove which a soft wisp will not take away, and it is
needless to persist in brushing these and similar places when the
horse offers much resistance. In using it about the head or legs,
care must be taken not to strike the horse with the back of the
brush. These bony parts are easily hurt, and after repeated
blows the horse becomes suspicious and troublesome. For thin-
skinned, irritable, horses the brush should be soft, or somewhat
worn.

"Where the currycomb is used too much, the brush is used
too little. The expertness of a groom may be known by the
manner in which he applies the brush. An experienced ope-
rator will do as much with a wisp of straw as a half-made groom
will do with the brush. He merely cleans, or at the very most
polishes the surface, and nothing but the surface. The brush
should penetrate the hair and clean the skin, and to do this
it must be applied with some vigor, and pass repeatedly over
the same place. It is oftenest drawn along the hair, but some-

444 THE HORSE.

times a cross and against it. To sink deeply, it must fall flatly
and with some force, and be drawn with considerable pressure.

When the horse is changing his coat, both the brush and the
currycomb should be used as little and lightly as possible. A
damp wisp will keep him tolerably decent till the new coat be
fairly on, and it will not remove the old one too fast.

The ears and the legs are the parts most neglected by un-
trained grooms. They should be often inspected, and his atten-
tion directed to them. White legs need to be often washed with
soap and water — and hand-rubbed — and all legs that have little
hair about them require a good deal of hand-rubbing. White
horses are the most difficult to keep, and in the hands of a bad
groom they are always yellow about the hips and hocks. The
dung and urine are allowed so often to dry on the hair that at
last it is dyed, and the other parts are permitted to assume a
dingy, smoky hue, like unbleached linen.

Dressing vicious Horses. — A few horses have an aversion to
the operations of the groom from the earliest period of their
domestication. In spite of the best care and management, they
continue to resist grooming with ail the art and force they can
exert. This is particularly the case with stallions, and many
thoroughbred horses not doing much work. But a great many
horses are rendered vicious to clean by the awkwardness, timid-
ity, or folly of the keeper. An awkward man gives the horse
more pain than ought to attend the operation ; a timid man
allows the horse to master him ; and a mischievous fellow is
always learning him tricks, teaching him to bite, or to strike in
play, which easily passes into malice.

Biting may be prevented by putting on a muzzle, or by
tying the head to the rack, or to the ring outside of the stable.
When reversed in the stall, the head may be secured by the
pillar-reins. A muzzle often deters a horse from attempting to
bite, but some will strike a man to the ground thougli they can-
not seize him. These must be tied up. Many harness-horses
are perfectly quiet while they are bridled, and it is sufficient to
let the bridle remain on, or to put it on, till they be dressed.
Others again are quite safe when blindfolded. Kicking horses
are more dangerous than biters. A great many strike out, and
are apt to injure an awkward groom ; yet they are not so bad

TO DRESS A VICIOUS HORSE. 445

but an expert fellow may manage them, without using any re-
straint. A switch held always in the hand, in view of the
horse, and lightly applied, or threatened when he attempts to
strike, will render others comparatively docile. A few permit
their hind quarters to be cleaned while their clothes are on.
Some there are, however, that cannot be managed so easily.
Tlicy strike out, those especially that lead idle lives, so quickly
and so maliciously, that the groom is in great danger, and can-
not get his work properly performed. There are two remedies
— the arm-strap and the twitch. Where another man cannot be
spared to assist, one of the fore legs is tied up ; the knee is bent
till the foot almost touches the elbow, and a broad buckling-
strap is applied over the forearm and the pastern. The horse
then stands upon three legs, and the groom is in no danger of a
kick. Until the horse is accustomed to stand in this way, he is
apt to throw himself down ; for the first two or three times the
leg should be held up by a man, rather than tied with a strap.
The horse should stand on a thick bed of litter, so that he may
not be injured should he fall. In course of time he may per-
haps become quieter, and the arm-strap may be thrown aside.
It should not be applied always to the same leg, for it produces
a tendency to knuckling over the pastern, which, in a great
measure, is avoided by tying up each leg alternately, the right
to-day, the left to-morrow. Even the arm-strap will not prevent
some horses from kicking ; some can stand on two legs, and
some will throw themselves down. The man must just coax the
horse, and get over the operation with as little irritation as pos-
sible. Upon extraordinary occasions the twitch may be em-
ployed, but it must not be applied every day, otherwise the lip
upon which it is placed becomes inflamed, or palsied. When
restraint must be resorted to, the man should be doubly active
in getting through his work, that the horse may not be kept for
a needless length of time in pain. He may, in some cases, give
the horse a very complete dressing when he is fatigued, and not
disposed to offer much resistance.

L-ritable, high-bred horses, often cut and bruise their legs
when under the grooming operations. They should have boots,
similar to those used against speedy cutting.

Utility of dressing. — It improves the horse's appearance ; it

446 THE HOESE.

renders the coat short, fine, glossy, and smooth. The coat of a
horse in blooming condition is always a little oily. The hair
rejects water. The anointing matter which confers this property
is secreted by the skin, and the secretion seems to be much
influenced by good grooming. Slow-working horses often have
skins which a fox-hunter would admire, although they may be
receiving very little care from the groom. But the food of these
horses has a good deal to do with the skin, and their work is
not of that kind which impairs the beauty of a fine glossy coat.
They drink much water, and they get warm boiled food every
night. They do not often perspire a great deal, but they always
perspire a little. Fast-working horses have hard food, a limited
allowance of water ; and every day, or every other day, they
are drenched in perspiration, which forbids constant perspira-
tion, and which carries off, or washes away the oily matter.
Hence, unless a horse that is often and severely heated, be well
groomed, have his, skin stimulated, and his hair polished by the
brush, he will never look well. His coat has a dead, dim ap-
pearance, a dry, soft feel. To the hand the hair feels like a
coarse, dead fur ; the most beautiful coat often assumes this
state in one or two days. Some horses always look ill, and no
grooming will make them look well ; but all may be improved,
or rendered tolerably decent, except at moulting time. Dress-
ing is not the only means by which the coat is beautified.
There are other processes, of which I shall speak ]3resently.

Among stablemen, dressing is performed only for the sake ot
the horse's personal appearance. They are not aware that it has
any influence upon health, and therefore they generally neglect
the skin of a horse that is not at work. In the open fields, the
skin is not loaded with the dust and perspiration which it con-
tracts in the stable, or loose box ; and all the cleaning it obtains,
or needs, is performed by the rain, and by the friction it receives
when the horse rolls upon the ground, or rubs himself against a
tree. He comes home with a very ugly and a very dirty coat,
but the skin is cleaner tlian if the horse had been all the time in
a stable.

Want of dressing, whether it affect the general health or
not, produces lice and mange. Mange may arise from causes
independent of a neglected skin, but it very rarely visits a well

TO PKEVENT VERMIN. 447

groomed horse. Bad food or starvation has something to do in
the production of lice; but the want of dressing has quite as
much, or more. It is tlie business of the stableman to prevent
mange, so far as prevention is possible. Its treatment belongs
to the veterinarian, and need not be here described. But it is
the groom's duty both to prevent and cure lousiness.

Lice may accumulate in great numbers before they are dis-
covered. Sometimes they are diffused all over the skin ; at
other times they are confined to the mane, the tail, and parts
adjacent. The horse is frequently rubbing himself, and often
the hair falls out in large patches. There are many lotions,
powders, and ointments, for destroying lice. Mercurial oint-
ments, lotions of corrosive sublimate and decoctions of tobacco,
are so dangerous that they never should be used. Eefuse
oil or lard, rubbed on a lousy beast of any kind, immediately
destroys the vermin, and there is no danger to be apprehended
from this application. It merely occasions the hair being shed
earlier in the spring, and requires a little extra attention in
housing such animals as have been affected. Vinegar, mixed
with three times its bulk of water, is also a good application, and
not dangerous. It is more irritating, but the irritation soon sub
sides and does not sicken the horse ; tobacco often will. Next
day the skin should be examined, and wherever there is any
sign of living vermin, another application should be made.
Two days afterwards the horse should be washed with soapy
water, warm, and applied with a brush that will reach the skin
without irritating it.

In many cases, none of these remedies are necessary. It is
sufficient to wash the horse all over with soapy water. Black
soap is better than any other. It need not, and should not be
rubbed upon the skin. It may be beat into the water till it
forms a strong lather, and that should be applied with a brush
and washed off with clean warm water. Care must be taken
that the horse do not catch cold. He should be thoroughly
washed, but dried as quickly as possible, and get a walk after-
ward if the weather be favorable.

The cloths should be dipped into boiling water, and the
inside of the saddle wet with the sublimate lotion. The litter
should all be turned out, and burned, or buried where swine,

448 THE HOESE.

dogs, or poultry, will not get among it. If it cannot be easllj
removed without scattering it across the stable or yard, a solu-
tion of quicklime may be dashed over it, before it is taken from
the stall.

Dressing afteb Work. — This operation varies according to
many circumstances ; it is influenced by the kind of horse, the
state and time in which he arrives at the stable. Slow-working-
horses merely require to be dried and cleaned ; those of fast
work may require something more, and those which arrive at a
late hour are not usually dressed, as they would be by coming
home earlier. The principal objects in dressing a horse after
work are to get him dry, cool, and clean. It is only, however,
in stables tolerably well regulated, that these three objects are
aimed at or attainable. Carters, and other inferior stablemen,
endeavor to remove the mud which adheres to the belly, the
feet, and the legs, and they are not often very particular as to
the manner in which this is done. If a pond or river be at
hand, or on the road home, the horse is driven through it, and
his keeper considers that the best, which I suppose means the
easiest, way of cleaning him. Others, having no such conve-
nience, are content to throw two or three buckets of water over
the legs. Their only way -of drying the horse is by sponging
the legs, and wisping the body, and this is generally done as if
it were a matter of form more than of utility. There are some
lazy fellows who give themselves no concern about dressing the
horse. They put him in the stable, wet and dirty as he comes
off the road ; and after he is dry, perhaps he gets a scratch
with the currycomb, and a rub with the straw wisp. Fast-
working horses require very different treatment. The rate at
which they travel renders them particularly liable to all those
diseases arising from or connected with changes of temperature.
In winter, the horse comes off the road, heated, wet, and be-
spattered with mud; in summer, he is hotter, drenched in
perspiration, or half dry, his coat matted, and sticking close to the
skin. Sometimes he is quite cool, but wet, and clothed in mud.
The treatment he receives cannot be alwaj^s the same. In sum-
mer, after easy work, his feet and legs may be washed and dried,
and his body dressed in nearly the same manner that it is dress-
ed before work. The wisp dries the places that are moist with

l^'*f*W*"

•*yK\-\crrmj»iM

M

■J...

SCRAPING, AND WALKING ABOUT. 449

perspiration, tlie cunycomb removes the mud, and the hrnsh
polishes the hair, hiys it, and takes away tlie dust. The dressing
in such a case is simple, and soon over, but it is all the horse
requires. When drenched in rain or perspiration, he must be
dried by means of the scraper, the wisp, and evaporation ; wlien
heated, he must be walked about till cool, and sometimes he
may be bathed, that he may be both cooled and cleaned.

Scraping. — ^The scraper is sometimes termed a sweat-knife.
In some stables it is just a piece of hoop iron, about twenty
inches long, by one and a half broad ; in the racing and hunt-
ing stables it is made of wood, sharp only on one edge, and hav-
ing the back thick and strong. When properly handled, it is a
veiy useful instrument. The groom, taking an extremity in
each hand, passes over the neck, back, belly, quarters, sides,
every place where it can operate ; and with a gentle and steady
pressure, he removes the wet mud, the rain, and the perspira-
tion. Fresh horses do not understand this, and are apt to resist
it. A little more than the usual care and gentleness at the first
two or three dressings, render them familiar with it. The
pressure applied must vary at different parts of the body, being
lightest where the coat and the skin are thinnest. The scraper
must pass over the same places several times, especially the belly,
to which the water gravitates from the back and sides. It has
little or nothing to do about the legs ; these parts are easily
dried by a large sponge, and are apt to be injured by the
scraper. This operation finished, the horse, if hot, must be
walked about a little, and if cool, he must be dried.

Walking a heated Horse. — Every body knows that a horse
ought not to be stabled when perspiring very copiously after
severe exertion ; he must not stand still. It is known that he is
likely to catch cold, or to take inflamed lungs, or to founder.
By keeping him in gentle motion till cool, these evils are pre-
vented. This is all that stablemen can say about it, and perhaps
little more can be said with certainty. We must go a little
deeper than the skin, and consider the state of the internal
organs at the moment the horse has finished a sevcTC task. The
action of the heart, the blood-vessels, the nerves, and perhaps
other parts, has been greatly increased, to correspond with the
extraordinary action of the muscles, the instruments of motion..
Vol. II.— 29

450 THE H0K8E.

The circulation, once excited, does not become tranquil the mo-
ment exertion ceases. The heart, and other internal organs
which act in concert with the heart, continue for a time to per-
form their functions with all the energy which violent muscular
exertion demands, and they do mischief before they are aware
that their extraordinary services are no longer required; An
irregularity in the distribution of the blood takes place ; some
part receives more than it needs, and an inflammation is the re-
sult. Motion prevents this, because it keeps up a demand for
blood among the muscles. The transition from rapid motion to
rest is too sudden, and should be broken by gentle motion. If
the heart and nervous system could be restrained as easily as the
action of the voluntary muscles, there would be no need for
walking a heated horse, since it would be suflicient to render all
the organs tranquil at the same time.

This brief analysis of what is going on internally, may be
useful to those who would know exactly when it is safe to put a
heated horse to perfect rest. It is needless to keep him in mo-
tion after the pulse has sunk to nearly its natural number of
beats per minute, which is under 40. Stablemen go by tlie
heat of the skin, but on a hot day tlie skin will often remain
above its usual heat, for a good while after the system is
quite calm. The state of the skin, however, in general indi-
cates the degree of internal excitement with sufficient accu-
racy.

The object, then, in walking a heated horse, is to allay the
excitement of exertion in all parts of the body at the same time,
and by degrees, to keep the muscles working because the heart
is working. The motion should always be slow, and the horse
led, not ridden. If wet, and the weather cold, his walk may be
faster than summer weather requires.

When the state of the weather, and the want of a covered
ride, put walking out of the question, the horse must either go to
the stable or he must suffer a little exposure to the rain. "When
much excited, that is, when very warm, it is better that he
should walk for a few minutes in the rain, than that he should
stand quite still. But a hcTrse seldom comes in very warm while
it is raining. If he must go into the stable it should not be too

WALKING A WET HORSE. 451

close. To a horse hot, perspiring, and breatliing very quick, u
warm stable is particularly distressing. Some faint under it.
Till somewhat calm, he may stand with his head to the door,
but not in a current of cold air, at least not after he begins to
cool.

"Walking a wet Horse. — Gentle motion to a heated horse is
necessary, to prevent the evils likely to arise from one set of
organs doing more than another set requires. But in many cases
motion after work is useful when the horse is not heated. He
may come in drenched with rain, but quite cool, and there may
be no one at hand to dry him, or his coat may be so long that
one man cannot get him dry before he begins to shiver. In such
cases the horse should be walked about. Were he stabled or
allowed to stand at rest in this state, he would be very likely to
suffer as much injury as if he were suddenly brought to a stand-
still when in a high state of perspiration. Evaporation com-
mences ; the moisture with which the skin is charged is con-
verted into vapor, and as it assumes this form it robs the horse
of a large quantity of heat. If he be kept in motion while this
cooling and drying process is going on, an extra quantity of
heat is formed, which may very well be spared for converting
the water into vapor, while sufficient is retained to keep the
skin comfortably warm. Every body must understand the differ-
ence between sitting and walking in wet clothes. If the horse
be allowed to stand while wet, evaporation still goes on. Every
particle of moisture takes away so much heat, but there is no
stimulus to produce the formation of an extra quantity of heat ;
in a little while, the skin becomes sensibly cold, the blood circu-
lates slowly, there is no demand for it on the surface, nor among
the muscles, and it accumulates upon internal organs. By-and-
by the horse takes a violent shivering fit ; after this has con-
tinued for a time, the system appears to become aware that it
has been insidiously deprived of more heat than it can conve-
niently spare ; then a process is set up for repairing the loss,
and for meeting the increased demand. But before this calori-
fying process is fairly established, the demand for an extra
quantity of heat has probably ceased. The skin has become
dry, and there is no longer any evaporation. Hence the heat
accumulates, and the horse is fevered. I do not pretend to trace

453 THE HORSE.

events any further. The next thing of which we become aware
is generally an inflammation of the feet, the throat, the lungs, or
some other part. But we cannot tell what is going on between
the time that the body becomes hot, and the time that inflam-
mation appears. I am not even certain that the other changes
take place in the order in which they are enumerated ; nor am
I sure that there is no other change. The analysis may be de-
fective ; something may take place that I have not observed,
and possibly the loss of heat by evaporation may not always
produce these efiects without assistance. It is positively known,
however, that there is danger in exposing a liorse to cold when
he is not in motion ; and, which is the same thing, it is equally,
indeed more dangerous to let him stand when he is wet. If he
cannot be dried by manual labor, he must be moved about till
he is dried by evaporation.

WispusTG A WET HORSE. — When there is sufiicient force in
the stable, the proper way to dry the horse is by rubbing him
with wisps. After removing all the water that can be taken
away with the scraper, two men commence on each side. They
rub the skin with soft wisps ; those which absorb moisture most
readily are the best, and should be often changed. ]!^one but a
bred groom can dry a horse expeditiously and well in this way.
The operation requires some action, and a good deal of strength.
An awkward groom cannot do it, and a lazy fellow will not.
They will wisp the horse for a couple of hours, and leave him
almost as wet as at the beginning. They lay the hair, but do
not dry it, and they are sure to neglect the legs and the belly,
the very parts that have most need to be dried quickly. The
man must put some strength into his arm. He must rub hard,
and in all directions, across, and against the hair, oftener than
over it. His wisp should be firm, yet soft, the straw broken.
Some cannot even make this simple article. A stout fellow may
take one in each hand, if only two are employed about the
horse ; and a boy must often take one in both his hands. Two
men may dry a horse in half an hour, a little more or a little
less, according to his condition, the length of his coat, and the
state of the weather.

Clothing a wet Horse. — When the horse can neither be
dried by the wisp nor kept in motion, some other meansi must

TO DRK8S A WKT AND MUDDY HORSE. 453

be taken to prevent him catching cold. He may be scraped,
and then clothed, or he may be clothed without scraping.
This is not a good practice, nor a substitute for grooming ; it is
merely an expedient which may be occasionally resorted to
when the horse must be stabled wet as he comes off the road.
I am aware that a horse is apt to perspire if clothed up when his
coat is wet or damp. But this takes place only when the cloth-
ing is too heavy, or the horse too warm. In the case undei
consideration, the clothing, unless the horse be cold, is not in-
tended to heat him, but to prevent him from becoming cold. In
hot weather, a wet horse requires less care ; he need not be
clothed, for evaporation will not render him too cold ; and if his
coat be long, it will, without the assistance of clothing, keep the
skin tolerably warm even in weather that is not hot. In all
cases the cloth should be of woollen, and thrown closely over
the body, not bound by the roller, and in many cases it should
be changed for a drier, and a lighter one, as it becomes chai'ged
with moisture.

To REMOVE THE MuD. — ^Therc are two ways of removing the
mud. One may be termed the dry, and another the wet mode.
The first is performed by means of the scraper and the curiy-
comb, or a kind of brush made of whalebone, which answers
much better than the currycomb. In most well-regulated
stables, the strappers are never allowed to apply water to a
horse that has come muddy off the road, and in no stable should
the mud be allowed to be removed from the horse by washing,
exce23t he be hand-rubbed dry. The usual practice is to strip oft
the mud and loose water b}^ the sweat knife ; to walk the horse
about for ten minutes if he be warm or wet, and the weather fair,
otherwise he stands a little in his stall or in an open shed ; then
the man begins with the driest of those that have come in toge-
ther. Much of the surface mud which the scraper has left about
the legs is removed by a straw wisp, or a small birch broom, or
the whalebone brush ; the wisp likewise helps to dry the horse.
The whalebone brush is a very useful article when the coat is
long. -Tliat, and the currycomb, with the aid of a wisp, are the
only implements coaching-strappers require in the winter season.
It clears away the mud and separates the hairs, but it does not
polish them. A gloss such as the coat of these horses requires,

454: THE H0E8E.

is given by tlie wisp. The whalebone brush is sometimes too
coarse, and many horses cannot bear it at any time, while others
can suffer it only in winter. After the mud has been removed
with this brush, the matted hair parted by the currycomb, and
the horse dusted all over with the wisp, his feet are washed, the
soles picked, the shoes examined, the legs and heels well rub-
bed, partly by the hand and partly b}^ the wisp, and the mane
and tail combed. In the best stables he is well dressed with
the bristle brush before he goes to work. In other stables the
usual mode of removing the mud is b,y —

Washing. — When the horse is very dirty he is usually wash-
ed outside the stable ; his belly is scraped, and the remainder of
the mud is washed off at once by the application of water.
Some clean the body before they wash the legs ; but that is
only when there is not much mud about the horse. They do so
that he may go into the stable quite clean. He soils his feet
and legs by stamping the ground when his body is being clean-
ed. It matters little whether the dressing commence with the
body or with the legs, but when the legs are washed the last
thing, they are generally left undried. In washing, a sponge
and a water-brush are employed. Some use a mop, and this is
called the lazy method ; it is truly the trick of a careless sloven ;
it wets the legs but does not clean them. The brush goes to
the roots of the hair, and removes all the sand and mud, with-
out doing which it is worse than useless to apply any water.
The sponge is employed for drying the hair, for soaking up and
wiping away the loose water. Afterward, the legs and all the
parts that have been washed, are rendered completely dry by
rubbing with the straw-wisp, the rubber, and the hand. Among
valuable horses this is always done ; wherever the legs have
little hair about them, and that little cannot be properly dried
after washing, no washing should take place.

Wet Legs. — It is a very common practice, because it is easy,
to wash the legs ; but none, save the best of stablemen, will be
at the trouble of drying them ; they are allowed to dry of them-
selves, and they become excessively cold. Evaporation com-
mences ; after a time a process is set up for producing heat
sufficient to carry on evaj^oration, and to maintain the tempera-
ture of the skin. Before this process can be fully established,

BANDAGING THE LEGS. 455

the water has all evaporated ; then the heat accumulates ; in-
flammation succeeds, and often runs so far as to produce morti-
fication. To avoid these evils, the legs must either he dried
after washing, or they must not be washed at all.

Among horses that have the fetlocks and the legs well
clothed with long and strong hair, it is not necessary to be so
particular about drying the legs ; the length and the thickness
of the hair check evaporation. This process is not permitted to
go on so rapidly ; the air and the vapor are entangled among
the hair ; they cannot get away, and of course cannot carry off
the heat so rapidly as from a naked heel. But for all this, it is
possible to make the legs, even of thoee hairy-heeled horses, so
cold as to produce inflammation. And when these horses have
the legs trimmed bare, they are more liable to grease than the
lighter horse of faster work. But the greatest number of
patients with grease occur where the legs and heels are trim-
med, washed, and never properly dried. There is no grease
where there is good grooming, and not much where the legs are
well covered with hair. It is true that fat or plethoric horses are
very liable to cracks and moisture of the heels ; but though it
may not be easy, yet it is quite possible for a good groom to
prevent grease even in these horses.

I am not objecting to washing under all circumstances. It
is a bad practice among naked-heeled horses, only when the
men will not or cannot make the legs dry. In a gentleman's
stable the legs ought to be washed, but they ought also to be
thoroughly dried before the horse is left. It is the evapora-
tion, or the cold produced by evaporation, that does the mis-
chief.

I greatly approve of washing the legs with warm water,
hard rubbing them for a few moments so as to strip out the
superfluous water, and then instantly applying dry and warm
flannel bandages from the fetlock to the knee. The legs next
morning come out beautifully dry and clean.

Bathing. — ^This name may be given to the operation of wash-
ing the horse all over. Where possible, and not forbidden by
the owner, a lazy or ignorant groom always performs it in the
neighboring river or pond. Some take the horse into the water
till it is up to his belly, and others swim him into the depths,

456 THE HORSE,

from wliicli man and horse are often borne away with the stream,
to the great grief of the newspaper editor, who deplores their
melancholy fate ; by which, I suppose, he means melancholy
ignorance.

These river bathings ought to be entirely prohibited.

In cold weather it is an act of madness. During some of the
hottest days in summer, a general batliing is wonderfully re-
freshing to a horse, w^ho has run a stage at the rate of ten miles
an hour. It cleans the skin more effectually than any other
means, and with less irritation to the horse ; it renders him com-
fortably cool, and under certain conditions, it does him no harm.
Those employed in public conveyances are almost the only
horses that require it. During very hot weather they suffer
much from the pace at which they travel. They come off the
road steeped in perspiration, but in a few minutes they are dry.
The coat is thin and short, and the hairs glued together by dirt
and sweat ; to raise and separate them with the currycomb is
productive of much pain, greatly aggravated by the fevered
condition of the horse. The best way of cleaning a horse in this
state, is by washing him. The operation is performed by the
water-brush and the sponge. The horse should stand in the sun.
The man, taking a large o<Darse sponge in his hand, usually com-
mences at the neck, close to the head ; he proceeds backward
and downward till he has bathed the horse all over. This may
be done in two minutes. Then, dipping his brush in the water,
he applies it as generally as the sponge, drawing it always in
the direction of the hair, without any rubbing. The sponge
merely applies the water; the brush loosens and removes the
dust and perspiration which adhere to the hair. The sweat-knife
is next employed, and the horse being scraped as dry as possible,
he is walked about in the sun for half an hour, more or less, till
he be perfectly dry. During the time he is in motion the scraper
is reapplied several times, especially to the belly, and the horse
gets water twice or thrice. "When quite dry, he is stabled,
and wisped over, perhaps lightly brushed, to lay and polish his
coat, and when his legs are well rubbed he is ready for feeding.

USES AND PK0PEETIE8 OF TUE HAIB 457

OPERATION OF DECORATION.

The Uses and Propekties of the Hair, — That which forms
the general covering is intended to keep the horse warm. It con-
ducts heat very closely, and is therefore well adapted for retain-
ing it. It absorbs no moisture, and when the horse is in good
ihealth, every hair is anointed with an oily sort of fluid which
imparts a beautiful gloss, and repels moisture.

The hair is shed every spring and every autumn. The short
fine coat which suffices for the summer, affords little protection
against the severities of winter ; it falls, and is replaced by
another of the same material, though longer and coarser. It is
not very obvious why the horse should moult twice eveiy year.
We might suppose that a mere increase in the lengtli of the
summer coat would render it sufficiently warm for the winter.
Without doubt there is some reason wliy it is otherwise order-
ed. The hair perhaps is not of the same texture ; that of the
winter coat certainly aj^pears to be coarser ; it is thicker, and it
requires more care to keep it glossy than the hair of a summer
coat.

The hair is not cast all at once. Before losing its connection
with the skin it assumes a lighter color, and becomes dim and
deadlike. On some warm day a large quantity comes away,
which is not missed, though its fall is very evident, Tlie pro-
cess seems to stop for several days and to recommence. Though
a little is always falling, jet there are times at which large
quantities come out, and it is said that the whole is shed at
thrice. Moulting, and the length and thickness of the coat, are
much influenced by the stable treatment and the weather.
Horses that are much and for a long time out of doors, exposed
to cold, always have the hair much longer than those kept in
warm stables, or those that are more in the stable than in the
open air. If the horse be kept warm and well fed, his winter
coat will be very little longer than that of summer, and it will
lie nearly as well. Moulting may even be entirely prevented ;
heavy clothing and warm stabling will keep the summer coat on
all winter. The horse, however, must not be often nor long ex-
posed to cold, for though he may be made to retain his summer

458 THE HOESE.

coat till after the usual period of changing it, yet it will fall even
in the middle of winter, if he be much exposed to winter
weather. Grooms often hasten the fall of the winter coat by
extra dressing and clothing, in order that the horse may have
his fine summer coat a little earlier than usual. This, especially
when the spring is cold and the horse much exposed, is not
right, for it generally makes the summer coat longer than if it
had not appeared till the weather was warmer.

The long hair which grows on the legs of some horses, is
doubtless intended to answer the same purpose as the short hair
of the body. It is longer and stronger, because the parts are
more exposed to cold and to wet. On the legs of thoroughbred
horses, the hair is not much longer than that on the body, with
the exception of a tuft at the back of the fetlock-joint. This is
termed the foot lock. It defends the parts beneath from ex-
ternal injury, to which they are liable by contact with the
ground. When very long, good grooming, good food, and warm
stabling, always shorten the hair of the legs.

The hair of the mane has been regarded as ornamental, and
it is so ; but to say that any part of an animal was conferred for
the sole purpose of pleasing the eye of man, is almost as much
as to say that all were not created by the same Being. Had the
mane been superfluous to the horse, we could have been made
to admire him without it. God has made it pleasing to us, be-
cause it is useful to him. In a wild state the horse has many
battles to fight, and his neck, deprived of the mane, would be a
very vulnerable part. It is likewise a part that he cannot reacli
with his teeth, and not easily with his feet. The flies might
settle there and satiate themselves without disturbance ; if the
mane cannot altogether exclude these intruders, it can lash
them off by a single jerk of the head. I believe that in wild
horses the mane falls equally on both sides of the neck.

The long hair of the mane, the tail, and the legs, is not shed
in the same manner as that on the body. It is deciduous, but it
does not fall so regularly, so rapidly, noi' so often as the other.
Each hair, from its length, requires a much longer time to grow ;
if all were shed at once, the parts would be left defenceless
for perhaps more than a month. Some of the hairs are con-
stantly losing their attachment and falling out, while others are

DOCKING AND PRICKING. 459

as constantly growing. It is not possible to say what deter-
mines the fall of these hairs in horses not domesticated. It may
be some circunistaiice connected with their age or length more
than with the change of season. When brushed and combed
many of them are pulled out.

Docking. — In this country the horse's tail is regarded as
a useless or troublesome appendage. It was given to ward off
the attacks of blood-sucking flies.

In this country, for several months of the year, thin-skinned
horses suffer excessively, and many accidents happen from their
struggles or their fears. At grass, in certain districts, they are
in a constant fever.

It is surel}^ worth while inqniring, whether all that is gained
by docking balances the loss. In comparing the two, it ought to
be remembered that lockjaw and death are not rare results of
the operation.

Tlie operation of pricking, after the old fashion, is barbarous
in the extreme. As practised here, it is much more simple,
effectual, and less painful. If the tail is to be docked, let that
first be done, and then permitted to heal perfectly. Perhaps
this operation may make the horse carry his tail so well as to
prevent the necessity of pricking. But if it does not, then let
him be pricked.

Operation. — ^The tail has four cords, two upper and two
lower. The upper ones raise the tail, the lower ones depress it,
and these last alone are to be cut. Take a sharp penknife with
a long slender blade ; insert the blade between the bone and
under cord, two inches from the body ; place the thumb of the
hand holding the knife against the under j)art of the tail, and
opposite the blade. Then press the blade toward the thumb
against the cord, and cut the cord off, but do not let the knife
cut through the skin. The cord is firm, and it will easily be
known when it is cut off. The thumb will tell when to desist,
that the skin may not be cut. Sever the cord twice on each
side in the same manner. Let the cuts be two inches apart.
The cord is nearly destitute of sensation ; yet when the tail is
pricked in the old manner, the wound to the skin and flesh is
severe, and much fever is induced, and it takes a long time to
heal. But with this method, the horse's tail will not bleed, noi

460 THE HORSE.

will it be sore under ordinary circumstances more than three
days ; and he will be pulleyed and his tail made in one half of
the time required by the old method.

Dressing the Tail: — Sometimes the hair of the tail grows
too bushy. The best way of thinning it is to comb it often with
a dry comb, having small but strong teeth. Wlien the hair is
short, stiff, almost standing on end, it may be laid by wetting it,
and tying the ends together beyond the stump. Sometimes the
whole tail is moistened, and surrounded by a hay-rope, which is
applied evenly and moderately tight, and kept on all night. It
makes the hair lie better during the next day, but seldom longer.
Square tails require occasional clipping. The tail is held in a
horizontal position by the left hand, while it is squared with
scissors. The hair at the centre is rendered shorter than that at
the outside, and the tail, when elevated, resembles the featliered
extremity of a pen. Horses of the racing kind have long tails
with the hair cut off, square at the end of the dock ; this is
termed the long tail.

A switch tail is taper at the point, not square. It is of vary-
ing length, according to the taste of the rider. It sometimes
requires to be shortened without squaring it. The man seizing it
within his left hand, cuts off the superfluous length with a knife
not very sharp. He does not go slap-dash through it as a pair
of scissors would ; but, holding the knife across, with the edge
inclined to the point of the tail, he draws it up and down as if he
were scraping it ; the hairs are cut as the knife approaches the
hand that holds the tail ; in this way he carries the knife all
round, and reaches the central hairs as much from one point
of the outer circumference as from any other. The hairs
are thus left of unequal length, those at the middle being the
longest.

The hair of the tail is usually combed and brushed every
day, and when not hanging gracefully, it should be wet and
combed four or five times a day. White tails, especially when
of full length, require often to be washed Avith soap and Avater.
On many horses the hair is very thin. When the hair is want-
ed exuberant, it should have little combing.

Dressing the Mane. — In general tlie mane lies to the right
side, but in some horses it is shaded equally to each. On some

TRIMMING TIIK EAKS. 4G1

carriage horses it is made to lie to the riglit side on tlic one, and
to tlie left on the other, the bare side of the neck being exposed.
From some, especially ponies, it is the custom to have the mane
shorn off nearly to the roots, only a few stumps being left to
stand perpendicularly. This is termed the hog-mane. It is
almost entirely out of fashion. To make a mane lie, the groom
combs and wets it several times a day ; he keeps it almost con-
stantly wet; when thick, short, and bushy, he pulls away some
of the hair from the under side, that is, from the side to which
the mane inclines, or is wanted to incline. When that is not
sufficient, he plaits it into ten or fifteen cords, weaving into
each a piece of matting, and loading the extremity with a little
lead. After remaining in this state for several days, the plaiting
is undone, and the mane lies as it is wanted. AVlien it becomes
too long or too bushy, a few of the hairs are pulled out. This is
often done too harshly, and some horses have a great aversion
to it. In harness horses, that part of the mane which lies
directly behind the ears is usually cut away, that the head of
the bridle may sit fast.

Heavy draught-horses should seldom have either the mane
or the tail thinned, and, to hang gracefully, it should be long in
proportion to its thickness.

Tkhveviing the Ears. — The inside of the ear is coated with fine
hair, which is intended by nature to exclude rain, flies, dirt, and
other foreign matters floating in the air. When left to itself, it
grows so long as to protrude considerably out of the ear, and to
give the horse a neglected, ungroomed-like appearance. It is a
common practice to ti'im all this hair away by the roots. But
it is a very stupid practice. The internal ear becomes exposed
to the intrusion of rain, dirt, and insects ; and though I know of
no disease arising from this cause, yet every horseman is aware
that it gives the horse much annoyance. Many are very unwil
ling to face a blast of rain or sleet, and some will not. In the
fly-season, they are constantly throwing the head about as if
they would throw it off, and this is an inconvenience to either
rider or driver. The hair on the inside should not be cut from
any horse. It is easily cleaned by a gentle application of the
brush. When the hair grows too long, the points may be taken
otf This is done by closing the ear, and cutting away the hair

462 THE HORSE.

that protrudes bejond the edges. Among heavy horses even
this is unnecessary.

Trimming the Muzzle and Face, — All round the muzzle,
and especially about the nostrils and lips, there are long fine
hairs, scattered wide apart, and standing perpendicular to the
skin. These are feelers. They perform the same functions as
the whiskers of the cat. Their roots are endowed with peculiar
sensibility. They warn the horse of the vicinity of objects to
which he must attend. There are several grouped together below
and above the eyes, which give these delicate organs notice of
approaching insects or matters that might enter them and do
mischief. The slightest touch on the extremity of these hairs is
instantly felt by the horse. They detect even the agitation of
the air.

It is usual with grooms to cut all these hairs away as vulgar
excrescences. They can give no reason for doing so. They see
these hairs on all horses that are not well groomed, and perhaps
they are accustomed to associate them with general want of
grooming. They are so fine and so few in number, that they
cannot be seen from a little distance, and surely they cannot be
regarded as incompatible with beauty, even though they were
more conspicuous. The operation ought to be forbidden.

Trimming the Heels and Legs.* — The hair of the fetlock, the
hollow of the pastern, and the posterior aspect of the legs, is
longer on heavy draught-horses than on those of finer bone.
It is intended to keep the legs warm, and perhaps in some de-
gree to defend them from external violence. It becomes much
shorter and less abundant after the horse is stabled, kept warm,
well fed, and well groomed. The simple act of washing the
legs, or rubbing them, tends to make the hair short and thin,
and to keep it so. Nevertheless, it is a very common practice,
especially in coaching-stables, to clip this hair away almost
close to the root. Cart-horses very rarely have the heels trim-
med ; well-bred horses seldom require it. The hand-rubbing
which the legs and heels of these horses receive, keeps the hair
short, and it is never very long even without hand-rubbing.

* The word heel is applied to the back and hollow of the pastern. In this place
all that is said of the heels is applicable to the leg.

HAND-RUBBING THE LEGS. 403

IIand-kubbing the Legs, — This is not altogcllicr an orna-
mental operation, bnt as it is performed chiefly or only where
decoration is attended to, this seems to be the proper place for
takinir notice of it. I have said that the hair of the body is
anointed by an oily kind of matter, which serves in some mea-
sure to repel the rain. The long hair of the heels is anointed in
the same way, but these parts are more liable to become wet,
and the oily or lubricating fluid is secreted in greater abundance
here than elsewhere. It is produced by the skin, and has a
slightly fetid smell, which becomes intolerable when the skin is
the seat of the disease termed grease. This fluid is easily washed
off, but it is soon replaced ; the greater part of it is removed by
brushing and washing the hair, especially with soapy water, and
it is some time ere the hair and skin are again bedewed with it.
Dry friction with the hand or a soft wisp stimulates the skin to
furnish a new or an extra supply. This is one good reason for
hand-rubbing, an operation seldom performed by untrained
grooms. " Take care of the heels, and the other parts will take
care of themselves," is an old saying in the stable, and a very
good one, if it mean only that the heels require more care than
other parts. In some horses, particularly those that have little
hair about the legs, the hollow of the pastern is very apt to
crack ; the anointing fluid is not secreted in sufficient quantity
to keep the skin supple ; it is always dry, and whenever the
animal is put to a fast pace, the skin cracks and bleeds at the
place where motion is greatest. Lotions are applied which dry
the sore, but do not prevent the evil from recurring ; hand-rub-
bing must do this. The legs of some horses are apt to swell or to
itch, particularly when they stand idle for a day or two. Others,
cold-blooded, long-legged horses, are troubled with cold legs
while standing in the stall. Tliese things are generally dis-
regarded among coarse horses ; if they disappear, it is well, it
not, they are neglected till they become more formidable. But
little evils of this kind often produce much annoyance to those
w^ho own horses of greater value. It is difficult to avoid them
altogether among horses that are not in good condition, loaded
with fat, or plethoric ; yet, frequent hand-rubbing does much.
Some grooms give it five or six times a-day ; so much is seldom
required, indeed never, except under disease; but it does no

464 THE HORSE.

harm that I know of, if it do not make the heels too hare. To
be of any use, it must be done in a systematic manner and in
good earnest. If the liorse be perfectly quiet, the man will sit
down on his knees, and, with a small soft wisp, or cloth-rubber
in each hand, he will rub upward and downward, or he will use
his hands without the wisp, particularly if the hair be fine and
short ; much force is not necessary, indeed it is pernicious. In
coming down the leg the pressure should be light ; and in
passing upward, it must not be so great as to raise or break the
hairs.

Singeing, shaving and clipping are so rarely used and are so
little needed in this country, that I do not care to insert the
methods.

THE horse's food.

This should be oats and hay of the best quality; beans for
hard-working horses, occasionally varied with carrots or Swed-
ish turnips ; bran mashes ; and, under some circumstances, old
Indian corn or maize ; linseed gruel. Many persons are not
aware, that the price of musty oats and bad liay is vastly dearer
than that of the same commodities of good quality — and that
the worse the quality the higher the cost. It is so neverthe-
less— for, whether the purchaser of inferior articles bargain for
it or not, he always purchases with them indigestion, foulness
of blood, looseness of the bowels, general debility, and gland-
ers ; all of these being too costly to be purchased into any
stable.

Much has been said of late respecting the advantage of
bruising oats, and various machines are much in vogue for the
purpose. Mr. Spooner says of them, " they are apt to produce
diarrhoea, especially if the animal is worked hard," It is fur-
ther alleged that many horses will not eat them with an appe-
tite ; and the opponents to the system go further, urging that
unbruised oats excite a flow of saliva, necessary to perfect di-
gestion, which is not the case with those which are bruised.
The explanation to the first of these questions supplies a very
strong recommendation. The stomach having derived a suffi-
cient quantity of nourishment from a moderate portion, does

BRUISED OATS. 465

not require more. With reference to the flow of the saliva,
without entering upon the question how far it is necessary to
assist digestion, no animal can swallow its food without a suffi-
ciency of saliva to assist the act of deglutition ; and it is not
recoiuniended to reduce the oats to flour, but merely to bruise
them. Many persons fancy that by giving oats in small quan-
tities, and spreading them thinly over the manger, the horses
will be induced to masticate them. Those who have watched
their operations will And that a greedy-feeding horse will drive
his corn up into a heap, and collect with his lips as much as he
thinks proper for a mouthful.

Little, if any, advantage arises from cutting hay into chafi",
especially for the most valuable kind of horses. It is done in
cart stables to prevent waste, whicli is often enormous in those
departments where horses are permitted to pull the hay out of
their racks, and tread it under foot.

The state of perfection to which the higher classes of the
horse have been brought in this country, is attributable to the
great attention devoted, during a long period of time, to the
selection of the best descriptions for the purpose of perpetuating
the species ; the treatment they have received, under the in-
fluence of a propitious climate ; and the nature of the food with
which they have been supplied ; greater improvements are
capable of being realized by judicious management.

With reference to treatment, and the climate of this counti:y,
practical experience assures us that the atmosphere is suitable
to the constitution of the equine tribe ; but the vicissitudes of
the elements are so great, that protection is necessary to guard
against their effects. This is found to apply, not only to the
horse, but to all others of our domesticated animals. Warmth,
in connection with a pure and uncontaminated air, is of the
utmost importance ; but it is not necessary to enter into the
details by which that desideratum is to be accomplished. The
subject of food requires more minute observations, especially
as it is too frequently disregarded, except by breeders of race-
horses.

The great perfection of the physical powers of the horse is
obtained by the due proportion and constituent elements of
muscular fibre, bone, and sinew ; and the more these substancea
Vol. II.- -30

466 THE HOKSE.

are respectively condensed, so to speak, the greater the amount
of jDOwer will there exist in a given bulk. Every description
of food which is said to contain nutritive properties, abounds
more or less, and in various proportions, with elements calcu-
lated for the construction of the different substances of which
the animal frame is composed. It is therefore important to se-
lect those kinds of food which contain the most of these parti-
cles convertible into substances which render the animal of the
highest value. The growth of animals, the development of
their muscles, the texture of their bones, and sinews, dej)end
greatly upon the quality of the food with which they are sup-
plied. That which is conducive to the production of fat must
be rejected; for, although there is not any kind of food which
is convertible into muscle which will not at the same time pro-
duce fat, there are many circumstances which render different
kinds more abundant with the elements of either substance.
This is a wise ordination of nature, for, to a certain extent, fat is
essential to the health and the motive powers of the animal,
but in excess it is detrimental. On this point circumspection
and experience are valuable acquirements to regulate the con-
dition. "When a horse is in a manifest state of plethora, it is a
certain indication that th6 food which he receives abounds too
copiously with elements conducive to the production of the
adipose substance. It will sometimes happen that a horse does
not generate a sufficiency of fat; this may arise from indisposi-
tion, the bad quality of the food, or its not being given in suffi-
cient quantities.

There are certain laws of nature indispensable to animal
life, certain functions which must be supported. Physiologists
inform us that the nourishment of the body is derived from the
ingredients of the blood, two of the principal of which are
serum and fibrine. The serum, when condensed or coagulated,
forms albumen, the restorative element of fat and muscular
fibre ; the fibrine contained in the blood contributes largely to
the formation of muscle or flesh. Animal and vegetable fibrine
and albumen are precisely similar, and unless they foi'm compo-
nent parts of the food the animal will waste away. Fat, mus-
cular fibre, and certain other substances, composing the animal
frame, are constantly undergoing the process of exhaustion,

NUTRITION OF VARIOUS FOOD. 4G7

tlirougli the effect of oxygen, wliich is taken into the system
every moment of life by means of the organs of respiration.
But no part of that oxygen remains in the body ; it is expelled
in the form of carbon and liydrogen, by exhalations from the
skin, and the ordinary evacuations. The expenditure of carbon
and hj'drogen is increased by labor or exercise in an equal
ratio as the number of exhalations are accelerated by that ex-
ercise. B}'' this process the fat and muscular fibre are constant-
ly in a state of exhaustion and renewal, and are supposed to be
thoroughly renewed in the course of six or seven months ; de-
pendent, however, upon the amount of labor, and the uninter-
rupted health of the animal. The more expeditiously this
renovation of the system takes place, the more perfect will be
the condition of the subject. It is therefore evident that the
nutritive matter supplied by the food must exceed the exhaus-
tion which takes place in young animals, to occasion their
growth and increase the development of muscle and other tis-
sues, and with adults it must be equivalent with the exhaustion
to maintain the animal in a normal state.

It has been ascertained that such vegetable food as affords
nourishment to animals abounds most with nitrogen ; and that
they require the least of those kinds which contain the largest
quantities. But here it must be observed there is a limit to the
presentation of food abounding too profusely with nutritive
properties, which will speedily affect the animal partaking
thereof. The blood-vessels will become distended, and other
channels overcharged with an excess of their fluid ; and upon
the slightest appearance of the symptoms which indicate a dis-
ordered state of the circulation, unless medicines are presented
which are calculated to relieve the system from the accumula-
tion, aided by temporary abstinence, and indeed change of
food, the health of the animal is sure to suffer.

Professor Playfair, who has made experiments on the quan-
tity of nutritious inatter contained in different kinds of food
supplied to animals, found that in one hundred lbs. of oats,
eleven lbs. represent the quantity of gluten wherewith flesh is
formed, and that an equal weight of hay affords eight pounds
of similar substance. Both hay and oats contain about
sixty-eight per cent, of unazotised matter identical with fat, of

468 THE HORSE.

which it must be observed a vast portion passes off from the
animal witliout being deposited. By this calculation it appears
that if a horse consume daily four feeds of oats and ten pounds
of hay, the nutriment which he derives will be equivalent to
about one pound eleven ounces of muscle, and thirteen and a
half pounds of superfluous matter, which, exclusively of water,
nearly approximates the exhaustion of the system by perspira-
tion and the various evacuations.

Superficial judges of horses do not mark the difference be-
tween the appearance of a fat and of a muscular-formed animal.
If the bones are covered, the points filled out, and tlie general
contour looks pleasing to the eye, they conceive that every re-
quisite is accomplished. A more fallacious impression cannot
exist. A horse of very moderate pretensions, if in perfect con-
dition, will prove himself infinitely superior in the quality of
endurance or capability to perform work, than one of a higher
character which is not in condition. If two horses are ridden
side by side, at the moderate pace of seven or eight miles in
the hour, on a warm day in the summer, one of which has been
taken out of a grass field, and the other fed on hay and corn, the
difference will be very soon detected. The grass-fed horse will
perspire profusely, yet the other will be cool and dry. This
propensity to perspire likewise proves that the system of the
former is replete with adipose deposit, and fluids destined tc
produce that substance an unnecessary encumbrance, and in
such quantities opj)Osed to freedom of action.

Under an impression that an abundance of luxuriant grass
will increase the flow of milk, it is frequently given to brood
mares, but, if it have the effect of producing relaxation, it is ex
ceedingly prejudicial. A moderate portion of good milk is far
preferable to that which is weak and poor. Thoroughbred
mares are not unfrequently deficient in their lacteal secretions,
more so than those of a common description. It is obviously
necessary that either class should be supplied with good and
nutritious food, for the purpose of augmenting it when insuffi-
cient, but the nature of the food requires to be regulated by the
constitution of the individual.

WATERING THE H0K8E. 469

GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF HORSES.

The watering of the horse is a very important but disre-
garded portion of his general management. The kind of water
has not been sufficiently considered. The difference between
what is termed hai'd and soft water is a circumstance of general
observation. The former contains certain saline principles which
decompose some bodies, as appears in the curdling of soap, and
prevent the decomposition of others, as in the making of tea,
the boiling of vegetables, and the process of brewang. It is
natural to suppose that these different kinds of water would
produce somewhat different effects on the animal frame ; and
such is the fact. Hard water, freshly drawn from the well,
will frequently roughen the coat of the horse unaccustomed to
it, or cause griping pains, or materially lessen the animal's
power of exertion. The racing and the hunting groom are per-
fectly aware of this ; and so is the horse, for he will refuse the
purest water from the well, if he can obtain access to the
running stream, or even the turbid pool. Where there is the
power of choice, the softer water should undoubtedly be pre-
ferred.

The temperature of the water is of far more consequence
than its hardness. It will rarely harm, if taken from the pond
or the running stream, but its coldness when recently drawn
from the well has often been injurious ; it has produced colic,
spasm, and even death.

There is often considerable prejudice against the horse being
fairly supplied with water. It is supposed to chill him, to in-
jure his wind, or to incapacitate him for hard work. It cer-
tainly would do so if, immediately after drinking his fill, he
were galloped hard, but not if he were suffered to quench his
thirst more frequently when at rest in the stable. The horse,
that has free access to water, will not drink so much in the
course of a day as another, who, in order to cool his parched
mouth, swallows as fast as he can, and knows not when to stop.

A horse may, with perfect safety, be far more liberally sup-
plied with water than he generally is. An hour before his
work commences, he should be permitted to drink a couple

470 THE HORSE.

of quarts. A greater quantity might probably be objected
to. He will perform his task far more pleasantly and ef-
fectively than with a parched mouth and tormenting thirst.
The prejudice both of the hunting and the training groom on
this point is cruel, as well as injurious. The task or the jour-
ney being accomplished, and the horse having had his head
and neck dressed, his legs and feet washed, before his body is
cleaned he should have his water. When dressed, his corn
may be offered to him, which he will readily take ; but water
should never be given immediately before or after the corn.

CONDITION.

It would be incompatible with the limits of this work to
enter into voluminous details of the racing stables ; but some
leading remarks on the condition of hunters and all other kinds
of working horses are requisite. The treatment of hunters has
been vastly improved since it was discovered that turning them
out to grass during the summer months was highly prejudicial
to their future performances. When the hunting season has
terminated, rest is acceptable to most horses, and that cannot
be conceded to them more conveniently than in a loose box,
with a yard into which they may be enlarged daily. The state
of each animal will determine the necessity for physic, or any
applications in the way of blisters or counteractants to the legs.
A. moderate allowance of corn is indispensable, with a suffi-
ciency of liay, but not so much of either as to occasion plethora.
Water should always be at hand. Enough has been introduced
in these pages on the ill effects of green succulent herbage ;
those who desire to have their hunters in first-rate condition,
will reject it, except in very small quantities for certain pur-
poses. Towards the latter end of August, one or two doses of
mild physic will render the subject in a i^roj^er state for grad-
ually increased exercise ; and very few wliich have been treated
in this manner will require the abuse of sweating — -imperative
with those which have been fattened with grass. Thus the legs
and constitutions are exonerated from mucli injury and incon-
venience. Two or three hours' walking, and occasional trotting
exercise daily, with a steady gallop fi'om two to three miles

CONDITION.

471

twice or thrice a week, as the season approaclics, will complete
the purpose. Clipping or singeing has now become so general,
that it is scarcely necessary to make a comment upon the ad-
vantages they afford ; and to a certain extent, dependent upon
the length of coat, one or other of the operations is indispensa-
ble. It enables the servants to dress the horses with so much
more expedition when they return home after the fatigues of
the day. When the country is very deep and wet, and the
horse's coat is covered with clay, or other adhesive soil, the
phan of washing the animal all over with warm water imme-
diately on his return to his stables is recommended. It is a
great object to dress a tired hunter as expeditiously as possible,
and two men should always be employed for that purpose. The
ordeal, which the hunter undergoes preparatory to his work, is
often inconsistent. On the previous day the hay should be
moderately apportioned, regulated by the constitution of the
animal. On the morning of hunting he should be allowed
from six to eight go-downs of water, according to the distance
he may have to travel to the place of meeting, and two feeds
of corn is as much as he will require. On his return to his
stable, he should have, immediately that the bridle is removed
from his head, half a bucket of gruel, prepared with linseed,
oatmeal, or wheat flour, which requires to be boiled, and a
plentiful allowance of bran mash.

The preparatory work and treatment of hacks and carriage-
horses scarcely varies, if the owner desires to have them in first-
rate order. The most extraordinary notions prevail concerning
the hardihood of horses, and the best means of securing that
valuable faculty. It is alleged that those which are bred in the
mountainous districts of Wales and Scotland are highly gifted
with this property. It is true they bear exposure to great in-
clemency of weather, and live on scanty food. Thus, reasoning
by analogy, persons fancy that by demi-starvation and expo-
sure to inclemency a hardy animal may be reared. There can-
not be a more palpable error. The mountaineers are not able
to work in their native state ; they must be well supplied with
good nutriment, when their active services are required, and
that, with dry shelter, in a well-ventilated building, is the key-
stone to physical power and endurance.

472 THE H0K8E.

MANAGEMENT OF FARM HORSES.

Agriculturists find it to their advantage to keep their horses
in the stables and yards throughout the summer, in preference
to turning them out into the pasture-fields. The manure which
they make more than compensates for the expense of bringing
their food to them. In the winter, an allowance of turnips
saves a vast quantity of hay and oats, and keeps the animals
cool; they are preferable to carrots. Bran is useful, but it
should never be given to them, or to any other horses, without
being previously scalded. Carters have a most reprehensible
practice of diiving their horses into ponds to drink, while at-
tached to each other by their gearing or harness ; many have
been drowned in consequence. This class of men have also a
most abominable propensity for giving drugs of various kinds ;
a stern injunction should be laid against it. The plan of cut-
ting their hay into chaff is to be recommended, as it saves
waste ; where this is not done, the quantity of food destroyed,
but not consumed, in cart stables is enormous.

NEW MODE OF SUMMERING IN THE STABLES.

This plan, first suggested in England by the celebrated
sporting writer known as Nimrod, with a view to retaining
hunters in condition, and bringing them back to their work with
less trouble than under the old method of turning out to grass,
is strongly recommended to horse keepers in this country.

The extreme heat of the summers, which parches and de-
stroys tlie pastures and renders the soil almost as hard as pave-
ment, except in marshy situations where the myriads of flies
and mosquitoes torment a horse's very life out, renders it, in
my opinion, highly inexpedient and even dangerous to turn
horses out to grass during the hot weather. In ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred, they are brouglit up again in worse
plight than they went out, and with their systems debilitated,
not reinvigorated.

Summering. — Until within the last thirty or forty years,
hunters were almost always turned out as soon as the first grass

SUMMERING HORSES. 473

Bliowed itself, and this kind of food was considered a panacea
for all their complaints. After being kept in a warm stable all
the winter, and their coats made as line as possible, they were
stripped of their clothing as rapidly as their owners dare, and
turned out, often without any hovel to run into in cold and wet
weather. The result was frequently that in the autumn they
came up broken-winded, or sometimes they died in the season-
ing ; and in all cases, if healthy, they were fat, pursy, and un-
wieldy, and required nearly the whole of the hunting season to
fit them for the work they had to do. Certainly, for the pace
our forefathers rode, a grass-horse, if fed with corn also, as was
often done, was capable of keeping his place through a run,
though with a liberal display of lather ; but as it is notorious
that a horse in training requires six months, after leaving the
grass-field, to prepare him even for a moderate race, and as it is
also well known that a fast thing with hounds is still more try-
ing than a race, so it is evident that this fast thing will require
something more than grass-fed horseflesh to carry the possessor
safely through it. Hence, the plan has been almost universally
abandoned, in great measure owing to the writings of " Nim-
rod " — Mr. Apperley — on the subject, and the hunter is now
almost alwaj^s summered in a loose box. Besides, there are other
objections to turning a hunter out at this season of the year. It
is generally the case that his legs and feet — sometimes one or
the other, sometimes all — are inflamed and require rest, blister-
ing, firing, &c. Kow, if this be the case, the turning out only
aggravates the mischief, because these horses are, of all others,
the most excited by liberty, from their associating it with their
usual occupations, and gallop about, battering their legs on the
hard ground, until the original mischief is made ten times
greater. If legs or feet are to be mended by turning out, this
ought either to be done in the winter, or into marshes, which are
objectionable, because they are peculiarly opposed to the future
hard condition of the horse. Upland grasses make the horse
flabby enough, but marsh grass is ten times worse. I have
turned out many horses in the summer myself, when lame, but
I never found them to be improved by it, and some have been
utterly ruined by their galloping over the hard turf. If they
must go out they should be fettered, which stops their gallops,

474 THE H0E8E.

and is a very good preventive at this season of tlie year. The
Nimrodian plan is as follows ; — The horse is gradually cooled
down, by taking off his clothing by degrees, and by abstracting
his corn, partially or entirely, giving physic, &c., &c. ; all
which will require nearly a month, or until the middle of May ;
he is then to be put into a large, rooray, and airy loose box,
with the npper half of the door capable of being constantly left
open, or with a strong chain put across the door posts, the door
being left entirely open, which is better still, because it allows
of a free circulation of air. When thoroughly cooled down, the
legs may be blistered or dressed with any of the numerous ap-
plications which will be hereafter described. Tan is the best
material for the floor of the box, and if thickl}'- spread, serves all
the purposes of litter, whilst it keeps the feet cool. Italian rji-e
or Lucerne, or ordinary grass, may be given, at first mixed with
an equal quantity of hay, but wdien the horse is accustomed to
them, forming the entire food. Vetches I am not fond of for
horses doing no work. If young, they are irritating to the bow-
els, and do nothing but scour them ; and if old, they are strong
and heating. For coach-horses at work, when given with corn,
they answer better than grass, especially when the pods are
fully developed ; but for 'summering the hunter, I prefer some
of the grasses or clovers, which are not nearly so heating as
vetches. The shoes may be taken off, and the feet pared out
nicely, removing all broken pieces of horn, and cutting out any
sand cracks, seedy toes, &c., to the quick, so as to allow them to
be radically cured at this time of complete rest. If the horse is
tolerably young and hearty, he will do better for a month or
two without any corn at all ; and during that time he will have
recovered from the inflammatory condition of the system wdiich
high feeding inevitably produces. Tlie blistering, firing, or
other remedies, have now done their work, and the legs are re-
duced in size, with all their old lumps and bumps almost entirely
gone. This will be accomplished by the end of July, or some-
times, when the legs are very stale, a month later ; until which
time the corn is still forbidden, or only given in small quanti-
ties, and the whole attention is turned to the removal of the
effects of the thorns and battering bloM^s which the legs and feet
have sustained during the previous season. But it is by this

SUMMERING HORSES. 475

time necessary to begin to restore the corn, and to leave off par-
tially or entirely the green food. By the end of August, at
latest, hay should form the principal kind of fodder, with two
feeds of oats, or thereabouts, according to the fleshiness of the
horse. If he is much wasted, more must be given, and if the re-
verse, one feed a day will be enough. The shoes may now be
tacked on, and the horse walked out regularly every morning
on the grass for an hour or two. In the middle of September
the training for the hunting season begins, and at that time the
summering may be considered at an end. Water should be
constantly supplied during the whole summer in the box, so
that the horse may drink when thirsty. The coat is left entirely
undressed. Physic will be required two or three times, or
oftener if the stomach is much upset by the long-continued work
and fasts of the previous winter. Nothing tries the constitution
of the horse more than these long fasts, which are not suited to
his small stomach ; this, from its size, requires to be replenished
every four hours at most, yet it is often six, eight, or ten before
the tired hunter gets even a bucket of gruel, and no wonder,
then, that he requires a fortnight to come round for a similar
day's work. Condition balls, &c., &c.j will rarely be required ;
but sometimes, in spite of all the green food and other adjuncts,
the stomach remains obstinately out of order, and the food seems
to do no good. Here a stimulus or stomachic is required, and a
warm cordial stomach-ball, once or twice a week, will be of great
service. See Diseases of the Horse.

EDITOKIAL NOTES.

' (P. 440.) We are satisfied that the curry-comb is one of the most cruel and
barbarous instrtiments ever used in cleaning the horse. The horse's skin is
more sensitive than man's, and in proof of this spirits of turpentine applied to
the horse's skin will blister, while applied to man's it is comparatively harm-
less. Still this cruel instrument is applied withoat stint to the horse's coat, to
the great pain of the horse, and often to the destruction of his temper.

KIDING, DEIYING, AND EOAD MANAGEMENT.

It cannot be expected that a novice can be instructed by any
written rules, how to become a practical rider and driver, any
more than he can how to sail a boat, or to kill double shots, to
a certainty, on the wing.

The mere skill in managing and controlling the animals,
under the saddle, or before a vehicle of any kind, can be ac-
quired only by beginning young, under good instructors, and
persevering attentively until habit and experience have become
second nature.

Even thus, there are some men so constituted, that, whether
from constitutional nervousness and timidity, want of temper,
tact, judgment, or of the peculiar talent which enables others
at once to acquire command over the fears and affections of
animals, they can never, either in the saddle or on the driving
box, become more than the most moderate performers, awk-
ward in manner and appearance, alike, ungraceful, and, to a
great extent, inapt to the task they have undertaken.

Others, again, have a faculty, or gain a jDower from the
first, so easily that it seems like instinct, which they never lose,
even by desuetude or neglect, and which, one might almost
say, constitutes them at once horsemen, so soon as they come
in contact with a horse.

In some sort, genius of a particular kind is necessary to
the attainment of great excellence in this, as in many other
arts ; and a man, to be a pre-eminent rider, or a first-rate whip,
as to be a poet, a musician, a crack-shot, or a general, must be
born such, first, and, then be led on step by step, db ovo.

KOAD MANAGEMENT. 477

"Wliat I have thought it advisable to say, myself, or to com-
pile from the works of others in relation to riding, has been
given under the heads of Breaking, of Baucher's Horseman-
ship, &c., and will, I believe, be found to contain all that is
needed on the subject. In regard, however, to driving, nothing
similar can be written or taught; and though I might tell a man
how to hold his reins, on which side to mount his driving seat,
and on which hand to take his place, all would be to no effect ;
and it may be said in a few words, that there is no way of learn-
ing to become an excellent driver, except by sitting, often,
alongside of a first-rate whip, listening to his instructions, and
watching his manipulation of both whip and ribbons for many a
day before attempting to assume either, and, when that is done,
by working patiently under his instructions, until such time as
he shall pronounce his pupil capable to go alone.

In no other pursuit is it so necessary for one to learn how to
stand, before he can go, and to go before he can run, as it is in
driving.

With regard, however, to management on the road, some
advice may be given, which will be advantageous to all novices,
and to many of those, even, who consider themselves horsemen,
and whips of no common standing.

It is so common, that no person who has seen much of trav-
elling on roads, either in the saddle or in vehicles, can fail to
observe it, that one man will get his hackney, his wagon-horse,
or his team, over his ground, to any given distance, at a rapid
rate of travelling, say ten or twelve miles an hour, without dis-
tressing him, or them, at all ; while another, at an inferior pace,
will have his animals worn out before half the distance is ac-
complished.

This arises from several causes ; the possession by the one
of judgment of pace, judgment of ground, quick perception of
the manner of his horse's or his team's working, sufficient skill
in driving his horses to avoid worrying them, and, if he be
using two, or four, to make all work evenly and alike ; keeping
the slow and lazy animal well up to his collar, and the willing,
eager animal, hard on his bit ; add to this, the knowledge how
to nurse, comfort and care for a horse on the road, and we have
all that is necessary to constitute a good horse-master.

478 THE HOESE.

Tlie first thing towards accomplisliing a journey well, and
m good style and good time, is to start well ; and, in order to
do that, the horse or horses to be used, being presupposed to
be in good condition, should have been fed and watered long
enough before the hour of starting to have digested their food ;
that is to say, to have passed it from the stomach into the intes-
tines, so that there shall be no danger of foundering the horse,
or breaking his wind, by driving him when he is in nowise fit
to be driven.

"When this is all right, it is still advisable that the driver
should, on first taking his horses in hand, let them jog along
gently foi- the first mile and a half of their journey, and he will
generally see the animals clearing their bowels and throwing
off the digested remains of the last meal ; by tlie appearance
and consistence of which he will readily judge of the fitness
of his horse, or team, for the work, which he or they, has, or
have to perform.

While on the road, the first thing and ' the most necessary to
inculcate, because generally unknown or misunderstood, is that,
next to a continual ascent, the hardest road on which horses
can possibly travel, is a long dead level — for the reasons, first,
that there is a necessity for a constant pressure into the collar,
in order to keep the traces tight and the vehicle in motion,
since the friction will prevent the best running carriage, that
can be built, from following ; and second — this being applicable
as much to working under the saddle as to going in harness —
that the same set of muscles are kept continually at work, in-
stead of one set being relieved by another, which is brought
into play alternately in the ascent and descent of hills.

There having been a long standing dispute on this question,
it was solved, some years since, by the ofiicers of one of her
Majesty's regiments, quartered at Fredericton, New Brunswick,
who instituted a series of experiments with a number of horses,
on two tracks, each of fifty measured miles, one on the road
covered with snow, imdulating over hill and dale, parallel to the
river St. Johns, and the other on the snow-covered, icy surface
of the river itself ; in which trials, it was found that the horses,
which had proved theinselves victorious on the road, were in-
variably beaten on the river, by the very animals which had

KOAD DRIVING. 479

failed against tliem witli the circumstances reversed — and, that,
bj such considerable distances, and witli such case, as showed
the cause to he indisputably tlie nature of the surface,

Tliere is more reason for dwelling on this point, because it
is exactly the reverse of what is generally believed to be the
case, by tyros ; and because nothing so common as to hear it
said — " Oh ! here is a nice stretch of ten or twelve miles, on a
dead level ; now is the time to make play " — and to see the
string administered, and the horses put along at a spanking
pace, over ground which is only less severe than a direct, up-
hill dead-pull.

On a gently rolling road, by letting the horses go down the
descent at a good fair trot, wdth their traces loose, a little faster
than it is necessary in order to keep them well ahead of the
carriage, the latter will have gained such an impetus that it will
follow them over the bottom and up the first part of the next
ascent, by its own previously acquired velocity ; and up to, and
even over, the top, by the mere tightening of the traces, with-
out any thing like a hard collar-pull.

This is the way in which a good whip, by merely holding
his horses sufficiently in hand to prevent their breaking away
with him, or coming down in consequence of treading on a
rolling stone, will get over a country with just one-half the
distress which will be inflicted by another on his horses, who,
seeming to be more steady and more cautious, by making his
team hold back the carriage, when there is no occasion to do so,
will give them the unnecessary double labor, first of holding
back the descending, and then dragging forward the ascending,
load, by dint of direct expenditure of animal power, when, if
left alone, the same result would have been reached by almost
natural causes.

In regard to watering horses, again, a great error is con-
stantly made, in two ways — first, in letting a horse become
partially cool, just enough to be half shivering, before giving it
the pail, and then in allowing it to drink a bucket, or even two
buckets full, at a draught.

Unless W'ater is intensely cold and fresh from a very deep
well, there is no danger in allowing a horse to take a few swal
lows, while he is in a glow of heat ; provided that he is put in

480 THE HOESE.

motion again immediately after taking them ; unless lie be
exhausted, and in a state of collapse, when cold water is almost
certainly fatal ; and when that which he requires is a drench
of sherry, or of ale with a dash of spirits in it.

Once in ten or twelve miles, a horse travelling fast, say from
eight to twelve miles an hour, ought to be watered, with from
one to two quarts of water. And it is an excellent plan to put
in a couple of stable spoonsful of salt and a handful of oatmeal
or Indian meal. K very thirsty, any horse will readily drink
this ; but it is highly advisable to accustom them to it, as they
will soon come to drink it in the form of thick gruel ; by doing
which, while apparently quenching their thirst only, they will
take in a very considerable supply of nutriment, enabling them
in some measure to dispense with a portion of their solid sus-
tenance.

As the time of the mid-day halt, at which it is intended to
feed, approaches, it is highly desirable to slacken and moderate
the pace, when the latter end of the last stage is attained, so as
to bring the team in reasonably cool, or, at all events, not
reekins with sweat. Should the latter be their condition, it is
absolutely and invariably necessary — in any case it is particu-
larly advisable — to remove the harness at once, and to cause the
horse or horses to be walked to and fro gently in the shade,
where there may happen to be some slight motion of the air ;
but any place in which there is a thorough draft, or a strong
cold breeze blowing, is to be avoided as actually dangerous. It
is hardly necessary, I presume, to add, that the practice, too
often resorted to by ignorant hostlers and helpers, in country
tavern stables especially, of riding hot and weary horses, just as
they come off a stage or journey, into a cold pond or river, up
to their bellies, under the impression that they are washing off
the dirt and sweat, is, in the last degree, prejudicial and dan-
gerous.

"When the horses are cool, they may be moderately watered,
and led into the stable ; where, if dry already, they should be
currycombed and nicely wisped, and their legs brushed and
hand-rubbed. If still wet, they should be rubbed till perfectly
dry, and then, being slightly dressed, should be clothed accord-
ing to the season, and fed according to their habit and capacity.

FEEDING ON THE ROAD. 481

I have found a four-quart feed of old oats, with the addition of
one quart of old Indian corn, an excellent noon feed for horses
on hard work. At least half an hour should elapse after the
horses have finished their feed, before they are again put to
their work ; and when they are on the road again, they should
be driven moderately for the first live or six miles — if for the
first hour, so much the better.

The time aj^parently so lost, is in reality gained, as the
driver will perceive before he reaches the end of his journey,
especially if it be one of many days' continuance. The same
may be said of the duration of the noon halt, for feeding. It
should never be less than an hour and a half; and if it be of
two hours, so much the better. The risk is great of producing
founder, if horses be full fed when hot and weary, and nearly as
great of breaking their wmds, if they be driven too soon after
feeding, before their stomachs are empty.

If horses refuse their feed, it is a bad sign. Sometimes,
especially if they be old travellers, and up to the tricks of the
road, they may be cheated into eating up their oats by harness-
ing and bridling them, omitting only to put the bits in their
mouths, as if to prepare for an immediate start ; when, fearing
to lose the end of their meal, they will often eat up, in a few
minutes, a feed which they may have been tossing about, as if
unworthy of their notice, in their mangers, for a couple of
hours.

Delicate feeders and nervous horses will often be beguiled
into eating thrice as much, by throwing only a few handfuls of
oats into the manger at a time, and renewing it as fast as con-
sumed, as they would do if a large quantity of food were heap-
ed before them at once, which seems to disgust them and to
cloy their appetites.

They can sometimes be induced, again, to eat by throwing a
handful of salt into the oats, or by mostening them. If the lat-
ter plan be found successful, it is well to do it with a glass of
ale instead of water, as it adds to the nutriment of the feed, and
is generally grateful to the horse.

Most horses w^ill drink ale, or porter, readily from the first.
If not, they should be regularly educated to do so ; for, at times,
it is a most valuable quality in a horse to take it ; as it is a
Vol. IL— 31

483 THE HOKSE.

valuable remedy, in many sudden diseases, colics, sudden chills.
&c. ; and is, at all events, an admirable plan for giving a stimu-
lus in times of exhaustion and distress, whether from over work,
or accident.

I have seen many horses which would greedily eat up a loaf
of rye bread, or coarse brown bread — Graham's bread, as it is
called with us — thrown into a bucket, with half a gallon of ale,
or a couple of bottles of brown stout, poured over it, when they
would not look at a feed of oats ; and the nourishment being
double in the former, the gain of having a horse which can be so
fed on occasion, is immense.

The same system of watering may be followed in the after-
noon, as in the morning ; until the inn is reached where the
night is to be spent.

There, the horses must be thoroughly cleaned, rubbed down,
and honestly worked at, until they are not only perfectly clean,
dry, and comfortable, but until their skins are in a glow, and
their coats as fine as' silk. Their legs and feet, especially, must
be perfectly cleaned, and, above all, thoroughly dried ; any neg-
lect of the last point brings the certainty of grease, cracked heels,
and what in America is called the scratches.

I have found it an excellent way, both as saving much time
and labor, and as — which is more to the point — rendering the
horse more speedily comfortable, to plunge his legs, after wisp-
ing off the dry mud, instantly into a bucket of water as warm
as the hand will comfortably bear it ; to brush oif all the dirt
with a harsh whalebone brush ; to hand-rub them sufficiently to
squeeze out the redundant moisture, and then to bandage them
closely and tightly, from the fetlock joint upward to the hock
or knee, with thick flannel rollers, which should be left on until
the following morning ; when, on their removal, the legs will be
found as clear and as clean, besides being cool, comfortable,
and free from fever, as those of a two-year-old.

When the horses are clean, dry, clothed, their beds well lit-
tered, and themselves made comfortable for the night, they
should be watered, their racks supplied with, not to exceed,
according to my idea, eight pounds of good, sweet, old hay, and
from six to eight quarts of oats.

They should not be disturbed during the night ; but, at least

CONDITION BALLS. 483

two hours before it is time to start, they should be watered,
dressed, and fed with from four to six quarts of oats, and tlie
less hay the better ; I sliould say a few mouthfuls only after
the water.

If horses happen to be much exhausted in the evening, a hot
mash of bran and oats is a sovereign remedy ; and if prepared
with ale instead of water, so much the better.

Wliere, in addition to exhaustion, from hot weather and hard
driving, horses have been exposed to the danger of taking cold,
from being drenched by a sudden storm of rain or hail, while
heated, as will sometimes occur even in summer time, when
among the hills, a cordial ball may be given with good effect.

Subjoined is an excellent formula.

1. R. Ground ginger . . . . . 1 dr.

Gentian . . . . . 1 dr.

Flour 6 drs.

Essential oil of cloves ... 6 drops.

2. E. Carraway seed powdered . . .6 drs.

Camphor . . . . . 1 dr.

Ginger 1 dr.

Oil of cinnamon .... 6 drops.

One clove of garlic bruised.
Add molasses, or honey, enough to form a ball.
The latter of these I consider the better formula. It must be
borne in mind, however, that in order to be of service, the cor •
dial must be given as soon as possible after the occurrence of
the casualty, from which the evil result is expected. If cold be
taken already, and fever have begun, when the cordial is ex-
hibited, the consequences must be evil, may be fatal.

If horses do not take to ale readily, a few tea-spoonfuls of
sugar, mixed with it, will soon induce them to swallow it,
greedily enough.

By following, precisely, the above plan of driving, while on
the road, of timing my halts, watering and baiting stoppages,
and regulating my feeding and dressing, I have driven horses
many thousand miles in the course of my life, and never have
lost one, by any accident, on a journey, arising from over-
driving, over-heating, over feeding, or the reverse, in all the
time.

484 THE HOESE.

On one occasion, in the extremely hot summer of 1838, I
drove a pair of horses, before a sporting wagon, which, loaded,
with myself, my friend, my servant and a brace of setters in-
cluded, weighed something over seventeen hundred weight,
from the city of New York, to Niagara Falls and back, includ-
ing excursions to shoot, and deviations from the route. We
were forty-one days on the road, and averaged forty-seven miles
a day, the horses not standing still, or resting, a single day ;
and, on the last day, having slept at Newbui'gh, we crossed the
river to Fishkill landing, and thence by Fishkill village drove to
the city, which we reached at ten o'clock in the evening, neither
of the horses having been off their feed, or out of spirits for an
hour, during the whole journey, and both being fatter and bet-
ter— not to speak of their being in their hardest possible condi-
tion, and fit for any amount of work — than they were when we
set out.

I feel, therefore, more than a little confidence in recom-
mending, to my friendly I'eaders, the foregoing few, brief hints,
as equal to any for the keeping horses in health and condition,
during a journey, by a simple and easy system of road manage-
ment.

TREATISE ON HORSE-SHOEING.

The following simply written and unpretending essay on horse-
shoeing, by William Miles, Esq., is so infinitely superior in all
respects to every thing I have yet seen on the subject, that I
have eagerly availed myself of the opportunity of embodying
it in my work.

His plan of shoeing is indisputably correct, founded on
scientific principles, and proved by experience. Tliere is no
part of his instructions and conclusions which are not of great
value ; but the method he advises of securing the shoe by five
nails only, so as to admit of the contraction and expansion of
the hoof, impresses me most favorably of all.

His language is so simple, his advice so lucidly expressed,
and his explanatory cuts so plain, that the commonest country
blacksmith, if he choose to discard obstinate and groundless
prejudice, can work by them with certainty of success.

When it is considered how much of foot lameness is due to
ignorant shoeing, the full importance of the subject cannot be
questioned.

I will only add, that I have neither presumed to insert nor
to erase a word ; and that, without a note or comment, I sub-
mit this system of Mr. Miles to my readers, as the best possi-
ble, and urge its adoption on all my friends, who are also friends
of the horse ; —

" Horse-shoeing. — It has been suggested to me, by several
correspondents, that a plain, practical treatise on horse-shoeing,
divested of all other matters, connected with the soundness of the

486 ■ THE HOKSE.

horse's foot, would be very acceptable to manj working smiths,
who have neither the time nor the inclination to wade through
a work where what they want to find is mixed up with other
matters, which do not bear upon their vocation. To the pro-
duction of such a treatise I now set myself, in the hope that,
however much I may fall short of my wishes, I may still in
some degree supply a want which has long been felt by many.
The books at present in use are written in a style that most
smiths find it difficult to follow ; my aim, therefore, shall be to
convey the information I have to offer in the simplest language
I can command, and such as the least-informed among them are
familiar with,- But, before I enter upon the subject of shoeing,
I must notice two things, which we must not only believe, but
act upon, if we ever hope to arrive at really good shoeing; the
first is, that nature has given to what horsemen call a good-
shaped foot, the form best suited to the horse's wants ; and the
second is, that the hoof expands when the horse's weight is
thrown upon it, and contracts when it is taken off again. But
the mere belief in these things will be of no use, unless we
make the shoe to fit the foot, and nail it on in such a manner as
will allow the hoof to expand and contract ; for we might as
well not believe at all, as Relieve a thing to be riglit, and not
do it.

Nailing an iron shoe to a living horse's foot is a very unnatu-
ral thing to do ; but, as it nmst be done, it is our duty to see
how we can do it with the least injury to the horse. To show
this, I will suppose myself addressing a young smith, who is
about to shoe his first horse.

Peeparing the Foot. — You must begin by taking off one of
the old shoes, and I may say one, because the other should al-
ways be left on, for the horse to stand upon ; he is sure to stand
quieter upon a shod foot than he can upon a bare one ; and it
will prevent his breaking the crust. Raise every one of the
clenches with the buffer, and, if the shoe will not then come
off easily, loosen some of the nails with the punch ; but never
tear the shoe off by main force ; it splits the crust and widens
the nail-holes. The shoe being oft", you should rasp the edge
of the hoof all around, and take out any stubs that may be left
in the crust. Tlien you must pare out the foot ; and this re

PREPARING THE FOOT. 487

quires both care and thought. If the liorse has a strong, up-
right foot, with plenty of liorn, you shonkl sliorteii tlie toe,
lower the heels and crust, and cut out tlic dead lioi-ii fn.m tlu;
sole, and also from the corners between the lieels and the l)ars ;
the best way of doing this is to pare the bars down nearly even
with the sole, and then you can get at the dead horn in the cor-
ners more easily. The part of the bar which stands up above
the sole would have been worn away, or broken down, if the
shoe had not kept the hoof off the ground ; therefore you had
better always pare it down, but on no account ever cut any
thing away from the sides of the bars, or what is called " open
out the heels ; " and be sure that you never tough the frog with
a knife. Now remember that there are three things which you
must never do in paring out a foot ; you must never cut the
sides of the bars, or open out the heels, or pare the frog ; and I
will tell you why you must never do them.

The bars are placed where they are, to keep the heels from
closing in upon the frog ; and if you trim them by cutting their
sides, you weaken them, and they can no longer do it, and the
foot begins to contract.

Opening out the heels does exactly the same thing, by
weakening the very parts which nature placed there to keep
the heels apart. Wow it takes some time to contract a hoj-se's
foot so as to lame him, and, because the contraction comes on
by slow degrees, no one notices it, until the horse falls lame,
and then every one wonders what can have done it ; but very
few hit upon the right cause.

The frog is a thick, springy cushion, whose chief use is to
protect a very important joint, called the navicular joint, and
it is covered by a thin layer of horn, to keep in the moisture ;
and every time you slice off any of the frog, you lay bare a
part that was never meant to be exposed to the air, and it
dries, and cracks, and forms rags, which are cut off at every
fresh shoeing, until the whole frog becomes as dry and hard
as a board ; and the horse gets an incurable disease, called
" navicular disease ; " therefore I say, leave the frog alone ; it
will never grow too large, for, long before that would happen,
the outer covering will shell off, and a new horny covering will

488

THE HORSE.

be found imderneatli ; and as to the rags, leave them alone
also, and they will fall oif of themselves.

A weak, flat foot will bare very little paring or rasping ; the
crust of such a foot is sure to be thin at the toe, low at the
heels, and the sole thin and weak ; therefore, the less you do to
it the better, beyond getting rid of the little dead horn there
may be, and making the crust level where it is to bear upon the
shoe ; this must be done to all feet, and, as the inner quarter,
where there should be no nails, does not wear away as fast as
the outer quarter, where the nails are driven, you should al-
ways place a rasp upon its edge across the foot, to be quite sure
that the two sides are level. I have known shoes lost from the
inside quarter being higher than the outside, and causing the
foot to bear unevenly on the shoe.

Before you pare out a foot, you should always think of the
state of the roads ; and if they are dry, and covered with loose
stones, or have been lately repaired, you should take very little
off the sole of any foot, because, if you thin it, the stones will
bruise it ; but when the season is wet, and the stones worn in,
you may pare out the sole of a strong foot until it will yield, to
hard pressure from your thumbs ; but you must never pare it
thin enough to yield to light pressure.

Figure 1. TI16 annexed cut

shows a good-shap-
ed near fore foot,
pared out ready for
shoeing. I have
introduced letters
against the differ-
ent parts. The toe
" reaches from A to
A, the letter B
shows the middle
of each quarter,
and C marks the
heels. You will
observe that the
crust is thicker on
the outer quarter,

TUE SHOE.

489

where the nails should be, than it is on the inner quarter, where a
nail must never he driven ; and you will also see that the hoof
is not a circle, as some suppose, but is straighter on the inside
than it is on the outside. D marks the sole ; E shows the up-
per part of the bars, pared down nearly level with the sole. F
shows that part of the bars which must never be touched by a
knife; G marks the frog, and is placed just over the situation
of the navicular joint. I would tjidvise you to examine this
frog well, because it is what every horse's frog should look
like, — plump, and full, and even, with a broad, shallow cleft,
not split through at the back part ; and, if you shoe your horses
properly, and never pare the frog, it is what their frogs will
come to in time.

The Shoe. — Before I talk about the shoe, I must settle
names for the upper and under surfaces ; because I fear I should
mislead those who are not smiths, if I call the part that rests
upon the ground " the upper surface," as smiths do ; I shall
therefore call that part of the shoe " the ground surface ; " and
the part which goes next the foot I shall call " the foot surface ; "
and then there can be no mistake as to which surface I mean.

In turning your store shoes " in the rough," you should leave
them longer at the heels than smiths generally do ; we shall see
the reason for it when we come to " fitting the shoe ; " and you
should make the web as wide at the heels as it is
at the toe, and of the same thickness throughout
from the toe back to the heels. The "fuller"
should be carried quite round the shoe to the
heels, and the fullering-iron should have both
sides alike. It is a far better tool than the one-
sided iron in common use, which is generally so
narrow and sharp that it not only makes the
groove too small for the heads of the nails to sink
into, but it often splits the shoe. A narrow
groove may look neater than a wide one ; but you
will find a wide one much more useful.

Choosing a Shoe. — The first thing to look to
in choosing a shoe is the kind of foot you have to
deal with. If the foot is a strong, good-shaped
one, it will be an easy matter to find a shoe for

Figure A.

490

THE HORSE.

Figare B.

it ; only take care that the web is not too narrow, and that the
shoe is not too light. A light shoe is apt to bend before it is
half worn out ; and the pain caused by the pressure of the bent
nails against the tender lining of the hoof throws the horse
down, and most likely breaks his knees. If the foot should be
flat, with a weak, brittle crust, you must still
choose a stout shoe ; for a horse with such a foot
could not go at all upon a bent shoe ; and the shoe
must have a wide web, because the sole is sure to
be thin and will need plenty of cover to protect
it.

You must also look to the seating ; for, if the
foot is weak and flat, the shoe miist be well seated
out, to prevent its pressing upon and bruising the
sole ; but if the foot is strong, and the sole arched,
there need not be more seatmg than will allow
the point of a picker to pass freely round between
the sole and the shoe; otherwise dirt and small
stones will get in, and bruise the sole as much as
the shoe would do if it pressed upon it.

Cutting, off the Heels. — Having fixed upon
a shoe to your mind, begin by cutting ofl" the
will find a half-round cliisel a better tool
for the purpose than a
B straight one, because you
should never cut them off
A square ; if you do, you
will find it impossible to
fit the shoe properly to
the heels, and at the same
time keep the web as wide
at the heels as it is at the
toe ; for one of the corners
of the shoe will be stick-
into the frog, wliile the
other stands out beyond
the crust ; but if you cut
them ofi^ as shown in fig-
ure 2, you will have no difficulty in bringing every part of the

heels ; and

CUTTING OFF THE IIEEL8.

491

Figure 8.

slioe into its proper place upon tlic foot. Figure 2 is a shoe
turned in the rough ; and the dotted lines show the direction in
which the heels should be cut off. The side next the frog
should be cut off from C
to B, and the outer cor-
ner from A to B, and then
the shoe will look like
figure 3, which, with a
little hammering over the
beak of the anvil, will
soon come like figure 4 ;

you will see that the
points, marked A in fig-
ure 3, have disappeared
in figure 4, and that the
parts between A and B
on each side have become
a portion of the outer rim

of the shoe, whereby the outer rim is lengthened, and the
inner rim shortened; and there are no corners left to inter-
fere with your following
the sweep of the heels, '^'^^

and you are enabled to
keep the web as wide at
the heels as it is at the toe.
I have introduced figure 4
in this place, because it
gave me the opportunity
of explaining the reason
for cutting off the heels as
I have directed ; but at
this stage of the business
it is a good plan always to
leave the quarters and
heels rather straight, and
wide apart, until you have fitted the toe ; because it is less
trouble to bring them in than it is to open them out after the
front has been fitted.

The Nail-Holes. — You must next open the nail-holes ; but

492 THE HORSE.

he sure that they have been stamped so as to pass straight
through the shoe, and come out in the flat part of the web, and
not partly in the flat and partly in the seating. It is a very
bad plan to make them slant inwards, as most smiths do ; for in
driving a nail they have first to pitch the point inwards, then
turn it outwards, driving it all the time with the grain of the
crust, and at last they bring it out high up in the thinnest part
of the hoof, and have the weakest part of the nail for a clinch.
Now, instead of all this, if you make the holes straight through
the shoe, you have only to drive the nail straight, and it will
go through the shoe across the grain of the crust and come out
low down in the thickest part of the hoof, and give you a strong
clinch made out of the shank of the nail instead of a weak one
made out of the point. The advantage of straight holing is that
you are sure never to prick the foot in driving a nail, and you
get a firmer hold for the shoe. Everybody knows that a short
purchase across the line of the strain is stronger than a longer
one in the direction of the strain.

The soundness of the horse's foot, as far as shoeing is con-
cerned, depends more upon the number of nails and where they
are placed than upon any thing else ; for if the sho'e is ever so
badly formed, and the nail-holes are rightly placed, very little
harm will happen to the foot beyond the loss of a shoe ; but if
the shoe is of the best possible shape, and fitted to the foot in
the most perfect manner, unless the nail-holes are placed so that
the foot can expand, it must in the end become unsound.

The portion of hoof that expands the most is the inner quar-
ter and heel. You must therefore leave those parts free from
nails ; and the way to do it is never to stamp more than two
holes on the inside of the shoe, one about an inch and a quarter
from the centre of the toe, and the other about three-quarters of
an inch behind it. It is quite clear that, if you nail both sides
of a horse's hoof to an iron shoe, the hoof will be held fast, and
cannot expand ; and, when the horse's weight forces the bones
of the foot down into the hoof, the tender lining of the hoof
will be squeezed against the shanks of the nails, and cause pain
to the horse at every step he takes. The whole number of nail
holes should never exceed five ; three on the outside, and two
on the inside. I have proved, over and over again, that five

FITTING THE SHOE. 493

nails will hold on a fore-shoe at any kind of work, in any conn-
try and at any pace. If a shoe is properly fitted to the foot,
and fastened by five nails, nothing bnt the smith's pincers can
get it off.

Having cut off the heels and opened the nail-holes, you must
next turn up a clip at the toe. Every shoe should have one at
the toe ; it keeps the shoe steady, and prevents its being forced
back. But you never should put one at the side ; for if it is
put on the inside, it prevents the hoof expanding ; and on the
outside it is worse than useless, for the nails there are quite suf-
ficient to keep the shoe from working across the foot, and the
clip will interfere with the placing of one of the nails, and de-
stroy more of the crust than two nails would do.

Fitting the Shoe. — You must never forget that " fitting the
shoe " means making the shoe fit the foot, and not making the
foot fit the shoe, as I have often seen done.

It is a bad plan to try to fit the whole of the shoe at once ;
it is much better and saves a great deal of trouble to fit the toe
first, then the quarters, and lastly the heels ; but, before you
begin to fit the toe, take a look at the old shoe, and see how
much of the toe of it is worn away, because just so much of the
new shoe should be turned away from the ground out of the line
of wear.

We all know that horses go better and stumble less in old
shoes than they do in new ones ; and the reason why they do so
is because they have worn away the toe, and no longer jar the
foot by striking the toe against hard substances in the road. A
new shoe turned up at the toe is the same thing to a horse as
an old one worn down, but with this great difference to his
comfort — that he is easy upon the new one from the time it is
first put on, whereas he was never easy upon the old one until
he had worn the toe away.

When a horse wears his shoe hard at the toe, it is the cus-
tom of most smiths to weld a lump of steel on to it, to make
liim longer in wearing it away ; but this only increases the jar to
his foot, while turning up the toe makes the shoe last quite as
long, and saves the horse from a great deal of unnecessary suf-
fering. A strong foot will bear the toe to be turned up a good
deal ; but a flat foot is always weak at the toe ; and will not

494

THE HOKSE.

bear mucli. Still, the shoe should be turned up a little, so as
to clear the ground; the horse will travel safer and better
for it.

You can make a very handy tool for turning up the toe of
a shoe b}^ shutting a piece of iron, five inches long and one inch
broad, crosswise on to each blade of a pair of smith's tongs ;
with this tool you will be able to grasp both limbs of the shoe

Figure 5,

at once, and not only turn np the toe over the end of the anvil,
but restore the seating at the toe without bending the shoe or
putting it out of shape, which you could not do by holding one
limb at a time in a common tongs, without a great deal of trou-
ble. The accompanying cut, figure 5, shows you this tool^ in
use, with the ground-surface of the shoe uppermost for turning
up the toe ; and you have only to reverse it, keeping the same

FITTING THE SHOE. i\)j

grasp of the shoe, and the fuot-surftice will eome uppermost,
ready to have the seating made good.

I will now suppose that you have shortened the toe of the
hoof, rasped away the crust to receive the turned-up shoe, cut
a notch for the clip, and turned up the toe of the shoe ; you
had better next spring the heels to prevent their burning the
back part of the crust while you are fitting the shoe to the fore
part ; but you must bring them down again before you tit the
quarters and heels, and never leave them sprung when the shoe
is nailed on.

You must now put the toe of the shoe in the fire, and make
it hot enough to mark the uneven portions of horn, which
should be rasped away until an even bed is left for the shoe to
rest upon. You need not fear to burn the toe of a strong foot ;
it can do no harm ; but a weak foot with a thin crust of course
will not bear much burning. Still, the shoe should be made
hot enough to scorch the horn and show where it fails to fit
close.

When the toe is more properly fitted, there will be very
little trouble in fitting the quarters and heels. You have only
to bring them in over the beak of the anvil, until the edge of the
shoe ranges with the edge of the hoof back to the farthest point
of the heel on each side, and continue the same sweep until it
nearly touches the frog. There must be none of the shoe left
sticking out beyond the hoof, either behind or at the sides of
the heels.

I know that a great many smiths are very fond of what are
called " open-heeled shoes," which means shoes with straight
heels, wide apart, and projecting beyond the hoof, both behind
and at the sides ; and the only reason I have ever heard in fa-
vor of such shoes is a very bad one, — viz. ; that the horse re-
quires more support at the heels than he gets from the hoof.
But you may depend upon it that nature has made no mistake
about it ; and if the horse really wanted more support than lie
gets from the heels of the hoof, he would have had it. But I
think I shall prove to you that this kind of shoe, instead of be-
ing a benefit to the horse, is a positive evil to him ; it interferes
with his action, and exposes his sole and frog to serious injury
from stones in the road, and the projecting portions of the shoe

49G

THE H0E6E.

Figure 6.

become ledges for stiff ground to cling to and pull the shoe off.
More shoes are lost througli these mischievous projections at the
heels than from all other causes put together.

Let us see how it is that tliese projecting heels interfere with
the horse's action. It is not necessary
for this purpose to trouble yon with
the anatomy of the foot, but merely to
state that all its parts are joined to each
other in such a manner as to form one
great spring, and that the foot is joined
to the leg by the pastern and coronet
bones in a direction slanting forward,
which brings the foot a little in advance
of the leg, and places the heels in front
of a line dropped from the centre of
the fetlock joined to the ground.

Figure 6. — 1. Tlie shank or canon
bone. 2. The pastern bone. 3. The
coronet bone. 4. The sessamoid bone.
A. The point where the weight of the
horse would fall upon the upper end of the pastern bone. B.
The point where a line dropped from A would meet the ground.
C. The heel of the hoof.

Now, it is clear that the weight of the horse will fall upon
the upper end of this slanting pastern bone at every step ; and
the bone, having a joint at each end of it, will sink to the
weight thus thrown upon, it and break the force of the shock
both to the leg and foot ; but if the heels of the shoe are longer
than the heels of the hoof, the projecting pieces of iron will
meet the g-round farther back than the natural heels would have
done, and will check the sinking of the pastern bone, just as an
upright pastern does, by bringing the heels too much under the
centre of the weight, which causes the horse to stej) short and
go stumpy.

If you wish to avoid these evils and keep the horse's shoes
on his feet, you must bring in the heels, and let the shoe strictly
follow the form of the foot, whatever that form may be.

The part of the foot that needs protection from injury, more
than any other, is the " navicular joint," which rests upon the

FITTING THE SHOE. 497

frog about an inch or an inch and a quarter behind its point;
and the only way to protect it is to keep the web of tlic shoe as
wide at the lieels as it is at the toe, and to bring in the heels
until they nearly touch the frog. By so doing you lessen the
opening of the shoe, and the web of one side or the other will
strike upon the stones in the road and save the frog from com-
ing with full force upon them. But open-heeled shoes leave
the frog entirely exposed to very large stones, and cause many
a bruise to the navicular joint, which lays the foundation of
future incurable lameness.

I have often seen shoes so wide at the heels, that I have
placed my clenched hand within the opening of the shoe with-
out touching either side of it ; and where my fist could go a
stone as large could go.

Another great advantage of bringing in the heels and fitting
the shoe close, is the certainty that the horse will not cast his
shoe ; you leave nothing for stiff ground to lay hold of, and, if
you slightly bevel the inside quarter and heel of the shoe from
the foot downwards, no ground in the w^orld can pull it ofiT, for
the foot, expanding to the weight of the horse, enlarges the hole
made by the shoe, and leaves more space for the shoe to come-
out of than it made for itself to go in at ; but if the shoe pro-
jects beyond the hoof at any part, and more particularly at the
heels, the foot cannot fill the hole made by the shoe, and stiff
clay will cling round the projection and pull the shoe oflf.

Having so far finished the shoe, place it on the face of the
anvil with the toe hanging over the side, and see that the foot-
surface of the quarters and heels are quite level ; then make it
hot enough to scorch the hoof all round and form a bed for it-
self ; without this it would be next to impossible to ensure close
fitting ; for, after you have made the foot as level as you can
with the rasp, and the shoe as level as you can on the anvil, the
chances are very much against their fitting like two planed
boards, as they ought to do ; and the quantity of horn to be
thus removed is so small as not to be worth thinking about. It
is a mistake to suppose that a hot shoe injures the hoof; it does
nothing of the kind ; and you cannot possibly fit a shoe prop-
erly without making it hot.' I would not have you burn a
shoe into its place on the foot, before you had taken care to
Vol. IL— 33

498

THE HORSE.

Figure 7.

make both the foot and the shoe as level as you could ; but
when you have done that, the small quantity of burning that is
necessary to make them come close together can do no harm.
I have said before that a weak, thin crust will not bear as much
heat as a strong one, and that the shoe should be applied less
hot to it ; nevertheless, it must be scorched, that you may be
sure the shoe fits properly.

When you have cooled the shoe, you should "back-hole"
it, — that is, make a free opening on the foot-surface for the nails
to pass through ; but mind that in doing so you do not make
the holes incline inwards, by breaking down the inner edge of
the holes more than the outer edge.

Before you " file
up " the shoe, hold
it firmly in its
place on the foot
with both hands,
and examine care-
fully whether any
light appears be-
tween the foot and
the shoe, and if
you should per-
ceive any, alter the
shoe at once ; for
the crust must bear
upon the shoe all
round before you
can say that the
shoe fits the foot as
it ought to do.
Filing up the Shoe. — Much time is often wasted in pol-
ishing the shoe with the file before it is nailed on ; but all that
is really needed is to get rid of the burs about the nail-holes,
remove the sharp edges of the shoe, and round ofi" the heels ;
taking care to apply the file hard to that part of both heels
which comes next to the frog, so as to slant it from the ground
upward and away from the frog; but you must not narrow the
ground-surface of the web at the heels in doing so. The ac-

FILLING UP THE 8H0K.

499

companyiiig cute, figures Y and 8, represent both surfaces of a
near fore-slioe ; Fig. 7 shows the foot-surface, and Fig. 8 the
ground-surface.

In Fig. 7, A is the clip at the toe, 13 1 the outer quarter,
B 2 the inner quar-
ter, C 1 the outer
heel, C 2 the inner
heel, D the seating,
E the flat surface
for the crust to
bear upon, F the
heels bevelled oflf
away from the
frog.

In Fig. 8, A is
the toe, turned up
out of the line of
wear, B 1 the outer
and B 2 the inner
quarter, C 1 the
outer and C 2 the
inner heel, D the
ground-surface of the web, as wide at the heels as it is at the
toe, E the fullering, carried all round the shoe.

Nails. — I must say a few words about the nails before we,
come to nailing on the shoe ; because the nails in common use
are as badly formed as they well can be. Their short wedge-
shaped heads, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, witH
shanks springing suddenly from the head without any shoulderj
and ending in a long, narrow point, are most unsafe to trust a
shoe to. The head of such a nail can never perfectly fill the
hole in the shoe, for the wide top gets tied either in the fuller^-
ing, or the upper part of the hole, before the lower part has
reached the bottom, and when the head is about half worn
away, the lower part is left loose in the hole and the shoe corner
oflf. Now the nails I advise you to use — and you had better*
always make them for yourself — should have heads which are^
straight-sided at the upper part, and gradually die away into
the shank at the lower part, so as to form a shoulder which will

500

THE HOBSE.

Figure 9.

block the opening made in " back-holding " the shoe, and keep
the shoe firmly in its place until it is quite worn out.

If 5'ou compare the two nails I have drawn, you will at
once see which promises the firmer hold.

Your nails should be made of the very
best nail-rods you can get, and they should
not be cooled too quickly, but be left spread
about to cool by degrees ; the longer in rea-
son they are cooling, the tougher they will
become. They should not, however, be al-
lowed to lie in a heap to cool ; the mass keeps
in the heat too long, and makes them almost
as brittle as if they had been cooled too sud-
denly.
I m Nailing on the Shoe. — ^If the nails ai-e

Y |ji,i'' of a proper shape, the holes straight through

f "i I''''' the shoe, and the shoe fits the foot, it requires

very little skill to nail it on ; only put the
point of the nail in the middle of the hole,
keep the nail upright and drive it straight ; it
must come out in the right place, low down
in the crust, without the possibility of wounding the sensitive
parts of the foot. The shank of the nail will pass straight
through the substance of the crust and gain a good firm hold of
it, leaving you the strongest part from which to form a clinch.
The clinches should be short and broad, and not thinned by
rasping away any of their substance, but hammered at once
into a notch made in the hoof under each, and the rasp should
never be allowed to go over them after they have been ham-
mered down ; for the sharp steel rasp is very apt to cut through
the soft iron clinch just where it turns down, and leave the ap-
pearance of a clinch, when in truth it has been cut off at the
bend, and the loose end only remains buried in the notch in the
hoof. You will do good by rasping helow the clinches, because
you will remove the horn that has been destroyed by the former
nails ; but on no account ever use the rasp above the clinclies.
If you do, you will tear off the thin outer covering of the lioof,
which is placed there for the purpose of retaining the natural
moisture and keeping the horn tough ; and if you rasp it away

/

T

NAILING ON Tim SHOE.

501

you will expose the horn to the air, and it will soon become dry
and brittle, and make the hoof difficult to shoe. This thin cov-
erinff of the hoof is

,., , 1 . . Ficurc 10.

like the shining cov-
ering of a man's fin-
ger-nail ; and most
people know from
experience how dry
and brittle and easily
broken a finger-nail
becomes when by
any accident it loses
that covering.

The cuts, here-
with, Figs. 10 and
11, represent the
ground surface of a
near fore foot with
the shoe nailed on by
five nails. Fig. 10
shows the shoe in its
place on the foot, and Fig. 11 represents the same shoe made
transparent, so that the parts of the foot that are covered by it
are seen through it. A shows the crust, B the bars, and C the
heels of the hoof supported by the shoe. I have invariably
found that corns disappear altogether from a horse's foot after
it has been shod two or three times in this manner, and that
they never return while the same method of shoeing is con-
tinued.

Shoeing with Leather.' — Many tender-footed horses travel
best with a covering over the sole, and leather is commonly
used for the purpose ; but I think gutta percha a quarter of an
inch thick, or waterproof felt of the same thickness, answer
better, because they both resist wet and do not alter their shape
as leather does. When leather is wetted it becomes soft, and
heavy, and yielding; but in drying again it contracts and hard-
ens, causing a frequent change of pressure on the frog, which
does not happen with either of the other two substances. I
have used felt for the last three or four years, and prefer it very

50^

THE HOESE.

Figure 11.

much. But whichever covering you use, it must be put on in
the same way ; so I will at once tell you how to do it. You

mast tit the shoe to
the foot with as much
care as if nothing
were to be put under
it ; and when it is
"filed up," and ready
to be put on, lay it
with the foot-surface
downward on the
covering, whatever it
may be, and mark
the form of the shoe
upon it with the end
of the drawing-knife ;
then cut the j)iece
out, put it in its place
upon the shoe, and
fix them both in the
vice, which will hold
them close together, w^iile you carefully cut the edge of the
covering until it agrees with the edge of the shoe ; then turn
them in the vice together, so as to bring the heels of the shoe
uppermost, and cut out a piece slightlj^ curved downward from
heel to heel, that nothing may be left projecting for the ground
to lay hold of. The next thing to do is to smear the whole ot
the under surface of the foot well with Barbadoes tar mixed
with a little grease ; but be sure that you never use gas-tar in-
stead of the other ; for it dries up the horn and makes it as
hard as flint, while Barbadoes tar keeps it moist and tough.
Then you must fill the hollow between the frog and the crust
on both sides with oakum — which is better for the purpose than
tow — dipped in the tar, pressing it well into the hollow until
the mass rises above the level of the frog on each side ; but
never put any oakum upon the frog itself, excepting a piece in
the cleft to prevent the dirt and grit working in ; very little is
ever wanted on the sole in front of the frog. The use of the
oakum is to protect the foot, but more especially the navicular

THE HIND SHOE.

503

Fiffure 12.

joint, which lies above and across the frog, from being jarred
by stones on a liard road ; and the best way of doing this is to
fill the space on each side of the frog with oakum in such a
manner that it shall share the pressure with the frog, and pre-
vent the full force of the shock from falling on the navicular
joint.

The usual mode of stopping a foot is to place a thick wad
of tow over the whole surface of sole and frog together, making
bad worse, by adding to the projection of the frog, and causing
it to meet the ground sooner, and receive the full force of the

jar.

You must now nail on the shoe with five nails, exactly as

you would do if there
was nothing under
it ; and if you have
attended to the fit-
ting, there will be
no fear of tlie shoe
shifting or coming:
off.

The cut, Fig. 12,
shows a foot stopped,
ready for shoeing.
The ends of the oak-
um placed in the
cleft of the frog are
collected together
and carried across
the body of the frog,
to be mixed with the
oakum on one side,

which keeps it in its place in the cleft, and prevents it from
working out behind.

Fig. 13 shows a foot properly shod with leather, and also
the shape to which the leather should be cut between the heels
of the shoe.

The Hind Shoe. — The hind shoe, like the fore shoe, should
be brought in at the heels, and be made to follow the exact

504:

THE HORSE.

shape of the hoof; but, as the weight of the horse falls differ-
ently upon the hind feet to what it does upon the fore feet, and

as the rider often
^'^"''- obliges the horse to

stop suddenly and
without any warning
when he is least pre-
pared to do so, it be-
comes necessary to
guard against strains
of the hock and back-
sinews, by raising the
heels of the shoe ;
Init this should be
done in such a man-
ner as wall give both
heels an even bear-
ing upon the ground.
Calkins may be, and,
I believe, are, useful
to heavy draught-
horses, but they are objectionable for fast work; and turning
down the outside heel alone should never be done ; it throws
the weight upon the inner quarter, which is the least able to
bear it, and strains the fetlock joint. The plan I have adopted
for many years is to have the last inch and a half toward the
heel forged thicker than any other part of the shoe ; the heels
are then made red-hot, and the shoe is put in the vice with the
hot heels projecting, which are beaten down with a hammer
until they are about an inch long, and then the sides are made
even and the foot and ground-surfaces level on the anvil. I
have found horses travel pleasanter and receive less damage to
their hocks, back-sinews, and fetlock joints, with these heels to
their hind shoes, than they have with any others that I have
tried.

The toe of the hind shoe is exposed to great wear, and
should be made stout and thick, and rather pointed, with a
small clip in the middle, to prevent the shoe from being driven
backward ; and the back edge of the web should be rounded

THE HIND SHOE. 505

off, to guard against " overreach." The toe should rest fairly
on the ground, to enable the horse to get a good purchase for
throwing his weight forward. It is a bad plan to make the toe
broad, and to place clips at the side of it ; it is almost sure to
cause tbe very evil it was intended to prevent, by making the
horse '' forge," as it is called.

Many persons think that " forging " is caused by the front
of the toe of the hind shoe striking against the heel of the fore
shoe ; but that is a mistake. The sound is produced in this
way ; when the horse raises his fore foot from the ground, and
does not instantly throw it forward, but dwells in the action,
the hind foot, following quickly, is forced into the opening of
the fore shoe before the fore foot gets out of the way ; and the
corners of the broad toe, made still broader by the clips at the
sides, are struck against the inner rim of the web of the fore
shoe on each side just behind the quarters, and cause the
unpleasant clicking sound. The only way to avoid this dis-
agreeable noise is to make the hind shoe narrow at the toe,
and rather pointed, with the clip in the centre ; and then the
point of the toe, clip and all, will enter the opening of the fore
shoe held up to receive it, and be stopped by the sole or frog
before any part of the two shoes can come together, and the
noise wili cease.

I have said that you should round off the back edge of the
web at the toe to prevent an " overreach." It is commonly
supposed that this also is done by i\iQ front of the toe ; whereas,
it is always done by the hack edge, which in a well-worn shoe
you will find is as sharp as a knife. Now, if the horse in gal-
loping does not lift his fore foot from the ground, and throw it
forward in time to make way for the hind foot, the hind foot
overreaches it, and cuts a piece out of the soft parts above the
heel, and produces a very troublesome wound.

Tlie hind foot expands less than the fore foot ; still, you
should place the nail holes so as not to confine the foot. I have
found four nails on the outside and three on the inside suflicient
to hold any hind shoe firmly to the foot The holes on the in-
side should be stamped closer together than those on the out-
side, and they should be placed forward toward the toe, so as to
leave the inside quarter and heel free to expand- A small foot

506

THE HOKSE.

may be shod with three nails on each side ; but no foot requires
more than seven altogether.

The two cuts, on tins page, represent a near hind shoe. Fig.

14 shows a level sur-

Figure 15.

face for the foot to
rest upon, the raised
heels and the thick-
ened toe, with a
small clip in the cen-
tre.

Fig. 15 shows the
toe rather pointed, the back edge rounded, and the nail holes
properly placed.

Cutting. — Horses strike
their feet against the oppo-
site leg in such a variety
of ways, botli before and
behind, that it is impossi-
ble to form a shoe that
would suit every case of
" cutting." I therefore ad-
vise you, whether the horse
cuts before or behind, to
fasten something like a
boot covered thickly with
wetted pipeclay over the
place where he strikes the
leg, and then trot him along
the road ; he will soon pick
off some of the pipeclay
with the opposite foot, and show you the exact part of the shoe
he strikes with, which you can easily alter in the new shoe ; and
you will often be surprised to see how small a matter causes
the mischief.

Removing. — The time at which a horse's shoes should be
removed must depend very much upon circumstances. If a
horse wears his shoes out in less than a montli, they had better
not be removed ; and horses with thin, weak horn, which grows
slowly, are likewise better left alone between each shoeing, un-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. ,507

less their shoes last six or seven weeks, in which case they
should be removed once within the time ; but horses with
strong feet and plenty of horn, that wear their shoes a full
month, should have them removed at the end of the first fort-
night ; and when horses are doing so little work, or wear their
shoes so lightly that they last two months, they should be re-
moved every fortnight, and at the second removal the shoes
should be put in the fire and refitted, or the feet will outgrow
the. shoes ; as the horn grows much quicker when a horse is idlq
than it does when he is in full work.

Having now gone carefully through all the circumstances
necessary to good shoeing, and stated the reasons why certain
things should always be done, and certain other things never
done, I will repeat shortly the few things which ai'e to he done
in the order in which they occur ; and yon will find that they
are really very few when separated from the reasons and ex-
planations.

Raise the clinches with the bufi'er.

Have only one foot bare at a time.

Pare out the foot ; but leave the frog alone.

Cut off the heels of the shoe as I have directed.

Open the nail holes straight through the shoe.

Form a clip at the toe, and turn up the toe of the shoe.

Fit the toe, then the quarters, and lastly the heels.

Heat the shoe, and apply it to the foot to see that it fits
properly.

Cool the shoe, " back-hole " it, and file it up.

Nail it on with five nails, coming out low in the crust.

Hammer down the clinches without rasping them, and only
rasp the hoof heloio them.

General Observations. — I have said that five nails are suf-
ficient to hold on a fore shoe at any kind of work, in any coun-
try and at any pace ; and I again advise you to employ that
numbef, placing three on the outside of the shoe and two on
the inside, because I know from experience that with the very
com.monest care on the part of the smith they will hold a shoe
through any difficulty of ground or pace. But I am prepared
to prove that they are more than sufficient for the purpose, and
to show that many smiths can and do keep on a fore shoe by

508 THE HORSE.

three nails only — two placed on the outside and one on the in-
side.

It is very nearly seven years since I have had more than
three nails in the fore shoe of any one of my six horses, and
they are all shod with thick felt and stopping ; some of them do
not require the felt, but, having begun it as an experiment
some years ago, and finding no inconvenience from it, I have
gone on with it. In a former work I published several cases
of horses having done a variety of work with only three nails in
each fore shoe ; and I may now add another, which happened
to a horse of my own last year, and which ought to set the
question at rest, supposing any doubt still to exist as to the
capability of three nails to hold a shoe. Tlie horse I allude to
is twenty-eight years old ; he is a high stepper, and impetuous
in company, and has large flat feet, which grow horn very spar-
ingly, so that it is quite necessary to protect his feet by a stout
shoe with felt and stopping under it. He happens to be a
particularly nice lady's horse for one who has plenty of nerve
and can ride well ; and I lent him to join in a large riding party
of ladies and gentlemen, on a visit at a friend's house, who took
long daily rides in a yery hilly district, regardless of pace,
over commons covered with heath, furze, and stones, through
rough stony lanes, and in every variety of ground ; and, al-
though his shoes had been on ten days when I sent him away,
he returned to me at the end of five weeks with his shoes worn
out certainly, but firm on his feet, and the clinches all close.
I mention this last circumstance because it is a proof that his
shoes had been put on with proper care ; for whenever you find
a clinch rise you may be certain that you have done something
wrong ; either the crust did not bear uj^on the shoe all round,
or the nail holes did not pass straight through the slioe, or the
heads of the nails did not fill the bottom of the holes. Any
one of these things may cause a clinch to rise ; and a risen
clinch is a sure sign of careless shoeing.

I may mention, as further proof of the sufficiency of three
nails to keep on a shoe, that Colonel Key, who commands the
15th Hussars, at present stationed at Exeter, has four horses
shod with three nails only in each fore shoe. Finding how my
horses were shod, he was induced to try tlie plan upon his hack,

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 509

and felt so satisfied with the result that he immediately had the
others similarly shod, and continues to do so ; and an officer in
the Prussian Hussars, who did me the honor to translate my
book upon the Horse's Foot into German, and published it at his
own expense at Frankfort-sur-Maine, writes me that his horses
also are shod with three nails only in each fore shoe, and that
he finds no difficulty whatever in keeping their shoes on.

I think I may consider, that I have now proved beyond dis-
pute that a fore shoe can be kept on by three nails ; therefore,
he must be a sorry bungler indeed who cannot manage it with
j(^d." — Miles on Horse-Shoeing.

DISEASES OF THE HOESE.

It may be readily supposed that the animal doomed to the
manner of living which every variety of the horse experiences,
will be peculiarly exposed to numerous forms of suffering ;
every natural evil will be aggravated, and many new and formi-
dable sources of pain and death will be superadded.

Interest and humanity require that we should become ac-
quainted with the nature, and causes, and remedy of the diseases
of the horse. Only a slight sketch of them can be given here,
but sufficient perhaps to enable the owner to avoid their causes,
to recognize their existence, and to induce him, without danger-
ous delay, to apply to the proper quarter for their removal or
alleviation.

The principal diseases of the horse are connected with the
circulatory system. From the state of habitual excitement in
which the animal is kept, in order to enable him to execute his
task, the heart and the blood-vessels will often act too impet-
uously ; the vital fluid will be hurried along too rapidly, either
through the frame generally or some particular part of it, and
there will be congestion, accumulation of blood in tliat part, or
inflammation, either local or general, disturbing the functions of
some organ or of the whole frame.

Congestion. — Take a young horse on his first entrance into
the stables ; feed him somewhat highly, and what is the conse-
quence ? He has swellings of the legs, or inflammation of the
joints, or perhaps of the lungs. Take a horse that has lived

CONGESTION. 511

soniewliat above his work, and gallop liim to the top of his
speed ; his nervous system becomes highly excited — the heart
beats with fearful rapidity — the blood is pumj)cd into the lungs
faster than they can discharge it — the pulmonary vessels be-
come gorged, fatigued, and utterly powerless — the blood, arrest-
ed in its course, becomes viscid, and death speedily ensues. "We
have but one chance of saving our patient — the instantaneous
and copious abstraction of blood ; and only one means of pre-
venting the recurrence of this dangerous state ; namely, not
suffering too great an accumulation of the sanguineous fluid by
over-feeding, and by regular and systematic exercise, Avhich will
inure the circulatory vessels to prompt and efficient action
when they are suddenly called upon to exert themselves. This
is an extreme case, but the cause and the remedy are sufficiently
plain.

Again, the brain has functions of the most important nature
to discharge, and more blood flows through it than through any
other portion of the frame of equal bulk. In order to prevent
this organ from being oppressed by a too great determination of
blood to it, the vessels, although numerous, are small, and pur-
sue a very circuitous and winding course. If a horse highly fed,
and full of blood, is suddenly and sharply exercised, the course
of the blood is accelerated in every direction, and to the brain
among other parts. The vessels that ramify on its surface, or
penetrate its substance, are completely distended and gorged
with it ; perhaps they are ruptured, and the eff'nsed blood presses
upon the brain ; it presses upon the origins of the nerves, on
which sensation and motion depend, and the animal suddenly
drops powerless. A prompt and copious abstraction of blood,
or, in other words, a diminution of this pressure, can alone save
the patient. Here is the nature, the cause, and the treatment of
apoplexy.

Sometimes this disease assumes a different form. The horse
has not been performing more than his ordinary work, or per-
haps he may not have been out of the stable. He is found with
his head drooping and his vision impaired. He is staggering
about. He falls, and lies half-unconscious, or he struggles vio-
lently and dangerously. There is the same congestion of blood
m the head, the same pressure on the nervous organs, but pro-

512 THE H0K8E.

diiced by a different cause. He has been accustomed habitually
to overload his stomach, or he was, on the previous day, kept
too long without his food, and then he fell ravenously upon it,
and ate until his stomach was comjiletely distended and unable
to propel forward its accumulated contents. Thus distended, its
blood-vessels are compressed, and the circulation through them
is impeded, or altogether suspended. The blood is still forced
on by the heart, and driven in accumulated quantity to the
other organs, and to the brain among the rest ; and there con-
gestion takes place, as just described, and the animal becomes
sleepy, unconscious, and, if he is not speedily relieved, he dies.
This, too, is apoplexy ; the horseman calls it stomach staggers.
Its cause is improper feeding. The division of the hours of
labor, and the introduction of the nose-bag, have much dimin-
ished the frequency of its occurrence. The remedies are plain;
bleeding, jjhysicking, and the removal of the contents of the
stomach by means of a pump contrived for that purpose.

Congestions of other kinds occasionally present themselves.
It is no uncommon thing for the blood to loiter in the com-
plicated vessels of the liver, until the covering of that viscus has
burst, and an accumulation of coagulated black blood has pre-
sented itself. This congestion constitutes the swelled legs to
which so many horses are subject when they stand too long
idle in the stable ; and it is a source of many of the accumula-
tions of serous fluid in various parts of the body, and particu-
larly in the chest, the abdomen, and the brain.

Inflammation is opposed to congestion, as consisting in an
active state of the capillary arterial vessels ; the blood rushes
through them with far greater rapidity than in health, from
the excited state of the nervous system, by which they are
supplied.

Inflammation is either local or diffused. It may be confined
to one organ, or to a particular portion of that organ ; it may
involve many neighboring ones, or it may be spread over the
whole frame. In the latter case it assumes the name of fever.
Fever is general or constitutional inflammation, and it is said to
be sympathetic or symptomatic when it can be traced to some
local affection or cause, and idioi^athic when we cannot so trace
It. The truth probably is, that every fever has its local cause;

SPASMODIC COLIC. 513

but we have not a sufficient knowledge of the animal econom}--
to discover tliat cause.

Inflammation may be considered with reference to the mem-
branes which it attacks.

The Mucous Membranes line all the cavities that communi-
cate with the external surface of the body. There is frequent
inflammation of the membrane of the mouth. "Blain, or glysyn-
thrax, is a vesicular enlargement which runs along the side of
the tongue. Its cause is unknown. It should be lanced freely
and deeply, and some aperient medicine administered. Barbs,
or paps, are smaller enlargements, found more in the neighbor-
hood of the bridle of the tongue. They should never be touched
with any instrument ; a little cooling medicine M'ill generally
remove them. Lampas is inflammation of the palate, or enlarge-
ment of the bars of the palate. The roof of the mouth may be
slightly lanced, or a little aperient medicine administered ; but
the sensibility of the mouth should never be destroyed by the
application of the heated iron. Canker and wounds in the
mouth, from various causes, will be best remedied, by diluted
tincture of myrrh, or a weak solution of alum.

Foreign bodies in the gullet may be generally removed by
means of the probang used in the hove of cattle ; or the sesopha-
gus may be opened, and the obstructing body taken out.

It is on the mucous membranes that poisons principally
exert their influence. The yew is the most frequent vegetable
poison. Tlie horse may be saved by timely recourse to equal
parts of vinegar and water ejected into the stomach, after the
poison has been as much as possible removed by means of the
stomach pump. For arsenic or corrosive sublimate there is
rarely any antidote.

Spasmodic Colic is too frequently produced by exposure tO'
cold, the drinking of cold water, or the use of too much green
meat. The horse should be walked about, strong friction used
to the belly, and spirit of turpentine given in doses of two
ounces, with an ounce each of laudanum and spirit of niti'ous
setlier, in warm water, ale, or gruel. If the spasm is not soon
relieved, the animal should be bled, and injections of warm
water with a solution of aloes thrown up, if constipation exists.
This spasmodic action of the bowels, when long continued, is-
Vol. IL— 33

514 THE HORSE.

liable to produce introsiisception, or entanglement, of them ;
and the case is then hopeless.

SuPERPURGATioN oftcn follows the administration of a too
strong or improper dose of phj^sic. The torture which it pro-
duces will be evident by the agonized expression of the coun-
tenance, and the frequent looking at the flanks. Plenty of thin
starch or arrowroot should be given both by tlie mouth and by
injection; and, twelve hours having passed without relief being
experienced, chalk, catechu, and opium should be added to the
gruel.

"Worms in the intestines are not often productive of much
mischief, except they exist in very great quantities. Small
doses of emetic tartar or calomel, with a little ginger, may be
given to the horse half an hour before his first meal, in order to
expel the round white worm ; it must be worked off with lin-
seed oil, or aloes, and injections of linseed oil or aloes will usually
remove the ascarides, or needle-worms.

Catarrh, or cold, inflammation of the upper air-passages,
should never be long neglected. A few mashes, or a little
medicine will usually remove it. If it is neglected, and, occa-
sionally, in defiance of all treatment, it will degenerate into
other diseases. The larynx may become the principal seat of
inflammation.

Laryngitis will be shown by extreme difiiculty of breath-
ing, accompanied by a strange roaring noise, and an evident
enlargement and great tenderness of the larynx when felt ex-
ternally. The windpipe must be opened in such case, and
the best advice will be necessary. Sometimes the subdivi-
sions of the trachea, before or when it first enters the lungs, will
be the part affected, and we have bronchitis. This is character-
ized by a quick and hard breathing, and a peculiar wheezing
sound, with the coughing up of mucus. Here, too, decisive
measures must be adopted, and a skilful practitioner employed.
His assistance is equally necessary in distemper, influenza, and
epidemic catarrh, names indicating varieties of the same dis-
ease, and the product of atmospheric influence ; differing to a
certain degree in every season, but in all characterized by
intense inflammation of the mucous surfaces, and rapid and
utter prostration of strength, and in all demanding the abate-

COUGH — GLANDERS. 515

ment of that iuflanimatlon, and yet little expenditure of vital

jjower.

Cough may degenerate into inflammation of the lungs ; or

this fearful malady may be developed without a single pre-
monitory symptom, and prove fatal in twenty-four, or even in
twelve hours. It is mostly characterized by deathly coldness of
the extremities, expansion of the nostril, redness of its lining
membrane, singularly anxious countenance, constant gazing at
the flank, and an unwillingness to move. A successful treat-
ment of such a case can be founded only on the most prompt
and fearless and decisive measures ; the lancet should be freely
used. Counter-irritants should follow as soon as the violence of
the disease is in the slightest degree abated; sedatives must
succeed to them ; and fortunate will he be who often saves
his patient after all the decisive symptoms of pneumonia are
once developed.

Among the consequences of these severe afi'ections of the
lungs, are chronic cough, not always much diminishing the use-
fulness of the horse, but strangely aggravated at times by any
fresh accession of catarrh, and too often degenerating into thick
wind, which always materially interferes with the speed of the
horse, and in a great proportion of cases terminates in broken
wind. It is rare, indeed, that either of these diseases admits of
cure. That obstruction in some part of the respiratory canal,
which varies in almost every horse, and produces the peculiar
sound termed roaring, is also rarely removed. Eoaring is a
malady of such frequent occurrence and such disastrous conse-
quences that it will be found more discursively treated upon in
the concluding pages.

Glanders, the most destructive of all the diseases to which
the horse is exposed, is the consequence of breathing the atmo-
sphere of foul and vitiated stables. It is the winding up of
almost every other disease, and in every stage it is most conta-
gious. Its most prominent symptoms are a small but constant
discharge of sticky matter from the nose ; an enlargement and
induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw, on
one or both sides, and, before the termination of the disease,
chancrous inflammation of the nostril on the same side with the
enlarged gland. Its contagiousness should never be forgotten,

516 THE H0K8E.

for, if a glandered horse be once introduced into a stable, almost
every inhabitant of that stable will sooner or later become in-
fected and die.

Tlie urinary and genital organs are also lined by mucous
membranes. The horse is subject to inflammation of the kid-
neys, from eating musty oats or mow-burnt hay, from exposure
to cold, injuries of the loins, and the imprudent use of diuretics.
Bleeding, physic, and counter irritants over the regions of the
loins should be had recourse to. Diabetes, or profuse staling, is
difficult to treat. The inflammation that may exist should first
be subdued, and then opium, catechu, and the uva ursi admin-
istered. Inflammation of the bladder will be best alleviated by
mucilaginous drinks of almost any kind, linseed gruel taking
precedence of all others. Inflammation of the neck of the blad-
der, evinced by the frequent and painful discharge of small
quantities of urine, will yield only to the abstraction of blood
and the exhibition of opium. A catheter may be easily passed
into the bladder of the mare, and urine evacuated ; but it will
require a skilful veterinary surgeon to efi'ect this in the horse.
A stone in the bladder is readily detected by the practitioner,
and may be extracted with comparative ease. The sheath of
the penis is often diseased, from the presence of corrosive
mucous matter. This may easily be removed with warm soap
and water.

To the mucous membranes belong the conjunctival tunic of
the eye ; and the diseases of the eye generally may be here con-
sidered. A scabby itchiness on the edge of the eyelid may be
cm-ed by a diluted nitrated ointment of mercury. Warts should
be cut off" with the scissors, and the roots touched with lunar
caustic. Inflammation of the haw should be abated by the
employment of cooling lotions, but that useful defence of the eye
should never, if possible, be removed. Common ophthalmia will
yield as readily to cooling applications as inflammation of the
same organ in any other animal ; but there is another species of
inflammation, commencing in the same way as the first, and for
a while apparently yielding to treatment, but which changes
from eye to eye, and returns again and again, until blindness is
produced in one or both organs of vision. The most frequent
cause is hereditary predisposition. The reader cannot be too

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.' 5l7

often reminded that tlic qualities of the sire, good or bad,
descend, and scarcely changed, to his oifspring. How moon-
blindness was first produced no one knows ; but its continuance
in our stables is to be traced to this cause principally, or almost
alone ; and it pursues its course until cataract is produced, for
which there is no remedy. Gutta serena — palsy of the optic
nerve — is sometimes observed, and many have been deceived,
for the eye retains its perfect transparency. Here also medical
treatment is of no avail.

The serous membranes are of great importance. Tlie brain
and sjjinal marrow, with the origins of the nerves, are sur-
rounded by them ; so are the heart, the lungs, the intestinal
canal, and the organs whose office it is to prepare the genera-
tive fluid.

Inflammation of the Beain. — Mad staggers fall under this
division. It is inflammation of the meninges, or envelopes of
the brain, produced by over exertion, or by any of the causes of
general fever, and it is characterized by the wildest delirium.
Nothing but the most profuse blood-letting, active purgation,
and blistering the head, will aff'ord the slightest hope of success.
Tetanus, or locked-jaw, is a constant spasm of all the voluntary
muscles, and particularly those of the neck, the spine, and the
head, arising from the injury of some nervous fibril — that injury
spreading to the origin of the nerve — the brain becoming
affected, and universal and unbroken spasmodic action being
the result. Bleeding, physicking, blistering the course of the
spine, and the administration of opium in enormous doses, will
alone give any chance of cure. Epilepsy is not a frequent dis-
ease in the horse, but it seldom admits of cure. It is also very
apt to return at the most distant and uncertain intervals. Palsy
is the suspension of nervous power. It is usually confined to the
hinder limbs, and sometimes to one limb only. Bleeding, phy-
sicking, antimonial medicines, and blistering of the spine, are
most likely to produce a cure ; but they too often utterly fail of
success. Rabies, or madness, is evidently a disease of the
nervous system, and, once being developed, is altogether with-
out remedy. The utter destruction of the bitten part with
the lunar caustic, soon after the infliction of the wound, will,

518 THE H0K8E.

however, in a great majority of cases prevent that develop-
ment.

Pleurisy, or inflammation of the serous covering of the lungs
and the lining of the cavity of the chest, is generally connected
with inflammation of the substance of the lungs ; but it occa-
sionally exists independent of any state of those organs. The
pulse is in this case hard and full, instead of being oppressed ;
the extremities are not so intensely cold as in pneumonia ; the
membrane of the nose is a little reddened, and the sides are
tender. It is of importance to distinguish accurately between
the two, because in pleurisy more active purgation may be
pursued, and the effect of counter-irritants will be greater, from
their proximity to the seat of disease. Copious bleedings and
sedatives here also should be had recourse to. It is in connec-
tion with pleurisy that a serous fluid is effused in the chest, the
existence and the extent of which may be ascertained by the
practised ear, and which in many cases may be safely evac-
uated.

The heart is surrounded by a serous membrane — the peri-
cardium, that secretes a fluid, the interposition of which pre-
vents any injurious friction or concussion in the constant -action
of this organ. If this fluid 'increases to a great degree, it con-
stitutes dropsy of the heart, and the action of the heart may be
impeded or destroyed. In an early stage it is difiicult to detect,
and in every stage difiicult to cure.

The heart itself is often diseased ; it sympathizes with the
inflammatory affection of every organ, and therefore is itself
occasionally inflamed. Carditis, or inflammation of the heart,
is characterized by the strength of its pulsations, the tremor of
which can be seen, and the sound can be heard at a distance of
several yards. Speedy and copious blood-letting will afford the
only hope of cure in such a case. •

The outer coat of the stomach and intestines is composed of
a serous membrane — the peritoneum, which adds strength and
firmness to their textures, attaches and supports and confines
them in their respective places, and secretes a fluid that pre-
vents all injurious friction between them. This coat is exceed-
ingly subject to inflamuiation, which is somewhat gradual in its
api^roach. The pulse is quickened, but small ; the legs cold j

SPAVIN. 519

the belly tender ; there is constant pain, and every motion in-
creases it ; there is also rapid and great prostration of strength.
These symptoms will sufficiently characterize peritoneal inflam-
mation. Bleeding, aperient injections, and extensive counter-
irritation, will afford the only hope of cure.

The time for castration varies according to the breed and
destiny of the horse. On the farmer's colt it may be effected
when the animal is not more than four or fiive months old, and
it is comparatively seldom that a fatal case then occurs. For
other horses, much depends on their growth, and particularly
on the development of their fore-quarters. An improvement
has been effected in the old. mode of castrating, by opening the
scrotum, and the division of the cord by the knife, instead of
the heated iron.

Synovial or joint membranes are interposed between the
divisions of the bones, and frequently between the tendons, in
order to secrete a certain fluid that shall facilitate motion and
obviate friction. Occasionally the membrane is lacerated, and
the synovia escapes. This is termed open joint, and violent in-
flammation rapidly ensues. The duty of the practitioner is to
close this opening as quickly as possible. Superacetate of lead
one part, and water four parts, may be applied or injected into
the cavity, frequently with success. A great deal of inflam-
mation and engorgement are produced around the opening,
partially, if not altogether, closing it, or at least enabling the
coagulated synovia to occupy and obliterate it. Perhaps, in
order to secure the desired result, the whole of the joint should
be blistered. After this a bandage should be firmly applied,
and kept on as long as it is wanted. If there is any secondary
eruption of the synovia, the cautery must be had recourse to.

Spavin is an enlargement of the inner side of the hock. The
si:)lint-bones support the inferior layer of those of the hock, and
as they sustain a very unequal degree of concussion and weight,
the cartilaginous substance which unites them to the shank-bone
takes on inflammation. It becomes bony instead of cartilaginous ;
and the disposition to this change being set up in the part, bony
matter continues to be deposited, until a very considerable en-
largement takes place, known by the name of spavin, and there
is considerable lameness in the hock-joint. Tlie bony tumor is

520 THE HORSE.

blistered, and probably fired, but there is no diminution of the
lameness until the parts have adapted themselves, after a con-
siderable process of time, to the altered duty required of them,
and then the lameness materially diminishes, and the horse
becomes, to a considerable extent, useful. Curb is an enlarge-
ment of the back of the hock, three or four inches below its
point. It is a strain of the ligament which there binds the
tendons down in their place. The patient should be subjected
to almost absolute rest ; a blister should be applied over the back
of the tumor, and occasionally firing will be requisite to com
plete the cure. Near the fetlock, and where the tendons are
exposed to injury from pressure or friction, little bags or sac9
are placed, from which a lubricating mucous fluid constantly
escapes. In the violent tasks which the horse occasionally has
to perform, these become bruised, inflamed, enlarged and hard
ened, and are termed windgalls. They blemish the horse, but
are no cause of lameness after the inflammation has subsided,
unless they become very much enlarged. The cautery will then
be the best cure. Immediately above the hock, enlargements
of a similar nature are sometimes found, and as they project
both inwardly and outwardly, they are termed thorough-pins.
They are seldom a cause of lameness ; but they indicate great,
and perhaps injurious, exertion of the joint. On the inside of
the hock a tumor of this kind, but of a more serious nature, is
found. It is one of these enlarged mucous bags, but very deeply
seated ; and the subcutaneous vein of the hock passing over it,
the course of the blood through the vein is thus in some meas-
ure arrested, and a portion of the vessel becomes distended.
This is a serious evil, since, from the deep-seatedness of the
mucous bag, it is almost impossible to act effectually upon it.
It is termed bog or blood spavin.

The cellular tissue which fills the interstices of the various
organs, or enters into their texture, is the seat of many diseases.
From the badness of the harness, or the brutality of the attend-
ant, the poll of the horse becomes contused. Inflammation is
set up— considerable swelling ensues; an ulcerative process
soon commences, and chasms and sinuses of the most frightful
extent begin to be formed. Tlie withei's also are occasion-
ally bruised, and the same process takes place there, and

FARCY. 521

sinuses penetrate deep beneath tlie shoulder, and the bones
of the withers are frequently exposed. Tliese abscesses are
termed poll evil and fistulous withers, and in the treatment of
them the horse is often tortured to a dreadful extent. A better
mode of management has, however, been introduced ; setons
are passed through the most dependent parts ; no collection of
sanious fluid is permitted to exist, and milder stimulants are
aj^plied to the surface of the ulcer.

An abscess of a peculiar character is found between the
branches of the lower jaw in young horses. It is preceded by
some degree of fever. It is usually slow in its progress, but at
length it attains a considerable size, including the whole of the
cellular tissue in that neighborhood. There is one uniform
mass of tumefaction. This is strangles. It seems to be an effort
of nature to get rid of something that oppresses the constitution,
and the ti-eatment of it is now simple and effectual. It is
encouraged by fomentation and blisters. It is punctured as
soon as the fluctuations of a fluid within it can be fairly de-
tected ; the pus speedily escapes, and there is an end of the
matter.

Faecy. — While the arterial capillaries are engaged in build-
ing up the frame, the absorbents are employed in removing that
which is not only useless, but would be poisonous and destruc-
tive. They take wp the matter of glanders and of every ulcer-
ating surface, and they are occasionally irritated, inflamed, and
ulcerated, from the acrimonious nature of the poison which they
carry ; the absorbents are furnished with numerous valves ; the
fluid is for a while arrested b}'^ them, and there the inflammation
is greatest, and ulceration takes place. This is the history of
the farcy-cords and buds. Farcy is a highly contagious disease,
whether or not it be connected with glanders. It, however,
occasionally admits of cure, from the application of the cautery
to the buds, and the administration of the corrosive sublimate or
the sulphate of iron internally.

The skin of the horse is subject to various diseases. Large
pimples or lumps suddenly appear upon it, and, after remaining
a few days, the cuticle peels off, and a circular scaly spot is left.
This is called surfeit. The cause is obscure, but principally
referable to indigestion. A slight bleeding will always be

522 THE H0K8E.

serviceable. Physic rarely does good, but alteratives composed
of nitre, black antimony, and sulphur, will be very beneficial.
Mange is a disease of a different character ; it is the curse of the
stable into which it enters, for it will almost certainly affect every
horse. Thorough dressings with Barbadoes tar and linseed-oil,
in the proportion of one of the former to three of the latter, will
be the most effectual external application, while alteratives and
physic should be given internally. Hide-bound is a very appro-
priate term for the peculiar sticking of the hide to the ribs when
a horse is out of condition. The subcutaneous adipose matter
is all absorbed. The alterative above recommended will be very
useful here.

The legs, and the hind ones more than the fore ones, are
subject to frequent, and great, and obstinate swellings, attended
with great pain and considerable fever. It is acute inflamma-
tion of the cellular substance of the legs. Physic and diuretics,
and tonics if there is the slightest appearance of debility, are the
proper means of cure. Friction and bandages will also be use-
ful occasionally. There are two causes, diametrically opposed to
each other, which occasion the legs to swell ; an inspissated or
plethoric condition of the blood ; the other, debility of the sys-
tem. The remedy must 'deijend on the cause ; in the first case,
moderate doses of physic, combined with diuretics, according to
a formula given at the conclusion ; in the other case, tonics,
with good keep, are necessary.

Grease is an undue secretion of the fluid which was designed
to lubricate the skin of the heels ; and that secretion is also
altered in quality. The hind legs begin to swell — a fluid exudes
from the heels — the hairs of the heels become erect like so
many bristles, and the skin of the heel is hot and greasy. Soon
afterwards cracks appear across the heel ; they discharge a thick
and offensive matter, and then deepen. They spread up the leg,
and so does the tumefaction of the part. In process of time the
skin, inflamed and ulcerated, undergoes an alteration of struc-
ture ; prominences or granulations appear on it, assuming the
appearance of a collection of grapes, or the skin of a pine-apple.
They increase, and a fetid discharge appears frojn the crevices
between them.

The cause is generally neglect of the horse. He is suffered

INFLAMMATION OF THE FOOT. 523

to stand in tlie stable with his heels cold and wet, which neces-
sarily disposes them to inflammation and disease.

In the first stage of grease, bran, or turnip, or carrot poultices
will be serviceable, with moderate physic. Then astringents
must be employed ; and the best are alum or sulphate of copper
in powder, mixed with several times the quantity of bole
Armenian, and sprinkled on the sores. These should be altei-
nated every three or four days. The grapy heels are a disgrace
to the stable in which they are found, and admit not of radical
cure.

Splints are bony enlargements, generally on the inside of
the leg, arising from undue pressure on the inner splint-bone ;
and this is either caused by the natural conformation of the leg,
or violent blows on it. These excrescences will often gradually
disappear, or will yield to a simple operation, or to the apj)lica-
tion of the hydriodate of potash or blister ointment. Sprains, if
neglected, occasionally become very serious evils. Kest, warm
fomentations, poultices, or, in bad cases, blistering, are the
usual remedies. Windgalls, if they are of considerable size, or
accompanied by much infl.ammation or lameness, will find in a
blister the most eflPectual remedy. Sprains of the fetlock de-
mand prompt and severe blistering ; nothing short of this will
produce a permanent cure. Sprains of the pastern and coffin-
joints demand still more prompt and decisive treatment. If
neglected, or inefficiently managed, the neighboring ligaments
will be involved, more extensive inflammation will be set up,
and bony matter, under the name of ring-bone, will spread over
the pasterns and cartilages of the foot. Firing alone will, in the
majority of cases, be efficient here.

Inflammation of the Foot, or acute founder. — In speaking
of the structure of the foot, the laminae, or fleshy plates on the
front and sides of the coffin-bone were described. From over-
exertion, or undue exposure to cold or wet, or sudden change
from cold to heat, inflammation of these laminae is apt to occur ;
and a dreadfully painful disease it is. It is easily detected by
the heat of the feet, and the torture which is produced by the
slightest touch of the hammer. The shoe must be removed, the
sole well pared out, plentiful bleeding from the toe had recourse
to, the foot well poulticed, and cooling medicines resorted to.

524 THE HOKSE.

The bleeding should be repeated, if manifest benefit is not pro-
cured, and cloths dipped in dissolved nitre, which are colder
than the common poultice, should be substituted. After this, a
poultice around the foot and pastern should succeed. Little
food should be a'iveu, and that must consist of mashes and a cool-
mg diet.

Pumiced Feet. — ^This is one of the consequences of inflamed
feet. The sole of the foot becomes flattened, or even convex,
by the pressure of the weight above. There is no cure here, and
the only palliation of the evil is obtained from the application of
a shoe so bevelled oif from the crust that it shall not press upon
or touch the sole. This, however, is only a temporary pallia-
tion, for the sole will continue to project, and the horse will be
useless.

Contracted Feet. — By this is meant an increase in the length
of the foot, and a gradual narrowing as the heels are approach-
ed ; and, as the necessary consequence of this, a diminution of
the width of the foot, and a concavity of the sole. In point of
fact, the whole of the foot, including the coflin-bone, becomes
narrowed, and consequently elongated. This change of form is
accompanied by considerable pain ; tlie action of the horse is
altered ; there is a shortened tread, and a hesitating way of put-
ting the foot to the ground.

The frog and heel should expand when the weight of the
horse descends and is thrown upon them, but the nailing of the
shoe at the heels prevents it. Thence the pain and lameness.
Mr. Turner, of Kegent street, obviates this by a very simple
method. He puts four or five nails in the shoe on the outside,
and only two on the inside. There is then sufficient room for
the natural expansion to take place, and the foot and action of
the horse are little or not at all changed. This is an admirable
contrivance, and recourse should always be had to it.

The Navicular Joint disease. — There are many horses with
open and well-formed feet that are lame. In every motion of
the foot, there is a great deal of action between the navicular
bone and the flexor tendon which passes over it, in order to
be inserted into the navicular bone. From concussion, or
violent emotion, the membrane or the cartilage which covers
the navicular bone is bruised or abraded, the horse becomes

DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 525

lame, and often continues so for life. Tliis disease admits of
remedy to a very considerable extent ; no one, however, but
a skilful veterinary surgeon is capable of successfully under-
taking it.

Sand-crack is a division of the crust of the hoof from the
upper part of it downward. It bespeaks brittleness of the foot,
and often arises from a single false step. If the crack has not
penetrated through the horn, it must, nevertheless, be pared
fairly out, and generally a coating of j)itch should be bound
round the foot. If the crack has reached the quick, that must
be done which ought to be done in every case — a skilful surgeon
should be consulted, otherwise false quarter may ensue.

False Quarter is a division of the ligament by which the
crust is secreted. It is one of the varieties of sand-crack, and
exceedingly difficult of cure.

Tread, or over-reach, is a clumsy habit of setting one foot
upon or bruising the other. It should immediately and care-
fully be attended to, or a bad case of quittor may ensue. Fo-
mentations in the first instance, and, if much inflammation
exists, poultices, to be followed by a mild styptic ; tincture of
myrrh, or Friar's balsam, will soon effect a cure.

Quittor is the formation of little pipes between the crust and
the hoof, by means of which the purulent matter secreted from
some wound beneath the crust makes its escape. The healing
of this, and of every species of prick or wound in the sole or
crust, is often exceedingly difficult.

Corns are said to exist when the posterior part of the foot
between the external crust and the bars is unnaturally contract-
ed, and becomes inflamed. Corns are the consequence of con-
tinued and unnatural pi'essure. The cure of corns must be
attempted by removing the cause — namely, the pressure.

Thrush is the consequence of filth and unnatural pressure on
the frog. It is the cause and the effect of contraction, wliether
it is found in the heels of the fore feet or the hinder ones. It is
not difficult of cure when taken in time; but when neglected, it
often becomes a very serious matter. Cleanliness, fomentations,
dressing the part with tincture of myrrh, and frequent applica-
tions of tar, are the best remedies.

Canekk is the consequence of thrush, or, indeed, of almost

526 THE HORSE.

every disease of the foot. It is attended by a greater or less
separation of horn, which sometimes leaves the whole of the sole
bare. This also, like the diseases of the foot generally, is diffi-
cult of cure.

Few things are more neglected, and yet of greater impor-
tance to the comfort and durability of the horse, than a proper
system of shoeing. It is necessary that the foot should be de-
fended from the wear and tear of the roads ; but that very de-
fence too often entails on the animal a degree of injury and
suffering scarcely credible. The shoe is iixed to the foot, and
often interferes with and limits the beautiful functions of that
organ, and thus causes much unnecessary inflammation and
mischief.

Tlie shoe of a healthy foot should offer a pefectly flat surface
to the ground. The bearing or weight of the horse will then be
diffused over the surface of the shoe, and there will be no inju-
rious accumulation of it on different points. Too often, however,
there is a convexity towards the inner edge, which causes an
inequality of bearing, which breaks and destroys the crust, and
pinches the sensible parts. Kound the outer edge of the shoe,
and extended over two-thirds of it on the lower surface, a
groove is sunk, through -wdiich pass the nails for the fastening of
the shoe. At first they somewhat project, but they are soon
worn down to the level of the shoe, which, in the healthy foot,
should not vary in thickness from the heel to the toe.

The width of the shoe will depend on that of the foot. The
general rule is, that it should protect the sole from injury, and
be as wide at the heel as the frog will permit.

The upper surface of the shoe should be differently formed ;
it should be flat along the upper end, the outer portion sujjport-
ing the crust, or, in other words, the weight of the horse, and
widest at the heel, so as to afford expansion of the bars and the
heels. The inner portion of the shoe should be bevelled off, in
order that, in the descent of the sole, that part of the foot may
not be bruised. The owner of the horse should occasionally be
present when the shoes are removed, and lie will be too often
surprised to see how far the smith, almost wilfully, deviates from
the right construction of this apparently simple apparatus.
The bevelled shoe is a little more troublesome to make and to

PARING OF THE FOOT. 527

apply tlian that which is often used by tlie vilhi^^'e sinitli ; Ijiit
it will be the owner's fault if his directions are not implicitly
obeyed.

Even at the commencement of the operati(;n of slioeiug, the
eye of the master or the trustworthy groom will be requisite.
The shoe is often torn from the foot in a most violent and cruel
way. Scarcely half the clinches are raised, when the smith
seizes the shoe with his pincers, and forcibly wrenches it off.
The shrinking of the horse will tell how mucli lie suffers, and the
fragments of the crust will also afford sufficient proofs of the
mischief that lias been done, especially wlien it is recollected
that every nail hole is enlarged by this brutal force, and the
future safety of the shoe to a greater or less degree weakened ;
and pieces of the nail are sometimes left in the substance of the
crust, which become the cause of future mischief.

In the paring out of the foot, also, there is frequently
great mischief done. The formidable butteris is still often
found in the smithy of the country farrier, although it is ban-
ished from the practice of every respectable o])erator. A worse
evil, however, remains. By the butteris much of the sole was
injuriously removed, and the foot was occasionally weakened,
but the drawing-knife frequently left a portion of sole sufficient
to destroy the elasticity of the foot, and to lay the foundation
for contraction, corns, and permanent lameness. One object,
then, of the looker-on is to ascertain the actual state of the foot.
On the descent of the crust wdien the foot is placed on the
ground, depends the elasticity and healthy state of the foot;
and that may be satisfactorily determined by the yielding of
the sole, although to a very slight degree, when it is strongly
pressed upon with the thumb. The sole being pared out, the
crust on each side may be lowered, but never reduced to a level
with the sole ; otherwise this portion will be exposed to contin-
ual injury.

The heels often suffer considerably from the carelessness or
ignorance of the smith. Tlie weight of the horse is not thrown
equably on them, but considerably more on the inner than the
outer quarter. The consequence of this is, that the inner heel
is worn down more than the outer, and the foundation is laid
for tenderness, corns, and ulceration. The smith is too oftev

528 THE HORSE.

inattentive to this, and pares away an equal quantity of horn
from the inner and outer heel, leaving the former weaker and
lower, and less able to support the weight thrown upon it.

Mention has already been made of the use of the bars in
admitting and yet limiting to its proper extent the expansion
of the foot. The smith in the majority of the country forges,
and in too many of those that disgrace the metropolis, seems
to have waged interminable war with these portions of the foot,
and avails himself of every opportunity to pare them down, or
perfectly to destroy them, forgetting, or never having learned,
that the destruction of the bars necessarly leads to contraction,
by removing the chief impediment to it.

The horn between the crust and the bar should be well
pared out. Every one accustomed to horses must have ob-
served the great relief that is given to the horse with corns
when this angle is pared out ; and yet, from some fatality, the
smith rarely leaves it where nature placed it, but cuts away
every portion of it.

The true function of the frog is easily understood ; it gives
security to the tread, and permits the expansion of the heels ;
but the smith, although these cases come before him every day,
seems to be quite unaware of the course which he should pur-
sue, and either leaves the frog almost untouched, and then it
becomes bruised and injured, or he pares it away, so that it
cannot come into contact with the ground, and consequently is
not enabled to do its duty.

Tlie owner of the horse will therefore find it his interest oc-
casionally to visit the forge, and, guided by the simple princi-
ples which have been stated, he will seldom err in his opinion
of what is going forward there. He should impress two prin-
ciples deeply on his mind ; that a great deal more depends on
the paring out of the foot than in the construction of the shoe ;
and that few shoes, except they press upon the sole, or are
made shamefully bad, will lame the horse, but that he may be
very easily lamed by an ignorant or improper paring out of the
foot.

Where the owner of the horse has sufficient influence with
the smith, he will find it advisable always to have a few sets of
shoes ready made. Much time will be saved, in case of acci

'/vjivVv-^rt^r^iNK' ■»». •* '•

i? >' - rsrv. «*eg?^r?:^

^no.ipi^sr:-^xa|M^«»^^^^*>^

^ •■

?-« >:■

V

BAR 6HOE6. 529

dent, and there will not be, as is too often the case, the cutting,
paring, and injuring of the foot, in order to make it fit the shoe.
More injury than would be readily believed is done to the foot,
by contriving to get on it too small a shoe.

Clips are often necessary, in order more securely to fasten
the shoe. Tliey are little portions of the upper edge of the
shoe hammered out, and turned up on the crust, and fitted in a
little depression made in the crust. Tliey prevent the shoe from
being loosened or torn off, both in rapid action and heavy
draught, and are therefore used on all heavy, and on many light
horses. They are sometimes placed on the side of the shoe, and
at the beginning of the quarters, and on all horses that are ac-
customed to paw violently with their feet. Necessity alone,
however, will justify their use.

The calkin is a prolongation and turning down of the shoe
at the heel, enabling the animal to dig his foot more firmly into
the m-ound, and with more advantao-e throw his weight into the
collar; but it is an abominable and most injudicious practice to
place the calkin on one side alone, as is too often done ; an un-
equal direction and distribution of the weight and bearing of
the foot is often given, which is necessarily productive of mis-
chief. Few are the cases which will justify the use of calkins
on the fore feet, or even on the hind feet, except they are of
equal height on each foot ; and few things are more injurious to
the foot of the horse than wearing the same shoe more than
three weeks or a month, let the work be heavy or light. The
shoe never should be heavier than the work absolutely requires.
This is acknowledged in the shoe of the hunter and the racer,,
and will tell in the case of every horse after a hard day's work..
The calkin is required on the outside of the hind shoes of hunt-
ers, to prevent them from slipping at their leaps ; but the in-
side of the shoe must be made of a compensating thickness, to
afford an even bearing for the foot.

The bar shoe is indispensable in most large stables. It is a
very simple contrivance, being nothing more than the contin-
uation of the common shoe over the heels. The bearing of the
shoe may thus be taken off from every weak and tender part
of the foot, and be either thrown on some other point which is
better able to bear the pressure, or diffused over the foot. It is
Vol. II.— 34

530 THE HORSE.

useful in some cases of bad corns, wliicli are thus protected from
injury ; in sand-crack, the pressure may be removed from either
or both sides of the fissure ; pumiced feet may be raised by this
shoe above the possibility of injury ; and in thrush and in can-
ker not only is the weight thrown off the diseased part, but any
kind of dressing may be easily retained on the sore. It is a
shoe, however, that cannot be safely used for any considerable
time, or, at least, it requires occasional or even frequent change,
on account of its becoming gradually pressed down on the sore
part beneath. Bar shoes are not safe for use when much speed
is required, and they are dangerous when frost is on the
ground.

Tlie tip is a very different kind of shoe. It reaches but half
round the crust. It is used when the horse is at rest ; and, the
quarters of this shoe being unfettered, the contracted foot is
sometimes enabled to regain its natural open state. It has been
tried for road- work, but, as might naturally be expected, it ut-
terly failed when often or long used.

The leather shoe is principally useful when the foot has been
injured or inflamed. It, to a considerable degree, breaks the
shock, which would otherwise be painfully felt when the foot is
put on the ground. It consists of a piece of leather or felt,
about an inch in width, which is placed between the crust and
the shoe ; and this very materially obviates concussion. It
must not, however, be long worn, for the nails cannot always
be driven securely ; there will be too much play upon them,
and they will become loosened ; also the holes which they ac-
curately filled at first will be enlarged, and the crust will be
broken away.

The sole is sometimes entirely covered with leather. This
furnishes a temporary defence for the foot, but there is much
insecurity of fastening ; the tow or other dressing introduced
between the sole and the leather, is not always equably distrib-
uted, and frequently the stopping produces a scaly spongy horn,
or gravel and dirt Avill gradually accumulate between the
leather and the horn, and the foot will be considerably injured.
Gutta percha is substituted with good effect.

One other shoe, the invention of Mr. Percival, must be men-
tioned— the horse-sandal. It consists of a simple apparatus

ROARING. 531

sufficiently light even to be carried in the pocket, but is more
frequently attached to the saddle, and which, on the loss of a
shoe, can be applied to the foot in the space of a minute, and
so securely attached to it that the sportsman may continue the
chase to the end of the longest run. The same sandal has been
repeatedly worn more than one hundred miles. It may be pro-
cured from any respectable harnessmaker.

Roaring.— The quality of soundness involves several questions
of no mean importance, especially with regard to those maladies
which are capable of being transmitted. It is very apparent to
those whose practice among horses is extensive, and who are
best able to form accurate opinions, that spavins and curbs are
less frequent than they were five-and-twenty years ago. This
may fairly be attributed to the fact, that considerable circum-
spection has been exercised in avoiding such animals for breed-
ing purposes as, possessing peculiar conformations in their
hocks, would render their offspring predisposed to those de-
fects. Blindness is certainly less prevalent than formerly.
Superior management in the stable has evidently assisted in
averting this evil ; insuflaciently ventilated, dark stables, with
an accumulation of dung to generate ammonia, are fortunately
out of fashion.

Tliere is an impression that roaring is more frequent ; and
among race-horses it is not without foundation. As an heredi-
tary complaint, it may certainly be traced to several sources —
to horses whose progeny have, in many instances, given une-
quivocal testimony of the infirmity. When the fact is seriously
considered, it is surprising that gentlemen of known talent,
owners of valuable studs, liberal in every item of expense cal-
culated to promote the success of their young racing stock,
should ever breed from sires or dams known to entail this
malady on their progeny. A veterinary surgeon of great ability
and observation, has stated that every stallion, when consigned
to the stud, becomes a roarer. It is a startling assertion, and
induced me to investigate the fact very minutely. The result
does not corroborate the statement to the full extent of the de-
claration, although I discovered sufficient to lead me to the
conviction that it is a very prevalent affliction. I must here,
however, introduce a reserving clause, arising from the difficulty

532 THE HOKSE.

whicli exists of positively deciding upon every case, which I
shall enter upon more minutely as I proceed. In contradiction
to the assertion of the professional, I must observe that at various
times I had two hunters, which were used for stud purposes
during the summer; one of them continued in my possesion
three seasons, the other two : most assuredly they were not
either of them roarers. This might have been, and very prob-
ably was, prevented by the work they performed during the
hunting season ; for it is quite certain that very many stallions,
especially those which belong to private breeding establish-
ments, and are kept principally for the use of those establish-
ments, do not enjoy that exercise which is absolutely necessary
for the maintenance of their health. The country stallion,
which travels from fair to fair, and from market to market, is
infinitely more favorably treated in this respect, tlian his more
highly distinguished brother who presides over a private and
choice seraglio.

Roaring may be divided into two classes ; that which must be
pronounced, in oj)position to all theory, as decidedly hereditary ;
and that which is produced in individuals in consequence of catar-
rhal disorders, strangles, influenza, or any other temporary cause
which establishes inflammation, and a consequent thickening in
the mucous membrane lining the trachea, or parts adjacent,
which are the seats of the disorder. Some persons are skepti-
cal respecting the hereditary transmission of roaring ; for which
little surprise can be entertained, when the difiiculties which
enshroud numerous equivocal indications are enumerated. To
unravel the mystery, the primary cause must be ascertained ;
for it would be exceeding the limits of truth and experience to
say that because a horse is a roarer himself, he will transmit
it to his stock. Certain conformations, or rather malformations,
of the limbs, — such as the legs, the hocks, and the feet, — are
often transmitted from the parent to the ofl'spring ; from which
splints, curbs, spavins, navicular diseases, and other infirmities,
have their origin ; and these are admitted in the category of
hereditary complaints ; yet it cannot be accepted as a rule
without exception, that all tlie produce of malformed animals
shall inherit the imperfections of their parents. Upon the
principle of malformation in the parts immediately or indirectly

CAUSES OF ROARING.

>33

connected with the organs of respiration, roaring must un-
doubtedly come within the definition of an hereditary cause.
But when a thickening tates place of the mucous membrane
lining the parts which are the scat of the disorder, or ossiiica-
tion of the cartilages of the windpipe, in consequence of in-
flammation, resulting from bronchitis, influenza, colds, or such-
like accidental occurrences, providing no malformation of the
parts previously existed, roaring cannot with propriety be de-
nominated hereditary. The difiiculty is such cases is to deter-
mine whether that malformation of parts does exist. To assign
to such accidental causes as the latter the aspersion of heredi-
tary transmission, is not consonant with reason.

There are as many degrees or intonations of roaring, as there
are notes on the gamut ; and those notes ascend from piano to
forte. This renders it difiicult in some slight cases to decide
positively whether a horse is a roarer or not; and good judges
may be mistaken. The state of the animal very frequently
occasions an impediment to an accurate decision ; if he be in
very plethoric condition, he will not unfrequently give slight
indications of roaring ; but when he is divested of that super-
abundance of fat, all the disagreeable symptoms disappear.
The usual test of startling the animal, is by no means an infal-
lible criterion, neither is the stethoscope in all cases to be relied
upon. There is but one positive mode of determining the ques-
tion ; the animal being in a proper condition, he must be ridden
and tried in all his paces. With stallions this proof is not oft-
en practicable ; and unless they are badly affected, it is oflen
impossible to prove that they are roarers. There is no point
iipon which the owner of such a horse is so tenacious as that of
an accusation that his favorite is a roarer. Tell the proprietor
that his horse's legs are bad, insinuate that he broke down in
consequence, he will receive your remark with complacency ;
tell him that his horse's hocks are bad, and point out to him an
incipient spavin, or an unequivocal curb, he will receive your
objection with indifference ; point out to him a multitude of
unsymmetrical proportions, he will listen to you with calmness ;
but only intimate to him that you think his horse is a roarer,
and he will roar in your ear a challenge of defiance in proof of
your allusion.

534 THE HORSE.

Large horses certainly have a greater tendency to become
roarers than smaller ones, and irritable-tempered ones more fre-
quently than those of a phlegmatic disposition. Several of the
largest stallions might be enmnerated as being predisposed to
entail this malady on their issue. These are certainly valid
reasons for not giving a preference to horses of large size, al-
though public opinion predominates in their favor. Stallions
are more subject to the complaint than geldings, and geldings
more so than mares. Compactly-formed horses of moderate
size seldom indulge their owners with music. It is very diffi-
cult to assign any reason for this ; but it appears that there is
a greater constitutional disposition in stallions to inflammation
about the respiratory organs than there is in mares or geldings,
and that inflammation, resulting in deposits of lymph and
ossification of the cartilages, produces the disorder. This
phenomenon may be explained in consequence of the sympa-
thy which is well known to exist between various parts of the
body.

A change in the atmosphere is a very frequent cause of in-
flammation in the respiratory organs, and severe frosts, such as
we experienced during the winter of 1853 and 1854, are very
likely to produce it. In order to preserve the blooming condi-
tion of their horses' coats, it is a common practice with grooms
to keep the stables as warm as possible when a frost sets in ; but
it is a most dangerous observance. Of the importance of keep-
ing horses warm in their bodies, there cannot be a question ;
but that is better regulated by extra clothing. If the atmo-
sphere of the stable be raised to a temperature greatly exceed-
ing that of the open air, the horses, when taken out to exercise
or woi-k, are liable to serious consequences, from the great in-
crease in the amount of oxj^gen which rushes through the
resjDiratory organs in the act of inspiration. Tlie quantity of
oxygen is regulated by the temperature of the atmosphere ;
and there are few persons who have not experienced the incon-
venience attendant upon j^assing from an overheated ball-room
into the open air ; and they generally take the precaution of
adopting additional clothing. The case of the horse is precisely
analogous.

Although a very liberal premium has been offered by a no-

REMEDIES FOR ROARING. 535

bleman as an additional stimulus to the profession, the cure for
roaring has not yet been discovered. When it proceeds from
malformation, it is impossible ; or if the cartilages of the wind-
pipe become ossified, no remedy can be found to reacli those
parts. An extensive deposit of lymph having taken place in
the mucous membranes with which the respiratory organs are
defended, comes within the same category. A strong stimulus
applied to the sinews, joints, or muscles, in tlie event of lame-
ness, may, and frequently does, impart a wonderful effect ; but
it is a different affair when internal organs, such as those of res-
piration, are disordered ; those parts cannot be brought into
immediate contact with any application. When a horse is af-
fected with inflammation about those parts which are the seat
of the disorder, if it be vigorously attacked in its incipient state
with the usual stimulating preparations, providing there is no
malformation to contend against, the malady may in very many
cases be prevented ; and a vast number of cases of confirmed
roaring are to be attributed to neglect or delay at the important
crisis of commencement. Those who would avoid breeding
roarers must avoid breeding from parents whose progeny has
evinced a predisposition to the complaint. So far every breeder
has the remedy in his own hand ; but with the utmost caution,
all living creatures are subject to disorders ; and if the results
are unfortunate, in defiance of the most skilful treatment, breed-
ers must console themselves with the reflection that their disap-
pointments are the decrees of fate.

The following formulae may be said to contain most of the
remedies necessary for the use of the amateur : when disease
prevails, the safest plan is to call in the assistance of a veteri-
nary practitioner.

When calomel or emetic tartar is given for the expulsion of
worms, it should be mixed in a small portion of bran mash, af-
ter fasting the animal five or six hours; two doses given at
similar intervals will be most effective. They must be worked
off with linseed oil or aloes, after an equivalent lapse of time ;
and as alkalies neutralize the effects of either of those medi-
cines, soap must be excluded, if the form of ball is preferred.

As an external stimulating application for the throat in
cases of inflammation arising from cold or other causes, com-

536 THE HOKSE.

mon mustard, mixed with water as for the table, is an excellent
remedy, and is eqnal, if not superior, to any of the more com-
plicated nostrums.

When cooling remedies are required to the legs, cold water
is the best. The introduction of nitre and sal-ammoniac will
increase the evaporation ; but great care is requisite to renew
such medicated lotions very frequently ; because, when the re-
frigerating process is over, they become stimulants : thus, on
ordinary occasions, cold water constantly applied with very
loose linen bandages is to be preferred.

Table showing the proportions of medicines to be given to
horses at various ages, —

To foals, .

Yearlings,

Two-years-old, .

Three-years-old,

Four-years-old and upwards, 30

Common Aloetio Purgative.

Aloes finely powdered, . . 4 drachms.

Hard soap, K^^l^^ . . . 2 drachms.
Ginger, )

Mix and form a ball, varying the proportions according to
the age and constitution of the horse.

Aloetio Purgative without Soap.
Aloes broken in pieces, . . 4 drachms.
Olive oil or lard, . . .1 drachm.
Ginger in powder, . . .2 drachms.
Treacle, . . . • li drachm.

The aloes and oil, or lard, must be melted in a jar placed in
a saucepan over the fire ; and when melted, the ginger and
treacle are added. The aloes must not be boiled longer than to
effect their solution.

Calomel or Tar-

Linseed Oil.

Aloes.

taiized Antimony.

Grains.

Ounces.

Drachms.

10

4 to 6

i to 1

15 to 20

6 " 8

1 " H

20 " 25

8 " 12

2 " 2i

25 " 30

12 " 15

2i" 3i

3, 30 " 60

1 " 2 pts.

.4 " 6-

PRESCRIPTIONS.

537

Aloetic Alteratives.

Aloes in fine powder, . . 2 drachms.

Nitre, 2 drachms.

Soap, 2 drachms.

Mix and form one ball. To be given daily till a slight action
of the bowels is produced.

Antimonial Alterative.

^'!l^!''"'' • • i each 2 to 3 drachms.

,\

Sulphnret of antimony

Treacle to form a ball. One of which may be given four,
five, or six days in succession.

The preparation necessary before giving aloetic purges
should be very scrupulously attended to. Bran mashes must
be liberally substituted for hay during the twenty-four hours
previous to giving the ball ; and the horse requires to be walked
out during its operation.

All the above admirable remarks on the diseases of the
horse, with the formulas for all the more ordinary affections,
are taken, without alteration, omission, or remark, from the
excellent work by Youatt and Cecil on the Horse, as reprinted
from " Knight's Store of Knowledge.'^

They are the best and most practical of any thing ever pub-
lished within the same compass, and should be in the hands of
every horseman.

KACING AND BETTING RULES OF THE AMEEICAN
JOCKEY CLUB,

AS ADOPTED TO JUKE ISTH, 1870.
DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

Rule I. — Duties of Race Stewards. — The Race Stewards shall
have the entire management of the racing during the term for
which they have been appointed, and, for all purposes connected
with the races, shall have full control of the Course and Stands,
and the grounds appertaining thereto; they shall appoint the
Judges, Distance Judges, Handicapper, Timers and Starter, either
from among themselves or not, as they may see fit ; they shall exact
compliance with all racing rules within their province, maintain
the authority of the Judges and Starter, and enforce all penalties
prescribed by the racing rules; they shall be charged with the police
of the Course and shall have power to fine, suspend, rule off, or
expel any person for misbehavior, or for violation of any regulation
they may establish, which does not conflict with the racing rules.

EuLE II. — Majority to Govern. — When the Race Stewards differ
in opinion, the decision of a majority shall prevail.

Rule III. — Power to Postpone. — The Race Stewards shall have
power to postpone races.

Rule IV. — Substitutes for Absent Steivards. — Should there be
necessity on a race-day for prompt judicial action on the part of the
Race Stewards, and less than three of them are on the Course, the
Steward or Stewards present shall increase their number to three
by selection from members of the Jockey Club who have previously
filled the office ; and the substitutes thus appointed shall, for the
occasion, be clothed with the authority of official appointees.

Rule V. — A Life Member may Object to their Acts. — If a life
member of the American Jockey Club shall object to any act or
decision of the Race Stewards, he shall give notice, in writing, to
the Clerk of the Course, who shall refer the same to a General
Meeting of the Club, to be held at an early day.

Rule Y1.— Duties of Judges. — There shall be three Judges — a
Presiding Judge and two assistants. The Judges shall decide which
horse wins, and assign their respective places in the race to as many

540 THE HOESE.

of the other horses as they may think proper ; except, when in run-
ning the best of heats, it is necessary to place all the horses. When
the Judges differ in opinion, the majority shall govern. If one of
the Judges be in the stand during the running of a heat or race, it
shall not be void. The Judges shall decide all disputes relative to
the racing, and from their decision there shall be no appeal ; they
shall receive no evidence in regard to foul riding except from the
racing oflBcials; they shall have control and authority over the
horses about to start, the jockeys, and all attendants on the horses.
Any such person refusing to obey their orders shall be fined, sus-
pended, or ruled off the Course, at the discretion of the Stewards ;
and if a fine be not paid within twelve hours from its imposition,
the delinquent shall be ruled off the Course. The Judges shall not
permit any person, whether an officer of the Club or not, to remain
in the stand during the running of a race, except the Clerk of the
Course.

EuLE VII. — Patrol Judges. — The Judges may appoint Patrol
Judges, whose duty it shall be to observe the running of the horses
from places designated to them, and, if any foul riding or other ir-
regularity come under their observation, to report to the Judges
immediately after the heat or race.

Rule VIII. — Distance Judges. — During the running of the best
of heats, the Distance Juclge and his assistant shall occupy the dis-
tance stand, and, at the termination of each heat, shall report to
the Judges the horse or horses that have been distanced.

EuLE IX. — Timers. — There shall be one Timer and one Assist-
ant Timer, who shall occupy the Timers' Stand, and mark upon
the timing-board the time of each heat or race, which shall be the
ofl&cial time to be recorded.

EuLE X. — Starter and Ms Assistant. — The Starter shall be re-
movable by the Stewards. He shall select an assistant. The state-
ment of the Starter and his assistant, as to incidents of the start,
shall be conclusive.

Rule XI. — Duties of the Cleric of the Coiirse. — The Clerk of the
Course, or his deputy, shall attend the Judges during each race; he
shall discharge all the duties, whether expressed or implied, required
by the racing rules, and report to the Stewards or Judges, as the
case may demand, all violations of those rules or of the regulations
of the Course, coming under his notice ; he shall keep a complete
record of all races, and, at the close of each meeting, make a report
of the races to the Secretary for publication ; he shall receive all
stakes, forfeits, entrance moneys and fines, and pay over all money

RULES OF THE AMERICAJST JOCKEY CLUB. 641

SO collected by liim to the Treasurer of the American Jockey-
Club.

KuLE XII. — Duties of Superintendent. — It shall be the duty of
the Superinteudeut to assign to applicants such stables as he may
think proper, to be occupied only by horses in preparation for
racing ; he shall furnish straw for bedding, for all such horses, for
three weeks prior to each meeting; he shall see that the Course is
kept in order, at all proper times, for training and racing, and exer-
cise such general control over it as may be necessary to protect its
condition and the rights of all parties using it. He shall have
general authority to preserve order and prevent improper conduct
upon the Course and grounds connected therewith, and sliall decide
all conflicting claims of privileges between parties occupying them
for any purpose.

RACING RULES.

Rule I. — Of Age. — Eace-horses take their ages from the first of
January.

Rule II. — A Hand and a 'Stone. — Four inches are a hand.
Fourteen pounds are a stone.

Rule III. — Untried and Maiden Horses. — An untried stallion
or mare, is one whose produce has never won a registered prize in
any countiy, A maiden horse or mare, is one that has never won a
registered prize in any country.

Rule IV. — A Purse. — A purse is a sum of money or other prize,
oflFered for a race for which the horses entered are obliged to start.
The owner of a horse entered for a purse and not started, shall be
ruled off the Course, unless reasons satisfactory to the Judges of the
race in which the default occurs, be given before the time appointed
for weighing. In case of postponement of a race, all entries are
cancelled.

Rule V. — Siueepstahes. — A sweepstakes is a race, the prize for
which is the aggregate of the stakes which the nominators of the
horses agree to deposit ; and if an additional sum of money, cup,
piece of plate, or other reward, is offered to the winner, the race is
still a sweepstakes, whatever be the name given to such addition.
Three subscribers make a sweepstakes ; and if a stake has the re-
quired number of subscribers at the expiration of the time of
closing, and the number is afterwards reduced by death (or, in the
case of a produce stake, by failure of produce), the race is not void
so long as there are two horses left, the property of different per-
sons ; and if the number is reduced to two, it is still a sweepstakes.

543 THE HORSE.

EuLE VI. — A Plate. — A plate is a sum of money or other prize
offered for a race, for which two or more horses may be entered by
the same person, but in which no person can run, in his own name
or in that of any other person, two horses of which he is wholly or
in part owner on the day of the race, unless permitted to do so by
a special clause in the articles. Entrance money to be paid at the
time of naming. The rules governing sweepstakes do not apply to
this race.

Rule VII. — Post Match or Post Stake. — For a post match or
post stake, a subscriber is not obliged to declare the horse he in-
tends to run until ten minutes before the hour appointed for the
race.

Nevertheless, when any prize is added to the stakes, the horse
must be declared to the Clerk of the Course at the usual hour of
closing entries of the day previous to the race. ''

Rule VIII. — Handicap. — A handicap is a race in which the
horses carry weight according to their merits, in the estimation of
the handicapper.

Rule IX. — Order of Starting. — In purses, the places of horses
at starting shall be determined by the order in which they are
drawn from the box ; in other races, the places at starting shall be
determined by lot by the Clerk of the Course.

The horse to which the' pole or inside is allotted shall take his
place on the inner or left-hand side of the Course ; the others shall
take their places on his right, according to allotment. When, how-
ever, the starting point is so situated that the right hand side of the
track is the shorter, the horse entitled to the track shall take his
place on the right, and the others shall take their places on his left,
according to allotment. The winner of a heat shall at the next
start have the pole, and the others shall take their positions on his
right or left, as the case may be, in the order in which they came
out the previous heat.

Rule X. — Omissions of Weight.— When a match or sweepstakes
is made, and no weight mentioned, the horses shall carry the estab-
lished weight for age.

Rule XI. — Omissions of Distance. — When a match or sweep-
stakes is made and no distance mentioned, the distance shall be
that which is usually run by horses of the same age as those en-
gaged, viz. : If two years old, six furlongs ; if three years old, one
and three-quarter miles ; if four years old, three miles ; and if five
years old, and upward, four miles; and if the horses be of different
ages, the distance shall be fixed by the age of the youngest.

RULES OF THE AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 543

EuLE XII. — Omissions of Day. — If no day is mentioned for a
race, it shall be run on the last day of the meeting in progress ; or
should it he made between meetings, then on the last day of the
next meeting.

KuLE XIII. — Of Dress and Colors. — All riders must be dressed
in jockey costume — cap and jacket of silk or satin, breeches of ivhite
corduroy, cords, flannel or buckskin, and top-boots. The colors
selected by owners are to be recorded with the Clerk of the
Course, and, when thus recorded, ai'e not to be used by others. A
list of all colors that have been recorded is to be posted in the
Judges' stand.

KuLE XIV. — Nominations and Entries. — In all nominations and
entries, the horse, mare, or gelding entered must be clearly identi-
fied. The color, sex, name, age, sire and dam must be given ; and
if the dam has no name, such further pedigree and description
must be added as will distinguish the horse intended to be named
from any other of a similar pedigree. If the dam was covered by
more than one stallion, the names of aU of them must be men-
tioned. When a horse has run once over the Course of any recog-
nized association, it will be sufficient afterward to give his name
and age. K the name of a horse is changed, it is necessary in
entering the said horse to give his old as well as his new name,
until he has run once under it over a Course as above ; and if his
name is changed again, aU his names must be reported for a like
period.

KuLE XV. — Nomination of Foreign Horses. — No -horse foaled
out of the United States, shaU run for any race, until his owner has
produced a certificate of some racing club of the country where the
horse was foaled, or from the mayor or other public ofiicer of the
district, stating the age, pedigree, and color of the horse, and the
marks by which it is distinguished, or has produced other evidence
of identity satisfactory to the Stewards.

EuLE XVI. — Insufficient Description a Disqtialification. — If any
horse be named, without being identified as before directed, he shall
not be allowed to start in the race, but his owner shall be liable to
pay the forfeit, or, if it be a play or pay race, the whole stake.

EuLE XVII. — Fraudulent Entry a Perpetual Disqualification. —
If a horse should fraudulently run, or be entered to run for any
race by a false description, such horse is thenceforth disqualified for
running in any race, and the owner shall be compelled to return
any sum of money won in any race which the horse may then and
thereafter have won.

544 THE HOESE.

When a horse has been struck out of an engagement by the
person legally entitled to do so, if the horse be permitted to start by
mistake for the said engagement, he shall not be entitled to receive
the prize or stakes though he come in first.

If any horse has been allowed to start in consequence of fraud
or misrepresentation on the part of the owner or other person
having charge of the horse, that person shall be ruled off the
Course, and the horse shall be disqualified for running for any race
thereafter.

EuLE XVIII. — Qualification Dates from Time of Closing. — In
naming or entering for any race where there shall be any particular
conditions required as a qualification to start, it shall be suflBcient
if the horse were qualified at the expiration of the time allowed for
naming or entering, and he shall not be disqualified by anything
which may happen after the expiration of that time, unless so
specified in the article, or unless he become disqualified under the
rules relating to defaulters. If a brood-mare engaged in a produce
stake drops her foal before the first of January, the nomination is
void ; and if she has a dead foal, or is barren, the nomination is
void.

EuLE XIX. — Nominations not to he Changed after Closing. — No
person who has once subscribed to a stake shall be allowed to with-
draw his name ; and no nomination shall be altered in any respect
without the consent of all the parties in the race.

EuLE XX. — Excejition to the Preceding Bide. — When a person
takes a nomination for a stake in which the forfeit is to be declared
by a particular time, and does not declare forfeit by the time fixed
in the article, he shall thenceforth be considered to have taken the
engagement on himself, and shall be held equally liable with the
original subscriber.

EuLE XXI. — TJse of Fictitioris Names. — When any person enters
a horse or subscribes to a stake under a fictitious name, or in the
name of a person not fully identified at the time, he shall be con-
sidered in all respects as the owner of the horse and as the sub-
scriber to the stake, and in the event of the forfeit not being paid,
his real name shall be published in the Forfeit List. Every person
who wishes not to engage his horses in his own name must adopt
some name which must be registered with the Clerk of the Course,
and he cannot enter in any other until the cliange is duly notified
to him. No person who enters horses in an assumed name shall be
allowed to adopt and register as such the same name as that of any
gentleman who runs his horses in his own name.

RULES OF TUE AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB. oio

EuLE XXII. — Unauthorized Nominations. — Any person enter-
ing or nominating a horse for a. race without autliority from the
owner, shall be responsible for the stake or forfeit ; entrance money
shall be retained and added to the prize ; and the horse shall be dis-
qualified for running in any race until the stake or forfeit is paid,
unless the owner shall have promptly disavowed the act by letter
addressed to the Clerk of the Course. Publication of the entry or
nomination shall be held as notice to the owner. If it shall appear
to the Stewards that the authority denied has been granted, the
owner shall also be responsible for the stake or forfeit, and the horse
shall be disqualified for running in any race until it is paid ; and if
the Stewards believe that any fraud was designed, all persons impli-
cated therein shall be ruled ofi" the Course. •

Rule XXIII. — Nominations not required to be made on Sunday.
— When the day fixed for the closing of, or naming for, any stake
or plate, or for declaring forfeit or produce, shall fall on Sunday,
subscriptions, nominations, or declarations for such stake or plate
may be received on the following day ; provided that there is an
interval of one day between the day of closing naming or declaring
and the day of running.

Rule XXIV. — Allowance of Weight in certain cases. — In every
race in which there is an allowance of weight to the produce of
untried horses or mares, or to maiden horses or mares, such allow-
ance shall not be made unless claimed before the expiration of the
time for naming.

Rule XXV. — Nominations in Stakes in event of Death. — AU
nominations in stakes are void by the death of the subscriber, ex-
cept where a horse is sold with his engagements, and a written'
acknowledgment from both purchaser and seller has been delivered
to the Clerk of the Course, previous to the death of the original
subscriber.

If any of the parties to a joint nomination die, all its privileges
and responsibilities attach to the survivors.

The death of a horse does not release the nominator or pur-
chaser from liability for a stake or forfeit.

Rule XXVI. — Entries in Plates not Void hy Death. — Entries in?
plates are not void by the death of the nominator, and are trans-
lerred to and become the privilege of the actual owner, unless the-
horse has been sold without his engagements.

Entrance money for a plate is not to be returned on the death
of a horse.

Rule XXVII. — Entries to Purses. — All entries of horses to run-
Vol. 11—35

546 THE HORSE.

for a purse, shall be made under coyer, and deposited with the Clerk
of the Course, in a box kept for that purpose, at the Judges' Stand,
between three and four o'clock p. m. of the day previous to the
race, unless the races of the day be not finished by the first hour
named ; and in such case, thirty minutes after the close of the last
race. No entry shall be received after the time specified ; and the
box shall not be opened except in the presence of an officer or life
member of the Jockey Club.

Rule XXVIII. — Respecting Stakes and Forfeits. — All stakes
shall be put in the hands of the Clerk of the Course before the
riders are weighed. On the deposit of a stake, the right to forfeit
ceases. When any person has more than one nomination in a stake,
he shall not be allowed to start any horse for it unless the forfeits
be paid for every horse which does not start, belonging to him, or
standing in his name, or in the same name as the horse which
runs, as well as the stakes for those which do.

Rule XXIX. — Arrears of Owners and Namers to he jmid before
Starting. — No person shall start a horse for any race, either in his
own name or that of any other person, unless both the owner and
namer of such horse shall have paid all former stakes and forfeits ;
and this rule shall extend to forfeits incurred on any Course under
the control of any recognized association, provided an official notice
of such forfeits being due shall have been received by the Clerk of
the Course, and published in the Forfeit List.

Rule XXX. — Arrears due for a Horse to he paid before lie can
start. — No horse shall start for any race unless all former stakes
and forfeits due for that horse be paid before starting, provided
notice has been given as above.

Rule XXXI. — TJie Forfeit List. — A list of unpaid forfeits, with
the name of the subscriber to the stake, and the name or descrip-
tion of the horse, with the name or sufficient description of the stake,
and the amount of the forfeit due, shall be attached to the official
summary of the meeting ; and they shall continue to be published
until paid. A similar list shall be posted in a conspicuous place in
the Judges' Stand, in the office of the American Jockey Club, and,
should there be a recognized " betting-room," there also.

Rule XXXII. — Persons appearing in Forfeit List Disqualified.
— No person whose name shall appear in tlic published forfeit list
shall be entitled to enter or run a horse for any race Avhatever,
either in his own name or in the name of any other person, until
he shall have paid up all the forfeits in respect of which his name
appears in the list.

RULES OF THE AMEKICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 547

EuLE XXXIII. — Horses appeariiKj in Forfeit List not qualijied
to he entered. — No horse wliich appears iii the publislied tbrleit Hst
shall be qualified to be entered or to run for any race whatever,
until the forfeits mentioned in the said list, as due for sueh horse,
shall have been paid.

Rule XXXIV. — Suspected Nominations may le struck out. — In
order to prevent persons who are defaulters from evading these laws,
and continuing to engage horses by the use of fictitious names, the
Stewards shall have the power of calling upon the nominator to
produce satisfactory testimony that the horse named is not the
property, either wholly or in part, of any person whose name ap-
pears in the published list of defaulters, and, if the nominator
shall fail to do so, the Stewards may cause the nomination to be
erased.

Rule XXXV. — Liability for Engagements of Horses Sold. —
When a horse is sold with his engagements, or any part of them,
the seller has not the power of striking the horse out of the engage-
ments with which he is sold ; but as the original subscriber remains
liable to the respective winners for the amount of the forfeits
in each of these engagements, he may, if compelled to pay them by
the purchaser's default, place the forfeit on the forfeit list, in the
usual manner, as due from the purchaser to himself, and until this
forfeit is repaid, both the purchaser and the horse remain under the
same disabilities as if the purchaser had been the original sub-
scriber. In all cases of sale by private treaty, the written acknowl-
edgment of both parties that the horse was sold with his engage-
ments is necessary to entitle the buyer or seller to the benefit of
this rule ; but when the horse is sold by public auction the adver-
tised conditions of the sale are sufficient evidence, and if he has
been claimed as the winner of a race of which it was a condition
that the winner was to be sold with his engagements, this also is
sufficient.

Rule XXXVI. — Forfeits paid as above may be placed on Forfeit
List. — Wlien a person has a horse engaged in the name of another
person, and is entitled, by purchase or otherwise, to start the horse
for such engagement, but is prevented by any of the preceding laws
from starting his horse without previously pajring up forfeits to
which he is not otherwise liable, he may, if he pays these forfeits,
start his horse, and have the forfeits, with the names of the horses
for which they are due, placed on the forfeit list in the usual man-
ner, as due to himself

548

THE HOKSE.

EuLE XXXVIl.— Weights.— The following weights shall be
carried, viz.:

lbs.

. 75
. 90
. 95
. 108
. 114
. 118

Two-year-olds shall carry .
Three-year-olds shall carry

and after 1st September
Four-year-olds shall carry .
Five-year-olds shall carry .
Six-year-olds, and upwards, shall carry

In all races exclusively for three-year-olds the weights shall be
one hundred and ten pounds, and m all races exclusively for two-
year-olds, the weight shall be one hundred pounds. Except in
handicaps and in races where the weights are fixed absolutely in the
articles, three pounds shall be allowed to mares and geldings.

KuLE XXXVIII. — Feather PTeif/Ziits.— Feather-weights shall be
considered seventy-five pounds; the usual declaration must be
made when the jockey carries above that weight.

EuLE XXXIX. — Welter Weights. — Welter-weights shall be two
stones added to the respective weight for age.

EuLE XL. — Of Names and Numbers. — The name of every horso
intended to start in any race except a purse must be notified to the
Clerk of the Course, and his number be exhibited, ten minutes
before the race; and if any 'alteration be made in the numbers after
they have been exhibited, the Judges may call upon the owner, or
trainer, or jockey, for an explanation. If this is not satisfactory,
the owner or trainer may be fined, at the discretion of the Judges,
in any sum not exceeding $100, and the horse shall not be allowed
to start in an-other race, until the fine is paid.

EuLE XIA.—T0 Weigh before and after Eace.—K jockey is re-
quired to show the weight his horse is about to carry, to the Clerk
of the Course, at the usual place of weighing, at least 10 minutes
before the race, unless excused by the Judges for some special
reason, in which case the fact must be notified to the Clerk of the
Course. A violation of this rule shall be punished by fine, at the
discretion of the Judges.

Every rider shall, immediately after the race or heat, ride his
horse to the usual place of weighing, then and there alight, after
obtaining the consent of the Judges, and not before, and weigli (o
the satisfaction of the Clerk of the Course, before doing which W
is forbidden to touch any thing beyond the equipments of his horpe.
Until ordered to dismount by the Judges, the rider must not suffer
Bny person to touch or put cover on his horse. The person unsad-

RULES OF THE AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 549

illing the horse shall, as soon as the saddle and efiuipments are re-
moved, hand them to the rider, who shall immediately carry them
to the scale to be weighed. If the rider be disabled by an accident
to himself or horse, which should render him incapable of riding
I ack, he may walk or l)e carried to the scale.

If the jockey dismounts without permission, or otherwise vio-
lates this rule, his horse is disqualified for winning the race at issue,
unless he can allege extraordinary circumstances, the sufficiency of
which must be decided by the Judges.

If a jockey riding a beaten horse does not return to weigh, he
shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100 and shall not
ride until the fine is paid ; and if it can be proved that the owner
or trainer connived at this violation of the law, they shall be fined
$100 each, and the horse shall be disqualified for running in any
race, until all the fines are paid.

The jockey is to be weighed with all the equipments of his
horse, except the bridle, which it is optional with him to weigh,
unless required to do so by the Clerk of the Course ; but nothing
shall be weighed off that has not been weighed on. No whip, or
substitute for a whip, shall be allowed in the scales in order to
make weight, but if one has been carried by the jockey, its weight
shall be reported to the Judges by the Clerk of the Course, in case
the weight thus carried would be sufficient to disqualify the horse.
An allowance of 1 lb. will be made for a curb or double bridle, but
no weight is allowed for a snaffle bridle, unless it is put in the scale
before the horse is led away.

Horses not bringing out the weight shown before the race, or
within 1 lb. of it, shall be disqualified for winning the race; but
the Judges may make allowance for ovei"plus occasioned by exposure
to rain or mud.

Rule XLII. — Over-weigld. — Each jockey shall be allowed two
pounds, and no more, above the weight specified for his horse to
carry, (all allowances to which he is entitled being deducted,) unless
a declaration of the extra weight the horse is about to carry has
been made to the Clerk of the Course at least 10 minutes before
the race; and the extra weight shall be announced or appended
to the horse's number when it is put up; and the weight
each horse actually carried, if more than 2 lbs. above his weight,
shall be stated in the published summary of the meeting: but in
no case shall a horse be allowed to start carr^dng more than five
pounds over-weight, unless the Judges should be unable to decide
before the race to Avhat penalties the horse is liable or to what allow-

550 THE HORSE.

ances he is entitled, in which case he may start with any weight his
owner may think proper to pnt up. No horse can be dis({nalified
for winning on account of overweiglit with which lie has been
allowed to start.

EuLE XLIII. — Riders Falling. — If a rider fall fi'om his horse
while riding a heat or race, and another person of sufficient weight
ride him in, no penalty shall be exacted for over-weight, and the
horse shall not be disqualified for winning, if brought back to the
spot where the rider fell.

EuLE XLIV. — Over-iveigM for Purse. — The owner of a horse
entered for a purse and not allowed to start, owing to non-compli-
ance with the rules relative to weights, shall be fined not less than
$100, nor more than $250, to be paid within twelve hours, under
penalty of being ruled oif the Course ; and if the Stewards believe
that the violation was intended to evade the obligation to start, the
horse shall be disqualified for running in any race until the fine is
paid, and the owner shall also be ruled off the Course.

EuLE XLV. — Of Starting. — The horses shall be started by a
flag, unless otherwise ordered by the Stewards, and there shall be no
start until, and no recall after, the Assistant Starter drops his flag,
in response to the signal from his chief. The horses shall be sum-
moned for each heat or race by the bugle-call or bell on the Judges'
Stand.

EuLE XLVI. — Horses going to post considered Starting. — When
the riders of the horses brought out to run for any race are called
upon by the person appointed to start them to take their places for
that purpose, every horse which comes up to the post shall be
considered as starting in the race ; and when the start is ordered by
the Assistant Starter's flag, any person refusing to start one of the
horses, because of a bad start, or for any other reason deemed insuf-
ficient by the Stewards, shall be ruled off the Course.

EuLE XLVII. — Power of Starter. — The Starter is prohilnted
fi'om making a running start ; the horses must Avalk up, and be
started from a walk. He has authority to order the jockeys up in
a line as far behind the starting-post as he may think i)roper, and
any jockey disobeying the orders of the Starter, or taking any
unfair advantage, shall be punished by a fine or suspension accord-
ing to the nature or degree of the offence, at the discretion of the
Starter, subject, however, to the revision of the Stewards ; and any
jockey who is fined and does not pay the fine within twelve hours
from its imposition, shall be ruled off the Course.

EuLE XLVIII. — Of Aids. — No person shall be permitted to turn

RULES OF THE AMEBIC AX JOCKEY CLUB. 551

or lead a liorsc to the post ; tlie liorscs sliall Ijc started ])y their
jockeys, and no other person shall strike a horse to get him from
the post, or during the running of a race, nor shall any person
stand in the track to point out a path for the rider. A violation of
this rule shall he punished at the discretion of the Stewards.

EuLE XLIX. — Of False Starts. — When a false start is made, no
horse making the false start, nor any horse remaining at the post,
shall have clothes thrown upon him, or water given him, or his
mouth sponged out; nor shall the rider he permitted to dismount;
nor shall any delay be permitted ; but the horses shall be started as
soon as brought back to the post. Horses making a false start shall
return to the post by the shortest way ; and if the Starter perceive
that a longer way is taken, he shall not delay the start for them ;
any infringement of this rule shall be punished by fine or sus-
pension, at the discretion of the Starter, subject, however, to the
re^dsion of the Stewards. When a false start is made, and the horse
refuses to return to the post, the Starter may permit him to be led
back behind the post, and then let loose. Any person fined under
this rule, who does not pay the fine within twelve hours from its
imposition, shall be ruled ofi" the Course.

EuLE L. — Of Accident. — If an accident happen to a horse or
rider, the Starter may grant a reasonable delay, not to exceed fifteen
minutes, which, in extreme cases, may be extended by the Judges.

EuLE LI. — Of Bolting. — If any horse shall run from the Course
into the field, he shall be disqualified for winning the race, although
he may come out ahead, unless he turn and again enter the Course
at the point from which he swerved.

EuLE LII. — Foul Riding. — If in running for any race, one
horse shall cross or jostle another, so as to impede him, such horse
is disqualified for winning the race, whether such jostle or cross
happened by the swerving of the horse, or by the foul or careless
riding of the jockey, or otherwise.

Although a leading horse is entitled to any part of the Course, if
he swerves to either side when a horse is so near him that the latter
is compelled to shorten his stride ; or if a horse strikes another
while running a race, so as to injure or impede him ; or if a jockey
strikes or does any act of violence to another jockey or horse,
during the running of a race, it is foul riding, which in all cases,
whether accidental or not, disqualifies the horse for winning the
race ; and if the judges are satisfied that the riding was intentionally
foul, or that the jockey was instructed or induced so to ride, all per-
sons guilty of complicity in the offence shall be ruled ofi" the Course.

553 THE HORSE.

When a horse is disqualified for foul riding, the penalty attaches
to every horse in the race belonging wholly or in part to the same
owner.

Complaints of foul riding can only be received from the owner,
trainer or jockey of the horse affected, and must be made to the
Judges, either before or immediately after his jockey has passed the
scales.

EuLE LIII. — When Heat is Void. — If the start takes place on
the wrong side of the starting post, or if no person officially
appointed occupies the Judges' Stand, the heat or race is void, and
must be run again — in 20 minutes, if the distance to be run is two
miles or less, and in 30 minutes, if over two miles.

EuLE LIV. — Of Collusion. — When a dead heat for a race not of
heats is run, the owners of the horses making the dead heat may
agree to divide the prize or stakes, and thus terminate the race; but
an agreement between two or more persons not to oppose each
other in any race, or to run jointly against any other person
or persons, or to divide the prize or stakes after a dead heat,
and allow one horse to walk over for a deciding heat, is illegal,
and upon proof of such agreement satisfactory to the Stewards,
the parties thereto shall be ruled off the Course, and their horses
disqualified for winning in all races to which such agreement had
reference.

EuLE LV. — Winner of a Heat or Race. — The horse that first gets
his head to the winning-post shall be considered the winner of the
heat or race,

EuLE LVL — Of Heats. — In a race of heats, the horse that
actually wins two heats, or distances the field, wins the race. When
two horses have each won a heat, they only shall start for a third,
and the preference between them shall be determined by it. When
a race is won by two heats, the preference of the horses is deter-
mined by the places they get in the second heat ; and when a race is
won by three heats, the horses starting in a third heat sliall only be
placed. There shall be no distance in a third heat. Horses started
and drawn before a race of heats is won, are held to be distanced.

EuLE LVIL— /w Heat Races, only One Horse or One Rider in
same interest can Start. — No person shall start more than one horse
of which he is the owner, either wholly or in part, either in his own
name or in that of any other person, for any race of heats; nor
shall two riders from the same stable be permitted to ride in such
race.

EuLE LVIII. — Horses not to he Draiun dtiring Race of Heats. —

RULES FOR THE AMEIIICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 553

Any person who .shall sell or draw his horse (if by the sale the horse
be drawn) during the pendency of a race of heats, unless by
permission of the Judges, shall be ruled off the Course.

EuLE LIX. — Of 'Time hekveen Heats. — The time between heats
shall be —

In mile heats, 20 minutes.

In two mile heats, 25 minutes.

In three mile lieats, 35 minutes.

In four mile heats, 40 minutes.

EuLE LX. — Of Dead Heats. — If for any race not to be run in
heats, the first two or more horses shall come in so near together that
the Judge shall not be able to decide which won, those horses only
shall run for such prize over again, after the last race on the same
day, but at an interval of not less than thirty minutes. The other
horses which started are deemed losers, and are entitled to their
respective places, as if the race had been iinally determined the first
time.

If for any race of heats it cannot be decided which horse won,
it is a dead heat ; and if it be a first heat, the horses not distanced
can start for the second ; and in such case, only those making the
dead heat and the winner of the second heat can start for a third
heat ; and if it be a second heat, the winner of the first heat and
those making a dead heat, alone can start for a third.

EuLE LXI. — Effect of Dividing after a Dead Heat. — When
horses run a dead heat for any race not to be run in heats, and the
parties agree to divide the stakes, such horses shall be liable to carry
extra weight as winners of that race, whether one of the horses
walk over for a deciding heat or not, and if there is any money for
the second horse, they divide that also.

EuLE LXII. — Dead Heat for Second Place. — When horses run a
dead heat for the second place, they divide any money that may be
payable to the second horse, and if there is any money for the third,
they divide that also ; and if any of these horses run for a race in
which there is a penalty for having received a certain amount of
money as second horse, they shall be considered as having received
only the amount of their respective shares.

EuLE LXIII. — When entitled to Second Money. — When it is a
condition of a stake or plate, that the owner of a second horse shall
receive a certain sum of money out of the stakes or entrance money,
and the race is walked over for, or no second horse is placed, the
winning horse is entitled to the whole. When the entrance money
for a purse is advertised to be given to the owner of the second

554 THE HOBSE.

horse, and the purse is walked over for, or no second horse is plaeea,
the entrance money is to be retained. If the money advertised to
be given to the second horse is a separate donation from the race
fund or other source, and the race is walked over for, or no second
horse is placed, the money is not given at all.

EuLE LXIV. — Of Distancing. — All horses whose heads have not
reached the distance-stand as soon as the leading horse arrives at
the winning-post, are distanced, but as indispensable proof of the
fact, the distance judge must have dropped his flag in response to
the Judge's flag.

In heats of 1 mile, 40 yards shall be a distance.

In heats of two miles, 50 yards shall be a distance.

In heats of three miles, 60 yards shall be a distance.

In heats of four miles, 70 yards shall be a distance.

EuLE LXV. — Ejfect of Disqualification. — In running the best
of heats, horses disqualified for winning are to be held as distanced ;
and in other races are not to be placed. Whenever a horse which
has come in first is disqualified, the heat or race shall be awarded to
the next best horse which is qualified.

EuLE LXVI. — Of Selling Races. How the Winner may he
claimed. — When it is made a condition of any race that the winner
shall be sold for any given sum, the owner of the second horse being
first entitled, etc., no other person than one who ran a horse in the
race shall be entitled to claim. The claim must be made to the Judges
or Clerk of the Course within a quarter of an hour after the race.
The horse claimed shall not be delivered until the amount is paid
to the Clerk of the Course, and he must be paid for by ten o'clock
at night on the day of the race, otherwise the party claiming shall
not be entitled to demand the horse at any future period; but,
nevertheless, the owner of the horse may insist upon the claimant
taking and paying for the horse claimed.

EuLE LXVII. — Of Sales hy Auction. — When it is a condition of
a selling race that the winner shall be put up at auction after the
race, the half of any surplus which may thereby be obtained over
and above the price for which the horse was entered to be sold,
shall be paid to the owner of the second horse, and this shall not
invalidate the privilege of the second horse as to the prior claim of
any beaten horse, under Eule LXVIII.

EuLE LXVIII. — Claim of Beaten Horses. — Any horse running
for a selling race is liable to be claimed by the owner of any other
horse in the race for the price for which he is entered to be sold
and the amount of the stake— the owner of the second horse tu be

EULES OF THE AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 555

first entitled to the claim, and the others in the urder in which
their horses are placed, and the winner to have the last claim.

Rule LXIX. — A person can Claim hut one Horse. — No person
can claim more than one horse in the same race, and if two or more
persons ec{ually entitled wish to claim, they shall draw lots for the
priority.

Rule LXX. — Failure to Deliver or Pay for Horses. — Any person,
who refuses to deliver, or fails to pay for a horse purchased or
claimed in a selling race, shall be ruled off the Course.

Rule LXXI. — Extra Weight and Allowances. — When it is the
condition of any race that horses shall carry exti'a weight for win-
ning a certain number of prizes during the year, or be allowed
weight for having been beaten a certain number of times during
the year, such winnings and losings shall date from the first of
January preceding, and shall extend to the time of starting, unless
otherwise specified.

Rule LXXII. — Weight not Accumulative. — Extra weight and
allowances are not accumulative, unless so specified in the condi-
tions. Horses do not carry extra weight for winning a match, and
are not entitled to allowance for having been beaten in a match.
Winners of hurdle races are not considered winners in flat racing.
A horse walking over or receiving forfeit, except for a match, is
deemed a winner.

Rule LXXIII. — Value of Prizes, how calculated. — In estimating
the value of any prize, no deduction shall be made, except of the
winner's own stake, or entrance money, and of any sum or sums
required by the conditions of the race to be paid out of the stakes
or entrance money to the owners of any other horse or horses in
the race — the entrance for a purse not to be deducted ; and every
prize not in money shall be estimated at its advertised value in cur-
rency, and if such value is not designated, it shall be taken at its
cost price.

Rule LXXIV. — Objection to Qualification. — When the age or
qualification of a horse is objected to, either before or after running
for any race, the Stewards, or those whom they may appoint, shall
have power to order an examination of the horse's mouth by com-
petent persons, and to call for all such evidence as they may require,
and their decision shall be final. If the disqualification is made
out, and they believe that the horse was entered fraudulently, all
persons implicated in the fraud shall be ruled off the Course.

Rule LXXV. — When Complaints must be made. — All complaints
of foul riding, or of horses not running the proper course, or of

556 THE nOKSE.

any other irregularities occurring in the heat or race, must be made
to the Judges by the owner, trainer, or jockey of a horse in the race,
either before or immediately after his jockey has passed the scales.
Objections to winning horses on other grounds cannot be enter-
tained unless made to the Stewards before the conclusion of the
race meeting, save and excepting charges of fraudulent entry, or of
running horses under a false description, which may be investigated
at any period within one year from the date of the offence.

EuLE LXXVI. — Objections to Qualification, whe7i to be made. —
When the qualification of any horse is objected to by ten o'clock in
the morning of the day of the race, the owner must produce evi-
dence to prove the qualification, satisfactory to the Stewards or
Clerk of the Course, before the race is run ; and if he shall start
his horse without doing so, the prize shall be withheld for a period
to be fixed upon by the Stewards, at the expiration of which time,
if the qualification be not proved to the satisfaction of the Stew-
ards, he shall not be entitled to the prize, though his horse shall
come in first, but it shall be given to the owner of the second horse.
When the qualification of the horse is objected to after that
time, the person making the objection must prove the disquali-
fication.

EuLE LXXVII. — Fo7' the Protectioji of Owner's, etc. — No owner
or trainer shall employ a rider, rubber, or helper, from another
stable, who has not produced a written discharge from his last em-
ployer, or furnished satisfactory evidence of the termination of his
engagement. On receiving complaint in writing, frbm the owner
or trainer claiming to be aggrieved in this respect, the Clerk of the
Course shall notify the person alleged to be in fault, either person-
ally or by letter addressed to his usual post-oflfice of the complaint
against him, and of the penalty attached to the offence, and shall
give him a reasonable time to appear before the Eace Stewards to
refute the charge. If he fail to exculpate himself, or to show that
such rider, rubber or helper is no longer in his service, the Eace
Stewards shall rule him off the Course and he shall only be relieved
from the disability when the Stewards, satisfied that he is no longer
censurable in the matter, may think proper to do so.

EuLE LXXVIII. — For the Protection of Riders, etc. — Any owner
or trainer who shall owe any hired rider, rubber or helper more
than three months' wages, payment of which has been demanded and
refused, shall, upon proof of the fact satisfactory to the Stewards,
be ruled off the Course. The Stewards shall not entertam any
complaint, under this rule, unless it is attested by the affidavit of

RULES OF THE AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB. 557

the creditor l)ef(jre a mugistnite and .su1)stantiated by evidence satis-
factory to them, and shall not impose the penalty until they have
given to the person owing such wages reasonable notice of the com-
plaint, either personally or by letter addressed to his usual post-
office ; and they shall remove the disability upon proof satisfactory
to them of the payment of the debt.

EuLE LXXlX. — Ferso7is Expelled from other Courses.— FaWQYj
person who is expelled from, or ruled off the Course of any racing
Association, recognized by the American Jockey Club, is necessarily
niled off every Course under its control.

Rule J^XXX.— Of Decorum. — If any owner, trainer, jockey, or
attendaiit of a horse use improper language to the officers of the
Course, or be guilty of any improper conduct, the punishment of
which is not otherwise provided for, he shall be ruled off the
Course.

Rule LXXXI. — Of Persons allotved on Course during Race. —
After the horses are ordered to the starting-post, and until the
Judges direct the gates to be re-opened, no person, except the racing
officials and the owners, trainers, and immediate attendants of the
horses in the race, shall be allowed on the Course to be run over.

Rule LXXXII. — Striking out of Engagements.-^^o horse shall
be considered as struck out of his engagement unless the declara-
tion be made by the owner or some person authorized by him, to
the Clerk of the Course or to the Secretary, who shall record the
day and hour of its receipt, and give early publicity thereto in the
subscription rooms.

Rule LXXXIII. — Cases unprovided for. — In all matters rela-
ting to the races, or running of a race, not provided for in these
rules, the Stewards and Judges shall decide according to the best of
their judgment and tlie usages of the turf, and from their decision
there shall be no appeal.

Additional Rule Adopted Juke 21, 1869. — Resolved, That
for all matches run under the rules of the American Jockey Club,
at Jerome Park, the Secretary shall be paid by the winner one per
cent, upon the amount of the stakes.

BETTING RULES.

Rule I. — In all bets there must be a possibility to win when the
bet is made. " You cannot win where you cannot lose."

Rule II. — Bets go as the prize or stakes go. If, however, an

558 THE HORSE.

objection he made and sustained, to the qualification of a horse on
the ground of incorrect pedigree or nomination, after the race is
run, the bets shall go to the horse that comes in first, provided he
is of the right age, and in other respects has not transgressed tlie
rules of racing ; but if the owner of a horse, or a person on his
behalf, succeed by fraud, or by culpable misrepresentation, in
starting him for a race for which he is legally disqualified, making
himself liable to the penalties in Eule XVII of Racing Rules, the
bets will go with the prize or stakes, whether any objection be made
either before or after the race.

Rule III. — All bets are play or pay, unless otherwise stipulated.

Rule IV. — All double bets must be considered play or pay.

Rule V. — Confirmed bets cannot be off, except by mutual
consent, or by failure to make stakes at the time atid place which
may have been agreed upon, in which case it is optional with a
bettor not in default to declare then and there that the bet stands.
If at the time specified for making stakes, the horse or horses
backed are struck out of their engagements, the bet is already lost,
unless a start has been stipulated, and the winner is entitled to
payment without depositing his stake. If there is no stipulation
when the bet is made for the deposit of stakes, they cannot be
demanded afterward. Bets between members of the betting-room
are not governed by this rule 'where it conflicts with any regulation
or practice there established.

Rule VL — All bets on races depending between any two horses
are void, if those horses become the property of the same person or
his confederate, subsequently to the bets being made.

Rule VII. — All bets between particular horses are void if neither
of them is placed in the race, unless agreed by the parties to the
contrary.

Rule VIII. — If any bet shall be made by signal or indication
after the race has been determined, such bet shall be considered
fraudulent and void.

Rule IX. — The person who lays the odds has a right to choose
a horse or the field ; when a person has chosen a horse, the field is
what starts against him.

Rule X. — If odds are laid without mentioning the horse before
the race is over, the bet must be determined by the state of the odds
at the time of making it.

Rule XI. — When a race is postponed, all bets must stand ; but
if the slightest difference in the terms of the engagement is made,
all bets are void.

RULES OF HIE AMEUICAJS^ JOCKEY CLUB. 559

Rule XII. — Bets made on horses winning any number of races
within the year shall be understood as nicannig L-etween the 1st of
January and the 31st of December, both inclusive.

EuLE XIII. — If a bet is made between two horses, with a forfeit
affixed, — say $100, half forfeit, — and both horses start, cither party
may declare forfeit ; and the person making such a declaration
would pay 150 if the other horse won, but would receive nothing in
the event of his horse winning the race.

EuLE XIV. — Money given to have a bet laid shall not be
returned, though the race be not run.

EuLE XV. — Matches and bets are void on the decease of either
party before the match or bet is determined.

EuLE XVI. — Bets on a match which terminates in a dead heat
are void.

EuLE XVII. — When horses run a dead heat for any race, not a
match, and the owners agree to divide, all bets between such horses,
or between either of them and the field, must be settled by the
money betted being put together and divided between the parties, in
the same proportion as the prize or stakes.

If the dead heat be the first event of a double bet between either
of the horses making it and the field, the bet is void ; unless one
horse received above a moiety, which would constitute him a winner
in a double event.

If the dead heat be the first event of a double bet between the
horses making it, the bet is void, unless the division was unequal,
in which case a horse receiving a larger proportion would in a double
event be considered as better placed in the race than one receiving
a smaller sum.

If a bet is made on one of the horses that ran the dead heat
against a beaten horse, he who backed the horse that ran the dead
heat wins the bet.

EuLE XVIII. — If a match be run by mistake, after the princi-
pals have compromised, it does not aflfect the betting or the result.

EuLE XIX. — Pools sold shaU not be play or pay, unless so
declared at the time.

BULES OF THE KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION,

Revised April, 1867,

WHICH HAVE BEEN ADOPTED BY THE WESTEKN TUKF COKGEESS.

EuLE I. — Members. — No person shall be admitted as a member
of this Association, unless nominated by a member, and admitted
by a vote of the members, at a meeting of the Association. In
voting upon the admission of new members, one black-ball in ten
shall exclude the applicant.

EuLE II. — Expulsion of Memlers. — To expel a member, two-
thirds of the members present shall concur, and the number j)resent
shall not be less than fifteen.

Rule III. — Regular Meetings. — There shall be two Eegular
Meetings of the members in each year — one during the race week in
the Spring, and the other during the race week in the Fall, at such
times and places as may be fixed by the Association or its officers.

EuLE IV. — Called Meetings. — A members' meeting may at any
time be called by the President, or any three members. One
month's notice shall be given of any called meeting, by publication
in some newspaper published m Lexington, signed by the Secretary.

Eule V. — Quorum. — Ten members, including the President,
or one of the Vice-Presidents, shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business, but no alteration of the rules shall be made,
or any new rule adopted, unless by a two-thirds vote, when at least
fifteen members are present.

Eule VI. — Privileges of Members. — Every member shall have
the privilege of introducing to the Course and to the Stands, the
members of his family under twenty-one years of age.

Eule VII. — Stock Transfers. — No transfer of stock shall be au-
thorized until the Certificate of Stock is surrendered, and a transfer
thereof made on the Transfer Book, by the owner or his attorney,
to the purchaser, when a new certificate shall be issued, sealed Avith
the seal of the Corporation, attested by the President and Secretary.

Eule VIII. — Officers.— T\\q officers of this Association shall be
— a President, two Vice-Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer, Superin-
tendent, and three Stewards ; all of whom (except the Stewards,
who shall be appointed by the President and Vice-Presidents),

KULES OE THE KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION. 501

shall be elected to serve two years, or until their successors are
elected.

KuLE IX. — Elections.— A\\ elections shall be by Imllot. Elections
for Officers shall be held on the second day of the regular Spring
Meeting, wlien a majority of the votes present shall elect, provided
the members present be not less than fifteen.

EuLE X. — Vacancies. — When a vacancy shall occur in any ofiBce,
the appointment of which is reserved to the members, it shall be
the duty of the President and Vice-Presidents to provide for the
discharge of the duties until the next Spring Meeting.

EuLE XI. — Officers may mahe Ihiles. — The President, Vice-Presi-
dents and Secretary, three of them concurring, shall have power to
make all useful rules for the preservation of good order and
decorum on the Course, and shall decide all matters relating thereto
not otherwise provided for.

EuLE XII. — Presidenfs Duties. — The President shall preside
at all meetings of the Association ; shall act as Judge of all races
run over its Course ; shall appoint his Assistant Judges and Timers,
and declare the result of each race. In the absence of the President
his duties shall be discharged by the oldest Vice-President present.

EuLE XIII. — Secretary's Duties. — It shall be the duty of the
Secretary to attend the Judges in each day's race ; keep a iDook in
which shall be recorded the names of the members, the rules of the
Club, the proceedings of each meeting, the entries of horses, the
names of their respective owners, the color, name, age, sire and dam
of each horse, with a description of each rider's dress. Also an
account of each day's race, and the time of each heat ; and after
the races are over, he shall publish the result, with a description
and pedigree of the winner

EuLE XIV. — Treasurer's Duties. — The Treasurer shall receive
and disburse all the funds of the Association. He shall give bond
with security, to be approved by the President, in such sum as he
shall require for the faithful performance of his duties. At each
Spring and Fall Meeting, he shall present, in writing, a statement
of his receipts and expenditures during the year.

EuLE XV. — Stewards. — The Stewards shall attend on the
Course, preserve order, clear the track, keep the crowd from the
horses when approaching the stand, and exercise vigilance to
prevent disorder, and detect foul riding and other misconduct".

EuLE XVI. — Superintendent. — The Superintendent shall,
under the direction of the President an 1 Vice-Presidents, exercise
a general supervision over the grounds of the Association. He
Vol. II,— 36

562 THE HORSE.

shall have the outside track put in condition for trial runs two
weeks before each race meeting, but no one shall go upon the same
at any time without his permission, he being the sole judge of the
propriety of its use.

Rule XVII. — Judges and Tifners. — There shall be three Judges
(the President and two Assistants) in the Judges' stand ; no other
person shall be admitted to the stand during the pendency of a
heat. The Timers shall occupy a separate stand, to be erected
opposite the Judges' stand, from which, in like manner, all other
persons shall be excluded during the running of a heat.

Rule XVIII. — Judges. — The Judges shall decide all disputes
that may arise, and no appeal shall be allowed without their consent.
In all questions relating to the race, and not provided for by these
rules, the Judges will decide according to their best judgment and
the usages of the Turf in like cases.

Rule XIX. — Judges may postjjone a Race. — The Judges for the
day may postpone a purse race on account of bad weather, but for
no other cause, and when postponed, the entries then made are to
be considered void, and the race re-opened the day previous to its
being run.

Rule XX. — Entries. — All entries of horses to be run for any
purse shall be in writing, sealed and delivered to the Secretary,
between the hours of 4 and 7 of the afternoon preceding the race.
Each entry shall state the name, age, color and sex of the horse
entered ; the name of its sire and dam, and a particular description
of the rider's dress. As soon as the hour of seven o'clock shall have
arrived, the Secretary shall, at the Pho3nix Hotel, proceed to open
the entries, and make out a list of tliem, to be posted up in the Club
Room.

Rule XXI. — Entrance Money. — Any member entering a horse
to be run for his own benefit, shall be required to pay as entrance
money seven and one-half per cent, on the amount of the purse ;
where the horse is run for the benefit of a jacrson not a member,
the entrance shall be 10 per cent.

Rule XXII. — Entries in name of Members. — No entry in the
name of a member (not owning or controlling the entered horse)
shall be valid, unless the signature of the member be written thereon
in his own hand. No entry shall be made for a Jockey Club
Purse but by a member.

Rule XXIII. — Defaulters. — No person sliall be permitted to
start in any race over tliis Course, wlio shall have failed to pay all
forfeits due by liim on account of stakes run over this Course. Nor

RULES OF THii KKJSTUCKY AS80C1AT10N. 563

sliall any horse be permitted to run over this Course, in tlie nume
of any person wluitever, so long as forfeits incurred ))y the liorse
remain unpaid. No defaulter shall be permitted to make a nomina-
< ion in any stake to be run over this Course. Nor sliall a nomina-
tion be made 1)y another person of a horse in which a defaulter lias
an interest ; and all such nominations are hereby declared void.
After each day's race, the Secretary shall make and record on the
books of the Association a list of the defaulters, and if any person
fails to pay any forfeit or subscription within 90 days after it is due,
the Secretary shall declare him a defaulter, and notify all organized
Clubs of the same.

Rule XXIV. — Nominations ly Persons other than the Owner. —
No person shall be permitted to nominate in any stake to l)e run
over this Course any horse of which he is not the owner, unless by
written permission of the owner, to be filed with the Secretary ;
but by such permission the owner shall not incur any liability for
the forfeit, the liability and penalties for which shall attach only
to the person nomiiiating, and to the horse.

Rule XXV. — No Negro to make a Nomination. — No negi-o or
mulatto shall be permitted to make a nomination in any stake to
be run over this Course.

Rule XXVI. — Several Nomi7iations. — Persons making several
nominations in the same stake may, by l)ona fide sales of any one
or more of them, confer the right upon the purchaser to run in the
stake, and may also start himself from the reserved entry or entries.

Rule XXVII. — Death of Entered Horse. — If any horse nomi-
nated in a stake die, or the person nominating him die before the
race, no forfeit shall be required, including Play and Pay races.

Rule XXVIII. — Joint Nominations — Death. — In joint nomina-
tions, if one of the persons nominating die, the survivor shall be
liable for the forfeit, and entitled to the benefit of the nominations.

Rule XXIX. — No more than one Horse to start from the same
Stables. — Exception. — No two riders from the same staljles shall be
allowed to ride in the same race, except by special permission of the
Judges. Nor shall more than one horse from any stable be allowed
to start in the same race, unless it be a single heat. Nor shall
two or more horses, owned in whole or in part by the same person,
be allowed to start in the same race, unless it be a single heat.

Rule XXX. — Jockey Dress. — Each member of the Association,
before starting horses in races over the Association Course, shall be
required to report to the Secretary the colors in which Ins Jockey
will ride ; but no member shall adopt the same combination of

5G4 THE HOESE.

colors previously selected {ind reported by another member. Persona
not members of this Association, making entries in stakes to be
run over this Course, shall be required to report to the Secretary, at
least ten days before the races, the colors in which their Jockeys
will ride. The declaration that a rider's dress will be fancy, is not
a proper designation of colors. Jockeys' caps and jackets shall be
made of silk, satin, merino or velvet ; the pants of linen, cotton, or
other appropriate material. For any violation of this rule a penalty
of ten dollars shall be assessed by the Judges, and the amount
added to the purse or stake of the occasion.

EuLE XXXI. — Age. — A horse's age shall be reckoned from the
1st of January; that is to say, a horse foaled in 1858 shall be reck-
oned one year old on the 1st day of January, 1859.

EuLE XXXII. — Weights and Weighing. — The following weights
shall be carried : — 3-year-olds, 86 pounds ; 3-year-olds, 90 pounds ;
4-year-olds, 104 pounds; 5-year-olds, 110 pounds; 6-year-olds and
npwar-ds, 115|^ pounds. There shall be allowed to mares, fillies and
geldings a deduction of 3 pounds from these weights. The Judges
shall see that each rider has his proper weight before the start, and
that he has within two pounds of it after each heat. Weight shall
not be made by wetting the blanket placed on or under the saddle.
At the close of each heat every rider must repair with his horse
to the Judges' stand, and await their order to dismount ; and no
groom or other person shall be permitted to touch or cover any
horse (unless to lead back a refractory horse, or the rider is disabled)
until the rider shall have been dismounted by the Judges. The
rider shall then repair to the scales with his saddle, to be weighed.
For any violation of this rule, the horse involved shall be declared
distanced.

EuLE XXXIII. — Placing. — The places of the horses at starting
shall be determined as drawn from the entry box ; and in stakes
they shall stand in the order in which they are nominated.

EuLE XXXIV. — Starting. — In every race over tliis Course the
mode of starting shall be this: The Judges of the day shall
have the horses taken back at least thirty yards fi'om the stand,
tinder the care of one of the Stewards ; from that point they shall,
in the order of their placing, be led at a walk until the signal to
start is given. The Judge may give the signal at any moment
wliile the horses are approaching the stand, and should the signal
not be given before reaching the stand, the horses shall be again
taken back to the place whence they were led. Should any groom,
while approaching the stand, fail or refuse to obey the orders of the

RULES OF THE KENTUCKY xVSSOCIATION. oG5

Stewards, or intentionally let his horse gu so that he lireak aAvay,
the owner of such horse shall, for every such offence, be fined five
dollars, which shall go to the Treasury of the Association. Unruly
and vicious horses may be assigned any position, at the start, which
the Judges may deem necessary to secure the safety of the other
horses and riders. The signal for starting shall be the tap of the
drum, after which there shall be no recall. In case of a false start
the ringing of the bell shall be the signal of recall. The Stewards
shall report to the Judges any disobedience or misconduct of the
persons starting the horses.

EuLE XXXV. — Time letween Heats. — The time between heats
shall be 20 minutes for mile heats ; 30 minutes for two mile ; 40
minutes for three mile, and 45 minutes for four mile heats.

EuLE XXXVI. — Foul Riding. — A horse that has won a heat
shall be entitled to the track in starting for the next heat ; other
horses taking position in the order of their placing in the previous
heat. The leading horse, in any part of the race, shall have the
right to select his ground, from which he shall not swerve, either to
the right or left, so as to impede another horse. Should any rider
cross, jostle, or strike another, or his horse; run on his horse's heels,
or do anything else that may impede his adversary, he will be
deemed distanced ; and if intentionally, the offending rider shall
never be permitted again to ride over or attend a horse on this Course.

EuLE XXXVIL— Bolting. — If any horse shall run from the
track into the field, he will be declared distanced, although he may
come out ahead, unless he return and again enter the Course at the
point from which he swerved.

EuLE XXXVIII. — Of Aids. — No person other than the rider
sliall be permitted to strike a horse, or attempt by shouting or
otherwise to assist a horse in getting a start, or increase his speed in
running any race. Nor shall any person stand in the track to point
out a path for the rider, under a penalty of exclusion from the
Course for either offence, and if such person shall be the owner,
trainer or rubber of such horse, or instigated to the act by either of
the said persons, such horse shall be declared distanced. But this
rule shall not be construed to forbid the starter of any horse from
striking him with an ordinary riding whip in order to get him off.

EuLE XXXIX. — Horses to run a Fair Race. — Every horse
started shall run a lona fide race. If any horse shall run to lose,
the owner, trainer and rider shall forfeit all righf.^ under the rules
of this Association, and no longer be allowed to hold any connec-
tion with it.

566 THE HOKSE.

No compromise or agreement between any two persons starling
horses, or their agents or grooms, not to oppose each other npon a
promised division of the purse, shall be permitted; and no persons
shall run their horses with a determination to oppose jointly any
other horse in the race. In either case, upon satisfactory proof of
such agreement, the Judges shall award the purse to the next best
horse, and the persons offending shall never be permitted again to
start a horse over this Course.

Rule XL. — Patrol Judges. — The President is authorized and
emjiowered to appoint any member or members as Patrol Judges,
when by him deemed necessary, and upon refusal of any member
to serve, to assess against him a fine of not less than ten and not
more than twenty dollars.

EuLE XLL — Winner and Dead Heats. — In the race best two in
THREE, a horse that wins two heats or distances the field, wins the
race ; in the race best three in five, the horse that wins three
heats or distances the field, wins the race. In heats best two in
three, a horse not winning one heat in three, shall not be entitled
to start for a fourth heat ; and in best three in five, a horse not win-
ning one heat in five, shall not be allowed to start for a sixth heat.
When thus prohibited from starting, a horse shall not be deemed
distanced, and all bets on his being distanced, shall be void. A
Dead Heat shall be considered a heat, except as against the horses
that make it.

Rule XLII. — Forfeits. — Upon the failure of any one to pay a
forfeit before a race, he shall l)e compelled to pay the amount of the
entrance, as if his horse had started.

Rule XlAll.— Persons Ruled off. — Any person ruled off by any
organized Racing Association, shall be considered ruled off by the
Kentucky Association, aod if reinstated by that Association, shall
be reinstated by this ; and it shall be the duty of the Secretary of
this Association to notify the Secretary of all organized Associa-
tions of any one ruled off.

Rule XLIV. — Walk Over. — In the event of a walk over for any
purse advertised to be run for on the Kentucky Association Course,
the entire purse will be given to the horse walking over.

Rule XIN.— Of the Beaten Horses.— Rq shall be declared the
best horse that wins a heat. Of beaten horses that have each won
a heat, that one which is best in the last heat of the race, shall
be declared best in the race. Those not winning a heat shall
be placed, and T)ets decided accordingly as they come to the stand
at the termination of the race. If the winner of a heat is after-

RULES OF THE KENTUCKY ASSOCIATION. 507

Avards distanced, he is beaten hy those who save their distance. A
horse distanced in a second heat, is better than one distanced in the
first, and so on through the race.

KuLE XLVI. — Drawing. No person shall be permitted to draw
or sell his horse during the race, except by permission of the
Judges, under the penalty of being excluded from the Club and
Course, and not being allowed any participation in its racing here-
after. A drawn horse shall be considered distanced.

All horses entered for a purse race shall be under the control of
the Judges from the time they are entered until the close of the
race.

Rule XLVII. — Distance. — There shall be two Distance Judges
appointed by the President, who shall repair to the Judges' stand,
after each heat, and report the distanced horses and any foul riding,
if any have been observed by them. A horse whose head reaches
the distance as soon as the winner reaches the winning post, shall
not be considered distanced.

A horse who fails to bring in his proper weight, or is distanced
from winning by foul riding, is to be deemed distanced.

The distance in a mile shall be . . .50 yards.

" " . . .60 "

" " . . .80 "

" " . . . 100 «

In match races there shall be a distance, unless the contrary be
expressly stipulated by the parties.

EuLE XLVIII. — Doubtful Age, OumersMp, etc. — On suggestion
of any doubts as to the age, ownership, etc., of any horse entered
for a race, it shall be the duty of the Judges to inquire into the
facts, and if satisfied that any rule of the Association is about to be
violated, to exclude such horse from the race, and if the horse is
permitted to run, from a doubt not being sustained, and any doubt
remains on the minds of the Judges, the purse, if won by such
horse, shall be withheld until the doubt is confirmed or done away
with. On being eventually sustained, the purse shall be awarded
and paid to the next l^est horse in the race.

EuLE XLIX. — If any Fraud shall he discovered, by which the
winner shall have been improperly paid the purse, such as a decep-
tion as to weight, age, ownership, partnership, etc., the Judges shall
demand its restoration, and it shall be paid over to the owner of
the next best horse. If not restored, the illegal holder of the purse,
if a member, shall be expelled the Club, and he shall not be allowed

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568 THE HOESE.

to hold any connection with it. If not a member, no horse which
has been trained by him, or in which he may be interested, shall be
allowed to start on this Course.

KuLE L. — Matches. — In match races, the rules of this Associa-
tion shall govern, unless the contrary be expressly stipulated.

Rule LI. — Sioeepstakes. — All Sweepstakes advertised to be run
over this Course, shall be subject to the cognizance of this As-
sociation; and no change of nominations once made shall be
allowed after closing, unless by consent of all the parties. The
Secretary shall receive all forfeits, and enforce the rules against all
defaulters.

Eule LII. — Quarter Stretch. — No person, except those attend-
ing the horses, shall be allowed in the Quarter Stretch during the
pendency of a heat, nor until the riders are weighed after its con-
clusion.

Eule LIII. — If any Owner, Trainer, Rider, Starter or Attend-
ant of a horse shall use any threats or other improper language
towards any Officer of the Association in the discharge of his offi-
cial duties, the person so offending shall never be permitted to start,
train, ride, turn, or attend a horse again on this Course.

Eule LIV. — Gambling. — No Gambling shall be permitted on
the grounds of this Association, and the officers shall see that this
rule is regarded.

Eule LV. — No Female shall be admitted within the Course or
upon the Stands, unless she be under the escort of a gentleman.

BETTING.

1. All bets are understood to relate to the purse, if nothing be
said to the contrary.

2. A bet upon the purse or heat is void, if the horse betted on
does not start.

3. Where a bet is made against the field, it is understood to be
one horse against as many as start ; but one other must start, or
it is no bet.

4. When both parties are present, either party has a right to
demand tbat the money be staked before the horses start; and, if
one refuse, the other may, at his option, declare the bet void.

5. If either party be absent on tbe day of a race (tbe money
not being staked), the party present may declare the bet void, in
the presence of respectable witnesses, before the race commences;
but if any person offer to stake for the absentee, it is a confirmed bet

KULES AKD EEGULATIONS OF THE NATIONAL
ASSOCIATION

FOR THE PROMOTION" OF THE INTERESTS OF THE AMERICAN" TROT-
TING TURF.

Article I.— AH trotting and pacing over the Courses of this
Association shall be governed by the following rules :

Article II. — Entries. — All entries for premiums must be made
under cover, enclosing the entrance money for purses and forfeits
in sweepstakes, and then sealed and addressed to or deposited with
the Secretary, or some person authorized to receive the same, at
such time and place as the Association may have prescribed.
Notices of intention to enter will be received by telegraph up to
the hour advertised for closing ; and all such entries shall be eligi-
ble, provided the entrance fee specified shall be paid in due course
by mail, or otherwise.

An accurate and satisfactory description of each entry will be
required, and shall be in the following form, to wit :

1. Color.— T\xQ color and marks shall be accurately given.
' 2. Sex. — It shall be distinctly stated whether the entry be a
stallion, mare or gelding.

3. Name. — Every horse shall be named, and the name correctly
and plainly written in the entry ; and if the horse has ever trotted
in a race under a different name within two years, such former
name or names must be given. If a horse has trotted in any race,
without a name, mention must be made in the entry of a sufficient
number of his or her most recent performances, to enalile persons
interested to identify the horse ; provided that it shall not be neces-
sai-y to furnish any one association or proprietor with the same
record the second time.

570 THE HORSE.

It shall be the duty of the Secretary, or other person authorized,
to prepare the list of entries for publication, comprising all such
information in a comprehensive manner, for the enlightenment of
the general public and parties to the race; and all entries, as afore-
said, shall be opened and announced at a public meeting, of which
reasonable notice by advertisement or otherwise, shall be given to
the parties in interest.

A horse having once been named, shall not again start in a race
on any Course in the United States or Canadas, without a name or
under a different name, unless the foregoing provisions have been
complied with.

4. Name and Address. — The post-ofl&ce address in full of the
person or persons in whose name an entry is made, and if he or
they be not the owner, then that of the owner or owners also, must
accompany each nomination.

5. DouUe Teams. — In all double team races, the entry must
contain the name and description of each horse, in the manner pro-
vided for entry of single horses.

CONDITIONS.

1. A horse shall not be eligible to start in any race that has
beaten the time advertised, prior to the closing of the entries for
the race in which he is entered.

Horses shall not be eligible if the time specified has been beaten
by them at a greater distance ; that is, a horse having made two
miles in five minutes is eligible for a 2.30 race, but not eligible for
a race slower than that time.

2. As many horses may be entered by one owner, or as many
horses trained in the same stable as may be desired, but only one
that has been owned in whole or in part by the same person or
persons, or trained in the same stable within ten days previous to
the race, can start in any race of heats.

3. In all purses, three or more entries are required, and two to
start, unless otherwise specified.

4. No purse will be given for a "walk over," but in cases where
only one of the horses entered for any premium shall appear on the
Course, he shall l)e entitled to his own entrance money and to one-
half of the entrance money received from all horses entered for said
premium.

5. Time made in single or double harness, at fairs, and (>n any
track, whether short or not, shall constitute a record ; but time

RULES 01' THE natio:nal association. 571

made under the saddle, slnill not be a record in liarness or wagon
races.

6. The entrance fee shall be ten per cent, of the purse, unless
otherwise specified ; and any person refusing to pay his entrance
dues upon demand by the proper authority, shall, together with his
horse or horses, be suspended until they are paid in full.

7. No person shall be permitted to draw his horse after said
horse has appeared on the track, saddled or harnessed, after having
been summoned to prepare for the race, or duinng a race, except by
permission of the Judges, under penalty of being expelled.

Article III. — In case of Death. — All engagements are void
upon the decease of either party or horse, so far as they shall affect
the deceased party or horse; but forfeits or matches made play or
pay, shall not be affected by the death of a horse.

Article IV. — Fraudulent Entries, or Meddling witli Horses. —
Any person found guilty of dosing or tampering with any horse, or
of making a fraudulent entry of any horse, or of disguising a horse
with intent to conceal his identity, or being in any way concerned
in such a transaction, shall be panislied by the forfeiture of en-
trance money and expulsion ; and any horse that shall have been
painted or disguised, to represent another or a different horse, or
shall have been entered in a purse in which he does not belong,
shall be expelled.

Article V. — Reward. — A reward of $50 will be paid to the
person who shall first give information leading to the detection of
any fraudulent entry and \\\q parties thereto, to be paid out of the
funds of the National Association for the Promotion of the Inter-
ests of the American Trotting Turf, liy the Treasurer, upon recom-
mendation of the officers of the Course where such fraudulent entry
was made, provided that this shall not be construed to extend to
Courses outside of this Association.

Article VI. — Decorum. — If any owner, trainer, rider, driver
or attendant of a horse, or any other person, use improper language
to the officers of the Course or the Judges in a race, or be guilty of
any improper conduct, the person or persons so offending shall ue
punished by a fine not exceeding $100, or by suspension or ex-
pulsion.

Article VII. — Selection of Judges. — There shall be chosen by
the proper authority, three (3) competent Judges for the day or
race, who shall understand the rules of this Association, and shall
be held accountable for their rigid enforcement, and all their decis-
ions shall be in accordance therewith. Any person having a bet

573 THE HOKSE.

upon, or an interest, either direct or indirect, in any or either of tl:;^
horses in a race, shall not be entitled to judge that race. In all
match races these rules shall govern, unless the contrary be ex-
pressly stipulated and assented to by the club, association, or pro-
prietors of the Course over which the race is to come off.

Article VIII. — Power of Judges. — The Judges of the day or
race shall have power to appoint distance and patrol Judges;
they shaU decide all questions and matters of dispute between
parties to the race that are not provided for in the Rules and Eegu-
lations, and shall have full power to inflict aU fines and penalties
provided by these rules.

They shall have entire control and authority over the horses
about to start, and the riders or drivers and assistants of the horses,
and any such person refusing to obey their orders, shall be punislied
by a fine not exceeding 1100, or by suspension or expulsion. No
rider or driver shall cause unnecessary delay after the liorses are
called up, either by neglecting to j^repare for the race in time, or by
neglecting to come for the word, or otherwise ; and when, in scoring,
the signal is not given, all the horses in the race shall immediately
turn at the tajD of the bell, or other signal given, and jog back for
a fresh start. If this rule is not complied with on the part of any
rider or driver, the Judges may give the word without regard to the
offending party or parties, and they may be punishd by a fine not
exceeding $100, or by suspension not to exceed one year.

When any horse or horses keep so far aliead of others in scoring
that the Judges cannot give a fair start, they shall give the offend-
ing party or parties notice of the penalties attached to such offensive
conduct, and should they still persist, shall enforce said penalties.
When the Judges are prevented from giving the word by a horse or
horses being refractory, or from any other cause, they may, after a
reasonable time, give the word without reference to the position of
the refractory horse or horses, or may give them any j^osition they
think proper to facilitate the start. In all cases the Avord shall be
given from the Judges' stand, and in no case shall a standing start
be given. K the Judges have reason to suppose that a horse is
being or has been "pulled," to fraudulently prevent his winning,
they shall have poAver to sul)stitute a competent and rclialile driver
or rider for the remainder of the race, and if the result of the suc-
ceeding heat or heats shall confirm their suspicion, the rider or
driver so removed shall be punished by suspension or expulsion.
When disputes and contingencies arise, which are not provided for
in the Rules, the Judges shall have power to decide in sucli cases ;

RULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 573

but in no case cun there be a compromise in the manner of puni-sli-
ment, where the Kules express or name what the penalty shall be,
but the same shall be strictly enforced.

Judges may require riders and drivers to be properly dressed.

Article IX. — Judges' Duty. — The Judges shall be ii\ tlie stand
fifteen minutes before the time for starling; they shall weigh the
riders or drivers, and determine the positions of the horses, and give
each rider or driver his place before starting. They shall ring the
bell or give other notice ten minutes previous to the time an-
nounced for the race to come oflf, which shall be notice to all parties
to prepare for the race at the appointed time, when all the horses
must be ready, and any party failing to comply with this rule, shall
be punished by a fine not exceeding ^100 ; or the horse may be
ruled out by the Judges and considered drawn ; 1)ut in all stakes
and matches they shall be liable to forfeit. The Judges shall not
notice or receive complaints of foul from anj^ person or persons, ex-
cept those appointed by the Judges for that purpose, and owners,
riders or drivers in the race. The result of a heat shall not be an-
nounced until the Judges are satisfied as to the weiglits of the
riders or drivers, and sufficient time has elapsed to receive the re-
ports of the Distance and Patrol Judges. When the Judges are
satisfied that a race is being or has been conducted improperly on
the part of any rider or driver in a race, they shall punish the
offender by suspension not to exceed one year, or by expulsion. K
a horse is purposely pulled or broken, to allow another horse to win
the heat, the horse so pulled or broken shall be distanced, unless
such decision shall be deemed to favor a fraud, and the rider or
driver shall be punished by suspension not to exceed one year, or by
expulsion ; but in case the Judges shall deem such decision as the
above to favor a fraud, they shall declare that heat no heat, and
shall substitute another driver or rider for the offending one.

The presiding Judge shall instruct the riders or drivers in
relation to scoring and breaking, prior to the commencement of
the race.

Article X. — Distance and Patrol Judges. — In all races of heats
there shall be a Distance Judge, appointed by the proper authority,
who shall remain in the distance-stand during the heats, and imme-
diately after each heat shall repair to the Judges' stand, and report
to the Judges the horse or horses that are distanced, and any act
of foul, if any has occurred under his observation.

The Patrol Judges shall repair in like manner to the Judges'
stand, and report any act of foul, if any has occurred under their

574 THE HOESB.

observation ; the reports of the Distance and Patrol Judges shall be
alone received.

Article XI. — Accidents. — In case of accidents, ten minutes
shall be allowed, but the Judges may allow more time when deemed
necessary and proper.

Article XII.— Judges' Stand. — None but the Judges of the
race in progress, and their assistants, shall be allowed in the Judges'
Stand during the pendency of a heat, except members of the Board
of Appeals.

Article XIII. — Poiver of Postponement. — In case of unfavorable
weather, or other unavoidable causes, each Association or proprietor
shall have power to postpone to a future time all purses or sweep-
stakes or any race to which they have contributed money, upon
giving notice thereof. No heat shall be trotted when it is so dark
that the horses cannot be plainly seen by the Judges from the stand,
but all such races shall be continued by the Judges to the next day,
omitting Sunday, at such hour as they shall designate.

In all matches and stakes, the above rule shall govern, unless
otherwise especially agreed between the parties and the Association
or proprietors.

Article XIV. — Starting and Keeping Positions. — The horso
winning a heat shall take the pole the succeeding heat, and all
others shall take their positions in the order in which they came
home in the last heat. When two or more horses shall make a dead
heat, the horses shall start for the succeeding heat in the same
positions tliey occupied at the finish of the dead heat. In coming
out in the home-stretch, the foremost horse or horses shall keep the
position first selected, or be liable to be distanced ; and the hindmost
horse or horses, when there is sufficient room to pass on the inside
or anywhere on the home-stretch without interfering with others,
shall be allowed to do so, and any party interfering to prevent him
or them shall be distanced. If a horse should at any time cross
or swerve on the home-stretch so as to impede the progress of a
horse behind him, he shall not be entitled to win that heat.

If a horse, rider, or driver shall cross, jostle or strike another
horse, rider or driver, or shall swerve, or do anytliing that impedes
the progress of another horse, he shall not be eniilled to win that
heat; and if the impropriety was intentional on flie part of tlie
rider or driver, the horse that impedes the other sliall be distanerd,
and the rider or driver shall be punished by suspension not to excc"!
one year, or by expulsion.

Although a leading horse is entitled to any part of the track.

EULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 575

except after selecting his position on tlie home-stretch, if he crosses
from the right to the left, or from the inner to the outer side of
the track, when a horse is so near him that in clianging his position
he compels the horse hehind him to shorten his stride, or if he
causes the rider or driver to pull him out of his stride, it is foul ;
and if, in passing a leading horse, the track is taken so soon after
getting the lead as to cause the horse passed to shorten his stride, it
is foul.

Aeticle XV. — Loud Shouting. — Any rider or driver guilty of
loud shouting or making other unnecessary noise, or of making
improper use of the whip, during the pendency of a heat, shall be
punished by a fine not to exceed $25 for the first offence, and for
the second offence by suspension during the meeting.

Article XVI. — Horses Breahing. — When any horse or horses
break from their gait in trotting or pacing, their riders or drivers
shall at once pull them to the gait in which they were to go the
race, and any party refusing or neglecting to comply with this rule,
shall lose the heat, and the next best horse shall win the heat ; and
all other horses shall be placed ahead in that heat, and the Judges
shall have discretionary power to distance the offending horse or
horses, and the rider or driver shall be punished by a fine not to
exceed 1100, or by suspension not exceeding one year. Should
the rider or driver comply with this rule, and the horse should
gain by a break, twice the distance so gained shall be taken from
him at the coming out. In case of a horse repeatedly breaking,
or of running or pacing while another horse is trotting, the Judges
shall punish the horse so breaking, running or pacing, by placing
him last in the heat, or by distancing him. A horse breaking at or
near the score shall be subject to the same penalty as if he broke on
any other part of the track.

All complaints of foul by riders or drivers must be made at the
termination of the heat, and before the rider or driver dismounts or
leaves his vehicle by order of the Judges.

Article XVII. — Fraudulent ColUsmis or Interference. — In any
case where a drivei' is run into and his wagon or sulky broken
down without fault on his part, the heat shall be deemed no heat
so far as the horses not in fault are concerned, but he who causes
the breakdown may be distanced ; and if the Judges find that it was
clone wilfully, the driver in fault shall be forthwith suspended or
expelled, and his horse shall be distanced.

If by any outside interference or obstruction a vehicle is broken

576 THE HOKSE.

aown and the horse prevented from winning a heat, that heat shall
be deemed no heat.

Aeticle XVIII. — Relative to Heats, and Horses eligible to start.
— In heats, one, two, three or four miles, a horse not winning one
heat in three shall not start for a fourth unless such horse shall
haye made a dead heat. In heats best three in five, a horse not
winning a heat in five shall not start for a sixth, unless said horse
shall have made a dead heat. But where eight or more horses start
in a race, every horse not distanced shall have the right to compete
until the race is completed.

A dead heat shall be considered a heat as regards all excepting
the horses making such dead heat, and those only shall start for the
next heat that would have been entitled had the heat been won by
either horse making the dead heat. A horse prevented from starting
by this rule shall not be distanced, but ruled out.

A horse must win a majority of the heats which are required by
the conditions of the race, to be entitled to the purse or stakes,
unless such horse shall have distanced all others in one heat, except
when otherwise provided in the published conditions.

Aeticle XIX. — Placi7ig Horses. — Horses distanced in the first
heat of a race shall be eq^^al, but horses that are distanced in any
subsequent heat shall rank as. to each other in the order of the posi-
tions to which they were entitled at the start of the heat in which
they are distanced, and in deciding the result of any race between
the horses contending in the last heat thereof, the relative position
of each horse so contending shall be considered as to every heat in
the race ; that is, horses having won two heats, better than those
T\inning one; ahorse that has won a heat, better than a horse only
making a dead heat ; a horse winning one or two heats and making
a dead heat, better than one winning an equal number of heats but
not making a dead heat ; a horse winning a heat or making a dead
heat and not distanced in the race, better than a horse that has not
won a heat or made a dead heat; a horse that has been placed
" second " twice, better than a horse that has been placed " second "
only once,. etc.

When two or more horses shall be equal in the race at the com-
mencement of a final heat thereof, they shall rank as to each other
as they are placed in the decision of such final heat.

In case these provisions shall not give a specific decision as to
second and third mnn"y, etc., the Judges of the race are to make
the awards according to their best judgment and in conformity with
the principles of this rule.

KULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION'. 577

AiiTiCLE XX. — Time behveen Heats. — Tlie time between heats
shall be twenty minutes for mile heats ; and for mile heats, best 3 in
5, twenty-live minutes; and for two-mile heats, thirty minutes; for
three-mile heats, thirty-five minutes ; and should there be a race of
four-mile heats, the time shall be forty minutes.

After the first heat, the horses shall be called five minutes prior
to the time of starting.

AiiTiCLE XXL — Heats in wMclb the Time is 7tuU and void. — If
for any cause a heat shall be taken away from a horse that comes
in ahead, the heat shall Ijc awarded to the next best horse, and no
time shall be given out by the Judges, or recorded against either
horse, and the Judges may waive the ajiplication of the rule in
regard to distances in that heat, except for foul riding or driving.

Article XXIL — Weights and Weighing. — Every horse starting
for purse, sweepstakes or match, in any trotting or pacing race, shall
carry, if to wagon or sulky, 150 pounds, exclusive of harness ; and if
under the saddle, 145 pounds, the saddle and whip only to be
weighed with the rider.

Eiders and drivers shall weigh in the presence of one or more of
the Judges previous to starting for any race, and after each heat
shall come to the starting stand and not dismount or leave their
vehicle without permission of the Judges. Any party violating
this rule may be distanced. But a rider or driver thrown or taken
by force from his horse or vehicle, after ha\ang passed the winning-
post, shall not be considered as having dismounted without permis-
sion of the Judges ; and if disabled may be carried to the Judges'
stand to be weighed, and the Judges, may take the circumstances
in consideration and decide accordingly.

Article XXIII. — Handicaps and Miscellaneous Weights. — In
matches or handicaps, where extra or lesser weights are to be carried,
the Judges shall carefully examine and ascertain before starting,
whether the riders, drivers or vehicles are of such weights as have
been agreed upon or required by the match or handicap ; and the
riders or drivers who shall carry during the race and bring home
with them the weights which have been announced correct and
proper by the Judges, shall be subject to no penalty for light weight
in that heat, provided the Judges are satisfied of their own mistake,
and that there has been no deception on the part of the rider or
driver who shall be deficient in weight ; but all parties thereafter
shall carry the required weight.

Article XXIV. — Size of TT7^;))5.— Riders and drivers will be
allowed whips of the following lengths : for saddle horses, 3 IT;. 10 in. ;
Vol. II.— 37

578 THE HORSE.

sulkies, 4 ft. 8 in. ; wagons, 5 ft 10 in. Double teams, 6 ft. 6 in. ;
tandem teams and four-in-hand, unlimited.

Article XXV. — Distances. — In heats of one mile, 80 yards
shall be a distance. In heats of two miles, 150 yards shall be a
distance. In heats of three miles, 230 yards shall be a distance. In
heats of one mile, best 3 in 5, 100 yards shall be a distance. Except
in heats where eight or more horses contend, then the distance shall
be increased one-half.

All horses whose heads have not reached the distance-stand as
soon as the leading horse arrives at the winning-post, shall be
declared distanced, except in cases of unavoidable accidents, when
it shall be left to the discretion of the Judges.

Article XXVI. — Purse or Stake Wrongfully Obtained. — A
person obtaining a stake or purse through fraud, shall return it to
the Treasurer on demand, or be punished as follows : — He, together
with all the parties interested, and the horse or horses, shall bo
expelled until such demand is complied with.

Article XXVII. — Protests. — Protests may be made verbally
before or during a race, and shall be reduced to writing, and shall
contain at least one specific charge and a statement of the evidence
upon which it is based, and shall be filed with the Judges, Associa-
tion or Proprietor before the close of the meeting. The Judges
shall, in every case of protest, demand that the rider or driver and
the owner or owners, if present, shall immediately testify under
oath, in the manner hereinafter provided ; and in case of their
refusal to do so, the horse shall not be allowed thereupon to start
in that race, or any heat thereof, but shall be considered and declared
ruled out.

But if they do comply and take the oath, as herein required,
then the Judges shall allow the horse to start, or continue in the
race, and the premium, if any is won by that horse, shall be retained
a sufficient length of time (say three weeks), to allow the parties
interested a chance to sustain their protest.

Associations or Proprietors shall be warranted in retaining the
premium of any horse in the manner herein mentioned, if at any
time before it is paid they shall receive information in their judg-
ment tending to show fraud.

Any person found guilty of protesting a horse without cause, or
with intent to embarrass a race, shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding 1100, or by suspension not to exceed one year, or by
expulsion.

EULES OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 579

The required oath shall be iu the following form, to wit :

I,

of in the county of

State of

on oath depose and say,
that I am the of the

called the same entered in

a purse for horses that have never trotted better tlian
minutes and seconds, to be trotted this

day on this Course, and the same that has been protested, and to
which this affidavit is in answer, hereby declare and affirm that to
the best of my hnoioledge and helief, said before-mentioned horse is
eligible to start or compete in the race aforesaid, according to the
Rules of this Course; and that I fully believe all the provisions and
conditions required in the Eules and Regulations for the govern-
ment of trials of speed over this Course, Avere fully and honestly
complied with in making the entry aforesaid.
Given under my hand, at

this day of

A. D. 187
Subscribed and sworn to before me,

day of A. D. 187

Justice of the Peace.

Article XXVIII. — A race " to go as they pleaf^e." — When a
race is made to go as they please, it shall be construed that the
performance shall be in harness, to wagon or under the saddle ; but
after the race is commenced no change shall be made in the mode
of going.

Article XXIX. — A race " in harmless'- — When a race is made
to go in harness, it shall be construed to mean that the performance
shall be to a sulky.

Article XXX. — Trotting Horse and Running Mate. — A race
wherein a trotting horse goes with a running mate shall not create
a record for time as a trotting performance.

Article XXXI. — A race made and no distance specified. — When
a race is made and no distance specified, it shall be restricted to the
following distances, viz. : one mile and repeat ; mile heats, best 3 in
5 ; 3 miles and repeat ; or 3 miles and repeat ; and may be
performed in harness, to wagon, or under the saddle.

Article XXXTL.— Matches against Time.—^hew a horse is
matched against time, it shall be proper to allow any other horse to

580 THE HOESE.

accompany him in tlie performance, but not to be harnessed with,
or in any way attached to him.

In matches made against time, the parties making the match
shall be entitled to three trials, unless expressly stipulated to the
contrary, which trials shall be had in the same day ; the time
between trials to be the same as the time between heats in similar
distances.

Article XXXIII. — WImi Matches become Play or Pay. — In all
matches made to come off over any of these Courses, the parties
shall place the amount of the match in the hands of the stake-
holder one day before the event (omitting Sunday) is to come off,
at such time and place as the Club, Association or Proprietor, upon
application may determine, and the race shall then become play
or pay.

Article XXXIV. — Age of Horses — lioiu recTconed. — The age of
a horse shall be reckoned from the first day of January preceding
the period of foaling.

Article XXXV. — A Green Horse. — A green horse is one that
has never trotted or paced for premiums or money, either double or
single. '

Article XXXVI. — Horses sold tuith Engagements. — The seller
of a horse sold with his engagements has not the power of striking
him out. In case of private sale, the written acknowledgment of the
parties that the horse was sold with engagements is necessary to
entitle the buyer to the benefit of this.

Article XXXVII. — Suspetision. — The words suspended or sus-
pension, wherever they occur in these rules, shall be construed to
mean suspension from entering, riding, driving, training or assisting
on the grounds of any Course represented in this Association.

Article XXXVIII. — Expulsion. — The words expelled or expul-
sion, wherever they occur in these rules, shall be construed to mean
unconditional expulsion from all the Courses represented in this
Association.

Article XXXIX.— Rigid of Appeal— Any person who has
been subjected to any of the penalties provided by these rules, can
appeal from the decision of the Judges to the Association or
Proprietors, upon whose grounds the penalty was imposed, and
from their decision can appeal to the Board of Appeals, provided
they shall do so within one week from the announcement of such
decisions, and provided also that where the penalty Avas a fine it
shall have been previously paid.

Article XL. — Fi7ies. — All persons who may have been fined

BY-LAWS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 581

under these rules, unless they pay thorn in full on the day of assess-
ment, sliall be suspended until they arc paid in full.

All fines shall be paid to the Association or Proprietor on whose
grounds they were imposed, and by them shall be paid to the
Treasurer of the National Association upon demand.

BY-LAWS

OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE
INTERESTS OF THE AMERICAN TROTTING TURF.

1. Name. — This Association shall be known under the name of

the " National Association for the Promotion of the Interests of the
American Trotting Turf."

2. Object. — This Association shall have for its principal object,
the prevention, detection and punishment of frauds on the trotting
turf of America, and to elevate the standard of trotting.

3. Officers. — The officers of this Association shall consist of a
President, as many Vice-Presidents as there are associated Courses
represented, Secretary and Treasurer. The duties of the Secretary
and Treasurer shall be discharged by one and the same person.

4. President. — The President shall be a member of the Board
of Appeals, and when present shall preside at all meetings of the
Association and the Board of Appeals, and shall have the casting
vote at such meetings.

5. Vice-Presidents. — It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents
to see that the Secretary is furnished with a statement of all official
acts of the executive officers of their respective Courses, relating to
this Association ; and at the end of the trotting season each year,
to prepare a review of the whole, together with an official summary
of all races upon their respective Courses ; said summary sliall con-
tain the date, the amount or value of the purse, match or sweep-
stake, the full terms and conditions of the race ; the name of the
person nominating each horse, the name of each driver, and the color,
sex and name of each horse entered ; the position of each and every
horse in each heat, the drawn, distanced and ruled out horses ; the
official time of each and every heat, the names of the Judges, and such
notes and remarks as are necessary for a plain comprehension of the
whole. They shall also furnish a list of all persons that have been
fined, suspended or expelled, together with the amount of fines and

583 THE HOESE.

term of suspension ; and shall furnish a list of the officers of their
respective Associations or Courses, with their Post Office address.

6. Secretary and Treasurer. — It shall be the duty of the Secre-
tary, when present, to act as Secretary at all meetings of the Associa-
tion and Board of Appeals. He shall keep a record, to be kept in a
book for that purpose, of all the proceedings of such meetings, and
by order of the President, call all meetings of the Association and
Board, and attend to all correspondence relating to the affairs of the
Association. He shall furnish each associated Course with a written
or printed coj^y of the proceedings of all the meetings of the Associa-
tion and Board of Appeals, and at the close of each year he shall com-
pile and arrange an official record which shall contain the proceedings
in detail of all meetings of this Association and Board of Appeals
during the year ; a complete record of all races over each and all
the associate Courses; a complete list of persons and horses that have
been fined, suspended or expelled, together with the amount of fines
and term of suspension, and such other matters as may be of
interest and service to the Association. Of the matter so collected,
he shall have prepared at least one printed copy for each of the
associated Courses, and as many more as the Board of Appeals may,
in their judgment, deem expedient ; said last-mentioned copies to
be disposed of by sale for the benefit of the Association, or in such
other manner as the Board of Appeals may direct :

And in his capacity as Treasurer, he shall receive and take
charge of all moneys that may be due to the Association, and make
therefrom such disbursements in payment of demands growing out
of the legitimate transactions of the Association, as may be sanc-
tioned by the Board of Appeals. He shall keep full, accurate and
distinct accounts of his receipts and disbursements, and shall
prepare a statement at the end of each year (and as much oftener
as the Board of Appeals may require), showing the receipts, expenses,
and the financial condition of the Association.

7. Board of Appeals.— The Board of Appeals shall consist of
nine (9) members, of whom the President shall be one, and shall
have semi-annual meetings at the office of the Secretary, viz. : the
second Tuesday in July and January. Special meetings may be
called whenever deemed necessary by the President ; and at all
meetings, whether regular or special, four (4) members of the Board
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Due notice
of all meetings, in manner provided for notice of Association meet-
ings, shall be given by the Secretary to each member of the Beard.

The Board of Appeals shall have the general management, con-

EY-LAWS OF THE NATIOXAL ASSOCIATION. 583

trol and suiXTiuleiidcncc of the aflUirs of this Aasociution, subject
to the Rules, Regulations and By-Laws, and to the Secretary must
be addressed all charges against any member of this Association.
They shall examine all evidence of fraud or other matters relating
to the turf that is brought before them, and shall take such
measures to ascertain the truth or falsity of all charges as in their
judgment is deemed necessary and proper.

The Board of Appeals shall have power to call a new congress
whenever deemed necessary to alter, annul, amend or add to these
rules. They shall also be entitled to the privilege of honorary
membership on the grounds and premises of all the associated
Courses.

8. Delegation. — A delegation to a general congress shall consist
of one or more persons, not exceeding three, duly authorized iu
writing by the President or Secretary of their respective Associar
tions, or proprietor or proprietors of individual Courses.

9. Adniissio?i of Memher^s. — All applications for admission to this
Association must be made in writing, duly signed and addressed to
the Secretary of the Board of Appeals, who alone are authorized to
admit members. All new members shall abide by all previous
action of this Association, a copy of which shall be furnished them
by the Secretary.

10. Fee of Meiiibersliip. — The fee of membership shall be deter-
mined by the Board of Appeals, and shall be payable on or before
the first day of February, in each year.

11. Forfeiture of MemlersMp. — An Association ha^ang once
been admitted shall continue a member upon the prompt payment
of dues for the succeeding year, on or before its commencement,
unless expelled by vote of the Board of AjDpeals, for a disobedience
of the Rules and Regulations or By-Laws of this Association.

12. Duties of Members. — It shall be the duty of each member to
see that the Rules, Regulations and By-Laws of this Association
are rigidly enforced upon their respective Courses.

Members shall in no case allow their Courses to be used for other
than legitimate exhibitions, and they shall be held responsible for
any violation of the rules of this Association.

They shall keep on file all letters, entries and communications
relating to their respective Courses, for future reference.

They shall furnish each owner, trainer, rider or driver, with a
copy of the rules of this Association, if so requested, and shall have
at least one copy posted in some conspicuous place in the Judges'
stand for the convenience of the Judges.

584 THE HOESE.

13. Clerh of tlie Course. — It siiall be the duty of each member
to provide the services of a competent person to assist the Judges
in each and every race upon their respective Courses, who shall be
styled the Clerk of the Course. He shall understand the rules of
this Association, and be able to give any information in regard to
them that may be required by the Judges.

He may assist in weighing riders or drivers, assigning the posi-
tion of horses before the race, or other similar duties at the request
of the Judges ; and shall keep a book in which shall be recorded a
description of the dress of each rider, and the weight carried ; he
shall note the time a heat is finished, and shall notify the Judges,
or ring the bell at the expiration of the time allowed between
heats; he may assist the Judges in placing the horses at the finish
of a heat.

He shall record in a book to be kept for that purpose, an ac-
count of every heat, in the following form, to wit: First — all horses
entered and the name of the riders or drivers ; next, the starting
horses and the positions assigned them ; next, a record of each
heat, giving the position of each horse at the finish, then the offi-
cial time of each heat, and at the end, an official summary of the
race, giving the drawn, distanced and ruled-out horses, if any there
be. He shall record all protests, fines, penalties and appeals. This
book shall be signed by the Judges and shall constitute the official
record.

14. Annual 3Ieetings. — The annual meetings of this Association
shall be held the first week in February in each year, at such place
as may be chosen at the annual meeting next preceding; a written
or printed notice of each meeting shall be mailed, postage paid, and
addressed by the Secretary to each member, at least thirty days
prior to said first week in February, and only those Associations or
Courses shall be entitled to be represented at such annual meetings
as may, according to the books of the Association, have been mem-
bers for six months next preceding such meeting. Eeich member
shall be entitled to one vote, and they may vote by delegates duly
authorized, or in writing, as they prefer.

15. Special Meetings.— ^^QCinX meetings of the Association shall
be called by the Secretary, whenever requested by the Board of
Appeals, or in writing by a majority of the members, and fifteen
days notice shall bo given by the Secretary, to each mcml)cr, of
special meetings in the manner provided for notice of annual meet-
ings ; one-fourth of the members shall be represented to constitute
a quorum for the transaction of business.

BY-LAWS OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION. oHO

16. Election of Officer,'^.— The President and Board of Appeals
shall be chosen at the Inaugural meeting of the Association, and
annually thereafter, and shall retain their respective offices until a
successor is appointed. In case of the resignation or death of any
of their members, the Board of Appeals shall have power to fill
vacancies until the next election.

The Vice-Presidents shall be chosen annually by the executive
officers of their respective Associations or Courses, in such manner
as they may elect, and shall retain their office until a successor is
appointed. Notice of all such elections shall be given to the Secre-
tary of this Association within thirty (30) days thereafter.

The Secretary and Treasurer shall be elected by the Board of
Appeals, and shall hold his office until a successor is appointed.

17. Entries. — The hour for closing the entries of all purses or
premiums offered by any of the associated Courses shall be 9 o'clock,
P. M. All letters or entries bearing postmark the date of closing,
shall be ehgible.

18. Fines. — All fines shall revert to the National Association,
and shall be paid to the Treasurer upon demand.

19. Length of Tracks. — All members of this Association shall,
upon demand, furnish the Secretary with the statement of a compe-
tent civil engineer, who shall certify under oath the exact distance of
their respective tracks, measured just three feet from the pole, that
is to say, the inside fence or ditch. These certificates shall be en-
dorsed by the proper officer of the Course designated, and shall be
placed upon the records of this Association.

20. By-Laws. — Each Association may be governed by its own
By-Laws, provided they do not conflict with these, or with the
Eules and Regulations adopted by this Association.

These By-Laws may be amended whenever required by two-
thirds of the members, but notice of such amendment shall be
given in the call of the meeting, at which they are to be submitted.

BETTING RULES.

In framing and organizing the Rules of the National Associa-
tion for the Promotion of the Interests of the American Trotting
Turf, the Convention omitted all reference to betting, but the com-
mittee appointed and empowered by the Convention have adopted
the following rules which shall control all bets over the different
Courses :

1. All decisions of purses, premiums, matches or sweepstakes,

686 THE HORSE.

or division thereof, and all pools and bets, must follow the decision
of the Judges, from which there shall be no appeal ; and no pools
or bets shall be declared off except for fraud.

2. If a race is postponed, it shall not affect the pools or bets that
may have been made on it. They shall stand until the race comes
off, unless the contrary shall be agreed on between the parties bet-
ting; provided the race takes place within eight days of the time
first named ; after which time all bets and pools are drawn, unless
play or pay.

3. When any change is made in the conditions of a race, all
pools and bets made previous to the announcement of the change
shall be null and void.

4. When a bet is made on one horse against the field, he must
start or the bet is off, and the field is what starts against him ; but
there is no field unless one start against him.

5. In pools and betting, the pool stands good for all the horses
that start in the race ; but for those horses that do not start, the
money must be returned to the purchaser.

6. In races made play or pay, outside bets are not play or pay
unless so made by the parties.

7. All bets are void on the decease of either party, but in case a
horse should die, play or pay bets made on him stand.

8. If a bet is made on any number of straight heats, and there
is a dead heat made, the heats are not straight, and the party bet-
ting on straight heats loses.

9. If in any case the Judges declare a heat null and void, it
does not affect the bets as in case of a dead heat as to winning
in straight heats.

10. When a race is coming off, and a party bets that a heat will
be made in two minutes and thirty seconds (2.30) and they make
two thirty (3.30) or less, he would win. If he bets they will beat
two minutes and thirty seconds, (2.30), and they make exactly two
thirty (2.30), he loses ; but if he takes two minutes and thirty sec-
onds (2.30) against the field, and they make exactly two tliirty
(2.30) it is a tie, or draw bet. All time bets to be decided ac-
cordingly.

11. In a double event — where there is no action on the first race
in order, in consequence of forfeit or other cause, the bet is off; but
where there is an action on the bet, and the party betting on the
double event shall have won the first, the bet shall then stand as a
play or pay bet for the second event.

12. If a bet should be made during the contest of a heat that a

BY-LAWS OF THE IS'ATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 587

named horse will win that heat, and he makes a dead heat, the het
is drawn ; but if after the horses have passed the score, a party bets
that a certain named horse has won the heat, and the Judges de-
clare it a dead heat, the backer or the named horse loses.

13. In races l;etween two or more horses, of a single dash at any
distance, which result in a dead heat, it is a draw between the
horses making the dead heat, and l)ets between them are off; and
if it is a sweepstakes, the money of the beaten horses is to be divided
between the horses making the dead heat.

14. When a bettor undertakes to place the horses in a race, he
must give a specified place as first, second, third, and so on. The
word "last" shall not be construed to mean "fourth and distanced,"
if four start, but " fourth" only, and so on. A distanced horse must
be placed " distanced."

15. Horses shall be placed in a race and bets decided as they are
placed in the official record of the day ; provided that where a horse
comes in first and it is afterwards found that he was disqualified
for fraud, the bets on him shall be null and void, but pool sellers
and stake holders shall not be held responsible for moneys paid by
them under the decision of the Judges of the race.

16. Bets made during a heat are not determined until the con-
clusion of the race, if the heat is not mentioned at the time.

17. Either of the bettors may demand stakes to be made, and,
on refusal, declare the bet to be void.

18. Outside bets cannot be declared oflF on the Course unless
that place was named for staking the money, and then it must be
done by filing such declaration in Avriting with the Judges, who
shall read it from the stand before the race commences.

19. Bets agreed to be paid or received, or bets agreed to be made
or put up elsewhere than at the place of the race, or any other
specified place, cannot be declared off on the Course.

20. Bets on horses disqualified and not allowed to start are void,
unless the bets are play or pay.

21. A bet cannot be transferred without the consent of parties
to it, except in pools.

22. When a bet is made on a horse's time, it shall be decided by
the time made in a public race ; he going single and carrying his
proper weight.

23. When a horse makes time on a short track, it shall not con-
stitute a record for the decision of bets, but only as a bar for
entrance in races.

34. Horses that are distanced or drawn at the conclusion of a

588 THE HORSE.

heat are beaten in the race by those tliat start afterward. A horse
that is distanced in a heat is beaten by one drawn at the termina-
tion of the same heat.

25. A person betting odds has a right to choose a horse or the
field.

26. All bets relate to the purse, stake or match, if nothing to
the contrary is specified at the time of making the bet.

27. Parties wishing all the horses to start for a bet, must so
name it at the time the bet is made.

28. When the Judges declare a heat null and void, all bets on
that heat shall stand for decision on the next, and it shall not con-
stitute a record for any purpose.

29. All pools and bets shall be governed and decided by these
rules, unless a stipulation to the contrary shall be agreed upon by
the parties betting.

30. Should any contingencies occur not provided for by these
rules, the Judges of the day shall decide them.

31. When a horse which has not been sold in the pools wins the
race, the best horse sold in the pools wins the money.

32. Horses that are not placed in the race are equal.

k

IITDEX.

Aaron Burr, i. 175.

Abdallah, i. 175, 195.

Abjer, i. 507.

Aeaster Turk, i. 90, 127.

Actieon Mare (imp.), i. 583.

Actress (imp.), i. 583.

Adana, i. .')83.

Adela (imp.) i. 583.

Admiral, i. 507.

Admiral, ii. 84.

Admiral Nelson, 1. 508.

Adriaua (imp.), i. 5*1.

Molm, i. 139.

Africa, birthplace of horse,

i. 21.
Age of the horse, i. 57-73.

shown by dental system,

i. 57-73.
of noted horses, i. 147.
of Moreton's Traveller
as connected with the
Morgans, ii. 281.
Ainderby, i 503.
Alarm, i". 584.
Albany Pony, ii. 135.
Albertazzi, i. 581.
Albion, i. 503.
Alderman, i. 508.
Alexander, i. 150, 503.
Alexander (Smalley's), (imp.),

i. 508.
Alexandria, i. 584.
.\lfred Mare (imp.), i. 584.
Alice Grey, i. 244.

race with Black Maria, i.
245, 246, 247.
Alice Grey (trotter), ii. 127.
Allegrante (imp.), i. 584.
All Fours, i. 509.
Amanda, i. 135.
Amanda (imp.), i. 584.
Amazon (imp.) i. 585.
Amazonia, ii. 261.
Ambassador, i. 509.
American Blood Horse, history

of, i. 122.
American Boy, ii. 161.
American Eclipse, i. 73, n., 136,
152, 161.
age of, i. 168.
color of, i. 178.
figure of, i. 178.
genealogical table, i. 150.
memoir of, i. 178.
pedigree of, i. 178, 187.
performances of. i. 179.
races with—

Duchess of Marl]

ough, 1. 177.
Lady Lisrhtfoot,
Little John, i.
Sea Gull, i. 17$
Sir Charles. jTlSl,
Sir Henry, i/lS3, 18'

American Horses, history of,
i. 108.

best racing, i. 451.

best trotting, ii. 283.

of Canada, li. 63.

compared with English,
i. 419.

of Conestoga, ii. 57.

Morgan, ii. 104.

most renowned, i. 449.

pedigrees of racers, i. 156.

pedigrees of trotters, ii.
280.

trotters, ii. 286.

varieties of, ii. 9.

of Vermont, ii. 49.
American Jockey Club Inaugu-
ration Meeting, i. 383.
Americus, i. 137, 509.
Americus (trotter), ii. 154, 173,

177, 205.
Amina, i. 585.
Amnrath Marc, i. 585.
Anatomy of the horse, i. 56.
Andrew Jackson, ii. 187, 214,

261.
Anfleld (imp.), i. 509.
Anna Maria (imp.), 1. 585.
Annette, i. 137.
Antfeus, i. 509.
Antigua (imp.), i. 536.
Anto'nio (imp.), i. 509.
Anviliua, i. 580.
Apparition, i. 510.
Arabia —

chai'acteristics of horses
of, i. 21.

horses not native of, i. 21.

horses sent from Egypt to,
i. 24.

sent from Cappadocia to,
i. 21.
Arabian Horses —

Alexander I., 1. 78, 94.

Bell's Gray, i. 96.

Belsize, i. 133.

Bloody Buttocks, i. 128.

Bussorah, i. 151.

Chestnut, i. 90.

Combe's Gray, i. 96.

Cidlen's Brown, i. 96.

Cyprus, i. 1.33.

Damascus, i. 96.

Darlev, i. 96, 103, 125.

Godoiphin, i. 96, 127, 138.

Gresley's. i. 128.

Hall's, i. 128.

Hampton Court, i. 1.38.

Honeywood's White, i. 96,
1.36.

Leed'8 " 1. 96.

Lonsdale's Bay, i. 96.

Markham's " i. 94, 96.

Mustrrovo's Grav. i. 126.

The Newcombe Bay Moun-
tain, i. 96.

Arabian Horses —

The Oudethorpe, i. 96.

The Tori land, i. 1;38.

The Kicburds, i. 1.38.

The Wtalli(j7is, i. 104.

The Wclli'slcy, i. 74.
Arabian Mure (imp.), i. 586.
Archduke, i. 510.
Archer, i. 510.
Archibald, i. 510.
Architecture of Stables, ii. 313.
Argyle, i. 1G6.
Ariel, i. 135.
Ariel, i. 152. 1C2, 167.

pedigree of, i. 195.

performances, i. 201.

race with FlirtiUa, i. 203.

races of. i. 207.

races, recapitulation of, ii.
219.
Ariel (trotter), ii. 1P6.

match of 50 miles, ii. 186.

match of 100 " ii. 186.
Aristotle, i. 510.
Arminda, i. 1.30.
Arnica (imp.), i. 586.
jVrra Kookcr, i. 511.
Arrow, pedigree of, i. 3-13.

best three-mile race of, i.
341-347.

performances of, i. 342.
Aspasia, i. 158.
Ass, i. 22, 53.
Asteroid, i. 359-373.

and Kentucliy Contro-
versy, i. 365.

description of, i. .361.

pedigree, i. 3-59.

performances of, i. 361,
362, 363, 369, 371.

race with Loadstone, i.
362, 363.

serious accident, i. 369.
Atalanta, i. 130.
Atlantic (imp.), i. 511.
Attraction (imp.), i. 586.
Augustus Mare, i. 586.
Aurelia, i. .'iSG.
Au Eevoir (imp.), i. 587.
Australian (imp.), i. 511.
Authorities consulted and used
in llie jircparation of this
work, i. 15.
Autocrat, i. 511.
Awful (trottor\ ii. 158, 161, 163.

trot with Ladv Suffolk, ii.
168. 169. 173." 204.
Aypgarth (imp.), i. 511.
Azof, siege of, i. 25.

Ribraham, i. 126, 1.30. 137, 512,
Babraham, f., (imp.), i. 587.
Babta (imp.), i. 587.

590

INDEX.

Bachelor, see Batchelor.
Badger, i. 512.
Bajazet. i. l;J3, 150, 512.
Bajazet Mare (imp.), i. 587.
Bald Charlotte, i. 138, 159.
Bald Galloway, i. 135, 138, 138,

145.
Ball's Florizel, i. 135.
Balrownie, i. 512.
Barbarity (imp.), i. 587.
Barbs, i. 40, 43.

Burton's Mare, i. 127, 138.

Compton's, 1. 98.

Croft's Bay, i. 127.

Curweu's Bay, i. 125, 137.

Dods worth's, i. 127, 133.

Fairfax's Morocco, i. 95.

Godolphin, i. 96.

Greyhound, i. 128.

Harpur's, i. 128.

Button's Grav, 1. 136.

Layton Mare,"i. 96, 138, 138.

Numidian, i. 32.

Taffolet, i. 138.

Thoulouse, i. 96.
Barefoot, i. 151, 513,
Baronet, i. 150, 513.
Bartlett'8 Ghilders, i. 106, 125,

1.36.
Bascombe (John), pedigree of,

i. 164.
Bashaw, by Wildair, i. 150.
Bashaw (imp.), ii. 513.

Grand Bashaw (imp.), ii.
214.

Young Bashaw, ii. 214.
Bashaw, Junior —

history of, ii. 272.

pedigree of, ii. 372.
Bashful Filly, i. 588.
Batchelor, i. 513.
Battledore Mare, i. 688.
Bay Bolton, i. 125, 136, 139, 159.
(imp)., i. 513.

Colt (imp.), i. 513.

Malton Mare (imp.), i. 588.

Richmond (imp.), i. 513.
Beau, i. 514.

Beautiful Star (imp.), i. 588.
Bedford, (imp.)—

get of, i. 139, 514.

pedigree of, i. 138.
Bel Air, 1. 135, 140, 145, 147.

mare, i. 141, 144.
Bellfounder (imp. trotter), ii.

85, 155, 170.
Belle of Saratoga (trotter), ii.

222.
Bell's Gray Arabian, i. 96.
Belsize Arabian, i. 133.
Belshazzar (imp.), i. 514.
Belzoni Filly, i. 588.
Beppo (trotter), ii. 158, 163,

177, 204.
Bergamotte, i. 514.
Bernor's Comus, i. 52.3.
Bernice (imp.), i. 588.
Berv.'ickshire Lass (imp.), 1.

589.
Best American horpes, i. 451.

English horses, i. 451.

four mile heats, i. 462.

trotting time, ii. 282.
Best time and weight. 462.
Betsey Baker, ii. 135, 138, 142,

1-17. 1.50, 186, 188.
Betsey Malone, i. 142.
BetseV Ransom, imp.), i. 636.
Betty' BlazeUa (imp.), i. 589.
BOlet, i, 514.

Birdcatcher Mare, i. 589.
Black Bess (imp.), i. 589.
I Hack Dan. ii. 320.
Black Douglass, ii. 216.
Black Hawk (trotter), pedi-
gree, ii. 187.
performances, ii. 187, 189,
193, 212.
Black Hawk (by S. Morgan), i.
112.
ii, 75, 104, 119, 178, 215.
Black Hawk (Young), ii. 104.

pedigree of, ii. 123.
Black Maria (by imp. Shark),
i. 135.
(by Eclipse), i. 116, 139, 163,

167.
form of, i. 225.
pedigree of, i. 222.
performance of, i, 226.
recapitulation of races, i.

248, 249.
twenty-mile race, i. 236.
Black and all Black, i. 183,

144.
Black Jack (trotter), ii. 119.
Blacklock Mare (imp.), i. 589.
Black Prince (imp.), ii. 515.
Blank (English), i. 1.37, 138.
Blaze (English), i. 137.
Blaze (imp.), i. 515
Blazella (by Blaze) i, 137.
Blenldron, i. 515.
Blonde (by Glencoe) —

race with Arrow, i. 344.
race with Little Flea, i. 347.
Blood Horse, history of Amer-
ican, i. 122.
histoi-y of English, i. 74.
Blood stock, lost at sea, i. 655-

657.
Bloody Buttocks (Arabian), i.

138,. 130, 138.
Blossom (by Crab) Mare, i.
136.
(imp. horse), i. 515.
(imp. mare), i. 589.
Bhte Dick, i. 165.
Bluster (imp.), i. 515.
Boaster (imp.), i. 516.
Bob Letcher, ii. 98.

pcdicree of, ii. 98.
Boletas (imp.), i. 590.
Bolivar (by Diomed), i. 137.
Boltoii dnip.), i. 51C.
Bond's First Consul, i. 136.
Bonnets of Blue. i. 137, 103.
races with Black Maria, i.
230.
Bonnie Scotland, i. 516.
Bonnyface (imp.), i. 516.
Bonny Lass (imp.), i. 590.
Borrock, Billy (imp.), i. 516.
Bosphorus, i. 516.
Bosquet, 1. .517.

Boston, i. 116, 137, 139, 164,
168.
age of, i. 276.
blindness of. ii. 25.
color of, i, 376.
pedigree, i. 376, 280, ii. 11,

203.
performances, i. 277.
race with Fashion, i. 289.
Boston Blue (trotter), ii. 135,
1.37, 181.
first trot in public for a
stake, ii. 133.
Boston Girl (trotter), ii, 204,
218, 227.

Bowery Boy (trotter), ii. 147.
Brahma, i. 517.

Brandywine (trotter), ii. 307.
Breaking, ii. 343.
Breaking (Baucher's system),
ii. 376.
leading tackle for, ii. 11.
rules of, ii. 346.
shoeing for, ii. 345.
stables necessary, ii. 34.3.
teaching the horse, ii. 374.
tying up in the stable, ii.
345.
Breeding, best age for, ii. 318.
choice of stallion for, ii.

315.
Cleveland Bay, Emperor,

ii. 289.
efiects of in-breeding, ii.

54.
examples of in-breeding,

ii. 296.
examples of out-crossing,

ii. 305.
for general purposes, ii.

392.
for racing purposes, ii.

307.
for the turf, ii. 292.
general breeding, ii. 309.
in-and-in, ii. 295.
management of mare and

foal, ii. .3,39. .341.
mongrel breeding, ii. 324.
out-crossing, ii. 303.
Perchcron Norman Stal-
lion, ii. 324.
points of brood mare, ii.

313.
principles of, ii. 289.
selection of brood mare,

ii. 310.
stud farm for, ii. 333.
theory of, in breeding, ii.

309.
time for, ii. .319.
Bridport or Hill's, Vermont
Black Hawk, ii. 119, 120,
220.
Brilliant (imp.), i. 517.
Brilliant Mare (imp.), i. 590.
Brimmer, Good's, i. 144, 145.
Britannia (imp.), i. 5ii0, 591.
Brocklesby's Betty, i. 136.
Brooklyn Maid (trotter), ii.

172.
Brown Dick, race with Arrow,

i. 344.
Brunswick (imp.), ii. 144, 517,
BruUls (imp.), i. 517.
Bryan O'Lynii (imp.), i. 517.
Bucejihalus (imp.), i. .')18.
Bucephalus, age of, i. 57.
Buenos Ayres, horse of, i.

25.
Buffcont (imp.). 518.
Bulle Rock (imp.), i. 518.
Burton's Barb, i. 127,133.
Busiris Marc (inip.), J,G91.
Bussor.ili. 7\rnbian, i. 151.
Bustard Mare (imp.), i. 591.
Bustle (imp.), i. rOl.
Bustler, i 105, 1!:9.
Butler (Spanish), i. 98.
Butler's Virginia Nell, 1.

135.
Buzzard (imp.), i. 518.
Byerly Turk, i. 96, 127, 188,

145.
By the Sea, i. 518.

INDEX.

591

c.

Cade (Eng.), i. 127, 131, 137, 140.

(imp.), I. 518.
CadmuH, ii. 85, 80.
Cairn-gorni (imp.), i. 592.
Caledonia Brauder (imp.), i.

m-z.

Calirtta Byrd's (imp.), i. 593.
Calypso, i. i:JO.
Camul (imp.), i. 518.

(imp.), i. 147.
Camul Mai-o (imp.), i. 592.
Cami'lita U'HP-)'. i- 592.
Camilla (imp.), i. 592.
Canadian Horse, i. 109, 112,
111.

stallion, St.Lawrence (trot-
ter), ii. 189.
Canker, ii. .525.
Cannon (imp.), i. 519.
Canwell (imp.), i. 519.
Cappadocian Uorse, i. 24.
Caprice (imp.), i. 593.
Cardinal PtilV (imp.), i. 519.
Carlisle Turkj i. 125.
Carlo (imp.), i. 519.
Carpathia, Horse of, i. 41, 44.
Cartoucli (Eng. Horae), i. 137.
Carver (imp.V j. 519.
Casemate (imp.), i. 593.
Cassandra (imp.), i. 593.
Cassivelan, chariots of, i. 27.
Cassias M. Clay (trotter), i. 86.
Castaway Mare, i. 127.
Castiauii-a (imp.), i. 130, 137,
593.

pedigree of, i. 172.
Catalainl^imp.), 1. 593.
Catarrh, ii. 514.
Catchfly (imp.), i. 594.
Cato (trotter), ii. 154, 107, 109.
Catton (English), i. 100.
Catton Mare (imp.), i. 594.
Cavalry, Grecian, i. 30-37.

horses, ii. 103.

Numidian, i. 42, 43, 76.

riders, ii. 307.

Roman, i. 39.
Cayuga Chief (trotter), ii. 173,

175, 179, 183.
Celer, i. 135, 141, 145, 147, 159.
Celia, i. 130.

Centaur Mare (imp.), i. 594.
Centinel (imo.), i. 519.
Cetns (imp.),"i. 520.
Champion Mare (imp.), i. 594.
Chance (imp.), i. 520.
Chance, f. (imp.), i. 595.
Chance Mare (imp.), i. 596.
Chancellor (^wotter), ii. 145,

147, 154.
Chariot (imp.), i. 520.
Charlotte (imp.), i. 595.
Charlotte Temple (trotter), ii.

156, 157.
Chatauque Chief (trotter), ii.

189, 213, 223.
Chateau Margaux(imp.), i. 100,

500, 520.
Chateau, b. f. (imp.), i. 595.
Cheap (imp.), i. 595.
Chedworth Foshuuter, i. 1.38.
Chesterfield (imp.), i. 520.
Chicago Jack (trotter), ii. 222,

227.
Childers (Flying), i. 26, 57, 102,
125, 120, 159, 172, 421.

(Bartlett's), i. 100, 125, 136.

(imt).), i. 521.

Childers Mare (imp.), i. .595.

(.'hiddy (Eng. Mare), i. 137.

Cicil^ .Iopis<jn (imp.), i. 595.

CincmnatuH, i. I<i5.

(Jinderiilla (imp.), i. .595, .590.

Citizen (imp.), i. 143, 14r>, 104,
171, 5al.

Clara Howard, 1. 151.

Claret (imp.), i. 521.

Clarion, pedigree of, i. 163.

Cleveland, Bays, i. Ill, 112,
113, ii. 19.
W. C. Hives' Bay (imp.)
stallion, ii. 289.

Clifden (imp.), i. 521.

Clifton (imp.), i. 522.

Clilton Lass (imj).), i. 596.

Clink (imp.), i. 590.

Clockfast (imp.), i. 522.

Clothing of horses, ii. 452.

Clown (Imp.), i. 522.

Clubs-
American Jockey Club, i.

333.
Cenlreville Course, L. I.,

i. 15S, 107.
Hunting Park, Philadel-
phia, ii. I'lO.
New York Trotting Club,

rules of, ii. 1.S7.
Racing and betting^ rules
of "American Jockey
Club, ii. 539.
Rules of the lientucky As-
sociation, ii. 500.
Rules and Regulations of
the National Associa-
tion, ii. 509.

Coach House, ii. 423.

Cock-a-hoop (imp.), i. 522.

Cock of the Rock, i. 152.

Cceur de Lion (imp.), i. 141, 522.

Colic, Spasmodic, ii. 513.

Collector (trotter), ii. 147, 154,
150.

Columbine (imp.), i. 596.

Columbus (imp.), i. 522.

Columbus (S. White), trot with
Ethan Allen, ii. 105.

Columbus, Old (trotter), per-
formances of, ii. 41, 145,
148, 154, 179, 182. 187.
performances of, ii. 145,
148, 154, 179, 182, 187.

Combe's Gray Arabian, i. 96.

Comfort (imp.), i. 590.

Commodore (imp.), i. 522.

Commodore, ii. 201, 262.

Commoner, i. 133.

Comparison of speed, i.419,447.

Compton's Barb, i. 96.

Comus, Berner's, i. 523.

Comus Mare (imp.), i. 597.

Conest02:a Horse, i. 100, 109,
Hi.
history of, ii. 57.

Coneyskins, i. 125, 127, 136.

Confederate Mare (imp.), i.
597.

Confidence (trotter), ii. 156,
102, 172, 178, 199.

Congestion, ii. 510.

Conqueror, Spanish, i. 98.

Consol (imp.), i. 523.

Consternation (imp.), i. 523.
ii. 25.

Constellation, ii. 97.

Contract (imp.), i. 523.

Contracted feet, ii. 524.

Cook's Bel' Air, i. 140.

Cora, cli. ra. (imp), i. 597.
Corinthian Man; (imp.), 1. 597.
Cormoiant (imp.), i. 52^1.
Corns, ii. 525.
Coronet (imp.), i. 524.
Cottager Mare (imp.), i. 597.
Cough, ii. 515.
Counsellor, i. 127.
Courses (Race Courses), early
race-courses, i. 125.
in Now York, i. HiO.
Albany, i. 151 .
Bath, L. I.,i.l.':3.
Bca\-er Pond, Jamaica, 1.

151.
Harlem, i. 151-l!;c3.
Newmarket, L. I., i. 151-

15.3.
Poti'j'hkecpeie, i. 151.
Alexandria, Va., i. 130,

93.
Beac(m Course, N. J., i.

l.-)3.
Fashion Course, L. I., i.

153.
Gloucester, Va., i. 127.
Mai-ylaud, i. 128.
ISatioual Course, L. I., L

153.
Newmarket, Va., i. 130.
Philadelphia Course, i. 132

-134.
Powles Hook, N. J.,i.l53.
Richmond, Va., i. 130.
Union Course, L. I., i.

153.
Washington Course,
Charleston, S. C, i. 130.
Courses (trotting courses), first
trotting course in L. I.,
America, ii. 133, 147,
152.
Act of Legislature of New
York, 1821, for the same,
ii. 134.
Beacon Course, Hoboken,

N. J., ii. 107, 169.
Canton, ii. 150, 151.
Central Course, Baltimore,

ii. 14(j, 1.51.
Cent rev ille Course, i. 158,

107.
Harlem Course, ii. 156, 162.
Huntius: Park Course,
Philadelphia, rules of,
ii. 140-162.
Long Island Course, first
course in America, ii.
133,131, 117-1.52.
Crab (English), Old, i. 125, 127,
130, 138.
Routh's (imp.), i. 127, 524.
Sheppard's, i. 131, 137.
Cracks of the Hoof. ii. 525.
Crawford (imp.), i. 524.
Crawler (imp.), i. 524.
Creeper (imp.), i. 524.
Creole (imp.), i. 525.
Cripple (English), i. 136.
Croft's Bay Barb, i. 127.
Cruiser (imp.), i. • 25.
Cub (Old Cub\i. 1.31,585.
Cub Mare (imp.), i. 598.
Cub Marc (Delnncy's), i. 131,

1.50, 598.
Cub Mare (Gibson's), i. 131.
Cullen Arabian Mare (imp.), i.

.598.
Cullen Arabian Mare,Duche8S,
(imp.), i. 598.

592

INDEX.

Cullen's Brown Arabian, i. 96.
Cumberland (imp.), i. 525.
Cupbearer, i. lo9.
Curb, ii. 530.

CurwinV Barb, i. 96, 125, 137.
Cygnet (English), i. 137.
Cj-nthius (imp.), i. 595.
Cypron (English), i. 137.
Cyprus Arabian, i. 133.

Dabster (imp.), i. 525.
Daghee (imp.), i. 525.
Damascus Arabian, i. 96.
DanciugMaster (imp.), i. 526.
Daniel D. Tompkins (trotter),

ii. 164, 107, 108.
Dare Devil (imp.), i. 164, 536.
Dai-e Devil Mare, i. 142.
Darley Arabian, i. 96, 125, 128.
Darlington (imp.), i. 526.
David (imp.), i. .526.
D'Arcy Turk, i. 90, 126.
De Bash (imp.), i. 526.
Defiance, ii. 83.
Defiance (trotter), ii. 136.
Delight (imp.), i. 598.
Delphine (imp.), i. 598.
Denizen (imp.), 1. 620.
Dental System of the Horse, i.

57.
Derby (imp.), i. 526.
Design, ch. m. (imp.), i. 599.
Dexter — history, ii. 253-250.

pedigree, ii. 250, 257.

performances, ii. 257, 258.
D'amond (English), i. 167.
Diamond, ii. 108, 109.
Dinn (imp.) 1. 599.
Diana, i. 1.37.
Diana (imp.), i. 599.
Diana Syntax (imp.), i. 599.
Dickey Pierson, i. 137, 183.
Dinwiddie, i. 137.
Diomed (imp.), i. 130.

pedigree of, i. 137, 141, 144,
147, 161.

memoir of, i. 175.

his get in England, i. 175,
17(3.

his get in America, 1. 137,
527; ii.ll.
Diomed, Raglan'f, i. 143, 147.
Diomeda (imp.), 1. 599.
Dion (imp.), i. 527.
Diseases of the Horse, i. 4S0.

canker, ii. 525.

catarrh, ii. 514.

congestion, ii. 510.

contracted feet, ii. 534.

corns, ii. 525.

cough, ii, 515.

false quarter, ii. 525.

farcy, ii. 531.

glanders, ii. 515.

grease, ii. 523.

inflammation, ii. 513.

inflammation of the brain,
ii. 517.

inflammation of the foot,
or acute founder, ii. 52.3.

laryngitis, ii. 514.

mucous membranes, ii.
513.

navicular joint disease, ii.
534.

pleurisy, ii. 618.

piuniced feet, ii. 234.

Diseases of the Horse—

quittor, ii. 535.

roaring, causes of and rem-
edies for, ii. 531-535.

sand crack, ii. 525.

gpasmodic colic, ii. 513.

spavin, ii. 519.

splints, ii. 523.

Buperpurgation, ii. 514.

thrush, ii. 525.

tread, or over reach, ii. 525.

worms, ii. 514.
Docking of Horse, ii. 459.
Dodsworth's Barb, i. 127, 133,

108, 157.
Dolly (trotter), ii. 163.
Dolly Spanker (trotter), ii. 216,

332.
Doncaster (imp.), i. 527.
Don Cossack Mare (imp.), i.

599.
Don Juan (trotter), ii. 163, I'll,

172.
Don Quixotte (imp.), i. 537.
Dorimaut, i. 137.
Dorimaut Mare (imp.), i. 599.
Doris (English), i. 188.
Doris (imp.), i. 690.
Dormouse (English), i. 130.
Dormouse (imp.), i. 527.
Dotterrel (imp.) i. 537.
Dove (imp.), i. 528.
Dragon (imp.), i. 598.
Dragon (trotter), ii. 135.
Dread (trotter), ii. 147, 154, 156.
Driver (imp,), i. 528.
Driving, ii. 476.
Drone (imp.), i. 528.
Druid (imp.), i. 528.
Duanc, i. 151, 100.
Duchess, b. m. (imp.), i. 600.
Duchess of Yorli (imp.), i. COO.
Duchess (tro.tter), ii. 173, 175,

l'i'9, 101, 183, 185, 227.
Duke of Bridgewater's Star.

i.1.38.
Dungannon (English), i. 138.
Dungannon (imp.), i. 528.
Dungannon, i. 111.
Duroc, i. 100, 107, 175, 181.

pedigree of, i. 187, 198.
Dutchman (trotter), ii. 142, 149,
168, 100, 163, 167, 168, 175,
177, 193, 204.

E.

Eagle (imp.), i. 529.
Eastern Star (imp.), i. 600.
Ebony Basto Mare (Old Eng-
lish), i. 1.37.
Ebony (English), i. 137.
Ebony, or Young Ebony

(imp.), i. 000.
Eclipse (imp.), i. 529, 530.
Eclipse (American), i. 57, 103,
105,111,199,136,139,153,
154, lo;, 107.
color of, i. 178.
figure of, i. 178.
memoir of, i. 178.
pedigree; of. i. 178,187.
performances of, i. 170.
race with Lady Lightfoot,

i. IHO.
race with Sir Charles, i 181.
race with Hcnrv, i. 183.
Eclipse (English), "i. 136, 138,
160, 161, 355.

Eclipse (Harris's), i. 144, 539.
obituary, i. 147.
age, i. 147.
Eclipse (Northern), i. 530.
Eclipse (Virginia), i. 140, 147.
Edwin Forrest (trotter), best
time, ii. 133, 150, 159, 161,
167, 109, 171, 177.
Egypt, i. ^1.

horse first spoken of in, i.

21.
introducted into, i.93,34,27.
sent to Arabia by, i. 24.
Eleanor (imp.), i. 601.
Eli;:a (imp.\ i. 601.
Ella (imp.),'i. 601.
Ellen Thompson (trotter), ii.

174.
Elthan Lass (imp.), i. 602.
Emancipation (imp.), i. 530.
Emancipation Colt (imp.),i.530.
Emancipation Mare (imp.), i.

609.
Emelius Mare (imp.), i. 602.
Emilia, b. f., (imp.), i. 602.
Emily (imp.), i. 603.
Emniy (imp.), i. 603.
Emperor, ii. 233.
Empress, i. 159.
Empress (trotter), ii. 174.
Emu (imp.), i. 530.
Engineer, ii. 208.
English Blood Horses, i. 74.
best English horses, i. 451.
comparisons of speed be-
tween American Blood
horses and, i. 449, 450.
foreign stallions, in Eng-

laml in 17.50, i. 103, 104.
game of, 4S9.
inferiority of old racers, i.

435.
most reno'wned American

and, i. 449, 4.'30.
native stallions in England.

in 1730, i. 105.
views of the thoroughbred,
i. 444.
English Eclipse, i. 136, 138, 160.
English Eclipse, i. 161, 421.
Englishman (imp.), i. 530.
English race courses, i. 437-443.
Envoy (imp.), i. 530.
Ephraim Smooth (trotter), ii.

112, 145, 149.
Epsilon, i. 142.
Equity, mare (imp.), i. 603.
Ericsson—

description of, ii. 269.
pedigree of, ii. 269.
performances of ii. 200,270.
race with Morgan Chief
and Kentucky,ii. 370, 271.
Escape (imp.), i. 5.S1.
Espersykes (imp.), i. 531.
Essential Points in a thorough-
bred for racing, i. 490.
Ethan Allen, ii. 104, 105, 215.
performances, ii, 278, 279.
Eugenins (imp.), i. 631.
Expcdilion (imp.), i. 150, 151,

163. .631.
Express (imp.), i. 531.
Exton (imp.), i. 532.

F.

Fabricius (English), i. 145.
Fair Charlotte (imp.), i. (i03.
Fair Rachel (imp.), i. COS.

INDEX.

593

Piiirfas Roan (imp.), i. 532.
FiiirtU.x's Morocco Barb, i. 95.
Fairy (Enu'lisli), i. 13S.
Fairy, i. m.

Fairy (iiicen (Engliwii), i. 138.
Fairy Qiiceu (trotter), ii. 181.
Fal'.-ouut (imp.), i. 0U4.
Fallowor (imp.), i. 140, 532.
Fanuy Junks (trotter)—

tcii-milo matcli, ii. 181, 182.

oud-liandrccl mile match,
ii. is:j, 105, 1%.
Fanny Murray (trotter), ii. 189.

ouo-liundred-milc match,
ii. ISO, 195, 190.
Fanny (trotter), ii. 199.
Fanny Piillen (trotter), ii. 158,

is;», 190.

Fanny Kemble, ii. 214.
Fautasie (imp.), i. 004.
Farcy, ii. 521.
Farm Horses, management of,

ii. 472.
Fashion, cliaracteristics of, i.
137, 151, 104, 107, 109, 170,
284.

color of, i. 2S4.

form of, i. 285.

match race with Boston, i.
239.

pedigree of, 1. 287.

performances of, i. 285.

recapitulation of race with
Boston, i. 299.
Paugh-a-Ballagh, i. 407, 408.
P^avel (Cyprus), i. 82.
Favorite (imp.), i. 004.
Fizzoletto, Jr. (imp.), 1. 532.
P3ar (imp.), i. 604.
Fearnought (imp.), i. 127, 144,

145, 532.
Fearnought (Baylor's), i. 140.
Feed, ii. 436.

Feedmg on the road, ii. 481.
Fellow (imp.), i. 532.
Felt (imp.), i. 532.
Pelt Horse (imp.), i. 533.
Felucca (imp.;, i. 004.
Fiat (imp.), i. 533.
Figure (imp.), i. 132, 150, 533.
Filagree (imp.), i. 005.
Filho Da Puta M. (imp.), i. 605.
Firebrand (imp.), i. 533.
Firetail (imp.), i. 533.
First Consul (Bond's), i. 136,

152.
Flag of Truce (imp.), i. 534.
Flag of Truce, i. 135.

sent to Ohio, ii. 83.
Flag of Truce, by Sir Solomon,
race with Eclipse, i. 180.
Flatterer (imp.), i. 534.
Fleet (imp.)., i. 005.
Fleeting Moments (imp.), i.

005.
Flemish Horse, i. 83, 83, 99,

101, 111 ; ii. 18, 28.
Fleur des Champs (imp.), i.

605.
Flexible (imp.), i. 534.
Flexings of the Horse, ii. 387.
Flimnap (imp.), i. 131, 534.
Flirtilla, i. 147.

race with Ariel, i. 202.
Flora Temple (trotter), race
with Ethan Allen, ii. 105.

fastest time, ii. 2.37.

memoir of, ii. 2-30.

performances of, ii. 2-35.

race with Tacony, ii. 239.

Flora Temple (trotter)—

races, li. 132, 14.% 149, 1.5'1,

108,171,173,175,177,196,

213, 215, 215, 219, 222, 2-M,

225, a26, 227, a28.
Florestinc (imp. mare), i. 606.
Florida Hepburn (imp.), i. (306.
Floride, by Wu-^nor, race with

Pryor, i. 358.
Florizel (English), i. 1.30, 137.
Florizcl (Bail's), i. 135.
Flori/.el, by Old, (imp.), i. 534.
Flounce (imp.), i. 60(5.
Fluke (imp.), i. 600.
Fly (Canadian trotting marc),

ii. 327, 328.
Flying Childers, i. 57, 102, 125,

127, 136, 159, 172.
(imp.), i. 535.
Fly-by-Night (imp.), i. 534.
Foals, management of, ii. 341.

food for, ii. 341.
Food of Horses, ii. 4(yl.
Pop (imp.), i. 535.
Forrester (mip.), i. 535.
Forrester Mare (imp.), i. 607.
Fortuna (imp.), i. 607.
Founder, Acute, ii. 523.
Fourth of July (trotter), ii. 174.
Fox (English), i. 125, 127, 1.35,

145.
Foxcub (English), i. 136.
Frances (imp.), i. 607.
Frank Forrester (trotter), ii.

198.
Frederick (imp.), i. 5.35.
Friar (imp.), i. 5.35.
Prolicksome Fanny (imp.), i

607.
Fun (imp.), i. 607.
Fury (imp.), i. 007.
Fylde (imp.), i. 535.

GJ-.

Gabriel (imp.), pedigree of, i.
137.

get of, 138, 536.
Gabrielle, ch. m. (imp.), i. 608.
Gallatin, i. 137, 142, 144, 145.
Gallopade (imp.), i. 008.
Galloway Horse, origin of, ii.
29.

pacer, ii. 33.

performances of, ii. 29, 30,
31.
Game of English horses, i. 439.
Gamenut Mare (imp.)j i. 608.
Gasteria, b. f. (imp.), i. 608.
Gaulish Horse, i. 40, 43, 75.
Gazella (imp.), i. 608.
General Managem't of Horses,

ii. 409.
Genista (imp.), i. 609.
Genius (imp.), i. 536.
Gibson's Club, i. 131.
Gift (imp.), i. 537.
Gimcrack (English), i. 136, 198,

220. 281, 288.
Gipsey (trotter), ii. 188.
Girl o'f My Heart (imp.), i. 609.
Girth (imp.^, i. 609.
Glanders, ii. 515.
Glencoe, ch. (imp.), i. 100,143.
145, 359, 360.

pedigree, i. 537.
Glenelg (imp.), i. 536.
Glenevis (imp.), i. 536.
Glengary (imp.), i. 537.

Gloriana (imp.), i. 609.
God(jlphin ,\rabiaii, i. 96, 127,

130, l;jl, i;j(), 147.
Godolphin Arab'n Mare (imp.),

1. (W9.
Goldenic (impJ, i. 609.
Goldsmith Maid (formerly
Goldsmith Marc) —
history, ii. 218, 249.
description, ii. 250.
pedigree, ii. 2.'j0.
performances, ii. 2.51, 258.
Good's Brimmer, i. 144, 145.
Gouty (imp.), i. 5137.
Grachtis, i. 137.
Grauby (imp.), i. 5.37.
Samuol's^ i. 132.
imp. or Wilder's, i. 138.
Wildman s, i. 186.
Gray Grantham (English), I.

130, 137, 159, 172.
Gray Archy, i. 142.
Gray Childers, i. 125.
Gray Diomed, i. 135, 136, 145,
147.
pedigree, i. 177.
Gray Diomed (English), i. 175.
Gray Diomed (Barksdale's), 1.

142.
Gray Eagle, i. 104, 167, 168.
characteristics of, i. 261.
his color and form, i. 253.
his pedigreCj i. 253.
his races with Wagner, i.

253.
first race with, i. 261.
the result, i. 265.
second race with do., i.

270.
the result, i. 275.
Gray Eagle (trotter), ii. 188,

190, 193, 194.
Gray Marshal (trotter), ii. 188,
Gray Eddy (trotter), ii. 219.
Gray Harry (trotter), ii. 188.
Gray Medley, i. 130, 140, 143,

147.
Gray Northumberland, i. 131,

1-32.
Gray Orville (English), ii. 22.
Gray Robinson(Ehglish Mare),

i. 128.
Gray Trouble (trotter), ii. 193,

194.
Gray Germont (trotter), ii. 902,

203.
Grease, ii. 522.
Greece (horse of), i. 21.
fable of the horse, i. 23.
horse-racing, i. 29.
Xenophon on the horse of,
i. ;35.
Green Mount Maid (trotter), ii.

216, 219
Greyhound (imp.), i. 537.
Greyhound (Barb), 128, 186,

138, 150, 1.57.
Gresley's Arabian, i. 128.
Grisewood's Partner, i. 136.
Grooming, ii. 436.
Gunilda (imp.), i. 010.
Gutty (imp.), i. 610.

h:.

Hackabout (imp.), 1. 610.
Hambl?ton (imp.), i. 537.
Hambk'tonian, i. 150, 15SJ, 16T.
Hamlintonian, i. 137.

594:

INDEX.

Hampton, i. 137.
Hampton Court (imp.), i. 537.
Hampton Court Arabian, i. 138.
Hard Times (trotter), ii. 199.
Harkforward (imp.), i. 538.
Harlot (imp.), i. 010.
Harness Room, ii. 421.
Harper's Barb, i. 128.
Hartingtou (imp.), i. 538.
Hartley's Blind Horse, i. 105.
Hartley's Blind Horse, i. 125.
Hartley's Large Mare, i. 133,

134, 159.
Hartley's Little Mare, i. 134.
Hartley's Koau Horse, i. 1.34.
Hautboy (English), i. 107, 126,

136.
Hautboy Mare (Wilkes), i. 126,

128, 136.
Heads or Tails (imp.), i. 444,

610.
Hector (imp.), i. 538.
Hector (trotter), ii. 174, 187,

198.
Hedgeford (imp.), 1. 151 ; ped-
igree, i. 538.
Helen, b. m. (imp.), i. 610.
Helmsley Turk, i. 95, 105, 128.
Henry Perritt, i. 169.
Henry Perritt— Fastest Mile-
race on record, i. 340,341.
Herald (imp.), i. 539.
Hercules (imp.), i. 539.
Her Majesty (imp.), i. 611.
Hero (imp.), i. 539.
Hero (trotter), ii. 217, 222, 225.
Herod (imp.), i. 539.
Hibiscus (imp.), i. 539.
Hickory (Virginia), i. 136.
Highflyer (English), i. 105, 138,

172, 173.
Highflyer, br. c. (imp.), i. 539.
Highflyer Mare (imp.), i. 601.
Highlander (imp.), i. 539.
Hillsborough (imp.), i. 540.
Hip (English), i. i;34.
Hippona, br. m. (imp.), i. 611.
Hiram Drew (trotter), trot
with Ethan Allen, ii. 105.
History of the Horse-
African Barb, i. 40-43, 96,

127, 136.
American horse, i. 108.
American blood horse, i.

122.
Arabian, i. 24, 42, 96, 127,

138
British, i. 27, 41, 75.
Buenos Ayres, i. 25.
Canadian Horse, ii. 63.
Conestoga horse, ii. 67.
Egyptian horse, i. 21, 24,

27.
English blood horse, i. 74.
Grecian, i. 23, 29, 31, 37.
Iowa stock, ii. 100.
Michigan stock, ii. 88.
Morgan stock, ii. 104.
Narragansett stock, ii. 67,

69.
New York blood horse, i.

149.
Ohio stock, ii. 76, 88.
Spanish horse, i. 25, 44, 78,

100, 122.
Tennessee blood horse, i.

104.
Trotting horse, ii. 123.
Wild horse of Texas, i. 25,
109.

Hob or Nob (imp.), i. 540.
Hokee Pokee Mare (imp.), i.

611.
Honest John (imp.), i. 540.
Honest John (trotter), ii. 199,

218.
Honey Comb Punch, i. 126,

136, 138.
Honey wood's Arabian, i. 96,

126, 136.
Hooton (imp.), i. 540.
Hope, ch. m. (imp.), i. 612.
Hornet, i. 137.

Horse, his origin, i. 21, 23, 27.
Age and dental system of,

1.57.
American blood, i. 122.
American,his varieties and

breed, i. 108; ii.9.
Barbs, i. 26, 40, 42, 43, 44,

94, 106.
Canadian, ii. 63.
Conestoga horse, ii. 57.
English blood, i. 74.
Flemish, i. 83, 88, 109, 111 ;

Gaulish, i.' 40, 43, 44, 76.

German, i. 42, 43, 77.

Imported, list of, i. 507.

Iowa stock, ii. 100.

Michigan stock, ii. 88.

Morgan horse, ii. 104, 110.

Narrr.gansett horse, ii. 67.

Natural history of the, i.
58.

New York blood, i. 149.

Norman horse, i. 26.

Ohio and western stock, ii.
76 83.

Scytnia (horse of), i. 41,
44.

Spanish, i. 22, 25, 44, 78,
83,89,98, 110; ii. 15.

Syno'nymes of the, i. 45.

Tartary (horse of), i. 25.

Tennessee blood, i. 140.

Thessalian, i. 23, 28, 31,40.

Thracian, i. 23, 28, 31, 40,
41, 43, 44.

Trotting horse, ii. 123.

Turkish horse, i. 94H06.

Vermont draught, ii. 49.

Wild, i. 25, 26.
Horsemanship, ii. 354.
Houri (imp.), i. 611.
Hugh Lupus (imp.), i. 540.
Hunting Park Course, Rules

of, ii. 140-162.
Hurrah (imp.), i. 540.
Hutton's Gray Barb, i. 136.
Hyacinth (imp.), i. 612.

I.

Indian Pony, ii. 65.
Inferiority of old Racers, i. 435.
Inflammation^ ii. 512.

of the brain, 517.

of the feet, 523.
Invalid (imp.), i.612.
Invercauld (imp.), i. 612.
Inverlocky (imp.), i. 612.
Inverness (imp.), i. 612.
Invernglass (imp.), i. 613.
Iota (imp.), i. 541.
Iowa State, horse stock of, ii.

100.
Isabel, br. m. (imp.), i. 613.
Isabella, ch. f. (imp.), i. 613.

J.

Jack Andrews (imp.), i. 541.
Jack of Diamonds (imp.), i.

541.
Jack Rossiter (trotter), ii. 187,

193, 197, 202, 204, 213.
Jack Spigot Mare (imp.) i. 613.
James K. Polk (pacer), li. 164,

182, 185, 187, 188, 189, 192.
Jane Wellington (imp.), i. 614.
Janette, b. f. (imp.), i. 614.
Janus (imp.), L 139, 140, 144.

Javelina (imp.), i. 614.

Jenny Cameron (imp.), 1. 127,
128, 134, 159, 614.

Jenny Dismal (imp.), i. 614.

Jenny Mills (imp.), i. 614.

Jerry (trotter), trot with
Whalebone, i. 152, 155.

Jersey Kate (trotter), ii. 138.

Jerusalem (imp.), i. 616.

Jessica, ch. f. (imp.), i. 614.

Jig (English), i. 125, 128.

Jockey Clubs.— For Rules and
Regnlations see Clubs,
Racing Clubs, & Courses.

John Bull (imp.), i. 542.

John Tyler (trotter), ii. 162.

Joint Disease, ii. 524.

JoUy Roger, alias Roger of the
Vale (imp.), i. 127, 133,
139, 140, 144, 145, 146.
pedigree of, i. 542.

Jonah (imp.), i. 542.

Jordon, ch. h. (imp.)j i. 642.

Julius Ceesar (imp.), i. 543.

Juniper (English), i. 130.

Juniper (imp.), i. 543.

Junius (imp.), i. 543.

Justice, by Justice (imp.), i.
543.

Justice, by Regulus (imp.), i.
543.

Justice, by Blank (imp.), i .543.

Justin Morgan (trotting stal-
lion), li. 104.
memoir cf, ii. 1(X).
description of, ii. 110.

K.

Kate (trotter), trot of 100 miles,

ii. 102, 103.
Kemble, Jackson (trotter), ii.

149, 196, 213.
pedigree of, ii. 217.
three-mile trot, ii. 218.
Kentucky, i. 374-406.
pedigree, i. 374.
description of, i. 375.
performances of, i. 375, 376,

377, 378, 379, 381, 382, 389,

400, 403, 405.
race with Aldebaran, i.

376.
race with Fleetwing and

Aldebaran, i. 378.
race with Capt. Moore and

Rhinodyne, i. 379.
race at Saratoga Springs,

1866, i. 381.
at American Jockey Club

Inauguration, i. 383.
against time, i. 403.
his get, i. 406.
Kill Devil (imp.), i. 616,
Kilton (imp.), i, 543.

INDEX.

595

King Ernest (imp.), i. 544.
KiuL' llcrod (imp.), i. 128, 130,

W, i:W.
King Iliraui (iuip.), i. 544.
King of Cymry (inij).), i. 544.
King Tom Mure (imp.), i. 015.
King VVillium (imp.), i. 544.
Kilty Bull, ch. I', (mip.), i. til.5.
Kitty Fisher (imp.), i. 128, 144,

159, 615.
Knight of St. George (imp.), i.

515.
Knowsloy (imp.), i. 545.
Know Nothing, alias Blk. Dan,

alias Lancet, ii. ai9, 221,

227.
Eotili Khan (imp.), i. 545.

La Bayadere (imp.), i. 616.
Lady Agnes (trotter), ii. 199.
Lady Bevins (^trotter), ii. 199.
Lady Brooks (trotter), ii. 204,

213, 215, 216.
Lady Bull (imp.), i. 616.
Lady Bunbury (imp.), 1. 616.
Lady Chesterfield, 1. 137.
Lady Elizabeth (imp.), 1. 616.
Lady Emily (imp.), i. 616.
Lady Fly (imp.), i. 616.
Lady Fulton (trotter), ii. 155,
182.
twenty-mile trot, ii. 224.
Lady G. (Lady Gascoigne),

(imp.), i. 617.
Lady Grey, gr. f. (imp.), i. 617.
Lady Jackson (trotter), ii. 143,

145, 156.
Lady Jane (trotter), ii. 182, 188,

189 20'^ 213
Lady Kate (trotter), ii. 151, 201.
Lady Lightfoot, by Shark, i.

137.
Lady Lightfoot, by Sir Archy,
i. 162, 180.
produce of, i. 223.
Lady Moscow (trotter), i. 114 ;
ii. 185, 187, 192, 194, 198,
202, 204, 213, 227.
Lady Mostyn (imp.), i. 617.
Lady Northumberland (imp.),

i. 167.
Lady Pelham (trotter), ii. 202.
Lady Relief, i. 236.
Lady Scott (imp.), i. 617.
Lady Sheffield (imp.), i. 617.
Lady Suffolk (trotter)), ii. 142,
14'J, 154.
first race, ii. 167.
memoir of, ii. 209.
performances, summary of,

ii. 209, 210, 211.
pedigree of, ii. 208.
races, ii. 163 to 206.
Lady Sutton (trotter), perform-
ances of. ii. 187, 183, 189,
192, 103. 194. 19s, 204.
Lady Sykes (imp.), i. 618.
Lady Thorne—

description of. ii. 244.
history of, ii. 240-242.
pedigree of, ii. 943.
performances of.ii. 245-247.
Lady Vernon (trotter), ii. 216.
Lady Victory (trotter), ii. 154,

170.
Lady Washington (trotter), ii.
179, 183, 199.

Lamplighter, i. 136.
Lancet, alias Black Dan, or
Know Nothing, ii. 41,
154, 220, a-i"), 2;i6, 2-.;7.
Lanercost Mure (imp.), i. 618.
Langur Mare (imp.), i. 61b.
Langtord (imp.), i. ,545.
sent to Ohio, ii. 85.
L'Anglaise (imp.), i. 618.
Lantern (trotter), ii. 219, 225,

227.
Lapdog (imp.), i. 545.
Lapdog Mare (imp.), i. 619.
Lapidist (imp.), i. 510.
Laryngitis, ii. 514.
Lath (imp.), i. 127, 131, 546 ; ii.

107.
Lawyer, The (imp.), i. 546.
Layton's Barb, i. 96, 128, 130.

marc, i. 138, 1.57.
Leamington (imp.), i. 407-418,
.546.
description of, i. 409.
his get, i. 416, 417.
pedigree, i. 407.
performances of, i. 411 , 412,
413, 414, 415, 416.
Lecomte, i. 160, 169.
pedigree of, i. 312.
performances of, i. 314-317,

.322.
first race with Lexington,

i. 317.
summary, i. 321.
second race with Lexing-
ton, i. 3a3, 3.35.
summary race, i. 340, 347,
348.
Leed's Arabian, 1. 96.
Leviathan (imp.), i. 135, 143,
145, 147.
pedigree of, i. 547.
Lexington, i. 160, 169.

characteristics of, i. 306.
great contest race with

Lecomte, i. 317.
great match against time,

i. 323.
his third great race, i. 3.33.
pedigree of, i. 393.
performances of, i. 308.
race, ii. 11.
summary, i. 321.
the race itself, i. 328.
time of race, i. 310, 347.
Light Infantry (imp.), i. 150,
1.51.
pedigree of, 547.
Likeness, ch. m. (imp.), i. 619.
Lily (imp.), i. 019.
Lindsay^s Arabian, ii. 109.
Lister's or Stradliug Turk, i. 96.
List of imported Stallions, i.

507.
List of imported Mares and

Fillies, i. 58:^.
Little Flea, i. 140.

best three-mile, i. 141, 142,
347.
Little Hartley Mare, i. 137.
Little Jane (imp.), i. 619.
Lochiel (imp.K i. 547.
Lofty (imp.), i. 547.
Longwaiste (imp.^ i. 547.
Lonsdale Bay Arabian, i. 96,

127. i

Lonsdale B. fimp.), i. 548.
Lottery Mare (imp.), i. 620. I
Loup Garon Mare (imp.), i. 620.
Lucious (imp.), i. 620. j

Lucy (imp.), i. 620.
Ludiord (iuii).), i. 548.
Lunu (imp.), i. 020.
Lurcher (injj).), i. .548.
Lurlinc (im)).), i. tm.
Luzlmrougli (imp.), i. 548.
Lycnrgus (imp.), i. .548.
Lyard Cypruii Horse, i. 88.

m:.

Mac (trotter), ii. 192, 194, 203,

210, 21!i. 220, 222.
Madcap, b. f. (imp.), i. 621.
Madison, i. 137.
Maggie (Burns' Mare), age of,

i. .57.
Maggy Lauder, (imp), i. 621.
Magic (imp.), i. 548.
Magnetic Needle (imp.), i. 549.
Magnolia, i. 374.

produce of, i. 374.
Magnum Bonum (imp.), i. 549.
Maid of Honor (imp.), i. 621.
Maid of the Oaks, i. 136, 145,

103.
Maid of Orleans (imp.), i. 621.
Maid of Royston (imp.), i. 621.
Maid of Wirrcl (imp.), i. 622.
Makeless (English), i. 128, 13.3,

133.
Major Winfield (now Edward
Everett) —
history of, ii. 266. 267.
pedigree of, ii. 2(i8.
Malibrau, ch. m. (imp.), i. 628.
Mambriua (imp,), i. 622.
Mambrina Mare, br. (imp.), 1.

622.
Mambriuo Chief-
pedigree, ii. 275.
performances, ii. 275, 276.
Manfred (imp.), i. 549.
Mango, br. c. (imp.), i. 549.
Mango, ch. f. (imp.), i. 622.
Mania (imp.), i. 622.
Marchesa (imp.), i. 62.3.
Mares (imp.), i. 583.
Mares. Barb of Charles n.,
i. 103, 105, 106.
age for breeding, ii. .318.
nianagement of^ ii. 339.
points of brood, ii. 313.
selection of. ii. ,310, 311.
Margrave (imp.), i. 5-19.
Margravine, ch. m. (imp.X i.

623.
Maria Black, br. m. (imp.), i.

6^3.
Maria Haj-nes, i. 141, 142.
Marigold "(imp.\ i. 623.
Marion (by Sir Archy). i. 174.
Marion (trotter), ii. 192.
Mariner (by Shark), i. ,300.

race with Boston, i. 300.
Maritana (imp), i. 623.
Mark Anthonv (imp."), i. 127,

135, 140, "141. 145.147.
Markham Arabian, i. 91.
Marlboroucrh (EnE:lish\ i. 1.36,

137.
Marplot limp.), i. 550.
Marske. i. 105. 106. 107, 1.36, 160.
Mary Gray (imp.), i. 623.
Mary Grey (imp.i, i. 146.
Mask (imn.i, i. r)5<).
Massscbnsetts, horse of, i. 109,

110. 11 \
Master Robert (imp ), i. 550.

596

INDEX.

Matchem (imp.), i. 550.
Matches of racers— of Ameri-
can Eclipse aud Sir

Charles, i. 181.
of AloDzo aud Orville, i.

423.
of American Eclipse and

Sir Henry, i. 167. 183, 4ii2.
of Ariel and Flirtilla, i. 202,

i(j7.
of Arrow and Little Flea,

i. :yo.
of Arrow and Brown Dick,

i. 445, 448.
of Australia and Kingston,

i. 144, 44 1.
Of Black Maria and three

mares, i. 167, 236, 422.
of Boston and Fashion, i.

167, 289.
of Childers and Almanzer,

i. 420, 423.
of Hambletonian and Dia-
mond, i. 422.
of Lexins;ton and Le-

comte, i.lco, 308. 345, 347.
of Lexington against Time,

i. 327.
second match of Lexington

and Lecomte, i. .333.
Osbaldeston's Match, i.

425.
Of Pryor and Lecomte, i.

,354.
of Eed Eye and Dick Doty,

i. 465.
of Red Eye and One-eyed

Joe, i. 405.
of Sleight-of-Hand and

Charles XII., i. 436.
of Surplice aud Cymba, i.

444, 447.
of Wagner and Grey Eagle,

i. 167, 251.
Matches of Trotters. — Early

matches, ii. 13-1.
Ariel, fifty mile match

against time, ii. 186.
Ariel and Fanny Murray,

100 mile match, ii. IPC.
Asteroid with Loadstone,

i. 362, 363.
barbarous match, ii. 215.
best time of trotting

matches, ii. 282 to 287.
brutal matches, ii. 171.
Defiance with Mr. How-
ard's horse, ii. 1-36.
Dutchman against time,

ii. 171.
EUen Thompson and Tom

Jefferson, ii. 174.
Ericsson against Morgan

Chief and Kentucky, ii.

270, 271.
Fanny Jenks, 100 mile

match against time, ii.

183.
first match on Hunting

Park Course, ii. 142.
Flora Temple, matches and

trots, ii. 220 to 230
Kemlile Jackson against

O'Blonis, ii. 218.
Kentucky against Flort-

ing and others, i. 378, 370.
Lady Kate against time,

ii. 1.51.
Lady SufTolk, matches and
trots, ii. 208-212.

Matches of Trotters-
Paul Pry against time, Ii.

155.
Piirdy's Kate, 100 miles

against time, ii. I'.tii.
Rattler and Screwdriver,

ii. 130.
Riptou and Lady Suffolk,

ii. 174.
Sir Walter Scott against

time, ii. 178.
tandem match, ii. 183.
Trustee, 20 miles against

time, ii. 190.
Whalebone against time,

ii. 139.
Whalebone and Jerry, ii.
152.
Matchless (imp.), i. 550.
Matilda Routh (imp.), i. 623.
Maud (imp.), i. 624.
Mazube (Riley's Barb), ii. 85.
Media, Horse of, i. 24.
Medicine, table of, ii. 586.
Medley (imp.), i. 138, 161, 162.
pedigree of, i. ISO, 550.
"et of, i. 136.
Medley (Gov. Williams' Gray),

i. 136, 140, 143, 144, 147.
Medley Mare, i. 138.
Medoc, pedigree of, i. 168.
Medora (imp.), i. 624.
Melrose (imp.), 1. 624.
Memoirs of Celebrated Horses:
of Sir Archjr, i. 171.
of Diomed, i. 175.
of American Eclipse, i. 178.
of The Justin Morgan

Horse, ii. 110.
of Lady Suffolk, ii. 208.
of Flora Temple, 11. 229.
Memnou Mare (imp.), i. 624.
Mendoza (iipp.), i. 551.
Mercer (imp.), i. 551.
Merlin (English), 1. 127.
Mermaid (imp.), i. 624.
Merman (imp.), 1. 551.
Morrjfield (imp.), i. 651.
Merry Lass (imp.), 1. 624.
Merry Pintle (imp.), i. 551.
Merry Tom (imp), i. 552.
Jtessenger (imp.), by Mambri-
nb, i. 113, 150, 151; ii,
24, 144. 214, 215.
pedigree of, ii. 552.
Meteor (mip.), i. 552.
Meux (imp.), 1. 552.
Mexican (imp.), i. 552.
Mexico, wild horses of, i. 25.
MichiEran, tlie horse stock of,

1i. 88, 89-98.
Micky Free (imp.), i. .552.
Midge (English Mare), i. 136.
Milhner (iihp.), i. 624.
Mingo, by Eclipse, i. 163.

shape, action, stride, and
pedigree, i. 1(J3.
Miranda, b. m. (imp.), i. 625.
Misfortune (imp.), i. 625.
Miss Accident, b. m. (imp.), i.

625.
Miss Andrews, b. m. (imp.), i.

625.
Miss Bolvoir (English), i. 1.36,

1.07, 150, 172.
Miss B'^nnintrton (imp.), i. 625.
Miss Cleveland (English), i.

136.
Miss Clinker, b. m. (imp.), i.
625.

Miss Colvllle (imp.), i. 120, 128.

pedigree, i. 625.
Miss Golbourue, br. m. (imp.),

i. 626.
Miss Elliott (English), i. 136.
Miss Foote, i. 106.
Miss Meredith (English), i. 137.
Miss Mischiol' (trotter),' ii. 164.
Miss Rockingham (imp.), 1.

626.
Miss Rose, b. m. (imp.), i.626.
Mies Susan Dodge (imp.), i.

626.
Miss Thigh (English), 1. 133.
Miss West (imp.), i. 626.
Miss Windmill (imp.), i. 626.
Modern Hunters, ii. 21.
Modesty (trotter), ii. 156, 160,

163.
Moloch (imp.), i. 553.
Moll Brazen, i. 626.
Moll in the Wad, b. m. (imp.),

i. (i26.
Monarch (imp.), i. 553.
Monarch (imp.), by Priam, i.

553.
Monkey (English),by Lonsdale

Arabian, i. 127.
Monkey (imp.), i. 553.
Monkey Mare (imp.), i. 627.
Mordecai (imp.), i. 553.
Morgan Horse, or Justin Mor-
gan, i. 112, 113; ii. 75,

104, 105, 106.
pedigree, ii. 107, 281.
remarks on^ ii. 108, 109.
memoir of, li. 110.
recorded get. ii. 115, 122.
Moreton's Traveler (imp.), i.
' 127, 128, 135, 139, 159;

ii. 107, 108. 109, 281.
Moro (imp.), i. 553.
Morveu (mip.), i. 553.
Morwick Ball (imp.), i. 553.
Mosco (imp.), i. 553.
Moscow (trotter), alias Passe

Carreau, i. 114.
performances, ii. 176, 179,

185, 186, 187, 194.
pedigree of, ii. 180, 182,

183.
Moses (English), i. 138.
Mount Holly (trotting Stal-
lion), ii. 150, 156, 162,

164.
Mousetrap (imp.), i. 553.
Mucous Membranes, ii. 513.
Mufti (imp.), i. 554.
Mulatto Mare, b. f. (imp.), i.

627.
Musgrovc'B Gray Arabian, i.

126.
My Lady (imp.), i. 627.
Myrtle (imp.), i. 627.

jsr.

Nameless, b. m. (imp.), i. 628.
Nancy Bywell, b. m. (imp.), i.

028.
Nanny Kilham (imp.), i. 628.
Narrasrnntctt lioree (pacer), i.

112.
the horse, ii. 67.
characteristics, ii. 69, 70,

73. 74.
Native (imp.), i. .554.
Natural History of the Horae,

1.58.

INDEX.

597

Navicular, or Joint Disease,
ii. 521.

Nebula, i. ;j5i).

product', i. 350.

Nell Uwyii.i (.imp.), i 028.

Nellie Jiunc ; (imp), i. (iS^.

Nettletoj), \iy j)ioaied, i. IS':.

Netty, cli. in. (imp ), i. ()29.

NewcomliV vioiuiiaiu Arabi-
an, 1. '.)().

Nicholas I., by (ilcncoe, i. 352.

Nicholas (imp.), i. 554.

Nimiod (imp.), i. 554.

Noble (imp.), i. 555.

Nonpareil (imp., i. 555.

Nonplus (imp.), i. 555.

Norman Horse of Canada, i.
101), 114; ii. 47, .50.
history of Canadian, ii. 03.

North Britton (imp.), i. 555.

North Star (imi).), i. 555.

Northumberland, alias Irish
Gray (imp.), i. .555.

Northumberland Mare (imp.),
i. 029.

Novelty, m. (imp.), i. 029.

Novice (imp.), i. G29.

Numidian Barbs, i. 32.

Nun's Daughter (imp.), i. 029.

O.

Oberon (imp.), i. 555.
Obituaries of Stallions, i. 147.
Buujphalus (Alexander the

Givat), i. 57.
Burns' Maj,'^ie, i. 57.
English Eclipse, i. 57.
KemWe Jackson, ii. 213.
Lady Suftolk, ii. 212.
Screwdriver, ii. 147.
O'Blenis (trotter), ii. 202, 218.
Obscurity (imp.), i 556.
Observations on imported stal-
lions, i. 500.
Octavius Mare (imp.), i. 629.
Oglethorpe Arabian, i. 9(5, 12S.
Ohio, horse stock of, ii. 70, 83.
O'Kelly, i. 143.
O'Kelly (imp.), i. 55G.
Old Abdallah, pedigree, ii. 281.
Old Child Mare (EngUsh), i.

128.
Old England (imp.), race with

S'elim. i. 131, 102, 556.
Old Shock, i. 133.
Olympus Filly (imp.), i. 629.
Olympus Mare (imp.), i. 630.
Only That, b. m. (imp.), i. 630.
Oneida Chief (pacer), ii. 172,

173, 177, 178.
Onus (imp.), i. 556.
Opossum Filly, by Medley, i.

13;;, 1.37.
Orleana (imp.), i. 630.
Oroonoko (imp.), i. 556.
Orphan (imp.), i. 030.
Orville Mare (imp.), i. 630.
Osbaldestou's Match, to ride

200 miles in ten hours, i.

425.
Oscar (imp,), i. 550, 557.
Oscar, by Gabriel, i. 136, 138.

163, 1T2.
Oscar, by Wonder, i. 141.
Oscar Mare (imp.t, i. 630.
Othello, or Black-and-all-Black,

i, 131, 133, 144.
pedigree, i. 557.

Otho (English), by Moses, i.

137.
Over Cast (imp.), i. 031.

Pacers and pacing, ii. 285.
bcKt time on record, ii. 285.
Galloway's, ii. 33.
James K. Polk, ii. 187.
Narragansctt's, i. 112.
history of, ii. 07, 00.
Pocahontas, ii, 220.
performances, ii. 285.
Pacilic, by Sir Archy, i. 142,

143.
Pacolet (imp.), i. 130, 139, 163.

pedigree of, i. 557,
Pacolet Gray, by Citizen, i. 141,

143.
Pacolet (Williamson's), i. 142,

145, 147.
Pacolet Mare, i. 631.
Pam (imp.), i. 557.
Pandora, by Medley, i. 136.
P,iuola (imp.), i, 631.
Pantaloon (imp.), i. 557.
Pantaloon Mare, i, 408.

produce, i. 408.
Parthian Horse, i. 40.
Partner Mare, i. 127, 130, 138,

28, 29, 135, 145. 140.
Partner (Grisewood's), i. 130,

138,
Partner, Moore's (imp.), i. 557.
Partner, Croft's (imp.), i. 557.
Partner, by Traveller, i. 135.
Passe Carreau (trotter), alias
Moscow, i, 179, 182, 183.
Passaic (imp.), i. 558.
Passenger (imp.), i. 558.
Paul Clifibrd (trotter), ii. 119.
Paul Pry (trotter), ii. 25, 41,

142, 1 15, 152, 154, 161.
Paymaster (imp.), i. 558.
Paymaster Mare (imp.), i. 631.
Peacemaker, b.y Diomed, i. 137.
Peacock (Spanish horse), i. 98.
Pedigrees and Get —

of Bedford (imp.), i. 138.

his get. i. 130.
of Diomed (imp.) i., 137.

his get, i. 137.
of Gabriel (imp.), i. 137,

his get, i. 138.
of Medley (imp,), i. 1.36.

his get, i. 1.36.
of Shark (imp.), 1. 136.
his get, i. 1.37.
Pedigrees, Performances, and
Anecdotes of Famous
American Racers, i. 15(i.
of American Eclipse, i. 178.
of Ariel, i. 195, 197, 221.
of Arrow, i. 338, 339,
of Asteroid, i. 359, 301,
of Black Maria, i. 222, 250.
of Blue Dick, i. 105.
of Boston, i. 270, 280, 283.
of Clarion, i. ia3.
of Fashion, i. 284, 287,283.
performances of, i. 284
to 289.
of Grey Eagle, i. 251, 253.
of John Bascomb,!. 104.
of Kentucky, i. 374, 375.
of Leamington (imp.), 1.

407, 111.
of Lecomte, i. 312, 313.

Pedigrees, Performances, aud
Anecdotes of Famous
American Kacers—

of Lexington, i. 303-305.

of Medoc, i. 103,

of Mingo, i. 103.

of Peytona, i, 164.

of Post Boy, i, 103.

of Pry or, i,:i61,352.

of Sir Archy, i. 172.

of Sir Henry, i. 180.

of Wagner, i. 251, 252.
Pedigree of Flora Temple,
(trotter), ii. 2)0, 235.

of Kemblc Jaclison. ii. 214.

of Lady Suffolk, ii. 208,

of .Morgan IIorKc, ii. 107.

of Pocahontas, ii. 221.

of trotting liorses, ii. 280.
Peggy (imp.), i. 0:31.
Pelham (frotler), ii. 137, 192,

107, 202, 213.
Penelope, ch. m. (imp.), i. 031.
Pera (imp.), i, 032.
Percy Mare (imp.), i. 632.
Performances of American
Pacers —

American Eclipse, i. 179,

Ariel, i. 201.
at New Orleans, i. 471,

Black Maria, i. 220.

Boston, i. 277, 289.

Brown Dick, i. 445, 448,

Dick Doty, i, 40.5.

Fashion, i. 285, 289.

Henry Perritt, i. 447.

Lexington, i. 308-3.33.

Little "Flea, i. S45,

most renowned, i, 449,
Performances of Famous Trot-
ting Horses, ii. 286.

Asteroid, i. 3G1-371.

Awful, ii, 101.

best time on record, ii. 2^31,
282,

Dexter, ii. 257, 258.

Dutchman, ii. lt;0.

Ericsson, ii. 2()9. 270.

Fanny Jenks, ii. 181, 183,
195, 106.

Fanny Murray, ii. 186.

Flora Temple, ii. 235.

Goldsmith Maid, ii. 251,
252.

Kentucky, i. 375-400.

Ladv Suffolk, ii. 209, 210,
211.

Lady Thorne, ii. 245-247.

Leamington, i. 411-116.

Mambrino Chief, ii. 275,
270.

Paul Pry, ii. 1.55.

Purdy's Kate, ii. 199.

Ripton, ii. 173.

Tacony, ii. 204-239,

Thornedale, ii. 277.

Top^'allaut, ii. 143.

Trustee, ii. 190, 19.3, 224.

Young Morrill, ii. 265,
Performances of Racers (Eng-
lish)-

Almanzor, i. 420, 42.3, 445.

Alonzo. i. 423.

Brown Betty, i. -120. 423.

Chanter, i. ■;•;!.

Charles the 12th. i, -1.37.

C.vmba, i. 4U. 447.

Diamond, i. 422.

English Eclipse, i. 420,428,
448, 453, 463.

698

INDEX.

Performances of Racers (Eng-
lish)—

Firetail, i. 421.

Flying Childers, 1. 420, 422,
423, 435, 448, 453, 463.

Fox, i. 420, 421.

Hambletonian, i. 422.

Hall's Quibler, i. 422.

Kingston, i. 44-1, 447.

Osbaldeston match, 1. 425.

OrviUe, 1. 423.

Sir Tatton Sykes, i. 444,
447.

Sleight-of-Hand, i. 437.

Speedwell, i. 421.

Surplice, 444, 447.

West Australian, i. 444, 447.
Persian Horse, i. 24, 30.
Pet (trotter), ii. 204, 215, 218.
Peter Lely Mare (imp.), i. 632.
Petwcrth (imp.), i. 632.
Peytona, by Gleucoe, i. 162.

description of, i. 164.

pedigree of, i. 104.

race with Fashion, i. 165.
Phantomia (imp.), i. 633.
Pharaoh (imp.), i. 558.
Phaeton, i. 558.
Phenomenon (imp.), i. 558.
Phil Brown (imp.), i. 559.
Philadelphia Sal (trotter), ii.

188.
Philadelphia, b. m. (imp.), i.

632.
Philip (imp.), i. 559.
Phcenix (imp.), i. 151, 559.
Piccolina (imp.), i. 633.
Pickle (imp.), i. 633.
Pirouette, ch. f (imp.), i. 633.
Place's White Turk, i. 95, 138,

157.
Placentia, f. f. (imp.), i. 633.
Play or Pay (imp.), i. 559.
Pledge, m. (imp.), i. 603.
Plenty, br. m. (imp.), i. 603.
Pleurisy, ii. 518.
Ploughboy (trotter), ii. 193.
Pocahontas (pacer), ii. 86, 181,
220.

pedigree of ii. 221.

best time on record, ii. 224.
Polenta (imp.), i. 634.
Polly Hopkins (imp.), i. 634.
Polly Moss (imp.), i. 634.
Pomona, b. m. (imp.), i. 634.
Ponies (Indian), ii. 65.
Poppinjay Mare (imp.), i. 635.
Portland (imp.), i. 559.
Portland Arabian, i. 138.
Porto (imp.), i. 560.
Possession, m. (imp.), i. 635.
Post Boy, by Gabriel, i. 136,

138.
Post Boy, by Henry, i. 163.

pedigree of, i. 163, 164; ii.
89.
Pot-8-o'8 (English), i. 137.
Pot-S-o's Marc (imp.), i. 635.
Potestas (imp.), i. 635.
Potomac, by Sir Archy, i. 136,

137.
Potomac (Van Ranst), i. 154,

1.^5.
Precipitate (imp.), i. 500.
Preci[)itate Mare (imp.), i. 635.
Prerogative (imp.), i. 560.
Priam (imp.), i. 100, 143, 148,

560.
Priam Mare (imp ), 1. 636.
•l»rima, i. 636.

Primrose, by Diomed, i. 137,

164.
Primrose (imp.), i. 636.
Primula (imp.), i. 636.
Prince (imp.), i. 560.
Prince (trotter), ii. 217.

ten-mile race, ii. 217.

one hundred mUe race, ii.
217, 218.
Prince Ferdinand (imp.), i. 560.
Prince Frederick (imp.), i. 560.
Principles of Breeding, ii. 289.
Prioress, by Sovereign (imp.),
i. 169.

race with Nicholas I , i. 427.
Progress in Breeding, i. 427.

table of, i. 427.
Promise, ch. m. (imp.), i. 637.
Prunella (imp.), i. 637.
Pryor, by Glcncoe, i. 169.

description of i. 353.

pedigree of, i. 351.

race with Lecomte, i. 354.

race with Floride, i. 357.
Psyche, gr. m. (imp.), i. 637.
Pumiced Feet, ii. 524.
Punch (imp.), i. 561.
Pnnchinclla (imp.), i. 637.
Pussy (imp.), i. 637.
Puzzle (imp.), i. 561.

Q.

Quaga, i. 25, 53.

Queen Ann, bl. m. (imp.), i. 637.

Queen, The, ch. m. (imp.), i.

638.
Queen Mab (imp.), i. 126, 128,

637.
Quicksilver, i. 136.
Quiet Cuddy, i. 127.

R.

Eabecca (imp.), i. 638.
Races of Famous American
Horses —
American Eclipse, great
match with Sir Henry, i.
183.
Ariel and Flirtilla, i. 202.
Ariel, i. 202-220.
Arrow, i. 343, 347.
Asteroid, i. 361-364.
at New Orleans, i. 471, 474.
best four-mile, i. 454.
best three-mile ever run,

i. 316.
Black Maria, i. 222-250.
Black Maria's twenty-mile

race, i. 230.
Boston, i. 277, 289.
Fashion, i. 284, 289.

match with Boston, i.
289-299.
Kentucky, i. 37.5-393.
Lexington i. 308, 309.
with Lecomte, i. 317,

321.
match against time, i.

323, 328.
second witli Lecomte,
i. 333, 3-10.
Lecomte, i. ,J14-310.
with Lexington, i. 317-333.
Pryor with Lecouite, i. 3.")4

-356.
Wagner and Grey Eagle, i.
253-375.

Race Courses (early), i. 125.
Albany, N. Y., i. 151.
Alexandria, D. C, i. ISO,

193.
Bath, Long I; land, i. 153.
Beacon, Hoboken, N. J.,

i. 153.
Beaver Pond, Jamaica, L.

I., 130, 150.
Fashion, Newtown, L. I.,

i. ;K1, 530.
Gloucester, Va., i. 127.
Harlem, N. Y. Island, 1.

151, 153.
Maryland, i. 128.
National, Newtown, L. I.,

i. .351.
New Market, L. I., i. 130,

151, 1.52, 1.53.
New Market, Va., i. 130.
Philadelphia, i. 132, 134,

135.
Poughkeepsie (D. C), N.

Y., i. 151, 153.
Powles Hook, N. J., ii. 153.
Richmond, Va., i. 130.
Washington, Charleston,
S. C, 1. 130.
Race horse, true utility of, i,
476.
essential points of, i. 490.
Rachel, ch. m. (imp.), i. 638.
Racing —

early racing, i. 29.

in America generally, i.

183 to 466.
Cromwell's proclamation

against, i. 94, 95.
Elizabeth's time, i. 93, 94.
in England, i. '57, 79, 80,

88, 93, 419-447.
for laces, see Matches and

Performances,
in Greece, i. 29.
James First's time, 1. 93.
in Maryland, i. 125-137.
Newmarket, Eng., i. 91, 94.
in New York, i. 130, 137.
in North Carolina, i. 130,

135.
in Pennsylvania, i. 132-137.
in So. Ca'rolina, i. 130, 135.
in Virginia, i. 125.
Radish (imp.), i. 638.
Raglan's Diomed, i. 142.
Ranger (imp.), i. 501.
Ranter (imp.), i. 561.
Rattle (English), i. 127, 128.
Rattler (trotter), ii. 139, 150,

1.55, ICO, K."^, 1C7, 173.
Raven's Wing (in p.), i. (i38.
Reality, by Sir Archy, i. 187.
Recovery "Marc (imp.), i. 688.
Reel, by Gltv.coe, i. ](.2, 166.
Reiugce (imp.), i. ( S8.
Regnlus (imp.), i. 1S7, 1£8, 130,
135, ]S0, 1(;0, 1(.3.
pcdiL'ree, fA'il.
Remus (in)p.), i. r.61.
Republican (imp.), i. .562.
Restless (imp.), i. 562.
Reube, ch. g., race with Le-
comte,"!. *.!.], 847.
Revenge (imp.), i. 562.
Revenue Blare (in. p.). i. 639.
Rhode Island (trotter), ii. 203,

213, 216,
Richard's Arabian, i. 138.
Richard (imp.), i. 5(52.
Riddlesworth (imp.), i. 562.

INDEX.

599

Riding, ii. 476, 354.
Rin-'let, b. f. (.imp.), i- 630.
Riplou (trottoi), ii. 149, 16'J,172.

pert'onnaiicort of, ii. 173,
17'J, lH-2, 1S7, 18i).
Road, managuiueut of liorses,
ii. 470.

driving and riding, ii. 477.

feeding on road, ii. 4(31.

condition l)ull8, ii. 483.
Roanoke (pacer), ii. 187.
Roaring, ii. 531.
Rol)iu Redbreast (imp.), i. 503.
Rocliingham (Eng.), i. 127,129.
Rock mare (imp.), i. 0.39.
Roderick Dbu (imp.), i. 563.
Rodney (imp.), i. 503.
Rodolph (imp.), i. 563.
Rodora (imp.), i. 639.
Roger of the Vale (alias)
(imp.), Jolly Roger, i.
137, 133, 139, 140, 144,
145, 140.
Eolla (trotter), ii. 159, 163.
Roman (^imp.), i. 151, 563.
Rosalind (imp.), i. 039.
Roscius (imp.), i. 563.
Rose of Washin^on (trotter),
trot with Ethan Allen,
ii. 105.
Rosina (imp.), i. 040.
Roundhead (English), i. 127.
Routh's Black Eyes (English),

i. 133.
Rowton (imp.), i. 564.
Royalist (imp.), i. 141.

pedigree of, i. 504.
Royal Mares (barbs), i. 127, 128.
Roxana (English), i. 127.
Ruby (imp.), i. 504.
Ruler Mare (imp.), i. 640.
Rysdyk's Hambletonian —

history, ii. 259, 200.

his get, ii. 250.

pedigree, ii. 260, 261.

S.

Sacrifice (imp.), i. 640.
Saint George (imp.), i. 574.
Saint Paul limp.), i. 574.
SaUyof the VaUey(imp.), i.640.
Sally Miller (trotter), best

time, ii. 1.33, 142, 140,

154, 155, 150, 157, 187.
Salorta (imp.), i. 040.
Saltram (imp.), i. 141, 145, 146.

pedigree of, i. 564.
Sam Par^ (imp.), i. 564.
Sampson (imp.), i. 564.
Sampson Filly (English), first

winner of St. Leger, i.

161.
Sampson Mare (imp.), i. 641.
Sandbeck Mare, b. m. (imp.),

i. 041.
Sarah (imp.), i. 641.
Sarpedon (imp.), i. 564.
Scarificator (imp.), i. 641.
Schumla (imj) ), i. 041.
Scotland, Arabian (imp.) into,

i. 78.
Scout (imp.), i. 505.
Screwdriver (trotter), ii. 1.38,

1.39, 140, 142, 144, 103.
Screwdriver the Second, ii.lSG.
Screws (trotter), ii. 1.3S, 139.
Scythia, horse of, i. 44.
Scythian (imp.;, pedigree of, i.

565.

Seagull (imp.), i. 565.
Selal)y Turk, i. 96, 130.
Selini (imp.), i. 131, KiJ, 1.34.

pedigree of, i. 565.
Selima (imp.), i. 127, 128, 1.3.3,
1;M, 137, 147, 159, IW.

pedigree of, i. (HI.
Selima (imp.), i. 641.
Scrab (imi).), i. 565.
Sessions (imp.), i. 642.
Shadow (imp.), i. .5(i6.
Shakespeare (imp.), i. 566.
Shakespeare Mare (imp.), i.

(>t2.
Shamrock (imp.), i. .506.
Shark (imp.), i. 116, 145, 161,
102, 1()3.

pedigree of, i. 135, 566.

get of, i. 137.
Shark (Pearce's), 1. 137.
Shark (by Eclipse), i. 240.
Sharpcatcher (imp.), i. 500.
Shepherdess (imp.), i. 642.
Sheppard's Crab (English), 1.

1.31, 137.
Sherman's (Morgan) stallion,

ii. 104.
Shock (imp.), i. 566, 567.
Shoeing the Horse, ii. 345.

cutting of the heels, ii. 490.

filing up the shoe, ii. 498.

fitting the shoe, ii. 493.

general observations on,
ii. .507.

hind shoe, ii. 503.

nail holes, ii. 491.

nails, ii. 499.

nailing ou tlie shoe, ii. 500.

preparing the foot, ii. 486.

removing the slioe, ii. 506.

the shoe, ii. 489.

treatise on, ii. 485.
Shotten Herring (Spanish

horse), i. 98.
Silver (horse), i. 567.
Silver (mare), i. 642.
Silver Eye (imp.), i. 133, 146.

pedigree of, i. 567.
Silverlegs, i. ia3.
Silver Star (imp.\i. 642.
Silvertail (English), i. 127.
Sir Archy. i. 130, 136, 142, 145,
161, 164.

get of, i. 173,174; ii. 11.

memoir of, i. 171.

pedigree of. i. 172.
Sir Harry (imp.), i. 567.
Sir Henry (bv Sir Archy), i.
102," 107," 108.

color and form. i. 185.

matcli witli Eclipse, i. 183.

pedigree, i. ISO.

race'with Eclipse, i. 187.

time of race with, i. 182.
Sir Peter Teazle (imp.), i. 507,

508.
Sir Peter (trotter), ii. 149, 150,

153.
Sir Robert (imp.), i. 668.
SirTatton (imp.), i. 568.
Sir \Yaltcr (imp.), i. 508.
Sir Walter (by Hickory), i. 180,

181, 183.
Sir Walter Scott (trotter), ii.

178.
Siskin (imp.), i. 642.
Skeleton and structure of

horse, i. 55.
Skim (imp.), i. 568.
Skylark (imp.), 1. 569.

Slanc Marc (imp.), i. MS.
81eight-(jf-Uaud Mare (imp.), i.

(>13.
Slender (imp.), i. 1.50, 569.
Slim (imp.), i. .5(J9.
Sloven (imp.), i. 131, 150, 569.
Slouch (imp.), i. .509.
Smol(^nsko (English), ii. 22.
Snake (English), i. 100, 128, 1.36.
Snap (imj).), i. W.I.
Snap (English), i. 136, 1.37, 159,

1C3.
Snap Mare (imp.), i. 043.
Snipe (imp.), i. 509.
Sober John (imp.), i. 570.
Somonocodron (imp.), i. 570.
Sontag (trotter), ii. 2:i2.
Soreheels (English), i. 125.
Sorrow (imp.), i. 570.
Sourcrout (imp.), i. 1.50, 570.
Sovereign (imp.), i. 570.
Spadille (imp.), i. .571.
Spangle (trotter), ii. 224.

twenty mile trot, ii. 224.

Spanish Horse, i. 25, 44, 78,83,

89, 98, 100, 111, 122.

blood, ii. 15.
Spanker (English), i. 107, 129.
Spanker's Dam, i. 199, 1.30.
Spark (imp.), i. 120, 127.

pedigree of, i. 571.
Spatuloe"(imp.), i. 643.
Spavin, ii. .519.

Spectator (English), i. 137, 138.
Speed and bottom of American
and English horses, i. 419.
Speculator (imp.), i. 571.
Spiletta (English), i. 107.
Spiletta (imp.), i. 644.
Splints, ii. 523.
Sportsman (imp.), i. 571.
Spot (trotter), ii. 142, 147, 148.
Spot Mare (imp.), i. 644.
Spread Eade (imp.), i. 571.

death of, i. 147.
Sprightly (imp.), i. 572.
Squirt (English), i. 106, 136.
Stable management, ii. 436.

bathing a horse, ii. 455.

clothing a wet do., ii. 452.

docking and pricldng, u.
459.

dressing, ii. 441.

dressing vicious horses,
ii. 414.

dressing after work, ii. 448.

farm horses, ii. 472.

general management, ii.
409.

horses' food, ii. 464.

stable hours, ii. 439.

summering horses, ii. 473.

trimming the ears, ii. 461.

trimming the heels and
legs, ii. 462.

utility of dressing, ii. 445.

vermin, ii. 417.

walking a heated horse, ii.
449.

walking a wet horse, ii.
451.

watering the horse, ii. 469.

wisping a wet horse, ii. 452.
Stabling and stable-
air system, ii. 419.

architecture, ii. 413.

city stable plans, ii. 423.
" estimate of, ii. 426.

efiects of darkness, ii. 414.

floor and windows, ii. 416.

600

ESTDEX.

Stabling and stable —

harness room, ii. 421.

lar^e country stable, ii. 431.

estimate of cost, ii. 4.35.

small country stable, ii.
427.

estimate, ii. 430.
Stafford (imp.), i. 572.
StaUions staudiug in England
in 1730, i. Iu4, 105.

foreign stallions, i. 104.

native stallions, i. 105.
Stallions (imp,), i.'507.

observations on, i. 500.
Star (Duke of Bridge water's),

i. 343.
Star (imp.), 1. 573.
Starling (imp.), i. 572.
Starling, by Sir Peter Teazle,

(imp.), i. 573.
Starling Mare (imp.), i. 644.
Statira, ch. m. (imp.), i. 644.
Staughton Lass (imp.), 1. 644.
Stella (imp.), i. G44.
SteDa (trotter), ii. 235.
Sterling (imp.), i. 573.
Sterling or Starling (imp.), i.

Stirling (imp.), i. 573.

St. George (imp.), i. 574.

St. Giles (imp.), i. 574.

St. Lawrence (Canadian), ii.

203, 213.
(trotter), ii. 189, 199, 202.
St. Nicholas Mare (imp.), i.

645.
St. Paul (imp.), i. 574.
Stock. Horse stock of Ohio

and the West, ii. 76, 83.
horse stock of Michigan,

ii. 88.
horse stock of Iowa, ii. 100.
original of Michigan, ii. 95.
Stockholder (by Sir Archy), i.

142, 146.
Stockbridge Chief (trotter), ii.

105.
Stolen Kisses (imp.), 1. 645.
Stone Plover (imp.), i. 573.
Straddling Turk (Lester's), i.

96.
Stranger (trotter), ii. 147, 148.
Strap (imp.), i. 573.
Stud farm, ii. 303.
Stump's Mare (imp.), i. 645.
Stump's Mare v enetia (imp.),

i. 645.
Suffolk Punch, i. 112 ; ii. 27, 28.
Sultan Mare, i. 645.
Sunny_ South (imp.), i. 645.
Superiority of modem racers,

i. 429.
Sweeper (imp.), i. 131.

pedigree of, 574.
Sweetbriar (imp.), i. 646.
Sweetest When Naked (imp.),

i. 646.
Swiss (imp.), i. ,575.
Symmetry (imp.), i. 646.
Synonyms of the horse, i. 45.
Syrian horse, i. 95.

T.

Tacony (trotter), ii. 41 , 202, 203.
performances, ii. 201, 213,
216. 210, 222. 237, 239.
Tadmor Mare (imp.), i. 646, 647.
Taffolet Barb, i. 138.

Tangier Barb, i. 96.
Tanner (imp.), i. 57).
Target (imp.), i. 647.
Tarquiu (imp.), i. 575.
Tartar (English), i. 137.
Tartar Mare (imp.), i. 647.
Tartarian horse, breed of, i. 25.
Tattersall (imp.), i. 575.
TeaUie Filly, i. 347 ; race, i. 347.
Tears, ch. m. (imp.), i. 647.
Tecumseh (trotter), ii. 216, 222.
Telegraph (imp.), i. 575.
Tenerifte (imp.), i. 575.
Teniers Mare, ch. m. (imp.), i.

647.
Tennessee, history of the blood

horse in, i. 140, 143.
Texas, wild horse of, i. 25, 109.
The Colonel's Daughter (imp.),

i. 648.
The Earl (imp.), i. 576.
Thessahan Horse, i. 23, 28, 31,

40.
Thetis (imp.), i. 648.
Thornedale—

description of, ii. 276.
pedigree of, ii. 274.
performances of, ii. 277.
Thorntons Mare, i. 127.
Thoroughbred race horse, i.

454.
what is a, ii. 11.
true utility of, i. 476.
essential jjoiuts of, i. 490.
Thoulouse Barb, i. 96.
Thracian Horse, i. 23, 28, 31,

40, 41, 43, 44.
Tib Hinman (trotter), ii. 201,

222, 223, 227.
Tickle Toby (imp.), i. 576.
Time and Weight, i. 422, 423,

462.
Timoleon,by Sir Archy, i. 137,

1 12, 140 ; ii. 11, 17.
Tippoo Sultan, i. 152, 154.
Tiresia's Mare (imp.), i. 648.
Titsy (imp.), i. 648.
Toby (imp.), i. 576.
Toby, alias Sporting Toby,

(imp.), i. 131, 576.
Tom Breeze (imp.), i. 576.
Tomboy Mare (imp.), i. 648.
Tom Crib, ch. h. (imp.), i.

576.
Tom Jones (imp ), i. 576.
Tom Thumb (trotter), ii. 133,

130, 139.
performances of, i. 150.
Top-gallant, by Diomed, i. 137.
Top-gallant, by Gallatin, i. 142.

143, 144.
Top-galbnt (trotter), ii. 41, 135,

112, 146, I'B.
performances of, ii. 143-

150, 1.53, 154.
Touchstone (imp.), i. 576.
Tramp Mare (imp.), i. 648.
Tranby (imp.), i. .577.
Tranby Mare (imp.), i. 649.
Trapes (nee Speck), (imp.), 1.

649.
Traveller, Coatsworth (imp.),

i. .577.
Traveller, Moreton's (imp.), i.

127,128,13.5,139,146,159;

ii. 107, 108, 109, 281.
pedigree of, i. .577.
Traveller, Strange'p, alias Big

Ben, alias Cliarlemont,

(imp.), i. 577.

Treasurer, i. 151.

Treatise on the Horse, by

Xenophon, i. 35.
Treatise on Horse Shoeins ii

485. ^

Trifle, by Sir Charles, i. 162,
2;j3, 2:34.
twenty-mile race, i. 236-
245.
Trifle, by Milo (imp.), 1. 649.
Triuculo (imp ), i. 577.
Trinket, ch. m. (imp.), i. 649.
best time on record, from

1830 to 18,55, ii. 282.
miscellaneous examples
and extraordinary per-
formances of, ii. 286.
pedigree of, ii. 280.
Betsey Baker, ii. 1.35.
Boston Blue, iL 135.
Top-gaUant, ii. 135.
Tom Thumb, ii. 133.
Troadwell Mare, ii. 135.
Trotting Clubs-
first New York trotting
club, ii. 137.
first purses, ii. 137-140.
rules of club, ii. 138.
Hunting Park Association,
Philadelphia, ii. 140.
rules of, ii. 140, 141.
first meeting, ii. 142-
143.
Trotting Courses of America,
ii. 133.
act for establishing the

first, ii. 133, 134.
the Canton (Baltimore), ii.

1.51.
Central (Baltimore), ii. 146.
first T. C. established, ii.

133 to 167.
first match in public for a

stake, ii. 133.
Harlem Trotting Park, ii.

156.
Hunting Park, Philadel-
phia, ii. 142-148.
Long Island (U. C), ii. 132,
147, 238.
True Blue (English), i. 125, 136.
True Blue (imp.), i. 577.
True Briton, ii. 107, 109.
Truflfle Young (imp.), i. 577.
Trumpator ]\tarc (imp.), i. 649.
Trumpet's Dam (English), 1.

128.
Trnmpetta, b. m. (imp.), i. 649,
Trustee, by Catton (imp.), i.

151, 578.
Trustee (trotter), ii. 155, 158,
182.
twenty-mile trot, ii. 190,
191, 193, 194, 224.
Truxton, i. 137, 141.
Tuckahoe, i. 136.
Tup (imp.), i. .578.
Tulij), til. f. (imp.'), i. 650.
Tunica (imp.), i. ()50.
Turkiih Horses, i. 40,94,95,97.
Acaster, i. 95, 127.
Bol'/rade, i. 104.
Bvcrly, i. 96, 127.
D'Arcv, i. 96.
Helmslcy, i. 95, 103.
.Tohn«on's, i. 104.
List(!r'8 or Straddling

Turk. i. 96, 104.
Lord Carlisle, i. 104, 105.
Picgott's, i. 104.

INDKX.

601

Turkish ITorPCS—

Placo'rt VV'liitc Turk, i. 95.

%, 103.
Selaby Turk, i. !)(i, 104, 1'JO.
Turpiu Mure (imp.), i. GOO.
Yellow Turk, i. iW, ia5.
Tryall (imp.), i. 137, 1:34, 135,
159.

X7.

[Jnion Course Rules, ii. 655.
Urganda (imp.), i. 650.

Va<?a, m. (imp.), i. 650.
Valentine ((imp.), i. 149, 578.
Valliant (imp.), i. 578.
Valparaiso (imp.), 1. 578.
Vamp, br. m. (imp.), i. C50.
Vampire (imp.), i. 140.

pedigree, i. 570.
Vanaletta (imp.), i. 650.
Variella, b. m. (imp.), i. 65.
Varnish or Vanish (imp.), i.

651.
Velocipede Mare, gr. m. (imp.),

1. 651.
Venetia (imp.), 1. 651.
Venetian (imr).), i. 141.

pedigree, i. 5570.
Vermont Horses, i. 110, 111.
draught horse, history of,

ii. -iX
Victoria (imp.) br. f., 1. 651.
Victory (imp.), i. 579.
Vintner (English), i. 1.30.
Virago, m. (imp.), i. 135, 137.
Virginia Nell (Butler's), i. 135.
Virginia (by Medley), 1. 136,

11)4.
Virginius, i. 137.
Vixen (English), i. 128.
Volaute (imp.), i. 651, 652.
Voluey, br. h. (imp.),i. 579.
Volunteer (imp.), i. 579.

Wagner, i. 116, 164, 167.
characteristics of, i. 251.
description of, i. 252.

Wagner-
pedigree of, 1. 2.52.
perlormauces of, i. 252-

a7U.
races with Grey Eagle, i.

a53.
race with, i. 261.
second race, i. 270.
Wag's Dam (English), i. 1.36.
Wallon (imp.), i. i^bO.
Walto;i Mare (imj).), i. 652.
War Eagle (IroUer), ii.5iO:J,S03.
Warlock's Cialloway (Englieli),

i. 138.
Warminster (imp.), i. 580.
Wat(?rloo Mare (imp.), i. 652.
Walcrwitcli (imp.), i. 652.
Waxy .Marc (imp.), i. 652.
Weat,her))it Mare, or Cicily

Jopsoii (imp.), 1. 652.
Weather Witch (imp.), i. 653.
\Venona (imp.), i. 653.
Weight and Time, i. 357, 422,

423, 402.
West Australian Mare (imp.),

1. (m.
Whale (imp.),i. 580.
Whalebone (trotter), ii. 139,
142, 145.
performances of, 11. 146,
149, 150, 152, 153, 155,
194, 225.
Whamcliff (unp.), 1. 654.
Whip, (by imp. Whip), ii. 83.
Whip (imp.), 1. 580.
Whirligig (imp.), i. 128, 150,

58(5.
White Turk, 1. 95, 130.
White Nose (English), 1.128.
Whitefoot Mare (imp.), i. 654.
Whittington (imp.), 1. 580.
Why Not, 1. 144, 159.
Wildair (imp.), Delancey, 1.
1.31, 144, 150.
pedigree, 1. 681.
Wilnair (Sym's) by imp. W., 1.

140, 144, 146.
Wildair Mare, i. 141, 144.
Wildair (Maryland, by Imp.

W.), i. 144.
Wildair (hv Svm's W.). 1. 144.
Wildman's Gfanby, 1. 133.
Wild Irishman, 1. 347.

race of two miles, i. 347.

Wilkes' Hautboy Mare, i. 128.
William IV. (imp.), i. 581.
Williamson's Ditto Mare

(imp.), i. CtA.
Wilson Arabian Marc (imn )

i. (>54.
Wint(!r on the Ilorfic, i. 44,

45.
Woful Mare (imp.), i. 654.
Wombat (Imp.), i. 6.55.
Wonder (imp.), i. ijgl.
Wonder (by Diomed), i. 137.

111, l^y, 147.
Woodbine (imp ), i. 6.5.5.
Woodcock (imj).), i. 127.
Woodpecker (trotter), 11. 192,

217.
Wrangler (imp.), i. 581.

X.

Xcnophon on the Horee, i.

36, 87.

Y.

Yellow Turk, i. 90, 128, 130.
Yorick, 1. i:i5, 150, l(i2.
Y'orkshire (imi).). i. 582.
Young Klack Hawk, ii. 104.
Young Cade (English), 1. VS8.
Young Fazzoletto (imp.), 1.

582.
Young Flatcatcher (imp.), 1.

5S2.
Young Morrill—

history, ii. 263, 264.

pcdiprcc, ii. 2(;4.

perlormances, ii. 265.
Young Spot (imp.), 1. 5^.

Zacharv Taylor (trotter), ii.

194, 198, 202, 213, 227.
Zebra, 1. 25, 53.
Zephyrina (imp.)j 1. 655.
Zlnganee (imp.), i. 582.
Zinganee or Priam Horee, br.

h. (imp.), i. 583.
Zone (imp.), 1. 655.