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FRUITS
OF THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
BY
GERRIT PARMILE WILDER
i
‘
( REvISED EDITION, INCLUDING VoL. 1, 1906. )
ILLUSTRATED BY ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-ONE HALF-TONE
PLATES WITH J)ESCRIPTIONS OF SAME
Copyright December 1906, December 1911
GERRIT PARMILE WILDER
%! a ~ 2
HONOLULU, T. H.
PUBLISHED BY THE HAWAIAN GAZETTE Co., LTD.
1911
is i
p> aye tie *
LAUDE Xx
PAGE.
etscan eranssiMaweveradd.. Plate 1... oc .alte< bs ole cc ooo ecles 7
Petipa eranemina, avocado, Plate TL. oo. 66... css evens doa ceseas 9
Persea gratissima, Gautamala Avocado, Plate III.................. 1]
Ponca Gramaiam, Pomepranate, Plate. IV. .2../02..<......n. kee, 13
Ficus Carica, Common var., Plate V..... Ne che BER ete Ee ge ee 15
Vie ENN 8) Tg Es 1) 1 aE ce 17
Peace IEC Ene VL. % 07. whe ote watch Se Roles Oa hon wee el, 19
Jambosa malaccensis, Mountain apple, Plate VIII................. 2]
Jampora sp. Plate TX... oes... 2. Peporeretrate oustcha,ts ta tetee cies hie mae 23
ae eas DW MLO War eb IAtAI Ns oo io. ci cn emits ae Oe eo vie bs oy 25
Memretinere, olbedvaires Welaies Noli gcc. oes dbs Sw edn ok ook e he ores 27
Busetinnd ambos, hese apple, Plate XIT.. 2... .s6s..eie.dslecc. ee. 29
moony mrmuteatisin, tate REED. ss ss winx Cle on cv wlek eked bedcae., 31
EIS Shy ce ES Lin ee 33
CA ES SS id Bas Fe) Ge Ot a nee ae mr 35
aeoeanet Jamba, Plate VI... os os bs os davai eae sce cas. 37
eat vamiboland.iPigte: VEL: iS. ....'.!. de Sadtirens Soden occnds 3
meena. Caramibela, Plate XVII 0. 2... . 2h imlede Mocs ced ene 4]
Poet ea ULE AN GLE La eR 2 oes Siyee ahisr ors laid. tik g ASE Behe 43
DeAImIEOn LOIS; SM AGe RE. Poa). ose SL c's Was dards bk A cas doe 45
epee eotsitn, br tate oun ya eho 3. Widd uaa reds as ee AT
Gitysophyiiam~ Caria, Plates RX ILS: . 53. cat. cate e ele tke 49
Phexeoneinin: Cumite, Pilate SOIT. i... 5, ee ee. cae eet 51
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, Plate XXIV. 4.....00cccceceececee.. 53
mmo DE, Mlene PbaGe KRM iy vis Lice ania bee eee, ew, D5
Espemndsee anthesis Pats DOR VL oy ee utes lm Pe Bae Me oT
peendias lated, Plate KAVITA. 2.8 ca econ Le as Dek 59
Mammeg Americana, Plate XX Valo. Csi. eos esa eee es 61
Pontius Andie. Piater Meh oss. awe sy ote Stee Sea eae 63
oro wibetbrius, @ late MAXX... fe. on kL He Fate eA se ve Sk ket 65
ea cneaiied. Peate SEXO, 5 eon dede eSES cage a tek eae 67
Pigtiea deperies,| Plate, SAK 1) 4\s. 3.) Moe eo ee oe 69
Sasena Vem, Plate SOX RUT |). oo voter acts aan ees hhc ec 71
Pepe peruviana, Plate. XXXIV. 055.1 £e vine vee ae ck eee kn 73
1) EA ESEMEL SS) SER gy ao. anion Mis so et cea er one, Sik iw ean 75
Ber yey. SOINGe OR VE ts on gicawts bem sR se oe OR ern. ii
Scare quercimoelia, Piste XXX VL os. en oat eet et eee: 79
tnivusJaponjen, Var. Hazara, Plate XXX VIG... <i. 0c. oe le ek 81
Porrea mune.) tate. RLM ys. ticles See Oe cok OM scl oc een 83
SESSA ST 4] ann eR? Ae err ee A sae io 85
Citrus medica, var. Limetta, Lime: Plaiteexclal tsa e Sabine ree ace 87
Citrus medica, var. Limonum, Lemon, Plate XLII.................. 89
Citrus medica, var. Limonum (Rough skin), Plate XLIIT........... 91
Citrus Aurantium, Sinense, Waialua Orange, Plate XLIV.......... 93
Citrus Aurantium, Bahia, or Navel Orange; Plate Xi. sc, ets 95
Citrus Decumana, Pomelo, or Shaddock, pear ‘shaped, var., Plate
OCR REN eos r eo lS aa ES Gra ec Sin ote Bae 97
Citrus Decumana, Pomelo, or Shaddock, round Var? blate ooliVell, sone 7 Oo
Artocarpus incisa, Hawaiian var., Plate XLVII]................... 101
Artocarpus incisa, Samoan var., Plate XLIX.........0........... 103
Arivcarpus..tecisa"Tabitian var., Plate. Ta... 3 5.) sg... 105
Artocarpus incisa, Fertile Breadfruit, Plate LI...................; 107
Arbocarpus inteprifolia, Jack fruit, Plate Dill......2cho.®. 205... 109
Saba Urea e leapeenuP iy 8a. it Sc. aks ce Oe oo. EL
on herr olen, tate dal Vv: oi. oo Sahel du ts cuted Poe 113
sear PEvACUA Nay TE TMBMEDY |) soc va bcd vc og we hceed bos nc deae cet on 115
peenitien Aupaeaiedy MY Le... Sd Ss wiesg cilse vas poue se cease eles. itl
Peidium Guayava pomiferum, Plate LVII.... 0 .......0.c0cecn once 119
Prdium Guayava, Sweet red, Plate LVIDM. .2...20 2.0. sodescs ce 121
Psidium Guayava, White lemon guava, Plate LIX................. 123
Psidium Cattleyanum, Strawberry guava, Plate LXI............... 127
Psidium Cattleyanum, var. lucidum, Plate LXII......:........6... 129
Paidium: wmolile 5 Plate Ta \, i ictarcis weeks meestnee es ects eect oraketaeay teen ee eee 131
Mangifera indica, common mango, Plate LXIV.................... 133
Manpifera indica, Manini mango, PlateJGaev 45.22.45. se: he ae ee 135
Mansiters: andica, No. 9 mango; lathe cexeVel inet isterate neue rete ree 137
Masa, “Pistia Te xay lS. x.'e Slot wt hie epee pacar uelia cette teed eheen nance = eee rears 139
Morinda ciiritola °"Nonit 7 Plate wipe ViGilerrrrscmeccte-yesiacie © yeas enne 141
Vaccinium: reticulatum "* OWelo 2 wb late sara Newe weiss Als eeeet nee 143
Solanum pimpinellifolium, currant tomato, Plate LXX.......... eta 35)
Solanum Lycopersicum, grape tomato, Plate LXX.................. 145
Solanum, nodiflorum! SPO pOloy 7 wie lat em ex oxal e rye wes cueecs tnaie see ee 147
Aleurites, DIOWRGGana. sc U UN etns Ee Lelie wer kONO MI: hate gees tetra eee tee reas 149
Terminalia. Catappas, “sWamani yy Plate nix Ue orn eles eee cierto 151
Calophyllum inophyllum ‘‘Kamani’’, Plate LXXIV................ 153
Noronkiacemaroimata selace slieNe arena reciente etme dia sin oer tees 155
@astanéa sativa, ‘Chestmits Plater Uren cerca starevene tiesto) « es eltnteys! ete 157
Inocarpus edulis: Plate nile xen vn < ee rite eterna) < cise iole olin yohens 159
Canamnum: commune, Canary nut, Plate Ex OV i. oe ee cee oe 161
Canarium commune, Canary nut, round var., Plate LXXIX......... 163
Macadamia ternifolia, Queensland nut, Plate LINGERS. Pony esieocsiipartiere e 165
Macadamia sp. ta Bol yeaa Wie CAL itera dee er 167
Aegle Marmelos, Bhel or Bael fruit, Plate LXXXII............... 169
Diospyros decandra, Brown persimmon, Plate LXXXIII............ 17]
Lucumay Rivicods neater eee Kole Vig rectcns <r aa rescue ate bese thre ty epee ae ies
Hrrobotrya Japonica, Moguat, Plate TixexxeVi on WM iyi eee 175
uieeh: ‘Chinensis. aches trust. Plata Xex aoa ns Ue eee. hen aleyercteneree aie
BRuphorts hongane \ Piste, taux noe Vile. cae aati tis wore ole wipe w oun aie 179
Morus nigra, Miullb erry sb late inex oD Sa acetic iene ari reveacie rsh haiel aie 181
Garcinia mangostana, Mangosteen, Plate LXXXIX................. 183
Garcinia Manthoghy mus yeh ate Cc hes scape, eke ee te leva ayaa teenie ieee ce cere 185
Buncho sia) As. bal aie PO Wei. or ap toutenons ohtemet pets Seen else tomas) Stones eveiaves 187
Malpighia glabra, Barbados cherry, Plate XCM... 06. 24..-2- eae 189
Mheobroma, Cacao,.Cocoa ree, Plate Clie. ote cast ate ecto 191
Babiscus Sabdarittanb late vex Viti. ssvcsaerece ts ook tettrereltaeer steeper ere eer 193
Mongstera. deluciosa, Plate vXiG Vis 5, Sis seareye onaktnste ace sheumtn tae ae nO aae 195
Anacardium® occidentale. Plate. XC Vil. ce we aerate ow ati eis Oe) dees sicias ey
Aizy Phus aj Uba, we) WMO ene Lete x VALS, i, cipusuticte ete peterenctercrs the eveieee verre 199
Phyllanthusemblreas He laa CVA ees elena terete Seabee a0 shen ates 201
Phyllanthus distichus, Otaheiti Gooseberry, Plate XCIV............ 2038
Olea Buropea; Olive® Plate Ci Pe chars owe ci srenicnensrieges el state je pucualtr e tvsuaes 205
Vitis habrusea,;, Isabella vorape vPlatiay Oly ei aeic acts shok ee acters ets 207
Pyrus* sinensis) Sand! pear) Telate CUM yg reeset etes stl aren enstato vada svegeres sven 209
Passiflora quadrangularis, Granadilla, Plate CIII................... 211
Passifioray edulis) Taco 7, Pleas Cig vac ae ecrceegs fet ou atlases elles telat 2 eatiete 213
Passiflora lauriflolia, Yellow water lemon, Plate CV................ 215
PassitiorayAlata;? Plate: OVE 58.25 srt elevate or oe eeencie et emma ore nee 217
Passiflora. vat. coetida, late. © Valter. te <teccs ems pietees mite a ene onal ete epene 219
Cereus,.triangularisy Plate sGiViGbl or esi irs iecst- beckons rate e cenit eter p eras 221
Kigelia.-pinnata, Plate cGixX cp ty in: alee eee aii ate tome miarea ta emer 223
Phoenix dactyliteray Plate ik 2 ochre ae .teee atresia ates oun eer em 225
Phoenix ‘dactylitera; Plate CX Iss chai cu tenile eet Aeterna 227
Acrocomiasp.; Plate. CXL...) fain.lercur a eee ite tere aye Pavano 229
Cocos; nucitera, ‘coco pit palm; Plate sO xa Soe ie: einer rene 231
Cordia Collococéa, Clammy cherry Plate C2 oso aaceee eee ee 233
Placourtia .cataphracta;= Plate COV: 2 fan se wears eee eee eee 235
Atalantia: buxitolia. -Plate.GX VL. 2s ee ene 20
Bumelia’ sp.; Plate ‘CX VIL. . 5)... Sind arcs shor percents ener eee teen 239
Ochrosia ‘elliptica, Plate” CA VILL. Sco ston ie eee kee tere ee 241
Ananas: sativus, Pineapple, Plate: CAE 2h. srrentrne er aitreeiene reverie eens
Opuntia, Tuna, Prekly pear. ** Panini’’) PlatewGRexe seas he eto
Prosopis Juliflona, Plate: COCR coe acct canoe rare ane ene ence 247
PREFACE
My original intention with regard to this work, was to
publish it in a series of three volumes; and to that end, the first
volume was presented to the public in 1906.
Since that time, however, I have deemed it advisable, for
various reasons, to incorporate all my data in one volume.
I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness for help in my
researches, to various works on Horticulture, and to many of my
personal friends who have given me valuable assistance.
I trust that this work will prove of some interest, as I believe
that it contains a fairly comprehensive list of both the indigenous
and naturalized Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands.
GERRIT PARMILE WILDER.
G. P. W. Collection. ©
Persea gratissima. Cie BR
Wes ae
AVOCADO, PALTA OR ALLIGATOR Pe: a ey
Grown i in the garden of El Mean
4
i rs cae.
PLATE I.—Avocado.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE II
Persea gratissima.
AVOCADO.
This spreading evergreen tree is a native of Tropical America.
In the Hawaiian Islands, the first trees of its kind were said to
have been planted in Pauoa Valley, Oahu, by Don Marin. It at-
tains a height of from 10 to 40 feet, and is adverse to drought.
Its leaves are elliptico-oblong, from 4 to 7 inches in length. The
flowers are greenish-yellow and downy. The fruit, which ripens
from June until November, is a round or pear-shaped drupe,
covered with a thin, rather tough skin, which is either green or
purple in color. The flesh is yellow, firm and marrow-like, and
has a delicious nutty flavor. The seed-cavity is generally large,
containing one round or oblong seed, covered by a thin, brown,
parchment-like skin. The quality of the pear is judged, not only
by its flavor, but by the presence or absence of strings or fibre
in the meat, and also by the quantity of flesh as compared to the
size of the seed. Innumerable variations as to size, shape, and
quality have been produced from seedlings—some of which may
be seen in the accompanying illustration. The Avocado is easily
reproduced by budding and grafting, and the best varieties may
be obtained in this manner.
PLATE II.—Avocado.
One third natural size.
10
G. P. W. Collection. Priate III
Persea gratissima.
GUATAMALA AVOCADO.
This variety is a native of Mexico, and although known as the
Guatamala Avocado, it is more commonly to be found in the
markets of the City of Mexico. Its leaves are purplish-green.
The flowers, which appear in May and June, are like those of the
preceding variety; and the drupe, which matures in the early
part of the year, has a long stem. This fruit is round, from
3 to 5 inches in diameter, has a thick, tough, rough rind, which
when ripe is a deep claret color, and the meat, which is a golden-
yellow, is tinged with purple next to the rind, and is free from
strings or fibres. There are but two trees of this variety bear-
ing fruit in Honolulu. They were propagated from seeds brought
here in 1890 by Admiral Beardsley. These two trees are grow-
ing in private gardens.
hy
PLATE III.—Avocado.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLaTe IV
Punica Granatum.
POMEGRANATE.
The name was derived from the word punicus, of Carthage,
near which city it is said to have been discovered; hence malum-
punicum, Apple of Carthage, which was the early name of the
Pomegranate. It is a native of Northern Africa, and of South-
western Asia, and is grown in the Himalayas up to an elevtaion
of 6000 feet. It is a deciduous shrub, which by careful training
can be made to grow into a tree from 10 to 15 feet high. Many
shoots spring from the base of the tree, and should be cut away,
as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems
The branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, and some-
what thorny. The bark contains about 32 per cent. tannin, and
is used for dying the yellow Morocco leather. The peel of the
fruit serves also as a dye. There are several varieties of Pome-
granate growing in Hawaii; the double-flowering variety is pop-
ular as an ornamental plant. All of the varieties are of easy cul-
ture, and are readily propagated by means of cuttings of the ripe
wood. The leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, and a glossy-green
with red veins. The flowers are axillary, solitary or in small
clusters, and in color are a very showy rich orange-red. The
fruit is about the size of an ordinary orange, has a persistent
calyx, and is made up of many small compartments arranged in
two series, one above the other. The crisp, sweet, watery pink
pulp enveloping each seed is the edible portion of the Pome-
egranate.
PLATE 1V.—Pomegranate.
One half natural size.
Id
G. Ll’. W. Collection. PLATE V
Ficus Carica (common variety).
FIG.
The Fig is the most ancient, as well as one of the most valuable
of all fruit trees. Its name is nearly the same in all European
languages. The tree is supposed to be a native of Caria in Asia
Minor. The intelligent cultivators of Anatolia, by whom the
Smyrna Figs are produced, adhere to the caprification process,
used from time immemorial. In California, efforts have been
made to test this process. In the Hawaiian Islands, the Portu-
guese seem to be the most ssuccessful cultivators of the Fig, and
several varieties are to be found throughout the group. This
common variety grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet, is hardy,
and can easily be propagated from cuttings. Its leaves are alter-
nate, 3 to 5 deeply lobed ,and are shed during the fall months, at
which season careful pruning will increase the following year’s
yield. The fruit is single, appearing from the axils of the leaves,
on the new wood. It is a hollow, pear-shaped receptacle, contain-
ing many minute seeds, scattered throughout a soft, pinkish-
white pulp.
PLATE V.—Fig.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection.
Ficus: Caricas
BiGas
cenietive blight, es with hee
caused their extermination. This variety is very prolific.
fruit is small, pear-shaped, and has a particularly, sweet
delicious flavor.
il
VI.—Fig.
One half natural size.
PLATE
18
G. iP. W. Collection. PuLate VII
Ficus Carica (white or lemon variety).
FIG.
This is a low-growing tree with compact foliage. The leaves
are small, and the fruit is round-turbinate, about 1 to 1% inches
in diameter. The skin is very thin, is light-green in color, turning
to a greenish-yellow when thoroughly ripe. The pulp is pink,
very sweet, and when quite ripe is free from milky juice. This
variety is also prolific, is easily dried, and on this account would
find a ready sale in our markets.
PLATE VII.—Fig.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE VIII
Jambosa malaccensis.
MOUNTAIN APPLE, “OHIA AI.”
This tree is found on all the large islands of the Polynesian
groups, and in the Malaysian Archipelago. In the Hawaiian
Islands it confines itself almost entirely to the moist, shady val-
ieys, and thrives well, up to an elevation of 1800 feet. It is gen-
erally gregarious, and on the north side of East Maui it forms a
forest belt. It attains a height of from 25 to 50 feet. Its dark,
shiny, glabrous leaves are opposite, .elliptico-oblong, and from
6 to 7 inches long, and from 2% to 3 inches broad. The flowers
are crimson, fluffy balls, appearing in March and April, on the
naked branches and upper trunk of the tree. The fruit, which
ripens from July until December, generally contains one seed, is
obovate, about 3 inches in diameter. The skin is so thin as to be
barely perceptible, and the fruit is very easily bruised. In color,
it is a deep, rich crimson, shading into pink and white; the pulp
is firm, white, and juicy, with a very agreeable flavor.
Pirate VITI.—Mountain Apple.
One third natural size.
CP ae Md : Pe
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AY f : < Eee By RaT E
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é io
G. P. W. Collection. Prats IX
Jambosa sp. (Solomon Island variety).
, - i
WATER APPLE, =
It was introduced here, from the panes aane os Mr. - a
Jaeger. The foliage and crimson flowers resemble those of the | Cae
Jambosa malaccensis, but the drupe is not so highly colored, and ee + e .
is, in shape, much more elongated. Specimens of this Wecia ;
edible fruit have measured 5 inches in length.
i -.
;.
sd
=<
=
PuLaTE 1X.—Water Apple.
One fourth natural size.
CAS)
ww
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE X
Jambosa sp. (white variety).
WATER APPLE.
This tree is a native of the Malay Islands. The foliage is
symmetrical, and its opposite, shiny leaves are broad, lanceolate,
and obtusely-acuminate. The pure white flowers, which bloom
from March until June, are about ™%-inch in diameter, and are
produced in bunches on the naked branches. The fruit, which
is also produced in bunches, ripens in October. It is transversely
oval in shape, about 1 to 1% inches in diameter at its largest end.
It contains from 1 to 3 seeds. Even when quite ripe, the fruit
remains pure white in color, and has a tart, insipid flavor.
25
PLATE X.—Water Apple.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XI
Jambosa sp. (red variety).
WATER APPLE.
This low-growing tree with its bright evergreen foliage, is not
common in Hawaii. The flowers are small, deep crimson, and
appear on the branches either singly or in bunches. The con-
trast between these brilliant flowers and the fresh green leaves
makes a very beautiful sight when the tree is in full bloom. The
fruit, which ripens in July, appears in clusters; it is the same shape
as that of the preceeding variety, but in color it is a bright scarlet.
It contains from 1 to 3 seeds, which are somewhat difficult to
germinate. The fruit is crisp, watery, and has a sub-acid flavor.
PuateE XI.—Water Apple.
One third natural size.
SS)
Co
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XII
Eugenia Jambos.
ROSE APPLE.
This evergreen tree, which is a native of the West Indies, is
of medium size, reaching a height of from 20 to 30 feet. It
grows well in Hawaii, and is found at an elevation of 2000 feet.
It is propagated from seed, as well as from cuttings of the ripe
wood. The leaves are lanceolate, acuminate, thick and shiny.
The large, fluffy flowers which appear from January until April,
are produced freely, and are a beautiful creamy-white. The fruit
is a somewhat compressed, globular shell, varying in size from
1 to 2 inches in diameter, and with a large cavity, containing
generally one seed. This shell, which is the edible portion of the
fruit, is a light creamy-yellow, with a tinge of pale-pink on one
side; it requires from 2 to 2% months to mature. It is firm, crisp,
and has a delicious flavor, somewhat resembling an apricot, and
with a rose odor. The season for the fruit varies according to
the elevation, but generally ends abort August or September.
PLATE XII.—Rose Apple.
One half natural size.
BY)
G. P. W. Collection. } Prat Si
Eugenia brasiliensis.
BRAZILIAN PLUM, OR SPANISH CHERRY.
This evergreen shrub, or low-growing tree, which in many
countries is said to reach a height of but 6 feet, in Hawaii attains
a height of 20 feet; and although it thrives in comparatively high
altitudes, it bears best below the 200-foot elevation, and requires
considerable moisture. The piuntish, dark, shiny leaves, which
are scale-like along the branches, are obovate, oblong, and about 3
inches in length. The blossoming season var.es according to the
location; however, the tree generally has flowers and fruit from
July until December. The fruit is the size of a cherry, is deep
purple in color, and the persistent calyx is very prominent. The
sweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor.
Probably the first plants of this variety were brought here by
Don Marin, about a century ago. Some fine trees may be found
in Pauoa and Makiki valleys, and also in Nuuanu, in the garden
which formerly belonged to Dr. Hillebrand.
al
PuaTeE XIII.—Brazilian Flum, or Spanish Cherry.
One half natural size.
ws)
©
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XIV
Eugenia unifiora,
FRENCH CHERRY.
This shrub is said to be a native of Brazil. In Hawaii, it is a
common garden plant, sometimes reaching a height of 10 feet.
Its glossy leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and its peduncles short.
It has small, single, white fragrant flowers. The mature fruit,
which resembles a cherry, is about 1 inch in diameter, and is
ribbed longitudinally. It has a delicious, spicy, acid flavor.
There is generally one large, round, smooth seed.
33
PLATE XIV.—French Cherry.
One third natural size.
37
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XV
Eugenia sp.
This is a small Malayan tree which is rare in Hawaii. It has
regular, opposite, large, broad leaves ; with the stems and branches
four-sided. The purplish-white flowers are produced in clusters.
The waxy light-green fruits, with a persistent calyx, resem-
ble a small guava. These fruits have a very tough, pithy skin
and pulp combined, which is edible, but too dry to be agree-
able. The seed is large in proportion to the size of the fruit.
35
PLATE XV.—Eugenia sp.
One half natural size.
36
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XVI
Sysygium Jambolana.
JAVA PLUM.
This tall, hardy tree is a native of Southern Asia. In Polynesia
it grows well, up to an elevation of 5000 feet. It is a very com-
mon tree in the Hawaiian Islands. Its leaves, which are from
4 to 6 inches long, and from 2 to 3 inches broad, are opposite,
obtuse or shortly-acuminate. The flowers, which bloom in June,
July and August, are white and quite fragrant, and are especially
attractive to the honey-bee. The oblong fruit grows in large
clusters, ripens from September until November, and varies in
size from a cherry to a pigeon’s egg. It is purplish-black in
color, and is edible only when thoroughly ripe. It contains one
large, oblong seed.
“
PLATE XVI.—Java Plwm.
One half size.
3s
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XVII
Syvevoium Jambolana (small variety ).
VEVS )
JAVA PLUM.
This tree, which is also very common in the Hawaiian Islands,
is said to have been introduced by Dr. Hillebrand. It bears but
one crop a year, will grow in any sosil, and withstands dry
weather. The foliage is smaller than that of the preceeding
variety ; its leaves are narrower, and a lighter green in color. It
blooms at about the same time of year, but its flowers are not as
large, and appear in thick bunches. The purplish fruit ripens
from September until December .
39
FLATE XVI1.— Java Plum.
One half natural size.
40
G. P. W. Collection. PLare XVIII
Averrhoa Carambola.
This tree, which is said to have been named after Averrhoes,
an Arabian physician, is a native of Insular India, and is much
cultivated in India and China. It is evergreen, with dense foliage,
and grows to a height of from 15 to 20 feet. It is easily propa-
gated from seeds, and fruits in about three years. In Hawaii it
bears one crop annually, the flowers appearing in July and the
fruit in November and December. The leaves are alternate, odd-
pinnate. The flowers, which are borne in clusters on the naked
stems and branches, are minute, fragrant, and in color shading
from a pale pink to a deep purplish-red. The fruit, varying in
size from a hen’s egg to an orange, is ovate, and has five acutely-
angled longitudinal ribs. The fragrant, light-yellow skin is very
thin, and the pulp is watery; it contains a number of flat, brown
seeds. This fruit is of two varieties: the sweet, which may be
eaten raw, and the acid which is delicious when preserved. A
very appetizing pickle may be made from the half-ripe fruit of
the acid variety.
41
Puate XVIII.—Averrhoa Carambola.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection, PLATE XIX
Achras Sapota.
SAPODILLA, OR NASEBERRY.
This tree, which grows on almost all of the Islands of the
Hawaiian group, is a fine evergreen, growing to a height of from
10 to 20 feet, and producing a fruit which is much prized in warm
countries. The bark possesses tonic properties, and from the
juice chewing-gum is made. Its foliage is dense, and the shiny
leaves are thick, lance-oblong, entire, and clustered at the ends
of the branches. The flowers, which are small, whitish, and per-
fect, are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the season. The
fruit, of which there are two varieties, the round and the oblong,
is about the size of a hen’s egg. It has a rough skin, the color
of a russet apple, beneath which is a firm, somewhat stringy,
sweet pulp, having the flavor of an apricot. This pulp is divided
into 10 to 12 compartments, and contains from 4 to 6 large, flat,
smooth, black seeds.
43
Puare XIX.—Sapodilla, or Nasebcrry.
One half natural size.
44
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XX
Casimiroa eduiis.
WHITE SAPOTA.
This tree, which is a native of Mexico, is said to have been
named after Cardinal Casimiro Gomez. The first tree of its
kind in Hawaii was planted in 1884, at the Government Nursery,
Honolulu. The seed came from Santa Barbara, California, where
there grows today, a tree more than eighty years old, and which
still bears its fruit. It is a tall evergreen with irregular branches ;
its digitate leaves are dark and glossy. The trunk is ashen-grey,
with warty excrescences. The fruit, which matures in April and
May, is large, 1 to 4 inches in diameter; it is depressed-globular
and somewhat ribbed, like a tomato; in color it is a light-green,
turning to a dull yellow when ripe, and it has a very thin skin.
The pulp is yellow, resembling that of an over-ripe papaia, and
has a melting, peach-like flavor. It contains from 1 to 3 large,
oblong seeds, which are said to be deleterious.
PLATE XX.—White Sapota.
One fourth natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXI
Prunus Persica.
PEACH.
The Peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous to
Persia, while by others it is claimed to be a native of China. It
is a hardy tree, and has been known to bear fruit precociously
even in the second year after planting. If allowed to do so, the
Peach will grow to a height of about 15 feet; but it should be
pruned annually, in order to secure a good crop. Its leaves are
lanceolate and coarsely serrate. The flowers are solitary, pink in
color, and appear before the leaves. The fruit is soft and
pubescent at maturity. The stone is deeply pitted and very hard.
There are two well-marked varieties, the cling-stone and the
free-stone.
Ulupalakua and Makawao, Maui, once had the reputation of
growing finely-flavored seedling peaches ; however, many of these
trees have been injured by cattle, and others have been destroyed
by root-fungus and insect pests. In several localities in Hawaii
good peaches have been grown from imported varieties.
PLATE XXI.—Peach.
One half natural size.
48
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXII
Chrysophyllum Cainito (purple variety).
STAR APPLE.
This tree is a native of the West Indies, and although not com-
mon in Hawaii, there are good specimens to be found in many
gardens. It has large irregular spreading branches, grows to a
height of from 10 to 25 feet, and has rather thick foliage. Propa-
gation is ordinarily effected by seeds, which germinate readily,
when fresh. It can also be grown from cuttings of the ripe wood.
The tree derives its name from the words “‘chrysos,” gold, and
“phyllon,” a leaf; referring to the golden-russet color of the
under-side of the beautiful, glossy green leaves. The small
flowers, which appear from June until October, are solitary at
the nodes or in fascicles. The fruit, which ripens in April, is
round, about 3 inches in diameter, has a smooth, tough rind, about
1-16 inch thick, which is a deep purple in color. A cross-section
of the fruit shows the edible pulp with its numerous black seeds,
and the star-shaped core, from which the fruit derives its com-
mon name of Star Apple. Unless the fruit is thoroughly ripe,
its milky juice is remarkably astringent.
49
PLATE XXII.—Star Apple.
One half natural size.
eri = tds Sey e vie jy is. :
Oey LPak L hil” ae
Cir ay eae wees
- ? Led Ah ak rr Py 8 1
j Veh 'e " in ie o ie & ;
L Ls is Be ’ 7 3 7 a
a re Veh ae
A Ne ams Pam
‘ 2 i hae:
. 43 ae 1s
; , ' se
50.
.
ie ‘ j
. - 5
¢ >
”
¢* J
/ ‘
| ; : a2 Lua
G. P. W. Collection. 7 ’ , - -Ppare XXTIIL.
A,
Chrysophyllum Cainito (white variety).
| STAR APPLE.
_ This tree, which bears its fruit in “from: four to five years, has
about the same characteristics as that of the preceding variety. — “at
The fruit is somewhat larger, and is not quite. so sweet. In color Ra
it is pale green, shaded with purple. ee
4
Li ae #),
Pala
o
.
o
e
a 1
A ¥s
sv ‘
- j -
ti to sai a4
' Ls ;
a 3 ie Ms r i
. ~ ea A ey eo ed ta: i
PLATE XXIII.—Star Apple.
One half natural size.
52
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXIV
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum.
This small tree, which is indigenous to the West Indies, is also
a native of Southern Florida, and is to be found as an ornamental
plant in many localities of tropical America. In Jamaica it is
called the ““Damson Plum.” Its samll, single, white flowers are
highly perfumed. The fruit, which matures from August until
December, is small, ovoid-oblong, and when ripe is purplish-
black ; when bruised it emits a white, sticky juice. I‘ contains one
large seed. Specimens of this tree are to be found growing in
the grounds of the Queen’s Hospital and at the Government
Nursery, Honolulu.
53
PLATE XXIV.—Chrysophyllum monopyrenum.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. A PLATE XXV
* i
* Mimusops Elengi.
This handsome evergreen tree, with its bright, glossy leaves,
is very suitable for hedges and ior windbreaks. It has alternate,
elliptic leaves 3 to 314 inches long. The small, solitary flowers,
have many creamy-white petals, and are very fragrant; from them
perfume is obtained by distillation. The yellow fruit is about the
shape and size of a small olive, and contains a dry, mealy pulp
which is edible, and the large, flat, brown seed yield an oil.
Nn
en
PLATE XXV.—WMimusops Elengi.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLaTtE XXVI
Spondias dulcis.
Ie:
This deciduous tree is said to be a native of the Society Islands,
and is common to the tropics of both hemispheres. It is a large,
spreading and graceful tree, reaching a height of from 30 to 50
feet. Its pinnate leaves are green and glossy; the leaflets are
oval-oblong and opposite. The foliage is shed from December
until April. The flowers are paniculate, small, and greenish-
white. The fruit, which ripens from November until April, is
a fleshy drupe, oval in shape, from 1 to 3 inches in diameter; it
has a thin, smooth, golden-yellow skin, which has a rather sour
disagreeable odor. The fleshy pulp is light yellow, is mellow
when quite ripe, and has a sub-acid delicious flavor, compared by
some to the pineapple. Within this pulp is embedded a 1 to 5
loculed, bony endocarp, which contains generally one seed. This
endocarp is covered with fibres which penetrate the pulp. The
first Wi tree in Hawaii was planted at the residence of Mr. John
S. Walker, Nuuanu Valley.
PLATE XXVI.—Spondias dulcis.
One third natural size.
58
G. P. W. Collection. Prate XX VII
Spondias lutea.
HOG PLUM.
This tree is distributed over Tropical America, West Africa
and Java, where it is commonly called the Hog Plum, and is used
for fattening swine. In Jamaica it grows well, up to an elevation
of 4000 feet. It is a large, graceful! tree, about 50 feet high, with
spreading branches, and it is particularly beautiful when in fruit.
The pinnate leaves are a clear green, the leaflets are ovate-lan-
ceolate, and the golden-yellow fruit hangs in clusters. It ripens
in September and October. The fruit is ovoid, about 1 inch long;
it has a smooth skin, having a disagreeable odor. There is one
large seed, which resembles the husk of a grcund-nut. This fruit
is cooling and aromatic. To my knowledge there are but two
trees of this kind in bearing in the Hawaiian Islands, and these
are growing in private grounds in Honolulu.
PLATE XXVII.—Hog Plum.
One half natural size.
60
G. P. W. Collection. Prats XXVIII
Mammea Americana.
MAMMEE APPLE.
The Mammee Apple, which grows well in Hawaii, is a native
of the West Indies, and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical coun-
tries. In Jamaica it thrives well, up to an elevation of 3000 feet.
The tree attains a height of from 30 to 40 feet, and the wood,
which is beautifully grained, is durable and well adapted to build-
ing purposes. Its leaves are rigid and leathery. The round
seeds, varying in number from 1 to 4, germinate freely, and the
young plants are easily raised. The fruit is from 3 to 6 inches in
diameter, is brown or russet color, and has a yellow pulp,
which is sweet and aromatic. The outer rind, as well as the pulp
immediately surrounding the seeds, is very bitter. The fruit
may be eaten raw, and is very delicious when preserved.
61
PLATE XXVIII.— Mammee Apple.
One fourth natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXIX
Tamarindus indica.
TAMARIND.
The name is derived from Tamar, Arabic for Date, and Indus,
Indian; thus literally meaning Indian Date. It is a native of the
Indies, Egypt and Arabia. The tree is never leafless, and the
foliage is graceful, pinnated and acacia lke. It bears one crop a
year, the season varying somewhat according to the location and
elevation. It yields a handsome, hard and close-grained furniture
wood, which is yellowish-white, with occasional red streaks in it;
the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple. The pods are thick,
linear, dark brown in color, and from 3 to 6 inches long. The
seeds vary in number. The pulp surrounding the seeds has a
pleasant acid flavor, and when made into syrup, forms the basis of
a delicious, cooling beverage. This pulp is called the fruit, while
the pod is spoken of as the shell. The Tamarind is propagated
from both seeds and cuttings, and is undoubtedly one of the
noblest of our tropical trees.
63
PLATE XXIX.—Tamarind.
One half natural size.
61
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXX
Durio szibethinus.
DURION.
This fine tree attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet; it derives
its name from the Malay word “‘dury,” a thorn, in reference to
the prickly covering of the fruit. The leaves, which are a light,
glossy green on the upper surface, are alternate, entire, elliptical
and acute. The yellowish-white flowers are large. The fruit,
which is either globular or oval, sometimes measures 10 inches
in length. It has a hard rind, covered with thorny warts or spines,
and externally looks not unlike a breadfruit.. When ripe, it is
brownish-yellow, and, when opened at its lower end, shows five
longitudinal sections or cells, each containing from 1 to 4 seeds
about the size of a pigeon’s egg. The edible pulp surrounding
the seeds is firm and cream-colored. The Durion is remarkable
for its combination of an absolutely delicious flavor and an abom-
inably offensive odor. To my knowledge there is but one tree
in bearing in the Hawaiian Islands, and that is growing in private
grounds at Lihue, Kauai.
PLATE XXX.—Durion.
One third natural size.
6é
G. P. W. Collection. PEATE XA
Coffea arabica.
ARABIAN COFFEE.
The Coffee-tree is said to be a native of Abyssinia. Two
species, the Arabian and the Liberian, are now cultivated through-
out the tropics. The use of coffee was known in Arabia long
before it was introduced to Europeans in the sixteenth century.
The Dutch were the first to introduce the plant to Europe. The
Arabian Coffee-tree is low-growing, and bears one crop annually ;
its laves are elliptico-oblong, acuminate, generally from 3 to 6
inches long, and are thin and shiny. The white flowers appear
in clusters, and are very fragrant. The berries are ovoid, fleshy,
and bright red. In this berry are found the two seeds, which
constitute the coffee of commerce. The Coffee-tree was intro-
duced into Hawaii about 1823, by a Frenchman, whos established
a small plantation in Manoa Valley, Oahu. The tree is now well
naturalized in the woods of Kona, Hawaii, and elsewhere in the
Tslands, and flourishes up to an elevation of from 1000 to 2000
feet.
PLATE XXXI.—Arabian Coffee.
One half natural size.
68
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXXII
Coffea liberica.
LIBERIAN COFFEE.
This species is a tall grower, is highly ornamental in foliage,
and is a rich bearer. Its leaves are from 6 to 12 inches long. The
white flowers come in dense clusters, and are more robust and
productive than are those of the Arabica. The berries are nearly
spherical, and in color are a dull crimson. The pulp is large in
proportion to the size of the seeds. Although this variety has
not become popular in Hawaii, it is claimed that it will grow at
a much lower elevation than will the Arabica, and the flavor is
said to be very fine.
69
PLATE XXXII.—Liberian Coffee.
One half natural size.
VO
G. PP. W. Collection. Plate XXXIII
Clausena Wampft.
WAMPI.
This odorous tree is a native of China. It is a symmetrical
evergreen with dense foliage. The light, mossy-green leaves are
imparipinnate, the leaflets ovate-repand, and they are rough on
the under surface. The flowers, which are borne in clusters, on
the new wood, are small, yellow, and very fragrant. The fruit
ripens from June until October; it is about the size of a goose-
berry; the skin is yellowish-brown, shaded with green. The pulp
is sub-acid with a balsamic fragrance. It contains one large seed
about the size of a kernel of corn. There are two varieties, the
sweet and the sour; both may be eaten raw, and are very highly
prized by the Chinere. I know of but two trees of this kind in
the Hawaiian Islands ; they are of the sour variety, and are grow-
ing in private gardens in Honolulu.
PuaTeE XXXIII — Wampi.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXXIV
Physalis peruviana.
CAPE GOOSEBERRY—* POHA.”’
This shrub, or bush, is a native of Brazil, but is naturalized
in many warm countries. It stands partially erect, reaching a
height of from 1% to 3 feet. Its pointed leaves, heart-shaped at
the base, are very fuzzy. The open, bell-shaped flowers are yel-
low in color. The fruit, which is about the size of a cherry, is
enclosed in a thin, yellow, paper-like husk, which is quite hairy.
When ripe, the fruit is yellow, and has a delicious sub-acid pulp,
filled with minute seeds. The Poha may be eaten raw, but is
much more acceptable when made into jam or jelly. The dried
fruit is said to be a substitute for yeast. In Hawaii, the Poha
thrives best in the cool elevations.
PLATE XXXIV.—Cape Gooseberry.
One third natural size.
(4
G. P. W. Collection. PLatr XXXV
Carica Papaya.
PAPAIA (fruit, female tree).
The Papaia is a native of South America; it is found in Florida,
and in many parts of tropical America; it was early intro-
duced into Hawaii, grows and bears well in almost any locality.
[It is a small tree, with a hollow, branchless trunk; it is short-
lived, and is suitable only to regions free from frost, and re-
quires perfect drainage. There are two forms, the tall and
the dwarf, but there are numerous variations as to shape and
quality of the fruit. The soft green leaves, often measuring two
feet across, are variously palmated, and have simple, long, hollow
stems. The Papaya is usually dioceous; the fruit-bearing tree is
called the female; it is claimed that trees of both sexes should be
planted near each other, in order to ensure a good yield. The
female flowers, which appear from the axils of the leaves, are
yellowish-white, single, or two or three together.
The fruit of the Papaya ripens successively. It is either round
or oblong, and sometimes weighs eight pounds. The skin is thin,
and is bright yellow when ripe. The firm, yellow pulp has a de-
licious flavor, and the milky juice contains a digestive principle
similar to pepsin. The seed cavity is large, and is filled with
many small seeds which are enveloped in a loose, mucous coat,
with a brittle, pitted testa. When fresh these seeds germinate
readily.
PLATE XXXV.—Papaia (fruit, female tree).
One fourth natural size.
we OG ie? a De
‘ eer ‘re. way, Fett Bs be iis eddy i
4
‘
76
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXXVI
Carica Papaya.
PAPAIA (fruit, male tree).
‘The size, shape, foliage and general appearance of this tree is
the same as that of the preceding variety. Its flowers appear on
long stems, are funnel-shape, and have five lobes. The male tree
sometimes produces fruit, and it is of large size and fine quality.
A good example may be seen in the accompanying illustration.
I know of no method whereby one can, by any selection of
seeds, produce with any degree of certainty, plants of either male
or female variety. .
77
)
male tree.
+
wit
—Papaia (fr
PLATE XXXVI.
One third natural size.
: 78
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate XXXVIL
Carica quercifolia.
This species of dwarf Papaya is of recent introduction to Ha-
waii. It has a soft, hollow trunk, and low, spreading branches.
The leaves are deeply lobed, of a light green color on the upper —
side, and whitish-green underneath. Flowers dioecious, yellow-
ish-green, having five petals. Fruit the size of a large olive, ia
green, and ribbed with five white stripes, changing to yellow ae
when ripe. The yellow pulp, containing numerous seeds, has a_ a Bsr
strong pesin flavor that is quite agreeable. 4 a
ral
PLATE XXXVII.—Carica quercifolia.
natural size.
One third
80
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XXXVIII
Citrus Japonica.
Var. ~ Elazara.”’
CHINESE ORANGE.
This familiar and highly ornamental tree, commonly known as
the Chinese orange, was very early introduced to these Islands.
It is well named Hazara (meaning thousand of fruit), as it is
one of the most prolific of the citrus family, and both green and
ripe fruit in great quantities may be found on the same tree at
almost any season of the year. The tree is of medium size, and
the small, shiny leaves have short petioles. It is generaly thorn-
less. The flowers are white and fragrant. The round fruit is a
deep yellow, and its smooth skin is very loosely attached. The
pulp is also a deep yellow and contains many seeds, and the sour
juice is very plentiful. The tree is hardy and free from disease
and scale. Propagation is by seed.
81
PLATE XXXVIII.—Chinese Orange.
One half natural size.
382
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate XXXIX
Citrus Japonica.
KUMQUAT.
The Kumquat is a native of Cochin-China, and is also culti-
vated in Japan, Florida, and California. It is a low-growing bush
or shrub, having smooth, angular branches, and in both the round
and oval varieties the dark foliage is dense and beautiful. It is
a very prolific bearer. Its leaves are small, lanceolate, slightly
serrate, pointed or blunt and wedge-shaped at the base. The
small, white flowers come solitary or in clusters, the fruit varies
in size from a large gooseberry to that of a pigeon’s egg, and is
either ovate, oblong, or spherical. It is 5 to 6 celled, has very
little pulp, and contains many seeds. The pulp is somewhat sour,
especially in the round varieties; and the smooth, thick, yellow
rind is aromatic and sweet; the Kumquat is generally preserved
whole, and those prepared by the Chinese are very delicious.
This ornamental citrus tree is not often seen in our gardens,
for it is subject to scale, and to the mealy bug, which destroy the
flowers and stunt the fruit. The Kumquat comes true to seed,
and may also be propagated by grafting and budding.
383
PLATE XXX1LX.— Kumquat.
Two thirds natural size.
S4
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XL
Citrus Nobilis.
MANDARIN ORANGE.
This small tree or thornless shrub with its dense foliage is a
native of Cochin-China, and fine specimens of this tree, with
its golden fruit in season, can be found in many gardens about
Honolulu, especially those of the Chinese. Its leaves are lanceo-
late, its petioles short. Flowers are white and fragrant. The
fruit is compressed-spherical, apex depressed, a ridge about the
stem. The thin peel is greenish-yellow, baggy, and separates
readily from the sections. Pulp generally dry, sweet, juice scant,
fruit containing many seeds. The characteristic odor of the
leaves, twigs and fruit of all varieties of the Mandarin orange
is easily recognizable.
PuaTE XL.—Mandarin Orangc.
Two thirds natural size,
86
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE pa
Citrus medica limetta.
LIMES.
This small tree or bush thrives in Hawaii, and yields good
crops. It requires a sandy, rocky soil, and does well in the shaded
valleys. However, it is attacked by scale pests and root fungus,
and many valuable trees are destroyed in this way. The dark
green, shiny leaves are oval or elliptical, and emit an agreeable
odor when bruised. The fragrant flowers are small, white, with
an occasional tinge of pink. The fruit is small, varying in shape
from round to elliptical. The light yellow skin is oily and very
bitter, and the pulp is juicy and sour. The picture repre-
senting this fruit shows several varieties, forms and shapes;
those on the left being the Mexican type, those on the upper right
the Kusai lime, the latter much resembling a mandarin orange in
shape, and has a loose skin, but the pulp is very juicy and ex-
ceedingly sour. This lime has become very popular in Hawaii,
grows readily from seed, and produces true. To Mr. Henry
Swinton is due the credit of int-oducing this variety in 1885
from Kusai, or Strong’s Island, Micronesia.
a
PLATE XLI.—Limes.
One half natural size.
80
G. P, W. Collection. PLaTeE XLII
Citrus medica limonum.
LEMON.
This is a spreading tree, having ovate-oblong, fragrant leaves
with short petioles. The flowers are small and white. The me-
dium-sized fruit is egg-shaped, ending in a nipple-like point. The
thin, smooth skin is aromatic. The juicy pulp is rich in citric
acid. Many choice varieties of lemons have been introduced to
Hawaii, but they have not thrived particularly well, because of
the scale and insect pests which so greedily attack them; eternal
vigilance is necessary in order to get the fruit matured; some
very fine specimens, however, have been grown in Kona, at an
elevation of 1500 feet. — .
89
PLATE XLII.—Lemon.
One half natural size.
90
G. P. W. Collection. PiLate XLIII
Citrus medica var. limonum.
ROUGH-SKIN LEMON.
This variety is very hardy, bears profusely, and requires much
more water than does the orange. Being a strong, vigorous
grower, it forms an excellent stock upon which to graft the —
citrus varieties. The flower is white, with a reddish tint outside.
The fruit is generally oval, and contains many seeds. The pale
yellow skin is rough and warty. The pulp is Parcel nee and
very juicy. It comes true to seed.
91
PLATE XLIII.— Rough-skin Lemon.
One half natural size.
0, ee ee ee oe A Wi ree.
02
G. P. W. Collection. PLatE XLIV
Citrus Aurantium Sinense.
WAIALUA ORANGE,
This tree, which grows to a height of from 20 to 35 feet, is
cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its young
branches are pale green, angular and glabrous. The leaves are
oblong, ovate and pointed, and the petioles are narrowly winged.
Its flowers are white and very fragrant. This variety of orange,
locally known as the Waialua orange, has a bright yellow fruit,
generally round, with a coarse, thick skin, very juicy pulp, and
numerous seeds; and was introduced by Vancouver and planted
in Hanalei valley, Kauai. It is now widely disseminated through-
out the group, and in Kona, Hawaii, grows exceptionally well.
This orange is said to produce true to seed.
PuateE XLIV.—Waialua Orange.
One half natural size.
Pa ee ae ee Ras 3 > Sat
q Kab =a ,
94
GeePoOOW: Collection. : Puate LY
Citrus Aurantium.
BAHIA, OR WASHINGTON NAVEL.
This variety was first introduced into the United States from
Brazil, and is now the most popular of all the oranges. It is cul- _
‘tivated extensively in California, in which State the first trees —
of its kind were planted; for this reason it is often called the
Riverside Navel. The fruit is large, solid, and heavy. It is seed-
less, and has a prominent navel mark at the apex. The brilliant
orange color of the skin is one of its characteristics. Grafted and
budded trees of this variety of orange may be found growing in
many localities in the Hawaiian Islands, but the fruit is not as
fine as it should be, as, with few exceptions, it has a tendency
to become very dry and woody.
95
PuatE XLV.—Bahia, or Washington Navel Orange.
One half natural size.
96
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE. XW
Citrus Decumana.
POMELO OR SHADDOCK (pear-shaped var. ).
This hardy tree, with its spreading branches, grows to a height
of from 15 to 20 feet. It is extensively cultivated in India, and
widely distributed over the Malayan and Polynesian Islands. It
was early introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, presumably by the
Chinese, who seem to be especially fond of the fruit, as it is al-
ways an important feature of their New Year’s decorations. The
leaves are large, oval or ovate-oblong, obtuse, and frequently
emarginate, and the petiole is broadly winged. The flowers are
large and white. This pyriform variety, which is from 6 to 8
inches in diameter, often weighs 4 to 8 pounds.
The pale-yellow rind is smooth, thick and very bitter, but can
be made into a preserve. The pulp varies in color from pale
yellow to red, and has a sub-acid, slightly bitter, flavor.
a7
PLATE XLVI.—Pomelo or Shaddock (pear-shaped var.)
One third natural size.
i —_ ne WD ae Se, A eee fn - P
' braless 1) Pu her ae ee
* : , ~ i,
lag ; i Ast) ie won
a “ Sr Sa ae
. rey Sah -
a ae
a
98 .
ays
G. P. W. Collection. . PLate XLYIE 2s
Citrus Decumana.
POMELO OR SHADDOCK (round var.) ~ st
The fruit of this round variety is smaller than that of the pre-
ceding variety. The light-yellow rind is coarse, spongy, thick, —
and leathery. The cells of the pulp are coarse, dry, and have a ~
bitter, sub-acid flavor. There are many large, wedge-shaped
seeds. .
}
99
)
ar
ck (round v
Shaddo
natural size.
or
lo
One third
>
"1 1.—Pome
XLV
ATE
PL
100
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate XLVIII
Artocarpus incisa.
BREADFRUIT (Hawaiian var.)
ret 6 ea
The first breadfruit trees were brought from Tahiti by the
Hawaiians who, landing at Ewa, carried them across the moun-
tain, and presented them to one of the Chiefs of Oahu, who lived
at Kualoa. There they were planted and thrived. At the present
day this variety of the breadfruit, now called the Hawaiian va-
riety, is to be found growing wild throughout the Islands. There
are many varieties of this handsome tree, which grows to a
height of from 15 to 40 feet. It thrives best in hot, moist places,
and requires a great deal of water.
Its large ovate leaves are rough and deeply lobed. The male
flower is a large yellow catkin. The fruit is formed from the
female flowers, and is attached to the branches by large stems.
In shape it is either round or oblong. varying in size from 5 to 8
inches in diameter. The thick, tough rind is, in some varieties
muricated, end in others it is reticulated. In color it is green,
changing to brownish when the fruit is rire. The pulp is firm,
mealy, and somewhat fibrous. and as an article of diet is much
esteemed. Propagation is by suckers, or by layers from the
branches.
101
PLATE XLVIII.—Breadfruit (Hawaiian var.) —‘<‘Ulu.’’
One third natural size.
102
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XLIX
Artocarpus incisa.
BREADFRUIT (Samoan var. )
This variety was introduced to these Islands by Mr. James
Bicknell. Its large, oval leaves are leathery and rough, and less
deeply lobed than are those of the Hawaiian variety. The round
fruit has a characteristic raised ring where it is attached to the
long stem. The yellowish-green rind is reticulated, and the
orange-colored pulp is somewhat sticky when cooked, and is very
sweet. This variety occasionally produces seed.
103
PLATE XLIX.—Breadfruit (Samoan var.)
One half natural size.
ee ie: eo | Ce De ee
7 4 , i
a : be a j an ‘ j
mS a pits ‘
oe Py
oe n hes
* , % 3
) os js ,
- Weta sae? 4)
ey : ; oe 21) :
- : i
ae $ : ~* ‘ 1 4
ts 104
i.
*
=
z
. oem
: get
ef Pa i
be? = F ¥
ef
G. P. W. Collection. ° cae PLATE ie
Artocarpus incisa.
BREADFRUIT (Tahitian var.)
This variety of Tahitian breadfruit is found only in a few
gardens in Hawaii. Its glossy green leaves are nearly entire. —
The oblong fruit has a deep yellow pulp, with very little fibre. ;
105
Puate L.—Breadfruit (Tahitian var.)
One half natural size.
we RS
re 4 ® a
aie ah rent 3 Nie, make,
4 ; ‘Te aee oar Ae ane
. ; Pes et ee on
‘ ¢ * ib a
* ur Ma ie 7, -s Poe
: eRe eee. ie oe es Oe ae
; rani: eek 2 t4* oe
a. <i pb, es at wl
NSC Nes he SR cae :
+ 2 Ac ce 7, ea)
~ A ait “Abe
, ee
a yr
i iA ¥ a
aa
106 ; . y . :
;
“~« a
*
¢ a
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’ yr
= Pd
re
ss
G. P. W. Collection. - PrAre i lees
Artocarpus incisa.
FERTILE BREADFRUIT.
This seeding variety is rarely cultivated on account of ifs. an.)
ferior fruit. The leaves are slightly lobed. The fruit is oblong
with a short, thick stem, and is covered with short, hard projec-
tions. The fibrous pulp contains numerous large seeds, which af
are edible when cooked. _
PLATE LI.—Fertile Breadfruit.
One third natural size.
108
G. P. W. Collection. PLatTeE LII
Artocarpus integrifolia.
JACK SE RU iD.
This tree is a native of India and Malay. And was introduced
to Hawati by Mr. David Forbes of Kukuihaele, Hawaii. The
Jack fruit is a large, handsome tree, with leaves from 4 to 6
inches in length, which on the old growth are obovate-oblong
and on the young branches are narrow. The oblong, irregular
fruit, which varies in weight from 20 to 60 pounds, is borne on
the trunk, as well as on the old branches. The green rind is
covered with small hexagonal knobs. The pulp when ripe has
an Overpowering odor and is seldom eaten; but the oily seeds
when roasted are edible, and are said to resemble chestnuts. On
Tantalus, Oahu, the Jack fruit thrives well, and has produced
fair sized fruits. It is a tree that needs a great deal of moisture,
and consequently is seldom grown on the low lands.
109
PuLatTeE LII.—Jack Fruit.
One fourth natural size.
110
G. P. W. Collection. Prarey Tei
Anona muricata.
SOUR SOP.
This small, hardy evergreen tree is very common in Hawaii.
Its dark green, glabrous leaves are pointed, elliptical, and are
shiny on the upper surface, but rusty beneath. The greenish-
yellow flowers are usually solitary, and have a_ peculiar
odor. The fruit is large, varying in weight from 1 to 15 pounds.
In shape, it is either oblong or conical and blunt. The rough,
dark green, shiny skin, which is irregular in thickness, is studded
with fleshy spines. The soft, white, cotton-like pulp is divided
into sections, each containing a shiny, black seed, about half an
incl long. These are very readily propagated.
PLATE LIIT.—Sour Sop.
One third natural size.
112
G. P. W. Collection. Pratrh JV
Anona Cherimolia.
CHERIMOYER.
The Cherimoyer, a well-known fruit of the tropics, is said to
be a native of Peru. It is naturalized in Central America, is
hardy in the mildest coast regions of Spain, and in Jamaica is
cultivated up to an elevation of nearly 5000 feet. It thrives on
the Florida Keys, and is also grown to a limited extent in South-
ern California. The tree grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet;
its branches are spreading, and the dark, shiny leaves are either
ovate or oblong, and are sparsely hairy above and velvety be-
neath.
The single petaled, velvety-green flowers are very fragran‘.
The fruit, which is about the size of a large orange, is heart-
shaped and slightly flattened at the stem end. When ripe, the
skin is a greyish-green, and is covered with slightly-raised semi-
circular markings. The white pulp, which is soft and rich, is
divided into cells, each containing a black seed about the size of
an ordinary bean. The Cherimoyer comes true to seed and bears
in about three years. It is one of the most delicious fruits, and
its delicate, slightly-acid flavor is very characteristic. The
Cherimoyer was one of the earliest fruits introduced to these
Islands, and the best specimens of its kind are grown in Kona
and Kau, Hawaii, where it continues to propagate itself naturally
from seed.
PuateE LIV.—Cherimoyer.
One half natural size.
114
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE JN
Anona reticulata.
CUSTARD APPLE.
This tree, which is not common in Hawaii, is rather delicate,
and grows to a height of from 10 to 15 feet. It is a native of the
Antilles, and is a very popular tree in the West Indies. It thrives
in Southern California. Its leaves, which are either lanceolate
or oblong and pointed, are glabrous above and rough beneath.
In color they are light green and rather brittle, when bruised
they emit a very unpleasant odor.
The flowers are three-petaled and are greenish or yellowish,
with purple spots at the base. Artificial pollination will in-
duce the flowers to set and produce better crops. The heart-
shaped fruit is from 3 to 5 inches in diameter. The skin is
smooth, with small depressions ; when ripe, it is a pinkish-yellow
and shading to a russet. Next to the skin the pulp is soft and
creamy-yellow, while toward the center it is quite white. The
flavor is sweet and delicious. There are numerous smooth, black
seeds. This fruit, like its cousin the Cherimoyer grows true to
seed.
115
PLATE LV.—Custard Apple.
One third natural size.
116
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LVI
Anona squamosa.
SUGAR APPLE—-SWEET. SOP.
This small tree is native of the West Indies, from which coun-
try the plants found growing in many of our gardens in these
Islands were imported. The thin leaves are ovate-oblong, and
are very slightly hairy on both sides. The greenish flowers are
about an inch long. The fruit which is from 3 to 4 inches in
diameter, is the shape of a pine cone; it is greenish-yellow when
ripe, and each carpel forms a slight portuberance. The sweet,
creamy-white pulp is very delicious. There are numerous small
smooth, brownish-black seeds, which germinate readily, and the
plants bear fruit in from two to four years. This variety of
anona is sensitive to drought, and thrives well at the high ele-
vations.
PLATE LVI.—Sugar Apple—Sweet Sop.
One half natural size.
118
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate LVII
Psidium Guayava pomiferum.
(Common guava.)
The Guava is an extensive genus of low-growing evergreen
trees, found chiefly in the West Indies, South America, and
China. They have become naturalized in Hawaii, and may be
found growing wild on waste lands and by the roadside. In some
localities growing so rank as to become troublesome. The leaves
are oval to obiong, usually accuminate, glabrous above and
pubescent beneath, and have prominent veins. The fragrant,
white, solitary flowers are axillary.
The somewhat rough skin of the globose fruit is a brownish-
yellow, and the firm, dark-pink pulp, in which is embedded
numerous seeds, is generally acid and aromatic. This guava is
the source of the famous guava jelly of commerce.
L19
PLATE LVII.—Psidium Guayava pomiferum (common guava).
One half natural size.
SAPO Pe cS ray ene
Past Pot ake ote
of tee hy eee Ri Mcb lata: | ie
“Son tes r “ ») 9
eins Te : eds iw
; way .
pa fe 4 ‘ “
iva
= : ’
af
:
Pe
es
G. P. W. Collection. - PLATE LVI
Psidium Guayava. me
:
(Sweet red.) © we
This guava has the same general characteristics as the pre
ceeding variety. It is more frequently found in valleys ai
gulches than in the open. Its red pulp is firm and sweet.
-
‘
121
Puate LVIII—Psidium Guayava (sweet red).
i kM eee ae re ee "
: j Ve “
ne ; a: ) : pat .'% is
a Veer Ada oie
“ < A
is* ‘ Ay] ' Bee ns fae ne
; a y - ‘¥
d io erty > i
i) ‘woke el eee i
Te aot etek bcd ‘
4 sae S
7 5 al t % nA eae | + 1
* a hts |
‘ J * od sy
- ve 4 : 2" La Ae
‘ § Pa
ae
ot
ay
a
ot
eo dee Ls
ee
é lacs rat
wa PS
Sed
~
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Wis
ee —
G. P. W. Collection. ‘PLATE cixee ;
Pas
“ae ™~) ,
Psidium Guayava. ae
5 : eo
(White lemon guava. ) ‘an
\ 6 ey
The lemon guava tree grows taller and somewhat more erect 2
than the others. The pear-shaped fruit is large, often 3 inches
in length. It has a rough, greenish-white skin, and the white fi
pulp is sweet. This is a cultivated variety, and is found growing
in a few gardens in these Islands. oe)
.
Age ae
‘ ¢, a aa) ai
- wy) Res A es Pee
PLATE LIX.—Psidium Guayava (white lemon guava).
One half natural size.
te MP he Pi) ele 4 Diva aa re | a a ea
> atl poe — a ed 7 eet tare _ ae ‘
ay oe’
6 My * ; , = 2 a A a M4
, , . i" a} ie Jai " « tye ne PSY, a C os , te 7 ive
‘ ’ “2% a iy > ‘ } ONT wae § A
. ye fn As 5 ae We eA
eee io A aru
d . ; ey dvd
’ . ; * %
12: ties
. *.
Nu
«
j
P. W. Collection. . Prats LX —
Psidium Guayava pyriferum.
“ WAIAWI.”
This handsome evergreen tree was an early introduced species,
and now is very common about the islands. Grows very ee “gm
metrically, and attains the height of 20 to 25 feet. Leaves, small, |
lanceolate, shiny, the trunk and branches smooth. Flowers. white |
and very fragrant; fruit small, pear-shaped, pulp yellow a
containing many seeds ; this _ Species is very prolific, but the fru
is inferior.
PLATE LX.—‘‘Waiawi.’’
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXI
Psidium Cattleyanum.
STRAWBERRY GUAVA.
One of the hardiest of the guavas, and said to be a native of
Brazil. The date of its introduction to Hawaii is not recorded,
and as Hillebrand makes no mention of it, it is probably of re-
cent importation. A shrubby tree 15 to 20 feet high. Leaves
opposite, obovate, small, leathery, dark-green, shiny. Flowers
white, fragrant. Fruit spherical, about one inch in diametey,
purple-reddish when ripe, soft, juicy pulp, which has an agree-
able flavor, and containing many small seeds. This fruit is used
for making jams and jellies, and bears a crop more or less during
all the months of the year.
127
PLATE LXI.—Strawberry Guava.
One half natural size.
a
J ve +
at |
> oo 3
heute
TO: ek Sie mp) et aren
i »
vd U '
; R $ >
ate ae
4
» ves
. | Hs }
§
‘ ¥ . * ; Bree:
G. P. W. Collection. ; = fe Pia Lx is
Psidium Cattleyanum.
(var. lucidum.)
£
This low-growing shrub is occasionally cultivated in ‘th
Islands. It has opposite obovate leaves, and fragrant
flowers. The round fruit, which has a sweet, yellow pulp,
larger than the strawberry guava, and has a more delicate flavo
eT
r £
5 wey
129
PLATE LXII.—Psidium Cattleyanum.
(var. lucidum.)
One half natural size.
130
G. P. W. Collection. PratE LX Ui
Psidium molle.
This species was introduced to Hawaii by Mr. A. Jaeger; and
a single specimen of its kind is now growing at the Old Planta-
tion, Honolulu. It is a low-growing, slender, willow-like tree of
straggling growth. The opposite leaves are small, stiff and
rough, The white flowers are fragrant. The small, round fruit
is brownish-green, turning to a pale yellow when ripe. The white
pulp is slightly acid, and contains many seeds. This guava is
rather an inferior fruit.
131
PLATE LXIIT.—Psidium molle.
One half natural size.
132
G. P. W. Collection, PLate LXVI
Mangifera indica.
MANGO.
The mango, which is a native of South Asia, is extensively
cultivated throughout India, the Islands of the West Indies, and
somewhat in Florida. In Hawaii it has become thoroughly nat-
uralized, and is one of the most common trees; growing from
the sea level up to about 1,000 feet.
A hot, rather dry, climate, with well-drained soil suits it best.
It is an evergreen, shady tree of quick growing habit, sometimes
reaching a height of 70 feet, and having a round, dense top. All
parts of the mango tree have a resinous fragrance, that suggests
turpentine. Its thick, shiny leaves are from 6 to 10 inches in
length. The greenish, scented flowers are borne in large terminal
panicles; and these are folowed three or four months later by
the fruit, which is large and kidney-shaped, having a smooth,
rather soft, pale-green skin, with tints of yellow and red. The
large seed is nearly as long as the fruit, its shell is rough and
fibrous, and the kernel is shaped like a bean. In the inferior
varieties of mangoes the pulp is full of fibre and tastes strongly
of turpentine. There are numerous varieties of the mango cul-
tivated in Hawaii; the fruit of which varies much in point of
flavor, juiciness, as well as in the size and shape of the seed.
Within the past ten years improved varieties have been im-
ported; notably the Alphonse, Cambodiana, Pirie, and many
others. These have thrived well and have borne delicious fruit;
from them many grafts have been made and the finer grades of
mangoes have been disseminated. Propagation is effected by
seed, by grafting or inarching, and by budding. The mango
as a rule does not come true to seed; also seedlings take much
longer to fruit than do the grafted trees.
The illustration on the opposite page is that of the socalled
common mango, which was brought to Hawaii from Mexico.
133
PLATE LXIV.—Mango.
One third natural size.
134
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXV
Mangifera indica.
MANINI MANGO.
This tree is supposed to be the first mango tree brought to
the Hawaiian Islands. It was planted in the early part of the
nineteenth century by Don Marin, whom the Hawaiians familiar-
ly called ‘* Manini.” He brought to Hawaii many useful trees
and plants ; among the number was this mango, which he planted
in his vineyard, then known as “ Ka Pa Waina,” and there it
may be found today; a venerable tree standing about 80 feet
high, having a spread of over 100 feet, and its trunk measuring
15 feet in circumference. Although a prolific bearer, its fruits,
which are borne in large clusters, are small, and of an inferior
quality, having a thick skin and a large, hairy seed.
PLuate LXV.—Manini Mango.
One half natural size.
136
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXVI
Mangifera indica.
NO. 9 MANGO.
This mango, with its distinctive shape, is one of the few types
that comes true to seed. The first and original tree, which was
planted at the Government Nursery, Honolulu, was brought from
Jamaica by Joseph Marsden, Esq. This tree is a prolific bearer,
and its seeds have been widely distributed throughout these
Islands. The fruit is large and regular in size, having a thick
skin which is of a light-green color. The pulp is pale yellow,
very juicy, and slightly acid. There is a very large, hairy seed.
PLATE LXVI.—WNo. 9 Mango.
One half natural size.
138
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXVII
Musa varities.
BANANA— MATA,”
The banana, which has been cultivated from the most remote
times, is a plant of great importance in tropical and sub-tropical
climates, where its highly nutritious fruit is used as food. It isa
large herbaceous, slightly shrubby, plant of very easy growth,
having immense, gracefully-arching, undivided leaves. There
are numerous varieties, the fruit of which differs in shape, color
and flavor.
As decorative plants in landscape gardening, few subjects
equal the choice species of the banana; and on account of its
utility, combined with its beauty, it is considered one of the most
valuable of tropical products. Propagation is by off-shoots or
suckers. When a stalk is cut, the fruit of which has ripened,
sprouts are put forth which in time bear fruit. The enormous
flower stalk issues from the centre of the crown of leaves, and
curves over with its own weight.
The flowers are arranged in a dense terminal panicle; they
alternate with large, reddish scales, which drop off as the fruit
stalk develops, and the finger-like fruits are in clusters. The
Hawaiians seem to have possessed the banana from the earliest
times, and about fifty varieties were known to the older natives.
However, since the year 1855, the so-called Chinese banana
(Musa Cavendishit), which was at that time introduced from
Tahiti, has crowded out the native varieties, many of which are
now extinct.
The accompanying cut shows a few of the different forms and
sizes of the banana grown in Hawaii.
Moa
Popoulu
Lele
139
PLATE LX VII.—Banana—‘‘ Maia.’’
One half natural size.
Largo
Red Cuban
Chinese
Wma iaiene MEM Riera Ay Eee hi ck SO a he
; Pal A o> ‘s
AUS Ree te a ee ea
fe 4 an 1 be a. i” -.
Ss); ane)
: ay PRs aay 2 a ed
4 * St
140 ; e
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate LXVIII
Morinda citrifolia.
“ NONI.” . Pe:
This species is found in nearly all the Pacific Islands. The
date of its introduction to Hawaii, however, is not recorded. It * ia a
is a small tree which grows in the low lands. Its shiny, oval — am
leaves have short petioles. The white flowers are about 1 inch | J
in length. The fruit is whitish-yellow when mature, and when ¢
decaying it emits a very offensive odor. The seeds are interest-
ing because they will float a great length of time in salt water,
~ ~?
their buoyancy is caused by a distinct air cell. = 3%
141
PuatTE LXVIII.—‘‘ Noni.’’
One half natural size.
142
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate LXIX
Vaccinium reticulatum.
* OHELO,’*
This is an erect dwarf shrub growing to a height of from one
to two feet, having stiff, crowded branches with leaves varying
in form, from oblong to obovate, and in color from green to
green tinged with yellow and red. The white flowers are soli-
tary, and come mostly in the axils of the true leaves. The glo-
bose fruit is a fleshy, shiny berry, much resembling the cran-
berry; in color it is yellow or pale rose, and is covered with a
waxy bloom.
The Ohelo thrives best in the higher elevations, from 4000
to 8000 feet. It grows particularly well on the mountain slopes
of Hawaii and Maui. It is an edible berry, and is the principal
food of the rare Hawaiian goose, now to be found in only a few
localities. The Ohelo has always been a favorite subject of
Hawaiian songs and legends, and was used as one of the offer-
ings to the Goddess Pele.
143
PLATE LXIX.—‘‘ Ohelo.’’
Natural size.
144
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate LXX
Solanum pimpinellifolium.
CURRANT TOMATO.
The first illustration on the opposite page is that of the cur-
rant tomato; an annual found growing wild in great profusion
in the low lands of our valleys. It is of weak growth, very diffuse
anl twiggy, and scarcely pubescent. Its obovate leaves are small
with nearly entire leaflets, and very small secondary leaflets; the
elongated racemes bear from 100 to 40 small, currant-like red ber-
ries, which are very sweet.
Solanum Lycopersicum.
GRAPE TOMATO.
The second illustration is that of the grape tomato, which has
grayish-green leaves and slender, ascending stems. The leaves
are pinnate with small, nearly entire leaflets; the main leaflets
are notched or even lobed toward the base. The fruit is a bright
red berry about half an inch in diameter, and is fresh and
aromatic.
PuaTE LXX.—Currant Tomato. Grape Tomato.
One half natural size.
146
G. P. W. Collection, PLATE LXXI
Solanum nodiflorum.
“ POPOLO.”
This glabrous, annual, growing from 1 to 2 feet in height, is
common to most tropical countries, and in Hawaii was probably
of aboriginal introduction; as the Hawaiians have many ways of
using the fruits and the leaves, for medicinal purposes. This
plant is found on waste land, in old pastures, and by the road-
side. Its ovate leaves are dark green. The whitish flowers are
small, and the fruit is a small, shiny, black berry.
147
PLateE LXXI.—‘‘ Popolo.’’
Natural size.
148
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXXII
Aleurites moluccana.
CANDLE NUT TREE—* KUKUI NUT.”
The Kukui tree is easily recognizable from afar off by the pale
hue of its foliage, which appears to be dusted over with flour. It
is a handsome, soft wood, evergreen tree, growing to a height of
from 40 to 60 feet, and is widely spread over tropical Polynesia,
and a great part of Malaysia; and by all branches of the Polyne-
sian race it is called by the same name: Kukui or Tutui. The Ha-
waiians tattooed their skins with a black dye which they prepared
from the juice which is found in the fleshy covering of the green
fruit. The leaves are alternate, 3 to 5 lobed, pubescent, and have
long petioles. The yellowish-green flowers are in terminal clus-
ters. The fruit is spherical, from 1 to 2 inches in diameter, and
light-green in color, changing to a dull-brown when ripe. It
contains one or more nuts, or seeds, which have a very hard,
boney shell, the surface of which is uneven Like the shell of a
walnut. The kernels of this nut, when dried, were strung to-
gether, or bound on sticks, and served the natives for torches or
candles: thus the English name of Candlenut Tree. The oil ob-
tained from the nut was used by the Hawaiians for burning in
stone lamps. The kernel, when baked, pounded, and mixed with
salt and Chili peppers, makes a brown paste which is very appe-
tizing. This is much esteemed by the Hawaiians, who call %<
‘ Inamona.”
149
PuateE LXXII.—Candle-nut Tree— ‘Kukui Nut.’’
One third natural size.
150
a. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXXIII
Terminalia Cattapa.
TROPICAL ALMOND.
“ KAMANI.”
This deciduous tree, generally called Kamani by the Hawaiians,
with its spreading branches in horizontal whorls or layers, is one
of the familiar and useful shade trees of these Islands. Leaves
large, opposite, broadly obovate-obtuse, very short petioled, and
turning brilliant shades of red and yellow during the autumn.
Flowers greenish-white on long spikes, upper ones staminate,
the lower ones perfect. The almond-shaped fruit is a compressed
hard, nut-like body 1 to 1% inches long, with a thin outer cover-
ing which is sweet, and spongy. There is generally one, sorie-
times two, small, edible kernels found embedded in the hard body.
These may be eaten raw, or roasted.
—. 2.
151
PLATE LXXIII.—Tropical Almond—‘‘ Kamani.’’
One half natural size.
ies Le = A ee
,. are ig i PEt oa
+E ENS cc RPO fe ae
A 9 Ley yy
< a ar rai t cary
d iy og pe
bd , - Mi i
152 :
4.5
>
G. P. W. Collection. Prats LXOCnv
Calophyllum inophyllum.
““ KAMANI.”
This Kamani is a large tropical tree, having shiny, leathery, — G
evergreen foliage. Its leaves are obovate, usually marginate, and
its white flowers are very fragrant. The fruit, which generally Ri:
comes in clusters, is round, about the size of a large walnut, and |
has a thin, leathery skin which covers a boney shell, inside of | “s
which is a corky substance surrounding the seed or kernel. This” i) |
tree was an early introduction to these Islands, and is commonly —
seen on our seacoasts. 5
x? ‘
: <
ray
PLATE LXXIV.—‘ Kamani.’’
One half natural size.
l= ee Bee NG ye
a” “as a4 — a bie yy, a oe - ay ts
Bae iad | ee aah is Wee
; a : a. y ote LT 4 i
a ite ey
- 4
154
G. P. W. Collection. PLateE LXXV
-Noronhia emarginata.
This tree is a native of Madagascar and also of Mauritius. A _
fine specimen may be seen at the Government Nursery, Honolulu.
It is a handsome evergreen with entire, cuneate, coriacious leaves,
having short petioles. The yellowish flowers come in clusters,
and are quite fragrant. The fruit is a one-celled drupe, almost —
round, and about an inch in diameter. It is purple when ripe, —
and has a tough skin. The sweet, edible pulp surrounds a very
large seed. :
PLATE LXXV.—Noronhia emarginata.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE EXGYVd
Castanea sativa.
JAPANESE CHESTNUT.
This is a close-headed tree of slender growth, attaining a
height of from 30 to 50 feet. Its leaves are smaller than those
of other chestnuts, generally from 3 to 7 inches long, and are
either rounded at the base or reduced to a long, bristle-like point.
The monoecious flowers are arranged in long catkins. The
small burs have a thin, papery lining, and short, widely-branch-
ing spines. The nuts are large and glossy, usually three in a bur.
They are somewhat inferior in quality, but are palatable when
cooked.
To my knowledge there is but one tree of this variety growing
in these Islands, and it is to be found on the slopes of Tantalus,
where it was planted by the Department of Agriculture.
PuaTE LXXVI.—Japanese Chestnut.
One half natural size.
158
G. P. W. Collection. PEATE XOOVIE
Inocarpus edulis.
TAHITIAN CHESTNUT.
This tree, which is said to be a native of the Moluccas, is an
evergreen of very rapid growth. Its straight trunk, with smooth,
ashen-grey bark, its spreading branches, with their dense green
foliage, make a very ornamental as well as useful tree. Its
leaves are alternate and simple. The small, fragrant, pale yellow
flowers are very numerous. The drupe is obliquely oval, and about
the size of a goose egg, containing a large kernel which is edible
when roasted, but is not especially palatable. The only trees of
this variety growing in Hawaii are to be found at Ahuimanu
Ranch, Oahu, where they fruit regularly, and the seeds germi-
nate after being in the ground some months.
159
PuatveE LXXVII.—Tahitian Chestnut.
One third natural size.
160
G. P. W. Collection. Puate LXXVILL
Canarium commune.
CANARY NUT.
This medium-sized nut-bearing tree is found growing in Java,
Guam and the Philippines, and from any one of those countries
may have been introduced to Hawaii. A fine specimen may be
seen at the Government Nursery, Honolulu. Its leaves are al-
ternate, odd pinnate. The small flowers come in terminal
panicles. The fruit or nut is ellipsoidal. The thick skin, which
is purple-colored when ripe, covers a hard, three-lobed stone,
which differs from a pecan nut only in that it is sharp at each
end. The kernel is small, sweet and edible. Trees propagated
from the mature nuts.
167
PLATE LXXVITI.—Canary Nut.
One half natural size.
: - ur Alt
2 ' - 4 &
ie eta
Tn Se grea 4 = <0
ae, Len! ee,
iv ; <9 Pee Warren aay :
ye as.
*) a -
ee 162 f
forty
fue
"
uF
ee
| ' ’ 2
oe
. *
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXXD
Canarium commune.
CANARY NUT (round variety).
isa very, poor bearer.
i :
«. 1, me ie
a ne Mon ey sti
* mae ba be sg
ay Rear ois
min” 5 3
163
PLATE LXXIX.—Canary Nut (round var.)
One half natural size.
164
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE | PB,
Macadamia ternifolia.
QUEENSLAND NUT.
This sub-tropical Australian tree sometimes grows to a height
of 60 feet, but in Hawaii is of medium size. It is symmetrical and
handsome, having dark green, shiny foliage, and long tassel-like
white flowers. Its glabrous leaves are sessile, oblong, lanceolate,
serrate, with fine prickly teeth, and come in whorls of 3 to 4, vary-
ing in length from a few inches to a foot. Flowers small; fruit
has a thick, very hard shell, which when ripe is a smooth, shiny
brown. The kernel is white, crisp and sweet, and has the flavor
of hazel nuts. It may be eaten either raw or roasted. The tree
matures its fruit in the Fall months, and is easily propagated from
the fresh nuts.
165
PLATE LXXX.—Queensland Nut.
One half natural size.
meet ° r J
* Ths : ; i bts
et 7 yg Py 10 . nny roe lA
fmt ek * : Shar we
; Ye Se »% ‘ be +e: i Y o oe .
oh Gi J he
Rtas SA Taine
“pak bet Ie wm
ers Pee ar mig
TaN,
}
G. P. W. Collection. $i Prats LXXXIewg
Macadamia sp.
This variety of the Queensland nut has leaves and fruit larger iy
than those of Macadamia ternifolia. 3
“
5
-
.
4
1
s \
-
o
ch a '
a4 -
44 f }
4 »
YA . j
an SP
4 S
167
PLATE LXXXI.—Macadamia sp.
One half natural size.
168
G. P. W. Collection. PLateE LXXXII
Aegle Marmelos.
BHEL OR BAEL FRUIT.
This small spinose tree is a native of tropical Asia, and al-
though not commonly grown in Hawaii, specimens may be found
in several gardens. It has alternate trifoliolate leaves, and its
flowers, which grow in clusters, are small and fragrant. The
gourd-like fruit, with its hard shell, is from 2 to 4 inches in
diameter, and is either round or pear-shaped, and although heavy
and solid, it will float in water. The rind, when ripe, is a yellow-
ish-brown color, and is studded with oil cells. The interior sur:
face of the skin is lined with open-mouthed cells, which pour
their gummy secretions into the interior of the carpel, filling it
and bathing the seed. The pulp is sweet and aromatic, and is
esteemed for making conserves, and also as a cooling drink.
In India, the roots and leaves are used medicinally. Bael gum
is a sticky, astringent substance soluble in water. The fruit con-
tains several large, flat, woolly seeds, which germinate readily,
and the plant is also very easily propagated from root cuttings.
169
PLATE LXXXII.—Bhel or Bael Fruit.
One third natural size.
170
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE LXX XIII
Diospyros decandra.
BROWN PERSIM MON.
This is an evergreen tree rarely found in Hawaii. It has alter-
nate, irregular, long, narrow leaves, shiny dark-green on the upper
side, a velvety light-green on the underside, and has a long
petiole. The branches are brittle, light-green, smooth and shiny
when young, and after the leaves shed become woody and inclined
to dry back.
The trunk and bark of the tree is covered with warty excres-
ences. The solitary flowers are four-petaled. The edible fruit
ripens in December, is round, depressed, about 2% inches in
diameter, in color light-green dotted with numerous white spots.
When quite ripe the thin skin turns to a shiny-brown. The soft
chocolate colored pulp is sweet and contains from 1 to 8 large flat
seeds.
> PLATE LXXXIII.—Brown Persimmon.
Natural size.
ad Ry che me Mes Airtah Tg aaa
a a
' eh. ‘ee as p ay a x 4 4
Ae A eae ap" sawon cp, ' a
ry te Tok .; ? . a8 "iy
« f sj \¢ i -4 ; he
i 4 a r beg ah 2 AS u
’ - A ht
nt ; ne vag
17% eo WR a
‘ .s,')
\
G. P. W. Collection. . PLaTte LXX ce :
”
Lucuma Rivicoa.
EGG FRUIT.
This small evergreen tree, which is a native of Brazil, is fanaa
only in one or two gardens in Honolulu. Its leaves are elliptic- Bee:
obovate, resembling those of the mango. The yellow flowers are ne a
single, the fruit is the size and shape of a hen’s egg, and has the ia
flavor of the yolk of an egg sweetened with sugar. It has from
one to three large seeds, which are easily germinated.
173
PLATE LXXXIV.—Egg Fruit.
One third ratural gize.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE xO
Eriobotrya Japonica.
LOQUAT.
The Loquat has been for many years a familiar fruit in our
gardens, and is a native of China and Japan. It is a low ever-
green tree with thick foliage, and in congenial climates is a pro-
fuse bearer. Its leaves are thick, oblong, and remotely toothed
and grow near the ends of the branches. The white flowers
grow in clusters, are very fragrant, and the fruit, which also
ripens in clusters, about Christmas time, is pear-shaped, and has
an agreeable acid flavor. The seeds are large, and germinate
readily. Fine grafted and budded varieties have been introduced
by local horticulturalists.
175
PLATE LXXXV.—Loquat.
One fourth natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE [kaon Vek
Litchi Chinensis.
? LichER,””
This tree, with its dense foliage, is a native of Southern China.
The first tree of this variety was brought to Hawaii by Mr.
Afong, and planted at his residence in Nuuanu avenue, Hono-
lulu, in the year 1870.
The leaves are alternate, and abruptly pinnate; the oblong
leaflets are not quite opposite. Flowers pale green, small and
regular, producing bunches of reddish-colored fruits, each about
the size of a small walnut. They are covered with a parchment-
like skin having many soft spines. The interior consistss of 1
large seed covered with a whitish pulp of a sweetish acid flavor ;
this pulp when dried in the shell becomes somewhat shriveled,
brownish in color, and very sweet.
The fruiting season is in July, and as there are but few trees
here that bear, high prices are obtained for this rare fruit, which
is much prized by the Chinese. Fresh seeds will germinate,
but it requires so many years for these seedlings to bear that
grafted and budded plants are imported from China.
PLaTE LXXXVI.—‘‘ Lichee.’’
One third natural size.
178
G. . W. Collection. PLATE LXXXVII
Euphoria Longana.
LONGAN.
This tree is a native of India and Southern China. It pro-
duces its flowers and fruits at about the same time of year as
does the Litchi, which it somewhat resembles, although its fruits
are somewhat smaller and less palatable. The tree grows to a
height of about 20 feet. It has large, alternate, pinnate leaves,
and the oblong leaflets are not quite opposite; they are glossy on
the upper surface, and a dusty-brown on the underside. The
small flowers come in terminal panicles; and the fruit, which is
borne in clusters, has a_ thin, brittle, somewhat rough shell.
There is one large, smooth, hard seed, around which is a thin
layer of sweetish, aromatic pulp. The best fruits raised here
are those grown by the Chinese.
PLATE LXXXVII.—Longan.
One third natural size.
from cuttings.
A) *
Pia 4
. bw 225
G. P. W. Collection. ; se) Piare Loe
Morus nigra.
MULBERRY.
This low-growing tree is a native of southwestern Russia
Persia. It has rough, dark-green leaves, usually not lobed.
thick, fleshy fruit is variable in size. The mulberry grows re
181
PLATE LXXXVIII.—Mulberry.
One third natural size.
182
G. P. W. Collection. Plate LXX XTX
Garcinia mangostana.
MANGOSTEEN.
This tree is a native of Sumatra and of the Islands of the
Eastern Archipelago. It is of medium size, the stem rising to
a height of about 20 feet; and its branches coming out in regular
order give the head of the tree the form of a parobola. The
leaves are about 8 inches long and 4 inches broad at the middle;
they are a beautiful green on the upper side and a delicate olive
on the under side. The flowers resemble a single rose with dark-
red petals. The fruit is round, about the size of a small orange,
and has a characteristic persistent calyx. The shell is at first
green, and when ripe changes to purplish-brown marked with
yellow spots. The Mangosteen is called the queen of fruits, and
the tree upon which it is produced is most graceful and beautiful.
Those who have tasted this fruit in its perfection declare it to
be indescribably delicious. The Mangosteen must have a hot,
moist, and fairly equable climate throughout the year.
Many Mangosteen trees have been brought to Hawaii, and
have received intelligent care, but they have not thrived well;
and have eventually died. Only two have ever produced fruit;
one in the garden of Mr. Francis Gay of Kauai, which bears its
fruit annually, and the other tree at Lahaina, Maui, in the gar-
den formerly the property of Mr. Harry Turton.
183
PLATE LXXXIX.—Mangosteen.
Two thirds natural size.
184
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XC
Garcinia Xanthochymus.
This handsome tree is a native of India, and was first intro-
duced to Hawaii by Mr. Albert Jaeger. It has long, narrow,
leathery leaves of a bright, glossy green. The flowers, which
have four petals, appear at the axil of the leaves, and the fruit,
which is about the size of a small quince, has a smooth, thin
skin, which is yellow when ripe. The firm pulp is golden
yellow, very juicy, and sour, and the seeds are large. This va-
riety is common in the Islands, and has often been mistaken for
the Mangosteen. It ripens its fruit in October and November.
This variety has been used to inarch the garcina mangostana
upon.
185
PLATE XC.—Garcinia Xanthochymus.
One third natural size.
186
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE ACI
Bunchosia sp.
This tree was doubtless introduced to Hawaii from South
America. There are only two specimens of its kind growing in
Honolulu. Its fruits are edible, but not especially palatable. It
is a small tree having terete branches, and its opposite leaves
are oblong-elliptical, dark-green above and a lighter, somewhat
glossy-green beneath. The petioles are short. The axillary in-
florescence comes in long, slender cymes, and the five-petaled
flowers are yelow. When ripe, the obovate fruit is a purplish-
yellow, having usually two seeds, and but one seed when abortive.
187
PLATE XCI.—Bunchosia sp.
One half natural size.
188
G. P. W. Collection. PxLaTE XCII
Malpighia glabra.
BARBADOS CHERRY.
This small shrub is a native of the West Indies. Its dull-green
leaves are opposite, ovate and glabrous, either entire or spiny-
toothed. The rose-colored flowers are axillary and five-petaled.
The bright red fruit is about the size of a cherry, and has a thin
skin, and its acid pulp is used for jam and preserves. The seeds
or stones are large, four-angled, and germinate readily; plants
are also produced by cuttings. Though not common in these
Islands, there are, however, a few specimens of this plant to be
found in several of the private gardens of Honolulu.
189
PLATE XCII.—Barbados Cherry.
Natural size.
190
G. P. W. Collection. PoaTe: XG
Theobroma Cacao.
CHOCOLATE, COCOA.
In Hawaii this tropical tree grows to a height of from
10 to 30 feet. It has large, pointed leaves, and the new
growth is wine-colored. The flowers appear on the trunk and
mature branches, and the fruit which follows is about 8 tol2
inches long, and is called the pod; inside of this pod are beans or
seeds, from which the commercial product called cocoa is made,
through a process of drying and curing. Chocolate is the term
used for the sweetened preparations of the roasted and ground
beans, with a large proportion of the original fat retained. Cocoa
preparations are the same material in fine powder, sweetened and
unsweetened, with a greater part of the fat extracted.
Cacao cultivation has never been successfully attempted in Ha-
waii. However, a few isolated trees can be found at Ahuimanu
Ranch, Oahu, where they were planted by the Catholic brothers
as an experiment some years ago.
191
PLATE XCIII.—Chocolate, Cocoa.
One fourth natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XCIV
Hibiscus Sabdariffa.
ROSELLE.
This bush or shrub is a showy annual growing to a height of
from 5 to 7 feet. The stems are reddish, and the pale yellow
flowers solitary. The leaves are palmate and of a light-green
color. It is widely cultivated in the tropics, in Florida, and in
Southern California; and also thrives in Hawaii. The dark
crimson calyces are very fleshy and make excellent jelly, which
has somewhat the flavor of the cranberry.
PLATE XCIV.—AKoseute.
One third natural size.
194
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE XCV
Monstera deliciosa.
The Monstera deliciosa, one of the grandest of arid plants, is
a native of the mountainous regions of Guatamala and Brazil.
It climbs to a height of 12 or more feet, and its leaf stalks are
often 3 feet long. It obtains nourishment from the tree upon
which it attaches itself. Its leaves are huge and perforated. As
the plant climbs, the stems emit aerial roots, many of which never
reach the ground. The fruit which has the appearance of an
elongated pine-cone, grows to a length of from 6 to 12 inches,
and is about 2% inches in diameter.
The rind is composed of plates which may be detached when
the fruit is quite ripe. It is green in color until it ripens, when
there appears a slight tinge of yellow. The creamy-white pulp
has a most declicious flavor, somewhat resembling the banana,
and also like the pineapple. It requires 18 months to mature the
fruit. Propagation is by cuttings.
195
PLATE XCV.—Monstera deliciosa.
One fourth natural size.
LI6
G@. P. W. Collection. PLATE XCVI
Anacardium occidentale.
CASHEW NUT.
This spreading tree is a native of the West Indies; and al-
though it is seen in several gardens of our Islands, it is not com-
mon. The first tree of its kind was planted by Mr. Henry Davis
in his grounds at Punahou. The tree grows to a height of from
15 to 20 feet. The light-green, leathery leaves are oval and
rough, its pink flowers have a peculiar, strong fragrance. The
fruit consists of two distinct parts; the heart-shaped nut or seed
and the fleshy, pear-shaped receptacle to which it is attached. This
receptacle is from 2 to 4 inches long, is either red or yellow, and
is very juicy and astringent. The nut or seed is edible when
roasted. It is much appreciated in the West Indies. While being
roasted the fumes are said to be poisonous.
PLATE XCVI.—Cashew Nut.
One half natural size.
198
G. P. W. Collection. Piate XCVII
Ziziphus Jujuba.
© yUySUBE.
This tree, which grows to a height of from 15 to 20 feet, is a
native of China, from which country it was probably introduced
to these Islands. Its branches are usually prickly; the leaves,
which are from 1 to 3 inches in length, are alternate, ovate to
oblong, obtuse, and are dark green and glabrous above, and
tawny and nearly white beneath. The flowers are axillary. The
yellow fruit, which ripens in March, is about the size of a cherry.
When eaten raw, it has a bitter flavor, but it makes an excellent
preserve.
199
PLATE XCVII.—‘‘Jujube.’’
One half natural size.
200
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate XCVIII
Phyllanthus emblica.
There is but one tree of this species that has ever fruited in
Honolulu. It is to be found growing in the grounds of the
Royal Mausoleum, Nuuanu Valley. It is of medium height,
having a crooked trunk, and its thin, scattered branches grow
irregularly. The numerous alternate leaves are pinnate, the ob-
tuse leaflets growing close together, and are from one-half to
three-fourths of an inch in length. Its minute flowers are green-
ish-yellow. The round, six-striated fruit is smooth and fleshy,
and three-fourths to one inch in diameter. The seeds are en-
ciosed in three or more obovate cells, each cell containing two
seeds. The pulp is hard and bitter, but when cooked makes an
excellent preserve.
201
PLATE XCVIII.—Phyllanthus emblica.
One half natural size.
202
G. P. W. Collection. Pram. XCus
Philanthus distichus.
OTAHEITI GOOSEBERRY.
This is a low-growing tree having large pinnate leaves with
acute, alternate leaflets, which are about one to two inches in
length. Its flowers grow on separate branches below the foliage.
The fleshy, green fruit, which is borne in long clusters, is acid
and astringent, but when made into preserves or pickles is pala-
table. The root and seeds have medicinal qualities. There is
but one tree cf this species in Honolulu. It is growing in the
garden of Mr. Wm. Wolters.
PLATE XCLX.— Otaheiti Gooseberry.
One half natural size.
204
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE C
Olea Europea.
OLIVE.
The Olive, which is a native of Southwestern Asia, is not a tree
of any great height, but is very longlived, and yields prolifically.
Although not cultivated to any extent, the Olive has been grow-
ing in Hawaii for many years. However, it has fruited only in
a few favorable localities, and nothing has ever been done to
test its value commercially.
The tree thrives best in a warm, dry atmosphere, where the
soil is rich and well drained. Long-continued droughts so detri-
mental to most plants will affect the Olive but slightly. The tree
requires judicious pruning immediately after the fruit is gath-
ered, when the sap is comparatively at rest. The small, thick
leaves are lanceolate, opposite, and usually entire; they are dull
green above and silvery beneath. The small white flowers, which
come in panicles, are usually imperfect. The fruit is a small,
ellipsoid drupe, which is bluish-black when ripe. Its oil is
an important product. The Olive may be propagated from
seeds, cuttings, layers, suckers and pieces of the old stumps. The
seeds require some time to germinate, and the growth of the
young plant is slow.
205
PLATE C.—Olive.
One ha‘f natural size.
206
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CI
Vitis Labrusca.
““ISABELLA GRAPE.”
This variety of grape was early introduced to these Islands,
and has become very popular. It is a hardy vine, variable in
productiveness, and is practically the only grape grown in any
quantity in Hawaii. The leaves are of medium size, often round-
ish and thick; their upper surface is dark-green, the under sur-
face is whitish-green. The Isabella is an attractive blue-black
grape, bearing in large, well-formed clusters, having a thick
bloom. The muskiness of the thick skin is somewhat objection-
able.
PuaTtE CI.—‘‘Isabella Grape.’’
One half natural size.
208
u. P. W. Collection. PLaAte CII
Pyrus Sinense.
SAND PEAR.
This tree is a vigorous and clean grower, having strong,
thick shoots, beautiful foliage, and very ornamental fruit. The
dark-green leaves are broadly ovate, and long-pointed, with their
margins thickly furnished with very sharp, almost bristle-like
teeth. The large white flowers appear rather in advance of the
leaves. The fruit is hard and rough, about 2% inches in diam-
eter, with generally a depression about the stem. The flesh is
tough and gritty, but is very delicious when baked. Propagation
is by cuttings.
209
PLATE CII.—Sand Pear.
One half natural size.
210
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CIII
Passiflora quadrangularis.
GRENADILLA VINE.
This tall, strong climer is a native of tropical America. Its
leaves are broadly ovate, and the strong stems are purplish in
color. The large, interesting flowers are from 3 to 5 inches
across. The sepals are linear and violet shaded, the petals are
very narrow and lilac. The many rows of filaments in the crown
are violet with bars of white below the middle, the inner and
shorter set being deep violet. The oblong fruit attains a size
from 5 to 9 inches in length, and in color is a pale, yellowish
green. The suculent, edible pulp of its hollow center has an
agreeable sub-acid flavor, and contains many flat seeds. This
vine bears well where there are bees; artificial fertilization also
increases the number of its fruits.
PLATE CIII.—Grenadilla Vine.
One half natural size.
cS)
wads
as
G. P. W. Collection. PLatTeE CIV
Passiflora edulis.
PURPLE WATER LEMON.
“ TILTKOR
This strong, woody vine is native of Brazil, and is naturalized
in most tropical countries. Its first introduction to these islands
was at Lilikoi, district of Makawao, Maui, whence its native
name. Its serrate leaves are large and deeply three-lobed; the
white flowers are tinted with purple. The fruit is oblong, glob-
ular, and when ripe is purple in color; its shell-like skin is thick
and crisp. The orange-colored edible pulp is very fragrant, and is
filled with small seeds, which germinate readily.
218
PuatTe CLV.—Purple Water Lemon—‘‘ Lilikoi.’’
One half natural size.
a. P. W. Collection. PLatE CV
Passiflora laurifolia.
YELLOW WATER LEMON.
This strong-growing, glabrous vine, climbing by tendrils, is a
native of tropical America. The date when it was intro-
duced to Hawaii, and by whom, is not known; but in the Hilo
and Hamakua districts of Hawaii this variety grows wild. Its
thick leaves are oval, oblong and entire, and have a short, sharp
point. The flowers are about 2% inches across, are white, with
red spots on them. The fruit is slightly oblong, 2 inches in di-
ameter, and very regular in size and shape. When ripe, it is
yellow spotted with white. It has a medium-hard shell or skin,
and the edible pulp is whitish-yellow, and contains many flat,
black seeds.
Water Lemon
natural size.
—Yellow
CV
PLATE
One third
216
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CVI
Passiflora alata.
This is a strong, vigorous vine, very suitable for arbors and
trellises. It is not commonly found in Hawaii; however, a very
fine specimen of its kind is growing in Dr. St. D. G. Walter’s
garden in Honolulu. The leaves are oval to ovate, the petioles
having two glands. The fragrant purple flowers are about two
inches in diameter. The ovoid-pointed fruit has a tough, leathery
shell which, when green, is six-striated, with white stripes; when
quite ripe the fruit is a dull orange-yellow. The numerous seeds
are imbedded in the juicy, scented pulp, which is aromatic and
delicious.. Propagation is by seed and by cuttings.
217
PLATE CVI.—Passiflora alata.
One half natural size.
ute ro vara
~ : > oy 3 nie RS, "A + f. t
ge is a ; share ee : 7 Goes bs
. a Bb satel pes ar? 3 ys Lepie
a ey a ‘ ; 2? tet ¥
te been oe oy Boy
Sy se i* ; Mane © ot
‘ ne A i] ’ iy
4 < ae "
218 Ride Ae che ee
on
G. P. W. Collection. . Pear Che
Passiflora, var. foetida.
Its leaves are three-cleft, and have long petioles; and spiral ten-
drils spring from the axils. The single, pale-green flowers are
surrounded by a green, lace-like covering. The fruit is nearly eS
globular, and slightly pointed; it is about three-fourths of an ona
inch in diameter, and when ripe is a bright scarlet.
> s
A A
,
5
4 i
wr be
Ol ee
j
=- : at
es”
j
.
7
. E
sg iy nS
of
7 \ i> my .
aS i i £ pr
+ 4.8 a
219
PLATE CVII.—Passifiora, var. foetida.,
Two thirds natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. PLate CVIII
Cereus triangularis.
NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS.
Although this plant with its wonderful nocturnal blossoms may
be found growing almost everywhere in the Islands, the best
specimens of its kind may be seen on the stone walls of Oahu
College. The beautiful creamy flowers with their yellow centers
are large, about a foot long, and when in full bloom about the
same in diameter. The tube is covered with large, leaf-like green
scales. The fruit, which is about 3% inches long and 2 inches in
diameter, is covered with persistent, large, fleshy scales which
are scarlet colored when ripe, and the interior pulp is edible and
refreshing. Fruit, however, upon the night-blooming cereus in
Hawaii is rather rare, although a few fine specimens have ma-
tized.
cS)
cS)
ms
PLATE CVIII.—Night-Blooming Cereus.
Two thirds natural size.
SS)
oS
eg
G. P. W. Collection. Prats. CEt
Kigelia pinnata.
SAUSAGE TREE.
This medium-sized and very handsome shade tree is a native
of tropical Africa. It was probably introduced to Hawaii by Dr.
Hillebrand. <A fine tree of this species is growing in Mrs. Fos-
ter’s garden, Nuuanu avenue. It has large pinnate leaves, ana
panicles of purple flowers. The peculiar rough, grey, oblong
fruits hang from a long stem, and present an odd appearance.
This tree and also one other of the same variety growing in the
grounds of the Queen’s Hospital, very rarely set their fruit. Be-
cause of the difficulty of obtaining seeds, the sausage tree has not
heen widely distributed.
PLATE CIX.—Sausage Tree.
One fourth natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. Piate CX
Phoenix dactylifera.
THE DATE PALM.
The date, which is a native of North Africa, Arabia, and Per-
sia, is a noble palm, often growing to a height of from 80 to 100
feet. It is of remarkable longevity, and will continue to produce
fruit even at the age of a hundred years. The neighborhood of
the sea is considereed unfavorable to their production, although
they will luxuriate in satlish soil and bear well when brackish
water is used.
Many varieties of dates exist, the fruit differing in shape, size
and color. They will grow from seeds, although the superior
varieties can be continued only from off-shoots of the root. These
will commence to bear in five years. In Asia, the growers of the
commercial date find it necessary to pollinate artificially by hang-
ing sprays of the male flowers in the branches of the fruit-bear-
ing trees. There are no imported trees bearing in Hawaii, and
although there are many date trees in Honolulu, artificial pollina-
tion would doubtless greatly increase the yield and the quality of
the fruit.
Puate CX.—The Date Palm.
One half uatural size.
G. P. W. Collection.
Phoenix dactylifera.
DATE (red and yellow variety).
The ae eee cut shows fruit from two - the eo
grown hoe seeds taken on packages of de ee pune
from a local grocer.
PLATE CXI.—Date (red and yellow var.)
One third natural size.
228
G. P. W. Collection. PLaTE CXII
Acrocomuia sp.
This interesting palm is seldom seen in Hawaii; there being
but two specimens of its kind that have produced fruit in Hono-
iulu. Its stem is capitately thickened at the persistent bases of
the armed petioles. The glaucous leaves are pari-pinnate with
narrow, lanceolate, accuminate segments, having a prominent
mid-rib.
The inflorescence is simple and branching. The fruit is ar-
ranged similar to that of Cocos, each about three-fourths of an
inch in diameter, sub-globose with a pointed apex. When ripe,
it is a bright yellow, and its juicy, edible pulp has the flavor of
apricots.
229
PLATE CXII.—<Acrocomia s Dp.
One half natural size.
230
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CXIII
Cocos nucifera.
COCOANUT PALM.
aa 8 oe
The original home of this widely-diffused tree is not positively
known. Some writers say it is indigenous to the islands of the
Indian Ocean; others show that in all probability it is of Ameri-
ican origin. On account of its buoyant husk and impervious
shell, it was enabled to drift across the oceans without losing its
germinating power, and in this manner was widely dispersed. It
is strictly a tropical plant, and grows naturally on the seashore,
or in its immediate vicinity.
It has pinnate leaves about 12 to 18 feet long, and the inflor-
escense first appears in a cylindrical sheath, which splits length-
wise, exposing long sprays of male flowers, and near the base
generally one female flower, which is much larger, and eventually
develops into a fruit. The picture shows both forms of flowers, as
well as a young nut, and also a mature cocoanut. Propagation
is by means of the nut alone, which must be thoroughly ripe
before planting. The outer husk must be left on, germination
taking place at the largest eye; sometimes two eyes may sprout,
and twin trees grow from these. Many varieties have been im-
ported from islands of the Pacific, Ceylon, West Indies, and Cen-
tral America. The cocoanut is not raised in Hawaii for com-
mercial purposes.
231
i
es
y
bl
Sos
2S
PLATE CXIII.—Cocoanut Palm—‘‘ Niu.’’
One half natural size.
. a...
au 74 a ey 7. of hm i y 4
. GT qtr a, ryt jem <4
+ ; ' ig My Lag - i» ;
bere eet P34 Seen
7 > re Aq 4,
* a =
4
232
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate CXIV
Cordia colloccoca.
CLAMMY CHERRY.
This low tree, with its spreading branches, is a native of the —
West Indies, and is rarely met with in these Islands; there being
but two trees of its kind known to me, one growing at the Old
Plantation, Honolulu, the other at Honouliuli Ranch, Oahu. The
whitish branches are very brittle. The leaves are obovate, oblong, -
glabrous above and shiny beneath. The subsessile flowers are
whiteish-purple. The fruit, which is half inch in diameter, 1s
bluntly pointed and smooth. The fleshy pulp is sticky, and ad-
heres to the single seed. This plant may be grown from seeds _
and from cuttings. :
233
PLATE CXIV.—Clammy Cherry.
One half natural size.
ean gr MAY 2 os alt Te
i 2 y “ ee ; o§ - ¥ - é: BS
n ay ater awetnio: yr o. oe
Be ay, hs ut
ara, i) ae : ro) oa
ith Ls ay * ie :
bls RNa es A 2 .
é sas x Pavak =
' int ee
‘“ pe 15
234 7 Sig
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CXV
Flacourtia cataphracta.
This tree, which is a native of the Malay Islands and China, —
was introduced to Hawaii by Mr. Albert Jaeger. There is but
one tree which has borne fruit; this is growing at the Old Plan-
tation, Honolulu, Oahu. The tree, which is about 25 feet high,
has dense foliage; the leaves are small, oblong, lanceolate, gla-
brous, having short petioles. Flowers very small, dioceous; the
fruit about the size of a common grape, is purple when ripe, and
has a pleasant sub-acid flavor. It contains a few flatish seeds.
PLATE CXV.—Flacourtia cataphracta.
One half natural size.
236
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CX VI
Atalantia buxifolia.
This small tree of dwarfish habit is from tropical Asia. It is
closely related to the orange, and has large thorns. Its simple
leaves are alternate, coriaceous, emarginate, and from 1 to 1%
inches in length. The petioles are short. The small, solitary
flowers have five petals. The berry is globose and three-quarters
of an inch in diameter. When ripe, it is a shiny black, and has
a thick skin. The pulp has somewhat the flavor of a lime, and the
seeds are generally 1 to 5 in number. The only specimens of
this tree in Hawaii are growing in the garden of Mrs. Foster;
they, presumably, were introduced by Dr. Hillebrand, as these
gardens formerly belonged to him.
237
PuateE CXVI.—Atalantia buxifolia.
One half natural size.
Pile pe a ty ‘ ya NS. Ha ng
; d vera , Aha ers f ’
7 Ee. ; ae 7 *" he ax t
as, eS abi es bith (Feu
en ale ‘ a AY ae pata Cod os Se eee,
Ries Bee et oe
ty, re Aah c _ ie
hia ¥ he ;
el i md
pn |
: au
ok . et 7
238 ST *
G. P. W. Collection. Pirate CXVII
Bumelia sp.
This large shrub is a native of Iadia. Its alternate, entire,
obovate leaves have short petioles; they are giabrous and are
about 4 to 8 inches in length. The small flowers are light pink.
The small, globose fruits grow in bunches; these are purple
when ripe, but are not edible. The only tree of its kind in Hono--
lulue is growing in the grounds of the Queen’s Hospital.
PLATE CXVII.—Bumelia sp.
Natural size.
240
G. P. W. Collection. Prat CXVIIL
Ochrosia elliptica.
This plant grows in the Pacific Islands, Malay Peninsula, Cey-
lon, and Australia; and on account of its handsome scarlet fruit
is cultivated as an ornament, as the fruit is not edible. The tree
is a small evergreen, having alternate, glabrous, coriaceous leaves
which are crowded at the ends of the stout branches. The small,
white flowers have five petals: The fruit consists usually of two,
rarely one, spreading scarlet drupes, each containing a large
seed. The first specimen of its kind in Hawaii was planted at the
Government Nursery, Honolulu, where is is still growing.
PLATE CXVIII.—Ochrosia elliptica.
One half natural size.
G. P. W. Collection. : Pear Gis
Ananas sativus.
PINEAPPLES
“This variety of the pineapple plant was grown at an early date
in these Islands, and until the new and spineless forms were in-
troduced was the only quality offered in the fruit markets. It is : ta
now cultivated but little, and is often found growing wild. The
rosette at the head of the fleshy fruit has numerous thorny leaves. —
The fruit is much smaller than those of the thornless varieties, .
but it has a very sweet flavor. ; i ;
PLATE CXIX.—Pine applc.
One half natural size.
o. oe reed : ag ie $: 7 a ¢
8 ; Se Fj a a
AY * 2 dhl ye s% ¥
aa +
* ae [sy a r oF ae ¢ Ct oy
ae Toe to 4 oP ta af
— ao Ad Ne Meeps 7
: B77 a :
o
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CXX..
Opuntia Tuna.
PRICKLY PEAR—‘ PANINI.”
This erect, wide-spreading plant was early introduced to these
Islands from Mexico. It thrives well in arid lands, and in times
of drought its succulent, fleshy leaves and juicy fruit are eaten
by cattle. The plants, when old, become hard and woody, hav-
ing many stout spines. The large flowers are reddish-yellow,
and the obovate, truncate fruit is a purplish-red, having a thick
fibrous skin, which is covered with fine bristles. The edible pulp
is reddish-purple and contains numerous seeds.
%
>)
Pcar—‘*‘ Panim.’’
kly
—Pric
PLATE CXX
One half natural size.
246
G. P. W. Collection. PLATE CXXI.
Prosopis julifor a.
ALGAROBA— KIAWE.”’
The Kiawe deserves a special mention in this book, as it is,
in my opinion, one of the most valuable and beautiful trees that
grows in the Hawaiian Islands. Perhaps on account of its very
general dissemination, and because of the ease with which it
spreads spontaneously, even in the driest districts, it has re-
ceived less consideration than has been accorded to other plants
more difficult of propagation.
The Kiawe is the foundation of all the beauty of our lowlands,
and provides a delicate background for other plants. Under
favorable circumstances, it reaches to a height of 50 feet. It
has wide-spreading branches and delicate-green foliage. The
flowers yield a delicious honey, and the seed-pods furnish a valu-
able fodder, and, finally, when the tree is cut down, its wood
makes the very best of fuel. The Algaroba is a native of Cen-
tral and South America. Ordinarily it is a moderate-sized tree
of quick and easy growth. Its branches in most cases are
covered with stout, cylindrical, axillary spines, and in other cases
they are unarmed.
The abruptly bi-pinnate leaves have from 6 to 30 pairs of linear
leaflets about one-fourth to one inch in length. The small, pale-
yellow flowers come in cylindrical spikes. The straight or sickle-
shaped seed-pod is sweet, and is eaten by stock. Propagation
is by seed.
The first Algaroba tree of Hawaii was brought to Honolulu
in 1828 by Father Bachelot, founder of the Roman Catholic Mis-
sion in the Islands. It was planted in the Mission garden, where
the venerable tree ‘is standing today.
2x
K
“* Kiawe.’’
PLATE CXXI.—Algaroba
One copy del. to Cat. Div.
- FEB 20 1912
iii,
o0
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