Fruit and vegetable diseases on the Chicago market in 1938

Historic, archived document

Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.

THE PLANY DISEASE REPORTER

Issued by

Division of Mycology and Disease Sur rey

Supplement 114

Fruit and Vegetable Diseases on the Chicago Market
in 1938.

September 15, 1939.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

UMTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURS

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE DISEASES ON THE CHICAGO MARKET IN 1938

RN

By G B. Ramsey, Senior Pathologist, Division of Fruit and
Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, Chicago, Illinois

Plant Disease Reporter
Supplement 114 September 15, 1939.

As in years past, these data were compiled from notes made
on inspections of fresh fruits and vegetables as they arrived on South
Water Market and at freight and express terminals, and from material
abstracted from federal inspections certificates issued by the Bureau
of Agricultural Economics in Chicago. The most important common diseases
are listed as a matter of general information. Several unusual diseases
observed on this market for the first time are also described. These
diseases are phytophthora rot of California asparagus; waxy breakdown of
California garlic; smudge and black rot of Texas Crystal Wax onions, and
gray mold rot of California potatoes. Some field and market notes on the
fall crop of California tomatoes are appended.

APPLES:

Blue mold rot (Penicillium expansum) as usual, Was the most common
cause of decay in apples from all regions. In the better grades of apples
it is seldom that as much as 3 percent of blue mold rot is found, but in
poorer grades it is not uncommon to find 5 to 15 percent and sometimes it
ranges to as high as 50 percent. For example, a car of Idaho Winesaps in
baskets was received in February which showed blue mold rot ranging from
“15 to 55 percent, the average for the load being 30 percent,

Bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata) was observed on only one or two
lots of Greenings received from Virginia in August. This decay ranged
from 2 to 8 percent with an average of approximately 4 percent, mostly in
the early stages of development.

Brown rot (Sclerotinia fructicola) is not commonly found affecting
apples on the market, but this year it occurred in some Willow Twig apples
from Missouri received the latter part of May. Four percent of the stock
was affected with brown rot and there was also some slight decay caused by
Alternaria.

28,

Gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) was observed ranging from 2 to 10 vercent
in a car of Washington Winesaps received in June and a car of Rome Beauty also-
showed this decay ranging from 4 to 16 percent.

Bullseye -rot (Giodocporian poeeeaeen) was Ttound qerectiae 10 percent of a
lot of Washington Winesaps markted in July.

An unusual amount of Jonathan spot was found in a few cars of Washington
fruit received in June. In one car in particular this blemish ranged from
15 to 70 percent, an average of about 45 percent of the fruit showed numerous
small spots sometimes covering 40 percent of the surface of the fruit.

Pink mold rot (Gephalothecium roseum) following scab was noted affecting
1 to 2 percent of Greenings from New York in October.

Seald (non-parasitic) was not found affecting many apples seriously
except in an occasional lot of Greening from New York, and Rome Beauty from
West Virginia,

ARTICHOKES:

Only a few lots of globe artichokes from California were observed to
show an appreciable amount of gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea). One of the
most serious marketing factors was discoloration of the outer scales due to
rough handling. While the buds are under refrigeration and kept crisp there
is not much discoloration apparent in bruised areas, but as soon as the buds
become warm and the tissues begin to shrivel due to loss of water then the
brownish-black discoloration becomes an objectionable feature.

ASPARAGUS:

Except for local stock most of the asparagus received on this market
arriyes during April and May from California. Most of this stock arrives
in ggod condition, but occasionally cars show considerable decay, usually
causéd by peceeaa of the soft rot type. Several cars inspected during the
latter part of April and the first part of May showed bacterial soft rot
ranging from 3 up to as high as 45 percent in some crates. Tne average for
many lots was about 15 percent,

Fusarium species were evident as a mold on the tips of some lots of
asparagus received from California in October. The most seriously diseased
lot noted showed an average of 40 percent with moldy tips.

An unusual decay induced by a species of Phytophthora developed in
asparagus shipped from excessively wet fields in California during March and
April. Many lots showed this decay ranging from 10 to 30 percent. The spears
were generally affected about an inch or two above the base. The decaying
tissues were watery, soft, and slightly brown in color. Oospores were abundant in
the grayish scum-like surface mold and in the broken down tissues.

BEANS:

Bacterial blight (Bacterium phascoli) was found affecting 3 to 4
percent of the stock received from Florida, Illinois, and Arkansas in June.

Soil rot (Rhizoctonia) caused a great deal of damage to beans from
Florida and Louisiana marketed in October. Ina few cars over half of the
stock in some hampers showed this decay. The average for the worst carlot
noted was 12 percent.

Watery soft rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) also caused considerable
damage in some shipments of green beans from Florida and Louisiana.

CABBAGE :

Bacterial soft rot (Bacterium spp.) continues to be the most serious
and the most common disease of cabbage on the market. While this decay
usually affects only the outer leaves, it also occasionally becomes serious
as a stump rot. In one lot of Missouri cabbage received in June 60 percent of
the heads were infected. The decay was mostly at the butts and penetrated
sometimes to a depth of one inch or more. This lot, of course, can not be
considered typical, for it was loaded in bulk, the heads being approximately
5 fees deep in the car, and was shipped under ventilation. “At the time of
inspection the temperature of the cabbage at the bottom of the load was 75°
and at the top of the load 89°F,

Black leaf speck (non-parasitic) seriously blemished some of the
California stock received in February. .One lot on inspection showed an
average of 40 percent of the heads affected. This blemish is often very
objectionable when the specks occur on the inner leaves of the head,

CANTALOUP:

Cantaloups received on this market wore usually not seriously
affected by decay. Some lots showed softening and withering and a few
cars received in July showed 4 to 5 percent of the fruits affected with
bacterial soft rot (Bacterium spp.). An occasional melon showed fusarium
rot (Fusarium spp.) affecting the stem end.

CARROTS:

An unusual amount of watery soft rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) was
found on carrots on the market this seascn, Stock shipped from Texas
during the middle of May showed a range of from 8 to 30 percent affected
with this disease. The average for several cars was about 12 percent. Some
California carrots received in October also showed 5 to 10 percent of
watery soft rot.

One of the most serious market factors involving carrots was

30.

bacterial soft rot (Bacterium spp.) in the tops. Several cars of Texas
Carrots received in March Ehowed dirty tops We bacterial soft rot
ranging sometimes as high as 50 percent.

Bacterial soft rot (Bacterium spp.) caused considerable decay in.
several shipménts received from California and New York. In California
shipments received in March it often averaged around 6 percent. New York
shipments received during October and November often showed as high as
25 percent of the heads affected with soft rot.

One car of New York stock showed approximately 50 percent of the
heads affected with early stages of gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea).

CELERY:

Blackheart occurred in small amounts in several shipments of Florida
celery received in February, March, and Avril. The most seriously affected
lot showed black-heart ranging from 12. to 20 percent, with an average of
30 percent.

Watery soft rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) was rather serious in
some of the California celery in April and May. A few shipments received
here had as much as 75 percent of the stock affected.

CHICORY:

Shipments of curly endive or chiccry reeeived from California
during February and March often showed considerable decay by bacterial soft
rot (Bacterium spp.). However, one of the most serious marketing factors
was a reddish-brown discoloration found in the heart leaves of a great many
bunches. No organism is associated with this discoloration and it does not
show in the field, hence it appears that it is due to some physiological
disturbance at naeyeeGane time or during refrigeration and transit.

CUCUMBERS :

Bacterial spot (Bacterium lachrymans) damaged man ty lots of cucumbers
from Florida, Alabama, and South Carolina. This disease was especially
prominent in South Carolina stock shipped in June when some cars had
from 4 tc 70 percent of the stock affected, the average for many being
close to 25 percent.

Cottony leak (Pythium aphanidermatum) was found in small percentages
in stock from both Florida and Alabama.

d

31.

The most serious anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium) found was in
shipments received from Maryland in July. Several baskets of this stock
inspected in a store showed an average of 40 percent seriously blemished.

Although most green-house stock is free from decay, withered ends
occasionally detract greatly from the market value. A lot of cucumbers
received from Washington in October showed an average of 60 percent with
spongy and shriveled blossom ends involving almost one-fourth the length
Or the fruits.

Some Texas cucumbers reccived in May showed yellcowish-brown lesions
1 to 2 centimeters in diameter, sometimes with green mold over the central
region. The affected tissues were tough and spongy. Cavities filled with
mold were common. A specics of Alternaria was isclated from such lesions,
Alternaria has been found affecting cucumbers on the market, but heretofore
it has seemed to be secondary, following other diseases and injuries. In
this instance, however, it scemed to be the inciting agent in the development
of this yellowish-brown spongy rot.

DEWBERRIES:

Not many dewberries are inspected on this market. However, one
shipment received by truck from North Carolina in Mey was found to have
gray mold rot (Botrytis cinerea) affecting from 25 to 90 percent of the
berries in some boxes, the average for the load being 50 percent.

GARLIC:

The most serious decay usually found in garlie on the market is blue
mold rot (Penicillium spp.). In some lots inspected this decay averaged
about 4 percent.

A yellow waxy breakdown of the outer cloves of bulbs from several lots
proved more or less serious in California stock. These amber waxy cloves
do not go into a soft decay, but eventually become dry and hard. No
organism appears to be associated with this trouble. It has been suggested
that high temperatures and possibly sunscald cause it.

GRAPES:

Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) and blue mold (Penicillium) cause most
of the decay in grapes on the market. In table grapes these diseases are
usually not serious, but in wine grapes some lots were found to show as

high as 90 percent infected.

, Some grapes examined in February that were packed in sawdust contain-
ing sodium bisulphite showed considerable injury by this chemical.

GRAPEFRUIT:

Most of the serious decay in grapefruit wag caused by blue mold
(Penicillium italicum). Waile this decay ranged as high as 20 sercent in some
boxes, in a few cars, the average generally was close to 4 percent. This was
especially true-in the Tcocxas stock received during January, February, and
March. Shipments received later sometimes showed a higher percentage and
these also showed a small amount of stem-end rot (Phomopsis).

LEMONS:

Green mold rot {Pemicillium digitatum) affected 3 percent of the
‘lemons in one car of California stock received in May, This car also showed
1 percent of brown rot (Phytophthora citrophthora).

Alternaria rot (Alternaria spp.) in advanced stage associated with
blue mold rot affected an average of 20 percent of the lemons received in a
shipment from Texas in September. ;

LETTUCE:

Many shipments of lettuce received from Arizona and California showed
bacterial soft rot (Bacterium spp.) in the outer leaves ranging from 2 to
25 percent. in California stock some of this decay was following tip burn
(non-parasitic). Some cars of lettuce showed as much as 50 percent of the heads
affected with tip burn,

Downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) occurred in a few shipments of
California stock received in April. Generally this disease affected 2 to
4 of the outer wrapper leaves, but since these are trimmed off there is
usually little loss on account of this trouble,

A few shipments of California lettuce examined in September showed
heads with internal brown spots, streaks, and yellowish areas indicating the
presence of brown blight or spotted wilt,

ONIONS:

Gray mold rot (Botrytis spp.) was by far the most serious onion trouble
on this market. The docay was prevalent in stock from Colorado,Idaho, Utah,
Washington, Clifornia, Tcoxas, and Wisconsin. A great many of the cars
showed an average of 10 pereont of this decay.

An unusual type of smudge or black spot was found on Crystal Wax
onions from Texas in June. In one lot 25 percent showed black or grayish
outer scales about the upper half of the bulbs. In many the fleshy scales
about the neck were black. Definite black pycnidia were found on the dis-
colored necks cf several bulbs. An unidentified species of Diplodia wes
consistently isolated from these onions.

36
ORANGES:

Probably the most serious marketing factor in oranges was skin break-
down characterized by pits and discolorations and shriveling about the
stem ends of the fruit, Only in occasional lots of Florida stock was
real stem end rot (Phomopsis) found.

Blue mold rot (Penicillium italicum) was present in many shipments
from Florida and California, but generally ranged below 5 percent as an
average.

PHACHES:

Brown rot (Sclerotinia fructicola) caused considerable decay in peaches
from Arkansas, California, Gevrgia, and Illinois. This decay frequently
averaged around 25 percent and sometimes some baskets showed as much as
80 percent decay. More brown rot was found in California peaches than has
been noted for e number of years. In August some carlots had 12 to 60
percent, averaging 45 percent,

Rhizopus (Rhizopus nigricans) caused considerable decay in the fruit
in the top layer baskets of some-cars. It was generally present along with
brown rot.

Colorado peaches received in September sometimes showed 15 percent of
pustular spot (Coryneum beijerinckii).

Gray mold rot (Botrytis spp.) occurred in small percentages in a few
lots of Oregon pears. Tuis tyne of decay does not seem to be as common as
in years past,

Brown rot (Sclerotinia cinerea) was found in only one trucklond of
Michigan stock received in September, affecting about 6 percent of the load.

Oregon pears in storage in May showed numerous brownish black
eircular spots, 1/4 to 1/2 inch in diameter, caused by a species of
Cladosporium,

PEAS:

Gray mold rot (Botrytis spp.) caused more actual decay in peas than
any other organism on this market. It was found in stock from California
and Colorado, Usually less than 5 percent was noted, but in one lot
reccived from Colorado in September 60 percent of the pods were affected
with gray mold and watery soft rot (Selerotinia sclerotiorum), As is common
in other vegotable groups, theso two diseases are frequently associated.

34.

Of the defects noted, mosaic (virus) and scab (Cladosporium pisicola) |
were the most important, although pod spot (Ascochyta pisi) blemished some

lots of California stock in April.

Rhizopus soft rot (Rhizopus nigricans) caused more decay of peppers
on the market than any other organism. In some lots from 4 to 30 percent
of the stock was affected. A lot of Georgia pimentos that were red ripe on
arrival in April showed as much as 30 percent in some containers.

Bacterial spot (Bacterium vesicatorium) occurred in Florida peppers,
but this blemish usually was not of sufficient importance to reduce the
market value of the stock,

POTATOES:

Gray mold rot (Botrytis spp.) of potatoes on the market was found
for the first time this year. Two carlots of California potatoes that
arrived in January showed an average of 14 percent gray mold rot about half of
which was in advanced stages, This rot was grayish-brown and watery, some-
times involving over half of the tuber. In advanced cases the characteristic
surface mold bearing conidia was prominent and in a few instances sclerotia
were present, Isolations made from a number of tubers gave pure cultures of
Botrytis. Inoculation tests have proved the pathogenicity of the organism
recovered,

BACGerialeSOnmt Ou (Bacterium spp.) occurred in many lots of new
potatoes that had been washed and not thoroughly dried before loading for
shipment. Generally speaking, however, stock from Florida, Alabama, Louisiana,
and Texas is fairly well cried before packing; consequently the decay often
does not run over 3 to 5 percent, with occasional lots running as high as
20 percent.

Selerotium (Selerotium rolfsii) occurred in small amounts in stock
from Louisiana, Alabama and Arkansas.

Late blight tuber rot (Phytophthora infestans) affected 40 percent
of the potatoes in a car of North Carolina stock received in June. Most of
the other late blight found on the market came from Wisconsin in the October
shipments, the decay sometimes ranging to as high as 20 to 30 percent.

California potatocs reccived in May and June often showed con-
Siderable brown discoloration at the bud end of the long White Rose potatoes
shipped from the Shafter area. These tubers are especially tender
at the bud end and 29rc practically always scuffed, and somewhat discolor-
ed, especially if they have been exposed to hot winds for any length of time.

; In some instances there was an appreciable percentage of scald in this stock,
and as usual, bacterial soft rot followed causing a sticky foul smelling decays

356
SWEET POTATOES:

Rhizopus soft rot (Rhizopus spp.) was about the only disease that
caused serious trouble on this market, The Louisiana and Tennessee stock
- received here frequently showed up to 20 percent decay; the average was about
‘10 percent,

TOMATOES:

It was the writer's privilege to spend two woeks studying California
tomato diseases in the fields and packing houses during the last of October,
Instead of listing the diseases as in years past, it was thought that pos-
Sibly many readers would be more interested in the field and market notes on
California tomatoes which were compiled for the use of the Federal Inspection
Service. These notes are given below.

WATERMELON:

There was a little more anthracnose (Colletotrichum lagenarium) and
stem-end rot (Diplodia spp.) received on this market than has occurred in
years past, The Florida stock received in May often had 3 percent stem-end rot,
and the steek from Gcorgia arriving in July also showed 2 to 3 percent of this
decay.

Anthracnose was particularly noticeable as a blemish in Georgia stock
received in June and July. In one car the anthracnose spots were so numerous
as to cover approximately half of the surface of some melons. Seventy percent
of the melons in this car showed serious spotting.

Bruising is still one of the most serious troubles in shipping melons,
It is not unusual to find from 5 to 50 percent of some loads badly damaged
by bruising due to improper bedding and loading, or to shifting of the load
during transit.

NOTES ON FI=LD AND MARKTT DIS™AS"™S OF CALIFORNIA TOMATOSS
October 21 to November 3, 1938

ALTERNARTA ROT

Alternaria was found to be causing some leaf spot in many fields but
was most severe in the Santa Maria district. This fungus was associated with
some stem-end rot and decay following growth cracks and other injuries, but in
most instances snecies of Macrosnorium seemed to be more prominent. The
decay frequently listed as alternaria rot during the latter half of the ship-
ping season is usually due to Macrosporium,

36.
ARSENICAL BURN ©

A rather peculiar type of fruit spot was observed in several fields,
It was characterized by a definitely outlined dark brown to black slightly
sunken area without external appearance of mechanical injury or fungous
invasion. The affected tissue is firm and only skin deep. Most of the
spots were on the shoulders of the fruit and vary from 1/8 to 1/4 inch
-in diameter. Tomatoes affected in this manner held for ripening usually
have been found to show little or no decay. In each instance where this
type of injury occurred it was found that the vines snd fruits had been
sprayed or dusted with some arsenical and this type of spotting did not
occur prior to the application of the arsenical.

BLOSSOM-END ROT

Blossom-end rot was found in a few fields causing a slight amount of
damage. Usually the affected fruits were readily discarded in the field
end in the packing house so that ordinarily few diseased tomatoes of this
type reach the market. There are two types of injury to the blossom end of
the fruit: One shows as slightly sunken water-soaked, greenish-brown ¥
spots at or near the blossom end; the other as slightly discolored yellowish=
brown to brown areas that are smooth or frequently slightly raised. The
sunken water-soaked spots may continue to enlarge during transit and
ripening and in many cases 2 secondary decay induced by species of
Alternaria or Macrosporium causes extensive decay by the time the tomatoes
are ripe. The Supérficial brown tyne of spot does not seem to enlarge
during transit and it is seldom subject to invasion by decay-producing
organisms. When the fruits are full red ripe it is often difficult to see
this brown scar-like blemish.

BUCKEYE ROT

This decay was found only in the northern district near Brentwood and
Stockton, A small percentage was observed in the field and in one or two
packing sheds.

CLADOSPORIUM ROT (Cladospovium herbarum)

This fungus does not affect the tomato vines or fruits seriously
until the latter part of the growing season. It seems to be ever present,
but usually as a saprophyte on dead leaves and stems and discarded ripe
fruits. It becomes especially prominent when the tomato vines are wet
with fog or rains. At the time such weather conditions occur there are
usually many dead and dying tomato plants which have been partially killed
by virus troubles such as mosaic, spotted wilt, and weatern yellow blight
(curly top). Fruits underneath the vines that are kept moist by fogs or
rain are often infected by Cladosporium and develop tan to brown circular
spots varying in size from 1/8 to 1/2 inch in diameter. Older spots
become black in the centcr with greenish-tan borders. The internal decayed

31.

tissue is spongy and grayish-tan in color. This decay is not often prominent
in the field or packing house, but it is frequently of considerable importance
on the receiving market, especially in stock that is so green that it must be
held in the ripening rooms for 10 days or more. The severe spotting, dis-
-eoloration, and decay of the tomatoes in the Santa Maria district this fall was
largely duc to infections by Cladosporium, Macrosporium and Alternaria. Serious
decay and spotting did not occur until after rains. As long as the surface

of the tomato is dry, even though the spores of these organisms may be present
there is no infection, but when rains come or fogs develop at night, and

the fruits are kept moist over a period of several hours or sometimes days,
the spores on the surface germinate and infection occurs,

CLOUDY SPOT

The cause of the blemish known as cloudy spot is not known. It is thought
by some to be cue to insect injury, similar to stigmonose,- Typical cloudy
spot areas were observed in a few lots of tomatoes and in others a somewhat
Similar type of injury was noted, but with the difference that larger irregular
areas were involved and within the walls small greenish-white cavities developed.
In no instance was there any indication of fungus infection.

GRAY WALL AND GREEN STRIPE

In some lrxanlities a noticeable proportion of the tomato fruits showed
erayish discolcrations of the outer walls of the fruit. In this gray'wall
there was sometimes a light and gray-green mottling and in some instances
ereen stripes extending down the sides of the fruits. Such tomatoes often
had thin walls and were excessively watery. When they ripened they were
practically useless because of poor texture and uneven ripening. Gray-walled
fruits will usually ripen after a prolonged veriod, but irregular grecn,
yellowish, and red blotches were frequently prominent giving the fruit mosaic
appearance. In the green state these tomatoes could not properly be designated
as showing mosaic, but after ripening many of them would ordinarily be classed
as having that disease.

GHOST SPOT

Ghost spot was found affecting a small percentage of the fruit in several
localities. This injury is usually so slight that it is not necessary tO. Gules
out the blemished tomatoes. Tie white circular marks in the skin of green
fruits are noticeeble but no decay follows and as red color develops the cireles
are barely visible.

LAT# BLIGHT (Phytophthora infestans)

Late blight was of minor importance. Although a careful check of
the ficlds was made, no indications of this disease were found until we
reached Orange County. Near Santa Ana one field was found with a high per-
eentage of late blight, but infection occurred so late in the season that few
tomatoes were lost.

38.

MACROSPORIUM ROT (Macrossorium sarcinaeforme) ?

Species of Macrosporium no doubt inhabit tomato vines to some extent
throughout the season; but as in the case of Cladosporium, most injury is
caused by these organisms during the: latter half of the season. Infection
usually takes place through the stem scar, but may also occur through wounds
or growth cracks. The decay induced is brown to dark brown in color with a
Slightly water-soaked margin. The internal decaying tissue is brown and may
extend into the seed cavity. On the surface of the larger spots a grayish-
brown mold is visible. This is especially true in affected stock on the
receiving market,

MOSAIC

Mosaic was found to be one of the most common diseases of tomatoes in all/
districts. In fact, it seemed doubtful that there were any fields free from
mosaic. The symptoms on fruits vary, but usually are characterized by
irregular blotches’ and calico patterns of yellowish-green and green tissue
which have a tendency to fade out during ripening so that fruits showing a
rather distinct mottling when green may show relatively little discoloration
when ripe, Consequently, tomatoes which on inspection at shinping point show an J
appreciable percentage of mosaic are often found to show less mosaic on the
receiving market,

Near Brentwood. a conspicuous type of mosaic known as "shoe string"
was observed, The plants so affected are stunted in growth, arérther bushy,
and the leaf blade tissue is so dwarfed and stunted that little but the mid-
rib remains, Plants showing this type of mosaic bear few fruits and
ordinarily none are large enough to be marketable. The tomatoes that are
formed may show distortion and many have a tendency to form peg-like out-
growths from the stem end region. No fruit mottling was observed.

MOTTLED RIPENING

Mcttled ripening in a great number of instances occurs in fruits
that showed gray walls when they were green. Much of this irregular ripening
appears to. be due to poor quality fruit set at the last of the season, to
disturbance in nutrition, to virus diseases, to other diseases, as aging.
Many tomatoes showing’mottleq and irregular ripening during the early
turning stages do eventually take on a fairly uniform red color, but ordinarily
they ripen so slowly that they are unsalable by the time they are fully colored. |

iis

PLEOSPORA ROT (Pleospora lycopersici)

The fungus Pleospora seems to be represented only by its
Macrosporium stage in the fields. Careful observations failed to reveal
any lesions on fruits or on the vines that showed verithecia. 1G. aus}
apparent, therefore, that inspectors at shipping point will not be
able to identify this disease as such. In view of the fact that it is
impossible to separate the Macrosporium stage of Pleospora from other
species of Macrosporium and Alternaria without culturing or microscopic
examination, it seems advisable for the inspectors to designate this
stem-end decay as Macrosporium rot.

SCARRING

Several different kinds of scarring were observed on tomatoes
im the field, most of them apparently due to wind whipping and other
mechanical injuries during the development of the young fruit. One
particularly bad type was found on tomatoes grown in dry farming areas
on the upland soils that are granular and hard enough to cause a
decided injury to young tomato fruits in contact with the soil or whipped
against it during high winds. Numerous dark brown to black scars of
various sizes and shapes were observed on tomatoes still on the vine.

SHOULDER BRUISES

Shoulder bruises on tomatoes are generally caused by pressure
against the field boxes, in the grading bins, or on grading belts during
the packing process. In some instances the bruised areas do not
become greatly discolored and are of little consequence, In others even
. Slight bruises change color and make the fruit very undesirable by the
time it is ripened,

SHOULDER CHECKING AND DISCOLORATION

Shoulder checks and discoloration occur most severely toward the
latter part of the growing season in stock that has been subjected to
rain or heavy fogs. The cause of these slight checks and pits is not
known, but it has been found that under transit and ripening conditions
tomatoes so affected become seriously discolored and frequently show
decay by the time they are ripe cnough for marketing. When numerous
small checks occur over the shoulders a brownish discolored area
usually results by the time the fruits are red.

SPOTTED WILT

Spotted wilt has become increasingly important in tomatoes along
the coastal regions during the past few years. Tne plants show spotting

40.

and yellowish discolorations of the leaves, and the tips of many young shoots }
are killed. Spotted wilt on the green fruit 1s relatively inconspicuous, ;
although light green circles and blotches may be observed on careful inspec- {
tion. When the tomatoes ripen the affected areas are usually yellowish to
orange and in some instances take on a slightly brownish cast, thus making the |
affected fruits much more conspicuous after ripening than before. In a great @
many instances mosaic and spotted wilt viruses are associated in the same
plant and the fruit mottling then becomes very conspicuous. The brown
circles, loops, and streaks increase in intensity as the tomatoes ripen.
This increase in discoloration has been shown to develop during the transit
period. Most of the distinctly mottled fruit on the receiving market
appears to be due to the combination of spotted wilt and mosaic.

open 229 aru

STREAK

The type of streak caused by a combination of latent potato virus and
tobaceo mosaic was not common this year unless it was confused with spotted
wilt symptoms. Tuat these diseases have been confused in the past is
evideneed by our colored photograph (Pl. 7, D, U.S. Dost. of Agr. Misc.Pub.

121) of streak. Mcst pathologists now agree that this illustration is typical ~
for spotted wilt, but wheh this photograph was taken in 1918 spotted wilt
was not known in the United States. —

PUFFS

Puffy tomatoes were observed in many packing sheds. Ordinarily it is
not difficult to grade out the undesirably puffy fruit, but in some
tomatoes a peculiar puffy condition underneath the stem end was very serious.
Such fruits usually show excessive shriveling, shoulder checking, and con-
Spicuous discolorations by the time they become ripe. From the standpoint of
shipping point inspection these tomatoes are a serious problem because in :
cutting for puffiness the grades require that the fruits be cut in the middle, 7}
Fruits of the type just described do not show puffiness when cut in that 4
region, but do show undesirable puffiness wien cut 1/2 inch underneath the |
stem scar,