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LATIN NAMES

1. tfAlthza rosea.

Pocensia cordata.

3 He athus rigidus, var Miss Mellish.
4. Hibiscus, var Meehan's Mallow Marvels
5. tiLilium Henryi.
6 Lathyrus latifolius, var albus
7. Lathyrus latifolius, var splendens
8. fAstilbe Davidii.
9. Boltonia latisquama.
1o. Delphinium, vars. English Hybrids

11. {Yucca filamentosa.
12. tjCassia Marylandica.
13 Helenium autumnale, var. rubrum.
14. Pyrethrum uliginosum.
15. t}Liatris pycnostachya.
Helenium autumnale, var superbum.
17. Achillea filipendulina (or eupatorium).
18 Aconitum Napellus.
19. Aconitum Napellus, var. album.
20. Aster Nove-Angliz.
21. Aster Nove-Angliz, var roseus.
22. Aster Novi-Belgii, var. F. W. Burbidge
23. Aster Novi-Belgii, var Top Sawyer
24. {{Galtonia candicans.
25 Helianthus moilis.
26. Helianthus decapetalus, var Soleil d’Or
27. Paonia Moutan, vars

ra “ «
28. }Pentstemon barbatus, var Torreyi.
. {fLilium superbum.
30. j{Lilium tigrinum.
31. jAnchusa Italica, var Dropmore.
2. {Anchusa Italica, var. Opal.
33- Lupinus polyphyllus, vars.

« « «

34. Peonia (albiflora hybrids), vars
« “ «
35. Salvia azurea, var. grandiflora.
Spirea lobata, var. venusta.
37- 1Thalictrum aquilegifolium, var roseum.
38. Aquilegia chrysantha.
39. Heliopsis levis, var. Pitcheriana.
Lilium auratum.

41. Lilium candidum.

2. Baptisia australis.

43. {Campanula latifolia, var. macrantha
44. {Campanula Medium.

« tc

45. {Centaurea macrocephala.

46. Clematis Davidiana.

47. {Delphinium Belladonna.

48. jDelphinium formosum.

{Digitalis purpurea, var. gloxiniceflora.
tc « « rr

50. Echinacea purpurea.
st. {Iris levigata (or Kempferi), vars.
« “ « «

Lilium speciosum, vars.
Ci «

53. Lychnis Chalcedonica.

54. Lythrum Salicaria, var. roseum superbum.

Montbretia (or Tritonia) crocosmeefiora.
56. Phlox paniculata (or decussata), vars.
« « “«

“ « “

57. Physostegia Virginica.
58. Physostegia Virginica, var alba
59. {Valeriana officinalis.
60, Anemone Japonica, vars.
« rr «

61. {{Doronicum plantagineum, var. excelsum
62. Gypsophila paniculata.

63. }Helenium Hoopesii.

64. Hemerocallis flava.

65. Hemerocallis aurantiaca, var major
66. Iris Sibirica, vars.

« « «

67. {7Papaver orientale, vars.
« « “

68. Aquilegia vulgaris, var. nivea grandiflora
69. Aster grandiflorus.
jo. Chrysanthemum, vars.

ite “

71. Clematis recta.

2. Dictamnus Fraxinella, var albus.
73. {Digitalis ambigua (or grandiflora).
74. Hemerocallis Middendorfi.

75. tilris Germanica, vars.
« « «

76. {{Lilium Batemanni.
77. Monarda didyma.
78. Peonia officinalis.

« “

79. Platycodon grandiflorum.

* Not strictly a perennial. {Holds presentable foliage after blooming. ff Foliage disappears or becomes unsightly after plant blooms,

COMMON NAMES COLOR ANO PERIOD CF

APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT.

Hollyhock.

Plume Poppy
Hardy Sunflower.
Swamp-rose. - - -

Henry’s Lily.- -

White Everlasting Pea - - -
Everlasting Pea
False Goat's-beard - -

False Chamomile.---- - - -
Larkspur. - - - - - - - — - -

Adain’s Needle.- - - - -
American Senna-
Red Snecze-weed.- - - - - - - =
Giant Daisy - - --- --

Gay. Feather.

Sneeze-weed) = — = —- = -

Fern-leaved Yarrow - - - - - - -

Monk’s-hood. ---- ~ - - - -

White Monk’s-hood --- - - -

New England Aster. ----- --

Pink New England Aster - - - -

New York Aster
New York Aster.-- = Se
Cape Hyacinth. --- ---- - -
Hairy Sunflower - - -
Double Sunflower - —
Tree Peony -- - -

Beard-tongue. -— - -- - - - - --
Turk’s-cap Lily -- -
Tiger Lily -
Alkanet. - — - - -- - - -- ---
Alkanets= ier aS ae
INPNE== >= =s => ==55

Herbaceous or Chinese Peony.

Meadow Sage.- - - - - — - =
Meadow-sweet— ~ ~~ - - aris
Pink Meadow Rue.-~~-~-~-
Golden Spurred Columbine- ~ —
Ox-eye. ~~ - se oa 3
Gold-banded Lily
Madonna Lily
IMIKS lindl{@, === == = ===
Bell:ower messes
Canterbury-bells.— = --- —- —

Knapweed,— —— ~~
Shrubby Clematis.~~~ ~ ~~ ~
Larkspur.
Oriental Larkspur.
TEOX 1 Oi

Purple Cone-flower=— - -
IONE Iki === = = = = ==

IpyoRne® IOIY= = = >= = = = == =

Jerusalem Cross.
Rose Loosestrife.
Wleranyy Yigg = = SS |
EIahY Leg = = HS SS

False Dragon’s-head.-- - ~~ -
WhiteFalse Dragon’s-head ~
Garden Heliotrope. ~ ~ ~~
Japanese Wind-flower ~~ ~~ ~

Leopard’s-bane- — — ~~~ — ~ =
Baby’s-breath.
Sneeze-weed. =
Yellow Day-lil
Orange Day-
Siberian Iris?

‘Oriental Roppyis sss = aula

Common European Columbine |
Michaelmas Daisy~ ~~ ~~ ~~
Hardy Chrysanthemum: ~~

Shrubby Clematis.~ ~
Gas Plant.~ ~~
Yellow Foxglove.
Yellow Day-lily.- ~~~ ~
(Gernanw cs eee eens

Bateman’s Lily.
Oswego Tea.~ = ~~ =~ ~~ >
Old-fashioned Early Peony

Balloon-flower.> ~ = — ~~ ~~~

HEIGHT IN FEET

HALF SHADE
SHADE
FRAGRANT

SUN
“| ROCK GARDEN

LATIN NAMES

80. Platycodon grandiflorum, var. album.
81. Rudbeckia speciosa.
82. Spirzea palmata, var. elegans.
*83. Tritoma (or Kniphofia) Pfitzeri.
84. {Agrostemma Coronaria.
*85. {{Alstroemeria Chilensis.
86. Chelone Lyonii.
87. {{Lysimachia clethroides.
88. Achillea Millefolium, var. roseum.
89. Achillea Ptarmica, var. The Pearl.
go. Anthemis tinctoria.
gi. {{Anthericum Liliastrum, var. major.
92. t{Asclepias tuberosa.
154. Primula veris superba.
155. Veronica incana.
156. Convallaria majalis.
157. Daphne Cneorum.
158. Myosotis palustris, var. semperflorens.
159. Arabis albida.
160. Ajuga reptans.
161. Armeria maritima, var. splendens.
162. Cerastium tomentosum. .
163. Hiris pumila.

¢ “ce

164. Tunica Saxifraga.
165. Viola cornuta.

166. }{Bellis perennis.
167. Spirea Filipendula.
168. Gypsophila repens.
169, Veronica rupestris,

5 — > cas ee ey

COMMON NAMES COLOR AND PERIOD OF BLOOM HEIGHT IN FEET

“APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT_OCT.

White Balloon-flower- - -----
Cone-flower.-- ----- -----
Rosy Meadow-sweet.- - ~~ ~-
Red-hot-poker Plant.-- -- --
Rose-campion. - - - -- ------
Cillian Iilbyyaseee ee = a= =
Turtle-head.- -----=---—-
Woosestiiless— = = — aia ns =
Rosy Milfoil.- ----—-—--—-
Double Sneezewort.- —- ——-
Golden Marguerite =- - - ~~
St. Bruno’s Lily.- - - — —--
Butterfly-weed.~- ~-~~~-~=

Me HALF SHADE

ae | | SUN

Giant Cowslip-— - - - — -- -
Hoary Speedwell. - - - - - - -.
Lily-of-the-Valley.- — - -- - -
Garland Flower.-— - - --- - - -
Forget-me-not.- - — - -- - -- a
White Rock-cress. - —-— - -- SPREE
Bugle. — - - - ---— ----- SABES |
Wyn = a os Ss Soe
Mouse-eared Chick weed.--— - -
Dwarf Iris.- —- --=- — ——.

Tufted Pansy.-- - - - - --
English Daisy.- - — —-- - -
Dropwort.—- = —=-—-—=— =—"
Gh Pant — == -
Rock Speedwell.— -- - - - --

LATIN NAMES COMMON NAMES COLOR AND PERIOD OF BLOOM 3 5 & HEIGHT IN FEET
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80. Platycodon grandiflorum, var. album. White Balloon-flower.-- - ---- hf 2
81. Rudbeckia speciosa. Cone-flower.-- ----- --- s ——
82. Spirza palmata, var. elegans. Rosy Meadow-sweet.- - - —_—— 4
*83. Tritoma (or Kniphofia) Pfitzeri. Red-hot-poker Plant.-- - ——
84. jAgrostemma Coronaria. Rose-campion. - a re
*85. {{Alstroemeria Chilensis. Chilian Lily.--- --- - =. oo
86. Chelone Lyonii. Turtle-head.- - - ~- -- == ———
87. {{Lysimachia clethroides. Loosestrife. - - - - — — - —-= —
88. Achillea Millefolium, var. roseum. Rosy Milfoil.- -- -- — - [ =a
89. Achillea Ptarmica, var. The Pearl. Double Sneezewort.- —- CC" Dee
go, Anthemis tinctoria. Golden Marguerite -- - - -- im _| a
o1. {tAnthericum Liliastrum, var. major. St. Bruno’s Lily.-- -~—-- —
92. {fAsclepias tuberosa. Butterfly-weed. = = — - ---- la an
93. {Campanula persicifolia. Peach-leaf Campanula-- ; i | Gama LI
94. {Campanula persicifolia, var. alba. White Peach-leaf Campanula fal mame |||
95. Coreopsis lanceolata, var. grandiflora. Coreopsis.~ = = = = =~ et [Sa
96. {Delphinium Sinense. Chinese Larkspur.- ~~ ~~ c | aa
97. {Delphinium Sinense, var. album. White Chinese Larkspur=~ - | cS aa
98. {{Dicentra (or Dielytra) spectabilis. Bleeding Heart. - =----~- CL if
99. Gaillardia grandiflora. Blanket Flower. ae | ee
100. jLobelia cardinalis. Cardinal Flower= ~- - ~~~ ~1 (= [
tor, Phlox suffruticosa, vars. Early flowering Phlox. ~~ ~~ = am [ |
« “
102. Polemonium ceruleum. Jacob's Ladder.- - ------- | a
103. {{Tradescantia Virginiana. Common Spiderwort.- — — -- C7 [Sa
104. Veronica longifolia, var. subsessilis. Spatial] = 2 Ss = SSs=5 Cll —— ae
105. Centaurea montana. Mountain Bluet.---- ---- Co
106. Eupatorium ccelestinum. Mist Flower.--- - ---- im (eee
107. Hypericum Moserianum. St. John’s Wort.------- - | ae aes |
108. (nothera fruticosa, var. Youngii. Evening Primrose. ~-- — 5 fea _
109. Scabiosa Caucasica. Blue-bonnet.= =~ - - im ==
110. {Statice latifolia. Great Sea-lavender.- a TI [eee
111. Aster ptarmicoides. Dwarf Starwort.-—- Sa Tl _——=s
112. {Campanula glomerata. Clustered Bell-flower.--~- — — T ==
113. Chrysanthemum maximum, @enie IDE RR =H SS > = TI [a
114. Funkia subcordata, var. grandiflora. Daylily = (ee
115. Geranium sanguineum. Crane’s-bill.- - aSe5 rr lessen
116. {{Lilium elegans (Thunbergii). Thunberg’s Lily. -- z= = [Eure s
117. }{Lilium tenuifolium. Siberian Coral Lily.--- ~~ - a | a
118. Linum perenne. Hlax.= => > = (co ss
119. Platycodon Mariesi. Dwarf Balloon-flower.- - - ~~ [- | ae
120. Platycodon Mariesi, var. album. White Dwarf Balloon-flower. - [ees as
121. {Primula Japonica. Japanese Primrose.~~ — ~ ~~ - B =a
« “
122. Pyrethrum hybridum, vars. By xe thru ei eee x —_
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123. Sedum spectabile. Showy Sedum.- == - - =~- - a a _|
124. Stokesia cyanea. Stoke’s Aster.--- -- - -- an it
125. jj Lrollius Europeus. Globe-fiower. 1 |_|
126. Anemone sylvestris. Snowdrop Wind-flower— - -- - [ea |r =| CUT CT CL CL CY
127. {tAquilegia cerulea. Rocky Mountain Columbine.- ia ASS —
*128. {Dianthus barbatus, vars. Sweet William.--—- ----- rc es
« « «
129. Funkia undulata, var. variegata. Variegated Day-lily.------- ae —
130. }{Peonia tenuifolia. Fennel-leaved Peony. =| | (=
131. Spirea astilboides, var. floribunda. Meadow-sweet.- -— - = rn Ga
132. }Lychnis Viscaria, var. splendens. German Catchfl - je ml ee
133. 1{Adonis vernalis. Bird’s-eye.— - - - rc =
134. Geum Heldreichii. AV en St fa —
135. Heuchera sanguinea. Coral-bells. - - = [ =a
* i Fh ete fame me em |
136. Papaver nudicaule, vars. Iceland Poppy. Tl (eecamers|
137- Phlox divaricata. Wild Sweet William.-—- -—- —_
138. Polemonium humile, var. Richardsoni. Dwarf Jacob’s Ladder.-- - - - ma |_|
139. Alyssum saxatile, var. compactum. Rock Madwort.- - - - —--- =|
140. Callirhoe involucrata. Poppy Mallow. -- - - -- -- ee
141. }Campanuta rotundifolia. Blue-bells of Scotland. - ——-- ome |
142. Iberis sempervirens. Hardy Candytuft.- ------
143. {Achillea tomentosa. Wooly Yarrow. - - ——- -—- aa |
144. Aster alpinus. Dwarf aster. oe |
145. Campanula Carpatica. Carpathian Hare-bell.——
146. Campanula Carpatica, var. alba. White Carpathian Hare-bell.--
147. Dianthus latifolius, var. atrococcineus. Carnation.

148. Dianthus plumarius, vars. Scotch Pink.- - - - - --- -
« «

149. Gnothera Missouriensis (or macrocarpa). Evening Primrose. - — —— — -

150. Phlox subulata, vars. Mountain Pink. ------- --
« “ «

151. Plumbago Larpente. Lead-wort. - — = — — = --— : |

152. Primula Sieboldii. Siebold’s Primrose. - -— - - --
‘ «

153. Primula Polyantha. Polyanthus— - -- - - - ---
« «

154. Primula veris superba. Giant Cowslip-— - - - - - - -

155. Veronica incana, Hoary Speedwell. - - = -

156. Convallaria majalis. Lily-of-the-Valley.- -

157. Daphne Cneorum. Garland Flower. — -

158. Myosotis palustris, var. semperflorens. Forget-me-not.- — — - -— - --

159. Arabis albida. White Rock-cress. - —- — - --

160. Ajuga reptans. Bugle. - - - - --------

161. Armeria maritima, var. splendens. Thrift.- - - - - - - ----

162. Cerastium tomentosum. "2 Mouse-eared Chickweed.-—- -

163. ffltis pumila, Dwarf Ins.- -- -- -- — --+

164. Tunica Saxifraga. ina, == >Sss= S552

165. Viola cornuta. Tufted Pansy.-- - - - -

166. {{Bellis perennis. English Daisy.- - - —-- - -

167. Spir@a Filipendula. Dropwort.- - - -- - - - -

168. Gypsophila repens. Chalk Plant.—- =e

169, Veronica rupestris. Rock Speedwell.——-- - -

* Not strictly a perennial. + Holds presentable foliage after blooming. {} Foliage disappears or becomes unsightly after plant blooms.
\ =

THE GARDEN
BLUEBOOK

A Manual of the

Perennial Garden

By
LEICESTER BODINE HOLLAND

{ILLUSTRATED

GARDEN City New York

DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
MCMXV

translation into foreign languages,
including the Scandinavian

NOY 2 1915

©ciA416431

ry
\

To My SisTER
LUC
Anp Her GarDEN
By THE SEA

THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

INTRODUCTORY

66 OW there are Ornaments also without, as Gardens, Fountains,
Groves, Conservatories of rare Beasts, Birds, and Fishes.
Of which ignobler kind of creatures, we ought not (Saith our
greatest Master among the Sons of Nature*) childishly to despise the
Contemplation; for in all things that are natural, there is ever something
that 1s admirable. Of these external delights a word or two.

“First, I must note a certain contrariety between building and gar-
dening: For as Fabricks should be regular, so Gardens should be irregular,
or at least cast into a very wild Regularity.”

So writes the gentle knight, Sir Henry Wotton, in his little treatise on
the Elements of Architecture, and so must we conceive our gardens of to-
day; to have them share in the quiet dignity and quaint charm of those
“various entertainments of his scent and sight”? which delighted him in his
seventeenth century England.

“Cast into a wild Regularity,” there is the problem of garden composi-
tion. And indeed it is a problem, for the garden must be a bouquet, not
like those the children pick, unchosen flowers massed as they come, leaf-
less and choking in the little hand, but thoughtfully and graciously ar-
ranged with choice of color and plant form well studied, and here and there,
between and behind the brilliant blossoms, strong clumps and masses of
foliage to rest the eye and give a setting to our garden pictures.

Many books have been written on color in the flower garden, but few,
if any, on foliage in the flower garden, and to my mind that is almost half
the battle. Fill the herbaceous border to a third or almost a half of its
area with shrubs—Spiraza, Deutzia, bush Honeysuckle, Azalea, Kerria,
etc., or even Barberry or Privet—and with perennials that hold fine solid
clumps of foliage throughout the year, such as Peonies or Dictamnus; and
if these be arranged to give a pleasing silhouette and to group well in their
“wild regularity,” you may fil the other space with Petunias and Scarlet

*Aristotle lib. 1 cap. 5.

2 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

Sage, or what you will, still you will find it very hard to spoil the picture.
And on the other hand, the choicest flower composition that you can de-
vise will profit all the more by the space and background of green that you
give to it.

But though the background be one half the garden composition it is
by far the easiest half; for all or almost all we have to consider there is
size and shape. Color and texture of foliage is of secondary importance,
and all these factors are practically constant throughout the year, while
blossoming may almost be ignored; whereas in the floral half of our com-
position we have constantly to consider factors of color and height, which
change with every week from early spring to fall. A spot that is mag-
nificent in July may be a desert in August unless the garden is wisely
planned. In this I am assuming, of course, that our garden is one of per-
ennials or at least is chiefly such, annuals being used only here and there
to fillin gaps where, as it were, our plants have played us tricks, for the
perennial garden besides being the most enduring and, when once estab-
lished, the cheapest and easiest to tend, is also the most symphonic, if I
may use the term, in that its harmony is not constant, but resolves con-
tinually from one color picture to another in a melody of bloom.

To compose a symphony one must carry in one’s mind the qualities
and possibilities of all the instruments in the orchestra, and to compose
a garden symphony one should be able to say just what plants will be
blooming at each point in the summer’s progress and what the height
and color of each will be. It may be possible to do this in one’s
mind, but certainly not without years of intimate experience in garden
tending; and for us, laymen, who wish to devise each his own personal
symphony, it is hopeless; and so we have recourse to flower lists which
tell us what there is that is white, which blooms in June, and so on;
and mostly we pore over the catalogues of nurserymen, hunting for the
note which will complete the particular harmony our imagination pictures.

As an aid to arranging flower harmonies and flower sequences the
accompanying charts (see inserts, front cover) have been prepared.
They do not by any means include all the herbaceous perennials that
are good, nor should all those here given be used in any one garden. Asa
matter of fact, it is hard to have too few varieties in a border. So
- long as the bloom is continuous and the harmonies good, the fewer the
kinds and the larger the masses the better. A natural spirit of curiosity
and that collector's mania which we all possess is only too apt to make
our beds herbaria rather than gardens. But there are a great many

INTRODUCTORY 3

good harmonies possible, and different situations call for different plants
to fit them, so besides those which are preéminently the garden favorites,
many other well-deserving plants have been included, to supply, if
possible, some capable candidate to fill each particular vacancy that may

arise.
HOW TO USE THE CHARTS

In arranging the charts the plants have been placed in the order
of their heights, beginning with the tallest, for this is the first quality
that concerns us in our garden pictures. If we want something for the
back of the border we use the top part of the list; if something for an edg-
ing, the bottom end. ‘The last column to the right indicates by the length
of the black bars the average heights of the various plants. Of course,
this is necessarily only an approximation, for the height of any plant will
vary, with a range of two or more feet for the taller ones, according to the
soil and situation; and even the same individual specimen may change
considerably from year to year. But in any case the order of height here
given will be always very nearly the same, and that is the thing that
most concerns us.

Next in order of importance come color and the season of bloom, and
these will be found indicated in the columns of colored bars on the green
background. Here also there is of necessity an approximation, the dif-
ferent flowers on the same plant may vary perceptibly in color, and
many flowers comprise several colors within themselves. The ordinary
Daisy, for example, is both white and yellow, but at a little distance the
white so predominates that the yellow centre is lost. Therefore the color
given on the chart is the color which a mass of each flower in question will
usually present when seen from a little distance. Some of the color
patches are graded, ranging, say, from pink to white and then to blue;
this signifies that that particular flower can be had in any one of the tints
included in that color scale. As for the period of bloom given, that is
calculated for the neighborhood of Philadelphia, latitude 40 degrees
north, and, roughly, the season for any point of the Atlantic States may be
calculated by pushing it back six days for each degree farther north or
forward for each one farther south. Thus New York City would be about
five and Boston fifteen days later, and Washington about a week earlier.
In any locality, however, the sequence and approximately the length of
bloom here given will hold good, and that again is the important thing.

Now suppose our garden picture should require a plant of medium
height blooming late in July and blue in color. The column headed

4 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

JULY will give us all the plants blooming in that month; that section
of it between four and two feet high will include all those of medium
height and we find at once that No. 79, Platycodon, is the only one that will
answer. Having found our plant, we move to the nght to those columns
between the season and height columns, and here we will find indicated
by the presence or absence of a black spot whether our plant will grow
well in sun, partial shade, or shade, or in two or more such situations; and
whether it is fragrant or not.

Now while all the plants given can be grown in the ordinary border
with little trouble, some are so constituted that they will thrive in sand
and drought (though presumably doing better under kinder circum-
stances), and others do not mind how wet their roots may be. ‘These
are marked under the headings DRY and WET and by running down
these columns you can find at once all the plants suitable for naturalizing
on dry banks or by the water side, but also remember they do not abso-
lutely demand these situations. Lastly, we have a column indicating
which of our plants are suitable also for the rock garden.

When all this is done and we know that we have something that fits
all our requirements we look to the left, and there we find the names of

this something.
CONCERNING NAMES

I might almost say that the names, too, are approximate only. The
English names are often legion as can be seen under the individual de-
scriptions of the plants in the text of this book, and as but one could be
given for each plant it had to be the one “approximately”? most used.
The same is true to a less extent of the Latin names, for the botanists
have wrangled considerably over what to call some of these friends of ours,
and even when they agree we frequently find that the nurserymen com-
monly use a name quite different. So when there has been much diver-
gence of opinion, that form of the name most in common usage has been
chosen. In several cases it is not botanically correct, but it will help us to
find our candidate in the catalogues, and that, for the third time, is the im-
portant thing. The most approved botanical name, where not the one used
in the chart, will be found indicated by an asterisk in the text descriptions.

THE SIGNS USED

If in front of the Latin name a little dagger be found, it means that the
plant in question will hold its foliage and be quite presentable after bloom-
ing, but it will count as a mass of green of considerably less height than

INTRODUCTORY 5

when in bloom. If two daggers be found, it means either that the plant
dies to the ground after blooming or that its foliage becomes unsightly;
in any case that the plant or the spot it occupied must be concealed by
something else planted in front. While those lucky ones which are free
from daggers may be relied upon to form presentable masses of green of
nearly the full flowering height throughout the season. Lastly, in some
cases an asterisk is placed in front of the number attached to the plant.
This indicates that the plant in question is not strictly a hardy perennial.
Thus: No. 1, Althzea; No. 31 and No. 32, Anchusa; No. 40, Digitalis pur-
purea; No. 127, Aquilegia cerulea; No. 128, Dianthus barbatus; and No.
136, Papaver nudicaule, while technically all perennials rarely live or do
well for more than two seasons. Althza, Digitalis, and Dianthus, how-
ever, self-sow so readily that, unless one is particular about the color of the
flowers, they may be relied upon to propagate themselves. No. 44, Cam-
panula Mediun,, is always a biennial, and must be resown each year to pro-
vide yearly bloom. It is the only plant included which has no technical
right in the list, but is so popular and valuable that an exception was made
inits case. No. 40, Lilium auratum, is a hardy perennial but the bulb is
short-lived and usually dies out in twoorthree years. No.55, Montbretia,
No. 83, Tritomia, and No. 85, Alstroemeria, are hardy perennials south of
Philadelphia if given protection in winter, but in colder climates must be
treated like Dahlias, lifted and wintered indoors.

The Latin names are the guides by which, having located a plant of
the desired characteristics on the charts, we may refer to the text for sup-
plementary information as to its habit in flower and foliage etc., with
notes on its culture and propagation. These text descriptions are ar-
ranged in the alphabetical order of the Latin names, the numbers ap-
pended being for reference from the text to the chart.

DESIGNING THE GARDEN

Having now at our fingers’ ends this knowledge of our instrumental
possibilities, let us see what is the best way to go about building up the
changing harmonies of our garden plan. Individual tastes and fancies
enter naturally into any artistic work, and probably nowhere do they
make themselves so strongly felt asin garden planning. This is altogether
as it should be, for in some ways the garden is a more intimate and personal
thing even than the house itself. In a great many cases it is planned, and
to a large extent executed and tended, by the owner himself or perhaps
more often by the owner herself; whereas, with the house, its con-

6 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

ception, execution, and maintenance depend almost wholly on the ideas
and abilities of architects, builders, plumbers, paperers, and a whole world
of necessary outsiders. But unless we are proven artists of great ability
we will do well to guide these tastes and fancies of ours by certain rules
which the professional artists have proclaimed, and we will do well also to
remember that experience often teaches ways of attacking problems which
are much easier, though often quite different, from the instinctive ways.

In all forms of artistic composition this is the first and greatest rule:
Consider the composition as a whole to begin with, and do not concern
yourself with details, until the large masses have been completely and sat-
isfactorily arranged. In gardening this rule runs counter to most natural
tendencies; we are much more apt to be interested in some particular
flower that we love, than in questions of mass and grouping; some of us
even go so far as to be more interested in the literary associations of the
names than in the actual flowers. But if we are to achieve a really artistic
result, we must sternly suppress these natural tendencies until the serious
business of large composition is settled.

This applies to any border larger than the very smallest, for if it be
too small for anything over four feet high it may still be large enough for
Azaleas and Peonies, and even the difference in mass between Gypsophila
and Platycodon is important, if the latter be the most massive plant of
our assortment. If, therefore, we were laying out grounds of considerable
size, I would say, first, plant the trees, then the shrubs, then the perennials,
and lastly, bulbs, bedding plants, and annuals. Do not merely plan all
these and then start by planting perennials, but actually plant them in the
given order. If funds will not warrant putting in trees and perennials the
same year, do without the perennials. For, in the first place, the trees grow
so much more slowly that they need the head start; in the second place,
if they are not put in at the beginning, one thing and another may delay
their planting from year to year, the composition all this while suffering
for lack of what should have been its dominant note; and in the third
place, every plan will require certain changes as it 1s developed, and if the
perennials are planted first the location of the trees will probably be
changed to suit the flowers, instead of the other way around; with a final
result quite different, and probably very much inferior, to what was orig-
inally intended.

A SAMPLE PLAN

To exemplify these principles in detail, suppose we have a garden to be
planted. We will leave aside all consideration of trees, assuming that part

INTRODUCTORY Ti

of the plan to have been settled, and study solely the composition of the
hardy herbaceous border, which is the immediate subject of this book.
Let us assume that our border is six feet wide, with access from one side
only. It might be eight or ten feet wide if it could be reached from both
sides, or it might be as narrow as four feet (less than that is hardly sufh-
cient for perennials), but six feet isa good average. Wewill also assume that
this border is fairly long, but for our purposes we will only consider a stretch
of twenty feet, remembering, however, that it continues on at each end.

eae eT ett
| Pm ee a eee
mi Af ea
Ja Ee

(me
Se Ee
mmm eee ee

Fig. 1

The first thing to do is to get some “cross-section” paper, conveni-
ently divided off into little squares; these we can call any size we like.
In the accompanying sketches they are supposed to be one foot each
way. Now having laid off our plot we proceed to plant the “big
things” first. We will put down “Shrub A” and “Evergreen B” and
two Peonies “A & B” grouped in a “wild regularity,’ and we will
arrange them so that in elevation, as seen in the upper drawing, they

8 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

will form a pleasing mass composition (see above). Just what “Shrub
A” and “Evergreen B” are does not concern us at present; all we are
interested in is their size and shape, which we know will be constant
throughout the season. A few evergreens, whether flowering or not, are
invaluable in a border, aside from the solidity of their foliage, on account
of their beauty in winter when the rest of the garden is waste. There is
about them that air of enduring permanency in the ebb and flow of the
flower tides which our imagination craves, and by this contrast they satisfy
our artistic sensibilities. [he Peonies also we locate now, for their hand-
some deep green foliage provides constant solid masses throughout the
summer, and as our planning proceeds they can be changed to Dictamnus
if it is found desirable when the question of their bloom is considered. We
have already occupied about a third of our planting space with foliage, but
quite aside from the fact that there are few perennials so beautiful
in bloom and easy of culture as Peonies, the space could in no way be
better used than for this rich setting of green.

After the shrubbery, the next thing is to consider those plants which,
though not constant throughout the year, are biggest; obviously these are
the tall perennials which are to be placed at the back of the border. Of
these we will put in one patch of Hollyhocks (Althaa rosea) and two of
Larkspur (Delphinium). The Delphinium in the central patch will grade
in height by planting Delphinium Belladonna (No. 47 on the chart) at
one end toward the front and at the other and behind, the taller Hybrids
(No. 1o0n the chart). All the varieties of Delphinium combine beautifully
in color, and the varying shades of blue and violet in such a combination
give much greater brilliancy than a solid mass of a single variety would.
Of course the Althza and Delphinium will not be in the height of their
glory at the same time, but as we will want each in its due season we will
locate them now to be sure that they are there when the proper times come.

So much for our background; now let us consider month by month
the changing pictures that we are to construct within and against
this setting. At this point it is necessary to combat another natural
tendency. Naturally one thinks of a garden first as it will be in
early spring, then as it will develop through the summer and on to the
coming of frost; but if we reverse this course and consider our garden
first in fall and last in spring, we will arrive much more easily at our final
plan. For a glance at the charts will show that flowers over four feet high
are extremely rare before July, while almost everything that blooms in
May or earlier is less than a foot and a half in height. Consequently if

INTRODUCTORY 9

we are to locate the tall plants first we must start with the fall and work
forward. Another good reason for this method is that while many plants
become unsightly after their season is past, all of them are presentable
up to their time of bloom. So we can be assured that every late-blooming
plant we place will present a spot of green throughout the season.

To begin then with October. The splendor of the late fall garden lies,
as every one knows, in the Asters and the Chrysanthemums, so we will
start with a sufficient quantity of these to form a good October composi-

tion. The Delphinium may be blooming sparsely then, as it often does,
sO we oe ee the blue-violet New England Aster (No. 20) to go with
it, and our Chrysanthemums shall be yellow and bronze. The tall Asters
are rather thin and scrawny in their lower stems, so we will tuck them in
behind Peony “A” which will partially screenthem. One patch of Chrys-
anthemums we will place where their handsome foliage will hide the
Delphinium when it is cut down after its first bloom, and another will
serve to shield the lower leaves of the Althzea, often brown and withered

10 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

from fungus disease. This gives us the composition in blue, violet, and
gold, indicated by the sketch for October, and few gardens can show a
better display at a time when frost is in the air.

Next for September. The chart shows us that of those plants al-
ready located, the Asters will be blooming throughout this month, while
the Delphinium will give its second crop in the first half and the Chrysan-
themums will come into bloom toward the latter half of the month; there-
fore we will draw these in, marking the Asters strongly in elevation and

LENS

as a Ne eer
edn E- a2 or ae
ae eae Pa
poate ee dae ae

OEE a eae Sear ae

the others more lightly. Obviously this is not enough for our September
picture, so to replace the gold provided in October by the Chrysanthe-
mums we will put in a tall yellow clump between the Delphinium and
the evergreen. Running down the chart under the heading September,
we find No. 16, Helenium autumnale,* var. superbus. This will do
admirably, and to give a dash of emphasis, we will put in front a couple
of bulbs of No. 5, Lilium Henryi, through whose tall orange pyramids of

INTRODUCTORY Il

flowers the Helenium will show beautifully. In front of the Chrysanthe-
mum we might put something blue or something white. White is especi-
ally grateful in August, which we will have to consider next, and white will
help us to resolve our harmony from one of blue and gold into one of other
colors. So looking down the list of plants under two and a half feet high—
the height of the Chrysanthemums—we find that No. 89, Achillea; No. tor,
Phlox suffruticosa; No. 120, Dwarf Platycodon; and No. 146 Campanula
carpatica are all white and bloom in August and September. ‘The first
two are rather high and the last one rather low, so we will choose the
Platycodon, a most delightful flower, as its picture will prove to you
if you are not already acquainted. The other whites we can use, too,
to good advantage, so we will put the Phlox—the white variety Miss
Lingard is one of the finest of all the Phloxes—around Peony “B,”
and the evergreen where it will not overlap anything, and the little
Campanula carpatica where its dainty bells will grace the front, at the
left hand of our composition. This gives enough for our September
picture; white in the foreground, brilliant orange and yellow in the centre,
with a suggestion of violet and blue showing toward the back. Miss
Lingard, the chart says, will be blooming also in October, but her white
blossoms will not harm the late fall picture in the least, and, rather, will
fill up the composition on the right-hand side.

For August the chart shows us that of those we have already planted,
the Althzea, the Campanula, the Platycodon, the Helenium, and the Lilium
Henryi will all be in bloom throughout the month, with the Phlox pro-
ducing its second crop of flowers toward the end of this period. Yellow
and white are our colors. The Hollyhocks we might make also yellow,
but to lead up to a change in harmony let us plant them in shades of red
and pink, and put in front a patch of the pink Physostegia, leading down
to the little white Hairbells in the foreground. To balance this pink tone
another patch of pink in the foreground to the right would be desirable.
The chart gives for low-growing pink or red flowers blooming in August, No.
135, Heuchera; No. 140, Callirhoé; and No. 164, Tunica. The Callirhoe
continues into September and October, which is not altogether desirable,
while the others lead us toward the spring, so either of these would be
more suitable than the Callirhoé. In fact, either would be altogether
suitable, but since we have to make a choice, suppose we decide on the
Heuchera. That then will fill our composition for August.

July is of all the months the season of greatest bloom. The chart
shows us that we have already on our plan the Althza, Physostegia, and

12 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

Campanula to the right, in shades of pink and white; in the centre the white
Platycodon with the blue Delphinium behind it in its fullest glory at the
beginning of the month; and to the left the coral Heuchera, with Delphin-
ium and white Phlox also behind it at the beginning, though toward the end
of the month the Heuchera will standalone. To fill this hole we need some-
thing of middle height that will harmonize with both coral and blue.
Something white would do, but better still will be the graceful pale buff
spikes of the Digitalis ambigua, No. 73, so that is what we will use here.

Me iat i

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Why
ASH

4
ZL, \ ZV LL
y Z A J™
See
Be ve Za sigue
LA 44 anys
LLL E.
meee

As far as quantity of bloom goes we do not need anything more for

July, but the three groups do not seem very well knit together. Suppose,
therefore, we put a spot of something in front of Shrub “A” and another
spot toward the front of Peony “B.” White or pink these should be, and
from two to three feet high. The chart shows us half a dozen or more
things that we might use, and of these we will choose for the left-hand spot
a clump of Japanese Iris (No. 51) which will give a strong vertical accent,

INTRODUCTORY 13

and for the other one, white peach-leaf Campanula (No. 94), the slender
stems of which will not conceal the Platycodon behind, and with which its
dainty white bells will accord very well. The Iris might be white also,
for there are Japanese Irises, as the chart shows, which are practically
white, but for a combination with the pink behind it and the two whites
on either side of it, one of the deep wine-colored forms would probably be
more effective; so we will decide on such a one. Our composition now
consists of shades of rose and red to the left, changing through deep pur-

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“an wo

JULY— PLAN AND ELEVATION.

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ek jee
Sean Gale

Sea ees

ple-claret to blue and white in the middle, and this again is toned to the
right hand by buff and a touch of coral.

June shows in bloom the Digitalis, Heuchera, and Phlox subulata
on the left, throughout the month; the peach-leaf Campanula in the
centre for all but the first week, and the Delphiniums, Iris, and Cam-
panula carpatica for the latter half. This would leave the centre and
left-hand side of our section of border quite bare of bloom in the first half of

14 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

the month were it not for the Peonies, which, commencing in May, con-
tinue until the Iris and Delphinium are well started. And though numer-
ically the number of plants in bloom may seem small even with this rein-
forcement, yet such is the magnificence of the Peonies that two good
plants alone would be sufficient to make beautiful many feet of garden
border. So having only a little space along the front unplanted, which
we will probably need for May flowers, we will be satisfied with what we
already have for June. What color our Peonies are to be is yet unde-

a ALIX

Si,

EA beatecte tae
Hee CERT
OC eae ea
(RS hadad [| lak EK a
gee CEE ere

cided. I would suggest a rose pink for Peony “A” to blend with our
deep claret Iris, and a rather strong red for Peony “B” to give weight to
the white which surrounds it. The following pages will tell us what
varieties will furnish these colors.

In May the Peonies do not commence until about the third week
and none of the other things we have planted will be blooming at all,
sO we must at once fill in what space is still left to us. This seems to

INTRODUCTORY 15

divide into three spots, all right along the front, which are therefore es-
pecially suited for plants a foot or less high. Fortunately almost all
our May flowers come with this limit, so we have a considerable choice.
If we decide to put in plants that will bloom in April also, as would seem
wise, we narrow our choice, but there are still left plenty to fill our needs.
The left-hand spot, closed in as it is by the Iris, by shrub “A,” and by
Peony “A,” seems ideally suited for Primroses, and though these do not
bloom through all of May they will last almost until Peony time. Siebold’s

MAY.~ PLAN AND ELEVATION.

eS OS
Bea LLL ere
1222S a ae
me tee
Bo Sted CR Ee

BEEP ON 92790027 wae

or the Polyantha Primrose may be used (No. 152, No. 153) or the splendid
new hybrid, Veris superba (No. 154). If we should fill the other spaces
with dwarf Phlox (No. 150) or dwarf Iris (No. 103), both violet, one of the
yellow forms would be best here; but as neither the Phlox nor the Iris last

till the end of May, let us use Primula Sieboldii to give our lavender in
this spot, and fill the other spaces with Arabis (No. 159) and Alyssum
(No. 139); white and yellow. Lavender, yellow, and white then along the

16 THE GARDEN BLUEBOOK

front row, with the pink and red Peonies coming in when the lavender
is gone, is the composition of our May garden and, with the exception of
the Peonies, of our April garden also.

One last thing we have to decide, and that is the nature of Shrub
“A”. What it is to be depends on when we will most need its bloom.
Obviously May is this time, unless we are especially anxious to start
off with a rush in April. There are several May blooming shrubs which
would answer, and of these I choose the low-growing Mock Orange
(Philadelphus Lemoinei), though Deutzia would serve equally well, and
the beautiful bush rose, Mme. Georges Bruant, though commencing a little
later, would give us white fragrant flowers until frost.

So then, as we have planned it, this little strip of border will furnish us
the whole summer long, from May-day almost to Thanksgiving, with a rich
display of bloom, constantly changing as the seasons pass—in mass, in
color, and in form of flowers—but always complete and harmonious. And
the best of it is, these plants are all perfectly hardy and year after year
will greet us in their due order without any other service on our part than
the cultivating, spraying and mulching, and occasional dividing which all
gardens demand.

Of course this particular scheme could be varied in a great many ways.
This is where individual taste and fancy come in. For example: sup-
pose instead of Peony “B”’ we should decide to put in a plant of Dictam-
nus (No. 72), white, then; as this blooms in June and July the patch of
Campanula persicifolia in front is obviously unnecessary and its place
may be given to something which will help our early spring compositions.
This latter must not make a high foliage growth and yet should cover the
ground fairly well after its bloom is past, and it would also be well if it
were a little higher than our edging plants. To all these requirements
Anemone sylvestris (No. 126) answers perfectly; so with these two we have
rearranged our pictures for April, May, June, and July, and in this way we
might continue almost indefinitely. The great thing in any planning is to
proceed in an orderly manner and to make each picture satisfactory be-
fore we proceed to the next.

After our planning is all done and the garden planted we will find in
the course of the year, especially at first when our plants have not grown
to full size, many spots, that may be wisely embellished with occa-
sional annuals set in and taken out as occasion offers, and also many spots
under shrubbery and among edgings where perennial bulbs may flaunt
their dainty flowers to welcome the coming of the first spring days. But

INTRODUCTORY 17

‘

all that is another matter and like the “‘nicknacks and drapes” about the
house, must wait till the house is built and furnished before we consider
them.

Lastly there is one more suggestion from the “curious Pencil of the
Ever Memorable Sir Henry,” which I wish to include. “Though other
Countries,” says he, ‘““have more benefit of Sun than we, and thereby more
properly tied to contemplate this delight; yet have I seen in our own, a
delicate and diligent curiosity, surely without parallel among foreign Na-
tions; Namely, in the Garden of Sir Henry Fanshaw, at his Seat in Ware
Park; where, | well remember, he did so precisely examine the tinctures
and seasons of his flowers, that in their settings the inwardest of those
which were to come up at the same time should be always a little darker
than the outmost, and so serve them for a kind of gentle shadow, like a
piece, not of Nature, but of Art. So much of Gardens.”

INDIVIDUAL PLANT RECORDS

Unfortunately for the accuracy of such a book as this, the behavior
of plants varies very much in different soils and localities and in different
years, so to enable the garden enthusiast to correct and adjust to his
particular vine and fig tree the data given, the blank forms on the left-
hand pages have been introduced. The idea is that by writing in for
several years the behavior of the plants described on the pages opposite,
giving under each month the height, condition of foliage, beginning and
ending of blooming season, etc., with notes at the bottom as to whether
these years were wet or dry or hot or cold, very accurate judgments may
be formed as to what can be expected of each plant in the soil and local-
ity in question, and what treatment, therefore, will produce the best re-
sults. The tables at the bottom of the left-hand pages are to permit
the addition of plants not included in the book; for many of us have pet
varieties and special hobbies which could not be included in a limited selec-
tion such as this must necessarily be. These favorites should have their
descriptions and requirements placed under the appropriate headings, on
the pages opposite those to which their Latin names come nearest in alpha-
betical order.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

ACHILLEA

(Named for the Greek hero Achilles, who is said to have used it to heal Telephus)

Composite
17. Achilléa Eupatorium (4. filipendulina)

EnciisH Name: Fern-leaved yarrow.

THE ORIENT JULY

ARGE, slightly convex heads often five inches across, of tiny clear
yellow flowers, carried on erect stems four or five feet high; foliage
fernlike and rather inconspicuous. Of rather coarse and weedy ap-
pearance, and not suit-
able for planting in small
gardens, but forming con-
spicuous masses of a
beautiful brilliant lemon
yellow which cannot be
obtained with any other
plant. Excellent, there-
fore, for garden compo-
sitions on a large scale or
for naturalizing against
shrubbery or in barren
places.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any soil; prefers dry,
sunny places; usually re-
quires staking.

Propagate by cut-
tings, seeds, or chiefly by
division in spring.

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Propagation

ACHILLEA

(Named for the Greek hero Achilles, who is said to have used it to heal Telephus)

Composite
88. Achilléa Millefolium, var. roseum

EnciisH Names: Rosy milfoil, Rosy yarrow, Thousand leaf, Thousand-
leaved clover, Nosebleed, Bloodwort, Carpenter’s grass, Sanguinary, Soldier’s
woundwort, Old-man’s pepper.

S. EUROPE, ASIA, N. AMERICA JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

ROAD, flat heads of tiny pink flowers, carried on erect, leafy stems
one to three feet high. Foliage fernlike, dark green, pretty and

persistent, though rather inconspicuous. A plant not often used in
the herbaceous border,
its somewhat unrefined
character, and the fre-
quency with which it is
found in a wild state,
causing it to be gen-
erally classed as a weed.
Properly used, however,
it is effective in the
herbaceous border; and
is good for naturalizing
in front of shrubbery or
in barren places _as it is
not injured by drought.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial, of easiest culture
in any soil, even poor and
dry. Prefers sun.

Propagate by cuttings
or by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

| N2 LATIN NAME
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

ACHILLEA

(Named for the Greek hero Achilles, who is said to have used it to heal Telephus)

Composite
coumAchillca Ptarmica, vary tore pleno, ~ he Pearl):

EncitsH Names: Double Sneezewort, Sneezewort yarrow, White tansy, Goose
tongue, Wild pellitory, Fair Maids of France, Seven-years’ love.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, MID-MAY
TYPE FROM N. TEMPERATE ZONE TO MID-OCTOBER

OUBLE flowers in small, round, snow-white balls, profusely borne

on branching leafy stems, forming a mass of bloom one to two feet
high. Foliage small and narrow, persistent, but rather inconspicuous.
Good for the herbaceous
border on account of its
profusion of bloom; and
for naturalizing by the
waterside. Excellent also
forcutting. The flowers
should be picked con-
stantly, for when past
their first bloom they
turn brown and present
an unsightly rusty ap-
pearance.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any good garden soil.
Thrives best in well-
watered rich soil though
it will stand a consider-
able amount of drought.
Prefers sun.

Propagate by cut-
tings or by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

ACHILLEA

(Named for the Greek hero Achilles, who is said to have used it to heal Telephus)

Composite
143. Achilléa tomentosa

EncitsH Names: Woolly yarrow, Woolly milfoil.

THE ORIENT, EUROPE, N. AMERICA JUNE AND JULY

MALL bright yellow flowers borne in clusters on a neat downy mat-

like plant growing eight to ten inches high. Leaves feathery, ever-
green, and very pretty. Excellent as an edging for the herbaceous bor-
der, though perhapseven _ f
better suited to the rock
garden, as its appearance _
suggests a wild flower
rather than a carefully
cultivated garden plant.
Good also for cutting

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any soil, even though
poor and dry. Will
stand drought well and
prefers full sun.

Propagate by cutting,
by seed, or by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season _ Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

ACONITUM

(From akoniion, the Greek name for the plant)

Ranunculacee
18. Aconitum Napéllus (4. pyramidale; A. tairicum)

EnciisuH Names: Aconite, Monk’s hood, Helmet flower, Wolf’s bane, Friar’s
cap, Friar’s cowl, Cuckoo’s cap, Face in hood, Jacob’s chariot, Blue rocket.

EUROPE, ASIA, AND N. AMERICA AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

N ORNAMENTAL plant with large deep purple flowers of a curi-
ous helmet shape, growing in loose spikes on erect stems three to five
feet high. Foliage finely divided, dark and handsome; persistent. Ex-
cellent for the herbaceous
border or for naturalizing
against shrubbery, prefer-
ably with light foliage; but
should never be planted
too near the kitchen gar-
den or children’s garden,
as the root (a globular
tuber), leaves, and flowers
are highly poisonous.
Good also for cutting.

In some localities the
Aconite grows to a height
of seven or more feet
and has to be staked or
treated as a vine; in
others it barely attains a
height of three feet.

A perennial which,
though sometimes slow
in becoming established,
is perfectly hardy when
once it has a firm footing.
Will grow in any garden
soil, but a rich moist soil
is preferable. Thrives in
open sun, but the flowers
will last longer in shady places. Propagate by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Uses

Propagation

ACONITUM

(From akoniten, the Greek name for the plant) S

Ranunculacee

19. Aconitum Napéllus, var. album (4. pyramidale, var. album;
A. tauricum, var. album)

Encuish Names: White monk’s hood, White helmet flower, White wolf’s
bane, White aconite, etc.

EUROPE, ASIA, N. AMERICA

AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

N ORNAMENTAL plant with large, slightly bluish, white flowers of
a curious helmet shape, growing in loose spikes on erect stems three
to five feet high. Foliage finely divided, dark and handsome; persistent.

Excellent for the herba-
ceous border or for natu-
ralizing against shrub-
bery. The root, leaves,
and flowers are highly
poisonous. Good also
for cutting.

In northern localities
the Aconitum grows con-
siderably taller than in
the south.

A perennial which,
though sometimes slowin
becoming established, is
perfectly hardy whenonce
it has a firm footing. Will
grow in any garden soil,
but arich moist oneis pref-
erable. Thrives in open
sun, but flowers will last
longer in shaded places.

Propagate by di-
vision.

Var. bicolor, and var.
versicolor, have large
mixed blue-and-white
flowers and are among

the few flowers of mixed colors which are altogether pleasing.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

ADONIS

(Named for the favorite of Venus in Greek legend, from whose blood the flower is said to have sprung)

Ranunculacee

133. Adonis vernalis (4. apennina; A. Davurica)

Eneiiso Names: Vernal Pheasant’s eye, Spring Adonis, Ox eye, Bird’s eye,

EUROPE

False hellebore.

APRIL THROUGH MAY

ARGE, solitary yellow buttercuplike flowers carried on very leafy
stems about one foot high. Foliage finely cut, in whorls forming
dense tufts. Dies to the ground after blooming. Very lovely both in

delicacy and brillance of
flower and daintiness of
foliage. May be effect-
ively used under shrub-
bery to give color in early
spring in spots which
will later be covered up.
Excellent for the front of
the herbaceous border or
for the rock garden.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in full sun or
half-shade; will grow in
any good soil, but prefers
a light moist earth or
sandy soil, and a shady
situation.

Propagate by seed
sown aS soon as ripe, or
by root division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

AGROSTEMMA

(From the Greek agros, a field, and stemma, a garland)

Caryophyllacee

84. Agrostémma Coronaria (*Lychnis Coronaria; Coronaria

tomentosa)

EnciisH Names: Mullen pink, Dusty miller, Rose Campion, Gardener’s eye.

EUROPE, ASIA

JUNE AND JULY

ARGE circular flowers, an inch and a half across, varying from white
to rich crimson, borne singly on the ends of stems which fork toward
the top of the plant and reach a height of one, to two and one half

feet. The leaves are long
and oval, somewhat like
those of the mullen;
leaves and stems woolly
throughout, of a _ pale
silvery color and_per-
sistent, though after
the blooming season
the plant is considerably
lower than when in
bloom. A common plant
in old gardens and very
effective for herbaceous
borders or for the rock
garden, the flowers, es-
pecially the darker
shades, forming a strik-
ing contrast with the
whitish foliage.

A hardy perennial or
self-sowing biennial of
easiest culture in or-
dinary garden soil.
Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed.

*Name most approved by bo-
tanical authorities.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

(From the Latin a, not, and jugare, to yoke; because the calyx is not bilabiate)
Labiate
160. Ajuga réptans
EnciisH Names: Bugle, Bugle weed, Carpenter’s herb, Middle comfrey,
Middle consound, Sicklewort, Dead man’s bellows, Helfringwort, Wild mint.

~ EUROPE MAY AND EARLY JUNE

UMEROUS small blue flowers carried in erect spikes, from six to
twelve inches high, on creeping leafy stems. Foliage oval and
glossy, forming a dense ground covering. A very fast-spreading creeper
useful for covering shady
slopes.

A hardy perennial of
easiest culture in any
common soil; will grow
in sun or shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Var. rubra. More
commonly cultivated
than the type, on ac-
count of its dark pur-
plish leaves; its flow-
ers are blue like those of
the type.

Var. variegata (shown
in the photograph) has
leaves splashed and edged
with creamy yellow.
Not so good as the type.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)
Uses

Culture

Propagation

ALSTROEMERIA

(Named for Baron Alstrcemer, a friend of Linnzus)

Amaryllidacee
85. Alstrceemeéria chilénsis

EneuisH Names: Chilian lily, Peruvian lily.

CHILE JULY AND AUGUST

LENDER, irregular, lilylike blossoms varying from rose to cream,
carried in a loose spike on somewhat weak, leafy stems about two and a
half feet high. Foliage rather slender and grayish-green, not persistent,
and should be concealed
after the blooming season.
Very effective in the her-
baceous border or against
a background of shrub-
bery. The flowers last
well when cut.

A delicate tuberous-
rooted perennial which
is usually hardy as far
north as Washington,
and with proper treat-
ment seems regularly
to survive the winters
in points farther north.
Should be deeply
planted in a partially
shaded situation. The
best soil is a rather light
compound of vegetable
humus; or decayed cow
or stable manure well
worked into any light,
well-drained soil will
do. Alstroemerias should

be liberally supplied
with water at all times
during growth, and in winter should be covered with leaves to a depth
of eight inches or more. The surest treatment in cold climates is to lift

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

| Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

85. Alstroeméria chilénsis (Continued)

the tuber as soon as the foliage has died down and winter it in any place
free from frost.

The tubers increase rapidly and the plant may be helped by frequent
division. It may also be easily propagated by seed sown in the fall and
well protected in the winter; will bloom the next summer.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

_ Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heighi)

Uses

ALTHAEA

(From the Greek aliheo, to cure)

Malvacee

1. Althaéa rosea

EnciisH Names: Hollyhock, Althea Rose.

CHINA JULY AND AUGUST

ARGE, widely open single or double flowers, five inches across, and
ranging in color from yellow and white through pink and red, almost

to black, on a spirelike stem sometimes over seven feet high. Leaves
large, rough, irregularly
round and wavy edged,
mostly in a clump at the

base of the plant.

An old garden favorite
and unequalled for plant-
ing in rows against walls
or at the back of the her-
baceous border.

A hardy biennial
which self-sows _ so
readily that it is often
considered a_ perennial.
Since the middle of the
last century it has been
subject to a fungous dis-
ease of such virulence that
it has been excluded from
many hardy gardens, and
only now seems to be
coming back into the
favor it deserves.
Thorough spraying early
in the year, especially
of the under side of the
leaves where the dis-
ease appears as small
rust spots, is the only preventive known. Bordeaux mixture may be used
or ammoniacal carbonate of copper, which will not stain the leaves.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

I. Althaéa rosea (Continued) 5

A sunny situation should be chosen and the ground should be deeply
cultivated with a considerable quantity of rotted manure well worked in.
The roots should be covered with manure in the winter, and plenty of
water given in dry weather.

The single-flowered forms are handsomer than the double forms, and
are usually of freer growth. The “Allegheny”? Hollyhocks are a fine
large-flowered strain, both single and double. There is a tendency in the
double forms to be top-heavy, and all forms sometimes require staking.

Propagate by seed (will blossom the second year) or, if free from disease,
from cuttings from offshoots.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET? |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

ALYSSUM

(The classical Greek name, perhaps signifying “curing blindness”)

Cruciferae

139. Alyssum saxatile, var. compactum

Enocutso Names: Rock Madwort, Golden Tuft, Basket of Gold.

EUROPE APRIL AND MAY

MALL, fragrant, golden-yellow flowers in compact clusters profusely
borne on low, leafy, spreading stems, woody at the base, less than a

foot high. Leaves small and rather slender, silvery and persistent, form-

ing a compact spreading
mat. Excellent for edg-
ing the herbaceous border
or for the rock garden, on
account of its neat habit
and the brilliant sheet of
color it forms in early
spring. Good also for
cutting. If the flower
stems are cut back after
blooming, a second crop
of blossoms may be ex-
pected late in the fall or
even after frost.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture,
prefers well-drained soil
and a sunny situation;
succeeds in very dry
places.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

Var. variegatum has
variegated foliage but is
not so good as var. com-
pactum.

“ Ne hen ee
IRSERKER

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |<

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

ANCHUSA

(From the Greek anchousa, the ancient name of the plant and also of a red dye, “Alkanet,” made from the roots)

Boraginacee

31. Anchusa italica, var. Dropmore

EnciisH Names: Bugloss (from Greek, meaning ox tongue), Ox tongue, Alkanet.

SOUTH EUROPE EARLY MAY TO MID-JULY

RUMPET-SHAPED flowers about three quarters of an inch across,

of bright gentian blue in pyramidal spikes formed of many
small flower clusters on short leafy stems, carried on upright, much-
branching leafy stalks,
three to six feet high.
The leaves are rough and
glossy, of a long pointed-
oval shape, sometimes
two feet long at the bot-
tom of the plant, and
become unsightly after
blooming. Without
proper treatment the An-
chusa is only a rough
straggling plant with
small blue blossoms, but
with proper treatment it
becomes a splendid bright
blue pyramid, compara-
ble to the Larkspur in
brilliance, and blooming
continuously for two or
three months if not al-
lowed to seed.

A hardy perennial in
theory; in practice the
fleshy roots become hol-
low as they grow old, fill
with water in winter, and
rot. It is best propa-
gated by root cuttings two or three inches long, which should be started,
right end up, in the cold-frame in October. In the spring the young plants

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

31. Anchusa italica, var. Dropmore (Continued)

should be set out in deep, light, rich soil in a sunny situation, and well
cultivated, giving plenty of water and, occasionally, liquid manure. In
winter they should be mulched and covered with a little cone of earth or
sand to prevent water from standing about the roots.

Anchusaswill bloom the second year and, if not winter-killed, the third
aswell. ‘They rarely give more than two seasons of bloom. They should
be cut to the ground after blooming, fertilized, and liberally watered.
They may also be propagated by seed, though not so rapidly.

Perry’s var. is similar to the Dropmore var. but a little more robust.

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

ANCHUSA

(From the Greek anchousa, the ancient name of the plant and also of a red dye, “alkanet,” made from the roots)

Boraginacee
32. Anchusa italica, var. ““Opal’’

Enc.iisu Names: Bugloss (from Greek, meaning ox tongue), Ox tongue, Alkanet.
SOUTH EUROPE MID-MAY TO MID-JULY

RUMPET-SHAPED flowers about three quarters of an inch across,
of forget-me-not blue, in pyramidal spikes formed of many small

flower clusters on short leafy stems, carried on upright, much-branching,
leafy stalks three to six
feet high. The leaves are
rough and glossy, of a
long-pointed, oval shape,
sometimes two feet long
at the bottomof the plant,
and become unsightly
after blooming. With-
out proper treatment the
Anchusa is only a rough,
straggling plant with
small blue blossoms; but
with proper treatment it
becomes a_ splendid,
bright blue pyramid,
comparable to the Lark-
spur in brilliance, and
blooming continuously
for two or three months
if not allowed to seed.

For cultivation see
preceding page.

Anchusas rarely give
more than two seasons of
bloom. They should be
cut to the ground after
blossoming, fertilized and
liberally watered. Propagate by root, cutting (see preceding page), or
more slowly, by seed.

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @Heighi)

ANEMONE

(The Greek name, anemone, the windflower, from anemos, wind)

60.

Ranunculacee

Anemone japonica

Enciish Name: Japanese windflower.

CHINA, JAPAN

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

EAUTIFUL, delicate single or semi-double flowers, two to three
inches in diameter, pale rose or white with yellow centres, borne on

slender branching stems two or three feet high. The leaves are much

lobed and very decorative,
mostly in clumps at the
base of the plant. Very
handsome in the herba-
ceous border, among
shrubbery, or in clumps
undertrees. The flowers
are excellent for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture, thrives best
in fresh, rather rich sandy
loam, well-drained, but
will do well in any gar-
den soil if not allowed
to suffer from drought
in summer, and if pro-
tected with a light layer
of leavesin winter. Will
grow in full sun, but
prefers a slight amount of
shade. Unlike most per-
ennials, it should not be
disturbed when once es-
tablished.

Propagate by seed or
by root offshoots, best
planted in the spring.

The following varieties are all excellent:
Var. alba. Single, pure white.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

60. Anemone japonica (Continued)

Var. rosea. Single, purplish rose.

Var. rubra. Double, red.

Var. Whirlwind. Semi-double, white.

Var. Queen Charlotte. Semi-double, pale silvery pink.

Var. Lady Ardilaun. Single, pure white, very like var alba in flower,
but having a waxy gloss to the foliage.

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

ANEMONE

(The Greek name, anemone, the windflower, from anemos, wind)

Ranunculacee

126. Anemone sylvéstris

Enciish Name: Snowdrop windflower.

EUROPE, SIBERIA MID-APRIL THROUGH JUNE

ARGE, fragrant, pure

white, waxy, cup-shaped flowers, an inch and

a half across, carried singly or two together on slender, nodding

stems one foot to a foot
Excellent in clumpsin the
herbaceous. border or
under trees, on account
of the delicate beauty of
the flowers. Good also
for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any good
soil. Will grow in sun
or shade though it prefers
shade. In the garden it
produces so many off-
sets that unless these are
removed occasionally the
plant will deteriorate.

Propagate by divi-
sion.

Var. flore-pléeno. A
large double-flowered
variety not so good as
the type.

and a half long. Leaves fine and deeply cut.

CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heichi)

| Uses

Culture :
[Propegation

ANTHEMIS

(From Anthemis the Greek name for the camomile)

go.

Composite

Anthemis tinctoria

EnciisH Names: Golden Marguerite, Rock camomile.

EUROPE

JUNE THROUGH SEPTEMBER

ARGE daisylike golden flowers, one to two inches across, pro-
fusely borne on vigorous bushy stems two to three feet high. Fo-
If planted in fairly large masses it makes a

liage finely cut, fernlike.

fine showing, but should
always be framed by
plants of strong foliage
as its thin stems and
delicate leaves are apt to
appear straggling. Excel-
lent for the herbaceous
border and for cut flowers,
especially useful for rather
dry places.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture;
will thrive in almost any
soil, but needs full ex-
posure to the sun.

Propagate by seed or
division.

A. Kélwayi (or A. tinc-
toria, var. Kélwayt) has
more finely cut foliage,
and flowers of a deeper
yellow. Excellent.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |>

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

ANTHERICUM

(From the Greek anthos, a flower, and erkos, a hedge)

Liliacee

g1. Anthéricum Liliastrum, var. major (*Paradisea Liliastrum,

var. major)

EnciisoH Name: St. Bruno’s lily.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY
TYPE FROM S. EUROPE

EARLY MAY THROUGH JUNE

RAGRANT, white, lilylike flowers tipped with green on the outside,
two inches long and two and a half inches across, borne in loose spikes

on stems two to three feet high. Foliage rushlike; leaves stiff, two feet or

so long, springing from
the root. Charming in
the herbaceous border or
rock garden (as might be
expected from the name,
which signifies “Star-lily
from Paradise’’). Excel-
lent also for cut flowers.

A hardy perennial of
easiest culture, growing
in any garden soil in
sun or shade. Requires
plenty of water when in
bloom, and should have a
covering of leaves or lit-
ter in the winter.

Propagate by seed
or by division.

Whe type, A. Lil-
tastrum, of which var.
major is a horticultural
variety, is similar but
neither so large nor so
floriferous.

*Name most approved by bo-
tanical authorities.

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

AQUILEGIA

(From the Latin aquilegus, water-drawer, not as is commonly said from aguila, eagle)

Ranunculacee
127. Aquilégia cerulea (4. leptocéras; A. macrantha)

Enciish Names: Rocky Mountain columbine, Long-spurred columbine.

ROCKY MOUNTAINS, MONTANA TO N. MEXICO MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE

ARGE sky-blue flowers varying to whitish, two and one half to three
5 inches across, with long, slender, slightly out-curving spurs, tipped
at the end with greenish knobs; carried on branching stems one to one anda
halffeet high. Theleaves
are large and handsome,
divided into three-lobed
leaflets, but do not last
after the blooming season.
Excellent massed in
clumps in the herbaceous
border or rock garden,
and good for cut-
ting.

Theoretically a hardy
perennial, it rarely
blooms more than two
or three seasons and
should be treated as a bi-
ennial. Of easiest culture,
preferring a light sandy
soil, moist but well-
drained, and a sunny
situation.

May be propagated
by seed sown in spring,
but is apt not to come
true to seed if there are
other varieties planted
near, as all Columbines
hybridize very readily.

Var. alba. Similar but entirely white.

Var. flore-pléno. Large and showy flowers, more or less doubled,
not so graceful as the type.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

AQUILEGIA

From the Latin aquilegus, water-drawer, not as is commonly said from agquila, eagle)
q & » €ag

Ranunculacee

38. Aquilégia chrysantha (4. leptocéras, var. chrysantha)

EneiisH Name: Golden-spurred columbine.

N. MEXICO AND ARIZONA

EARLY MAY TO EARLY AUGUST

UMEROUS slightly fragrant, clear yellow flowers, two to three
inches across, with rather straight, very slender divergent spurs
two inches long, carried on graceful branching stems three to four

feet high. Foliage dark
and handsome, divided
into three-lobed leaflets,
and lasting well through-
out the summer. Excel-
lent in the herbaceous
border or rock garden,
and good for cutting.

A hardy perennial, the
most hardy of the Colum-
bines, of easy culture,
preferring a deep, moist,
but well-drained, sandy
loam, in a somewhat shel-
tered situation, but with
plenty of sun.

Propagate by divi-
sion or by seed, sown as
early as possible.

Var. alba. Flowers
very pale yellowor nearly
white.

Var. Jaéschkani. A
smaller plant not ex-
ceeding one and one half
feet high, flowers large,
yellow with red spurs,

thought to be a hybrid of 4. chrysantha and A. Skinneri, hence some-
times called 4. Skinnert, var. hybrida.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

AQUILEGIA

(From the Latin aguilegus, water-drawer, not as is commonly said from agquila, eagle)

Ranunculacgee

68. Aquilégia vulgaris, var. nivia grandiflora
(A. vulgaris, var. alba, A. stellata, A. atrata)

Enciiso Names: Common European columbine, Munstead’s white columbine.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE
TYPE FROM EUROPE AND SIBERIA

PROFUSION of large pure white flowers with stout, much incurved
spurs, knobbed at the end, carried on graceful branching stems from
one and one half to three feet high. Foliage durable and handsome, divided
into three-lobed leaflets,
forming a vigorous plant
of compact habit. Excel-
lent in the herbaceous
border or rock garden,
and good for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture, preferring
a light, fairly rich sandy
loam, moist but well-
drained, a somewhat shel-
tered situation, and plenty
of sun.

Propagate best by
seed.

A. vulgaris, the type
of which 4. vulgaris var.
nivia grandiflora is a
horticultural variety, has
given rise to a host of
varieties and _ hybrids
ranging through many
peculiar shades of pink
and blue. As many of
these are ugly, the white
form is the only one
recommended; it cer-
tainly is the finest.

Var. flére-pléno is a series of much-doubled forms, of a wide range of

color, not so fine as the single forms.
69

«-

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

ARABIS

(From arabis, the Greek name meaning the “Arabian plant”)

Cructfere

15g. Arabis albida (4. caucdsica)

EnciisH Names: White rockcress, White molewort.

EUROPE

APRIL AND MAY

ERY fragrant, pure white flowers, in small loose clusters profusely
borne on stiff, erect, branching, leafless stems six to eight inches
high. Leaves long-oval, scalloped along the edges, and rather thick,

growing close to the
ground at the base of
the flower stalks; persist-
ent. Excellent for
edgings in the herbaceous
border, for rock gardens,
or for covering bare
places or steep banks.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture, thriving even in
poor soil. Requires plenty
of sun.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, and by division.

Var. variegata, a va-
riety with gold and green
variegated foliage.

Var. flore-pléno, dou-
ble flowers.

Neither so good as the

type.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

| Uses

ARMERIA

(An old Latin name)

Plumbaginacee

161. Arméria maritima var. spléndens (4. vulgaris, var. spléndens)

EnciisH Names: Thrift, Sea pink, Cushion pink, Seaside thrift, Sea turf,
Cliff rose, Ladies’ cushion, Sea cushion, Marsh or sea daisy, French or Scawfall
pink, Sea gilliflower, Sea grass.

EUROPE AND N. AMERICA ALONG THE SEACOAST LATE MAY TO MID-JUNE

MALL pink flowers in dense globular heads an inch and a half in
diameter, borne on straight, naked stalks two to twelve inches high.

Foliage in rosettes of narrow evergreen leaves close to the ground.
Blooms profusely and is
excellent for rock gardens
and as an edging for
the herbaceous border,
especially on account of
its low, trim evergreen
foliage.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture even in poor soil.
Will stand a considerable
amount of drought. Pre-
fers well-drained sandy
loam and sun.

Propagate by seed or
division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |°

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

ASCLEPIAS

(From Asklepios, the Greek name for #sculapius, a legendary physician)

Asclepiadacee
g2. Asclépias tuberosa

EnetisH Names: Butterfly weed, Pleurisy root, Canada root, Indian posy,
Orange root, Orange swallow wort, Tuber root, White root, Wind root, Yellow
or orange milkweed.

N. AMERICA MID-JULY TO MID-AUGUST

ARGE, fragrant clusters of brilliant yellow or orange flowers carried
on erect stems two to three feet high. Leaves small, elongated
oval, light in color, and not particularly conspicuous. When in bloom
one of the most gorgeous
flowers in the garden, but
should be cut down or
hidden when bloom is
past. Excellent for the
herbaceous border, for
planting in clumps among
shrubs, and good for cut-
ting.

One of the hardiest
perennials, of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, grows
well in dry banks and
fields in full sun.

Propagate by divi-
sion.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite
144. Aster alpinus

EnciisH Names: Dwarf aster, Alpine aster.

EUROPE EARLY MAY TO MID-JUNE

ARGE, solitary, star-shaped flowers, bluish-purple with yellow centres,
borne on small-leaved stems three to ten inches high. Larger
pointed-oval leaves form handsome clusters on the ground. Excellent
for rock garden or for
edging the herbaceous
border.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture in
any ordinary soil. Will
grow in sun or partial
shade, but should be pro-
tected from very hot sun
in summer.

Propagate by seed,
or generally by divi-
sion.

Var. speciosus. Taller
and stronger than the
type, with large rich pur-
ple flowers three to four
inches across.

Var dlbus. Flowers
pure white.

Var. supérbus. Showy
free-flowering form with
large bright blue flowers.

| OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite
69. Aster grandiflorus

EncuisH Names: Michaelmas daisy, Starwort.

N. AMERICA SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

ARGE, dark bluish-violet starlike flowers, sometimes two inches in
diameter with yellow centres, freely borne on distinctive bushy
plants two or three feet tall. The finest flower of the hardy Asters and
the latest to come into
bloom. Excellent for the
herbaceous border or for
naturalizing among
shrubbery.
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture

in any ordinary soil, even
though poor and dry. It
well repays careful atten-
tion, however, for planted
in good soil and given
plenty of moisture, very
handsome specimen
plants may be developed.
Should have full sun.

Propagate by seed
or by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |>

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite
20. Aster nove-anglie
Enetish Names: New England aster, Michaelmas daisy, Starwort, Frost-

flower, Good-bye-summer.

NEW ENGLAND SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

TAR-SHAPED flowers an inch to an inch and a half in diameter,
of various shades of bluish-violet with yellow centres, covering
much-branching shrubby plants three to five feet high. Foliage coarse
and rather inconspicuous,
especially at the bottom
of the plant, which should
be concealed by one of the
lower-growing varieties.
Striking in the herbaceous
border or among shrub-
Dery.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any ordinary soil,
even though poor and
dry. Responds readily,
however, to good soil and
moisture. Will not en-
dure much shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Var. Wm. Bowman.
Large rosy-purple flow-
ers somewhat taller than
the type. Excellent.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite

21. Aster nove-anglie, var. roseus

Enciiso Names: New England aster, Michaelmas daisy, Starwort, Frost-
flower, Good-bye-summer.

NEW ENGLAND

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

ee... flowers an inch to an inch and a half in diameter, of
clear rose color with yellow centre, covering much-branching shrubby
plants three to five feet high. Foliage coarse and rather inconspicuous,

especially at the bottom
of the plant, which should
be concealed by one of the
lower-growing varieties.
Striking in the herbaceous
border or among shrub-
bery.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any ordinary soil, even
though poor and dry.
Responds readily, how-
ever, to good soil and
moisture. Will not en-
dure much shade.

Ware Mrs. J. F. Ray-
nor, taller than the type,
with vivid crimson flow-
ers.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation |

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite
22. Aster novi-bélgi, var. F. W. Burbidge

EnciisH Names: New York aster, Starwort.

N. AMERICA SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

TAR-SHAPED flowers an inch in diameter, of light pinkish lavender
with yellow or brownish centres, covering much-branching shrubby
plants three to four feet high. Foliage rather inconspicuous but better
than that of the New
England varieties; liable
to mildew in cool damp
weather, but without in-
jurytothe plant. Excel-
lent for the herbaceous
border, especially in front
of the taller-growing
varieties; or for planting

among shrubbery.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any ordinary soil,
respondsreadily, however,
to good soil and moisture.
Prefers full sun. Propa-
gate byseed orby division.

There are many other
excellent named horticul-
tural varieties. Among
the best of the pinkish
shades are:

Var. Colarette. Light
rose-pink, two to three
feet high. Does not
branch so freely as the
foregoing.

Var. Elsie Perry. Small bright rose-pink flowers thickly covering the
plant, about three feet high.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite

23. Aster novi-bélgii, var. Top Sawyer

EnciisH Names: New York aster, Starwort.

N. AMERICA

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

TAR-SHAPED flowers over an inch wide, of clear Parma-violet
blue with yellow or brownish yellow centre, covering much-
branching shrubby plants four to five feet high. Foliage rather in-

conspicuous but better
than that of the New
England varieties; liable
to mildew in cool, damp
weather but without in-
jury to the plant.

Excellent for the her-
baceous border or among
shrubbery.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any ordinary soil, even
though poor and dry.
Responds readily, how-
ever, to good soil and
moisture. Prefers full
sun. Propagate by seed
or by division.

There are many other
excellent named horticul-
tural varieties; among the
best are:

Var. Beauty of Col-
wall. Large semi-double,
blue-lavender _ flowers,
free-branching, upright
habit, about four feet high.

Var. Mrs. D. Evans.

Large, showy azure-blue flowers, in unusually

close formation, about three feet high.
Var. Dwarf White Queen. Large pure white flowers. Plant of fine

habit, about two feet high.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season. Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

| Propagetion |

ASTER

(From the Greek aster, star)

Composite

111. Aster ptarmicoides

EnciisH Names: Bouquet star-flower, Yarrow-leaved starwort.

N. AMERICA

JULY AND AUGUST

MALL pure white star-shaped flowers in great profusion covering a
dwarf plant of neat upright habit one to two feet high. The
individual flowers are not so full or well formed as in some of the other

varieties, but the thick-
ness with which they
cover the plant makes up
for the thinness in detail.
Foliage finely cut and
dainty. Good for the
front of the herbaceous
border or for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture in
any ordinary soil, even
though poor and dry.
Responds readily, how-
ever, to good soil and
moisture. Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

ASTILBE

(From the Greek a, without, and stilbe, brightness)

Saxifragacee

Astilbe Davidii

Enc.iisH Names: False goat’s beard, Chinese astilbe.

CHINA

JULY AND AUGUST

MALL rosy-violet blossoms in long, very showy, feathery clusters,
much like those of the Spirea in form though more lax and reaching a
length of two feet, borne on branching leafy stems from four to seven feet

high. Foliage compound,
like that of a rose, bronzy
when young, turning to a
rich dark green, forming
a very handsome plant.
Striking in the herba-
ceous border or among
shrubbery. Good also for
cutting.

A hardy perennial
of easy culture in any
good garden soil. _‘Pre-
fers half-shade.

Propagate by divi-
sion.

f
h

je} g

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

BAPTISIA

(From the Greek bapio, to dye, referring to the coloring matter in some species)

Leguminose
42. Baptisia australis (B. cerulea; B. exaltata)

EnciisH Names: False indigo, Blue wild indigo, Blue rattle bush.

PENNA. SOUTH TO GA. AND N. C. JUNE

ARGE pea-shaped blue flowers, nearly an inch in length, in long ter-
minal spikes, rising from a bushy plant to a height of three to five
feet. Foliage sea-green, roundish-oval leaves in groups of three. Lasts
in good condition through
August, after which the
foliage blackens. ‘This is
undoubtedly the best
species of Baptisia in
cultivation on account
of its good habit and
showy, well-colored
flowers. An excellent
plant for the herbaceous
border, though it should
always be so placed that
its unsightliness in late
summer will not be notice-
able.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any ordi-
nary soil. Prefers free
exposure to sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

lant @ Foliage (Habit @ Heo)

Uses

BELLIS

(From the low Latin bellus, pretty)

Composite

166. Bellis perénnis

EnciisH Names: English or garden daisy, Dicky daisy, Dog daisy, Childing
daisy, Bairnwort, Bone flower, Bruise wort, Consound, Gowan, Marguerite.

W. EUROPE

APRIL TO EARLY JUNE

OLITARY double daisy flowers, one inch or more across, with white
rays tipped with pink or red, frequently so numerous as to conceal

the yellow centre; on stiff erect stems three to six inches high. Leaves

in a cluster at the base
of the flower stalk, some-
what rough, spatulate,
bright green, and persist-
ent. A favorite plant
for edging the herbaceous
border, often used as a
bedding plant and re-
moved after blooming, as
it is then apt to look
rather unkempt.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture, thrives in
cool, moist, rich soil, and
requires sun. Should be
protected by a light
mulch in winter.

Propagate by seed
sown in the spring or by
division in September.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ete |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

BOCCONIA

(Named for the Sicilian botanist and author Dr. Paolo Boccone—d. 1704)

Papaveracee
2. Bocconia cordata (B. japonica)

EneiisH Names: Plume poppy, Tree celandine.

CHINA, JAPAN JULY

MALL pinkish-white flowers borne in great plumy terminal masses
high above the handsome foliage, on vigorous leafy stems five to
eight feet tall. Leaves large, dull green, heart-shaped, and much lobed,
resembling in texture and
form those of the blood
root; persistent. After
the blooming season the
feathery effect is pre-
served by the terminal
plumes of seeds, quite as
decorative as the flowers.
Excellent for the wild
garden or shrubbery on
account of its strik-
ing sub-tropical effect.
Though extremely effec-
tive also in the back of
large herbaceous borders,
it is there apt to prove
troublesome as it spreads
very rapidly by suckers.
A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest
culture; being a gross
feeder it does best in
very rich soil, but will
grow anywhere. Re-
quires sun.
Propagate by seed,
or usually by suckers,
any one of which, if detached, will make a strong plant in a single season.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common _ Name

Season | Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant G@ Foliage (Habit @Height)

Uses

BOLTONIA

(Named from the English botanist, James Bolton, 18th century)

Compésite
g. Boltonia latisquama

EnctisH Name: False camomile.

KANSAS, MISSOURI LATE JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

ARGE, rosy-lavender, asterlike flowers with yellow centres, carried
in profusion on tall, much-branching leafy stems, from three to six
feet tall. Foliage bright green, pointed-oval, very like that of the Asters,
from which this plant
differs only in technical
characteristics. Very at-
tractive in rough places
or at the back of the
herbaceous’ border,
though it sometimes
proves troublesome there
as it spreads very rapidly.
Excellent also for cutting.
Low-growing Asters,
hardy Chrysanthemums,
or other suitable plants
should always be planted
in front, as the stems
do not branch near the
ground and the lower
part is apt to look bare
and weedy.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any soil, even though
poor and dry, though it
responds readily to good
soil and does well in moist
situations. Prefers sun.

Propagate by division.

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

e (Habit @ Height)

Plant & Foliag

Uses

CALLIRHOE

(The name of several women in Greek mythology)

140.

Malvacee

Callirhoé involucrata

EneiisH Name: Poppy mallow.

MINNESOTA TO TEXAS JULY THROUGH OCTOBER

ARGE, mallowlike flowers varying from rose to cherry-red and
crimson-purple, with white centres, carried nine to twelve inches
above the ground oncreeping stems. Leaves rather large, round in outline,

and palmately divided;
persistent.

Excellent for bare
places and for the rock
garden, and good for the
front of the herbaceous
border.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture, will grow well in
ordinary soil, but does
best in a light rich soil.
Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed,
from which it will blos-
som the first year, also
by cuttings.

Var. lineariloba.
Thrives even in very dry
soil, the roots penetrat-
ing to a great depth.

Ior

NAME |

NOTES ON THE
YEAR‘S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Prop oN ation

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

145.

Campanulacee

Campanula carpatica

Enciish Names: Carpathian harebell, Bellflower.

TRANSYLVANIA

MID-JUNE TO MID-OCTOBER

ARGE, erect, purple-blue cup-shaped flowers an inch and a half
across, carried on delicate branching stems six to twelve inches high.

Leaves pointed-oval, somewhat heart-shaped, with wavy edges, forming

very neat and dainty
clumps; persistent. Un-
excelled for the rock gar-
den or for edging the
herbaceous border, good
also for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture, especially in
the Northern States, in
any rich, well-drained gar-
den soil. Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

Var. turbinata (Tur-
ban bellflower). Dwarfer
and more compact than
the type, with purplish-
blue flowers more bell-
shaped and often two
inches across, larger
leaves, and less erect
habit. Excellent.

103

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Efe |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation te

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

Campanulacee

146. Campanula carpatica, var. alba

EnciisH Names: White Carpathian harebell, Bellflower.

TRANSYLVANIA

MID-JUNE TO MID-OCTOBER

ARGE, erect, white cup-shaped flowers, an inch and a half across,
carried on delicate branching stems, six to twelve inches high.
Leaves pointed-oval, somewhat heart-shaped, with wavy edges, forming

very neat and dainty
clumps; persistent. Un-
excelled for the rock gar-
den or for edging the
herbaceous border, good
also for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture, especially
in the Northern States,
in any rich, well-drained
garden soil. Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

105

OCT.

eee
=
Z 9
648
Se
ee
mee
5 a6
a iS)

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

112.

Campanulacee

Campanula glomerata

Enc.iisH Names: Clustered bellflower, Dane’s blood.

EUROPE, ARMENIA, PERSIA, SIBERIA JUNE AND JULY

URPLISH-BLUE funnel-shaped flowers one inch across in dense
clusters, fifteen to twenty in the terminal heads, fewer in the axillary
ones, on erect stems one to two feet high. Lower leaves rough and hairy,

elongated heart-shaped,
two inches long, upper
ones smaller and nar-
rower. The foliage lasts
well after the blooming
season, though it forms a
plant considerably lower
than when in _ bloom.
Good for the front of the
herbaceous border and for
cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in rich, well-
drained loam. Prefers
sun.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

Var. dahirica. Flowers
larger and bluer than the
type, in clusters three
inches thick. Excellent.

107

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |>

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME _
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

Campanulacee

43. Campanula latifolia, var. macrantha (C. macrantha)

EnciisH Names: Great bellflower, Coventry bells.

CENTRAL EUROPE, PERSIA LATE MAY TO MID-JULY

ARGE, erect, purple or dark blue bell-shaped flowers, two inches or
more long, in a loose spike about eight inches long, of six to fifteen
flowers, borne on stems three to four feet tall. Leaves large, hairy, and
heart-shaped, sometimes
six inches long at the
bottom, smaller and more
pointed higherup. Some-
what rank in growth.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border and for cut-
ting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in rich, well-
drained loam. Prefers
sun.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

109

NOTES ON THE
YEAR‘S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

Campanulacee
44. Campanula Medium

EncuisH Names: Canterbury bells, Marian, Mercury’s violet.

S. EUROPE EARLY JUNE TO MID-JULY

UBULAR bell-shaped flowers one to two inches long, of blue, purple,
pink, or white in a loose-spreading spike, along an erect stem one to
four feet high. Leaves rather small and pointed.

An old garden plant,
and probably the best
known of the Campa-
nulas. Excellent for the
herbaceous border and
for cutting.

Not a perennial, but
a hardy biennal, flowering
the second year from
seed sown in the open.
It may also be treated
as a tender annual, the
seed being sown indoors
in early spring and the
young plants set out in
the first half of May.
These will then flower
well the first year, but are
always better the second
year. Some protection

in winter is necessary.

The best soil is a rich,
well-drained loam, though
any garden soil will do.
Prefers ‘sun.

Var. calycanthema
(cup and saucer, hose-in-
hose). A double form, in which the sepals have grown together form-

ing a saucer similar in color and texture to the corolla, unusually inter-

esting and attractive, and more popular though not so graceful as the type.
Tit

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET’ |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Uses

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

Campanulacee
93. Campanula persicifolia
EnctiisH Names: Peach-leaf campanula, Peach bells.
CENTRAL AND N. EUROPE EARLY JUNE TO EARLY JULY

ANY large purplish-blue cup-shaped flowers, often an inch and a
half long and two inches broad, ranging along erect stems two to
three feet high, and borne above a tuft of pretty, narrow-toothed leaves
resembling those of the
peach in form and size.
Probably the greatest
fovorite among the Cam-
panulas, very graceful in
groups in the herbaceous
border, or against shrub-
bery, and good for cut-
ting. If cut back it will
blossom a second time.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in rich soil in sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

There are many horti-
cultural varieties of C.
persicifolia, a number of
which are excellent.
Among these are:

Var. grandiflora, with
larger flowers than the
type.

Var. macrantha, a
large-flowered form with
flowers all along the stem.

113

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ET? |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

Campanulacee
94. Campanula persicifolia, var. alba

EneiisH Names: White peach-leaf campanula, White peach bells.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY EARLY JUNE TO
TYPE FROM CENTRAL AND N. EUROPE EARLY JULY

ANY large white cup-shaped flowers, often an inch and a half long
and two inches broad, ranging along erect stems two to three feet
high, and borne above a tuft of pretty, narrow-toothed leaves resembling
those of the peach in
form and size. Probably
the greatest favorite
among the Campanulas,
very graceful in groups
in the herbaceous border,
or against shrubbery, and
good for cutting. If cut
back it will blossom a
second time.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in rich soil in sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

There are many white
horticultural varieties of
C. persicifolia, a number
of which are excellent.
Among these are:

Var. alba grandiflora.
Very large white cup-
shaped flowers, one of
the finest of the Cam-
panulas.

Var. Backhouset,
double white camellia-
like flowers all along the stem, flowers much larger than the type.

Var. Moerhéimi, another fine white double-flowered variety.

115

O8
Eee
Bas
nak
a
ae)

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

i Uses

Culture

Prop avation

CAMPANULA

(From the Latin campanula, a little bell)

Campanulacee
141. Campanula rotundifolia

Enc.iisu Names: English Hare bell, Hair bell, Air bell, Blue bells of Scotland,
Witch’s bell, Lady’s or Witch’s thimble.

EUROPE, SIBERIA, WESTERN N. AMERICA JUNE THROUGH AUGUST
bs

MALL, drooping, purplish-blue bell-shaped flowers, the flower buds

being erect, borne on delicate wiry stems six to twelve inches high.
The foliage is very small and inconspicuous. Naturalized in the woods,
it grows taller and more
slender, often reaching a
height of two feet. A
very lovely little plant,
well known in literature,
especially suited for the
rock garden and for
naturalizing. It is also
useful for edging the
herbaceous border, but is
liable to be crowded out
by other plants.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in rich, well-
drained loam. ‘Prefers
sun.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

117

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season , Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

CASSIA

(An ancient Greek plant name, derived from the Hebrew)

Leguminose
12. Cassia marylandica

Enciish Names: American senna, Wild senna.

NEW ENGLAND TO MICHIGAN AND SOUTH JULY AND AUGUST

UMEROUS small bright-yellow flowers, shaped somewhat like a
pea blossom, with chocolate-colored anthers, in axillary clusters near
the top of a handsome shrublike plant three to five feet high. The foliage
is compound and finely
cut, like that of the sen-
sitive plant, light green
in color, and very at-
tractive. After blooming
the foliage dies and should
be cut down or hidden by
other plants.

Handsome among
shrubbery or in the her-
baceous border, and very
valuable for naturalizing
in waste places.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture, thriving even in
poor soil. Will grow
either in wet or dry
places, its only require-
ment being plenty of sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

119

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR‘S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET?

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

| Propagetion |

CENTAUREA

(From the Greek kentauros, a centaur, the herb being said to have cured a wounded centaur)

45.

Composite

Centauréa macrocéphala

EnciisH Names: Centaury, Hardheads, Great golden knapweed, Star thistle.

ARMENIA

JULY AND AUGUST

ERY large globular bright-yellow flowers, often three to four inches
in diameter, carried on unbranching, erect, leafy stems from two and
Foliage handsome, leaves pointed-oval, rather

one half to three feet high.

narrow, and smaller at
the top than at the bot-
tom of the plant. The
most showy Centaury and
probably the best. Ex-
cellent for the herbaceous
border or for planting in
front of shrubbery, and
especially good for cut-
ting, the flowers preserv-
ing their freshness for a
long time.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any good
garden soil. Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed.

121

NOTES ON THE
YEAR’S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETe |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season . Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

CENTAUREA

(From the Greek kentauros, a centaur, the herb being said to have cured a wounded centaur)

IOS.

Composite

Centauréa montana

Encuisu Names: Perennial cornflower, Mountain bluet, Bluebottle, Bachelor’s
buttons, Blue bonnets, Mountain knapweed, Corn centaury, Break-your-

spectacles.

EUROPE

JUNE THROUGH AUGUST

ARGE, flat blue flowers which turn purple as they grow old, two or
more inches in diameter, resembling the cornflower, profusely car-
ried on erect unbranching stems one to two feet high. The leaves are

pointed-oval and, when
young, downy white.
Compact dwarf plants,
good for the herbaceous
border and for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any good
garden soil. Prefers sun.

Var. alba. Similar to
the type with white
flowers. Excellent
though sometimes rather
grayish in color.

Var. rosea. Similar
to the type, rose-colored
flowers.

Var. citrina (sul-
phurea). Flowers yellow
with brown centres, not
so good as the type.

123

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

CERASTIUM

(From the Greek keras, a horn, referring to the shape of the pod)

Caryophyllacee
162. Cerastium tomentosum

EnciisH Names: Snow-in-summer, Mouse-eared chickweed.

EUROPE MAY TO MID-JUNE

MALL white flowers carried about six inches high on rather weak,
creeping stems. Leaves roundish-oblong, downy and silvery, whence
the name “‘mouse-ear.” Good for covering dry, sunny places, for the rock
garden, or for edging the
herbaceous border. The
flowers though pretty do
not make much of a dis-
play; the chief value of
the plant lies in its silvery
foliage which preserves
its freshness and neatness
throughout the summer,
its cool appearance being
especially attractive in
August.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennialinany soil. Prefers
a dry situation and full
exposure to the sun.

Propagate by cuttings
or by division.

125

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME _

Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Culture

[Propogation |

CHELONE

(From the Greek chelone, a tortoise, in allusion to the resemblance of the flower to a reptile’s head)

Scrophulariacee
86. Chelone Lyon

EnctisH Names: Balmony, Turtle head, Turtle bloom, Shell flower, Bitter
herb, Cod head, Fish mouth, Snake head.

MOUNTAINS OF NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH AUGUST THROUGH OCTOBER

URIOUSLY shaped, rosy-purple flowers in dense, showy, terminal and
axillary spikes, borne over two feet high on thickly growing stalks.
Leaves handsome, deep green, glossy, elongated, heart-shaped, largest at
base of plant; persistent.
A profusely blooming
plant which forms thick
clumps. Excellent for
planting in moist situa-
tions and in the herbace-
ous border.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in good
garden soil, preferably
rich and moist. Prefers
partial shade. In the
ordinary border the roots
should be covered during
the growing season with
a heavy mulch, four or
five inches thick, of well-
rotted manure. This will
feed the surface roots and
protect the plant from
drought.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division in
the spring.

127

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

IN2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
| Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

| Culture

Propagation

CHRYSANTHEMUM

(From the Greek chrysos, golden, and anthemon, flower)
Composite
70. Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifolium,
Garden varieties

EnciisH Name: Chrysanthemum.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES MID-SEPTEMBER
TYPE FROM CHINA AND JAPAN THROUGH OCTOBER

INGLE, semi-double, or double flowers varying in size from one half
inch to over two inches, and ranging in color from pure white, pale
yellow and pink through orange and red to bronze and deep dark crimson,
according to variety, pro-
fusely borne on upright
branching stems from two
to three feet high. Leaves
deeply cut and lobed, re-
sembling the Acanthus of
classic ornament, two to
five inches long, deep rich
green, persistent, and very
handsome.

One of the finest of
the hardy perennials and
certainly the most neces-
sary for the late fall
garden. It is the most
resistant to frost of any
garden flower, and fre-
quently may be seen in
bloom after the first falls
of snow. The brilliant
colors and decorative foli-
age make it unexcelled for
cutting.

The larg e-flowered
varieties seen in_ the
florists’ windows are not
sufficiently hardy for
growing in the herbaceous border without transplanting in the winter

129

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

70. Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifdlium,
Garden varieties (Continued)

and considerable skilled attention during the summer. There are, how-
ever, a great number of varieties which are perfectly hardy in any garden
soil in sun if given a light covering of litter or leaves in winter.

In grouping Chrysanthemums care should be taken to keep those in
shades of pink, crimson, lilac, etc., away from the reds, yellows, and bronzes,
as the colors are often so vivid that they form very unpleasant contrasts.

The hardiest garden varieties are known as Pompon Chrysanthemums
and are crosses and strains of C. indicum (C. japonicum) and C. mort-
folium (C. sinénse).

Propagate by seed and by cuttings.

The following are some of the most popular varieties:

Aster or Large-flowering Pompon Chrysanthemums

WHITE
Prince of Wales. Pure white, the best of the large white forms.
Queen of Whites. Pure white, very late.
Soeur Melanie. Pure white, rather ragged petals.

YELLOW

Bohemia. Pure yellow, semi-double, petals rather large.

Globe d’Or. Clear lemon-yellow with darker shadings, bushy plant, the
best of the large yellow forms.

Sir Michael. Lemon-yellow.

Sunshine. Bright golden-yellow, petals somewhat ragged.

Zenobia. Bright clear yellow, rather large and loose petals; an early
bloomer.

ORANGE AND BRONZE
Allentown. Golden-bronze, semi-double, two inches in diameter.
Mrs. Porter. Lemon-yellow suffused with terra cotta, effect bronze.
Patterson. Old gold with dark shadings.
Sir Walter Raleigh. Yellow, merging into terra cotta, almost single.
Sunset. Scarlet terra cotta with yellow centre, medium-sized flower.
The Czar. Golden-bronze, yellow edge.

131

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETe |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
_Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

70. Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifolium,
Garden varieties (Continued)

RED
Julia Lagravere. Rich dark crimson, well-formed flowers.
Northumberland. Scarlet with yellow centre, single flower.

PINK
Arabella. Crimson-salmon, plant very dwarf.
Cerise Queen. Cerise-pink.
Daybreak. Soft pink.
Gloire de France. Silvery pink, cream centre.
Hijos. Primrose pink shading tocream, the best of the large pink forms.
Salem. Silver rose, long quilled petals.

MAGNETA
King Philip. Rich crimson-magenta.
Mrs. Vincent. Rich magenta-crimson.

Button or Small-flowering Pompon Chrysanthemums

WHITE
James Boon. Pure white, good-sized flowers.

YELLOW
Baby. Clear bright yellow.
Savannah. Intense clear yellow, the best of the small yellow forms.
Tennyson. Pure yellow.

ORANGE AND BRONZE
Alice Cary. Bright orange.
Golden Pheasant. Rich yellow, reddish-brown centres, the best of the
small bronze forms.
Goldfinch. Golden-yellow, shaded crimson.
Henrietta. Bronze, yellow edge.

Rep
Black Douglas. Dark maroon.
Erminie. Bright orange-scarlet.
Rufus. Bright terra cotta.
133

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Propagation

70. Chrysanthemum indicum and Chrysanthemum morifolium,
Garden varieties (Continued)

PINK
Dawn. Pale, soft pink shading deeper.
Dinazulu. Violet-pink.
Rhoda. Apple-blossom pink shaded white, the best of the small pink
forms.
Rosinante. Blush-pink, sulphur-shading, dwarf plant.
Viola. Rich violet-rose, good-sized flowers.

MaGNeETA
Little Pet. Violet-pink, very small flower.

135

YEAR eT

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Propagation

CHRYSANTHEMUM

(From the Greek chrysos, golden, and anthemon, flower)

Composite
113. Chrysanthemum maximum

EnciisH Name: Giant daisy.

PYRENEES JUNE AND JULY

ARGE white flowers with yellow centres, like large field daisies, carried
from one to two feet high on the ends of upright stems which are
simple, or branch at the very base, and are leafless for three to four inches
below the flower. Leaves
long and narrowed at the
base. An excellent and
showy plant for the her-
baceous border, and very
good for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture
in rich garden soil. It
should be mulched and
well-watered during the
growing season for best
results, but will stand con-
siderable neglect without
serious harm. Prefers
sun.

Propagate by seeds,
cuttings, or by division.

C. “Shasta Daisy,” a
new and much-advertised
form developed by Bur-
bank. Very much like
C. maximum in every re-
spect; possibly a little
larger in flower and of a
longer blossoming season.

137

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

CLEMATIS

(From the Greek klematis, the name of some climbing plant)

Ranunculacee

46. Clématis heracleefolia, var. Davidiana (C. Davidiana;
C. Tubulosa, var. Davidiana)

EnciisH Name: Shrubby clematis.

CHINA AND JAPAN

AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

MALL, china-blue, hyacinth-shaped flowers, with a fragrance like
orange blossoms, borne in clusters of six to fifteen, or singly, at the
ends or in the axils of erect, almost vinelike stems three to four feet high.

Leaves very large and
bright green. An excel-
lent plant for the border
or rock garden, and good
for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture. The best
soil is a deep, rich light
loam which must be well-
drained, and is improved
by having a very little
lime mixed with it.
Should be enriched at
least once a year with
horse or cow manure, and
a mulch of this late in the
fall improves the plant.
It is very susceptible to
drought and should be
well-sprayed in dry sea-
sons. A light support
should be given to the
rather lax stems. Prefers
sun.

Propagate by cuttings
or by division.

139

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

CLEMATIS

(From the Greek klematis, the name of some climbing plant)

Ranunculacee
71. Clematis récta (C. erécta)

EnciLisH Name: Shrubby clematis.

S. EUROPE JUNE TO MID-JULY

UMEROUS fragrant white flowers one inch across, in broad convex
terminal clusters, borne two to three feet high on erect leafy stems.
Probably the best shrubby Clematis for use in the herbaceous border.
A hardy perennial of
easy culture. The best
soil is a deep, rich, well-
drained loam, which is
improved by a _ very
slight admixture of lime.
Should be enriched at
least once a year with
horse or cow manure, and
a mulch of this late in the
fall improves the plant.
It is very susceptible to
drought and should be
well-sprayed in dry sea-
sons. Prefers sun.
Propagate by seed or
by cuttings.
Wareplana, trully,
doubled, buttonlike blos-

soms, not so good as the
type.

141

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color @ Height)
| Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

| Culture

| Propagation

CONVALLARIA

(From the Latin convallis, an enclosed valley)

Liliacee

156. Convallaria majalis

Enouisu Names: Lily-of-the-valley, Conval lily, May or Park lily, Wood lily,

May blossom.

EUROPE, ASIA, S. ALLEGHENIES MAY

MALL, white, globular, bell-like, and very fragrant flowers, hanging

daintily from graceful flower stalks six to twelve inches long. The

leaves grow from the base of the plant,'are smooth, rather broad and lilylike,

and preserve their clean
fresh character through-
out the summer. A
favorite flower for natural-
izing under trees and in
shady places, but excellent
for ground covering or in
the herbaceous border
under shrubs, where, if the
ground beproperly enrich-
ed, it will thrive in full
sun. Good for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture. Old beds are liable
to run out and not flower
profusely, and so should
be replanted every few
years, though if the soil is
enriched and is given a
dressing of manure every
fall, the bed will thrive
for four or five years.
Succeeds best in partial
shade.

Propagate by division
in fall or early spring.

143

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Bela Nee LATIN NAME | }
Common Name
Season. Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

| Uses

Culture

Propagation 3 ! 3 |

COREOPSIS

(From the Greek koris, a bedbug, and opsis, resemblance; alluding to the fruit)

Composite
g5. Coreopsis lanceolata, var. grandiflora

EnciisH Name: Tickseed.

SOUTHERN U. S. A. JUNE THROUGH AUGUST

ARGE, bright-yellow, daisylike flowers, one and one half to two and
L one half inches across, borne on sparingly branched stems one to
two feet high. Foliage small and rather sparse. Excellent in masses in
the herbaceous border,
where if the blossoms are
kept well picked it will
give a brilliant note of
yellow through the
greater part of the sum-
mer. It should always
be planted with a setting
of good foliage plants
aboutit, as its long, almost
leafless stems are apt to
present an unkempt ap-
pearance if it standsalone.
Especially good for natu-
ralizing in barren places
on account of its brilliant
color and long season of
bloom. Excellent also
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture in
any soil. Prefers sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

145

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

DAPHNE

(From the Greek daphne, the laurel or bay tree, named for a nymph beloved of Apollo)

Thymeleacee
157. Daphne Cneorum

EnciisH Name: Garland flower.

EUROPE MID-APRIL THROUGH MAY

MALL, pink, fragrant flowers with crimson buds, in many-flowered
heads on long trailing branches rising six to twelve inches from the
ground. Strictly speaking, not a perennial: being a dwarf shrub, with
woody stems and dense
shiny dark evergreen
leaves one half inch to one
inchlong. A most charm-
ing plant for the edge of
the herbaceous border,
for planting in front of
shrubs, or in the rock gar-
den. It often blooms a
second time in summer.
Perfectly hardy and
Gumeasiest culture.
Thrives best in light, well-
drained soil, enriched with
well-rotted manure; an
annual top dressing of
manure is of great benefit.
Succeeds in half-shade or
sun, or even in dry spots
if once well-established.
Is best propagated by
removing the earth from
around the plant in
spring, pegging down the
branches, and filling in
with fine compost almost
Hom thie tops of the
branches. On carefully removing the compost the next spring, a large

number of little buds supplied with roots may be found among the
branches. These may be easily detached and planted in pans or boxes.
147

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ETS |-

YEAR'S CLIMATIC

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME

| Flower (Color & Hei ht)

| Plant & Poliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation

DELPHINIUM

(From the Greek name for the plant, delphinion derived from delphin, a dolphin,
from a supposed resemblance in the flower)

Ranunculacee

47. Delphinium ‘ Belladonna”
EncutsH Names: Hybrid larkspur, Belladonna larkspur.

HORTICULTURAL HYBRIDS MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY
TYPE FROM EUROPE EARLY SEPTEMBER, MID-OCTOBER

URIOUSLY shaped, vivid sky-blue flowers, an inch and a half

wide, with pure white centres, borne in graceful stalky spikes about
twelve inches long on leafy stems from two to four feet high. Foliage
finely cut and decorative.
One of the best of the
hybrid Delphiniums
(though rather low-grow-
ing), on account of the
sturdiness of the plant,
its early and long blos-
soming season, and the
very beautiful color of the
flower. Invaluable for
the herbaceous border
or for massing against
shrubbery. Excellent for
cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture,
will thrive in any good
garden soil in sun or
partial shade, but does
best in a deep, rich, sandy
loam, exposed to the sun.
The cultivation is the
same as for Delphinium
English Hybrids (see page
153).

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division;
will bloom the first year from seed sown indoors in February or March,

or the following year from seed sown outdoors in August.
149

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as

OCT.

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|

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

| Common ‘Names ae

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heighi)

Uses

DELPHINIUM

(From the Greek name for the plant, delphinion derived from delphin, a dolphin,
from a supposed resemblance in the flower)

Ranunculacee

10. Delphinium English Hybrids (D. elatum, hybrid vars.;
D. exaltatum, hybrid vars.; D. hybridum, vars.)

EneiisH Name: Hybrid larkspurs.

HORTICULTURAL HYBRIDS MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY
TYPE FROM EUROPE EARLY SEPTEMBER, MID-OCTOBER

URIOUSLY shaped, single, semi-double, or double flowers from one

to two inches across, varying through all shades from lightest blue

to dark purple, with blue,
black, white, or gray cen-
tres, borne on stately and
graceful spikes from one
to two feet long on erect
branching stems from
four to eight feet high.
Foliage abundant, finely
cut, and decorative.

The hybrid Delph-
iniums are indispensable
in the herbaceous border
on account of their mag-
nificent habit, the beauti-
ful color of their flowers,
and their generous bloom.
They are also extremely
effective in masses against
shrubbery. They should
always be planted against
a background as the
flowers show rather poorly
against a blue sky; un-
like most flowers, the
different shades of the
different varieties are
never discordant, and a
group of changing blue tints is more iridescent and effective than one

composed of a single variety. They are also excellent for cutting.
151

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season | Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heiehi)

Uses

Propagation

1o. Delphinium English Hybrids (Continued)

A perfectly hardy perennial of easy culture; will thrive in any good gar-
den soil, but does best in deep, rich, sandy loam, with full exposure to the
sun or in partial shade. ‘The ground should be deeply dug and well mixed
with rotted manure, the plants set about three feet apart and mulched
to protect the roots from hot sun. They should be freely watered in hot
weather. Every three or four years they should be taken up, divided, and
reset in freshly enriched soil. Most of the varieties require staking. After
blooming the plant should be cut to the ground, given a dressing of bone
meal, and well-watered. It will bloom again in early September, and if the
same treatment be repeated, will often bloom a third time in mid-October.

Delphiniums are liable to a blight of unknown cause. The best treat-
ment is to spray weekly, beginning in early spring, with Bordeaux mixture
or ammoniacal carbonate of copper. Also, dry Bordeaux mixture should
be dug in around the crowns.

Besides the blight, Delphiniums are liable to serious injury from cut-
wormsinthe spring. Thesemust be dugout assoonas their presence isnoted,
and often the plants had better be removed to new locations. Ashes scat-
tered over the crowns in late fall will protect them from the attacks of slugs.

Propagate by seed, cuttings, or by division. Delphiniums grow with
the greatest readiness from seed sown in the garden in August or indoors in
February or March. In the latter case they will bloom the same year.

There are quantities of named varieties, most of which are excellent.
Among the best are:

Beatrice Kelway. Cornflower blue, flushed with rose, white eye,
massive spikes.

Geneva. Large flowers, pale porcelain blue, pure white eye.

Julia. Large flowers, cornflower blue veined with rose, white eye.

King of Delphiniums. Large semi-double, gentian-blue flowers with
large white eye, in massive spikes; plant of strong growth and fine habit.

Lizzie. Large azure-blue flowers with yellowish eye; plant very tall
and strong growing.

Mme. Violet Geslin. Round, semi-double flowers, outer petals clear
blue, inner ones lavender, white eye.

Perfection. Very large sky-blue flowers flushed with rose, dark eye.

Queen Wilhelmina. Large flowers, soft lavender-blue flushed with
rose, conspicuous white eye.

Rembrandt. Semi-double, sky-blue, inner petals rosy-lavender, silvery
sheen.

Rev. E. Lascelles. Very large double flowers, deep purple-blue with
white centre edged with blue, one of the largest varieties both in height
of plant and size of flowers.

153

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

| Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

et ae
| Propagation

DELPHINIUM

(From the Greek name for the plant, delphinion derived from delphin, a dolphin,
from a supposed resemblance in the flower)

Ranunculacee

48. Delphinium formosum (D. cheilanthum, var. formosum)

EneciisH Name: Oriental larkspur.

POSSIBLY ASIA MINOR MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY
EARLY SEPTEMBER, MID-OCTOBER

URIOUSLY shaped flowers of brilliant deep blue with white centres
and long violet spurs, in loose spikes about a foot long on a rather
tangled branching plant from two to four feet high. Foliage rich dark
green, finely divided, and
handsome. In flower one
of the finest of the Delph-
iniums, but in habit rather
poor, having neither the
height nor the sturdiness
of the hybrid varieties.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border, and the
most permanent variety
for naturalizing. Ex-
tremely fine also for cut-
ting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture,
will thrive in any good
garden soil, but does best
inadeep, rich, sandy loam,
in sun or partial shade.
The cultivation is the
same as for Delphinium
English Hybrids (see page
153).

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division;
will bloom the first year

from seed sown indoors
in February or March, or the year following from seed sown outdoors in
August.

155

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

DELPHINIUM

(From the Greek name for the plant, delphinion derived from delphin, a dolphin,
from a supposed resemblance in the flower)

Ranunculacee

96. Delphinium sinénse (D. Chinénse D. grandiflorum, var.
chinénse)

EnciisH Name: Chinese larkspur.

SIBERIA MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY
EARLY SEPTEMBER, MID-OCTOBER

URIOUSLY shaped, clear gentian-blue flowers, often tinged with
violet, with long pointed spurs; in long, rather loose spikes on
slender, slightly branching stems one to two feet high. Leaves rather
small, very finely divided.
An excellent plant for the
herbaceous border and
for cut flowers, the flow-
ers being very freely pro-
duced.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy cul-
ture, will thrive in any
good soil, but does best in
a deep, rich, sandy loam,
in sun or partial shade.
Thecultivationisthe same
as for Delphinium English
Hybrids (see page 153).

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division;
will bloom the first year
from seed sown indoors
in February or March, or
the year following from
seed sown outdoors in
August.

157

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

[Propsystion: 2 a a

DELPHINIUM

(From the Greek name for the plant, delphinion derived from delphin, a dolphin,
from a supposed resemblance in the flower)

Ranunculacee

97. Delphinium sinénse, var. album (D. chinénse, var. album
D. grandiflorum, var. chinénse album)

EnciisH Name: White Chinese larkspur.

SIBERIA

MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY
EARLY SEPTEMBER, MID-OCTOBER

URIOUSLY shaped, pure white flowers with long pointed spurs,
in long, somewhat loose spikes on slender, slightly branching stems,
one to two feet high. Leaves rather small, very finely divided. An

excellent plant for the
herbaceous border and
for cut flowers, especially
valuable as being the
only pure white Delphi-
nium, with the exception
of certain new and expen-
sive English hybrids.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture,
will thrive in any good
garden soil, but does best
in a deep, rich, sandy
loam, in sun or partial
shade. The cultivation
is the same as for Del-
phinium English Hybrids
(see page 153).

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division;
will bloom the first year
from seed sown indoors in
February or March or
the year following from
seed sown outdoors in
August.

159

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

1N2 LATIN NAME |

Common Name
Season Habitat.

| Flower (Color & Heighi) |
| Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Culture

DIANTHUS

(From the Greek dios, divine, and anthos, a flower)

Caryophyllacee
128. Dianthus barbatus, vars.

EncuiisH Names: Sweet William, Bunch pink, Blooming down, London pride,
London tuft, Snowflake, Sweet John.

CENTRAL AND S. EUROPE MID-MAY THROUGH JUNE

INGLE and double round flat flowers, an inch to an inch and a half
in diameter, very variously colored and marked, in shades of white,
pink, and crimson, borne in dense rounded terminal heads of twenty to
thirty flowers and often
four inches across, on
leafy erect stems from
ten to eighteen inches
high. The foliage is
simple, rather broadly
pointed, and clean look-
ing when young, but after
blooming the plant be-
comes decidedly shabby.
Anold garden favorite,
and popular at the present
day, perhaps more for its
association than for its
qualities. The _ single
whites, true pinks, and
dark crimsons make fine
spots of color in the
herbaceous border, but
the magentas must be
carefully avoided, and
many of the parti-colored
varieties are ugly. The
double flowers last longer
but are rather clumsy in
form. Excellent for cut-
ting.
Theoretically, the plant will last several years, but the second year is

by far its best blooming season, so that it is usually treated as a biennial,
165

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season _ Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

128. Dianthus barbatus, vars. (Continued)

seeds being sown in July for bloom the following year. One or two plants
of the best colors should be allowed to seed (a paper bag tied over the
head marks the plant and protects and collects the seed) and the rest
should be cut down or pulled up immediately after blooming. The
bare spot left before the new seedlings have made their first year’s
growth is rather difficult to conceal, as Dianthus is necessarily planted in
the front of the border. Of easiest culture, thriving in any soil, even clay
or sand, and in full exposure to the sun; is little the worse for drought.
Propagate by seed.

163

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Hei

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Propagation |

DIANTHUS

(From the Greek dios, divine, and anthos, a flower)

Caryophyllacee

147. Dianthus latifolius, var. atrococcineus flore-pléno

EnciisH Name: Broad-leaved pink.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY JUNE AND JULY

ARGE double flowers, about an inch across, of deep crimson-scarlet,
in tight clusters, on upright stems six to twelve inches high. Foli-
age rather broadly pointed and bright green. A hybrid variety of doubt-

ful origin, possibly a cross
between Dianthus chinén-
sis and Dianthus barbatus,
having the flower habit
of the former and the
plant habit of the latter.
Excellent for the front of
the herbaceous border,
not quite so showy as
the Sweet William, but
with a much longer
blooming season and more
hardy. Very good also
for the rock garden and
for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any well-
drained soil, even sand.
Does best in rich, light
loam, in full sun; resists
drought well.

Propagate best by
seed or by division. Will
bloom the first year from
seed.

165

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

DIANTHUS

(From the Greek dios, divine, and anthos, a flower)

Caryophyllacee
148. Dianthus plumarius, vars.

EnciisH Names: Garden pink, Pheasant’s eye pink, Scotch pink, Common
grass pink.

AUSTRIA, SIBERIA MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE

INGLE or double fringed carnationlike flowers, about an inch across,
with the fragrance of cloves, terminally borne on rather soft erect
stems six to twelve inches high, above a dense tuft of grasslike silvery
bluish green leaves. One
of the best plants for edg-
ing the herbaceous border,
because of its neat and
persistent foliage, which
is excellent even in winter.
Good also in the rock
garden and for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any gardensoil and
in full sun; will endure a
considerable amount of
drought. Should be
divided about every three
years.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Among the best named
varieties are:

Carmen. Double, clear
light pink, fragrant flower.

Her Majesty. Large and
very double, pure white,
very fragrant flowers, long
season of blooming.

Mrs. Sinkins. Large,
pure white, fragrant flowers.

Napoleon III. Intense blood-crimson, fragrant flower, blooming freely from
June to October.

Perpetual Snow. Large, double, white, delicately scented flowers, fine habit.
‘ 167

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ete |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Propagation |

~ DICENTRA

(From the Greek dis, double, and kentron, spurred, originally misspelled Diclytra and supposed to be Dielytra)

Fumariacee
98. Dicéntra spectabilis (Diélytra spectabilis)

Enc.isH Names: Bleeding heart, Seal flower, Lady’s reticule.

JAPAN EARLY APRIL THROUGH JUNE

EEP rosy-red, flat, heart-shaped flowers with protruding white inner
petals, hanging delicately along graceful arching stems one to two

feet high. Foliage deeply cut and handsome, but not persistent. The
plant must be cut down
or hidden after the flower-
ing season. A very dainty

and charming flower, and
a great favorite in old-
fashioned gardens. Ex-
cellent for the herbaceous
border or for naturalizing
in the wild garden.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in moderately rich, light
loam. Will grow in sun
or shade, but thrives best
in partial shade.

Propagate by division
of crown or roots.

Var. alba. Has white
flowers, but a weak and
sickly habit.

169

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Common Name

ht)

[thaieines Gal eam

Culture

Propagation | as

DICTAMNUS

(From the Greek name for the plant Diktamnos, from Dikte, a mountain in Crete where the plant abounds)

Rutacee

72. Dictamnus Fraxinélla var. albus (*D. albus; Fraxinélla alba;
Fraxinélla Dictamnus)

Enciish Names: Gas plant, Burning bush, Dittany, Fraxinella, Garden
ginger.

“EUROPE, NORTH ASIA JUNE AND JULY

RAGRANT white flowers in long showy terminal spikes rising to a
height of two to three feet above a vigorous, upright bushy plant.
The abundant foliage is a rich, dark leathery green, with oil glands dotting
the leaves, retained in per-
fect condition through-
out the season. Excel-
lent for the herbaceous
border as it forms a per-
manent, handsome, solid,
dark green mass, and in
blooming season the
flowers are very effective.
It is sometimes even used
as an informal hedge.
The flowers are excellent
for cutting. The leaves
in still hot weather give
of a volatile lemon-
scented oil which will ig-
nite in a puff of flame if
a match be held near.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture. Prefers a strong,
rather heavy, and mod-
erately rich soil, and
shouldrarely bedisturbed,
as the plants improve with
age and will flourish in

one spot for a great many

* Form of name most approved by botanical authorities.
171

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Propagation

72. Dictamnus Fraxinélla var. albus (Continued)

years. Will thrive in sun or half-shade and 1s not affected by drought
when once well-established.

Propagate by seed sown in the open ground as soon as ripe or with
difficulty by division. Will blossom the third year from seed.

There are several varieties, with flowers ranging from rose to deep
maroon or chocolate color, equally good in habit and interesting for cut
flowers. The best is var. rubra, but the white-flowered type is more
showy in the border.

173

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

| Propagation

DIGITALIS

(From the Latin digitus, a finger, referring to the shape of the flower)

Scrophulariacee
73. Digitalis ambigua (D. grandiflora; D. ochroletca)
Encuisu Names: Yellow foxglove (originally Folk’s glove, alluding to the “little
folk”’ or faeries), Thimbles, Fairy cap, Fairy fingers, Fairy thimbles.

EUROPE, WESTERN ASIA JUNE AND JULY

ARGE tubular flowers two inches long, buff-yellow with brownish
markings, drooping in terminal spikes sometimes two feet long on
strong upright stems reaching a height of two to three feet. The leaves,
mostly in clumps on the
ground, are rather long
pointed-oval, of a light
green color. Excellent in
groups in the herbaceous
border or planted against
shrubbery; not so striking
as D. purpurea, but with
the advantage of being a
perennial and of bloom-
ing more orlessconstantly
throughout the summer
if cut back.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture. Thrives
best in light, rather moist
and rich loam, in sun or
partial shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

475

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

[N° “LATIN NAME |)
| Flower (Color éHeigh) i ae

Plant & Fohag

Culture

Propagation

DIGITALIS

(From the Latin digitus, a finger, referring to the shape of the flower)
Scrophulariacee
49. Digitalis purpurea, var. gloxinieflora (D. gloxinieflora;
D. gloxinoides; D. tomentosa, var. gloxiniefiora)
Encuisu Names: Foxglove (originally Folk’s glove, alluding to the “little folk” or
faeries), Thimbles, Fairy cap, Fairy fingers, Fairy thimbles, Fairy bells, Dog’s fin-
gers, Finger flower, Lady’s glove, Lady fingers, Lady’s thimble, Pop dock, Flap
dock, Flop dock, Lion’s mouth, Rabbit’s flower, Cottages, Throatwort, Scotch

Mercury.
EUROPE JUNE TO MID-JULY

ARGE tubular flowers, two inches long, varying from deep pinkish
purple to white, usually spotted with purple, drooping in long pointed
terminal spikes a foot and a half long on strong upright stems, which
reach a height of two to
four feet. The leaves are
large, sometimes a foot
long, roundly elongated
and downy, in a clump at
the base of the plant. A
very effective plant in the
herbaceous border when
in bloom, but rather un-
kempt looking while seed-
ing; good in masses
against shrubbery.

The pure white flow-
ered form, D. purpurea,
var. gloxinieflora alba, 1s
the best variety, as the
purples and pinks are apt
to be of rather dirty color.

Sometimesa perennial,
but usually a biennial; of
easy culture. Thrives
best in light, rather moist,
and rich loam, in sun or
partial shade. If the
seed is allowed to ripen
in order to self-sow,

49. Digitalis purpurea, var. gloxinieflora (Continued)

the plant should be concealed by some other tall growing perennial.
Otherwise, it should be cut down after blooming and fresh seed
sown.

Propagate by seed.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation

DORONICUM

(A Latinized Arabic name)

Composite

61. Doronicum plantagineum, var. excélsum (D. excélsum

“ Harper Crewe’’)

EnciisH Name: Leopard’s bane.

EUROPE

MID-APRIL THROUGH MAY

UMEROUS yellow daisylike flowers, sometimes three inches
across, borne terminally on sturdy hairy stems one and a half to
three feet high. Foliage mostly in a crown at the base of the plant.

Good in masses in the
herbaceous border and ex-
cellent for cutting. A
very valuable plant for
border compositions on
account of its early sea-
son of bloom; daisylike
flowers being exceedingly
rare before late May.

A hardy perennial of
easiest culture in ordinary
soil though it thrives best
in rich loam, with full
exposure to the sun.

Propagate by division.

181

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

1N2 LATIN NAME ae
Season Habitat. ,
Flower (Color @ Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heighi)

ECHINACEA

(From the Greek echinos, a hedgehog, alluding to the spiny backs of the receptacle)

Composite
50. Echinacea purpurea (Rudbéckia purpurea)
EnciisH Names: Purple cone flower, Black Sampson.

VIRGINIA AND OHIO TO ILLINOIS AND LOUISIANA JULY THROUGH OCTOBER

ARGE daisylike flowers sometimes five inches across, varying from
rosy-purple to light rose, with high-pointed purple central cone;
freely borne on a compact, bushy, rather coarse plant from two to three
and a half feet high.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border and good for
cutting. .
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture in
any garden soil. May
be used to cover dry and
waste spots but responds
well to rich soil, especially
sandy loam. Prefers full
sun.

Propagate by seed or
not too frequently by
division.

Var. serotina (E. inter-
média), a \ater-flowering
variety, with brighter
colored, broader, and
flatter petals; possibly
better than the type.

183

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

EUPATORIUM

(From eupatorion, the Greek name for the plant Agrimony, named for Mithridates Eupator)

Composite

106. E. celestinum (*Conoclinium celestinum)

Enciiso Name: Mist flower.

EASTERN U.S. A.

SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER

MALL blue or violet flowers in compact flat-topped clusters on some-
what downy leafy stems from one to two feet high. Leaves of a
long pointed heart-shape, toothed along the edges. An excellent plant

for the front of the herba-
ceous border. The dainty
heliotropelike flowers be-
ing very charming in late
fall.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in ordi-
nary garden soil, in sun.
Should be given a light
covering of litter or leaves
in winter.

Propagate by cut-
tings.

*Name most approved by bo-
tanical authorities.

185

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

| Culture

Propagatio

FUNKIA

(Named for Ludwig P. Funke, 1755-1807, and H.C, Funke, 1771-1839, German naturalists)
Liliaceae

114. Funkia subcordata, var. grandiflora (f. grandiflora; F. alba,

var. grandiflora; F. liliiflora, var. grandiflora; F. japonica; F.

macrantha; F. cordata; Hemerocallis alba; H. cordata; H. japonica;

H. plantaginéa)

Enciisu Names: Plantain lily, White day lily, Corfu lily.
JAPAN MID-AUGUST TO MID-SEPTEMBER

ear very fragrant, waxy, white, tubular lilylike flowers, four to
six inches long, borne on spikes one to two feet high, above dense
clumps of very large, heart-shaped, shiny, light green leaves. Good to
form solid masses in the
herbaceous border, or in
front of shrubbery, and
often used along walks in
old-fashioned gardens.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in deep, rich moist
soil. Will grow in sun or
shade but thrives best in
partial shade. If not
given plenty of water in
midsummer the _ leaves
are liable to burn at the
edges and become un-
sightly. The clumps im-
prove with age and should
not often be disturbed.

Propagate by division
or by seed sown as soon
as ripe.

187

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

FUNKIA

(Named for Ludwig P. Funke, 1755-1807, and H. C. Funke, 1771-1839, German naturalists)
Liliacee ;

129. Fuankia undulata, var. variegata (F. lancifolia,
var. variegata; F. japonica, var. variegata)

Encuiso Names: Plantain lily, Lilac day lily.

JAPAN MID-JULY THROUGH AUGUST

ALE lilac tubular flowers, one and one half inches long, in rather loose
spikes of six to ten flowers, rise from thick persistent clumps of
narrow, variegated, wavy-edged leaves sometimes six inches long by two
inches wide, to a height
of one to two feet. Excel-
lent for planting in the
herbaceous border or in
front of shrubbery; one
of the few really good
variegated foliage plants.
A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in deep, rich moist
soil. Will grow in sun or
shade but thrives best in
half-shade. The clumps
improve with age and
should not often be dis-
turbed.

Propagate by division
or by seed sown as soon
as ripe.

F. lanctfolia is similar
in flower and habit, except
that the leaves are flat
and not variegated. A
good form.

189

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

|N2 LATIN NAME
| Common Name

Season Habitat.
| Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

GAILLARDIA

(Named for M. Gaillard, French botanist)
Composite
99. Gaillardia grandiflora (G. aristata, var. grandiflora; G. litea;
G. maxima; G. perénnis)

EnciisH Name: Blanket flower.

WESTERN U. S. A. JUNE THROUGH OCTOBER

ARGE daisylike flowers, sometimes over three inches across, with rather
full petals, ranging from brilliant yellow at the tips to red or maroon
toward the centre, profusely borne on strong erect stems two to three feet
high. Foliage rather de-
ficient. Valuable for
massing in the border on
account of its brilliant
coloring, profuse flower-
ing, and long season; con-
tinuing to bloom even
after frost. Should al-
ways be planted in a set-
ting of good foliage plants
to compensate for its own

lack of leaves. Excel-
lent for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture in
any light, well-drained
soil, even though poorand
dry. Should be given full
exposure to sun and air.

Propagate by seed, by
cuttings, by division in
August or September, or
by root cuttings in early
spring. Will bloom the
first year from seed, but

does not come true to

parent.

I9I

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ete |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N@:. LATIN: NAMB o, ) 000) |
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

| Propagation _

GALTONIA

(Named for Francis Galton, a distinguished anthropologist)

Liliacee
24. Galtonia candicans (Hyacinthus candicans)

EnciisH Names: Cape hyacinth, Giant summer hyacinth.

S. AFRICA JULY AND AUGUST

RAGRANT, white, funnel-shaped, pendulous flowers, like large snow-

drops, in a spike nine to twelve inches long, terminating on erect stems
from three to five feet high. The foliage is clean and strong and re-
sembles that of the Hya-
cinth, except that it is
much larger. Almost the
only Cape bulb that can
beconsidered hardyin the
northern United States.
Very effective in the
herbaceous border against
a good background, or
planted against shrub-
bery.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in light, rich
moist soil, in sunny or
partially shaded situa-
tions. In cold climates
it should be protected
with a heavy mulch in
winter. In suitable situa-
tions the plant will im-
prove steadily for several
years.

Propagate by offsets
or, slowly, by seed.

193

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

____ Season Habitat.
| Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height) |

Uses

Culture

Propagation _

GERANIUM

(From geranion, the Greek name for the plant derived from geranos, a crane, in allusion to the “beak” of the fruit)

IIS.

Geraniacee

Geranium sanguineum

Enciiso Names: ‘Crane’s bill, Wild geranium, Stork’s bill, Dove foot, Old-
maid’s night-cap, Shame-face.

W. ASIA, EUROPE

MID-JUNE THROUGH JULY

ARGE, wide-open, nearly crimson, five-petaled flowers, borne on erect
somewhat branching stems about a foot and a half high. Leaves
rather large, deeply divided, and borne on short stems. Good in the her-

baceous border, rock gar-
den, or for naturalizing
in waste places. The best
of the cultivated Gerani-
ums (the so-called
“Geranium” of pot cul-
ture being really Pelar-
gonium).

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture, thriving in any
ordinary soil, in sun or
partial shade.

Propagate by seed
and division.

Var. album is similar
to the type but with
flowers grayish white,
not a very good color.

195

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ET |°

YEAR'S CLIMATIC

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

Propagation

GEUM

(From the Greek geuo, “to have a taste’ referring to the root)

Rosacee
134. Géum Heldrichi (G. chiloénse)

EnciisH Name: Avens.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM CHILE LATE MAY THROUGH JUNE

IDE-OPEN, five-petaled flowers, about aninchin diameter, of abril-
liant red-orange with bright yellowstamens, borne in clusters on an
upright stem from nine to eighteen inches high. The leaves mostly close
to the ground, somewhat
the shape of dandelion
leaves, long and roughly
_ three-lobed with the ter-
minal lobe rounded.
Excellent for the rock
garden or the herbaceous
border. Good also for
cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any garden soil, pref-
erably moist. Prefers a
sunny situation.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Different varieties
grown close together will
hybridize readily.

There are a number
of named _ horticultural
varieties, almost all of
which are good. Among
the best are:

Var. atrosanguineum.
Deep crimson, double
flowers, tall growing.

Var. coccineum. Brilliant orange-scarlet, single flowers.

Var. coccineum flore pléno, Mrs. J. Bradshaw. Large, bright scarlet

double flowers with a long season of bloom; very fine.
197

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

GYPSOPHILA

(From the Greek gypsos, chalk, and philos, loving, because it thrives in chalky ground)

62.

Caryophyllacee

Gypsophila paniculata

EnciisH Names: Baby’s breath, Chalk plant, Mist.

EUROPE

JULY AND AUGUST

PROFUSION of tiny white flowers covering a much-branching and
spreading plant, two to three feet high, producing a mistlike effect.
Leaves narrow and pointed, rather deficient. Excellent in the herba-

ceous border or for cover-
ing dry and unkempt
places. Good also at the
base of shrubbery and
extremely popular for
trimming bouquets on
account of its dainty
lasting flowers and stiff
wiry stems.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any garden soil in
a rather dry, open, and
sunny situation.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

199

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Efe |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

| N2. LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @Height)

Uses

GYPSOPHILA

(From the Greek gypsos, chalk, and philos, loving, because it thrives in chalky ground)

Caryophyllacee

168. Gypsdphila répens (G. prostrata)

Enciiso Names: Creeping chalk plant, Baby’s breath.

ALPS AND PYRENEES

JUNE AND JULY

PROFUSION of small flowers, rose or pinkish white, in graceful
heads covering slender, trailing, and branching stems which rise at
the end to a height of about six inches. Leaves smooth, sharply pointed,

and light green. Good
for edging the herbaceous
border and_ especially
suited to the rock garden.
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any garden soil, in a
rather dry, open, and
sunny situation.
Propagate by seed, by
cuttings, or by division.

201

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Sc
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Propagation

HELENIUM

(The Greek name for the elecampane, possibly from Helenus, son of Priam)
Composite
13. Helénium autumnale, var. rubrum (H. grandiflorum,
var. rubrum)

Enciish Names: Red sneezewort, Red sneezeweed, Swamp or False sun-
flower, Ox eye.

NORTH AMERICA JULY AND AUGUST

UMEROUS daisylike flowers, one to one and a half inches across,
with drooping rays of a red terra-cotta color and maroon-and-gold
centre. Borne in large heads on strong, roughish, leafy stems, branching at
the top, from two to six
feet high. Leaves small,
smooth, pointed, and
toothed, Showy and
effective in masses in the
back of the herbaceous
border or planted against
shrubbery. Good also for
cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil. Thrives
_best in moist, rich soil
with full exposure to the
sun. The roots are some-
times attacked by a white
aphis, and if the plants
appear unhealthy they
should be lifted, the roots
washed with an insecti-

cide, and reset in a new
place.

Propagate by seed, by
cuttings, or by division.

203

NOTES ON THE
YEAR‘S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ete |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season } Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

[Propagation 7

HELENIUM

(The Greek name for the elecampane, possibly from Helenus, son of Priam)
Composite
16. Helénium autumnale, var. supérbum (//. grandiflorum,
var. superbum)

EncLisH Names: Sneezeweed, Sneezewort, Swamp or False sunflower, Ox eye,
Yellow star.

NORTH AMERICA AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

UMEROUS daisylike flowers an inch and a half across, with
drooping lemon-yellow rays and hemispherical yellow centre, borne
in large heads on sturdy, roughish, leafy stems, branching at the top, from
four to six feet high.
Leaves small, smooth,
pointed, and _ toothed,
almost hidden by the
flowers. Very effective in
the herbaceous border or
for planting among shrub-
bery, giving a solid mass
of brilliant color. Good
also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in anysoil. Thrives
best in moist, rich soil
with full exposure to the
sun. The roots are some-
times attacked by a white
aphis, and if the plants
appear unhealthy they
should be lifted, the roots
washed with an insecti-
cide, and reset in a new
place.

Propagate by seed, by
cuttings, or by division.

YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

NOTES ON THE

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Season Habitat
Flower (Color & Height)
| Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

| Propagation

N2 LATIN NAME
| q

HELENIUM

(The Greek name for the elecampane, possibly from Helenus, son of Priam)

Composite
63. Helénium Hoopesi (H. autumnale, var. Hoopesi)

Enciish Names: Sneezeweed, Sneezewort, Swamp or False sunflower,
Ox eye, Yellow star.

WESTERN NORTH AMERICA MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE

ARGE daisylike flowers, about three inches across, with very slightly
drooping orange rays and yellow centre, borne in heads of several
long-stalked flowers on stout, somewhat coarse, leafy stems one to three
feet high, branching at
the top. Leaves small,
narrow, and toothed.
Perhaps the most val-
uable species of Helenium
for general planting. Ex-
cellent for the herbaceous
border and for cutting.
A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, but does

best in rich, moist soil,
in a sunny situation.
The roots are sometimes
attacked by a white
aphis, and if the plants
appear unhealthy they
should be lifted, the roots
washed with an insecti-
cide, and reset in a new
place.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

207

APRIL

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME_
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation |

HELIANTHUS

(From the Greek helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower)

Composite

Helianthus mollis

EnciisH Name: Hairy sunflower.

OHIO TO GEORGIA, WEST TO IOWA AND TEXAS MID-JULY TO MID-SEPTEMBER

ARGE, golden, daisylike flowers, about three inches across, borne
usually singly on sturdy, very leafy stems two to five feet high.
Leaves pointed-oval, from three to five inches long, downy grayish green.

A very trim and decora-
tive plant, the best of the
perennial Sunflowers for
the herbaceous border;
should be planted at the
back and with a southern
exposure, so that the
flowers will face forward.
Also excellent for plant-
ing among shrubbery or
in waste places, and good
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, doing
well even in barren spots.
Requires sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

209

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

HELIANTHUS

(From the Greek helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower)

Composite

26. Helianthus multiflorus, var. Soleil d@Or (*H. decapétalus,
var. multiflorus Soleil d’Or)

EnciisH Names: Double hardy sunflower, Wild sunflower.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM N. AMERICA MID-JULY TO MID-SEPTEMBER

ARGE, somewhat double, yellow flowers with quilled petals, like a cactus
Dahlia, about three inches across, borne in profusion at the ends of
branchingstemson leafy plantstwotofivefeethigh. Leavesrough, pointed-
oval, and saw-edged,
three to eight inches long.
Excellent for planting
among shrubbery or for
naturalizing, good also for
cutting. Very effective
in the herbaceous border,
but spreads rapidly and is
sometimes difficult to
keep under control.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture in
any light, dry soil in full
sun. Every two years in
late fall or early spring the
plant should be divided
and replanted, or the flow-
ers will deteriorate and
tend to become single, as
they will do also in very
poor soil.

Propagate by division.

Var. multiflorus flore-
pleno. Similar to “Soleil
d’Or” except that the
double flowers are more
like the ordinary double
Dahlia than like the cactus Dahlia. Excellent.

* Form of name most approved by botanical authorities.
211

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

|
Propagation

HELIANTHUS

(From the Greek helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower)

Composite

3. Helianthus rigidus, var. Miss Mellish (H. mzssouriénsts,
var. Miss Mellish)

EnoiisH Name: Hardy sunflower.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM WESTERN U.S.A. AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

ARGE, semi-double, golden daisylike flowers, two and one half to
four inches wide, with yellow centres turning to brown, borne in
profusion on vigorous, sparingly branching, leafy stems three to six feet
high. Leaves long and
rounded, six to twelve
inches long, rather thick
and rough. Excellent for
planting among shrub-
bery or for naturalizing
in waste places, and good
for cutting. Very effective
also at the back of the
large herbaceous border,
but often troublesome on
account of its tendency
to spread and crowd out
other plants.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any light, dry soil
and in full sun. Every
two years in late fall or
early spring the plant
should be divided and re-
planted.

Propagate by division.

Var. Rev. Wolley Dodd.
A September-blooming
variety with semi-double,

deep yellow flowers. This
and Miss Mellish are undoubtedly the two best fall-blooming hardy

sunflowers.
213

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

HELIOPSIS

(From the Greek helios, the sun, and opsis, resemblance)

Composite

39. Helidpsis levis, var. Pitcheriana (H. Pitcheriana)

Enciisu Names: Ox eye, False sunflower, Orange sunflower.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY

JULY AND AUGUST

TYPE FROM EASTERN N. AMERICA

LIGHTLY cup-shaped, thick daisylike flowers sometimes two
inches across, with bright orange rays and deeper orange centres,
profusely borne in loose bunches on much-branching bushy plants

two to four feet high and
three to five feet wide.
Leaves smooth, thin,
pointed, and saw-edged.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border or for natu-
ralizing in dry spots, and
very good for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any dry soil. Re-
quires full sun. Should
be divided every two
years.

Propagate by division.

215

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

HEMEROCALLIS

(From the Greek hemera, a day, and kalos, beautiful)

Liliacee
65. Hemerocallis aurantiaca, var. major

EncuiisH Name: Orange day lily.

JAPAN LATE JUNE THROUGH AUGUST

RAGRANT, bright orange, lilylike flowers, sometimes nine inches

long and five to six inches wide, reddish brown on the outside, borne
in clusters of six to eight flowers on long upright stems two and one
half to three feet high.
Leaves long and grass-
like, bluish green in color.
Excellent in clumps in
the herbaceous border or
rock garden or for natu-
ralizing by the edge of
ponds. Good also for
cutting. The individual
flowers are short-lived,
but are borne in good
succession.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture. Will thrive in any
good garden soil, in sun or
shade, but does best in
moist places and partial
shade. Can be left four
or five years without
dividing

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Z17

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME ei ae
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Culture

Propagation

HEMEROCALLIS

(From the Greek hemera, a day, and kalos, beautiful)

Liliacee
64. Hemerocallis flava

Enctiiso Names: Yellow day lily, Lemon lily.

EUROPE, ASIA, N. AMERICA LATE MAY THROUGH JUNE

RAGRANT, lemon-yellow, lilylike flowers, three to seven inches
long, borne in clusters of six to eight flowers on upright stems two
to three feet high. Leaves a foot and a half to two feet long, narrow
and grasslike. Excel-
lent in clumps in the
herbaceous border or rock
garden, or for naturalizing
by the banks of ponds.
Good also for cutting.
The individual flowers are
short-lived, but are borne
in good succession.
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any garden soil. Will
thrive in sun or shade but
does best in a moist, rich
soil in partial shade.
Propagate by division.

219

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

HEMEROCALLIS

(From the Greek hemera, a day, and kalos, beautiful)

Liliacee

74. Hemerocallis Middendorfii

EnciisH Name: Yellow day lily.

AMUR REGION

JUNE TO MID-JULY

ERY fragrant, bright yellow, lilylike flowers, two to three inches
long, borne in clusters of two to four flowers on long upright stems
one and one half to three feet high. Leaves six to nine inches long,

broadly grasslike and
curving, bright green.
Excellent in clumps in the
herbaceous border or rock
garden, or for naturalizing
by the water side. Good
also for cutting. The
individual flowers are
short-lived, but are borne
in good succession. One
of .the prettiest species
of Hemerocallis and par-
ticularly useful for its
early season, coming into
bloom about a month
before H. flava and H.
aurantiaca.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any garden soil,
in sun or shade, but does
best in moist, rich soil and
partial shade.

Propagate by division.

221

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Et¢ |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Culture

Propagation

HEUCHERA

(Named for J. H. von Heucher, 1677-1747, professor of botany at Wittenberg)

Saxifragacee
135. Heuchera sanguinea

Encuiso Names: Coral bells, Crimson bells, Alum root.

NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA MID-MAY TO EARLY SEPTEMBER

MALL, dainty, bell-like, bright coral-red flowers borne in clusters on
delicate wiry stems about a foot and a half high, above a thick clump

of rich green leaves, of a rounded heart shape about two inches across,
scalloped around theedges
and very decorative. Very
excellent for edging the

herbaceous border on ac-
count of its fine persistent
foliage, bright and dainty
flowers, and long blooming
season. Excellent also for
the rock garden and good
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any garden soil, in
sun or partial shade.

There are a number
of horticultural varieties
of Heuchera in various
shades of red and pink,
the darker colors being
usually the best. Among
the commonest are:

Var. dlba. Has foliage
even finer than the type,
but the flowers are in-
effective.

Var. spléndens. Dark
crimson flowers. Good.

Var. brizéides. Large bright pink flowers, not so good as the type.

Var. “Pluie de feu.” Free blooming, scarlet-red. Excellent.

223

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Efe |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Uses

Culture

Propagation

HIBISCUS

(From hibiskos, the Greek name for the mallow)

Malvacee
4. Hibiscus var. Meehan’s Mallow Marvels

EnciisH Names: Swamp rose, Rose mallow, Marsh mallow, Sea hollyhock.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM EASTERN U.S. A. AUGUST TO EARLY OCTOBER

ARGE, open flowers, like single Hollyhocks, four to eight inches across, in
all shades from white through shell-pink to very dark crimson; orwhite,
or pink with crimson eye, etc.; borne close to the stem on vigorous, graceful,
leafy stalks from four to
six feet tall. Leaves large
and roundish, grayish
green, handsome, and per-
sistent. Meehan’s Mal-
low Marvels are hybrids
derived from H. moschéu-
tos.

Very striking and
effective for planting in
groups in the back of the
herbaceous border,
against shrubbery, or for
naturalizing by the water
side.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any good soil, in
sun or partial shade.
Does best in a moist,
sandy loam. A_ light
mulch in winter is desir-
able.

Propagate by seed or
division. Seed does not
always come true in color

to parent.

225

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS: |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heighi)

Uses

| Propagation

HYPERICUM

(From hypereikon, the Greek name for the flower, derived from hypo, under, and ereike heather)

Hypericacee
107. Hypéricum Moserianum

Encuiisu Names: St. John’s wort, Gold flower.

S. E. EUROPE LATE JUNE THROUGH AUGUST

IDE open, single, wild rose-shaped flowers about two inches across;
golden yellow with many conspicuous bright orange stamens, borne
one to three on a stalk on a low-growing erect shrub, one and one half to
two feet high, with droop-
ing branches. Leaves
oval, about one and one
half inches long, dark
green, leathery, and per-
sistent. The flowers
bloom a few at a time
throughout the season,
never producing a mass
of color; therefore it
should always be planted
in clumps, never singly.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border. Techni-
cally a shrub and not a
herbaceous perennial, but
more suitable for the
border than for shrub-
bery. Notreliably hardy
in New England, but
hardy farther south.
Should be protected by
leaves or litter in winter.
Of easy culture in any
garden soil, in sun or half-
shade. Does best in a
light, warm soil, and
flowers longer in partial shade than in sun. Should be renewed every
SIX OF seven years.

Propagate by seed, by cuttings, or by suckers.
227

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Et |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Prop avation

IBERIS

(From Iberia, the Latin name for Spain, where the genus abounds)

Crucifere
142. Ibéris sempérvirens

EnciisH Name: Hardy candytuft.

S. EUROPE MID-APRIL TO MID-MAY

Nie... very small pure white flowers profusely carried in dense
clusters on a low, thick-spreading, shrubby plant from six to twelve
inches high. Leaves rounded-oblong, dark and evergreen, thickly borne
and handsome. Excel-
lent for the rock garden,
naturalized over walls,
and in front of shrub-
bery, or for the front of
the herbaceous border,
though it is such a vigor-
ous spreader that it some-
times proves troublesome
in the latter situation.
Good also for cutting.
Technically a sub-
shrub and not a hardy
perennial, though almost
always classed as such on
account of its dwarf and
floriferous habit. Per-
fectly hardy and of easiest
culture, succeeding in any
soil even in dry ground, in
sun or partial shade.
Propagate by seed, by
cuttings, or by division.

229

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

| Culture. i ee

75:

Enc.iiso Names: German iris, Fleur-de-lis, European blue flag, Flower-de-luce.

IRIS

(From the Greek iris, a rainbow)

Tridacee

Iris germanica, vars.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES, TYPE FROM EUROPE

ARGE, showy, and sometimes fragrant flowers four to five inches
wide by as much in height, with three large, erect, incurving petals
called standards, and three large, golden-bearded, drooping ones called

falls, in self colors and
combinations of white,
yellow, brown, bronze,
purple-blue, and lavender
almost to rose, borne four
or more close together
along the tips of stout
erect stalks two to three
feet high. Leaves one,
to one and one half feet
long, stiff, swordlike, and
growing from the ground
in flat sheaves, blue gray-
green in color; fairly
durable throughout the
summer though usually
turning brown at the tips
and becoming unsightly.

A remarkably decora-
tive plant, fine for plant-
ing in masses or singly
against shrubbery or in
the herbaceous border.
Excellent for cutting.
The foliage after bloom
presents a difficult prob-
lem, as its withered ap-

pearance often mars an otherwise trim border.

EARLY MAY TO EARLY JUNE

It is difficult to conceal
with other plants, as Irises require plenty of room and will not stand

crowding. Probably the best thing to do is to plant in not very large
231

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Season Habitat. 7
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

75. Iris germanica, vars. (Continued)

clumps, not too far forward, and snip the leaves with scissors as they
turn brown.

Perfectly hardy perennials of easiest culture in any well-drained garden
soil. Will grow in very dry locations, in sun or partial shade, but do best
in a rich, well-drained soil with full exposure to the sun. The root is a
horizontal surface-growing rhizome which should be planted flat and only
covered to a depth of half its diameter. Is helped by fertilizing in the fall
with stable manure which must be raked off in the spring. Increases
rapidly and should be divided and replanted every two or three years.
This may be done in the fall or spring, though by far the best time for
transplanting is immediately after the blooming season.

Propagate by division of rhizomes.

The plants roughly classed as German Iris are almost all hybrids of
various species and are very numerous. ‘These horticultural varieties
may be divided into ten or twelve fairly distinct groups. Among the
most popular of the German Iris and allied groups are:

J. FLORENTINA:

The earliest type, blooming in May, smaller than the average plant
though with large flowers, preferring half-shade; fragrant, with a fragrant
root-stock (orris-root). Standards pure white, falls white, slightly tinged
with lavender.

Var. alba. Similar to the type, with pearly-white flowers.

]. FLAVESCENS:

Standards soft creamy-yellow, falls pale cream color, fragrant.

]. INTERREGNA:

Crosses between J. germanica and I. pumila. Rather dwarf in habit,
with flower stems about eighteen inches high and foliage lower. Foliage
good throughout the season. Blooming between J. florentina and
I. germanica. ,

Var. Ingeborg. Very large flowers, standards and falls pure white.
Var. Walhalla. Standards rosy-lavender, falls claret-red.
233

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

'N2 LATIN NAME.
Season Habitat. :
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Propagation

75. Iris germanica, vars. (Continued)

I. GERMANICA:

(Old germanica type of garden Iris, not the true botanical species.)
Early flowering and fragrant, two to three feet high, blooming in mid-
May, large flowers, usually in shades of blue or purple throughout.

Var. atropurpurea (or Kochi). Standards rich grape-purple, falls
purple veined with white at base; probably the best-known variety.

Var. macrantha (or Amas). Standards light blue, falls velvety blue-
violet.

Var. spectabilis (or Johann de Witt). Standards bluish violet, falls
deep purple.

I. PALLIDA:

(I. Junonia, I. asiatica, I. sicula.) ‘Tall flower stems, two to four feet
high, bearing eight to twelve flowers, usually in pale blues, lavenders, and
roses, with standards and falls differing little in color, blooming in late
May.

Var. Celeste. Standard lavender-blue, falls deeper lavender-blue.

Var. dalmdtica. Standards lavender-blue, falls deep lavender.
Large fragrant flowers. One of the very best of the German Irises.

Var. Lohengrin. Standards and falls deep violet-mauve. Very
large flowers.

Var. Mme. Paquitte. Standards and falls bright rosy-claret.

Var. Queen of May. Standards rose-pink, falls deeper lavender-pink.

I. PLICATA:

(1. aphylla, var. plicata.) Very similar to the pallida type, with inner
petals much folded. Flowers in pale blue or lavender and white.
Var. Bridesmaid. Standards pale lavender, falls white veined with
lavender.
Var. Mme. Chereau. Standards and falls white frilled with azure-
blue. One of the loveliest of the German Irises.

I. NEGLECTA:

Many flowered; flowers medium sized, in blues, lavenders, and purples
with prominent yellow beard on the much-recurved falls. Height one
and one half to two feet.

235

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET? |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common _ Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

75. Iris germanica, vars. (Continued)

Var. Miss Maggie (or Hermoine). Standards silvery lavender, falls
soft rose.

Var. Perfection. Standards light blue, falls very dark velvety vio-
let, orange beard.

I. AMCENA:

A group similar in habit to the germanica type, blooming in late May.
Characterized by flowers with standards of white or pale blue, and falls
of blue or violet striped or edged with white.

Var. Compte de Ste. Claire. Standards pale blue, falls deep violet,
striped and edged with white. :

Var. Mrs. H. Darwin. Standards pure white, falls white slightly
veined with violet at base. A beautiful variety.

Var. Rhein Nixie. Standards pure white, falls deep violet-blue
with a white edge.

Var. Victorine. Standards white mottled with blue, falls deep pur-
ple. A beautiful variety.

I. VARIEGATA:

A group like the germanica type in habit, characterized by flowers
with yellow standards and falls in shades of purple, claret, or red-brown.

Var. aurea. Standards and falls golden-yellow. One of the best
pure yellows.

Var. Darius. Standards rich canary yellow, falls lilac with white
margin, prominent golden-yellow beard.

Var. Gracchus. Standards pale yellow, falls suffused crimson-pur-
ple veined with yellow.

Var. Hector. Standards delicate yellow, falls deep crimson-purple.
Very handsome.

Var. Honorable (or Sans Souci). Standards bright Indian yellow,
falls chestnut-red.

Var. Innocenza. Standards ivory white, falls white slightly veined
at base of petal with maroon, rich golden beard. The nearest to pure white
among the German Irises.

Var. Iris King. A cross between I. pallida, var. dalmdtica, and I.
variegata, var. Maori King. Standards clear lemon-yellow, falls deep

237

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2& LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Uses

| Propogation | a

7s. Iris germanica, vars. (Continued)

satiny brown with a wide border of golden-yellow. Perhaps the best of
the group.

Var. Maori King. Standards golden-yellow, falls deep velvety crim-
son. Dwarf habit.

Var. Mrs. Neubronner. Standards and falls golden-yellow, deeper
in color than var. azvrea, but equally fine.

I. SQUALENS:

A group like the germanica type in habit, but with flowers of queer,
rather dull shades of yellow and red.
Var. Dr. Bernice. Standards coppery bronze, falls dull crimson.
Var. Jacquesiana (or Conscience). Standards olive-yellow, falls dark
wine-red.
Var. Miralba. Standards coppery rose, falls soft rose.

239

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

IRIS

(From the Greek iris, a rainbow)

Tridacee

51. Iris levigata, vars. (I. Kémpferi)

EncoiisH Name: Japanese iris.

E. SIBERIA, JAPAN AND HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY

ERY large and showy single or double flowers, often ten inches across,
and much flatter than other species of Iris, in shades varying from
white to blue and deep purple, sometimes mottled and deeply veined, borne

one to three in a head at
the ends of slender erect
stalks two to three feet
high. Leaves thin and
narrow, one to one and
a half feet long, bright
green, erect, and bending
gracefully over, forming a
tangled mass of persistent
foliage about one foot
high.

One of the most strik-
ing and decorative of the
hardy perennials. Though
not so floriferous as the
German Iris, the size and
splendor of the flower
amply compensates.
Coming into bloom after
the German Irises have
completely passed by,
they are sometimes called
“Summer Iris.” Very
effective in the herba-
ceous border and _ es-
pecially so massed in
clumps by the water side

or at the edge of shrubbery. Excellent for cutting.
Perfectly hardy perennials of easy culture in rich, moist soil. Any good
soil enriched with well-rotted manure will do, but plenty of water,

241

NOTES ON THE |
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ete

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heighi)

51. Iris levigata, vars. (Continued)

especially during the flowering season, is essential to best results. Pre-
fer sunny situations and should not be frequently disturbed. Are best
planted in late summer but may be started in early spring.

There are a great number of varieties of Japanese Iris, all of which are
good. Below are given some of the most popular, with translations of
the Japanese names for the benefit of those who prefer English names for
flowers:

Date-dogu (Arms of warfare). Rich claret-red with orange blotches
and white veinings, standards white with light claret edging. Very large
single flowers.

Kaku-jaku-ro (Square-flowered pomegranate). Violet-blue dusted
over a white ground, yellow blotches, standards blue and white. Single
flowers.

Kigan-no-misao (Invincible virtue). Pure white shading to yellow
at the base, standards creamy white. Late-blooming double flowers.

Komochi-guma (Bear and cubs). Deep violet-purple throughout.
Double flowers.

Kumo-no-obi (Girdle of cobweb). Dark lavender-purple with yel-
low blotches and white veinings, standards large and of the same color.
Single flowers.

Kyodai-san (Twin mountain). Very dark purplish blue veined with
white. Double flowers.

Mei-ran (The name of an orchid). White, densely veined and mar-
bled with lavender-rose, centre yellow. Single flowers.

Oniga-shima (Yhe name of an island, according to Japanese legend,
inhabited by devils). Rich royal purple, standards white, tipped with
violet. Very large double flowers.

Samidare (Spring rains). Silvery white veined with rich ultrama-
rine blue. Double flowers.

Shippo (Seven jewels). Violet-blue edged with purple, standards
lavender and white. Double flowers.

Sofu-no-koi (Voice of the hero). White, splashed and speckled sky-
blue, primrose-yellow blotches radiating into the petals, standards creamy
white with violet margins. Double flowers.

Tai-hai-raku (The world is at peace). Rich claret-purple, yellow
blotches, standards grayish lavender. Single flowers.

Tsurugi-no-mai (Sword dance). Rich reddish purple with darker

shadings, centre violet-purple. Double flowers.
243

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common _ Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Prop agation

IRIS

(From the Greek iris, a rainbow)

Tridacee
163. Iris pumila (J. gracilis)
EnciisH Name: Dwarf iris.

EUROPE MID-APRIL TO LATE MAY

INGLE Iris flowers, very large for the plant, typically deep purple
but varying in the hybrid vars. from azure-blue to purple and from
white to lemon-yellow, carried singly on very short erect stems from
four to nine inches high.
Leaves stiff and sword
shaped, two to four in-
ches long, bluish green
and persistent. Excel-
lent for the rock garden
or for edging the herba-
ceous border, the rich,
showy flowers being
among the first to bloom
in the spring, and though
the blossoms are short-
lived, the foliage is
effective throughout the
summer. Good for plant-
ing in dry places. The
plants spread rapidly by
creeping rhizomes and
soon form large patches.
A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any garden soil, in
sun or partial shade.
Propagate by division.

245

NAME

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

66.

IRIS

(From the Greek iris, a rainbow)

Tridacee

Iris sibirica (I. acuta)

Enciiso Name: Siberian iris.

EUROPE, E. SIBERIA

ELL-FORMED, rather small, but showy flowers resembling the
wild Iris, rich blue in color, borne in heads of three or more on the
ends of many long, very slender, upright stems from two to four feet high.

Leaves thin, one to two
feet long, and not at all
rigid, forming a dense
grasslike tuft of per-
sistent, bright green foli-
age about one and one
half feet high. Excellent
for the herbaceous border,
coming into bloom be-
tween the German and the
Japanese Iris, or for natu-
ralizing against shrubbery
orbythewater side. Ex-
cellent also for cutting.
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture in
rich soil and fullsun. The

thizomes require deep

planting and plenty of wa-
ter, especially during the
flowering season.
Propagate by division.
The following varieties
are excellent:
Var. alba. White flowers
veined with pale lilac.

Var. Snow Queen. Large
ivory-white flowers.

Var. orientalis (var. sanguinea; var. hematophylla; I. orientalis; I. sanguinea;
I. hematophylla). Resembling the Siberian Iris but lower growing and blooming
a little bit earlier; the flowers are larger but do not last so long; a second crop
Flowers violet-blue.

is often produced later.

247

LATE MAY TO MID-JUNE

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC

CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

N2 LATIN NAME

LATHYRUS

(From the Greek Jathyros, a name used for a vetch)

Leguminose

6. Lathyrus latifolius, var. albus

EnciisH Names: Everlasting pea, Perennial pea.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM EUROPE JULY AND AUGUST

ARGE, white, unfragrant sweet-pea-like blossoms, profusely borne
in clusters on sturdy climbing stems, from four to eight feet long.

Leaves compound, grayish green, and persistent, forming a good back-

ground. Not suitable for
the herbaceous border
except when growing on
atrellis at the back. Ex-
cellent as a covering for
rough wild banks and
stumps as it thrives any-
where, even among bushes
and stones. Very good
also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, in sun or
shade, grows very rapidly
but should not often be
disturbed on account of
the size of the long fleshy
roots.

Propagate best by
seed or by division.

249

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Common Name
Season Habitad.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

LATHYRUS

(From the Greek Jathyros, a name used for vetch)

Leguminosee
7. Lathyrus latifolius, var. spléndens

EnciisH Names: Everlasting pea, Perennial pea.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM EUROPE JULY AND AUGUST

ARGE, brilliant, rosy-purple, or sometimes red, unfragrant sweet-
pea-like blossoms, profusely borne in loose clusters on sturdy climb-
ing stems four to eight feet long. Leaves compound, grayish green, and
persistent, forming an ex-
cellent background. This
variety is the best form
of the type, being very
showy and free growing,
but is not suitable for the
herbaceous border except
when grown on a trellis at
the back. Excellent for
covering rough wild banks
and stumps as it thrives
anywhere, even among
bushes and stones. Very
good also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, in sun or
shade, grows very rapidly
but should not be often
disturbed, on account of
the size of the long fleshy
roots.

Propagate by seed or
division; does not always
come true to seed.

251

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

15:

LIATRIS

(Name of unknown origin)

Composite

Liatris pycnostachya

Encutsu Names: Blazing star, Kansas gay feather, Button snake root, Devil’s

CENTRAL U. S. A.

bit, Rattlesnake’s master.

EARLY JULY THROUGH AUGUST

MALL purple flower heads, about one half inch long, in showy, long,
dense spikes five to eighteen inches long, which commence to flower
at the top, borne on leafy stems three to five feet high. Leaves slender

and grasslike, thickly
clothing the stem; persist-
ent. Excellent in masses
in the herbaceous border
or naturalized against
shrubbery or in waste
places.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture. Will grow in very
poor soil, in sun, but
thrives best in rich garden
soil and in partial shade.

Propagate by seed
sown in autumn or by
division.

253

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Uses

Propagation

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek /eirion, a lily)

Liliacee
40. Lilium auratum
Ene.iisH Name: Gold-banded lily.

JAPAN JULY AND AUGUST

ARGE, showy, fragrant flowers spreading nearly a foot wide, cream
colored, thickly mottled with purple and with a golden band down
the centre of each petal; borne in heads of two to five on leafy stems two to
four feet high. Leaves
slender and inconspicu-
ous. Very effective scat-
tered or in masses in the
herbaceous’ border, or
scattered among shrub-
bery. Too large a mass
should not be used in the
border, as the foliage dies
down after blooming and
may leave a bare spot.
Good for cutting.

A hardy perennial, but
of short life, the bulb
usually dying in two or
three years. A well-
drained soil is essential,
and manure should never
be allowed to come in
direct contact with the
bulb. Lily bulbs should
be deeply planted, with
the top of the bulb about
six inches below the
ground, as they are then
more resistant to drought,
hot weather, and frost. In
planting excavate to twice the depth of the bulb planting, fill in first with
well-composted manure, then with about an inch of sand, or perhaps

better two or three inches of fresh sphagnum moss, then place the bulb;
255

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

40. Lilium auratum (Continued)

cover with light soil mixed with peat or leaf mold. Further enrichment
can be given from time to time by mulching with well-rotted manure.
Will thrive in sun or partial shade, but the ground should always be kept
cool and moist, either by shade or by a top dressing of peat or leaf mold.

Propagate by offsets, by bulb-scales, removed when ripe, or very
slowly by seed.

257

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET* |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek /eirion, a lily)
Liliacee
76. Lilium Batemani (*L. éegans, var. fulgens; L. filgens;
L. sanguineum)

JAPAN JULY AND AUGUST

PREADING apricot or salmon-red unspotted flowers, smaller than
those of L. élegans, borne erect in heads of one to five on a sturdy,
slightly cobwebby, and leafy stalk one to three feet high. Leaves slender
and rather inconspicuous.
Very effective for massing
in the herbaceous border,
and probably the best of
all for massing against
shrubbery. Too large a
mass should not be used in
the border, as the foliage
dies down and may leave
a bare spot.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture. A
well-drained soil is essen-
tial, and manure should
never be allowed to come
in direct contact with the
bulb. For proper plant-
ing see Lilium élegans
(page 265). Will
thrive in sun or shade,
but the ground should
always be kept cool and
moist either by shade or
by a top dressing of peat
or leaf mold.

Propagate by offsets,
which make good bulbs
in about three years; or by bulb-scales removed when ripe.

*Form of name most approved by botanical authorities.

259

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek Jeirion, a lily)

Liliacee
41. Lilium candidum

EnciisH Name: Madonna lily.

S. EUROPE LATE JUNE TO MID-JULY

ERY fragrant, pure white, trumpet-shaped flowers, three and a half
to five inches long, borne horizontally, six to twenty-five in a head,
on tall, erect, and leafy stems two to four feet high. Leaves slender
and inconspicuous. Very
effectiveinsmall clumpsin
the herbaceous border or
against shrubbery, show-
ing to best advantagewith
a high background of foli-
age. Inlarge massesis less
effective than many other
Lilies. After blooming the
foliage dies to the ground,
makingalow,greensecond
growth before winter.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture though par-
ticularly liable to Lily
disease. The best pre-
ventive against this blight
is to dust the bulbs with
powdered sulphur before
planting and spray the
foliage with Bordeaux
mixture before the blight
appears. A well-drained
soil is essential, and ma-
nure should never be al-
lowed to come in direct
contact with the bulb.

The bulbs should be planted with the base of the bulb about four
inches below the ground, as they are then more resistant to drought,

hot weather, and frost. In planting excavate to twice the depth of
261

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

41. Lilium candidum (Continued)

the bulb planting, fill in first with well-composted manure, then with
about an inch of sand, or perhaps better two or three inches of fresh
sphagnum moss, then place the bulb. Cover with light soil mixed with
peat or leaf mold. Further enrichment can be given from time to time
by mulching with well-rotted manure. Will thrive in sun or partial
shade, but the ground should always be kept cool and moist either by
shade or by a top dressing of peat or leaf mold.

Propagate best by bulb-scales which, if separated as soon as the foliage
begins to turn in August, will send up leaves before winter; by offsets, or,
very slowly, by seed.

263

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name
| Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek Jeirion, a lily)
Liliacee
116. Lilium élegans (Thunbérgii) (L. dahuricum; L. Thun-
bergianum; L. umbellatum; L. formosum)

JAPAN JUNE TO MID-JULY

ARGE, spreading, self-colored flowers of brilliant yellow-orange borne
erect in heads of one to five on a sturdy, slightly cobwebby, and leafy
stalk one to two feet high. Leaves slender and rather inconspicuous.

Very effective in masses
in the herbaceous border
or among _— shrubbery.
Perhaps the most satis-
factory species of Lily for
general garden use. Too
large a mass should not be
used in the border, as the
foliage dies down and may
leave a bare spot.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture.
A well-drained soil is
essential and manure
should never be allowed
to come in direct contact
with the bulb. Bulbs
should be deeply planted
with the base of the bulb
about six inches below the
ground, as they are then
more resistant to drought,
hot weather, and frost. In
planting excavate to
twice the depth of the
bulb planting, fill in first
with well-composted ma-
nure, then with about an inch of sand, then place the bulb. Cover with

light soil mixed with peat or leaf mold. Further enrichment can be given

from time to time by mulching with well-rotted manure.
265

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

116. Lilium élegans (Thunbérgii) (Continued)

Will thrive in sun or partial shade, but the ground should always be
kept cool and moist either by shade or by a top dressing of peat or
leaf mold.

Propagate by offsets, which make good bulbs in about three years,
or by bulb-scales removed when ripe.

There are many excellent varieties of L. élegans (of which L. Batemani,
already given, is one) differing from the type chiefly in the color of the
flower. Among the best are:

Var. bicolor. Bright red flowers with orange centres.

Var. Alice Wilson. Large lemon-yellow flowers.

Var. Wallacet (L. Wallacei). A smaller and later-blooming form.
Flowers apricot spotted with black.

267

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
_ Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek Jezroin, a lily)

CHINA

Liliacee
5. Lilium Heénryi

AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

ARGE, dark salmon-orange flowers sparingly spotted with red-brown,
borne horizontally in loose pyramidal heads of four to eight flowers
on leafy stems of graceful and unconventional habit four to eight feet high.

Leaves slender and rather
inconspicuous. Superb
in clumps in the herba-
ceous border or massed
against shrubbery. After
blooming the foliage dies
to the ground. A recently
introduced and therefore
still comparatively ex-
pensive variety but none
the less sturdy and free
growing.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture.
A well-drained soil is
essential, and manure
should never be allowed
to come in direct contact
withthebulb. For proper
planting of Lilies see
Lilium auratum (page
255). Will thrive in sun
or partial shade, but the
ground should always be
kept cool and moist either
by shade or by a top dress-
ing of peat or leaf mold.

Propagate by offsets or by bulb-scales planted as soon as ripe.

269

| OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season. Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek /eirion, a lily)

Liliacee
52. Lilium speciosum, vars. (L. lancifolium, vars.; L. précox, vats.)

JAPAN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

ARGE, and, in some varieties, fragrant flowers, white, or white
suffused with pink or rosy-red, and much spotted with red; with
recurved and twisted petals, borne somewhat pendulously in unbranching
heads of three to ten
flowers on a graceful leafy
stem two to four feet high,
of rather unconventional
habit. Leaves larger and
broader than with most
Lilies. Very effective scat-
tered or in masses in the
herbaceous border, or scat-
tered among shrubbery.
Too large a mass should
not be used in the herba-
ceous border, as the foliage
dies down after blooming,
and may leave a bare spot.
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture. A
well-drained soil is essen-
tial, and manure should
never be allowed to come
in direct contact with the
bulb. For proper planting
of Lilies see Lilium aura-
tum (page 255).
Propagate by offsets
or by bulb-scales divided
as soon as ripe.
The best varieties of L. speciosum are:
Var. album. Pure white and fragrant.
Var. Melpémene. White suffused with deep crimson.

Var. rubrum (var. roseum). White shaded and spotted with rose, fragrant,
the best and most vigorous variety.

271

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS EY

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Propagation

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek Jeirion, a lily)

29. Lilium supérbum

Ene.isH Names: Turk’s-cap lily, Turk’s-head lily, Nodding lily, Wild lily.

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA

RIGHT reddish orange flowers conspicuously spotted with brown, with
pointed, much recurved petals, carried pendently in a tall pyramidal
cluster of from six to eighteen flowers on a sturdy leafy stem three to six

feet tall. Leaves, often in
whorls around the stem,
pointed and rather incon-
spicuous. Excellent in
clumps in the herbaceous
border or naturalized
among shrubs, or by the
watersidewhere it may at-
taina height of eight to ten
feet. After blooming the
foliage dies to the ground.

A perfectly hardy
perennial growing wild
throughout the eastern
United States, of easiest
culture, even in heavy and
dampsoil. Manureshould
never be allowed to come
in contact with the bulb.
For proper planting of
Lilies see Lilium auratum
(page255). Willthrivein
sun or half-shade, but does
best if the ground is kept
cool and moist either by
shade or by a top dressing
of peat or leaf mold.

Propagate by offsets, bulb-scales divided as soon as quite ripe, or,

very slowly, by seed.

LILIUM

Liliacee

273

MID-JUNE TO MID-JULY

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season. Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Hei ght)

Uses

Propagation

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek Jeirion, a lily)

Lihiacee
30. Lilium tigrinum

EncuitsH Names: Tiger lily, Crumple lily.

CHINA EARLY JULY THROUGH AUGUST

RIGHT orange-red flowers with recurved petals thickly covered with
purple spots; carried pendantly in a loose head of three to twelve
flowers on an erect, somewhat cobwebby, and leafy stem two to five feet
high. Leaves dark green,
thin, and pointed, not very
conspicuous, with bulblets
in the axils of the upper
leaves. Excellent for
planting in small clumps
in the herbaceous border,
and very brilliant natu-
ralized in masses against
shrubbery. After bloom-
ing the foliage dies to the
ground.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture,
even in fairly heavy soil.
Like most Lilies, how-
ever, it does best in a well-
drained soil, and manure
should never be allowed
to come in contact with
the bulb. For proper
planting of Lilies see
Lilium auratum (page
255). Willthrive in sun or
half-shade, but does best
if the ground is kept cool
and moist either by shade
or by a top dressing of peat or leaf mold.

Propagate by offsets, bulb-scales, or by the axillary bulblets which

will usually produce bloom the third or fourth year.
275

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET's |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

LILIUM

(The classic Latin name, from the Greek Jeirion, a lily)

Liliacee
117. Lilium tenuifolium

EncuiisH Name: Siberian coral lily.
SIBERIA JUNE

ICH scarlet flowers with darker shadings and recurving petals, car-
ried pendently in clusters of from one to twenty on erect stems one

to two feet high. Leaves exceedingly slender, curled at the edges, incon-
spicuous. Excellent for
massing in the herbaceous
border, being very showy
and easily grown. After
blooming the foliage dies
tothe ground. A perfectly
hardy perennial of easiest
cultureinany well-drained,
lightsoil. Likemost
Lilies, however, it does
best in rich soil, though
manure should never be
allowed to come in contact
with the bulb. The bulb
should beplanted with the
base about four inches be-
lowthe ground. Excavate
to twice the depth of the
bulb planting, fill in first
with well-rotted manure,
then with about an inch of
sand, then place the bulb,
surround it with sand, and
fill in with light soil, prefer-
ably mixed with peat or
leaf mold. Mulch from
time to time with well-
rotted manure. Requires sun, but does best if the ground 1s kept cool and

moist either by shade or a top dressing of peat or leaf mold.
Easily propagated from seeds or bulb-scales.
277

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

LINUM

(The classical Latin name)

Lindcee

118. Linum perénne

EUROPE, WESTERN U. S. A.

Enciiso Name: Flax.

EARLY MAY THROUGH JULY

MALL, flat, five-petaled azure-blue flowers freely borne at the ends
of very slender, erect, and branching leafy stems one to two feet

high. Leaves very small and slender; inconspicuous. Excellent

for the rock garden or
herbaceous border. Ex-
tremely dainty and yet
showy, as the flowers
though short-lived are
very continuously borne.
Good for planting in dry
places.

A hardy perennial of
easiest culture in any rich,
light soil. Prefers an open
situation exposed to the
sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division; will often
bloom the first year from
seed.

279

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common _ Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Prop aSation

LOBELIA

(Named for Matthias de L’Obel, 1538-1616, a Flemish botanist and author)

Lobeliacee
100. Lobélia cardinalis
Enciish Names: Cardinal flower, Indian pink, Red Betty, Red cardinal,
Slink weed, Hog physic.

EASTERN N. AMERICA MID-JULY THROUGH AUGUST

NTENSE cardinal-red flowers about one inch long, bornin spikes on erect,
unbranching, leafy stems two to four feet tall. Leaves narrow and in-
conspicuous, dying down after the blooming season. Good for shady spots
in the herbaceous border

on account of the bril-
liance of its flowers, but
especially fine for natu-
ralizing in swampy spots
or by the water side.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any moist
soil, preferably rich, in
sun or shade.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division;
will self-sow.

281

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture. As Ce ea a

Propagation

LUPINUS

(A classical Latin name for some leguminous plant, from lupus, a wolf, because it was supposed to destroy fertility)

Leguminose
33. Lupinus polyphyllus, vars. (L. grandiflorus)

EnciisH Name: Lupine.

PACIFIC SLOPE, U. S. A. MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE

EA-SHAPED flowers, typically deep blue, but white and pink in
its varieties, thickly borne in stately spikes from a foot to a foot and
a half long, rising above the foliage to a height of two to five feet. Leaves
divided like a palm, from
four to ten inches in diam-
eter, dark green and
satiny, forming a very
handsome persistent
clump. Excellent for the
herbaceous border, for
naturalizing, or for cut
flowers.
A hardy perennial of

eg bod fu. 2 : 2
* Pe 5 8. ‘

easy culture in any garden
soil, even though rather
poor and dry, except
possibly where lime is
present. Succeeds best
in sun and in a cool

@.
a
‘

“—e

climate, and when once
established should not be
moved.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

There are several hor-
ticultural varieties, but
the best are:

Var. albus (var. albi-
florus). Similar tothetype
but with white flowers.

Var. roseus.. Somewhat lower growing than the type, flowers clear

shell-pink.

283

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET? |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

LYCHNIS

(From the Greek luchnos, a lamp, because of the brilliant flowers)

53.

Caryophyllacee

Lychnis chalcedonica

EnciisH Names: Jerusalem- or Knight’s-cross, Maltese- or Scarlet-cross,
Maltese sage, Scarlet lychnis, Scarlet lightning, Campion of Constantinople,
Cross of Jerusalem, Fire balls, None-such, Mock sweet William.

RUSSIA OR JAPAN JUNE TO MID-JULY

ROSS-SHAPED flowers of brilliant scarlet in close terminal clusters
borne on unbranching, rather stalky, hairy stems two to three feet

high. Leaves small, pointed, sometimes quite narrow, hairy, and incon-

spicuous. Good in the
herbaceous border on ac-
count of the vivid color
of its flowers, but should
always be placed where
the foliage of other flowers
will conceal the bareness
of its stems.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any good garden
soil, in sun or shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Var. flore pléno, a
double-flowered form, as
good as the type.

285

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

| Uses

Propagation

LYCHNIS .

(From the Greek l/uchnos, a lamp, because of the brilliant flowers)

Caryophyllacee

132. Lychnis Viscaria, var. spléndens

EnciisH Name: German catchfly.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY JUNE
TYPE FROM EUROPE AND NORTHERN ASIA

MALL rosy-red flowers, in short-stalked clusters which form round
tufted head, borne in profusion on upright stems six to twenty inches
high. Sticky patches on the stem below the flower clusters are respon-

sible for the name Catch-
fly. Leaves long and
grasslike. Good for the
rock garden or for the her-
baceous border on account
ofits bright color and very
free bloom.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any good light
soil. Resists drought well.
Should have full exposure
to the sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

287

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

LYSIMACHIA

(From lysimachion, the Greek name for a medicinal herb, derived from ly6, to loose, and machomat,

strife, because supposed to quiet oxen that would not draw well together in the same yoke)

87.

Primulacee

Lysimachia clethroides

EnciisH Name: Japanese loosestrife.

JAPAN

JULY AND AUGUST

URE white starlike flowers, one half inch in diameter, borne in
long and graceful terminal spikes on stout stems, at a height of two to
three feet. Leaves large, three to six inches long, broadly pointed, dying

after the blooming season
though still attractive for
aconsiderable time. Good
for planting in the herba-
ceous border and for natu-
ralizing by the water side.
Very good also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any good soil in
sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

289

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

LYTHRUM

(From the Greek lythron, gore; alluding to the color of the flowers)

Lythracee

54. Lythrum Salicaria, var. roseum supérbum (L. réseum
superbum)
EncuisH Names: Rose loosestrife, Spiked loosestrife, Spiked willow herb,

Milk willow herb, Willow weed, Willow wort, Sage willow, Red Sally, Rain-
bow weed, Black blood.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM AUSTRALIA JULY AND AUGUST

ARGE rose-colored flowers in a tall spike borne on a graceful leafy stem
two to five feet high. Leaves willowlike, two to three inches
long; persistent. Good in moist places in the herbaceous border, and
especially good for natu-
ralizing among shrubbery
or by the water side.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any moist soil.
Will thrive in full sun or
partial shade.

Propagate by division.

291

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

MONARDA

(Named for Nicholas Monardes, Spanish botanist of the sixteenth century)

Labiate
77. Monarda didyma (M. fistulosa; M. kalmiana)

EncuiisH Names: Oswego tea, Bee balm, Rose balm, Low balm, Red or Scarlet
balm, Fragrant balm, Mountain mint, Indian’s plume, Sweet Mary, Square stalk,
Horse mint.

N. AMERICA MID-JUNE THROUGH AUGUST

ERY fragrant, wide-mouthed, brilliant scarlet flowers borne in large
heads on rather coarse stalks two to four feet high. Leaves thin
and insignificant. Not an attractive plant in detail because of the coarse-
ness of its habit, but very
effective seen at a dis-
tance when massed in a
large herbaceous border
on account of the very
fine and vivid color of its
flowers. Excellent also for
naturalizing by the water
side or in woods. In-
creases so rapidly that it
sometimes proves trouble-
some in the border.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any ordinary soil, in sun
or shade. Though its
natural habitat isin damp
places, it will thrive with-
out an unusual amount
of moisture. Should fre-
quently be divided.

Propagate by division
in spring.

Var. alba, a white-
flowered form, has the
habit of the type, but
lacks the brilliant color
of the flowers; has little to recommend it.

293

~
\9

NOTES ON THE

YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

MONTBRETIA

(Named for A. F. E. Coquebert de Montbret, 1780-1801, a French botanist)

Tridacee
55. Montbrétia crocosmeflora (*Tritonia crocosmeflora)

EnciisH Name: Blazing star.

HORTICULTURAL HYBRID, TYPE FROM S. AFRICA JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

RANGE-SCARLET, starlike flowers about two inches across,
hanging in long graceful spikes from slender, much-branching
stems, three to four feet high. Leaves tall, narrow, and stiff, springing
from the ground around
the bulb. Excellent for
the herbaceous border on
account of its gay color
and decorative habit.

A half-hardy perennial
of easy cultureinrich, well-
drained soil, insun. South
of New York it may be
treated like other hardy
perennials if given the pro-
tection of a good mulch in
winter. In cold climates
the bulbs should be
wintered in slightly damp
earth indoors and planted
out again in April or May.

Propagate by offsets
or by bulb-scales.

There are a number of
named varieties varying
chiefly in the color of the
flowers. Among the most
popular are:

Var. germdnica.
Orange-scarlet with
blood-red throat.

Var. Rayon d'Or. Deep yellow and brown.

Var. Transcendant. Golden-yellow, bright red outside.

*Name most approved by botanical authorities.
295

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

MYOSOTIS

(The classic Greek name, derived from myos, of a mouse, and ous an ear, on account of the form of the leaf)

Boraginacee
158. Myosotis paltstris, var. sempérflorens

EnciisH Names: Forget-me-not, Mouse ear, Scorpion grass, Marsh Scorpion
grass, Snake grass, Caterpillars, Love-me.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM E. ASIA MAY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

MALL, bright, light blue flowers with a yellow eye and pink buds,
freely borne in loose clusters on leafy half-creeping stems six to ten
inches long. Foliage small, roundish, and bright green, thick and very
persistent. Very excellent
for carpeting in shady
places, under shrubbery,
or at the front of the
herbaceous border on ac-
count of its long season
of bloom and bright last-
ing foliage. Excellent
also for shady spots in
the rock garden or for
naturalizing by the water
side, and good for cutting.
A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any ordinary soil.
Prefers moist, partially
shady situation, but will
thrive in the ordinary bor-
der in sun if not allowed
to suffer from drought.
Propagate by seed or
very easily by cuttings or
division.

297

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color @ Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

OENOTHERA

(From oinothera, “wine-trap,” the Greek name for the plant, oinos, wine, and theran, to catch. The edible root was used
as a relish with the wine after dinner)

Onagracee

108. (£nothéra fruticosa, var. Youngii (O. Youingii)

EnctiisH Names: Evening primrose, Sundrops.

NORTH AMERICA

JUNE AND JULY

RAGRANT, bright lemon-yellow flowers one and one half to two
inches across, freely borne in clusters on a sturdy, much-branched
plant growing one and one half to two feet high. Leaves shiny grayish

green, firm and fairly
large, narrow, pointed-
oval, nearly three inches
long; persistent. Excel-
lent for the herbaceous
border on account of its
stocky habit and pro-
fusion of bright flowers,
which in spite of its Eng-
lish name bloom through-
out the daytime except in
very bright sun.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any garden soil, in sun
or half-shade. Does best
in full sun and dry, sandy
soil.

Propagate by seed or
by cuttings.

299

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common _ Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

OENOTHERA

(From oinothera, “wine-trap,”’ the Greek name for the plant, oimos, wine, and theran, to catch. The edible root was used
as a relish with the wine after dinner)

Onagracee

149. (#nothéra missouriénsis (EZ. macrocarpa; Megapterium

MISSOUTIENSE)

EnciisH Names: Evening primrose, Sundrops.

MISSOURI AND NEBRASKA TO TEXAS JUNE TO EARLY AUGUST

ERY large, fragrant, bright yellow flowers, three to five inches across,
profusely borne on trailing stems which ascend to a height of six to
twelve inches. Leaves thick and narrow, sometimes five inches long;

persistent. Excellent for
the front of the herba-
ceous border or for the
rock garden.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any light soil, in sun or
half-shade. Does well in
dry places in full sun.

Propagate by cuttings
or by division.

301

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

PAEONIA

(From the classic Greek name paionia, named for Paion, the physician of the gods)

Ranunculacee

27. Pzonia moutan, vars. (P. arborea, vars.)

Enciish Names: Tree peony, Chinese tree, Botan (Japan), Meutang
(meaning King of Flowers, China)

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES MAY
TYPE FROM CHINA

EAUTIFUL, large, single or double, slightly fragrant flowers often eight
to ten inches across, ranging in color from white to deep crimson,

borne on much-branched,

high. Foliage thick, shiny
green, very handsome, and
persistent. Very fine in
isolated clumpsin the her-
baceous border, or among
shrubbery. Undoubtedly
the most splendid of the
Peonies, though some-
what harder to grow than
the other species. Good
also for cutting.

Strictly a shrub rather
than a herbaceous peren-
nial, and mostly quite
hardy. Does well in sun,
though blooming longer
in partial shade. In plant-
ing the soil should be dug
to a depth of two or more
feet, with a large quantity
of well-rotted horse ma-
nure or cow manure
worked in at the bottom.
Fill with soft, rich loam
mixed in equal quantities
with leaf mold. The roots
should not come in direct
contact with the manure.

somewhat woody stems from three to six feet

Peonies should be liberally watered at all times,
393

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME

Common Name

= : |
| Common ‘Nemes. =)
ee) ae
a. ie mae ane ee
ea
Dec re We re

Propagation

27. Pzonia moutan, vars. (Continued)

especially when in bloom. Watering with liquid manure is beneficial
when the ground is dry. It usually requires two to three years for
Peonies to become well-established, but when once established they will
bloom if undisturbed for twenty years or more. By far the best time
for planting is in the early fall, September or October, though with care
any time from the middle of August till spring will do. In winter tree
Peonies should be protected with manure or straw to a depth of a foot
or more, and above that covered by dry leaves held down by brush or
light boards; a light wood or canvas covering at the top to shed rain is also
wise. In late spring the manure should be well dug into the ground
and the leaves removed, beginning at the bottom, those at the top of the
bush remaining until all danger of frost is past.

Propagate by grafting on the roots of the herbaceous species. Plants
from Japan are usually grafted on the roots of a purple flowered variety,
whose suckers, unless constantly cut, are liable to choke the graft.

Nearly all the tree Peonies (of which in China there are hundreds)
are fine, especially the single varieties. One of the best known and finest
is Elizabeth, with large, much-doubled, bright salmon-pink flowers.

305

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

(From the classic Greek name paionia, named for Paion, the physician of the gods)

78. Pzonia officinalis, vars. (P. fiulgida, vars.)

EneiisH Names: Old-fashioned peony, Early flowering or European peony,
Piney, Naupie, Sheep-shearing rose, Vinegar rose.

PAEONIA

Ranunculacee

SOUTHERN EUROPE AND HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES

Ce fragrant, typically crimson single flowers; in the horticul-
tural varieties ranging from white to deep mahogany, and single
or double; borne on stout leafy stems two to three feet high. Leaves

divided into fifteen to
twenty oval leaflets, dark
green above and pale be-
neath, very handsome and
persistent. Very excel-
lent in clumps in the
herbaceous border on
account of the trim, hand-
some, and lasting foliage
and the brilliant flowers.
Excellent also for front of
shrubbery beds and for
cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture,
in sun or partial shade,
though blooming longer
in partial shade. In plant-
ing the soil should be dug
to a depth of two or more
feet, with a large quantity
of well-rotted horse or
cow manure worked in at
the bottom. Fill with
soft, rich loam mixed in
equal quantities with leaf

mold. Theroots should be

set carefully, with the crowns between two and three inches below the sur-
face of the ground, and should not come in direct contact with the manure.

307

EARLY MAY TO EARLY JUNE

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season | Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

78. Paonia officinalis, vars. (Continued)

Peonies should be liberally watered at all times, especially when in bloom.
Watering with liquid manure is beneficial when the ground is dry. It
usually requires two or three years for Peonies to become well-established,
but when once established they will bloom if undisturbed for twenty years
or more.

By far the best time for dividing or planting is in the early fall, Sep-
tember or October, though with care any time from the middle of August
till early spring will do.- In winter a covering of manure should be given
which should be well worked into the ground in spring.

Propagate by division.

The old-fashioned varieties, all of which are excellent, are:

Var. rubra plena. “Old Double Crimson,” very double, deep rich
crimson.

Var. rosea plena. “Old Double Rose,” very double, bright rose.

Var. alba pléna (mutabilis alba). “Old Double Flesh-White,” very
double, bright coral changing to pure white.

Excellent single variéties are:

Var. anemonefiora. Deep blood-crimson, almost single flowers, with
a mass of twisted maroon stamens edged with yellow.

Var. Otto Froebel. Single, pale cherry-red flowers.

Var. rosea. Single, deep rose flowers.

Var. Sabini. Single, deep crimson flowers with golden stamens.

P. lobata. A species very similar to P. officinalis, has single cerise-
salmon flowers; the only Peony of this color.

309

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture 7

PAEONIA

(From the classic Greek name paionia, named for Paton, the physician of the gods)

Ranunculacee

34. Peonia (albiflora hybrids) vars. (P. sinénsis vars.)

EnciisH Names: Herbaceous peony, Late flowering or Chinese peony.

CHINA AND HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES LATE MAY TO LATE JUNE

LC. UL, large, single or double fragrant flowers, four to six inches
across, in shades varying from pure white to crimson and mahogany,
and parti-colored, borne sometimes two to five on a stem on upright leafy

stems, often branching,
two to four feet high.
Leaves pointed-oval, deep
glossy green with red vein-
ings, very handsome, and
persistent. One of the
very best plants for the
herbaceous border on ac-
count of its hardiness
and splendid trim-foliage
effect throughout the
season, as well as for its
very lovely flowers. Ex-
cellent also for the front
of shrubbery beds and for
cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture,
in sun or partial shade.
In planting the soil should
be dug to a depth of two
or more feet, with a large
quantity of well-rotted
horse or cow manure
worked in at the bottom.
Fill with soft, rich loam
mixed in equal quantities

with leaf mold. The roots should be set carefully, with the crowns between
two and three inches below the surface of the ground, and should not
come in direct contact with the manure. Peonies should be liberally

311

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET? |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

Uses

Propagation

34. Peonia (albiflora hybrids) vars. (Continued)

watered at all times, especially when in bloom. Watering with liquid
manure is beneficial when the ground is dry. It usually requires two or
three years for Peonies to become established, but when once estab-
lished they will bloom if undisturbed for twenty years or more. By far
the best time for dividing or planting is in the early fall, September or
October, though with care any time from the middle of August till early
spring will do. In winter a covering of manure should be given which
should be well worked into the ground in spring.

Propagate by division.

There are a thousand or more horticultural varieties of herbaceous
Peonies, nearly all derived from Paeonia albiflora, and the number is con-
stantly being added to. These vary in color, size of flower, season of
bloom, and very much in the form of the flower. It is impossible to con-
vey any idea of these flower forms without photographs, and the only
really satisfactory way to choose Peonies is by seeing them in bloom at a
nursery. The following short list, therefore, is simply a classification of
some of the universal favorites, all of which will be found to be very de-
sirable varieties:

YELLOW:

Canari. Outside petals ivory-white, centre amber, medium-sized
double flowers.

Solfatare. Outside petals pure white, centre sulphur-yellow, medium-
sized double flowers.

WHITE:

Baroness Schroeder. Ivory-white, very large double flowers, bloom-
ing in mid-season.

Couronne d’Or. Pure white, with amber-yellow reflex and yellow
stamens, centre petals tipped carmine. Large, double fragrant flowers,
blooming late. |

Duchesse de Nemours (Calot). Sulphur-white with greenish reflections,
fading to pure white. Large, double fragrant flowers, blooming in mid-
season.

Duke of Wellington. White with sulphur-white centre. Large, double
fragrant flowers.

Festiva. Pure white, centre petals tipped with crimson, Large, double

flowers, blooming late. A dwarf variety.
313

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ETS |:

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

34. Peonia (albiflora hybrids) vars. (Continued)

Festiva Maxima. Pure white, centre petals tipped with crimson.
Very large double flowers, blooming early. The finest white form, and
one of the best and most freely blooming Peonies.

Marie Lemoine. Pure white, with ivory centre petals tipped carmine.
Very large double flowers, blooming late. The best late white variety.

Mme. de Verneville. Sulphur-white with rosy centre petals tipped
carmine. Very large, double, finely shaped flowers.

Pa.e Rose:

Charlemagne. Flesh-white, centre tinted mauve-pink. Large, double
fragrant flowers.

Eugene Verdier. Delicate flesh-pink. Very large double flowers,
blooming late.

Mme. Boulanger. White tinted with delicate mauve-pink. Flowers
double and very late blooming.

Mme. Calot. Pale pinkish white with darker centre. Large, double
fragrant flowers, blooming early.

Rose:

Baron Rothschild. Outside petals shell-pink, centre white. Large,
double fragrant flowers.

Edulis Superba. Outside petals violet-rose, centre mauve-rose with
silvery reflex. Large, double very fragrant flowers, blooming very early.

Humei. Deep rose-pink with silver tips. Large, double, compact
fragrant flowers, blooming late.

L’Indispensable. Very delicate mauve-pink with darker centre.
Very large, double flowers, blooming late.

Livingstone. Pale mauve-pink tipped with white, centre touched with
carmine. Blooming late.

Perfection (Richardson). Clear flesh-pink shaded with deeper pink.
Large, double fragrant flowers, blooming very late.

Souvenir de l Exposition Universelle. Clear cherry-rose, tipped silver.
Large, double fragrant flowers.

Rep:
Edouard André. Deep crimson-red, shaded black, with a metallic
lustre, golden-yellow stamens. Large, semi-double flowers blooming in

mid-season.
315

CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

| Propagation

34. Peonia (albiflora hybrids) vars. (Continued)

Felix Crousse. Brilliant red. Large, double fragrant flowers, bloom-
ing in mid-season.

Meissonier. Brilliant purple-crimson. Double fragrant flowers of
medium size.

Monsieur Martin Cahuzac. Deep purple-red, shaded black maroon.
The darkest variety. Blooming in mid-season.

PaRTI-COLORED:

Golden Harvest. Outside petals pale mauve-pink, inside petals creamy
white, with bluish pink crimson-tipped centre. Large, double fragrant
flowers.

Jeanne d’ Arc. Outside petals soft pink, inside sulphur-white with
brilliant pink centre stained crimson. Large double flowers.

317

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

PAEONIA

(From the classic Greek name paionia, named for Paion, the physician of the gods)

Ranunculacee
130. Peonia tenuifolia
EneiisH Names: Fennel- or Fern-leaved peony

CAUCASUS MAY

ARGE, erect, single, deep crimson-red flowers borne on densely leafy
stems one to one and one half feet high. Leaves finely cut and
feathery, dying after the blooming season. Good for the front of the
herbaceous border on ac-
count of the beauty of its
flowers, though otherwise
the plant is not to be
compared with the other
species of Peony. Excel-

lent for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture in
partial shade. For proper
planting and cultivation
see Pzonia_ officinalis
(page 307).

Propagate by division.

Var. flore pléeno. A
double-flowered variety,
otherwise similar to the

type.

319

YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

NOTES ON THE

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

PAPAVER

(The classic Latin name)

Papaveracee

67. Papaver orientale, vars.
Enc itsH Name: Oriental poppy.

ASIA MINOR AND PERSIA JUNE TO EARLY JULY

ARGE open flowerssix toeight inches across, typically of brilliant orange-
scarlet with a dark purple eye and purple stamens, but ranging to pale
salmon and deepcrimsoninthe horticultural varieties; borne on strong hairy
stems two to three feet
high. Foliage thickest at
the bottom but growing
somewhat up the stem,

leaves large, rough, gray-
ish green, irregularly and
deeply notched and ex-

tremely decorative, but
dying to the ground after
the blooming season. All
the varieties are excellent
forthe herbaceous border,
though none are equal
to the type, whose flowers
are of incomparable bril-
liancy; they must, how-
ever, be planted where
other plants will conceal
the foliage after bloom, as
at that time it becomes
very unsightly. Must not
be crowded, as a consider-
able green growth is made
in the fall. Excellent for
cutting. ;

A perfectly hardy per-

ennial of easiest culture
in any good garden soil, preferably in sun. Should not be disturbed.
Propagate easily by seed sown when ripe or by division after the
flowering season, in late July or August.
321

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Flower (Color @ Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

67. Papaver orientale, vars. (Continued)

Among the most popular varieties arranged in the order of their color
are:

Var. Blush Queen. Pale pink.

Var. Princess Victoria Louisa. Soft salmon-rose shading to blush-
rose.

Var. Princess Ena. Clear apricot-pink.

Var. Brightness. Orange-scarlet.

Var. Royal Scarlet. Intense scarlet with dark centres.

Var. Goliath. Crimson-scarlet, the largest flowers of all.

Var. Parkmani. Rich dark scarlet.

Var. bracteatum (P. bracteatum). Deep crimson.

Var. Duke of Teck. Brilliant very dark crimson.

Var. Mahony. Very dark crimson-maroon, almost black.

323

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Propagation

PAPAVER

(The classic Latin name)

Papaveracee
136. Papaver nudicaule, vars.

EnciisH Name: Iceland poppy.

ARCTIC REGIONS MID-APRIL TO MID-JUNE
LATE AUGUST THROUGH SEPTEMBER

|| Seaee delicate, crépey flowers about two and a half inches across,
ranging in color from white through greenish yellow to orange and
orange-red; borne singly on hairy leafless stems about twelve inches long,
delicately curving at the
top. Leaves grayish
green, irregularly and
deeply notched, extremely
decorative and persistent,
in a clump at the base of
the plant. Charming in
the front of the herba-
ceous border or in tne
rock garden, and excellent
forcutting. Ifnot allowed
to seed will bloom almost
continuously until frost.
Technically a hardy
perennial, but rarely last-
ing more than two years
except in northern cli-
mates. It should there-
fore be treated as an
annual or biennial, and re-
sown every year or every
second year. Of easiest
culture inlight, preferably
rather rich soil, in full sun.
Propagate by seed.
Will bloom the first year
from seed sown early.

325

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

PENTSTEMON

(From the Greek pente, five, and stemon, stamens)

Scrophulariacee

28. Pentstémon barbatus, var. Torreyi (P. Torreyi; Chelone
Torrey)

EnciisH Name: Beard tongue.

COLORADO, NEW MEXICO JUNE AND JULY

ARROW, tubular, scarlet-coral flowers ranged in erect heads on
many stems which rise from a dense clump of foliage to a height of
three to four feet. . Leaves mostly at the base of the plant, narrow, grayish
green, and _ persistent.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border on account
of its graceful habit and
very good color; also good
for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any light
soil. Good drainage and
plenty of water in summer
are essential. Requires
full exposure to the sun
and does best in a sandy
loam somewhat enriched
with well-rotted manure.
In winter cover with
ashes.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

There are various other
varieties ranging from
white to yellow-red, and
from rose through red,
purple, and violet to blue,
but probably none is so
good as the one here
given.

327

CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

PHLOX

(From the Greek phlox, a flame)

Polemoniacee

137. Phlox divaricata (P. canadénsis)

Enciisu Name: Wild sweet William.

NORTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA MAY

LAT, somewhat fragrant, lavender-blue flowers about one inch across,
profusely born in small loose clusters terminating slender, branching,
leafy stems ten to eighteen inches high. Leaves rather narrow and pointed;

persistent. Excellent for
the front of the herba-
ceous border, for carpet-
ing in damp places, in
front of shrubbery, or by
the water side, for the
rock garden. Good also
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any moist, rich
soil, in sun or shade.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

329

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET’

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

66. Phlox paniculata, vars. (P. decussata)

EnciisH Name: Hardy phlox.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES, TYPE FROM PENNSYLVANIA

LAT flowers one inch or more across, frequently very fragrant, typi-
cally pale magenta, but in the horticultural varieties ranging through
almost every color except yellow, profusely borne in close elongated heads,

sometimes a foot long, on
erect leafy stems from two
to four feet high. Leaves
medium-sized and narrow,
handsome before bloom-
ing, but unsightly after
the blooming season. One
of the most valuable
flowers for massing in
the herbaceous border on
account of its fine habit,
wide range of color, and
profuse and long bloom.
Good also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any garden soil,
in sun. Does best in
rich, rather moist soil.
The plants when full
grown form clumps two
to three feet across, and
that much space should
be allowed them in the
bed. They will thrive
without any attention for
many years, but for the

best results the clumps should be divided every three years, in late fall,
otherwise they are liable to become root-bound and by the growth of
surrounding seedlings seem to revert to the type color. By pinching out

PHLOX

(From the Greek phlox, a flame)

Polemoniacee

331

LATE JUNE THROUGH SEPTEMBER

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat. ,
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

56. Phlox paniculata, vars. (Continued)

the tips in early summer the season of bloom may be considerably
postponed.

Propagate by division.

There are a great number of horticultural varieties of many colors
and shades. ‘These differ in size of flower, profusion of bloom, height of
plant, and somewhat in season of bloom.

Among the most popular are:

BriGHT SCARLET:

Baron Von Dedem. Brilliant scarlet-red with salmon shading.

Boule de Feu. Brilliant scarlet with crimson eye; low growing.

Eina. Brilliant scarlet-red with maroon eye.

Geo. H. Sirohlein. Bright orange-scarlet with crimson-red eye; tall
growing and very large flowered. ‘The finest scarlet.

SALMON-SCARLET: a

Athis. Salmon-scarlet, very tall. Excellent variety.

Gen. Chanzy. Salmon with bright pink centre.

Gen. Von Heutsz. Bright salmon-scarlet with white centre. Excellent
variety. :

Lothair. Salmon-red, carmine eye.

WHITE:

Frau Anton Buchner. White. Very large flowers and flower heads,
late blooming and dwarf. Excellent variety.

Jeanne d@ Arc. Pure white. Large flowers, medium tall, very late.

Mrs. Jenkins. White. Very large flower heads, tall and early bloom-
ing. Excellent variety.

Tapis Blanc. Purewhite. Very large flowers and flower heads, very
dwarf. Excellent for edging.

F. G. Von Lassburg. Pure white with the largest white flowers;
medium tall.

WHITE WITH CRIMSON CENTRE:

Henry Murger. White with very large red eye. Very large flowers.
The best of this type.

Richard Wallace. White with deep violet-crimson eye.
333

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

56. Phlox paniculata, vars. (Continued)

VARIEGATED:

Beranger. Apple-blossom pink with rayed white halo and crimson
centre. Very large flowers.
De Miribel. White suffused with rose-scarlet.

Licut PINK:

Elizabeth Campbell. Light salmon changing to pink in the centre.
Large flowers and flower spikes. Excellent variety.

Gruppenkonigen. Soft flesh-rose, carmine centre.

Mme. Paul Duirie. Very delicate lilac-rose. Very large flower heads.

BricHT PINK:

Rijnstroom. Clear bright pink. Very large flowers and flower trusses.
Medium tall. The best bright pink.

R. P. Struthers. Crimson-salmon with claret-red eye.

Wm. Robinson. Salmon-rose with pink centre.

Rose:
Caran @ Ache. Soft old-rose with white eye.
Crépuscule. Lilac-rose with crimson centre. Very large flowers. Ex-

cellent variety.
Pantheon. Uniform cerise-rose throughout. Large flowers.

CRIMSON:

Comte von Hockberg. Richcrimson. Large flowers, and fine color.

CaRMINE-MAGENTA:

Eclaireur. Rich rose-magenta with large rosy-white eye. Excep-
tionally large flowers. Low growing. Excellent variety.

Obergariner Wittig. Bright magenta with white centre. Crimson-
carmine eye. Large flowers and flower heads.

Rosenberg. Carmine-violet with blood-red eye. Exceptionally large
flowers and fine form. Excellent variety.

LAVENDER:
Anton Mercie. Light lavender suffused with lilac.
Eugene Danxzanvilliers. Rosy-lilac shading white at centre. Large

flower heads. Excellent variety.
335

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

56. Phlox paniculata, vars. (Continued)

Cross-of-Honor. Lilac with white border to each petal, medium-sized
flowers.

BLuE:

Le Mahdi. Deep reddish violet with darker eye, when in shade deep
violet-blue. Large flower heads.

337

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

Uses

Propagation

PHLOX

(From the Greek phlox, a flame)

Polemoniacee

150. Phlox subulata, vars. (P. setdcea, vars.)

EnciisH Names: Ground or Moss pink, Wild pink, Flowering moss.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES, TYPE FROM SOUTHEAST U. S. A. EARLY APRIL TO MID-MAY

LAT flowers nearly an inch across, typically magenta, but in the horti-
cultural varieties in shades of pink, blue, and white, profusely borne
in small clusters on low leafy stems two to six inches high. Leaves very
narrow and sharp, form-
ing a mosslike mat; ever-
green. Excellent as an
edging for the herbaceous
border, for the rock gar-
den, or for forming a
carpet in dry places, on
account of its fine foliage
and thick sheet of bloom.
A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any light, dry soil,
in full sun.

Propagate by seed, by
cuttings, or by division.

The best horticultural
varieties are:

Var. alba (P. nivalis).
White.

Var. = atropurpurea.
Deep purple-rose, not a
very good color.

Var. lilacina (var. G.
F. Wilson). Light lilac-
blue.

Var. Nelsoni. White,
small flower.

Var. rosea. Delicate rose-pink.

339

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

PHLOX

(From the Greek phlox, a flame)

Polemoniacee

tor. Phlox suffruticosa, vars. (P. glabérrima, var. suffruticosa;
P. nitida)

EnciisH Name: Early blooming hardy phlox.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES JUNE TO MID-JULY, MID-
TYPE FROM SOUTHERN U.S. A. AUGUST THROUGH OCTOBER

LAT flowers an inch or more across in white, flesh-pink, or purple,
profusely borne in close elongated heads sometimes a foot long, on erect
leafy stems from two to four feet high. Leaves medium size, narrow, and
pointed, dark glossy
green, and persistent.
The white variety,
Miss Lingard, is perhaps
the best of all hardy
Phloxes on account of its
fine foliage and_ long
bloom. All the varieties
if not allowed to seed will
bloom well a second time
in September. One of
the most valuable flowers
for massing in the herba-
ceous border. Good also
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture in
any garden soil, in sun.
Does best in rich, rather
moist soil. Should not be
crowded, and should be
divided every three years
in late fall.

Propagate by division.

Var. Miss Lingard. Pure
white with pale pink eye, is
by far the finest. Other
varieties of rather questionable color are:

Var. Burns. Deep rosy-purple.

Var. Ringleader. Light purple with crimson centre.
341

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

Uses

Propagation

PHYSOSTEGIA

(From the Greek physa, a bladder, and stego, to cover, in reference to the inflated fruiting calyx)
Labiate
57. Physostégia virginica (P. virginiana; Dracocéphalum
virgintanum)
Enciisu Names: False dragon’s head, Obedient plant, Lion’s heart.

NORTH AMERICA JULY AND AUGUST

MALL, curiously shaped tubular flowers often an inch long, usually
rosy-pink but ranging from purplish red through rosy-pink and lilac
to flesh-pink, closely borne in graceful terminal spikes on erect stems above
a leafy plant three to four
feet high. Foliage thick,
fine, and persistent. Good
in the herbaceous border,
especially as a contrast to
plants of coarser habit, or
in shrubbery. Good also
for naturalizing in moist
places and for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in a strong, rather moist,
and rich soil. Should
have a sunny situation.
If not allowed to seed, will
bloom for a long period.

For good results it re-
quires frequent division
or replanting.

Propagate by division
in spring.

Var. denticulata, a
smaller and more delicate
variety with pink flowers.
Excellent.

343

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Prop Og ation

PHYSOSTEGIA

(From the Greek physa, a bladder, and stego, to cover, in reference to the inflated fruiting calyx)

Lahiate

58. Physostégia virginica, var. alba (P. virginiana, var. alba;
Dracocéphalum virginianum, var. album)

Enciisu Names: White false dragon’s head, Obedient plant, Lion’s heart.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM NORTH AMERICA JULY AND AUGUST

MALL, white, curiously shaped, tubular flowers, often an inch long,
closely borne in graceful terminal spikes on erect stems above a
bushy plant three or four feet high. Foliage thick, fine, and persistent.

Good in the herbaceous
border, especially as a
contrast to plants of
coarser habit, or in shrub-
bery. Good also for natu-
ralizing in moist places
and for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in a strong, rather moist,
and rich soil. Should
have a sunny situation.
If not allowed to seed,
will bloom for a long
period.

For good results it re-
quires frequent division
or replanting.

Propagate by division
in spring.

345

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

PLATYCODON

(From the Greek platys, broad, and kodon, a bell)

Campanulacee

79. Platycodon grandiflorum (Campanula grandiflora;
W ahlenbérgia grandiflora)

EncuiisH Names: Balloon flower, Japanese bellflower.

EASTERN ASIA JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

ARGE, wide-open, purplish blue, bell-shaped flowers two or three
inches across, with curious inflated buds, very freely borne at the
tips of close-branching, upright leafy stems, forming a bushy plant one
to three feet high. Leaves
about three inches long,
pointed-oval, light green,
and handsome, lasting in
fair condition until
October. One of the very
best plants for the herba-
ceous border on account
of its profusion and
beauty of bloom, long
season, and good habit.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in a_ well-drained
sandy loam, in sun or
shade. Does not do well
in either very stiff or very
sandy soil, and is very
sensitive to poor drainage.
Will thrive, however, in
poor, dry soil, and when
once established will
stand considerable neg-
lect.

The stems are soft and
require support. They
should be tied to light
stakes as soon as they are a foot or so high, for if once allowed to flop upon

the ground they cannot be straightened up without breaking. In order to
: 347

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

Uses

| Propagation

79. Platycodon grandiflorum (Continued)

secure a long period of bloom the seeds should not be allowed to form.
In fall the dying stems should not be cut to the ground, but should be
left to protect the crown.

Propagate most easily by seed, though the seedling frequently does
not come true to the parent in form and color; or, with more difficulty,
by division in early spring.

Var. flore-pleno (var. Japonicum). Similar to the type except that
the flowers have a double row of petals, one inside the other, forming a
ten-pointed star; pretty and interesting, though perhaps not quite so
handsome as the type.

349

OCT.

Z
S
Nn
=
S)
Z

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

PLATYCODON

(From the Greek flatys, broad, and kodon, a bell)

Campanulacee

80. Platycodon grandiflorum, var. album (Campanula grandiflora,
var. alba; Wahlenbérgia grandiflora, var. alba)

EneiisH Names: White balloon flower, White Japanese bellflower.

EASTERN ASIA JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

| wide-open, white or bluish white bell-shaped flowers two to
three inches across, with curious inflated buds, very freely borne at
the tips of close, branching, upright leafy stems forming a bushy plant
one to three feet high.
Leaves about three inches
long, pointed-oval, light
green, and handsome,
lasting in fair condition
until October. One of the
very best plants for the
herbaceous border on ac-
count of its profusion and
beauty of bloom, long
season, and good habit.
A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easy culture in
well-drained sandy loam,
insunorshade. For cul-
tivation see Platycodon
grandiflorum, page 347.
Propagate most easily
by seed, though the seed-
ling frequently does not
come true to the parent
in form and color; or,
with more difficulty, by
division in early spring.
Var. flore-pléeno album
(var. zaponicum album).
Similar to the type ex-
cept that the flowers have a double row of petals, one inside the other,

forming a ten-pointed star; perhaps not quite so handsome as the type.
351

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

PLATYCODON

(From the Greek platys, broad, and kodon, a bell)

Campanulacee

119. Platycodon Mariési (*P. grandiflorum, var. Mariési, P. grandi-
florum, var. glaucum; Campanila grandiflorum, var. Mariési;
Wahlenbérgia grandiflorum, var. Mariest)

EnciisH Names: Dwarf balloon flower, Dwarf Japanese bellflower.

JAPAN JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

ARGE, wide-open, purplish blue bell-shaped flowers two to three
inches across, with curious inflated buds, freely borne at the tips
of close-branching, upright leafy stems, forming a bushy plant about
one foot high. Stronger
and more compact in
habit than the type.
Leaves about three inches
long, pointed-oval, light
green, and handsome,
lasting in fair condition
until October. Excellent
for the front of the herba-
ceous border or for the
rock garden on account
of its profusion and
beauty of bloom, long
season, and good habit.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in well-drained sandy
loam, in sun or shade.
Does not do well in either
very stiff or very sandy
soil, and is very sensitive
to poor drainage. The
stems are sufficiently
sturdy to stand without
support. In order to
secure a long period of

* Form of name most approved by botanical authorities.
353

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

119. Platycodon Mariési (Continued)

bloom the seeds should not be allowed to form. In fall the dying stems
should not be cut to the ground, but should be left to protect the crown.

Propagate most easily by seed, though the seedling frequently does
not come true to the parent in form and color; or, with more difficulty, by
division in early spring.

Var. flore-pleno. Similar to the type except that the flowers have a
double row of petals, one inside the other, forming a ten-pointed star;
pretty and interesting, though perhaps not so handsome as the type.

355

Zz
>
S
Ee

N/THE

NOTES O)
YEAR'S C

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

PLATYCODON

(From the Greek platys, broad, and kodon, a bell)

Campanulacee

120. Platycodon Mariési, var. album (*P. grandiflorum, var.
Mariest album; P. grandiflorum, var. glaucum album; Cam-
- pdanula grandiflora, var. Maries: alba; Wahlenbergia
grandiflora, var. Mariési albt)

EncuiisH Names: Dwarf white balloon flower, Dwarf white Japanese bellflower.

JAPAN

JULY THROUGH SEPTEMBER

ARGE, wide-open, white or bluish white bell-shaped flowers two to
three inches across, with curious inflated buds, freely borne at the
tips of close, branching, upright leafy stems, forming a bushy plant about

one foot high. Stronger
and more compact in
habit than the type.
Leaves about three inches
long, pointed-oval, light
green, and handsome, last-
ing in fair condition until
October. Excellent for
the front of the herba-
ceous border or for the
rock garden on account of
its profusion and beauty
of bloom, long season, and
good habit.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in well-drained, sandy
loam, in sun or shade.
Does not do well in either
very stiff or very sandy
soil, and is very sensitive
to poor drainage. Will
thrive, however, in poor,
dry soil, and when once
established will'stand con-
siderable neglect. The

* Form of name most approved
by botanical authorities.

357

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Culture

120. Platycodon Mariési, var. album (Continued)

stems are sufficiently sturdy to stand without support. In order to se-
cure a long period of bloom the seeds should not be allowed to form. In
fall the dying stems should not be cut to the ground, but should be left
to protect the crown.

Propagate most easily by seed, though the seedling frequently does
not come true to the parent in form and color; or, with more difficulty, by
division in early spring.

Var. flore pleno album. Similar to the type except that the flowers
have a double row of petals, one inside the other, forming a ten-pointed
star; pretty and interesting, though perhaps not so handsome as the type.

359

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Heighi)

Uses

Propagation

PLUMBAGO

(From the Latin plumbum, lead)

Plumbaginacee

151. Plumbago Larpente (*Ceratostigma plumbaginoides;
Valoradia plumbaginoides)

EncuisH Name: Leadwort.

CHINA

MID-AUGUST THROUGH OCTOBER

MALL flowers of deep blue, gradually turning violet, profusely born
in dense heads on shrubby branching red stems, forming persistent
leafy tufts from six to twelve inches high. Excellent for edging in the

herbaceous border on
account of its brilliant
color and neat habit, and
for the rock garden.

A hardy perennial of
easy culturein warm, light
soil, and full sun. Re-
quires a covering of leaves
or litter in winter.

Propagate by division.

*Name most approved by
botanical authorities.

361

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Culture

POLEMONIUM

(From polemonion, the Greek name for Valerian, perhaps named for the philosopher, Polemon)

Polemoniacee

102. Polemonium ceruleum

EneiisH Names: Jacob’s ladder, Greek valerian, Ladder-to-heaven, Charity,
Makebale.

NORTH ASIA, EUROPE MID-MAY THROUGH JULY

ELL-SHAPED violet-blue flowers nearly one inch across, borne in

compact terminal heads on stout, erect, unbranching, somewhat leafy
stems one to three feet high. Leaves compound, consisting of many
small pointed leaflets
regularly arranged along
the leaf stem, largest and
most abundant at the
base of the plant, very
pretty and persistent.
Excellent in clumps for
the herbaceous border,
though never making very
much of a color display.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any deep, rich, loamy
soil, in partial shade. Re-
quires a considerable
amount of moisture. The
foliage is easily affected
by soil spattered on the
leaves by rain.

Propagate by seed
sown in the fall or by
division.

Var. album (P. album).
A white-flowered variety
as good as the type.

363

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit 6 Height)

POLEMONIUM

(From polemonion, the Greek name for Valerian, perhaps named for the philosopher, Polemon)

Polemoniacee

138. Polemonium humile, var. Richards6ni (P. Richardsoni;
P. villosum)

EnciisH Name: Dwarf Jacob’s ladder.

ARCTIC REGION JUNE AND JULY

RAGRANT, bell-shaped, purplish blue flowers sometimes over an

inch across, with golden anthers, borne in compact terminal clusters
of ten to twenty flowers, often four inches across and three inches deep,
on slender, erect, un-
branching, somewhat
leafy stems about one
foot high. Leaves com-
pound, consisting of many
small leaflets regularly
arranged along the leaf
stem, largest and most
abundant at the base of
the plant, very pretty and
persistent. The best
species of Polemonium,
excellent for the front of
the herbaceous border,
for the rock garden, and
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any deep, rich, loamy
soil, in partial shade.

The foliage is easily
affected by soil spattered
on the leaves by rain.

Propagate by seed
sown in the fall or by
division.

365

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

PRIMULA

(From the low Latin primula, diminutive of primus, first, because of early blooming)

Primulacee

152. Primula cortusdides, var. Siéboldi (P. Szeboldi; P. cor-
tusoides, var. amoena; P. cortusoides, var. grandiflora)

EnciisH Name: Siebold’s primrose.

JAPAN APRIL TO MID-MAY

HOWY flowers, in some varieties fringed, one to two inches across,
ranging from pure white through lavender to deep purple-rose,
borne in terminal clusters on straight, upright hairy stems six to twelve
inches high. Leaves in a
large rosette at the base
of the flower stem, soft
and somewhat hairy,
rounded-oval, wavy
edged, and handsome;
turn yellow and disappear
shortly after the bloom-
ing season, but make an-
other green growth late in
summer. Excellent for the
herbaceous border or for
the rock gardenonaccount
of its beautiful flowers.
Is not suitable for edging
because of its bad foliage
habit. Good for cutting.
A hardy perennial of
easy culture in light, open
soil well enriched with
leaf mold, in a somewhat
sheltered and partially or
wholly shaded situation.
Should be protected by a
light covering of leaves
im winter and divided
every three years.
Propagate by division immediately after flowering or by seed.

367

NOTES ON THE
CONDITIONS ETS |-

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 ‘LATIN NAME

Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

PRIMULA

(From the low Latin primula, diminutive of primus, first, because of early blooming)

Primulacee
121. Primula japonica

EnciisH NAME: Japanese primrose.

JAPAN MID-MAY TO LATE JULY

HOWY flowers about an inch across ranging in color from white
through rose-pink to deep purple-red, borne in several superimposed
whorls of twelve or more flowers, each on straight, upright, leafless stems
one to two feet high.
Leaves in a clump at the
base of the flower stalks,
oval and finely toothed,
rather thick and rounded
on the upper surface.
Handsome and persistent.
Excellent for shady places
in the front of the herba-
ceous border, for the rock
garden, or for naturalizing
in moist, shady spots.
Good also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in deep, rich, moist soil,
in shade or partial shade.
Should be divided at least
once every three years to
avoid its becoming root
bound.

Propagate by seed
sown aS soon as ripe or
by division immediately
after flowering.

369

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

PRIMULA

(From the low Latin primula, diminutive of primus, first, because of early blooming)

Primulacee
153. Primula Polyantha, vars. (Polydnthus; P. elatior)

EnciisH Names: English Primrose, Cowslip, Oxlip.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY APRIL TO MID-MAY

HOWY flowers about an inch wide, of various shades of yellow, and
dark red and yellow mixed, borne several in a cluster on upright
stems rising above the leaves to a height of six to twelve inches. Leaves
in a rosette at the base
of the plant, rather long
and thick, rounded-oval,
bright green, handsome,
and persistent. Excel-
lent as an edging for the
herbaceous border on
account of the richness of
coloring of the flowers
and the attractive foliage.
Good also for cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in rich, some-
what moist soil,in shadeor
partial shade. Should be
protected by a light cover-
ing of leaves in winter and
divided every three years.

Propagate by seed or
by division immediately
after flowering.

The origin of P. Poly-
antha is much debated; it is
perhaps a cross between P.
vulgaris and P. officinalis or
P. eldtior, perhaps directly

derived from P. eldtior or
from P. vulgaris.

The so-cailed “Munstead strain” is a fine, large variety. There is also an
interesting and pretty variety known as duplex (or Hose-in-hose), in which there

is one complete flower inside another.

371

CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

PRIMULA

(From the low Latin primula, diminutive of primus, first, because of early blooming)

Primulacee

154. Primula véris supérba (*P. Harry Mitchell)

Enctiso Names: Giant primrose, Giant cowslip.

HORTICULTURAL

VARIETY APRIL TO MID-MAY

ERY fragrant flowers one to two inches in diameter, bright primrose-
yellow with deeper yellow centres, freely borne in clusters on up-
right stems which rise above the leaves to a height of six to twelve inches.

Leaves in a rosette at the
base of the plant, rather
long and thick, rounded-
oval, bright green, hand-
some, and persistent.

Excellent as an edg-
ing for the herbaceous
border on account of its
bright masses of bloom
and attractive foliage.
Good also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in rich, somewhat moist
soil, in partial shade or
shade. Should be divided
at least once every three
years to avoid its becom-
ing root bound.

Propagate by seed or
by division immediately
after flowering.

A hybrid form of
doubtful origin, perhaps
a cross between P. Poly-
antha and P. vulgaris.

*Name most approved by botanical authorities.

373

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

PYRETHRUM

(From pyrethron, the Greek name for the plant, derived from pyr, fire, on account of the hot taste of the root)
Composite
122. Pyréethrum hybridum vars. (P. roseum; *Chrysanthemum
coccineum)

EnciisH Name: Feverfew.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES, TYPE FROM THE CAUCASUS AND PERSIA JUNE AND JULY

INGLE or double daisylike flowers sometimes two inches across,
ranging in color from pure white through pink to rich crimson-red
and also pale yellow, with bright yellow centres in the single forms; pro-
fusely borne on the ends
of erect, rarely branching
stems one totwo feethigh.
Leaves very finely divided
and rather inconspicuous.
Excellent in masses in the
herbaceous border on ac-
count of the brilliance and
profusion of its flowers.
Good also for cutting. If
the flowers are picked as
soon as they begin to fade
the period of bloomwill be
prolonged, or if the plants
be cut down after June a
good second crop will be
borne in the fall.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in rich,sandy,
well-drained loam. In
heavy or badly drained
soil the plants are not
hardy. Should be planted
in full sun, but the roots
should be kept cool and
moist by shadeor better by
a mulch of manure. In
planting the ground should be deeply dug and well enriched with manure.

*Name most approved by botanical authorities.
375

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

| Uses

Propagation

122. Pyréethrum hybridum vars. (Continued)

Propagate by division in spring.

There are a great many named varieties carried by the European
nurserymen, but the American nurserymen rarely catalog them by
name.

377

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

PYRETHRUM

(From pyrethron, the Greek name for the plant, derived from pyr, fire, on account of the hot taste of the root)

Composite
14. Pyréthrum uligindsum (*Chrysdnthemum uligindsum)

EneciisH Name: Giant daisy.

HUNGARY AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

le daisylike flowers two to three inches across, pure white with
yellow centres, profusely borne in loose clusters on leafy upright
stems branching at the top, forming a dense bushy plant four to five feet
high. Leaves light green
and persistent. Excellent
for moist spots in the her-
baceous border, or for
naturalizing by the water
side. Good also for cut-
ting. The flowers should
be cut as soon as fully
open to ensure continuous
bloom.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in rich, heavy loam, in
sunny situations. Should
have an abundance of
moisture at all times.

Propagate by seed,
from which it will bloom
the first year, or by cut-
tings, suckers, or division.

*Name most approved by
botanical authorities.

379

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

RUDBECKIA

(Named for Claus Rudbeck, d. 1702, founder of the botanical garden at Upsala)

Composite
81. Rudbéckia speciosa (R. dspera; R. Néwmanit)

EnciisH Names: Cone flower, Black-eyed Susan.

SOUTHEASTERN U. S. A. JULY TO EARLY AUGUST

AISYLIKE flowers three to four inches in diameter, with bright
yellow rays and large conical velvety maroon centres, profusely
borne at the ends of upright branching stems one to three feet high.
Leaves long and rather
narrow, mostly at the
base of the stems, and
somewhat inconspicuous.
Excellent for massing in
the herbaceous border on
account of the brightness
of its flowers, or for natu-
ralizing in dry places.
Good also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any garden soil,
in sun or partial shade.

Propagate by cuttings
or by division.

381

pis

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

ht)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Heie

[Propagation

SALVIA

(The Latin name from salvus, safe, on account of its healing properties)

Labiate

35. Salvia azurea, var. grandiflora (S. Pitchert)

EneiisH Name: Meadow sage.

SOUTH-CENTRAL U. S. A. AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER

MALL tubular flowers of sky-blue varying to white, in long terminal
spikes borne on erect leafy stems two to five feet high. Leaves
rather small and narrow, pointed and saw-toothed at the base of the plant,

smooth above, slightly
downy, and persistent.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border on account
of the lovely color of its
flowers.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in light, sandy
soil. Requires a sunny
situation, and in a cold
climate should be given a
light covering of leaves
in winter.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

383

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

SCABIOSA

(From the Latin scabo, to scratch, because supposed to cure eruptions)

Dipsacacee
10g. Scabiosa caucasica

EnciisH Names: Pin cushion flower, Blue bonnet.

CAUCASUS JUNE THROUGH SEPTEMBER

i light blue flowers with a single row of rather irregular rays
and full rounded centre of little florets, borne terminally on long
erect stems eighteen inches to two feet high. Leaves small, narrow, and
divided, grayish green
and insignificant. Good
for the herbaceous border,
when massed where other
plants supply its lack of
foliage, on account of its
fine color and long season
of bloom if not allowed
to seed. Excellent for
cutting.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in any
good garden soil, in sun.
Should be protected by
a covering of leaves in
winter.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

Var. alba. A pure
white flowering form
otherwise similar to the
type. Excellent.

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

SEDUM

(From the Latin sedeo, to sit, because the plant grows flat among rocks)

Crassulacee

123. Sédum spectabile (S. Fabaria)

EnciisH Names: Showy sedum, Stone crop.

POSSIBLY FROM JAPAN

MID-AUGUST TO EARLY SEPTEMBER

MALL flowers of rose-pink varying to purplish and whitish, in showy,
broad, slightly convex heads sometimes four inches across, borne on
stout, erect, leafy stems one to two feet high. Leaves broadly rounded,

wavy along the edges,
thick, smooth, grayish,
and evergreen. Excellent
for the front of the herba-
ceous border, for the rock
garden, and for massing
in barren spots.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, even in
sand, stiff clay, or among
rocks, provided that it
has good drainage in win-
ter. Requires a sunny
situation.

Propagate by seed,
offsets, or by division.

387

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Propagation

SPIRAEA

(From the Greek speira, a wreath or twist)

Rosacee

13I. Spirea astilboides, var. floribunda (*Astilbe astilboides,
var. floribunda; Ariuncus astilboides, var. floribunda;
Spirea Aruncus, var. astilboides floribunda)

EncuiisH Name: Meadow sweet.

JAPAN JUNE

ERY small creamy-white flowers in graceful terminal plumelike

spikes, freely borne at a height of one to two feet on branching leafy

stems. Leaves large and compound, dark glossy green and persistent;

highly decorative. Ex-
cellent for the herbaceous
border or for naturaliz-
ing by the water side, on
account of its handsome
foliage and flowers, and
neat habit. Good also
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any good garden soil,
preferably moist, in sun
or partial shade.

There is much con-
‘fusion over this plant
because of its close re-
semblance to Astilbe
japonica, the well-known
florist’s Spiraea or false
goat’s beard, which is also
a useful border plant but
has looser flower spikes
and is usually not so tall
growing.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

*Name most approved by botanical authorities.

389

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

h
,

SPIRAEA

(From the Greek speira, a wreath or twist)

Rosacee

167. Spirea Filipendula (Ulmaria Filipéndula; Filipéndula
hexapétala)

EncitisH Names: Dropwort, Meadow sweet.

EUROPE, W. ASIA, SIBERIA JUNE

ERY small, fragrant, feathery white flowers, with pink buds, in loose,
irregular, flattish terminal clusters, borne in profusion on slender,
erect, branching stems rising about a foot high above a mass of very
low, fine, feathery foliage.
Leaves fernlike, six to
eighteen inches long,
springing from the roots,
dainty and_ evergreen.
Excellent for the herba-
ceous border or for the
rock garden. Good also
for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in rather dry soil and
full sun.

Propagate by seed
sown in spring or by
division.

Var. flore pleno. Has
double flowers which,
though not quite so dainty
as those of the type, last
longer. Excellent.

391

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

LATIN NAME

N2
ee ee UE
Pee ne ee
a ee eee
os ee eee
Pe se a ee |

SPIRAEA

(From the Greek speira, a wreath or twist)

Rosacee

36. Spiréa lobata, var. venusta (*Ulmaria rubra, var. venusta;
S. venusta Filipéendula lobata)

EnciisH Name: Queen-of-the-prairie.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM U. S. A., PENN. TO GA. MID-JULY THROUGH AUGUST

ERY small, feathery carmine flowers in showy, loose, irregular, flat-
tish terminal clusters, profusely borne on erect leafy stems two to
six feet high. Leaves elmlike, with seven to nine points and saw-edged;

large, handsome, and per-
sistent. Good for plant-
ing in the herbaceous
border or among shrub-
bery, and especially for
naturalizing in masses by
the water side. Good for
cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in moist, rich soil, in
partial shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

*Namemost approved by botani-
cal authorities.

393

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

| Common Name _ UE aa
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

SPIRAEA

(From the Greek speira, a wreath or twist)

82. Spirea palmata,

Rosacee

var. élegans (*Ulmaria purpurea, var.

élegans; Filipéndula purpurea)

EnciisH Name: Crimson meadow sweet.

HORTICULTURAL VARIETY, TYPE FROM JAPAN MID-JUNE TO LATE JULY

ERY small, fragrant, feathery white flowers with red stamens giving
a silvery pink effect, in loose, irregular, flattish terminal clusters,
purplish, leafy stems two to four feet high.

profusely borne on erect,
Leaves elmlike with large,
five to seven pointed,
terminal leaflets and
single-pointed side leaf-
lets, saw-edged, very
large, handsome, and per-
sistent. The finest species
of the Ulmarias, excellent
for the herbaceous border,
for planting among shrub-
bery, or for naturalizing
by the water side. Good
also for cutting.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easy culture
in any moist, rich soil, in
partial shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

S. palmata. The type
of which this plant is a
variety has deep pink or
carmine flowers and is
equally fine in every way
except thatthecolorof the
flowers is not so delicate.

*Name most approved by botanical authorities.

395

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ets |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season : Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

(Named for Dr.

STOKESIA

Jonathan Stokes, 1755-1831, an English botanist)

Composite

124. Stokésia cyanea

ENnc.iisH Names: Stokes’ aster, Cornflower aster.

GEORGIA, SOUTH CAROLINA JULY THROUGH OCTOBER

ARGE, double, purplish blue flowers somewhat resembling a China
Aster, sometimes three to four inches across, borne on erect leafy
stems one to two feet high. Leaves long and narrow, rather incon-

spicuous. Excellent in
clumps in the herbaceous
border on account of its
fine though not very pro-
fuse flowers and long
season of bloom. Excel-
lent also for cutting.

A perennial of easy
culture in well-drained
sandy loam, in the sun.
Perfectly hardy in the
south and, with winter
protection, hardy in New
England.

Propagate by division.

Var. alba. A pure
white flowered form
similar to the type. Ex-
cellent.

399

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

THALICTRUM

(An ancient Greek plant name derived from thallo, to bloom)

Ranunculacee

37. Thalictrum aquilegifolium, var. roseum

Encuiso Names: Meadow-rue, Feathered or Tufted columbine.

EUROPE, N. ASIA

MID-MAY TO MID-JULY

EATHERY rose-colored flowers in large fluffy clusters, borne on
erect forking stems one to four feet high. Leaves three lobed, deli-
cately attached to long side stems, dark green, and resembling the foliage

of the Columbine, or, on
a very large scale, the
maidenhair fern; persist-
ent and very decorative.

Excellent for the her-
baceous border or for
naturalizing in front of
shrubbery.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any good, well-
drained loam, in sun or
partial shade.

Propagate by seed or
by division in early spring.

T. aquilegifolium.
The type of which this
plant is a variety has
whitish yellow flowers.
Excellent.

401

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

TRADESCANTIA

(Named for John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I, d. about 1638)

Commelinacee

103. Tradescantia virginiana (7. virginica)

EnciisH Names: Common spiderwort, Spider lily, Trinity violet, Flower-of-a-

EASTERN U. S. A.

day.

MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE, MID-AUGUST TO MID-SEPTEMBER

IOLET-BLUE flowers of various shades, one to two inches across,
freely borne in terminal clusters on vigorous erect branching stems
forming a bushy plant one to three feet high. Leaves grasslike, six to

fifteen inches long; per-
sistent. Excellent for the
herbaceous border or rock
garden on account of its
freeness of bloom and long
season.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in ordinary garden
soil, in sun or partial
shade.

Propagate by cuttings
or by division in spring.

Var. alba. Has white
flowers. Excellent.

Var. caerulea. Has
brighter blue flowers than
the type. Excellent.

403

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEARS CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

_ Season | Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

Propagation

TRITOMA

(From the Greek tritomos, thrice cut, the stygma and capsule being three-parted)

Liliacee
83. Tritoma Pfitzeri (*“Kniphofia Pfitzert)

Encuisu Names: Red-hot poker plant, Flame flower, Torch lily, Triton’s spear.

S. AFRICA AUGUST THROUGH OCTOBER

ORMAL pointed spikes about twelve inches long composed of a

great many small drooping tubular flowers about an inch long, rich
orange-scarlet in color, shading to salmon-rose at the bottom, closely
and regularly arranged,
and borne on erect stems
two to four feet long.
Leaves very long and
narrow, two to three feet
long, springing from the
base of the plant and
curving gracefully to the
ground. Excellent for
the herbaceous border on
account of its very bril-
liant flowers and length
of bloom. Extremely
striking in masses against
shrubbery. Good also for
cutting.

A perennial of easy
culture in well-drained,
light, sandy soil, with
plenty of water in sum-
mer. A warm sheltered
situation is desirable, in
sun or partial shade. If
covered with a _ deep
mulch of manure in win-
ter it is hardy as far
north as Philadelphia,
but farther north the short rhizomes should be taken up in November

and wintered indoors in dry earth.

*Name most approved by botanical authorities.
405

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET? |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

84. Tritoma Pfitzeri (Continued)

Propagate by division.

There are a number of horticultural varieties ranging through many
shades and combinations of red, orange, and yellow, and with consider-
able difference in their season of bloom, but none so profuse or with as
long a season as the Pftizeri variety.

407

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

TROLLIUS

(From the old German trol, round, referring to the shape of the flowers)

Ranunculacee

125. Trollius europeéus (7. globosus)

Enc.iisH Names: Globe flower, Golden ball.

N. EUROPE EARLY MAY TO EARLY JUNE

le.” double, globular lemon-yellow flowers one to two inches across,
borne singly or in pairs at the ends of sturdy, upright, sometimes
branching stems one to two feet high. Leaves mostly at the base of
the plant, large, sharply
divided, and notched;
handsome and persistent.
Excellent in clumps in
moist spots, in the herba-
ceous border, or for
naturalizing by the water
side, on account of the
beautiful form and color
of its flowers and fine
foliage. Good also for
cutting. A second crop
of smaller flowers is fre-
quently produced in
autumn.

A hardy perennial of
easy culture in moist,
peaty loam, heavy rather
than sandy, in partial
shade. Will grow, how-
ever, in ordinary garden
soil if not allowed to be-
come dry. Does better
in a cool than in a warm
climate.

Propagate by seed or
by division. Grows very
slowly at first from seed, which frequently does not germinate the first year.

There are a number of excellent varieties and related species, among
the most popular are:

409

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS E'S

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

125. ‘Trollius europeus (Continued)

T. asiaticus. Flowers more open, rich orange, with orange-red an-
thers, the most brilliant species.

T. japonicus excélsior. Bright yellow.

T. caucasicus var. “Orange Globe.” Rich orange, perhaps the best
species of all.

All

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS Ets |*

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color @ Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit & Height)

Uses

TUNICA

(From the Latin tunica, a cloak, alluding to the bracts at the base of the calyx)

Caryophyllacee
164. Tunica Saxifraga

EnciisH Names: Tunica, Saxifrage pink.

S. EUROPE, ASIA LATE JUNE THROUGH AUGUST

ERY small pink or purplish pink flowers, borne in profusion on wiry
-stems six to ten inches high. Leaves very small, dark green, and

persistent, forming a tufted spreading mat. When in bloom presents
an appearance somewhat
like that of the Gypso-
phila, a delicate pinkish
cloud. Not striking, but
very dainty and always
useful because of its trim
foliage. Good for edging
the herbaceousborder and
excellent for the rock
garden, or for naturalizing
in old walls, etc., as it will
grow in the poorest soil.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any soil, in sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

413

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |*

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant @ Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

VALERIANA

(From the Latin valere, to be strong, because of its medicinal uses)

Valerianacee

59. Valeriana officinalis

EnciisH Names: Common valerian, Cat’s valerian, Garden heliotrope, All-
heal, Cut-heal, Setwall, Herb bonnet, St. George’s herb, Spurred flower.

EUROPE, N. ASIA

JUNE TO JULY

MALL, very fragrant flowers varying to whitish or lavender, freely
borne on somewhat downy and branching stems two to five feet high.
Leaves compound with several narrow pointed leaflets, showy, fragrant,

and persistent. Excel-
lent for the herbaceous
border, more on account
of its aromatic odor than
for its flowers; or for
naturalizing among shrub-
bery.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any soil, even in
waste places, in sun. It
spreads rapidly, soon
forming large clumps.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

415

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

| GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

'N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season ; Habitat.

Flower (Color @ Height)

| Plant @ Foliage (Habit & Heigh?)

Uses

Propagation

VERONICA

(Named for Saint Veronica)

Scrophulariacee

155. Veronica incana (V. candida; V. neglécta)

EnoiisH Name: Hoary speedwell.

S. W. EUROPE, N. ASIA JULY TO MID-AUGUST

MALL, rich blue flowers in many graceful slender spikes three to six
inches long, borne on branching leafy stems eight to eighteen inches
high. Leaves one to three inches long, rather narrow and pointed, downy

grayish green, and per-
sistent. Excellent for the
front of the herbaceous
border on account of its
trim and fresh appearance
both in and out of bloom;
good also for the rock
garden.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any garden soil, prefer-
ably sandy, in sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

417

YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ET¢ |°

NOTES ON THE

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name
Season _ Habitat.

Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

VERONICA

(Named for Saint Veronica)

Scrophulariacee

104. Veronica longifolia, var. subséssilis

EnciisH Name: Speedwell.

JAPAN

MID-JULY TO MID-SEPTEMBER

MALL, intense, lavender-blue flowers in numerous, showy, slender
spikes six to twelve inches long, rising above vigorous, erect, branch-
ing leafy stems forming compact clumps two to three feet high. Leaves

two to four inches long,
narrow pointed and saw-
edged, green and per-
sistent. Probably the
best known and certainly
one of the most satis-
factory Veronicas on
account of its sturdy habit
and brilliant flowers. Ex-
cellent for the herbaceous
border or for naturalizing
in front of shrubbery.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any good garden soil,
in sun. Does best in
deep, rich loam in an open
situation.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

419

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Common Name

Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)

Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)

Uses

Propagation

VERONICA

(Named for Saint Veronica)

Scrophulariacee

169. Veronica rupéstris (V. fruticulosa)

EnciisH Name: Rock speedwell.

EUROPE

MID-MAY TO MID-JUNE

MALL, deep purplish blue flowers in many dense erect spikes, rising
to a height of four to five inches from woody, creeping, leafy stems.
Leaves narrow and pointed, one half to one inch long, forming a neat close

mat. Excellent as an
edging for the herbaceous
border on account of its
dense foliage habits and
the profusion of its
flowers, or for planting in
the rock garden.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any good, sandy gar-
den soil, preferably in
sun.

Propagate by seed or
by division.

421

OCT.

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME

VIOLA

(The classical Latin name)

Violacee

165. Viola cornuta

Enciisn Names: Horned violet, Bedding pansy, Tufted pansy.

S. EUROPE

EARLY APRIL THROUGH OCTOBER

ALE blue, slightly fragrant flowers like small Pansies, freely borne on
erect bare stems about six inches high, above handsome tuftsof foliage.
Leaves rather large, irregularly heart-shaped, bright green, and persistent.

Excellent for edging the
herbaceous border on
account of its fine habit,
long season of bloom, and
charming flowers. Good
also for the rock garden
and for cutting.

A perfectly hardy per-
ennial of easiest culture
in any good garden soil,
in sun or partial shade.

Propagate by seed,
cuttings, or by division.

There are _ several
varieties as good as the
type, which furnish a
number of different colors,
among these are:

Var. alba, white.

Var. Admiration. Pur-
ple-blue with dark eye.

Var. G. Wernig. Deep
blue, large flowers.

Var. litea. Yellow.

Var. Papilio. Violet
with dark eye, large
flowers.

423

NOTES ON THE
YEAR'S CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS ETS |°

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

N2 LATIN NAME
Ye Common Nemes Be aa
Season Habitat.
Flower (Color & Height)
Plant & Foliage (Habit @ Height)
hUbes = ARs oh

YUCCA

(The Indian name for the Manihot, erroneously applied to this plant)

Liliacee
11. Yucca filament6sa

EnciisH Names: Adam’s needle, Adam’s needle and thread, Thready yucca,
Eve’s thread, Thread and needle, Eve’s darning needle, Bear’s thread, Bear
grass, Silk grass.

SOUTHEASTERN U. S. A. MID-JUNE THROUGH JULY

REAMY-white flowers like very small Magnolia blossoms, borne

pendently in long loose spikes on erect stems four to six feet high.
Leaves evergreen in a clump at the base of the flower stalks, long and
narrow, about one inch
wide, very sharply
pointed, stiff and erect
toward the centre, but
recurving at the outside
of the clump, grayish
green with threadlike
fibres along the edges.
Excellent for formal
clumps in the herbaceous
border or for planting
against a background of
shrubbery.

A perfectly hardy
perennial of easiest cul-
ture in any well-drained
soil, in sun. Being a
desert plant, it grows well
in barren places, and
thrives best in sandy
loam.

Propagate by seed,
offsets, or by stem cut-
tings.

425

LRB D'79

THE COUNTRY LIFE PRESS
GARDEN CITY, N. Y.

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