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Gardens’ Bulletin

__ ‘STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

A Journal reflecting the activities of the Botanic
Gardens of the Straits Settlements, published as
* material is available.

VOLUME IV.

SINGAPORE
1926—1929.

=
FRAS| [AR & NEAVE, LTD., PRINTERS, SINGAPORE.

DATES OF PUBLICATION.

Part. 1

Parts 2 & 3
Parts 4 & 5
Parts 6—10
Pattie 1d & 12

issued
issued
issued
issued

issued

June 15th, 1926.
March, 1927.
August, 1927.
January, 1928.
January, 1929.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
No. 1.
A List of the Mosses of the Malay Peninsula, i
H. N. Dixon, M.A., F.L.S. te
Nos. 2 & 3.
Some Old Photographs of the Singapore Gardens .. AT
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by
M. R. Henderson . 48
A New Fern from the Malay Peninsula, ‘by BR: E.
Tomine) ~.. . 56
Notes on Malayan Ferns, by R. E. Holttum 57
A Note Relating to the History of the Dell in the
Gardens, by I. H. Burkill ae , 69
Tulang Daing or Sisik Puyuh, by I. H. Burkill Ps flys
Teratological Notes, by C. X. Furtado .. 78
Dioscorea tamarisciflora, Pro and, Burk. by I. H.
Burkill ee 86
A List of Mosses Collected in the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore, by R. E. Holttum .. 88
Addition to the List of Fraser Hill Plants, by M. R.
Henderson 92
Meteéorological Data, 1925 ele m3 Ee hOG
Nos. 4 & 5.

Botanical Collectors, Collections and edie ie
Places in the Malay Peninsula, by I. H. Burkill . 113
The Palms of British India and Ceylon sage 203

Meteorological Data, 1926 a S205
Nos. 6—10.
The Flowering Plants of Kuala Lumpur, in the
Malay Peninsula, by M. R. Henderson, F.L.S. .. 211

Nos. 11 & 12.
On some ferns from the Malay Peninsula, by Carl

Christensen 375
New species of ferns from the Malay Peninsula, by

R. E. Holttum 408
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula, by

M. R. Henderson and C. X. Furtado .. All
Ocimum, Linn., in the Malay Peninsula, by C. xX,

Furtado .. 416
Palaquium stellatum, King and ‘Gamble, by OF Xx,

Furtado a 419
Species of Neesia in the Malay Peninsula, by C. Xx,

Furtado... 421
Anisophyllea Gaudichaudiana, Baill, is A. grandis

Benth., by I. H. Burkill . = ee 25)
Obituary : ey Ae a ae

Meteorological Data, 1927 he we ew Mae

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- JUNE 15, 1926

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GARDENS’ BULLETIN
STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

Vol. IV, No. 1.
June 15, 1926.

Printed at the
METHODIST PUBLISHING HOUSE,
SINGAPORE.

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A List of the

Mosses of the Malay Peninsula

By H, N. DIXon M.A., F.L.S

INTRODUCTORY NOTE

Up to the present time no attempt has been made to publish
a conspectus of the Moss-flora of the Malay Peninsula. Mitten’s
Musci Ind. Or. (Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., Vol. iii, Suppl.) contains
some half-dozen records, the only data for which are “ Malacca,
Griffith.” Fleischer has collected a considerable number of mosses,
mostly in and around Singapore; these are recorded in the four
volumes of his Muscr der Flora von Burienzorg (1900-1922). A
short list is also given by Hj. Moeller of Straits Settlements mosses
in Hedwigia, lx, 213, comprising some thirty species. Finally
the present writer published descriptions of forty new species from
the peninsula in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 51; pp. 225-259 (1924).

The great majority of entries, therefore, in the following
list are unpublished records, and are based on collections made by
various botanists, principally H. N. Ridley (R in the list), I. H.
Burkill, R. E. Holttum, and C. H. Binstead, with other collectors
from the Singapore Botanic Gardens.

The system I have followed is very largely that of Brotherus,
in Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien. Muse, Id. I.

The generat character and relationships of the Moss-flora
follow naturally very closely on the lines of the higher plants.. ‘The
endemic species are comparatively few, and I think are not likely to
be greatly increased ; for while undescribed species are constautly
collected, this is pretty well counterbalanced by the discovery of
the extension of the range of supposed endemics (of Malaya)

to neighbouring areas. On the other hand a very large percentage
of the species have a remarkably narrow range of distribution
beyond the peninsula itself, especially the M alay-Burma-Assam,
Malay-Borneo, Malay-Philippines, and Malay-Java areas. It
would be of some interest to give lists of these species, but it is
preferable to wait till the distribution of the mosses in the peninsula
itself is more completely known; the present list gives a basis for

2 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

such a conspectus, but it is only a beginning. Several of the
States have been little more than sampled, for mosses, and nearly
every collection that is made still contains some new record, either
for the State, the Peninsula or for science. This may be
illustrated by the fact that since the publication of my paper al-
ready referred to, in 1924, thirty undescribed species have come
into my hands, and these appear, perforce, as. “ined.” in the
present list.

Among special features of interest in the moss flora may be
mentioned the prevalence of species of Calymperaceae (Syrrhopodon
and Calymperes) a most interesting and striking Family, having
a peculiar distribution mostly to tropical regions, and rarely found
at any great distance from the sea, though in no sense maritime
plants. This is curiously contrasted with the poor representation
of some of the larger genera. Thus of Bryum (between 800 and
900 species) six are recorded from the peninsula; of Campylopus.
(about 500 species), three; of Macromitrium (415 species) ten;
while of Syrrhopodon (235 species), there are thirty-one in the
following list, and of Calymperes (200 species), twenty-four.

A further genus which is highly represented here is
Acroporium (Sematophyllum Mitt. p.p.). Of about 90 known
species (as the genus is understood in Brotherus, Musci, Ed. i), 33:
are recorded for the peninsula. Here however we have to do with
a genus which clearly has its principal centre of distribution in the
Indo-Malay region; whereas this can scarcely be said of the
Calymperaceae, which have an equally high distribution in tropical
Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Is., tropical America, and
Polynesia.

The total number of species in the following list is about 340,
compared with 650 recorded from Java; and with more systematic
collecting the number is certain to be very largely increased.

SPHAGNACEAE.

Sphagnum kelantanense Dixon sp. nov. ined.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, or ridge, circa 2600 ft. (Nur
12244).

Sphagnum cuspidatum (C. M. var. malaccense Warust.
Perak: Summit of G. Batu Puteh, 6900 ft. (Wray 902; type
gathering).

Pahang: Cameron’s Highlands (Henderson 22781) ; G. Tahan

(R. 1026). |

Kedah: Kedah Peak, common (Holttum 14881).

Sphagnum junghuhnianum Doz. and Molk.
Selangor: Ulu Semangkok (Rt. 277).
Pahang: G. Tahan (R. 1038).
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong (Nur 12243).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14882 a).
Malacca: Gunong Ledang (Mt. Ophir) (R. 221).

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 3

Sphagnum magellanicum Brid.

Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14882 b).

The Asiatic distribution hitherto if this almost cosmopolitan
species is Bhotan and Japan.

DICRANACEAE.

Wilsoniella pellucida (Wils.) C. M.

Selangor: Batu Caves (R. 644). I have not seen this, and
do not know by whom it was determined. It would seem
likely that it was the same plant as the following.

DISTR. Ceylon, Java.

WilsonieHla acutifolia Broth. ined.
Selangor: Batu Caves (R. 481).

Garckea phascoides (Hook.) C. M.
“Malay Halb-insel ” (Fleischer). :
Singapore: Penang: (Binstead 2, 6, 11).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 2000 ft. (Holttum 15108).

Ditrichum flexifolium (Hook.) Hampe.
Perak: Gunong Keledang (R. 701).

[Ceratodon purpureus (L.) Brid. It is rather curious that this
peculiarly cosmopolitan species. does not appear to have been
collected in the Malay Peninsula].

Microdus Miquelianus (Mont.) Besch.

Perak: Tapah (R. 160).

Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (R. 739).

Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 300, 304); Gardens (IR. 599),
a small form with very narrow leaves: Singapore
(Binstead 76).

Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 4, 7).

Selangor: 15th mile, Pahang Track (Semangkok Pass) (R.
484),

Microdus macromorphus Fleisch.
Perak: Tapah (R. 160).
DISTR. Java; Borneo.

Dicranella coarctata (C, M.) Bry. jay.
Selangor: Bukit Kutu (R. 396).
Penang: Penang Hill (Chipp 4692).
Kedah: Kedah Peak 1000 ft. (Holttum 15109).

Campylopodium euphorocladum (C. M.) Besch.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 15027).

Braunfelsia dicranoides (Doz. and Molk.) Broth.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000- ft. (Haniff and Nur
7915 b).
DISTR. Java.

4 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Braunfelsia enervis (Doz. and Molk.) Par.
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft., on tree trunk (Burkill
and Holttum 8838) ; Gunong Tahan (Robinson).
DISTR. Java.

A very densely foliate, julaceous form. Neither the figure
given by Dozy and Molkenboer nor that of Fleischer gives a good
idea of the habit of the plant, which, judging by the specimens
in our national collections, is usually much more densely foliate,
with more robust branches than as depicted by these authors. 'he
present plant is so markedly different, indeed, from these figures,
that I had no doubt at all of its being. a new species, prior to
examining specimens of the Java plant.

Braunfelsia longipes Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 225
(1924).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur 7905).

Braunfelsia plicata (Lac.) Fleisch.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3800 ft., on ground, in thick june
just below summit (Holttum 14869) Giz:
This has hitherto been found only in a single locality in Java.

Dicranoloma Blumii (Nees) Par.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1021); Gunong Berumban
(Wray’s) (Wray 1562).
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 4500 ft. (Wray 300).

A rather widely distributed species, but not hitherto recorded
from continental Asia.

Selangor: Ulu Semangkok (R. 281 a). There is some doubt
about this specimen, which is sterile, and may possibly belong to
D. brevisetum.

Dicranoloma Braunii (C. M.) Par.

Singapore: Herb. Mitten. Two sterile and doubtful plants,

which I incline to place under this species.

Perak: leg. Curtis; herb. Singapore Bot. Garden. ‘This speci-
men is labelled “ Dicranum jpiliferum Mitt. MS. in.
sched.”, but I am inclined to think that Mitten wrote
“filiferum,” in reference to the long, stout, brown
articulate brood-filaments in the leaf axils, characteristic
of this species. It is new to continental Asia.

DISTR. Malay Archipelago to New Caledonia and New
Hebrides.

Dicranoloma reflexifolium (C. M.) Par.
Pahang: Fraser Hill (R. 283).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3500 ft., on ground and tree bases in
dwarf forest (Holttum 14867).
DISTR. Java; Sumatra.

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula a

Dicranoloma assimile (Hampe) Par.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1036).
The fruiting plant, so that there is no doubt of its identity.
Perak: Gunong Hijau, 4700 ft. (Wray 648).

DISTR. Java; Borneo; CEOs Celebes (Everett 664, in
herb. H. N. Dixon).

Dicranoloma leucophyllum (Hampe) Par.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 712). This is sterile, and may
possibly belong to D. assimile.

Perak: Gunong Hijau, Taiping Hills (Anderson 314A;
Burkill 12636),

Dicranoloma sumatranum Broth. ined.
Selangor: Semangkok Pass (R. 284).
DISTR. Sumatra.

Dicranoloma perintegrum Dixon in Bull. sr ORE Club 51: 226
(1924).

Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 780).

Dicranoloma brevicapsulare Dixon op. et Joc. cit.

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500- 7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur
7915a).

Leucoloma molle (C. M.) Mitt. var. longipilum Fleisch.
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (R. 390).
Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann GOs
Dindings: Lumut (R. 818a).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 512, 574).

Leucoloma Walkeri Broth.

Kedah: Rawei I. (R. 293). A robust form, only differing
in the size from the Indian and Burmese plant.
DISTR. India; Burma.

Leucoloma malayanum Dixon.
Penang: Crag Hill, on shaded granite rock (Binstead 13).

~ Leucoloma pallidum Dixon.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong (Nur 12237b. 12272c).

Campylopus comosus (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Bry. jav.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 8, 10, 12; Pinwell, in herb.
Mitt.)
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft., frequent on rocks and ground,
usually sterile (Holttum 14896).

Campylopus serratus Lac. (CO. singapurensis Fleisch.)
Singapore: Gardens (Larminat, in herb. Paris; Fleischer,
M. Fr. Arch. Ind. et Polynes., 403; R. 611; Binstead
73, &c.). Bukit Timah (Holttum 13070).

6 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Pahang: between Pekan and Ayer Tawar; abundant on the
sandy promontory which the bridle path follows. Ap-
parently the species used here for stuffing mattresses.
(Burkill 17256); Kuantan, at base of tree (Burkill
17333b).

Kedah: Kedah Peak, on ground by path (Holttum 15028).
Form with unusually narrow upper cells.

This very marked plant must I think without doubt be
Lacoste’s species; it agrees exactly with the description and figures ;
I have also seen it from Borneo; I think that Fleischer must have
overlooked this in giving it a new name. It seems to be a very
characteristic plant in the Gardens at Singapore, as every collector
of mosses who has visited the Gardens appears to have brought
it away!

The very large genus Campylopus is poorly represented in the
peninsula, only three species having been recorded.

Campylopus calodictyon Broth. ined.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban (R. 132).

I have not seen an authentic specimen of Brotherus’ plant;
but Ridley’s moss agrees exactly with a Bornean gathering of
Binstead’s, which Fleischer determined (so far as possible ‘from
the gametophyte alone) as C. calodictyon.

Dicranodontium nitidum (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, on ridge, 2600 ft. (Nur 12247).
DISTR. Java; Celebes; Borneo; Philippines. Mitten re-
cords it from Ceylon. I have not examined Gardner’s
specimens ; but a plant so named from Mitten’s herbarium
“ Nuwara Eliya, T. W. N. Beckett” belongs to Campulo-
pus Nietneri (C. M.), which throws doubt on the correct-
ness of Mitten’s determination of the earlier specimens.

Thysanomitrium exasperatum (Brid.) Nees.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 228).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1011, 1019; Haniff and Nur
7908, a very slender form, perhaps worth varietal rank).
Kedah: Kedah Peak (R. 246).

Thysanomitrium umbellatum W-Arn. (7. Blumzi Toz.. and
Molk.).
Selangor: Pahang track, 15th mile (R. 488).

Thysanomitrium Ridleyi Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 51:
227 (1924).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1019b).

Thysanomitrium abbreviatum Dixon op. et loc. cit.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, c. 7000 ft. (R. 1012).

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula t

LEUCOBRYACEAE.

Leucobry-um chlorophylHosum C.-M.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (Robinson).
f. minor Fleisch.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 14).
The species has not been recorded from continental Asia.

Leucobryum sanctum (Brid.) Hampe.
Common. I have records from at least seven States.

Leucobryum Bowringii Mitt.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 1085¢).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 755).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur
TIA ) ;

Leucobryum aduncum Doz, and Molk.
Singapore: on coconut palms (Fleischer, M. Frond. Arch.
Ind. 5).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Griffith) herb. Mitten.

Leucobryum scalare C. M.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (Fleischer).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 16, 18).

Leucobryum javense (Brid.) Mitt.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 247).
Johore: one of the abundant ground mosses in the mossy
forest of Gunong Belumut (Holttum 10696).
Pahang: Telom (R. 90); Pekan (Ridley). ~
Kedah: journey to Kedah Peak (Haniff 1).

Not recorded hitherto from continental Asia except from
Annam, but one of the common species under certain conditions,
and widely spread in Malaysia, and reaching to New Guinea.

Leucobryum sumatranum Broth. ined.
: Pahang: Gunong Berumban, 5000 ft. (Henderson 11740).

| A very fine species, resembling ZL. javense in habit, but of quite
different structure. Only known otherwise from Sumatra.

Leucobryum stellatum Dixon.

Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 724).

[Cladopodanthus speciosus (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch. (Spirula

speciosa Doz. and Molk.). The only authority for this as a

Malayan plant is a record by Mitten “ Among moss sent with
orchids to Dr. Wallace,” and even the locality is not, I believe,
specified. As the plant is a particularly striking one, at present
_ only known from Java, I hesitate to include it on this vague
_ record alone. It is quite possible that orchids, sent from the
_ Singapore Gardens to Dr. Waliace, may have been packed in moss
_ originally received with orchids from Java. ]

8 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

[Ochrobryum microphyllum Card. Herzog in Hedwig. lxi, 295,
records this as collected in Perak by Stresemann, No. 86. But as
O. microphyllum is a South American species (O. Gardnerianum
var. microphyllum Besch.), and as this group in the sterile state
is a highly difficult and critical one, it appears to me that the
indentification must be very doubtful. ].

Schistomitrium mucronifolium (A. Br.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1003). c. fr.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft., on a small trunk in dwarf
forest, 3 ft. from the ground (Holttum 14890).

This and the preceding have leaves not falcate, differing
from the type form; they are much too robust for S. apiculatum.
The seta is more or less highly rugulose in both. It is quite
probably a distinct species.

Schistomitrium apiculatum Doz. and Molk. ~~
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft, (Wray 1085).

Leucophanes candidum (Hornsch.) Lindb.
Singapore: Kranji (R. 119, 256); Pasir Panjang (R. 249) ;
no loc.-{ St. Vis Down 60} > -ebe, :
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 643) ; Rawang (R. 383). |
Kelantan: Kuala Kalak, foot of G. Sitong (Nur 12263).

Leucophanes aciculare C. M. ined.
Singapore : Bajau, on tree at sea level, a very elongate form,
in tufts 5-6 cm. high (Holttum 12277 ae Serangoon road
(R. 206).

Leucophanes densifolium Mitt.
Singapore: Fleischer, M. Frond. Arch. Ind. et Polynes. 304;
etc.
Johore: Tanjong Bunga (R. 338).

DISTR. Fiji and Admiralty Is.

Leucophanes albescens C. M.
Singapore: Pulau Ubin (det. Fleischer) ; Bot. Gardens (Holt-
tum 16333) ; beim Friedhof an Baumrinde (H. Moeller).
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu (Holttum 15188).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17478).

Leucophanes octoblepharoides Brid.
Singapore: on palms in Gardens (R. 46, 330, 593, 761) ; ete.
Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (R. 257).

Negri Sembilan: Ulu Bendul, on wet rocks by stream (Holt-
tum 9830).

Penang: Richmond Pool, Government Hill (Haniff and Kadir
15018). |

Leucophanes pugioniforme Fleisch, ined.
Singapore: bei Tandjong Katong (Fleischer).

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula iM,

Octoblepharum albidum (L.) Hedw. ~
Widely distributed; common in the north of the Peninsula,
but not collected in the southern part.

Arthrocormus Schimperi Doz. and Molk.
Selangor: Telok Reserve, Klang (Burkill 5991, 6554).
Perak: Tapah (R. 156).
Kelantan: Sungei Keteh (Nur 11991 a).

Exodictyon Blumii (Nees) Fleisch.
Perak: Tapah (R. 819).

FISSIDENTACEAE.

Fissidens ceylcnensis Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: ad fossas (Kurz 1203; F. abbreviatus Mitt. MS in
herb.).
Fleischer also records it from Singapore without further
locality.
Malacca: Ayer Kurau (R. 702).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 26, 40, 45). Government Hill
(R. 749). Gardens (Holttum 17373; 17375).

Fissidens Hollianus Doz. and Molk.
Perak: Tapah (R. 819 b).
Trengganu: Kuala Telumong (Holttum 15310).
Penang: in botanischen Garten an Baumaesten, c.fr. (Moeller).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi, on rock and smal! stems by stream
(Holttum 17438).
DISTR. Java.

Fissidens Zollingeri Mont.
Trengganu: Kuala Telumong (Holttum 15310 p.p.)
A very little, mixed with F. Hollianus.

Fissidens javanicus Doz. and Molk. nov. var. integrifolius
Dixon ined.
Trengganu: Kuala Berang (Holttum 15334).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17447).
DISTR. (of type) Java, Andamans.

Fissidens siamensis Broth.
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17479).
DISTR. Siam.

Fissidens crassinervis Lac.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Fleischer, M. Frond. Arch, Ind.
17); Gaylang (R. 626); Gardens (R. 603); Reservoir
jungle (Holttum 15366).

Perak: Tapah (R. 148).

Penang; rocks and stones in Botanic Gardens (Binstead 17,
74); Waterfall Gardens (Holttum 17377).

Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17446).

10 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Fissidens Mittenii Par.
Singapore: (Fleischer); Gardens (Holttuin 10492).
Fleischer also records the var. javensis from the Gardens.
I have only seen the type.

Fissidens subdiscolor Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 228
(1924).
Negri Sembilan: on root in a boggy hollow, Gemas (Burkill
6388).

Fissidens Zippelianus Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: Singapore (Fleischer) ; Gardens (Holttum 15368).
Penang: im botanischen Garten auf Erde (Moeller).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17444).

Fissidens asplenioides (Sw.) Hedw.
' Penang: Penara Bukit (R. 572).
This widely distributed’ species in the tropics and subtropical
regions has not been recorded from the Asiatic continent.

Fissidens amblyotis Dixon in Bull. Torr. Boi. Club 51: 229
(1924).
Johore: on wet rock by stream. 700 ft., Gunong Lambak
(Holttum 9456).

Fissidens nobilis Griff.
Pahang: Tahan (Ridley).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 194, 214). :

Fissidens areolatus Griff. |
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur 7980).
Ava, Burma, is the most southerly station hitherto.

CALYMPERACEAE.
SYRRHOPODON Schwaegr.

Subgenus Leucophanella.

Syrrhopodon revolutus Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: Tanjong Ru (R. 255) ; Gardens (Holttum 15351). —
Perak: JSrian road, Taiping (Haniff 15287).
Penang: (Fleischer).

Syrrhopodon borneénsis (Hampe) Jaeg.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10753, 10765). —
Pabang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1002) ; a robust form with lanuna —

cells smooth and back of nerve only slightly roughened.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14883).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 24); Penang Hill (R. 748).
DISTR. Borneo, Java.

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula Ht

Syrrhopodon rufescens Hook. and Grev.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 780); Bukit Timah (Fleischer, MW.
Frond. Arch. Ind. 103) ; Singapore (Wallich; fide Mitten.
Musc. Ind. Or.). Gardens, on Platycerium (Holttum
17385).

Syrrhopodon confertus Lac.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 263). I have not seen this;
it was determined by Brotherus, I believe.

Syrrhopodon Ridleyi Broth. e Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
51: 229 (1924).
Singapore: Bukit Timah, on a Platycerium (R. 38, 731).
Penang: Government Hill, on lower side of large Platycerium |
(Burkill 763).

Subgenus Hu-Syrrhopodon.

‘Syrrhopodon albidus Thw. and Mitt.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10809).
DISTR. Ceylon.

‘SSyrrhopodon tristichus Nees.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban, 5000 ft. (Henderson 11767) ;
Fraser Hill, 4000 ft., (Holttum 11372).
New to the mainland of Asia.

Syrrhopodon albo-vaginatus Schwaegr.
Singapore: Brotherus gives the distribution of this species
as including Singapore; Reservoir jungle .(Holttum
15363).
Pahang: Kuala Lipis (Burkill 15667c).
Perak: Sungei Siput (Haniff and Nur 6955).

Syrrhopodon involutus Schwaegr.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 29) ; Singapore (Fleischer).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Griffith; fide Mitten).

[Syrrhopodon pseudo-involutus Broth. ined.
Singapore: Tanjong Katong, on coconut trees (R. 210).
This is a MS. name of Brotherus’; the species has not been
dlescribed, and I have not been able to see specimens. |

Syrrhopodon spiculosus Hook. and Grey.
Singapore: (Wallich; Fleischer); Kranji (Ridley); Bukit
Timah (Burkill AB); Carimon Is, (Fox 581); &e.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 22), two very different forms
in habit and direction of leaves when dry.
Syrrhopodon elimbatus Dixon in Pull. Torr. Bot. Ciub £1: 230
~ (1924).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Ridley).

12 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Syrrhopodon horridulus Fleisch. Musc. der Fl. von Buit. 1, 208,
and corrigenda.

Singapore: Singapore, 1898 (Fleischer).

Syrrhopodon Griffithii Mitt.

Singapore: “ Singapore (Griffith).” So Mitten in the Musci
Ind. Orientalis; but Ridley points out that this should
probably read Malacca, as Griffith did not visit Singapore.

Fleischer, it may be remarked (op. cit. 1,208) speaks of the

leaf as having “an der Scheide einselne, lange, wimperartige
Zaehne”; but this is in direct contradiction to the description,
where the margins are distinctly stated to be “integerrimis,” and
without the basal spines of S. trachyphyllus.

— Syrrhopodon ligulifolius Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51:
230 (1924).
Penang: Penara Bukit (R. 576).

Syrrhopodon trachyphyllus Mont.
Singapore: Singapore (Gaudichaud) fide Mitten, Musc. Ind.
Or.; ibidem. (Fleischer).

Syrrhopdon cavifolius Lac.
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu (Holttum 15189).
DISTR. Banca, Borneo.

Syrrhopodon ciliatus (Hook.) Schwaegr.
Singapore: on sago palm, gardens (R. 459, 465) ; Fleischer,
M. frond. Arch. Ind. 26. Seletar (R. 739).
Pahang: Kuantan (Burkill 16125).
The forma pseudopodianus Fleisch. occurs in both the above
localities.

Syrrhopodon perakensis Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Ciub 51; 231
(1924).
Dindings: Lumut (R. 449).

Subgenus Thyridium.

Syrrhopodon Wallisii C. M.
Singapore: (Fleischer).
Johore: Gunong Pulai, on fallen tree trunk (Holttum 16359).

Syrrhopodon repens [arv.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 45): Chan Chu Kang (R. 262) 5.
Pasir Panjang (R. 55); Bukit Timah (R. 309) ; Bukit
Mandai (R. 706); Kranji (R. 11275).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 29, 32).
It is rather curious that this species should appear to be
common about Singapore, while apparently scarcely elsewhere in
the Peninsula. It occurs in Ceylon and Banca.

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 13

Syrrhopodon Manii C. M.
Singapore: Tanjong Katong, f. minor (Fleischer, M. Frond.
Arch. Ind. 71); Gardens (R. 315, 592)-; Seletar (R.
459); Pulau Ubin (R, 729) ; Galang (R. 357).
_ Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 27 a).

Syrrhopodon fasciculatus Hook, and Grev.
Singapore: (St. V. B. Down 56) ; Kranji (Moeller) ; Gardens
(Holttum 15352). |
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu, base of palm stem (Holttum
15309).

Syrrhopodon undulatus (Doz. and Molk.) Lindb.
Singapore: Reservoir jungle (Holttum 15364).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 217); Taiping (R. 204).
Kedah: Lankawi Is. (Haniff and Nur 7526); Kedah Peak,
3000 ft. (Holttum 14891).

Syrrhopodon undulatulus Broth. and Geh.
Singapore: (Fleischer); on trunk of tree, Reservoir jungle
(Holttum 15358).
Penang: (Schiffner).

These records and thati of S. Wallisw are found in Fleischer,
Musci der Fl. von. Burt. I, 236.

Syrrhopodon flavus C. M.
Singapore: Gardens (Holttum 15356, 15357).
DISTR. Java.

Syrrhopodon pungens Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 231
(1924).
Selangor: Pataling (R. 772).

Subgenus Calymperopsis.

[Syrrhapodon semiliber (Mitt.) Besch. Brotherus (Musci) records
this from “ Malacca” only. Mitten’s record in the Musci Ind. Or.
p. 41 (“in peninsula Malayana, ad Tavoy ”) refers to Burma, and
does not come within our area. |

Subgenus Calymperidium.

Syrrhopodon Muelleri (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jay.
Singapore: Bajau (R. 242).
Johore: Gunong Pulai (Best 7708).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 186); Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft.
(Wray 1211 p. p.) :
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 579).

Syrrhopodon fallax Lac.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 736).
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh (Wray 1211 p.p.).
DISTR. Borneo; Banca.

14 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vor. 4

No. 1211 Wray was received as Syrrhopodon Wrayi Broth.
MS. It contained two species of Syrrhopodon, one of which is.
certainly a form of S. Muelleri, and the other S. fallac.

Syrrhopodon croceus Mitt.

Singapore: (Wallich) ; (St. V. B. Down 54) ; Reservoir jungle
(Holttum 15361, 15362).

Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10819) ; Gunong
Panti (Holttum 15043); Gunong Pulai (Holttum
16337).

Kelantan: Sungei Ketah (Nur 11991 b).

Kedah: Kedah Peak, 1000 ft. (Holttum 15110). <A beautiful
form, the whole plant purple-red.

Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 19); Richmond Pool (Hauniff
and Kadir 15022).

Syrrhopodon rectifolius Dixon ined.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3500 ft. (Holttum 14861).

Calymperes Dozyanum Mitt. (Syn. C. Boulayi Besch.).
Singapore: Gardens (Abdul Kadir 10494); ibidem, am
Alleebaumen (Fleischer, MW. Frond. Arch. Ind. 66) ;
Kranji (R. 205).
Penang: on tree (Binstead 23).
C. eutrichostomum C. M. from Singapore is according to
Fleischer only a narrow leaved form of C. Dozyanum Mitt.

Calymperes Delessertii Besch.
Singapore: (fide Brotherus).
Pahang: Pekan, Garden of H. H. the Sultan (Burkill 17139).
Burkill notes that this is used for stuffing mattresses.
It seems rather surprising that it should occur in suf-
ficient quantity.

Calymperes subintegrum Broth.
Johore: Gunong Pulai, on tree trunk in jungle (Holttum

16335).
DISTR. Siam, Borneo.
A very distinct species in the structure of the leaf cells; cf..
Journ. Innn. Soc., Bot., xiii, 305.

Calymperes nitidiusculum Broth. e Roth in Hedwigia li, 128.

(nomen nudum).

Johore: Gonong Pulai, on tree trunk in jungle (Holttum

16355).

DISTR. South Kanara, India.

This agrees well with an original specimen kindly sent me
by Dr. Brotherus. It is extremely near to C, subintegrum Broth.
and has the peculiar Z'immiella like cells of that species, but
differs in one or two characters.

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula ‘15

Calymperes Vriesi Besch.
Penang: Ayer Itam; nov. var. robustum Dixon. ( Binstead
20).
DISTR. (of type) Celebes.

Calymperes stenophyllum Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51:
233 (1924).
Dindings: Lumut (R,. 777).

Calymperes nicobarense Hampe.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 355); Bajau (R. 218, 219); Pasir
Panjang (R. 250) ; Woodlands: (R. 12603) ; Kranji (R.
260); Keppel Harbour (Holttum 17480).

Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17417).

This is another case of a species being apparently frequent
about Singapore while detected scarcely elsewhere in the peninsula.
Otherwise it is known only from the Nicobar Is. It is a fairly
marked species, the Singapore plants agreeing well with Hampe’s
type, differing from C. Hampei in the very rigid leaves and teniole
scarcely reaching above the shoulder.

Calymperes punctulatum Hampe.
Singapore: Singapore (Fleischer).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 21, 38); Ayer Itam (Binstead
36); Richmond Pool, Government Hill (Hanitf and
Kadir 15011, 15017), a tall form.
This also occurs elsewhere only in the Nicobar [s. A speci-
men exists in the Brit. Museum collection labelled “ H. 1250,
Singapore, leg. ? Wallich,” determined by Bescherelle.

Calymperes Hampei Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: bei Serangoon auf Mangrove (Moeller). Gardens,
on Albizzia (Holttum 15112).
Johore: Ulu Kahang, 250 ft. (Holttum 10894).
Penang: Ayer Itam (Binstead 25); rock, Botanical Garcens
(Binstead 28) ; Ibidem (Holttuin 17382).
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17477).

Calymperes Fordii Besch.

Penang: Ayer Itam (Binstead 33, 35).

So far as it goes this seems to agree better with C. ford than
with OC. Hampei, but the differences are very slight, and I believe
inconstant, some of the characters given by Fleischer for C. Fordu
(e.g. basal hyaline cells quadrate) are not supported by Bescherel!e’s
type, in which, too, the outline of the cancelline is very variable.

Calymperes tenerum C. M.
Singapore: Singapore (Schiffer, Fleischer).

Calymperes Bescherellei Fleisch. (Syn. C. anisodictyon Besch.
in sched., fide Fleischer).
Singapore: Bukit Timah road (Schiffner).

1G Ax Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vow. 4

Calymperes serratum A. Br.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 317); Singapore (St. V. B.
Down, herb. Binstead) ; Kranji (Moeller).

Calymperes recurvifolium Besch.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 598; and Fleischer, Wf. Frond.
Arch. Ind. 67).
Johore: Gunong Pulai (Holttum 16336).
Penang: im bot. Garten auf erde und Wurzeln (Moeller).

Calymperes heterophyllum (Mitt.) Besch.

Penang: shaded granite rock, Crag Hill (Binstead 12a). —
A stem or two picked out ot Leucoloma. It agrees |
exactly with Gardner’s plaut at Kew.

DISTR. Ceylon: Banca.

<alymperes orientale Mitt. var. polytrichoides Fleisch. (0.
subfasciculatum Broth.)
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 277).

Fleischer reduces this to a var. of C. orientale.

Calymperes setifolium Hampe (C. angustatum Broth.).
Perak: Tapah (R. 149).
This, the type of C. angustatum Broth. MS. in sched.,
certainly ‘identical with C. setifolium.
DISTR. Philippines.

Calymperes fasciculatum Doz. and Molk.

Johore: foot of Gunong Pulai, on exposed rock (Holttum—
16334).

DISTR. Java.

Calymperes longifolium Mitt. (C. cristatum Hampe).
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 440).
Pahang: Gunong Berumban, 5500 ft. {Henderson 11743}.
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 533). :
Kedah: Pulau Dayang Bunting, Lankawi Is. (Tolttum
15132).

C. cristatum Hampe, as J have shewn elsewhere, is identical
with C. longifoliwm. I am much inclined to believe that several —
of the species of Macrhimanta are but forms of a variable type,
perhaps all to be included under C. serralwm.

Nees

1 abe

Calymperes constrictum Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 233

(1924).
Selangor: Klang watercatchment forest ; on rotten bark on n the
ground (Burkill 6836). é

a Fa

*

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula ro

Calymperes salakense Besch.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Fleischer).

Penang: Waterfall Gardens (Holttum 17381, 17384).

[Calymperes squarrosum Broth. MS. was founded on a plant of
Ridley’s, St. Paul’s Hill, Malacca (333) ; unfortunately no material
is available; the specimen in the Singapore Bot. Gardens collection
consists entirely of Barbula indica and Bryum coronatum, two
terrestrial species which can hardly have formed part of the same
gathering as a Calymperes |.
[Calymperes molluccense Schwaegr. is recorded by Mitten as
having been collected by Wallich in Singapore; but so many plants
have been put under that name that it is scarcely possible to decide
on its identity |.

POTTIACEAE.

Hymenostomum edentulum (Mitt.) Besch.
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 15099).

Hymenostomum malayense Fleisch., VW. dcr Fl. von Buit. 1,315.
Singapore: (Fleischer.).

Trichostomum sarawakense Dixon in Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot.,
xlii, 308.
Perak: Gunong Lanoh, 350 ft., in crevices in limestone
(Henderson 15063).
DISTR. Sarawak.

Hyophila commutata Broth.
Singapore: c. fr. (Moeller).

Hyophila javanica (Nees) Brid.
Singapore: auf dem Friedhof an Mauersteinen Xc., c. fr.

(Moeller).

Hyophila Micholitzii Broth.
Singapore: same localities as the preceding species (Moeller).

Chionoloma latifolium Dixon ined.
Kedah: Pulau Dayang Bunting, Lankawi Is., on limestone
rocks (Holttum 15130).

Barbula comosa Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: (Griffith) fide Mitten, Musc. Ind. Or. p. 35; but
see note on Syrrhopodon Griff thit.

Barbula indica Brid.
Singapore: (Fleischer) ; in bot. Garten, &c. (Moeller).
Penang: im bot. Garten, (Moeller) ; Crag Hill, «ec. (Binstead,
3, 34); Penang Hill (R. 747).

Barbula consanguinea Thw. and Mitt.
Singapore: (Fleischer).

18 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Barbula louisiadum Broth.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 30).

Gymnostomiella vernicosa (Hook.) Fleisch.
Singapore: an Mauern, c. fr. (Moeller).

Splachnobryum Oorschotii (Lac.) C. M.
Singapore: am Reservoir an feuchten Steinen (Fleisch.)

ORTHOTRICHACEAE.

Desmotheca apiculata (Doz. and Molk.) Lindb.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 801).
DISTR. Amboina, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Philippines,
Burma (Mergui, leg. Meebold, 16618, herb. Hort. Bot.
Calcutta).

Macromitrium minutum Mitt.
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft. (L. Wray Jr. 929), as
M. pilosum Broth. MS. I cannot however separate it
from M. minutum, from which it only differs in the
reddish colour.
DISTR. Ceylon, Java.
[Macromitrium nepalense (Hook. and Grey.) Schwaegr.
Singapore: “ Bukit Timah?’ (R. 806). A plant with the
leaves generally but not always incurved at apex, but agreeing with
M. nepalense in other respects. The specimen is however poor,
and the determination doubtful; the short, papillose basal cells
distinguish it at once from M. incurvifoliwm (Hook. and Grey.).
In all probability it is identical with the following species. ]

Macromitrium brevirete Dixon.
Pahang: Jerantut, on upper branches of tree, about 60 ft-
from the ground (Burkill 17467).

Macromitrium goniorrhynchum Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: im botanischen Garten (Moeller).

Macromitrium Zollingeri Mitt.

Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft., on dead tree trunk (Holttum
14862). This has the seta quite smooth, as in M.
Zollingeri, but that species, M. Blumei and M. concinnum
must be very close to one another.

Macromitrium ochraceum (Doz. and Molk.) C. M.
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3800 ft., on ground, just below summit
_ (Holttum 14871). New to the mainland of Asia.
DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Macromitrium Blumii Nees.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R, 231).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1009).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Drxon: WMosses of the Malay Peninsula 19,

Macromitrium magnirete Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51:
234 (1924).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur 7907).

Macromitrium semipellucidum Doz. and Molk.
Singapore: Kranji (R. 308); Sungei Buloh (R. 244).
Negri Sembilan: Pantai (R. 749).
Selangor: Telok Reserve, Klang (Burkill 6613).
Perak: Temengok (R. 178); Kuala Kenering (R. 208).
Trengganu: Kuala Berang (Holttum 15333).

Macromitrium incurvifolium (Hook and Grey.) Schwaegr,
Singapore: Kranji (R. 261) ; Chua Chu Kang (R. 402).

Macromitrium sp.
Johore: Castlewood, on coffee trees, Apr. 1903 (R. 11622).
A sterile plant which appears to have some rather marked
characters, but in absence of fruit and the somewhat doubtful
normal habit (many branches are globose while others are several
centimetres in length) it is best left undetermined.
|Macromitrium orthostichum Nees is recorded for Malacca by
Brotherus (Musci, i, 479), but I do not know on what authority,
and am inclined to question its authenticity. Fleischer does not
cite it. |

FUNARIACEAE.

Funaria hygrometrica (L.) Sibth.
Frequent in clearings, on ashes ete. (fide H. N. Ridley). Pa-
hang: G. Tahan (R. 1006).

DREPANOPHYLLACEAE.

Mniomalia semilimbata (Mitt.) C. M.
Penang: on granite rock, Ayer Itam (Binstead 37).
DISTR. Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea, Samoa.

BRYACEAE.

Bryum argenteum L.
var. australe Rehm.
Penang: on granite rock, 2000 ft. (Binstead 39).

Bryum coronatum Schwaegr.
Common.

Bryum gedeanum Bry, jav.

Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 282).

Penang: Ayer Itam (Binstead 41). This is a somewhat larger
plant, with more Bryoid, less Pohlioid areolation than in
the Javan specimen issued by Fleischer (J. Frond. Arch.
Ind, 365) ; but it agrees quite well with a small specimen
in the British Museum collection “ Java, Lacoste,”

DISTR. Java.

20) Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Bryum ambiguum Duby.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur
8004).

Penang: ie Hill (Binstead 42).

Binstead’s plant is sterile; the Pahang specimen has abundant
but immature fruit; the determination is therefore not quite
certain, but I have little doubt that it is correct.

DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Philippines, Tonkin.

Bryum nitens Hook.
Johore: Ratoe (Moeller).

Bryum porphyroneuron C. M.
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 751).

Rhodobryum giganteum (Hook.) Schimp.
Pahang: Telom (R. 129) ; ibidem, 4000 ft. (Wray 1613).

MNIACEAE.

Mnium integrum Bry jay.

Pahang: Fraser Hill, in shade near eteatn. eirea 3900 ft-

(Holttum 11479).

Perak: (Ridley, in herb. D. Lillie, as M. succulentum Mitt.) .

This is certainly the plant of the Bry. jav., and the plant
described by Fleischer (M. der Fl. von Buitenzorg Il, 581), but
it is mot identical—as Fleischer makes it—with M. succulentum
Mitt., which is a quite different plant with much larger cells.

It appears to me doubtful whether J/. integrum be anything
more than a diocious form of M. rostratum.

DISTR. Java, Sumatra.

RHIZOGONIACEAE.

Rhizogonium spiniforme (L.) Br.
Common.

Rhizogonium latifolium Bry. jav.
Singapore: Kranji (R. 106); Chan Chu Kang (R. 113).
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10697).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan: (Ridley, without number).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 526); Richmond Pool, Government
Hill (Haniff and Kadir 15003).

Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae Brid. ;

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur.

7976). Sterile.

DISTR. South Australia, Patagonia.

A remarkable extension of the range of this species. ‘The
Pahang plant is a slightly more rigid form than the Australasian,
with the leaves not at “all altered when dry, but in all other respects
agrees exactly. R. salakanum Broth, differs at once in the nerve
not excurrent.

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 21

BARTRAMIACEAE.

Philonotis laxissima (C. M.) Bry. jav.
Penang: Crag Hill, 2000 ft. (Binstead 44); Penang (Haniff
300) ; im botanischen Garten (Moeller).

Philonotis secunda Doz. and Molk.
Perak: Maxwell’s Hill (Burkill 12779, 12814) ; Taiping JIills
(R. 11641).

’ WEBERACEAE.

Diphyscium rupestre Doz. and Molk.
_ Singapore; rare, on a rock, Bukit Timah (R. 618).
Perak: Gunong Keledang (R. 702).
DISTR. Java, Borneo.

POLYTRICHACEAE.

Rhacelopus pilifer Bry. jav.

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin, on exposed rocks and earth,
900-1800 ft. (Burkill 2861, 2865).

Selangor: Ginting Peras (R. 420); Weld Hill Reserve, Kuala
Lumpur (Nur 4766); Semangkok (Ridley).

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 i (Burkill and Holtrum
8772).

Perak: Lenggong (R. 175); Taiping (R. 198); Maxweil’s
Hill (R. 281; Burkill 13216) ; Bujong Malacca (R. 743) ;
Tapah (R. 169).

Kelantan: Kuala Kerai (Haniff and Nur 10145).

Pogonatum Neesii C. M.
Pahang: very abundant on freshly cleared ground on hill
top, Fraser Hill (Burkill and Holttum 8458).

Fleischer, M. der Fl. von Buit. IV, 1583, 1590, describes the
capsule as smooth; but C. Mueller in the original description
describes it as “sexies callosa,” and the ribbed capsule, plicate wi.en
empty, is distinct in the Neilgherries plant. It may, I think, be
- doubted whether P. Junghuhnianum really differs.

Pogonatum Junghuhnianum (Doz. and Molk.) var. incurvum
Bry. jav.
Pahang: Telom (R. 103).

Pogonatum cirratum (Sw.) Brid.

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi, abundant above 2000 ft.
(Holttum 9933). |

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft. (Burkill and Holttum
8469).

Perak: an Padang (Stresemann, 79); Maxwell’s Hull,
3600 ft. (Burkill 12910). |

Penang: Western Hill (Burkill 765) ; Moniot’s Rd. (Burkill
2586).

22 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Pogonatum Teysmannianum (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jav.; forma

foliis longioribus, siccitate valde contortis.

Penang: Richmond Pool, Government Hill (Haniff and Kadir
15021).

Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 15025).

DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Amboina: (of type).

Pogonatum macrophyllum (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jav.
(Syn. P. flexicaule Mitt.)

¢

This magnificent species, which may attain a height of 35 cm.,
is not infrequent. I have records from Malacca, Selangor, Pahang,
Perak, and Penang.

Elaborate attempts have been made to maintain the distinction
between the Javan P. macrophyllum. and {the continental P.
flexicaule Mitt., based entirely on the presence of lamellae of one
row of cells in the latter, while in P. macrophyllum they are eup-
posed to be absent, or the leaves are described as “ fast lamellenlos.”
There is no reason I believe to suppose that the latter form is
confined to Java, or that the continental plant is always the
lamellate form; Fleischer indeed (who does not refer to
flexicaule) records P. macrophyllum from Perak.

In my opinion they are but slight forms of the same plant,
the Javan form exhibiting a slightly more hygrophytic condition.
This view is I think not only supported but demonstrated by the
fact that in cutting sections of P. macrophyllum (Fieisch., M. Fr.
Arch. Ind. et Polyn. 499) I have found Jeaves which show the
lamellae as fully developed as those of typical P. flexicaule.

Pogonatum sp. ,
Perak: Maxwell’s Hill (Curtis 847).

A curious plant with habit of P. contortwm (Menz.), but the
capsule is quite different. ‘The lamellae are very low, prohably
1—-seriate, but the leaves are strongly curled and very fragile, and
do not moisten out, so that it is impossible to get a satisfactory
section; and it is difficult to know whether it is a normal or a
pathological condition. It is probable that it is a new species.

MY URIACEAE.

Myurium rufescens (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Fieisch.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 50).

Myurium subnitens Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 234
(1924).
Pahang: Fraser Hill (R. 282).

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 23

NECKERACEAE.

Endotrichella elegans (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch.

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft. (Burkill and Holtium
8821); Robinson’s Falls, Cameron’s Highlands, 4800 {t.
(Henderson 11727) ; Gunong Berumban, 6000 ft. (Hender-
son 11750); Telom (R. 113).

Perak: Gunong Kerbau (Haniff 243); Batang Padang
(Stresemann 96).

Endotrichella plano-marginata Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
51: 2385 (1924).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 472).

Garovaglia aristata Bry. jav.

Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 640) ; Kuala Lumpur (R. 259).
DISTR. Burma.

Garovaglia polythrix Dixon ined.
Penang: Government Hill, 2500 ft. (Holttum 17374).

Symphysodon neckeroides Doz. and Molk.
Kedah: Gunong Raya, Lankawi Is. (Haniff and Nur 7199).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Papillaria fuscescens (Hook.) Jaeg. var. rigidicaulis Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1017).
Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14886). A form
with shortly pointed, very plicate leaves.

Meteorium Miquelianum (C. M.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban (Rt. 118).
Selangor; Batu Caves (R. 843).

Floribundaria floribunda (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch.
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 495).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 225, 230).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 46).

Aerobryopsis longissima (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch.
Frequent, and very variabie.
var. condensatum Dixon.
Penang: Crag Hill, on gritty soil on ground (Binstead 64).
A very dense and very small form, with short branches and
very small leaves.

Orthorrhynchium philippense C. M.
Perlis: Kanga (R. 305).
DISTR. Philippines.

Neckeropsis gracilenta (Bry. jav.) Fleisch.
Singapore: Chua Chu Kang (R. 35'/).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 479).
Dindings: Gunong Tungul (R. 502).; Bruas (R. 500).

24 Gardens’ Bulletin, 8.S., Vow. 4

Neckeropsis lepineana (Mont.) Fleisch.
Perak: Gunong Kerbau (Haniff 844).
Penang: (Curtis 4).

Neckeropsis penicillata Herzog in Hedwigia lvii, 242 (1916).
In der Bergen des Sakai-Gebietes (Inner-Malakka) von Dr.
HK. Werner gesammelt.

Neckeropsis andamana (C. M.) Fleisch.
Kedah: Pulau Dayang Bunting, Lankawi Is. (Holtium
15131). The determination is not quite certain. ‘The
leaves are a little more pointed than usual.

Himantocladium plumula (Nees) Fleisch.

Malacca: Bukit Tampin (Goodenough 1950).

Selangor: Ginting Bidai (R. 412).

Trengganu: (R. 280).

Penang: fide Fleischer (Musci der Flora von Buit. ii, 892)
as H. arbuscula (Hampe). I have no hesitation however
in following Mitten in reducing H. arbuscula to H.
plumula.

Himantocladium rugulosum (Mitt.) Fleisch.
Penang: (R. 559); im botanisch. Garten (Moeller).

Himantocladium loriforme (Bry. jav.) Fleisch.
Johore: Pulau Tinggi, on rocks by stream (Burkill 941)

Himantocladium exsertum (Hook.) Fleisch.
Malacca: fide Fleischer (op. cit. p. 887).

Homaliodendron flabellatum (Dicks.) Fleisch.
Malacca: fide Fleischer.
Kedah: Lankawi Is. (Haniff and Nur 7116).

Homaliodendron javanicum (C. M.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban, Cameron’s Highlands, 5000 ie
(Henderson 11769).

Homaliodendron microdendron (Mont.) Fleisch.

Malacca: (R. 722). This is recorded in Ridley’s list as &
flabellatum, but I renee no doubt it is a lapsus calami of Brotheru
for H. microdendron; my specimen is clearly that and there is no
apparent mixture.

Homaliodendron scalpellifolium (Bry. Jay.) Fleisch.
Perak: Gunong Hijau, on trees (Wray 107).

Homaliodendron pinnatelloides Herzog in Hedwig. |xi, 296

(1919).
Perak: Batang Padang: (Stresemann 91).

Homaliodendron intermedium Herzog of. et loc. cil.
Perak: Batang Padang: (Stresemann 84).

ee
Ct

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula

Homaliodendron exiguum (Bry. jay.) Fleisch.
Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann 58).

Homaliodendron glossophyllum (Mitt.) Fleisch.
Perak: Taiping (R.); Temengoh (R.).

Pinnatella anacamptolepis (C. M.) Broth.
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 638); Mitten determined this as
P. mucronata, but it is certainiy this species.
Perak: Tapah (R. 166).

Pinnatella mucronata (Bry. jav.) Fleisch.
Singapore: (Geach 39, herb. Mitt.) ; Stagmount (R, 140).
Johore: Kota Tinggi (Holttum 15045).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan: (R. 824).
Perak: Tapah: (R. 146) as P. complanata Broth. MS., but 1
ean find no difference from P. mucronata.

Pinnatella Kuehliana (Bry. jav.). Fleisch.
Singapore: (Herb. Mitten).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 639).
Pahang: River Tahan (R. 211).

Pinnatella microptera (C. M.) Fleisch.
Singapore: Palms at Tanjong Katong (Fleischer).
Perak: Kati, Kuala Kangsar (Haniff 14937).

Pinnatella lingulata Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 51: 236
(1924).
Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin, 1800 ft., horizontai on
upright trunks (Burkill 2864).
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh 3400 ft. (L. Wray Jr. 1042). This
| was received as Neckera plumuloides Broth. M.S., but it
had already been published under the present name.

ENTODONTACEAE.

Entodon Bandongiae (C. M.) Jaeg.
Selangor: Rawang (R. 403).
Pahang: Telom (R. 89).
Perak: Batang Padang Valley (L. Wray Jr. 1465). As
Entodon subpallidisetus Broth. M.S. I cannot however
separate it from this.

Campylodontium flavescens (Hook.) Bry. jay.
Pahang: Telom (R. 109).
Penang: (Curtis).

Cribrodontium Werneri Herz. noy. gen. et sp. in Hedwig. ivii,
«242 « (1916).
Malacca: In dem Bergland der Sakai (Inner-Malakka)
(Werner).

26 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4
NEMATGOCACEAE.

Ephemeropsis tiibodensis Goeb.
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 782).

Ridley lists this as determined, seemingly, by Brotherus, I
have not seen Malayan specimens; it has hitherto been recorded
only from Java, but I have recently detected it among other mosses
on twigs of a Melastomaceous plant from Toko Rattan, Bencoolen,
Sumatra, coll. C. J. Brooks, in herb Kew. It grows in very damp
situations, and has quite probably been overlooked, owing to its
minuteness and brown colour.

HOOKERIACEAE.

Distichophyllum nigricaule Mitt.
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000 ft., on log in jungle (Holttnm
1137%6a).
DISTR. Java.

Distichophyllum .sinuosulum Dixon.
Perak: Birch’s Hill, 3800 ft., on rock (Burkill 12606).

Distichophyllum cuspidatum Doz. and Molk.
Penang: Penara Bukit (R. 571); Penang Hill (R. 770);

Moniot’s Rd., 2300 ft., on branches near the ground
(Burkill 2584).

Distichophyllum undulatum Doz. and Molk.
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh (Wray 945). The locality is not
actually stated, but the collecting number defines it ‘vith-
out doubt.

Distichophyllum Mittenii Bry. jay.

Johore: Kukub (R. 4).

Pahang: Fraser Hill, on fallen tree trunk, 4000 ft. (Burkill
and Holttum 8708, 8712) ; Gunong Berumban, Cameron’s
Highlands, 6000 ft. (Henderson 11729, 11752).

Perak: Temengoh (R. 187); Sungei Mengkoro, Taiping Hills.

‘ (Anderson 313).

Kelantan: Gunong Sitong (Nur 12250); a form with obtuse
leaves, without apiculus, and the border almost failing
above, as in D. Osterwaldu, but it appears to belong here,

Distichophyllum spathulatum Doz. and Molk.
Pahang: Telom (R. 104, 135); Cameron’s Highlands, 5000
ft. (Henderson 11752b); circa 6000 ft. (Henderson
11779). |
Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft. (Wray 1039).
Distichophyllum pterygophylloides Dixon ined.

Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1024).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra.

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula. 27

Distichophyllum Schmidtii Broth.
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi, on earth bank by stream (Holttum
17445).

DISTR. Siam.

Eriopus remotifolius C. M.

Pahang: Cameron’s Highlands cirea 4500 ft., on roots of an
epiphytic orchid, Sept. 1925 (Kinder). Two small
scraps of what is clearly this species, and represents almost
the same undeveloped state as the plant described as
Cyathophorum limbatulum Ren. and Card. Fleischer
(Musa der Flora von Buit. iii, 1011) expresses the
opinion that this is probably a state of H. remottfoiius,
and the present plant confirms that view, as with exactly
the same size and habit it has a broader border and
longer points.

DISTR. Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea.

Callicostella prabaktiana (C. M.)
Singapore: Bukit Panjang (R. 1); Bukit Timah (R. 360,
624) ; Gardens (R. 620).
Negri Sembilan: Gemas, on root in boggy hollow (Burkill
6388 p.p.) ; Perhentian Tinggi (R. 754).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 513).

Callicostella papillata (Mont.) Jaeg.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 36).

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000 ft. (Nur 11069, 11376).

Perak: Temengoh (R. 210) ; Birch’s Hill, 3800 ft., on stones
(Burkill 12601); Batang-Padang, forma (Stresemann
100).

Penang : Moniot’s Rd., 2300 ft, (Burkill 2670), on upper
surface of a plank bridge.

Callicostella Beccariana (Hampe) Jaeg.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (Itidley).
Selangor: Telok Reserve, Klang, on fallen log (Burkill 6566).

Chaetomitrium papillifolium Bry. jav.
Selangor: Ulu Gombak Reserve (Burkill 9964) ;
Perak: Tapah, on trunk of tree by river (Burkill 13513).

DISTR. Java, Ceylon, Andaman Is.

Chaetomitrium leptopoma (Schwaegr.) Doz. and Molk.
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (R. 417).
Perak: Birch’s Hill, 4200 ft. (Burkill 13025),

Chaetomitrium muricatum Bry. jav.
Selangor: Ginting Bidai (R. 405, 411).
DISTR. Java.

28 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vor. 4

C. leptopoma, C. muricatum, and C. orthorrhynchum are, as |
pointed out by Fleischer, three very closely related species, and
perhaps more correctly considered as together forming a single
species. Ridley’s 405 and 411 are indeed intermediate between
C. leptopoma and C. muricatum; and 405 is exactly the same thing
as C. cygneum C. M. from New Guinea.

Chaetomitrium orthorrhynchum (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jay.
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 474).

DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

Chaetomitrium elongatum Doz. and Molk.
Pahang: Sungei Perting, Bentong (Burkill 16569).
Dindings: (R. 373).
. This ‘specimen, from the New York Bet. Garden, was named
by Mitten C. ciliatum Doz, and Molk., but it is certainly not that
species. It agrees well with Bornean specimens of C. elongatum,
the calyptra and rather long seta being characteristic.

DISTR. Java, Borneo, Moluccas.

Chaetomitrium borneénse Mitt.
Selangor:: Ginting Bidai (R. 422). ;
Perak: Upper Perak, 300 ft., on trees (L. Wray Jr., 3635) ;
as Pilotrichella perakensis Broth. MS.

DISTR. Borneo.

Chaetomitrium perakense Broth. e Dixon in Buil. Torr. Bot.
Club 51: 237 (1924).
Perak: Bidor, Tapah (R. 159, 164).

Chaetomitrium setosum Broth. op. et loc. cit.
Perak: Tapah (R. 169).

Chaetomitrium nematosum Broth. (Chaetomitrium serraium

Broth. n. sp. in sched.)

Perak: Kuala Kenering (R. 205).

Distr. Queensland.

This was actually written Chaetobryum serratum, but clearly
by a lapsus calami.. It is quite distinct from any of the Malayan
species of Chaetomitrium, but is indentical with the Queensland _
species, of which it has the peculiar brood-filaments, the rather
curious dichroic colouring etc. The leaves are slightly less spread-
ing than in the Queensland plant.

+ -Gaet abana

Lz

RENN NN cater eg

. HYPOPTERYGIACEAE.

Hypopterygium javanicum (Hampe) Jaeg.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley). i
Negri Sembilan: Tampin (Goodenough 300). :

Pahang: Telom (R. 127).

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 29

RHACOPILACEAE.

Rhacopilum spectabile Reinw. and Hornsch.
Pahang: Telom (R. 92, 93, 106, 122, 124, 133. 138, 828);
Fraser Hill, 4000 ft. (Nur 11206). |

Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann 97); Jor (Haniff
14220a).

Rhacopilum cuspidigerum Schwaegr.

Pahang: Jerantut, on branch of tree circa 60 ft. above ground
(Burkill 17466). A moss with a wide insular Malayan
and Pacific distribution, but not hitherto recorded {rom
continental Asia.

Pelekium velatum Mitt.

Singapore: Gardens, on coral in rockeries.. (Holttum 15353).
Johore: Bukit soga (R. 240). |

Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 60, 61, 62,); Telok Forest Reserve,

Klang (Burkill 7021, 7022, 6561).

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin, 1800 ft. (Burkill 2853).
Pahang: Telom (R. 111); Pekan, on coral (Burkill 17132).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 188, 189, 215, 220).

Thuidium Meyenianum (Hampe) Bry. jav. (7. trachypodum

(Mitt.) Lae.).

Johore: Tempayan R., Kukub (Ridley).

Selangor: Ginting Bidai (R. 421).

Pahang: Telom (R. 100, 101).

Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17405).

Perlis: Kanga (R. 236).

Fleischer (M. der Flora von Buwit. iv, 1521) reduces T.
trachypodum (Mitt.) and YT. faulense (Reichh.) to 7. Meyentanum
(Hampe). In Journ. of Bot. 1913, p. 326, I had already pointed
out the indentity of 7. faulense and T. Meyeniaonum. At the time
I was inclined to consider the Pacific 7. erosulum Mitt. distinct
from 7. Meyenianum, on account of the laxer, more complanate,
more obtuse ramuline leaves of the former. f have later come to
the conclusion, however, that 7. erosulum is certainly inseparable
from 7. trachypodum, and the view is no doubt correct that all
these plants belong to one species, showing a slight variation in
the leaf arrangement and the form of the ramuline leaves. If this
view is maintained; 7. erosulum Mitt. must be added to the
synonymy given by Fleischer.

T. Meyenianum is easily confused with Pelekium velatum,
indeed, unless with fruit, or at least perichaetia, is difficult to
separate from it.

Thuidium bifarium (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jav.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang: (R. 278).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 65, 470, 635).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 183). »

Perlis: Kanga( R. 304).

30 Gardens’ Bulletin, S8.S., Vor. 4 f
Thuidium plumulosum (Doz. and Molk.) Bry. jay.
Selangor: Ulu Gombak (Ridley) ; Bukit Kutu (R. 413);

Ginting Peras (R. 410) ;
Pahang: Kota Glanggi (R. 212).

Thuidium glaucinoides Broth.
Selangor: Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 72).

Thuidium orientale Mitt.
Penang: Penang Hill (Curtis, in herb, Mitten, type) ; Penara
Bukit (R. 567).

Thuidium cymbifolium (Doz. and Molk.) Bry, jav.
Pahang: Telom (R. 114).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 179) ; Ulu Batang Padang (R. 95).

HY PNACEAE.

Ctenidium falcifolium Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 238

(1924). |

Perak: Taiping Hills (R. 817). .

ECTROPOTHECIUM. This large and very difficult genus ~
is rather well represented in the peninsula. I believe the following
determinations to be correct, but I feel myself at a disadvantage
from want of knowledge of the plants in the field. Fleischer’s |
treatment in the Flora von Buitenzorg is in many ways helpiul;
but there are certain points which I find difficult to grasp, and
certain relationships made which are not easy to follow.

Ectropothecium buitenzorgii (Bél.) Jaeg.

Common and well distributed.

“ Cupressina malaccana C. Muell. sp. n., type, Government
Hill, Pulau Penang,” Curtis in sched., appears to me to be only
a robust, closely pinnate form of 7. buitenzorgit. 1am also unable
to see anything else in FH. falcatulum Broth. MS. (Perak, L. Wray
Jr. 957).

Ectropothecium singapurense Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club
51: 239 (1924).
Singapore: Gardens, in grass in open (Binstead 78).

Ectropothecium sparsipilum (Bry. jav.) Jaeg.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban, Cameron’s Highlands, 5500 ft.,
on tree trunk (Henderson 11746).

DISTR. Java.

This appears to be a critical and much misunderstood plant
and rare; the Pahang plant agrees well with the description given
by Fleischer, having the habit, the seta about 2 em. long, the
calyptra slightly hairy, the perichaetial leaves strongly toothed and
occasionally lacerate.

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 31

E enopothecium ichnotocladum (C. M.) Jaeg.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Iolttum 10851).
Pahang: Telom (R. 112).

Fleischer, following the Bry. jav., describes this as “ fast
glanzlos”; his no. 342, M. Fr. Arch. Ind., is however markedly
glossy, and fertile specimens from Sumatra agreeing in every way
with the Bry. jav, figures and description are very highly so. It
appears to be one of the rare cases in which the younger leaves show
a gloss which is not retained in the older ones.

Ectropothecium eleganti-pinnatum (C. M.) Jaeg. (#. calli-
chroides.(C. M.) Jaeg. var. elongatum Dixon in Buil. Torr.
Bot, Clib 51: 239).

Selangor: Rawang (R. 382).

Perak: Temengoh (R. 184).

Kedah: Gunong Raya, Lankawi Is. (Haniff and Nur 7132-4) ;
Kedah Peak, 3000 ft., (Holttum 14898).

DISTR. Philippines.

Ectropothecium Moritzii (C, M.) Jaeg.

This species, which is stated by Fleischer to be rare in, Java,
is common and widely distributed in the Peninsula. I have
received it from numerous localities ranging from Penang and
Kelantan to Singapore.

var. stereodontoides Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51:
241 (1924).

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000 ft. (Burkill and Holttum 8715d) ;
ibidem (Holttum 11375).

For notes on this species see my article cited above.

Ectropothecium serratum Herzog in Hedwig. lxi, 297 (1919).
Perak: Batang-Padang (Stresemann 80).

Herzog compares this with #. Moritzi, stating that it differs
in the sharply serrulate leaves and the habit; but in view of the
great variability in that species, in which the leaves are commonly
sharply toothed, the specific value of the present plant seems to
me very doubtful.

| Ectropothecium dealbatum (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Jaeg.

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin, 1800 ft., on fallen log
(Burkill 1175).

Pahang: Raub; iron water-pipes in forest (Burkill 17155b).

Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, 3800 ft. (Burkill 13198).

Penang: Waterfall Gardens (Holttum 17380).

Ectropothecium incubans (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Jaeg.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R, 271, as H. malaccense Broth.
sp. nov. in sched.). This appears to me undoubtedly £.
incubans.
Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (R. 737).

32 - - Gardens’ Bulletin, S:8., Vou. 4

Perak: Telom (R. 112, as H. malaccense Broth. sp. nov. in
sched. )

f. scaberula Fleisch. (2. scaberulum Broth.) Selangor: Gua

Batu (R. 494).

Ectropothecium penangense Fleisch. M. der Flora von Butt.
iv, 1410.
Penang: im botanischen Garten an Palmen (Fleischer).

Ectropothecium monumentorum (Duby) Jaeg.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 319, 329, 613); Bukit Timah (R.
307).

Ectropothecium Chamissonis (Hornsch.) Jaeg.
Pahang: Fraser Hill, circa 4000. ft., on tree in jungle (Holt-
tum 11566a).

Ectropothecium Zollingeri (C. M.) tae
Singapore: Gardens; in the tank in Plant House; fruiting
only when left dry (Burkill 3258). This is no doubt
a form of #. Zollingert, which is a distinetly hygrophytic
species.
[£ctropothecium singapurianum Broth. MS. is & Vesiculvria,
which I do not think can be separated from V. reticulata. |

Trachythecium calcicolum Fleisch. 1/. der Flora von But. iv,
1417.
Selangor: “ Malacca; bei Gualalumpur in Kalksteinhoeh.en,
200m. (detex. Fleisch, 1909.)”
Allied to Ectropothecium verrucosum (Hampe) Jaeg., a-
species which should occur in Malaya. 7

Stereodon malayanus Dixon.
Perak: Birch’s Hill, 3800 ft., on stump (Burkill 12602a).
The only species of this large and widely spread genus known
from the peninsula.

Isopterygium Textori (Bry. jav.) Mitt.
Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, 3800 ft., on stone in shade (Burkill

1264%a).
DISTR. Japan, Annam, Borneo, South India.

Isopterygium arquifolium (Bry. jav.) Jaeg.
Kedah: Gunong Bintang, June 1917 (C. B. Kloss) ; in kerb.
Kew.

DISTR. Java, Amboina, Sumatra, Ceylon.

Isopterygium minutiramem (C. M.) Jaeg.
Singapore: Garden jungle (It. 328, 366).
Johore: Kukub (R. 301). |
Pahang: Kuantan (Burkill 16126, 16703).
Perak: Birch’s Hill 3800 ft, (Burkill 12604).

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 53

Isopterygium albescens (Schwaegr.) Jaeg.
Singapore: Gardens, on Palm stem (Binstead 77).
Selangor: Gua ‘Batu (R. 58, 406, 637). These appear as
Ketropothecium leiophyllum Mitten MS. in Mitten’s

herbarium. |
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft. (Burkill and Holttam
ool).
Perak: Maxwell’s Hill, 3800 ft, on stone in shade (Burkill
12647b).

_ {sopterygium subalbescens Broth.
Singapore: (Fleischer).

Isopterygium laxissimum Card.
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 641).
DISTR. Formosa.

This agrees perfectly with Cardot’s description of the For-
mosan plant.

Isopterygium bancanum (Bry, Jav.) Jaeg.
Selangor: Gua Batu, on the ground (Burkill 6371); ibidem
(R. 645).
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 55).

Isopterygium constrictum Broth. ined.
Perak: Lower Camp, Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft. (lL. Wray
Jr. 1403).

Plagiothecium Miquelii (Bry. jav.) Broth.

Common and widely distributed ; somewhat variable in habit,
size, gloss, &c., but retaining its structural characters very con-
stantly. Fleischer places it in Vesicularia, and it is certainly
closely allied to V. Kurzw. It occurs under various names in
herbaria; e.g. Tavxithelium albifolium Mitt. MS., Taarthelvum
Ridley Broth. MS.

TAXITHELIUM. A very complex and difficult genus, grad-
ing in different directions into Isopterygium, Trichosteleum,
Acanthocladium, and even to other genera. The genus, as under-
stood by Brotherus, is distributed by Fleischer among a number of
new genera, some of which, at least, I think will certainly stand.
I have however, adopted Brotherus’s arrangement here.

Taxithelium instratum (Brid.) Broth.

Singapore: Bot. Garden (Fleischer; Moeller) ; Jurong hoad
(Burkill 1410). .

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin (Holttum 9590).

Pahang: Jerantut (Burkill 17469).

Perak: Jor (Haniff 14249). Upper Perak, 300 ft. (L. Wray
Jr. 3732), as Trichosteleum pseudoinstratum Broth.

Kelantan: Kuala Rek (Haniff and Nur 10178).

34 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

There is a peculiarity of the papillae in this species, which
appears to have passed unnoticed. They are most frequently either
bi-tri-fid at apex, or very often are geminate and side by side from
the base, so that with a comparatively low magnifying power they
appear often to be transversely elongate; and this is sometimes so
regular that the whole line of papillae on a cell surface is “two
deep,” not as usual in “indian file.” I have found this constant
in plants from all parts including Sigmatella trichochaete C. M.
from the Andamans, and its presence in Wray’s T'richosteieum
pseudo-instratum Broth. stamps it at once as belonging here.

Taxithelium nepalense (Harv.) Jaeg.

Singapore: Im botanisch. Garten (Moeller) ; Kranji (R. 695) ;
Bukit Timah (R. 692, 693).

Pahang: 8 miles south of Kuala Lipis on sandstone rocks
(Burkill 17200); Raub, on iron waterpipes (Burkill
17155a).

Penang: rocks, rotting wood, &c. (Binstead 49, 54, 61) ; ibidem
( Fleischer).

Fleischer now unites 7’. turgidellum (C. M.) with T.
nepalense, a reduction with which I am quite in agreement, as I
have never been able to grasp the distinguishing characters. He
also gives as a synonym T'richosteleum trochalophyllum (Hanpe)
Jaeg., (nomen solum) which I published (as Zaz. trachaelophyl/um)
in Bull, Torr. Bot. Club 51: 248 (1924). Looking upon T.
nepalense as a wide-spread species in the Indo-Malayan region,
with a considerable range of variation in the form of leaf, the
degree of obtuseness of the apex, and the distinctness of the
papillae, this is I think quite a sound view, and at the same time
my 7. subtrachaelophyllum (op. cit.) and also T. Gottscheanum —
(Hampe) Broth. must fall into the same synonymy.

Taxithelium capillipes (Bry. jav.) Broth. |
Singapore: Pulau Serapu (R. 733); Bukit Timah (R. 318).
Selangor: Port Swettenham (Burkill 845, 1276, 2698).
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft. (Burkill and Holtlum
8454).
Penang: Moniot’s Rd., 2000 ft. (Burkill 2679).

Taxithelium isocladum (Bry. jav.) Ren. and Card.

Frequent. J have it from practicaliy all the States. 7’. singa-
purense Broth. MS. is certainly this.

Taxithelium isocladioides Dixon in bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 248
(1924).
Perak: Bujong Malacca (R. 737).

Taxithelium Deningeri Herz. in Hedwig. 1xi, 298 (1919).
Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann 89).

Apparently much like my 7. isocladioides, but differing at
once from its allies in the large, hyaline or orange cells.

Dixon: Mosses of the. Malay Peninsula 35

Taxithelium kerianum (Broth.) Broth,
Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (R. 738, 740).
Selangor: Klang: (Fox 833).
Perak: Temok, Tapah (R. 164). This was determined by
Brotherus as 7’. perakense n.sp., but it certainly-belongs here.
DISTR. Queensland, New Guinea, Java.

Taxithelium Lindbergii (Bry. jav.) Ren. and Card.

Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 707 p.p.).

Selangor: Semangkok, 1500 ft, (R. 482).

Penang: Penang Hill (R. 517).

Kedah: Kedah Peak (R. 245).

Widely distributed in the Malayan Islands, and known also
from Tahiti, but only recorded from Annam in continental Asia.

Taxithelium papillatum (Harv.) Broth.

Common and well distributed. Very variable in form and
acumination of leaf, &c. I cannot think 7. acanthocladisides
Broth. MS. any more than a form of this. T. stigmosum (Mitt.)
is I think undoubtedly the same. Two of the extreme forms I
incline to separate as varieties, var. angustwm Dixon and var.
brevifolium Dixon (both ined.).

Taxithelium decrescens (Doz. and Molk.) Broth.
Malacca: Kuala Lumpur, near Gua Batu (Fleischer). (This
should be credited to Selangor; Fleischer uses “ Malacca ”

evidently as a general term for the district).

Taxithelium Plumularia (C. M.) Broth.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 317).
Negri Sembilan: Gemas, forming horizontal lines on a trunk
(Burkill 4484).
DISTR. Only known hitherto from a single unlocalized spot
in Java, coll. Blume.

Taxithelium magnum Fleisch. var. majus Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Benom, 5000 ft. (Collector 17481).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra.

A very fine and distinct species.

Taxithelium bilobatum Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 244

(1924).

Perak: Bujong Malacca (R. 739); Birch’s Hill, 3800 ft., on

stone in forest (Burkill 13007), nov. var. scabrifoliwm
Dixon.

This remarkable plant, unique among mosses in having its
leaves bifid or bi-lobed, was described from Ridley’s No. 739, which
has the leaves quite smooth. Most remarkably, within a few weeks
of its publication I received the Birch’s Hill specimen, which while

36 Gardens’ Bulieiin, S.S., Vou. 4

agreeing with the type in every other way has the apices of the
cells highly prominent, so that the leaves are strongly scabrous at
back. The upper marginal dentsculations here, as in the type,
are frequently bigeminate, a character which was overlooked in the
diagnosis of the species.

Vesicularia reticulata (Doz, and Molk.) Broth.
Singapore: Bukit Panjang (R. 268); Singapore (Binstead
79); Bukit Timah (R. 630); Gardens (R. 586).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 493).
Perak: Maxwell’s Hill (Burkill 13186).
Penang: (R. 562b).
Perlis: Kanga (R. 814).

Vesicularia Montagnei (Bel.) Broth.
Singapore: Gardens (Moeller).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R, 59).

Vesicularia Dubyana (C. M.) Broth.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 627) ; ibidem (Binstead 81; Moeller).
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 63, 66).
Perak: Temengoh (R. 193, 211).
Penang: Government Hill, 2500 ft. (Burkill 2885, 2887).

Vesicularia Kurzii (Bry. jav.) Broth.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Rf. 435).
Perak: Tanjong Malim (Burkill 13484).

LEUCOMIACEAE.

Leucomium aneurodictyon (C. M.) Jaeg.
Pahang: Telom (R. 98).

SEMATOPHYLLACEAE.

Mastopoma impolitum Dixon.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft, (Holttum 106942).

Mastopoma papillatum Dixon.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, circa 2600 ft. (Nur 12234).

Acanthocladium scabrifolium Broth.

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4800 ft., on tree trunk in low mossy
forest (Burkill and Holttum 8730). Fruiting well. ‘The
fruit had up to now not been seen.

DISTR. Java.

Acanthocladium tenuisetum Dixon.
Pahang: Robinson Falis, Cameron’s Highlands, 4800 ft-
(Henderson 11719).

Dixon: AMosses of the Malay Peninsula 37

Trismegistia lancifolia (Harv.). Broth. c
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 315, 331) ; cGaivdchs (R. 606).
Johore: Gunong Panti (R. 265): Gunong Pulai (Nur 7772).
Pahang: Telom (R. 123) ; Gunong Tahan (Hanitf and Nur

8075).

Perak: Bujong Malacca (R. 738); Batang Padang (Strese-
mann 90).

Penang: (Curtis, in herb. Mitten) ; near Crag Hotel (Buriaill
756. )

var. Korthalsii (Doz. and Molk.) Fleisch.
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Kelsall 209).
Perak: Gunong Berumban (R. 115, 130).

Trismegistia rigida (Reinw. and Hornsch.) Broth.
Common and widely distributed.

Trismegistia Brauniana (Bry, jav.) Fleisch.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, circa 2600 ft. (Nur 12233a).

Trismegistia calderensis (Sull.) Broth.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. is
DISTR. Philippines.

Meiothecium microcarpum (Hary.) Mitt.
Singapore: common.
Selangor: Gua Batu (R. 633) ; Ginting Bidai (R. 409).

Penang: common.

var. lineolatum (Duby) Bry. jav.
Singapore: (Fleischer).
Malacca: (Fleischer).

Meiothecium Jagori (C. M.) Broth.

Fleischer records this from “ Malacca” (the original gather-
ing), and Singapore. I must confess that I am quite unable to
grasp the difference between this and MM. microcarpum. The
characters given by different authors are shght, elusive, and some-
times contradictory, and the distribution of the two—a wide one
—is practically identical.

Meiothecium scaberulum Dixon.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, circa 2600 ft. (Nur 12237).

Rhaphidostegium complanatulum Dixon.
Perak: Reservoir, Padang Rengas (Haniff 14981).

Rhaphidostegium coespitosum (Sw.) Jaeg. (2. trisiiculum.
(Mitt.) Jaeg.).
Singapore : Gardens (Moeller).

Malacca: (Fleischer) (See note on Taxithelium decrescens)..
Perak: Tapah (R. 163).

Penang: (Fleischer).

Setul: (Ridley 235).

38 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Rhaphidostegium tristiculum is exactly identical with the S.
American and African plant which has passed under so many
names. |

Rhaphidostegium microcladum (Doz. and Molk.) Jaeg,
Singapore: Woodlands (R. 259); Kranji (R. 270) ; Sungei
Jurong (R. 363).

Rhaphidostegium saproxylophilum (C, M.) Jaeg.
Singapore: ‘Selitar (R. 805) ; Bukit Timah (R. 457).
Johore: Gunong Belumut (Holttum 10816).
Trengganu: Kuala Trengganu (Holttum 15187).
Kelantan: Foot of Gunong Sitong (Nur 12259).

Rhaphidostegium sp.
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 551).

Unnamed in herb. Mitten. A scrap or two of a plant unknown
to me, possibly a Rhaphidostegium very near to R. capilliferum
Thw. and Mitt., but also possibly a Stereodon (Pseudo-Rhaphidos-
tegium).

Rhaphidostegium densirameum Dixon.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 62).

Trichosteleum hamatum (Doz. and Molk.) Jaeg.

Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft. (Burkill and Holttum
8709).

Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann 94). Gunong Batu
Puteh, 3400 ft. (L. Wray Jr. 1212), as Trichosteleum
Wrayt Broth. It appears to me to be one of the forms
of this species.

Penang: Gardens (Binstead 53; Moeller; R. 647).

Herzog (Hedwig. 1xi, 298) says of this “ Eines der verbrei-
tetsten Moose der Malaya.” ‘This is no doubt true of the general
distribution, which is a very wide one in the coastal and insular
regions at least of the tropical old world; but its occurrence in the
peninsula appears to be rather local. I have not seen it from many
localities.

Trichosteleum laciniatum Dixon ined.
Kedah: Pulau Lankawi (Holttum 17420).

The following group is a very perplexing one; 7. Boschu,
T. singapurense, T. monostictum, and T. brachypelma appear to
me very closely allied and indeed intergrading species, differing
from one another practically only in the length and degree of
acumination of the leaf-point, and the length and degree of
papillosity of the seta; all characters which vary greatly and are
not always, to say the least, correlated with one another. The
degree of papillosity of the cells, also varies very greatly, and this
too seems scarcely to be correlated with any of the other characters,

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 39

Trichosteleum Boschii (Doz. and Molk.) Jaeg.

Common and widely distributed.
(T. laxirete Broth. MS. appears to me inseparable from 7’, Boschi).

Trichosteleum singapurense Fleisch.

Singapore: Gardens (Fleischer, Ridley, and others) ; the type
is Fleisch, M. Frond. Arch. Ind, 383.

Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 730).

Negri Sembilan: Gunong Tampin (Burkill 3091) ; Perhentian
Tinggi (R. 764).

Selangor: Rawang (R. 401).

Perak: Bujong Malacca (R. 737).

Dindings: Lumut (R. 776).

The main character of this species appears to be the seta
smooth or practically so at apex, and the leaves less papillose.
Fleischer describes it as having the leaves somewhat more broadly
and shortly pointed than in 7’. Boschii; but my specimen of his
No. 383 has them decidedly more gradually and longly acuminate
than e.g. as figured for 7’, Boschti in the Bry. javanica.

Trichosteleum monostictum Thw. and Mitt. var, laevius Dixon.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R. 588, 589).
Perak: Grik (Burkill 12389).

These plants agree with the South Indian plant which I des-
cribed in the Records of Bot. Survey of India vi, 86; but I greatly
doubt whether it be anything more than a form of J. Boschit.
T. monostictum (type) differs from that species only, as Fleischer
points out, in having the leaf acumen longly subulate and flexuose,
and it is quite probable that many of the records of 7. Boschu
should really be placed here if the species is to be retained. My
own view is. that all the above plants.as weil as-T. brackypeima
are but forms or varieties—and by no means well defined ones--of
T. Boschu.

Trichosteleum brachypelma (C. M.) Jaeg.
Singapore: Gardens (R. 47, 597); Bukit Timah (R. 588).

Negri Sembilan: Ulu Bendul (ffolttum 9885).

The plants I have referred here agree very well ‘with the
original specimens I have seen of JT. brachypelma. They difler
from 7. Boschii in the often very short, almost smooth seta, and
the papillae of the leaves very low. They are at times, however
very difficult to separate from T. Boschi. The perichactial leaves
are occasionally somewhat lacerated at the base of the acumen, in
which case the plant may be taken for a small form of 7. Juaurians,

Trichosteleum mammosum (C. M.) Jaeg.

Penang : Moniot’s Rd., 2300 ft., on tree trunks (Burkill 2587) ;
Richmond Pool, Government Hill (Haniff and Kadir
15023).

40 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Vegetatively this is very near T. Boschu, though usually, I
believe, somew ‘hat more robust, and of a yellower colour; but the
fruiting characters are striking.

DISTR. Java, ‘Sumatra.

Trichosteleum albifolium Dixon i in B ull. Torr. Bot. Club 51: 246
(1924).

Johore: 7th mile from Kluang, on fallen tree in forest (FLolt-
tum 9296b).

Perak: Tanjong Malim (Burkill 13487).

Trichosteleum luxurians (Doz. and Molk.) Broth.
Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R, 802).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 239). ;
_ Penang: Penang Hill (R, 578; Binstead 63, 66, 70) ; Moniot’s
Rd., 2300 ft. (Burkill 2589).
This at its best is a very fine and beautiful moss; but several
of the above plants are smaller and less distinct, and when this

is the case it may be difficult to separate from d kes Boschii (see note
on that species). | ”:

Fleischer remarks that he has not seen Javan specimens, and
his figures are no doubt drawn from the Sumatran plant; it will
be noticed that they differ very widely in leaf-form from those of the
Bry. javanica. The Malayan specimens all agree with the latter.
It is a species that evidently needs ane study, and one or
two of the records given above, viz. R. 578, and Binstead 66, 70,
may have to be transferred.

Trichosteleum Bruchii (Doz. and Molk.) Broth.

Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (R. 439) (Acanthocladiam
bifarium Mitt. MS. in herb.) ; Sungei Jurong (R. 369).
Johore: Gunong Panti, on small shrub (THolttum 15039),
Selangor: Petaling (R. 834) ; Petaling, 10th mile, a form with
very long, flexuose, microphyllous flagella (R. 845).
Pahang: Tahan Woods (R. 825); Kuala Lipis (Burkill

17088).

Perak: Tapah (R. 145); Gunong Keledang (R, 715, 718,
745).

Penang: Richmond Pool, Government Hiil (Haniff and Kadir
15009).

Several of the above plants are in fruit.
DISTR. Sumatra, Borneo.

Trichosteleum leptocarpon (Schwaegr.) Fleisch.
Singapore: Bukit Timah (R,. 358).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Ceylon.

ACROPORIUM Mitt. 1868 (Semalophyllum Mitt. 1864 p.p.).
See my note on this genus in Bull. Torr. Bot Club 51; 247-8.

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 4]

Acroporium asperifolium (Sematophyllum asperifolum 'Vhw
and Mitt.) Dixon comb. nov.
Singapore: Selitar (Ridley, sine numero, det. Broth.).

DISTR. Ceylon.

Acroporium ruficaule (Sematophylium ruficaule Thw. and Miit.)
Dixon comb. noy. (Syn. A. serrulatum Dixon in Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club 51, 249).

Matacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 745).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 547, 750).
DISTR. Ceylon.

| Since the publication of A. serrulatum I have ascertained that
it is identical with the Ceylonese species of Thwaites and Mitten.

Acroporium leucophyllum Dixon op. cit. p. 250 (1924).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, on wood (R. 1032).

Acroporium bogoricum (Bry. jav.) Dizon comb. nov. (Hypnum
bogoricum Bry. jav.).
Perak: Batang Padang (Stresemann 95).
DISTR. Java, Borneo.

Acroporium clastobryelloides Dixon.
Penang: Crag Hill (Binstead 50).

Acroporium perangustifolium Dixon.
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, 2600 ft, (Nur 12246a).

Acroporium punctuliferum (Thw. and Mitt.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Fraser Hill (R. 280).
Perak: Gunong Hijau 4700 ft. (Burkill 12637).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 552).
DISTR. Ceylon.

A. punctuliferum is in habit and bsiasall in many other
points much like the smallest Torms of A. rufum; as 1 understand
it, it may best be distinguished by the cuspidate, penicillate tips
of the branches.

Acroporium lamprophyllum (Mitt.) Fleisch.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 765).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (Robinson).
ie aian: Gunong Sitong, circa 2600 ft. (Nur 12232a).

Acroporium subulatum (Hampe) Dixon comb. nov. (fypnum
subulatum Hampe).
Pahang: Telom (R. 139).

Fleischer states that the H. subulatum of the Bry. jav. is not
Hampe’s plant, but a fertile form of A. diminulivum (Brid)
Fleisch. (H. gracilicaule Bry. jav.). I am unable to say to which
of the two the Pahang plant—which was determined by Brotherus
—belongs.

42 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Acroporium decipiens (Dixon) Dixon comb. nov. (Semato-
phyllum decipiens Dixon in Journ. of Bot. lvii, 77).
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Rt. 418).

DISTR. Borneo.

Acroporium convolutum (Bry. jav.) Fleisch.
Johore: Gunong Panti (R. 260).
Perak: Taiping (R. 197); Temengoh (R. 212) f. papillosa
(Sematophyllum perpapilliferum Broth. MS.) ; Tanjong
Mahm (Burkill 13480).
Kedah: Gunong Raya, Lankawi Is, (Haniff and Nur 7123).

Acroporium rufum (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Fleisch. (Semate-
phyllum Braun (C. M.) Jaeg.
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 226).

Johore: Gunong Belumut, 3000 ft. (Holttum 10694, 10699,

10701, 10702, 10760).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 5500-7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur
7904) ; ibidem (R. 1025b).

Perak: Gunong Hijau, 4700 ft. (Burkill 12262).

Penang: (Ridley, sine numero, herb. Mitten).

Kedah: Kedah Peak, 3000 ft. (Holttum 14899).

A common and highly variable moss, simulating at times
several and very diverse species. It may generally be known when
in fruit by the highly papillose seta, but I have forms with almost
smooth setae which I can place nowhere else.

Acroporium rigens Broth.
Johore: Gunong Belumut, 5000 ft. (Holttum 10998).
Malacca: Mt. Ophir (R. 237, 722).

var. dicranolomoides (Broth.) Dixon.
Pahang: Gunong Berumban (R. 131).

Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh (Wray 394), as Hucamptodon
Wrayt Broth. in sched. in Herb. Kew.

Acroporium obscurum Broth. e Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club

51: 251 (1924).

Johore: Sedenak (R. 76).

Perak: Gunong Batu Puteh, 3400 ft. (LL. Wray Jr., 977)-
This was labelled Sematophyllum Wrayi Broth., but it
has already been published under the above name.

Penang: Penang Hill (R. 538).

Acroporium secundum (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Fleisch.
Common and very variable.
The more important varieties are vars. /alifolium (Bry. jav.)
Fleisch. and angustifolium Fleisch., which intergrade with the type
and are difficult to define, but which in their extreme forms are

Dixon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula 43

very marked ; and var. minus Ren, and Card., which is very marked
and well defined, and may possibly be a distinct species. I have
localities for these as follows :—

var. latifolium (Bry. jav.) Fleisch.
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (R. 381, 430).
Pahang: Kuala Tembeling (R. 823).
var. angustifolium Fleisch.
Selangor: Semangkok Pass (R. 279, 289).
Pahang: Fraser Hill (Burkill and Holttum 8398, 87441,
8910); Telom (R. 134, 141, as Sem. spurio- obscurum
Broth. MS.).
Perak: Gunong Hijau, 4700 ft. (Burkill 12638).
Kelantan: Sungei Keteh (Nur 11989).
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 524).
Kedah: Gunong Raya, Lankawi Is. (Haniff and Nur 7124):
Kedah Peak (Holttum 14892). —
var. minus Ren. and Card.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1005, 1008a, 1022, 1027).
Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, 2600 ft. (Nur 12232c, 12246a).

var. nov. longisetum Dixon. Seta ad 4 em. alta, supreme tuber-
culis humillimis numerosis praedita.

Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, circa 2600 ft. (Nur 12233 a).

A striking plant, robust, and similar to var. latifolium veget-
atively; but with a very long seta, densely “ platytuberculous ”
above.

A form with the leaves remarkably strongly and regularly
faleate-secund was collected by Holttum on Kedah Peak (14842).

A plant from Kelantan, Ulu Sungei Keteh (Nur 12272), has
the perichaetial leaves (the inner ones) with very short, erect
points, not flexuose as usual, and the upper cells remarkably narrow,
the walls being 2-3 times as wide as the extremely narrow, sinuose
lumen. In other respects it seems to agree with A. secundum.

A further plant, which I have seen from two localities-—
Malacca, Mt. Ophir (R. 714), and Penang Hill (R. 543), presents
considerable difficulty, the seta being about 1.5 cm, high, and
rather strongly papillose above. The only perichaetium dissected

was clearly female only; this and the length of the seta appears

to exclude 4. sigmatodontium, which it otherwise resembles. It
is possible that it may belong to var. /alifolium, and that the seta
is characteristic of that var., which according to Fleischer has only
been found sterile.

Acroporium longicuspis (Broth.) e Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club 51: 254 (1924).
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (R. 391).
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft, (Burkill 8711) ; Gunong
Berumban, 5000 ft. (Henderson 11766).
Perak: Taiping (R. 200).

44 Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vou. 4

Acroporium albidissimum Dixon op. cit, p. 255.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1023b).
Kelantan: Ulu Sungei Keteh (Nur 12272a).

Acroporium Ridleyi Dixon op. cit., p. 256.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1039).

Acroporium hamulatum (Fleisch) Fleisch., f. procumbens
Fleisch.

Perak: Gunong Hijau, 4000 ft. (Burkill 12635) ; do. 4700 ft.
(L. Wray Jr. 1883).
DISTR. Java.

Acroporium falcifolium Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R, 1025a).
Kedah: Journey to Kedah Peak (Haniff).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, Philippines.

Acroporium sigmatodontium (C. M.) Fleisch.
Penang: North of the Crag Hotel (Burkill 754).

Acroporium cxyporon (Bry, jay.) Fleisch.
Penang: Penang Hill (R. 521).
DISTR. Java, New Guinea, ? Ceylon.
Acroporium denticulatum Dixon in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 51:
252 (1924).
Pahang: Fraser Hill, 4000-4370 ft. (Burkill and Holttuwm
715a).

Acroporium hermaphroditum (C. M.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1008).

Acroporium monoicum (Bry. jav.) Fleisch.
Perak: Taiping Hills (Anderson 311).
Penang: Penang Hill, 2400 ft. (Burkill 2614; R. 746, 771,
786).

Acroporium aciphyllum Dixon gp. cil., p. 253 (1924).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1017, 1029) ; ibidem, a form with
leaves spreading, not falcate (It. 1037).

Acroporium stramineum (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Fleisch.
(Sematophyllum hyalinum (Reinw.)Jaeg.).
Kedah: Kedah Peak 3000 ft., on rock (Holttum 14893) ; on
shrub, Wolttum (15111).

Drxon: Mosses of the Malay Peninsula AD

Acroporium procerum (C. M.) Fleisch.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1013; Haniff and Nur 8000).
This magnificent species has hitherto been known from a few
localities in Java and Sumatra, and there only known sterile.
Both the above gatherings are in fruit, though in both cases only
setae are present.

Acroporium pycnophyllum (C. M.) Dixon.
Dindings: Lumut (R. 774).
DISTR. Java; a single locality only.

Acroporium malayanum Dixon op. cit., p. 257 (1924).
Penang: Bot. Gardens (Binstead 57).

Acroporium complanatum Dixon op. cit., p. 256.
Malacca: base of Guong Ledang (R. 236).

Acroporium surculare Dixon op. cit., p. 258.
Perak: on twigs, Bidor Rd., Tapah (R. 153).
Penang: Penang Hill (QR. 551).

Piloecium pseudo-rufescens (Hampe) C. M.
Singapore: (St. V. B. Down, herb. Binstead; Fleischer).
Johore: Sungei Bau (R. 321).
Perak: Gunong Keledang (Ridley, sine numero, herb. Mitten).
Kelantan: Ulu Sungei Keteh (Nur 12272b).

RHEGMATODONTACEAE.

Macrohymenium Muelleri Doz. and Molk.
Pahang: Gunong Tahan (R. 1035).
DISTR. Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

BRACHYTHECIACEAE.

Rhynchostegium javanicum (Bél.) Besch.
Perak: Temengoh (Ridley, sine numero, det. Brotherus).

HYPNODENDRACEAE.

Hypnodendron arborescens ( Mitt.) Lindb.

Singapore: Gardens jungle (Ridley 704); Chan Chu Kang
(R. 438).

Pahang: Tahan R., (R. 234) ; Fraser Hill, 3900 ft. (Holttum
11373). Hill 3 miles from summit of Gunong Benom,
5000 ft. (Barnes).

Perak: (Wray, fide Fleischer).

Penang: (Curtis) ; Penara Bukit (R. 575); Penang Hill (R.

"PEs

507. 51 Foe): Balik-Pulau (RR. 754).

4

AG Gardens’ Bulletin, S.S., Vor. 4 3

Hypnodendron Junghuhnii (C. M.) Lindb.
Selangor: Petaling (R. 483).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan (Robinson, R. 1014, 1034) ; Fraser
Hill, cirea 3800 ft. Holttum 11497) ; Telom (R. 128).

Perak: Gunong Berumban (R. 86, 106); Gunong Ulu Kali
(Ridley).

DISTR. Java, Sumatra ?Celebes.

Hypnodendron Wrayi Broth. MS. Perak: On ground, Gunong
Batu Puteh, 4500 ft. (L. Wray Jr. 301). |

Mniodendron divaricatum (Hornsch. and Reinw.) Lindb.
Malacca: Mt, Ophir (Ridley, sine numero, dt. Brotherus).

Pahang: Gunong Tahan (Robinson) ; ibidem (R. 1010) ;
Kluang Terbang (Barnes). ;

Perak: Summit of Gunong Batu Puteh (Wray 892). _ .

Penang: Penang Hill (Curtis 2733; R. 230, 516); Richmond ~
‘Pool (Burkill 2601). (Curtis record may be based on

the plant which is really M. Mittenw: v. infra).

Kedah: Kedah Peak (Ridley; Haniff 2; Holttum 14864).

Kelantan: Gunong Sitong, circa 2600 ft. (Nur 12238).

In continental Asia only know elsewhere from Annam.

Mniodendron Mittenii Salmon.
Selangor: Bukit Hitam (R. 429).
Pahang: Gunong Tahan, 7000 ft. (Haniff and Nur 7906; R.
15, 1004, 1031).
Perak: Bujong Malacca (R. 721).
Penang: Government Hill (Curtis), as Mniodendron Curtisu

C. M. n. sp., Herb. Binstead, but it is quite inseparable
from M. Mittenu.

Departmental Notices.

A list of plants which can be purchased at the Botanic
Gardens, in Singapore and in Penang, can be had upon application.
The same list appears at intervals in the Government Gazette.

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published as material becomes avail-
able, Its price is fifty cents for each number, post free, or in ad-
vance for every volume of twelve numbers, post free :—

Five dollars in the Straits and Federated Malay States.
Nine and a half rupees in India and Ceylon,
Thirteen shillings in Europe.

Reproduction from it is not prohibited.

MARCH

Te cea a

CONTENTS. rae

SOREN

on i i : Re yy
Ay ee a ee ” M

1 Photographs of | the Singapore Gardens i me AY

a
r
(a
ase

‘y

Sad wah

ns to the. Flora of the Malay Peninsula Be ae 48,

‘ Pern from o the Malay Peninsula ie a Ds a 56
i ye iy Ae LN kd AO Yay eh
Malayan Fem: Bwana, cad se SOR ee 57

“ti the le History of ty Dell im i the Gardens 69.

k Payal

v ‘

i

ted i in the Botanic e Gardens, Sing zapore 88

uP rs

a
“

“a
|
Lz

R.: THE
GARDENS’ BULLETIN
q STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

Vol. IV. March, 1927. Nos. 2 & 3
me)! j

Some old photographs of the Singapore
Gardens

; By the courtesy of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, we have been provided with a set of old photographs of the
‘Singapore Gardens, which we believe have never been published.
(They were taken about the year 1877, when H. J. Murton was
_ Superintendent.

_ On the accompanying plates we publish a photograph from
‘this collection taken on the top of the Bandstand Hill (Plate I),
‘and a recent one taken as nearly as possible from the same vosition
(Plate EL) . ;

: The old photograph takes in a wider angle than the recent one,.
‘and it is not possible to make the two match exactly, but they have
‘certain features in common which enable a comparison to be made.
‘The Bandstand area itself is evidently the same now as in early
‘days. In the recent picture the extreme right-hand portion of the
Taised area, and the palms which adjoin it, are not shown; the other
palms of the ring (Actinorhytis calapparia) are seen, though their
heads could not be included in the picture.

The fine tree of Koompassia malaccensis is prominent in the
background, near the middle of both pictures: evidently in 1877 it
was nearly as tall as now, and iits age must be considerable. On
the right of the recent photograph appears the beautifully regular
form of a jelutong tree (Dyera costulata) : the dark tree on the
might of the old picture may be the same individual, or possibly
the Artocarpus lanceifolia which is very close to it. On the right
of the Koompassia in 1877 is seen a clump of the traveller’s palm
(Ravenala). This still exists, but is hidden by the congea bush in
the foreground of the recent photograph. The larze iree in the
Packground on the left of the old photograph is prohakly the fine
Shorea leprosula (Seraya batu) killed by lightning in 1909 (see
\g ¢. Bull. 8.S. and F.M.S., Vol. VIII, plate opposite p. 364).

4

48

and Lower Ring roads round the Hill. In Murton’s reports of
1877 and 1878 it is recorded that a fern rockery was started under
some trees in this position, but their death and collapse in 1877,
owing to the smothering of creepers which grew over them, caused
the site to become too open for ferns. The present rockery on the
north-west of the Bandstand Hill was established later by Cantley,
bevond the Lower Ring Road. Two other photographs (not here
published) show the creeper-covered trees in closer view, and
enable their position to be located fairly accurately. The creeper —
which smothered them was probably Thunbergia laurifolia, which
still continually causes much trouble. It occurs in many parts of
the Gardens and has frequently to be cut back, to prevent further
disasters like that which spoiled Murton’s rockery.

Another photograph in the collection shows the road through
the Gardens Jungle (now called Liane Road) ; the jungle adjacent
to the road was not so well grown as now, and the road much more
open. Another shows a view down Maranta Avenue, and indicates
that the palm valley and its slopes, below the Director’s house, had
not ther been planted with the palms which are now there.

Other pictures in the southern part of the Gardens show
equally great changes. The island in the lake was covered by
spreading trees (of which the largest was probably a Waringin)
instead of the graceful clump of nibong palms and fine pandans |
which now adorn it. The avenue of sealing wax palms (C'yrlostachys
lakka) on the south side of the Bandstand Hill had not been
planted, and a view southwards from the site of that avenue snows
the monkey house (then newly erected) in its original position
near the present herbarium, and beyond it on the horizon the build-
ings of Tanglin Barracks, not then hidden by all the trees which —
have since grown up. It is hoped to publish others of these photo-
graphs in later issues of the Bulletin. Further details concerning
the history of parts of the Gardens here mentioned are recorded
in the Si eas published by Mr. Burkill in Volume II of them
Bulletin, pp. 55-72 and 93-108.

R. E. Hourrum.

j
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula '
By M. R. HENDFrson, F.L.s. i

ANONACEAE.

Goniothalamus rotundisepalus, sp. nov.

Frutex 1-2 m. altus. Ramuli glabri, partes juniores ferrugine0-
pubescentes. Folia glabra, 14-23 cm, longa, 4.5-8.5 cm. lata, /
oblonga vel elliptico-oblonga, xeuminata, base acuta, nervis utrinqie

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49

7-9, supra obscuris, subter tenuibus sed distinctis. Flores axilarii,
solitarii, 2.5 cm. longi; sepala rotunda, glabra vel extus sparse
ferrugineo-pubescentia, intus glabra ; petala exteriora late lanceolato-
acuta, 2.5 cm. longa, circa 1 cm. lata, interiora ovata 1.2 cm. longa,
7mm. lata. Carpella rubro-pubescentia, anguste oblonga, stigmate
2-lobato.

A shrub 1-2 metres high. Branchlets glabrous, dark-coloured,
the youngest twigs and buds and very young leaves with a short
red pubescence.

Leaves glabrous, 14-23 cms. long, 4.5-8.5 ems. broad, oblong
or elliptic oblong, acuminate, narrowed to the base. Nerves 7-9
pairs, faint above, thin but distinct below, interarching far from
the leaf margin. Reticulations indistinct.

; Flowers solitary, axillary, pale-green, 2.5 cms, long. Bracts
4, ovate-acute, red-pubescent, 2-3 mms. long. Pedicels 4-5 mms.
long, slender, with a few red hairs. Sepals orbicular or rotund,
glabrous or with sparse red pubescence outside, glabrous inside.
_ Petals leathery, drying black, the outer with a scattered red
_ pubescence on both sides, broadly lanceolate-acute, narrowed to the
' truncate base, 2.5 ems. long, about 1 cm. broad; the inner ovate,
red-pubescent on the outside like the outer petals, but with a denser
brownish mealy pubescence inside, which is more pronounced at
the cohering edges, and is almost absent iat the base, 1.2 cms. long,
7 mms. broad. Stamens numerous, the appendages orbicular,
_ pubescent. Ovaries linear-oblong, red-hairy, stvle rather stout,
‘ with two thick stigmas. Fruit unknown.

Sungai Renong, Kelantan, Md. Nur (with Dr, Foxworthy)
12157, February 1924.

J Drepananthus pahangensis, sp. noy.

Arbor circa 3 m. alta. Folia elliptica vel elliptico-oblonga,
base inaequilateralia, rotundata vel leviter cordata, acuminata,
17-29 cm. longa, 7-12 cm. lata, nervis utrinque 12-15. Sepala
triangulo-acuta, 7 mm. longa et lata. Petala exteriora oblonga,
1.7 cm. longa, 7 mm, lata, interiora conniventia, 1.3 cm. longa.
Carpella supra glabra, subter sericeo-pubescentia.

A tree about 3 metres tall. Young branches terete, red-
pubescent, lenticellate. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, broadest
hear the apex, base inequilateral, rounded or slightly cordate, apex
acute, dark brown (when dry) and glabrous above except for the
_ herves, brown below; 17-29 cms. long, 7-12 cms. broad. Nerves
12-15 pairs, fine on the upper surface and red tomentose like the
sunk midrib, prominent below and intcrarching, sparsely pubescent.
Reticulations faint above, prominent and regular below, pubescent
like the nerves.

50

Flowers yellow, one or two on a short woody tubercle. Peduncle
stout, up to 2 cms. long (but usually shorter), with ovate-acute
bracts up to 5 mms. long, the peduncle and bracts red-hairy. Sepals
and petals leathery, pustulose, with a sparse reddish pubescence.
Sepals triangular acute, base broad, edges thickened, 7 mms. long
and broad. Outer petals oblong, narrowed to the rounded tip,
shghtly constricted above the claw and arching over the base of
the inner petals, but not connivent, the claw glabrous inside, the
arch with a yellowish mealy pubescence, edges of limb incurved,
1.7 cms. long, 7 mms. broad. Inner petals. connivent similar in
shape to the outer, but smaller, strongly constricted above the
claw, keeled on the back, 1.3 ems, long. Stamen appendages glab-
rous, hexagonal. Ovaries glabrous above, silky pubescent below
with long yellowish hairs. Fruit unknown.

Pahang: Kuantan, Burn-Murdoch, May 1924; Baloh Forest
Reserve, Forest Department 830, March 1919, and 3141, March
1920; Pulau Manis, Forest Department 824, September 1919. |

Johore: Gunong Panti, altitude 1000 feet, Rh. E. Holttum,
April 1925. Malay name “ Antoi.” :

BALSAMINACEAE.,

Impatiens Foxworthyl, sp. nov.

Herba reptans succulenta, 2I0-30 em. alta, glabra. Folia
petiolis ad 9.5 cm. longis, 6.5-8 cm. longa, 4.5-6 om. lata, ovata,
mucronata, margine denticulata. Inflorescentiae ad 20 cm. longae,
pedicellis bracteatis. Sepala latiova ovato-rotundata, 5 mm. longa,
4-5 mm. lata, interiora parva, linearia, 4 mm. longa. Labelli
limbus amplus, calear robustum, incurvatum; vexillum ovatum, 8
mm. longum. apice mucronato; alae 1 em. longae, sessiles, bilobae.
Filamenta brevia; antherae oblongae.

A creeping and ascending succulent herb, 20-30 ems. high,
glabrous. Leaves 6.5-8 cms. long, 4.5-6 cms. broad, crowded to-
wards the top of the stem, ovate, thin, the margin with small
spinulose teeth, the apex mucronate, the base narrowed and decur-
rent on the petiole. Petioles variable in length from 1.5 to 9.5 cms.

Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, peduncles glabrous,
succulent, branched once, up to 20 cms. long. Flowers crowded
towards the ends of the branches, the fallen ones leaving prominent
scars. Bracts similar to the sepals, but slightly smaller, conspicuous
and persistent. Pedicels slender, up to 1 em. long.

Flowers yellow. Sepals 5, the laterals 5 mms. long, 4.5 mms. —
broad, ovate-rotund, oblique, slightly keeled, notched at the top —
with a thick blunt mucro in the notch; the inners narrow, linear,
broadened at the base, 4 mms. long; the pesterior sepal large, 1.5

51

ems. long and about 1 cm. across the mouth, the limb triangular
with a short thick blunt point at the mouth, the spur stout,
incurved, about as long as the limb. Petals: the vexillum ovate,
8 mms. long and 4 mms. broad, the keel prominent at the base and
produced at the notched tip into a triangular point; the wings J em.
long and 8 mms. broad, sessile, two-lobed, the lobes rounded and
nearly equal, the dorsal spur prominent, slightly down-curved.
Stamens cohering, filaments short, anthers oblong. Fruit unknown.

On limestone rocks at Gua Kechapi on the Pahang-Kelantan
boundary, Md. Nur (with Dr. Foxworthy) 11912, February, 1924.

OLACACEAE.

Phytocrene trichura, Pidl., Flor. Malay Pen., Vol. IT.,.
p. 438.

This plant was first collected hy Mr. Ridley in the Ulu Batang
Padang, Perak, in 1909, and was not again obtained until June
1923 at Lubok Tamang, Pahang, on the Bertam River. Mr. Ridley
could not procure leaves, owing to the height to which the plant
climbed, and described it from inflorescences only. The following
is a short description of the leaves :—

Stem longitudinally wrinkled, red hairy. Leaves ovate cordate,
deeply three-lobed, the lobes acuminate, the terminal lobe long and
broad. Upper surface rough with greenish pubescence on the main
nerves and sparse reddish hairs on the faint raised reticulations;
nerves and reticulations below with bristly reddish hairs. Nerves
three from the base, the main nerves and reticulations elevate and
bold beneath; 12-15 cms. long, 10-11 ems. broad. Petiole roughly
hairy, 4.5-5 ems. long.

Lubok Tamang, Pahang, altitude 3500 feet, June 1923. Coll:
M. R. Henderson, F. M. 8S. Museums No. 10928.
SCROPHULARIACEAE.
Herpestis floribunda, Rk. Br. Bacopa floribunda, Wettst.

Not previously recorded from the Malay Peninsule. Collected
in padi-fields at Padang Lerang, Kuala Trengganu, by R. H. Holt-
tum, no. 17353, May 1925.

Distribution :—India to Australia.

ASCLEPIADACEAE.
Dischidia Fultonii, sp. nov.

Herba epiphytica. Folia carnulosa, exsiccata coriacea, ovata
vel ovato-lanceolata, acuta, glabra, 1.5-1.9 cm. longa, 7 mm. 1.2

52

em. lata, nervis obscuris. Pedicelii ad 1.5 mm. longi, crassi-
Sepala membranacea, ovata, obtusa, 1 mm. longa, squamis minutib-
simis. Corolla alba, lobis rubicundis; tubus urceolus, 4 mm.

longus. Coronae lobi erecti, membranacei, lobis recurvatis, acutis.

Folliculi 5 em. longi, glabri

A slender trailing or pendent epiphyte. Stems slender, pale

below and minutely papillose, dark brown above, longitudinally
wrinkled when dry. Leaves fleshy, coriaceous when dry, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute, glabrous, edges not recurved, both surfaces

irregularly wrinkled when dry, 1.5-1.9 cms. long, 7 mms.—1.2 ems,
broad. Nerves quite invisible. Petiole stout, 4 mms. long.

Umbels about 5-flowered on thick tubercled and bracteate

rachises which are either supported on peduncles 2.5-3.5 ems. long,.

minutely papillose and longitudinally wrinkled lke the stem, or

are sessile in the leaf axils. Pedicels stout, up to 1.5 mms. long,

Calyx lobes membranous, ovate obtuse, 1 mm. long. Scales very
minute. Corolla white tipped with pink, tube urceolate, 4 mms.

long, globose below, contracted at the mouth, glabrous except for
the inside of the lobes, which are densely hairy. Corona erect,

large, the lobes membranous, broadly anchor shaped, the recurved
arms of the lobes long, acute.

Follicle 5 ems. long, glabrous, linear acuminate, shghtly curved.

Johore: Gunong Belumut, altitude 3900 feet, R. E. Holttum
10727, May 1923.

GESNERACEAE.
Didymocarpus lancifolia, sp. nov.

Herba 10-13 cm. alta. Folia petiolis 5 mm. longis, lanceolata,
2.8-3 cm. longa, 8 mm.-1 cm, lata, supra sparse pilosa, subter
nervis densissime pilosis. Pedunculi 1-floriferi, 2.6 cm. longi,
rufi, pubescentes. Sepala linearia, lanceolata, pilosa, 2.5 mmm.
longa. Corolla alba; tubus cylindrilcus, superne dilatatus, 2 cm.
longus; lobi rotundati. Stamina 2, filamenta 5 mm. longa.
Ovarium cum stylo et stigmate pubescens.

A creeping and ascending herb, stem woody, hispid, 10-13 cms.
tall. Lower part of the stem leafless, the leaves crowded towards.
the top. Leaves lanceolate, 2.8-3 cms. long, 8 mms.-1 cm. broad,.
narrowed to the apex and base, the upper surface sparsely covered
with long soft hairs, becoming more dense on the edge, the lower
surface densely hairy on the nerves. Nerves 4-6 pairs distinct
below. Petioles hispid, 5 mms, long.

Peduncle one-flowered, 2.6 ems. long, red-coloured, pubescent;

pedicel 6 mms. long. Calyx lobes 5, linear lanceolate, hairy, 2.0
mms. long, Corolla narrow, cylindric, dilated at the top, 2 cms.

53

jong, slightly pubescent outside, lobes rounded; white, with two
brown lines on the lower lip and a tinge of mauve round them.
Stamens inserted one-third of the way down the corolla tube,
filaments 5 mms. long, rather thick. No trace of staminodes.
Disc conspicuous, one-sided, slightly lobed. Ovary, style and stigma
all pubescent, the style reaching to the anthers, the stigma large,
capitate. Fruit unknown.

Pahang: Gorge of the Sungai Tras near Raub, altitude 500
feet, I. H. Burkill and Md. Haniff 16946, November 1924.

Loxocarpus papillosa, sp. nov.

Folia petiolis 1 cm. longis, obovata vel obcuneata, 6-11 cm.
longa, 2.5-a cm. lata, apice et base rotundata, nervis utrinque
10-12. Peduneuli 1-floriferi, 3.5-6.5 cm. longi. Sepala lneari-
oblonga, pubescentia. Corolla coerulea, 5 mm. longa, leviter
pubescens; tubus campanulatus, lobis ob!ongis, rotundatis. Stamina
2, filamentia brevia et crassa; antherae rotundatae, conniventes.
Ovarium cum stylo pubescens. Capsula 7-9 mm. longa.

A stemless herb with the leaves in a rosette. Leaves obovate
or obcuneate, apex rounded, base rounded and sometimes inequila-
teral, 6-11 ems. long, 2.5-4 ems. broad, the midrib, nerves and
occasionally the intervening spaces on the upper surface with long
hairs, which form a more or less uniform covering on the lower
surface and on the margin. Nerves 10-12 pairs, thin but distinct
on the lower surface, regular and parallel. Petiole densely hairy,
1 cm. long.

Scapes slender, reddish, pubescent, pale and glabrous when
older, 3.5-6.5 cms. long, one-flowered. Sepals linear oblong, pubes-
cent. Corolla pale blue, 5 mms. long, slightly pubescent, the tube
wide, campanulate, lobes oblong, rounded, rather deep. Stamen
filaments short, thick, the anthers round, peltate, connivent. No
staminodes. Ovary and style pubescent, the style as long as the
corolla tube, Stigma small, capitate. Capsule 7-9 mms. long, red
pubescent, narrowly conic, straight, splitting along the upper edge,
the style persistent. Seeds narrowly elliptic, reticulate.

Negri Sembilan: North side of Gunong Angsi, altitude 2600
feet, Md. Nur 11632, November 1923. Gunong Angsi, altitude
about 2000 feet, R. E. Holttum 9923, December 1922.

Paraboea Holttumi, sp. nov.

Herba erecta. Folia petilolis 1.5-3 cm. longis, 8-11 cm. longa,
1.5-2 cm. lata, lanceolata, nervis obseuris. Pedunculi circa 5.5
em. longi; bractae angustae, 3 mm. longae. Calycis sepala lineari-
lanceolata, hispida, 3.5 mm. longa. Corolla campanulata, circa 1.2

54

em. longa, extus pubescens. Filamenta crassa; aniherae maguae,
triangulae, conniventes. Ovarlum cum stylo ferrugineo-pilosum ;
stigma capitatum.

A herb with a stiff habit, about a foot tall. Stems woody,
terete and glabrous below, above 4-angled and channelled. Leaves
8-11 cms. long, 1.5-2 cms. broad, in distant pairs, lanceolate,
narrowed to both ends, texture thick, nerves invisible; the upper
surface minutely papillose with scattered white multicellular hairs,
more numerous on the young leaves and towards the margin, where
they form a regular row; the lower- surface rugulose, the hairs,
which are similar to those on the upper surface, with a reddish
tinge. In life the leaves are dark green above and dark purplish
below, and this latter colour persists after drying as a reddish
tinge. Petioles 1.5-3 cms. long, the younger ones with a few hairs.

Peduncle sparsely pubescent at base, more densely so towards
the apex, about 5.5 ems. long. Branches short with 3 or 4 flowers
on each. Bracts narrow, about 3 mms, long. Calyx tube very short,
lobes linear lanceolate, hairy, 3.5 mms. long. Corolla campanuiate,
about 1.2 ems. long, pubescent outside, slightly two-lpped. Fuila-
ments rather long, thick, glabrous except at their point of insertion
on the corolla, where they are covered with white hairs. Anthers
large, connivent, triangular. Ovary and style red-hairy, stigma
capitate. Flowers in bud pale yellow. Fruit unknown.

Johore: Gunong Belumut, altitude 3900 feet, R. KE. Holttum
10685, May 1923.

This species is near P. campanulata, Rid]., but differs in the
thicker and narrower leaves, the narrower corolla, and the longer
filaments of the stamens.

ACANTHACEAE.
Hemigraphis Ridleyi, Clarke, var. nervosa, n. var.

This variety differs from typical H. Ridleyi in the smaller
leaves (3 ems. long and 2 ems. broad), which are broad at the base
with a tendency to become cordate, and not cuneate; in the
increased pubescence on both surfaces of the leaves, and the absence:
of rhaphides; and in the more conspicuous and elevated nerves and
reticulations. The flowers are as in Ridleyi, except that the bracts
are longer (1-1.5 cms. long) and also the calyx lobes (6 mms.
long).

Pahang: Railway banks at Kuala Lipis, I. H. Burkili and
Md. Haniff 15699, November 1924.

1)

55

LORANTHACEAE,

Se caithus pekanensis, sp. noy.

Frutex parasiticus, ramulis glabris teretibus. Folia petiolis
1.5-2 cm. longis glabra, coriacea, Ovata, apice rotundata, base
cuneata, 9-10 cm. longa, 6-6.5 cm, lata; costa subter prominens ;
hervi laterales urtinque 3 vel 4, Flores 20-30 in fasciculig axil-
lariis; pedicelli 4 mm. longi. Calycis tubus 4 mm. longus,
urceolatus, limbo minuto denticulato, Corollae tubus 1.3-1,6 cm,
longus, luteo-flavus; lobi 0, reflexi, viridi; Stamina 5. Fructus
ignotus. 4

A shrub parasitic on Vitex sp. Branchlets glabrous, stout,
terete, the youngest reddish brown, the lower greyish brown, lenticel-
late. Leaves glabrous, reddish brown when dry, in whorls of three
or four, stifily coriaceous, ovate, rounded at tip, narrowed to the
base, 9-10 cms. long, 6-6.5 cms. broad. Nerves 3 or 4 pairs, just
visible when dry, slightly more prominent on the upper surface
than on the lower, the midrib prominent and elevate below.

Flowers glabrous except for a very fine white pubescence on
the inside of the petals; in axillary fascicles of 210 to 30: on the
thickened nodes. Tedicels 4 mms. long. Calyx urceolate, minutely
toothed, 4 mms. long. Corolla orange-yellow, tipped with green,
gamopetalous, of 5 segments, the tips of the petals reflexed, 1.3-1.6
cms. long. Stamens 5 Included, style very shortly exsert. Fruit
unknown.

Pahang: Pekan, I. H. Burkill and Md. Haniff 17104, Novem-
ber 1924.

ZINGIBERACEAE,
Alpinia Burkillii, Sp. nov.

Caulis ad 2 m. altus. Folia 69 cm, longa, 10-13 em. lata,
oblonga-lanceolata, cuspidata, utrinque pubescentia; ligula 6-"
mm. longa, bifida, margine pilosa. Panicula 20-30 cm. longa;
calyx circa 1.4 cm. longus, cylindricus, trilobatus; corollae tubs

14 cm. longus, pubescens ; petala 2 cm. longa, ovato-lanceolata,

extra pilosa; labellum amplum, glabrum, 2.7-3 em, longum, 3 em.
latum. Staminodia magna, bilobata. Stamen glabrum, connectivi
appendicula brevis. Capsula globosa, puberula, 2 cm. diameiro.

A herbaceous plant about five feet tall. Leaves oblong
lanceolate, long cuspidate, pubescent above with long regularly
Spaced hairs with swollen bases, softly pubescent below, 69 ems.
long, 10-13 cms. broad. Petiole 2-2.5 cms. long pubescent. Ligule
6-7 mms. long, bifid, lobes rounded, long hairy on their edges.
Panicle 20-30 cms, long, with a narrow pubescent sheath ag long,
branches 1.5-2 cms. long, all velvety pubescent. Bracts glabrous,

56

papery, ovate, enclosing 4 to 7 flowers on pubescent pedicels 1.5
ems. long.

Calyx cylindric, 3-lobed. rather longer than the corolla tube,
glabrous except for the pubescent tips of the lobes. Corolla tube
1.4 cms. long, pubescent, with a ring of long hairs at the base.
Petals 2 cms. long, ovate lanceolate, blunt, hairy on the back, the
upper lobe hooded and with a conspicuous spur. Lip large, quite
glabrous, 2.7-3 ems. long, 3 ems. broad; side-lobes rounded, mid-
lobe bifid, the lobes truncate; margin of lip cripped; two patches.
of claret colour on the side lobes not reaching the margin, and a
number of violet-black lines in the centre of the lip above the mid-
lobe. Staminodes two, conspicuous, bilobed, adnate to the base of
the stamen and lip. Stamen glabrous, the connective prolonged
into a short crest.

Capsule globose, puberulous, about 2 cms. in diameter and
crowned by the persistent calyx.

Negri Sembilan: Gemas, I. H. Burkill 4980, August 1919.

Pahang: 126th, mile, Kuantan Road, between Sungai Lepar
and Sungai Ketam, and at Sungai Luit, I. H. Burkill and Md.
Haniff 17210, 17461, November 1924.

A New Fern from the Malay Peninsula.

Syngramma minima, Holttum sp. noy.

Rhizoma repens, tenue, pilis nigris nitidis vestitum. Stipites
approximati, 5—15-mm. longi. Frondes rigidae, in sicco
fragiles, glabrae, 1—4 cm. longae, 5-—8 mm. latae, ovovatae vel
oblanceolatae, apice rotundatae, basin versus sensim angustatae,
margine cartilagineae denticulatae. Costa utrinque vix pro- |
minens; venae simplices vel furcatae, liberae vel sub margine an-
astomosantes, fere obscurae. Sori 1-2 mm. longi, ad venas ter- |
minales, ;

Gunong Panti, Johore, Holttum 17498.

This small fern grows side by side with S. borneensis on sand- —
stone rocks at the top of the ridge of G. Panti, at an altitude
of about 1600 feet above sea. It “aot tiat resembles the young —
plants of S. borneensis, but is distinguished clearly from its earliest |
stages by the shape of its leaves and by its less densely tufted habit.
The shorter leaves are often quite as broad as the longer ones, and
leaves hardly more than 1 cm. in length may be fertile. The leaves
on young plants are more deeply toothed than those produced later.
The species is allied to 8. Dayi, but has much shorter and broader

‘a10yo[ ‘ren suounr) Jeau ‘eueiqqo'] staidiq,

57

leaves; S. Dayi also lacks the toothed cartilaginous edge. It is cu-
rious that both S. minima and young plants of 8. horneensis on
G. Panti are parasitised by a scale insect, such being uncommon on
wild ferns in this country.

Notes on Malayan Ferns

1. Dipteris Lobbiana.

This interesting fern has a wide distribution in Malaysia and is
quite abundant, at least over part of its range, but probabiy because
of its peculiar habitat it was not often found by the earlier collec-
tors. In Christ’s Farnkrauter der Erde (1897) it is said to he a
rare plant. Its collection on Mount Ophir by Lobb, together with
Matoma pectinata, with which it probably has a common ancestry,
has associated the names of the two ferns together, though in nature
they do not grow side by side. Matonta pectinata is found on tlie
exposed summits of a number of the highest mountains in the
Malay Peninsula and at lower altitudes on some of the small islands
to the south of it; Dipteris Lobbiana is found only on rocks by the
sides of forest streams, often quite in the low country. It has been
found plentifully by several streams in Johore, as well as on Mount
Ophir, and also further north in Pahang (Tahan River and Sungei
Perting, Bentong), in Perak (abundantly in the Palas River on
‘Gunong Bujong Malacca, and at other localities not syecified) and
as far north as Kedah Peak. In Porneo Bishop Hose has stated
that it is found “ on the banks of most rivers in Sarawak and North
Borneo at some distance above the highest point to which the
influence of the tide extends.” van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh
gives the distribution “ Malaya,” a term to which he attaches a
wide meaning. Copeland records it as occurring in Celebes. buat
the writer has seen no published record of its occurrence in Sumatra

or Java, though the former is not unlikely. It is not found in the
Philippines.

The present writer has seen this fern three times, on all occa-
sions in Johore; by the Sungei Berhidong, north of Gunong Beiu-
mut, at about 450 feet above sea level, by one of the streams flowing
southwards from Gunong Pulai (see accompanying plate), at a
similar altitude, and in the Pelepah valley near Kota Tinggi. In
descending the first-named stream from about 1600 ft., Dipteris
was not observed in the steeper more shaded upper reaches, but
appeared where the course became more level and open. The beds
of all three streams are filled with granite boulders of greatly vary-
Ing size; the fern grows over the boulders, its rhizomes dinging
tightly to them. Sometimes by the side of the stream the boulders
are covered with sand or silt, and in this case the rhizome is not

58

exposed; in such positions, on the edge of the jungle beside the
stream, the fronds reach their largest size. The plant grows every-
where quite close to the water, sometimes on rocks in mid-stream,
and it is evident that at times of flood the fronds are quite sub-
merged. After heavy rain (which may occur at almost any time
of year) such streams rise rapidly to a height considerably above
their normal level. Burkill remarks of Dipteris Lobbiana at Ben-
tong that “the tenacity with which it holds on to the rocks is
remarkable. It grows in places where the floods must often sub-
merge it” (note on field label). The division of the frond into
narrow segments is undoubtedly of great service under such con-
ditions; it could hardly survive if it had the broad lamina of
D. conjugata. Further, the narrow coriaceous leaflets are a
xerophytie character probably connected which the fact that the
fern often grows exposed to the sun, and may be left with a
restricted water supply when the stream is low.

Another fern growing under the same conditions is Meniscium
salicifoukum Wall. (Dryopteris C. Chr.). Its narrow entire
coriaceous leaflets are quite comparable with those of Dipteris
Lobbiana, though it has pinnate leaves and a short rhizome instead
of a long creeping one. It has the same kind of relation to the
broad leaved M. cuspidatum Bl. (which has a wider distribution )
as D. Lobbiana has to D. conjugata. A third species, which is
almost certainly of the same habitat, is Aspidiwm semibipinnatum
Wall., from, the south of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. It has
narrow ribbon-like leaflets in contrast to the broad pinnae of its
allies which live in the shade of the jungle. These ferns are un-
doubtedly specialised to the stream bed habitat, and are not found
elsewhere.

Borneo appears to be the centre of distribution of the genus
Dipteris as it exists today, and has two peculiar species. One of
these, D. quinquefurcata (Bak.), is very close to D. Lobbiana; in
fact, the writer is disposed to doubt whether it is a distinct. species.
On the banks of the Pelepah stream above mentioned, somewhat in
the shade of the edge of the jungle, were some very large fronds
of D. Lobbiana, twice as big as many of those on the rocks in the
stream bed. In these there is a very marked tendency for the sori
to break up into as many ag five or six smaller ones in a single
areola, and the segments of the fronds reach 9 cm. in width. This
condition is almost that described for D. quinquefurcata, and it is
quite possible that the latter species, known from few specimens
with little or nothing in the way of field notes, only represents an
unusually large form of D. Lobbiana, grown under unusually
favourable conditions.

3ower has suggested Land Flora (1908) pp. 618-622, The
Ferns (1923) p. 226) that D. Lobbiana is the most primitiv

59

member of the genus, most nearly allied to the ancestral Matonia-
Gleichenia type. Its simple. narrow divisions with a single row
of rather large sori on either side of the midrib, and the fact that
all sporangia in a sorus are produced simultaneously whereas the
sorus of D. conjugata is “ mixed,” all point to a relatively primitive
condition. At the same time it is rather remarkable that D. Lob-
biana is so well adapted to the conditions of the peculiar habitat
in which alone it appears capable of living in nature. One must
suppose that it is derived from an ancient type, and has retained
Its primitive characters on account of their suitability to its
environment. It is evidently unable to grow either in the shade of
the jungle or on exposed ground away from streams; in the latter
position it would be crowded out by more vigorous competitors.
D. conjugata, on the other hand, may be regarded as a more recent
and vijgorous type, capable of holding its own wnder conditions in
which it has far more competitors; it has a correspondingly wider
range of distribution.

2. On the production of fertile fronds by Stenochlaena
palustris.

Stenochlaena palustris (Burm.) Bedd is a fern of wide dis-

‘tribution in the eastern tropics, extending from northern India

and southern China through the Malayan region to Australia and
into the Pacific. In Singapore it is one of the commonest ferns,
especially in somewhat moist places, being frequent by roadside
ditches. It will flourish with its fronds fully exposed to the sun
and its stems trail long distances over the ground or climb high
up tree trunks. The young fronds are tender, and are edible,
but the old ones are very stiff and leathery. Usually only the
sterile leaves are produced, but from time to time the narrow
fertile leaves may be observed, occasionally in large numbers.

The question arises as to what are the factors determining
the development of the fertile fronds. Over part, probably most,
of its range, this fern is subjected to a more or less prolonged
dry season. I can find no records of its behaviour under such
circumstances, but it seems probable that fertile fronds are pro-
duced during the dry season, and sterile fronds only or chietly
during the wet season. Where there is a dimorphism between the
sterile and fertile leaves of terrestrial ferns it is usual for the
fertile to have a more or less contracted lamina, and a longer
stipe, thus exposing the sporangia to a drier air than is found
close to the ground, and also guarding to some extent against the
cansequent greater transpiration (see Copeland E. 3B., on the
comparative ecology of the San Ramon Polypodiaceae, Philippine
Journal of Science, C., Vol. 2, pp. 59-61). Stenochlaena is not
essentially terrestrial, and the dimorphism is here connected most
probably with a drier season, not with a drier stratum of the

60

atmosphere. However, there appears to be a response to the
greater dryness of the air away from the greund in the production
of a greater number of fertile fronds on those stems which have
climbed up tree trunks; but fertile fronds are not vonfined to such
situations, being found on the ground also.

In Singapore we have such a uniform climate that this fern
has not any definite seasonal stimulus to the production of fertile
fronds. The most marked wet season is usually that. of the north-
east monsoon, about November to January; there is usually hardly
so marked a dry season, and therefore what must be supposed to
be the stimulus of change from wet to dry is not often a strong
one. Probably any fairly pronounced dry pericd will initiate the
production of fertile fronds, and a very wet period a crop of sterile
ones.

From the few observations | have made in Singapere it seems
probable that a period of about twelve days or more with little
or no rain is sufficient to induce the production of fertile fronds
on some at least of the plants of this species. The position of the
plant has no doubt some influence on the matter. By the time
the fronds have developed the weather may be wet again. ‘The
fertility of a frond must be determined at a very early stage,
while it is still coiled up in its bud, covered by overlapping dark
coloured orbijcular scales. I have. not been abie to determine
exactly at what stage the form of the fronds is determined; I have
only observed the production of fertile fronds on certain plants
constantly under notice, and have examined the rainfall records
of the preceding few weeks.

My attention was first called very strikingly to this matter
in March 1923. After the wet and cloudy weather of the N. KH.
monsoon there came an unusually prolonged drought. From Jan.
24 to Feb. 17 there was only .4 in. of rain, nearly all of which
fell on one day; on Feb. 18 there fell 1.28 n.; from Feb. 19 to
March 13 only 1.7 in. During March and Aprii there was a great
abundance of fertile fronds of Stenochlaena palustris in the
Gardens, and also on some plants outside which I happened to
notice. There was a less pronounced dry period from August to
October, and again abundant fertile fronds, but I have no parti-
cular observations.

1924 was much wetter than 1923, and fertile fronds were
fewer. The following are observations of their appearance: March
10; a few young fertile fronds observed. The second half of
February had been dry, (.88 in.) after an excessively wet first
half (14.7 in.). Early June; fertile fronds on several plants.
There had been a dry period from April 26 to May 7 (.21 in.)

August 18; fertile fronds on several plants. The period July

14 to 26 had been dry (.10 in.).

61

Feb. 1, 1925; 16 fertile fronds on one plant, and many on
other plants also. The period Dec. 23 to Jan. 4 had been dry,
eight of these days being quite rainless, and 2 period of seven days
having only .10 an. of rain. January was very wet, and on Feb.
10th a large number of new sterile fronds were seen unfolding.
It is curious that the young sterile fronds are always pink (like
the young leaves of many trees), whereas the young fertile fronds
are green. |

These observations are not very complete, but they appear
to be of some interest. It is remarkable how little biological
observation is recorded concerning the majority of our ferns; even
information as to habitat is usually missing from systematic works.
It is only the more remarkable species, such as the Platyceriums,
Lecanopteris and Drynaria which have received attention, but
there is much of interest to be recorded about species less remark-
able from a morphological standpoint.

9

3. Gleichenia opposita y.A.yv.R.

' In various places on the lower slopes of the hills of Penang
a peculiar Gleichenia is abundant. There are two old specimens
in the Singapore Herbarium, collected by Curtis (no. 534, fertile)
and Ridley (7037), and another has been added by the present

writer (10286). It has recently been observed fairly abundant on

the lower slopes of Kedah Peak, and was also collected at Semenyih
in Selangor by H. L. Hume in 1922 (F. M. 8. Museums no.
8327).

Mr. H. N. Ridley in his recent paper on the ferns of the
Malay Peninsula (Journ. Malayan Branch, R. Asiatic Society,
Vol. 4, p. 3) has described it as a new species, G. perailela. I
find however that the type collection of G. orpostta v.A.v.R. from
Sumatra (which I have examined, by courtesy of the Curator of
the Buitenzorg Herbarium) is identical, so that the latter name
must be adopted (Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Series 2, XI, 13.
1913). The species is one of considerable interest, and as it
appears to me that both the descriptions above mentioned are some-
what inadequate I have prepared the following notes on it. In
dealing with the fronds of G. linearis and its allies with their
manyfold forking (with or without development of the included
buds) the usual terminology of pinna and pinnula becomes a litile
difficult to apply. For convenience I have here regarded each
leaf as a branch system and have adopted the term pinna only for
the ultimate leafy branchlets.

The main lateral branches of the fronds of this fern appear
at first sight to be regularly bipinnate, with opposiite pairs of pinnae,
something like a form of G. glauca with the pinnulae (in the
strict sense) opposite and widely spaced. A closer examination
shows that a bud is present in the axil of one pinna of each pair,

62

on alternate sides of the rachis, and that the pinnae subtending ©

these buds are larger than those opposite. The pinnae have exactly
the same form as the ultimate branches of some forms of G.
linearis; the pinnulae are closely set and densely ferruginous-
hairy beneath, especially on the costulae. Comparing the branch-
ing of this fern with that of typical G. linearis, the homologies of
the various parts are obvious. The axils where buds are present
really represent forkings of the rachis, the forking being here
unequal; one branch continues the growth of the branch-system,
while the other is leafy lke the ultimate branches of G. lineuris.
The opposite smaller “pinna” is one of the accessory branches
usually present at the forkings of G. linearis, the other one being
suppressed.

This condition of the apparent existence of two opposite pinnae
is frequently found in the commonest of the smaller forms of
G. linearis occurring im the Malay Peninsula. Fig. 1 shows
diagrammatically the typical symmetrical branching cf the common
large form, fig. 2 a frequent type of branching jn the smail form
just mentioned (which is very irregular) and fig. 3 the branching
of G. opposita. In fig. 2 it is seen that at the penultimate forking
the pseudopinnate condition occurs; it may also occur lower down
the branch-system, though less frequently. Sometimes there is
some development of the suppressed accessory branch, which may
be represented merely by a rather long and slightly lobed pinnule.

On examining a number of complete fronds of G. opposita it
is found that various irregularities in its branching may occur,
and that these are all tending to the condition of the variety shown
in fig. 2. The principal irregularities are as follows. Two of
them are indicated in fig. 4.

(1). The suppressed accessory branch at any forking may
be developed, either in a rudimentary form, or more rarely of
normal size. These rudimentary accessory branches are common
in other forms of G. linearis, as mentioned above.

(2). At any forking the smaller branch may be again forked
instead of simple, with or without development of the extra acces-
sory branch.

(3) The bud in any fork may develop, forming a short
branch, forking once or twice again. At these subsidiary forkings
small accessory branches may be developed.

(4). It not infrequently happens that the lowest bud on the
lateral branch-system of a large frond developes into a strong axis,
only slightly less in size than the main axis, bearing at its forkings
lateral branch-systems exactly like those of the main axis, though
somewhat smaller. In the branch systems of these subsidiary axes
I have observed the same irregularities as those of the branch-
systems of the main axis just described.

63

a

i \p
Fig. 1. Branching of Fig. 2. Branching of a com-
normal G. linearis.

mon form of G. linearis.

A © MAIN ARUS

Fig. 4. Two ab-
normalities ob-
Fig. 3. Branching

served in. G. op-
of G. opposita. posita.

64

These irregularities all point to a close re!ationship with G._
linearis; further, the fertile fronds show an arrangement of
sporangia agreeing with G, linearis, 12 to 20 sporangia being pre- —
sent im each sorus.

4. Syngramma borneensis and Lindsaya borneensis

in the Malay Peninsula.

On a recent visit to Gunong Panti, in the south-east of Johore,
IT found Syngramma borneensis (Hk.) J. Sm. and Lindsaya
borneensis Hk. quite abundant in the low forest on the top of the
sharp ridge which forms the hill. The altitude is about 1500 feet
above sea. Syngramma borneensis grew on the ground, and also
in rock crevices. Most of the plants bore fertile fronds, which
were decidedly longer and narrower than the sterile ones. The
species has not previously been recorded from the Malay Peninsula,
but two specimens from Mt. Ophir collected by Mr. Ridley (3334
and 9079) have been found in the Singapore Herbarium. Mr.
Ridley, in his paper on the ferns of the Malay Peninsula (Journ.
Malayan Branch, R. Asiatic Soc., Vol. 4, p. 111) appears to refer
these specimens to Hlaphoglossum melanostictum, but they are |
evidently to be referred here, though they are large (fertile fronds —
to 60 cm. long).

Iindsaya borneensis is otherwise represented in the Singapore
Herbarium only by two specimens from Singapore Island, thovgh
Beddome records it as collected by Scortechini in Perak. Mr.
Ridley’s 31062\ from Taiping Hills and 12132 from G. Pulai, which
he records as this species, have much larger leaflets and ave to
be referred to L. lancea; his specimen from the Tahan River has —
not heen found here.

5. Syngramma Dayi.

Syngramma Dayt Bedd. is a very small species first coliected —
by Day, on quartz rocks “on the pass between Kuala Kangsar
and Kinta, 2000 ft. alt.” The exact position of this locality i
a little doubtful. The species has now been collected again on
Klang Gates (by H. L. Hume, F. M. 8. Museums no. 7149).
Klang Gaites is a ridge of quartzite in Selangor, the highest point
of which is about 14:00 feet above sea level. On its upper slopes
grow many interesting xerophytic plants, a list of which is given
by Mr. H. N. Ridley in the F. M. S. Museums Journal, Vol. 10,
pp. 247-251 (1922). Mr. Ridley also records S. Day: from
Kanchiing, Selangor, in his recent paper of the ferns of the Malay
Peninsula.

6. Lindsaya lancea and L. scandens.

Lindsaya lancea (1u.) is a species of wide distribution in the
tropics of both the old world and the new, while L. scandens Hk.

65

ee

is recorded as confined to the Malayan region. The distinction be-
ween the two is sharp enough if extreme torms be considered ;
the one terrestrijal with compound fronds, the other chmbing with
‘simple fronds. But if a large series be examined, it becomes im-
‘possible to recognise a distinction between tliem, and J think that
LT. scandens is a habit-form of L. lancea.

Climbing plants may be found bearing unbranched ieaves
typical of L. scandens, and (on the same stem) branched leaves
which cannot be distinguished from leaves borne by terrestrial
plants wijth short creeping stems. The terrestrial plants may
have fronds with few branches and lerge pimuules, or many
branches and smaller pinnules, and no line can be drawn
separating them. The pinnules may have a slightly recurved
lower edge, especially if large, or a straight one, in both scendent
and creeping forms. The stems of both forms have exactly the
same type of stiff dark brown lanceolate scales; but it is to be
noted that the scales of L. repens are quite similar, so that scales
are not to be relied on as specific characters in this genus. The
roots on climbing stems are short and serve partly to attach the
stem to its support; they are densely covered with root hairs. ‘The
roots of terrestrial stems are longer and stouter, and usually have
lost their hairs in herbarium specimens, but types more or less
intermediate may be found.

van Alderwerelt van Resenburg says of LZ. jancea in the Supple-
ment to his Handbook of Malayan Ferns (p. 506): “ Variable,
with the rhizome varying from short creeping to wide scandent,
the stipes stramineous to black or purple brown, the fronds te 50
em. long, the branches abruptly shortly acuvinate to subcaudate,
the leaflets 14-34 cm. long, pale to dark when dry.” Admitting
so much variation, I cannot see that it is possible to separate
LI. scandens as a distinct species.

We have here an instance of the variability of many fern
species; it is shown by several of the Lindsayas. The only real
test proving the specific identity of the various form would be to
grow plants from spores borne on one frond, and try to produce
all the growth forms from the same parent. I do not think that
any one has attempted this task, at any rate with Malayan ferns.

It has many difficulties, the chief of which is to exclude foreign
spores from the experiment.

?. Polypodium triangulare Scort.

Polypodium triangulare Scort. was first found in Perak, and
described and figured by Beddome iin the Journal of Botany, 1887,
_ p. 324, t. 278. There are several specimens collected by Seortechini
' in the Singapore Herbarium, all without locslity, and also speci-

mens collected by Wray (294) at 4500 ft. on Gunong Bata Puteh,
and Kunstler (Larut 3647). Subsequently it has been found on

’

66

G. Kerpau at about 6000 ft. (Haniff 14739) and on G. Tahan at
5500 ft. (Haniff and Nur. 7980). It appeared that the description
of Copeland’s Acrosorus exaltata from the Philippines (Philippine
Journal of Science Vol. 1 Suppl. 158) agreed closely with
Polypodium triangulare, and through the kindness of Mr. E. D.
Merrill, lately Director of the Bureau of Science, Manila, I have
been enabled to examine a specimen of Copeland’s fern. ‘lhe
two appear to be quite identical, and therefore the Philippine
plant should be called P. triangulare, or Acrosorus triangularis,
if Copeland’s genus be adopted. (See also Phil. Journ. Sci. 3
C, 347). |

There are in the Singapore Herbarium specimens of P.
triangulare collected at Khao Luang in Lower Siam (Dr. E. Smith
725) and on Mt. Kinabalu in British North Borneo (by Major C.
M. Enriquez, 18163 in Singapore Series). The species has thus
a wide range of distribution in the Malayan region.

8. Gleichenia Norrisii.

This species was described by Kuhn in 1869; apparently from
specimens collected by Griffith and Norris some years earlier in
the Malay Peninsula. It was figured by Beddome in the Supple-
ment to his Ferns of British India, tab. 346. It ip closely allied
to G. glauca, and incomplete herbarium specimens are not always
easy to distinguish. When seen in the field, the distinction between
the two species is at once apparent. G. Norrisii has a looser habit,
with more distant pinnulae and broader more rounded segments ;
the distal pinnulae are also conspicuously bent backwards. It
further lacks the long deeply divided stipule-like leaflets that
surround the apical buds of the fronds of G. glauca, these being
replaced by pairs of reduced pinnulae close to the bases of the
pinnae which form the fork containing the bud.

In ascending Government Hill, Penang, one first meets G.
Norristi at about 1700 feet altitude, where it iargely replaces G.
linearis as the common fern in open places beside the road. It
occurs from this altitude upwards to the top of the hill (2509 feet),
but towards the top and on the slightly higher Western Hill G.
glauca appears and is more abundant. G. Norrisi has also been
found on the Taiping Hills at about 2000 feet (Scortechini 439),
on Bukit Panchor in Province Wellesley (Ridley 12654), on G.
Angsi at about 2000 feet (Holttum 9901), and at the same height
on the top of G. Pulai in Johore (Ridley 12127). G. glauca
appears to occur at somewhat higher altitudes (to at least 4000
feet) throughout the Peninsula, and has been more frequently
collected.

9. Lygodium polystachyum.

Lygodium polystachyum Wall. is by far the most beautiful

member of its genus occurring in the Malay Peninsula, It has

67

ather a restricted range, of which the southern limit appears to:
be in Upper Perak, though a specimen has been collected by Mr.
Ridley at Kuala Tembeling in Pahang. It occurs in Penang and
the Langkawi Islands, and Curtis records that it is abundant all
over the Island of Puket in Lower Siam. Unlike the other species,
it grows in the shade of the jungle, climbing up slender trees, and
bears its fertile fronds in the shade. ‘All the other local Lygodiums.
known to me are sun plants, or if they start life in the shade only
flourish produce fertile pinnae in the open. The plants of JL.
polystachyum which have not. yet produced climbing leaves have
almost the appearance of a Dryopterts, and the basal pinnae of all
fronds are very large. The texture also is much softer than in
the other Lygodiums.

10. Diplazium Ridleyi (Copeland).
This species was described (as Athyrium Ridieyv) by Copeland

in the Philippine Journal of Science, XI c, p. 39. The only

distinction from D. accedens Bl. is in the presence of sterile
areoles between adjacent rows of soriferous veins. Copeland also
states that the rachis is smooth. The type collection, Ridley’s 13970

from the Telom River, Pahang, js represented in the Singapore
herbarium ; with it is included a stipe which is covered with blunt
spines. Probably no part of the stipe reached Copeland, as he

ee se

does not mention it. Further, the upper pinnae and the distal
portions of the lonvier ones lack the distinctive phenomenon oz the
sterile areoles separating the fertile veins. On comparison with
other specimens from the Malay Peninsula it is seen that Ridley’s
Telom plant represents only an extreme form of a variable species.
The following specimens all show the additional areoles at. least
at the bases of the pinnae, though none to such a marked extent
as the type of D. Ridleyv: Burkill and Holttum 8780, Fraser Hill;
Nur. 11083, Fraser Hill; Fox 10657, Maxwell’s Hill; E. Smith
1924, Banang Sta, Patani. Considering the known variability of
many species of Diplazium, it appears to me that these plants:
should all be reckoned as D. accedens Bl., or D. proliferwm (Lam.)
v. accedens.

I have lately seen at Buitenzorg, both in cultivation and jin
the herbarium, specimens of D. permirabile v.A.v.R. (Bull. Jaurd.
Bot. Buitenzorg, Ser. 3, Vol. 5, p. 196), and it appears to me
that these also should be included in the same species as the
specimens above cited. The distinguishing feature of D. per-
mirabile is the presence of scales at the apices of the spimes on the
stipes. The stipes of the herbarium specimens from the Peninsula
above mentijoned do not show these scales, but the blunt spines are
exactly the same as in D. permirabile,’and the absence of scales is
to be ascribed to loss in the processes of drying and mounting.
They are more easily lost than ordimary scales growing from the

68
surface of a stipe. There are plants from the Malay Peninsula in _
cultivation in the Singapore Gardens which bear scales exactly
ike these of D. permirabile. |

11. Schizoloma Waikerae.

Schizoloma Walkerae (Hk.) Kuhn has hitherto been collected
in the Malay Peninsula only on Mt. Ophir (no altitude recorded )
and in Singapore. Mr. Ridley says that it grows in watery places.
An additional locality can now be added, im the north of the
Peninsula; I found this fern growing on Kedah Peak at an altitude
of about 3000 feet above sea, amongst Sphagnum, by a small
stream in the low forest.

12. Dryopteris paleata Copel.

This species was found on a specimen from Benkoelen in—

Sumatra. It occurs also in the Malay Peninsula, the other eol-

lections having been confused with D. ferox, which it resembles

only in the extreme scaliness of stipe and rachis. The specimens
known from the Malay Peninsula are as follows:

Gunong Angsi (N, Sembilan Holttum 9926, Nur s.n.; Bujong
Malacca Ridley 9536; Penang, Ridley 7080, Curtis s.n.; Patani,
EK. Smith 1856.

The Peninsula specimens are somewhat more hairy than those
I have seen from Sumatra. D. persquamifera v.A.v.R. from
Celebes is closely allied.

13. Polypodium insigne Bl.

Beddome records this species from the Malay Peninsula, but
cites no specimens; nor do any exist among the older collections
represented in the Singapore Herbarium. Two specimens of
Mr. Ridley’s from Telom are however cleariy referable.to iit; one
is numbered 13978, the other unnumbered. They agree well with
specimens from Sumatra and from Gunong Gedeh in Java, though
somewhat thicker in texture than the latter. This species appears
normally to grow on rocks in streams; Mr. Ridley’s 13978 is
labelled “'Telom River,” and its appearance suggests a creeping
habit.

Two specimens have been collected at Fraser Hill, by Miss
G. Hose (no. 9, 1919) and by Burkill and Holttum (8789). The
Jatter was climbing a small tree in the jungle, at about five feet
from the ground, and its leaves are thicker in texture than the
Telom plants, with narrower segments. ‘hese features are pro-
bably the consequence of restricted water supply in an unusual
habitat.

14. Hypolepis Brooksiae v.A.v.R.

This species was described from Benkoelen ijn Sumatra (Pull. —
Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, 2nd Series, XXVIII, 29, 1918), the writer
remarking that it resembles Dennslaedtia scandens and D. Moluc-
cana. It has been collected in the Malay Peninsula at Fraser Hill
(Burkill and Holttum 8817, Holttum 11339) and Gunong Hijau —
(Haniff 9086) and is further represented in the Singapore Her-
barium by a specimen from Brastagi in N. Sumatra (Holttum

‘ i
Pe ne Mild rs gin some

+h 4)" te. iy

CE “ON wey 208) 716] Moqe ‘Eq

69

15435). Bonaparte has referred the specimen first quoted to
Dennstaedtia moluccana Bl. (Notes Pteridologiques. Fasc. XIV,
55, 1923). I have recentiy compared the Peninsula specimens
with the original in the Buitenzorg Herbarium and find that they
agree exactly.

This species grows in tangled masses in open places, and is
covered throughout with small thorns; it has apparently the same
habit and aimost exactly the same appearance as Dennstaestia
moluccana. It would be interesting to make a careful comparative:
study of these species. It seems likely that Hypolepis Brooksiae
is derived from one of the scandent Dennstaedtias by loss of the
inner portion of the indusijal cup, the outer part only remaining
as a small growth at the base of the sinus below which the sorus
is situated. In dried mature fronds it is impossible to detect any
trace of the inner side of the cup, but in young fronds it might
be found to. exist.

It is interesting to observe that Odontosoris aculata (L.)
from the West Indies appears to have a closely similar appearance’
and habit of growth.

15. Polypodium Féei (Bory) Mett. and P. heterocarpum (B1.)
Mett.

There is a common fern in the Malay Peninsula which has:
usually been called P. Féer. On comparing it with specimens of
P. Féei from Java, and with descriptions, I have come to the con-
clusion that it should be called P. heterocarpum, and that the true
P. Féei has not yet been found in the Malay Peninsula. The Penin-
sula fern is often small, the fronds frequently being only 7 to 10 cm,
in length; the sori are much broken, rather distant, and distinctly
embedded; the rhizome scales are very narrow, almost hair-like..
Polypodium Feet from Java has usually larger fronds; the sori are
much more regular, closer, and not immersed; the rhizome scales
are broad. Ihave seen both iplants in the field, and have examined
a number of specimens of each in the herbaria at Buitenzorg and
Singapore.

R. EH. Hourrum.

—_—_— —_—_ -

A Note Relating to the History of the Dell

in the Gardens |
The Botanic Gardens were founded im 1859. In that year

the four and a half acres, now occupied by. the Gardens Lake,
made a swamp, down the middle of which ran the boundary be-
tween two properties—on the one side the Kerr property (newly
sold to Hoo Ah Kay, better known by his trade name of Whampoa,
and then acquired by Government for the Gardens) and on the
other, the western side, the Napier property. On the Napier
property stood the first house called Tyersal—a house which
William Napier had built in 1854 and sold in 1857. When the
house was sold the Tyersal property was broken up and went into
several different hands, the house which the Temenggong of Jchore-

70

bought carrying with it a little more than sixty-six acres. e
Temenggong sold his acquisition again in 1858, but repurchas
it on May 23rd 1860. It was he who planted in 1862 the avenue
of Tembusu trees (Cyrtophyllum fragrans) which leads te the
house from Napier Road. In 1866 there were further deals in
parts of the property, during which the Government acquired half
of the Avenue together with the strip between the avenue and the
swamp. ‘The half of the avenue the Government converted into
a public road, i.e. Garden road (now re-named Tyersal Avenue),
and the narrow strip they made over to the Agri-herticultural
Society for inclusion in the Gardens. The making of the Gardens
Lake now became possible; and the Society by erecting a dam
some eight feet high, created it.

Garden road is carried across the stream at the head of the
Lake on an embankment over a culvert constructed of large
rectangular pieces of granite. This culvert possesses a fall of
slightly more than two feet in its length and is in section 3 feet
10 inches wide by 2 feet 7 inches high. At the time of its con-
struction the Tyersal lakes did not exist; and, as shown by evidence
obtained recently during the draining of them, their site was planted
with coconut palms and mangosteens. What stood on the land
thrown into the Gardens is quite unknown, as there is not a tree
on the strip acquired by the Government, which can have been
there in 1866; and there are no records. One may surmise that
grass, and perhaps lallang, covered the ground. At the head of
the lake, on account of the advantage of the inflow of water from
the Tyersal grounds, the Gardens’ cooly lines were placed; and a
screen of kenari and pomelo trees was planted in front of them.
Soon after this the Tyersal lakes were planned in imitation of the
Gardens Lake, the imitation extending even to the islet. They
were constructed just as the Gardens Lake had been, by deepening
the hollow and steepening the banks, the earth from the bottom
going in this case to construct a roadway all round the banks. In
the extent of this roadway he departed from the model in
the Gardens, for in the Gardens the raised road borders the lake
only upon one side. The floor of the lower Tyersal lake was
arranged to be on a level with the mouth of the Government’s
culvert, and a sluice was built to control the height of the water
above it, whereby if necessary the lakes could he emptied approxi-
mately. Under the road along the lake side a culvert, small in
section, made connection with the Government’s culvert in a sump,
and as the bottom of the lower lake was no higher than the entrance
to the Government’s culvert it was impossible to allow this small
culvert to have any fall at all. Under what circumstances the
complete emptying of the Lake was anticipated is not known: and
there is no evidence that they were at any time emptied.

Emptying was apparently not contemplated in the case of the |
Gardens Lake, for no sluice existed, and no cutting on the embank-
ment will even at this time completely empty it, as its bottom 1s
still, after all these years of settling, below the level of the drain

71

es ana

Plan I

= ae owe. Ss,

73

along Napier Road: but there was made an unduly large brick
eape channel, 4 feet high, 24 feet wide, domed sand flat bottomed,
which functioned for the escape of water till 1922. Only by
reaking down its brickwork could this channel be made to carry
off about five feet of water from the lake.

We can from these facts draw a picture of the appearance of
the Dell, when Nathaniel Cantley in 1882 was appointed Superin-
tendent cf the Gardens. We see a gentle, and (except after rain)
very smal] stream running from the Tyersal into the head of the
Garden Lake over a sandy bed in a hollow that had been embanked
on one side, and with cooly lines upon the other.

Cantley, an excellent crganiser, removed the lines to a place
outside the Gardens limits, and thereupon considered te what use
he could put the vacated site. Murton, his predecessor, had failed -
in an attempt to make a fernery at a place close to the head of
Maranta Avenue: and as Cantley, like Murton, was anxious to
succeed in such an undertaking, he sought for a new-site and
selected the dell. ‘To succeed he wanted a more sure supply of
water than the stream gave, and this is how he tried to meet the
need. Having removed the cooly lines and having carried the
water underground to the lake (it is by no means clear why), he
constructed a triangular concreted tank, about 140 feet long, and
at the base 65 feet broad, where it was six feet deep. Probably
by means of the earth from the tank mounds for the ferns were
hen thrown up between the tank and the head of the lake, mounds
not higher than that the water supply cou'd be led on to them.
But unfortunately the tank was not a success, for it could not
be kept watertight: and what with illnesses and with other work
Cantley never created the fern garden that he aimed at. It is to
be assumed that the water was to reach the ferns by runnels along
the tops of the mounds. For overflow, (as recent observations on
the spot have shewn) he laid in the first place a line of gas piping
to conduct the water from the tank, and then he constructed a
much larger circular brick channel above it. These escapes passed
in a straight line direct to the lake, and obviously did not water the
mounds; other contrivances must have been thought of for that.
But Cantley died with them unfinished. An old guide book in-
dicates the Dell to have been then as in plan No, 1

Because it was clear that these mounds could not function as
their originator had contemplated, they were somewhat altered in
Shape by Mr. Ridley, and the tank was put to a new service, 1.
for the accumulation of leaf mould. The mounds were clothed - ith
a variety of plants: and at the end of Mr. Ridley’s service they
Were in shape as in plan no. 2 carrying paims and ferns and shade
plants of various orders, and a few very interesting trees.

It will be observed that there were two circular paths enclos-
- ing the mounds: one of these was at the lowest elevation, and tne
_ Other above it by six feet. These paths were narrow, and it was
impossible in the morning to pass along them with comfort by

74

reason of the dew-laden foliage arching into them. Moreover the
lower paths could not be kept free of mud. It was obvious that
changes had to be made as soon as possible: and alterations were
commenced in 1914 when by means of dredgings from the lake
the lower paths were raised.

In 1915 the upper circular path was closed, and a new and
much wider path with a greater diameter was made within the lower
end of the cistern. This involved the erection of a mound along
it to hide the leaf-mould pit. The drainage from the leaf mould
was provided for at the same time by a channel behind a coral -
wall towards the public road. The silt off that road had been a
source of annoyance in the garden for a long time, though the
Municipality had done their best by steps and baffles in the road-—
side drain to abate it. The better to deal with it four catch pits
were constructed in the Gardens where the road enters. ‘The
paths above the dell were changed bkewise as the plan no. 3
indicates.

In 1916 the appearance of the deli were further improved hy
the creation of two pools in them, one oval and the other dumb-bell
shaped: and those who saw them will remember that they were
very pretty. Their surface was about 18 inches above the level |
of the water in the lake—a necessity to get the best appearance
from the adjoining walks—which walks, as said, had been raised to
keep them dry. One of these pools is shewn in the accompanying
plate.

To maintain the water in the ponds two completely hidden
bricks tanks were made, the lower supplied from the upper through
‘an underground pipe and the upper receiving rain-water from a
certain path-side drains towards the Bandstand Hill. Unfortu-
nately the masonry of the upper tank gave way and undid the
contrivance. But at that time it had been discovered in what way
Cantley had dealt with the stream from Tyersal, and it was realised
that by raising its level so that it filled the culvert and rose another
few inches it could be fed into the ponds; accordingly it was so done
by means of a simple concrete wall in Cantley’s channel, and the
bared end of the channel became the pretty rectangular pool at the
side of the dell wherefrom the water passed underground into the
oval pond, and through the dumb-bell shaped pond, while
excess flood water still ran down Cantley’s underground channel.

Permanence seemed to have been reached, and the dell had
become very pretty.

Unfortunately the Tyersal ponds were found to be a source of
mosquitos, and the emptying of them was determimed upon. Tt
was then quite unknown how deep the Tyersal lakes were: but a —
survey revealed that the lowest part of the bed of the lower pond —
was on a level with the bottom of the Tyersal sluice, and that

75

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Plan IV

77

drainage without filling would be impossibie unless a free escape
of the water imto the Gardens was allowed. ‘This free escape was
asked for: and it was a great disappointment to feel obliged to
concede it, for concession meant the undoing of the water channels
in the dell which had been so newly completed.

The concession was made on the ground that the Gardens had
no claim to a head of water found to be due to the sluice in
the Tyersal grounds being out of order. Thereupon a rearrange-
ment of the dell was commenced, with the intention of keeping its
features. In the rearrangement the beds of the two pools were
sunk about two feet, united into one, and the Tyersal drainage
water was conducted by an “ Armco” pipe into the top of the
former dumb-bell shaped pond, and out again by another “ Armco ”
pipe into the lake. The sides of both ponds were conecreted. By
the lowering of the level and because of the. wideness of the
““ Armco ” pipe these ponds were thereby made into a part of the
lake; and the abundant fish of the lake, which allow no mosquitos
to mature, have access to them.

Now a great part of the beauty of the oval and dumb-bell
ponds was that they lay open at the visitor’s foot, not being sunk
at all. The new pond however, being of necessity sunk, threatened
to lack beauty in this respect. There was made therefore a path
right across the dell bridging the water close against its surface
and skirting the edge of what is left of the oval pond, in reality
occupying part of the old bed of that pond, having on its north
side the wall of one of the irrigating tanks of 1916. This wall is
becoming beautiful by reason of a coating of Ficus repens.

The mounds, which now le as in plan no. 4, are given sever-
ally to different forms of vegetation.

L. His BURKILL.

Tulang Daing or Sisik Puyuh
Carallia suffruticosa

Tulang daing means dried fish bones, and sisik puyuh means
puyuh-fish skin: both these names belong to a small tree with
serrations on the leaves that suggest the bones of a dried fish seen
through the skin, which is exclusively used by the Malays of Perak
and Pahang as a medicinal herb, but has hitherto remained rather
strangely obscure. After much search it has been identified with
Carallia suffruticosa Ridley (in Journ. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soe. 61,
1912, p. 6): and it is clear that Carallia spinulosa Ridley (in the
same Journal, no, 82, 1920, p. 184) does not adequately differ.

78

The type of the first of these two names came from [usun
Tua, upen the east of Kuala Lumpur in Selangor: and that of the
second from Tanjong Malim on the Selangor-Perak border. It
extends southwards and has been found at Pulau Sebang in Malacca
(Burkill 4960). As a medicinal herb, foliage has beeu got from
Grik im northern Perak; and in Pahang from Budu in the Kuala
Lipis district, from Beserah in the Kuantan district, and from
Bentong. Mr. Ridley records C. spinulosa as occurring in Tonkin
also.

The chief use that the Malays make of it is as a poultice for
the ripening of boils; but it is also given internally under the idea
that it is good for expelling worms, and as one of the innumerable
herbs administered speculatively to women during the first three
days after childbirth. It is again reported as one of several plants
which at Grik are used in a decoction for a bath during fever.

The difference between C. suffruticosa and C. spinulosa is said
to be Im the inflorescence: but there is none: in both it is cymose.
It was in flower and fruit-as Tanjong Malim in February 1904,
in bud at Dusun Tua in May 1896 and in flower at Pulau Sabang
in August 1919.

J. H. BurKI1t.

Teratological Notes

A.—Abnormalities in Coconut Palms.

I. Polyembryony. On p. 275 of this Bulletin, Vol. Ii,
it was stated that the various references which had been consulted
by me on the question of polyembryony in coconuts were not
sufficiently clear as to make one to be quite positive about the
occurrence of the phenomenon in coconuts. ‘Cases, however, have
come to my notice which prove beyond all doubt that polyembryony
does occur in coconuts.

The ovary of coconuts, it will be remembered, ijs three-celled,
two of which usually become abortive at an early stage of deve-
lopment, only one attaining maturity. The fruit consists of a thin
outer skin or epicarp, below which is the thick fibrous mesocarp
surrounding the hard shell or the stony layer of the nut. Tis
shell is formed mainly of the endocarp, but the outer integument of
the seed is also represented in it as a lignified inner lining of
the shell (fide Juliano)’. Inside this stony layer is the solid

1. Juliano, J. B.—Origin, Development, and Nature of the Stony Layer
of the Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.). Philippine Journ. Sci., XXX (1926),
p. 187-200, pl. 3.

Winton, A.L.—Anatomy of the Fruit of Cocos nucifera. Am. Journ.
Sci., XII (1901), 265-280. Quoted by J. B. Juliano.

oe

ao

endosperm which is the kernel or “meat” in common parlance
and which is lined outside by a thin blackish coating. This coating
—we may as well call it “testa”—is derived from the inner in-
tegument of the ovule (Juliano). Then comes the cavity partially
filled with water or “ milk” (watery endosperm) In ripe coconuts.
Corresponding to the three carpels of the ovary, there are three
markings or “eyes” on the endocarp, two of which have become

- hard after the degeneration of the two celis of the ovary, while the
third “eye ” of the developed cell is soft. Just beneath this “eye ”
is the embryo. When the germination sets in, a suctorial organ—
haustorium or “foot ”—develops into the cavity, at the end of
the cotyledon of the embryo, which supplies nutriment to the young
growing plant by absorbing it from the endosperm.

Bearing these points in mind, it will be easy to study the
nature of the phenomena concerned in the cases described below :—

(a).—On July 25th, 1925, there was exhibited at the Taiping
Agri- Horticultural. Show, a germinating coconut from Kampong
J elutong, Bukit Gantang. North Perak, which had put forth three
shoots. The coconut was carefully husked by me to find the
three shoots as distinct individuals as far as the soft “ eye ” through
which they had extruded from the endocarp. The two other
“eyes ” were closed and hard as in an ordinary nut where two
carpels are abortive. On breaking the nut open, it was observed
that each shoot had its origin in a separate embryo, each having a
cotyledon and a haustorium of its own. There was onlv one
cavity in the endosperm into which these three haustoria had deve-
loped, and there were neither hard, nor leathery dissepiments in
it which are said to be present in a polycellular nut.? The kernel
inside also showed no signs of any special connection with the
closed “eyes” as it showed with the soft “eye.” This is then a
genuine case of polyembryony in coconuts.

I have also examined many such specimens having two to
three embryos from Singapore, Selangor, Penang and Malacra
which go to prove that polyembrycny does frequently occur in this
country. These shoots may emerge out of the husk in all directions,
and often in suchwise as to mislead one to think that these extra

_ shoots are due to the functioning of more than one ovule. Hence
I look with great suspicion on all the three cases mentioned from
Philippines by Quisumbing*® as ones where more than one ovule
were functional. .

2. Furtado, C. X.—Branched Coconut Palms and _ their Fertility..
Gardens’ Bull., Singapore, Vol. ITI (1924), p. 274.

3. Quisumbing, E.—Branching in Coconut. Philippines Agriculiurist,
| XV (1926), p. 3-4.

|

80

I have not yet come across in this country a genuine case
where more than one ovule had developed giving rise to di—, tri—,
or polylocular nut, though such cases have been reported from
-elsewhere.* * ®

(b).—Costerus and Smith (1923)° describe a case of polyem-
-bryony in thus :—

“Legit H. A. B. Bunnemeyer, Isle of Nangka near Banka,
1917. One celled nut. From ome of the black (germinating)
spots there emerged four sprouts each showing its own cotyle. No
question of branching. Consequently we have here to do with a
true case of polyembryony.

“Mr. Smith is thoroughly convinced that the Coconut with
three cohering stems, which we described in 1915, is after all
a similar case of polyembryony with this difference only that the
embryos of 1915 coalesced whereas in the present case, they have
maintained their full independence.”

The coconut referred to as having been described in 1915 is
one which had given rise to three sprouts and which on being care-
fully opened had not shown any dissepiment whatsoever. “ Only
one germinating plant forcing its way through one of the black
spots was to be seen, but the stem of this young plant showed a
separation into three. The advanced state of (dry) specimen did
not permit of a further examination into the cause of the pheno-
menon, but of polyembryony there can be no question.” No fur-
ther details or reasons are given why Dr. Smith thinks this to be
a genuine case of polyembryony and not of fasciation or branching.

(c)—In the Botanic Garden, Penang, there is a “coconut
palm ” which has three distinct individual stems-from the base.
Mr. Mohamed Heiniff who has been long connected with the
garden, informs me that the three stems have orginated from one
coconut. fruit and that it was planted there in 1901. Only two
stems are bearing fruits, while the third one is yet barren and is also
very much shorter than the other two. The small growth of this

«

third .stem is in all probability due to the fact that twice during —

its growth it was very badly attacked by borers (there are still
marks on the palm of these attacks). The injury caused by the
attacks must have retarded the growth very considerably, giving
thereby the other two stems a chance to overshadow this one and
to make its further development and production of flowers rather
difficult. The overshadowing caused by another palm growing
close to it may be an additional cause why this stem is weak and
infertile. There is another similar palm with two fertile, and

4, Costerus, J. (, and J. J. Smith—Studies in Tropical Teratology.
Annales Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, XXIX (1915), p. 84-85, and plates.

5. Ibid ibid —ibid XXXII (1923), p, 26 and plates.

81

one barren, stems in the Botanic Gardens Cooly Lines, Penang,
which have originated (fide Mr. Haniff) also from one nut. The
short and barren stem shows signs of injury in the past. In a
private compound at Burma Road, Pulau Tikus, Penang, there is a
tree about forty years old which has two stems, distinct from the
base, both of which are producing fruits.

Il. The Development of the Usually Abortive Ovary
in-Male Flowers. A coconut spadix was exhibited at the Taiping
Show, 1925, which had numerous banana-Lke fruits and only two
nuts of normal shape. The latter were borne in the regions of the
spadix where normally female flowers are produced, while the
former occupied the positions of male flowers. Apparently this
is a case similar to the one quoted on page 263 of this Bulletin,
III, the banana-lke fruits being the result of the development of
the usually abortive ovary in male flowers.

Ill. ‘Albino Coconut Seediings. In the Taiping Show,
1925, there were exhibited two coconut fruits which had put forth
completely albino shoots. The albinism was apparently due to
some internal factor, and may be a case of chlorosis due to lack
of ferruginous products in the endosperm. It could not be attri-
buted to the lack of hght as the plants received ample sunlight at
the show (and they must have been exposed during the transit),
and because normally coconut seedlings germinated in darkness
such as obtained in a closed house, have greenish leaves. Neither
nut had put forth any roots out of the husk. From the shape,
size and colour, the nuts appeared to have come from the same
spadix. Further investigations on these nuts were not possible
as they were not for sale.

IV. Suppression of Spikelets in Coconut Spadices.
Ordinarily a coconut inflorescence consists of many flower-bearing
spikelets produced on a fleshy stalk, which usually does not bear
any flowers. At the Agri-Horticultural Shows of Taiping and of
Kuala Lumpur, 1925, inflorescences were exhibited which were
abnormal in that the axes were unbranched, the flowers being borne
directly on them.

The flower-bearing region of one such specimen from Taiping
measured three feet and four inches, while the non-flowering por-
tion towards the tip was nearly six inches long, and towards the
base over eight inches. The bearmg portion of the stalk was occu-
pied by female flowers which were more than a hundred in number,
In the basal portion, the flowers were arranged in pairs, each pair
being some distance apart from the other, and their arrangement
resembled that of the male florets on the spikelets of normal 1n-
florescences.. The space between these pairs of flowers gradually
decreased towards the end so that in the upper third of the bearing
stalk the female flowers were so thickly crowded together that they
did not admit any special relation between any two consecutive

82

flowers. On many of the cushions on which the pairs of female
flowers were seated, there were two male florets, one on each side of
the pair, while in the upper portion where the flowers were very close

to each other one could notice occasionally one male floret between ©

two consecutive female flowers. All the male flowers present at
the time of examining the inflorescence had shed their pollen and
were quite dry. Many of them dropped down with a slight shake,
leaving behind no clear marks or scars to show that they were
present there. Like normal flowers, they (male flowers) had six
segments ijn perianth, six stamens and a vestigial ovary.

All the female flowers examined were morphologically normal,
except that the papery yellow ring which is usually found around

the base of the ovary was occasionally adorned with teeth varying

from one to six in number. (For the morphological value of
this ring see note on Horned Coconuts). The development of
these flowers was acropetal so that the youngest flowers were found
at the terminal end. Though many of the flowers towards the
basal end had their stigmatic portion out of the perianth envelope,
not a single one of them was ripe to receive pollen. This therefore
means that any nut developed on such inflorescences would be a
result of cross-pollination, unless of course they are fertilised by
the pollen from another inflorescence on the same tree or by pollen
from the same inflorescence which had retained its vitality till the
female flowers had become ready to receive it. That similar in-
florescences are not infertile was proved by two other such in-
florescences, one at Taiping and the other in Kuala Lumpur. The
Taiping specimen had three well-developed nuts and the Kuala
Lumpur one had five, in their distal end.

Owing to the advance stages of all such inflorescences examined
no further details could be gathered as to the exact relation of the
male to female flowers, or as to the nature of the phenomenon con-
cerned in'the monstrosity.

I was told in Taiping that the palms which produce thiese
monstrous inflorescences have the habit.of producing such monstro-
sities many times during the course of a year. If so, it would he
worth while to keep the palms under observation so as to study
how these inflorescences originate, what exactly is the composition
and nature of the spathes enveloping them, of young flowers, cte.
Such a study may help to throw light as the cause and the nature
of the phenomenon involved.

Costerus and Smith® who have had a better opportunity of
studying such specimens record that all the female flowers in such
inflorescences they examined were paired, each female flower being

—

6. Costerus and Smith.—Ann. Jard. Bot., Buitenzorg, XXXII (1923),
p. 24-25 and plates.

83

flanked by two male florets, but that these male florets soon perished.
Similar inflorescences having a side branch have occasionally come
to their notice.

V. Horned Coconuts. At the Malacca Agri-Horticultural
Show, 1926, three “ horned ” coconuts (kelapa tandok) were shown,
each having a horn in appearance similar to the husk. This horn
measured five inches in length, and one and one-fourth inches
thick in the central pertion. It had two small lobes one on each
side of the principal one which was large and thick. A copious
exudaition of gum was found on the inner side of the horn (the
side towards the nut), and where there was gummy exudation, the
epidermis of the horn seemed to be much affected though the
epidermal tissue of the nut appeared to be quite intact. The
perianth was then carefully removed from the nut ana it was found
that this horn was due to the abnormal development of the one
slide of the papery ring that is usually found between the perianth .
and the nut, the growth of the other half of the ring having
become arrested at an earlier stage, so that it was not visible when
the perianth was still attached to the nut. This portion of the
ring also had one principal central lobe which measured about one
centimeter from the tip of the base, and two small] slightly deve-
loped ones, and it resembled the perianth in texture. At the tip
of the central lobe abundant exudation of gum was noticed. ‘The
thalamus had also grown out a little more than usual, especially on
the side of the horn, so that the horn could be mistaken for a
basal outgrowth of the nut. The horn when cut open was iound
to be full of fibrous tissue only, bike that of the husk, while the
nut itself was normal and had all its three “eyes” as usual. ‘The
perianth consisted of six normal segments. Hence the view put
forward by Masters’ that these horns are due to the hypertrorhy
of the perianth segments is untenable.

Petch (1924)* describes similar cases of horned coconuts and
mentions that the horns may very in number from six downwards
and that they scmetimes coalesce in pairs, or two or three may
unite by their tips. Some of these horns may he fringed by a thin
wing, resembling in texture the segments of the perianth. In ail
such cases examined by him perianth segments were also present
and were normal.

Costerus and Smith® figure somewhat similar cases in the
Buitenzorg Annales which they consider to be instances of

7. Masters, M. T.—Vegetable Teratology (1869), pp. 428-429).

8. Petch, T.—Horned Coconut. Ycar-Book Dept. of Agric., Ceylon,
(1924), p. 20-21,

9. Costerus, J. C. and J. J. Smith.—Studies in Tropical Teratology.
Annales Jard. Buitengorg, XXXTII (1923), p. 95 and fig. 23,

84

apocarpy, but in the absence of a detailed description, those cases
cannot be compared with the above described ones.

Petch seems to favour the view that the horns are due to a
duplication of the segments of the gynaecium. But I am inclined
to adopt his less favoured view that the horns represent the six
stamens. The following will make clear the position of my view:

Examining flowers of coconut, one usually finds in the male,.
six perianth segments surrounding six stamens inside and a rudi-
mentary pistil in the centre, and in the female, six perianth seg-
ments, a fertile pistil in the centre, and a papery ring between
the base of the pistil and the inner perianth segments; that is,
the papery ring occupies the place of the androecium in the male
flower. May not then this papery ring in the female flowers ze-
present the androecium which in the course of evolution has been
reduced tc this vestigial state? The fact that this papery ring is
invariably present in the female flower, and a vestigial ovary is
the male flower, and that the ring is a growth quite distinct trom
the perianth and the ovary, lends support to this view. And from
the examination of the horned nuts exhibited at the Malacca Show,,.
it was quite evident that the horns were due to the development
of portions of the ring.

Gadd (1924)*° describes abnormal female flowers of coconut
where three carpels were fused only at the base, being free to a great-
er or less extent at the apex. ‘“‘ Between the perianth and the
gynaecium was a ring of six papillae, in a position which stamens.
would be expected to occupy, if present.” These flowers seem to re-
present a somewhat earlier stage in the evolution of the female
flower of coconut.

Recent histological studies made by Juliano™ regarding the on-
togenetical development of the female coconut flower from an addi-
tional evidence in favour of the view that the papery ring is a
modified androecium. He shows by means of microtome sections
that the development of the floral structures is acropetal, that is,
the outer two prophylls are first differentiated from the primor-
dium, then the sepals and the petals follow in succession. ‘The
ring which he calls “aril” arises just after the formation of the
petals but much before the primordium has differentiated into an.
ovary and carpels. Hence therefore the ring or the horns cannot
be an outcome of the multiplication of the carpels.
SS

10. Gadd, C.H.—An Abnormal Inflorescence from a Nut. Year-Book,
Dept. of Agric., Ceylon, (1924), p. 21-23.

11. Juliano, J. B.—Origin, Development; and Nature of the Stony’
Layer of the Coconut. Philipp. Journ, Sci., XXX (1926), p, 187-200 andi —
pl. 1-3.

85

B.—Ananas sativa.

It is not uncommon to see various forms of monstrosities in
the fruits (soroses) of pine-apples (Ananas satwa). Hitherto I
have been the following abnormal forms in this Peninsula.:—

I. Fasciation. One of such monstrous pine-apple fruits had
cylindrical base about two inches long and was much stouter than
the average fruits of the same variety. The fruit then showed a
tendency to taper in one axis and expand in the other. ‘The ex-
pansion had occurred to such an enormous extent that it had given
vise to several twistings and bendings. Measurements with a tape
would indicate that the topmost part of the fruit had become more
than two feet in breadth, while its thickness had been reduced to
about an inch or a little more. The foliose shoot that usua!ly
crowns a pine-apple fruit had also fasciated apace with the fruit.
Its vertical axis had become abbreviated to a very considerable
extent and the leaves were reduced to mere scales, about an inch
and half in length and half an inch in breadth, so that the expanded
apex of the fruit appeared as if fringed with these scaly leaves.
‘This forms appears to be very rare in pine-apples.

Another form of fasciation that is more commonly met with in
pine-apples is one which differs from the former in that the fruit
in the latter flattens to a less extent and produces many cylindrical
heads, each with a normal or reduced crown of its own. JI have
seen pie-apples with three, five and seven heads.

The third kind of fasciation affects the crown of the fruits
‘only. In one such specimen the leafy crown had tritfurcated, the
fruit itself remaining normal. That these three shoots were due
to fasciatipn of the main axis and not to the proliferation of the
two axillary shoots was easy to be seen as the leaves were reduced
to small scales and the lower portion of the stalk ee become very
much thicker.

Fasciation showing various grades of these three cases have
been also observed.

If. Proliferation. On the stalk bearing the three-headed
fasciated fruit described above, there were many, much proliferated,
vegetative shoots arising from the axils of the bracts. They had
grown as long as the fruit itself, and were present only in the
upper portion of the stalk, close to the base of the fruit, lower
portion of the stalk bearing no such shoots.

In another specimen there was a similar proliferation of shoots
in the axils of bracts close to the fruit, but these shoots were ve-
productive so that they produced many banana-like, elonvated {fruits
‘at the base of the main fruit.

86

Sometimes axillary shoots on the base of the leafy crown of the
pine-apple fruit grow very vigorously, even much faster than the
main shoot itself.

Proliferation of vegetative shoots on the stalk or on the crown
of the fruit is very common, almost a “normal ” hain. os 1 im
pine-apples. Production of fruits at the base of the principal fruit
has been noticed by me only twice in this country.
C. X. Furtapo.

Dioscorea tamarisciflora, Pr. and Burk.

In September, 1890, Mr. ‘Charles Curtis collected in the Lang-
kawi islands a Dioscorea with male flowers, which was described in
1914 under the above name in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of
Bengal, N. 8., 10, p. 22, and until recently it has remained known
only by his specimens. Sutin the early part of 1924, two collecters,
Mohamed Nur and Kiah, were sent from the Botanic aves:
Singapore, to the mountain of Gunong Pulai in the south-western
part of the State of Johore, whence they brought hack living
tubers of the same plant; and these gave upon cultivation in the
Gardens, both male and female plants. It is possible therefore to.
add to what is already known about it.

The tubers are black, densely covered with short roots, sparinzly
branched, the branches more or less cylindrical. They form at
the surface of the soil and descend for 20 to 30 cm. It would
seem by their appearance and surface growth as if they may be
altogether unappetising to the hungriest of wild pigs, the chief
destroyers of edible forest tubers. The plate given here well illus-
trates them.

The stems towards the base and also above carry sparingly

small prickles. They attain the thickness of a crow-quill, and
climb over any convenient support to 2 or 5 metres.

The upper leaves have been described. 'The lower are similarly
ternate and scarcely differ. All leaflets are relatively small, the
middle attaining little more than 5 cm. by 1.75 cm.

The male flowers have also been described. They were pro-
duced in Singapore in the greatest abundance.

The female flowers were more sparingly developed. ‘They
offered nothing that is not seen in the closeiy allied species of
Dioscorea, section Lasiophyton.

The capsules resemble those of D. pentaphylla: but are shghtly
more acute, as the accompanying line block shews.

From the Langkawi islands to Gunong Pulai in a straight
line it js about 450 miles, ie. almost the whole length of British
Malaya; and the species may occur sporadically throughout the
Peninsula. It has been already found in one other piace, namely

"yang pup “Ad ‘B1O]flostie wey Po1OISOIC]

F3

'
a
one
4
> hae
7 “
~
~
tidy

—_

87

A fruiting spike of Dioscorea tamarisciflora, together with
outhnes of five capsules :—no. 1 an unusually rounded capsule
of D. tamarisciflora, and no. 2, a normal capsule: nos. 3, 4
and 5, capsules of D. pentaphyila from various places in India,
thus, no. 3 from the Khasya Hills (Hooker and Thomson),
no. 4 from Hoshangabad in the Central Provinces (Duthie,
10578) and no. 5 from Behar (Hooker). All nat. size.

88

on rocks near a village named Pulai (from the Alstonia tree, like
the mountain) in southern Kelantan close to the Pahang boundary
(Mohamed Nur. 11944). It has not been met with outside the
Peninsula.

D. PRaIn.

T. H. Borxit.

A List of Mosses Collected in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore.

In the previous issue of the Gardens’ Bulletin appears a list of
all mosses hitherto collected in the Malay Peninsula, prepared hy
Mr. H. N. Dixon, who has himself determined the majority of the
specimens concerned. Our best thanks are due to Mr. Dixon for
the very great amount of work which he has put ito the prepara-
tion of this paper. Before receiving Mr. Dixon’s list, I had
compiled a list of mosses found in the Singapore Gardens, with
such first-hand observations as I had been able to make concerning”
their habits of growth, as it seemed that few observations of the
kind had been recorded. This list is here printed as a supplement
to Mr. Dixon’s paper. It contains no references to collectors or
numbers (these can be found in the complete list) but only names
of species and such information as to habit and habitat as I have
found on herbarium labels or collected myself. Not having nade
a critical study of mosses, in many cases I can only speak of the
habitats of individual specimens collected by me and identified by
Mr. Dixon, but there are a few common species which it is easy
te recognise at sight, and of these it is possible to speak with greater
certainty.

The Gardens present a fairly wide range of habitat for mosses,.
from the most exposed positions on the ground or on trees to the
shade of the rockeries and the Gardens Jungle; but there is ne
place so moist and shady as much of the natural jungle of the
Peninsula. The conditions are on the whole artificial, and this.
is reflected in the character of the moss flora; the more typical
forest species are infrequent or absent.

A striking feature of the list, referred to by Mr. Dixon in the
introduction to his paper, is the large proportion of species of
Syrrhopodon and Calymperes; this is more marked in Singapore
than in the north of the Peninsula. In Singapore Island 32 species
of the two genera have been found, out of 51 for the whole Penin-
sula; from the north fewer are recorded, 16 only having heen
found in Penang (mostly in the Waterfall Gardens or on the hill) —
which after Singapore is probably the most-collected area. In recent
collections I have paid particular attention to these genora, and in
searching Penang Gardens it was with difficulty that they could

: 89

be found, whereas in Singapore they occur on tree trunks in any
slightly shaded spot. It is possible that the more seasonal climate
of Penang and the north of the Peninsula is not so favourable for
these mosses; in Penang a pronounced dry season early in the year
is the rule. They are not usually found in dense shade, but in
light shade, on tree trunks, and sometimes on rocks or on the
ground, (according to the species and the conditions}. They do not
usually grow in full sunlight, except some of the more resistant
species, (e.g. S. borneense; this grows in a close cushion which
can retain moisture). During rather dry weather they are often
much shrivelled up. It is perhaps their habit of growing in some-
what exposed places, together with inability to withstand severe
drought, which causes their restriction, on the whole, to places
with a fairly heavy and evenly distributed rainfall, or a continuous-
ly high atmospheric humidity.

Microdus miquelianus (Mont.) Besch.

On ground in the open.

Campylopus serratus Lac.

Very abundant. It grows on the ground, frequently on the
lawns where the grass is poor, in the open, or more usually in
moderate shade; sometimes in a close pure growth. It is usually
sterile; I have found male plants with antheridia, but not ripe
fruits.

Leucobryum sanctum (Brid.) Hpe.

Very abundant locally. It grows on the ground, requiring
more shade than Campylopus serralus, and often forms large pure
patches under trees, or mixed with Campylopus and such grasses
as will tolerate a little shade. It may also grow on the bases of
trees to some extent. No fructifications seen.

Leucophanes octoblepharoides Brid.

L. albescens C. M.

Leucophanes spp. usually grow on tree or paln trunks in
masses, rather in the same positions as Syrrhopodon spp. They may
also grow on the ground in modarate shade.

Fissidens mittenii Par.

Found on bare ground under the shade of a Phoenix sylvesiris.

F. crassinervis Lac.

Mr. Ridley has collected this species in the gardens. T have
found it in the Reservoir jungle on the ground by pathsides in
shady places rather abundantly, though not forming dense masses
like the next species.

90

F. zippelianus D. & M.

Very abundant on brick drains and on rocks in shady places,
also on hard ground (stiff clay) in the shade. It forms a dense
continuous mat, and has not yet been observed bearing sporogonia.
It avoids the mortar between the bricks of the drain (this is.
sometimes covered with a hypnoid moss) and, appears te avoid the
coral in the rockeries.

Syrrhopodon ciliatus Schw.

Found on trunks of sago palms in shady places, froming a
close mat, sometimes freely fruiting.

S. fasciculatus Hk. & Grev.

On the ground beneath an oid Artocarpus rigida, and on the
base of its trunk, shaded also by fronds of Davalliz: growing about
the tree.

S. involutus Schw.
S. flavus C. M.

On a dead tree trunk in the Gardens Jungle, abundant.

S. manni C. M., f. minor FI. \

On tree trunks in Gardens Jungle, creeping. Apparently a
common species in Singapore, but always the f. minor.

S. repens Harv. Apparently a common species in Singapcre.
S. revolutus D. & M.

On a Sabal trunk, underneath epiphytile ferns (Aspleniwm.
nidus) in thick rounded cushions. The fern roots with their ac-
eumulated debris are like huge sponges, and water flows down
from them for some time after rain has ceased. The tufts of
Syrrhopodon are also sponge-like and can hold much water. Ap-
parently the same species occurs on the trunk of a big Lyere
costulata, where also it is shaded and has ferns above it.

S. rufescens Hk.

Collected several times in Singapore by Mr. Ridley. Probably
grows on tree trunks, but the only definite habitat note is its
occurrence on the mass of roots of an old Platycerium. This is
similar to the habitat described for the last species.

Calymperes dozyanum Mitt.
On a raised root of Albizzia sp., in a rather shady spot.

C. hampei D. & M.
On roots and ground in shade.

Od

C. nicobarense Hpe.

Collected by Mr. Ridley in the Economic Garden. Apparently
a common species in Singapore; otherwise only known from Lang-
kawi and the Nicobar Islands.

C. salakense Besch.

Collected in the Gardens once, by Mr. Ridley.
C. serratum A. Br.

Obtained by Mr. Ridley either in the Gardens cr on Bukit.
Timah; exact locality uncertain.

Barbula indica Brid.

Grows in thick cushions, in rather exposed places. It is the
commonest moss on open brick drains, and does not avoid the
mortar. It will grow also in moderate shade, in which case it
may be found side by side with Fissidens zinpelianus.
Macromitrium goniorrhynchum D, & M.

Bryum coronatum Schwaceer.

On rocks in rather exposed places (sun rockery) and on the
ground; found also on rocks in moderate shade. It grows both on
coral and other rocks. In dry weather it is quite shrivelied up,
but during wet periods soon forms thick green cushions, which
later bear abundant fruits.

Myurium rufescens (Hornsch. and Rw.) Fleisch.
Callicostella prabaktiana (C. M.) Jaeg.
Pelekium velatum Mitt.

On coral in shady rockeries, abundant. This is the cnly
record from Singapore; in other parts of the Peninsula it is usually
found on limestone.

Ectropothecium buitenzorgii (Bel.) Jacg.
E. monumentorum (Dub.) Jaeg.
_E. moritzii (C. M.) Jaeg.

Very abundant (though possibly mixed with other species).
It often forms a close carpet on the ground in shady places, and
on the bases of tree trunks; also to some extent among grass.

E. singaporense Dixon. |

Collected once only, “on grass in open” (Binsiead).

E. zollingeri (Bry. jav.) Jaeg.

In tank in plant house, fruiting only when left dry (Burkill).
_ Trismegistia lancifolia (Harv.) Broth.

Isopterygium albescens (Schw.) Jaeg.

On the ground in a shady place. Found also hy Binstead on
a palm.

92
°
1. minutirameum (C. M.) Jaeg.
Plagiothecium miquelii (Bry. jav.) Broth.

This is a very common moss in the Peninsula, usually on old
logs in shady places, but also occurring on the ground.
Taxithelium isocladum (Bry. jav.) Ren. & Card.

T. instratum (Brid.) Broth.

T. nepalense (Hary.) Jaeg.

Vesicularia dubyana (C. M.) Broth.

V. montagnei (Bel.) Broth.

V. reticulata (C. M.) Broth.
Meiothecium microcarpum (Harv.) Mitt.

Occurs on palm trunks and elsewhere in more exposed posi-
tions than most hypnoid mosses, often with algae of the genus
Trentepohlia.

Rhaphidostegium caespitosum(Sw.) Jaeg.
Trichostelium Boschii (1D. & M.) Jaeg.
T. brachypelma (C. M.) Broth.

T. singapurense Fleisch.

The hypnoid mosses are so alike in habit and are so abundant
that I cannot distinguish any of them in the field with certainty,
and cannot make any definite statement about the habitat of most
of them. They are usually found on tree trunks, on logs or on
the ground, in rather shady places.

Hypnodendron arborescens (Mitt.) Lindb.
Small specimens, collected in the Gardens Jungle by Mr.

Ridley.
R. E, Hortrrum.

Additions to the List of Fraser Hill Plants.

This list is intended to supplement the enumeration of Fraser
Hill plants published by Burkill and Holttum in this Bulletin,
Vol. III, pp. 33—110.

The material from which it is compiled was obtained by a
native collector working under the writer’s supervision in August
1923, and by Mr. R. E. Holttum in the following month.

A few plants from the collections of Messrs. Burkill and
Holttum have been added, where these have been determined since
the publication of the original list.

All the plants, except where otherwise noted, were collected
between the 3800 and 4200 feet contours.

93
SCHIZANDRACEAE.

Kadsura cauliflora, Bl. <A big liane of Sumatra and Java;
in the Peninsula Penang, Perak, Singapore, usually at low altitudes.
Pit197).

Kadsura lanceolata, King. A woody climber, endemic,
Taiping Hills at low altitudes. (11266 at 4800 ft.).

ANONACEAE.

Artabotrys venustus, King. A big lane of Siam; in the
Peninsula Taiping Hills and Gopeng, Perak. (11516).

Polyalthia sp. No flowers collected. (11541).

Goniothalamus Curtisii, King. A shrub or small tree,
endemic, Perak and Selangor. (11191).

Goniothalamus subevenius, King. A small tree, endemic,.
Kedah Peak, Kelantan, Perak. (Burkill and Hoitum 8896).

POLYGALACEAE.
Polygala monticola, Ridi. A small shrubiet, endemic,

montane, Gunong Bubu, G. Tahan, G. Mengkuang Lebah, G.
Benom. (11272 at 4800 ft.).

HY PERICACEAE.
Cratoxylon arborescens, Bi. A tall tree of Indo-Malaya
and Indo-China; in the Peninsula Perak, Penang, Selangor,
Singapore, usually in the lowlands.

FLACOURTIACEAE.

Hydnocarpus castanea, Hook. fil. A tree of Burma and
Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not uncommon from Langkawi to
Malacca. (11277 at 4800 ft.).

GUTTIFERAE.

Garcinia eugeniaefolia, Wall. A tree of Tenasserim: in
the Peninsula Kedah to Singapore, a lowland species. (11321).

Garcinia ?Hombroniana, Pierre. A small tree of Tenras-
serim; wild or planted over the whole Peninsula. (11224).

Calophyllum canum, Hook. fil. A tree, endemic, Penang
to Singapore. (11282).

Calophyllum near Griffithii, 7. Anders. <A tall tree.
(11463).

Calophyllum ?retusum, Wall. A tree, endemic and rare,

known only from Johore and Singapore. (11468, sterile speci-
mens only). )

94
TERNSTROEMIACEAE.

Anneslea crassipes, Hook. fil. A shrub or small tree of
Indo-China and the Philippines; in the Peninsula montane, Kedah,
Gunong Tahan, the Main Range and Mt. Ophir. (11455

Adinandra integerrima, 7’. Anders. A small tree of Siam
and Indo-China; common in the north of the Peninsula. (11149
at 3700 ft.).

Adinandra macrantha, Teys. @ Binn. A tree of Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula Perak, Pahang, Selangor and Johore.
(11320, Burkill and Holttum 7760).

Gordonia singaporeana, Wall. A tall tree, endemic and
common, more especially in the North. (11177, 11454).

Pentaphylax arborea, idl. A tree 30 or 40 ft. tall,
endemic and local. (11332).

Pentaphylax malayana, Fidl. A bush, endemic, Gunong
Tahan, G. Benom and i Main Range, not common, but ‘abundant
where iit occurs. (11225

Ternstroemia eat: Choisy. A ‘bush of Sumatra,
Java, and Borneo; in the Peninsula known only frora this locality.
(fide Ridley, Flor. Mal. Pen., Supp. p. 291).

STERCULIACEAE.

Sterculia hyposticta, Mig. A small shrub of Indo-China,
Tenasserim and Sumatra; in the Peninsula not uncommon in the
North. (11382 at 3900 ft.).

TILIACEAE.

Elaeocarpus Hullettii, King. A tree, endemic, Penang to

Singapore, but not very common. (11306).
RUTACEAE.

Evodia macrocarpa, King. A tree endemic and rare,
Penang and Taiping. (11018).

Evodia pilulifera, King. A shrub, endemic and montane,
Taiping Hills, Pahang, Mt. Ophir. (11175).

Tetractomia Roxburghii, Hook. fil. A tree, endemic,
Penang, Taiping, Singapore. (11328).

Zanthoxylum myriacanthum, Wall. A thorny shruod or ~

tree, endemic, Penang to Malacca. (11310).

Glycosmis tomentella, Rid]. A shrub, endemic and rare, —

Menuang Gasing, Selangor. (11170).

ee

95
SIMARUBACEAE.

Eurycoma apiculata, Benn., var. A shrub, endemic, Penang
to N. Johore, commonest in the north. (11230, and collected
here by Ridley).

MELIACEAE.
Chisocheton macrophyllus, King. A tree of Java; in the
Peninsula Penang, Selangor, Singapore. (11390 at 3500 ft.)

Dysoxylon costulatum, Mig. A tree of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common. (11284).

Dysoxylon ?macrothyrsum, Mig. A tree of Java and
Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping to Singapore. (11451).

Aphanamixis Rohituka, Pierre. A tree of India to
Sumatra and China; in the Peninsula common. (11322).

OLACACEAE.

Gomphandra Janceolata, King. A shrub, endemic and
common. (11278).

Gomphandra penangiana, Wall. A shrub, endemic, not
very common, Penang to Malacca. (11260).

ILACACEAE.
Ilex Kelsallii, Ridl. A small tree, endemic and rare, known
only from Bukit Hitam, Selangor. (Burkill and Holttum 8693).
Ilex Maingayi, Hook. fil. A tree, endemic, not common,
Penang, Perak, Selangor, Singapore. (11525).

Ilex triflora, BJ. A bush of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula common in the mountains. (11294).

CELASTRACEAE.

Perrottetia alpestris, Loesn. A bush of Sumatra, Java,
Borneo and the Philippines; in the Peninsula not common, Perak.
(11125 at 3700 ft., and as Maesa perakensis, Ridl. in the original
enumeration, Gardens’ Bulletin Vol. III p. 58).

SABIACEAE.

Meliosma nitida, Bl. A shrub of small tree of Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula common, usually in the lowlands.
(11185, 11209).

ANACARDIACEAE.

Melanorrhoea Curtisii, Oliv. A tree endemic, Kedah
Peak, Penang Hill, Taiping Hills. (11229, 11336).

2? Melanorrhoea inappendiculata, King. A tree. (11409,
at 4200 ft., sterile specimens only).

96
LEGUMINOSAE.

Ormosia gracilis, Prain. A slender tree, endemic and rare,.
Taiping Hills. (11326).

Saraca taipingensis, Cantley. A small tree, endemic,
common from Taiping to Malacca. (11387 at 3200 ft.).

Pithecolobium Kunstleri, Prain. A small tree, of Borneo;
in the Peninsula Perak to Johore, usually in lowland forest..
(11025).

ROSACEAE.

Parinarium rubiginosum, Fidi. A small tree, montane,.
endemic and rare, Gunong Tahan. (11147 at 3'700 ft., 113101).

Pygeum Hookerianum, King, var. <A shrub or small tree,.
endemic, the species not uncommcn, the var. from Kiang Gates,
Selangor (fide Ridley). (11164).

Pyrus granulosa, Bertol. <A tall tree of India to Sumatra;
in the Peninsula purely montane, Taiping Hills, Gunong Tahan,
Cameron’s Highlands. (11241).

LEGNOTID ACEAE.

Gynotroches axillaris, Bl. A small tree of W. Malaysia
to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common. (11016),

MYRTACEAE.

Eugenia alycifolia, Ridl. A tree, endemic and _ local.
(11213).

Eugenia goniocalyx, Rid]. A small tree, endemic and
local. (fide Ridley, Flor. Mal. Pen. Supp. p. 309).

Eugenia Holttumi, Rid]. A tree, endemic amd local. (Bur-
kill and Holttum 7751).

Eugenia linoceroidea, King. A tree, endemic and rare,
Perak. (11456).
Eugenia punctulata, King. A tree of Borneo; in the Penin-

sula not uncommon in the South and cn the Hast coast. (11264,
11469).

Eugenia subdecussata, Duthie, var. montana, King. A
small tree, endemic, the species common, the var. from Kedah
Peak and Gunong Batu Puteh. (11211, and collected here by
Ridley).

MELASTOMATACEAE.

Sonerila caesia, Stapf. A herb, endemic, not common,
Upper Perak, Batang Padang, Gunong Batu Puteb. (11033).

97

Phyllagathis rotundifolia, Bl. A creeping herb of
Sumatra; in the Peninsula common. (11182).

Medinilla Scortechinii, King. An epiphytic shrub, en-
demic and montane, Taiping Hills and the Main Range. (11135
at 3700 ft.).

Memecylon amplexicaule, Roxb. A small tree, endemic,
Penang to Singapore. (11212).

SAMY DACEAE.

Casearia minutiflora, Ridl. A shrub, endemic and local.
(Burkill and Holttum 8581).

BEGONIACEAE.

Begonia longicaulis, idl. A herb, endemic and rare,
Gunong Tahan and G. Kerbau. (Burkill and Holttum 8425).

Begonia isoptera, Dryand. <A creeping herb of Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula common, usually in the lowlunds.
(11103 at 3700 ft.).

Begonia perakensis, King. A herb, endemic on the Main
Range, but usually below 3000 ft. (11035).

UMBELLIFERAE.

Hydrocotyle javanica, Thunb. A creeping herb of Indo-
Austraha, China and Japan; in the Peninsula not common, usually
montane, Taiping Hulls, Cameron’s Highlands, Upper Perak.
(11413 at 3800 ft.).

: ARALIACEAE.

Aralia Thomsoni, Seem. <A prickly shrub or small tree of
India; in the Peninsula Penang to Negri Sembilan, usually in
hilly localities. (11121 at 3700 ft.).

Schefflera subulata, Viguier. An epiphytic shrub of W.
Malaysia; in the Peninsula common. (11166, 11244).

Trevesia cheirantha, Ridl. A small prickly tree of Burma
and Sumatra; in the Peninsula common. (11124 at 3700 ft.}.

Trevesia rufosetosa, Rid]. A small tree, endemic and
Jocal. (11070, and collected here by Ridley).

Brassaiopis speciosa, Decne. and Planch. A small thorny
tree of Assam, Siam, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula known
only from this locality. (Burkill and Holttum 7882).

CORNACEAE.

Mastixia sp. A tree. “Not recognised, flowers wanted.’
(Ridley). (11291).

98 j
Aralidium pinnatifidum, Mig. A small tree of Sumatra r
and Borneo; in the Peninsula common, usually lowland. (11217). —

Nyssa sessiliflora, Hook. fil. A small tree of India, Burma,
Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula montane, very rare, only
known from Gunong Batu Puteh. (11169).

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

Viburnum lutescens, Bl. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula a local species, Ulu Batang Padang 4
and into Pahang. (11202). :

RUBIACEAE.

Argostemma ?Hookeri, King. <A slender creeper, endeinic ©
and usually montane, Penang, Gunong Tahan, Selangor, Johore. —

(112467). ) q

Urophyllum macrophylium, Korth. A shrub or tree of
Tenasserim, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in the north, occurring also jn Singapore. (11222).

Brachytome Scortechinii, King and Gamble. A_ shrub, f)
endemic, Kedah Peak, Taiping Hiiis, and the Mam Range. ~
(11178). "

i

Tarenna lancifolia, Ridl. A shrub, endemic and rare, |
Kedah Peak. (Burkill and Holttum 8686, sub Stylocoryna |
fragrans, Bl., Gardens’ Bulletin Vol. III, p. 51). ;

Gardeniopsis longifolia, Mig. A shrub of Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common. (11172). a
Timonius oreophilus, Ridi. A shrub, endemic and men- oh

tane, Kedah Peak, Pahang, Selangor, Mt. Ophir. (11136 at 3700 —
ft., Burkill and Holttum 8922). 2

Canthium didymum, Gaertn. fil. A bush or tree of Borneo; _
in the Peninsula common. (11055, 11280). “4
Psychotria stipulacea, Wail. A shrub of Sumatra, com- —
mon in the Peninsula. (11081 at 3700 ft.). |
Cephaelis elongata, Rid]. A shrubby herb, endemic and ~
Jocal. (Burkill and Holttum 8627, Ridley 12073). nt

Cephaelis triceps, Ridl. A woody herb, endemic and rare, —
Kuala Lumpur. (Burkill and Holttum 8435, Ridiey 15667).

VACCINIACEAE.

Agapetes pubescens, fidl. An epiphytic shrub, endemic
and local. (Burkill and Holttum 7828, sub Agapetes Griffithi, —
C.B.C., Le. p. 56).

ety

99
MYRSINACEAE.

Embelia myrtillus, King. An erect or climbing shrub of
Burma; in the Peninsula montane, Kedah, Upper Perak, Main
Range, Mt. Ophir. (11271 at 4800 ft.).

SAPOTACEAE.

Sideroxylon firmum, Pierre. A small tree of Bangka and
the Philippines; in the Peninsula rare, Penang Hill and Mt. Ophir.
(11148 at 3700 ft.).

Sideroxylon sp. A tree. (11461).
Payena sp., near lucida, DC. A tree in fruit. (11327).

STYRACACEAE.

Symplocos adenophylla, Wall. A shrub or small tree of
Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo and the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common. (11159, 11458).

Symplocos ferruginea, Roxb. A tree of Indo-Malava to
the Philippines and 8. China; in the Peninsula Penang, Perak,
Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Malacca. (11215, 11462).

Cordyloblaste confusa, FRidi. var. with small leaves. A
shrub of Borneo and S. China; in the Peninsula rare, Mt. Ophir.
(11281).

APOCYNACEAE.

Rauwolfia perakensis, King and Gamile. A shrub of
Lower Siam; common in the North of the Peninsuta. (11107 at
3700 ft.).

Alstonia sp., near macrophylla, Wall. <A tree of which no.
flowers or fruit-have been collected. (11407).

Ecdysanthera rosea, Bl. A climber of Java, new to the
Peninsula. (Burkill and Holttum 8407).

Trachelospermum obtusifolium, fidi. A climber, en-
demic and local. (Burkill and Holttum 8898).

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

Tylophora grandiflora, Ridi. A twiner, endemic and local.
(11482 at 3800 ft.).
LOGANIACEAE.

Fagraea lanceolata, King and Gamble, not of Blume. An
epiphytic climber, endemic. A doubtful species, of which flowers
have not yet been obtained. Collected in the Taiping Hills by
Wray. (11288).

Strychnos ovalifolia, Wall. A big hiane of Borneo; com-.
mon in the Peninsula. (11188).

100

Gaertnera latifolia, Ridl. A shrub, endemic and local,
4 Burkill and Holttum 8606),

CONVOLVULACEAE.

Erycibe leucoxy!toides, Prain. A bushy climber, endemic, —
Kuala Lumpur, Johore, Singapore. (1132+).

Erycibe Stapfiana, Prain. A woody climber of Tenasserin ;
not common in the Peninsula, Larut and Batang Padang, Perak.
(11293).

SOLANACEAE.

Solanum Blumei, Nees. A shrub of Sumatra, Java and
Borneo; in the Peninsula montane in the Taiping Hills, the Main
Range, and Johore. (11245).

GESNERACEAE.

Aeschynanthus Janceolatus, Ridi. A cieeping epiphyte,
endemic and rare, known only from this locality and from Cameron’s
Highlands. (11138 at 3700 ft.).

Ochradocarpa lilacina, id]. A herb, endemic, not com-
mon, montane in the Main Range on Gunong Batu Puteh and G.
Mengkuang Lebah. (11046).

ACANTHACEAE.

Strobilanthes Maingayi, ‘larke. A smali undershrub,
endemic and montane, Penang, Taiping Hills and the Main Range.
(11412 at 3800 ft.).

Pseuderanthemum Teysmanni, Fidl. A sarmentose shrub, —
endemic and common. (11180).

Justicia Maingayi, Clarke. A shrubby herb, endemic and
rare, Penang Hill. (Burkill and Holttum 8441, placed doubtfully
under J. suballernans in the original enumeration).

Justicia uber, Clarke. A fleshy herb, endemic and common. i
(11087 at 3700 ft.). |

Justicia vasculosa, Wall. A herb of Assam, Tenasserim,
and Sumatra; widely distributed over the whole Peninsula.
(11014). |

VERBENACEAE.
Callicarpa sp. A small tree. (11102 at 3700 ft.).

Clerodendron disparifolium, B/. A shrub of Sumatra,
Java and Borneo; common in the Peninsula. (11303).

101

Gomphostemma Curtisii, Prain. <A large woody herb, en--
demic, not common, Taiping Hills and the Main Range. (11100).
| Gomphostemma lactea, Rid!. A woody herb, endemic and

local. (11075 at 4200 ft.).

AMARANTACEAE.

Acryanthes aspera, Linn. A tall herb, pantropic; common.

in the Peninsula. (11200).

PIPERACEAE.

Piper Ridleyi, C. DC. An erect shrubby plant, endemie,.
Upper Perak, Main Range, Singapore. (11122 at 2700 ft.).

Piper uncinulatum, Rid]. An erect pepper, endemic and
local, (113843).

MYRISTICACEAE.

Knema conferta, !Varb., var. Scortechini, Warb. A small
tree of Tenasserim and Borneo (the species) ; in the Peninsula the
species common, the var. in Perak. (11313).

Knema oblongifolia, Warb., var. monticola, King. A shrub
or small tree, endemic, the species from Penang to Singapore, the
var, montane in Perak. (11126 at 3700 ft., 11249),

LAURACEAE.

Cryptocarya ferrea, BI. A tree of Java; in the Peninsula
Penang and Kelantan to Singapore. (11452).

Cryptocarya Scortechinii, Gamble. A tree, endemic, not
common, Perak and Malacca. (11330).

Nothaphoebe reticulata, Gamble. A tree, endemic and
montane, Taiping Hills and the Main Range. (11263).

Phoebe declinata, Nees. var. sericea, Gamdle. A tree of
Java and Sumatra (the species) ; in the Peninsula nct common.
Penang to Singapore, the var. montane in Perak. (11331).

Actinodaphne Maingayi, Zook. fil. A tali tree, endetic,.
Perak, Malacca, Singapore. (11314).

Actinodaphne ?Poleifolia, Gamble. A shrub of Borneo; in
the Peninsula montane, Perak, Pahang. (11232).

Actinodaphne sp. near Ridleyi, Gamble. A small tree.
(11023).

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis, Hook. fil. A tree of Borneo
(a var. only) ; in the Peninsula Penang, Perak, Pahang. (11073.
at 4800 ft.).

102

Litsea panamonja, Hook. fii. A tree of India, Burma and
Lower Siam; in the Peninsula rare, Taiping Wills, Malacca.
(11406 at 4200 ft.).

Lindera caudifolia, fidl. A small tree, endemic and rare,
Penang. (11235, and collected here by Ridley).

Lindera selangorensis, fidl. A shrub or small tree, en-
demic, Semangkok Pass and Gunong Mengkuang Lebah. (11003).
HERNANDIACEAE.

Illigera lucida, Teysm. and Binn. A slender climbing of
Java; in the Peninsula not common, Perak, Johore. (11484 at
3800 ft., 11194).

PROTEACEAE.
Helicia Kingiana, Prain. A _ tree, endemic, not common,
Taiping Hills and Gunong Batu Puteh. (11173).
LORANTHACEAE.

Loranthus malaccensis, Hook. fil. A parasitic bush, en-
demic and not common in open places. (11144 at 3700 ft.).

Loranthus productus, King. A parasitic shrub, endemic
and rare, Taiping Hills and Ulu Batang Padang. (11389 at 3500
fi.)

Elytranthe albida, B]. <A large parasitic shrub of fndo-
Malaya; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore, not very common.
(11308).

Elytranthe avenis, G. Don. A parasitic shrub of Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula montane, Kedah Peak, Perak, Pahang,
(11323). |

SANTALACEAE.

Henslowia Ridleyi, Gamble. A climbing parasitic shrub,

endemic and montane, Gunong Tahan, G. Benom. (11286).
OPILIACEAE.

Lepionurus sylvestris, Bl. A small shrub of Siam, Java

and Borneo; common in the Peninsula. (11384 at 3309 ft.).
BALANOPHORACEAE.

Balanophora truncata, idl. A parasite, endemic and
montane in the Taiping Hills and the Main Range. (11182 at
3700 ft.).

103

EUPHORBIACEAE.

Aporosa Maingayi, Hook. fil. A small tree, endemic,
Kedah to Singapore, usually lowland. (11317).

Aporosa lunata, Benth. A tree of Sumatra and ?Java;
in the Peninsula Penang, Perak, Pahang, Singapore. (11388 at
3200 ft.).

Baccaurea Griftithii, Hook. fil. A tree, endemic and
common. (11123 at 3700 ft.).

Baccaurea parviflora, Mili. Arg. A small tree of Burma,
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common. (i1302).

Baccaurea velutina, Ridi. A tree, endemic and locai.
(11319, also collected by Ridley at the Semangkok Pass).

Galearia affinis, Hook. fil. A shrub of ?Siam; in the
Peninsula common. (11379).

Macaranga sp. Apparently a species new to the Peninsula,
but flowers have not been collected. (11161).

URTICACEAE.

Gironniera subaequalis, Plunch. A tail tree of Ceylon
to the Philippines and New Guinea, and 8. China; in the Peninsula
common. (11334).

Ficus villosa, BJ. A strong climbing shrub of Sumatra to
the Philinpines; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore. (11486
at 3800 ft.).

Artocarpus polyphema, Pers. A tall tree of Java; in the
Peninsula common. (11254).

Laportea stimulans, Mig. A small tree with stinging hairs,
of Siam, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula net uncommon in the
morth; (11193).

Villebrunea sylvatica, BJ. A tree of Java; in the Penin-
sula not common, Selangor and Negri Sembilan. (11093 at 3700
it.)

JUGLANDACEAE.
Engelhardtia Walichiana, Lindi. A tali tree, endemic,
Penang, Taiping Hills. (11305).
CUPULIFERAE.

Pasania conocarpa, Schky. A tall tree of Sumatra, Java
and Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon, usua‘ly in the low-
fands. (11231). 3

104

Pasania ?Scortechinii, Schky. A tall tree, endemic and —
rare, Taiping Hills. (11315). :

Pasania ?Wenzigiana, Gamble. <A tall tree of Borneo; in .
the Peninsula not common, Penang and Perak. (11077 at 4890 ©
ts.)

ORCHIDACEAE.

Bulbophyllum oeneum, Burkill. A smali creeping herb, —
endemic and local. (11298, Burkill and Holttum &676).

_ Eria Scortechinii, Hook. fil. An epiphytic herb, endemic —
and montane, Gunong Tahan, G. Benom, and the Main Range. —
‘(11061 at 4800 ft. and collected here by Ridley).

Trichotosia microphylla, b!. A creeping epiphyte of W.—
Malaysia; in the Peninsula rare, known only from this locality —
(Burkill and Holttum 7799).

Phreatia listrophora, Rid]. A smal] epiphyte, endemic and .
montane, Langkawi, Gunong Tahan, Taiping Hills. (11396, and |
collected in this neighbourhood by Ridley).

Ceratostylis ?cryptantha, Ridl. A dwarf tufted epiphyte,
‘endemic, Penang Hill, Taiping Hills. (11239).

Chelistonele perakensis, Fid/. An epiphyte, endemic and ~
usually montane, Perak, Pahang and Singapore. (11300).

Appendicula robusta, fid/. An erect terrestrial herb, en-
-demic and local. (Burkill and Holttum 8856 at 3600 ft.).
LILIACEAE.

Tupistra grandis, fid/l. A herb, endemic and montane, —
‘Gunong Kerbau, Bujong Malacca, Batang Padang, Perak. (11581 _
rat 3900 ft.). 4

Dracaena elliptica, Thunb. A shrub of Indo-Malaya; in
‘the Peninsula Kedah to Singapore. (11189).
PALMAE.

Areca pumila, Bl. A small palm of Siam and Java; in the }
Peninsula Langkawi to Singapore. (11255). .
Daemonorops callicarpus, Marl. <A tufted palm, endemic, |
Penang to Johore. (11208).

Daemonorops geniculatus, Mart. A rattan, endemic,
‘Kedah to Singapore. (11131 at 3700 ft.).

-

105
PANDANACEAE.

Pandanus globuliferus, Ridi. A small shrub, endemic and’
local. (11022. First collected here by Ridley in 1911).

Pandanus Houllettianus, Carr. A shrub, endemic, not. com-
mon. Negri Sembilan, Johore, Singapore. (11255).

ARACEAE.

Amorphophallus sp. A large tuberous herb, of which a
fruiting specimen only was collected. (11002). ‘

Alocasia denudata, Hngl. A herb of Lingga and Borneo ;:
in the Peninsula Langkawi to Singapore. (11108 et 3700 ft.).

Homalomena caerulescens, Jungh. <A herb of W. Malay-
sia; in the Peninsula common. (11380).

Homalomena mixta, Rid!. A herb, endemic and _ rare,
Tahan river. (11091 at 3700 ft.).

Schismatoglottis mutata, [Hook. fil. A herb, endemic, not
"common, Perak, Kelantan. (11287, and Burkill and Hoittum
8696 may be this).

Pothos Barberianus, Schot/. A climbing herb of Sumnaiva
and Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping Hills and the Dindings..
~ (11145 at 3700 ft.).

CYPERACEAE.

Scleria radula, Hance. A sedge of Hongkong; in the Penin--
sula rare, Gunong Tahan, G. Kerbau. (11117 at 3700 ft.).

GRAMINEAE.

Thysanolaena agrostis, Nees. A tall grass of India to
New Guinea; in the Peninsula not uncommon in hill forest, but
not occurring south of Fraser Hill. (11157).

Bambusa pauciflora, Ridi. A small bamboo, endemic and
locai. (11234).

M. R. HENDERSON.

———————

106
RAINFALL

at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the

year 1925.

Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.

| | | | |
Date | Jan. | Feb. | March | April | May | June
| | | |
| | | | | |
1 Pe pine at by eae
2 | ie tak setae | | 09 |
3 ge 2.84 | pyres 11 |
4 sce fiedlals hesud 39 , db sinlSehaeenteoee
5 | BP 196 |e) Oe fe Ba ae eee
6 Mey Pore re tememaee ege 46 |
7 Po WOT Saas Ne ae tr, OE | Sted
8 b! GSA fetes Laan | | |
9 2.06] 2007) 1.56 | 22 oVelkt ae
10 Ve te20 Joc che ts, Ua) .| caer lea enn
11 te ais |" Oa Tee eter | trace
12 YBa | race ey Oe, ee Mite
13 ge 1 OB ape. | | [i re
14 eo ee ee | 26 | yeres ) ae
15 Lge Ue ee Age ree ne
16 b nay ee BO. | ei set pln ol
17 haa oy. | gO a
18 ee eee o
19 | - 204 [ Sieg tpace's! BOs ae 25
20 Poe OR 88 a
21 Joo AP) Seach, ioc, ieee
22 trgeer Cloak Tare cane |.) 8c ae
23 - Jee | o2 |. 504 fe. 2 sie
24 | trace | | 01 | | 4.90. |
25 04. | ee hy a8
26 Bes ee | Wee a eS a
27 23 | | 0) a
28 Dac |, ee OA a aa
29 aes? ee ees te
30 | | aint a | 1.99 | 1.43
31 ea mets O01 _
| | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Total | 21.47 | 14.12 | 9.68 | 4.83 | 10.58 | 5.92
|

RAINFALL

107

at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second half of the

teadings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.

> Or CF WOH ODO OH PD Te Wake

a pe

| O1

| 02
| trace

ae Pea
bt 02

Le 1.66

| trace

20

year 1925.

1.58
| trace

ae
Wan
|

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

5.83

11.69

108

RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the first half

5, in inches.

a

oi the year 192:

pplied by the Municipal

“

Data kindly su

began.

Readings taken at 8 a.m., and credited to the date in which the
Commissioners of George Town, Penang.

' twenty-four hours

~

—— eee
ES ae SE EE EE TE TTT cL LT —

i

March | April

/
| Feb. |
|

Jan.

rm & od
3 if i Mia ban 9
. . . » On
CD Ge 1M) 19 Co ct (ow Qt
Hi. .SS SH. LR LOR
_ . ra « G2 . « OO
Si Cm a Co oO S82
"mR re

ee ES EE SS oT

|
—

oy

a a a | NG SL ps RN

SF

oe eT Sa HA

CO am mi 00 00
“SRanee8

-H
on

for)

et

OY?
a,

Noite)

Tl GN
aaas .

B8es

x

a)

BH 3D M&W 19
aS

TS TT SET Se
—— — r—

=H ws

Pi r in © Bs ie C ne a) te)
Sig th Koa Se Seine 4
= a8 — 1d @ -_ ;

om ~~ aS

So ,r Cor

2

D

2 2aieeg

i

L

109
RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the second
half of the year 1925, an inches.

Readings taken at 8 a.m., and credited to the date in which the
wenty-four hours began. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal
Commissioners of George Town, Penang.

| | | | | |
Date | July | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec.
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
af Reeds a Oy tba | LOO]
2 | eateae, ee ea ee le ee 15
3 nee ees 0S tp O08 fee Pade 5S
4 | Bt eA OG eS La | | .03
5 Pr. 189 PT Oe Pe 8-7 10-48: | |
6 feet ee ame S| ab. | a ae eee 29 te
“¢ |}. .40 | | .03 | (tee. \11 ) o0e
8 p89 te hls 1.96 bo) Sees 114)
BF oO it Bt et je). . 68. |) 1. eee | Ligh» a0
10 | je? 3.) es 0s? ) > 08
11 | page ay Sl 8 | eee ae
12 | fie ha tes oO | ety AOt ee 0
ie et ace ite Gitar 9 been, oe) ES
14 Pe" Trott? he eee BOE wt 190k 54
15 | Pt 1:20 “| | shale 184.5 deat
16 | eB | BE Py Ns 1 a ea 2
17 belie un, Selo ame 36 | 22 | a ae be
18 ite Habe (cr ae, cs ine et Pees,
19 ca iPes. Rageotes. 26: jan..266 )at.94 i
20 | 1 | Oe ee toe, (aria “|S o...
21 03 03. | fo oe ee Ome eee 8
22 | Pere ert | fete | tb? |, -2.38
23 10 | .03 1.28 | iy a a: ae ree
24 | Vien ee. | SM Se) Ve
25 vga all i Me: — Giese a aaa
26 BOE BR Les b ATS |
27 peeP Ge SETS eR sb ook AZ|
28 pee dee | eee 28 |. 4.62 - |
29 oa [06st Poneaenc |
30 Lee. | | Bee. lat oe |
31 ier 1e28..1 Se See
| |
| | |

Total | 7.35 | 12.08 | 13.93 | 45.73 | 20.47 | 6.11
|
it
ee ee ee a ee ee ee eee

aw

@ |

110
bulb readings made at 9 a.m. in the Botanic Gardens, —

RELATIVE HUMIDITY for the year 1925 from wet and dry
Singapore,

é AdHIOn DO OMOIDN ON MDHOAHAMASHSOHMANHHAR|HIO
© Die Ke ADAKRAHHDADrKEKEANHrHEEDDENDAAOGMH
a —
a DONS SOPANHMOOSCAARANNMOAKLAGIONPODWABWS
>
= HDwReeoOrereRreDOEKHDEORE-OEEMEODYOMAHDDASN
rn a Be OlieaTRI g. 2 bees RAE ER eee
= +teOMIWUAaMOMMOM Fed OonM~ AI Ome Ont n Oren
> rHOKr-WDK KODE AKKREE He DWOLrGAOWH DOrnaornd
o)
<= OT eae Como RRe MOM MhaAScrP oA NK SCSaADHSS
& > G> 00 CrerOrDOKHOOKEKEE KE OeEEeeReOOCOKE
ep
~ ae DaMMWMAHOOrA AFA OMMARMMMDMMAMWONnT
BR ie ba ie Pome Se bee Pt i Grate cS ee ee
ait oo Ht DHASOAOSSR ARAM OODAGHSRADMADOOHD
= Keath OmrRReREER EER ORE ELE OS eet re
Ne dng eee a ee ee
: sH OD DANONHOHAAMMHArMEeAAnre OL 1d od
=| t~ & DOOR ErErKEOREKFE OREO DOODEOerEreees
ey eee ae eee De Re a ener nas narra a
nee RH OMmHNEHMTANNANTD OO x ~emMrIMOODM|IO ©
a ~~ 00 & foe be be b= 00 G0 bee ie © hw 00 be be i 0 0 i Ot = Op
il
Lo a ee ee en eng on a
1 © WDOMWMODOAMOMNArFMrOCAUOrUS HANAN tX~
5, SCDrODAOKEREOOEFRKRK ORE EEE Ee Errror

ie SHAAAAION DOOD ARHOADONDHDMDMNMMOHWHMOS
Le Keer OaD@ Cee keorrerennorororrnorar®
eet
aa | se ee et ee : ee a ee
ane DMDONMEK DODODOMOAMAAMATDMDOBDNTOAANM
a LM DBDODDODDKRADHDOODEEAGrArErAOKHE
3s rr
So SS Dei A os se = Se CO SoOSoMHAR ME HOON ANMEKEOMOM
= ROOK DOOARHOKRHDODDODEOROEEEAEEALANMS
™ —
—_ ___— ag SS 9 a a es Qa es ee a a ee —_—_—
ANMHMOOKRWDAOCHAMHMOSCRARBOHAMHHOOH ARO
Boe de TA HAMA NNANNANNNAIN HY OD

Date.

Mean for the year 79.3

EE

Summary of Rainfall, 1925.

SINGAPORE PENANG
woot Amount of at No. of | Amount of pews
2 a S pe
Bani eee viticnnt See pn. | without
| days | inéhes | mm. rain days | inches | mm. rain
| Bet
January 23 21.47 | 527|2 days 17 5.96 | 146 | 8 days
| | | | | | |
February | 21 | 14.12| 346| | aos get ee
ere | [9 5, | |
March bane a GS Bar| ae | 18:28 | 448 )/2 ,,
| | | | |
April fee “EBS Le 6 .,, 23 15.48} 330|2 ,,
| | | |
May CP oeay SP 10B8 | 25915 ,, De EEA are | B.S
| | | | |
June Drea ee O.0e | 9 to, J4> | Dae74 | 386|8 ,,
| | | | | |
July Poede | 256. 6845 ,, $4. | eaareeo | -180:). 9 -,,
| | | | | |
August : de ee elOed. ,, Pen. 08: 296) 4. 5,
| | |
peprember | 17 | 5.831427 | ,, 22 | 13.93 : 341 | ee
| | | | | |
October | 21 | 14.78 | 362 | os 26 | 45.73|1120|1 ,,
|
November | 21 | 12.21] 300/2 ,, 24 | 20.47 | 502 4g 4
| | | | | |
December. | 29 | 11.69) 286/11 , TE POVGELE Fy ISO. Ss,
| | | | | ao:
| | eo | | | |
Total | 227 | 122.88 | 3006 | 228 | 171.36 | 4198 |
| | | | | | |
Greatest amount in 24 hrs. 7.88 ins. or 191mm, 10.43 ins. or 256 mm.
8 - 48 hrs. 9.94 ins. or 243mm. 16.02 ins. or 392 mm.

oe tf 72 hrs. 10.95 ins. or 268mm. 23.62 ins. or 079 mm.

Excessively rainy periods, over
5 ins. having fallen in 72
Dours .... AM a8 we to lam 6 (March, June, Oct. (3),
(2) Feb.)| Nov.)
Excessively dry periods, less than
.02 in. having fallen in 120
nours ... Are wa, & (Beb: 6 (Jan. Feb. (2), June,
March, as May, June, July (2)| July, Dec.)
Aug., Sept.)

!
tt
~—-

7 "ple ay , be purchased a a

Gardena, in x Sosa snd ain aoe, rg be

‘Nine a and a halt rupees in Tui and c

ce a in tthe Straits ioe ‘Federated 1

3! becomes

a rn

M ay

ee

BOTANICAL COLLECTORS, COLLECTIONS . AND

=)

oS)
—)
i)

nd
r—]
or)

peed

nfall in . the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, 1926 sent 208

&

ALAY PENINSULA

_—
* r
ty

¥
4 y 7

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

mor. TV. AUGUST, 1927. Nos. 4 & 5

BOTANICAL COLLECTORS, COLLECTIONS AND
COLLECTING PLACES IN THE
MALAY PENINSULA.
A review of the work so far done towards a knowledge
of the plant-geography of Malaya.
By I. H. BURKILL, M.A., F.L.S.

Mr. Ridley’s Flora of the Malay Peninsula, south of
7° N. Lat. having been published and in regard to the higher

plants the taxonomic foundation having been prepared

thereby, it is appropriate that stock be taken at once of
the knowledge that we possess upon the distribution of
plants within the Peninsula. Towards that objective the
following report is a first step. It brings out no scientific
conclusions; but it indicates as concisely as possible in what

measure the parts of the Peninsula have been botanised.

A traveller touching at Penang will find in it the names

of all who have collected plants in that island, and where

their collections lie. The resident—let us say at Ipoh, but

any name will serve-—will obtain an estimate of how much
remains to be done in the collecting of information within
his circle. The administrator, who has power to direct

- collecting, will feel guided as to the way in which he can

|

- most profitably dispose his resources. The student, examin-
ing the herbaria which exist, will find in it a vade-mecum

for the interpretation of too- often inadequate labels.

The report is in three parts:—(1) the collectors—an
alphabetical list of all whose names are known to occur upon
the labels of Malayan herbarium specimens, embodying
sufficient biographical information for our purpose; (2) the
collections, under which head the whole Peninsula is con-
sidered by squares of a half-degree of latitude and longitude
—71 of them—and the work done in each set down; and (3)
the collecting places, an index to the place-names which
occur on the labels in herbaria, and at the same time an
index to part 2.

There are two maps in-the report. Upon the first the
Squares are all marked. These squares explain themselves,
except that Ja has been stretched a little to the west that
all the Butang islands may be got into it; and square 0k
has been stretched a little to the east that Pulau Aor and

.,

&

114

the islets near it may be included. A complete square of
level land has a surface of about 1,225 square miles, a large ©
area for our purpose, but to deal with subdivisions proves
impossible. Of the 71, 28 alone have the full complement —
of land: the rest are all in part of sea. ,

The first map carries a figure in each square, the figure |
being the number of plants of the orders contained in the
first volume of Mr. Ridley’s Flora *, which can be proved |
to occur within each square. Add all the figures together ~
and the total of 9,410 is obtained: but by reason of double ©
and treble records for squares, the data compressed into
the map by a very long way exceed this figure, and have |
been laborious to collect. That is why a halt has had to
be called at the end of examination of the first volume, but —
the data on the data on the map do really suffice for the
estimation of our knowledge in the form of a very approxi- |
mate percentage.

The second map graphically indicates the percentaaa )
arrived at.

The lowness of these percentages as a_ whole is
surprising. They read us a warning against hasty con-
clusions: they tell us how little we know; and that the |
square of Mount Ophir carries a figure so low as 12 and ©
the square of Gunong Tahan one so low as 18, is material
for consideration.

One more remark. The three Settlements,—Penang,
Malacca and Singapore have received considerable attention, |
and a list of the places in them whereat plants have been |
collected would be long and extend Part 3 much; but to |
make one has not seemed necessary, for collectors’ labels
in regard to them have rarely proved misleading. Village
names from these three Settlements, therefore, will only —
for special reasons + be found in the list. Good maps on a |
large scale are to be had and meet the rest of the need. |

It is evident that orderly work can be based on the
report.

In concluding these introductory remarks, Mr. Ridley,
Colonel Kelsall, Dr. Gimlette and Dr. Foxworthy must be
thanked for the kind way in which they supplied information.

* Begoniaceae had to be omitted from the count because the
specimens of the Singapore herbarium are on loan and under
elaboration in Germany.

+The majority of the special cases are where confusion may
arise because the place-name is one of frequent occurrence; the
following for instance are repeated from end to end of the Penin-
sula:—Ayer Hitam, or Black Water, Ayer Kuning, or Yellow Water, |
Bukit Putus, or the hill of the divide, Kota Baharu, or the new fort, |
Simpang Ampat, or cross roads, Tebing Tinggi or the upper bank |
(suitable for landing), Bukit Kayu Arang, or Diospyros hill, Pulai, —
or the Alstonia tree,

THE COLLECTORS.

A list as complete as possible of all whose names
appear upon the labels of Malayan
specimens in Herbaria.

Omran

116

ABRAMS, J.

A sergeant of Forest Guards, and later Forest Range
in Penang, 1888-1910, who obtained specimens f
Curtis. .

AHMED bin HASSAN.

Employed by the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, 1901-
; earlier collections numbered along with Ridley’s;

and later in Burkill’s “‘Singapore Field Number” Series.
'

ALYVING, MV.

Collector employed in the Forest Department of the
Straits Settlements, 1884-18383 in Malacca, whence he
journeyed into Negri Sembilan (Sungei Ujong State)
His specimens are in the Singapore Herbarium and have
been quoted as Cantley’s Collector’s or briefly a
Cantley’s. He numbered in the field.

ANDERSON, James Webster.

An Assistant Curator in the Gardens Department
Straits Settlements, 1910-1917, during which time h
made small collections conserved at Kew and Singapore
He numbered in the field. |

ANDERSON, Thomas. (1832-1870). ? 3

A surgeon under the Government of India, and from
1860-1868, Superintendent of Royal Botanic Gardens
Calcutta. On a journey to Java in connection with
Cinchona culture, he found, in 1861, an opportunit
of collecting plants in Singapore for the Calcut
Gardens. (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 1, 392).

ANNANDALE, Thomas Nelson. (1876-1924).

Superintendent of the Indian Museum, Calcutta ano
Director of the Zoological. Survey of India. In 189%
he was attached to the Skeat Expedition, and in Januar
and February, 1916, he revisited the same regio
His collections of 1916 are in the Singapore Garden
and were numbered in the field with Singapore Field
Numbers. (Records Ind. Mus. Calcutta, 27, 1925, p. 1

ARDEN, Stanley.

Employed in the Agricultural Department (1900-190 )
He sent plants to Singapore in 1902.

ASKEY, A. M.
A ranger in the Forest Department (1906-1922).

ASKEY, J. F.
A ranger in the Forest Department (1905-1910).

cn
b
En
4
. ‘a

117

BAKER, Charles Fuller.
Professor and Dean of the College of Agriculture, Los
Banos, Philippine Islands; in 1917 on the staff of the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore; phanerogams in the
Singapore Herbarium, and fungi widely distributed.

BARNARD, Basil H. F.
In the Forest Department, 1896— , chiefly in Perak,
where he collected specimens of forest trees, etc.
BARNES, Warren Delabere. (1865-1911).

Of the Malayan Civil Service (1888-1910), and after-
wards Colonial Secretary, Hongkong: conducted an
expedition towards the mountain of Benom in 1900,
and made a collection of plants upon a subsidiary
summit. (Jour. Straits-Branch Roy. As. Soc. No. 60,
111; .p. 4).

- BAZELL, Clive.

Educational officer, stationed at Kuala Kangsar: sent
to Singapore a smail collection of plants from the
summit of Gunong’ Bubu in 1928.

BECCARI, Odoardo. (1843-1920).
Naturalist and traveller in Malaysia (1865-1880).
When in Singapore upon his way to Borneo, etc., he
collected plants. His herbarium is in Florence. (Ann.
del Mus. Civ. de Storia Nat. di Genova, Ser. 3, 9, 1921,
Dp, 242).

BECHER, H. M.

A miner who lost his life in a flood in 1893 when
exploring towards Gunong Tahan. He collected a little
about Kuala Tembeling, Pahang.
BELL, L. M.
Municipal Engineer, George Town, Penang (1904-1920)
and a member of the Committee for the management
of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang; collected on Kedah
Peak, in 1911, specimens which are at Singapore.
BELL, V. G.

_ Assistant Conservator of Forests, F.M.S. (1912- };
since 1921 Conservator of Forests, Kedah. Sent plants
from Kedah.

BEST, George Arnold.

Assistant Curator in the Gardens Department, Straits
Settlements (1921- ), collections in Singapore as
part of the ‘“ Singapore Field Number ”’ series.

BINSTEAD, Rev. Charles Herbert.
Paid a visit to Penang and Singapore in 1918 and
collected mosses,

118

BLAND, Mrs. (Laura Shelford).
Wife of R. N. Bland, Resident Councillor, Penang,
collected on the Taiping Hills in 1905 plants which are
at Singapore.

BLOW, Thomas Bates. |
Visited Singapore in 1904 and collected Characeae.

BORGES, V. P.
Extra Assistant Conservator in the Forest Department
19038-1924).

BOXALL, Richard.

Employed by the firm of Hugh Low and Co. to collect
plants of horticultural value; he visited Kedah Peak
and the Settlements about 1880.

BROOKS, Frederick Tom.

University lecturer in Botany, Cambridge. In 1914
temporarily in the Agricultural Department, and
collected around Kuala Lumpur, Province Wellesley and
elsewhere. |

BRYANT, Alfred Thomas.
Of the Malayan Civil Service (1883-1918). Collected :

‘

plants a little in the Dindings in 1890.

BURBIDGE, Frederick William. (1848-1905).

Traveller for ornamental plants in the employ of

Messrs. Veitch; visited Singapore and southern Johore
in 1877 and 1878; plants of his are at Kew. (vide
Hortus Veitchii, p. 75, and his own “Gardens of the
Sun 2’).

BURKILL, Mrs. (Ethel Maud Morrison).

Wife of the following; collected and made drawings of
Fungi for the Botanic Gardens, Singapore; numbered
in the field. |

BURKILL, Isaac Henry.

Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements (1912-1925); .
numbered in the field in a series labelled ‘“ Singapore

Field Number,” to which the whole Department and
others contributed. !

BURN-MURDOCH, Alfred M. (1868-1919).

Chief Forest Officer, afterwards Conservator of Forests,
Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, 1901-
1914; collected forest trees in many places, and in 1913
contributed to the “Singapore Field Number” series.
(Indian Forester, 40, p. 155). |

119

| (H.. C.).
A correspondent of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, who
after having been in the Moluccas, sent plants from
Penang to Roxburgh in 1798.

CANTLEY, Nathaniel. ( —1888).
Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens Singapore
(1880-1888), and of Forests (1885-1888) ; he collected
plants in 1881 which are at Kew, and after 1881, which
are in the Singapore Herbarium. Jour. Kew Guild,
1898, p. 37).

CHIPP, Thomas Ford.
Assistant Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; from
1914 to 1921, Assistant Director of Gardens, Singapore;
collected in Singapore and elsewhere, chiefly Crypto-
gams.

CLERK, C. A.

Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Federated
_ Malay States, 1910-1920. Collected in Negri Sembilan.

CRADDOCK, W. H.
Of the Burma Forest Service; worked on deputation
in the Malay Peninsula, 1902-1908, and sent Pahang
plants to Singapore.

CUBITT, George Eaton Stannard.

Conservator of Forests from 1915; specimens of forest
trees collected in various places in his departmental
herbarium and in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

CUMING, Hugh. (1791-1865).
Traveller and naturalist; visited Malacca and Singa-
pore in 1839 and perhaps Singapore in 1835, when
voyaging to and from the Philippine islands. His
Malacea herbarium specimens have often been quoted
in error as Philippine. Sets are in the herbaria at
South Kensington and Kew; he sent living orchids both
to the Calcutta Gardens and to the firm of Loddiges.
(Dict. Nat. Biogr. 13, p. 295; Merrill in Phil. Journ.
science; 30, 1926, p. 159).

CURTIS, Charles.
Superintendent of Gardens and Forests, Penang (1884-
1902) ; built up a herbarium in Penang which‘ in 1910
was incorporated into that in the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore. The numbers were put on to the specimens

_ only after study.

DALHOUSIE, the Countess of (Christina Broun).
Wife of the 9th Earl and Commander in Chief in India,
1829-1832; collected in Penang, plants which were sent
to Kew.

120

DE MORGAN, J.
A Civil Mining Engineer who made the first map of
the Perak river. He collected a few ferns on Gunong
Chabang which is over the Sungei Kerbau.

DE ZYLVA, E. R.

In the service of the Forest Department, Pahang,
1904— :

DERRY, Robert.
Assistant Superintendent of Forests, Malacca. (1885-—
1888) ; partly in Malacca, partly in Perak (1889-1903) ; ©
Assistant Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1904-1908) ; Superintendent of Gardens and Forests,
Penang (1908); Curator, Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1909-1913). In 1889 he sent plants to Kew; at various
times he collected plants which are in the Singapore
Herbarium.

DESCHAMPS, E.

Traveller; collected plants in easily accessible places
near Penang and as far as Batu Gajah in 1900 and
1901, which were given to the Calcutta Gardens.

DESHMUKH, Gopal Bhikajee.
Field Assistant to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1918-1921) ; collected in and near Singapore.

DAUD.

In Herb. Wight are plants labelled “ Singapore,
Dawood.” It is assumed that they came from a Malay
collector named Daud, perhaps through Robert Wight’s
sea-faring brother.

DAUD, see TASSIM DAUD.

DOCTORS van LEEUWEN, W.
Director of the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java;
visited the Straits Settlements in 1920 and collected
specimens chiefly cecidological, which are conserved at
Buitenzorg.

DOWN, St. Vincent B.
Merchant of Singapore and afterwards of Sarawak; for
many years on the Gardens Committee, Singapore;
collected and gave plants to the Botanic Gardens, —
Singapore. |

DRUCE, George Claridge. :
Fielding Curator, Botanic Gardens, Oxford; visited
Singapore in 1908. |

DURNFORD.

A miner of Kuantan, who collected orchids and contri-—
buted them to the Singapore Gardens in 1889. |

121

ELPHINSTONH, Sir Graeme H. D.

One of the earlier of the European planters in Perak;
collected a little on the Taiping Hills, and his plants
were given to Singapore.

ELLIS, William Gilmour.

Principal Colonial Medical Officer, Singapore; on the
Gardens Committee in 1903, and collected plants in a
few places.

ENGLER, Adoif.
Professor of Botany in the University and Director of
the Botanic Gardens, Berlin; visited Singapore and

Kuala Lumpur in 1905; collections presumably in the
Berlin Gardens.

EVANS, I. H. N.

In the Museum Department, Federated Malay States;
collected plants in many parts of Pahang in 1917, and
also elsewhere. The collections were sent to Kew.

FARQUHAR, Colonel William.

As a Major, Resident of Malacca, later the first Resident
of Singapore; employed a native to delineate the plants
of the Peninsula, and submitted these drawings to Jack
and Wallich. He climbed Mount Ophir and collected
a little on it.

FEDDERSEN, Poul.

Planter and surveyor ; collected orchids and other plants,
sending specimens to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
(1916—- ).

FEILDING, J. B.

At the instance of the Government of Johore in 1892
visited the foot of Mount Ophir, and several places upon
the coasts of tne State, from the Kesang river round
to the Kndau and to the islands off the latter. Part
of his journey was in the company of Lake and Kelsall,
which accounts for plants having come from both
Feilding and Kelsall from such places as Jambu Larang.

FERGUSON-DAVIE, Mrs. (Charlotte Elizabeth Hull).

Doctor of Medicine, wife of the Bishop of Singapore;
collected plants in 1921 about Fraser Hill on the Main
Range for the Singapore Gardens.

FERNANDEZ, Emanuel.

A collector employed by Griffith in Malacca while he
was in Calcutta and presumably during his first
residence in Malacca.

122

FINLAYSON, George.
Surgeon in the service of the East India Company;
naturalist on the mission to Siam of 1821—23; collected
plants which were distributed by Wallich in 1827-1832.
(Dict: Nat: Biegr. 19, p.'32).

FLEISCHER, Prof. Dr. Max.

Visited Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Penang in the
year 1898, and collected mosses.

FLIPPANCEH, Frederick.
An Assistant Curator in the Gardens Department,
Straits Settlements, 1919— ; contributed to the
“ Singapore Field Number ”’ series.

FOX, Walter.

In the service of the Gardens Department from 1878
to 1910, first in Singapore and then as Superintendent
of Gardens and Forests, Penang; collected plants for
Ridley.

FOXWORTHY, F. W.

Joined the Forest Department in 1918; collected in
many parts of the Peninsula.

FURTADO, Cajetano Xavier.

Field Assistant in the Gardens Department, Straits
Settlements, 1923- ; contributed to the “ Singapore
Field Number ”’ series.

GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPRE, Charles. (1789-1844). -

Traveller and collector; upon his second voyage round
the world, 1835-1836, he touched at Singapore, Malacca
and Penang, collecting a little, which is preserved at
the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

GIMLETTE, John D.

Surgeon in Government service, Malay States. Sent
plants from Kuala Lebir, Kelantan, to the Singapore
Gardens in 1904 and from Kota Bahru, Kelantan, from
1909.

GOLDHAM, C.

Educational Officer stationed at Ipoh and Kuala Kangsar,
where he collected orchids, and from whence he sent
specimens to Singapore.

GOODENOUGH, J. S.

Entered the Forest Service in 1888, and served in
Malacca, Singapore, and as Forest Inspector in Selangor
to 1901; collected forest trees in these places for Ridley.

3
3

128

GRIFFITH, William. (1810-1845).
Surgeon in the service of the East India Company;
appointed civil surgeon of Malacca in 1841; recalled to
take charge of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta in 1842;
returned in 1845. His herbarium is at Kew. (Dict.
Nat. Biogr. 23, p. 240).

GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, David Thomas. (1871-1915).
Professor of Botany at Reading; in 1899 attached to
the Skeat Expedition and from the southern Siamese
Malay States travelled collecting towards Kelantan.
His plants are at Kew and Cambridge. He numbered
in the field. (Proc. Linn. Soc. London for 1915-1916,
p. 61).

HAMID bin Mohd. Sah.

Forest Ranger. In Forest Department from 1907.
Collected in many parts of the Peninsula.
HANIFF, Mohamed.

Entered the Gardens Department in 1890; and has
collected in many parts of the Peninsula; later collec-
tions bear the “ Singapore Field Number ”’ series.

HASHIM bin Mohamed.

First in the Gardens Department and then Forest
Ranger in the Forest Department, 1908—

HAVILAND, George Darby. (1857-1901).
Surgeon and naturalist ; resided at Singapore as Director
of the Raffles Museum and visited the mouth of the
Pahang river in 1890 and there collected. His Pahang
collections are at Singapore. (Kew Bull. 1907, p. 197).
PAY, M..C.

In the Malayan Civil Service; stationed at Batu Pahat
in 1924, when he collected economic specimens for the
Singapore Gardens.

HENBREY, Ged
Deputy Conservator of Forests, Federated Malay States,
1905-

HENDERSON, Murray Ross.

In the Museums Department, Federated Malay States,
1921-1924; Curator of the Herbarium, Botanic Gardens,
Singapore, 1924— . He numbered in the field.

HERVEY, Dudley Francis Amelius. (1849-1911).

In the Malayan Civil Service and Resident of Malacca
(1882-1893), where he collected a herbarium which was
given to Kew,

124

HILL, Henry Charles. (1852-1903).
Indian Forest Service, 1872-1903; Inspector General of
Forests, India, 1900-1903; in 1899 deputed to report
on the forests of the Malay Peninsula, for which purpose
he travelled rapidly through the three Settlements in
turn, then from the Dindings through Perak and
Selangor, into Pahang via the Semangkok Pass to Kuala
Lipis and down the Pahang river, thence to the Kuantan
and Rompin rivers. Specimens gathered for identifi-
cation were sent by him to Singapore.

HOBSON.
In the Survey Department; collected plants near Taiping
and gave specimens to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore
in 1909.

HOLMBERG, P. J.
In the Land Office, Malacea, and in 1891 in charge of
the Malacca forests, when he collected forests trees for
Ridley.

HOLTTUM, Richard Eric.
Assistant Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements,
1922- ; numbered in the “Singapore Field Number”
series.

HOSE, E. S.
Son of the following; Malayan Civil Service, and from
1924-1925, Colonial Secretary, Straits Settlements;
collected plants which are in the herbaria at Kew and
Singapore.

HOSE, the Right Reverend George Frederick. (1838-1922).
Chaplain in Malacca, 1868-1873; in Singapore, 1874—
1881; Bishop of Singapore and Sarawak, 1881-1908;
collected plants, chiefly ferns; his collection of ferns is
to be found at Kew. (Journ. Straits Br. Roy. As. Soe.
Sy Ae ee Fe

HCSE, Gertrude.
Dauczhter of the last named; collected grasses in various
parts of the Peninsula.

HOSSEUS, C. Curt.

Traveller and collector; visited the Malay Peninsula in
1904 and collected plants, which presumably are con-
served in the Botanic Gardens, Berlin.

HULLETT, Richard William. (1843-1914).

A schoolmaster in Singapore; a member of the Gardens
Committee, and once in temporary contro!; collected a_
herbarium which he gave to the Gardens,

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125

HUME, H. L.
Planter; attached to the Federated Malay States
Museums during 1921, and collected plants in the
neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur.

HUNTER, Sir William. (1755-1812).
A ship’s surgeon in the East,-1781, and in the employ
of the East India Company, 1783-1812, and author of
“Plants of Prince of Wales Island” printed in the
Journ. ptraits Branch, Roy. As. Soc. 53, p. 49. (Dict.
Nat. Biogr. 28, p. 305).

ICHEBESTA, Rev. Father.
Missionary and linguist; collected some of the plants
useful to the jungle folk of the Kedah-Perak boundary,
for the Singapore Gardens, in 1924.

ISAAC, J. S.

A clerk in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, who collected
a little there under Ridley.

JACK, William. (1795-1822).
Surgeon in the employ of the East India Company and
on the staff of Raffles; was in Penang and Singapore
in 1819; his collections were lost in the “ Fame,” but
he had sent duplicates of many to Wallich in Calcutta.
Jour, Straits.br. Roy. As..Soc. 73, 1916) p. 147).

JAGOR, F.
Traveller; author of ‘Singapore, Malacca, Java,
Reiseskizze ’ 1866. He was for three months, April
to July, 1858, in Malacca and for a much shorter time
in Singapore. His collections are apparently conserved
in Berlin.

JENSEN, Marius.
In 1901 collected plants in the neighbourhood of
Singapore and Johore, which are preserved at Copen-
hagen.

JUPP.
Miner; climbed Gunong Stong in Kelantan and collected
a few plants which he sent to Singapore.

KELSALL, Colonel J. H.
Royal Engineers; stationed as a Lieutenant in Singa-

pore, whence he made several journeys of exploration,
collecting plants for the Singapore Gardens.

_ KERR, Arthur Francis George.

Physician in the service of the Government of Siam,
and in charge of the Botanical Section, Ministry of
Commerce; collected in the Siamese Malay States, etc.
He numbered partly in the field, partly after study.

(&

126

KEUN, G. C.
Ranger in the Forest Department, 1906-1917.

KIAH bin Hadji Mohamed Salleh.

A plant collector employed in the Botanic Gardens, —

Singapore.
KING, Sir George. (1840-1909).

Superintendent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta;
sent in 1879 to Java in connection with cinchona culture;
collected in Singapore, Johore, Malacca and Penang;
plants at Calcutta. (Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1908-09,
Dida: |

KINSEY, W. E.
Assistant and afterwards Deputy Conservator of
Forests, Negri Sembilan (1907-— ); collected forest
trees.

KLOSS, C. Boden.

In 1903 and 1907 on the staff of the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore; then in the Museums Department, Federated
Malay States; Director of Raffles Museum, 1923-— :
collected plants in many places which are largely at
Kew and also in the Singapore Herbarium.

KNIGHT, Valentine.

An assistant in the Raffles Museum, Singapore (1902-—
1922) who collected a little.

KUNSTLER, Hermann.

Collector employed by the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Calcutta from 1880-1886 chiefly in Perak. Many of
his plants are labelled “ King’s Collector.” Some of
his Kinta collections were mislabelled in Calcutta
“Larut ” and some of his 1886 collections were got in
the State of Selangor, but mislabelled “ Perak.” He
numbered after partial study.
KURZ, Sulpiz. (1833 ?—1878).
Employed by the Dutch Government in dave and then
(1864-1878) by the Government of India in the Botanic
Gardens, Calcutta; in 1863 collected a little in Singapore.
His collections are conserved in the Calcutta Gardens.
LAKE, Harry.
Miner and surveyor; explored Johore and with Kelsall
in 1892 made a crossing of it from east to west, collect-
ing on the way for the Singapore Gardens.

LEDOUX, J. A.

Planter of Kota Tinggi, in Zetiaut from the neighbour-
hood of which he collected plants and sent them to |
the Singapore herharium in 1910 and subsequently,

127

LEWIS, T. |
Assistant Resident Councillor, Penang; a friend of
Griffith to whom he sent plants from Penang.

LIM BOON KENG, the Hon’ble Dr.

A member of. the Gardens Committee, Singapore,
coliected a little in Singapore.

LOBB, Thomas. (1820-1894).
Employed by the firm of Messrs. Veitch (18438-1860)
to collect plants of horticultural value; collected also
dried plants, but these, which were sold in sets after
determination, often bear incorrect localities. It is
thought that the majority of the Malayan plants were
got in Penang. (Hortus Veitchii, p. 41). |

BONG, F. R.

In charge of the Hill Garden, Taiping (1908-1910) and
from the hills he sent a collection of plants to Singapore.

LOW, Sir Hugh.
Resident of Perak (1877-1889), during which period he
collected a little, sending his plants to Kew, and he
encouraged collecting by others. See Agri. Bull., Straits
and Federated Malay States, Vol. 4, p. 239.

LOW, Lieutenant-Colonel James. ( —1852).

In the Madras Army, and later in civil charge of
Province Wellesley; author of “ A Dissertation on the
Soil and Agriculture of Penang.” He collected a few
plants which are at Kew. (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 34, p. 183).

MACHADO, Alfred Dent. ( —1910).

Miner, then for a short time (1902-1903) on the staff
of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and later a planter
in Perak and again in Singapore. He made several
small collections which are conserved at Singapore.

McGILL, Captain Hilton.
At sea, and later a planter in Kelantan (1904-1913),
where he collected plants for Ridley.

McNAIR, Major John Frederick Adolphus. ( —1910).

Colonial Engineer, Straits Settlements; author of a
report on Singapore timbers; collected specimens of
timber trees in Penang for Cantley, when, in 1881-1882,
he was officiating as Lieutenant-Governor of Penang.

MAIN, T. Wilson.

In charge of the Hill Garden, Taiping in 1907 and
Assistant Curator, Singapore Gardens, 1908-1910.

128

MAINGAY, Alexander Carroll. (1826-1869).

Army Surgeon, and from 1862-1867 in charge of the
jail in Malacea, where he collected vigorously. His
herbarium and notes on plants are at Kew. (Trans. —
Bot. Gard. Edinb. 11, p. 36).

‘é MAT.”
A plant collector in Singapore (1888-1897), who visited
Gunong Pulai and accompanied Beeker up the Tahan
river.

MATTHEW, Charles Geekie.
Fleet-Surgeon; visited the Straits Settlements in 1904
and 1913, and collected ferns.

MILLS, G. R.
Planter; sent plants to Singapore from Batu Gajah in —
1925 and subsequently.

MILSUM, John Noel.
In the Agricultural Department (1914— ); collected
plants which are at Kew.

MITCHELL, A. S.
Extra Assistant Conservator of Forests, Federated
Malay States, 1907—

MITCHELL, F. J.
Ranger in the Forest Department (1915-1922).

MOHAMED NUR bin MOHAMED GHOSE.
Employed in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore from 1913;
collected in many parts of the Peninsula.

MOLLER, Hjalmar.
Visited Java in 1897 and when returning to Europe in
the month of September collected mosses in Singapore
and Penang.

MOORHOUSE, S. W.
In the Forest Department, Negri Sembilan, 1903-190 .
He collected rotans for the Singapore Herbarium.

MOTLEY, James.
A miner engaged in Borneo (1852-1859); found an
opportunity of collecting a little in Singapore.
E. Barbour acquired the collections which he made to —
1854, and sent them to Kew. (Journ. Straits Branch
Roy. As. Soc. 79, 1918, p. 37).

MURTON, Henry James.

Superintendent, Botanic Gardens, Singapore (1872- |
1882) ; collected vigorously and sent specimens to Kew, —
but destroyed what he had retained in Singapore.

129

NANSON, William.

A lawyer of Singapore; interested in orchids, specimens
of which he supplied to the Singapore Gardens.

NAPIER, Sir Walter J.
A lawyer of Singapore and Attorney General (1908—-
1909) ; on the Gardens Committee; collected plants for
the Gardens from different places.

NEAL, G. E.

In the Forest Department (1911-1924) ; collected speci-
mens of forest trees in Pahang.

NEWBOLD, T. J.. ( ye
Of the Madras Army, author of “A Political and
Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the
Straits of Malacca,” 1839; transmitted plants from the
summit of Mt. Ophir to Wallich in Calcutta.

NGADIMAN bin HADJI ISMAIL.

A plant collector employed in 1924— in the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore.

NINGHUL.

A collector employed by Griffith; the editor of Griffith’s
“Posthumous Papers,” spelling the name in various
ways, took it to be a place name.

NONGCHI.

Employed as a gardener by His Highness the Sultan of
Johore; in 1892 sent plants to the Singapore Gardens.

NORRIS, Sir William.

Recorder of Penang; a friend of Griffith, to whom he
sent plants. Griffith’s herbarium came to Kew, and
Norris’ own fern collection also reached Kew.

O’HARA, G. M.

In the Forest Department (1905- )
O’HARA, V.

In the Forest Department (1912-1926).
OXLEY, Thomas.

Surgeon and finally Senior Surgeon in the Straits
Settlements ( —1857) ; interested in economic plants,
especially in Gutta-percha trees. About 1843 he sent
plants from Malacca to Voigt in Bengal, at the moment
when the East India Company had ordered the con-
struction of a new herbarium in the Calcutta Botanic
Gardens, evidently to replace what Wallich had just
dispersed. He was said to possess a herbarium of
1,000-1,200 specimens in 1845. He climbed Mount
Ophir in January, 1839 or 1840, and again in 1848, and
sent plants to Kew from 1848 to 1852.

130

PEARS, Francis.
A planter of Johore who collected a little in the Muar
valley in 1899.

PENNEY, F. Gordon.
In the Malayan Civil Service (1876-1906 or 1907) ; sent
Pahang plants to Singapore in 1902.

PERRY, G. E.
Sent plants to the Singapore Gardens in 1920.

PHILLIPS, P.
Deputy Conservator of Forests, Federated Malay States,
1896-15925, collected in Pahang.

PHILLIPS, William Edward. ( —1850).
For a long time in the service of the East India Company
in Penang, and from 1819-1826 Governor; collected
plants and gave them to Wallich, and also gave a
collection to the Horticultural Society in London, which
was passed on to Kew. (vide Jour. Malayan Branch
Roy. As. Soc. N.S. 1, 1928, p. 8).

PINWILL, W. S. C.
A correspondent of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
who sent thither a few plants from Malacca.

PORTER, George.
A member of the gardening staff of the East India
Company’s Garden at Calcutta, who accompanied
Wallich to Singapore in 1822 and elected to remain
in Penang, where he became a schoolmaster, and was
put in charge of a Botanic Garden; he collected and
sent plants to Wallich.
RACIBORSKI, Maryan.
Professor and Director of the Botanic Gardens,
Lemberg, Galicia; collected in Singapore in 1899 upon
his way from Java and sent plants to Kew.
RIDLEY, Henry Nicholas.
Director of Gardens and Forests, Straits Settlements
(1888-1900) ; Director of Gardens (1901-1912); did
not number in the field, but upon study. |
ROBERTSON-GLASGOW, Charles Ponsonby. ( —about @ |
1900). |
Visited Singapore and Perak in 1898 and collected fungi _
chiefly, which were sent to Kew; but the greater part
of his collection seems. to have been lost upon his death.

ROBINSON, Herbert C. *

In charge of the Museum, Kuala Lumpur, then Director a
of Museums, Federated Malay States (1909-1925), —
collected and organised collecting, sending his collections
chiefly to Kew,

131

ROSTADOS, E.
Miner and planter ; collected plants about Bundi in South
Trengganu in 1904 and sent them to Singapore.

ROXBURGH, William.
A son of William Roxburgh, the first Superintendent
of the East India Company’s Botanic Garden in
Calcutta; collected living and dried plants for his
father, in Penang, in 1802.

SANDERSON, A. R.
Sent plants to the Singapore Gardens in 1920.

SANDS, William Norman.
In the Agricultural Department (1920- ); gave
specimens in 1924 to the Singapore Gardens.

SCHIFFNER, Prof. Victor.
Of the University of Vienna; collected mosses in Penang
and Singapore in November 1893. (Ges. zur Forderung
Deutsch. Wissensch., Mitt. II).

SCHLECHTER, Dr. Rudolf. (1872-1925).
Of Berlin; travelled through Malaysia in 1901 collecting
in February, between Penang and Singapore.

SCHOMBURGK, Sir Robert Hermann. (1804-1864).
Appointed British Consul in Bangkok in 1857, and on
the way thither collected plants in Singapore which
were sent to Kew. (Dict. Nat. Biogr. 50, p. 487).

SCORTECHINI, Rev. Father Benedetto. ( —1886).
A missionary who came to Taiping from Australia in
1882; he collected diligently until his death, but
considerably neglected to label his specimens. The
collection went to Calcutta. In several places his name
is wrongly given as Bertold, as for instance in Oberonia
Bertoldi, King. (Rev. Mycol. 9; 1887, p. 123).

[SCOTT, John. (18388 ?-1880).
Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, is
credited in books with collecting in Penang; but probably
what he did was to cultivate plants brought to Calcutta
from Penang by T. Anderson and others].

SEIMUND, E.
In the Museums Department, Federated Malay States;
collected plants for H. C. Robinson.

SKEAT, Walter.

Of the Malayan Civil Service; ee in 1899 a
scientific expedition, which collected in the north of
the Peninsula. The plants collected on the expedition
are at Kew and Cambridge.

132

SMITH, Christopher. ( —1806).
Employed by the East India Company to introduce
valuable plants into Penang (1796-1806), and from
Penang he sent plants to the Gardens in Calcutta.

SMITH, Mrs. (Dr. Eryl).
Wife of Dr. Malcolm Smith in the service of the Govern-
ment of Siam; collected plants at Fraser Hill, upon the
Main Range in 1922.
SOUTH, F. W.
Sent plants to the Singapore Gardens in 1920.
STEPHENS, Arthur Bligh. (1855-1909).
Planter and then Forest Officer, Perak, later called

Deputy Conservator of Forests (1897-1909) ; collected
forest trees in Perak.

STEVENS, Hrolf Vaughan. /( —1897).

Ethnologist: collected specimens of the useful plants
of the wild tribes in Trengganu, which are conserved
in Singapore. (Zeitschr. fur Ethnologie, 29, p. 235).
See Wilkinson, Papers on Malay Subjects, Supplement
(1910) : The Aboriginal Tribes, pp. 3—5.

STOLICZKA, Ferdinand. (1838-1874).

Geologist in the employ of the Government of India;
visited and collected in Penang and Singapore in August,
1869. (Memoir in Scient. Res. Second Yarkand Mission,
1886).

STRESEMANN, Dr. E.
A zoologist of the second Freiburger Molucca Expedi-
tion, 1910-1911, who took opportunity of visiting the
main range of the Peninsula from Tapah and collected
mosses.

The initials “G. T.” (perhaps G. I.), together with the
locality Singapore and the date December 1845, occur
upon the label of a specimen in the herbarium of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to which has been added
“G. Thomson.” Who the collector was is unknown.
Certainly it was not Dr. Gideow Thompson of Madras.

TASSIM DAUD.
Employed in the Singapore Gardens (1886-1895).

TENISON-WOODS, Rev. Julian Edmund.

A geologist, who visited Perak from Australia in 1884
and botanised with Scortechini.

133

VENNING, Alfred Reid. ( —1908).
In the Malayan Civil Service (1893-1908); when
Secretary to the Resident, Perak (1900-1903), residing
in Taiping he collected plants which are conserved in
Singapore.

VERAPHA.
A native collector employed by Griffith. The Editor of
Griffith’s “ Posthumous Papers ”’ mistook his name for
a place name and spelled it in more than one way.

VESTERDAL, A. P. N.

Planter of southern Johore, where he collected plants
and supplied specimens to the Singapore Herbarium in
1917. It is believed that he sent further collections to
Copenhagen.

WALKER, Colonel George Warren. ( —1844).
Collected in Penang and Singapore about 1837 plants
which are at Kew and in the Natural History Museum,
S. Kensington.

WALLACE, Alfred Russel. (1823-1918).
Naturalist; visited Singapore and Malacca in 1854,
making zoological studies, and collected plants in con-
nection therewith. He ascended Mount Ophir in July
or August of that year. (“ My Life,” in two volumes,
London, 1905).

WALLICH, Nathaniel. (1786-1854).
The second Superintendent of the East India Company’s
Botanic Garden in Calcutta (1815-1846) ; visited the
Straits in 1822 and collected much in Singapore and a
little in Penang. His collections were'part of the
Company’s Herbarium distributed in 1828-1832. (Dict.
Nat: Biogr: 59, p. 1385).

WATSON, J. G.
At first in the Agricultural Department and then a
Forest Officer in the Peninsula (1913- ), in which
capacity he collected in Johore and elsewhere.
WAWRA von FERNSEEH, the Ritter Heinrich.
Surgeon in the Austrian Navy; travelled round the
world in attendance upon two German princes and
collected on brief visits to Singapore and Penang. His
collections were listed in 1883-1888 in his “ Itinera
principum S. Coburgi, Die botanische Ausbeute von
der Reisen ihrer Hoheiten der Prinxen von Sachsen-
Coburg-Gotha.”’

WERNER, Dr. E.

Visited Penang in 1907 and a part of the mainland
which he calls “the hills of the Sakai,” collecting a
few mosses.

134

WESTERHOUT (probably J. B., Assistant Resident of
Malacca).

A friend of Griffith, who brought plants to him.

Werte. 2?
Chaplain of Singapore about 1841; collected plants and
gave them to Cantor.

WIGHT.
A brother of the botanist, R. Wight. He visited Malacca
and collected a few plants for him.

WILLIAMS, G.
Planter of Siliau in Negri Siritilan, where he studied
orchids.

WINKLER, Hubert.
Professor of the University of Breslau; visited Singa-
pore and Gunong Angsi in 1908, and collected plants
which are preserved at Breslau.

WOLFERSTAN, Littleton Edward Pipe.
Of the Malayan Civil Service (1889-191 ); collected
plants in the Dindings when stationed there in 1900.

WOOLDRIDGE, Theo. A.
Of Penang about 1893, collected living orchids through
native agents.

WRAY, Leonard.
Superintendent of the Hill Garden, Taiping, 1881, and
Curator of the Perak State Museum, 1883-1908,
Director of Museums, Federated Malay States, 1905-
1908; he made a considerable herbarium, which was
worked up in Calcutta, where a complete set may be.
The part he retained is now in Singapore. His father
of the same baptismal name, resided in the Peninsula;
therefore he commonly appended “ junior ” to his name.

YAPP, Richard Henry.
Professor of Botany, Birmingham University; in 1899
attached to the Skeat Expedition. His plants are at
Kew and at Cambridge.

YEOB ABDUL RAHIM.
In Forest Department, Federated Malay States, and
later in Johore. Collected extensively i in various ‘parts
of the Peninsula, 1916—-

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THE COLLECTIONS.

A statement of the collecting done in all the parts
of the Malay Peninsula south of the seventh

degree north, considered by squares of
thirty minutes, as upon the
map preceding.

136
SQUARE 1a.

All the land in this square is Siamese, and is partly
insular, partly peninsular. For convenience a liberty has
been taken in extending the square westward :a slight
distance in order that all the islands of the Butang group
should be brought within it. Thus extended it comprises
from west to east Pulau Rawei, Pulau Adang, Pulau Tengah,
the considerable Pulau Terutau, and many attendant islets;
along with about 500 square miles of the Siamese adminis-
trative circle of Puket (State of Setul). It is recorded of
this Siamese province that in 1780 it had ricefields back
to twenty miles from the coast and plenty of cattle.

The western islands have been visited by one botanist
only, and each for no more than a day or two. This was
in the year 1911 when Ridley went successively to Pulau
Rawei (April 20th-—21st), Pulau Adang (April 21st), Pulau
Nipis (April 22nd), and Pulau Tengah (April 23rd). An
account of the visit is to be found in the Journal of the
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 61, p. 45.

The island of Terutau has been visited several times.
Curtis was there in the months of July and August, 1888,
touching on this occasion only at Telok Wau (misprinted
Noh) which is upon the south coast and for a few hours ~—
only (Rep. Forests, 8.S. for 1888, appendix F). He visited
Terutau again in July 1889 (Rep. Botanic Gardens for 1889,
p. 18). In March, 1892 he reached Terutau for the third
time, and in February, 1899, for the fourth. Then in
November, 1901, he voyaged, as he records (Rep. Botanic |
Gardens for 1901, p. 21), fifteen miles further north than
he had been upon any of the earlier expeditions, and visited
the islet of Pulau Hujong Duri which is not remote from
the Siamese coast of the Peninsula. In 1905 Fox visited
Terutau, the month being October (Rep. Botanic Gardens
for 1905 p. 9) and in 1906, in August, Mohamed Haniff
was there. The last named was there again in 1915 on
October 20th at Telok Udang. In November and again in ©
December, 1916, Robinson touched the island at Telok Wau. |
In 1915 Haniff and Mohamed Nur on November 16th
visited Telok Wau, and on November 19th, Telok Udang.
All the visits have been short, often of only a few hours
when the purpose was the obtaining of plants of horticul-
tural value, such as Impatiens mirabilis: and the Botany is —
therefore very inadequately known. |

The Botany of the mainland is altogether unknown. :

The map prefixed to this report indicates that from
among the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae we can attribute 73
species to the square against 205 from Langkawi and 796 |
for the square containing Penang. The number recorded for
Penang suggests that only about one in ten or ten per cent. } |

;|

137

of the plants native to the islands has as yet been collected
_inthem. The outer islands have been visited in April only:
Terutau has been visited in March, July, October and Novem-
ber: and except Pulau Hujong Duri, only on the southern
coast where it can be reached easily by a short crossing
from the bays of the north of Langkawi island. Timber
working was commenced on Pulau Adang about 1990, but
arrested by malaria.

SQUARE 2a.

This square contains almost its full complement of
nearly 1,300 square miles, of land, most of it being Siamese,
—part of the Siamese administrative circle of Puket: the
rest is in the State of Perlis.

It contains the port of Setul to which Ridley went by sea
in 1910, spending the days from March 10th to 16th there
(vide Jour. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 59, p. 47).
A year earlier Haniff had been there for living plants.
Ridley’s locality Bukit Raja Wang is near Setul, and he paid
especial attention to such limestone hills in the neighbour-
hood as Batu Bunga, and Batu Berjongkong. Just pre-
viously, Ridley had entered the square from the south at
Ginting Kabok on March Ist. In May 1919, Kerr on an

enforced halt at Padang Besar collected a few plants.

The extent to which botanising has been done in the
| square is thus seen to be very small, and the months of the
| visits March and May, so that of plants vigorous during the
_ rains there is no knowledge. The map shows a record of
53 species; and as the sum total existing must be in excess
of what is found in Penang we appear to know only 5 per
cent. of the plants of the square.

SQUARE 8a is in Siam and is quite unknown botani-
cally. Parts of the Siamese Malay States of Sawngkla and
Tepa enter into it.

SQUARE 4a.

This square is wholly Siamese. The land surface in
it is of about 1,100 square miles, a little being in the Siamese
Malay State of Tepa, within the Administrative Circle of
_ Sritamarat, and the rest being in the States of Nawng-Chik,
| Tani, Jering, Jalor and Rahman, lying within the Adminis-
| trative Circle of Pattani.

Gwynne-Vaughan and Annandale, with Skeat, collected
_ at Tani town and Nawng-Chik on the lower Sungei Pattani

in April and May, 1899, and then went south into the State
of Jalor to Biserat and 1 alor town, climbing Bukit Jalor and
Bukit Besar (called by the Siamese Kala kiri) which reaches
4g 000 feet, Bukit Tapang and the limestone hill of Bukit
| Gowa. Thence they went into square 4b.

138

In February 1916 Annandale revisited some of these

places. Gwynne-Vaughan’s collections were divided between

Kew and Cambridge and his field notes are at Kew.

?

Kerr in July, 1923 travelled collecting through ae

square from north to south parallel to the Pattani river,

and returned a month later down the river. In September, ©

1923, he collected on Bukit Besar.

Craib has published part of the results of Kerr’s
collecting in his Florae Siamensis Enumeratio; but the
whole is not available yet. The names which it has been
possible to collect for the purpose of the map which prefaces

this report number 36 only. But with mountains rising to

3,000 feet, the number of species occurring in the square
cannot be less than occur in Penang, and is probably more
by several hundreds, so that making allowance for the
unpublished Disciflorae and Calyciflorae of Kerr’s collection,
the percentage of Phanerogams collected in 4a may be
estimated at eight. These have been collected in the months
’ of February, April, July and August.

SQUARE 5a.

This is made up of parts of the Siamese Malay States

of Jering, Sai and Rahman,—all within the Administrative
Circle of Pattani.

Down collected a few plants in 1900 at the mouth of
the Telubin river: and except for these, the botany of the
square is wholly unknown.

SQUARE 1b.

This square is wholly insular, and consists as regards
land of the Langkawi islands (Kedah State). There are but
five miles of sea between the north coast of Langkawi proper,
and the south coast of Terutau in square Ja. The mountain
of Gunong Raya in Langkawi rises to 2,388 feet; and the
islands are all very rugged, with limestone and granite
formations intermixed. The islands had a considerable
population prior to 1821, in which the Siamese laid them
waste. Of recent years there has been considerable working
of timber. Gunong Raya was visited by Curtis in February,
1890, and was climbed to the summit by Haniff and Mohamed
Nur on November 13th, 1921. The list of botanical visits
to Langkawi and the neighbouring islands is as follows:—

1888, Curtis in July spent four days at Kuala Malaka —

and Telaya Tujoh (Seven Wells).
1889, Curtis spent five days botanising on the islets.

1890, in February, Curtis, after collecting on the island
of Dayang Bunting visited Langkawi proper and climbed

139

Gunong Raya and Gunong Chindrang. Dates upon her-
barium labels indicate that he returned again in September
for a few days.

1892, in April, Curtis spent a few days in the islands.
One of the places visited upon this occasion was Pulau Nior
Stali which is upon the south-west of Pulau Dayang Bunting.

1897, Ridley and Curtis visited Langkawi together in
the month of February.

1899, in February, Curtis after a visit to Terutau in
square ia, returned to Kuala Kuah for a few days and
botanised upon the islets within easy reach.

1900, Haniff spent a fortnight in Langkawi in September
much handicapped in collecting by the weather.

1901, Curtis in the month of November spent three days
in Langkawi proper. Again he visited Pulau Nior Stali.

1904, Fox in December visited Langkawi.

1905, Fox revisited Langkawi in October, and went
forward to Terutau.

1906, Haniff visited Langkawi in August.

1911, Ridley in April collected for two days about
Burau, Telaya Tujoh and Pulau Segai.

1914, Haniff in September visited the Langkawi group
and collected at Tasek Enak, Telok Siun, Kuala Burau and
on Pulau Lidi.

1916, Robinson and Seimund used the opportunity of a
zoological expedition for collecting plants in November and
December and into January 1917, chiefly on the island of
Dayang Bunting.

1921, Haniff and Mohamed Nur from November 14th
to 27th collected on Pulau Segai, Pulau Chupak, Pulau
Ampak, Pulau Lidi, at Tasek Enak, Telok Siun, Kuala Burau,
Telok Datai, Temoyang, Penarak, Bukit Selat Panchur,
Tanjong Neru, Telok Apau, Goa Chirita and Ayer Hangat.

1925, Holttum in August collected on Pulau Langkawi
and Pulau Dayang Bunting.

The list appears long: yet the total number of
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae collected, as given on the map,
is only 205. Now the Langkawi group cannot carry fewer
species than Penang; and probably carries more on account
of its varied rock formations. It is therefore estimated that
in spite of the long list of visits we know not more than
25 per cent. of the plants which occur. The more effective
botanisings have been done in the months of November and
December: smaller collections have been made in February,

140

April, July, August and September. The limestone has
perhaps received more attention than the other rock forma-
tions.

SQUARE 2b.

This square comprises the State of Perlis and a_part
of the State of Kedah, in all about 750 square miles. There —
is much rice- cultivation in it, a very large part of which
is old. In 1821 the Siamese laid waste the land, and much
went out of cultivation, to be resumed only after a consider- —
able interval, but to be extended in no small measure during
the last peaceful half-century. In 1821 Penang was depen-
dent for its rice upon these Kedah fields, and suffered greatly —
in consequence of their devastation.

As the eastern margin of the square is east of the Alor
Sta-Singgora road, all that has been collected along this —
road comes from within the square. Ridley having spent
the period from February 23rd to 26th, 1910, about Alor
Sta and on Bukit Pinang, traversed it on February 27th,
proceeding to Perlis: Burkill and Haniff on March 19th, 1924
also collected along it, northward as far as Asun.

Ridley collected from February 27th to March 9th, 1910 ;
round Kangsar, and particularly where limestone occurs in
the neighbourhood, e.g. at Tebing Tinggi, Bukit Lagi and ~
Bukit Besih Hangat; and he also collected at Bukit Telor
Jambu and at Chupeng (vide Jour. Straits Branch, Roy.
Asiatic Soc., No. 59, p. 27).

In the year 1881 in May Kunstler visited Kedah. It
has never been quite clear to what places he went; but from |
the labels on his specimens it is clear that he reached the
country from Penang and it would assuredly be by sea.
Now among the specirhens which he collected and labelled —
“ Quedah ” is a plant, which, strictly confined to limestone,
can be got easily on Gunong Geriang near Alor Sta. These
two observations leave the supposition that he went to
Alor Sta quite probable.

The limestone hill just named was visited by Curtis for
one day in 1889, and by Fox in 1904 (Report Botanic Gardens ~
for 1904 where the name is misprinted Grenong), also by ©
Ridley when at Alor Sta in 1910 and by Haniff in November
1914. Alor Sta was visited by Burkill and Haniff from
March 16th to 20th, 1924, on which occasion collecting was
done about Kuala Kedah, Anak Bukit, Kepala Batas, and
Langgar. Haniff, who had collected at Alor Sta in Novem- —
ber 1915, was there again in April, 1918 and April, 1924,
each time for a few days. In November 1915 he proceedec
from Alor Sta northwards to Bukit Wang and Jenum; and
in March 1924, he visited Bukit Tunjang. s

Zl :
g

’
J

141

The result of this work, as far as the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae are concerned, is a list of 150 species, and as
_ the square is likely to contain as Many as square 2d (within
which is Penang), it may be that 18 per cent. of the plants
of it are recorded.

The vegetation of the rains is almost unknown; and
except for Haniff’s work the hills have not been explored.

SQUARE 3b.

This square is wholly of land, three quarters of it being
in the State of Kedah, and the rest in the Siamese Malay
States of Tepa and Jalor.

Except thet Burkill and Haniff on March 17th, 1924,
_made an expedition from Alor Sta into the square nearly
_as far as Nerang, no collecting has been done in it.

SQUARE 4b.

This square is wholly of land. A very small part of

it is in the State of Kedah: the rest is in the Siamese
administrative circle of Pattani being parts of the Siamese
Malay States of Jalor, Rahman and Legeh.

In April or May, 1899, Gwynne-Vaughan visited Kota
Bahru and Bukit Sembilan near to it, both being in the
State of Rahman; and thence they passed into square 5b.
In July, 1923, Kerr traversed the square from north to south
_ parallel to, and west of the Pattani river, and a month later
_ descended the river. Kerr’s collections are being worked
out by Craib, and will increase the number of Species of
-Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded from the square to well
above the figure of 27 as given on the map.

The square is full of high mountains and must possess
-arich flora. If it is half as rich again as Penang and if
- the second part of Craib’s Florae Siamensis Enumeratio
doubles the figure on the map, then we know its Phanero- -
_ gamic vegetation to the extent of upward of 5 per cent.

SQUARE 5b.

There are about 1,000 square miles of Siamese land in
; this square, being part of the Siamese Administrative Circle
of Pattani, and of the States of Legeh and Sai.

In April or May, 1899, Gwynne-Vaughan visited
Tremangan and Belimbing in the State of Legeh and
collected a few plants. In July, 1923, Kerr collected for four
or five days between Tanjong Mas and the Telubin river;
Bukit Railway Station at which he collected is in this square.

On the map 11 plants are assigned to the square, the
flora of which is thereby demonstrated as all but unknown.

142

SQUARE 6b.

This square contains only about 380 square miles of
land, a small part of it being in Siam (Pattani circle), and
the rest being in the plains around Kota Bahru in the State
of Kelantan. | !

On August 24th, 1889, Ridley spent a few hours 3
collecting at a place called Kamposa, which has ceased to
exist; it was near to the mouth of the Kelantan river (see
Jour. Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., No. 20, p. 87). The
neighbourhood was revisited by him in 1917, when he stayed
for a week at Kota Bahru. In 1899, Yapp, who had joined
the Skeat expedition, collected about Kota Bahru between ;
September 2Sth and October 10th, and he collected also at 5
Kuala Essam which is close to the southern margin of the —
Square. Gimlette, during several years of work at Kota ©
Bahru, commencing in 1909, collected plants with an
economic interest. Bagan estate, where McGill collected, —
is on the right bank of the Kelantan river about twelve ©
miles above Kota Bahru. =

The species recorded for the square, which on account t
of cultivation has a flora poor in numbers, are as regards
the Thalamifiorae-Calyciflorae 51, or perhaps upwards of
five per cent.

“aig aebits

SQUARE 2c.

There are only about 350 square miles of land in this ©
square, consisting of the coast of Kedah from near Kota —
Sarang Semut to the coast of Province Wellesley near Ayer —
Tawar, with rice fields behind a large part of it, but with ©
Kedah Peak or Gunong Jerai rising about midway between
the north and south limits to 3,978 feet. :

As in square 2), so in this square the Siamese invasion ~
of Kedah in 1821 sent most of the rice land to waste. It
was recovered slowly, and enterprise in irrigation of latter —
years has extended it.

Thomas Lobb, Veitch’s collector (there were two
brothers of this surname who collected for that firm of —
horticulturists) climbed Kedah Peak in 1845 (see Hortus —
Veitchii, 1906, p. 42), and the dried plants obtained by him —
were named, made up into sets and sold; but the localities —
sadly intermixed before they were issued. Lieutenant-—
Colonel James Low, when in charge of Province Weilesley ©
at some date before 1867 climbed the Peak and sent plants
collected there to Kew. Sir Hugh Low, when Resident at
Taiping, also climbed the Peak, taking with him Boxall,
collector for his family’s firm of Hugh Low and Co.
in 1876 Murton made an expedition to it.
he addressed upon his return to the Gardens Commi
Singapore, is no longer to be found; but in his report 0
the Government Botanic Gardens for 1876, it is referr

143

a

to and called an expedition “to Quedah, Penang and the
neighbouring States.” He sent the plants which he obtained

_ to Kew; and it is evident that he reached the foot of Kedah
Peak.

In 1893 Ridley landed at Yan and ascended the Peak
from that village, remaining six days upon the mountain.
The month of this journey was June.

In March, 1911, Bell and Haniff climbed the mountain
_ from Gurun upon the landward side; and this line of ascent
has now become the usual one.

In 1915 Robinson and Kloss collected 200 specimens in
the months of November and December upon the upper
part of the mountain. In the same year in November Haniff
spent two days on it, again three days in August 1919,
and two days in February, 1920. MHolttum and Haniff in
April, 1925 spent four days on it, collecting chiefiy near
the summit.

So much for the mountain: next for the plains. At
Gurun, whence the road ascends Kedah Peak, Burkill and
Haniff collected in transit in March, 1924, and at Kota Sarang
Semut. Ridley collected at Yan on the expedition mentioned
above, the month being June. When upon their way to
Yan, driven by weather to take shelter, he and Curtis spent

a day on Pulau Songsong: from Yan Curtis returned to
Penang.

3 Finlayson in 1821 visited the Kuala Muda in January,

and in the same month of the year 1918, Burkill collected
down the south bank of the Muda river from Pinang
Tunggal to Dusun Gajah. Burkill and Haniff visited Sungei
Patani town in March, 1924.

The map shows only 142 species of the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae, against 796 for the square containing Penang
island. Yet Kedah Peak, with a greater height than the

highest of the hills in Penang island, should contain a richer
flora. It seems possible that we know but 14 per cent. of
the Phanerogamic plants of the square: and it is clear that
much more attention should be directed to Kedah Peak.

SQUARE 2e.

This square consists entirely of land: and most of it is
in the state of Kedah. Except that the road between Sungei
Patani and Alor Sta for a short distance near Bedong runs
| within the western margin of the square and that Burkill
__and Haniff collected a few plants there in March, 1924; and
but for the collecting by Father Ichebesta near Baling of
a few plants economic to the Negritos, nothing whatsoever
is known of the Botany of the square.

144

SQUARE 4e.

There is a small part of the State of Kedah within this
square, a considerable part of the Siamese Malay State of
Rahman, and a large part of the northern marches of Perak.

In January, 1922, Flippance col’ected a few plants near
Klian Intan which is close to the western margin. Betong
is not remote, but within Siam: and there Kerr collected
both in August, 1923, and March, 1925. Kerr’s August

expedition ended on Gunong Ina also called Gunong Titi ~

Basah which is upon the Siam-Perak boundary.

The figure for this square upon the map is only 23:
but this needs to be doubled in order to allow for the incre-
ment to our knowledge which will come when Craib publishes
his further determinations of Kerr’s plants. The square is
one of mountains, and undoubtedly has a very rich flora.
It contains a curiously abrupt and altogether unstudied peak
in Gunong' Kendrong. It also contains quite a considerable
amount of deforested land. Probably our knowledge of its
flora does not exceed four per cent.

SQUARE 5e.

One-third of this square is part of the Siamese
Administrative Circle of Pattani being part of the State
of Legeh the other two-thirds is part of the State of Perak.

In the years 1892 and 1893 Machado was employed at
the Tomo Gold Mines, and around Tomo he collected plants
which he sent to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

The square is one of mountains and dense forests with
so rich a flora that Machado’s contribution scarcely gives
us knowledge of say two per cent. of the flora.

SQUARE 6c.

This square is almost entirely of land, and except for
a small part of the State of Trengganu is in the State of
Kelantan. The Kelantan river is formed just within its
southern limit by the junction of the rivers Lebir and Galas.
The name Lebir is here applied as upon the official maps.

Between 1903 and 1909 Gimlette was stationed at Kuala
Lebir and there he collected economic plants which he sent
to the Botanic Garden, Singapore (e.g. vide Report on the
Gardens for 1904)..

In 1923 Haniff and Mohamed Nur ascended the Kelantan
and Lebir rivers. Of their collecting places Riverside was
reached on January 20th, and Kuala Krai on the next day.
Kuala Krai is almost identical with Kuala Lebir. At Kuala
Krai a halt was made of five days and Bukit Temangan was
visited. Kuala Krai was revisited on the return journey
upon February 14th.

—_— eee

ahs

145

The map shows 94 species for this square and judging

thereby we can now record perhaps ten per cent. of the

plants occurring in it.

SQUARE 7c.

This square consists of about 700 square miles of the
State of Trengganu. Botanically it is entirely unknown.

SQUARE 8c.

In this square are about 30 square miles of the State
of Trengganu and some islands including the island of Great
Redang with Pulau Pinang sheltering under it.

These islands were visited by Yapp between October
14th and 19th, 1899, and the few plants collected in them
are preserved at Kew.

SQUARE 2d.

This square contains the island of Penang, and, with
it, the greater part of the Province Wellesley and a part
of the Krian district of the State of Perak. Penang island
has an area of 107 square miles and about 2,000 Phanero-
gams have been collected in it. The highest hill-top is
2,722 feet.

The island passed into the control of the Honourable
East India Company in 1786, and was then wooded from
shore to summits. Light and his company in three ships
anchored at the point where Georgetown now is, and began
clearing the woods of Calophyllum which was there: and
this was followed by a kind of race for possession of the
land behind: wherein ‘‘ those who cleared the most..,....
were deemed the most meritorious.” The progressive spread
of this clearing is recorded in Logan’s Journal No. 2, p. 174.
Rapidly the land was denuded of its good timber back
to the foot of the hilis, all in the hope of great prosperity
from its fertility ; and in about 1800 a new town was planned
called St. James’ upon the Sungei Keluang which was to
rival Georgetown or the original settlement. It failed,
because the agricultural prosperity did not come at its
making, and it had not the support of commerce.

War rendered a look-out on the hill-tops desirable; and
therefore a road was made to what is now called Government
hill, but then Flagstaff Hill. This road, finished in 1802
or 1803, made possible a considerable amount of destruction
in the hill-forests. But it came slowly: indeed not in a great
measure till the forests, when, what with charcoal burning
and what with desultory pepper-growing, clearing extended
to the very summits, provoking a protest which may be
read in Logan’s Journal, 2, p. 534. When the Straits Forest
Department was created in 18838, the deterioration of the

146

timber-growth had become very marked. Even where ex-
tensive fellings did not occur, good timber was removed
in such an excessive measure as to change the nature of
the forest. Burn-Murdoch in his: Annual Forest Adminis-
tration Report for 1902 called attention to the still necessary
need of letting the forests recuperate.

There is reason to believe that many plants common in
Penang in 1786 are rare now in consequence of the change
in the covering of the land, and that one or two, formerly
present, no longer exist upon the island.

Christopher Smith was the first with any botanical
knowledge to visit the island. He was employed by the
East India Company to raise nutmegs, cloves and other
spice trees in the Moluccas and to send them to Penang.
When the young trees had arrived in considerable numbers,
the Governor asked that Smith be sent to see to their
planting and so he came to Penang in the year 1796: and
from Penang sent plants of the island to Roxburgh in
Calcutta. A collection of drawings which he made is in
the British Museum of Natural History.

Roxburgh had another correspondent in Penang who
had likewise been in the Moluccas. He is denoted in
Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis by his initials—H.C. And
he had in 1802, a third,—his own son William, who in the
months of May, June, July and August of that year
collected dried plants, and sent or took them to Calcutta
along with living plants for growth in the Company’s garden.

In that year also, a surgeon upon the Madras staff, Sir
William Hunter, found himself in Penang; and there he drew
up an account of the plants of the island, which after
remaining a century in manuscript in the British Museum,
was printed in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, No. 538, pp. 49-127. He too sent
plants to Roxburgh. His often mentioned “‘Soongey Clooan”’
is the Sungei Keluang at Rihlau or St. James’.

In the year 1819 another surgeon in the Company’s
Service, William Jack in the train of Raffles reached Penang.
He was there from December 31st, 1818 to May 22nd, 1819.
His letters to Wallich in Calcutta, describing his botanisings
in Penang, were printed in the Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 73, pp. 151-238, and the
plants which he is known to have collected are listed on
pp. 241-268. Unfortunately he died young, and his valuable
collections were burned in the destruction of the East-
Indiaman “ Fame.”

In the end of 1821 a mission from India reached Penang
upon its way to the further East; and as naturalist on this
mission was the surgeon George Finlayson. From Decem-
ber 11th to January 5th of the next year Finlayson collected

147

in Penang: and the plants which he obtained went finally
into the large East India herbarium distributed by Wallich
between 1828 and 1832. Unfortunately it seems that some
of Finlayson’s specimens are mis-localised. Raffles edited
his diary under the title ‘‘The mission to Siam and Hue
in the years 1821-22” (London 1826).

Later in the latter year came to Penang Wallich,
Roxburgh’s successor as Superintendent of the Company’s
Garden in Culcutta, and with him was George Porter, head-
overseer of the Garden, both seeking health. Wallich
collected in Penang in the months of August and November,
—in the first on the way to Singapore; in the second as
he returned to Calcutta; but Porter elected to remain in the
island, and was given a post of schoolmaster, together with,
in 1823, the charge of a small experimental garden at Ayer
EKtam, not that once under Christopher Smith, but a plot
nearby. Porter continued to collect for Wallich.

Wallich’s and Porter’s plants were distributed like
Finlayson’s between 1828 and 1832 by Wallich from London.

Over these years W. E. Phillips was Lieutenant-
Governor of Penang. He put up and befriended Finlayson:
he helped Wallich and doubtless brought about Porter’s
appointment. He collected plants himself, remitting them
to Wallich and, it is said, later to Kew. In the year 1824

_he presented a collection to the newly founded Horticultural
Society of London, which perhaps represents his own
herbarium: and these are now at Kew.

In 1830 Colonel George Warren Walker was stationed
in Penang; and he collected plants. Between 1829 and 1832
Lady Dalhousie, wife of the 9th Earl, collected ferns in
Penang for Sir William Hooker. In 1837 Gaudichaud upon
+ his second voyage round the world touched at Penang. The
voyage was conducted with great rapidity and Gaudichaud’s
opportunities for collecting were few: but one may be sure
that he used them to the full. In 1845 on his way to Malacca
Griffith spent in Penang the first few days of that year fatal
to him and collected. He had two friends and correspondents
in Penang who sent plants to him. One was Sir William
Norris, the Recorder, the other the Assistant Resident
. ection, T. Lewis. The first named also sent plants to
cew.

In 1845 Thomas Lobb, who has been mentioned as
having climbed Kedah Peak, collected in Penang. The
remark already made in regard to the untrustworthiness of
his localities unfortunately applies to his Penang plants,
as to the others.

| In 1857 the traveller Sir Robert Schomburgk was
appointed British consul in Bangkok and on his voyage

148

thither he touched at and collected in Penang, sending his
collections to Kew.

Between 1853 and 1868 Maingay, then Magistrate in 4
charge of the Jail in Malacca found occasion to visit Penang
and collected a little. F

In 1873 Wawra spent a day or two in the month of
February collecting in Penang. His collections are enu- ©
nerated in his /tinera principum S. Coburgi (Vienna, 1883—
1888).

In 1869 Stoliczka collected a few plants in the island.

In 1879 Sir George King upon his way between Calcutta
and Java collected in Penang. This was in the months of
August and November. After his return to Calcutta he
engaged as a collector Kunstler; and we find that the latter —
was in Penang in April, 1881 and August and September, —
1883. Hullett of the Education service in Singapore found
an occasion of collecting in Penang. 7

In 1881 Major McNair, Colonial Engineer of the Straits —
Settlements, then acting Lieutenant-Governor of Penang,
collected and sent to Cantley in Singapore specimens of the ;
important timber trees of the island (Cantley’s Report on ;
the Forests of the Straits Settlements, appendix E, 1883).

The need of the forests brought about the continuous
botanising of Penang under the administration of Cantley,
Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. It was
obviously impossible for Cantley from Singapore to super- —
vise forest operations closely in Penang, and therefore as
local forest officer Curtis was appointed with a considerable
amount of independence from his superior. He reached —
Penang in July, 1884; and at once commenced to collect —
information upon the constitution of his forests, building —
up in Penang his own herbarium, while Cantley was building ~
another in Singapore. He corresponded independently with —
Kew and with Calcutta, and produced in 1894 his “ Catalogue —
of the Flowering plants and Ferns growing wild in the
island of Penang.” But he also subsequently entered as
regards the determination of herbarium material into close ©
relations with Ridley.

Curtis used his subordinates for watching for the
flowering of forest trees; and often his labels carry the
information that a forest guard had brought the specimen in.

J. Abrams was one of his subordinates. >

The Penang herbarium for very sound administrative —
reasons was amalgamated with the Singapore herbarium
in 1910.

Curtis left Penang in the year 1902; and was succeeded ~
by Fox until 1910. Upon the Gardens staff under both and ~
after both was Mohamed Haniff. Fox and Haniff have added ‘

;

‘a ,.
s

149

not a little to our knowledge of the island. Haniff’s Mount
Erskine is not the Mount Erskine of the maps, but Mount
Olivia where Erskine once lived. In December, 1900, and
forward to March, 1901, a traveller E. Deschamps visited
Penang, and made a small collection of plants which was
presented to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta. Visits
of inspection took Ridley at intervals to Penang during the
whole of his service; and more or less regular quarterly
visits took Burkill from 1913 to 1924. They collected there
and so also did Mohamed Nur of the staff of their depart-
ment. Matthew in 1913 collected ferns in Penang. In
addition several Forest Rangers have collected of resent
years for the reference herbarium of the Conservator of
Forests.

This completes the enumeration of botanists of Penang.
The following paragraphs concern Province Wellesley.

It was in 1800 that Province Wellesley came under the
administration of Penang, having at the time the scanty
population of twenty souls per square mile, and therefore
clad in forests. In the next year a Siamese invasion of
Kedah gave it settlers, who, driven from their homes, cleared
auch of the northern part. This northern part differs from
the southern in possessing many lines of sandy parallel
sea-beaches which afforded excellent village sites; whereas
the sea has had to be kept out by embankments from the
lowlands of the southern parts. The north thus became
setttled by Malays, and rendered to Penang what Penang
had hoped for before its acquisition, namely grazing lands
and ricelands. Clearing therefore advanced in the northern
half, back from the sea-front as far as the conditions
extended of alternating old sea-beach and hollows, that is,
of permatang and sawah. But the south of the Province
passed into the hands of men with means enough to do
the large drainage works demanded,—men who made sugar

estates. Forest by these operations was pushed out of the

square with which we are dealing; and when in 1883
Reserves were created in Province Wellesley, they were of
necessity so far eastward as to be in square 3d. At that
time an experimental plantation was made at Kubang Ulu
(since 1923 in the charge of the Agricultural Department).
The care of this plantation and of the forest reserves in
square 3d frequently took Curtis and Ridley into the Pro-
vince and inspection of coconut estates not infrequently took
Burkill thither for a day at a time. In 1881 in April
Kunstler paid a visit. Under these circumstances a fair
amount of information has been gathered on the Higher
plants. In the year 1894 Bishop Hose collected Pteridophyta
which are now preserved at Kew.

The hill of Bukit Mertajam rises to 1,700 feet, and is
within the square. It is interesting that it carries at least

150

one plant absent from Penang island. It was botanised on
by Ridley in and by Burkill and Haniff on October
8th, 1922. But the area of forest left upon its top is small,
and has been much cut over.

The small part of the district of Krian to the south of
Province Wellesley, which lies within the limits of this
square, has never been collected in.

The map which prefaces this report shows a record of
796 plants of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae for the square;
and experience teaches that very few are likely to be added.
The square is therefore used as a standard to indicate how
many species may be expected in an area of this latitude
*: about 600 square miles and rising to a little above 2,000
eet.

SQUARE 324d.

The half of this square is in the State of Perak, the
. rest in the State of Kedah and consisting of the eastern
border of Province Wellesley towards Kedah. Within this
eastern border is the Forest Reserve of Tasek Gelugor, now
in the process of passing over to agricultural land, and there
was the reserve at Ara Kudah, which was given over to
agriculture in 1902. Visits to these two reserves took
Cantley and Curtis into the square in November, 1885, and
Sine many subsequent occasions, as well as Ridley and
urkill.

Expeditions just a little wider and so extending into
the State of Kedah were made by Burkill to Lunas in
December, 1913, Haniff to Kulim in June, 1917, Burkill and
Haniff to near Padang Sarai in September, 1921; and further
in 1910 Haniff visited Gunong Bongsu.

Northern Perak has received more attention. It
happened that political events in 1879 caused the early
opening up of the Selama district, and this opening up
enabied the botanists encouraged by Sir Hugh Low to collect
in it. One of these was Scortechini who has left a number |
of specimens labelled Ijok, and who, it seems also reached
Gunong Inas, a mountain which rises to 5,898 feet. His
locality quoted as Abu Selama appears to be rightly Ulu
Selama.

Gunong Inas was reached by Wray in 1892 and by Yapp
in 1899. Wray’s visit was in the month of May, Yapp’s in
December. Both travelled by the Selama river. Yapp was
at Selama village from November 27th to 29th, and on the
upper part of the mountain from December 6th to 24th. In
returning he collected at Sira Rimau on December 26th and
to January 4th; and he also collected at a locality called
“coffee plantation” which is between Sira Rimau and
Selama. Northwards of Gunong Inas is Gunong Bintang

151

which exceeds 6,000 feet. It was visited by Kunstler in
June, 1880, and by Kloss in June, 1917.

In the lowlands upon the southern limit of the square
is the Pondok Tanjong Forest Reserve. Forest officers as
Burn-Murdoch and Barnard have collected in it, and it was
visited by Haniff and Burkill on March 25th, 1924. West
of this is the developed agricultural area round Bagan Serai,
botanically unknown except for a few plants collected by
Burkill and Haniff in March, 1924.

The eastern slopes of the Bintang-Inas range come into
the square, but are unknown except where in the extreme
south-eastern corner of the square the Kuala Kangsar-Grik
road passes through Durian Pipit and Kota Tampan and
Lenggong. Ridley traversed this road in July 1909 and
Burkill and Haniff in June 1924. At Lenggong are limestone
cliffs whereupon Ahmed bin Hassan, Ridley’s collector,
obtained interesting plants (Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 57, p. 5).

The number of plants of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
collected in the square, as the map shows, is 149, which
seems to indicate that 12 per cent. of the flora is known.
No part of the square is well known: and a full study of
the mountains would have results of great interest.

SQUARE 4d.

Upper Perak makes the greater part of this square,
in fact, except for an unknown bit of Pahang, the whole.

Wray was in Upper Perak in August 1885 when he
visited the Kenering river, and in May of the year 1889.
He was in Upper Perak again in 1905, collecting upon the
Kenering River in the month of April. In he was on
the Piah River.

In the year 1909 Robinson and Kloss made a zoological
expedition to Temengor which is right in the centre of the
Square: and Ridley accompanied them. He reached Grik
on July 4th and proceeded to Temengor by elephant,
collected upon the Sungei Kertai and pushed up the
Temengor river for a day’s journey. After collecting
diligently there but under considerable difficulties from the
unhealthiness of the country he returned by river to Kuala
Kendrong (not Kuala Kenering as is by inadvertence printed
in the account of the expedition) and so to Grik again
on July 29th. (Journ. Straits Branch, Roy. Asiatic Soc.,
mo. 57, p. 5).

In 1924 Burkill and Haniff were at Grik from July 16th
to 21st, collecting there, and also in coming and going at
the following places along the road to Kuala Kangsar:
Kenering, Lawin and Sungei Kulim.

152

It is important to observe that all the collecting in Upper
Perak has been done over the months from April to July;
and useful to recollect that over at least a part of this period
there is a lull in the flowering of the vegetation which makes
collecting relatively unremunerative. The count of the
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae known from the square gives 179,
which assuming that square 3d. and 4d. are equally rich
gives 15 as the percentage that is known.

The climate and perhaps also past conditions encourage
bamboos, which are rather conspicuously present in the wide
forests.

SQUARE 5d.

This square is astride the Main Range and is half in
the State of Perak and half in the State of Kelantan. No
part of it is botanically known except the interesting
mountain of Gunong Stong in Kelantan upon its eastern
limit. Gunong Stong is of granite with a very abrupt cap
of metamorphosed limestone.

Jupp climbed it in the month of 191 , and sent
a few plants from the summit to Singapore. Mohamed Nur
when accompanying Foxworthy from Kuala Lipis in Pahang
to Kelantan in 1924, climbed it on March 5th to 7th. The
small figure for the square given on the map shows that
for every part of the square, not excluding Gunong Stong,
there is an unworked field.

SQUARE 6d.

Except for the eastern edge which is in Trengganu,
this square is in the State of Kelantan. It is made up of
two valley-systems, that of the Galas river and that of the
Lebir river, which will be considered in this order.

Galas valley—Down collected a few plants upon a
prospecting expedition up the Galas river. In 1924, between
February 22nd and March lst, Mohamed Nur, attached to
that expedition of Foxworthy which is mentioned above,
collected at a series of places down the course of the river,
e.g., Kuala Sameh, Sungei Renong and Kuala Limau Nipis.

Lebir valley—In 1899 when Skeat was making his
attempt to ascend Gunong Tahan from the north (Journ.
Federated Malay States Museums, 3, p. 77) Yapp accom-
panied him as far as Kuala Aring (where the Aring river
enters the Lebir river), and remained at this place from
August 16th to September, 26th, collecting. In 1917 for
half the month of February, Ridley resided upon the
Channing Estate, which is upon the last reaches of the
Lebir river before its junction with the Galas. His locality
Jeram Panjang is on the Lebir just above the estate. In
1923, Haniff and Mohamed Nur entered this square from
the north on January 26th and collected up the river

153

successively at the following places: Kuala Endong, Temiang,
Kuala Rek, Telok Lalu, Bukit Papan, Kampong Kobang,
Kuala Relai, and Kampong Parit. They passed out of the
square southwards on January 31st; but descended the river
again ten days later.

The number of species of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
recorded on the map is only 39, and except for the small
collection of Yapp, all were got in January and February.
The vegetation must be quite as rich in species as that of
the last two squares and assuming the similarity, 39 may
be considered as indicating a knowledge of two per cent.

SQUARE 7d.

This square is in the State of Trengganu and botanically
unknown.

SQUARE 8d.

This square consists of rather over 400 square miles
of the State of Trengganu. In it is Trengganu town.
Thither Ridley was taken on August 22nd, 1889, and con-
trived to get one day’s collecting on the Island of Pulau
Ketam and near the town. (Journ. Straits Branch, Roy.
Asiatic Soc., No. 20, p. 86). Yapp from October 11th to
13th, 1899 and from October 20th to November 4th was in
Trengganu and collected near the town and at Kuala Ibar
to the south of it. Holttum visited Trengganu town in May
1925, visiting the island of Pulau Kapas and ascending the
river to Kuala Berang. The neighbourhood contains vastly
deteriorated forests and shows a great deal of the inter-
ference of man. Of its flora our stock of knowledge is but
very little; perhaps two per cent.

SQUARE 2e.

There are but 60 square miles of land in this square,
being a small area of the State of Perak between Kuala
Kurau and Kuala Gula. It consists of mangrove forest with
rice land behind it; and without any doubt the number of
species which can be found is a very small one. But as
yet no plant is recorded, except generically.

SQUARE 32e.

There are nearly 1,200 square miles of land in this
square, entirely in the State of Perak. The town of Taiping
is almost central, and has been the place from which botanical
exploration has been done.

As early as 1875 the Botanic Gardens, Singapore were
in touch with officers interested in promoting agriculture
from Taiping; and when in 1877 Sir Hugh Low was trans-
ferred from Borneo to serve as Resident at Taiping his
interest in plants caused him to take every opportunity for
furthering botanic exploration. In 1877 Murton was sent

154

to him that he might report upon the extensive damage that
had been done in the State by Malays and more particularly
by Dyaks exploiting its resources in gutta-percha. Reaching
Taiping in October, he climbed the hills on the east of the
town, and collected plants, mostly living, which were
dispatched for cultivation to Singapore; then he crossed the
Gapis pass and went to Kuala Kangsar, whence he proceeded
on to the slopes of Gunong Bubu, climbing to the summit.
He returned to Singapore in December, reporting on his
tour in an account which was printed in the Government
Gazette for February 22nd, 1878.

In this same year, the coffee-leaf disease extended so
greatly its hold upon the plantations in Ceylon as to cause
something approaching a panic, during which certain
planters of enterprise removed to Perak in the hope of
carrying on where the disease, which in Ceylon they could
not avoid, had not spread. These men opened new land
near the Gapis pass, where already the Government had
established experimental plantations, in the Trong district,
and in parts of Perak in square 4f. One of the earliest of
these men was Sir Graeme H. D. Elphinstone, who collected
plants a little near the Gapis pass in 1884 or the following
years. In 1881 Sir Hugh Low himself collected specimens
of forest trees, and sent them to Cantley who happened at
the time to be at Kew. In 1882 Sir George King’s collector
Kunstler, who had a free hand so long as he did good work,
established his centre at Taiping; and up to February 1886
he spent the major part of each year collecting from Taiping
material to which he attached notes of considerable value.
When Kunstler sent plants from Gopeng in square 4f, Larut
labels were used for them, and this seems to have led to a
few erroneous records for Larut. In the same year (1882)
Scortechini proceeded to Taiping on a visit, which culminated
only with his death in 1886. Scortechini neglected the
labelling of his specimens and it is difficult to ascertain
whither he travelled from Taiping. In March, 1883, Kunstler
ascended Gunong Bubu to the summit. In 1884, in May,
Scortechini did the same, accompanying Tenison-Woods,
whose mission was geologic. There is an account of this
ascent in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, No. 14, p. 1, from which it is evident that
it was made from the north-east side via Gunong Arang
Para where the house known as the Hermitage was situated.
On his labels Scortechini calls this hill Gunong Haram or
Gunong Haram Para. Other labels upon Scortechini’s plants
show that, confining ourselves to localities within square
3e, he botanised about Batu Kurau, on Caulfield’s hill, Ulu
Kangsar and Kuala Kangsar.

From 1881 to 1908 Wray was stationed in or near
Taiping, first as Superintendent of the Hill-gardens and then ~

155

as Curator of the Perak State Museum and as Director of
Museums, Federated Malay States. He accumulated a con-
siderable herbarium during this period, referring for naming
his specimens to Sir George King in Calcutta. Naturally
the greater part of what he gathered came from this square,
and we find on-his labels the names of places such as Tupai,
Batu Tugoh, Kota or Kampong Kota, Simpang, Blanda
Mabok, Matang, Trong, Changkat Jering, Bukit Gantang,
Matang Jambu which are all relatively near to Taiping.
Wray ascended Gunong Bubu in March, 1890.

It was in 1885 that Curtis found the first occasion for
a visit into this square; then in company with Cantley in
the month of January, he ascended Gunong Bubu, Gunong
Pondok and the Taiping hills. What happened to the collec-
tion made is not clear, except that the living plants went
into cultivation at Penang. Curtis visited Taiping again
in September, 1889, in May, 1890, in October, 1892, in July,
1898, in June, 1897, in October, 1900, and in December, 1901
—short visits all; but all used for the collecting of specimens.
The visit of October 1900 is described in an appendix to
the Annual Report on the Botanic Gardens for that year.
In 1887 he visited Hermitage Hill, and then the Waterloo
Estate and Kuala Kangsar, and returning cut a way from
the Waterloo Estate to the top of the Taiping hills in three
days (appendix to Forest Report for 1887, p. 9).

Ridley paid his first visit to Taiping in March, 1891.
He was there again in February and March, 1892, and visited
Kuala Kangsar. He was there afterwards in June, 1893,
in December, 1902, February 1904, and August 1909.
Collecting was done on these occasions upon the hills over
the town.

A forest department was formed in Perak in 1897, and
A. B. Stevens appointed in charge of it. He was succeeded
in 1908 by Barnard. These collected forest trees in various
places: and in more recent years other forest officers as
Burn-Murdoch, Foxworthy, V. O’Hara, and Borges have
done the same. Naturally the attention of forest officers
is directed towards particular forests and in square 3e has
been largely towards the coastal mangroves, to which the
following names are given: Singa islands, Sungei Limau,
Trong and Telok Kertang.

In of before 1889 Hervey collected a little in the
neighbourhood of Taiping. In 1898 Robertson-Glasgow
visited and collected on the Gapis pass. In 1899 in October
Fox collected at Taiping. In the years 1899, 1900 and 1902
Derry who was stationed at Kuala Kangsar collected a little.
In 1901 or 1902 Venning collected a little at Taiping.

_ In 1904 Bishop Hose and Miss Hose collected plants,
chiefly grasses, about Taiping town. In 1905 Mrs. Bland
stayed for a short time at Taiping and collected. Sir Walter

156

Napier did the same in 190 . In 1909 Kloss collected upon
the hills during a visit paid in May, and in the same year
Long, who was stationed there collected and sent to Kew
a bundle of specimens. In 1911 James W. Anderson paid
a visit to the Taiping hills and collected. In 1913 Matthew
collected ferns at and near Taiping. Burkill found an oppor-
tunity of a few days collecting in July, 1913 at Kuala
Kangsar, when plants were got as well at Lubok Merbau and
with Haniff for a fortnight in February on the Taiping hills,
and a few days on two separate occasions in June at Kuala
Kangsar, when plants were got as well at Lubok Merbau and
on the limestone cliffs of Gunong Pondok.

Haniff had been on the Taiping hills on several previous
occasions: first he was there with Mohamed Nur in the
month of February, 1917 for eight days. In May, 1917 he
was at Taiping and at that Ayer Kuning which is near
Taiping. In October, 1923 he ascended the Taiping hills.
In May, 1924 he was at Taiping and at Batu Kurau, and he
was at Kuala Kangsar both in September, 1924 and January,
1925. Kota Lama and Lubok Kerbau are localities which
were visited upon these two occasions.

Henderson was stationed in Taiping from December,
1921 to March, 19238 and collected chiefly at low levels.

Burkill collected at Batu Hampar on the edge of the
Dindings on March 38rd, 1914.

The neighbourhood of Taiping has been deemed suffi-
ciently worked for a list to be prepared of its plants (Gardens
Bulletin 3, p. 303). If the reader will turn to the map he
will observe that 957 species of the Thalamiflorae-Calycifiorae
are recorded for the square; most of these are from the
hills over Taiping. This number is greater by 161 than
the number for the square 2d, a circumstance which must
be ascribed not to more thorough working, but to the greater
elevation of the Taiping hills and to the greater variety of
vegetation thus produced; for it is indubitable that Taiping
is not so well worked as Penang: but thanks to Kunstler’s
long stay it has been worked in every season. An estimate

of the percentage of the total number of Phanerogams now

known to exist in the square must at present partake con-
siderably of a guess, but is probably somewhere between
60 and 70. There are differences indicated between the
east and west faces of the Taiping hills which require
working out.

SQUARE 4e.

This square is astride the Main Range of the Peninsula,
extending into the three states of Perak and Kelantan and
Pahang. It is hilly throughout; but the higher hills have
been little studied. The following statement commences

157

with collections made in the lower ground, and from the
north proceeds southwards.

The Plus river which is upon the northern limit of the
square was visited by Wray in November, 1905, and he
states that he collected to the headwaters. Burn-Murdoch *
collected a few plants in the Plus and Chior reserves in 1912;
his Sungei Njing is in the first and his Gunong Berekeh is
in the second. Salak was visited by Haniff and Mohamed
Nur in December, 1920, and so also Sungei Siput for three
days; and Burkill visited Sungei Siput for one day in
September, 1920. Near to this place is the Kamuning estate
which was visited by Curtis in July or August, 1898, and
by Ridley in February, 1894; and where Machado lived for
a short while, collecting a small number of specimens.

Ipoh was visited by Curtis in the last days of the year
1895, and in July, 1898, when he collected about the town
and southwards towards to Menglembu. Ridley, taking
leave in October, 1898, collected about Ipoh and to the summit
of Gunong Keledang and at Telok Pinang. He was again
at Ipoh in January, 1921. Burkill spent eleven days at
Ipoh in August, 1916, July and November, 1917, and Septem-
ber, 1920, collecting upon all sides of the town and largely
upon the limestone cliffs of Tambun and of Gunong Rapat
and upon those close to Ipoh town; he also collected towards
Lahat. Burkill and Haniff spent another five days at Ipoh
in June, 1924, when collecting was done largely upon the
limestone cliffs of Ampang.

Goldham, an educational officer, collected a few living
plants about Ipoh which were examined by Ridley.

Sungei Raya is upon the southern limit of the square.
At it Kunstler collected in October, 1880; and from it Burkill
and Haniff in June, 1924, procured by the agency of a bomoh
a small collection of medicinal plants.

In the squtre is Gunong Korbu, the second highest peak
in the Malay Peninsula. It reaches 7,160 feet. It was
ascended by Barnard and Haniff by way of the Korbu river
and Gunong Yong Blar and Gunong Bal in the month of
May, 1909; but the facilities for collecting were poor, the
forest at the time also particularly flowerless. In 1914
Robinson stationed a party of Dyak collectors upon the
mountain at 5,000 feet, who from the end of February to
the end of March collected between 3,000 feet and the
oot. (Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums,

me 43). a

The map shows for this square 195 plants of the
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae. But the square cannot be less
rich in species than square 3e; and if the estimate for 3e
is right, then our knowledge of 4e is but 13 to 15 per cent.

* We have seen in herbaria these specimens mis-labelled “ Selangor.”

158

It is evident thus how little the expeditions to Gunong Korbu —
achieved in proportion to the work left for others—and
Gunong Korbu is only one mountain of the many high ones
in the square. Ridley collecting upon the lower hill of
Gunong Keledang revealed several species of considerable
interest.

SQUARE 5e.

This square is partly in the State of Kelantan and partly
in the State of Pahang. Foxworthy’s journey in February,
1924, from Kuala Lipis into Kelantan took him through the
square; and Mohamed Nur who was attached to the expedi-
tion collected successively at Mesa, Bukit Jelatah, Goa
Kechapi, Sungei Yu, Sungei Kaloh and Sungei Merapoh
which are between the railway station of Chega Perah and
the Kelantan boundary: then after that at Pulai, Kuala
Kerteh, Batu Papan, Batu Bau, and Goa Panjang. No other
collecting has been done in the square; and it must be stated
of it that it is botanically almost unknown.

SQUARE 6e.

This square has in it, rather towards its southern limit, ©
the mountain of Gunong Tahan, than which there is no —
higher in the Malay Peninsula. It reaches 7,186 feet. The
boundary between the states of Kelantan and Pahang runs
over it. Attempts have been made to climb it from the
north, but no collecting was done on them. The credit of
finding a way to the top, from the southern side, belongs
to Robinson, who has had a part in all three collecting
expeditions made to it.

In the year 1905 Wray and Robinson set out for Gunong
Tahan in the month of May, and together reached the mid
slopes, when Wray, by reason of illness was forced to return.
Robinson continued and spent June and July collecting on
the upper slopes (Journal of the Linnean Society of London,
Botany, 38, p. 301). In 1911 Robinson and Kloss went
together to the mountain and Ridley accompanied them.
Reaching 3,000 feet on July 6th, collecting was commenced
by Ridley and done in a remarkably complete way. The
return was made in August (Journal of the Federated Malay
States Museums, 6, p. 127). In 1922 Robinson, who had
established a semi-permanent camp upon the mountain
undertook to direct two of the staff of the Botanic Gardens —
Department upon it; and Haniff and Mohamed Nur pro-
ceeded thither. They collected for twelve days in June,
demonstrating how very thoroughly Ridley had collected
before them.

All these ascents of Gunong Tahan were made by the —
Teku river: and along it collecting has naturally been done. .

159

Upon the north of Gunong Tahan in February, 1923,
Haniff and Mohamed Nur collected along the course of the
Lebir river at Kuala Pertang, Kelumpur, Kuala Bedong,
Kuala Manis, Lala Terlong, and Bator Kelantan, on the
18th of February, 1924, Mohamed Nur collected at Goa
Ninneh, which he reached from Pulai upon the upper course
of the Galas river.

The map shows that only 126 species of the
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae are known from the square. It is
a small number, and possibly only five per cent. of the whole
flora. It is disappointing that we know nothing of the
plants of Gunong Tahan which do not flower in the months
of June and July: in fact we know really very little of the
flora of the mountain.

SQUARE 7e.

This square is distributed between the three States of
Trengganu, Kelantan and Pahang. Botanically it is quite
unknown. :

SQUARE 8e.

There are about 1,200 square miles of land in this
square, all in the State of Trengganu, and quite unknown

botanically.
SQUARE 2f.

_ This square contains the west coast of the Peninsula
from just north of the Bruas river to just beyond the Perak
river. It is therefore partly in the Dindings, and mainly
in the State of Perak. The land surface is about 900 square
miles. The forests of the Dindings are but little disturbed
and contain fine timber, while inland is the large Bruas or
Blanja forest reserve.

The Dutch had a fort on Pangkor island for receiving
tin, of which we are told that in 1688 it possessed not a
yard of cultivation, but that the forest pressed upon it.
(Dampier’s Voyages, 2, 1699, p. 174). Then and afterwards
Ships would touch at the coast in its neighbourhood for
refreshing—for water or for new masts and spars, etc.:
and from his ship touching there on January 9th, 1822,
for some simple need, Finlayson was able to collect a few
plants. But after Finlayson no one botanised in the Dindings
until the forest wealth was protected, except that Scortechini
paid a short visit in July 1884.

. On January 19th 1888 Curtis seems first to have
commenced his charge: then he spent six days at Pangkor,
about Lumut, Rajah Itam and elsewhere (S.S. Government
Gazette in March, 1888). He was on Pangkor island, at
Telok Sera, on the Bruas river, up to Pengkalan Bahru, at
Tanjong Burong, on Gunong Tunggal, at Tanjong Hantu,
Simpit, Sungei Puyu, etc.,* between July 7th and 14th of

_ * Tanjong Gol is on certain records said to be in Perak: that is a
mistake. It is the western end of Singapore Island.

160

the same year (Appendix to Forest Report for 1888). He
was at Lumut again in November, 1889, and so on. Ridley
and Curtis were together in the Dindings in February, 1892,
and thence forward annually until 1900. In July of that
year Hill and Curtis were together through the Dindings.
After this date occurred Burn-Murdoch’s visits to the
Dindings and to the Bruas reserve. Burkill was at Lumut
and at Pengkalan Bahru in the commencement of March,
1914.

Off the coast are the Sembilan Islands: they are all
small. Ridley and Curtis visited them together in 1892;
E. 8S. Hose visited them in 1918 and Kloss visited the largest
of them, Pulau Rembia by name, in May, 1916. Seimund
collected on Pulau Rembia in November, 1918, and on Pulau
Lallang in November and December, 1925.

Telok Anson town is upon the very margin of the
square. Kunstler collected a little at it when proceeding
into the interior. Scortechini visited Telok Anson in August,
1886, and probably at other times. When stationed there,
EK. 8S. Hose collected in the countryside. In 1924 Haniff
spent a week there in the end of September. The following
localities near Telok Anson are upon their labels and within
the square :—Kota Stia, Pulau Tiga and Pasir Panjang Ulu.

Largely as a result of collecting in the Dindings, the
number of Thalamiflorae-Calycifiorae known from the square
is, as recorded on the map, 288. The rest of the square has
furnished little. It is not a mountainous square, and perhaps
we can name 380 per cent. of the species occurring in it.

SQUARE 4f. *

This square contains the Kinta valley and the greater
part of the Main Range to the east of it. The valley has
suffered extensive degradation of its covering, both on
account of clearing and on account of flooding by streams
surcharged by silt. The change is not by any means all of
the last half century, for Daly who surveyed it in 1874
has left it on record how relatively easy his work was on
account of the removal of so much of the forest canopy.
However, there are some extensive reserved forests within
the square; and the mountains are densely forested.

Batu Gajah is close to the northern limit of the square,
and from its neighbourhood Burkill and Haniff collected in
the end of June, 1924. East of Batu Gajah and equally

——

* The locality “ Limbo Hills ” occurs in the Materials for a Flora
of the Malay Peninsula. For it read limestone hills.

161

near to the northern margin of the square is the mining
centre of Gopeng which place is connected by road south-
wards with Kuala Depang, Kampar and through Chan-
deriang with Tapah. These places received early attention
when the country was opened up. In the year 1880, in the
month of September, Kunstler went to Gopeng and remained
there or near by at Kota Bahru and Kampar until the end
of the year. The first European plantations were then being
made on Gunong Bujong Malaka and about Kuala Depang.

In 1881, in November, Kunstler paid another visit to
Gopeng, and he paid a third in 1883, spending then the
months of June to August there. His locality Gunong Mesah
is a hill a few miles to the south of Gopeng.

In April, 1885, Scortechini appears to have visited
Gopeng. In July he returned to it again from Taiping and
ascended the neighbouring parts of the Main Range. After
that he was prostrated by fever, and took the voyage to
Calcutta in a vain effort to shake it off. Discovering in
Calcutta how extensive were Kunstler’s collections, he agreed
to pool his efforts at writing a flora with Sir George King’s;
but he died in the next year.

In August of the same year Kunstler worked in the
Batang Padang district, and upon lower slopes of Gunong
Batu Puteh.

Curtis made an extended journey in 1894, when having
landed at Telok Anson on August 16th, he proceeded to
Tapah, and thence (1) to Kalindi, four miles northward
(2) to Kuala Depang, eighteen miles, and (3) collected on
Gunong Bujong Malaka which is above it and (4) at Sungei
Siput which is a mining village to the east, and (5) on
Gunong Mesah. He returned to Telok Anson collecting
upon the way in Kampar and Tapah (Gardens Report for
1894, Appendix). In the next year during the last ten
days of the year he was back again at Kuala Depang, Gunong
Bujong Malaka and Kampar (Gardens Report for 1895,
Appendix B): and in 1898 he collected in August for a third
time upon Gunong Bujong Malaka (Gardens Report for 1898,
Appendix B). This hill was visited by Ridley in October,
1898. In April, 1925, Henderson visited the limestone hill
Gunong Lanoh, near Gopeng.

In 1890 Wray organised a very extensive exploration
upon the mountains east of Tapah. He set out from Telok
Anson on June 6th for Tapah by road, and from Tapah went
by river to Kuala Wok: from this spot he climbed Gunong
Batu Puteh, and was back in Tapah on July 19th, whence he
went to Chanderiang; but he returned to Tapah and spent
August and half of September upon Gunong Batu Puteh.
On October 5th he set out for Gunong Chunam Prah and
Gunong Beremban from which he descended on the Pahang
side of the Main Range into the watershed of a tributary

162

of the Jelei river; then he crossed Cameron’s Plateau in a }

north-westerly direction reaching Gopeng on the 24th of
the month, and from Gopeng his base at Tapah. This long
expedition is described in the Journal of the Straits Branch
of the Royal Asiatic Society, 21, p. 123. For the time being
it seemed to exhaust interest in the region.

In 1908 Robinson and Kloss made a zoological expedition
to the Plateau and Ridley accompanied them to botanise.
November found Ridley at Tapah, where he collected for
a fortnight, then he ascended to the Plateau and remained
there for three weeks. He collected very largely upon a
river called in the reports the Telom, but this instead of
being the Telom of the official maps is the Sungei Bertam

which only after a considerable course runs into the Telom.

He collected also upon a Gunong Beremban which is not the
“Gunong Brumber” (or G. Beremban) of Wray’s expedition,
though near it. The fact is that exact geography is an
importation into these regions. The expedition is reported
on in the Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums,
4,p.1. Upon a second expedition into the Plateau, Robinson
made notes upon the vegetation seen upon Gunong Terbakar
(Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, 10,
p. 248). In June, 1923 Robinson paid a third visit and was
accompanied by Henderson, and the latter returned thither
in January, 1924, and again in November and December 1925.

Tapah was visited by Burkill and Haniff from June 27th
to July 2nd, 1924, when collecting was done towards Jor, at
Tapah Road and Temoh and Haniff returned to Jor between
September 12th and 19th. After this he went to Telok
Anson, where he was until September 30th, collecting within
the square at such places as Bandar Telok Anson, Durian
Sabatang, Sungei Tukang Sidin and Degong. Henderson
spent a week at Jor, in May, 1928.

As a result of all this work, the number of

Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded for the square upon the ©

map is 608. The height of the mountains assures a far
richer flora than Penang has, perhaps even a flora twice
as numerous in species; and on this assumption it can be
calculated that we know 35 to 40 per cent. of what occur.
It is remarkable that all the collecting has been done in
the second half of the year and in further work attention
should be directed to the region in the first half.

SQUARE 5f.

This square is wholly in the State of Pahang. It con-
sists of a mountainous and densely forested tract. The
nomenclature of its rivers is peculiar; for the longest, the
Telom, surrenders its name upon uniting with a much lesser
stream, the Jelai, which in turn surrenders the name of
Jelai in square 6f, to become the Pahang river.

163

Machado collected upon the Jelai in May, 1903. He had
made an earlier expedition prospecting towards its head
waters in 1900; but whether he collected then or was unable
to do so is uncertain, and it is uncertain also if all the
specimens labelled ‘“‘ Jelei’”’ were gathered within this square
or in 6f. He described the upper part of the stream in the
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,
33, p. 263. His Sungei Cha-ang seems to be the Sungei
Chelang of the official maps and his Sungei Betak the Sungei
Betan.

In the south-western corner of the square is Benta,
where Burkill and Haniff collected a little in November, 1924.

Botanically the square is almost unknown as the small
number—6—recorded from it upon the map indicates.

SQUARE 6f.

This square is wholly in the State of Pahang. As the
route by which Gunong Tahan has been reached is in it, and
as Kuala Lipis is in it, rather more collecting has been done,
than in the squares which border it.

In 1923 Machado collected a little about Kuala Lipis.
In 1924 Burkill and Haniff spent a week in November there
collecting about the station, at the much older centre of
Penjom, at Chineras and Uiu Chineras and at Budu. The
Benchah forest reserve is across the Lipis river from Penjom
and has supplied specimens of forest trees to forest officers.
And upon the same side of that river is the Sungei Cheka
which has done the same.

A little further eastward the Tembeling river joins with
the Jelei to make the Pahang river, and Kuala Tembeling
has served as the base whence botanists have started for
Gunong Tahan. The large and difficult expedition of Ridley,
Davison and Kelsall towards Gunong Tahan, in 1891,
collected about it. This expedition reached Kuala Tem-
beling on July, 12th, Pulau Manis upon the Tembeling
river on the next day, Kuala Tahan on the day after; it
was at Sungei Tenok from July 21st to August 8th (vide
Appendix to Gardens Report for 1891, and the Transactions
of the Linnean Society of London 3, p. 269). Collecting
was done at a spot recorded as Khol. It did not pass north-
wards out of the square, but was driven back by difficulties ©
along the Tahan river. Of the localities which appear upon
the labels of specimens, it is believed that Pulau Kinchi
is upon the Tembeling river, but none of the following can
be placed:—Guai, Blay Manis, Pulau Tijau, Pulau Padang,
Pulau Datoh, Lubok Pelang, and Sungei Paut.

In 1893, Becher, who soon after lost his life in a flood
of the Tahan river, collected a little about Kuala Tembeling.

164

The expeditions of Wray and Robinson and of Robinson,
Kloss and Ridley to Gunong Tahan refrained from collecting
plants on the Tembeling that the porterage of specimens
collected further up might not be interfered with. The
expedition of Haniff and Mohamed Nur to Gunong Tahan
in June, 1922, collected a little on the return journey at
this place. Their locality Kuala Manis appears to be the
same as Ridley’s Pulau Manis.

In November, 1924, Burkill and Haniff procured a small
collection from Kuala Tembeling.

The number of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded
from the square is 235. Assuming the square richer in
species than Penang island, and nearly as rich as square
4f, it can be estimated from the figure 235, that we are
able to record about 15 to 18 per cent.

SQUARE 7/ is partly in the State of Pahang and partly
in the State of Trengganu; and it is botanically terra
incognita.

SQUARE 8f.

There are rather more than 1,050 square miles of land
in this square, most of it in the State of Trengganu; but
a very little in the State of Pahang.

On August 25th, 1889, Ridley was taken by His

Excellency the Governor of the Straits Settlements to the
mouth of the Cherating river, and had a few hours for
collecting. In 1890 Vaughan Stevens in an attempt to
study the Sakai tribes upon the Kemaman river collected
specimens of plants economic to them. In 1904 Rostados
sent to Singapore a collection from the mining centre of
Bundi, which is on the upper Kemaman.

By means of these small collections the number of
Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae known from the square is found
to be 42, which cannot be more than four per cent. of the
number existing.

SQUARE 29 contains the islet of Pulau Jarak, visited
on December 20th, 1904 by Robinson, and in November, 1919,
and described in the Journal of the Federated Malay States
Museums, 10, p. 259.

SQUARE 3g.

In this square are the lowlands from near the mouth
of the Perak river to a point about midway between the
mouths of the Bernam and Selangor rivers. The area of
land is under 500 square miles, and the flora doubtless
restricted. Low caused the river Bernam to be explored
in 1879 and in 1885 Sir Frank Swettenham commenced his
journey from sea to sea along it. In 1886 Kunstler was on
it; but it is uncertain if he collected upon the lower reaches,

165

i.e. in the square. In 1924 Haniff collected from Telok
Anson, at Rungkup, Utan Melintang, Bagan Datoh and Telok
Bahru.

The number of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae thus made
known is 22; and the percentage of the flora of the square
which has been collected may be set down at about two.

SQUARE 4g.

This square consists very largely of low-lying land,
and a little sea. The area of the land is about 1,160 square
miles, roughly half in the State of Perak and half in the
State of Selangor. There are important reserved forests
in it, as Changkat Jong, Bikum, Trolak and Bukit Belata;
and from them a little collecting has been done. Joining
the Sungei Bidor near Changkat Jong is the Sungei Sungkai.
In May, 1882 Kunstler was upon the Sungkai river; and in
November, 1885 Curtis also; but the chief object of the latter
appears to have been living plants, and the herbarium
specimens resulting are few.

Considerably further south and nearer the Bernam river
is the small hill of Changkat Mentri, which was visited by
Kloss in September, 1918.

The figure on the map for the square is 51, and we
are unable apparently to record a greater percentage of the
flora then three.

SQUARE 5g.

This square consists of a section of the Main Range,
extending into the three States of Perak, Pahang and
Selangor. It has been the subject of considerable attention
very largely because the Semangko pass rendered the higher
parts of the hills accessible. Within Perak is the Behrang
forest where forest officers have collected; and south of it
is Tanjong Malim where Burkill and Haniff collected a little
in July, 1924. It is suspected that the plants which Kunstler
labelled “‘ near the Bernam river’ came from somewhere
in the direction of Tanjong Malim.

In the Selangor part of the square is Kerling, near to
which Goodenough collected in 1899 and north to Kuala Kubu
whence the road over the Semangko pass climbs to the
head of the Selangor river. In the year 1886 Kunstler
removed himself from Taiping and collected until September
in this square. His chief collecting place was Ulu Bubong,
and the specimens which he got there are dated with the
months of January, July, August and September. In July,
August and September he visited the heads of other streams,
namely the Bera and Kal. The latter is written Kol upon
the official maps; and in March and April he had visited
further the head of one of the two Kerling streams, pre-
sumedly the larger which has its source almost under Fraser

166

Hill; and he visited also the head of the Selangor river
itself. These specimens when they reached Calcutta were
labelled Perak; but the valleys themselves are in the State
of Selangor. His base, if on the Bernam river, would be
on the present State-boundary. During the period when he
was working these Selangor valleys he also went north into
Perak, and collected in the Slim valley, plants which may
have been got in this square or in square 5f. He has a
locality “‘P.P.” which has not been identified, but may be
assigned from his dates to this square.

The path over the Semangko pass which gave place to
the modern road was long called the “ Pahang track” and
this name appears on upon the labels of plants; for instance,
Ridley in July, 1897 collected upon the Pahang track, and
Curtis in 1902 and Machado in May, 19038. In February,
1904 Burn-Murdoch collected a few forest trees at the pass,
and in August of the same year Ridley made a stay more
extended than upon his previous journey, being joined by
Hosseus. At this date there were mines known as the
Simpang mines at the place upon the ridge now known as
Fraser Hill or Bukit Fraser; and Ridley collected much

about them. He was there again in April, 1911. In 1912
Burn-Murdoch again collected a little at the pass. In 1921
Cubitt did the same, reaching northwards to “ Pine-tree hill.”
In October, 1921 Mrs. Ferguson-Davie collected at Fraser
hill. In 1922 Burkill and Holttum spent half the month
of September collecting there (Gardens’ Bulletin, 3, p. 19).
In 1923 between August 25th and September 18th Holttum,
Henderson, Foxworthy and Mohamed Nur collected there.

Somewhat nearer to Kuala Kubu than the Semangko
pass is Bukit Kutu, where Ridley collected in May and June,
1896.

The Semangko pass gives access to the Raub district
of the State of Pahang. Around Raub Burkill and Haniff
collected in November, 1924 from the 8th to the 15th, and
they procured by the agency of bomohs economic plants
from Batu Talam to the northward. The following localities
near Raub appear upon their labels:—gorge of the Sungei
Tras, the Simpam river, the Liang river (both visited where
the Batu Talam road crosses them), Gali and Dong. Many
of the Dong plants came from the Jahit-Rambei forest
reserve.

To the east of Raub is the large Bilut forest reserve,
where forest officers have collected a little.

On the Main Range below the middle of the square is
Gunong Ulu Kali whence Burn-Murdoch procured plants.

At the southern limit of the square is Bentong.
Foxworthy and Burkill visited this town on December 6th,

167

1922. Best visited it from June 12th to 17th, 1924 and
Burkill and Haniff from November 12th to 17th, 1924. The
following localities near Bentong are within the square:—
Sungei Perting, Gunong Raja, Bukit Raka, as also any place
stated to be on the north or west of Bentong town. The
flora of the conglomerate hills near Bentong is certainly
interesting; but Best’s visit at an unfavourable season to
Bukit Raka is the only attempt so far made at a study of it.

The figure for the square appearing on the map is 489;
and it is estimated that this represents 30 to 35 per cent.
The hill collections have almost all been made in the first
nine months of the year; the collections from the low country
to the eastward have been made in June and November.

SQUARE 6g. |

This square is the square of the mountain of Benom.
It is entirely in the State of Pahang. In 1900 it was required
that a trigonometrical survey beacon should be placed upon
the summit of Benom and Barnes, taking a plant collector
with him, made the attempt to get it there. He started
from Ulu Gali; but did not reach the summit by some
three miles. From a subsidiary summit where he placed
the beacon, and which he supposed to be Gunong Kluang
Terbang, he brought back a collection of 122 specimens. In
March, 1923, Evans reached the summit and collected, and
in July and August, 1925, a Chinese collector of the
Federated Malay States Museums made a collection near the
summit.

Within the northern margin of the square runs the
Benta-Jerantut road, along which on November 23rd, 1924,
Burkill and Haniff collected a little, at the localities Tanjong
Musa and Batu Balai. Then they collected also at Jerantut
upon the two subsequent days and on December 12th. In
March, 1923, Foxworthy and Henderson collected in the
Temerloh district north of the Semantan river.

From north to south the Pahang river runs through
this square; and it has been collected on at various places.
Ridley collected considerably between July 7th and 9th, 1891,
in the Pulau Tawar neighbourhood, at Pulau Tawar, Pulau
Changei, and Tanjong Antan, which indeed are not remote
from the new Jerantut ferry. Ridley’s locality Kadondong
is on Pulau Tawar. To the east of the river at a few miles
from it are the limestone rocks of Kota Glanggi where Ridley
collected in 1891, and Kota Tongkat where Evans collected
in June, 1917. Evans also collected at Kuala Tekam near by.

Further down the river is Kuala Krau, and opposite are
more limestone rocks, those of Gunong Sennyum at which
Evans collected in June and July, 1917.

The Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae known from the square
are 1380, or 8 to 10 per cent. of the probable total.

168

SQUARE 7g.

This square which is wholly in the State of Pahang is
covered by vast forests, traversed by the Jerantut-Kuantan
road. Burkill and Haniff collected a very few plants along
this road on December 7th, 1924 at Ulu Tekam and Sungei
Lepar. Its southern margin is touched by the Pahang river
whereon at Kuala Luit Ridley collected in 1891.

The figure on the map for the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
is 25, and our knowledge may be two per cent.

SQUARE 8g.

There are about 1,000 square miles of the State of
Pahang within this square, the interior being botanically
unknown, but some collecting having been done on the coast
from Kuantan northwards, where it is bold and hilly.

There are extensive forest reserves in this area where
forest officers have collected, e.g. Burn-Murdoch and more
lately others. Between June 17th and 23rd, 1913, Burn-
Murdoch collected at Bukit Gapis, Bukit Galing, Tanjong
Api, Bukit Ubi and Tanjong Tembeling. Durnford sent
orchids to Ridley from Kuantan in 1889. Burn-Murdoch
has collected in the Baloh reserve. Burkill and Haniff were
at Kuantan from December 3rd to 7th, 1924, collecting there,
at Telok Sisik, Ayer Puteh, Beserah and Kuantan ferry.

At the very south of the square is the mouth of the
Pahang river; and collecting done upon its north bank
was done within the square. On August 19th to 21st, 1889
Ridley was at Kuala Pahang with His Excellency the then
Governor of the Straits Settlements; Darat Selah is a
locality of this visit. In 1890 he spent a fortnight in the
month of May at Pekan, crossing over the river on occasions
to the north bank where he visited Pramau, Jambu, Kuala
Brawas and Tanjong Medang; and he visited Kuala Mahang,
Tanjong Gajah Mati and Pulau Manis, which are a little
inland. In 1891 he started for Gunong Tahan from Pekan,
visiting Pulau Manis and Pulau Rumput. In July, 1917,
Evans collected a little at the mouth of the river.

The number of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded
for the square on the map is 208; and it seems likely that
this represents about twenty per cent.

SQUARE 4h.

There are within this square about 600 square miles
of the State of Selangor, all low-lying and much of it
cultivated. In the centre are vast swamps covered with
timber, in which the Bukit Cheraka forest is reserved. To
the north is the Rantau Panjang forest where Ridley and
Burn-Murdoch collected in August, 1904. On its edge is
Batang Berjuntai, another name which appears upon their

169

labels. Kloss collected a little at Rantau Panjang on July
28th, 1914. Ridley collected at Kuala Selangor and south-
wards to Klang in the month of June, 1896.

Port Swettenham is upon the southern margin: to it
Burkill and Mohamed Nur have paid collecting visits in every
month of the year except January. In some of these visits
collecting was extended to Klang. There is a record of
Bishop Hose collecting also at Port Swettenham in the
month of

The flora is doubtless poor. The number of species of
the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae collected in the square is only
58; and judged thereby we know not more than 12 per cent.
of the plants occurring.

SQUARE 5h.

Kuala Lumpur is within this square, which extends
from the State of Selangor across the Main Range into the
State of Pahang. To Kuala Lumpur Ridley was sent in
1889 and there he collected plants. His Bukit Kuda of this
trip is a spot where horses were changed on the way from
Kuala Lumpur to Klang, and with horse transport the name
has now gone. In 1890 he endeavoured to arrange that a
native collector should be stationed there. To start the
collector Curtis went thither, and collected a little; then
he left the collector, who proved unsatisfactory and only
worked through the month of May. Garawang is one of
his collecting places.

In 1891 Kelsall went to Bukit Etam at the head of the
Langat valley and brought back collections (Journal of the
Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, 33, p. 67).

In 1896 Ridley while inspecting forests between May
9th and June 11th, collected considerably about Rawang,
Dusun Tua, Bukit Etam, Ginting Peras, Ginting Bidai, thus
reaching the watershed (Selangor Journal of September 4th,
1896). Goodenough, a subordinate in the forest service,
was transferred to Selangor in this year and continued during
several years of work to collect, doing so at various places,
such as Batu Caves, Rawang, Kuang and Kanching. In 1897,
Ridley was again at Kuala Lumpur in the month of July
and collected about Batu Caves; in 1899 he sent a plant
collector thither and was himself there for a few days. He
collected there again in August, 1898.

In the year 1905 Engler visited Kuala Lumpur. Such
plants as he collected are without doubt conserved in the
Botanic Gardens at Dahlem near Berlin. 3

In 1910 Burn-Murdoch procured specimens from Gunong
Ulu Kali, and in 1912, using forest rangers, chiefly Hashim,
s ed around Kuala Lumpur and sent the specimens
to Kew.

170

In 1911, Robinson commenced to organise collecting on
the Main Range above Kuala Lumpur with the object of
working out the dispersal of Himalayo-Sondaic animals
southwards along the hills; and with the same end in view
he caused plants to be collected. He sent Dyak collectors
first to the head of the Langat valley to Gunong Menuang
Gasing or Bukit Nyor or Nerang in the end of May and
they collected through June (Journ. of the F.M.S. Museums,
4, p. 285). In 1912 Kloss visited Ulu Langat, and went
to Gunong Mengkuang Gasing (Journ. Linn. Soc. London,
41, p. 285). The plants collected were sent to Kew (Journ.
of the F.M.S. Museums, 5, p. 28). Later the Dyaks were
sent to Gunong Mengkuang Lebar which is not far from
Gunong Ulu Kali where they collected through the months
of January and February, 1913. Kloss in 1914 collected
about Rawang. In March, 1915, Ridley, revisiting Kuala
Lumpur was taken by Robinson in connection with these
investigation to Ulu Gombak on the way to Ginting Sempah
and to the quartzite ridge of Klang Gates. Upon a further
visit in September, 1917, Ridley visited Ginting Sempah;
and soon after Kloss collected upon the not remote pass of
Ginting Bidai and again in Ulu Langat. In 1921 Ridley
paid yet another visit to Kuala Lumpur, and collected again
with Kloss and Milsum at Klang Gates in the month of
January. The name Sungei Tua forest reserve indicates a
corner of the extensive Gombak forest reserve. The Forest
Department has collected in it. During 1921 Hume collected
for the Federated Malay States Museums in the vicinity
of Kuala Lumpur.

There is a small forest reserve in Kuala Lumpur itself,
Weld’s Hill, which has served many officers in the Forest
Department as a place for studying plants. Its name occurs
often upon labels. The Forest Department has also col-
lected considerably around Kuala Lumpur, particularly since
Foxworthy joined it in 1918. Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve
and Kanching Forest Reserve in particular have supplied
specimens.

The Sungei Buloh Forest Reserve is continuous with
the Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve towards Klang where
Burkill has collected on odd days in March, June and
October, 1922, in January and December, 1923, and in
September, 1924. Burkill also collected near Kuala Lumpur
upon different occasions, e.g. at Batu Caves in November,
1916, and in October, 1922, and elsewhere in February, 1919,
and September, 1920. Foxworthy was at the Ginting
Sempah in December, 1922, at Klang Gates and in the
Sungei Buloh forest in December, 1923: and Mohamed Nur
was in the Sungei Buloh forest in the same month, 1928.
Burkill and Haniff collected a few plants about Serdang in
November, 1924.

171

Matthew collected ferns near Kuala Lumpur in 1913.
Sanderson collected Myxomycetes there, and Brooks fungi.

The road descending from the Ginting Sempah to
Bentong is within the square all except its last few miles.
Burkill and Haniff collected along it near the Benus river,
in November, 1924; and also upon the first few miles of
the Bentong-Kuala Pilah road.

A bit of the Negri Sembilan is in the square, but no
one has ever botanised in it.

The map indicates that 576 plants of the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae have been collected in the square; and this
figure suggests that we could authentically record rather
over 50 per cent. of what occur.

SQUARE 6h.

This square is chiefly in Pahang; what is not is in the
Negri Sembilan. The Bentong-Kuala Pilah road crosses the
square and has been collected on by Best on July 14th,
1924. In November, 1924, Burkill and Haniff procured
collections of economic plants from Karak and Pelangai
(Manchis).

The Pahang river flows upon the east side of the square
and near it are the townships of Semantan and Temerloh.
Ridley, Davison and Kelsall passing along the river in 1891
collected near Temerloh or Kuala Semantan, Telok Malati,
and at Jellam (?Jeram) Panjang to the south of it.

In 1918, Burn-Murdoch with the aid of a collector from
the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, collected from Semantan
and Temerloh down the river.

Under the direction of Kinsey forest trees have been
collected in the reserves of the north-eastern part of the
Negri Sembilan, such as Triang and Pasoh.

The figure that the square bears upon the map is 153.
The collecting has been rather desultory and bearing in
mind the certain richness of the flora, 153 indicates that
not more than 15 per cent., and possibly only 12 per cent.
of the plants occurring can be named.

SQUARE 7h.

This square is entirely in the State of Pahang; it has
the Pahang river along its northern border, the marshes
of the Bera river, and the forested hills from Gunong Chini
southwards in the centre and south. Along the banks of
the Pahang river where village succeeds village, taxonomic
botanists have not been drawn to do any extensive collect-
ing, and in reality they are little known. Ridley collected
here and there along them in July, 1891, as at Kuala Bera
(Kuala Brok on his labels), and Fox in 1893 travelled up

172

the river collecting at Gunong Chini in this square. In 1913
Burn-Murdoch travelled in the opposite direction collecting
between June 9th and 14th, on Gunong Chini, at Kuala
Bera, Lubok Paku and Bintang (Gardens Bulletin, 1, p. 310).
In November, 1924, Burkill and Haniff reached the river
at Lubok Paku, collected a little and left there for a few
days a collector named Ngadiman.

Elsewhere the botany of the square is unknown.

The figure on the map is 43, and this suggests that
our knowledge of the square amounts to less than three
per cent.

SQUARE 8h.

There are rather less than 1,100 square miles in this
square, all belonging to the State of Pahang. The Pahang
river is upon the northern margin; swamp forest and forest
on low hills covers the rest.

Kuala Lepar, where Burkill and Haniff collected a few
plants in December, 1924, is on the river in the square.
Pekan is in the square. As recorded under square 8g,
Ridley visited Pekan for a few days in 1889, and for half
a month in May, 1890, collecting considerably; but his
localities are rarely to be found on the official maps and
therefore an enumeration here will be useful. He visited
Renchong, Kalambalai, Ayer Hitam, Pigang, Katapang,
Bohie, Telok Malati, Pengkalan Kazai, Sungei Parit.

Haviland was at Pekan for a few days in 1890.

In 1891 Ridley, Davison and Kelsall started upon their
journey to Gunong Tahan from Pekan, but did not collect
much on the lower reaches then. In 1918 Burn-Murdoch
collected a few plants there, and in 1917 Evans a few. In
1924 Burkill and Haniff spent the last week of November at
Pekan in much rain, collecting as far as flooding permitted
south and west of the town.

The number upon the map of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae
is 145. The evenness of the surface of the land scarcely
promises a large flora and it is possible that we know now
eighteen or twenty per cent. of what occur.

SQUARE 37 contains the Aroa Islands which were
visited by Robinson in August and September, 1906,
(Journal of the Federated Malawes States Museums, 2, p. 8,
and 6, p. 253).

SQUARE 4).

This square contains but 200 square miles of low-lying
land in the State of Selangor, from Port Swettenham town-
ship southwards to Batu beyond Morib. The Telok Forest
Reserve is within it, and was visited by Burkill on September
22nd, 1918, May 4th, 1919, March 6th and 18th, June 12th,

173

September 18th and 28th and December 7th, 1921. Col-
lecting was done also between it and Port Swettenham on

' June 19th, 1913, March 25th, 1915, and August 18th, 1916.

The number of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae recorded for
the square upon the map is 15 only; from which it is sur-
mised that we can enumerate and authenticate the names
of about six per cent. of the Phanerogams.

SQUARE 57.

There are about 1,000 square miles of land in this
square, partly in the State of Selangor, and partly in the
Negri Sembilan. Very little collecting has been done in
the Selangor part. Burkill and Haniff collected a few plants
in November, 1924, at Kajang, and the Forest Department
has collected a little in the Kalambau Forest Reserve. In
the Bangi Forest Reserve, and about Bangi, which is in the
Negri Sembilan, the Forest Department has collected also.

Of the little States of the Negri Sembilan, Sungei Ujong
became accessible before any of the others, and in 1874
had a British officer at Seremban. In 1875 a rough survey
of it was made; but it was not for another eleven years
that any attempt was made to investigate its vegetation.
The investigation was done under Cantley’s orders, for he
sent his collector Alvins to Seremban in 1885. Alvins

- passed through Rantau either in coming or in going, per-

Wace:

haps in both. Bukit Lasing at which he collected is a few
miles to the south of Rantau. His localities Temianf and
Kapavang are places close to Seremban. His Bukit Sutu
has not been precisely identified, but there is only little
doubt in regard to its identity with a hill over Setul. He
passed northwards beyond Setul to Beranang which is upon
the Selangor border. At this time a bridle path existed
via Setul to Beranang, and a cart road was in course of
construction from Seremban to the coffee plantations upon
the Beremban hills. It may be assumed that Alvins col-
lected upon both. He collected at Pantai which is a little
to the north of Seremban and on Gunong Beremban which
is in square 67. On some occasion he visited Cape Rachado;
but probably from Malacca by sea. Finlayson touched in
1821 at Cape Rachado.

Burkill and Haniff collected at Mantin on November

30th, 1924.

In square 57 are many forest reserves at which forest
officers have collected, chiefly the Senawang reserve, near
Seremban, and the Sendayan reserve, a little farther away.

In 1922 Holttum collected about Seremban and in the
Senawang Reserve.

The Bukit Tunggul Forest Reserve is in Selangor, but
upon the boundary of the Negri Sembilan. In it forest

’

officers have collected, and in 1896 Ridley visited the neigh-
bouring country between Kajang and Sepang, chiefly the
Reko woods. In 1898 he visited Seremban in December,
and collected there and at Perhantian Tinggi. At the same
places Burkill and Haniff collected at the beginning of
November, 1924. In 1920 Ridley visited Bukit Tangga from
Seremban in the month of December; and on account of
the number of new species brought thence Mohamed Nur
‘a une to the same place at the commencement of Decem-
er, l :

Williams collected orchids near Siliau about 1915 to
1918 and Ridley in 1891 collected along the railway from
Port Dickson to Kuala Sawar on the Linggi river through
Sirusa and Siliau. Milsum also has collected at Port Dickson.

In the Singapore Herbarium are a few specimens col-
lected near Port Dickson by William P. Handover, a planter
of that neighbourhood.

Sungei Ujong offers an instance of an interesting
change in population centres. It is apparently the case
that Beranang was once far more important than it is now,
but no one has as yet tried to indicate to what extent the
Malays repressed the forest before Europeans were able to
enter the country.

The square as the map shows is known to possess 119
species of Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae. The square contain-
ing Malacca is known to possess 794, yet it is much more
level than square 57, and certainly poorer in species. It
cannot be therefore that 57 is better known than ten per
cent.

174

SQUARE 67.

This square is wholly in the Negri Sembilan, with the
town of Kuala Pilah almost at its centre. Its lower ground
is considerably given over to agriculture; but it has wide
forests over mountains reaching over 3,000 ft. The Rembau
ricefields are old, and while that country under the hills
shows very markedly that the woodlands between the fields
are in an artificial condition; so too do the lower slopes of
the mountains themselves, the forests having been greatly
changed by removing timber. The Main Range of the
Peninsula ends at the south margin of the square in Gunong
Tampin. .

Gunong Tampin may have been climbed by Alvins, who |
certainly worked for quite a long time close to its foot.
He also reached Aver Kuning in 1884 from the Malacca
side and no doubt it was easily accessible as mines were
being worked at the time at Geminchih. In 1893 and 1894,
Goodenouch collected for Ridley on Gunong Tampin. In
1918 in the month of September, Robinson sent his Dyak

175

— collectors to collect upon it (Journal Federated Malay States
Museums, 5, p. 51) and visited it himself. In August, 1915,
July and August, 1916, July and November, 1917, January
and October, 1918, Burkill collected upon the slopes of it
and to Kendong; and on May Ist, 1918, Foxworthy and
Burkill botanised to the summit. Holttum likewise botanis-
ed to the summit in November, 1922. Ridley got nearly to
the summit in 1917.

During the last week of November, 1922, Holttum col-
lected in the Tebong Forest Reserve, at Selaru, Senaling,
Kuala Pilah, Bukit Linggung and Ulu Bendol, whence he
climbed Gunong Angsi. At exactly the same period of the
year following Mohamed Nur, attached to a zoological party
under Chasen, collected on this mountain over a fortnight.
His locality Ulu Rembau is the headwaters of the Rembau
stream upon Gunong Angsi. Fourteen years earlier, that
was in 1908, Winkler collected on Gunong Angsi, collections
of which presumably the first set is preserved at Breslau.

Moorhouse, Kinsey and other forest officers have col-
lected in the forest reserves of Senaling Inas, Kepis, Bahau,
Serting, and at the Bemban which is northward of the river
Triang at Juasseh, in the Ulu Petasih which is near the
Triang reserve, and about Durian Tawar.

In 1917 Ridley visited Johol and collected for a few
days upon the river there called Sungei Jelei.

The result of this collecting is that 286 Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae are recorded; which figure, taking Malacca as
a standard, indicates that less than thirty per cent. of the
flora of the square can be named.

SQUARE 77.

This square is made up of parts of the States of Pahang,
Johore and the Negri Sembilan. Botanically it is very
little known. Genuang in Johore was visited by Ridley in
March, 1915. Gemas upon the borders of the Negri Sembilan
and Johore was visited by Burkill on November 2nd, 1918,
February 27th and August 9th, 1919, and September 16th,
1220. The figure for the square on the map is 20 only.

SQUARE 8).

The watershed of the Rompin river in Pahang makes
a large part of this square; south of it a part of the State
of Johore is included. In 1891, in the month of August,
Lake made a hasty visit to the Endau river and climbed
Gunong Janeng which is just within the square. It was
not the first visit paid by a scientist to the mountain, as
Mikluho Maclay had been there in 1875; but it led imme-
diately to another; for returning with Kelsall in October,
1892, Lake proceeded to survey towards the south while

176

Kelsall went up Gunong Janeng and made botanical collec-
tions (Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, 26, p. 3).

Evans in July, 1917, collected on the lower Rompin
river as at Leban Chondong.

In 1922 the Forest Department carried out an extensive
reconnaissance of the Rompin forests and collections of some
extent were made.

The figure upon the map for the square is 101, and an ©
estimate of the extent of our knowledge of the Phanero-
gamic flora works out at about 10 per cent.

SQUARE 9).

The area of land in the square is small, being but little
more than 200 square miles. It is parts of the States of
Pahang and Johore near the mouth of the Endau river, and
islands off the mouth.

Feilding visited the Endau river in October, 1892, with
Lake and Kelsall. Evans visited it in August, 1917, collect-
ing at Kampong Pianggu. Foxworthy in May, 1918, visited
Penyabong.

The figure upon the map is only 28.
SQUARE 07.

The beautiful island of Tiuman is in the square, its
mountains covering its whole surface and rising to 3,383 ft.
There is little room for cultivation and a small population;
so that its forests have not suffered disturbance. The
Dutch boats proceeding to China and Japan used to touch
at it for water or spars which they could draw unmolested;
and in that way Kaempfer came to land upon it in 1690.
He estimated its population as 1,000 (History of Japan,
1728, p. 61). It has been said that later when pirates used
Pulau Aor extensively, they depopulated Pulau Tiuman; but
this is to be doubted seeing how Pulau Tiuman is devoid
of level land for agriculture.

In 1889 Ridley touched at Nipa Bay upon the west
coast on August 18th. Nanson went thither for orchids
which he cultivated. In 1915 Robinson went thither upon
a zoological expedition and Burkill accompanied him. The
interval from June 21st to 29th was spent at Joara Bay
upon the east coast and the mountains ascended to 1,100 ft.
Sungei Tawar and Sungei Bagu empty themselves into this
bay. A visit was paid also to Tanjong Duatah on the south
coast. In June, 1916, Kloss made another small collection
from Pulau Tiuman which he sent to Kew.

As the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae number 62 and as the
island must be richer in species than Penang, we appear
to know less than eight per cent. of its flora.

177

SQUARE 5k.

This square contains only 60 square miles of land, being
the area round Kuala Linggi, and northwards to beyond
Cape Rachado (Tanjong Tuan). The Menyala Forest Re-
serve and the Pasir Panjang Forest Reserve are in it; in
them and at Tanjong Agas Forest Officers have collected
a very little. Alvins visited Cape Rachado.

SQUARE 6k.

Almost the whole of the Territory of Malacca is in
this square: with it is a narrow margin of that part of
the Negri Sembilan which lies just north of Malacca. Upon
the east side a narrow strip of the Territory of Malacca
is in square 7k.

The writer is inclined towards Dr. Winstedt’s opinion
in regard to the age of Malacca town. Dr. Winstedt has
it that ‘‘ Malacca existed as early as the 13th century A.D.,
and became a commercial centre about 1400 A.D. owing
to immigration of Malays from Singapore or Tumasak—
the sea country”’ (Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, 1922, No. 86, p. 257). There is no
reason for thinking that Malacca differed materially from
the typical Malay state, which was founded by the ability
of a party to extract revenue from the trade of a waterway:
but in its case the waterway was an unusually large one,
being the Straits of Malacca itself. For such a success
men and resources were necessary; and it is clear that the
immigrant element which brought the centre forward was,
even if a fugitive element, one unbroken, and probably one
quite friendly to the pre-existing element on which it grafted
itself.

Taxation of the trade between India and Java furnished
one part of the resources, but certainly not the whole,
for commodities changed hands in Malacca, a merchant-
population existing under the military population, and
exploitation of the country behind was done. It would be
gratifying to ascertain how great was the effect of this
exploitation upon the vegetation: but the indications left
to us are very meagre. The conclusions seem warranted
that the ability of Malacca to levy duties indicates a largish
population to be fed, which must have pressed upon the
forest, and that the presence of the mart argues a certain
amount of good government and security such as would
aid it. But we have information in the Chinese work
Ying-yai Sheng-lan of 1416 that rice being little grown was
imported to feed the place: it was aided by some sago
locally extracted: and in a list of vegetables, etc., which
could be had in the town are named gourds, melons,
mustard, and pepper, which may reasonably be considered
imports like the rice: further, cattle, buffaloes, ducks,

178

fowls and goats were found only in small numbers. It
may be taken as certain that Malacca did not feed itself
from the land immediately behind it: instead from behind
it, jungle produce as lignum aloes, dammar and ebony were
drawn, and two tin mines were worked. The coconut-trunk,
says this Chinese account, was split to make the floors
of the houses: sugar-cane, plantains and the jak-fruit were
to be had. These one regards as garden produce. Boat-
building was an industry, the dammar used for caulking
the seams; and much food was taken from the sea by
fishermen who used dug-outs. Mats were made, doubtless
by the women, and marketed: the Chinese account suggests
that Nipa was used rather than Pandanus; and the Nipa
would be got wild.

Thus we are brought to a conclusion that if the rice
supply was certain, no more than gardens would be needed
to add to it and the fish, upon which the town fed itself:
but gardens on a fairly liberal scale.

Siam, after a long period of unchecked expansion
southwards, at this time appears to have been able to
extract tribute from Malacca, and Malacca to have thought
it possible to assert itself against the demand. Then to
avenge an afiront, the Chinese Emperor Yong-lo sent a
successful expedition against Siam and after it ordered
Siam to keep its hands off Malacca, with which he entered
into commercial relations a little closer; and Chinese mer-
chants seem to have resided in Maiacca, meeting there those
who brought western calico, etc., from India.

A Chinese work, the Hsing-cha Sheng-lan of 1436,
states that Pahang had much rice: and an account of
Malacca in 1537 in another, the Hai-yu, states that Malacca
got rice from three places, one being Siam, and another
P’o-to-li, which is given elsewhere as in Pahang. As these
Chinese works used older Chinese works for information
without indicating what the older works were, the date
at which the Chinese ascertained that Malacca was getting
rice from Siam and Pahang is left uncertain: but it is a
date apparently considerably prior to 1537, at which time
the Portuguese were in Malacca, and to a date at which
the Malays ruled in it. They, of course, were certainly
in touch with Pahang, and that across country; so that
the rice may have come overland: and if it did, the hold
of Malacca upon its hinterland was stronger than outwardly
appears. More cannot be said. The Malacca waters became
unsafe for Chinese vessels next, and they ceased to venture
up the Straits.

When the Portuguese, in 1511, had taken possession
of Malacca they threw into the place three hundred of

their countrymen, for whom they found native wives and

179

giving them lands and slaves, bade them raise a population
favourable to Portugal. These lands, they tell us, extended
from Cape Rachado to the Rio Formosa, that is Batu Pahat.
It looks as if they were lands that had been settled by
the Malays of the Malacca State—possibly lands consider-
ably interrupted and spaced out by forest, but garden-lands
contributing to the feeding of the town. The ousted Malays
gave the Portuguese little peace; and as the colonists were
liable to military service, they spent their lives under arms,
living in the shadow of the fort in atap huts, instead of
bringing into cultivation or maintaining under cultivation
(whichever it might have been) the fiefs made over to them.

The Portuguese held Malacca for 180 years: and during
that time they threw more and more men into the fort,
so that Valentyn credited to it 11,000 to 12,000 souls. It
is very significant that upon the Dutch victory of 1641,
all that population, except 1,600, chose emigration to
Negapatam, a hardship which they would not have con-
sented to had they enjoyed prosperous possession of
homesteads under cultivation. Thus was the Portuguese
attempt at agriculture a failure; and it is quite likely that
their occupation of Malacca undid a certain amount of
clearing achieved by the Malays.

Afraid of the fort, but finding plenty of room at a
fairly safe distance behind it, during the early days of
the Dutch rule, colonies of Sumatran agriculturists moved
up the Linggi river. These were the men who adhered to
female succession of land, and the laws of Menengkabau;
and who formed themselves into the States of Naning,
Rembau, etc., expanding over a Sakai population. They
spread ultimately towards Malacca as far as Rembia, where
later they met the spread of agriculture with a male
succession extending from Malacca. It is necessary to
recognise in them a second centre of attack upon the virgin
forests of the square: they passed eastwards over low
undulations, using dry rice cultivation there, into the
upper part of the Kesang valley, which was not country
uninfluenced by Malacca, for mining, with the market for
the metal in Malacca, kept a light touch on it.

About Malacca itself, the Dutch would have no rice
grown: they had determined upon the artificial fostering
of its production in Java, and forbad the raising of it at
Malacca. This left no crops for the Malacca lands but
garden crops: and the wastes could certainly not have been
removed under the embargo. Dampier in 1688 wrote that
rice was imported to feed the town, and the “ country was
all covered with wood like one forest.’ Valentyn wrote
about 1720 that ‘‘ except fish and some fruit...... every-
pene has to be brought from other places” into Malacca
ort.

180

However when subsequently the power of Achin and
Johore waned, an experiment was tried with the lands
which were given out (anew) at a very small rent on the
understanding that they should be policed. But as they did
not pay for policing, this measure did no good. |

Konig, who paid three short visits to Malacca town
then—one in September, 1778, the second in February,
1779, and the third, while waiting for a boat to India, from
August 11th to December 15th, 1779 (Journal of the Straits
Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 26, p. 100), records
that forest commenced just beyond the village of Chang,
i.e. at four miles from Malacca town. Another writer of
the same period has left it on record that “ the country
was an impenetrable wilderness just beyond two miles from
the Fort.”

At the back of the wall of forest which had grown up
round Malacca, an independent development went on slowly;
and the district of Naning was cultivated in the Malay
way, with fingers of rice along the valleys, villages on their
_ edges and buffaloes, and with also a certain amount of dry
rice growing for which forest was burned. When the power
of Malacca was strong enough, Naning sent a tribute of
rice thither: when it was possible it defied both Portuguese
and Dutch. Behind the forest also in the same period,
Malays worked gold mines at the foot of Mount Ophir, and
on finding gold also at Geminchih worked mines there from
about 1760. In 1793 tin-mines were opened at Kesang. As
the demand for the tin and the gold came from oversea,
and as Malacca controlled the sea, these mines kept open
ways to the town, which were but the narrowest tracks
supplementing the Malacca river.

From the strict Dutch rule, Malacca passed into British
control in 1795: and as the paragraphs above show, it was
at the time no more than a fort upon the narrows of the
Straits of Malacca. Britain did two things, (1) removed
the embargo on growing rice, and (2) removed the forti-
fications. It passed back to the Dutch in 1822, useless
except as a pawn for bargaining in treaty making.

During the short Dutch rule which followed, Finlayson
visited it. This was in 1822 and this is what he records:—
“It is half-dead’”’ with “‘every third house shut up,” the
country not raising rice-enough even with it so for its
consumption. The Dutch surrendered it finally to Britain
in 1825; and it was put under the administration of Penang.

Of Malacca it was written five years later that its
rice-fields then reached to Rumbia at a distance ten miles
on the way to Naning; and there the track plunged into
forest. Again five years later as a consequence of defiance
from Naning a punitive expedition advanced along the

2

181

track, its history throwing a most instructive light upon
the density of the barrier of forest which Portuguese and
Dutch rule had caused to grow up.

The expedition started from Malacca town for Alor
Gajah, and as soon as the forest was entered found its
way obstructed by felled trees and its flanks harried by
its enemy in such a measure that it was deemed necessary
for protection to cut a wide strip right through the forest.
It was a tedious business, and the little affair advanced at
the slow rate of only twelve miles in one hundred and fifteen
days at the cost of one hundred thousand pounds sterling.

Griffith in 1841 or 1842 made a journey to Naning
along the road that the expedition had left and found it
bordered by a belt of secondary jungle one hundred yards
deep on either hand.

In 1848 Balestier recorded that Malacca still produced
nothing but a iittle rice. In 1862 Cavanagh ordered that
_ roads should be opened to the boundaries of the Territory:
and in the seventies it suddenly awoke to a great agri-
cultural activity. Owing to the lateness of this activity,
in 1883, when a Forest Department was created, the forests
were found richer in timber than those of Penang and
Singapore.

No Dutch botanists studied plants in Malacca unless
Couperus’ tract on Gambier be counted. The study of its
vegetation commenced as soon as British rule came in.

There were two William Farquhars connected with
Malacca during the first period of British rule. One was
there as a Colonel and the other as a Major. The Major
interested himself in Natural History and employed a
Chinese artist to depict the plants which he found. These
drawings he submitted to Jack in Penang and later to
Wallich in Singapore. Jack criticised them as wanting in
detail. Their fate is unrecorded. But Farquhar climbed
Mount Ophir at some date before 1819, and brought back
plants thence among which was the curious fern Matonia
pectinata: to Jack he gave his specimen and Jack sent it
to Wallich. It was in 1822, when he had become the first
Resident of Singapore that Farquhar submitted his draw-
ing of the plant to Wallich.

On January 14th, 1822, Finlayson reached Malacca and
collected for a week. The plants then got passed into the
East India house, and were distributed by Wallich between
1828 and 1832.

Gaudichaud in 1837 upon his second voyage round the
world collected at Malacca: but the voyage, the purpose of
which was to drop consular officers at a number of ports,
was done with great haste, so that he could not collect much.

182

Cuming, who spent the years 1835 to 1839 upon a
great collecting expedition to the Philippines islands, in the
last year visited Malacca in order to go to Mount Ophir.
In what month has not been ascertained.

In 1841 Griffith was appointed surgeon at Malacca and
applied his tremendous energy to collecting: but he had
not been long at the station when Wallich was taken ill,
and in consequence he was called to Calcutta to take charge
of the Company’s Garden. During this period of his service
he visited Mount Ophir, passing to reach it through Rim;
there is an Ayer Panas near this route: but he visited also
the Ayer Panas which is north of Alor Gajah. He engaged
a Portuguese of Malacca named Fernandez as collector, and
left him at work while he was acting for Wallich. He
returned to Malacca in January, 1845, only to die a month
after his arrival. His copious notes, often only in pencil,
and his specimens, were bequeathed to the Company, and
the notes were published as Posthumous Papers under the
editing of McClelland, who clearly had in doing this a
difficult task. From them it appears that Griffith himseif,
except in making the two expeditions as stated above, did
not get far afield from Malacca town. Tanjong Kling,
Kamuning, Cheng, Pringgit, Malim, Batu Berendam, Pulau
Panjang, Pulau Java, and Pulau Besar, are localities re-
cognisable in his notes and so recorded as if he himself
visited them: they are all close to the town. After his
return in 1845 in the short month left to him, he employed
two native collectors whose names are variously spelled in

=

the Posthumous Papers. One, apparently was a native of — |

southern India with the name of Verapha; the name of

the other was spelled by Griffith Nhingghull. The latter.

collected for Griffith about Alor Gajah and forwards to
Tebong. In the Posthumous Papers the names of these men
sometimes appear as if place names. “Tanjong” in these
Papers appears to stand for Tanjong Kling; and the Ayer
Panas mentioned is possibly in all cases that north of Alor
Gajah.

Griffith’s friend Westerhout brought plants to him
from Keru between Ayer Panas and Tebong. Another
friend, Sir William Norris, brought plants to him from
Mount Ophir.

In 1845 Thomas Lobb who has been mentioned as having
collected in Penang, collected also in Malacca.

In 1858 Jagor voyaged to Java, and upon the way
stayed in Malacca from April to July. He made the journey
through the forest belt to Ayer Panas north of Alor Gajah,
via Ching and Rumbia, and he records that forest com-
menced near Rumbia about ten miles from Malacca. He
also ascended the Linggi river for a short distance (Reis-
eskizze, 1886). :

183

The next of the Malacca botanists was Maingay.
Having accompanied the 1860 expedition to China, he on
his return westwards became magistrate in charge of the
Jail in Malacca; and over the years from 1862 to 1868 he
collected and studied the flora very diligently, leaving a
large herbarium and five note books on it, when in 1869
he was shot down in a mutiny in Rangoon. The herbarium
and the notes are preserved at Kew; but by the phyto-
geographer it is to be regretted that he rarely recorded
the places whence his specimens came.

In 1877 there was a resident in Malacca, a W. S. C.
Pinwill who sent Pteridophytes to Kew. In 1879 Sir George
King paid a short visit in the month of November. In
1882 Cantley commenced his study of the forests of Malacca,
with the object of organising a forest department; and in
1884, the better to ascertain the composition of them he
stationed there a collector named Alvins, who sent numbered
plants to him in Singapore in bundles as they were prepared
and dried. He is recorded as having sent about one thousand
before the year was out and is recorded as having sent
1,840 in the year 1885. By the use of the numbers it is
possible in a great measure to trace Alvins’ collecting
places. The first seem to have been in the two forests
nearest to the coast, namely the reserves of Sungei Udang
and Merlimau: then he moved to the more inland forests
around Selandar. He collected at a Bukit Danan, which
has not been identified, between two periods at Selandar:
some labels (not Alvins’, but those additional labels which
were attached in Singapore) state it to be in the State of
Sungei Ujong, but not all; and because it is known that
some of these additional labels are misleading (see Ridley
in Gardens Report for 1889, p. 7) there is much probability
that the Bukit Danan visited by Alvins is in eastern Malacca.
When the numbering had reached the neighbourhood of
760, Alvins removed to the Naning corner of Malacca and
his labels bear the names of Chinana Puteh, Bukit Naning,
Bukit Klana, Bukit Kandong, Bukit Payong, Gaong Talan
(possibly under Gunong Tampin), Bukit Dusun Paya, and
Bukit Bertam, being places close to the limits of Malacca
territory in the direction of the Negri Sembilan, or perhaps
some just over the border in them. Unnumbered plants,
probably gathered earlier than this, bear the names of Bukit
Bruang, Pulau Nangka, Pulau Dodol, and other places near
Malacca town, and Bukit Panchor. When he had collected
considerably in Naning, he was sent into the State of Sungei
Ujong as related under square 57. But later still he worked
in the square 7k upon the eastern border of Malacca terri-
tory, though not wholly, for the names of Merlimau and
Bukit Kajang occur; and he seems to have reached Ayer
Kuning in Negri Sembilan towards Geminchih.

\

Upon early labels the names of Bukit Kayu Arang
and Bukit Terbakar are found: the first* was in the Sungei
Udang forest reserve, the second in the Brisu forest. He
also labelled plants with the name of Bukit Putus, apparently
indicating the hill of that name north of Brisu.

184

It was decided in 1886 to appoint an officer from Europe
to take charge of the Malacca forests under Cantley, and
Derry was selected. He served in Malacca from August
of that year to 1893 collecting plants, chiefly the larger
forest trees, in various parts of his charge, and had head-
quarters at Ayer Kroh upon the edge of the Bukit Bruang
Forest Reserve, except that through 1891 his presence was
required in Penang, and Holmberg held charge. In 1893
and 1894 Goodenough took charge of the forest.

Feilding when he visited Malacca and Muar in 1892
appears to have gone to the foot of Mount Ophir and to
have collected at the Lubok Kadondong there.

Harvey was Resident-Councillor of Malacca from 1882
to 1894 and made a herbarium of Malacca plants, which
was given to Kew at his death: he also sent plants both
to the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and to Singapore. His
specimens are not precisely localised.

In 1889 Ridley paid his first visit to Malacca, and
another in 1890 and others at intervals afterwards, the
last being in 1917. Upon one occasion he visited Kuala
Pedas in Negri Sembilan, and upon the last the neighbour-
hood of 'Tampin. In 1892 Curtis visited Malacca, and again
in May, 1900, and in April, 1901, both brief visits. Hullett
also visited Malacca in December, 1883, and in April, 1888,
in order to climb Mount Ophir.

Between 1914 and 1924 administrative work took
Burkill for short visits in every month of the year except
September and to every part of the Territory. Collecting
was done as occasion offered, and the localities were
numerous, so numerous that as no names were used which
are not on the maps, they will not be given. In November,
1922, Holttum collected in the Bukit Sedanan forest reserve
and about Tampin.

Malacca has thus been very extensively examined and
it is thought that a list of the plants occurring within
this square might be made ninety-six per cent. complete.
It has been botanised in every part of the year. Its surface
offers interesting studies in what man in such a climate —
as it has can produce, and in plant-successions.

* The Diospyros trees which gave the hill its name were removed
in 1883.

185

SQUARE 7k.

There is a narrow strip of Malacca territory on the
western side of this square, which eastwardly extends into
the States of Negri Sembilan and Johore. Mount Ophir
is in the square and the greater part of the basin of the
Muar river. The total land surface is about 1,200 square
miles.

Naturally Mount Ophir has attracted botanists to it.
Farquhar collected on it about 1818. Someone a little later
supplied Mount Ophir plants to Robert Wight who himself
never visited Malaya but was in service in Southern India
upon the Madras Establishment. Newbold in April, 1833,
ascended Mount Ophir from Asahan, and collected a few
botanic specimens upon the summit which he sent to Wallich
in Calcutta (Newbold’s British Settlements in Malacca, 2,
pp. 165-174, and Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1834, p. 48).
In 1839 Cuming climbed it. In January, 1840, and again
in April, 1848, Oxley climbed it. In Logan’s Journal, 6,
p. 636, is an account of the first of these ascents. We are
told that then the virgin forest commenced at Rim;

and that the gold mines, which had shortly before been

destroyed, lay in a pocket amid the forest at the foot of
the mountain. The ascent was by a Padang Batu—probably
the well known one which many travellers have mentioned.
In February, 1842, Griffith visited the mountain, not only
ascending to the highest summit, but seeking plants upon
the slopes. of the subsidiary Gunong Mering. Oxley’s
second visit is the next historically, and as a result of it
he sent plants to Kew. In 1853 an ascent was made by
(Sir) T(homas) Braddell in the company of a botanist;
but it is not known who this was. The ascent is described
in Logan’s Journal. 7, p. 73. In the year 1864 and again

in August, 1867, Maingay climbed the mountain. There is

an account of an ascent in the Singapore Free Press of
March 10th, 1864. At that time the village of Asahan was
unoccupied.

Cantley is said to have acquired plants from Mount
Ophir, but it is not clear by what means, though his collector
Alvins was at Chabau towards the end of his time. Hullett
climbed the mountain in December, 1883, and in April, 1888;
and subsequently gave his collections to the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore. Derry climbed it in May, 1890, which month
he remarks is not in a flowering season (Report on the
Botanic Gardens and Forest Department for 1890, p. 22).
Hervey and Ridley climbed Gunong Mering together in 1892
and in 1898 Ridley took leave in the month of December
to climb Mount Ophir again. Bukit Kayara and Sungei
Pauh are two contiguous localities on this trip. His Botany
of Mount Ophir is in the Journal of the Straits Branch of
the Royal Asiatic Society, No. 35, p. 1.

186

The Kesang river flows from the foot of Mount Ophir
to the Straits of Malacca, and in its valley Burkill has
collected upon several occasions about Chabau, Chinchin
and in the State of Johore towards the Muar river. Lubok
Kadondong and Rihlau are by its headwaters. Feilding
was sent in 1892 to the foot of Mount Ophir to Lubok
Kadondong.

In April, 1901, Curtis ascended the Muar river to
Biawak.

In spite of these many visits to Mount Ophir, the
botany of the square is very little known, so that there
are only 150 species of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae to
be recorded as yet for it as against 794 for square 6k.
Now with so high a mountain in it as Mount Ophir the
flora must be more than half as rich again as that of
square 6k; and on that assumption our knowledge of it
appears to stand at only twelve per cent. It is certain that
Mount Ophir deserves more attention.

SQUARE 8k.

This square is entirely in the State of Johore and
botanically it is very little known.

In 1892 Lake and Kelsall crossed a part of the square,
having ascended the eastward flowing Sungei Sembrong,
and the Sungei Kahang, they got into the westward flowing
Sungei Sembrong and so to Batu Pahat. Their locality
Simpai or Kampong Simpai is in the square close to the
course of the railway, upon the eastern Sungei Sembrong.
Sungei Malati is not remote.

In November, 1900, Ridley ascended the Simpang Kanan
river from Batu Pahat as far as one of the very numerous
Tebing Tinggis that exist. It is assumed that he had
entered this square then.

In 1922 between November 15th and 20th Holttum —
collected in the square about Kluang, climbing Gunong
Lambak. In 1923 Watson made a track to the summit of
Gunong Belumut from the direction of Kluang, and in May, —
1923, Holttum was at Kluang again and proceeded to Gunong
Belumut in square 9k over Watson’s track.

Down in 190 collected on the Bekok river, probably
upon the part of the river near to the railway line.

The species of the Thalamiflorae-Calvciflorae known,
as the map shows, amount to only 54, which may indicate
a knowledge of about six per cent. of the total flora.

SQUARE 9k.

This square is entirely in the State of Johore, and
contains Gunong Belumut. The land surface is about 1,080
square miles. /

187

Gunong Belumut was climbed by Hervey in 1879, but
it is not known what plants he collected upon it, though
he recorded that he brought some down. Lake and Kelsall
in 1893 mapped the Sungei Kahang and the Sungei Madek,
and collected in the Ulu Kahang.

Belumut was botanised on by Holttum between May
23rd and June Ist, 1923. Watson shortly before had cut
a trail from the Kluang-Mersing road to the summit, and
had collected a little. This trail Holttum followed; it took
him via Ulu Madek and Gunong Chemondong; he returned
by Gunong Berchuak, Ulu Kahang and Gunong Beridong.

The species of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae collected
within the square and identified are 117 and judging there-
from the botany of it is about twelve per cent. known.

SQUARE 0k.

Some 385 square miles of the Peninsula, being part of
the State of Johore are within the square, and various small
islands, of which Pulau Tinggi is the largest. Pulau Aor
has been squeezed into the square, so as to avoid having
to make a new index number for it.

Pulau Aor used to be a pirate haunt, a mart for the
slaves that they took; and it invited a considerable popu-
lation which has tilled it to the summits. Koenig in 1778
visited it, and found it thus well inhabited. In 1849 J. T.
Thomson, the Government Surveyor employed in Singapore
described it in Logan’s Journal. Nestling close under it
is Pulau Dayang.

Feilding in October, 1892, visited successively Pulau
Tinggi, Pulau Aor and Pulau Dayang. Burkill in 1915
accompanied Robinson to Pulau Tinggi and spent the period
from June 16th to the 20th there; but failed to reach the
top of the mountain which gives to it its name. Robinson
and Knight during the same period visited the islet of Pulau
Sangeul or Tokong Sanggul which is immediately to the
south of Pulau Tinggi.

The map shows that 53 species of the Thalamiflorae-
Calvciflorae are recorded, and as the flora of the area is
probably less by one third than that of Penang, it seems
as if we can name ten per cent.

SQUARE 71.

There are only about 220 sauare miles of Jand in this
sauare, being the coast of the State of Johore near Batu
Pahat and the lower parts of the two rivers which converge
upon it. There are low hills and swamp lands in the square.

Feilding visited Parit Jawa and Bukit Muar which are
in the square in 1892 and Lake and Kelsall in the month
of August collected a little near Batu Pahat town: and in
the same year Nongchi sent orchids from the neighbourhood

188

to Ridley. In 1900 Ridley was at Batu Pahat town from ~
October 31st to November 18th; and Machado with him. —
The following are collecting places visited then:—Gunong
Banang, Gunong Penggaram, Bukit Soga, Patani Ketchil,
Hadji Senawi, and the headland of Batu Pahat. From
Batu Pahat town or Bandar Penggaram Ridley ascended
the Sungei Simpang Kanan (Report Bot. Gardens for 1900,
p. 5). In November, 1924, at the end of the month, Burkill
and Haniff visited Batu Pahat town.

The map indicates 70 as the number of the Thalami-
florae-Calyciflorae known from the square; and as the flora
eannot be a very rich one, we probably know 10 to 15 per
cent. of it. It will be observed that collecting has only been
done towards the end of the year.

SQUARE 81.

There are some thousand square miles of the State of
Johore in this square, which is botanically almost unknown.

Lake and Kelsall crossed a corner of it when they
descended the Sungei Simpang Kanan, and similarly Ridley
when he ascended it, as recorded under the heading of the
last square. Burkill and Haniff collected in the end of
November, 1924, a few plants in it at Ulu Benut and on
the west of Sedenak.

SQUARE 91.

The surface of this square is entirely of land, and in |
the State of Johore. Gunong Pulai is towards the south-
west and Gunong Panti towards the east.

Burbidge and Murton climbed Gunong Pulai in August,
1877 (Burbidge, Gardens of the Sun, 1880, p. 31). In the
latter part of 1892. Lake took a plant collector thither from
the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Ridley, in December, 1904,
took leave and spent a week upon it. In 1922, when ex-
tensive clearings were being made for waterworks, two
other collectors, Mohamed Nur and Kiah, were sent thither
from the Gardens. They collected along the Sungei Pulai
Dua, on Gunong Pulai Duatas, on Bukit Abu Bakar and
to the summit. Best visited the summit on December 18th,
1922, and Holttum on November 16th, 1924. Sedenak
railway station visited by Ridley in August, 1908, is within
the square to the north of Gunong Pulai.

Burkill and Haniff collected in the end of November,
1924, on the Scudai river to the south-east of Gunong Pulai.

Vesterdal collected at Mount Austin to the north of
Johore Bahru.

In 1880 Kunstler visited Gunong Panti in June. In
December, 1892, Ridley climbed it from Kota Tinggi, and
again in 1910 with le Doux. MHolttum in March, 1928,

189

climbed it also with le Doux, and Haniff in December, 1925,
and Holttum in February, 1926.

Gunong Muntahak which is near was visited by Kloss.

Southwards and right upon the edge of the square is
Panchur where Ridley collected in 1900.

King in 1879 with Hullett visited Jaffaria which is
somewhere within the southern edge of this square; and
in May, 1803, Ridley visited Castlewood, which is not far
away.

The total number of species of the Thalamiflorae-
Calyciflorae collected is on the map 242 and our knowledge
judged by this may be twenty per cent.

SQUARE 0.

There are about 450 square miles of the State of Johore
in this square, all but botanically unknown.

It has been said that Lake and Kelsall collected on the
Sedili river; but that statement is erroneous. Feilding in
1892 and Down are the only persons who have collected
upon it and they only a very little.

Ridley visited Johore Lama which is upon the western

' margin in October, 1900, from Pandim in square 91.

SQUARE 8m.

There are only 60 square miles of the State of Johore
in this square; it consists of very low-lying land. Kukob,
which is the chief place in it, and the Tempayan river were
visited by Ridley in April, 1908, and the Penerok river by
Burkill on August 10th, 1913, and January 25th, 1914.

SQUARE 9m.

This is the square of Singapore Island; and contains
with it a small part of the State of Johore wherein is the
town of Johore Bahru.

The part of Johore which is in the square has been
visited by Ridley at such localities as Tanjong Bunga, Tanah
Runto, Tanjong Kupang and Tanjong Merawan. King,
Hullett and Kunstler visited Johore Bahru.

Raffles at his taking over of Singapore collected plants,
as Jack tells us in one of his letters to Wallich, being three
species of Nepenthes: then Jack himself visited Singapore
in June, 1819 (vide Journal of the Straits Branch of the
Royal Asiatic Society, No. 73, p. 177). At this time
Singapore Island was so completely ‘covered with jungle”
that there was found to be clear only “a small spot on
the eastern bank of the river barely large enough to pitch
the tents on” which Raffles had brought with him.

‘>? ae Mies
\

190

Wallich in 1822 voyaged to Singapore expecting to —
meet his friend Jack, but Jack was dead then. Farquhar, —
who has been mentioned as having botanised in Malacca,
was then Resident; and Wallich enjoyed his friendship as |
he had that of Raffles. He collected with his usual energy
from August to the end of November. In the same year, |

but from January 20th to 25th, Finlayson had been in

Singapore and collected. Wallich’s specimens, Finlayson’s — :

and such as Jack had sent to Wallich, were among those
distributed from London by Wallich between 1827 and 1832.

Gaudichaud was the next botanist to touch at Singa- — :

pore, and that very lightly in the month of February, 1837.
In 1835 and 1839 Cuming entered the port in his little
exploring schooner, and collected, but chiefly living plants
(vide Gardens Bulletin, 2, p. 441). In 1845 or 1846 Thomas
Lobb likewise collected.

At this time the cultivators of gambier and pepper
were completing the overrunning of the island with their
temporary cultivation: the forest had suffered most exten-
sive destruction both to get virgin soil for the pepper and
fuel for the gambier boiling.

Oxley towards the end of a residence in the East of

twenty-five years entered into correspondence with Kew, -

and sent plants: he sent plants also to Voigt in Bengal.
A contemporary of his was Motley who during his residence
of a year in Borneo, visited and collected a little in Singa-
pore: this was apparently in the year 1852. Early in 1857
Sir Robert Schomburgk passing through the port collected
for Kew. In 1861 Thomas Anderson doing the same
collected and so also Kurz in December, 1863. In May or
June, 1865, Beccari reached Singapore upon his way to
Borneo and apparently he visited Singapore more than once
afterwards, using these opportunities for collecting. In
September. 1867, Maingay, passing through Singapore col-
lected: and Wawra likewise passed through the port thrice,

once at the end of 1872 and twice early in 1873; and also —

collected. In 1879. in August and September, Sir George
King collected in Singapore.

In Wight’s herbarium were some plants labelled “ Sin-
gapore, Dawood.” It is suspected that a native collector
named Daud had got them at the instance of Wight’s
brother.

The continuous botanising of Singapore commenced in
1875 when Murton was appointed to the post of Superin-
tendent of the Botanic Gardens. He was ambitious of
producing a Flora of the island, and probably collected
with diligence; but destroyed his collections when leaving
Government service. In his time the neighbourhood of the
Gardens seems to have been covered either with secondary

191

forest or with forest greatly deteriorated by the removal
of timber. Cantley succeeded Murton in 1880; and set to
work at the investigation of the flora: but his impaired
health drove him to England in 1881, whither he took, to
work at in the Royal Gardens, Kew, aS many specimens
as he could accumulate. Returning in 1882, he began to
train a plant-collector, and tried to set in order what
Murton had left; and in March of the year he was instructed
to draw up recommendations for the care of the forests and
forest lands of the Straits Settlements. His report on
them was out in July, 1883; and it contains an interesting
list of timber trees then verging on extinction in Singapore
island. (Reports on the Forests of the Straits Settlements,
appendix). At that date “such Crown forests as remained
uncut were widely distributed in isolated patches over the
mrand...... of various sizes from half an acre or so to
twenty acres’ and the Government had difficulty in select-
ing areas for economical conservation, so much so that not
one half of these first suggested actually were included
within the final selection as Reserves; and if reference be
made to Ridley’s Annual Report on the Botanic Garden
and Forest Department for the year 1889, p. 10, it will
be realised that failing to find adequate virgin forest that
which was reserved contained very little good forest.

When Cantley died, Ridley in 1888 succeeded him as
Director of Gardens and Forests. Unfortunatelv he found
that much of what had been collected had perished: and
this being so, the Singapore Herbarium is almost entirely
of the latter’s creating. Tassim Daud worked as a plant
collector under him and as herbarium keeper until 1895;
and Goodenough was temporarily under him in Singapore
in 1895 and 1896. He frequently sent trained native plant-
ors out with exploring parties willing to look after
them.

Hullett, who had been stationed in Singapore for a
number of years, presented his herbarium to the Singapore
Gardens when leaving the East in 1889.

Burkill succeeded Ridley in 1912. He was joined by
Baker for a part of 1917, by Chipp in 1919 and 1920, by
Holttum in 1922, and by Henderson in 1924. Working
under these were the following who collected also, Ahmed
bin Hassan, Kastawi bin Jalil, Mohamed Nur bin Mohamed
Ghose, Ahmed bin Hadji Omar, Subramanian, Kiah bin
Hadji Mohamed Salleh and others and their names will be
found on plant-labels.

Visitors who have collected in Singapore since 1880
have been Scortechini who was on the island in 1886; Max
Fleischer in 1898; Raciborski in 1899; Engler in 1905;
Matthew in 1918,

192

The last named visited Johore also. In 1901 there
was resident in Johore Jansen who conceived the idea of
collecting sets of plants for sale; but seems not to have

carried it out, though plants collected by him are conserved
at Copenhagen. .

In the year 1900 Ridley published a Flora of Singapore
in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, No. 33, p. 27, and in 1901 he published some
addenda in No. 35, p. 84.

It is interesting that the lesser the land surface the
further from typical high forest is the vegetation upon an
islet: and this is illustrated by Holttum’s account of the
plants upon Pulau Jong (Singapore Naturalist, Vol. I, 5.
p. 47.) Pulau Jong is a few miles removed from the south
shore of Singapore island.

|
Very little has been added since Ridley’s Flora; so little
|
|
|

that the island itself may be held as about ninety-nine
per cent. known: but within the square is a part of the
State of Johore, which is scarcely known, and taking it
into consideration it may be assumed that the square is
about ninety-six per cent. known.

SQUARE 0m.

The land surface within this square is only about 160
square miles of the State of Johore. Opposite to it are
parts of the Dutch islands of Pulau Batam and Pulau
Bintang which are outside our consideration.

The square was overrun by pepper and gambier
plantations in the years 1840-1850 and other planting has
followed. TIpecacuanha was grown there about 1880-1890
at Pinyerong: and it was probably on a visit to the planta-
tion that Cantley got the Johore specimens which he took
to Kew in 1882: they are dated February.

Feilding visited Tanjong Surat which is north-north-
east of Changi in 1892. Ridley in 1890 collected over the
island of Pulau Tekong.

know so many of the Thalamiflorae-Calyciflorae of the

It is chiefly from the collections of the last that we
square as 48. It indicates about ten per cent. :
:

THE COLLECTING PLACES.

This list serves as an index to the foregoing pages
and is meant to be used in the herbarium as a
means of getting, with the aid of maps, as
much information as possible out of

the localities given upon labels.

Alor=a ford
Gajah—6k
Sta—2b
Ampang (Ipoh)—4e
Anak Bukit—2b
Ara Kudah—3d
Aring—6d
Aroa islands—3j
Ayer=water or stream
Hangat—1b
Hitam—8h
Kroh—6k
Kuning (Taiping)—ée
Kuning (N. Sembilan) —6j
Panas (two)—6k
Puteh—8g
Raja forest—bdh
Assam Kumbang—se
Asun—2b

Bagan Datoh—3g

Bagan Serai—3d

Bahau forest—6j

Baling—3ce

Balok—8g

Bandar Matahari—2c

Bandar Penggaram—7]1

Bandar Telok Anson—4f

Bangi—dj

Batang Benar—5j

Batang Berjuntai—4h

Batang Padang—4f

Bator Kelantan—6e

Batu=rock
Balai—6g
Bau—5be °
Berjongkong—1b
Bunga—1b
Caves—bdh
Gajah—4f
Hampar—ése
Kurau—3e
Pahat—7l
Papan—bde
Talam—5g
Tiga—dh
Tugoh—3e

Bedong—3c

Behrang forest—5g

Bekok—8k

Belimbing (Legeh)—5b

194

Belimbing (Malacca)—6k
Belingu—6h

Bemban (nr. Triang)—6j
Benchah forest—6f
Benom mountain—6g
Benta—5f
Bentong—5dg (5h)
Renus valley—5h
Benut—8l
Beranang—5j
Bernam river—3-5g
Beserah—8g

Besih Hangat—2b
Betong—4c
Biawak—7k
Bidor—4f
Bikum—4g

Bilut reserve—dg
Bintang—7h
Biserat—4a
Blanja—3f

Blanda Mabok—3e
Blay Manis—é6f

Bohei—8h
“ Box ” hill—3e
Briah—3éd
Bruas—3f
Budu—6f

Bukit=a hill or ascent
Abu Bakar—9I]
Banang—71
Belata—4g
Bertam—6k
Besar—4a
Besih Hangat—2b
Birch—se
Bruang—6k
Cheraka—4h
Danan—6k
Duri—7h
Dusun Paya—ok
Etam—bdh
Fraser—dg
Galing—8g
Goh—8g
Gowa—4a
Itam—5dh
Jalor—4a
Jelatah—5de
Jitan—8k
Kajang—6k

195

Bukit—(contd.) Castlewood—9i
~ Kandong—6k Caulfeild’s Hill—3e
Kapis—8g Chabau—7k
Kayara—7k Chanderiang—4f
Kapayang—4e Changkat—a shallow; rising
Kapayang—5j ground
-Kayu Arang—6k Jerin—3e
Klana—6k Jong—4g
Kuda—5h Mentri—4g
Kutu—5g Serdang—se
Lagi—2b Channing—6d
Lasing—5j Cheka river—6f
Linggung—6j Chemor—4e
Mertajam—2d Cheng—6k
Muar—71 Cherating river—8f
Mudom—71 Chinchin—7k
Naning—6k Chineras—6f
Nuang—5h Chini—7h
Nyor—5dh Chirana Puteh—6k
Panchor—6k Chupeng—2b
Papan—6d
Patani—7l Darat Selah—8h
Payong—6k Degong—4f
Penggaram—7]1 Dindings—8f
Pinang—2b Dong—dg
Putus—6k Durian Pipit—3d
Raja Wang—2b Durian Sabatang—4f
Raka—5¢ Durian Tawar—6j
Ruang—2b Dusun Gajah—2c
Sedanan—6k Dusun Tua—dh
Selat Panchor—1l1b
Sembilan—4b Endau river—8j, 9j
Soga—7l Enggor—3e
Sutu (Setul)—5j
Tangga—5j Fraser Hill—5dg
Tanjong—2b :
Tanah Abang—9k Galas valley—6d
Tapang—4a Gali—5g
Telor Jambu—2b Gaong=a hollow
Temangan—6e Talan—6j, 6k
Terbakar—6k Gapis Pass—e
Ubi—8¢g Garawang—5h
Wang—2b Gemas—7j
Wok— Gemenchih—6j
Bundi—8f Genuang—7j
Burau—1b Ginting=a narrow or pass
Butang islands—la Bidai—5h
Butong island—2d Kabok—2a
: Peras—5h
Cameron’s Plateau—4f Sempak—5h
Cape Rachado—5k Gopeng—4f

Goa=a cave
Batu—5h
Chirita—1b
Kechapi—5de
Ninneh—6e
Panjang—de

Great Redang island—6c

Grik or Grit—4d

Guai—6f

Gunong—a mountain
Arang Kayu—ée
Arang Para—ée
Angsi—6]
Bal—4e
Banang—71
Batu Brinchang—4f
Batu Puteh—4f
Bechua—9k
Belumut—9k
Benom—6g
Berekeh—4e .
Beremban (Wray’s)—4f
Beremban (Ridley’s)—4f
Beremban (Alvins’)—6j
Beridong—9k
Berumber= Beremban

(Wray’s)—4f
Bintang—38d
Bongsu—38d
Bubu—3e
Bujong Malacca—4f
Chabong—4e

Chemondong—9k
Chindrang—1b
Chini—7h

Chunam Prah—4f
Geriang—2b

“ Haram ”—3e
“Haram Para ’’—#e
Ina—4c

Inas—38d

Janeng—8j

Jerei (Kedah Peak)—2c
Kayara—7k
Keledang—4e
Kendrong—4c
Kerbau-Korbu
Kluang Terbang—6g
Korbu—4e
Lambak—8k

196

Ledang—7k
Melitang—
Mengkuang Lebar—dh
Mentahak—9¥1
Menuang Gasing—5dh
Merah—3d
Mering—7k
Meriong—7k
Mesah—4f
Panti—91
Penggaram—7]1
Pondok—3e
Pulai—9l
Pulai Duatas—9l
Rajah—d5g
Rapat—4e
Raya—1l1b
Sennyum—6g
Stong—5d
Tahan—6e
Talan—6k
Tampin—6j
Terbakar—4f
Titi Basah—4Ae nie
Tunggal—3f
Ulu—4f
Ulu Kali—5dh ? dg
Yong Blar—4e
Gurun—2c

Hadji Senawai—71

“ Haram ”—Arang
Hermitage Hill—3e
Hutan Melintang—3g
Ijok—3d

Ipoh—4e

Jaffaria—9l

Jalor—4a, 3b, 4b
Jambu—8g

Jambu lorong—

Jelei river—6f

Jellam Panjang—6h
Jenum—2b

Jeram Panjang (S. Lebir)—6d
Jerantut—6g

Jering State—4da, 5a
Jitra—2b

Johit-Rambei forest—dg
Johol—6j

Johore State—7-0k, 7-01, 8-Om
Johore Bahru—9m

Johore Lama—Ol

Jor—4f

J uasseh—-6j

Jugra—4j

Kadondong—6g
Kahang river—9k
Kajang—5j
Kal= Kol
Kala Kiri—4a
Kalambalai—8h
Kalindi—4f
Kampar—4f
Kampong =village
Bandar Bahru—éf
Gajah—4f
Kobang—6d
Kota (on Plus river)—3e
Kota (Kelantan)—6b
Parit—6e
Pianggu—9j
Simpai—sk ?
Kamposa—6b
Kamunting—3e
Kamuning—4e
Kanching—5dh
Kangar—2b
Kapayang—5j
Karak—6h
Katapang—8h
Katapang—7k
Kechau river—6f
Kedah State—2a, 1-4b, 2-4c, 3d
Kedah Peak—2c
Kelantan State—6b, 5-6c,
4-6d, 4-7e
Kelantan river—6b, 6c
Kelumpur—6e
Kemaman—8f
Kendong—6j, 6k
Kenering—4d
Kepala Batas—2b
Kepis forest—6j
Kepong—5h
Kerling—5g
Khol—6f
Kinta—4f
Kertai—4d
Keru—6k

LST

Klang—4h
Klang Gates—5h
Klang water catchment
forest—5h
Klian=a pit
Intan—4c
Trus—2c
Kluang—8k
Kluang Terbang—6¢
Kota=a fort, or locally a cave
(Kota, Taiping )—3e
Bahru (Kelantan)—6b
Bahru (Kinta)—4f
Bahru (Rahman)—4b
Glanggi—6g
Tampan—3d
Tinggi—91
Tongkat—6g¢
Sarong Semut—2c
Stia—3f
Kramat (Ridley’s at Pekan)
—8h
Krian—2d, 2e
Kroh—4e
Kuala—rivermouth
Aring—6d
Bedong—6e
Bera (Pahang )—7Th
Bera (Perak)—
Brawas—8g
Brok= Bera
Burau—1b
Depang—4f
Dong—5dz
Endau—9j
Endong—6d
Essam—6b
Kahang—8k
Kangsar—3e
Kedah—2b
Kendrong—4d
Kerteh—5de
Krai—6c
Krau—6g
Kuah—1b
Kubu—5¢
Kurau—2e
Langat—4j
Lebir—6e
Lepar—8h
Limau Nipis—6d

Kuala—(contd.)
Linggi—5k
Lipis—6f
Luit—7¢
Lumpur—dh
Mahang—8g
Malaka—1l1b
Manis (upper Pahang R.)
: —6e
Manis (lower Pahang R.)
—6f
Miang—8sh
Muda—2c
Pahang—8g
Pedas—6k
Pertang—6e
Pilah—6e
Rek—6d
Relai—6d
Sameh—6d
Sawar—bdj
Sekim—8h
Selangor—4h
Semantan—6h
Sembrong—9k
Tahan—6f
Tekam—6g
Teku—6e
Tembeling—6f
Tenok—6e
Wok—4f
Kuang—5dh
Kuantan—8g
Kukob—8m
Kulat (Ridley’s)—9l1
Kulim—3d

Labu—5j

Lahat—4e

Lala Terlong—6e
Langat—4j

Langat valley—5dh
Langgar—2b
Langkawi—1b
Larut—3e

Lawin—4d

Lebir valley—6d
Legeh State—4-5b, 5c
Lenggong—3d

Liang river—5g
Linggi rivermouth—dk

198

Linsum—5j
Lubok=a pool
Chini—6k
Kadondong (Mt. Ophir)—7k
Kadondong (Pahang)—8&g
Lanjut—6h
Merbau—3e
Paku—7h
Pelang—6f
Tamang—4f
Lumut—3f
Lunas—3d

Mahang—8h

Malacca territory—6k, 7k
Malacca town—6k
Manchis—6h

Mantin—5j

Matang—se
Mengkibol—38l
Menglembu—4e
Menuang Gasing—b5dh
Menyala forest—5k
Merlimau—6k
Mersing—9k

Mesa—5de

Minyak Buku—7]
Morib—4j

Mount Austin estate—9l
Mount Ophir—7k

Muar river—6]j-7k

Muar town—7k

Muda river—2c

Nakawn Sritamarat—4a, 3b

Nawng Chik—4a

Negri Sembilan—5-6h, 5-7j,
5-7k

Nerang—3b

Nipa Bay—0j

Nyalas—7k

Padang=open space
Batu—7k
Besar—1l1b
Rengas—3e
Sarai—38d _

“Pahang track ”—5g “4

Pahang State—4-7e, 4-8f, 5-8g,

5-0h, 7-0j, 9k

Pajam—dj

Panchur—91
Pandim—¥] .
Pangkor—38f
Pantai (Kelantan)—6b
Pantai (N. Sembilan)—6j
Parit forest—3f
Parit Jawa—7l
Pasir—sand, a sandy beach
Panjang forest—5k
Panjang Ulu—3f
Puteh forest—5k
Loyang—6g
Salak—3f
Pasoh—6h
Patani or Pattani States—
4-ba, 3-6b, 5c
Patani Ketchil—7l
Patani town—4a
Pegang—8h
Pekan—8h (8g)
Pelangai—6th
Penang—2d
Penarak—1b
Penerok estate—8m
Pengkalan=a landing place
Bahru (on Bruas river)—3f
Kazai—8h
Kempas—6k
Penjom—6f
Penyabong—9j
Perak State—3-5c, 3-5d, 2-5e,
3-5f, 4-5¢
Perhentian Tinggi—5j
Perlis State—2a, 2b
Permatang Bertam—2d
Petasih, nr. Triang—6h
Pianggu—9j
Pinang Tunggul—2c
“ Pine-tree Hill ”—5g
Pinyerong—0m
Plus river—4e
Pondok Tanjong forest—3d
Pontian—81
Port Dickson—5j
Port Swettenham—4h, (4j)
Prai—2d
Pramau—8g
Province Wellesley—2-3c, 2-3d
Puket circle—1-2a
Pulai—5Se
Pulai mountain—9l

Pulau—an island

Adang—la

Ampak—1b

Aor—0k

Besar—6k

Chengei (Chenggal)—6g

Chupak—1b

Datoh—6f

Dayang—0k

Dayang Bunting—1l1b

Dodol—6k

Hujong Duri—la

Jarak—2g

Jong, Langkawi—1b

Jong, nr. Singapore—9m

Jellam—6h

Ketam—8d

Kinchi—6f

Laliang—3f

Lidi—1b

Manis (upper Pahang R.)
—6f

Manis (lower Pahang R.)
we

Nangka—6k

Nior Stali—1b

Nipis—la

Padang—6f

Pinang (Redang Is.)—8c

Rawei—la

Rumbia—3f

Rumput—8g

Sakijang—9m

Sanggul—0k

Segai—l1b

Songsong—2c

Tawar—6g

Tekong—0m

Tengah—la

Terutau—la

Tiga (Perak river)—3f

Tijau—6f

Tinggi—0k

Tirie—1b

Tiuman—0j

Ubin—9m

Quedah= Kedah

Rahman State—4-5a, 4b, 4c
Rajah Itam—3f

Rantau—5j

Rantau Panjang—4h, 5h
Raub—dg
Rawang—5dh
Rawei island—la
Redang islands—8c
Reko woods—5j
Relau Tujor—3e
Rembau—6j
Renchong—8h
Renggam—8l
Rihlau—7k
Rim—6k
Riverside—6ce
Rompin river—8j
Rumbia—6k
Rumbia island—38f
Rungkup—3g

Sai State—b5a, 5b
Salak—4e .

Salak (Kuala Lumpur)—bdh
Sawngkla—8a

Seudai river—9l
Sedenak—8l, 91

Sedili river—0Ol

Selama—3d

Selandar—6k

Selangor State—3-5g, 4-5h,

4-5¢

Selangor river—4h, 5g
Selaru—6j

Selinsing river—3e
Semangkok Pass—dg
Semantan—6th

Sembilan islands—3f
Senaling—6j

Senaling Inas forest—6j
Senawang—5j
Sendayan—5j

Sennyum—6g
Sepang—5j
Serdang—5dh

Seremban—5j
Serendah—5h
Serom—8k

Serting forest—6j

Setul (Siam)—1-2a
Setul (N. Sembilan) —6j
Siliau—5j

Siminyih—5h

200

Simpai—8k
Simpam river—dg
Simpang—a possibility,

parting ways

(Simpang nr. Taiping)

—ée

Ampat in Krian—3e
Kanan river—7l
mines—dg
Simpit—3f
Singapore island—9m
Sira Rimau—3éd
Sirusa—5j
Sitiawan—3f
Slim—4g
Sungei—river
Bagu in Tiuman—0Oj
Batu Asah—
Bau—9k
Bera—7h
Benchah—6f
Bertam—4f
Biku—8k ?
Buloh forest—5h
Cheka—6f
Galas—6d
Jelei in Pahang—5-6f
Jelei in N. Sembilan—6j
Jerneh—6k
Kahang—8k
Kaloh—5de
Keluang—2d
Kenering—4d
Kertai—4d
Kesang—7k
Keteh—6e
Kulim—4d
Lebir—6d, 6e
Lenggin—8k?
Lepar—7g
Liang—5g
Limau—3e
Madek—9k
Mahang—8h
Malati—8k
Meang—8h
Merapoh—5de
Menyala—5dk
Morai—0m
Njing—4e
Patani—2c¢

a

Sungei—(contd.)
Pattani—4a, 4b
Pauh—7k
Paut—6f
Penerok—8&m
Perting—5¢g
Piah—4d
Pinang (two in Penang 1s.)
—2d
Pinang (in Pahang)—
Pulai Dua—9l
Puyu—8f
Raya—4e
Renong—6d
Repas—5g
Segari—3f
Sekin—8j
Sembrong (eastward)—8-9k
(westward)—8k, 7-81
Simpang Kanan—8k, 7-8]
Simpam—5g
Singapore—9m
Siput (Kuala Kangsar)—4e
Siput (Kinta)—4f
Tahan—6f
Tawar in Tiuman—0j
Teku—6e
Tembeling—6f
Tenok—6f
Tras—5¢
Tukang Sidin—4f
Udang (Malacca)—6k
Udang (Terutau)—1la
Ujong State—5-6j, 5-6k
Yu—bde
Sungkai river-—4f
Tahan river—6f (6e)
Taiping—3e
Tambun—4e
Tampin—6k
Tanah Runto—9m
Tani State—4a
Tanjong—a promontory
(Tanjong of Griffith—T.
Kling’)
Agas forest—5k
Antan—6g
Api—8g
Bunga—9m
Duatah in Tiuman—0j

201

Gajah Mati—8¢
Gul—9m
Hantu—3f
Kling—6k
Kupang—9m
Malim—5d5g
Medang—8g
Merawang—9m
Musa—6g
Neru—1b
Rambutan—4e
Sireh—
Surat—0m
Tembeling—8e2
Telok Lalu—6d
Tuan—5k
Tapah- -4f
Tasek=a lake
Chinik—7h
Enak—1b
Gelugor—3d
Tebing=a high river-bank for
landing
Tinggi (on Kangar R.)—2b

(on Simpang Kanan R.)—8&k

Tebong—6k
Tebong forest—6j
Tebrau river—91
Tekong—0m
Teku—6e
Telaya Tujoh—1lb.
Telapak—
Telok—a bay
Telok forest—4j
Anson—8f, 3g
Apau—1l1b
Bahru—3¢g
Datai—1l1b
Gadong—4j
Kertang forest—3e
Lalu—6d
Noh= Wau
Sera—3f
Sisik—82°
Siun—1b
Udang—la
Wau—la
Telom river (Ridley’s)—4f
Telok Jambu—2b
Telok Malati-8h

Telok Pinang—4e

Telubin river—5a

Temengor—4d

Temerloh—6h

Temiang—6d

Temiang (Nr. Seremban)—5j

‘Tembeling river (lower)—6f

Temoh—4f

Temoyang—1b

Tempayan—8m

Tengarok—9k

Tenok—

Tepa State—3-4a, 3b

Terutau—la

Tiuman—0j

Tokong=a rock
Sanggul—0k

Tomo—5dec

Tras—5g

Tremangan—5b

Trengganu State—6-8c, 6-8d,

7-8f

Trengganu town—8d

Triang forest—6j (6h)

Trolak—42

Trong—4e

Tupai—3e

Ulu=headwaters of a stream
Batu Pahat—8l

202

Waterloo estate—3e

Bendol—6j
Benut—8l

Bera (in Perak)—5g¢
Bera (in Pahang)-

Bubong—5g
Chineras—6f
Gombak—5h
Kahang—9k
Kal—Kol
Kenering—4d
Kerling—5g
Kol—5g
Langat—5h
Madek—9k
Pedas—6j
Petasih—6j
Rembau—6j
Sapetang—3e
Sedili—91
Selama—3d
Selangor—5g
Sliim—5dg (5f)
Tekam—7g

Utan Melintang—3g

Weld’s Hill—5h

Yan—2e

q

“=

203
“THE PALMS OF BRITISH INDIA AND CEYLON.”

The volume published under the above title by the
Oxford University Press comes from the able pen of Father
E. Blatter. Having lived for many years in India he has
had exceptional opportunities to study both indigenous and
introduced species of the Palm family. This, coupled with
a keen interest in the subject, has resulted in the production
of a book, useful alike to the botanist and the layman.
Much useful information is contained in the volume, well
supported by numerous photographs and figures which are
a very great help for identification purposes.

The introduction contains much useful information
(i) in regard to the Geographic Distribution of Palmae

- generally, (ii) a short history of the exploration of the

Palm flora in India together with a detailed account of its
distribution and (iii) a general description of Palms couched
in popular language.

The remainder of the book is devoted to (i) descrip-

_ tions, (ii) considerable information concerning the economic

value and uses of some species with histories and legends

concerning them and (ili) photographs and figures. The

no ee ae
mn a '

descriptions generally, are very good and are set forth in
scientific terms. Keys for identification purposes have been
utilised in dealing with all genera and to a lesser extent,
for the species. The generic keys are of necessity couched
in botanical terms. Specific keys have been treated less
scientifically, being in most cases based on general charac-
teristics. Similarly, in a few instances the distinguishing
features of two species have been contrasted or tabulated
side by side. These, together with the many admirable
photographs, should be of considerable assistance in the
identification of species and will certainly be welcomed by
the Jayman. This work might have been applied with good
results to all genera in which two or more species are
mentioned. The economic uses and importance of several

of the better known species are dealt with in detail,

especially in the cases of the Coconut, Betel Nut, and Date
Palm. The histories and legends connected with these

latter, are mentioned at length and give an interesting
Insight into the important part played by these plants in
_ the lives of the natives, past and present. Cultivation is
briefly touched upon, that dealing with tropical planting

being of most value. Considerable work has been put into

_the compilation of lists of common and local names which
‘should be of. considerable use for determination purposes.

No review would be complete without mention of the

204

admirable series of photographs included in the book; they
should make identification a much easier matter. The:
are supplemented by numerous figures dealing with the
morphology of flowers, etc., as aids to identification.

The author is to be congratulated on the production

of a book useful alike to the botanist and the layman, a
by no means easy task.

F, FLIPPANCE.

4 205

‘

a

RELATIVE HUMIDITY
of the air at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, from wet and
dry bulb hygrometer readings made daily at 9 a.m.

during the year 1926.

Date Jan. Feb.| Mar. Apr. May June July | Aug.| Sept. Oct.} Nov.| Dec.
| : : : j i j
| |

| Pe. |
190 | 75 | 71 74 | 80 | 78 | 71

1 79.| 89 | 86 | &3 | 72
2 | 98 | 69 | 71 | 70 | GD | 93 | 75 | TT | 78 | 83 5 | 76
3 98 | 67 | 76 76 | 81 E}+68 | 83 | 74 | 77 | 74 | 78
~ $4/|73 | 83 78 | 91 | 93 | 76 | 72 | 74 | 67 | 85 | 77
5 $4 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 79 | 95 | 79 | 83 | 717 | 75 | 83 | 83
6 88 | 70 | 68 | 72 | 73 | 85 | 83 | 91 | 76 | 95 | 68 | 79
7 8Z | 64 | 72 79 | 76 | 72 | 90 | 89 | 85 | 77} 69 | 72
8 82 | 67 | 82 | 71 | 76 | 90 | 79 | 75 | 95 | 67 | 72 | 74
9 i) ta) 19 | Si) 72 | 16) 79 + 7h | 3.16 | PS
10 74,67 15 | 72 | 74 | 72) 76, 78 | 77) 79 | 68 | 7
85

14 |71/83|74 76/81 | 74 | 75-| 83 | 87 | 72) 76 | 95

29 75 |7c | 74 | 76 975 | 79 | 78177 | 98
30 74 170 | 91175 | 87 195 | 74 | 98 | 82/ 81 | 81
72 *

Mean for the year 79.

206

RAINFALL

at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half
of the year 1926. i

Readings taken at 9 a.m., and expressed in inches.

~ a ar

|

Date January | February; March April May June
1 1.00 + O1 01 68 O01
2 73 ee ie we ge 67
3 1.36 ee i 01 45 .28
3 02 be 30 | oe “i .28
9) 24. iB 03 | 86 1.26 27
6 “es oe O01 | 25 01 1.11
7 af ve / 1 trace #3
8 “fe 05 | Ey ee 25
9 oa 65 trace O1

gi ae |
| ; . ;
sat bi

ss 207

RAINFALL

at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second half
of the year 1926.

Readings taken at 9 a.m., and expressed in inches.

Date July August |September| October | November | December
|

1 03 C3 2.99 03 aha 03
2 | “K trace 01 -§ 01
3 85 ated : ¥ 03
4 trace eri ho) dea’ 15 03 AT
5 21 65 | 01 F re 01
6 2.15 1.28 | Zs 83 = 42
‘f .60 04 | 23 04 me by Pe ic 8
St 07 trace | 1.57 : 19 05
9 | es bs | .78 : 02 15

10 od + : : ae 01

11 / nF .26 trace S's 29

12 3.11 trace 00 .05 =.

13 | 05 ae 39 62 17 02

14 oe Bs | Bi ay: < 1.65

15 ie O01 | 88 .28 a

16 ‘ ae | as 1.16 02 05

17 | é 31 «Lo 1.35 -

18 i .30 1.05 -78 3.19 1.33

19 | 01 01 01 92 04 trace

20 . #

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Total

208

RAINFALL
at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the
first half of the year 1926, in inches.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied

by the Municipal Commissioners, George Town, Penang.

Date January | February March April May June
Ee | iy Bid a .06 cz =
4 ie ae 5A a “ay .05
S oe os ma - .05 .09
4 ce wt ne 1.02 a6 Pe
5 .65 za ee
6 .03 4. 4.36
7 ot .05 e 1.00
8 6 1.64 He az
9 BZ se che .03 .03 1.22
10 .03 aA he .05 a rs
i fe | os an a3 ne ee .06
12 Ee 1.86 ia
13 =. 2.20 08 67
14 . ey 05 20 .10 .03
5) cas .30 .04 .03 ie mo
16 i - Ae. a .90 .04
17 a Es ais .06 .65 mi ae
18 fy “% we ex Pe be} 2 i
19 os Mis 97 1.78 yy 03
20 07 - te a 23 1.50
Da ae 03 .03 a ts ae
22 .05 -: ae 1.99 18 std
23 2 4 OF e .06 te a
24 ise 70 si .04 06 aie
25 a Sa bd .03 93 .08
26 .05 aie ie 13 .03
21 . 22 we .20 22 Rows
28 ; 07 79 re .05
29 . ‘o .20 1.906
30 82 i1 .06
31 as Ee

Total .. 1.25 1.24 5.77 10.52 5.60 12.58

i

209

RAINFALL

at the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang, during the
second half of the year 1926, in inches.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in
which the twenty-four hours begin. Data kindly supplied
by the Municipal Commissioners, George Town, Penang.

Date . july August [September}| October | November | December

1 10 ine 1.68 ot 03

2 2.09 1.97 12 03:3 56 05

3 4 koe 08 3. | 58 14

4 : : 2.87 2.67 04

5 F 2.95 07 2.26

6 .16 03 03 85 C3

if ‘ 04 1.22 19

8 ; £63 > 24 20

9 : LoS 1.65 90
10 ; 03s: 8.25
11 .03 - .70
12 .03 1.60 03 2.26 70
13 62 03 67 2.40 35 57
14 .03 o9 04 83 88
+5 44 ‘2 04 30 19
16 Ta 46 ; % 09 20
17 : ae Se 03
18 03 2a 3.28 48 1.94
19 34 : = 04 42 20
20 1.33 .04 Pi 04 28 03
21 99 : oo 05 09 1.59
22 03 ne 56
23 05 24 44 45 6.20
24 10 67 .99 34 04 1.90
25 1.67 O05 19 04
26 ore 1.49 03
A 05 13) 09 88 1,99
28 10 36 1.038 05 1.05 2.16
29 1.05 53 04 03 58 2.19
30 62 04 | 62 6 14
31 53 2.00 is 60 1.99

210

SUMMARY OF RAINFALL, 1926.

SINGAPORE PENANG
— [woos] Amount of (Hongest| jo, of] | Amount
pr without | DY
days | inches | mm. | rain | 9449S | inches | mm.
January 17| 649| 165|/9days| 6] 1.25| 32| 8 days
February 7 5-70; > TAS412 ; 7 1.24 31 {13 |
March 18 3.07 25 1 Owes 10 5.77 | 147 6
April 15 | Sa ase ee 21 | 10.52} 267|3
May 2¢ 5.31 1295) } Bes, 15 | 5.60) 142) 5
June 20 8.39 218 8 20 | 1258] 320 | 2
July 19 | 11.386 | 2891/5 16| 8.27] 210|4
August 19 46.) TH 2 = 19 | 16.54 | 420] 5
September .. 23°! 18396 | a374 3". 24.| 13.18] 335 | 3
October ab) - 7e78-\ Geet so, 28 | 30.28 | 769 | 2
November ...| 20} 9.08 | 2831/3 , 21 |- 887 | 225 am
December ... oT ID 2 | 9355) to 221 2378 | 6038 199
Total > 224 | 90.25 | 2295 209 | 137.88 | 3501

Greatest amount in 24 hrs. 3.19 ins. or 81 mim. 8.25 ae or 210 mm.

48 hrs. 4.54 ins. or 115mm. 9.90 ins. or 251 mm.

72 hrs. 4.58 ins. or 116mm.

99 9

11.21 ins. or 285 mm. z,

Excessively rainy periods, more
than 5 ins. having fallen in 72
hours ee = Re

Periods of comparative drought,
less than .02 ins. having fallen
in 120 hours _... ae x £0

(Jan. (2), Feb. (3), March,
Apr. (2), July, Aug.)

a
5 (June, Oct. (2), Dec. (2))

9 (Jan. (3), Feb. (2), Ma
May, Aug., Dec.).

A list of pie nich ¢ can abe eb |

Gardens, in Singapore and > in Penang, an
application. The same list pei rie ‘at
Government Gazette... Ce Ves wane

The Gardens’ Bulletin i is « publishells as Me |
available. Its price is fifty cents for each numbe

or in advance for every volume of are nu: am
kd — . |

Thirteen shillings in Buurope,” a
Reproduction from it is not prohibited. Si An

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102°E

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

Vol. IV. JANUARY 1928. Nos. 6—10

THE FLOWERING PLANTS OF KUALA LUMPUR,
IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

By M. R. Henderson, F.L.S.

The following pages contain a list of the Higher Plants
known from Kuala Lumpur and its vicinity.

The area which the list covers is roughly that included
in a circle of which the centre is Kuala Lumpur and the
radius is fifteen miles. The circle has been stretched to
include nearby places from which important collections have
come, but collections have not been made from every place
within it.

The montane flora of the Main Range has been ex-
cluded in an endeavour to make the list contain only lowland
species, but it has not been possible to do this accurately,
as very few specimens were found to bear any indication
of the altitude at which they were collected.

The following are the localities from which have come
the collections utilised in the compilation of the list :—

Ampang Forest Reserve

Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve
Batang Berjuntai Forest Reserve
Batu Tiga

Batu Caves

Bukit Belachan Forest Reserve
Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve
Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve
Bukit Raja Forest Reserve
Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve
Bukit Tunggal Forest Reserve
Damansara

Dusun Tua

212

Kajang

Kanching

Kepong

Klang Gates

Kuala Lumpur

Kuang

Petaling

Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur
Pudu

Rantau Panjang Forest Reserve
Seminyih

Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve
Ulu Gombak

Ulu Langat

Weld’s Hill Forest Reserve.

During recent years, the Forest Department has col-
lected very largely in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, and
full advantage has been taken of these collections in
compiling the list. Towards the end of 1921 H. L. Hume
made large collections for the F.M.S. Museums in the Batang
Berjuntai and Rantau Panjang Forest Reserves, at Klang
Gates, in the Ulu Gombak, and at various places close to
Kuala Lumpur. These collections, along with the remain-
der of the F.M.S. Museums Herbarium, have now been loaned
indefinitely to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore.

Ridley and his subordinate Goodenough collected at
Kuala Lumpur while inspecting forests from 1889 onwards.

Smaller collections in this area have been made by
Burkill, Kloss, Henderson, Milsum, Sands, and Mohamed
Nur.

The writer is indebted to Dr. Foxworthy for much help,
and for access to the herbarium of the Forest Department.

We are dealing here with an area large tracts of which
have been completely denuded of their original covering of
primary forest, and man’s interference has resulted in the
intrusion of numbers of widely distributed plants which can
only obtain a hold when the forest is cleared. Hence the
endemism characteristic of the Malayan forest flora is not
strongly marked when the flora of the Kuala Lumpur area
is considered as a whole. This is shown by a comparison
with the flora of the Taiping region (Gardens’ Bulletin,
Vol. III, Nos. 7-12) where, in a heavily forested region, the
specific endemism is 44%, whereas for the Kuala Lumpur
area the figure is only 29%. Again, the figure for the local
specific endemism for Taiping is 10% and for Kuala Lumpur

3%.

a

213

These local endemics, a list of which is given below,
occur for the most part in forested areas, the exceptions
being those which are peculiar to the limestone of the Batu
Caves or Kanching or to the quartzite rocks of Klang Gates.

Local endemics in the Kuala Lumpur area.

Drepananthus carinatus, Ridl.
Polyalthia montana, Ridl.
Hydnocarpus Humei, Ridl.
*Impatiens Ridleyi, Hook fil.
Gomphandra pubescens, Ridl.
Napeodendron altissimum, Rid.
*Carallia euryoides, Ridl.
Eugenia Klossii, Ridl.

Blastus pulverulentus, Ridl.
Sonerila prostrata, Ridl.
Begonia rhoephila, Ridl.
Brassiopsis elegans, Ridl.
*Aleisanthia rupestris, Ridl.

Argostemma trichanthum, Ridl. —

Ophiorrhiza fruticosa, Ridl.
Urophyllum Curtisii, King MSS.
Pavetta pauciflora, Ridl.
Tarenna rudis, Ridl.
Psychotria lanceolaria, Ridl.

_ *Borreria pilulifera, Ridl.
Ardisia vinimea, Ridl.
Linociera spicifera, Ridl.
Alstonia micrantha, Ridl.

*Hoya occlusa, Ridl.
Didissandra breviflora, Ridl.
Didymocarpus primulina, Ridl.

*Boea verticillata, Ridl.

Pseuderanthemum candidum, Rid.
Pseuderanthemum sylvestre, Ridl.

Justicia microcarpa, Ridl.
Justicia trichodes, Ridl.
Ptyssiglottis chrysea, Ridl.

Cryptocarya tenuifolia, Ridl.
Dehaasia elliptica, Ridl.

Phyllanthus erythrocarpus, Ridl.

Sauropus elegantissimus, Ridl.
Galearia lancifolia, Ridl.
*Trigonostemon salicifolius, Ridl.
Macaranga incisa, Gage.
Oberonia aurantiaca, Ridl.
Oberonia grandis, Ridl.
Adenoncos parviflora, Ridl.

Sungai Buloh.
Ulu Langat.
Klang Gates.
Batu Caves.
Weld’s Hill.
Ulu Gombak.
Klang Gates.
Rantau Panjang.
Ulu Langat.
Klang Gates.
Ulu Gombak.
Ulu Langat.
Klang Gates.
Ulu Langat.
Batu Caves.
Kuala Lumpur.
Batu Caves.
Weld’s Hill.
Batu Caves.
Klang Gates.
Ulu Gombak.
Rawang.
Rantau Panjang.
Batu Caves.
Ulu Gombak.
Klang Gates.
Batu Caves.
Ulu Gombak.
Sungai Buloh.
Batu Caves.
Seminyih.
Rantau Panjang and
Ulu Gombak.
Ulu Gombak.
Bukit Cheraka, Public
Gardens and Ulu
Gombak.
Batu Caves.
Ulu Gombak.
Ulu Gombak.
Kanching.
Kuala Lumpur.
Kajang.
Ulu Langat.
Batu Caves,

214.

Saccolabium macrantherum, Ridl. Ulu Gombak.

Thrixspermum montanum, Ridl. Ulu Langat.

Gastrochilus longifolia, Ridl. Ulu Gombak.

Ranalisma rostrata, Stapf. Batu Caves.

Plectocomiopsis dubius, Bece. Rantau Panjang.

Pandanus immersus, Ridl. Batu Tiga.

Freycinetia acuminata, Ridl. Kuang and Sungai
Buloh.

*Raphidophora Burkilliana, Rid. Batu Caves.

*Pothos lorispatha, Ridl. Batu Caves.

*Eulalia Milsumi, Ridl. Klang Gates.

Species marked with an asterisk are those peculiar to
limestone or quartzite.

RANUNCULACEA.

Naravelia laurifolia, Wall. Ampang; Seminyih. A
climber of India to the Philippines; in the Peninsula not
uncommon north of Selangor, usually in secondary growth.

DILLENIACEA.

Delima sarmentosa, Linn. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Seminyih. A woody climber of Indo-Malaya and
China; in the Peninsula common in open places from
Langkawi to Singapore.

Tetracera sylvestris, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
woody climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula not very common,
Penang, Perak, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore.

Acrctrema costatum, Jack. Seminyih (Hume). A
herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula common from Langkawi
to Johore, but absent from Malacca.

Wormia albiflos, Ridl.. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
large shrub, endemic and rare, hitherto known only from
Johore.

Wormia oblonga, Wall. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga; Kuang;
K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A small tree of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in open places from Kedah to Malacca.

Wormia pulchella, Jack. K. Lumpur (Forest: Dept.).
A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in open places from Taiping to Singapore.

Wormia suffruticosa, Griff. Rawang (Goodenough).
A shrub of Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in the south in open places.

Dillenia ? grandifolia, Wall. Kajang (Forest Dept.).

Dillenia meliosmaefolia, Hook. fil. Kajang; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A tall tree, endemic and common in forest
from the Dindings to Malacca and Pahang.

215

Dillenia ovata, Wall. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
small tree, endemic, not common, Penang, Perak and Pahang.

Dillenia reticulata, King. Public Gardens and Weld’s
Hill, K. Lumpur. A tree of Tongka; in the Peninsula not
common, Province Wellesley and Perak.

Dillenia Scortechinii, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A tall tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Perak,
Singapore.

Dillenia sp. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept. 5024).

MAGNOLIACEZ.

Talauma lanigera, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, not common, usually in
montane forest, Penang, Taiping Hills, Mt. Ophir.

CULTIVATED MAGNOLIACEZ.

Michelia Champaca, Linn. (Chempaka). A tree of
India, cultivated throughout Indo-Malaya.

Michelia longifolia, Bl. (White Chempaka). A tree
of Java, often cultivated in the Peninsula.

ANONACEZ.

Cyathostemma Wrayi, King. Bukit Tarek Forest
Reserve; Weld’s Hill. A liane, endemic and rare in forest,
Perak. |

Uvaria excelsa, Wall. Petaling (Ridley). A liane of
Indo-China and Borneo; in the Peninsula not very common
in forest, Penang to Singapore.

Uvaria hirsuta, Jack. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A liane
of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.

Uvaria Lobbiana, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Ampang; Batu
Caves. A liane of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang, Perak,
Malacca, Singapore.

Uvaria macrophylla, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
liane of Ceylon, Burma and Java; in the Peninsula common
from Penang to Singapore, often in open country.

Uvaria purpurea, Bl. K. Lumpur (fide Ridley). A
liane of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and 8S. China; in
the Peninsula common both in open country and in forest
from Perlis to Singapore.

Drepananthus carinatus, Ridl. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and local.

Drepananthus pruniferus, Maing. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang
to Malacca.

216

Artabotrys gracilis, King. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
slender climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Perak and Johore.

Artabotrys suaveolens Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
climber of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang and Upper Perak to
Singapore.

Desmos chinensis, Lour. Ampang; Sungai Buloh;
Wela’s Hill. A shrub or climber of Indo-Malaya and China;
common over the whole Peninsula usually in open country.

Desmos cochinchinensis, Lour. Rawang (Goodenough). —
A slender climber of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and
China; in the Peninsula common north of Malacca in open
places.

Desmos dasymaschala, Safford. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A shrub or small tree of Burma, Siam, Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula common from Perlis to Singapore.

Polyalthia builata, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Dusun Tua;
Seminyih. A shrub, endemic, not common, Perak, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan, and doubtfully from Malacca and Singapore.

Potyalthia cinnamomea, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Weld’s
Hill (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, not very common
in forest, Langkawi to Malacca.

Polyalthia congregata, King. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of ? Sumatra; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Larut
and Gopeng, Perak.

Poiyalthia Hookeriana, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, in forest, Perak (common),
Pahang, Malacca.

Polyalthia hypogaea, King. Kanching; Seminyih. A
small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, and —
doubtfully from Pahang and Johore. |

Polyalthia Kunstleri, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest —
Dept.). A shrub or tree, endemic, not very common in ~
forest from Penang to Malacca.

Polyalthia macrantha, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume
9289). <A tall tree, endemic and rare in forest, hitherto
known only from the base of the Taiping Hills.

Polyalthia macropoda, King. Bukit Cheraka; Kajang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A tree, endemic, not —
uncommon in forest from Penang to Singapore. q

Polyalthia montana, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A tree, endemic and local.

Polyalthia oblonga, King. Ulu Gombak, common
(Hume). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not
very common in forest, Penang, Perak and Johore.

gates i +:

2AT

Polyalthia Scortechinii, King. Public Gardens, Kuala
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A small tree, endemic and not
uncommon in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Polyalthia stenopetala, Ridl. Dusun Tua; Kanching;
K. Lumpur; Petaling; Ulu Gombak. A small tree, endemic,
Upper Perak and Kelantan to Malacca, in forest.

Polyalthia sumatrana, King. Kanching; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula Taiping to Singapore, in forest.

Polyalthia ? Wrayi, idl. Dusun Tua (Ridley 7281).

Anaxagorea Scortechinii, King. Dusun Tua; Klang
Gates; Rawang; Seminyih. A bush or small tree of Lower
Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi
to Singapore.

Gonicthalamus Curtisii, King. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub or small tree, endemic, not common
in forest, Perak and Selangor.

Goniothalamus malayanus, Hook. fil. & Thoms. K.
Lumpur; Kuang; Rantau Panjang (Kloss, fide Ridley). A
small tree of Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Kelantan and Perak to Singapore.

Goniothalamus pendulifolius, Rid]. Kanching (Forest
Dept. 11204). A shrub, endemic and rare, hitherto known
only from near Bentong, Pahang.

Gonicthalamus Ridleyi, King. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in forest.

Goniothalamus Seortechinii, King. Ulu Gombak
(Ridley). A shrub or small tree, endemic, not common,
Penang, Perak, Pahang.

Geoniothalamus tenuifolius, King. Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub or small tree, endemic, not very common
in forest from Kedah to Pahang and Selangor.

Goniothalamus Wrayi, King. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub or small tree, endemic, not uncommon in Perak.

Orophea dodecandra, Mig. Petaling; Seminyih. A tree
of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Langkawi to Singapore.

Orophea enterocarpa, Maing. Ulu Gombak (Hume
8475, 8844). A small tree, endemic not common in forest,
Perak, Pahang and Malacca.

Orophea setosa, Oliv. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and Negri
Sembilan.

218

Mitrephora macrophylla, Oliv. Dusun Tua; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree, endemic and com-
mon in forest from Penang and Upper Perak to Johore.

Mitrephora reticulata, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A tree of Burma, Lower Siam, Java and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common as far south as Selangor and
Pulau Tioman.

Popowia fusca, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A tree,
endemic, not common in forest, Perak and Singapore.

Popowia nervifolia, Maing. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang. A small tree of Lower
Siam; in the Peninsula not uncommon in forest from Penang
and Upper Perak to Johore.

Popowia nervosa, kidl. Batu Caves; Weld’s Hill. A
small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Penang and Upper Perak to Singapore.

Pepowia pumila, Ridl. Batu Caves; near Klang Gates
(fide Ridley). A shrub, endemic, not common in forest,
Perak and Negri Sembilan.

. Popowia ramossissima, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Batu Caves;
Dusun Tua; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of
W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Popowia tomentosa, Maing. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub, endemic and not uncommon in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Oxymitra biglandulosa, Scheff. K. Lumpur (Curtis).
A woody climber of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Perak, Pahang, Malacca, Singapore.

Oxymitra latifclia, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Selangor,
without definite locality (Ridl., August 1904). A climbing
shrub, endemic, common from Langkawi to Singapore on
the West.

Melodorum cylindricum, Maing. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of Borneo, Billiton and Bangka;
in the Peninsula common in the south on forest edges.

Melodorum elegans, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Sungai Buloh
(Forest Dept.). A tall slender climber, endemic in forest,
Penang, Perak, Malacca, Johore, Singapore.

Melodorum fulgens, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A climbing shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in open places from Taiping to Singapore.

Melodorum ? lanuginosum, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Ulu
Gombak (Hume 9023, a galled specimen only).

Melodorum latifolium, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Ulu Gom-
bak (Forest Dept.). <A liane of W. Malaysia; in the Pen-
insula not common in forest.

RR an tare = oat Porm eT: CAN “a —— oy .

219

Melodorum pisocarpum, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Bukit
Lagong; Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A climbing
shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common from Penang
to Singapore in forest.

Xylopia ferruginea, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Rawang.
A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Perak to Singapore.

Xylopia malayana, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept.). A tall tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common in the south, doubtfully from Penang.

Phaeanthus lucidus, Oliv. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A
bush or small tree, endemic and common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.

Phaeanthus nutans, Hook. fil. & Thoms. Batu Caves;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A bush or small tree of Sumatra;
in the Peninsula common from Penang and Upper Perak
to Singapore in forest.

Alphonsea Maingayi, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A small tree, endemic and not uncommon in the south
and in Pahang in forest.

Alphonsea subdehiscens, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept. 10464). A small tree, endemic and rare in forest,
Perak and the Dindings.

Mezzettia Curtisii, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume 9689).

A small tree, endemic and rare, hitherto known only from
Penang.

CULTIVATED ANONACE:.

Anona muricata, Linn. (The Soursop).

Anona reticulata, Linn. (The Bullock’s Heart).

Anona squamosa, Linn. (The Custard Apple). This,
like the two preceding species, is a native of Trop. America,
and often cultivated in the Peninsula.

Artabotrys odoratissimus, R. Br. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). Often cultivated in the Peninsula.

Canangium odoratum, Baill. A tree, doubtfully of
Philippine origin, cultivated throughout Indo-Malaya.

Polyalthia longifolia, Benth. & Hook. fil. Near the

Selangor Club, K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tall tree of
Ceylon, cultivated in India and occasionally in this country.

MENISPERMACEZ.

Tinomiscium petiolare, Miers. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A liane of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common from
Perlis to Singapore, usually in secondary growth and open
places.

220

Limacia oblonga, Miers. K. Lumpur (Ridl. 3970). A
woody climber, endemic and common in secondary growth ~
north of Malacca. }

Limacia velutina, Miers. K. Lumpur (Ridl. 3968). A
woody climber of Indo-China and W. Malaysia; in the Penin- —
sula common from Penang to Singapore in secondary growth —
and open places.

Pericampylus ineanus, Miers. Batu Tiga; Klang Gates; —
K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A slender climber of Indo-Malaya —
and China; in the Peninsula common in secondary growth, —
in hedges, and scrambling on bushes in open places.

Stephania capitata, Spreng. Rawang; Seminyih. A —
climber of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common from —
Penang to Singapore in forest.

Stephania hernandifolia, Walp. Seminyih (Hume 8015). —
A climber of Africa and Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula —
rare, Taiping, and doubtfully from Penang. |

Cissampelos Pareira, Linn. K. Lumpur (Ridl. 3969).
A slender climber, cosmopolitan; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in hedges from Penang to Malacca.

CULTIVATED MENISPERMACEZ.,

Tinospora crispa, Miers. K. Lumpur, fide Foxworthy.
A climber of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula introduced,
cultivated and running wild in a few localities.

NYMPHAEACEZ.

Barclaya Motleyi, Hook. fil. Batang Berjuntai (Ridl.
7348). An aquatic herb of Sumatra, Borneo and New
Guinea; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore, not uncom-
mon.

CAPPARIDACEZ.

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. Petaling (Ridl.). A
pantropic herb, common in the Peninsula in waste ground.

Capparis larutensis, King. Klang Gates (Ridl.). A —
thorny climber, endemic and rare, Larut and Kampar, Perak. —

Capparis Scortechinii, King. Bukit Puteh Forest
Reserve (Forest Dept. 10837). A climbing shrub, endemic,
not common in forest, Penang, Perak.

Capparis sp. Batu Caves (Burkill 6369, flr. September).

Crataeva macrocarpa, Kurz. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur. A tree of Indo-China; in the Peninsula common —
from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore, usually on river-
banks.

Crataeva religiosa, Forst. Pudu (Goodenough 10477).
A shrub or small tree of South India; in the Peninsula
possibly not native, but established at Pekan (Pahang) and ©
Tanjong Kling (Malacca), and occasionally cultivated.

zal
VIOLACE A.

Alsodeia capillata, King. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak
(fide Ridley). A shrub, endemic, not common, Perak and
the Dindings.

Alsodeia comosa, King. Dusun Tua; Kuang; Rawang;
Seminyih. A shrub or small tree of Indo-China and Borneo;
in the Peninsula not common in forest, Perak and Kuantan.

Alsodeia echinocarpa, Korth. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A bush or small tree of Siam,
Sumatra, Borneo, Indo-China and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common from Penang and Trengganu to Singa-
pore.

Alsodeia Kunstileriana, King. Batu Caves; Klang Gates.
A shrub or small tree, endemic, not uncommon in forest
from Upper Perak to Johore.

Alsodeia Scortechinii, King. Ayer Hitam; Batu Caves;
Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur. A shrub or small tree of Lower
Siam; in the Peninsula not very common in forest,
Langkawi, Taiping and Singapore.

Alsedeia Wallichiana, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Ridl.
8252, 8624). A shrub, endemic in forest from Penang and
Upper Perak to Malacca and Johore.

PITTOSPOREACE.

Pittosporum ferrugineum, Azt. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
common, usually near the sea.

POLYGALACE.

Polygala cardiocarpa, Kurz. Batu Caves, on the lime-
stone rocks (Ridl. 8243). A small herb of Tenasserim and
Lower Siam; in the Peninsula on limestone at Langkawi
and Goping (Perak).

Polygala pulchra, Hassk. Ulu Langat (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A small shrub of Java and Sumatra; in the
Peninsula usually in hill forest, Perak, Selangor and Negri
Sembilan.

Polygala venenosa, Juss. Ulu Gombak (Burkill $967).
A small shrub of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common from Penang and Kelantan to Johore,
commonest in hill forest.

Salomonia cantoniensis, Louwv. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak; and doubtless in other localities. A
small herb of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common in grass
and sandy places.

Epirhizanthes elongata, Bl. Seminyih (Hume 7981).
A small parasitic herb of Tenasserim to Borneo and China:
in the Peninsula common in forest.

222
Trigoniastrum hypoleucum, Mig. K. Lumpur (Forest

Dept.). A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not uncommon
from Penang to Singapore in forest.

Xanthophyllum affine, Korth. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Rawang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A large bush or
small tree of Tenasserim to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common from Kedah to Singapore, usually in open spots.

Xanthophyllum bullatum, King. Dusun Tua (Ridley).
A shrub or small tree, endemic and rare, known only from
this locality and Taiping.

Xanthophyllum Griffithii, Benn. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. <A tree of Tenasserim; in the
Peninsula Penang to Malacca in forest.

Xanthophyilum obscurum, Benn. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A tall tree, endemic, not common,
Malacca and Singapore.

Xanthophyllum Palembanicum, Mig. Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common from Penang to Singapore in forest.

Xanthophyllum puberulum, Ridl. Klang Gates (Ridl.
13390). A shrub, endemic and rare, Dindings.

Xanthophyllum Scortechinii, King. Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept. 606, ?tree 58). A small tree, endemic
and rare in forest, Penang and Perak.

Xanthophyllum stipitatum, Benn. Ampang (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common, Perak and Malacca.

Xanthophyllum venosum, King. Dusun Tua; Rawang
(Kloss, fide Ridley). A small tree, endemic and rare in
forest, Perak.

Xanthophyllum verrucosum, Chodat. Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept.). A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not
common, Penang to Selangor.

Xanthophyllum Wrayi, King. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. A shrub, endemic and common in forest
from Penang and Upper Perak to Johore.

PORTULACACEZ.

Portulaca oleracea, Linn. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A fleshy herb, pantropic;
in the Peninsula a common weed in waste and cultivated
ground.

HYPERICACE.

Hypericum japonicum, Thunb. Ulu Gombak (Hume
9406, 9340). A small creeping herb of India to New
Zealand; in the Peninsula not common in ricefields and open
places, Kelantan, Penang and Singapore.

223

Cratoxylon arborescens, Bl. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A lofty tree of Burma, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula common from Penang to Singapore in forest.

Cratoxylion formosum, Benth. & Hook. fil. K. Lumpur;
Seminyih. A tree of Siam and W. Malaysia to the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula common from Perlis to Singapore
in open country.

Cratoxylon polyanthum, Korth. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and China;
in the Peninsula Penang to Malacca in thin forest.

FLACOURTIACE.

Flacourtia Cataphracta, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small spiny tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in villages.

Flacourtia Rukam, Zoll. & Mor. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small thorny tree of Indo-Malaysia; in the Pen-
insula common from Penang and Upper Perak to Singapore,
a variety cultivated.

Hydnocarpus castanea, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Burma and Tenasserim; in the Peninsula
common in forest north of Malacca.

Hydnocarpus Humeli, Ridl., Kew Bull., 10, 1926, p. 470.
Klang Gates (Hume 7256). A small tree, endemic and local.

Hydnocarpus nana, King. Sungai Buloh (Nur 11884).
A small tree, endemic and not rare in forest in Penang,
Province Wellesley and Perak.

Taraktogenos Kunstleri, King, var. tomentosa, Ridl.
K. Lumpur and Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.). A tree of
Sumatra (the species); in the Peninsula rare, both the
species and var. in Perak.

Taraktogenos ?Scortechinii, Aing. Ulu Gombak
Forest Dept.).

Taraktogenos sp. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept. 828).

Pangium edule, Reinw. Batu Caves; Sungai Buloh. A
tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Upper Perak and
Kelantan to Pulau Tioman.

Scaphocalyx spathacea, Ridl. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A small tree, endemic and not common in forest,
Negri Sembilan and Malacca.

Ryparosa fasciculata, King. Bangi; Klang Gates;
Sungai Buloh. A tree, endemic, apparently not common
in forest, Perak and the Dindings to Malacca.

Ryparosa Kunstieri, King. Kajang; K. Lumpur. A
tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common, Perak
and the Dindings.

224

Ryparosa Scortechinii, King. Bangi; Sungai Buloh;
Weld’s Hill. A small tree, endemic in forest from Penang
and Kelantan to Selangor and Pahang.

CULTIVATED FLACOURTIACEZ.

Hydnocarpus anthelminticus, Pierre. (Chaulmoogra).
Serdang Experimental Plantation. A tree of Cochin-China.

Taraktogenos Kurzii, King. (Burmese Chaulmoogra).
Serdang Experimental Plantation. A tree of Burma.

GUTTIFERAE.

Garcinia eugenizfolia, Wall. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Garcinia Forbesii, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common,
Perak, Pahang and Singapore.

Garcinia globulosa, Ridl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, and common in forest from Perak to Sing-
apore.

Garcinia nigrolineata, Planch. K. Lumpur; Rawang;
Sungai Buloh. A tree of Burma, Siam and the Carimons;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi to
Singapore.

Calophyllum ferrugineum, Rid!l. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept. 2264). <A tall tree, endemic and rare, known only
from this locality and from Singapore.

Calophyllum floribundum, Hook. fil. Sungai Buloh
(Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, not very common, Perak,
Pahang, Malacca and Singapore.

Calophyllum Griffithii, 7. Anders. Sungai Buloh
(Forest Dept.). <A tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
not common, usually on riverbanks, Penang, Malacca, Johore
and Singapore.

Calophyllum inophyllum, Linn. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Africa and Indo-Australia; in the Pen-
insula common, usually on sandy seashores.

Calophyllum Kunstleri, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept. 1831, tree 303). A tree of Borneo and the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula Langkawi to Negri Sembilan and
Pahang.

Calophyllum macrocarpum, Hook. fil. Public Gardens,
K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). <A tall tree of Borneo; in the
Peninsula not common on riverbanks and near the sea,
Perak, Malacca, Johore and Singapore.

Calophyllum Wallichianum, Planch. & Triana. Bangi;
K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A tall tree, endemic, common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

225

Kayea caudata, King. Klang Gates; ? Sungai Buloh.
A small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak to Negri
Sembilan.

Kayea elegans, King. Klang Gates (Ridley 13527). A
tree, endemic and rare, Gunong Bubu (Perak).

Kayea grandis, King. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A tree, endemic and common in forest from
. Penang to Malacca.

Kayea Kunstleri, King. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub or small tree, endemic in forest,
Kedah, Penang, Perak, Dindings.

Kayea nervosa, 7. Anders. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree of Burma; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Taiping.

Kayea rivulorum, idl. Kanching, fide Ridley. A
small tree, endemic and rare, Malacca.

Mesua ferrea, Linn. Kajang; Sungai Buloh. A tall
tree of India, Indo-China, Siam and Java; in the Peninsula
common from Penang to Singapore.

CULTIVATED GUTTIFERA.

Clusia odorata, Seem. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
bushy tree of Central America; in the Peninsula occasionally
cultivated.

Garcinia atroviridis, Griff. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, wild and cultivated.

Garcinia dulcis, Kurz. K. Lumpur (Agri. Dept.). A
tree of W. Malaysia, common in cultivation in the Peninsula.

Garcinia Mangostana,-Linn. (The Mangosteen). Cul-
tivated everywhere in the Peninsula, but not known in a
wild state.

Garcinia Prainiana, King. K. Lumpur (Agri. Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic and not uncommon in orchards in Perak
and Pahang. ;

Garcinia xanthochymus, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Agri.
Dept.). A tree of India, Burma and Tenasserim; in the
Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

TERNSTROEMIACEZ.

Adinandra macrantha, Teys. & Binn. Weld’s . Hill
(Forest Dept. 970). <A tree of Sumatra and Java; in the
| Peninsula apparently not common, Perak, Pahang ad Johore.

Eurya acuminata, DC. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub or small tree
of Indo-Malaysia and China; common over the whole Penin-
sula in open country and occasionally in forest.

226

Pyrenaria acuminata, Planch. K. Lumpur (Curtis,
Forest Dept.). A smali tree, endemic, common in forest
from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Gerdonia concentricicatrix, Burkill. Rantau Panjang
(Forest Dept. 878). <A tall tree, endemic, not common in —
forest, Dindings, Pahang, Malacca.

Saurauia cauliflora, Bl. Batu Caves (Burkill 6257,

Ridley 8269). A tree of Java; in the Peninsula rare near ~

limestone, Batu Kurau (Perak).

Saurauia nudiflora, DC. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept. —
10452). A small tree of Java; in the Peninsula in forest
from Upper Perak to Negri Sembilan.

Saurauia tristyla, DC. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K. —
Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small tree
of Siam and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common usually
in forest. Sie

Archytea Vahlii, Choisy. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A small slender tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula com-
mon from Penang to Singapore in open country.

DIPTEROCARPACE.

Dryobalanops aromatica, Gaertn. fil. Kanching (Forest
Dept.), planted in K. Lumpur and Rawang. A lofty tree
of Sumatra, Lingga and Borneo; in the Peninsula not un-
common in the south, usually gregarious.

Dryobalanops oblongifolia, Dyer. Rantau Panjang
(Forest Dept.). <A lofty tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula
Kelantan to Johore and from Kinta southwards on the west.

Dipterocarpus cornuta, Dyer. Bukit Puteh Forest.
Reserve (Forest Dept.). A tree of ? Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Dipterocarpus crinita, Dyer. Ampang; Batu Caves;

Kajang; Weld’s Hill. A lofty tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest.

Dipterocarpus Duperreana, Dyer. Ampang; Dusun ~
Tua; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A lofty tree of Indo-China, —
Sumatra and Siam; in the Peninsula in forest, Langkawi,
Kelantan, Pahang.

Dipterocarpus grandiflora, Blanco. Sungai Lallang
Forest Reserve (Forest Dept.). A lofty tree of Tenasserim,

Lingga, Bangka, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines; in © |

the Peninsula common in forest.

Dipterocarpus verrucosa, Foxworthy. Kajang (Forest
Dept.). <A lofty tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula rare in forest, Negri Sembilan.

.

227

: Anisoptera costata, Korth. Bangi Forest Reserve
(Forest Dept.). A lofty tree of Tenasserim, Sumatra and
_ Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon in forest in the
= south.
= Anisoptera magistocarpa, van Slooten. Ulu Gombak
(Forest Dept.). A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula in
forest, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Botanic Gardens, Singapore.
' Anisoptera thurifera, Bl. 1614 mile, Ginting Simpak
-_ Road (Forest Dept.). A tree of ? Burma, ? Sumatra and
_ the Philippines; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Perak.
Shorea acuminata, Dyer. Ampang; Kajang; Kanching;
Sungai Buloh. A tall tree of Lingga and Borneo; in the
Peninsula in forest from Penang to Malacca.
“4 Shorea bracteolata, Dyer. Ampang; Ayer Hitam;
_ Kajang; Kanching; Klang Gates; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
_ A lofty tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not uncommon in
forest from Penang to Singapore.
Shorea ciliata, King. Kajang (Forest Dept.). <A tree,
endemic and rare, Penang Hill.
Shorea costata, King. Kajang (Forest Dept.). A tree,
endemic and rare, Penang.

Shorea Curtisii, Dyer. Kajang; Kanching; Ulu Gombak.
A tall tree, endemic in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Shorea leprosula, Mig. Ampang; Kajang; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A lofty tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Taiping to Singapore.

Shorea macroptera, Dyer. Ampang; Bukit Puteh;

_ Kajang; Kanching. A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.
Shorea ? Maxwelliana, King. Kajang (Forest Dept.).

& Shorea parvifolia, Dyer. Kajang; Kanching; Klang
_ Gates; K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A tall tree, endemic,
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.
Shorea pauciflora, King. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
ie A tall tree, endemic, not very common in forest, Penang to
rE Singapore.
Shorea rigida, Brandis. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore.

Shorea sericea, Dyer. Kajang (Forest Dept.). A tree
of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang
to Malacca.

Shorea sp. (Meranti Kait-Kait). Kajang (Forest
Dept.). Also collected near Sungkai, Perak.

: Shorea sp. 2014 mile, Ginting Simpak Road (Forest
' Dept.). ; ; ‘

228

Shorea sp., aff. Pachychlamys Hemsleyanus, Ridl. Bukit
Cheraka Forest Reserve (Forest Dept.).

Pachychlamys Thiseltoni, Ridl. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in forest from Penang to North Johore.

Hopea globosa, Brandis. Rantau Panjang (Ridley).
A lofty tree, endemic in forest from Taiping to Johore.

Hopea intermedia, King. Bukit Cheraka; Kajang;
? Rantau Panjang; Sungai Lallang. A tree, endemic, not
common in forest, Penang and Perak. (Dr. Foxworthy
prefers to keep this separate from H. Pierrei, Hance, with
which Mr. Ridley unites it).

Vatica sp. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept. 2935).

Balanocarpus Heimii, King. Ampang; Bukit Cheraka;
Sungai Lallang. A tree, endemic in forest, Penang to
Malacca.

Balanocarpus latifolius, Brandis. Kanching (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula known only
from this locality.

Balanocarpus penangianus, King. Ampang (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic in forest, Penang to Malacca.

Pachynocarpus Stapfianus, King. Ampang; Bangi. A
tall tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Langkawi, Penang and Pahang.

BIXACEZE, CULTIVATED.

Bixa Orellana, Linn. (Arnotto). Cultivated in various
localities. A pantropic bush of South American origin.

MALVACEA.

Sida carpinifolia, Linn. fil. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.. An
undershrub, pantropic; in the Peninsula a common weed in
waste ground.

Sida rhombifolia, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Pudu; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
pantropic undershrub common in the Peninsula on seashores
and waste ground.

Urena lobata, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Klang Gates;
Pudu; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic undershrub,
common in the Peninsula in open places and waste ground.

Hibiscus macrophyllus, Roxb. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A tall tree of India, Indo-China, Siam and Java; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Malacca.

Hibiscus tiliaceus, Linn. Pudu (Hume 7716). <A small
tree, pantropic; in the Peninsula common on seashores ane

~ often planted inland,

229

Bombax larutensis, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.,
and other collectors). A tall thorny, tree, endemic, not
common in forest, Penang, Perak, ? Kelantan, Negri Sem-
bilan.

Durio Lowianus, Scort. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.
4596). A tree, endemic in forest, Kedah, Perak, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan.

Durio malaccensis, Planch. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A tall tree, endemic in forest, Taiping to Malacca.

Durio Oxleyanus, Griff. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.
4903). <A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Dindings,
Pahang, Negri Sembilan and Malacca.

Boschia Griffithii, Mast. Klang Gates; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Sumatra; in the Penin-
sula common in forest.

Neesia synandra, Mast. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Coelostegia Griffithii, Benth. & Hook. fil. Sungai Buloh
(Forest Dept.). <A tall tree, endemic and common in forest
from Perak to Singapore.

CULTIVATED MALVACE.

Durio zibethinus, Linn. (The Durian). A tree of Indo-
China and W. Malaysia, known only in cultivation.

Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. (Kapok). Common
in villages, gardens, etc. A pantropic tree, origin probably
South India.

Hibiscus esculentus, Linn. (“ Lady’s Fingers”). A
tall herb, cultivated as a vegetable in all tropics.

Hibiscus mutabilis, Linn. A shrub of Chinese origin,
cultivated in all tropics.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Linn. Common in gardens.
Pantropic in cultivation.

Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn. (Roselle). K. Lumpur;
Serdang. A pantropic shrub, commonly cultivated in the
Peninsula.

Hibiscus schizopetalus, Hook. fil, Common in gardens.
A shrub of Africa, commonly cultivated in the Peninsula.

STERCULIACEZ.

Sterculia hispidissima, Ridil. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic and rare in forest, doubtfully also from
Singapore.

Sterculia laevis, Wall. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub of Tenasserim, Java and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest,

230

Sterculia macrophylla, Vent. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur.
A tall tree of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in lowland forest.

Sterculia parviflora, Roxb. Ampang; Weld’s Hill. A
tree of Sylhet, Burma and Cochin-China; in the Peninsula
common in forest at low altitudes.

Sterculia parvifolia, Wall. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic and rare in forest, Penang and Taiping. -

Sterculia rubiginosa, Vent. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in
open country. .

Scaphium affine, Ridl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
tree of ? Indo-China; in the Peninsula common in forest in
the south.

Pterocymbium javanicum, R. Br. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula not common in open country, Perlis, Penang, Perak
and Malacca.

Erythropsis fulgens, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Curtis, Forest
Dept.). A tree of Burma, Tenasserim, Sumatra and Java;
in the Peninsula not common in forest, Penang, Upper Perak
and Kelantan.

Tarrietia perakensis, King. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.
2367). <A tree, endemic and rare in forest, Taiping Hills.

Tarrietia simplicifolia, Mast. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
lofty tree, endemic and not uncommon in the south.

Pterespermum Blumeanum, Korth. Klang Gates;
Sungai Buloh. A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Pterospermum diversifolium, Bl. Batu Caves; K. Lum-
pur. A tall tree of Indo-China, Java and the Philippines;
in the Peninsula not very common in forest, Kelantan, Perak,
Negri Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore.

Melochia corchorifolia, Linn. Ampang; Batang Berjun-
tai; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Pudu. A small pantropie
shrub; a common weed in waste ground all over the
Peninsula.

Melochia velutina, Bedd. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.
2295). A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya and Mauritius;
in the Peninsula not uncommon in the north in open places.

Abroma augusta, Linn. Batu Caves (Ridley). A shrub

of Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula Upper Perak — |

to Singapore, usually near cultivation or limestone.

Byttneria Jackiana, Wall. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
sare climbing shrub, endemic, Penang to Negri Sembilan
in forest. |

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- Commersonia platyphylla, Andr. K. Lumpur; Petaling.
A small tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Penin-
sula common from Penang to Singapore in secondary growth.

Leptenychia glabra, Turcz. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;

Sungai Buioh. A shrub or smali tree of Indo-Malaya; in the

Peninsula common in forest, often montane or sub-montane.

CULTIVATED STERCULIACE.

Cola acuminata, S.& FE. (Kola nut). Serdang Experi-
mental Plantation. A tree of Trop. America; in the
Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

Muntingia calabura, Linn. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy.
A tree of the West Indies; in the Peninsula occasionally
cultivated.

Theobroma cacao, Linn. (Cocoa). A tree of Trop.
America, occasionally cultivated in the Peninsula.

TILIACE.

Pentace triptera, Mast. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept). A
tall tree, endemic, Taiping to Singapore in forest.

Grewia antidesmefolia, King. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Taiping to Johore.

Grewia fibrocarpa, Mast. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang to
Malacca and on the East coast islands.

Grewia latifolia, Mast. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
smail tree, endemic, not uncommon from Perak to Singapore
in forest.

Grewia Miqueliana, Kurz. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic, Taiping to Johore in forest.

Grewia paniculata, Roxb. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur. A small bushy tree of Indo-Malaya to
the Philippines and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common
as far south as Johore in open country.

Grewia umbeliata, Roxb. Batu Caves; Bukit Raja;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh.
A climbing shrub of Siam, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in secondary growth.

laeocarpus Ganitrus, Roxb. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Nepal and Assam, doubtfully wild in the
Peninsula. )

Elaeccarpus glabrescens, Mast. K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Kedah
Peak, Penang, Selangor, Malacca, in forest usually in hilly
localities.

232

Elaeocarpus Griffithii, Mast. Klang Gates; Public
Gardens, K. Lumpur. A tree of Tenasserim; in the Penin-
sula not uncommon in forest in the lowlands.

Elaeocarpus Jackianus, Wall. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). <A tall tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest on the west coast.

Elaeocarpus Mastersii, King. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur.
A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in open woody
places.

Elaeocarpus obtusus, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common from
Penang to Singapore in open places and on the seacoast.

Elaeocarpus paniculatus, Wall. Ampang; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang. A tree of Lower Siam, Bangka and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in lowland forest.

Elaeocarpus parvifolius, Wall. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. <A tall tree of Lower Siam and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula common from Penang to Singapore, both in open
country and in forest.

Elaeocarpus petiolatus, Wall. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. A small tree of Burma, Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common from Penang to Singapore in
lowland forest.

Elaeocarpus stipularis, Bl. Ampang; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A tree of W.
Malaysia; in the Peninsula common from Kedah to Singa-
pore, usually in lowland forest.

CULTIVATED TILIACEZ.

Berrya Ammonilla, Roxb. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur.
A tall tree of India, Ceylon and Burma, occasionally culti-
vated in the Peninsula.

Corchorus olitorius, Linn. (Jute). Cultivated, fide
Foxworthy. A native of India, pantropic in cultivation.

Honckenya ficifolia, Willd. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A shrub of Trop. Africa, occasionally cultivated in the
Peninsula.

GONOSTYLACE.

Gonostylus Maingayi, Hook. fil. Ayer Hitam; Klang
Gates; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A large tree, endemic
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

LINACEZ.

Roucheria Griffithiana, Planch. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur. A liane of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in lowland forest.

233

Ixonanthes icosandra, Jack. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A small
tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common from Kedah to
Singapore in woods and open country.

Ixonanthes reticulata, Jack. Public Gardens and Weld’s
Hill, K. Lumpur. A shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula
Kedah to Singapore in woods.

CULTIVATED LINACE.

Erythroxylon coca, Lam. (Cocaine). Serdang Experi-
mental Plantation. A shrub of S. America; in the Peninsula
very occasionaily cultivated.

MALPIGHIACEA.

Tristellateia australasica, A. Rich. K. Lumpur, culti-
vated (Forest Dept.). A woody climber of W. Malaysia to
Polynesia; in the Peninsula wild in tidal swamps and often
cultivated.

Hiptage madablota, Gaertn. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
liane of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula perhaps
not wild south of Perlis.

Hiptage sericea, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A liane of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula
Penang to Singapore in open places and riverbanks.

Aspidopterys concava, Juss. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
liane of Burma and Tenasserim; in the Peninsula Penang to
Singapore in forest.

Brachylophon Curtisii, Oliv. Seminyih (Hume 8168).
A shrub or small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula rare,
Penang, Perak, Mt. Ophir (a var.).

CULTIVATED MALPIGHIACEA.
Malpighia coccigera, Linn. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A shrub of the West Indies, cultivated in
the Peninsula as an ornamental shrub.

OXALIDACEZ.

Oxalis corniculata, Linn. K. Lumpur; Pudu. A creep-
ing herb, cosmopolitan ; in the Peninsula common near houses
in waste ground.

Connaropsis monophylla, Planch. K. Lumpur; Sungai

Buloh. A small tree, endemic, common in open places from
Perak to Johore.

CULTIVATED OXALIDACEZ.

Averrhoa Bilimbi, Linn. (The Belimbing). A small
tree of Trop. America, cultivated in most tropical countries.

Averrhoa Carambola, Linn. (The Carambola). <A
small tree of Trop. America, pantropic in cultivation.

234
BALSAMINACEZ.

Impatiens Ridleyi, Hook. fil. Batu Caves on the lime-
stone (all collectors). A small shrubby herb, endemic and
local.

RUTACER.

Evodia glabra, Bl. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A tree
of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common
in lowland forest from Penang to Singapore.

Evodia latifolia, DC. . K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Lower Siam,
Java, Borneo and the Moluccas; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Johore.

Acronychia laurifolia, Bl. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in
lowland forest.

Acronychia Porteri, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Weld’s Hill
and in the Public Gardens). <A tree of Lower Siam; in the
Peninsula in forest from Penang to Singapore and on the
East coast.

Glycosmis malayana, Ridl. Klang Gates; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub, endemic, common from
Langkawi to Singapore in lowland forest.

Glycosmis monticola, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A
shrub, endemic and rare, Gunong Angsi and Mt. Ophir.

Micromelum hirsutum, Oliv. Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya to the
Philippines; in the Peninsula not uncommon in open country
from Penang and Kelantan to Mt. Ophir.

Micromelum pubescens, Bl. Klang Gates (cultivated
here by Tamils, fide Forest Dept.). A shrub or small tree
of Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula common in
open country.

Merriillia caloxylon, Swingle. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.
5186). A bush or tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not
common, Patani, Upper Perak and Pahang, in forest and
near rivers.

CULTIVATED RUTACEZ.

Aegele marmelos, Correa. (Bael fruit). A native of
India, seldom cultivated in the Peninsula. :

Citrus aurantium, Linn. (The Orange). Cultivated,
as it is in most tropics and subtropics.
Citrus decumana, Murr. (The Pumelo). A _ tree,

native of W. Malaysia to Polynesia, cultivated throughout
Indo-Malaya.

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235

Citrus medica, Linn., var. acida, Hook. fil. (The Lime).
A small tree of Trop. Asia, cultivated in all tropics.

Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Wood Apple). K.
Lumpur (Agri. Dept.). A spiny tree of Indo-Malaya, not
often cultivated in the Peninsula.

Murraya exotica, Linn. Circular Rd. Plantation and
Weld’s Hill, cuitivated (Forest Dept.). A shrub or small
tree of Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula wild on
limestone, and often cultivated as an ornamental shrub.

Triphasia trifoliata, DC. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A small shrub, probably of Chinese origin, cultivated
throughout Indo-Malaya.

SIMARUBACEZ.

Brucea sumatrana, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
shrub of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula common in open
places.

Eurycoma apiculata, Benn. Petaling; Weld’s Hill. A
shrub, endemic, Penang to N. Johore, commonest in the
north, in forest.

Eurycoma longifolia, Jack. Rantau Panjang (Hume).
A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Irvingia malayana, Oliv. .K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A lofty tree of Burma and Siam; in the Peninsula Negri
Sembilan, Malacca, Singapore, in forest.

OCHNACEZ.

Gomphia oblongifolia, Ridl. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur.
A tree of Tenasserim and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
from Kedah to Singapore.

CULTIVATED OCHNACEZ.

Ochna Wallichii, Planch. K. Lumpur, in the Public
Gardens (Forest Dept.). A shrub of Burma, Tenasserim
and Lower Siam; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

BURSERACE.

Triomma malaccensis, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree of Sumatra; in the Penin-
sula Selangor, Malacca, Singapore in forest.

Canarium caudatum, King. K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang. A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common,
Penang, Perak and Singapore in lowland forest.

Canarium grandiflorum Benn. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and not common in forest, Malacca
and Singapore.

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236

Canarium kadondon, Benn. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang to
Singapore.

Canarium nitidum, Benn. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic, Perak to Singapore, usually in forest
but often in open country.

Canarium pilosum, Benn. K. Lumpur (Weld’s Hill and
Damansara Hill). A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore,
in forest.

Canarium rufum, Benn. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, Upper Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Santiria apiculata, Benn. Batang Berjuntai; Bukit
Raja; Kanching; K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A tree, endemic and common in lowland forest from Taiping
to Singapore.

Santiria fasciculata, Benn. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, Penang to Malacca, in forest.

Santiria floribunda, King. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and
Pahang.

Santiria laevigata, Bl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in lowland
forest from Taiping to Singapore.

Santiria laxa, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A
tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang to
Singapore.

Santiria multiflora, Benn. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula in marshy forest from
Taiping to Singapore. |

Santiria Wrayi, King. Kajang; Kanching. A tree, —
endemic, Taiping to Johore on the west coast. |

Ieicaster Planchoni, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Weld’s Hill and
the Public Gardens). A tree, endemic, Taiping to Singapore
in forest.

7 MELIACEZ.

Turraea breviflora, ARidl. Kanching, on limestone
(Ridley). A shrub, endemic and rare, Ulu Selangor and
Singapore.

Chisocheton glomeratus, Hiern. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A tall tree, endemic, not common,
Perak to Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Chisocheton macrophyllus, King. Batu Caves (Curtis).
A tree of Java; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Penang, Selangor, Singapore.

Chisocheten princeps, Hemsl. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and rare, Penang.

237

Chisocheton spicatus, Hiern. Klang Gates (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
Penang to Singapore in forest.

Dysoxylum arborescens, Mig. Klang Gates (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Tenasserim to Celebes; in the
Peninsula Perak, Pahang, Malacca, in lowland forest.

Dysoxylum cauliflorum, Hiern. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Borneo (a var.) and the Philippines; in
the Peninsula Penang to Singapore in forest.

Dysoxylum costulatum, Mig. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Dysoxylum dumosum, King. Seminyih (Hume). A
shrub, endemic, Perak to Johore in forest.

Dysoxylum flavescens, Hiern. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang,
Malacca and Singapore.

Dysoxylum macrothyrsum, Mig. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh (var. microbotrys, Ridl.). A tree
of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping to Singapore
in forest.

Dysoxylum thrysoideum, Griff. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest.

Dysoxylum turbinatum, King. Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in forest in the south.

Amoora Maingayi, Hiern. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic, rare and little known, Taiping and
Malacca.

Aphanamixis Rohituka, Pierre. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A tree of India to
Sumatra and China; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Agiaia cordata, Hiern. Bukit Tunggal Forest Reserve
(Forest Dept.). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Aglaia glabriflora, Hiern. Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve;
Weld’s Hill. A small tree, endemic, not uncommon in the
south in open places.

Aglaia Griffithii, Kurz. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Penang to Singapore.

Aglaia Hiernii, King. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak. A
tall tree, endemic, Perak and Malacca, in forest.

Aglaia odoratissima, Bl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak;
Weld’s Hill. A tree of Siam, Sumatra and Java; in the
Peninsula common in lowland forest.

238

Aglaia oligophylla, Mig. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Burma and Sumatra; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Perak, Malacca, Johore and Singapore.

Aglaia palembanica, Mig. Ulu Gombak. A shrub or
small tree of Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Agiaia tenuicaulis, Hiern. Dusun Tua; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra;
in the Peninsula Penang to Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Aglaia trichostemon, C. DC. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in lowland forest.

Lansium domesticum, Jack. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Weld’s Hill (var. pubescens, Koorders). A small tree of
W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common, cultivated and wild.

Walsura muiltijuga, King. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak;
Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo,
and the Philippines; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore
in forest. |

Waisura villosa, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Tenasserim, Siam and Indo-China; in the
Peninsula rare, Perak, Pahang, Malacca.

CLUTIVATED MELIACEZ.

Aglaia odorata, Lour. K. Lumpur. A shrub of China;
in the Peninsula cultivated only.

Melia Azedarach, Linn. K. Lumpur. <A small tree of
India; in the Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

CHAILLETIACE.

Chailletia Griffithii, Hook. fil. Ampang; Batang Ber-
juntai; Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Klang Gates; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub, endemic, not uncommon in forest
from Perak to Malacca.

OLACACE.

Harmandia Kunstleri, King. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Malacca.

Gchanostachys amentacea, Mast. Ampang; Kajang,
K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of Tenasserim, Bangka, Lingga and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Ctenolophon parvifolius, Oliv. Seminyih (Hume). A
tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Strombosia javanica, Bl. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga;
Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Tenasserim and W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore in forest.

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239

Strombosia rotundifolia, King. Kajang (Forest Dept.).

_ A shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Taiping to

“=r

Singapore.

Gomphandra affinis, Mast. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua;
K. Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh. A shrub
of Moulmein; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Gomphandra gracilis, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume 9693).
A shrub or small tree, endemic, rare, Perak at Larut and
Chanderiang.

Gomphandra lanceoiata, King. Klang Gates; Petaling;
seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub, endemic and common in
forest, usually at some altitude.

Gomphandra Maingayi, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub, endemic, not common in montane forest, Penang,
Pahang.

Gomphandra pubescens, Ridi. Weld’s Hill (Ridley).
A shrub, endemic and local.

Stemonurus capitatus, Becc. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, not very common in forest,
Langkawi to Johore.

Stemonurus scorpioides, Becc. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
Perak, Johore, Singapore.

Gonocaryum longe-racemosum, King. Batu Caves;
Kajang; Kanching; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Lower Siam;
in the Peninsula Perak to Singapore in lowland forest.

Phytocrene palmata, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
long climbing shrub, endemic in forest, Penang, Taiping and
Malacca.

Lophopyxis Maingayi, Hook. fil. Batu Tiga (Ridley).
A climbing shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Taiping
to Malacca.

ILICACER,

Ilex macrophylla, Wall. Carcosa Domain; ? Weld’s Hill.
A tree of Mergui, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula not
common in open places, Penang, Malacca and Singapore.

Ilex Maingayi, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, not very common in forest, Penang to
Singapore.

CELASTRACEA.

Microtropis filiformis, King. Sungai Buloh (Ridley).
A shrub or small tree of Burma and Lower Siam; in the
Peninsula not uncommon in forest in the north.

240

Euonymus javanicus, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub of Burma, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Langkawi to Negri Sembilan.

Glyptopetalum quadrangulare, Prain. Seminyih (Hume
8191). A shrub, endemic, not common, usually in montane
forest, Perak, Pahang, Selangor.

Lophopetalum oblongifolium, King. K. Lumpur (Curtis
3771). <A tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula rare, Perak.

Kurrimia paniculata, Wall. Bukit Tunggal; K. Lum-
pur; Rawang; Sungai Buloh. A tree of Lower Siam,
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in lowland
forest.

Hippocratea nigricaulis, Ridl. Rawang (Ridley). A
slender climber of Burma and Lower Siam; in the Peninsula
Penang to Johore, usually in forest.

Salacia flavescens, Kurz. Batu Caves; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A scandent shrub or bush of Tenasserim and
Siam; in the Peninsula common in open country and in
forest.

Salacia grandiflora, Kurz. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
shrub of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula very common from
Penang to Singapore, usually in open country.

RHAMNACEZ.

Zizyphus calophylla, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
strong thorny climber of Bangka and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula common in forest.

Zizyphus oenoplia, Mill. Batu Caves; Rawang; A
thorny bush of Tropical Africa and Australia; in the Penin-
sula common in open country.

Zizyphus sp. Top of the Batu Caves (Ridley, Kelsall).

Ventilago malaccensis, Rid]. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of Lower Siam and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common from Langkawi to Singapore in open
places.

Ventilago oblongifolia, Bl. Batu Caves; Weld’s Hill. A
strong climber of Java and the Philippines; in the Peninsula
in forest from Taiping to Singapore.

Gouania javanica, Mig. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur; Ulu
Langat; Weld’s Hill. A climbing shrub of Sumatra and
Java; in the Peninsula Perlis and Kelantan to Malacca, in
open places.

CULTIVATED RHAMNACEZ.

Zizyphus jujuba, Lam. (The jujube). K. Lumpur
(Agri. Dept.). A small tree of Indo-Malaya; sparingly
cultivated in the Peninsula, -

241
AMPELIDACEZ.
Vitis cantoniensis, Seem. Batu Tiga; Petaling; Ulu

Gombak. A slender vine of Indo-China and China; in the
Peninsula not very common in open places, Taiping to Johore.

Vitis cinnamomea, Wall. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh. A vine,
endemic, common in lowland forest.

Vitis furcata, Laws. Batu Caves; Bukit Raja;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A vine of Sumatra; in the Penin-
sula Penang to Singapore in forest.

Vitis glaberrima, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). A vine
of Tenasserim, Lower Siam, Sumatra and Bangka; in the
Peninsula Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Vitis gracilis, Wall. Sungai Buloh (Ridley). A slender
vine of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common.

Vitis hastata, Mig. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur. A vine of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in open places from Langkawi to Singapore.

Vitis japonica, Thunb. Batang Berjuntai; Petaling;
Rantau Panjang; Rawang. A slender vine of Java, China,
Japan and Australia; in the Peninsula common in open places
and secondary growth from Penang and Kelantan to
Singapore.

Vitis lanceolaria, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). A vine
of India, Lower Siam, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
common in forest and on riverbanks from Perlis to Negri
Sembilan.

Vitis Lawsoni, King. K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A liane of Burma; in the Peninsula Penang to
Singapore in lowland forest.

Vitis macrostachya, Miq. Bukit Raja; Rawang; Semin-
yih; Ulu Gombak. A long climber of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in open places.

Vitis mollissima, Wall. Bukit Raja; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A vine of Lower
Siam; in the Peninsula common, usually in open places.

Vitis peduncularis, Wall. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A woody vine of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
Penang and Kelantan to Johore, usually in hill forest.

Vitis polystachya, Wall. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang.
A vine of Siam and Sumatra; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in forest, Penang to Johore.

Vitis pyrrhodasys, Mig. Seminyih (Hume). A slender
vine of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in open places.

Vitis repens, Wight & Arnott. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A vine of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common
in open places and hedges,

242

Vitis Scortechinii, King. Batu Caves (Curtis 3775).
A slender vine, endemic, not common, Kelantan and Perak.

Vitis ? trifolia, Linn. Dusun Tua (Ridley).

Vitis Wrayi, King. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; A slender
vine of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Penang to Johore,
usually in hill forest.

Pterisanthes cissoides, Bl. Dusun Tua; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A climber of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Perak
and the Dindings to N. Johore, in thin forest.

Pterisanthes coriacea, Korth. K. Lumpur; Petaling;
Rawang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu.Gombak. A slender climber
of Lower Siam, Sumatra and Bornec; in the Peninsula com-
mon south of the Taiping Hills in forest.

Pterisanthes rufula, Planch. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua;
Petaling; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh. A climber of Sumatra;
in the Peninsula not common in open places, Perak, Malacca.

Leea anguiata, Korth. Rawang (Goodenough). A
thorny tree of Java; in the Peninsu’!a common in open dry
places from Upper Perak and Kelantan to Singapore.

Leea gigantea, Griff. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A large bush, endemic and
common in open country.

Leea sambucina, Willd. Damansara Hill; K. Lumpur.
A big shrub of India to Sumatra; in the Peninsula common
in open country..

Leea saxatilis, Ridl. Batu Caves (Curtis, Ridley). <A
herb, endemic, usually on limestone, Langkawi to Pulau
Tioman.

Leea sundaica, Mig. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A small
tree of Java, Borneo; Celebes and Papua; in the Peninsula
rare in forest, Gunong Bubu (Perak).

CULTIVATED AMPELIDACEA.

Vitis discolor, Dalz. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy. A
slender vine of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China; in the Peninsula
cultivated and wild on limestone in the north.

SAPINDACEZ.

Allophylus fulvinervis, Bl. Rantau Panjang (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A small tree of Tenasserim to Java; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Perak, Pahang, Selangor,
Malacca.

AWlophylus glaber, Wall. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A
small tree, endemic and common in forest from Langkawi
to Johore.

243

Erioglossum edule, bl. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
tall tree of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula al lll to
Singapore, common in open country.

Aphania paucijuga, Radlk. Rawang. Weld’s Hill.- A
tree, endemic, not uncommon in forest from Penang to
Malacca.

Lepisanthes Scortechinil, King. Klang Gates (Hume).
A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Lang-
kawi, Kedah, Perak, Dindings (var.), Johore.

Otophora imbricata, Bl. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula
rare, Pahang.

Otophora resecta, Radlk. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Penang and Pahang.

Xerospermum intermedium, Radlk. Bangi; Ulu Gom-
bak; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Burma; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Nephelium eriopetalum, Mig. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur.
A tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore
in lowland forest.

Nephelium glabrum, Noronh. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A tree of ?W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Perak
to Singapore in lowland forest.

Nephelium hamulatum, Radlk. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree, ? endemic, not common in forest, Dindings
and Malacca.

Nephelium pallens, Radlk. Batang Berjuntai (Hume
7526). A tree, endemic, not common, Perak and Malacca.

Nephelium ophioides, Radlk. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree, endemic, Perak and Malacca.

Pometia alnifolia, Radlk. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore in
forest.

Pometia pinnata, Forst. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates;
Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Malaya to Polynesia ;
in the Peninsula common on riverbanks from Penang and
Upper Perak to Johore.

Napeodendron altissimum, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
A tall tree, endemic and local.

Arytera littoralis, Bl. K. Lumpur. A tree of Indo-
Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula in tidal swamps
and on riverbanks from Perak to Singapore.

Mischocarpus sumatranus, Bl. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A tree of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China; in the Penin-
sula not common in lowland forest, Penang, Kelantan, Perak
and Singapore.

244 =

CULTIVATED SAPINDACE.

Nephelium lappaceum, Linn. (The Rambutan). A
tree of W. Malaysia, widely cultivated in the Peninsula and
occurring as an escape.

Nephelium malaiense, Griff. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic and common in villages,
etc.

. Nephelium mutabile, Bl. (The Pulasan). Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept.). A tree of W. Malaysia to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula commonly cultivated.

STAPHYLEACEA,

Turpinia latifolia, Wall. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A
tree, endemic, common in forest in the lowlands.

SABIACE A.

Meliosma elliptica, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur. A small tree
of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula Taiping to Singapore
in lowland forest.

Meliosma lancifolia, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Penang and Perak.

Meliosma nitida, Bl. Klang Gates; Petaling; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Java; in
the Peninsula in forest from Penang to Johore.

ANACARDIACEA.

Buchanania sessilifolia, Bl. Bukit Cheraka; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang; Sungai Buloh. A tree of Indo-
Malaya; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Mangifera foetida, Lowr. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Siam and W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula com-
mon in cultivated ground in the south.

Gluta virosa, Ridl. Rantau Panjang (Ridley). A tall
tree, endemic, Penang, Perak, Dindings, in forest.

Melanorrhoea aptera, King. Klang Gates (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not very common in forest,
Penang, Perak, Pahang.

Melanorrhoea Wallichii, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula
not uncommon in forest in the south.

Swintonia Schwenkii, Teys. & Binn. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak. A tree of Burma, Sumatra, Borneo (var.) and
Indo-China; in the Peninsula not common in forest, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan and Malacca.

245

Swintonia spicifera, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not uncommon in forest as far
south as Mt. Ophir.

Campnosperma auriculata, Hook. fil. Ampang (the
species and var. Wallichii, Ridl.) ; Bangi (var. Wallichii) ;
K. Lumpur (the species and var. Wallichii); Kajang (var.
Wallichii) ; Rantau Panjang. A tall tree of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Microstemon velutina, Engl. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). <A tall tree, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Negri Sem-
bilan, Malacca, in forest.

Pentaspadon officinalis, Holmes. Kanching; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A tall tree, endemic, not common in >
forest, Perak, Negri Sembilan and Malacca.

Melanochyla angustifolia, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang,
Taiping, Negri Sembilan, Malacca.

Melanochyla rugosa, King. Ayer Hitam Forest Re-
serve; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tall tree, endemic,
rare in forest, Tapah (Perak), Temerloh (Pahang).

Melanochyla tomentosa, Hook. fil., var. glabrescens,
Koorders. Bukit Cheraka (Forest Dept.). A tree, the
species of Java, the var. endemic and local.

? Melanochyla torquata, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.), leaf specimens only.

| Semecarpus Curtisii, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Siam; in the Peninsula Setul to Negri
Sembilan, usually in open places.

Semecarpus velutina, King. Klang Gates (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, rare in forest, Gunong Bubu
(Perak) and Johore.

Dracontomelum mangiferum, Bl. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. <A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula on riverbanks
from Penang and Upper Perak to Singapore, probably planted
in some localities.

CULTIVATED ANACARDIACEZ.

Anacardium occidentale, Linn. (The Cashew-nut). A
straggling tree of South America; in the Peninsula cultivated
and run wild.

Bouea macrophylla, Griff. K. Lumpur; Serdang. A
bushy tree of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in villages.

Bouea microphylla, Griff. K. Lumpur (Agri. Dept.),
A bushy tree of Malaysia; in the Peninsula cultivated and
perhaps also wild.

246

Mangifera caesia, Jack. K. Lumpur (Agri. Dept.). A
tall tree of W. Malaysia; common in the Peninsula in villages.

Mangifera indica, Linn. (The Mango). A tree of
South India; in the Peninsula often cultivated.

Mangifera odorata, Griff. (Kwini). K, Lumpur (Agri.
Dept.). A tall tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula culti-
vated and wild.

CONNARACEZ.

Connarus ellipticus, King. K. Lumpur (Curtis), and
in the Public Gardens. A sarmentose shrub, endemic,
Penang to Singapore, common in open places.

Connarus ferrugineus, Jack. Rantau Panjang (Ridl.).
A shrub or climber of Lower Siam and Sumatra; in the
Peninsula in open places from Penang to Singapore.

Connarus oligophyllus, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
scandent shrub of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Penang to
Singapore in open places and edges of forest.

Connarus semidecandrus, Jack. K. Lumpur; Rawang.
A sarmentose shrub of Siam; Tenasserim and Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common in open country.

Ellipanthus Griffithii, Hook. fil. Kanching (Forest
Dept.). A climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula Perak,
Malacca, Singapore, in forest.

Rourea fulgens, Planch. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
climbing shrub, endemic and rare, Singapore.

Rourea rugosa, Planch. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
liane, endemic and common in forest. |

Rourea similis, Bl. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A liane of
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Roureopsis pubinervis, Planch. Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. A climbing shrub of Java; in the Peninsula
Kedah to Malacca in forest.

Agelaea vestita, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A big liane of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Cnestis ramiflora, Griff. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).

A sarmentose shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-

mon in open country.

LEGUMINOSAE.

Abrus precatorius, Linn. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A slender climber, cosmopolitan; in the Peninsula common
in open dry places.

Abrus pulchellus, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender climber of S. Africa and S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula
Langkawi to Negri Sembilan and Pahang.

— LD eee SSeS YEYErY

247
Crotolaria Saltiana, Andr. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.

A small shrub, pantropic; in the Peninsula common from
Perlis to Singapore, usually in waste ground.

Flemingia strobilifera, R. Br. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A small shrub of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common in
open dry places.

Vigna parviflora, Ridl., non Welw. Flor. Trop. Africa,
Vol. II, p. 291. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A slender twiner,
endemic, Upper Perak to Negri Sembilan, in sandy places.

Clitoria cajanifolia, Benth. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A
shrub of South America, introduced into the Peninsula and
now common by roadsides in the south.

Dioclea javanica, Benth. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur. A
liane of Burma, Ceylon and Java; in the Peninsula not
common, Perak.

Pueraria phaseoloides, Benth. Batu Caves; Seminyih.
A slender twiner of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common
from Perlis to Negri Sembilan in secondary growth.

Mucuna acuminata, Grah. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender climber of Java; in the Peninsula not very common
in secondary growth, Penang, Perak and Singapore.

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. Kajang (Ridley). A small
shrub of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula in waste ground,
perhaps introduced.

Tephrosia subamoena, Prain. K. Lumpur (Hume). A
herb of North India; in the Peninsula common in waste
ground. :

Millettia albifiora, Prain. Kanching; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Petaling. A tree, endemic, Penang to Malacca in

forest.

Millettia Hemsleyana, Prain. Klang Gates (Ridley).
A tree, endemic, Upper Perak to Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Millettia sericea, Benth. K. Lumpur; Serdang. A liane
of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common from Penang to
N. Johore in forest and secondary growth.

Adinobotrys atropurpureus, Dunn. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). <A tali tree of Burma, Tenasserim,
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest
and secondary growth.

Dalbergia stercoracea, Maing. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in open places from Penang and Kelantan to
Singapore.

Pongamia glabra, Vent. Kanching; Rawang. A tree
of Trop. Asia and Australia; in the Peninsula common on
seashores and sandy places. :

248

‘Derris elegans, Benth. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A
slender liane of Tenasserim to the Philippines; in the Penin-
sula Perak and Malacca, not very common in forest.

Derris thyrsiflora, Benth. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A bush of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
common from Kedah to Singapore in open country.

Uraria crinita, Desv. Batu Caves; Rantau Panjang.
A small shrub of the tropics of the Old World; in the Penin-
sula common in open places.

Uraria lagopoides, DC. Batu Caves (Ridley). A small
shrub of Indo-Malaya, Indo-China and China; in the Penin-
sula commen in open sandy places.

Alysicarpus vaginalis, DC. K. Lumpur (Hume). A
herb of the tropics of the Old World; in the Peninsula in
dry open places apparently not very common.

Desmodium capitatum, DC. Open country near Batu
Caves (Ridley). A small creeping shrub of Tropical Asia;
in the Peninsula in open country in the north.

Desmedium polycarpum, DC. Rantau Panjang (Hume).
A smail erect shrub of Africa, Asia and Polynesia; in the
Peninsula common in open country and grassy places.

Desmodium triflorum, DC. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small diffuse herb, cosmopolitan; common on roadsides and
in grass over the whole Peninsula.

Desmodium trifoliastrum, Miq. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A small creeping shrub of Java to New Guinea; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Upper Perak to Negri
Sembilan.

Ormosia nitida, Prain. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
tree, endemic and rare, Gopeng (Perak).

Ormosia sumatrana, Prain. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common,
Penang, Kuantan (Pahang), Malacca.

Cassia alata, Linn. Common round K. Lumpur. A
large shrub, pantropic, of South American origin; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground.

Cassia glauca, Lam. K. Lumpur; Serdang (cultivated).
A shrub or small tree of 8. E. Asia; in the Peninsula doubt-
fully wild.

Cassia hirsuta, Linn. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. An introduced South American weed, not very common
in the Peninsula in waste ground.

Cassia nodosa, Ham. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur. A tree
of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang and Upper Perak to Malacca.

249

Cassia obtusifolia, Linn. K. Lumpur; Pudu; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A herb of S. American origin, now naturalised
in S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Cassia occidentalis, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Ulu
Gombak. A small shrub, pantropic, of S. American origin;
in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Cassia timoriensis, DC., var. xanthocoma, Mig. Batu
Caves; Public Gardens, K. Lumpur. A small tree of Tenas-
serim to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common on or
near limestone.

Cassia Tora, Linn. Rantau Panjang; Weld’s Hill. A
herb or small shrub, pantropic, native of S. America; in the
Peninsula not common in waste ground.

Koompassia malaccensis, Benth. Kanching; Rantau
Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A lofty tree of
Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest from Panang
to Singapore. |

Dialium indum, Linn. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Java; in the Peninsula on riverbanks from Penang
to the Pahang River.

Dialium laurinum, Baker. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, Pahang, Selangor, Malacca and Singa-
pore, in forest.

Dialium Maingayi, Baker. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Dialium platysepalum, Baker. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree, endemic and common in forest.

Dialium Wallichil, Prain. Rantau Panjang (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, Perak and Pahang to Singapore,
in forest.

Bauhinia bidentata, Jack. Batu Caves; Rawang. A
long climber of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang to Johore,
common in forest.

Bauhinia calycina, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Petaling; Weld’s
Hill. A climbing shrub, ? endemic, not uncommon in the
south in forest.

Bauhinia cornifolia, Baker. Petaling; Seminyih; Sungai
Buloh. A liane, endemic, Penang and Kelantan to Negri
Sembilan, in forest.

Bauhinia ferruginea, Roxb. Petaling (Ridley). A liane,
endemic, Penang, Perak, Pahang, not common in forest.

Bauhinia flammifera, Ridl. Ampang; Bangi; K. Lum-
pur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A big climber
of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Penang and Upper Perak to Johore.

250

Bauhinia semibifida, Roxb. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Trengganu, Malacca,
Singapore.

Bauhinia strychnoidea, Prain. Batu Caves (Kelsall).
A climbing shrub, endemic, usually on limestone, Perak,
‘Pahang and Negri Sembilan.

Cynometra inaequifolia, A. Gray. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree of Lower Siam and the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Negri
Sembilan.

Cynometra polyandra, Roxb. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of India; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Penang, Kelantan and Malacca.

Sindora coriacea, Prain. Bangi; Sungai Buloh. A tree,
endemic, not very common in forest, Penang to Malacca.

Afzelia palembanica, Baker. Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tall tree of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in forest.

Afzelia ? retusa, Kurz. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).

Saraca caulifiora, Baker. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A small tree, endemic, not common, Perak, Kelantan,
Pahang, Dindings, Malacca.

Saraca declinata, Mig. Kajang; K. Lumpur; Rawang;
Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Lower Siam and Java; in the
Peninsula Upper Perak, Pahang, Taiping, Malacca, in forest.

Saraca ? Kunstleri, Prain. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.).

Saraca taipingensis, Cantley. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A small tree, endemic, common in forest by
streams from Taiping to Johore.

Saraca triandra, Baker. Bukit Lagong; Kanching; K.
Lumpur; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh. A small tree or shrub
of Lower Siam, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Kedah and Kelantan to Malacca.

Leucostegane latistipulata, Prain. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic and rare in forest, Dindings.

Crudia Curtisii, Prain. Kepong; K. Lumpur. A lofty
tree, endemic, Penang to Malacca, in forest.

Mezoneuron sumatranum, Wight & Arnott. Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept.). A prickly climbing shrub of Sumatra,
Borneo and the Philippines; in the Peninsula Penang to
Singapore, in open places.

Adenanthera bicolor, Moon. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A tree of Ceylon ; in the Peninsula Penang,
Taiping, Malacca, Singapore, in forest.

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251

Adenanthera pavonina, Linn. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula often
planted and doubtfully wild.

Entada Schefferi, Ridil. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
large climbing shrub of Lower Siam and Java; in the Penin-
sula not uncommon on riverbanks.

Leucaena glauca, Benth. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A pantropic shrub of South American origin; in the Penin-
sula in waste ground, introduced.

_ Mimosa pudica, Linn. (The sensitive plant). A pan-
tropic undershrub of South American origin; in the Penin-
sula very common in waste ground.

Acacia pennata, Wild. Batu Caves; Seminyih. A long
climbing shrub of Tropical Africa and Tropical Asia; in the
Peninsula common in open country, especially in the North.

Pithecolobium angulatum, Benth. Rawang; Weld’s Hill.
A small tree of Indo-Malaya and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common in secondary growth.

Pithecolobium bulbalinum, Benth. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not com-
mon in forest, Penang, Malacca and Singapore.

Pithecolobium Clypearia, Benth. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A small tree of W. Malaysia and
South China; in the Peninsula common in secondary growth
and open places.

Pithecolobium confertum, Benth. Ampang; Kajang;
Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not
common in open country, Penang, Pahang, Malacca, Singa-
pore.

Pithecolobium contortum, Mart. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak. <A small tree,
endemic, common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Pithecolobium ellipticum, Hassk. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A small tree of W. Malaysia to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in secondary growth and open
places, from Kedah to Singapore.

Pithecolobium Kunstleri, Prain. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not com-
mon in forest, Perak, Pahang, Johore.

Pithecolobium lobatum, Benth. Klang Gates; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Tenasserim to Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground and secondary growth from Penang
to Singapore.

Pithecolobium microcarpum, Benth. K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common from Penang to Singapore, especially
in open country. |

252

CULTIVATED LEGUMINOSZ.

Acacia auriculiformis, Cunn. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur. A small tree of Australia; in the Peninsula occasionally
cultivated.

Albizzia Lebbek, Benth. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A tree, widely distributed in tropical and
sub-tropical countries, and cultivated; in the Peninsula
probably cultivated only.

Albizzia moluccana, Mig. K. Lumpur (and in other
localities). A tall tree of Borneo and the Molucca; in the
Peninsula cultivated.

Arachis hypogaea, Linn. (The Groundnut). K. Lum-
pur (Ridley). A native of tropical America, cultivated in
Indo-Malaya and other warm countries.

1 Bauhinia monandra, Kurz. K. Lumpur, in the Public
Gardens. A small tree of Burma; in the Peninsula occa-
sionally cultivated.

Bauhinia variegata, Linn. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree of India, Burma and China; in the Peninsula culti-
vated only.

Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Siv. Common in gardens. A
large shrub of Trop. America, often cultivated in the
Peninsula as it is in most tropical countries.

Cassia javanica, Linn. Planted in K. Lumpur. A
spreading tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula cultivated
only.

Centrosema Plumierii, Benth. Cultivated as a cover
crop. A twiner of S. American origin; in the Peninsula
cultivated only.

Desmodium gyroides, DC. Serdang Experimental] Plan-
tation. A shrub of Trop. Asia to New Guinea; in the
Peninsula not common, Penang and Perak.

Enterolobium Saman, Prain. The rain tree, planted
as a shade tree, native of Guiana.

Erythrina indica, Linn. K. Lumpur, probably planted
(Forest Dept.). <A tree of India to Polynesia; in the Penin-
sula a seashore tree, and often planted inland.

Indigofera hirsuta, Linn. Serdang Experimental Plan-
tation. A herb, pantropic on seashores, not very common
in the Peninsula.

Mimosa invisa, Mart. (Giant Mimosa). Serdang Ex-
perimental Plantation. A shrub of Brazil, occasionally
cultivated in the Peninsula.

Parkia Roxburghii, G. Don. Plantedin K. Lumpur. A
tall tree of Assam, cultivated in Indo-China and Malaya,
not wild in the Peninsula.

253

Peltophorum ferrugineum, Benth. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A spreading tree of Tenasserim to Australia and
Indo-China; in the Peninsula common near the sea, often
planted inland.

Phaseolus lunatus, Linn. (Haricot Bean). A native
of America, often cultivated in the Peninsula.

Pithecolobium dulce, Benth. Pudu (Forest Dept.). A
tree of America, occasionally cultivated in the Peninsula.

Poinciana regia, Boj. (Flame of the Forest). A tree
of Madagascar; in the Peninsula cultivated as an ornamental
and roadside tree.

Pterocarpus indicus, Willd. (Angsena). Cultivated as
a roadside tree. A tall tree of Tenasserim to the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula often planted, and perhaps wild in
Penang, Ulu Selangor and Malacca.

Tamarindus indica, Linn. (The Tamarind). Ampang
(Forest Dept.). A tree, pantropic in cultivation, probably
African in origin; in the Peninsula cultivated and escaping.

ROSACE.

Coccomelia nitida, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A small
tree of Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines; in the Penin-
sula common in open places from Setul to Singapore.

Pygeum Hookerianum, King. Klang Gates (var.);
Sungai Buloh. A shrub or small tree, endemic and not
uncommon in open places from Perak to Johore, the var.
recorded also from Fraser Hill.

Pygeum lanceolatum, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (var.
Maingayi, Ridl.); Seminyih. A small tree, endemic, the
species in Penang, Trengganu, Malacca, Johore, the var.
in Penang, Upper Perak, Fraser Hill, Negri Sembilan and
Malacca.

Pygeum parviflorum, Teys. & Binn. Bangi (Forest
Dept.). <A tree of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Upper Perak to Singapore.

Pygeum polystachyum, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. A tree, endemic and common in forest.

Rubus angulosus, Focke. Ampang; Batu Tiga; K.
Lumpur. A big shrub of Mergui; in the Peninsula common
in open places and secondary growth from Penang and
Kelantan to Singapore.

Rubus elongatus, Smith. Ulu Gombak (Hume, Burkill).
A slender bramble of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula rare,
Taiping Hills.

Rubus rosaefolius, Smith. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
bramble of Africa, Indo-Australia, China and Japan; in the
Peninsula common in clearings and secondary growth in the
Main Range, usually at considerable altitudes, and in Penang
and the Taiping Hills.

254

SAXIFRAGACEZ.

Polyosma flavo-virens, Ridl. Sungai Buloh. A small
tree, endemic, not very common in forest, Penang, Perak,
and the Dindings.

Polyosma laete-virens, Griff. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A tree, endemic, Penang to Mt. Ophir.

HAMAMELIDACEZ.

Rhodoleia Teysmanni, Mig. Klang Gates (all collec-
_ tors). A shrub or small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
usually montane in open dry places, Kedah Peak to Mt.
Ophir.

LEGNOTIDACEZ.

Carallia euryoides, Ridl. Klang Gates, on quartzite
rocks, (Ridley). A small tree, endemic and local.

Carallia integerrima, DC. K. Lumpur (Weld’s Hill and
the Public Gardens). A tree of Indo-Australia and China;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Perlis to Singapore. ~

Carallia Scortechinii, King. Batu Caves; Petaling. A
shrub or small tree, endemic, rare, Perak and Singapore.

Carallia suffruticosa, Ridl. Carallia spinulosa, Ridl.
Dusun Tua; Seminyih; Weld’s Hill. A shrub or small tree
of Tonkin; in the Peninsula not common, Perak and Pahang.

Gynotroches axillaris, Bl. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Ulu Gombak. <A small slender tree of W. Malaysia to the
Philippines ; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Peliacalyx axillaris, Korth. Public Gardens and Weld’s
Hill (Forest Dept.). A small tree of Sumatra and the
Philippines; in the Peninsula common in open damp places
from Penang to Singapore.

Pellacalyx Saeccardianus, Scort. Batang Berjuntai;
Kajang; K. Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in open
places and secondary growth; from Penang to Singapore.

ANISOPHYLLAEACEZ.

Anisophyllaea apetala, Scort. Klang Gates; Petaling.
A small tree, endemic, Taiping to Malacca, in forest.

Anisophyllaea Griffithii, Oliv. K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A tree, endemic, Penang, Malacca
and Singapore, in forest.

COMBRETACE.

Terminalia belerica, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Perak.

255°

Terminalia bialata, Steud. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Burma and Tenasserim; in the Peninsula rare
in open country, Perlis and Langkawi.

Terminalia citrina, Roxb. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree or climber of India; in the Peninsula Penang, Perak,
Pahang, Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Combretum chinense, Roxb. Ampang (Forest Dept.).
A climbing shrub of India to Tenasserim and China; in the
Peninsula not common in open places, Penang and Perak.

Combretum nigrescens, King. Batu Caves; Sungai
Buloh. A large climbing shrub, endemic, Perak, Pahang
and Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Combretum sundaicum, Mig. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Sungai Buloh. -A large climbing shrub of W.
Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common in
open places from Penang to Singapore.

CULTIVATED COMBRETACE.

Quisqualis indica, Linn. Ampang; Seminyih. A clim-
bing shrub of the Tropics of the old World; in the Peninsula
cultivated, and wild in Perlis and Pahang.

Terminalia Catappa, Linn. K. Lumpur, planted (Forest
Dept.). A tree of India to Polynesia; in the Peninsula
common on sea coasts, and often planted inland.

MYRTACE.

Baeckia frutescens, Linn. Klang Gates (all collectors).
A-shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia, China and Japan; in
the Peninsula common on dry open mountain tops.

Melaleuca leucadendron, Linn. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Indo-Australia and Indo-China; in the
Peninsula common in wet places and often planted.

Rhodamnia cinerea, Jack. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A small tree of Siam to Australia; in the Peninsula common
in secondary growth.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Wight. K. Lumpur, and
doubtless in other localities. A shrub of Indo-Malaya to the
Philippines, China and Japan; in the Peninsula common in
dry open places.

Decaspermum paniculatum, Kurz. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-
mon in secondary growth from Langkawi to Singapore.

Eugenia acuminatissima, Kurz. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree of Burma and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Eugenia bracteolata, Wight. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). -A small tree of Burma; in the Peninsula common
in forest and secondary growth.

¥

Eugenia caudata, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic, usually montane or sub-montane in
forest, Penang, Taiping, Selangor, Mt. Ophir, Johore.

256

Eugenia chlorantha, Duthie. Sungai Buloh; ? Ulu
Gombak (Hume 8940) ; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common, especially in the South.

Eugenia cymosa, Lam. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A
small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in open
country from Langkawi to Singapore.

Eugenia Dyeriana, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and the
Dindings.

Eugenia filiformis, Wall. Kanching; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A small tree, endemic and
common in forest and secondary growth from Penang to
Singapore. |

Eugenia grandis, Wight. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). <A tall tree of Burma and Siam; in the
Peninsula common on seashores, and often planted as a
roadside tree.

Eugenia Griffithii, Duthie. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, Perak to Singapore, in forest. |

Eugenia Hemsleyana, King. Kanching (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic, not common in forest, ? Penang,
Perak and Selangor.

Eugenia Klossii, Ridl. Rantau Panjang (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A tree, endemic and local.

Eugenia lepidocarpa, Wall. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Burma; in the Peninsula common in secondary
growth from Perak to Singapore.

Eugenia lineata, Duthie. Kajang; Rantau Panjang;
Weld’s Hill. A tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula very
common in open country.

Eugenia microcalyx, Duthie. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Eugenia oblata, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
tree of Assam to Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Eugenia papillosa, Duthie. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A tall tree, endemic, Perak, Malacca and Singapore, in
swampy forest. .

Eugenia penangiana, Duthie. Klang Gates (Brooks).
A slender tree, endemic, Penang, Taiping, Malacca, in forest.

Eugenia pendens, Duthie. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic and common in forest in the South,

257

Eugenia pergamentacea, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, not common, Penang, Gunong
Tahan.

Eugenia polyantha, Wight. Rantau Panjang; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Eugenia pseudo-formosa, King. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra;
in the Peninsula Langkawi to Singapore in forest apparently
more common in the North.

Eugenia pseudo-subtilis, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Perlis
to Singapore, perhaps planted in some of the localities.

Eugenia pseudo-tetraptera, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A small shrub of the Carimon Islands; in the Penin-
sula not rare in forest but seldom flowering (Ridley).

Eugenia punctulata, King. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping to Singapore,
not uncommon.

Eugenia pyrifolia, Duthie. Batu Tiga; Sungai Buloh;
Weld’s Hill. A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula com-
mon in open places in the South.

Eugenia Ridleyi, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, not uncommon in forest, Penang,
Pahang, Negri Sembilan and Singapore.

Eugenia Scortechinii, King. Seminyih; Weld’s Hill. A
small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Kedah to Singa-
pore, in swampy forest.

Eugenia simulans, King. Rantau Panjang; Rawang;
Sungai Buloh. A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore.

Eugenia subdecussata, Duthie. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A bush or tree, endemic, common from Kedah to
Singapore in open places and secondary growth.

Eugenia urceolata, King. Rawang; Ulu Gombak. A
tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
open forest from Perak to Singapore.

Eugenia valdevenosa, Duthie. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). <A tree, endemic, Penang to Johore, usually in forest
in the mountains.

Eugenia variolosa, King. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A small tree, endemic, common from Taiping to Singapore
in lowland forest.

Eugenia venulosa, Wall. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of the Karimon Islands; in the Peninsula com-
mon in the open country in the South.

258

Eugenia zeylanica, Wight. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A bushy tree of India, Lower Siam, Java and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common in open country from Penang to
Singapore.

Pseudo-eugenia singaporensis, King. Rantau Panjang;
Sungai Buloh. A small tree, endemic and common in the
South.

Barringtonia fusiformis, King. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small tree, endemic, Langkawi and Kelantan to Malacca,
in bamboo forest.

Barringtonia macrostachya, King. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. - A shrub or small tree of Burma and Borneo; in the
Peninsula Langkawi, Kedah, Taiping, Malacca, Negri Sem-
bilan, Johore (Pulau Tinggi), Singapore, in forest.

Barringtonia ? pauciflora, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic and rare, hitherto only known
from the Taiping Hills. The Weld’s Hill specimen is in
fruit only, and as fruit of B. pauciflora has not been des-
cribed, its identity is doubtful.

Barringtonia racemosa, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya to Polynesia;
in the Peninsula common near the sea and in open places.

Barringtonia Scortechinii, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. <A tree, endemic, Penang to Malacca, in forest.

Barringtonia sumatrana, Mig. Klang Gates (Forest
Dept.). A large shrub of Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes;
in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore usually near the sea.

CULTIVATED MYRTACE.

Bertholletia excelsa, H. & B. (Brazil nut). Serdang
and the Public Gardens, K. Lumpur. A tree of Brazil; in
the Peninsula very occasionally cultivated.

Eugenia aquea, Burm. (Jambu Ayer). K. Lumpur
(Agric. Dept.). A small tree, probably native of India,
cultivated only in the Peninsula.

Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunb. (Cloves). Serdang
Experimental Plantation. A tree of the Moluccas; in the
Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

Eugenia malaccensis, Linn. (Jambu). K. Lumpur
(Agric. Dept.). A tree of unknown origin, not known in
a wild state.

Eugenia quadrangularis, Duch. Circular Rd. Plantation.
(Forest Dept.). A native of S. America, cultivated in the
Peninsula.

Eugenia uniflora, Berg. K. Lumpur (Agric. Dept.). A
small tree of Brazil, now widely cultivated in the East.

———— <<< LLC

259

Eugenia xanthocarpa, Thw. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Ceylon; in the Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

Psidium guava, Linn. (The Guava). A small tree,
pantropic, native of Trop. America; in the Peninsula com-
monly cultivated.

MELASTOMATACE.

Melastoma imbricatum, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Ridley,
Hume). A large shrub of Assam, Indo-China and Sumatra;
in the Peninsula Penang, Taiping, the Dindings, and on the
Main Range, in forest.

Melastoma malabathricum, Linn. Rantau Panjang;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Indo-Australia and the Mascarene
Islands; in the Peninsula common in open places in the
North, K. Lumpur being its most southerly range.

Melastoma polyanthum, Bl. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Pudu (flowers white); Seminyih. & shrub of W. Malaysia
to the Philippines; in the Peninsula very common in open
places in the south. 4

Allomorphia exigua, Bl. Klang Gates; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih. A small shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not
very common in forest, Penang Hill.

var. capillaris, Ridl. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak. En-
demic, Upper Perak, Taiping, the Dindings and North
Johore. :

Allomorphia malaccensis, Ridl. Batu Caves; K. Lum-
pur; Rantau Panjang; Rawang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Blastus. pulverulentus, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A shrub, endemic and local.

Ochthocharis decumbens, King. Sungai Buloh (Ridley).
4 wee shrub, endemic, not common in damp forest, Perak,
ohore.

Anerincleistus pauciflora, Ridl. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub, endemic and rare in forest, Ginting
Bidai (Selangor).

Phaulanthus Curtisii, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A
small shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Upper
Perak, Taiping, not hitherto recorded from further south
than Sungei Siput.

Phaulanthus rudis, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A shrub,
endemic, not common in forest, known also from Ginting
Bidai and Ginting Peras on the Selangor-Pahang boundary.

Sonerila bicolor, Stapf. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A herb, endemic, Perak and North Johore, in forest.

260

Sonerila heterostemon, Naud. Batang Berjuntai;
Kanching; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small herb of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula very common in open places in forest from
Taiping to Singapore and in Trengganu and Pahang.

Sonerila integrifolia, Stapf & King. Batu Caves; Dusun
Tua; Kanching; Klang Gates; Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic, Taiping Hills and
the Main Range in forest.

Sonerila nidularia, Stapf. Seminyih (Hume). A herb,
endemic, usuaily in montane forest, Perak and Pahang.

Sonerila prostrata, Ridl. On the roadside at Klang
Gates (Ridley, Burkill). A small slender creeping herb,
endemic and known only from this locality.

Phyliagathis Griffithii, King. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Kuang. A herb, endemic, common from Taiping
to Jcohore in forest.

Phyllagathis hispida, King. Kanching on limestone
(Ridley). A herb, endemic and common, but usually
montane.

Phyllagathis rotundifolia, Bl. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Petaling; Rantau Panjang; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A herb of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Kedah to Johore.

Marumia nemorosa, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; Dusun Tua
(var. verrucosa) ; Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
slender climbing shrub of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common on the edges of woods from Kedah

and Trengganu to Johore.

Dissochaeta anomala, King. Seminyih (Hume 8152).
A slender climber, endemic, not common in forest, Kelantan,
Perak.

Dissochaeta celebica, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Petaling. A slender climbing shrub of
Borneo, Celebes and the Philippines; in the Peninsula com-
mon from Penang and Trengganu to Singapore, on forest
edges.

Dissochaeta gracilis, Bl. Ampang; Batu Caves; Kan-
ching; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A slender climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in the
Peninsula common from Upper Perak and Kelantan to Singa-
pore, on forest edges.

Dissochaeta hirsuta, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume
9131, 9287). A climbing shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula
rare in open places, Johore.

Dissochaeta intermedia, Bl. Rawang; Sepang. A
slender climbing shrub of Java; in the Peninsula Penang
to Singapore, on forest edges.

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261

Dissochaeta pallida, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; Batu Caves:
Bukit Raja; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur. A climbing shrub
of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in forest more
especially in the North.

Dissochaeta ? punctulata, Hook. fil. Rantau Panjang
(Hume).

Anplectrum divaricatum, Triana. Batang Berjuntai;
Dusun Tua; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Petaling; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A climber of W. Malaysia; in the
Peninsula Penang to Malacca, on forest edges.

Anplectrum lepido-setosum, King. K. Lumpur; Semin-
yih; Ulu Gombak. A slender twining shrub of Borneo; in
the Peninsula Penang to Singapore, not common in forest.

Anplectrum pallens, Bl. var petiolare, Ridl. Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A slender climber of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula the var. common in forest, the
species recorded from Penang only.

Medinilla crassinervia, Bb]. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
An epiphytic shrub of Borneo to New Guinea; in the Pen-

- insula in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Medinilla Hasseltii, Bl. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Seminyih. An epiphytic shrub of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Upper Perak to
Singapore.

Pogonanthera pulverulenta, Bl. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak. A small shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common on rocks and trees.

Pternandra coerulescens, Jack. Kajang; K. Lumpur;
Rawang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of W.
Malaysia except Java; in the Peninsula common in the
lowlands on the West.

Pternandra echinata, Jack. Ampang; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A
bushy tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula very common,
especially in secondary growth.

Pternandra galeata, Ridl. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A small
tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in forest, Perak
and Johore.

Pternandra Jackiana, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small tree, endemic, not common, Penang, Malacca, Singa-
pore.

Memecylon acuminatum, Sm. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A tree, endemic, common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Memecylon campanulatum, Clarke. Rawang (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A tree, endemic and rare in forest, Ginting
Bidai (Selangor), and Malacca.

262

Memecylon cinereum, King. ? Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Perak.

Memecylon dichotomum, Clarke. Dusun Tua; Klang
Gates (var. eugeniiflorum, Ridl.) ; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh
(var. eugeniiflorum); Ulu Gombak. A _ shrub, endemic,
Kedah to Malacca in forest, the var. in Upper Perak and
on Fraser Hill.

Memecylon edule, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-
mon in open places, often near the sea.

Memecylon garcinioides, Bl. Rawang (Ridley). A
small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Pulau Adang to Singapore.

Memecylon heteropleurum, Bl. K. Lumpur; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Perak and Pahang
to Singapore.

Memecylon levigatum, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or small tree of Burma to Borneo; in the Peninsula
Taiping to Singapore, in forest.

Memecylon myrsinioides, Bl. K. Lumpur (Ridley,
Forest Dept.). A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia; in
the Peninsula common from Langkawi to Singapore, in
secondary growth and near the sea.

Memecylon oleaefolium, Bl. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Lower Siam, Sumatra and Bangka;
in the Peninsula not common in forest, Penang, Perak,
Singapore.

Memecylon oligoneuron, Bi. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gom-
bak. A small tree of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in
the Peninsula not very common in forest, Penang, Perak,
Pahang (Pulau Tioman), Malacca.

Memecylon pubescens, King. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept. 8295). A small tree, endemic, apparently not common
in forest, Perak, Malacca, Singapore.

LYTHRACE2.

Crypteronia Griffithii, Clarke. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A tree, endemic, Penang, Perak, Pahang, Malacca, in
forest.

CULTIVATED LYTHRACE2.

Lagerstroemia flos-regine, Retz. (Pride of India).
Common in gardens. A small tree of India and Java; in
the Peninsula often cultivated, and wild on riverbanks in
Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang and Negri Sembilan.

263
Lawsonia alba, Lamk. (Henna). Circular Rd. Planta-

tion and Pudu (Forest Dept.). A small tree of Persia,
cultivated in many tropical countries.

ONAGRACEZ.

Jussiaea erecta, Linn. Ampang (Hume). A herb of
Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula common in wet
places.

Jussiaea repens, Linn. Ampang (Hume). An aquatic
herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in ditches.

Jussiea suffruticosa, Linn. Ampang; K. Lumpur;
Pudu; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Serdang; Ulu Gombak.
A herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in wet places.

Ludwigia prostrata, Roxb. Batu Tiga (Goodenough).
A herb of Indo-Malaya and Japan; in the Peninsula common
in ditches.

SAMYDACEZ.

Casearia Clarkei, King. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang to
Singapore.

Casearia esculenta, Roxb. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A shrub or small tree of India; in the Peninsula apparently
common.

Osmelia Maingayi, King. Batu Caves; Klang Gates.
A tree, endemic and common in forest from Upper Perak
to Singapore.

Homalium frutescens, King. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang. A small tree of W. Malaysia; in the
Peninsula Langkawi, Perak, Pahang, Johore, in wet forest.

Homalium grandiflorum, Benth. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Tenasserim and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
Perak and the Dindings to Singapore, in forest.

Homalium logifolium, Benth. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tree, endemic, Penang and
Tomoh to N. Johore, in forest.

TURNERACEA, CULTIVATED.

Turnera ulmifolia, Linn. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy.
A herb of South American origin, cultivated and run wild
in the Peninsula.

PASSIFLORACEZ.

Passiflora foetida, Linn. Common in and around K.
Lumpur. A climbing herb, pantropic, of S. American origin;
in the Peninsula common in open country and waste ground.

264.

Adenia acuminata, King. Batang Berjuntai; Bukit
Raja; Petaling; K. Lumpur. A slender climber of Sumatra
and Java; in the Peninsula common on forest edges.

Adenia nicobarica, King. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
slender climber of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and
Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Setul to Johore, in secondary
growth.

Adenia populifolia, Engl. K. Lumpur; Petaling;
Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A slender climber
of Borneo and Timor; in the Peninsula common on forest
edges from Taiping to Singapore.

Paropsia vareciformis, Mast. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A shrub or small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak
and Malacca.

CULTIVATED PASSIFLORACEZ.

Carica Papaya, Linn. (The Papaya). A native of S.
America, cultivated in the Peninsula as it is in all tropical
countries.

Passiflora quadrangularis, Linn. (The Granadilla).
Cultivated, fide Foxworthy. <A native of Trop. America,
cultivated in all tropics.

CUCURBITACE.

Trichosanthes celebica, Cogn. Circular Rd. Plantation
(Forest Dept.). A climber of Celebes; in the Peninsula
Taiping to Singapore.

Trichosanthes Wallichiana, Wight. Rantau Panjang
(Kloss, fide Ridley). A climber of India; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Hodgsonia capniocarpa. Ridl. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga.
A climbing herb of India, Burma, Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula Penang to Malacca, in cpen places.

Gymnopetalum quinguelobum, Mig. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A creeping herb of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
not common, Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Momordica charantia, Linn. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak
(doubtless escapes from cultivation). A climber, pantropic;
cultivated in the Peninsula.

Momordica cochinchinensis, Spreng. Batu Caves
(Ridley). A climber of Indo-Malaya to New Guinea, and
China; in the Peninsula on riverbanks in the North.

Melothria affinis, King. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
climbing herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula Perak and Kelan-
tan to Johore.

Melothria marginata, Cogn. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
climbing herb of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
Langkawi to Malacca in waste ground,

x Ps
al
>

265

Zanonia Clarkei, King. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
climber, endemic and rare, Kinta (Perak).

CULTIVATED CUCURBITACE.

Benineasa cerifera, Savi. (The Wax Gourd). Culti-
vated, fide Foxworthy. A large climbing herb of Africa,
Indo-Australia, China and Japan, known only in cultivation.

. Citrulus vulgaris, Linn. (The Water Melon). Culti-
vated, fide Foxworthy. A climbing herb, pantropic in
cultivation.

Cucumis sativus, Linn. (The Cucumber). A climbing
herb, cultivated in all tropics and in temperate regions.

Cucurbita maxima, Duch. (The Gourd). An annual
climbing . herb, cultivated in all tropics and in temperate
regions.

Cucurbita Pepo, DC. (The Pumpkin). Cultivated, fide
Foxworthy. A large climbing herb, cultivated in the tropics
and in temperate countries.

Luffa zgyptica, Mill. (The Loofa). Cultivated, fide
Foxworthy. Cultivated in all tropics, origin uncertain.

Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. (The Bottle Gourd). Culti-

vated, fide Foxworthy. A large climbing herb, cultivated ~

in all tropics.

BEGONIACEZ.

Begonia clivalis, Ridl. Klang Gates (all collectors). A
small herb, endemic and rare on sandy banks, Semangkok
Pass.

Begonia Hasskarlii, Zoll. & Mor. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A herb of Java; in the Peninsula not very common on
limestone in Perak and Pahang.

Begonia isoptera, Dry. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak. A
herb of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common in
damp places in forest.

Begonia phceniogramma, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small herb, endemic and rare, on limestone, Langkawi.

Begonia rhoephila, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A
creeping herb, endemic and local.

Begonia sinuata, Wall. Seminyih (Hume). A tuberous
herb of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not uncommon in
forest in the North.

Begonia taipingensis, King. Kanching (Ridley). A
creeping herb, endemic, Taiping Hills, Semangkok, in forest.

266
CACTACER, CULTIVATED.

Opuntia monacantha, Haw. K. Lumpur, cultivated. A
succulent shrub of S. E. Brazil, now established in the
Peninsula in sandy places near the sea.

FICOIDE.

Mollugo pentaphylla, Linn. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A
herb of Indo-Malaya, China and Polynesia; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.

UMBELLIFERZ.

Hydrocotyle asiatica, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A creeping herb of the tropics and subtropics of the Old
World; in the Peninsula common in grass.

Hydrocotyle javanica, Thunb. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A creeping herb of Indo-Australia, China and Japan; in the
Peninsula usually montane in forest, Upper Perak to
Selangor.

Eryngium foetidum, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.

A spiny herb of South American origin; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.

ARALIACEZ.

Aralia ferox, Mig. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A scandent
shrub of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula usually in
montane forest, Perak, Pahang, Semangkok Pass.

Aralia Thomsoni, Seem. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
prickly shrub of India; in the Peninsula not uncommon,
usually in montane forest, Penang to Negri Sembilan.

Schefflera heterophylla, Harms. Weld’s Hill (Forest —
Dept.). A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Java; in the
Peninsula Penang and Upper Perak to Malacca, in forest.

Schefflera subulata, Viguwier. Batu Caves; Kajang;
Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. An epiphytic shrub
of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common from Penang to
Singapore.

Schefflera tomentosa, Viguier. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Sumatra and Java; in the Penin-
sula Taiping to Johore, not common in forest.

Schefflera venulosa, Harms. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
An epiphytic shrub of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
Langkawi to Singapore.

Trevesia cheirantha, Ridl. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A small prickly tree of Burma and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Kedah and Kelantan to Singapore.

Arthrophyllum congestum, Ridl. Klang Gates (Ridley).
A small tree, endemic and rare, Dindings, i

sai sl

267

Arthrophyllum ovalifolium, Mig. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of the Andamans and Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common in open places and secondary growth.

Brassiopsis elegans, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A shrub, endemic and local.

CORNACEZ.

Alangium ebenaceum, Griff. Rantau Panjang; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A small tree, endemic, Penang to
Johore, in forest.

Alangium nobile, Harms. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Alangium uniloculare, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic, common in forest from Perak to Singapore.

Aralidium pinnatifidum, Mig. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small
tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

RUBIACEZ.

Mitragyne speciosa, Korth. Klang Gates; Petaling. A
tree of W. Malaysia to New Guinea; in the Peninsula not
common in open places, Penang, Perak, Pahang.

Nauclea Junghuhnii, Merr. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A
bushy tree of Indo-China and W. Malaysia to the Philippines ;
in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore in lowland forest.

Nauclea Maingayi, Hook. fil. Bukit Raja; Kepong; K.
Lumpur. A tall tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula Penang
to Negri Sembilan, usually in open swampy places.

Nauclea subdita, Merr. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Sumatra to New
Guinea; in the Peninsula common in forest and on riverbanks.

Neonauclea purpurascens, Ridl. Klang Gates; Rawang;
Seminyih. A small tree of Sumatra to the Philippines; in
the Peninsula not common in forest, Upper Perak to
Singapore.

Adina polycephala, Benth. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Burma; Indo-China, Sumatra and Java; in
the Peninsula not common in forest, Penang and Malacca.

Adina rubescens, Hemsl. Rantau Panjang; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic and common in forest.

Anthocephalus indicus, Rich. Ampang; K. Lumpur.
A tall tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula rare, Perak.

Uncaria attenuata, Korth. Seminyih (Hume). A
slender climber of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common
in forest.

268

Unearia dasyoneura, Korth. Seminyih (Hume). A
climber of Ceylon and Java; in the Peninsula not common,
Penang to Malacca.

Uncaria Gambier, Roxb. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender climber, or (in cultivation) a bush, of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula cultivated and escaping.

Uncaria glabrata, DC. Batu Tiga; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in forest in the South.

Unearia jasminifiora, Hook. fil. Petaling (Ridley). A
climbing shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Perak and Singapore.

Unearia ovalifolia, Roxb. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
A slender climbing shrub of Burma and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest.

Unearia pedicellata, Roxb. K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common, usually in open places.

Uncaria pteropoda, Mig. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A liane
of Sumatra to New Guinea; in the Peninsula common in
secondary growth and forest edges.

Uncaria Roxburghiana, Korth. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A slender climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
Taiping to Singapore, on forest edges.

Unearia sclerophylia, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
big climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in forest and secondary growth.

Uncaria trinervis, Hav. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender climber, endemic and rare in forest, Penang Hill,
Taiping Hill.

Coptosopelta flavescens, Korth. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula

common in forest.

| Greenia Jackii, Wight & Arn. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub
or small tree, endemic and common in forest from Langkawi
to Malacca.

Aleisanthia rupestris, Ridl. Klang Gates (all collec-
tors). A small shrub, endemic and local in cracks of
quartzite rocks.

Becheria parviflora, Ridl. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
small shrub of St. Barbe Isle; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Perak, Pahang.

Argostemma bicolor, King. Weld’s Hill (Md. Nur
4791). A small herb, endemic and rare, Perak.

269

Argostemma denticulatum, Ridl. Kiang Gates (Hume).
An erect herb, endemic and rare, known also from Ginting
Sempak, Selangor, at 3,990 feet, fide Ridley.

| Argostemma Hookeri, King. Petaling (Ridley). A
_ slender creeping herb, endemic, usually in montane forest,
~ Kedah to Johore.

Argostemma inequilaterum, Benn. Batu Caves (Ridl.).
_ A herb, endemic, not common, usually on limestone, Penang,
Perak and Malacca.

Argostemma oblongum, King. Seminyih (Hume). A
small herb, endemic, Perak to Johore in forest.

Argostemma pictum, Wall. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
small succulent herb of Tenasserim and Lingga; in the
Peninsula common in forest.

Argostemma subcrassum, King. K. Lumpur; Seminyih.
A succulent herb, endemic, usually in montane forest, Perak
and Pahang.

Argostemma tenue, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A

4 herb, endemic and rare in forest, Tampin Hill (Negri

Sembilan).

Argostemma trichanthum, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A small herb, endemic and local.

Argostemma unifolioide, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak.

Argostemma unifolium, Benn. Seminyih (Hume). A
herb, endemic and usually in montane forest, Kedah, Penang,
Mt. Ophir, Johore.

Ophiorrhiza communis, Ridl. Klang Gates; Petaling;
Rawang. A herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Ophiorrhiza discolor, R. Br. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh:; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic,
Penang to Johore in forest.

Ophiorrhiza fruticosa, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small shrublet, endemic and local.

Ophiorrhiza major, Ridl. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic, common in forest
as far south as Mt. Ophir.

Ophiorrhiza pallidula, Ridl. Batu Caves; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak,
Pahang, Selangor.

Ophiorrhiza tenella, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small herb, endemic and usually in montane forest, Kedah,
Perak, Pahang, Selangor.

270

Ophiorrhiza tenuis, Ridil. Dusun Tua; Ulu Gombak
(var. minor, Ridl.). A herb, endemic and rare in forest,
Perak and the Semangkok Pass (Selangor).

Ophiorrhiza tomentosa, Jack. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb of Siam and Sumatra; in the Peninsula Langkawi
to Mt. Ophir in forest.

Hedyotis auricularia, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of
Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula common in open places.

Hedyotis capitellata, Wall. Klang Gates; Rawang; Ulu
Gombak. A scandent herb of Tenasserim to W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common in open places and forest edges.

Hedyotis congesta, Wall. Batang Berjuntai; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. .A shrubby herb of
Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Hedyotis macrophylla, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A woody herb of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula widely spread
in forest, but not common.

Hedyotis mollis, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
scandent herb, endemic, Penang and Kelantan to Negri
Sembilan in forest.

Hedyotis vestita, R. Br. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in open and waste ground.

Oldenlandia corymbosa, Linn. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur.
A pantropic herb, common in the Peninsula in open sandy
places.

Oldenlandia dichotoma, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Salak;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of India; in the Peninsula
common in dry shady places.

Oldenlandia diffusa, Roxb. Batang Berjuntai; Klang
Gates; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A diffuse
herb of Trop. Asia and Japan; in the Peninsula common
in dry open places.

Oldenlandia trinervia, Retz. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
prostrate herb of Trop. Africa and Indo-Malaya; in the
Peninsula in open sandy places, Penang, Pahang River,
Singapore.

Lucinaea membranacea, King. Seminyih; Sungai Buloh.
An epiphytic climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping
to Singapore in forest.

Lucinaea morinda, DC. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
climbing bush of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Taiping to
Singapore usually near the sea.

O71

Lecananthus erubescens, Jack. K. Lumpur; Petaling.
An epiphytic shrub of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Mussaenda glabra, Vahl. Batang Berjuntai; K. Lum-
pur. A bush or climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula common in secondary growth.

Mussaenda mutabilis, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Rawang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A sarmentose bush, endemic,
common in forest from Kelantan and Perak to Singapore.

Mussaenda polyneura, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
climbing shrub of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Perak and Singapore.

Mussaenda villosa, Wall. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Siam and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest in the north.

Mussaenda Wrayi, King. Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A
scandent shrub, endemic, Penang to Selangor, in forest.

Adenosacme malayana, Wali. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub, endemic and common in forest over the whole
Peninsula.

Mycetia Scortechinii, Rid]. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
shrub, endemic in forest, Perak, and Bukit Hitam and
Ginting Sempak, Selangor.

Aulocodiscus premnoides, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur; Rawang; Sungai Buloh. <A small tree of Tenas-
serim; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Urophyllum Curtisii, King, MS. K. Lumpur (Curtis
2348). There is only one sheet of this in Herb. Singapore,
and apparently it has never been described.

Urophyllum glabrum, Wall. Ampang; Dusun Tua;
Kanching; Petaling; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub of W. Malaysia to the
Philippines; in the Peninsula common in lowland forest.

Urophyllum Griffithianum, Hook. fil. Bukit Cheraka;
Rawang. <A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Java; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Urophyllum hirsutum, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub or small tree, endemic,
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Urophyllum macrophyllum, Korth. Dusun Tua; K.
Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub
or small tree of Tenasserim, Java and Borneo; in the
Peninsula Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Urophyllum streptopodium, Wall. K. Lumpur; Semin-
yih; Ulu Gombak. ‘A slender shrub of Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest.

272

Urophyllum trifurcum, Pears. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub or tree, endemic, Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Urophyllum umbellulatum, Mig. Dusun Tua (Ridley).
A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common, montane
in Penang and Negri Sembilan.

Urophyllum villosum, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small shrub, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Randia anisophylla, Jack. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A
small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in lowland forest.

Randia densiflora, Benth. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A shrub or tree of Indo-
Australia, China, and Japan; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Randia ? exaltata, Griff. Seminyih (Hume).

Randia impressinervia, King and Gamble. Rantau Pan-
jang (Hume). A semi-parasitic shrub of Borneo; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Perak.

Randia macrophylla, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Seminyih;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small shrub of Sumatra;
in the Peninsula common in forest.

Randia penangiana, King and Gamble. K. Lumpur
(Ridley). A woody climber, endemic, Langkawi to Singa-
pore, in forest.

Randia Scortechinii, King and Gamble. Batang Berjun-
tai; Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tree of Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Negri Sembilan.

Gardenia elata, Ridl. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.). A
lofty tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Perak
and Singapore.

Gardenia tentaculata, Hook. fil. Pudu (Ridley). A
small bush of Borneo; in the Peninsula common, especially
on riverbanks.

Gardenia tubifera, Wall. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A bush of Siam and W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Selangor
to Singapore, on muddy riverbanks.

Petunga floribunda, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
bush or tree, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Johore, in marshy
forest.

Petunga Roxburghii, DC. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
bush or small tree of India to Borneo and the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in wet places.

Diplospora malaccensis, Hook. fil. Seminyih; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi to
Singapore.

273

Diplospora ? Wrayi, King and Gamble. Ulu Gombak
(Hume).

Jackia ornata, Wall. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.). A
small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping
to Singapore in marshy places.

Ixora arguta, Br. Batu Caves (Ridley). A bush of
Burma and Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Perlis to Johore.

Ixera concinna, Br. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A tali
tree of St. Barbe Isle and Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping
to Singapore in forest.

Ixora congesta, Roxb. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Ixora diversifolia, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub or small tree of Burma; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Perak and Pahang.

Ixora humilis, King and Gamble. Batu Caves; Dusun
Tua; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small shrub, endemic, not
uncommon in forest in the north.

Ixora Kingstoni, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A large bush, endemic, Taiping to Johore
in forest.

Ixora Lobbii, Loud. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Siam; in the
Peninsula common in forest, Penang to Singapore.

Ixora pendula, Jack. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Semin-
yih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub of Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common in forest.

Ixora stricta, Roxb. Bukit Raja; Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang. A shrub of Indo-China, China, Tenasserim, Java
and Borneo; in the Peninsula common on riverbanks and
in open places from Setul to Singapore.

Pavetta graciliflora, Wall. Klang Gates; Rawang;
Sungai Buloh. A shrub of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula
common in forest as far south as Malacca.

Pavetta indica, Linn. var. canescens, Ridl. Dusun Tua;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A bush of Indo-Australia and
S. China; in the Peninsula the var. common, the species in
Perlis.

Pavetta paucifiora, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small tree, endemic and local.

Tarenna Curtisii, Ridl. Batu Caves, a var. with very
small leaves (Ridley). A small shrub of Lower Siam; in
the Peninsula rare, Langkawi on limestone.

274

Tarenna longifolia, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
A small shrub, endemic, Setul to North Johore, in forest.

Tarenna Napierii, Ridl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Johore,
in forest.

Tarenna rudis, Ridl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept. 2592,
2593). A shrub, endemic and local.

Tarenna stellulata, Ridl. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A
shrub, endemic, common from Langkawi to Singapore.

Stylocoryna costata, Mig. K. Lumpur (Curtis, Forest
Dept.). A tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Perak,
Negri Sembilan and Malacca, in secondary growth.

Stylocoryna fragrans, Bl. Klang Gates; Weld’s Hill.
A large bush of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in
secondary growth.

Stylocoryna Maingayi, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub, endemic, Taiping to Johore, usually in montane
forest.

Stylocoryna mollis, Wall. Kanching; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
Penang to Singapore in forest.

Coffea malayana, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A shrub,
endemic, Selangor, Negri Sembilan and Johore in forest.

Coffea viridiflora, FRidl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub, endemic and rare, known also from Waterloo, Perak.

Gardeniopsis longifolia, Mig. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Langkawi to Singapore.

Timonius peduncularis, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept., Ridley). A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Penin-
sula common in open country.

Timonius Wallichianus, Valeton. Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small
tree, endemic, common in open country from Langkawi to
Singapore.

Morinda citrifolia, Linn. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).

Probably from a cultivated plant. A small tree of Indo-
Malaya; in the Peninsula perhaps not wild.

Morinda elliptica, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Curtis, Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic and very common over the
whole Peninsula in open places and near the sea.

Morinda umbellata, Linn. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
A sarmentose shrub of Indo-Australia, China and Japan;
in the Peninsula common in open places.

275
Rennellia speciosa, Hook. fil. Seminyih; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small shrub of Burma,

Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Kedah and Kelantan to Johore.

Gynocthodes sublanceolata, Mig. K. Lumpur (Curtis.
One sheet without flowers, doubtful). A slender woody
climber of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in open country.

Canthium confertum, Korth. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A small tree of Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon, but usually near the sea and on tidal rivers.

Canthium didymum, Gaertn. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai ~
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A bush or small tree of Indo-Malaya
and §S. China; in the Peninsula common in forest and
secondary growth.

Canthium glabrum, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
small tree of Tenasserim, Siam and Java; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Canthium horridum, Bl. Klang Gates; Weld’s Hill. A
spiny shrub of Burma, Java, Borneo and the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in open country from Setul to
Singapore.

Psychotria angulata, Korth. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub of Burma, Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Psychotria calocarpa, Kurz. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub of India and Burma; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Kelantan, Perak, the Dindings, Malacca
and Johore.

Psychotria Cantleyi, Ridl. Batu Caves (Burkill). A
scandent shrub, endemic, Perak and Pahang to Singapore,
in forest.

Psychotria lanceolaria, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub, endemic and local.

Psychotria montana, Bl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub of Burma, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula not
very common in forest, Upper Perak and Kelantan to Mt.
Ophir.

Psychotria Maingayi, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak. A slender climber, endemic, Selangor to Singa-
pore, often near the sea.

Psychotria penangensis, Hook. fil. Batang Berjuntai
(Ridley). A shrubby climber, endemic, common in forest
from Penang to Singapore.

Psychotria Ridleyi, King and Gamble. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A climber, endemic, not uncommon in forest in
the south.

276

Psychotria rostrata, Bl. Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Perak and Kelantan to Singapore.

Psychotria sarmentosa, Bl. Rantau Panjang; Ulu
Gombak. A climber of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Psychotria stipulacea, Wall. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Kedah to Singapore.

Psychotria viridiflora, Reinw. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Petaling; Weld’s Hill. A bush or small tree of Indo-Malaya;
in the Peninsula common as far south as Malacca, in open
places and forest.

Chasalia curviflora, Thw. Ampang; Batang Berjuntai;
Batu Caves; Klang Gates; Rantau Panjang; Rawang;
Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A
shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
very common in forest.

Chasalia pubescens, Ridl. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A bush, endemic, not common in forest, Pahang, Negri
Sembilan, Johore, Singapore.

Cephaelis cuneata, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small shrub, endemic and common from Taiping to Singa-
pore.

Cephaelis Griffithii, Hook. fil. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in forest in the south.

Cephaelis triceps, Ridi. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A shrub,
endemic and rare, known also from Fraser Hill and
Cameron’s Highlands.

Geophila reniformis, Don. Batu Caves; Seminyih. A
creeping herb of Trop. America, Trop. Africa, Indo-Malaya
to Polynesia and China; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Langkawi to Singapore.

Lasianthus appressus, Hook. fil. Batu Tiga; Batang
Berjuntai. A shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula Langkawi
to Singapore, usually in montane forest.

Lasianthus bractescens, Ridl. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub, endemic and rare in forest, Upper Perak and Perak.

Lasianthus constrictus, Wight. Sungai Buloh (Ridley).
A shrub of Burma, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Upper Perak and Kelantan to
Singapore.

Lasianthus densifolius, Mig. Klang Gates; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest in the south.

q

277

Lasianthus ellipticus, Wight. Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub, endemic, Upper Perak to Singapore, in
forest.

Lasianthus Griffithii, Wight. Batu Caves; Petaling. A
shrub of Lingga and Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping to
Singapore in forest on both coasts.

Lasianthus longifolius, Wight. K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. <A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Dindings
to Johore, in forest.

Lasianthus Lowianus, King and Gamble. Dusun Tua;
Petaling; Seminyih. A shrub, endemic, often in montane
forest, Kedah to Selangor.

Lasianthus Maingayi, Hook. fil. Dusun Tua; Klang
Gates; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Upper
Perak and Kelantan to Singapore.

Lasianthus montanus, King and Gamble. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A bush, endemic, usually in montane forest,
Taiping Hills, Gunong Bubu, Gunong Tahan.

Lasianthus oblongus, King and Gamble. Klang Gates;
Rawang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A large
shrub, endemic, common from Kedah to Johore in forest.

Lasianthus pilosus, Wight. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub, endemic, Upper Perak and Kelantan to Johore, in
forest.

Lasianthus Ridleyi, King and Gamble. K. Lumpur
(Ridley). A small shrub, endemic, K. Lumpur to Singapore,
in forest.

Lasianthus stipularis, Bl. Batu Caves; Kanching, on
limestone (var. hirtus, Ridl.) ; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
slender shrub of Tenasserim to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common in forest, Upper Perak and Kelantan to
Singapore. |

Saprosma glomerulatum, King and Gamble. Kanching
(Forest Dept.). A foetid shrub, endemic, Penang to Singa-
pore, in forest.

Saprosma ternatum, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A shrub of India, Burma, Tenasserim and Java; in the
Peninsula Perak and Kelantan to Mt. Ophir, in forest.

Paederia verticillata, Bl. Rawang (Ridley). <A climb-
ing shrub of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common from Kedah to Singapore in open places
and secondary growth.

Borreria hispida, Schum. Circular Rd. Plantation; K.
Lumpur; Salak South Rd. A rough wiry herb of Indo-
Malaya to the Philippines and China; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.

=

m-

278

Borreria laevicaulis, Ridl. Ampang; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Pudu; Ulu Gombak. A slender herb of India and
Java; in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Borreria latifolia, Schwm. K. Lumpur (Hume). A
fleshy herb, recently introduced from W. Indies and §S.
America, and not yet common in the Peninsula.

Borreria pilulifera, Ridl. Roadsides at Klang Gates
(Ridley). A slender herb, endemic and local.

Borreria setidens, Rid]. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
herb of Java; in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Spermacoce ocymoides, Burm. SBatang Berjuntai;
Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb, common
in the Peninsula on roadsides and waste ground.

CULTIVATED RUBIACEZ.

Coffea arabica, Linn. (Coffee). A small tree, pantropic
in cultivation, native of S. W. Asia. ;

Gardenia florida, Linn. Common in gardens. A shrub
of China and Japan; in the Peninsula commonly cultivated.

Ixora coccinea, Linn. Cultivated in K. Lumpur, fide
Foxworthy. A bush, widely cultivated in Indo-Malaya.

Ixora macrothyrsa, Teys. & Binn. Common in gardens.
A bush of Sumatra; in the Peninsula commonly cultivated.

Mussaenda erythrophylia, Sch. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur. A shrub of Trop. Africa; in the Peninsula
occasionally cultivated.

Psychotria [pecacuanha, Stokes. Serdang Experimental
Plantation. A shrub of Brazil.

COMPOSIT 4.

Sparganophorus Vaillantii, DC. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A herb of Trop. Africa, Asia and
S. America; in the Peninsula in wet places in Kelantan and
Singapore.

Elephantopus scaber, Linn. K. Lumpur, and doubtless
in other localities. A herb, pantropic, very common in grass
over the whole Peninsula.

Ageratum conyzoides, Linn. Ampang; Batang Berjun-
tai; K. Lumpur; Pudu; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb,
pantropic, of South American origin; in the Peninsula very
common everywhere in waste ground.

Adenostemma viscosum, Forst. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A cosmopolitan herb, common in the Peninsula,
usually in waste ground.

Bidens pilosa, Linn. Batu Caves; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in
open places.

279

Synedrella nodiflora, Gaertn. Ampang; Batang Berjun-
tai; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Pudu; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A pantropic herb of S. American origin; in the Peninsula
very common in waste ground.

Eclipta alba, Hassk. Ampang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula a common weed in waste
ground.
_ Vernonia chinensis, Less. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
herb of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in open and waste ground.

Vernonia cinerea, Less. Batang Berjuntai; Batu Caves;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Pudu; Ulu Gombak. A herb,
pantropic; common over the whole Peninsula in waste
ground.

Vernonia javanica, DC. K. Lumpur. <A small tree of
' Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in open country.

Vernonia Wallichii, Ridl. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A tree of Sylhet, Lower Siam and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Gynura malasica, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A herb
of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in waste ground. |

Gynura sarmentosa, DC. Seminyih (Hume). A scan-
dent or erect herb of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common
in forest and open places.

Emilia sonchifolia, DC. Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A pantropic herb, common over the whole Penin-
sula in waste ground.

Erechthites valerianifolia, DC. Klang Gates; K.
umpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb of
S. American origin; in the Peninsula common in waste
places.

Blumea balsamifera, DC. (Ngai Camphor). Klang
Gates; Pudu; K. Lumpur. An aromatic shrub of Indo-
Malaya; in the Peninsula common in open places.

Blumea chinensis, DC. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Rawang. A scandent herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philip-
pines and S. China; in the Peninsula common from Penang
to Singapore.

Blumea lacera, DC. K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A herb of Trop. Africa and Asia; in the Penin-
sula common on roadsides.

Blumea membranacea, DC. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
herb of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in open
places, especially in the north.

Blumea myriocephala, DC. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A
shrubby herb of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not very
common in forest, Perak to Negri Sembilan,

280

Erigeron sumatrense, Retz. Batu Caves; Seminyih. A
herb of Siam, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground.

Crepis japonica, Benth. Seminyih (Hume). A herb.
of the Tropics of the Old World; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in clearings in the hills.

CULTIVATED COMPOSIT.

Cosmos bipinnatus, Cav. Common in gardens. A
native of America.

Lactuca brevirostris, Champ. Seminyih (Hume). No
doubt an escape from a vegetable garden. It is cultivated
occasionally in the Peninsula.

LOBELIACEZ.

Lobelia affinis, Wall. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Klang
Gates. A creeping herb of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula common in damp places from Penang to Singapore.

CAMPANULACE.

Pentaphragma Scortechinii, King & Gamble. Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A succulent
herb, endemic, common in damp places in forest from Upper
Perak to Singapore.

VACCINIACEZ.

Vaccinium bancanum, Mig. Kanching; Klang Gates.
A terrestrial or epiphytic shrub of Java, Bangka and Borneo;
in the Peninsula in montane forest on the Taiping Hills,
Gunong Tahan, Fraser Hill, and Mt. Ophir.

Vaccinium eburneum, Ridl. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
small tree, endemic, rare in dry open spots, Kedah Peak.

Vaccinium Hasseltii, Mig. Kanching; Ulu Gombak.
A large epiphytic shrub of Sumatra, Java and Bangka; in
the Peninsula Kedah Peak to Singapore, usually in forest.

ERICACEZ.

Rhododendron longiflorum, Lindl. Kanching; Klang
Gates. A shrub, epiphytic or on rocks, of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula Kedah Peak to Singapore, usually
in forest.

Rhododendron orion, Ridl., var. auranticum, Ridl. Klang
Gates (Brooks). A small shrub, endemic and rare, the

species from Menuang Gasing, Selangor, the var. known
only from Klang Gates.

PLUMBAGINACEA, CULTIVATED.

Plumbago rosea, Linn. Cultivated and occasionally
escaping. Origin unknown.

281

PLANTAGINACEA.

Plantago asiatica, Linn. Petaling (Ridley). A herb
of Europe and Asia; in the Peninsula a sporadic weed in
waste ground.

MYRSINACEA.

Maesa indica, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A shrub
or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not common,
often montane, Taiping Hills, Kuala Kangsar, Fraser Hill.

Maesa ramentacea, Mig. Batang Berjuntai; Kanching;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A
sarmentose shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common
in secondary growth from Langkawi and Kelantan to Singa-
pore.

Myrsine Porteriana, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). <A
shrub or small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Johore.

Embelia amentacea, Clarke. Bukit Raja; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A slender
climbing shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
secondary growth from Taiping to Singapore.

Embelia coriacea, Wall. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
liane of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Embelia dasythrysa, Mia. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
woody climber of Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula not
common, Perak and Malacca.

Embelia garciniaefolia, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
slender woody climber of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula common on forest edges.

Embelia Lampani, Scheff. Ampang; Batang Berjuntai;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang. A climbing
shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore,
in forest.

Embelia myrtillus, Kurz. Seminyih (Hume). An erect
or climbing shrub of Burma; in the Peninsula usually a
mountain plant, Kedah to Mt. Ophir.

Labisia pothoina, Lindl. Batang Berjuntai; K. Lum-
pur; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrublet
of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Ardisia andamanica, Kurz. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A shrub of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not un-
common in forest, usually montane.

Ardisia colorata, Roxb. Klang Gates; Pudu; Seminyih;
Sungai Buloh (var. complanata, Clarke) ; Weld’s Hill (var.
polyneura, Clarke). A shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Penin-
sula common and variable in forest.

282

Ardisia crenata, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A bush
of Indo-Malaya, China and Japan; in the Peninsula common
in open country and secondary growth.

Ardisia lanceolata, Roxb. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A small tree of W. Malaysia
to the Philippines: in the Peninsula common in forest.

Ardisia littoralis, Andr. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A bush of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and China; in the
Peninsula common on seacoasts.

Ardisia odontophylla, Wall. Petaling (Ridley). An
undershrub of India and Borneo; in the Peninsula Perak,
Pahang and Malacca, in forest.

Ardisia oxyphylla, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
shrub or small tree of Tenasserim, Lower Siam and Borneo;
in the Peninsula Setul to Mt. Ophir, in forest.

Ardisia pachysandra, Mez. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or small tree of ? Borneo; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Kedah Peak, Penang, Perak, Johore.

Ardisia Ridleyi, King and Gamble. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not com-
mon, but widely spread, Langkawi to Singapore.

Ardisia sinuata, King and Gamble. Batang Berjuntai;
K. Lumpur. A shrub or small tree, endemic, rare, Kota
and Gopeng, Perak.

Ardisia solanacea, Roxb. Damansara (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or tree of India, Burma and Tenasserim; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Perak.

Ardisia tuberculata, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
shrub of Bangka; in the Peninsula common in forest in the
south.

Ardisia villosa, Roxb. Dusun Tua, Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak. A small shrub of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Ardisia vinimea, Ridl., Kew Bull., 10, 1926, p. 472. Ulu
Gombak (Hume 9676). A tall shrub, endemic and local.

Ardisia virens, Kurz. K. Lumpur; Seminyih. A shrub
of Assam, Burma, Borneo and China; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, montane in the Taiping Hills and Ulu
Batang Padang.

Antistrophe caudata, King and Gamble. Ayer Hitam;
Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub or small
tree, endemic, not common in forest, Taiping to Negri
Sembilan.

283

SAPOTACE 2.
(In dealing with the Sapotacez, Dr. H. J. Lam’s recent

monograph, Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg,

Serie 111, Vol. VII, Livr. 1-2, and Vol. VIII, Livr. 4, has
been followed).

| Chrysophyllum Rexburghii, Don. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula Malacca and Singapore in forest.

Lucuma malaccensis, Dubord. Sideroxylon malaccense,
Clarke. Maxwell Rd. and Weld’s Hill, K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Lingga and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
Penang to Singapore in forest.

Payena Havilandi, King and Gamble. Rantau Panjang
(Hume). A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in forest, Langkawi to Singapore.

Payena lucida, DC. Kanching; Klang Gates; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Sumatra
and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Payena Maingayi, Clarke. Kajang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu
Gombak. A tall tree of ? Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest.

Bassia ? elongata, Mig. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula rare and little known,
Malacca. ‘‘ Might be a Palaquium, allied to P. Gutta,.......
or to P. elongatum of the Philippines.” ‘A relation with
aie sericea seems not impossible,” H. J. Lam, l.c.,
Dm. 107.

Madhuca Dubardii, H. J. Lam. Ayer Hitam; Bukit
Tunggal. A tree of Borneo: in the Peninsula rare in forest,
known only from these localities.

Madhuca Korthalsii, H. J. Lam. Bassia Braceana, King
and Gamble. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Sumatra,
Borneo and New Britain; in the Peninsula Penang to Malacca
in forest.

Madhucea laurifolia, H. J. Lam. Bassia laurifolia, King
and Gamble. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A tree, endemic,
Kedah, Penang, Perak, in forest.

Madhuea malaccensis, H. J. Lam. Bassia malaccensis,
King and Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A tree of
Borneo; in the Peninsula Perak, Malacca, Singapore, in
forest.

Madhuca sericea, H. J. Lam. Bassia argentea, Clarke.
Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A tall tree of Lingga, Bangka,
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula Penang, Malacca,
Singapore, in forest.

284

Madhuca utilis, H. J. Lam. Payena utilis, Ridl. Bukit
Cheraka; Kajang; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A lofty
tree of Sumatra and ? Borneo; in the Peninsula not very
common in forest, Perak, Pahang, Ulu Selangor and Johore.-

Palaquium Clarkeanum, King and Gamble. K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). <A tall tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Langkawi, Perak and Malacca.

Palaquium Gutta, Burck. (The Gutta Percha tree).
Kanching; Kajang; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A tall tree of W. Malaysia; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Palaquium Maingayi, King and Gamble. Ampang;
Kajang; Kanching; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Sungai
Buloh. <A tall tree, endemic, Perak, Negri Sembilan and
Malacca, in forest.

Palaquium microphylilum, King and Gamble. 18th mile,
Ginting Sempak Rd. (Strugnell, C. F. 11112). A tree of
Lingga, Bangka, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula rare,
hitherto known only from Singapore.

Palaquium obovatum, Engl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines, and Indo-
China; in the Peninsula common in forest in the south.

Palaquium Oxleyanum, Pierre. K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang. A tall tree, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Singapore,
in forest.

Palaquium stellatum, King and Gamble. Sungai Buloh

(Forest Dept.). A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Kedah, Perak, Pahang.

CULTIVATED SAPOTACE.

Achras sapota, Linn. (The Chiku). A small tree of
South American origin, pantropic in cultivation. :

Mimusops Elengi, Linn. Cultivated as a roadside tree.
H. J. Lam, l.c. p. 237, thinks it probably wild throughout
Indo-Australia, especially near the seashore.

EBENACEZ.

Diospyros argentea, Griff. Petaling; Weld’s Hill. A
shrub, endemic and common in forest from the Taiping Hills
to Singapore.

Diospyros clavigera, Clarke, var. pachyphylla, Ridl.
Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, the species
from Perlis to Singapore, the var. in Malacca and Singapore,
in forest.

Diospyros graciliflora, Hiern. Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of Java
and Borneo; in the Peninsula Kedah, Penang and Perak,
in forest.

285

Diospyros ? Kurzii, Hiern. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
tree of the Andaman Islands; in the Peninsula known only
from this locality.

Diospyros latisepala, Ridl. Kanching; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. <A tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Perak, Negri Sembilan and Malacca.

Diospyros lucida, Wall. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
shrub or small tree of Lower Siam and St. Barbe Isle; in
the Peninsula common in forest and near the sea from
Penang to Singapore.

Diospyros Scortechinii, King and Gamble. Rawang
(Ridley). A tree, endemic, Penang to Selangor, usually in
montane forest.

Diospyros subrhomboidea, King and Gamble. Batu
Caves (Ridley). A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Taiping Hills, Semangkok Pass.

Diospyros teposiocides, King and Gamble. Batu Caves
(Curtis). A small tree, endemic, Perak and the Dindings,
usually on limestone.

Diospyros Wallichii, King and Gamble. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur. A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Langkawi to Malacca.

CULTIVATED EBENACEA.,

Diospyros discolor, Willd. (Butter fruit). K. Lumpur
(Agri. Dept.). A tree of the Philippines; not commonly
cultivated in the Peninsula.

STYRACACEZ.

Styrax Benzoin, Dryand. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tall tree of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Taiping
to Singapore.

Symplocos adenophylla, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub or small tree of Sumatra, Bangka, Borneo and the
Philippines; in the Peninsula common in montane forest
and near the sea from Kedah to Singapore.

Symplocos Curtisii, Oliv. Seminyih (Hume). A shrub
or small tree, endemic, not common, usually montane,
Penang, Perak and Pahang.

Symplocos fasciculata, Zoll. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih. A tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in open places and secondary growth from Taiping to
Singapore.

Symplocos nivea, Brand. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.
1593). A tree, endemic and rare, Penang.

286

Symplocos perakensis, King and Gamble. K. Lumpur
(Ridley). A tree, endemic, not very common, Perak and
Pahang, in forest. 3

Symplocos rigida, Clarke. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, common in forest from Taiping
to Singapore.

Symplocos rubiginosa, Wall. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula Penang to Singapore, in forest.

OLEACEA.

Jasminum bifarium, Wall. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur. A sprawling bush of W. Malaysia to the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula very common in open country from
Kedah to Singapore.

Jasminum Griffithii, Clarke. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender climbing shrub, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in
forest.

Jasminum Maingayi, Clarke. Klang Gates (Ridley).
A climbing shrub, endemic, Perlis to Johore in forest, often
montane.

Jasminum Wrayi, King and Gamble. Batu Caves
(Curtis). A slender climber, endemic, not common, Perak.

Linociera spicifera, Ridl. Rawang (Kloss, fide Ridley).
A tree, endemic and local.

Olea maritima, Wall. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common in open country and near the sea.

CULTIVATED OLEACEZ.

Jasminum Sambac, Ait. Common in gardens. A bush
of India, Burma and Siam, cultivated in all tropics.

APOCYNACE A.

Willughbeia coriacea, Wall. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A liane, endemic and common in forest from Lang-
kawi to Singapore.

Willughbeia firma, Bl. Klang Gates (Forest Dept.).
A liane of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Langkawi to Singapore.

Willughbeia tenuiflora, Dyer. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A liane of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest in the south.

Chilocarpus atroviridis, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; Batu
Caves. A slender climbing shrub of Tavoy and Mergui; in
the Peninsula Taiping Hills, Malacca, in forest.

Chilocarpus Cantleyi, King and Gamble. K. Lumpur.
A climbing shrub, endemic and rare, Perak and Lower Perak,

287

Chilocarpus costatus, Mig. Ampang; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Seminyih; Weld’s Hill. A climbing
shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang to Malacca in
forest.

Chilocarpus decipiens, Hook. fil. Batang Berjuntai;
Batu Caves. A slender liane, endemic, not common in
forest, Malacca.

Leuconotis Griffithii, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A climbing shrub, endemic, Taiping, Negri Sembilan,
Malacca and Singapore, in secondary growth.

Leuconotis Maingayi, Dyer. Bukit Cheraka; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A climbing shrub, endemic, not com-
mon, Singapore.

Alyxia selangorica, King and Gamble. Top of the Batu
Caves (Ridley). A slender climbing shrub of Sumatra; in
the Peninsula very rare, known only from this locality.

Hunteria corymbosa, Roxb. Batu Caves; Bukit
Belachan; Kajang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A small tree of India, Ceylon and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
not uncommon in forest from Langkawi to Negri Sembilan.

Rauwolfia perakensis, King and Gamble. Batu Caves
(Ridley). A shrub of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common
in open places in the north.

Kopsia Ridleyana, King and Gamble. Rawang; Sungai
Buloh. A small shrub, endemic, local, but common in Negri

Sembilan.

Kopsia singapurensis, Ridl. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur

(Forest Dept.). A shrub or small tree, endemic, not com-

mon in forest in the south.

Ervatamia Curtisii, King and Gamble. Seminyih
(Hume). A shrub, endemic not common in forest, Penang,
Perak and Pahang.

Ervatamia cylindrocarpa, King and Gamble. Batang
Berjuntai; Klang Gates; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh;
Weld’s Hill. A shrub, endemic, Penang and Upper Perak
to Malacca, in forest.

Ervatamia malaccensis, King and Gamble. Batu Caves;
K. Lumpur. A shrub, endemic, common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.

Ervatamia peduncularis, King and Gamble. Batu
Caves; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub, endemic, common
in forest from Langkawi to Mt. Ophir.

Ervatamia polyneura, King and Gamble. Public Gar-
dens, K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A big shrub, endemic,
usually in montane forest on the Main Range and Gunong
Tahan.

288

Dyera costulata, Hook. fil. Kajang; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A lofty tree of Sumatra
and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Dyera laxiflora, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A lofty tree, endemic and common in forest.

Alstonia angustiloba, Mig. Batu Caves (Forest Dept.).
A lofty tree of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula Penang, Taiping, Singapore, in forest.

Alstonia micrantha, Ridl. Rantau Panjang (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A tree, endemic and local.

Alstonia scholaris, Rk. Br. Ampang; Batu Caves;
Kajang; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A tall
tree of Africa and Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula Penang
to Malacca in forest.

Alstonia spathulata, Bl. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Pudu.
A tall tree of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula Perak to
Singapore in wet swampy forest.

Vallaris Maingayi, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur.
A tree, endemic, Penang, Negri Sembilan, Johore and Singa-
pore in forest.

Pottsia cantoniensis, Hook. & Arn. Klang Gates;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A climbing shrub of India, Burma,
Java and S. China; in the Peninsula Penang to Malacca in
forest.

Wrightia laevis, Hook. fil. Dusun Tua; Seminyih. A
shrub or small tree of Lower Siam and Sumatra; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Upper Perak, Pahang, Negri
Sembilan, Mt. Ophir.

Strophanthus dichotomus, DC. K. Lumpur (Weld’s
Hill and the Public Gardens). A sarmentose shrub of
Tenasserim and Java; in the Peninsula Perak to Singapore
in open places.

Urceola elastica, Roxb. Ampang; Bukit Tunggal. A
liane of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang to Malacca inh
forest.

Urceola malaccensis, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Curtis).
A climbing shrub, endemic, Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Parameria polyneura, Hook. fil. Ampang; K. Lumpur.
A liane of Burma, Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Ischnocarpus ovalifolius, A. DC. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A climbing shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common on riverbanks and in secondary growth
from Penang to Johore.

.

289

Aganosma calycina, DC. 15th mile, Ulu Gombak
(Forest Dept. 12891). A climbing shrub of Tavoy, rare
in the Peninsula, hitherto known only from Gunong Cha-
bang, Perak. (I have seen no other specimens of this, but
the Ulu Gombak specimens agree well with the description).

Epigynum Maingayi, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A climbing shrub, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan
and Malacca.

Epigynum Ridieyi, King and Gamble. Klang Gates;
Rawang. A slender climbing shrub, endemic and rare,
known also from Ginting Bidai, Selangor.

Micrechites tenuifolia, Rid’. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A slender climbing shrub, endemic, not common in forest,
Ginting Bidai and Malacca.

CULTIVATED APOCYNACEZ.

Allamanda Schotti, Hook. fil. Common in gardens. A
shrub of South America; in the Peninsula cultivated and
occasionally escaping.

. Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall. (Nepal Trumpet Flower).
Public Gardens, K. Lumpur. A shrub of India.

Cerbera odollam, Gaertn. Serdang Experimental Plan-
tation (Milsum). A small tree of Indo-Malaya to Polynesia;
in the Peninsula not common on seashores.

Dipladenia Harrisii, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur. A climbing shrub of Trinidad; in the Peninsula
often cultivated.

Ervatamia coronaria, Stapf. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy.
A shrub, cultivated in the Peninsula and occurring as an
escape. Origin probably North India.

Lochnera rosea, Reichb. Cultivated and occasionally
escaping. Native of America.

Nerium oleander, Linn. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy.
A shrub of W. Asia; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

_ Ochrosia borbonica, Gmel. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.),
doubtless cultivated. A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the
Peninsula rare, Pulau Adang and Singapore.

Plumiera acutifolia, Poir. (The Frangipanni). A com-
monly cultivated shrub, native of South America.

Roupellia grata, Wall. (Cream Fruit). Public Gar-
dens, K. Lumpur. A shrub of Trop. Africa.

Strophanthus hispidus, DC. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A shrub of Trop. Africa.

:

290

ASCLEPIADACE.

Toxocarpus Griffithii, Dene. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender climber of Mergui; in the Peninsula not common
in lowland forest, Perak, Malacca, Johore.

Asclepias curassavica, Linn. K. Lumpur (fide Fox-
worthy). A herb, pantropic, of American origin; in the
Peninsula in waste ground, roadsides, etc.

Pentasacme caudatum, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
A slender herb of India and Burma; in the Peninsula com-
mon on rocks in mountain streams.

Marsdenia tinctoria, Br. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak. A
shrubby herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and China;
in the Peninsula Kedah and Perak, perhaps the remains
of cultivation.

Pergularia accedens, Bl. Seminyih (Hume). A twin-
ing shrub of Sumatra and Java, not hitherto recorded from
the Peninsula.

Tylephora exilis, Colebr. Rantau Panjang (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A slender twiner of Assam; in the Peninsula
Taiping to Malacca, in forest.

Tylophora longifolia, Wight. Rantau Panjang (Hume).
A slender twiner of India and Borneo; in the Peninsula
usually montane, Taiping Hills and Fraser Hill. |

Tylophora tenuis, BJ. Batu Caves (Burkill). A slender
climber of India to Burma, Java and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula common on tidal rivers, but also inland.

Heterostemma piperifolium, King and Gamble. Batu
Caves (Burkill). A twiner, endemic, not common in forest,
Perak.

Hoya citrina, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A long
climber, endemic, not common, Perak on limestone.

Hoya coronaria, BI. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.). A
long twiner, widely Malaysian; in the Peninsula common on
riverbanks and in mangrove.

Hoya lacunosa, Bl. Rawang ; Sungai Buloh. A slender
epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Perak, Malacca,
Singapore. fee) #\ R08

Hoya lasiantha, Korth. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. An
erect or climbing epiphytic shrub of Lower Siam, Java and
Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in forest, Gunong
Kerbau, Bujong Malacca.

Hoya multiflora, Bl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. An
erect epiphytic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Johore.

Hoya occlusa, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). <A climber,
endemic and local, rare.

:

291

Hoya parviflora, Wight. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender twiner of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not rare,
but not often flowering, Setul to Mt. Ophir.

Hoya revoluta, Wight. K. Lumpur; ? Ulu Gombak. A
slender twiner, endemic, common in forest from Perlis and
Kelantan to Singapore.

Dischidia complex, Griff. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender epiphyte, endemic, rare and little known, recorded
also from Malacca.

Dischidia hirsuta, Decne. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A slender epiphytic creeper of Indo-Malaya; in the Penin-
sula common from Penang to Singapore.

LOGANIACE 2.

Norrisia malaccensis, Gardn. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Perak to Singapore.

Fagrea auriculata, Jack. Klang Gates (all collectors).
An epiphytic shrub, eventually a small tree, of W. Malaysia
-to the Philippines and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common
in open places from Taiping to Singapore.

Fagrea crenulata, Maing. Wild on the Klang Road,
eultivated at Circular Rd. Plantation. A tall tree, endemic,
not common, Kedah to Malacca by tidal rivers.

: Fagrza Maingayi Clarke. Bangi; K. Lumpur. A tree,
endemic, not common, Ulu Selangor, Negri Sembilan,
Malacca.

Fagrea obovata, Wall. Kanching; K. Lumpur; ?Ulu
Gombak. An epiphytic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Penin-
sula common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Fagrzea racemosa, Jack. Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur;
Weld’s Hill. A bush of Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in open places from Kedah and Trengganu to Singapore.

Fagrea vaginata, King and Gamble. Ampang;
Rawang. A shrub or small tree of Java; in the Peninsula
Taiping to Malacca, in forest.

Cyrtophylium giganteum, Ridl. Rantau Panjang;
Sungai Buloh. A tall tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Cyrtophyllum peregrinum, Bl. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A tree of Indo-China and W. Malaysia to the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula common in open country.

Strychnos ovalifolia, Wall. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A liane of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

292

Strychnos Scortechinii, A. W. Aull. K. Lumpur
(Curtis). A liane, endemic, Taiping to Malacca, in forest.

Gaertnera ? grisea, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume).

GENTIANACEZ.

Canscora pentanthera, Clarke. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A herb of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula usually on limestone,
Langkawi, Kedah Peak, Perak.

Limnanthemum indicum, Thw. K. Lumpur, fide
Foxworthy. An aquatic herb of Indo-Malaya and China;
in the Peninsula in ponds and ditches, Perlis, Langkawi,
Malacca, Johore, Singapore.

BORAGINACE.

Tournefortia Wallichii, DC. K. Lumpur; Petaling;
Seminyih. A climber of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common from Penang to Singapore.

Heliotropium indicum, Linn. Circular Rd. Plantation
(Forest Dept.), and doubtless in other localities. A pan-
tropic herb; in the Peninsula a common weed in waste
ground. }

CONVOLVULACEZ.

Erycibe angulata, Prain. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga. A
liane of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Perak and Malacca.

Erycibe leucoxyloides, Prain. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A
bushy climber, endemic, Fraser Hill, Johore and Singapore,
in open places.

Lettsomia Curtisii, Prain. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
climbing shrub, endemic and rare, Taiping.

Lettsomia Kunstleri, Prain. Batu Caves; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A climbing shrub of Sumatra; in the Penin-
sula Perak to Malacca, in forest.

Lettsomia Maingayi, Clarke. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A twining shrub, endemic, not uncommon in forest from
Perak to Johore.

Lettsomia peguensis, Clarke. Batu Caves; Klang
Gates; Petaling. A twining shrub of Burma, Tenasserim,
Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Langkawi and Kelantan to Negri Sembilan.

Lettsomia penangiana, Mig. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender climber, endemic, usually montane in Perak and
Selangor.

Lettsomia Ridleyi, Prain. Bukit Raja; K. Lumpur. A
large twining shrub, endemic, common in forest in Johore
and Singapore, and occurring in Negri Sembilan.

298

Neuropeltis racemosa, Wall. Klang Gates (Hume). A
climbing shrub of India, Burma and Borneo; in the Penin-
sula Kedah to Singapore.

Merremia convolvulacea, Dennst. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A slender twiner of Trop. Africa, Asia and Australia; in
the Peninsula a common weed.

Merremia umbellata, Hallier. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A
long twiner, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in open
places.

Ipomoea sagittaefolia, Burm. Pudu; Rantau Panjang.
A slender twiner of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground.

Lepistemon flavescens, Bl. Batu Caves; Sungai Buloh.
A climber of Assam to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
Penang to Malacca.

CULTIVATED CONVOLVULACE.

Ipomoea Batatas, Lam. (Sweet Potato). Native of
America, commonly cultivated in all tropical countries.

Ipomoea pulchella, Roth. K. Lumpur, cultivated and
‘running wild. A twiner of India and Indo-China; in the
Peninsula cultivated only.

Porana volubilis, Burm. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur.
A woody climber of Indo-Malaya, Indo-China and the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

Quamoclit pinnata, Boj. Cultivated and sometimes
escaping. A pantropic herb of 8S. American origin.

SOLANACEZ.

Solanum Blumei, Nees. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula usually in hill woods,
Perak to Johore.

Solanum nigrum, Linn. Seminyih (Hume). A herb,
pantropic and in temperate regions; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground and cultivated.

Solanum torvum, Sw. Ampang; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
pantropic shrub; in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Solanum verbascifolium Linn. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept., Goodenough). A pantropic shrub; in the Peninsula
Kedah and Kelantan to Pulau Tioman, usually in open places.

Capsicum minimum, Roxb. Batu Caves, established
here (Ridley). A shrubby herb of American origin, culti-
vated all over the Peninsula.

Physalis minima, Linn., var. indica, Clarke. Batang
Berjuntai; Batu Caves; Pudu; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula common
on seashores and in waste ground.

294

CULTIVATED SOLANACEZ.

Brunsfelsia undulata, Sw. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A shrub of Jamaica; in the Peninsula
occasionally cultivated.

Datura fastuosa, Linn. K. Lumpur, fide Foxworthy.
A tall herb of Trop. Africa and S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula
cultivated and in waste ground, not native.

Nicotianum tabacum, Linn. (Tobacco). A native of
Trop. America, cultivated in all tropical countries.

SCROPHULARIACEA.

Adenosma capitatum, Benth. K. Lumpur; Salak. An
aromatic herb of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common on
roadsides and sandy places. |

Adenosma coeruleum, Rk. Br. Batu Caves; Rantau
Panjang. An aromatic herb of Trop. Asia to Australia;
in the Peninsula common in grassy places.

Herpestis monniera, H. B. & K. Salak South Rd.
(Seimund). A sueculent herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula
in ditches and ricefields, Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Limnophila erecta, Benth. Rawang; Sungai Buloh. An
erect herb of: India, Indo-China, China and Lower Siam; in
the Peninsula in wet places from Upper Perak and Kelantan
to Negri Sembilan.

Vandellia crustacea, Benth. Ampang; Batang Berjun-
tai; Klang Gates; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A small herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula a common weed.

Vandellia mollis, Benth. Rawang (Ridley). A creep-
ing herb of India to China, Sumatra and Java; in the
Peninsula rare, Upper Perak.

Vandellia pedunculata, Benth. Rantau Panjang;
Rawang; Ulu Gombak. A herb of S. E. Asia; in the Penin-
sula common in damp places.

Torenia atropurpurea, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
creeping herb, endemic, usually montane, Perak, Selangor.

Torenia mucronulata, Benth. Rantau Panjang (Hume).
A creeping herb of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula Penang and
Kelantan to Singapore.

Torenia polygonoides, Benth. Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A creeping herb of Trop. Asia; in
the Peninsula common in grassy places.

Curanga amara, Juss. Batu Caves (Ridley). A creep-
ing herb of Indo-China and Indo-Malaya to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in shady places, especially in the
north.

295

Bonnaya brachiata, Link & Otto. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A small herb of China and Indo-Malaya to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in wet places.

Bonnaya reptans, Spreng. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
tufted herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Penin-
sula common.

Striga hirsuta, Benth. Batang Berjuntai; Klang Gates;
Seminyih. A herb, parasitic on grass roots, of India, Siam
and Java; in the Peninsula common.

Scoparia dulcis, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. <A shrubby herb of American origin, now
common in Africa and Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-
mon in waste places.

CULTIVATED SCROPHULARIACE.

Angelonia grandiflora, C. Morr. K. Lumpur, cultivated
or an escape (Goodenough). A herb of America; in the
Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

LENTIBULARIACE 2.

Utricularia albina, Ridl. Salak (Seimund). A slender
herb of Ceylon and Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not uncom-
mon in ricefields and sandy grassy spots.

Utricularia bifida, Linn. Ampang (Hume). A small
herb of Indo-Australia, China and Japan; in the Peninsula
~common in marshes and ricefields.

Utricularia flexuosa, Vahl. Ampang (Hume). An
aquatic herb of Indo-Australia and Indo-China; in the Penin-
sula common in ponds and ditches.

GESNERACE.

Aeschynanthus marmorata, T. Moore. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A tufted epiphyte of Burma and Siam; in the
Peninsula Langkawi, Penang, Upper Perak, in forest.

Aeschynanthus obconica, Clarke. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A creeping epiphyte of Borneo; in the Peninsula
Upper Perak to Selangor, in forest.

Aeschynanthus purpurascens, Hassk. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). An erect epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in the Penin-
sula common in forest from Kelantan and Perak to Singapore.

Aeschynanthus radicans, Jack. Seminyih; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A creeping epiphyte of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Upper Perak and
Trengganu to Singapore.

Didissandra breviflora, Ridl., Kew Bull., 10, 1926, p. 474.
Ulu Gombak (Hume 8437). A herb, endemic and local.

296

Didymocarpus bombycina, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Upper Perak and
Kelantan to Negri Sembilan.

Didymocarpus crinita, Jack. Kanching; Seminyih. A
woody herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Kedah to Johore.

Didymocarpus Kompsobeea, Clarke. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A woody herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula Upper
Perak and Pahang, in forest, usually above 2000 feet altitude.

Didymocarpus malayana, Hook. fil. Rawang; Ulu
Gombak. A herb, endemic, common in forest on the Taiping
Hills and the Main Range above 1500 feet altitude.

Didymocarpus pectinatus, Clarke and Oliv. Rawang
(Ridley). A herb, endemic, rare, on limestone in Perak and
on Bukit Hitam, Selangor.

Didymocarpus platypus, Clarke. Batang Berjuntai;
Kajang; Kanching; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Kuang,
Petaling; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih. A woody herb of
Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest in the south.

Didymocarpus primulina, Ridl. Woods at Klang Gates
(Ridley). A herb, endemic and local.

Didmocarpus quinquevulnera, Ridl. Batu Tiga; Bukit
Raja. A woody herb, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Malacca, in
forest.

Didymocarpus reptans, Jack. Batang Berjuntai; Duske
Tua (var. violascens, Ridl.) ; Kanching; Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang (var. modesta, Ridl.) : Rawang (var. violascens) ;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak (var. modesta); Weld’s Hill. A
creeping herb of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common
in forest on the Taiping Hills and the Main Range, the
varieties known only from the localities given.

Chirita caliginosa, Clarke. Batu Caves (all collectors).
A herb, endemic, on limestone from Upper Perak to Selangor.

Boea paniculata, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A woody
herb, endemic, limestone rocks in Perak.

Boea verticillata, Ridl. Batu Caves (Kelsall, Ridley).
A woody herb, endemic and local.

Epithema saxatile, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A suc-
culent herb of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common on
limestone.

Monophyllea Horsfieldii, By. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A succulent herb of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
usually on limestone.

Monophyllza patens, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
succulent herb, endemic, not common, on limestone, Perak.

297

Sicuniather umbrosa, Clarke. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A succulent herb of Assam; in the Peninsula Upper Perak,
Perak, Pahang, Johore, in forest.

Cyrtandromea acuminata, Benth. and Hook. Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A weak shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in forest in the north.

Cyrtandromea grandis, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Petaling;
Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A large shrub,
endemic, Kelantan to Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Cyrtandromea megaphylla, Hemsl. Weld’s. Hill
(Ridley). A large bush, endemic, Kedah, Perak, Pahang,
in forest.

Cyrtandra cupulata, Ridl. Kanching; Klang Gates;
Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A shrub, endemic,
common in forest from Upper Perak and Kelantan to Mt.
Ophir.

Cyrtandra falcata, Ridl. Near Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small epiphytic shrub, endemic, rare, Taiping.

Cyrtandra pendula, Bl. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
-Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small shrub of Sumatra and
Java; in the Peninsula common in forest from Taiping to
Singapore.

Cyrtandra pilosa, Bl. Seminyih (Hume). A shrub of
Tenasserim to New Guinea; in the Peninsula Penang and
Upper Perak to Johore, in forest.

BIGNONIACE 2.

Oroxylum indicum, Vent. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.),
and doubtless in other localities. A small tree of Indo-
Malaya and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common near rivers
and in Swamps.

Radermachera amecena, Seem. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A tree of Burma, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula Perlis,
Perak, Malacca, Singapore, in open places and secondary
growth.

Radermachera stricta, Zoll. and Mor. Batu Caves;
K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Penang and Upper
Perak to Singapore.

Diplanthera bancana, Scheff. Rantau Panjang (Hume),
A tree of Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula not very
common in forest, Penang to Malacca.

CULTIVATED BIGNONIACE.

Bignonia magnifica, Bull. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur.
A shrub of New Grenada, occasionally cultivated in the
Peninsula.

298

Crescentia cujete, Linn. (The Calabash Tree). K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree of Trop. America; in the
Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

Jacaranda mimosefolia, R. Br. Common in gardens.
A small tree of S. America; in the Peninsula often cultivated.

Spathodea campanulata, Beauv. Common in gardens
and as a roadside tree. A native of Trop. Africa, often
cultivated in the Peninsula.

Stereospermum fimbriatum, DC. K. Lumpur, cul-
tivated, fide Foxworthy. A tall tree of Burma and Siam;
in the Peninsula common north of Malacca.

PEDALINACEZX, CULTIVATED.

Sesamum indicum, DC. (Gingelly Oil plant.) Cul-
tivated and escaping. A herb, cultivated in all tropics.

ACANTHACEA.

Thunbergia fragrans, Roxb., var javanica, King and
Gamble. Batang Berjuntai; Batu Caves; Klang Gates. A
twining herb of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula the species
cultivated and perhaps wild in the north, the var. common
on limestone and in villages.

Thunbergia laurifolia, Lindl. K. Lumpur, fide Fox-
worthy. A liane of Burma; in the Peninsula common in the
north, in forest or open places.

Staurogyne angus tifolia, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Ridley.)
A herb of Tenasserim ; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Perak and Malacca.

Staurogyne comosa, Kuntze. Rawang; Sungai Buloh.
A woody herb, endemic, Penang and Upper Perak to Selangor,
in forest.

Staurogyne Griffithiana, Kuntze. Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A creeping herb, endemic, common in forest from
Upper Perak and Kelantan to Singapore.

Staurogyne Kingiana, Clarke. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak. A herb of Lingga; in the Peninsula Kedah to
Johore, in forest.

Staurogyne longispica, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume,
Ridley). A herb, endemic and rare in forest, Bukit Tangga
(Negri Sembilan).

Staurogyne longifolia, Kuntze. Batang Berjuntai; Batu
Caves; K. Lumpur; Kuang; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic,
usually in hill forest, Upper Perak to Johore.

Staurogyne setigera, Kuntze. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Rawang. A herb of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common,

299

Ruellia repens, Linn. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small herb of Indo-Malaya and
China; in the Peninsula common in grass.

Aporuellia sumatrensis, Clarke, var. Ridleyi, Clarke.
Batu Caves (Ridley, Curtis). A herb, the species of
Sumatra, the var, endemic and rare, known only from this
locality.

Hygrophila angustifolia, R. Br. Batu Caves; K. Lum-
pur. A herb of Indo-Malaya, China and Japan; in the
Peninsula common in wet places.

Hygrophila phlomoides, Nees. Batu Caves; Pudu; Ulu
Gombak. A herb of Indo-China, Borneo and the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in wet places.

Hygrophila quadrivalvis, Nees. Salak South Rd.
(Seimund). A stout herb of. Indo-Malaya and Indo-China;
in the Peninsula common in marshes.

Gymnostachyum Ridleyi, Clarke. Rawang (Ridley).
A tall shrub, endemic and rare, Bujong Malacca (Perak).

Lepidagathis longifolia, Wight. Bukit Raja; K. Lum-
“pur; Petaling; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A _ shrubby
herb of Lingga; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Perak to Johore.

Pseuderanthemum candidum, fRidl. Ulu) Gombak
(Ridley). A small shrub, endemic and local.

; Pseuderanthemum ?caudifolium, Ridl. Ulu Gombak
(Hume).

Pseuderanthemum crenulatum, Radlk. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small shrub of Burma,
Siam, Tenasserim and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common
in forest.

Pseuderanthemum graciliflorum, Ridl. Klang Gates;
Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A bush of
Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest and often
cultivated.

Pseuderanthemum lilacinum, Stapf. Batu Caves
(Ridley). Ridley believes this to be P. Teysmanni altered
by cultivation (Ridl. Flor. Malay Pen. Vol. II, p. 591).

Pseuderanthemum selangorense, Ridl. Batu Caves;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A shrub, endemic,
not common in forest, Upper Perak, Ulu Selangor, Bukit
Hitam.

Pseuderanthemum sylvestre, Ridl. Sungai Buloh
(Ridley). A shrub, endemic and local.

Pseuderanthemum Teysmanni, Ridi. Batu Caves;
Seminyih; Sungai Buloh. A sarmentose shrub, endemic
and common in: forest from Upper Perak to Johore.

300

Calophanoides quadrifaria, Ridl. Batu Caves (Curtis).
A small shrub of India, Tenasserim, Sumatra and China; in
the Peninsula Upper Perak, Kelantan, Singapore, by river-
banks.

Justicia ?Maingayi, Clarke. Ulu Gombak (Hume).

Justicia microcarpa, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
weak herb, endemic and local.

Justicia ptychostoma, Nees. Batu Caves (Ridley.) A
herb, endemic, common from Perlis to Malacca in open
country.

Justicia subcymosa, Clarke. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua;
Seminyih. A herb, endemic, common in the north, in forest
and secondary growth.

Justicia trichodes, Ridl., Kew Bull, 10, 1926, p. 475.
Seminyih (Hume 7816, 8165). A herb, endemic and local.

Justicia uber, Clarke. Batu Caves; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A fleshy herb, endemic and common in forest,
Upper Perak and Kelantan to Malacca.

Ptyssiglottis chrysea, Ridl. Rantau Panjang (Hume) ;
Ulu Gombak (Ridley). A woody herb, endemic and local in
forest, rare.

Polytrema zequale, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A herb,
endemic, not common in forest, Bukit Besar (Rahman),
Gunong Senyum (Pahang), Bukit Tangga (Negri Sembilan).

Polytrema vulgare, Clarke. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A
shrubby herb of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Penang and
Upper Perak to Johore in forest.

Peristrophe acuminata, Nees. Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of Indo-Malaya;
in the Peninsula common by roadsides and in waste ground.

CULTIVATED ACANTHACE.

Barleria prionitis, Linn. K. Lumpur, cultivated or
escaping (Forest Dept.). A herb of Africa and India; in
the Peninsula cultivated and perhaps wild in Perlis.

Gendarussa vulgaris, Nees. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy.
A bush of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula common in or near
cultivation.

Graptophyllum hortense, Nees. Common in gardens.
A shrub of unknown origin, cultivated throughout India and
Malaya.

Jacobinia magnifica, Benth. and Hooki Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept.), cultivated or an escape. A shrub of Brazil.

Sanchezia nobilis, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur (Forest Dept.). A shrub of Ecuador, occasionally
cultivated in the Peninsula.

301

Thunbergia grandiflora, Roxb. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A long climber of India; in the
Peninsula cultivated and occasionally escaping.

VERBENACEZ.

Lantana aculeata, Linn. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Pudu; Ulu Gombak; and doubtless in all the other localities.
A prickly bush, pantropic, of S. American origin; in the
Peninsula very common in open places and waste ground.

Lippia nodiflora, Mich. Salak South Rd. (Seimund).
A creeping herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula occasional in
waste ground.

Stachytarpheta indica, Vahl. K. Lumpur; Rantau Pan-
jang. A small shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-
mon, often on seashores and sandy places.

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Vahl. K. Lumpur; Pudu;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak, and doubtless in most of the other
localities. A shrub, pantropic, of S. American origin; in the
Peninsula a common weed.

Geunsia farinosa, Bl. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Petal-
ing; Rantau Panjang; Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and Moluccas; in
the Peninsula common in open country.

Callicarpa angustifolia, King and Gamble. Batu Caves
(Ridley). A shrub, endemic on limestone in Langkawi and
‘ Perak.

Callicarpa longifolia, Lam. Ampang; Batang Berjuntai;
Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A _ shrub of Sumatra to N.
Australia; in the Peninsula common in open places and
secondary growth from Langkawi to Singapore.

Callicarpa Maingayi, King and Gamble. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A tree, endemic, not common in forest in Selangor,
Pahang and Malacca.

Premna pyramidata, Wall. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
tree of Burma, Java and Timor; in the Peninsula Langkawi
to Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Clerodendron deflexum, Wall. Batu Caves; Klang
Gates; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s
Hill. A shrub, endemic and common in forest from Penang
and Upper Perak to Singapore.

Clerodendron disparifolium, Bl. Kanching; Rawang;
Ulu Gombak. A small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common.

Clerodendron paniculatum, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. A tall shrub of Java; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground and often cultivated.

302

Clerodendron pendulifiorum, Wall. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small shrub of Burma and the Nicobar Islands; in ‘the
Peninsula not rare in open country in the north.

Clerodendron Ridieyi, King and Gamble. Batu Tiga
(Ridley). A shrub or small tree of Borneo; in the Pen-
insula rare, Larut.

Clerodendron serratum, Spreng. Pudu; Weld’s Hill.
A shrub of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China; in the Peninsula
common in open country in the north.

Clerodendron umbratile, King and Gamble. Seminyih
(Hume). A shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula usually in
montane forest, Taiping Hills to Malacca.

Clerodendron villosum, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Pen-
insula common in waste ground.

Vitex gamosepala, Grif. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula Perak and Trengganu to Singapore, in
forest.

Vitex heterophylla, Roxb. Ulu) Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not com-
mon in forest, Perak.

Vitex longisepala, King and Gamble. Dusun Tua;
Kanching; Klang Gates; Rantau Panjang; Rawang;
Seminyih. A small tree, endemic, common in forest from
Penang to Malacca.

Vitex Negundo, Linn. Kajang (Forest Dept.). A
shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not common in
waste ground, probably introduced (Ridley).

Vitex pubescens, Vahl. Bangi; Batang Berjuntai;
Bukit Belachan; Bukit Cheraka; Bukit Puteh; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in open country from Perlis to
Singapore.

Vitex siamica, Williams. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small tree, endemic on limestone, Langkawi and Perak.

Vitex trifolia, Linn. K. Lumpur; Salak South Rd. A
shrub or small tree of Indo-Australia and Japan; in the
Peninsula Langkawi to Singapore in open places and sea-
shores.

Vitex vestita, Wall. Batu Caves; Bukit Cheraka; Batu
Tiga; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang; Ulu Gombak.
small tree of Burma, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

308
Peronema canescens, Jack. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common

from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore, usually on river-
banks.

Sphenocdesme pentandra, Jack. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of India, Siam and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in open places and forest edges.

Sphenodesme trifiora, Wight. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A climber or erect shrub of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common from Langkawi to Johore in forest
and secondary growth.

CULTIVATED VERBENACEZA.

Clerodendren fragrans, R. Br. A shrub of Chinese
origin, cultivated and run wild in the Peninsula.

Clerodendron siphonanthus, Br. Batu Tiga; Public
Gardens, K. Lumpur. A shrub of Indo-Malaya; wild in
Kedah, Perak and Pahang, and often cultivated and escaping.

Clerodendron Thomsonz, Balf. Common in gardens.
A climber of Africa; in the Peninsula often cultivated.

Congea velutina, Wight. Common in gardens. A
climbing shrub of Burma and Siam; in the Peninsula often
cultivated.

Duranta Plumieri, Jacg. K. Lumpur, fide Foxworthy.
A shrub of South America.

Faradaya papuana, Scheff. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur. A climber of New Guinea, occasionally cultivated in the
Peninsula. |

Holmskioldia sanguinea, Retz. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A climbing shrub of the Eastern
subtropical Himalaya; in the Peninsula occasionally cul-
tivated.

Stachytarpheta mutabilis, Vahl. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A shrub of Trop. America; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

Tectona grandis, Linn. (Teak). Occasionally cultivat-
ed. Native of India, Burma, Siam, Sumatra and Java (fide
King and Gamble), not wild in the Peninsula.

LABIATZ.

Hyptis brevipes, Poit. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb of S.
American origin; in the Peninsuia common in open places
and waste ground. -

Hyptis suaveolens, Poit. Klang Gates ; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb of S.
American origin; in the Peninsula a very common weed.

304

Coleus atropurpureus, Benth. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
herb of W. Malaysia to Polynesia; in the Peninsula common
in open places.

Pogostemon Heyneanus, Benth. Rawang (Ridley). An
aromatic herb of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula by riverbanks in Upper Perak, Pahang, Negri
Sembilan and Johore.

Dysophylla auricularia, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of S. E. Asia;
in the Peninsula common in open places.

Anisomeles ovata, R. Br. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak
road. A stout herb of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula not very common in waste ground.

Leucas zeylanica, Rk. Br. Ampang; Batang Berjuntai;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; and
doubtless in all the other localities. A herb of S. E. Asia;
in the Peninsula a very common weed.

Leonurus sibiricus, Linn. Pudu (Goodenough); cul-
tivated, fide Foxworthy. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula
in waste ground and often cultivated.

Gomphostemma crinitum, Wall. Batu Caves (var.
Griffithii, Prain) ; Ulu Gombak. A woody herb of Tenas-
serim; in the Peninsula common in forest above 1,000 feet
altitude.

Gomphostemma oblongum, Wali. Seminyih (Hume).
A. large woody herb of India and Indo-China; in the Pen-
insula Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Johore, not very common in
forest.

Gomphostemma Scortechinii, Prain. Seminyih (Hume).
A woody herb of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Taiping Hills and Kelantan.

Acrymia ajugiflora, Prain. Kanching, on limestone
(Ridley). A creeping undershrub, rare, Perak.

CULTIVATED LABIATAE.

Mentha javanica, Bl. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy. A
herb of Ceylon and the Malay Islands, probably only a form
of the cultivated mint (Ridley).

Ocimum basilicum, Linn. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
small bushy shrub, pantropic; in the Peninsula cultivated
only.

Ocimum sanctum, Linn. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy.
A small herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula cultivated, doubt-
fully wild.

305

Pogostemon Cablin, Benth. (Patchouli). A strongly
scented herb, not known in a wild state, widely cultivated
in Indo-Malaya.

Salvia coccinea, Juss. Common in gardens. A herb of
America; cultivated in Africa and S. E. Asia.

NYCTAGINACEA, CULTIVATED.
Bougainvillza glabra, Choisy. Common in gardens. A

scrambling shrub of Brazil, often cultivated in the Peninsula.

AMARANTACEZ.

Celosia argentea, Linn. Pudu (Hume). A pantropic
herb; in the Peninsula in waste ground, Upper Perak, Kelan-
tan, Pahang, Singapore.

Amaranthus caudatus, Linn. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
pantropic herb; in the Peninsula cultivated and wild in waste
ground.

Amaranthus gangeticus, Linn. Seminyih (Hume). A

cosmopolitan herb; in the Peninsula a weed of cultivation.

Amaranthus spinosus, Linn. K. Lumpur; Pudu; Ulu
Gombak. A herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula a common
weed from Penang to Singapore.

Amaranthus viridis, Linn. K. Lumpur; Rantau Pan-
jang; Ulu Gombak. A cosmopolitan herb; in the Peninsula
very common in waste ground.

Cyathula prostrata, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh (var. major, Ridl.) ; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula very common
in open places and waste ground.

Acryanthes aspera, Linn. K. Lumpur, fide Foxworthy.
A woody herb of the Tropics of the Old World; in the Pen-
insula common in open places and waste ground from Penang
to Singapore.

Alternanthera sessilis, Brown. Ampang; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A prostrate herb, pantropic; in the Peninsula
very common in waste ground.

CULTIVATED AMARANTACE.

Amaranthus paniculatus, Linn. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A North American herb, cultivated in the Peninsula.

Celosia cristata, Linn. (‘‘Cock’s comb”). A pantropic
herb of unknown origin, often cultivated in the Peninsula
as an ornamental plant.

POLYGONACEZ.

Polygonum barbatum, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of the Tropics of the Old World; in the Peninsula
common in wet places.

306

Polygonum flaccidum, Meissn. K. Lumpur (Good-
enough). A tall herb of Indo-Malaya and China; in the
Peninsula in damp places in Kelantan, Perak, Pahang and
Negri Sembilan.

Polygonum minus, Huds. K. Lumpur; Petaling. A
slender herb of Europe, Asia and Australia; in the Peninsula
not uncommon in wet places.

Polygonum pedunculare, Wall. Batu Caves; Dusun
Tua; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur. An aquatic herb of Indo-
Australia and China; in the Peninsula common in ponds and
ditches.

CULTIVATED POLYGONACEZ.

Antigonon leptopus, Hook. and Arn. (Honolulu cree-
per). Common in gardens. A climber of Tropical Africa;
in the Peninsula much cultivated. |

ARISTOLOCHIACE.

Apama corymbosa, Soler. Batang Berjuntai; Batu
Caves; Bukit Raja; Kanching; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Sumatra; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang to Malacca.

Thottea dependens, Klotzsch. Pudu (Hume). A shrub,
endemic, not very common in forest, Penang to Singapore.

Thottea grandiflora, Rottb. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest in the
south.

Aristolochia Tagala, Cham. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
slender climber of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common from Penang and Kelantan to Malacca,
in open places.

NEPENTHACEZ.

Nepenthes ampullaria, Jack. Rantau Panjang (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A climbing shrub of Sumatra, Borneo and the
Philippines; in the Peninsula common in the lowlands from
Penang to Singapore.

Nepenthes angustifolia, Mast. Rantau Panjang (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A creeping plant of Borneo; in the Peninsula
rare, known only from this locality. Ridley, Flor. Mal. Pen.
V. p. 327, suspects this to be a young prostrate form of one
of the lowland species.

PIPERACE.

Peperomia dindigulensis, Mig. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small succulent herb of South India; in the Peninsula rare
on limestone, Kota Glanggi (Pahang).

vena

307

Peperomia peliucida, Korth. K. Lumpur; Seminyin;
Ulu Gombak. <A pantropic herb of 8. American origin; in
the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Peperomia portulacoides, A. Dietr. Batu Caves
(Ridley). A succulent herb of India and the Mascarene
Islands; in the Peninsula rare, known only from this locality.

Piper argyrites, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A stout
climbing shrub, endemic and rare in forest, Ginting Bidai.

Piper boehmeriaefolium, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
An erect shrub of E. Himalaya to Siam; in the Peninsula in
forest in Perak, Pahang and Negri Sembilan.

Piper caninum, Bl. Batu Caves; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A slender climbing
shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Piper Curtisii, C. DC. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
climbing shrub, endemic, Upper Perak to Johore, in forest.

Piper Kurzii, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An erect

shrub of Burma; in the Peninsula rare, Upper Perak and

Kelantan.

Piper Maingayi, Hook. fil. Dusun Tua (Ridley. A
climbing shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Klang,
Malacca, Singapore.

Piper malaccense, C. DC. Sungai Buloh (Ridley). An.
erect small shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Malacca

and Johore.

Piper miniatum, Bl. Seminyih (Hume). A climbing
shrub of Java; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Langkawi to Singapore.

Piper muricatum, Bl. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrubby herb of W. Malaysia;
4 the Peninsula common in forest from Upper Perak to

ohore.

Piper pachyphyllum, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
A climbing shrub, endemic, common in forest but seldom
flowering.

Piper pedicellosum, Wall. Public Gardens, K .Lumpur,
(Forest Dept.). A climbing pepper of Assam and Tenas-
serim ; in the Peninsula Upper Perak to Singapore in forest.

Piper porphyrophyllum, N. FE. Br. Batu Caves; Klang
Gates; Petaling; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A
slender climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest, but seldom flowering.

Piper ramipilum, C. DC. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
creeping shrub, endemic, Penang and Upper Perak to Sing-
apore, in forest.

308

Piper ribesioides, Wall. ?Klang Gates; Rawang;
?Seminyih. A creeping shrub of Tenasserim and Sumatra;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi to
Singapore.

Piper Ridleyi, C. DC. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A shrub,
endemic, usually montane, Upper Perak to Singapore.

Piper stylosum, Mig. Batang Berjuntai; Batu Caves;
Bukit Raja; Kajang; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. An erect small shrub of
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Upper Perak and Kelantan to North Johore.

Piper subpenninerve, Ridl. Batu Caves (Curtis). A
climber of Tenasserim; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Perak
and the Dindings.

Piper umbellatum, Linn. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak. A
pantropic shrub, common in the Peninsula in forest.

CULTIVATED PIPERACEZ.

Piper Betle, Linn. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur; Ulu Gom-
bak. <A climbing shrub, extensively cultivated in S. E. Asia.

Piper nigrum, Linn. (Black Pepper). A native of
South India, not wild in the Peninsula.

CHLORANTHACE2.

Chloranthus officinalis, Bl. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and New
Guinea, and China; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Langkawi to Singapore.

MYRISTICACE 2.

Horsfieldia amygdalina, Warb. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of India, Burma and Tenasserim; in
the Peninsula rare in forest, Penang Hill and Singapore.

Horsfieldia Lehmanniana, Warb. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, Perak to Singa-
pore in forest.

Horsfieldia majuscula, Warb. Klang Gates; Rawang.
A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore
in forest.

Horsfieldia subglobosa, Warb. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur (Forest Dept.). A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
not common in forest, Perak, Malacca, Johore.

Horsfieldia superba, Warb. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A tall tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Horsfieldia tomentosa, Warb. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not un-
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

—

1802)

309

Horsfieldia Wallichii, Warb. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur; Rantau Panjang. A tree, endemic, not common in
forest, Province Wellesley, Negri Sembilan, Singapore.

Gymnacranthera Farquhariana, Warb. Batu Tiga
(Curtis). A tree, endemic, common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Gymnacranthera Forbesii, Warb. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in the lowlands from Penang to Singapore.

Myristica crassa, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A
tree, endemic, Taiping to Singapore in forest.

Myristica cinnamomea, King. Kanching; Sungai Buloh;
Ulu Gombak. A tree, endemic and common in forest.

Myristica elliptica, Wall. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Myristica ?maxima, Warb. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.

Knema Cantleyi, Warb. Klang Gates; Sungai Buloh;
Weld’s Hill. A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang,
Perak, Selangor, Singapore.

Knema conferta, Warb. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Tenasserim, Siam and Borneo; in the Pen-

insula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Knema ?Curtisii, Warb. Batu Caves (Forest Dept.
6445).

Knema furfuracea, Warb. Weld’s Hill; Klang Gates.
A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Knema Hookeriana, Warb. Bukit Raja; Klang Gates.
A small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in the lowlands from Langkawi to Singapore.

Knema Kunstleri, Warb. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A small tree, endemic, Taiping to Malacca, in forest.

Knema laurina, Warb. K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Knema malayana, Warb. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur.
A tree of Burma and Tenasserim; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Knema missionis, Warb. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
tree of Burma, Tenasserim and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Setul to Singapore.

310

Knema oblongifolia, Warb. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or small tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in
forest.

Knema Wrayi, Warb. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A
small tree, endemic, Taiping to Singapore, in forest.

CULTIVATED MYRISTICACE.

Myristica fragrans, Linn. (The Nutmeg). Public
Gardens, K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree, native of the
Moluccas, cultivated occasionally in the Peninsula.

MONIMIACEZ.

Matthaea sancta, Bl. Klang Gates (Ridley). A shrub
or small tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping Hills to
Singapore, in forest.
| Kibara chartacea, Bl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang to Malacca, in
forest.

Kibara coriacea, Tul. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
small tree of Java; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Penang
and Perak.

LAURACE.

Cryptocarya areolata, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and
Ulu Selangor.

Cryptocarya crassinervia, Mig. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept., fide Ridley). A tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Perak and the Dindings.

Cryptocarya ?ferrea, Bl. Seminyih (Hume 7901).

Cryptocarya Griffithiana, Wight. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A tall tree of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Perak to Singapore.

Cryptocarya tenuifolia, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
A tree, endemic and local.

Beilschmiedia longipedicellata, Ridl., Kew Bull., 10, 1926,
p. 475. Seminyih (Hume 8432). A small tree, endemic
and local.

Beilschmiedia Maingayi, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume

9267). A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, the
Dindings, Malacca.

Beilschmiedia perakensis, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A shrub or tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Perak. .

Dehaasia cuneata, Bl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A

tree of Burma, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula, Adang
Islands, Perak and the Dindings, in forest.

311

- Dehaasia Curtisii, Gamble. Batu Caves (Kelsall). A
small tree, endemic and rare, Penang. 2

Dehaasia elliptica, Ridl. Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve
(Forest Dept. 3462); Public Gardens, K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept. 2456, 4760, 4884, 4914) ; Ulu Gombak (Hume 9306).
A tree, endemic and local

Dehaasia microcarpa, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Sumatra, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Dehaasia nigrescens, Gamble. Klang Gates (Ridley).
A small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang and
Singapore.

Endiandra Maingayi, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, Perak and
Malacca, in forest.

Endiandra praeclara, Gamble. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang and
Perak.

Cinnamomum iners, Reinw. K. Lumpur. A small tree
of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common
in open places.

Cinnamomum mollissimum, Ridl. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A shrub or small tree, endemic, Penang to Negri
Sembilan, in forest. ,
| Cinnamomum paraneuron, Mig. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). - A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula apparently not
uncommon.

Alseodaphne peduncularis, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Petal-
ing; Rantau Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A shrub or small tree,
endemic, common in forest.

Alseodaphne Ridleyi, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Here) A tree, endemic and rare in forest, Semangkok
ass.

Nothaphoebe umbelliflora, Bl. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Siam to Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Phebe cuneata, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
tree of Java; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Phebe macrophylia, Bl. Ampang; Ulu Gombak. A
small tree of Java; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Perak, the Dindings and Singapore.

Phebe opaca, Bl. Kepong; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula not uncommon in
forest from Penang to Singapore.

- Actinodaphne Maingayi, Hook. fil., var. elliptica, Gamble
Damansara Road, K. Lumpur (Ridley). A tree of ?Borneo;
in the Peninsula Perak to Singapore in forest.

Actinodaphne sesquipedalis, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill
(Forest Dept.). A tree of Tenasserim, Lower Siam and
Borneo; in the Peninsula Penang, Perak and Pahang, in
forest.

Litsea amara, Bl. Kepong; Klang Gates (var. fusco-
tomentosa, Meissn.); Petaling; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh
(var. angusta, Meissn.); Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill (var.
attenuata, Gamble, and var. angusta, Meissn.). A shrub
or small tree of.Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common
in forest and open country from Langkawi to Singapore.

Litsea angulata, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A tree of
Java; in the Peninsula rare in forest, Taiping Hills.

Litsea castanea, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Rantau Pan-
jang. A tall tree, endemic, Taiping to Malacca, in forest.

Litsea citrata, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A small tree
of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula in clearings in
hill forest, Perak, Pahang and Selangor.

Litsea firma, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A
tree of Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Taiping to Singapore.

Litsea grandis, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Burma and Java; in the Peninsula common in open
country.

Litsea Griffithii, Gamble. Batang Berjuntai; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Taiping to Singapore.

’ Litsea johorensis, Gamble. Seminyih (Hume). A
tree, endemic, not common in forest, Pahang, Negri Sem-
bilan, Johore.

Litsea lancifolia, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A
bush or small tree of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Pen-
insula Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Litsea machilifolia, Gamble. Batang Berjuntai; Rantau
Panjang. A tree, endemic in lowland forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Litsea magnifica, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not very common
in forest, Penang, Pahang, Malacca.

Litsea megacarpa, Gamble. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates;
Rantau Panjang. A tree, endemic, Province Wellesley to
Singapore, in forest.

Litsea monticola, Gamble. Sungai Buloh (Forest Dept.
1585). A tree, endemic and rare in forest, Taiping Hills.

312

ip

313

Litsea nidularis, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Perak,
Pahang.

Litsea Noronhae, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A shrub
or tree of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Taiping to Selangor.

Litsea panamonja, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur (Forest Dept.). A tree of Assam, Burma and Lower
Siam; in the Peninsula rare, Perak, Selangor and Malacca.

Litsea penangiana, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic, usually in hill forest, Penang Hill,
Gunong Batu Puteh, Fraser Hill.

Litsea perakensis, Gamble. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic, Perak, Johore, Singapore, in forest.

Litsea petiolata, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic in the lowlands from Perak to Singapore.

Litsea robusta, Bl. Batu Caves; Sungai Buloh. A tall

tree of Burma and Java; in the Peninsula not common in

forest, Perak and Singapore.

Litsea spathacea, Gamble. K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub or small tree, endemic, Penang to Negri
Sembilan, in forest.

Litsea tomentosa, Bl. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
tree of Java; in the Peninsula not common in forest, Penang,

- Perak and N. Johore.

Litsea ujongensis, Gamble. Seminyih (Hume). A
shrub or small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak,
Negri Sembilan, Mt. Ophir.

Neolitsea zeylanica, Merr. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or small tree of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
common in open country.

Lindera malaccensis, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
the lowlands from Perak to Singapore.

Lindera pipericarpa, Boerl. Ulu Gombak (Hume 9192,
9718). A tree, endemic, not common in montane forest,
Perak and Pahang.

CULTIVATED LAURACEZ.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Nees. (Cinnamon). Public
Gardens, K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A small tree of India
and Ceylon; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

Persea gratissima, Gaertn. (Avocado Pear). K. Lum-
pur, (Agri. Dept.). A tree of Trop America; in the
Peninsula occasionally cultivated.

314
HERNANDIACEZ.

Illigera appendiculata, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
climbing shrub of India, Burma and Java; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Hernandia peltata, Meissn. Public Gardens, K. Lum-
pur (Forest Dept.), probably planted here. A tall tree
of E. Africa to Polynesia; in the Peninsula not very common,
usually on seashores.

PROTEACEAE.

Helicia attenuata, Bl. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A shrub or tree of Java; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Johore.

Helicia petiolaris, Benn. K. Lumpur (Goodenough).
A tree, endemic, Penang (cult.) to Singapore, in forest.

Helicia robusta, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A tree
of India, Burma, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest in the south.

THYMELACEA,

Wikstroemia viridifiora, Meissn. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small shrub of India, Burma China and the Philippines;
in the Peninsula not common, Langkawi and Penang.

Aquilaria malaccensis, Lamk. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

LORANTHACEZ.

Loranthus ferrugineus, Roxb. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gom-
bak. A parasitic bush of W. Malaysia to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula very common.

Loranthus grandifrons, King. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A parasitic shrub of Lower Siam and Sumatra; in the Pen-
insula common in open places from Taiping to Malacca and
in Pahang.

Loranthus heteranthus, Wall. K. Lumpur. A big
parasitic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Kedah to
N. Johore in forest.

Loranthus pentandrus, Linn. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A large parasitic shrub of India to S. China, and W. Malaysia
to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common.

Loxanthera speciosa, Bl. & Fisch. Rantau Panjang
(Hume). A parasitic shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Pen-
insula not common, Perak, Malacca, Johore.

Elytranthe Barnesii, Gamble. K. Lumpur, parasitic on
Durio zibethinus, (Sands 32). A parasitic shrub, endemic
and very rare, hitherto known only from Gunong Benom
(Pahang).

315
Elytranthe globosa, Don. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).

A parasitic shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common from Perlis to Singapore.

Elytranthe platyphylla, Gamble. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A large parasitic bush, endemic, not common, Upper Perak
to N. Johore.

SANTALACEZ.

Henslowia umbeliata, Bi. Ulu Gombak (Hume), A >

climbing parasitic shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common, often near the sea.

OPILIACE 2.

Champereia Griffithii, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; Sungai
Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A shrub of Indo-Malaya to Formosa;
in the Peninsula common in forest and open country from
Langkawi to Singapore.

| Lepionurus sylvestris, Bl. Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu

Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small shrub of Siam, Java and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi
to Singapore.

BALANOPHORACE.

Balanophora multibrachiata, Fawcett. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A parasite of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Perak,
Negri Sembilan, N. Johore, in forest.

EUPHORBIACEZ.

_ Euphorbia hirta, Linn. K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Salak; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground.

Euphorbia synadenium, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A
shrub, endemic, not common, Penang, Upper Perak, Selangor,
Malacca.

Bridelia pustulata, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore in forest.

Bridelia tomentosa, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur. A small tree of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
common in open places and secondary growth from Langkawi
to Singapore.

Cleistanthus hirsutulus, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Bur-
kill). A small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula Perak
to Singapore in forest.

Cleistanthus membranaceus, Hook. fil. Batu Caves
(Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Penang and Taiping.

316

Actephila excelsa, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves (Ridley,
Curtis). A small shrub of India, Assam, Burma, Tenas-
serim, Java; in the Peninsula often near limestone, Penang,
Perak, Singapore.

Actephila javanica, Mig. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small shrub of Tenasserim, Lower Siam, Java and Borneo;
in the Peninsula widespread in forest, commonest in the
north.

Andrachne calearea, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A ~
small shrublet of Siam; in the Peninsula rare on limestone,
Langkawi.

Phyllanthus dalbergioides, Wall. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A small shrub of Burma; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Langkawi, Perak.

Phyllanthus erythrocarpus, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A tree, endemic and local.

Phyllanthus frondosus, Wall. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur;
Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Siam, Lingga
and the Carimon Is.; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Kedah to Johore.

Phyllanthus gomphocarpus, Hook. fil. Petaling; Sungai
Buloh. A shrub of Siam; in the Peninsula Langkawi to =
Ophir in forest.

Phyllanthus Niruri, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground.

Phyllanthus pulcher, Wall. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak.
A small shrub of Siam and Java; in the Peninsula on river-
banks and escaping from cultivation.

Phyllanthus urinaria, Linn. Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula
a common weed.

Glochidion desmocarpum, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur
(Ridley). A small tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore.

Glochidion glomerulatum, Boerl. K. Lumpur; Rawang.
A tree of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula rare in forest,
Penang, Perak and Malacca.

Glochidion Kunstlerianum, Gage. K. Lumpur (Curtis).
A shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Johore,
Singapore.

Glochidion levigatum, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh (var. cuspidatum, Ridl.) ; A tree of Tenasserim; in the
Peninsula the species common in open country, the var. at
Taiping and Klang.

Glochidion leiostylum, Kurz. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of Burma, Siam and Borneo; in the Peninsula Lang-
kawi to Singapore, in open places.

317

Glochidion microbotrys, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not com-
mon, Taiping and Singapore.

Glochidion nanogynum, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; (Ridley).
A shrub or tree, endemic, Penang, Perak, Malacca.

Glechidion obscurum, Bl. Ampang; K. Lumpur. A
shrub or tree of Siam, Sumatra, Java and China; in the
Peninsula common in the north.

Glochidion rubrum, Bl. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A shrub of Lower Siam, Java and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula Langkawi, Province Wellesley, Pahang, Johore.

Glochidion sericeum, Hook. fil. Ayer Hitam; Batu
Caves; K. Lumpur; Petaling; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common south
of Taiping in open places and secondary growth.

Glochidion superbum, Baill. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. A small tree of W. Malaysia to the Philip-
pines ; in the Peninsula common in secondary growth.

Glochidion tetrapteron, Gage. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub or tree, endemic and rare in forest, Semangkok
Pass.

Glochidion trilobum, Ridil. Seminyih (Hume). A tree,
endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Negri Sembilan,
_ Singapore.

~ Glochidion Wallichianum, Muell. Arg. Ampang; K.
Lumpur, Public Gardens and Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Pahang
and Malacca.

. Breynia angustifolia, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A shrub of Siam; in the Peninsula Taiping to Selangor in
forest.

Breynia coronata, Hook. fil. Rantau Panjang; Ulu
Gombak. <A small tree, endemic, common in forest from
Langkawi to Johore.

Breynia discigera, Muell. Arg. Klang Gates; Ulu Gom-
bak. A shrub or small tree of Siam; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in forest and secondary growth from Penang to
Taiping.

Breynia reclinata, Hook. fil. Ampang (Forest Dept.).
A shrub of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common in
secondary growth and open places.

Breynia rhamnoides, Muell. Arg. Rantau Panjang; Ulu
Gombak. A small tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines;
and China; in the Peninsula Penang and Upper Perak to
Singapore in open places and secondary growth.

318.

Sauropus albicans, Bl. Petaling; Ulu Gombak. A shrub
of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula in waste
ground and gardens.

Sauropus elegantissimus, Ridl., Kew Bull, 10, 1926, p.
476. Ulu Gombak (Hume 9366). A small tree, endemic
and local.

Sauropus' spectabilis, Mig. Batu Caves (Ridley,
Burkill). A shrub of Assam and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
rare, known only from this locality.

Sauropus sumatranus, Mig. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
shrub of Sumatra; in the Peninsula rare, known only from
this locality.

Drypetes longifolia, Pax. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
not common in forest, Malacca.

Drypetes pendula, Ridi. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, Penang, Taiping, Singa-
pore, in forest.

Longetia malayana, Pax. Klang Gates (all collectors).
A tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula Kedah to Singapore in
dry open places.

Antidesma alatum, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small tree of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Taiping to Singapore.

Antidesma coriaceum, Tulasne. Batu Caves; Ulu Gom-
bak. A small tree of Lower Siam and Borneo; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Antidesma cuspidatum, Muell. Arg. Batang Berjuntai;
K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tree of Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Perlis to Singapore.

Antidesma fusiforme, Gage. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur.
A ?shrub, endemic, Penang, ?Perak, Dindings, Johore.

Antidesma Ghesembilla, Gaertn. Batang Berjuntai
(Hume). A bush or small tree of Indo-Australia and China;
in the Peninsula Setul to Malacca in open country.

Antidesma montanum, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the
Peninsula common in lowland forest.

Antidesma salicinum, Ridl. Klang Gates (forest
Dept.). A shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula on riverbanks
from Upper Perak and Kelantan to Johore.

Antidesma stipulare, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume, Ridley).
A shrub or small tree of Java, Borneo and Amboina; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Perak and Johore.

Antidesma tomentosum, Bl. Seminyih (Hume 8192).
A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
Upper Perak to Johore in forest. .

319

Antidesma velutinosum, Bl. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur.
A small tree of Burma Siam, Sumatra and Java; in the Pen-
insula very common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Daphniphyllum bancanum, Kurz. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A tree of Bangka; in the Peninsula not common in open
places, Setul, Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan.

Daphniphyllum laurinum, Baill. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh. A shrub of Siam and W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common in open places and on the seashore from Setul to
Singapore.

Aporosa aurea, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).

A bush or tree of Burma and Tenasserim; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Langkawi to Johore.

Aporosa Benthamiana, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; Weld’s
Hill. A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Aporesa frutescens, Bl. Kuang (Ridley). A shrub or
_ small tree of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Aporosa Maingayi, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Petaling;
Sungai Buloh. A small tree, endemic, Kedah to Singapore,
in forest.

Aporosa Miqueliana, Muell. Arg. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A shrub or small tree of Lower Siam, Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping to Johore in forest.

Aporosa ?nervosa, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.
8).

Aporosa Prainiana, King. Ayer Hitam; Bukit Tung-
gal; K. Lumpur. A small tree, endemic and common from
Penang to Singapore.

Aporosa stellifera, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small tree, endemic, Penang and
Upper Perak to S. Pahang, in forest.

Aporesa symplocoides, Gage. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s
Hill. A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Baccaurea brevipes, Hook. fil. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of
Borneo; in the Peninsula common from Kedah to Malacca
in forest. |

Baccaurea Griffithii, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Baccaurea Kingii, Gage. Kanching; Sungai Buloh.
A tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore, in forest.

Baccaurea Kunstleri, Gage. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and Singapore.

320

Baccaurea lanceolata, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves; Sungai
Buloh. A tree of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula Penang and Upper Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Baccaurea malayana, King. Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill.
A tree, endemic, Perak, Pahang, Malacca, in forest, and
cultivated.

Baccaurea parviflora, Muell. Arg. K. Lumpur (Curtis).
A small tree of Burma, Siam, Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common from Kedah to Singapore in forest.

Baccaurea ?polyneura, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept., tree 362).

Baccaurea Wallichii, Hook. fil. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula common from Penang to
Singapore in forest.

Baccaurea Wrayi, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A tree,
endemic, not common, Adang Islands, Penang, Perak,
Pahang, in forest.

Elateriospermum Tapos, Bl. Batu Caves; Weld’s Hill.
A tall tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Penang to
Malacca in forest.

Galearia affinis, Br. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Rantau
Panjang; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A small tree of ?Siam;
in the Peninsula common in forest.

Galearia fusca, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A shrub,
endemic, not common, Negri Sembilan and Johore.

Galearia lancifolia, Ridl., Kew Bull., 10, 1926, p. 476.
Klang Gates (Hume 7146) ; Ulu Gombak (Hume 9931). A
small tree, endemic and local in forest.

Galearia minor, Gage. Seminyih (Hume). A _ small
tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan.

Galearia Ridleyi, Gage. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A shrub,
endemic, not common, Johore.

Microdesmis casearifolia, Planch. Kepong; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur. A small tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines ;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Perlis to Singapore.

Croton calcicolum, Ridl. Kanching, on _ limestone
(Ridley). A shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula known
only from this locality. :

Croton caudatum, Geisel var. malaccanum, Hook. fil.
K. Lumpur (Ridley, Forest Dept.). A shrub, the species of
Indo-Malaya to the Philippines, the var. from Tenasserim;
in the Peninsula common, especially in open country.

Croton erythrostachys, Hook. fil. Kanching; Rawang.
A shrub, endemic, usually montane, Perak, Klang, Negri
Sembilan, Mt. Ophir, Johore,

321

Croton Griffithii, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Rawang; Seminyih ; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub or tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Trigonostemon salicifolius, Aidl. Kanching, on lime-
stone; Ulu Gombak. A small shrub, endemic and local.

Trigonostemon villosus, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A small shrub, endemic, not common
in forest, Perak, Mt. Ophir, Johore.

Agrostistachys Gaudichaudii, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves
(Ridley). A tree, endemic and common in forest from
Langkawi to Singapore.

Claoxylon indicum, Hassk. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Perlis to Singapore.

Claoxylon Jongifolium, Muell. Arg. Seminyih (Hume).
A shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Epiprinus malayanus, Griff. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates;
Sungai Besi; Weld’s Hill. A shrub of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula Kedah to Malacca, in forest.

Ceelodiscus subcureatus, Gage. Dusun Tua (Ridley).
A small tree, endemic, not common in forest, Langkawi,
Kedah, Perak.

Melanolepis multiglandulosa, Rchb. K. Lumpur
(Ridley). A small tree of Malaysia and Indo-China; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Kelantan, Perak, Pahang.

Mallotus cochinchinensis, Lour. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Petaling; Rantau Panjang; Rawang; Serdang;
Ulu Gombak. A small tree of Indo-Malaya and China; in
the Peninsula common in forest and secondary growth from
Penang to Singapore.

Mallotus dispar, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves, common here
(Ridley). A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia; in the
a usually on limestone, Kedah, Perak, Pahang, Pulau

ioman.

Mallotus Griffithianus, Hook. fil, K. Lumpur; Rantau
Panjang; Sungai Buloh. A _ shrub, endemic, Langkawi,
Perak, Pahang, Dindings, Malacca, in forest.

Mallotus Kingii, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur.
A tree, endemic and rare in forest, Perak.

Mallotus macrostachyus, Muell. Arg. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A shrub
or small tree of Siam to Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in open places and secondary growth from Langkawi and
Kelantan to Singapore.

322

Mallotus Porterianus, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur. A small tree of ?Siam and Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in forest and secondary growth from
Penang to Johore.

Mallotus repandus, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A climbing shrub of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula Perlis
to Negri Sembilan in forest.

Mallotus subpeltatus, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves; K. Lum-
pur; Sungai Buloh. A small tree of Sumatra and Java; in
the Peninsula Langkawi to Malacca and N. Johore, in forest. |

Ptychopyxis costata, Mig. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A small tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not very common
in forest, Taiping Hills, Malacca, Singapore.

Macaranga denticulata, Muell. Arg. Rawang (Ridley).
A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Perlis to the Pahang
river in open forest.

Macaranga Griffithiana, Muell. Arg. Ampang (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, not common, Penang to
Singapore.

Macaranga Hosei, King. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A tree
of Borneo; in the Peninsula not very common in forest,
Trengganu, Perak, Malacca.

Macaranga Hullettii, King. Bukit Raja; Batu Tiga;
Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rawang; Ulu Gombak. A small
tree, endemic, Taiping to Malacca, in open places.

Macaranga hypoleuea, Muell. Arg. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A tree of Sumatra
and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in secondary growth.

Macaranga incisa, Gage. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A tree,
endemic and local.

Macaranga Kingii, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A small tree, endemic and rare, Johore.

Macaranga megalophylla, Muell. Arg. Klang Gates;
Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common from Penang to Johore in open
swampy places.

Macaranga populifolia, Mwell. Arg. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Tenasserim; Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula Penang to Singapore, in secondary growth.

Macaranga quadricornis, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A
small tree, endemic and rare, Semangkok Pass and Klang.

Macaranga robiginosa, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak,
and doubtless in other localities. A small tree, endemic
and common from Penang to Singapore, especially in second-
ary growth. |

323

Macaranga tanaria, Muell. Arg. Batu Caves; Ulu Gom-
bak. A small tree of Tenasserim to Australia, and China;
in the Peninsula common north of Malacca, in open places.

Macaranega triloba, Muell. Arg. Bukit Raja; Ulu Gom-
bak; Weld’s Hill. A tree of Tenasserim to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula common in secondary growth and open
places.

Endospermum malaccense, Muell. Arg. Bukit Raja; K.
Lumpur. A tall tree, endemic, Penang to Singapore common
in forest.

Pimeleodendron Griffithianum, Benth. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Petaling. A tree, endemic, not common in forest,
Penang to Singapore.

Homalanthus populifolius, Grah. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A small tree of W. Malaysia and Australia; in the Peninsula
common in the north and near limestone.

Sapium baccatum, Roxb. K. Lumpur; Petaling; Rantau
Panjang. A tree of India and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
Penang to Johore, in forest.

Sapium discoler, Muell. Arg. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
tree of Borneo and China; in the Peninsula not common in
forest and secondary growth, Perak, Malacca and Singapore.

CULTIVATED EUPHORBIACEZ.

Acalypha macrophylla, H. B. K. Common in gardens.
A shrub of Polynesia, often cultivated in the Peninsula.

Aleurites moluccana, Willd. (Candle-nut). Ampang;
Pudu, probably planted. A tree of Indo-Malaya and the
Pacific Islands; in the Peninsula on seacoasts and often
planted.

Baccaurea Motleyana, Muell. Arg. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in
the Peninsula cultivated and apparently wild on the Bertam
river, Pahang.

Blumeodendron tokbrai, J. J. Sm. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A native of Sumatra, Java and
Borneo.

Cieca disticha, Linn. K. Lumpur (Agri. Dept.). A
small tree of Asia; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

Codizum variegatum, Bl. (‘‘Croton”). Common in
gardens in many varieties. A shrub, native of the Moluccas ;
in the Peninsula extensively cultivated as an ornamental
shrub.
Croton tiglium, Linn: Rawang, cultivated, fide Fox-
worthy. A bush or small tree of Indo-Malaya and China;
in the Peninsula in cultivated ground,

324

Euphorbia pulcherrima, Willd. Poinsettia pulcherrima,
Grah. Common in gardens. A shrub of Trop. America;
in the Peninsula often cultivated as an ornamental shrub.

Excoecaria bicolor, Hassk. Common in-gardens. A
shrub, origin doubtful; in the Peninsula often cultivated.

Hevea brasiliensis, Muell. Arg. (Rubber). A native
of S. America.

Jatropha curcas, Linn. (The Purging nut). Serdang
Experimental Plantation. A pantropic shrub, often cul-
tivated in the Peninsula.

Manihot Glaziovii, Muell. Arg. (Ceara Rubber). A
native of Brazil, occasionally cultivated in the Peninsula.

Manihot utilissima, Pohl. (Tapioca). <A tall herb of
South American origin, cultivated in all tropics.

Ricinus communis, Linn. (The Castor oil Plant). Cul-
tivated, fide Foxworthy; Ulu Gombak, doubtless an escape,
(Hume). Cultivated in all tropics, origin perhaps African.

URTICACE.

Trema amboinensis, Bl. Batang Berjuntai; K .Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A shrub or small tree of Indo-
Australia in the Peninsula very common in waste ground
and secondary growth.

Trema angustifolia, Bl. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur. A
shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Trema virgata, Bl. Sungai Buloh (Ridley). A shrub
of Tenasserim, Java, Borneo and China; in the Peninsula
in waste ground but not common, Penang, Kelantan, Perak
and Singapore.

Gironniera nervosa, Planch. K. Lumpur. A tree of
Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.

Gironniera parvifolia, Planch. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree of the Carimon Islands; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Gironniera subzequalis, Planch. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). <A tall tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines, and
S. China; in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to
Singapore.

Sletia sideroxylon, Teys. and Binn. Rantau Panjang;
Weld’s Hill. A tall tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
not uncommon in forest from Penang and Pahang to
Singapore.

Ficus acamptophylla, Mig. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur
(Forest Dept.). An epiphytic climber or a tree of Bangka
and Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in forest, Perak,
Dindings, Singapore.

325

Ficus alba, Reinw. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A shrub
or small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula very common
in secondary growth and waste ground.

Ficus annulata, Bl, K. Lumpur. An epiphytic shrub or
tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common.

Ficus apiocarpa, Mig. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A
large climbing shrub of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in
the Peninsula common in forest.

Ficus bracteata, Wall. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A large
shrub or small tree of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula
not very common, Taiping, Malacca and Singapore.

Ficus chartacea, Wall. Bukit Raja; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Burma; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Ficus chrysocarpa, Reinw. Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gom-
bak; Weld’s Hill. A shrub of Burma to Borneo; in the
Peninsula common from Taiping to Singapore.

Ficus consociata, Bl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). An
epiphytic shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Penang to
Singapore.

Ficus cunia, Ham. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A shrub or
small tree of India to Tenasserim; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Perak and Kelantan to Johore.

Ficus diversifolia, Bl. Klang Gates (var. ovoidea and
var. Kunstleri); K. Lumpur (var. ovoidea and var. Kun-
stleri); Ulu Gombak. A terrestrial or epiphytic shrub of
W. Malavsia; in the Peninsula on seashores, in secondary
growth, forests and open places, common and very variable.

Ficus fistulosa, Reinw. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
tree of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula Kedah to
Selangor and Pahang in forest.

Ficus fulva, Reinw. Ampang; Klang Gates; Ulu Gom-
bak. A small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Taiping and Fraser Hill.

Ficus gibbosa, Bl. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). An
epiphytic shrub, then a tree, of Indo-Malaya and §S. China;
in the Peninsula not common, Penang, Perak, Pulau Tioman,
Negri Sembilan and Malacca.

Ficus glabella, Bl. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common.

Ficus glandulifera, Wall. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A shrub or small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Ficus globosa, Bl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A climb-
ing shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in
secondary growth,

326

Ficus heterophylla, Linn. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
creeping shrub, eventually a small tree, of Indo-Malaya;
in the Peninsula on riverbanks in Perak and Pahang.

Ficus hispida, Linn. fil. Batu Caves; Weld’s Hill. A
shrub or small tree of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Kedah to Johore.

Ficus indica, Linn. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang and Kelantan to
Singapore.

Ficus levis, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An epiphytic
shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Penang
to Singapore in forest.

Ficus lepicarpa, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume, Ridley). A
small tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Penang to N.
Johore in forest and on riverbanks.

Ficus microstoma, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A tree
of Java; in the Peninsula Taiping, Malacca, Johore, Singa-
pore, in forest.

Ficus Miquelii, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Weld’s Hill, A
tree of Tenasserim and W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula com-
mon in the lowlands in forest.

Ficus obpyramidata, Hook. fil. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
‘small tree, endemic and rare, Taiping.

Ficus obscura, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.). A
shrub or small tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Upper Perak to Singapore.

Ficus obtusa, Hassk. Klang Gates (Ridley). A clim-
bing shrub of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Pen-
-insula Penang to Malacca in forest.

_ Ficus patens, Ridl. Kanching; Ulu Gombak. A large
shrub, endemic, common in the Selangor hills, occurring also
in Negri Sembilan.

Ficus pisifera, Wall. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. An epiphytic shrub, eventually a tree, of W.
Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Ficus polysyce, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A tree
of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common from Langkawi to
Singapore in forest and secondary growth.

Ficus pomifera, Wall. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A tree of |

Indo-Malaya (?except Borneo); in the Peninsula Upper
Perak to Johore, not very common in forest.

Ficus punctata, Thunb. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A creeping shrub of W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common from Penang to Singapore in open
places,

327

Ficus ramentacea, Roxb. Batu Caves; Klang Gates:
Ulu Gombak. A climbing shrub of Burma and W. Malaysia;
in the Peninsula common.

Ficus recurva, Bl. Seminyih (Hume). An epiphytic
climber of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common from Penang to Singapore in forest.

Ficus rostrata, Lam. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Ulu Gom-
bak. An epiphytic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in forest and secondary growth.

Ficus subulata, 6]. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A climbing
shrub of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines, and 8S. China; in
the Peninsula common from Penang and Kelantan to Johore,
in forest

Ficus trachycarpa, Miq. Batu Caves (Ridley). An
epiphytic shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula rare,
Malacca.

Ficus truncata, King. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A tree
of Java and Borneo in the Peninsula not common, Kelantan,
Perak, Dindings, Pahang, Johore, Singapore.

Ficus urophylla, Wall. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Ulu Gom-
bak. An epiphytic shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common in forest,

Ficus vasculosa, Wall. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.). A
small tree of Bangka, Java, Tavoy and China; in the Pen-
insula common from Penang to Singapore.

Ficus villosa, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K. Lum-
pur; Ulu Gombak. A climbing shrub of W. Malaysia to the
Philippines; in the Peninsula common from Penang to
Singapore.

Ficus xylophylla, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). An
epiphytic shrub or small tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula Penang to. Singapore.

Antiaris toxicaria, Lesch. Batu Caves; Kajang; Sungai
Buloh. A tall tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Penang
and Upper Perak to Malacca, in forest.

Artocarpus Denisoniana, Hook. fil. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak. A tree, endemic and rare in forest, Ulu Bubong
(Perak).

Artocarpus Gomeziana, Wall. Kepong; Klang Gates;
K., Lumpur. A tree of Tenasserim and Borneo; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Artocarpus Kunstleri, Hook. fil. Public Gardens, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tall tree, endemic and common
in forest, Penang to Singapore.

Artocarpus Lakoocha, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A tree of S. India to Lower Siam; in the Peninsula
common in secondary growth and open places.

328

Artocarpus lanceefolia, Roxb. Ampang; Ulu Gombak;
Weld’s Hill. A tall tree, endemic and common in forest
from Penang to Singapore.

Artocarpus Lowii, Hook. fil. Weld’s Hill and the Public
Gardens, K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tree, endemic, not
common, Taiping, and Raub (Pahang).

Artocarpus Maingayi, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree, endemic, Taiping to Singapore, in
forest.

Artocarpus peduncularis, Kurz. K. Lumpur. A tree of
Tenasserim and Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Artocarpus polyphema, Pers. K. Lumpur (Forest
Dept.). A small tree of W. Malaysia and Indo-China; in
the Peninsula commonly cultivated, and wild in Perak,
Pahang and Negri Sembilan, in forest.

Artocarpus rigida, Bl. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A
tall tree of Burma, Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Taiping to Singapore.

Conocephalus ameenus, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K. Lum-
pur. A stout epiphytic climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Conocephalus Scortechinii, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur;
Sungai Buloh. An epiphytic climber of Borneo; in the
Peninsula Perlis to Singapore, in forest.

Conocephalus suaveolens, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Petaling; Seminyih. An epiphytic climber of
Indo-Malaya and the Philippines; in the Peninsula common
in forest.

Conocephalus subtrinervius, Mig. Petaling; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. An erect epiphytic shrub of ?Sumatra and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to
Johore.

Hullettia dumosa, King. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih. A shrub, endemic, not uncommon in forest from
Taiping to Negri Sembilan.

Fleurya interrupta, Gaud. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
herb of the Tropics of the Old World; in the Peninsula a
common weed.

Laportea stimulans, Mig. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small tree with stinging hairs, of Siam, Java and Borneo;
in the Peninsula Kedah and Kemaman to Malacca in forest.

Pilea muscosa, Lindl. Common in K. Lumpur. A small
herb, endemic, on limestone in Kelantan and Perak.

Pilea muscosa, Lindl. Common in K. Lumpur. A small
fleshy herb of S. America; in the Peninsula a common weed.

329

Pellionia Duvauana, N. EF. Br., var. viridis, Ridl. Batu
Caves (Ridley). A creeping herb of Tenasserim; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Setul and Kelantan to
Negri Sembilan.

Pellionia Heiferiana, Wedd. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of Tenasserim and Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not
very common in forest, Pahang, Selangor and Johore.

Elatostemma acuminatum, Brngn. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A herb of Himalaya, Ceylon, Tenasserim and
Java; in the Peninsula usually montane in the Taiping Hills
and on the Main Range.

Elatostemma platyphyllum, Wedd. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur. A tall herb of India; in the Peninsula not common,
Penang, Kelantan, ?Taiping.

Elatostemma sessile, Horst. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of Africa, Asia and Polynesia; in the Peninsula com-
mon on rocks in streams, Penang and Upper Perak to
Selangor.

Procris latifolia, Bl. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Ulu Gom-
bak. A small succulent herb of Tenasserim to Samoa; in
the Peninsula Upper Perak to Selangor, in forest.

Pouzolzia indica, Gaud. Klang Gates; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. <A herb of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Pen-
insula a common weed in waste ground.

-Pipturus mollissimus, Wedd. Batu Caves; Klang Gates.
A climbing shrub of Java; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Penang, Perak, Klang, Johore, Singapore.
Viliebrunea sylvatica, Bl. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A tree of Java; in the Peninsula not common in forest, Negri
Sembilan.

Debregeasia squamata, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A shrub, endemic, not common in forest, Perak.

CULTIVATED URTICACE.
Artecarpus ineisa, Linn. fil. (Bread fruit tree). A
native of the Pacific Islands, often cultivated in the Pen-
insula.

Artocarpus integrifolia, Linn. fil. (Jack fruit). A tree
of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula commonly cultivated.

Beehmeria nivea, Hook. and Arn. (Ramie). Ulu Gom-
bak (Hume), an escape from cultivation. A shrub of Trop.
Asia; in the Peninsula cultivated only.

Ficus Benjamina, Linn. A tree of Indo-Malaya; in the
Peninsula often planted, but not wild.

330

Ficus elastica, Rowb. Cultivated, fide Foxworthy. A
shrub or tree of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula formerly
cultivated as a rubber producing plant, and very doubtfully
wild.

Morus alba, Linn. (Mulberry). K. Lumpur Forest
Dept.). A small tree of Asia; in the Peninsula occasionally
cultivated.

CASUARINACEZ, CULTIVATED.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst. Often planted in gardens
and by roadsides. A tall tree of Indo-Australia; in the Pen-
insula wild on sandy seacoasts.

CUPULIFERA.

Pasania Curtisii, Gamble. Rawang; Weld’s Hill. A
tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Perak.

Pasania cyclophora, Gamble. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
tall tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula usually in montane
forest, Penang to Singapore.

Pasania discocarpa, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree of Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula
apparently rare, Taiping Hills and Gunong Bubu.

Pasania Ejichleri, Gamble. Rawang (Ridley). A tall
tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common in forest,
Perak and Pahang.

Pasania encleisacarpa, Gamble. Kanching; Rawang;
Sungai Buloh. A tree of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Pasania erythrocarpa, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.
11198). A tree, endemic and rare in forest, hitherto known
only from Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan.

Pasania Ewyckii, Gamble. Ampang (Forest Dept.). A
tree of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula Penang to
Singapore in forest.

Pasania hystrix, Gamble. Bukit Cheraka; Kajang; K.
Lumpur; Sungai Buloh. A tall tree of Sumatra and Borneo;
in the Peninsula common in the lowlands from Penang to
Singapore.

Pasania Kunstleri, Gamble. Kanching; K. Lumpur. <A
tree of Borneo; in the Peninsula not very common in forest,
Langkawi and Perak.

Pasania lamponga, Gamble. Klang Gates; K. Lumpur
(var. ewyckioides, Gamble) ; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A
tall tree of Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo to Papua; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Pasania lucida, Gamble. Ulu Gombak (Forest Dept.).
A tree, endemic and common in forest.

331

Pasania Maingayi, Schky. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
lofty tree, endemic, not common in forest, Penang Hill and
the Semangkok Pass.

Pasania rassa, Gamble. Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A
tree of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula Penang to Singapore
in forest, usually at some altitude.

Pasania spicata, Oerst. Weld’s Hill and the Public Gar-
dens, K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tall tree of Indo-Malaya;
in the Peninsula common in forest.

Pasania sundaica, Oerst. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
tree of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Pasania Wallichiana, Gamble. Weld’s Hill (Forest
Dept.). A tree, endemic and common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Castanopsis fulva, Gamble. Sungai Buloh (Forest
Dept.). A tall tree, endemic, not common, Perak, ?Negri
Sembilan, ?Singapore.

Castanopsis megacarpa, Gamble. Klang Gates; Ulu
Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A tall tree, endemic, common in
forest from Penang to Singapore.

Castanopsis nepheliodes, King: Bukit Puteh; K. Lum-
pur. A tree, endemic and common in forest from Taiping
to Singapore.

Castanopsis sumatrana, A. DC. Bukit Cheraka; Weld’s
Hill. A tree of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Pen-
insula Penang to Malacca, common in forest.

Castanopsis Wallichii, King. K. Lumpur (Forest Dept.).
A tall tree, endemic and common in forest.

SALICINACE A.

Salix tetrasperma, Roxb. Rawang; Weld’s Hill. A
small tree of E. Asia; in the Peninsula common from Penang
and Kelantan to Malacca, in roadside ditches and edges of
ricefields.

HY DROCHARIDACE 2.

Ottelia alismoides, Pers. Pudu (Goodenough). An
aquatic herb of Trop. Africa, Trop. Asia and Australia; in
the Peninsula common in ponds and ditches.

ORCHIDACEZ.

Oberonia aurantiaca, Ridl. Kajang (Goodenough). A
small epiphyte, endemic and local.

Oberonia grandis, Ridl. Ulu Langat, (Kloss, fide
Ridley). An epiphytic herb, endemic and local.

332

Liparis parvifolia, Lindl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An
epiphytic herb of Siam to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common from Upper Perak to Singapore in forest.

Platyclinis gracilis, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
An epiphyte of Java; in the Peninsula montane in Perak
and Pahang.

Dendrobium atropurpureum, Mig. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur. A small epiphyte of Tenasserim to Borneo; in the
Peninsula common from Langkawi to Singapore.

Dendrobium calcaratum, Lindl. Seminyih (Hume). A
terrestrial herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula in wet places,
Malacca and Singapore.

Dendrobium crocatum, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
An epiphyte, endemic, Perak and Pahang to Singapore, in
forest.

Dendrobium crumenatum, Swartz. (The Pigeon
Orchid). Common on roadside and other trees. An
epiphyte of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and China; in the
Peninsula common.

Dendrobium ?eulophotum, Lindl. Seminyih (Hume).

Dendrobium gemelium, Lindl. Rantau Panjang (Hume).
An epiphyte of Siam to Borneo; in the Peninsula Langkawi
to Singapore.

Dendrobium grande, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur; Rawang.
An epiphyte of ?Tenasserim and Lower Siam; in the Pen-
insula common from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore in
forest.

Dendrobium lameilatum, Lindl. K. Lumpur (Curtis).
An epiphyte of Tenasserim, Java and Borneo; in the Pen-
insula not common, Kedah to Singapore.

Dendrobium ieonis, Rchb. Rawang; Seminyih. An
epiphyte of Borneo and Indo-China; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Dendrobium pallens, Ridl. ?7MS. High up on the Batu
Caves (Ridley). A rare orchid, known also from Siam.

Dendrobium pumilum, Roxb. Kajang; Seminyih. An
epiphyte of Burma and Borneo; in the Peninsula common.

Dendrobium subulatum, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur. An epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula
Penang to Singapore.

Dendrobium truncatum, Lindl. Batu Caves (Ridley).

An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula not common,
Kedah, Perak and Pahang.

Bulbophyilum flammuliferum, Ridl, Batu) Caves
(Ridley). An epiphyte, endemic and rare on limestone and
mangrove, Port Dickson,

eS a ee

333

Bulbophyllum membranifolium, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur
(Curtis). An epiphyte, endemic, not common, Perak and
Pahang.

Bulbophyllum pileatum, Lindl. Rawang (Ridley). An
epiphyte of Sumatra; in the Peninsula not common, Penang,
Perak, Johore and Singapore.

Bulbophyllum vaginatum, Rchb. Petaling (Ridley). An
epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula common.

-Eria pendula, Ridi. Batu Caves (Ridley). An epiphyte
of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula rare, Perak.

Trichotosia hispidissima, Kranzl. Ulu Langat (Good-
enough). An epiphyte of Borneo; in the Peninsula rare,
known only from this locality.

Phreatia linearis, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss, fide
Ridley). A small epiphyte of ‘Sumatra ; in the Peninsula
rare, known only from this locality.

Phreatia minutifiora, Lindi. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small epiphyte of Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes, the Philippines
and Samoa; in the Peninsula on mangrove trees and lime-
stone, Setul, Perak, Johore, Singapore.

Agrostophyllum bicuspidatum, /. J. Sm. Seminyih
(Hume). An epiphyte ot Tenasserim to Ceiebes; in the
Peninsula very common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Agrostophylium cailosum, Rchb. Rawang (Ridley).
An epiphyte of Himalaya and Burma; in the Peninsula rare,
Fraser Hill and Bukit Hitam (Selangor).

Agrostophylium glumaceum, Hook. fil. Rawang; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A small epiphyte, endemic, Perak to
Negri Sembilan in forest.

Agrostophyllum majus, Hook. fil. Ulu) Gombak
(Hume). An epiphyte of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Ceratostylis cryptantha, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A small epiphyte, endemic, not common, Penang, Perak,
Semangkok.

Ceratostylis pendula, Hook. fil. Kajang (Goodenough).
An epiphyte of Borneo to the Philippines; in the Peninsula,
Penang, Taiping, Selangor, Pahang, Johore, in forest.

Spathoglottis plicata, Bl. K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Sungai
Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A terrestrial herb of W. Malaysia to
New Guinea ; in the Peninsula common in open places.

Calanthe veratrifolia, R. Br. Ulu Gombak (Hume. A
terrestrial herb of Java; in the Peninsula Perak and Pahang
to Malacca, in forest.

334

Calanthe veratrifolia, R. Br. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
terrestrial herb of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula not
uncommon in forest from the Taiping Hills to Singapore.

Preptanthe vestita, Rchb. fil. Top of the Batu Caves
(Ridley). An epiphyte of Tenasserim, Borneo and Celebes;
in the Peninsula very rare, doubtfully also from Pulau
Adang.

Phaius Wallichii, Lindl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A herb
of Indo-Malaya and Polynesia; in the Peninsula not very
common, Kedah, Penang, Pahang, Malacca, Johore, but often
cultivated.

Celozgyne pandurata, Lindl. Rawang; Ulu Gombak.
An epiphyte of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest in Perak and Selangor.

Ceelogyne Rochusseni, De Vriese. Rawang (Ridley).
An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in
forest.

Pholidota imbricata, Lindl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An
epiphyte of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
not common, Langkawi and Perak.

Claderia viridiflora, Hook. fil. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Eulophia graminea, Lindl. Damansara Rd.; Rawang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A herb of India, Siam and Rhio;
in the Peninsula common in open places from Setul to
Singapore.

Eulophia squalida, Lindl. K. Lumpur; Petaling. A
terrestrial herb of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common in open grassy places.

Plocoglottis foetida, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Rawang; Sungai
Buloh. A tall herb, endemic, Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Plocoglottis javanica, Bl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
terrestrial herb of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Plocoglottis porphyrophylia, Ridl. Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common, usually near the sea.

Grammatophylilum speciosum, Bl. K. Lumpur (Ridley).
A very big epiphyte of Tenasserim to the Solomon Islands;
in the Peninsula common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Bromheadia palustris, Linld. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
terrestrial herb of W. Malaysia and Indo-China; in the Pen-
insula common in open places.

Adenoncos parviflora, Lindl. Batu Caves (Kelsall). A
small epiphyte, endemic and local, rare.

: oe

Ae -

335

Adenoncos virens, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). <A small
epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in forest
and mangrove from Perak to Singapore.

Trichoglottis retusa, Bl. Batu Caves (Kelsall). A tall
herb of Siam, Indo-China, Java, Borneo and the Philippines ;
in the Peninsula rare on limestone.

Saccolabium angrecum, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley).
An epiphyte of Java; in the Peninsula rare, known only from
this locality.

Saccolabium densiflorum, Lindl. Rawang (Ridley). An
epiphyte of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not common,
Penang, Perak and Singapore.

Saccolabium latifolium, Ridl. Batu Caves (Kelsall),
and var. striatum, Ridl. (Ridley). An epiphyte of
Sumatra; in the Peninsula Setul to Johore in forest.

Saccolabium macrantherum, Ridl., Kew Bull., 10, 1926,
p. 478. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A small epiphyte, endemic
—and local.

Saccolabium minimiflorum, Hook. fil. Batu Caves
a A small epiphyte of Siam; in the Peninsula rare,
erak.

Saccolabium tenuicaule, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Ridley).
An epiphyte, endemic and rare, Penang and Perak.

Microsaccus javensis, Bl. Batu Caves (Kelsall). A
small epiphyte of Burma, Tenasserim, Siam, Java and Indo-
- China; in the Peninsula not common, Perak and Singapore.

Tzniophyllum macrorrhizum, Ridl. Batu Caves; Petal-
ing. A small epiphyte, endemic, Langkawi, Perak, Pahang,
Johore.

Teniophyllum serrula, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; K. Lum-
pur. An epiphyte of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common
from Setul to Singapore.

Sarcochilus caligaris, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An
epiphyte, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan, Singapore.

Ascochilus hirtus, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A small

epiphyte, endemic, Langkawi and Kelantan to Malacca, in
forest.

Thrixspermum arachnites, Rchb. fil. Ulu Langat (Kloss,
fide Ridley). An epiphyte of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
common from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Thrixspermum crassifolium, Ridl. Rantau Panjang
(Hume). An epiphyte, endemic and rare, Pahang, Johore.

Thrixspermum lilacinum, Rechb. fil. _Pudu (Good-
enough). A terrestrial herb of Java and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in open grassy places.

336

Thrixspermum montanum, Ridl. Ulu Langat (Kloss,
fide Ridley). A herb, endemic and local.

Thrixspermum notabile, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). An
epiphyte, endemic, not common, Perak, Johore and Singapore.

Dendrecolla filiformis, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). An
‘epiphyte of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not common, Upper
Perak to Singapore.

Acriopsis javanica, Reinw. Batu Tiga; Ulu Gombak.
An epiphyte of Tenasserim to New Guinea; in the Peninsula
common from Penang to Singapore.

Appendicula anceps, Bl. Batu Caves; Rawang. An
epiphyte of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang and Upper Perak to
Singapore.

Appendicula cornuta, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
tufted epiphyte of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines, and S.
China; in the Peninsula common in forest from Kedah to
Singapore.

Appendicula purpurascens, De Vriese. Ulu Gombak
(Ridley). An epiphyte of W. Malaysia to the Philippines;
in the Peninsula Perak and Pahang to Selangor, usually
montane.

Appendicula torta, Bl. Batu Caves; Rawang; Ulu
Gombak. A tufted epiphyte of Java and Borneo; in the
Peninsula not common in forest, Perak, Pahang and Johore.

Appendicula unecata, Ridl. Petaling (Ridley). A tufted
epiphyte, endemic and rare, Fraser Hill and Singapore.

Thelasis capitata, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An
epiphyte of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
not common in forest, Perak and Pahang.

Thelasis carinata, Bl. Batu Caves (Ridley). An
epiphyte of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in forest and mangrove from Kedah to Singapore.

Galeola Hydra, Rchb. Batu Caves; Kajang; K. Lum-
pur; Ulu Gombak. A saprophytic herb of Indo-Malaya to
Java; in the Peninsula common in open places.

Aphyllorchis pallida, Bl. Seminyih (Hume). A
saprophyte of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula Penang and Upper Perak to Singapore in forest,
commonest in the north.

Lecanorchis malaccensis, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A
saprophytic herb of Siam and Borneo; in the Peninsula »
common in forest from Kedah to Singapore,

337

Corymbis longiflora, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A tall terrestrial orchid of Africa and Indo-
Australia; in the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi
to Singapore.

Tropidia curculigoides, Lindl. Seminyih (Hume). A
terrestrial herb of India and Borneo; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest, usually montane.

Vrydagzynea lancifolia, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A small herb, endemic, not very common in forest, Langkawi
to Singapore.

Anectochilus Reinwardtii, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A small terrestrial herb of Sumatra and Java; in the Pen-
insula Kedah, ?Penang, Perak, in forest.

Zeuxine clandestina, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small terrestrial herb of Java: in the Peninsula not common,
Penang, Negri Sembilan and Singapore.

CULTIVATED ORCHIDACE.

Arundina speciosa. Bl. K. Lumpur on railway banks,
planted or run wild (Ridley). A tall terrestrial herb of
Burma, Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula commonly cul-
tivated and wild in Setul and on Kedah Peak.

Paphiopedilum barbatum, Pftz. Cypripedium barbatum
Lindl. <A terrestrial herb of Siam; in the Peninsula mon-
tane, Kedah Peak, Penang Hill, Mt. Ophir, Gunong Belumut
(Johore), and often cultivated.

Vanda Hookeriana, Rchb. fil. A sprawling orchid of
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in the Kinta Valley, Perak,
and occurring also in Johore, and often cultivated.

Vanilla planifolia, Andr. (Vanilla). Serdang Experi-
mental Plantation. A climber of the West Indies, occasional-
ly cultivated in the Peninsula.

ZINGIBERACE 2.

Globba aurantiaca, Mig. Batu Caves; Kajang; Klang
Gates; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang to Johore.

Globba cernua, Bak. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A herb,
endemic, not uncommon north of Negri Sembilan, usually in
montane forest.

Globba panicoides, Mig. Batang Berjuntai; Batu
Caves; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih. A tufted herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi to Singapore.

Globba perakensis, Ridl. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak.

A herb, endemic, Upper Perak and Kelantan to Pulau
Tioman, in forest,

338

Globba uliginosa, Mig. Batang Berjuntai (Hume).
A herb of Sumatra and Bangka; in the Peninsula not very
common in forest, Penang to Singapore.

Globba variabilis, Ridl. Seminyih (Hume). A _ herb
of Lingga and Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon in
forest from Perak and Kelantan to Johore.

Camptandra parvula, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small herb, endemic, common in forest in the north.

Gastrochilus longifolia, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
A herb, endemic and local.

Gastrochilus plicata, Ridl. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
tufted herb, endemic and not common in forest, Upper Perak,
Kelantan, Pahang and Johore.

Costus globosus, Bl. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Klang
Gates; Petaling; Seminyih. A herb of W. Malaysia; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Upper Perak to Singapore.

Costus speciosus, Sm. Klang Gates; Petaling; Seminyih ;
Ulu Gombak. A herb, widely Indo-Malayan; in the Pen-
insula common in open places from Perlis to Singapore.

Zingiber citrinum, Ridl. Dusun Tua; Kanching. A
herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Pahang,
Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Johore.

Zingiber gracile, Jack. Kanching; K. Lumpur; Petal-
ing; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic and common in forest
from Penang to Singapore.

Zingiber spectabile, Griff. Petaling (Ridley). A herb
of Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest north of
Malacca.

Amomum hastilabium, Ridl. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
tall herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Johore,
Singapore.

Amomum lappaceum, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
tall herb, endemic, Perak, Selangor, Pahang, Johore, in
forest. |

Amomum micranthum, Ridl. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
herb, endemic, not common in forest, Penang to Negri
Sembilan.

Amomum testaceum, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
tall herb, endemic, not common, often near limestone, Setul,
Perlis, Perak, Pulau Tioman.

Amomum uliginosum, Koen. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
tall herb of Siam and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Kedah to Johore.

Hornstedtia albomarginata, Ridl. Bukit Raja; Petal-
ing; Sungai Buloh. A large herb, endemic, Penang and
Kelantan to Negri Sembilan, not uncommon, especially in
the hills,

Py a epee ee ee ee

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339

Hornstedtia paucifiora, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
tall herb,-endemic and rare, near limestone, Gunong Inas
(Perak).

Hornstedtia macrochilus, Ridl. Bukit Raja (Burkill).
A tall herb, endemic, not very common in forest, Upper
Perak and Kelantan to Singapore.

Hornstedtia megalochilus, Ridl. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A tall herb of Lower Siam and
Sumatra; in the Peninsula common in forest from Setul
and Kelantan to Singapore.

Hornstedtia metriochilus, Ridl. Batu Caves; Petaling;
Ulu Gombak. A tall herb, endemic, common in forest from
Penang and Kelantan to Johore.

Hornstedtia scyphus, Retz. Bukit Raja; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A tall herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Taiping to Singapore.

Pheomeria imperialis, Lindl., var. speciosa, Ridl.
Rawang (Ridley). A tall herb of Sumatra and Java (the
species) ; in the Peninsula the species often cultivated and
persisting in abandoned ground, the var. wild in the Taiping
Hills and at Ipoh.

Phzomeria Maingayi, Schum. Dusun Tua; Klang Gates.
A tall herb, endemic, Upper Perak and Kelantan to Sing-
apore in forest.

Plagiostachys lateralis, Ridl. Bukit Raja (Burkill). A
tall herb, endemic, Upper Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Elettariopsis Curtisii, Bak. Bukit Raja (Burkill). A
herb, endemic and rare, Penang Hill.

Elettariopsis latiflora, Ridl. Sungai Buloh (Good-
enough). A creeping herb, endemic, not common in forest,
Kedah Peak to Singapore.

Alpinia cannefolia, Ridl. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A
herb, endemic, rare, Negri Sembilan.

Alpinia javanica, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Seminyih. A herb of Sumatra and Java; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Perak and Kelantan to
Johore.

Alpinia Rafflesiana, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
herb, endemic and common in forest from Penang to
Singapore.

Alpinia vitellina, Ridl. Dusun Tua (Ridley). A herb,
endemic, not common in forest, Penang and Johore.

CULTIVATED ZINGIBERACE.

Alpinia Galanga, Sw. Circular Road Plantation, K.
Lumpur (Forest Dept.). A tall herb of Indo-Malaya to the
Philippines and Moluccas; in the Peninsula commonly cul-
tivated and persisting in abandoned ground.

340

- Curcuma domestica, Valet. (Turmeric). A herb of
Java, commonly cultivated in the Peninsula.

Hedychium corenarium, Linn. Common in gardens.
A herb of India, cultivated in most tropical countries.

Kempferia Galanga, Linn. A herb of Indo-Malaya; in
the Peninsula often cultivated and escaping.

Zingiber officinale, Rosc. (Ginger). A herb, native
of Trop. Asia and cultivated in all tropics.

MARANTACE.

Donax arundastrum, Lowr. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
tall herb of Burma, Indo-China, Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula not very common, Upper Perak and Kelantan to
Johore, often in tidal rivers.

Donax grandis, Ridl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A tall herbaceous plant
of Tenasserim, Siam, Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest.

Stachyphrynium Jagoranum, Schum. Batu Caves;
Dusun Tua; K. Lumpur. A herb, endemic, Setul to Negri
Sembilan, commonest in the north in open places. |

Phrynium hirtum, Ridl. Dusun Tua; Ulu Gombak. A
stemless herb, endemic and common in forest from Kedah
to Johore.

Phrynium malaccense, Ridil. Kuang; Petaling; Ulu
Gombak. A stemless herb of Lower Siam; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Langkawi to Johore.

Phrynium tristachyum, Ridl. Bukit Lagong (Burkill
and Foxworthy). A stemless herb, endemic and local.

CULTIVATED MARANTACEZ.

Maranta arundinacea, Linn. (Arrow-root). Serdang
Experimental Plantation. A herb of S. America, cultivated
in the Peninsula usually as an ornamental plant.

CANNACEA, CULTIVATED.

Canna orientalis, Rosc. In gardens, and occurring in
waste ground. A tall herb, probably native of India.

LOWIACE.

Orchidantha longiflora, Ridl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;

Ulu Langat. A large tufted plant, endemic and not uncom-
mon in forest, but not often flowering.

MUSACE.

Musa malaccensis, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. An
arborescent herb, endemic, common from Perlis to north
Johore, in forest.

341

Musa violascens, Ridl. K. Lumpur; Petaling; Ulu
Gombak. An arborescent herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Upper Perak and Pahang to Negri
Sembilan.

CULTIVATED MUSACEZ.

Musa sapientium, Linn. (Banana or Plantain). An
arborescent herb of uncertain origin, cultivated in most
tropical countries.

Musa textilis, Nees. (Manila Hemp). Serdang Ex-
perimental Plantation. An arborescent herb of the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula occasionally cultivated. |

Ravenala madagascariensis, Sonn. (The Travellers’
Palm). Common in gardens. An arborescent herb of
Madagascar; in the Peninsula often cultivated.

APOSTASIACEZ.

Apostasia latifolia, Rolfe. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
climber, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and Mt.
Ophir.

Apostasia nuda, R. Br. Seminyih (Hume). A woody
nem of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Kedah to Singapore,
in forest.

Apostasia Wallichii, Br. Seminyih (Hume). A woody
climbing herb of Indo-Malaya to New Guinea; in the Pen-
insula not very common in forest, Penang to Johore.

BROMELIACEA, CULTIVATED.

Ananas sativus, Schultes fil. (Pineapple), A herb,
pantropic in cultivation, native of Trop. America.

HAEMODORACEA, CULTIVATED.

Sanseviera zeylanica, Willd. (Bow String Hemp). Cul-
tivated in various localities. A succulent plant of Trop.
Asia and Africa, often cultivated in the Peninsula.

IRIDACEZX, CULTIVATED.

Trimezia lurida, Salisb. Public Gardens, K. Lumpur,
In grass, escaping from cultivation. Native of Mexico.

AMARYLLIDACEZ.
Curculigo latifolia, Dryand. K. Lumpur; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A herb of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula com-
mon in forest.

Curculigo villosa, Wall. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A herb
of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in open places in
the south. ;

342

CULTIVATED AMARYLLIDACE.

Agave rigida, Mill., var sisalana. (Sisal Hemp). Ser-
dang Experimental Plantation. A succulent plant of Mexico;
in the Peninsula cultivated for fibre and as an ornament.

Furcrea gigantea, Vent. (Mauritius Hemp). Serdang
Experimental Plantation. A_ succulent plant of Trop.
America; in the Peninsula cultivated for fibre.

BURMANNIACE.

Burmannia celestis, Don. Ampang (Brooks). A herb
of Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula common in
open sandy places.

Burmannia tuberosa, Becc. Petaling (Ridley). A
small saprophyte of Borneo and New Guinea; in the Pen-
insula Kedah to Singapore, in damp places in forest.

Gymnosiphon aphyllum, Bl. Petaling (Ridley). <A
small saprophyte of Sumatra and Borneo to Papua; in the
Peninsula common in forest but sporadic.

Thismia asere, Becc. Petaling (Ridley). A small
saprophyte, endemic, not common in forest, Pahang and
Singapore.

Thismia fumida, Ridl. Petaling (Ridley). A small
saprophyte, endemic, very rare, known also from Chan Chu
Kang (Singapore).

TACCACEA.

Tacca cristata, Jack. Batang Berjuntai; Kanching;
Rantau Panjang; K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Langat.
A herb of Burma; in the Peninsula common in forest.

DIOSCOREACE A.

Stenomeris borneensis, Oliv. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender climber of Borneo; in the Peninsula very rare, known
only from this locality.

Dioscorea bulbifera, Linn. Batu Caves; Bukit Raja;
K. Lumpur. A climber of Africa and Indo-Australia; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground from Langkawi to
Singapore.

Dioscorea laurifolia, Wall. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A climber, endemic and common on forest edges.

Dioscorea polyclades, Hook. fil. Rawang; Ulu Gombak;
Weld’s Hill. A climber of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
not very common on forest edges, Kelantan, Perak, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan, Johore and Singapore.

Dioscorea Porteri, Prain and Burkill. Bukit Raja;
Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A climber, endemic, Kedah,
Penang, Province Wellesley, Negri Sembilan, Johore and
Singapore. /

343

Dioscorea pyrifolia, Kunth. Batu Caves; Bukit Raja;
Kanching; Klang Gates; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A
climber of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in
hedges.

Dioscorea stenomerifiora, Prain and Burkill. Batu Tiga
(Ridley). A slender climber, endemic and rare, Taiping
Hills, Singapore.

Dioscorea triphylia, Linn. K. Lumpur; Weld’s Hill. A
climber of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common from
Penang and Upper Perak to Singapore.

Dioscorea Zollingeriana, Kunth. Batu Caves (Burkill).
A climber of Tenasserim, Sumatra and Java; in the Pen-
insula Perak to Singapore, in forest.

CULTIVATED DIOSCOREACE.

Dioscorea alata, Linn. A Yam extensively cultivated
in the East, not known in a wild state,

LILIACEZ.

Peliosanthes albida, Baker. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Penang, Perak, Selangor and Malacca.

Peliosanthes violacea, Wall. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A rae of India and Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common
in forest.

Dianella ensifolia, Redoubte. Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A herb of Indo-
Australia and the Mascarene Islands; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Setul to Singapore,

Tupistra grandis, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Burkill, Hume).
A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and Fraser
Hill. 7

Dracena aurantiaca, Wall. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula common from the Adang
Islands to Singapore.

Dracena congesta, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A small
shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula Kedah to Mt. Ophir, often
on limestone.

Dracena elliptica, Thunb. Batu Caves (Kelsall). A
shrub of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Kedah to Singapore.

Dracena Porteri Baker. Petaling; Ulu Gombak. A
shrub of Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Dracena singaporensis, Ridl. Dusun Tua; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A small shrub, endemic, not common in forest,
Pahang to Singapore.

344

Smilax barbata, Wall. K. Lumpur (Ridley). <A clim-
ber of Bangka; in the Peninsula common in open places in
the south.

Smilax calophylla, Wall. Batang Berjuntai; Bukit
Raja; Ulu Gombak. An erect shrub of Sumatra; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

Smilax Helferi, DC. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A climber
of Tenasserim and Lower Siam in the Peninsula common
north of Malacca.

Smilax leucophylla, Bl. Sungai Buloh (Ridley). A
climber of Indo-China to the Philippines and Moluccas; in
the Peninsula Penang to Singapore in forest.

Smilax myosotiflora, A. DC. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A slender climber of Lower Siam and Java; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Kedah to Singapore.

CULTIVATED LILIACEA.

Cordyline terminalis, Kunth. (‘“Draczena”). Common
in gardens. A shrub of India to Polynesia, but often only
cultivated, as in the Peninsula.

Gloriosa superba, Linn. A herb of Africa, Indo-Malaya
and Indo-China; in the Peninsula probably not wild any-
where, but often cultivated.

PONTEDERIACEZ.

Eichornia crassipes, Solms. (The “Water Hyacinth’).
Ampang; Pudu. An aquatic herb, introduced from Trop.
America, and now common in the Peninsula.

COMMELINACEZ.,

Pollia sorzogonensis, Endl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
Ulu Gombak. A herb of Indo-Malaysia and China; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi and Patani to
Singapore.

Pollia sumatrana, Hassk. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
herb of Sumatra and the ?Philippines; in the Peninsula rare
in forest, Perak.

Pollia thyrsiflora, Endl. K. Lumpur; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A herb of Tenasserim to New Guinea; in the
Peninsula common in forest and near streams from Langkawi
to Pulau Tioman.

Commelina clavata, Clarke. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
creeping herb of India Sumatra and Java; in the Peninsula
rare, Ulu Selama (Perak).

Commelina nudiflora, Linn. K. Lumpur; Klang Gates;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic herb; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground from Penang to Singapore.

345

Aneilema conspicuum, Kunth. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb of Burma to Java; in the Peninsula Penang and
Kelantan to Malacca, in forest.

Aneilema lineolatum, Kunth. Rawang (Ridley). A
herb of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in forest
north of Selangor.

Aneilema nudifiorum, Br. Rantau Panjang; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A herb of S. E. Asia; in the Peninsula com-
mon in waste and sandy ground.

Cyanotis capitata, Clarke. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
creeping herb of India to Japan and New Guinea; in the
Peninsula not common in open grassy spots, Upper Perak,
Kelantan, Pahang.

Floscopa scandens, Lour. Klang Gates; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula com-
mon in ditches from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Forrestia gracilis, Ridl. Batu Tiga; Rantau Panjang;
Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic,
common in forest from Kedah and Kelantan to Singapore.

Forrestia Griffithii, Clarke. Klang Gates (Ridley). A
herb, endemic, Perak, Malacca, Mt. Ophir, Negri Sembilan,
Johore, in forest.

Forrestia irritans, Ridl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
herb, endemic, not common in forest, usually montane, Perak
to Negri Sembilan.

Forrestia monosperma, Clarke. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A herb, endemic, not very common in forest, Upper Perak
to Selangor.

ALISMACE.

Ranalisma rostrata, Stapf. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
herb, endemic and local, very rare.

Sagittaria sagittefolia, Linn. Seminyih (Hume 8328,
in fir. July). An aquatic herb of China; in the Peninsula
cultivated by Chinese as food for pigs, and apparently very
rarely flowering.

NAIADACE.
Naias ?minor, All. Dusun Tua (Ridley).

FLAGELLARIACEZ.

Flagellaria indica, Linn. K. Lumpur (Ridley, Forest
Dept.). A climbing shrub of the tropics of the Old World;
in the Peninsula common from Penang to Singapore, chiefly
on seashores and in sandy places.

Susum malayanum, Hook. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A large herb of Java and Borneo; in the Pen-
insula common in forest from Penang to Singapore,

346

PALM.

Pinanga calamifrons, Becc. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common, Kedah
Peak and Negri Sembilan.

Pinanga disticha, Bl. Batu Caves; Petaling; Rawang;
Seminyih. A small palm of Lower Siam and Sumatra; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Kedah and Kelantan
to Singapore.

Pinanga pectinata, Becc. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A small
‘palm, endemic, Perak and Johore, in forest.

Pinanga Scortechinii, Becc. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small palm of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Penang and Kelantan to Johore.

Pinanga subintegra, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small palm, endemic, not common, Kelantan, Perak, Pahang,
Johore, in forest.

Nenga macrocarpa, Scort. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
palm, endemic and common in forest from Kedah to Johore.

Iguanura geonomeformis, Mart. K. Lumpur (var.
malaccensis, Ridl.); Petaling (var. malaccensis) ; Rawang;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A small palm, endemic and com-
mon in forest.

Didymosperma hastata, Bece. Petaling; Rawang;
Sungai Buloh. A small palm, endemic, not common in
forest, Perak.

Caryota mitis, Lour. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak. A
palm of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Perlis to Singapore,
common.

Livistona rupicola, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
palm, endemic and rare on limestone, Langkawi.

Pholidocarpus macrocarpa, Becc. Batu Tiga; Petaling.
A tall palm, endemic and rare in forest, Perak and the
Dindings.

Licuala ferruginea, Becc. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A
small palm of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Kedah, Pahang,
Negri Sembilan, Johore, Singapore, common in the south.

Licuala Kingiana, Becc. Rantau Panjang (Ridley,
Hume). A small palm, endemic and not common in forest,
Perak.

Licuala Kunstleri, Becc. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
small palm, endemic, not common in forest, Penang, Upper
Perak, Kelantan, Perak, Pahang.

Licuala modesta, Becc. Seminyih (Hume). A small
palm, endemic and rare in forest, Taiping Hills and Kuala
Kangsar.

347

Zalaceca conferta, Griff. K. Lumpur (Ridley). <A |
shortstemmed palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
swamps, Perak and the Dindings to Singapore.

Zalacca glabrescens, Griff: K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
stemless palm, endemic, Penang, Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor,
in forest.

Eugeissonia tristis, Griff. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak.
A large tufted palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest on the west from Penang to Johore.

Dzmonorops calicarpus, Mart. Dusun Tua; ?K. Lum-
pur. A tufted palm, endemic and common in forest from
Penang to Johore.

Dzmonorops carcharodon, Ridl. Batu Tiga (Ridley).
A climbing palm, endemic and rare, Singapore.

Demonorops didymophyllus, Becc. Rawang (Ridley).
A climbing palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula not uncommon
in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Demonorops grandis, Mart. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
climbing palm, endemic, Kedah Peak to Singapore, common
in the south in forest.

Dzemonorops hygrophyllus, Mart. Batang Berjuntai;
Petaling. A stout climbing palm, endemic, not common,
Taiping Hills and Malacca.

Demonorops Hystrix, Mart. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
climbing palm of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Penang to Singapore.

Dzemonorops periacanthus, Mig. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A stout climbing palm of Sumatra, Bangka and Borneo; in
the Peninsula Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Deemonorops propinquus, Becc. K. Lumpur; Seminyih.
A climbing palm of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang and
Upper Perak to Singapore, in forest.

Dzemoncrops setigerus, Rid. Ulu Gombak (Ridley).
A climbing palm, endemic, Taiping Hills to Singapore, com-
mon in forest.

Ceratolobus levigatus, Becc. K. Lumpur; Sungai Buloh.
A climbing palm, endemic, Perak, Dindings, Semangkok
Pass, Pulau Tioman, in forest.

Calamus castaneus, Griff. K. Lumpur; Kuang;
Seminyih. A tufted palm, endemic and common in forest
from Penang and Upper Perak to Johore.

Calamus ciliaris, BJ. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A climb-
ing palm of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula not very common,
Perak and Pahang to Johore.

Calamus conirostris, Becc. Weld’s Hill (Ridley). A
climbing palm, endemic and rare in forest, Gopeng (Perak).

348

Calamus Curtisii, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Curtis). A climb-
ing palm, endemic, not common in forest, Perak and Pahang.

Calamus densiflorus, Becc. Batang Berjuntai; K. Lum-
pur. A climbing palm, endemic, Taiping to Singapore, in
forest.

Calamus Diepenhorstii, Mig. Selangor, without precise
locality (Cantley’s collector). <A climbing palm of Sumatra
and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Calamus filipendulus, Becc.. Rawang (Ridley). A
climbing palm, endemic and rare, Perak and Pahang.

Calamus javensis, Bl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur (the species and var. purpurascens, Ridl.). A
climbing palm of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula common
in forest from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore.

Calamus Lobbianus, Becc. Petaling; Ulu Gombak. A
short-stemmed palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula Pahang,
Negri Sembilan, Johore and Singapore, in forest.

Calamus luridus, Becc. Rawang (Ridley). A climbing
palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula Taiping to Singapore, in
forest.

Calamus neglectus, Becc. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
climbing palm, endemic and apparently rare, Malacca.

Calamus perakensis, Becc. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
climbing palm, endemic, not common in montane forest,
Pahang, Selangor.

Calamus ramosissimus, Griff. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
A climbing palm, endemic, Kedah Peak to Negri Sembilan,
in forest.

Calamus scipionum, Lour. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur. A
large climbing palm of Sumatra, Borneo and Indo-China; in |
the Peninsula Perak and Malacca, in forest.

Calamus singaporensis, Becc. Seminyih (Hume). A
climbing palm, endemic, Penang to Singapore.

Plectocomiopsis dubius, Becc. Rantau Panjang
(Ridley). A climbing palm, endemic and local.

Plectocomiopsis geminiflorus, Becc. Rantau Panjang;
Sungai Buloh. A huge climbing palm of Tenasserim,
Sumatra and ?Borneo; in the Peninsula not common in
forest, Perak.

Korthalsia polystachya, Mart. Bukit Tunggal Forest
Reserve (Forest Dept.). A climbing palm, endemic, not
common in forest, Malacca, Johore and Singapore.

Plectocomia Griffithii, Becc. Sungai Buloh (Ridley).
A large climbing palm, endemic and common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.

049

CULTIVATED PALM.

Areca catechu, Linn. (The Betel-nut Palm). Com-
mon in gardens and villages. A tall palm of doubtful
origin, cultivated from India to Polynesia.

Arenga saccharifera, Labill. (The Sugar Palm). A
palm of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula widely cultivated,
doubtfully wild.

Cocos nucifera, Linn. (The Coconut Palm). Com-
monly cultivated, as it is in all tropical countries.

Cyrtostachys Lakka, Becc. (Sealing-wax Palm). Com-
mon in gardens. A tufted palm of Borneo; in the Peninsula
common on tidal river banks and in swamps.

Elezis guineensis, Jacq. (The Oil Palm). A native of
Trop. Africa.

Metroxylon sagus, Rothb. (The Sago Palm). A tall
palm, cultivated throughout Malaya.

Oreodoxa regia, H. B. K. (The Royal Palm). Public
Gardens, K. Lumpur. A palm of Cuba and Panama; in the
Peninsula often cultivated.

PANDANACEZ.

Pandanus helicopus, Kurz. K. Lumpur; Rawang. A
tall pandan of Sumatra and Bangka; in the Peninsula not
common in rivers, Johore and Singapore.

Pandanus immersus, Ridl. Batu Tiga (Ridley). An
aquatic pandan, endemic and local, known also from the
Labu river, Selangor.

Pandanus ornatus, Kurz. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
tall bushy pandan, endemic and common in forest from
Kedah to Singapore.

Freycinetia acuminata, Ridil. Kuang; Sungai Buloh.
A climbing shrub, endemic and rare, known only from these
localities.

Freycinetia angustifolia, Bl. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
slender climbing shrub of W. Malaysia; in the Peninsula
Sed common in forest, Bukit Hitam (Selangor), Malacca,
Johore.

ARACEZ.

Arisema Roxburghii, Kunth. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A tuberous herb of Java; in the Peninsula Langkawi to
Selangor in forest.

Typhonium fultum, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
small herb, endemic and rare on limestone, Langkawi.

Amorphophallus Prainii, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A large tuberous herb of Sumatra; in the Peninsula Penang
to Pahang and Negri Sembilan, in forest.

350

Colocasia gigantea, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Ulu Gombak.
A large herb of Siam, Indo-China, Java and Borneo; in the
Peninsula not common, chiefly on limestone in Perak.

Alocasia denudata, Engl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
herb of Lower Siam, Lingga and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common from Langkawi to Singapore.

| Alocasia Lowii, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
herb of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula Perlis to Johore,
often on limestone.

Alocasia ovalifolia, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). <A
herb, endemic, Penang to Johore, in forest.

Aglaonema oblongifolium, Schott. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. <A herb of Lower Siam, Lingga, and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Langkawi to Sing-
apore.

Aglaonema pictum, Kunth. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua
(var. Scortechinii, Ridl.); Klang Gates; K. Lumpur; Ulu
Gombak. A herb of Burma and Sumatra; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Perak to Singapore.

Homalomena coerulescens, Jungh. Bukit Raja; Dusun
Tua; Seminyih; Sungai Buloh; Weld’s Hill. A herb of W.
Malaysia except Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Penang to Singapore.

Homalomena crassa, Ridl. Kajang (Ridley). <A herb,
endemic and rare in forest, known also from Ginting Bidai
(Selangor).

Homalomena Griffithii, Hock. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb of Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest from
Penang to Singapore.

Homalomena humilis, Hook. fil. Batu Caves; Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Petaling; Rantau Panjang; Ulu Gombak.
A herb of Sumatra and Borneo; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Penang to Selangor.

Homalomena lancifolia, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A herb, endemic, not eommon in forest, Perak, Pahang and
Selangor.

Homalomena purpurascens, Schott. Klang Gates
(Ridley). A herb of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Homalomena rostrata, Griff. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur. A herb, endemic, not common in forest, Pahang
and Selangor to Johore.

Homalomena Scortechinii, Hook. fil. Ulu Gombak
(Hume). A herb, endemic, Upper Perak, Perak, Negri Sem-
bilan, in forest.

351

Schismatoglottis brevicuspis, Hook. fil. Petaling
(Ridley). A herb, endemic, Penang and Upper Perak to
Malacca, in forest.

Schismatoglottis calyptrata, Zoll. and Mor. Batu
Caves; Petaling; Ulu Gombak. A herb of Indo-Malaya; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Schismatoglottis mutata, Hook. fil. Batu Caves
(Engler). A herb endemic, not very common Perak and
Selangor, often on limestone.

Schismatoglottis Scortechinii, Hook. fil. Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur; Rawang; Ulu Gombak. A herb, endemic, not
common in forest, Perak, Pahang, Johore.

Schismatoglottis Wallichii, Hook. fil. Batang Berjuntai;
Batu Tiga; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih. A herb, endemic,
Province Wellesley and Kelantan to Singapore, in forest.

Piptospatha perakensis, Ridl. Klang Gates; Ulu Gom-
bak. A herb, endemic, Perak and Pahang to Malacea, on
rocks in streams.

Anadendrum marginatum, Schott. Batu Caves; Ulu
Gombak. A climbing epiphyte of Sumatra; in the Peninsula
not very common in forest, Langkawi to Selangor and
Pahang.

Anadendrum montanum, Schott. Batu Caves; Batu
Tiga; Klang Gates; Sungai Buloh. A climbing epiphyte of
Tenasserim to Celebes; in the Peninsula common in forest
from Langkawi to Singapore.

Scindapsus, hederacea, Schott. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A shrubby climber of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in
the Peninsula Langkawi to Singapore in forest.

Scindapsus perakensis, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A climber of Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Upper Perak to Malacca.

Epipremnopsis media, Engl. Klang Gates (Hume). A
climbing shrub of Java, Borneo and the Philippines; in the
Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Raphidophora Beccearii, Hngl. Kuang; Rawang; Ulu
Gombak. A climbing shrub of Siam and Borneo; in the
Peninsula Penang and Upper Perak to Selangor.

Raphidophora Burkilliana, Ridl. Batu Caves (Md.
Nur). <A climber, endemic and local.

Raphidophora crassifolia, Hook. fil. Rawang (Ridley).
A climbing shrub, endemic and rare in forest, Taiping and
Batang Padang.

Raphidophora Korthalsii, Schott, var. angustiloba, Engl.
Batu Caves (Ridley). A climber of Java and Borneo; in
the Peninsula common in forest from Penang to Singapore
(the species).

352

Raphidophora Maingayi, Hook. fil. Batang Berjuntai;
Batu Caves; Seminyih. A climbing shrub, endemic, Malacca,
and Singapore (common).

Raphidophora minor, Hook. fil. Klang Gates (Hume).
A slender climbing shrub of Borneo; in the Peninsula Setul
to Singapore, commonest in the south.

Raphidophora pteropoda, Engl. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A climber of Sumatra and New Guinea; in the Peninsula not
common in forest, Penang and Perak.

Raphidophora Wrayi, Hook. fil. Batu Caves (Engler).
A climber, endemic, Penang, Perak, Pahang, in forest.

Lasia aculeata, Lowr. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga; Se-
minyih. A tall herb of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China; in the
Peninsula Penang to Singapore in wet places and tidal
swamps.

Pothos latifolius, Hook. fil. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
climber of W. Malaysia except Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in forest from Penang to Singapore.

Pothos lorispatha, Ridl. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
slender climber, endemic and local.

Pothos seandens, Linn. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A
climbing herb of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula Kedah,
Penang, Perak and Pahang, in forest.

LEMNACE.

Lemna paucicostata, Hegelmaier. K. Lumpur (Bur-
kill). A minute aquatic plant, pantropic; in the Peninsula
common in ditches.

Lemna polyrrhiza, Linn. Circular Road Plantation, K.
Lumpur (Burkill). A cosmopolitan aquatic plant; in the
Peninsula not common, Singapore.

Wolfia arrhiza, Winm. Circular Road Plantation, K.
Lumpur (Burkill). A cosmopolitan aquatic plant; in the
Peninsula not common, but abundant where it occurs,
Malacca and Singapore.

ERIOCAULACEA.

Eriocaulon sexangulare, Linn. K. Lumpur; Ulu Gom-
bak. A grasslike herb of Trop. Asia and Madagascar; in
the Peninsula common in damp places,

CYPERACE.

Kyllinga brevifolia, Rottb. Ampang; Batang Berjun-
tai; K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic sedge; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground.

Kyllinga melanosperma, Nees. Rantau Panjang; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A sedge of Africa, India, Java and
the Philippines; in the Peninsula not common in grass.

353

Kyllinga monocephala, Rottb. Ampang; K. Lumpur;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic sedge; in the Pen-
insula common in grass.

Pycreus polystachyus, Beauv. Batang Berjuntai; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A sedge, pantropic; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.

Cyperus compressus, Linn. Klang Gates; Pudu; Ulu
Gombak. A tufted sedge, pantropic; in the Peninsula com-
mon in waste ground from Penang to Singapore.

Cyperus diffusus, Vahl. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
K. Lumpur (the species and var. pubisquama, Ridl.) ; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A sedge, pantropic; in the Peninsula
common from Kedah to Singapore in sandy places.

Cyperus digitatus, Roxb. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A tall
sedge, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in ditches.

Cyperus distans, Linn. Ampang; Batang Berjuntai;
K. Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A sedge, pantropic; in the Pen-
insula common in wet places.

Cyperus Haspan, Linn. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Rantau

- Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A sedge, pantropic; in

the Peninsula common in wet open places.

Cyperus Iria, Linn. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A sedge of the tropics of the Old World; in
the Peninsula common in ricefields, etc.

Cyperus pilosus, Vahl. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Pudu;
Rantau Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A sedge of
Africa and Trop. Asia to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in wet places.

Cyperus pulcherrimus, Willd. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur.
A tufted sedge of India to Java and Borneo; in the Peninsula
common in wet places from Perlis to Selangor and Pahang.

Cyperus rotundus, Linn... K. Lumpur (Hume). A
sedge, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Cyperus Zollingeri, Steud. K. Lumpur (Hume). A
sedge of Trop. Africa and Asia to Australia; in the Peninsula
common in dry places.

Mariscus cyperinus, Vahl. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A
sedge of Trop. Asia to Polynesia; in the Peninsula common in
waste ground.

Mariscus microcephalus, Pres!. K. Lumpur; Pudu. A
tufted sedge of Mauritius and Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula
common near the sea or in damp places.

Mariscus sieberianus, Nees. Batu Caves ; Kepong ; i;
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic sedge; in the Peninsula
common in waste ground.

354

Eleocharis cheteria, Rem. & Schultes. Batang Ber-
juntai; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur. <A small tufted sedge,
pantropic; in the Peninsula common in damp places.

Eleocharis ochrostachys, Steud. Rantau Panjang
(Hume). A tufted sedge of Java and Borneo; in the Pen-
insula common in wet places.

Fimbristylis asperrima Beck. Ampang; Weld’s Hill A
sedge of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in shade.

Fimbristylis diphylla, Vahl. Batang Berjuntai; Dusun
Tua; Klang Gates; K. Lumpur ; Pudu; Seminyih; Ulu Gom-
bak. a pantropic sedge ; in the Peninsula common in waste
groun

Fimbristylis ferruginea, Vahl., var. arvensis, Ridl.
Ampang (Hume). A sedge, the species pantropic and com-
mon in the Peninsula in tidal mud.

Fimbristylis globulosa, Kunth. Rantau Panjang; Se-
minyih. A sedge of India to Polynesia; in the Peninsula
common.

Fimbristylis miliacea, Vahl. Ampang; Batang Ber-

juntai; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A tufted sedge, pantropic;
in the Peninsula common in damp places.

Fimbristylis schoenoides, Vahl. K. Lumpur (Seimund).
A sedge of S. E. Asia and Australia; in the Peninsula Penang
and Kelantan to Singapore in open places.

Bulbostylis puberula, Kunth. Ampang; Ulu Gombak.
A small tufted sedge of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not
very common in dry sandy places, Penang to Singapore.

Scirpus mucronatus, Linn. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Salak
South Rd. A tall sedge of S. Europe to Australia; in the
Peninsula common in wet places.

Furiena umbellata Rottb. K. Lumpur; Pudu; Se-
minyih; A sedge, pantropic and common in the Peninsula
in wet places.

Liphocarpa argentea, A. Br. Seminyih (Hume). A
sedge of the tropics of the Old World; in the Peninsula com-
mon in damp places.

Rhyncospora aurea, Vahl. Batang Berjuntai; Batu
Tiga; K. Lumpur; Pudu; Seminyih. A tall sedge, pan-
tropic; in the Peninsula common in wet places.

Rhyncospora glauca, Vahl. K. Lumpur (Seimund).
sedge, pantropic; in the Peninsula not common in ae

places.

Gahnia tristis, Nees. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A large
tufted sedge of Borneo and South China; in the Peninsula
common in dry places.

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355

Hypolytrum Jatifolium, Rich. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Petaling; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A tufted sedge
of Indo-Australia and China; in the Peninsula common in
the lowlands in forest.

Mapania humilis, Naves & Villar. Petaling; Ulu Gom-
bak. A sedge of W. Malaysia to the Philippines; in the

- Peninsula common in forest, Penang to Singapore.

Mapania Kurzii, Clarke. Klang Gates; Rantau Pan-
jeng. A tufted sedge, endemic, Penang, Perak, Malacca, in
forest.

Mapania palustris, Benth. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A

large tufted sedge of ?Java; in the Peninsula common in
forest from Upper Perak to Singapore.

Mapania Wallichii, Clarke. Batu Tiga (Ridley). A
large tufted sedge of Borneo; in the Peninsula not common
in forest, Singapore.

Scleria bancana, Miq. Batang Berjuntai; K. Lum-
pur. A sedge of Tenasserim to the Pacific; in the Peninsula

common in open places.

Scleria elata, Thw. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A sedge of
India, Java, Borneo, China and New Guinea; in the Peninsula
Penang and Upper Perak to Selangor in forest.

Scleria hebecarpa, Nees. Batu Caves; K. Lumpur. A
sedge of Indo-Australia, China and Japan; in the Peninsula
common in open places from Setul to Singapore.

Scleria levis, Retz. K. Lumpur (Hume). A sedge
of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula common in
grass.

Scleria lithosperma, Sw. K. Lumpur (Hume). A
sedge, pantropic (except Africa) ; in the Peninsula common
in dry places.

| Scleria multifoliata, Boeck. Seminyih; Ulu Gombak.
sedge of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in open
places.

Scleria radula, Hance. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A tall
sedge of Hongkong; in the Peninsula not common, usually
montane, Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor.

Scleria sumatrensis, Retz. Batu Tiga; K. Lumpur. A
sedge of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in open places from Penang to Singapore.

GRAMINEZ.

Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo. (Lallang). Klang
Gates; K. Lumpur; Seminyih; and without doubt in all the
other localities. A pantropic grass; in the Peninsula com-
mon everywhere in open country.

356

Saccharum arundinaceum, Reiz. Batu Caves (Ridley).
A tall grass of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines and China; in
the Peninsula common from Penang to Singapore, usually
on river banks.

Eulalia Milsumi, Fidl. Klang Gates (Kloss, Milsum
and Ridley). A tufted grass, endemic and local on quartzite
rocks.

Ischemum aristatum, Linn. Ampang; Seminyih; Ulu
Gombak. A creeping grass of Indo-Australia and China;
in the Peninsula very common in waste ground.

Ischemum Beccarii, Hack. Top of the Batu Caves
(Ridley). A grass of Borneo; in the Peninsula rare, known
only from this locality and from the Botanic Gardens,
Singapore.

Ischemum muticum, Linn. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; and doubtless in most of the other localities. A
creeping grass of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula very
common.

Ischemum rugosum, Salisb. Weld’s Hill (Burkill). A
grass of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula not com-
mon in waste ground.

Ischemum timorense, Kunth. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A grass of India to Polynesia; in the Peninsula common from
Penang to Singapore.

Celorrhachis' glandulosa, Brongn. Batu Caves
(Ridley). <A tall tufted grass of Indo-Australia; in the Pen-
insula common, often on riverbanks.

Chrysopogon aciculatus, Trin. K. Lumpur; Pudu; Ulu
Gombak. A grass of Trop. Asia and Australia; in the Pen-
insula common in dry places.

Themeda villosa, Durand and Jackson. Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur. A tall grass of Indo-Australia and China; in the
Peninsula common in open places.

Digitaria cespitosa, Ridl. Salak South Road (Sei-
mund). A small tufted grass, endemic, Johore and
Singapore in open places.

Digitaria chinensis, Hornem. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
tufted grass of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula
Penang, Perak and Singapore in waste ground.

Digitaria longiflora, Pers. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Pudu;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A creeping grass of the Tropics
of the Old World; in the Peninsula common.

Digitaria marginata, Link. Ampang; Batu Caves; K.
Lumpur Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A pantropic grass; in
the Peninsula common and variable,

O57

Axonopus compressus, Beauv. Bukit Raja; K. Lumpur;
Ulu Gombak. A South American grass, introduced into the
Peninsula and now established in several localities.

Paspalum Commersonii, Lam. Weld’s Hill (Md/Nur.).
A tufted grass, pantropic, in the Peninsula not common in
damp places, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Singapore.

Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. Ampang; Klang Gates;
Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. A pantropic grass,
common in the Peninsula but probably introduced.

Paspalum longifolium, Roxvb. Salak South Rd.; Weld’s
Hill. A grass of Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula not very
common in open places, Penang to Singapore.

' Brachiaria mutica, Stapf. Petaling; Ulu Gombak. A
pantropic grass, often cultivated in the Peninsula and occur-
ring as an escape.

Oplismenus compositus, Beauv. Batu Caves; Klang
Gates; Seminyih. A pantropic grass; in the Peninsula com-
mon in dry places from Langkawi to Johore.

Echinochloa colona, Link. K. Lumpur; Rawang; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A tufted grass, pantropic; in the
Peninsula common in waste ground.

Eriochloa annulata, Kunth. Petaling (Ridley). A
grass, pantropic; in the Peninsula occasiona} in waste
ground.

Panicum auritum, Presl. Batu Caves; Batu Tiga; Klang
Gates; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A tall grass of Indo-
Malaya and China; in the Peninsula common in wet places.

Panicum cesium, Hook. K. Lumpur (Hume). A
grass of Indo-Malaya to the Philippines; in the Peninsula
common in open places.

Panicum ovalifolium, Poir. Rantau Panjang (Hume).
A grass of Africa, Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula
common in damp shady places.

Panicum sarmentosum, Roxb. Klang Gates; Rawang.
A scandent grass of Indo-Malaya and China; in the Peninsula
common on forest edges from Setul to Singapore.

Hemigymnia fusca, Ridl. Ampang; Batu Caves; Ran-
tau Panjang. A grass of ?Indo-Malaya; in: the Peninsula
common.

Acroceras sparsum, Stapf. Batu Caves; Klang Gates;
Rawang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A creeping grass of)
Indo-Malaya; in the Peninsula common in open places and
secondary growth.

Ichnanthus pallens, Munro. Batu Caves (Ridley). <A
pantropic grass; in the Peninsula not very common in forest,
Penang to Johore.

358

Sacciolepis myosuroides, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A grass of Trop. Africa and Asia to Trop. Australia; in the

Peninsula common from Penang and Kelantan to Singapore ~

in damp places.

Sacciolepis turgida, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Burkill). A
tufted grass of India and Java; in the Peninsula common in
grassy places.

Cyrtococcum accrescens, Stapf. Klang Gates; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill. <A creeping
grass of Indo-Malaya to Polynesia and China; in the Pen-
insula common in shade.

Cyrtococcum carinatum, Stapf. Weld’s Hill (Burkill).
A small creeping grass of Indo-Malaya and Indo-China; in
the Peninsula not common in shade, Malacca.

Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, Stapf. Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A creeping grass of Indo-Australia
and the Mascarene Islands; in the Peninsula common in
waste ground and by roadsides.

Setaria plicata, Cooke. Batu Caves; Dusun Tua; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A tall grass of Indo-Malaya and
China; in the Peninsula Perak and Kelantan to Johore, not
very common.

Setaria rubiginosa, Beauv. Batang Berjuntai; Rantau
Panjang; Ulu Gombak. A tufted grass of Trop. Asia; in
the Peninsula common in waste ground.

Tricholena rosea, Nees. Batu Caves; Klang Gates. A
tufted grass of Africa; introduced into the Peninsula about
1901, and now established in ee and Negri Sembilan,
and in parts of Perak.

Isachne australis, R. Br. Ampang; K. Lumpur; Pudu;
Seminyih. A grass of Indo-Australia; in the Peninsula
common in damp grassy places from Taiping and Trengganu
to Singapore.

Isachne semitalis, Ridl. Batang Berjuntai; Petaling;
Rantau Panjang; Rawang. A creeping grass of Borneo; in
the Peninsula not uncommon in wet places.

Eriachne pallescens, Br. Klang Gates (Ridley, Fox-
worthy and Burkill). <A grass of Indo-Australia and China;
in the Peninsula common in open dry places.

Phragmites communis, Trin. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
tall grass of Africa and Trop. Asia to Australia; in the Pen-
insula common on riverbanks.

Thysanolena agrostis, Nees. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A large tufted grass of India to New Guinea; in the Pen-
insula Penang to Negri Sembilan, common in dry places.

359

Spherocaryum elegans, Nees. Batang Berjuntai; K.
Lumpur; Ulu Gombak. A small grass of Indo-China; in the
Peninsula common in wet places from Taiping to Singapore.

Zoysia pungens, Willd. K. Lumpur (Md. Nur). A
small grass of the tropics of the Old World; in the Peninsula
common in damp places.

| Sporolobus diander, Beauv. K. Lumpur; Pudu; Se-
minyih; Ulu Gombak. A grass of Trop. Asia and Australia;
in the Peninsula common in dry places.

Sporolobus indicus, Br. K. Lumpur; Pudu; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A grass, pantropic; in the Peninsula Penang
to Singapore in dry places.

Eragrostis amabilis, Wight & Arn. Ampang; Batang
Berjuntai; K. Lumpur; Pudu; Rantau Panjang; Seminyih;
Ulu Gombak. A grass of Trop. Africa and Trop. Asia; in
the Peninsula very common in waste ground.

Eragrostis elegantula, Stewd. Ampang; K. Lumpur;
Pudu. A grass of India to 8. China, Borna and the Philip-
pines; in the Peninsula common in damp places.

Eragrostis elongata Jacq. K. Lumpur (Hume, Ridley).
A grass of Trop. Asia to Australia; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground.

Eragrostis malayana, Stapf. Ulu Gombak; Weld’s Hill.
A grass of Bangka and Borneo; in the Peninsula not common
in waste ground, Taiping to Singapore.

Eragrostis pilosa, Beawv. Batu Caves (Ridley). A
pantropic grass, not uncommon in the Peninsula by road-
sides.

Eragrostis tenella, Rem. & Schultes. Pudu (Hume}.
A grass of Trop. Africa and Asia; in the Peninsula common
in waste ground .

Cynodon dactylon, Pers. K. Lumpur, common. A
creeping grass, pantropic; in the Peninsula common in open
places.

Eleusine indica, Gaertn. Ampang; Klang Gates; Pudu;
Seminyih ; Ulu Gombak. A grass, pantropic; in the Pen-
insula very common in waste ground.

_ Dactyloctenium exgypticum, Willd. Ampang; Batu
‘Piga: K. Lumpur. A grass, pantropic, not very common in
the Peninsula in sandy places.

Oryza Jatifolia, Desv. Ampang (Hume). A grass of
Trop. America, Africa and Asia; in the Peninsula Kedah,
Perak, Johore, in wet places.

Oryza Ridleyi, Hook. fil. Kajang Road (Ridley). A
grass of Borneo; in the Peninsula in wet places from Perak
to Johore.

560

Leersia hexandra, Sw. Ampang; K. Lumpur. A pan-
tropic grass, common in the Peninsula in swamps.

Centotheca lappacea, Desv. Batang Berjuntai; Rantau
Panjang; Seminyih; Ulu Gombak. A, tall grass of the
tropics of the Old World; in Peninsula common in forest.

Lophatherum gracile, Brngn. Batang Berjuntai; Ran-
tau Panjang; Seminyih. A grass of Trop. Asia; in the
Peninsula common in forest.

Leptaspis urceolata, Br. Batu Caves; Klang Gates; K.
Lumpur; Seminyih. A _ grass of Indo-Malaya to New
Guinea; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Gigantochloa Scortechinii, Gamble. Near Batu Caves
(Ridley). A bamboo, endemic, Upper Perak to Selangor
and Pahang.

Oxytenanthera sinuata, Gamble. Ulu Gombak (Hume).
A slender bambso of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula not com-
mon, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Johore.

Dendrecalamus pendulus, Ridl. Ulu Gombak (Burkill,
Hume). A tall bamboo, endemic, Upper Perak to Negri
Sembilan.

Schizostachyum aciculare, Gamble. Batu Tiga; Ulu
Gombak. A small bamboo of Sumatra and Borneo; in the
Peninsula Dindings, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negri Sem-
bilan.

Schizostachyum ?subcordatum, Ridl. Ulu Gonmibak
(Hume 8908).

CULTIVATED GRAMINEZ.

Bambusa nana, Roxb. Cultivated for hedges. A small
bamboo of China and Japan; in the Peninsula extensively
cultivated.

Bambusa vulgaris, Schrad. K. Lumpur. A bamboo of
India, often culfivated in the Peninsula.

Coix lachryme-Jobi, Linn. (Job’s tears). K. Lum-
pur; Serdang Experimental Plantation. <A tall grass of
Trop. Asia; in the Peninsula commonly cultivated and occur-
ring as an escape.

Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf. (Lemon grass). K.
Lumpur; Serdang Experimental Plantation. A tufted grass
of uncertain origin, widely cultivated in Indo-Malaya.

Cymborozon Nardus, Rendle. (Citronella grass). K.
Lumpur; Serdang Experimental Plantation. <A tufted grass
of ? Ceylon, cultivated in Africa, Asia and Australia.

Oryza gativa, Linn. (Rice). A tall grass, native of
India, cultivated in the Peninsula as it is in most tropics
and subtropics.

361

Panicum maximum, Jacq. (Guinea grass). Cultivated;
near Klang Gates (Ridley). A tall grass of Africa; in
the Peninsula, cultivated for horse fodder.

Saccharum officinarum, Linn. (Sugar cane). A tall
grass of unknown origin, cultivated in all tropical countries.

Zea Mays, Linn. (Maize). A grass of Mexico, cul-
tivated in most temperate and tropical countries.

GNETACEZ.

Gnetum brunonianum, Griff. Klang Gates; Seminyih;
Sungai Buloh; Ulu Gombak. A shrub of Tenasserim and
Borneo; in the Peninsula common in forest.

Gnetum Kingianum, Gamble. Ulu Gombak (Forest
Dept.). A liane, endemic, common in forest from Penang
to Singapore.

Gnetum longispicum, Ridl. Rawang (Ridley). A clim-
ber, endemic, not common in forest, Perak, Selangor, Pahang,
Johore.

Gnetum tenuifolium, Ridl. K. Lumpur (Ridley). A
climber of Lower Siam; in the Peninsula common in forest
north of Malacca.

CONIFER.

Agathis alba, Foxworthy. Ulu Gombak (Hume). A
lofty tree of W. Malaysia to the Philippines and Indo-China;
in the Peninsula Kedah, Penang, Perak, Pahang.

Podocarpus Blumei, Endl. Ampang (Forest Dept.). A
tree of Java to New Guinea; in the Peninsula Perak to
Singapore, sporadic in forest.

Note: Delete Digitaria chinensis, Hornem, from the list
Ridley’s specimen from Batu Caves is Cynedon
dactylon, Pers.

362
INDEX.

Family names in capitals; generic names in ordinary type ;
common names in italics.

PAGE.
Abroma—230
Abrus—240
Acacia—251, 252
Acalypha—823

ACANTHACE At—298

Achras—284
Acriopsis—336
Acroceras—357
Acronychia—234
Acrotrema—214
Acryanthes—305
Acrymia—304
Actephila—316
Actinodaphne—312
Adenia—264
Adenoncos—2138, 334
Adenosacme—271
Adenosma—294
Adenostema—278
Adina—267
Adinandra—225
Adinanthera—250
Adinobotrys—247
Aegele—234
Aeschynanthus—295
Afzelia—250
Aganosma—259
Agathis—361
Agave—342
Agelaea—246
Ageratum—278
Aglaia—237, 238
Aglaonema—350
Agrostistachys—321
Agrostophyllum—333
Alangium—267
Albizzia—252
Aleisanthia—213, 268
Aleurites—323
ALISMACE At—345
Alilamanda—289
Allomorphia—259
Allophylus—242
Alocasia—350

PAGE,
Alphonsea—219
Alpinia—339
Alseodaphne—311
Alsodeia—221
Alstonia—213, 288
Alternanthera—305
Alysicarpus—248

. Alyxia—287

AMARANTACE 4.—305
Amaranthus—305
AMARYLLIDACEA)—341
Amomum—338
Amoora—237
Amorphophallus—349
AMPELIDACEA—241 *
ANACARDIACEAW—244
Anacardium—245
Anadendrum—351
Ananas—341
Anaxagorea—217
Andrachne—316
Aneilema—345
Anerincleistus—259
Angelonia—295
Angsena—253
Anisomeles—304
Anisophyllwz2a—254
ANISOPHYLLZACEA—254
Anisoptera—227
Anoectochilus—337
Anona—219
ANONACEA—215
Anplectrum—261
Anthocephalus—267
Antiaris—327
Antidesma—318
Antigonon—306
Antistrophe—282
Apama—306
Aphanamixis—237

A phania—243
Aphyllorchis—336
APOCYNACE Ai—286
Aporosa—319

PAGE.
Aporuellia—299
Apostasia—341
APOSTASIACEAt—341
Appendicula—336
Aquilaria—314
ARACEA—349
Arachis—252
Aralia—266
ARALIACE A1—266
Aralidium—267
Archytea—226
Ardisia—213, 281
Areca—349
Arenga—349
Argostemma—213, 268
Arisaema—349
Aristolochia—306
ARISTOLOCHIACE At—306
Arnotto—228
Arrow-root—340
Artabotrys—216, 219
Arthrophyllum—266
Artocarpus—827, 329
Arundina—337
Arytera—243
ASCLEPIADACEAt—290
Asclepias—290
Ascochilus—335
Aspidopterys—233
Aulocodiscus—271
Averrhoa—233
Avocado Pear—813
Axonopus—357

Baccaurea—319, 323
Baeckia—255

Bael fruit—234
Balanocarpus—228
Balanophora—315
BALANOPHORACEAt—315
BALSAMINACE 4\—234
Bambusa—360
Banana—341
Barclaya—220
Barleria—300 ©
Barringtonia—258
Bassia—283
Bauhinia—249, 252
Beaumontia—289
Becheria—268

363

PAGE.
Begonia—213, 265
BEGONIACE 40—265
Beilschmiedia—310

Belimbing—233

se *Benincasa—265
“ Berrya—232

Bertholletia—258
Betel-nut—349
Bidens—278
Bignonia—297
BIGNONIACEAt— 297
Bixa—228

BIXACE Ai—228
Black pepper—308
Blastus—2138, 259
Blumea—279
Blumeodendron—323
Boea—213, 296
Boehmeria—329
Bombax—229
Bonnaya—295
BORAGINACE AA—292
Borreria—213, 277
Boschia—229
Rouea—245
Bougainvillea—305
Bow-string Hemp—341
Brachiaria—357
Brachylophon—233
Brassiopsis—213, 267
Brazil-nut—258
Breadfruit tree—329
Breynia—317
Bridelia—315
BROMELIACEA:—341
Bromheadia—334
Brucea—235
Brunsfelsia—294
Buchanania—244
Bulbophyllum—3832
Bulbostylis—354
Bullock’s Heart—219
Burmannia—342

BURMANNIACEAt—342

BURSERACE A—235
Butter fruit—285
Byttneria—230

CACTACE At—266
Caesalpinia—252

PAGE.
Calabash tree—298
Calamus—347
Calanthe—333
Callicarpa—301
Calophanoides—300
Calophyllum—224
CAMPANULACEA—280
Camptandra—338
Campnosperma—245
Canangium—219
Canarium—235
Candle-nut—323
Canna—340
CANNACE 4—340
Canscora—292
Canthium—275
CAPPARIDACEA:\—220
Capparis—220
Capsicum—293
Carallia—212, 254
Carambola—233
Carica—264
Caryota—340
Casearia—263
Cashew-nut—245
Cassia—248, 252
Castanopsis—331
Castor-oil plant—324
Casuarina—330
Ceara Rubber—324
CELASTRACEA—239
Celosia—305
Centotheca—360
Centrosema—252
Cephaelis—276
Ceratolobus—347
Ceratostylis—333
Cerbera—289
Chaillettia—238
CHAILLETIACE A.—238
Champereia—315
Chasalia—276
Chaulmoogra—224

Chaulmoogra, Burmese—224

Chempaka—215
Chempaka, white—215
Chiku—284
Chilocarpus—286
Chirita—296
Chisocheton—236

364

PAGE.
CHLORANTHACEA—308
Chloranthus—308
Chrysophyllum—283
Chrysopogon—356
Cicca—323
Cinnamomum—311, 313
Cinnamon—3138
Cissampelos—220
Citronella grass—860
Citrulus—265
Citrus—234
Claderia—334
Claoxylon—321
Cleistanthus—315
Clerodendron—3800, 303
Clitoria—247
Clove—258
Clusia—225
Cnestis—246
Cocaine—233
Coccomelia—253 7
“ Cock’s comb ”—305
Cocoa—231
Coconut Palm—349
Cocos—349
Codiaeum—323
Coelodiscus—321
Coelogyne—334
Coelorrhachis—356
Coelostegia—229
Coffea—274, 278
Coffee—278
Coix—360
Cola—231
Coleus—304
Colocasia—350
COMBRETACE At—254
Combretum—255
Commelina—344
COMMELINACE AL —344
Commersonia—231
COMPOSIT A—278
Congea—303
CONIFERA—361
CONNARACE A— 246
Connarus—246
Connaropsis—233
Conocephalus—328
CON VOLVULACEAA—292
Coptosapelta—268

PAGE.
Corchorus—232
Cordyline—344
CORNACEA—267
Corymbis—337
Cosmos—280
Costus—338
Crataeva—220
Cratoxylon—223
Cream fruit—289
Crepis—280
Crescentia—292
Crotolaria—247
Croton—320, 323
Crudia—250
Crypteronia—262
Cryptocarya—2138, 310
Ctenolophon—238
Cucumber—265
Cucumis—265
Cucurbita—265
CUCURBITACEA\—264
CUPULIFERA—330
Curanga—294
Curculigo—3841
Curcuma—340
Custard apple—219
Cyanotis—345
Cyathostemma—215
Cyathula—305
Cymbopogon—360
Cynodon—3859, 361
Cynometra—250
CY PERACE A—352
Cyperus—353
Cypripedium—337
Cyrtandra—297
Cyrtandromoea—297
Cyrtococcum—358
Cyrtophyllum—291
Cyrtostachys—349

Dactyloctenium—359
Daemonorops—347
Dalbergia—247
Daphniphyllum—319
Datura—294
Debregeasia—829
Decaspermum—255
Dehaasia—213, 310
Delima—214

365

PAGE.
Dendrobium—332
Dendrocalamus—360
Dendrocolla—336
Derris—248
Desmodium—248, 252
Desmos—216
Dialium—249
Dianella—343
Didissandra—213, 295
Didymocarpus—213, 296
Didymosperma—346
Digitaria—356, 361
Dillenia—214
DILLENIACEA0—214
Dioclea—247
Dioscorea—342
DIOSCOREACEA.—342
Diospyros—284, 285
Dipladenia—289
Diplanthera—297
Diplospora—272

DIPTEROCARPACEAI—226

Dipterocarpus—226
Dischidia—291
Dissochaeta—260
Donax—340
Dracaena—343
Dracontomelum—245
Drepananthus—212, 215
Dryobalanops—226
Drypetes—318
Dyera—288
Dysophylla—304
Dysoxylum—237
Duranta—303
Durian—229
Durio—229

EBENACE A.—284
Echinochloa—357

’ Eclipta—279

Eichhornia—344
Elaeis—349
Elaeocarpus—231
Elateriospermum—320
Elatostemma—329
Eleocharis—354
Elephantopus—278
Elettariopsis—339
Eleusine-——359

PAGE.
Ellipanthus—246
Elytranthe—314
Embelia—281
Emilia—279
Endiandra—811
Endospermum—323
Entada—251
Enterolobium—252
Epigynum—289
Epipremnopsis—351
Epripinus—321
Epirhizanthes—221
Epithema—296
Eragrostis—359
Erechthites—279
Eria—333
Friachne—358
FRICACEAD—280
Prigeron—280
ERIOCAULACEA0—352
Friocaulon—352
Eriochloa—357
Kriodendron—229
Erioglossum—243
Ervatamia—287, 289
Erycibe—292
Eryngium—266
Erythrina—252
Erythropsis—230
Erythroxylon—233
Fugeissonia—347
Kugenia—212, 255, 258
Eulalia—213, 356
Eulophia—334
Fuonymus—240
Fuphorbia—315, 324
FUPHORBIACEA—315
Eurya—225
Eurycoma—235
Evodia—234
E-xcoecaria—324

Fagraea—291
Faradaya—303
Feronia—235
FICODEA.—266
Ficus—324, 329
Fimbristylis—354

F lacourtia—223
FLACOURTIACE A—223

566

PAGE.
Flageliaria—345
FLAGELLARIACEA—3

Flame of the Forest—253

Flemingia—247
Fleurya—328
Floscopa—345
Forestia—345
Frangipanni—289
Freycinetia—213, 349
Furcroea—342
Furiena—354

Gaertnera—292
Gahnia—354
Galearia—213, 320
Galeola—336
Garcinia—224, 225
Gardenia—272, 278
Gardeniopsis—274
Gastrochilus—213, 338
Gendarussa—300
GENTIANACE At—292
Geophila—276
GESNERACE A2-—295
Geunsia—301

Giant Mimosa—252
Gigantochloa—360
Gingelly-oil plant—298
Ginger—340
Gironniera—324
Globba—337
Glochidion—316
Gloriosa—344
Gluta—244
Glycosmis—234
Glyptopetalum—240
GNETACEA—361
metum—361
Gomphandra—212, 239
Gomphia—235
Gomphostemma—304

~ Goniothalamus—217

Gonocaryum—239
GONOSTY LACE A—232
Gonostylus—232
Gordonia—226
Gouania—240
Gourd—265

Gourd, bottle—265
Gourd, wax—265

_—

eT See ee

~~ ae

_—s

i. . ee

a ee

PAG.
GRAMINEA—3855
Grammatophyllum—334
Granadilla—264
Graptophyllum—300
Greenia—268
Grewia—231
Groundnut—252
Guava—259
Guinea grass—361
Gutta Percha—284
GUTTIFERAt—224
Gymnacranthera—309
Gymnopetalum—264
Gymnosiphon—342
Gymnostachyum—299
Gynandropsis—220
Gynocthodes—275
Gynotroches—254
Gynura—279

HAEMODORACEA—341

HAMAMELIDACEAt—254

Haricot bean—253
Harmandia—238
Hedychium—340
Ifedyotis—270
Helicia—3214
Heliotropium—292
Hemigymnia—357
Hemp, Bow-string—341
Hemp, Manila—341
Hemp, Mauwritius—342
Hemp, Sisal—3842
Henna—263
Henslowia—315
Hernandia—314
HERNANDIACEA—314
Herpestis—294
Heterostemma—290
Hevea—3824
Hibiscus—228, 229
Hippocratea—240
Hiptage—233
Hodgsonia—264
Holmskioldia—303
Homalanthus—8238
Homalium—263
Homalomena—350
Honckenya—232 3
Honolulu creeper—s806

367

PAGE,
Hopea—228
Hornstedtia—338
Horsfieldia—308
Hoya—213, 290
Hullettia—328
Hunteria—287

Hydnocarpus—212, 223, 224
HYDROCHARIDACEAI—331

Hydrocotyle—266
Hygrophila—299

HY PERICACE AX—222
Hypericum—22?2
Hypolytrum—355
Hyptis—303

Ichnanthus—357
Icicaster—2Z36
Iguanura—346
Ilex—239
ILICACEAS
Ilhigera—314
Impatiens—212, 234
Imperata—355
Indigofera—252
Ipecachuanha—278
Ipomoea—293
TRIDACEA—341
Irvingia—235
Tsachne—358
Ischnocarpus—288
Ixonanthes—233
Ixora—273, 278

239

Jacaranda—298
Jack-fruit—329
Jackia—273
Jacobinia—300
Jambu—258
Jambu ayer—258
Jasminum—286
Jatropha—324
Job’s tears—360
Jujube—240
Jussiaea——263
Justicia—213, 300
Jute—232

Kempferia—340
Kapok—229
’ Kayea—225

PAGE.
Kibara—310
Knema—3809
Kola nut—231
Koompassia—249
Kopsia—287
Korthalsia—348
Kurrimia—240
Kwimi—246
Kyllinga—352

LABIATA—303
Labisia—281
Lactuca—280
Lady’s fingers—229
Lagenaria—265
Lagerstreemia—262
Lallang—355
Lansium—238
Lantana—301
Laportea—328
Lasia—352
Lasianthus—276
LAURACEA—310
Lawsonia—263
Lecananthus—271
Lecanorchis—336
Leea—242
Leersia—360
LEGNOTIDACEA.—254
LEGUMINOSAt—246
Lemna—352
LEMNACEA—3252
Lemon grass—860

LENTIBULARIACEAI—295

Leonurus—304
Lepidagathis—299
Lepionurus—315
Lepisanthes—243
Lepistemon—293
Leptaspis—360
Leptonychia—231
Lettsomia—292
Leucaena—251
Leucas—304
Leuconotis—287
Leucostegane—250
Licuala—346
LILIACEAX—343
Limacia—220
Lime—235

368

PAGE,
Limnanthemum—292
Limnophila—294
LINACEAt—232
Lindera—313
Linociera—213, 286
Liparis—332
Liphocarpa—354
Lippia—301
Litsea—312
Livistona—346
Lobelia—280
LOBELIACEA—280
Lochnera—289
LOGANIACEA— 291
Longetia—318
Loofa—265
Lophatherum—3860
Lophopetalum—240
Lophopyxis—239
LORANTHACEA—314
Loranthus—314
LOWIACEA— 840
Loxanthera—314
Lucinaea—270
Lucuma—283
Ludwigia—263
Luffa—265
LYTHRACEAU—262

Macaranga—2138, 322
Madhuca—283
Maesa—281
MAGNOLIACEA—215
Maize—361
Mallotus—821
Malpighia—233
MALPIGHIACEA—233
MALVACEA—228
Mangifera—244, 246
Mango—246
Mangosteen—225
Manihot—324

Manila hemp—341
Mapania—355
Maranta—340
MARANTACEA—340
Mariscus—353
Marsdenia—290
Marumia—260
Matthaea—310

PAGE.
Mauritius hemp—342
Medinilla—261
Melaleuca—255
Melanochyla—245
Melanolepis—321
Melanorrhoea—244
Melastoma—259
MELASTOMATACEA—259
Melia—238
MELIACE 4) —236
Meliosma—244
Melochia—230
Melodorum—218
Melothria—264
Memecylon—261
MENISPERMACEAX—219
Mentha—304
Merremia—293
Merrillia—234
Mesua—225
Metroxylon—349
Mezoneuron—250
Mezzettia—219
Michelia—215
Micrechites—289
Microdesmis—320
Micromelum—234
Microsaccus—335
Microstemon—245
Microtropis—239
Millettia—247
Mimosa—251, 252
Mimusops—284
Mischocarpus—243
Mitragyne—267
Mitrephora—218
Mollugo—266
‘\Lomordica—264
MONIMIACEA—310
Monophyllaea—296
Morinda—274
Morus—330
Mucuna—247
Mulberry—330
Muntingia—231
Murraya—235
Musa—340
MUSACEA—340
Mussaenda—271, 278
Mycetia—271

369

PAGE,
Myristica—309, 310
MYRISTICACEA—308
MYRSINACEA—281
Mvrsine—281
MYRTACEA—255

NAIADACEAS—3845
Naias—345
Napeodendron—212, 243
Naravelia—214
Nauclea—267
Neesia—229

Nenga—346
Neolitsea—313
Neonauclea—267

Nepal trumpet flower—289
NEPENTHACEA—306
Nepenthes—306
Nephelium—243, 244
Nerium—289
Neuropeltis—293
Nicotianum—294
Norrisia—291
Nothaphoebe—311
Nutmeg—310
NYCTAGINACEA—305
NYMPHAACE A—220

Obcronia—213, 331
Ochanostachys—238
Ochna—235
OCHNACE A— 235
Ochrosia—289
Ochthocharis—259
Ocimum—304

Oil palm—349
OLACACEA—238
Oldenlandia—270
Olea—286
OLEACEA—286
ONAGRACE A —263
Ophiorrhiza—213, 269
OPILIACEA—815
Oplismenus—357
Opuntia—266
Orange—234
ORCHIDACEA—331
Orchidantha—340
Oreodoxa—349
Ormosia—248

PAGE,
Orophea—217
Oroxylum—297
Oryza—359, 360
Osmelia—263
Otophora—243
Ottelia—331
OXALIDACEA—233
Oxalis—233
Cxymitra—218
Oxytenanthera—360

Pachychlamys—228
Pachynocarpus—228
Paederia—277
Palaquium—283, 284
PALMA\—346
PANDANACEA—349
Pandanus—2138, 349
Pangium—223
Panicum—357, 361
Papaya—264
Paphiopedilum—337
Parameria—288
Parkia—252
Paropsia—264
Pasania—330
Paspalum—3857
Passiflora—263, 264
PASSIFLORACEA—263
Patchouli—305
Pavetta—213, 273
Payena—283, 284
PEDALINACEA—298
Peliosanthes—343
Pellacalyx—254
Pellionia—329
Peltophorum—253
Pentace—231
Pentaphragma—280
Pentasacme—290
Pentaspadon—245 é
Peperomia—306
Pergularia—290
Pericampylus—220
Peristrophe—300
Peronema—303
Persea—313
Petunga—272
Phaeanthus—219
Phaeomeria—339

370

PAGE.
Phaius—334
Phaseolus—253
Phaulanthus—259
Phoebe—311
Pholidocarpus—3846
Pholidota—334
Phragmites—358
Phreatia—333
Phrynium—340
Phyllagathis—260
Phyllanthus—213, 316
Physalis—293 +
Phytocrene—239 a
Pigeon orchid—332
Pilea—3828
Pimelodendron—328
Pinanga—346
Pineapple—341
Piper—307
PIPERACE AS—306
Piptospatha—351
Pipturus—3829
Pithecolobium—251, 253
PITTOSPOREACEA—221
Pittosporum—221
Plagiostachys—339
PLANTAGINEACE A1—281
Plantago—281
Plantain—341
Platyclinis—332
Plectocomia—348
Plectocomiopsis—2138, 348
Plocoglottis—334
PLUMBAGINACEA\—280
Plumbago—280
Plumiera—289
Podocarpus—361
Pogonanthera—261
Pogostemon—304, 305
Poinciana—253
Poinsettia—324
Pollia—344-
Polyalthia—212, 216, 219
Polygala—221
POLYGALACEA—?21
POLYGONACEA—305
Polygonum—3805

‘Polyosma—254

Polytrema—300
Pometia—243

PAGE.
Pongamia—247
PONTEDERIACEA—344
Popowia—218
Porana—293
Portulaca—222
PORTULACACE 4 —222
Pothos—218, 352
Pottsia—288
Pouzolzia—329
Premna—301
Preptanthe—334
Pride of India—262
Procris—329
PROTEACEA—314

Pseuderanthemum—213, 299

Pseudo—eugenia—258
Psidium—259
Psychotria—213, 275, 278
Pterisanthes—242
Pternandra—261
Pterocarpus—253
Pterocymbium—230
Pterospermum—230
Ptychopyxis—322
Ptyssiglottis—213, 300
Pueraria—247
Pulasan—244
Pumelo—234
Pumpkin—265
Purging nut—324
Pycreus—353
Pygeum—253
Pyrenaria—226

Quamoclit—293
Quisqualis—255

Radermachera—297
Rain tree—252
Rambutan—244
Ramie—329
Ranalisma—2138, 345
Randia—272
RANUNCULACEA—214
Raphidophora—213, 351
Rauwolfia—287
Ravenala—341
Rennellia—275
RHAMNACEAt—240
Rhodamnia—255

371

PAGE.
Rhododendron—280
Rhodoleia—254
Rhodomyrtus—255
Rhyncospora—354
Rice—360
Ricinus—324
ROSACEAI—253
Roselle—229
Roucheria—232
Roupellia—289
Rourea—246
Roureopsis—246
Royal palm—349
Rubber—324
RUBIACE Ai—267
Rubus—253
Ruellia—299
RUTACEA—234
Ryparosa—223
SABIACEH #—244
Saccharum—356, 361
Sacciolepis—358
Saccolabium—213, 335
Sagittaria—345
Sago palm—349
Salacia—240
SALICINACEA—331
Salix—331
Salomonia—221
Salvia—305
SAMY DACEAI—263
Sanchezia—300
Sanseviera—341
SANTALACEA—315
Santiria—236 .
SAPINDACE A—242
Sapium—323
SAPOTACE At—283
Saprosma—277
Saraca—250.
Sarcochilus—335
Saurauia—226
Sauropus—213, 318
SAXIFRAGACE At—254
Scaphium—230
Seaphocalyx—223
Schefflera—266
Schismatoglottis—351
Schizostachyum—360
Scindapsus—351

PAGE.
Scirpus—354
Scleria—355
Scoparia—295

SCROPULARIACEA1—294

Sealing-wxa palm—349
Semecarpus—245
Sensitive plant—349
Sesamum—298
Setaria—358
Shorea—227

Sida—228
Sideroxylon—283
SIMARUBACEAX—235
Sindora—250

Sisal hemp—342
Sloetia—324
Smilax—344
SOLANACEA—293
Solanum—293
Sonerila—213, 259
Soursop—219
Sparganophorus—278
Spathodea—298
Spathoglottis—333 ~
Spermacoce—278
Sphaerocaryum—359
Sphenodesme—308 —
Sporolobus—359
Stachyphrynium—340
Stachytarpheta—301, 303
STAPHYLACEA—244
Stauranthera—297
Staurogyne—298
Stemonurus—239
Stenomeris—342
Etephania—220
Sterculia—229
STERCULIACEA—229
Stereospermum—298
Striga—295
Strombosia—238
Strophanthus—288, 289
Strychnos—291
Stylocoryna—274
STYRACACEA—285
Styrax—285

Sugar cane—361
Sugar palm—349
Susum—345
Symplocos—285

372

PAGE.
Synedrella—279
Sweet potato—293
Swintonia—244

Tacca—342
TACCACEA—342
Taeniophyllum—335
Talauma—215
Tamarind—253
Tamarindus—253
Tapioca—324
Taraktogenos—-223, 224 .
Tarenna—213, 273
Tarrietia—230

T eak—303
Tectona—303
Tephrosia—247
Terminalia—254, 255
TERNSTROEMIACEA—225
Tetracera—214
Thelasis—336
Themeda—356
Theobroma—231
Thismia—342
Thottea—306
Thrixspermum—2138, 335
Thunbergia—298, 301
THYMELACEA—214
Thysanolaena—358
TILIACEA—231
Timonius—274
Tinomiscium—219
Tinospora—220

T obacco—294
Torenia—294
Tournefortia—292
Toxocarpus—290
Travellers’ palm—841
Trema—324
Trevesia—266
Trichoglottis—335
Tricholaena—358
Trichosanthes—264
Trichotosia—333
Trigoniastrum—222
Trigonostemon—2138, 321
Trimezia—341
Triomma—235
Triphasia—235
Tristellateia—233

aaa

PAGE,
Tropidia—3837
Tupistra—343
Turmeric—340
Turnera—263
TURNERACEA—263
Turpinia—244
Turraea—236
Tylophora—290
Typhonium—349

UMBELLIFERA—266
Uncaria—267
Uraria—248
Urceola—288
Urena—228
Urophyllum—213, 271
URTICACEA—324
Utricularia—295
Uvaria—215

VACCINIACEA—280
Vaccinium—280
Vallaris—288
Vanda—337
Vandellia—294
Vanilla—337
Vatica—228
Ventilago—240
VERBENACEA—301
Vernonia—279
Vigna—247

373

PAGE.
Villebrunea—329
VIOLACEAi— 221
Vitex—302
Vitis—241
Vrydagzynea—337

Walsura—238

“Water Hyacinth ”—344
W ater-melon—265
Wikstroemia—314
Willughbeia—286
Wolfia—352

Wood Apple—235
Wormia—214
Wrightia—288

Xanthophyllum—222
Xerospermum—243
Xylopia—219

Yam—343

ZLalacca—347
Zanonia—265

Zea—361

Zeuxine—337
Zingiber—3838, 340
ZINGIBERACEA.—337
Zizyphus—240 :
ZLoysia—359

a

Fest

Departmental Notices.

A list of plants which can be purchased at the Botanic — ;

Gardens, in Singapore and in Penang, can be had upon
application. The same list appears at intervals in the
Government Gazette,

The Gardens’ Bulletin is published as material becomes
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: ’ Bulletin |

STRAITS § SETTLEMENTS

CONTENTS.
PAGE |

Borsa fs 3" Sau 316 |
ih Nee species ob Pec, oe the M lalay Peninsula, ae
Po by, Rea Rr dtoleeam ree * 408
Additions to the’ Flora’ ‘of the Malay Peninsula, |
men RS ee M. igs nan and C. &. Furtado PN ae

oo Nea 416

Palagaiuim stellatum, ‘King eer Gamble, by C. x a

Bey Furtado” ip LL tau 419
Bou Species of Neesia i in the Malay Peninsula, by C. x.

Beith: . Furtado | | 421
oe Anisophyllea Gauidichaudiana, Baill, is A. grandis

Bi hfe, _ Benth,, ae HL yan: saris? 426

| nn 427

428

fall i in te Biante. Ganteay Singapore, 1927 430

" of Rainfall, 1927 ae whys 432

433

THE

GARDENS’ BULLETIN

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

Vol. IV. Nos. 11 & 12.

ON SOME FERNS FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA

By Carl Christensen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

From Mr. R. E. Holttum, Director of the Botanic
Gardens, Singapore, I have received in 1926 and 1927 two
lots of duplicate specimens of ferns from the Peninsula. The
specimens were of extraordinary interest to me, because I
am now engaged in the determination of three very large
collections of ferns from Borneo, in connection with a critical
revision of the whole fern-flora of that large island, based on
examination of type specimens received on loan from the
leading herbaria in Europe and America. It soon became
clear to me that the fern floras of Borneo and the Malay
Peninsula are very intimately related, having a very large
number of species in common. I found that some of the
- specimens from the Peninsula so kindly sent by Mr. Holttum
were perfectly identical with others from Borneo, but in not
a few cases different names were given to them.

In July 1926 Mr. H. N. Ridley published his large paper,
“The Ferns of the Malay Peninsula” (Jowrn. Malayan
Branch, R. Asiatic Soc., 4, part 1), which work I have studied
with considerable interest. It appears that Mr. Ridley has
identified the great majority of his specimens at Kew, and
has in several cases without criticism adopted Beddome’s
species. All modern pteridologists agree in taking the
species in a narrower sense than Baker and Beddome, and
to me several of Ridley’s species are an assemblage of a
number of most distinct forms. On the other hand he has
adopted some of the species recently described by van
Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, who has described an immense
number of new species which are scarcely all well founded,
and not rarely identical with species previously described.
Unfortunately a large number of his new species are not
represented by authentic specimens in European herbaria,
even not in Leiden. and without examination of such speci-
mens it is in most cases rather impossible to know whether
his species are valid ones or not.

As a certain number of the species adopted by Mr.
Ridley were unknown to me, and others seemed to be wrongly

376

named, I asked Mr. Holttum to send me on loan specimens of
those species from ithe Singapore Botanic Gardens Her-
barium, and very kindly he did so.

Having thus had specimens of most species enumerated
in Mr. Ridley’s list, and having compared them with an
immense quantity of material from Borneo and with nu-
merous type specimens, I have been able to verify the deter-
minations, or in several cases give the species their right
names. In the present paper a part of my critical remarks
are published. It contains descriptions of a couple of new
species, the first record of several species for the Peninsula,
and a revision of some groups of closely related species.

Copenhagen, March 4th, 1928.

Hymenophyllum productum Kunze, Bot. Zeit., 1848, 305;
v..d. Bosch, HymuJay., 56; ph.45.

H. demissum Ridley p. 12 (pro parte?).

PERAK: Taiping Hill (Burkill 12836). PAHANG: G.
Kajang, P. Tioman (Henderson 18604).

The distinct species has by most authors been consi-
dered a “form” of the Australian H. demissum; it differs
from that species by its smaller size, more open habit and
especially by the slightly but distinctly crenately toothed
tips of the indusium valves. It is apparently a common
species through the Malayan region.

Hymenophyllum semifissum Copeland, Philipp. Journ.
Sci. 0, 1452 1915:

JOHORE: Gunong Panti (Holttum 18066).

Determined right'y by Mr. Holttum. The species, pre-
viously known from Borneo only, seems to be very distinct
by its subdimidiate pinnae with long linear entire secondary
segments, by the few but long brown hairs on the rachis and
the subtrichomanoid sori, the indusia cut half-way down
only with two acute valves and a long exserted receptacle.
It seems to be rather common in Sarawak, and may be con-
founded with two other species also common there, viz.
H. Bakeri Copel. (Trichomanes denticulatum Bak.) and
H. microchilum (Bak.) C. Chr. comb. nov. (Trichomanes
Bak.). The former differs by the serrated segments, the
latter especially by the indusia very slightly cleft with two
small valves and Jack of hairs. Both were referred by Baker
to Trichomanes, but the whole habit agrees much better with
Hymenophyllum; within this genus the three species form
a special little group. The two Bornean species probably
occur also in the Peninsula.

Hymenophyllum tunbridgense (L.) Sm.

To this species Ridley (p. 13) refers two specimens, not
seen by me; a third from Pahang (Henderson 18275) and so
named by Holttum is certainly not H. tunbridgense, but a
form of the very variable H, holochilum, near var. affine

Sf /

(v.d.B.). I do not believe that the true H. tunbridgense
occurs in the Malayan region.

Trichomanes sublimbatum K. Muell.

Specimens from Singapore (Bukit Timah), leg. Holttum
(10481) and by him named T. sublimbatum, agree with the
specimen from the same locality (Ridley 6684) which Ridley,
p. 15, referred to T. Henzaianum Parish. It is a pro-
portionally large form (leaves 2-3 cm. long), deeply pinnatifid
with about 4 linear oblong lobes on each side, in habit
recalling the American T. montanum Hook. Spurious veins
many, as in T. sublimbatum (cf. v. d. Bosch: Hym. Jav. pl.2)
but connected by an intramarginal continuous spurious vein,
which is not found in the genuine T. sublimbatum. The
determination is therefore not certain, but it is not, I think,
T. Henzaianum Parish, known by me from Hooker’s illustra-
tion (Cent. pl. 1) and certainly it is not a variety of T.
Motleyi, as suggested by Ridley. Holttum’s collection (no.
10481) contains several smaller fronds which no doubt are
typical T. sublimbatum with entire or slightly lobed blades,
without intramarginal vein, and mixed with them several
others of the larger, pinnatifid form. It is probable that
these two forms are states of one species, and may possibly
be formed on the same rhizome, which I have not, however,
observed, so I am not sure. If this hypothesis is wrong, I
should be inclined to consider the larger, pinnatifid form an
undescribed species. I have it also from Sumatra and
Borneo.

Trichomanes humile Forst., Prod., 84.

Crepidomanes humile v. d. Bosch, Hym. Jav., 16,
ple dA.
Trichomanes pyxidiferum pro parte, Ridley, p. 18.

SINGAPORE: Bukit Timah (Holttum 10482).

Easily distinguished from T. bipunctatum and the two
.ollowing species by the presence of a marginal spurious
vein, and by its thin texture.

Trichomanes brevipes (Pr.) Baker, Syn. Fil., 84. 1867.

Didymoglossum brevipes Presl, Hymenoph., 23,47.
1843.

Trichomanes melanorhizon Hook., Spec., 1,140.
1346..~,1¢.Piant.,-pl,..705.

Trichomanes recedens Rosenstock, Meded. Rijks
Herb; Leiden; -no. 11,2. 1912.

Trichomanes microlirion Copeland, Philipp. Journ.
Seis 10:C, 146.1915.

Trichomanes pyxidiferum pro parte, Ridley, p. 18.

SINGAPORE: (Ridley.) JOHORE: (Ridley 13473).

A beautiful series of specimens from Borneo, with
which these from the Malay Peninsula fully agree, have
convinced me that 7. brevipes is a distinct species, different

378

from T. bilabiatum, to which it has been referred (see Ind.
Fil.) and therefore forgotten and in recent time redescribed
as a new species by Rosenstock and Copeland. It differs
from T. bilabiatum by its light green colour, by the presence
of several short reddish hairs on rachis and ribs beneath,
by the short spurious veins in the parenchyma within the
submarginal one being very few or none, by the sori being
confined to the axils of the uppermost pinnae, which often
are very much reduced so that the sori sometimes form a
spike at the top of the frond, and by the valves of the
indusia being short, rounded, and at maturity reflexed.
T. pyxidiferum Ridley is partly this species, partly probably
T. bilabsatum and T. humile. The genuine T. pyxidiferuwm
L. is a West Indian species not found in the Old World.

Trichomanes bilabiatum Nees et BI., Nova Acta, 11,
123815413, tie.2.1o2o.

Didymoglossum laxum v.d. Bosch, Hym. Jav., 37, pl. 27.

I have seen no specimen of this species from the Malay
Peninsula, but as it occurs in most of the Malayan Islands
it certainly also may be found in the Peninsula. In habit
it resembles the former species; it is dark green, not so
conspicuously hairy, spurious short veins in the parenchyma
numerous, and the sori not confined to the axils of the upper
pinnae, several of the outer segments being often soriferous,
the valves of the indusium longer.

Trichomanes setaceum v. d. Bosch, Nederl. Kruidk.
Aren.; 5 (2); 876018082

Tr. setigerum Backh., Cat. 14. 1861 (not seen).
Moore, Gard. Chron., 1862, 45, sp. auth., Kew!

Tr. parviflorum auctt.; Ridley 20, not Poir.

Most specimens from Tropical Asia hitherto named T.
parviflorum (or T. foeniculaceum Bory) belong, I think, to
T. setaceum v. d. B. described from a specimen from
Singapore. It seems to be common in Borneo and may
easily be known from the other species of the section
Leptomanes by the ultimate filiform segments being connate
below, forming an undivided basal portion of the ultimate
pinnules. The true 7. parviflorum from the Mascarene
Islands has, as T. pluma and T. meifolium, the ultimate
pinnules cut to the midrib into filiform, terete segments, the
midribs of which are bordered by 1-3 rows of clear
parenchymatous cells, much as in T. gemmatum. The only
specimen by Ridley referred T. parviflorum (leg. Murton)
is to me T. setaceum. He cites this name as a synonym of
T. cupressoides Desv., which differs by its somewhat crisped
fronds and the secondary pinnules not being dissolved into
filiform segments, the ultimate veins being connate nearly
to the apex.

379

Alsophila Burbidgei Baker, Journ. Bot., 1879, 38.

m ? A. trichodesma Scort., Bedd., Journ. Bot., 1887,
il
tn Cyathea mollis Copel., Philipp. Journ. Sci., 12 C, 52.
ie
PERAK: Bujang Malacca (Herb. Bot. Gard. Singapore,
probably coll. Wray, s. n.; A. trichodesma). NEGRI
SEMBILAN: Bukit Tangga (Md. Nur, 11830).

The name A. Burbidgei was applied by Bishop Hose and
Dr. Christ to a Bornean species, which differs from the true
A. Burbidgei, from Sarawak (Burbidge, Kew!) by the
densely squamose stipe and rachis; it is, I believe, very nearly
the same as A. Margarethae Schwet. These large tree ferns
are usually very difficult to identify because most material in
the herbaria is fragmentary; this is the case with the type
specimens of A. Burbidgct and A. Margarethae (Herb.
Bonaparte, Paris).

The genuine A. Burbidgei, of which the stipe is un-
known to me, is a rather thin-leaved species with dark brown
or atropurpureous main rachis which shows no traces of
scales but is minutely scabrous from fallen hairs, above
densely and adpressedly pubescent. All its ribs beneath
densely hirsute by patent, rather soft, pluricellular hairs,
the costules with some few lanceolate brown scales and the
midribs of segments with a few whitish bullate scales
beneath. The pinnules are very shortly petiolulate, the

- segments subentire or crenate; sporangia mixed with some

long hairs.

The specimen from Negri Sembilan resembles very
closely Baker’s type, and the specimen from Perak, supposed
to be A. trichodesma Scort. is very nearly the same; its
rachis is lighter and still pubescent beneath, the pinnules
sessile, the segments distinctly crenately toothed, the hairs
stiffer, cylindrical, subulate, distinctly septate, very much
like those of A. margarethae, but all these differences seem
scarcely sufficient for the segregation of this form as a dis-
tinct species. According to Beddome its stipe is scaly at
base only. Cyathea mollis Copel. from British North Borneo
(Sandakan, Mrs. Clemens 9440, Herb. Copeland!) is, I
firmly believe, a less pubescent form of the same species.

Dryopteris pectiniformis n. sp.

Lastrea. Rhizome probably erect. Stipe stramineous,
shortly puberulous. Lamina ovate-elongate, acuminate,
herbaceous, 45 cm. long, 22 cm. wide, bipinnatifid. Rachis
densely but very shortly pubescent. Pinnae about 20 pairs,
sessile, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, acuminate,
the lower not reduced, the largest 11 cm. long, 1.8 cm. wide,
at distances of about 3.5 cm., patent, very regularly pecti-
nato-pinnatifid to a wing 1 mm. broad. Segments a little
oblique, separated by narrow sinuses, the basal ones of lower

380

pinnae reduced, the upper basal one of upper pinnae some-
what enlarged, medial ones oblong, acute, entire, 2mm. broad
Costae densely grayhairy on both sides, midribs and veins
sparsely pubescent, the underside densely glandular with
red, shining glands. Veins 7-8 jugate, simple. Sori medial
or a little inframedial, indusia large, rufous, persistent,
glabrous.

PERAK: without definite locality, leg. Bishop Hose.
(Type in Herb. Roland Bonaparte, Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris).

The specimen was distributed as Nephrodium graci-
lescens, and it was probably collected in the Taiping Hills;
other specimens from the same collection (Hose 293 ?) were
referred to that species by Ridley, p. 64. It differs from
D. gracilescens by larger size, finely glandular underside,
more densely and more shortly pubescent rachis and costae,
the large rufous-brown indusia, etc. The true D. graci-
lescens (Bl.) from Java is eglandulose, has obtuse segments,
supramedial sori, and is as a whole much smaller. A speci-
men from Perak, leg. Scortechini, referred by Ridley to
D. gracilescens, belongs rather to D. pectiniformis, agreeing
with the type in the acute segments and large indusia, but
it is without glands.

Dryopteris viscosa (J. Sm.) O. Kze.; C. Chr., Index.

Lastrea viscosa J. Sm., Ridley 65.

Nephrodium gymnopodum Baker, Trans. Linn.
soc.; ILS, Bot.,; 4; 252:

Dryopteris gymnopoda C. Chr., Index.

Lastrea Ridleyi Bedd., Kew Bull., 1909, 423.
Ridley 65.

Dryopteris Ridleyi C. Car., Ind. Suppl., 38, 1913.

Dryopteris athyriocarpa Copeland, Philipp. Journ.
Sci., 3 C, 344. 1909.

Dryopteris kinabaluensis Copel., 1. c., 12 C, 55.
1ST 7;

Having seen the type specimens of all these “ species ”
described as new in recent time, I am fully convinced that
they all must be referred to the old D. viscosa. They are
all fully identical as to all important characters; the dark
stipe, dark colour, more or less glandular surfaces, the
reflexed basal pinnae, venation, etc., varying somewhat in
indusium-characters and density of the glands. These are
as a rule dark-brown, like drops of gum, and may be found
on both surfaces, but evidenty they soon dry out and are
then scarcely perceptible. The indusia are generally per-
sistent, reniform or sub-hippocrepiform with a deep sinus,
rarely small as in a cotype specimen of L. Ridleyi Bedd.
(Ridley 7849), which was described as exindusiate; it is
identical with N. gymnopodum Bak. from Mt. Kinabalu,
British N. Borneo (Haviland 1486, Kew!). D. kinabaluensis
Copel. from the same mountain (Topping 1719, Herb.

381

Copeland!) is quite the same. D. athyriocarpa Copel. from
Sarawak, Bongo Range (Brooks and Hewitt, Herb. Cope-
land!) is a somewhat different form, evidently common in
Borneo, with subathyrioid indusia and the upper basal
segment lobed. Other forms occur in Sumatra; the whole
complex of forms is closely allied to D. gracilescens. Inti-
mately allied to D. viscosa is

Dryopteris Robinsonii (Ridley) C. Chr. comb. nov.

Lastrea Robinson Ridley, 65.

In general habit and colour it does not differ from L.
viscosa, but its pubescence is peculiar and it seems to be
distinct. The whole leaf is densely glanduloso-pubescent
with short hairs, those of the rachis and costae longer and
reddish. 'The surfaces are densely dotted with small whitish
spots, probably glands, that are dried out.

Dryopteris crassifolia (Bl.) O. Kze, and related species.

D. crassifolia is, as interpreted in Syn. Fil., by Beddome
and Ridley a composite species, including several distinct
forms, which I consider good species. In the large collec-
tions of Bornean ferns examined by me I find six or seven
species pertaining to this group, which presumably also
occur in the Malay Peninsula. This narrow group repre-
sents the American subgenus Steiropteris in Malaya, but
is probably not genetically related to it. All species are very
uniform in several characters, by which they differ essen-
tially from all other species of the genus. The fronds are
more or less coriaceous, when dried of a characteristic brown
colour, the lower pinnae distinctly stalked, the veins simple
and the basal ones connivent to the sinus, not truly united;
in most species an intermittent vein runs from the costa
between two segments to the sinus. It is a true vein, nota
carinate fold as found in Steiropteris. Indusia generally
large, but easily rubbed off. Rhizome (of all species?)
creeping, the lamina not narrowed below, often terminating
in a subdistinct pinnatifid end-pinna, yet not imparipinnate.
To this group must naturally be joined some few species
that differ from D. crassifolia and its immediate allies by
the densely scaly stipe and lower part of rachis. All these
species at present known to me may be distinguished by the
following key:

1. Stipe naked or scaly near base

only; rachis without scales or

practically so - - - esi’

Stipe and lower part of rachis

densely scaly with linear castan-

eous scales, or woolly - ~ - 6
2. Leaf papyraceous or chartaceous.

Pinnae about 2 cm. or less wide,

deeply incised to a wing to the

costa 1—2 mm. wide, the seg-

ments under 3 mm. in width; the

6.

382

posterior basal vein springs out
from the midrib or from the costa
close to the axil of the midrib,
reaching the edge just above the
bottom of the sinus, to which the
opposite anterior vein runs -

Leaf rigidly coriaceous. Pinnae
2—4 cm. wide, incised 1/2 to 2/3
of the way to the midrib, the seg-
ments 5—10 mm. broad; the
posterior basal vein springs out
from the costa 1—5 mm. from the
base of the midrib, often midway
between two midribs, and running
straight to the sinus, below which
it is connivent with the opposite
anterior vein : : =

Leaves small, rarely 25 cm. long
including the stipe, 4 cm. wide.
often much smaller - : =

Leaves much larger, 50—100 cm.
long, 25 cm. wide = 2

Leaf brown when dried; lower
pinnae shoit-stalked (stalks 1—2
mm.) ; rachis and costae beneath
shortly pubescent and furnished
with scattered linear brown
scales; edges of segments dis-
tinctly thickened - -

Leaf grey-green when dried;
lower pinnae on stalks 1—1.5 cm.
long; leaf practically glabrous
throughout, at best thickly pu-
berulous on rachis above and on
costae; scales few or none =

Sori subcostular or at least dis-
tinctly inframedial; costae with-
out scales beneath (?); pinnae
incised 3/4 of the way down, the
costal wing at best 5 mm. broad;
segments 5—7 mm. broad, falcate
Sori medial, sometimes supra-
medial; costae slightly scaly
beneath; pinnae incised about 1/2
way, the costal wing 8—10 mm.
broad; segments 8—10 mm. broad
Pinnae scarcely 2 em. broad; basal
veins both running from the base
of the midribs to the sinus; costae

D. Teuscheri
Vv: A. WR;
4

D. chlamydophora
Ros.

D. Beccariana
(Ces.) CC. Cnr.

D. crassifolia
(Bl) 0. Kaze.

D. Motleyana
(Hook.): C. Chr,

383

and veins beneath short-hairy;

indusia persistent - - - D. echinata

Pinnae 2—4 cm. broad; posterior (Mett.) O. Kze.

basal vein springing out from the

costa and meeting the opposite

anterior one below the sinus acrck
7. Costae above broadly suleate with

the edges of the furrow densely

bearded with brownish patent

hairs; leaf coriaceous, brownish

when dried - - - 8

Costae above narrowly suleate

antrorsely strigose with shorter

or longer hairs; leaf subcoriace- D. trichopoda

ous or rather thin, grey-green - Co Chr:

8. Costae and veins beneath sparsely

pubescent; indusia small or none

(?); rachis scaly in the lower D. Hallieri

part only ~ : (Christ) C. Chr.

Costae and veins densely villous:

indusia persistent, hirsute; rachis

scaly throughout . ~ - D. paleata Copel.

Dryopteris Teuscheri v. A. v. R., Bull. Dept. Agric. Ind.
Néerl., 18, 6. 1908. Mal. Ferns, 183.

To this species, known to me from description only, I
refer some specimens from Borneo and Sumatra which differ
from the other species of the group by their small size. The
largest leaf seen is 25 cm. long by 7 cm. wide, the stipe ex-
cluded, others much smaller, 10 cm. long by 2 cm. wide,
chartaceous, brownish when dried, glossy above, finely downy
and glandular beneath; rachis brownish, quadrangular,
rather densely and long-hairy above, glabrous beneath;
pinnae alternate, distinctly petiolate, (petioles 0.6—1 mm.
long) the basal ones somewhat reduced and often reflexed,
the medial ones the largest, 4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, of small
leaves 1—2 cm. long, 3—S mm. wide, below the short entire
obtuse or acute apex, cut down to a wing 1 mm. broad; upper
pinnae sessile subentire. Segments oblique, oblong, obtuse,
parallel, entire, 1—1.5 mm. broad, the basal ones of lower
pinnae much reduced, the upper one free, 1 mm. long and
broad, the lower one often quite obsolete. Veins free,
simple, about 6-jugate, the anterior basal one running to the
sinus, the posterior reaching the edge just above the bottom
of the sinus. Sori medial. slightly impressed; indusia per-
sistent, reniform, brown, glabrous (hairy, t. v. A. v. R.).
Sarawak: Mt Matang (J. Hewitt 1908, Herb. Copeland) ;
Bongo Range (C. J. Brooks 13, Herb. Copeland, Herb. C.
Chr.). Sumatra: (J. Winkler 51).

In size and general habit this new species resembles
small forms of D. gracilescens, but several important char-
acters, as colour, texture, venation, indusia, show that its

384

nearest relative is D. Beccariana, and I referred my first
specimens to that species, but the better specimens in herb.
Copeland have, I believe, justified its segregation as a
distinct species, especially differing from D. Beccariana by
its much smaller size, short-tipped pinnae, and the rachis
being rather longhairy above. I have seen no specimens of
this species from the Malay Peninsula, where it very likely
occurs. The specimens referred here are not quite identical ;
that from Sumatra is glandular and hairy beneath, as
described by v. A. v. R.; those from Borneo without glands
and glabrous beneath. The type was collected in Borneo.
Dryopteris Beccariana (Cesati) C. Chr., Index 254.

Nephrodium Beccarianum Cesati, Atti Acad.
Napoli, 7, part 8, 23, 1876.

Beautiful specimens of this hitherto badly known species
were collected by Dr. E. Mjoberg on Mt. Matang, Sarawak,
which are fully identical with a fragment of the type, leg.
Beccari (Kew!). In most characters it agrees with D.
Teuscheri, but it is much larger. Stipe up to 50 cm. long,
at base with many lanceolate castaneous scales, lamina 40-50
cm. long, 15-25 cm. broad, grey-green, papyraceous, practi-
cally glabrous and naked throughout (some minute hairs
may be found on the upper part of the stramineous rachis
and on the costae beneath). Most pinnae long-stalked
(stalks 1-1.5 cm. long) terminating in long subentire caudate
apex, incised to a wing 1.5-2 mm. broad, segments parallel,
entire, oblique or subfalcate, subacute, about 3 mm. broad
(those of the sterile leaf a little wider), the basal ones of
lower pinnae much reduced or both fully obsolete, then the
pinnae shortly cuneate at base. Veins about 12-jugate,
simple, the basal ones running like those of D. brunnescens.
Sori inframedial, indusia large, coriaceous, rufous or deep
brown, glabrous, easily rubbed off.

SARAWAK: Mt. Matang (Beccari, Kew! E. Mijoberg,
Herb. C. Chr.)

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Gunong Angsi, 1200 ft. (E.S. & G.
Hose 4813, received from Kew). The latter specimen differs
a little from the type by the sori being close to the midrib.

Dryopteris chlamydophora Rosenstock, Meded. Rijks
Herb. Leiden, no. 31,5. 1917.

Lastrea nephrodioides Bedd., F. B. I., pl. 199 (not
Moore).

Closely resembling D. Beccariana in size, texture, cut-
ting and venation, but brown when dried. It differs by the
rachis and costae and veins beneath being shortly pubescent
and furnished with several linear brown scales, the under-
side being somewhat glandular, and by the much shorter
2-4 mm. long petioles of the lower pinnae; largest pinnae
20 cm. long, 2 cm. wide, the margins distinctly thickened,

385

the upper ones truncate-subcordate at base; veins 10-12
jugate; sori inframedial with large red indusia; sporangia
mixed with shining red glands.

BORNEO: (Korthals, type in Leiden!) ; Sarawak, top of
Mt. Poi (E. Mjoberg. Herb. C. Chr.).

MALAY PENINSULA: JOHORE, G. Panti (Holttum
18089) ; without definite locality, Kew distr. 738 (Herb.
Copenhagen).

Most specimens quoted have been named D. crassifolia;
they differ essentially from that species by much thinner
texture, venation and glands. Lastrea nephrodioides Bedd.,
from Burma, referred by the author himself to L. crassifolia
(Handb. 238) is according to description and illustration a
more hairy form of D. chlamydophora; the name nephrodioi-
des is not available in the genus.

Dryopteris crassifolia (Bl.) O. Kze.; C. Chr., Ind. 258.

Lastrea lata J. Sm., Hook. Journ. Bot., 3, 412.

The true D. crassifolia is, according to a cotype speci-
men from Java, leg. Blume, a much more rigid plant than
the three former species, and with different venation owing
to the pinnae being less deeply lobed as noted in the key
above; the edge of the falcate segments is distinctly thic-
kened; veins about 10-jugate; costae shortly strigose above,
rather densely whitish-pubescent beneath with short crisped
hairs and furnished with some brown scales towards the
base, surfaces otherwise glabrous. Sori near the midrib,
indusia apparently smaller and less coriaceous than in the
former species.

This species is probably distributed through the whole
Malayan region, but its area cannot now be determined with
certainty, because most specimens so named appear to belong
to other species. Lastrea lata J. Sm. from Luzon (Cuming
266) agrees closely with Blume’s type, and a specimen from
Perak (G. Hijau, Burkill 12588) is as to most characters
typical, differing somewhat by the 1-2 cm. long stalks of
the pinnae; according to Mr. Holttum it falls under
Nephrodium brachyodon Bedd., Handb. 281, which to me 1s
nearly identical with D. Motleyana.

Dryopteris Motleyana (Hook.) C. Chr., Ind. 278.

Nephrodium Motleyanum Hook., Syn. Fil., 266 (sub
N. crassifolia).

Nephrodium brachyodon Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind.,
Suppl., pl. 379; Handb. 281; Ridley 74; not Hooker.

In colour, texture and pubescence very similar to D.
crassifolia, from which it differs mainly by its less deeply
cut pinnae and medial sori. Stipe about 50 cm. long, scaly
at base, like the rachis greyish-brown and finely puberulous.
Lamina ovate-lanceolate or ovate-deltoid, 40-50 cm. long,
15-20 cm. wide, the sterile ones somewhat larger, pinnate,

386

rather abruptly narrowed into a pinnatifid apex. Lateral
pinnae in 10-15 pairs, short-stalked (petioles of the lower
ones rarely 1 cm. long), 10-12 cm. long, 2-2.5 em. broad,
truncate at base, terminating in a 2-3 cm. long entire
acuminate apex, incised 1/3-1/2 of the way to the midrib
into falcate segments 5 mm. long and broad. Veins of
fertile segments 8-9-jugate, the posterior basal one generally
springing out from the costa just below the sinus, below
which it meets the opposite anterior one; the following two
velns run out to the edge close to the bottom of the sinus.
Sori medial or a little supramedial, indusia small fugacious;
receptacle with several globose glands. Costa whitish-
puberulous beneath, and towards the base furnished with
several! linear, brown scales.

BORNEO: LABUAN (Motley, type, ie SARAWAK, Mt.
Merinjak (Native collector, Sarawak Museum 161) ; DUTCH
BORNEO, G. Damoet (Hallier Bol )s

PERAK: Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9537).

D. Motleyana, as here understood, includes the Asiatic
form, which English botanists wrongly have referred to the
American D. brachyodus (Kze) O. Kze. This is quite
another species with 3-4 pairs of veins joining a membrane
below the sinus and with a distinct aerophore at the base
of the pinnae; in my monograph of the genus Dryopteris,
1, p. 172, I have referred it to D. glandulosa (Desv.) C. Chr.
(not the Asiatic D. glandulosa) as a variety. Beddome’s
figure of his N. brachyodon is as a whole good, but the vena-
tion is not shown quite correctly.

To D. Motleyana I provisionally refer the following
form as a variety:

var. dulitenses n. var.

Pinnae in four subopposite pairs below : a terminal one
nearly conform with the lateral ones, the largest 15 cm. long,
4 em. wide, the basal ones on stalks 1.5 cm. long, incised
about 14, the segments nearly 1 cm. broad, otherwise scarcely
different from the type.

SARAWAK: Mt. Dulit (EH. Mjoberg, Herb. C. Chr.).

The following species form a special group, well charac-
terised by the strong stipe being densely covered with
castaneous scales throughout, a character very rarely found
within the genus Dryopteris. As to other characters, the
species show a close affinity to the narrow group of D.
crassifolia. Most species are known from a single collection.
and it is probable that their number should be considerably
reduced. They differ chiefly by the density of the pube-
scence, a character not always a good one, and it is not
improbable that they will appear to be forms of a single
species.

Dryopteris echinata (Mett.) O. Kze. C. Chr., Ind. 262.

387

Lamina firmly herbaceous, 70-80 cm. long, rather
gradually attenuated into a pinnatifid apex. Pinnae 15 cm.
long, 1.5-2 cm. broad, the basal ones somewhat reduced and
reflexed, incised to a wing about 2 mm. broad, the segments
subfalcate, obtuse, parallel, 3 mm. broad; veins 9-10 jugate,
the basal ones both running from the base of the midribs to
the bottom of the sinus. Costae above deeply sulcate with
the raised edges of the furrow rather densely antrorsely
strigose, the upper side otherwise glabrous, the margins
ciliate; costae and midribs beneath densely and shortly
pubescent with whitish, patent hairs, the veins and leaf-
tissue thinly downy or almost glabrous. Sori inframedial,
indusia persistent, brown, white-setose.

BORNEO: (Korthals!), and several other specimens.

Dryopteris Hallieri (Christ) C. Chr., Ind. 269.

Intermediate between D. echinata and D. trichopoda,
resembling the former in pubescence, the latter in texture.
The sessile pinnae are 15-20 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, incised
to a wing 4 mm. broad, coriaceous, brown, their costae
broadly sulcate above, densely bearded by patent brownish
hairs; costae and veins beneath pubescent with whitish
needle-like shorter and longer hairs. Veins raised below,
10-11 jugate, the posterior basal one springing out from the
costa about 1 mm. from the midrib and meeting the opposite
anterior one a little below the sinus. Sori inframedial;
-indusia all rubber off.

DUTCH BORNEO: Amai Ambit (Hallier 3204!).

Dryopteris paleata Copeland, Philip. Journ. Sci., 9 C,
228.1914. This comes very near to D. Halliert, but is much
more hairy and the indusia are rather persistent and hirsute.
Costae above bearded as in D. Hallieri, beneath like the veins
densely but shortly and softly villous, the margins long-
ciliate. Further it differs in the rachis being densely scaly
throughout, the scales about 1-2 cm. long, castaneous,
lanceolate-acuminate, slightly fimbriated; and in all pinnae
being short-stalked, at least distinctly so in the specimen
from the Peninsula, which otherwise agrees closely with a
cotype specimen in Herb. Bonaparte. Pinnae 15-20 cm. long,
2-2.5 em. wide. Sporangia with numerous globse glands
intermixed.

SUMATRA: Lebang Tandai, Benkoelen (C. J. Brooks
68. Herb. Bonaparte).

NEGRI SEMBILAN: G. Angsi (Holttum 9926).

Dryopteris trichopoda C. Chr., Ind. 298.

Nephrodium polytrichum Baker, Jour. Bot., 1891, 107.

Leaf 1 meter or more long, subcoriaceous. Pinnae up
to 30 em. long, 4.5 cm. broad, long-acuminate, sessile, incised
to a wing 5 mm. broad, the segments falcate, 5 mm. broad
the upper basal one somewhat reduced; costae and veins

388

densely hirsute beneath with long patent hairs. costae above
shortly Sstrigose, not bearded as in D. Hallieri. Veins 14-15
jugate, not raised below, the basal ones connivent below the
Sinus. Sori inframedial; indusia small, hirsute.
SARAWAK: Lingga Mts., (Bishop Hose, Kew!; Hewitt).

The rachis is not destitute of paleae as described by
Baker; the scales become fewer upwards and extend to the |
lower part of the costae beneath as in the other species of
the group.

To D. trichopoda I refer with some doubt a couple of
specimens, that differ from the type in. thinner texture,
more soft pubescence and narrower pinnae; the under side is
slightly glandular with red glands, the receptacle with many
globose glands.

PENANG: C.G. Matthew 934 (Herb. C. Chr.).

SUMATRA: J. Winkler.

This form is evidently N. crinipes of Ridley (p. 71), not
of Hooker.

The North-Indian D. crinipes is quite another species,
with the basal veins truly united and with several pairs of
reduced pinnae below.

Dryopteris persquamifera v. A. v. R.. (Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, Ser. II, no. XVI, 10. 1914) from Celebes, known
to me from description only, is evidently a species of this
group.

The following species resembles in several characters
those just mentioned, but its pubescence is peculiar and the
venation is different, so that I dare not now associate it with
them.

Dryopteris monodonta C. Chr., Ind. 278.

Lastrea unidentata Bedd., Handb. Suppl. 53;
Ridley 64. (not Dryopteris unidentata (Hook. et Arn.) C.
Chr).

A specimen from the type locality, Gunong Bubu, Perak
(Wray 3873) belongs no doubt to this species, although it
does not agree in all details with Beddome’s description. It
is easily distinguished from the former species by stipe and
rachis being densely and softly velutinous with thin jointed
hairs, which are mixed with several lanceolate castaneous or
blackish scales like those of D. paleata; in young leaves these
scales are probably much more numerous. Pinnae strictly
sessile, the basal segments somewhat produced and sublobate
at base (rarely unidentate as described by Beddome, the
name thus an unsuitable one) costae densely tomentose (not
vearded) above, more thinly hirsute beneath with hairs like
those of the rachis, and beneath dotted with conspicuous
yellowish, dull glands. The basal veins spring both out from
the midrib above its base and reach the margin above the
bottom of the sinus as in the subgenus Lastrea. Sori

389

inframedial or subcostular, the indusia brown, thin, erose,
glabrous, subpersistent.

Dryopteris heterocarpa (Bl.) O. Kze.

To this extremely variable species I refer as a glabrous
form Nephrodium glaucostipes Bedd. (Ridley 75) judging
from a cotype specimen in the Singapore Herbarium (Kun-
stler 2046). The under side is densely dotted with yellow
glands as in the type, a character not mentioned in Beddome’s
description. Only one pair of veins truly join, and the
following two run to the sinus. Similar forms occur in
Borneo.

Dryopteris angustipes Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci.,
Cy 608. 1912:

NEGRI SEMBILAN: Setul Pass (EF. 8. & G. Hose 5080,
received from Kew as Nephrodium molle).

A weakly characterised species, nearer D. heterocarpa
than the parasitica complex, marked by a long row of
reduced auriculiform pinnae along the stipe nearly to its
bnse, the densely glandular under side, which is glabrous
beyond the antrorsely strigose costae and contulae, the
upper side strigose with appressed hairs and with scattered
yatent hairs on the veins; only one pair of veins anastomose.
~The specimen quoted agrees well with the type from Sarawak
(Brooks 110, Herb. Copeland!). I am inclined to consider
-it a form of D. heterocarpa.

Dryopteris parasitica (L.) O. Kze. C. Chr., Ind., pro
parte.

Nephrodium didymosorum Bedd., Ferns Brit. Ind.,
pl. 200.

Nephrodium tectum Bedd., Handb. Suppl., 79.
N. molle var. didymosorum Ridley 73.

Lastrea cana Bedd., Kew Bull., 1909, 424; Ridley 64.
(not J. Sm.)

Among the numuerous forms spread through all
the tropics referred by authors to D. parasitica (Nephrodium
molle auctt.) that described as N. didymosorum Bedd. best
agrees with the genuine Polypodium parasiticum L., which
is rather common in South-eastern China. It is densely
hairy throughout, the lower pinnae not abbreviated and only
one pair of anastomosing veins; sori often in a single pair
at the base of each segment, but this character is not
constant, 3-6 pairs of sori often being present. The specimen
from Selangor (Ridley 7859) referred by Beddome and
Ridley to L. cana belongs here; the genuine D. cana is a
Lastrea with free veins.

Quite different from the true D. parasitica is a group
of forms, which occur everywhere in tropical Asia and are
commonly referred to Nephrodium molle, the type of which

390

is American, and to N. amboinense; I now refer them all to a
single species, which I call

Dryopteris subpubeszens (Bl.) C. Chr. comb. nov.

Aspidium subpubescens Bl., Enum., 149. 1828.

Nephrodium amboinense auctt.; Bedd., Handb.
Suppl., 75.

N. molile var. amboinense Ridley 73.

This species differs materially from D. parasitica by the
lower 2-3 pairs of pinnae being considerably abbreviated, by
the less pubescent, often subglabrous surfaces, and by 3 or 4
lower veins (2 pairs) being united. The typical form is
smaller than D. parasitica, the pinnae rarely 10 cm. long, 1.5
cm. broad. Hitherto this species has been named by most
authors N. amboinense or N. molle var. amboinense, but it
agrees badly with the type specimen of Aspidiwm am-
boinense Willd. (Bot. Mus. Berlin!) which is much smaller
and less incised. Till now I have seen no specimen that
exactly matches Willdenow’s type from Amboyna, while on
the other hand numerous specimens examined closely agree
with the type of A. subpubescens Bl. from Java, leg. Blume!
Typical subpubescens is a common fern in Malaya and several
specimens from the Peninsula have been seen.

To this species I provisionally refer as a variety: var.
major (Bedd.).

Nephrodium molle var. major Bedd., Handb. Suppl., 76.

Dryopteris sumatrana v. A. v. R., Mal. Ferns, 227..

Larger than the type; pinnae up to 15 cm. long, 2 cm.
broad, bright green and of firmer texture, both surfaces
finely downy with longer hairs on the costae and veins.

Common in Borneo, Sumatra and in the Peninsula
(Singapore, Ridley 9481 and other specimens seen). It is
perhaps a distinct species, but specimens from Borneo are
intermediate between it and typical D. subpubescens.

To this variety I refer a specimen from Singapore
(Rifle Range) quoted by Ridley under his N. multilineatum
(p. 72). It differs from the common form by the lack of
abbreviated pinnae, but as to all other characters it is
typical. N. multilineatum Bedd. and Ridley should be called
Dryopteris megaphylla (Mett.) C. Chr. It is widely different
from all forms of the parasitica complex by its much larger
fronds with pinnae up to 30 cm. long, nearly glabrous,
shallowly cut only and with several pairs of alternately
anastomosing veins. Several specimens distributed from
Kew under the name N. brachyodon belong here.

A third, but somewhat doubtful species, is Dryopteris
procurrens (Mett.) O. Kze.; C. Chr., Ind.

Nephrodium molle var. procurrens Ridley 73.

It differs mainly from D. subpubescens by its long
creeping rhizome, but is otherwise so like it that specimens

391

without rhizome can scarcely be determined with certainty.
Studies in the field may decide, perhaps, whether it is a
good species, or, as Beddome believed, a form of D. sub-
pubescens. The north Indian form referred by some
authors to D. procurrens seems to be another thing.
It is the var. auwreum Clarke (Bedd. Handb. 278) and has
been later redescribed as Dryopteris cylindrothria Rosen-
stock, Fedde Repert., 12, 246. 1913.

Dryopteris Toppingii Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci., 12
C, 56. 1917. A co-type specimen of Nephrodium pennigerum
var. malayense Bedd. (Handb. Suppl. 74: Dryopteris
mdica var. malayense v. A. v. R., Mal. Ferns 224: Nephro-
dium indicum Ridley 73) agrees very closely with the type of
D. Toppingu from Mt. Kinabalu, B.N.Borneo (Topping 1766,
Herb. Copeland!), differing by both surfaces being slightly
downy and the indusia being pubescent; notwithstanding
this difference I prefer to call the specimen D. Toppingii.
The sori are not medial on the veins as described by Ridley
but submarginal just as in the type.

Dryopteris mirabilis Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci., 6
U, 157, pl. 19. 1911.

Phegopteris cordifolia v. A. v. R. Bull. Jard. Buiten-
zorg, [1 S, XI, 19, pl. 5. 1913.
Pryopierts coraiotia v.A.v.R.,,l.¢., C. Chr, Ind.
Suppl. prél., 14.
: Polypodium holophyllum Baker, Journ. Bot., 1888,
325 (not 1879, 48).
Dryopteris holophylla C. Chr., Ind., 271. 1905.

KEDAH: Pulau Langkawi (Holttum 17436).

As here interpreted this species includes a number of
forms, which most authors have referred to D. glandulosa
(Bl.) O. Kze. They differ from that species by the lateral
pinnae being very few (1-2 pairs) or none, and much smaller
than the large terminal one, and by the lack of glands; both
surfaces densely verrucose. The frond is sometimes simple,
cordate at base, and the edges subentire; this is D. holophylla
from Sarawak (Hose, Kew!). D. cordifolia v. A. v. R. from
Dutch Borneo (cotype in Rijks Herb. Leiden!) is the same
with 2-3 lateral pinnae, and D. mirabilis Copeland from
Sarawak (Brooks, Herb. Copeland!) is very nearly the same
with a single pair of pinnae and with the indusiate sori
arranged in distinct rows parallel to the midrib; the end
pinna is more or less deeply crenate-dentate. The specimen
from Kedah agrees best with D. mirabilis Copel., type, but
3-5 lateral pinnae are present. Like most forms of the
species its leaves are subdimorphous, the fertile ones being
narrower on longer stalks.

Dryopteris vilis (Kze) O. Kze.; C. Chr., Index, 300.

Aspidium intermedium Bl., Enum., 161; not others.
Dryopteris intermedia O. Kze.; v. A. v. R., Bull.

392

Jard. Buitenzorg, III S, 2, 144. 1920.
?Lastrea intermedia Ridley 68.
Dryopteris rhodolepis C. Chr., Ind. 288, pro parte.

Nephrodium sarawakense Bak., Journ. Linn. Soe.
Bot; 22, 220: 1886.

Dryopteris sarawakensis v. A. v. R., Mal. Ferns,
200.

Lastrea padangensis Bedd., Handb. Suppl., 60. 1892.
Ridley 68.

Dryopteris padangensis C. Chr., Ind. 282.

According to Prof. Rosenstock, who has examined the
type specimens of both species in Leiden, Aspidiwm vile Kze
is identical with A. intermedium Bl., and N. sarawakense
Bak. (type, Kew!) is exactly the same. Unaware of this,
in my Index I preferred for the whole complex of forms
referred in Hook. Bak. Syn. Fil. to N. intermedium Clarke’s
name rhodolepis, used originally for a north Indian form,
which I now consider distinct from A. intermediwm Bl.
Both this name and Lastrea Blumet Moore are invalidated
within the genus, and the species must, therefore, now be
called D. vilis. It seems to be very variable, and found in
most regions of tropical Asia and Polynesia, in some places
running gradually into related species, eg. D. aciculata
(Bak.) C. Chr. I hope to be enabled to unravel these forms
later on; here it must suffice to state that all specimens seen
from the Malay Peninsula belong with approximate certainty
to D. vilis; very likely the large D. aciculata also occurs
there, as it is common in Borneo. I have received from Mr.
Holttum a specimen from Pahang, gorge of the Tras (Burkill
16939) named D. padangensis (Bedd.) C. Chr. It agrees
excellently with Beddome’s description, and I think it was
rightly named; it appears to be fully identical with D. vilis
(N. sarawakensis Bak.), and I dare, therefore, reduce
Beddome’s species to a synonym. Another specimen from
Pahang, (Buloh Telang, P. Tioman, Henderson 18593) is
unfortunately sterile; it is intermediate between D. vilis and
D. aciculata and belongs perhaps to the latter species.

Dryopteris Boryana (Willd.) O. Kze.; C. Chr., Ind.
Phegopteris Kingi Bedd., Handb. Suppl., 84; Ridley
54.
Dryopteris Kingi C. Chr., Ind. 273.

Although Beddome (Handb. 266) quoted “Malay Penin-
sula” as a locality for his Lastrea Boryana, the species is
not mentioned by Ridley. Having seen a couple of pinnae
of the type collection of Phegopteris Kingi Bedd. from Perak
(Kunstler 2250) I have little doubt that the “species” is a
form of D. Boryana. It differs a little from the form
occurring in Java by the pale green colour and apparently

393

exindusiate sori; in size, texture cutting and pubescence it
is identical. Polypodium subtripinnatum Clarke, referred
here by Beddome, is another exindusiate form. Whether
the Indian-Malayan D. Boryana is the same as the genuine
D. Boryana (Willd.) from Réunion is another question; if
not, the old name Aspidium divisum Wall. (Nephrodium
Hook.) must be taken up for the Asiatic forms.

Polystichum iindsaeifelium Scort., Ridley 61 (wrongly
spelled lindseaefolium).

The specimen from Kelantan (Nur 12118) referred here
by Ridley is so different from the North-Indian P. obliquum
(Don) Moore that I consider Ridley’s new species a good
one. The leaves are much longer, up to 30 cm. long by 3.5
em. wide, with 30-385 pairs of pinnae; these are subdimidiate,
auricled at the upper base and shallowly crenately toothed
at the upper and outer edge, the short teeth obtuse, never
aristate, the stipe 4-5 cm. long with only some light brown
scales, the rachis very scantily fibrillose or almost naked as
are the surfaces; at best some few minute scales may be
found beneath. Sori submarginal at the base of the teeth;
indusia pale, orbicular, easily rubbed off.

Aspidium subdecurrens (Luerss.) C. Chr., Ind. 94.

Phegopteris subdecurrens Luerss., Bot. Centralbl.,
14°80. 18s2: |
SINGAPORE: Pulau Ubin (F. Kehding 2960!, Ridley

=< GO2TH i

This characteristic species was omitted by Ridley
although collected by himself at the type-locality. It is
allied to A. polymorphum Wall., distinguished from that
species by the terminal pinna being decurrent. The quite
glabrous fronds are somewhat dimorphous, the sterile ones
being larger than the fertile; terminal pinna of sterile frond
up to 35 cm. long and 15 cm. wide, ovate, acuminate, ‘entire
or repand, at base confluent with one or two pairs of
ascending large lobes, the lowest of which are decurrent
along the rachis, the wing thus formed not reaching the
upper pair of free pinnae, which are adnate to the rachis;'
below them another pair of free, short-stalked entire pinnae,
these broadest at the middle (6 cm.) and narrowed to both
ends; fertile fronds similar but smaller; main veins distinct
to the edge, connected by numerous arching cross-veins,
smaller veins forming numerous angular areoles, mostly
without free included veinlets. Sori exindusiate, small,
irregularly scattered, dorsal on the netted veins, often elong-
ated and confluent.

Aspidium terminale Rosenstock, Meded. ’s Rijks Herb.
Leiden, 31, 4. 1917.

‘The extent of the wing on the rachis is very variable in this
species. It is sometimes continuous throughout the rachis, extending
even below the lowest pinnae. (R.E.H.)

394 :

LOWER SIAM: Khaw Pok Hill (Haniff & Nur 3828).

This most distinct species was founded by Prof. Rosen-
stock on a specimen from Dutch Borneo (Gunong Kempai,
Hallier 1821, Rijks Herb. Leiden!) and very briefly described.
In all essential characters the specimen from Siam kindly
sent me by Mr. Holttum fully agrees, but receding from it
ne some minor points. The type may shortly be described
thus: 7

In habit not essentially different from A. polymorphum
Wall. The leaf is pinnate with three pairs of opposite
short-stalked pinnae, which are all entire, cordate at base,
oblong, acute or short-acuminate, the lowest 25 cm. long by
7 cm. wide and with a triangular hastate terminal pinna,
cordate at base and with a pair of spreading basal lobes, the
central lobe triangular, slightly lobed. Texture thin, the
larger ribs very shortly rusty-tomentose above, the surfaces
otherwise glabrous. A scaly bud is borne on the upper side
of the rachis at the base of the terminal pinna, and smaller
buds are found on the costa, mostly at the axil of a main
vein, sometimes also on the basal cross-veins. All veins
distinct, the finer ones forming a dense net of small areoles
between the cross-veins, the areoles with free included vein-
lets. Sori irregularly scattered over the whole underside,
very small, nearly always apical on the free veinlets. Indusia
subpersistent, reniform, glabrous. The specimen from Siam
agrees with the type in colour, texture, venation and Sori;
there is no bud on the rachis, but small buds are found here
and there in the axils of the main veins. It differs chiefly
in the shape of the pinnae, which are ovate or elliptical,
rounded-cuneate at base, the basal ones unequally short-
lobed, 18 cm. long by 10 cm. wide at the middle.

A. terminale differs chiefly from A. polymorphum by
the gemmiferous rachis and costa and by the apical sori.

Leptochilus malaccensis sp. nov.

Rhizome creeping, clothed with dark brown lanceolate
entire scales. Leaves subapproximate, dimorphic. Stipe of
sterile ones about 20 cm. long, slightly scaly. Lamina about
25 cm. long and wide, with 5-7 pairs of distant lateral pinnae
and a conform terminal one, dark green, subcoriaceous,
glabrous but obscurely paleaceous on the costa beneath and on
rachis, the scales small, blackish-brown. Pinnae lanceolate,
up to 15 cm. long, 1-1.2 cm. wide at the middle, the lower
ones short-stalked, the upper adnate to rachis and a little
decurrent, all long-cuneate at base and long-acuminate at
apex, entire. Main veins tolerably visible to near the edges,
other veins quite hidden. The veins anastomose about as in
L. heteroclitus (Bl.), i.e. forming a costal areole and above
this two large costular ones on each side of the main vein;
between these are found three centzal ones, a middle larger

395

one and an upper and lower smaller one, all areoles without
free included veinlets. Fertile frond similar with contracted
pinnae, which are about 10 cm. long, 7-8 mm. wide.

PAHANG: Buloh Telang, Pulau Tioman, (M. R. Hender-
son, Herb. Singapore, 18589, type in Herb. C. Chr.). KEDAH:
P. Langkawi. G. Raya, (Curtis 3371, L. Preslianus Ridley
TiS)

This apparently most distinct species was wrongly
referred to L. Preslianus C. Chr. by Ridley, 1. c. Certainly
it resembles that species superficially, but the venation is
totally different, resembling that of L. heteroclitus (Bl.) C.
Chr. (cf. Blume, Fi. Javae, pl. .13) but owing to the
narrowness of the pinnae, the number of intercostular areoles
is, of course, much smaller.

Stenochlaena leptocarpa (Fée) Underwood, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club, 33, 47. 1906.

Lomariopsis leptocarpa Fée, Acrost., 69, pl. 29.
1345.
Stenochlaena sorbifolia, pro parte, Ridley 111.

PERAK: Birch’s Hill, (I. H. Burkill, Herb. Singapore
12725).

The specimen agrees closely with Fée’s figure of the
type from Luzon (Cuming 132). Among the Malayan species
of the genus this resembles most the West Indian S.
— sorbifolia, but is yet quite different. The numerous sterile
pinnae are about 12 cm. long and scarcely 1.5 cm. wide,
gradually long-acuminate, their base subequally rounded-
cuneate. The species is probably widely dispersed through
the Malayan region.

Stenochlaena cochinchinensis (Fée) Underwood, Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club, 33, 46. 1906.

Lomariopsis cochinchinensis Fée, Acrost., 66, pl.
26. 1845.
' Stenochlaena abrupta v. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Buiten-
zorg, IIS, XX, 24. 1915. Handb. Suppl., 429.
Stenochlaena sorbifolia, pro parte, Ridley 111.

SINGAPORE: Botanic Garden, in the Dell (Herb.
Singapore, 17484).

PAHANG: Sedagong, Pulau Tioman (Henderson 18618).

One of the best characterized species of the S. sorbifolia
complex. Sterile leaves sometimes simple, but developed
ones pinnate with up to 12 pairs of pinnae, these 12-15 cm.
long by 4-5 cm wide, the base cuneate below, rounded above,
the apex suddenly narrowed into a short “ traufelspitze.”
S. abrupta v. A. v.R. is the same (an authentic specimen in
herb. Leiden). The species is known from Cochinchina,
Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra.

396

LINDSAYA

The smaller, simply pinnate forms of this genus were
referred by older authors to several distinct species, the
number of which later was greatly reduced, and Baker and
Beddome referred most of them to a single species, L.
cultrata. It seems to me however that some of the older
species may be maintained as valid ones, and I shall here
try to characterize briefly those species recorded from the
Malay Peninsula.

A. Rhizome short-creeping, often very short, the
leaves tufted, or nearly so.

1. L. ecultrata (Willd.) Sw. ..

Stipe and rachis round beneath, suleate above; pinnae
about 1. cm. long, subacute, the lower edge convex, the
ee nearly straight, with 2-3 low incisures; ‘sori rather
ong

This species was first described and figured by Willdenow
as Adiantum cultratum (Phytogr., 14, pl. 10, fig. 2) after
specimens from the Malabar coast, probably from the vicinity
of Tranquebar. All south Indian specimens seem to agre2
very well with his type, and specimens from Himalaya,
southern China and Siam are not essentially different. The
species is said to be distributed through the whole of tropical
Asia, but I have seen no specimens from the Malayan region
that agree with the type. although it is possible that the
species is to be found there. Most specimens from the
Peninsula received as L. cultrata belong to the following
species. Ridley (p. 22) quotes a large number of localities
for L. cultrata; I suppose that the majority of them, perhaps
all, really belong to

2. L. Lobbiana Hook., Spec., 1, 205, pl. 62 C.
L. crenulata Fée, Gen., 105, pl. 28, fig. 2.

Stipe and rachis quadrangular, sulcate above, the furrow
with sharp raised edges. Leaf often much longer than that
of L. cultrata, pinnae about 1 cm. long, the lower side
straight or concave, the apex truncate, the upper side with
2-4 rather deep incisures; sori mostly shorter than in L.
cultrata and extending to the outer edge. This species is
apparently common through the Malayan region. Its
synonymy is confused, and it is possible that the name chosen
cannot stand; the older name L. lucida Bl., Enum. 216 (1828)
applies perhaps to the same species. Judging from the
figures quoted it seems probable that L. crenulata Fée,
described from a specimen leg. Griffith presumably’ in
Malacca, is identical with L. Lobbiana. Both were referred
by Kuhn (Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. 4, 276) to L. gracilis Bl.
as a var. major, but wrongly, I think, at least if L. gracilis
Bi. is rightly understood by modern writers as being a species
with a wide-creeping rhizome.

397

L. Lobbiana is apparently common in the Malev
Peninsula; the following specimens were all named L.
cultrata.

PAHANG: Buloh Telang, P. Tioman (Henderson 18587).
TRENGGANU: Kuala Berang (Holttum 15332). JOHORE:
(A. Vesterdal 26 and 168).

3. L. coneinna J. Sm.; Hook., Spec., 1, 205, pl. 61 B.

Stipe and rachis quadrangular; pinnae 5-8 mm. long,
the lower side mostly straight or convex, the apex bluntly
rounded or subacute, the upper edge entire, the sori, there-
fore, continuous from base to tip, rarely interrupted by a
single incisure. Sterile pinnae obtusely toothed or crenate.

This species has been confounded with L. gracilis, from
which it differs by its short rhizome and tufted leaves. It
is known from the Philippine Islands, New Guinea, Borneo
and occurs no doubt in the Malay Peninsula. Ridley refers
two specimens to it (p. 21) ; his description is adequate.

4. L. orbiculata (Lam.) Mett. (L. flabellulata Ridley
a)

I mention this polymorphic species here, because the
simply-pinnate forms of it often are confounded with the
species mentioned above. These smaller forms differ mani-
festly from the other species by the shape of the pinnae,
which are either semicircular or triangular with the sori
along the outer edge, the sterile ones acutelv dentate, the
indusia distinctly toothed. A small specimen from PAHANG:
Sungei Perting (Burkill 16574), received under the name
L. cultrata, belongs here.

B. Rhizome wide-creeping with distant leaves.

52) i eraciie. Gl.: v. A. v. R:,: Handb:. 261.

With this species as interpreted by van Rosenburgh I am
not acquainted; the specimens so named seen by me I refer
to L. adiantoides (Bl.) Kuhn. Mettenius and Kuhn united it
with L. concinna and I am not sure that these authors were
wrong, because Mettenius had examined Blume’s type.
Ridley (p. 22), who takes the species in the sense of
v. A. v. R., refers to it a specimen from Negri Sembilan.
The long creeping rhizome seems to be the only reliable
character.

6. L. plumula Ridley, p. 22.

This species is distinct enough from the four species
mentioned under group A by its long creeping branched
rhizome, and certainly it is not L. gracilis v. A. v. R. It
agrees with L. cultrata by its semiterete stipes and rachis
and in shape of pinnae. These are 5-7 mm. long, ascending,
the lower edge convex, the upper slightly incised, coriaceous
in texture, pale green, the lower and inner edge narrowly
involute resembling a strong rib and believed by Ridley to
be a rib; the real vein along the lower edge is however not

398

thicker than in other species. The indusia are broader than
in the other species, their uneven edge reaching quite to the
eran The species is no doubt closely related to L.
cultrata.

Nephrolepis acutifolia (Desv.) Christ.

Negri Sembilan: Seremban (E. 8S. & G. Hose 5016,
received from Kew). This interesting species is in habit
and pubescence a Nephrolepis, in sori a Lindsaya. To me it
is the type-species of a most distinct genus Jsoloma J. Sm.,
which name very unnaturally has been applied to a group
of species which may scarcely be separated generically from
Lindsaya.

Humata angustata (Wall.) J. Sm. var. hastata, n. var.

Fertile leaves 3-8 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, lamina suddenly
narrowed and decurrent nearly to the base of the stipe, this
1-1.5 em. long and with the decurrent wings 1-1.5 mm. broad
above; margins broadly lobed about half-way, the lobes
irregularly crenate, the basal ones often the largest, 5-8 mm.
long, horizontal, the lamina becoming hastate.

PAHANG: G. Kajang, Pulau Tioman (Henderson
18256).

Not knowing similar forms occurring in Borneo, one
would be inclined to consider this remarkable plant specifi-
cally distinct from H. angustata, with which it agrees in
scales, texture, colour and sori. It differs chiefly from
specimens from Borneo by its small size, short stipe and
hastate shape of most leaves. H. attenuata and H. mutata
v. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, III S, 5, 205-206
(1922), are evidently closely related forms and also local
derivatives of H. angustata.

Humata kinabaluensis Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci., 12
On ae: 1917.

To this species I refer with a little doubt a specimen
from Pahang (G. Berumban, Cameron’s Highlands,
Henderson 17989) named by Mr. Holttum H. alpina (BI.)
Moore. It is certainly not that species but agrees very well
with Copeland’s species from Mt. Kinabalu (Topping 1745,
Herb. Copeland!). I have seen two fertile leaves only;
they are thickly coriaceous, tripinnatifid at base, the pinnae
almost reduced to-the thick ribs, each secondary segment
bearing 3-4 sori with large indusia. This form resembles
much more the genuine H. botrychioides Brack. from
Polynesia than other Malayan forms wrongly referred to
that species.

Microlepia Ridleyi Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci., 11 C,
39. 1916.

This species is not mentioned by Ridley, although
founded upon a specimen from Pahang collected by himseif
(nc. 14200). Ihave received from Mr. Holttum a specimen

399

from the same state (Bentong, Burkill 16699) which
corresponds closely to Copeland’s description. The surfaces
are not glabrous as described by him, but, especially
the under side, microscopically puberulous, the hairs
not dense. In this it approaches a specimen from
Perak (Kunstler 8331) referred by Ridley (p. 32) to M.
Kurzu (Clarke) Bedd. It does not belong to that species,
of which I have what I consider a typical specimen from
Burma, and which is, in a few words, a densely hairy M.
platyphylla. Kunstler’s specimen has the pinnules pinnatifid -
almost to the costules and the whole underside is very
densely puberulous with short erect hairs mixed with some
longer ones on the ribs. Mr. Holttum is of opinion that it
is a form of M. Ridleyi, and perhaps he is right, but certainly
it is the same as M. Brooksu Copeland from Sumatra, and
probably also identical with M. puberula v. A. v. R. All
seem to be forms of a single species.

Microlepia speluncae (L.) Moore., var. villossissima n.
var.

The whole frond, especially beneath, very densely villous
with grey shorter and longer hairs mixed together, the
longer hairs prevailing on the upper side. Probably a
distinct species.

PAHANG: Pulau Tioman (Henderson 18873, Herb.
Gi Chri). |

Saccoloma minus (Hook) C. Chr. comb. nov.

Microlepia alata J. Sm., Hook. Journ. Bot., 3,416.
1841. (nomen).

Davallia inaequalis var. minor Hook., Spec. Fil.,
1,180, pl. 58 A. 1846.

Saccoloma moluccanum Mett.; C. Chr., Ind.

Dennstaedtia Kingii Bedd., Handb. Suppl., 6. Ridley
10.

PERAK: Larut (Kunstler 2118, cotype of D. Kingiu
Bedd.) ; Maxwell’s Hill (Haniff 9083).

By his researches in Blume’s herbarium in Leiden, Prof.
Rosenstock has proved that Mettenius was mistaken in
identifying Microlepia alata J. Sm., based on Cuming no.
119, and first described and figured by Hooker, with Davallia
moluccana Bl.; the great bulk of specimens by Blume so
named are identical with Davallia amboynensis Hook.=
Tapeinidium amboynensis (Hook.) C. Chr. Ind. 631, which
species subsequently must be named Tapeinidium molucca-
num (Bl.) C. Chr. comb. nov. A single specimen in Blume’s
herbarium, and the only one seen by Mettenius, was with
doubt referred by Blume himself to D. moluccana; it is thus
the type of Saccoloma moluccanum Mett. I have a fragment
of it, kindly sent by Prof. Rosenstock, and it agrees so closely
with the two specimens from Perak that it may scarcely be

400

doubted that Dennstaedtia Kingu Bedd. is the same thing.
Apparently it differs in indusial characters from Saccoloma,
the indusium being cup-shaped, scarcely at all two-lipped,
often protruding beyond the margin, and reflexed as in
several species of Dennstaedtia, but the inner valve is
distinctly attenuate towards the base, as in Saccoloma, and
the whole habit with the characteristic unequal sided pinnae
and pinnulae, is entirely that of that genus.

In Blume’s specimen the indusia are slightly two-lipped,
but materially not different. From this Malayan type
several of the Polynesian forms commonly referred to the
same species are considerably different.

Asplenium scolependroides J. Sm.

PAHANG: Pulau Tioman, (Henderson 18763).

Easily distinguished from other simple-fronded species
by the characteristic vein-like rim running parallel to the
sori between two real veins. The specimen from P. Tioman
agrees closely with the type at Kew (Cuming 318), well
illustrated by Hooker (Ic. Plant., pl. 930), though the
venation is not accurately shown.

Asplenium dimidiatum Sw.

To this species Ridley (p. 46) refers a couple of speci-
mens, of which I have seen that from Singapore. It is not at
all A. dimidiatum, which is certainly not found in Asia, but
it is difficult to say what the scanty specimen may be. It
may be, as suggested by Beddome, a form of A. adiantoides
(L.) C. Chr. (=A. falcatum Lam.), or perhaps of A.
nigrescens Bl.

Asplenium normale Don.

Some of the specimens referred by Ridley to A.
lunulatum, at least Kunstler 8048, belong here. The genuine
A. lunulatum Sw. certainly does not occur in the Malayan
region; whether any of the many species related to it occurs
in the Peninsula I do not know.

Asplenium perakense Matthew et Christ; Ridley 47.

The specimen from Pahang quoted by Ridley (Holttum
11385) agrees excellently with Christ’s description and is
no doubt rightly named. It falls under A. praemorsum Sw.
taken in a wide sense, but seems to be a distinct form worthy
of specific rank. In gross characters it scarcely differs from
other forms of A. praemorsum, but its scales seem to mark it
sufficiently. They are of a pure brown, peltate, triangular-
long-acuminate but not hair-pointed, slightly toothed at base,
entire upwards, very finely reticulated but not clathrate;
they differ widely from those of the Indian form of A. prae-
morsum, which are blackish, clathrate, shortly ciliate and
hair-pointed.

Asplenium spathulinum J. Sm., Hook. Journ. Bot., 3,
408. 1841.

401

A. cuneatum Ridley 48.
A. affine auctt., quoad plant. asiat.

PERAK: Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9546). PAHANG:
Sedagong, P. Tioman (Henderson 18898).

The two specimens quoted match perfectly the type
(Cuming 210, Kew!) and their resemblance to the true
A. cuneatum Sw. of the West Indies is superficial only. The
species is much closer allied to A. affine Sw. from the
Mascarene Islands, but I think it is specifically different,
being marked by the obtuse, erosodentate outer edge of the
cuneate pinnules and by not being proliferous.

A. cuneatum var. affine Ridley (p. 48) from Perak
(Kunstler 2228) is to mea tripinnate form of A. spathulinum.
All these Asplenia differ very much in the degree of cutting.

Diplazium xiphophyllum (Bak.) C. Chr.

This species, founded upon a poor specimen from Borneo
(Burbidge, Kew!) is apparently not rare in the Peninsula,
but probably often confounded with D. bantamense, from
which it differs chiefly by its narrower and much longer
pinnae, often 40-45 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide, terminating in
a very long subulate apex.

Perak:.(Gy °Hijauw- CBurkill~ 12668): Pahang: Ulu
Chineras (Burkill 15692). The former specimen differs
from the type by the pinnae being irregularly double-crenate
throughout; the latter by the lower pinnae being subcuneate
at base; it matches nearly exactly D. palawanense Cope-
land, which I refer to D. xiphophyllum.

Diplazium sorzogonense Pr. and related forms.

This group of bipinnatifid species is extremely difficult,
and the various forms are hopelessly mixed together in all
herbaria. The materia! at hand from the Malay Peninsula
may naturally be sorted into two species, D. sorzogonense
and D. speciosum of Ridley (p. 51-52). They may briefly
be characterized as follows:

Diplazium malaccense Presl, Epim. 86. 1849. Fée, Gen.
Zlevepia kt Dix fies A:

D. Schkurtit J. Sm., Hook. Journ. Bot., 3, 407
(nomen).

Asplenium Schkurti Mett., Aspl. no. 208.

Diplazium acuminatum Bl., Enum., 193. 18287.
v. A. v. R., Mal. Ferns, 409 (p. p.?). (not Raddi).

D. Christii C. Chr., Ind. 229. 1905 (p. p.?)

D. speciosum Ridley, 52 (entirely or partly).

Rachis and costae beneath naked or very slightly scaly;
pinnae 2 cm. wide, cut 1/2—2/3 of the way to the costa,
oblique, oblong, 5 mm. broad, truncate, entire or slightly
dentate at the apex; veins simple, 6-7-jugate; the anterior
basal sorus diplazioid.

402

PAHANG: Fraser Hill (Nur 10508). NEGRI SEMBILAN:
Bukit Putus (E. 8S. & G. Hose 174, received from Kew).

Diplazium sorzogenense Pres].

Stipe, rachis and costae beneath more or less densely
fibrillose with narrow brown or castaneous scales; pinnae
2-5 cm. broad, cut down to a wing 3-4 mm. broad into sub-
horizontal oblong obtuse segments 4-5 mm. broad and finely
serrate throughout or at the outer part only; veins simple,
10-11-jugate; diplazioid sori rarely found.

MALAY PENINSULA: (W. Norris 637, Herb. Copen-
hagen). PAHANG: G. Tahan (Nur. 7953); G. Rokam, P.
Tioman (Henderson 18612).

D. speciosum Bl. is referred by most authors to D.
sorzogonense, but considered distinct by v. A. v. R.; if
rightly I dare not now express an opinion.

Diplazium crenato-serratum BI.

D. larutense Bedd. (Ridley 50) is Sceie a form of
this species. I have not seen the type, but a specimen from
Negri Sembilan (Holttum 9775) is said by Mr. Holttum to
resemble the type of D. larutense, and it is to me very typical
D. crenato-serratum. In a collection from Sumatra are found
among typical leaves some that correspond closely to
Beddome’s description, especially by the broadly rounded
tips of the pinnae.

Polypedium subevenosum Baker.

P. Maxwellii Baker, Kew Bull., 1893, 211.

? P. kinabaluense Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci., 12
ce, 68. 101:

Mr. Holttum has sent me specimens from Penang, which
he has compared with the type specimen at Kew and declares
to be typical. As in the type some veins are produced and
forked. The same specimens further fully agree with the
type of P. Maxwellii Bak. from Borneo (Hose 296, Kew!)
and with several other Bornean specimens recently ex-
amined; and P. kinabaluense Copel. from Mt. Kinabalu (Mrs.
Clemens 10649, Herb. Copeland!) seems to me the same.
The differential character of short, simple, or produced
forked veins is not a stable one. More different from -the
type is a specimen from Pahang (G. Kajang, P. Tioman,
Henderson 18944; herb. Singapore). It is larger; leaves
10-12 em. long by 0.5 em. wide, all veins forked and the sori
distinctly oblong, almost linear and somewhat immersed.
This form evidently approaches the genuine P. sessilifolium
Hook.—P. malaicum v. A. v. R. (Handb. 577) a Philippine
plant that may be different from P. subevenosum (t.
Ho!lttum). P. subevenosum var. sessilifolium Ridley (p. 81)
is certainly P. subevenosum.

Polypodium minutum B}., Enum. 130; FI. Javae 188,
rl. 87 D.

403

P. callophyllum C. H. Wright, Kew Bull., 1909, 362.
Ridley 88.
PERAK: Gunong Hijau (C. G. Matthew, herb. Kew!).
I do not hesitate to refer this specimen to P. minutum
Bl.; it agrees very perfectly with Blume’s figure. In habit
it resembles not a little P. consociatum from the same
locality, differing from it by the oblong fertile segments,
which are repand-crenate at the upper edge, and by the
presence of two sori in several segments, one near its base,
another in the outer half; sporangia mixed with many long
hairs. Leaf grass-green, thin.

Polypodium consociatum vy. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Buiten-

horeit 5. Vil p. 4), ples, ig. 1. 1912. Handb. Suppl., 352.
Plectopteris gracilis Fée, Gen. 230, pl. 19B.

Calymmodon hirtus Brack., U. S. Expl. Exp., 16, 2.

Polypodium cucullatum Ridley 82 (pro parte?).
(an Bedd. Handb. 307).

PERAK: Gunong Hijau, 3000 ft. (C. G. Matthew 925).

I have seen the only specimen quoted, but likely most or
ell of those quoted by Kidley under P. cucullatum belong to
the same species that is abundantly different from P.
cucullatum. The said specimen is perfectly identical with a
beautiful lot of specimens from Mt. Dulit, Borneo (Mjoberg),
which Frof. Copeland has named for me, giving the
Synonyms cited above. His identification may be right, but
heures of Fée and v. A. v. R. do not show the characteristic
shape of the upper fertile segments of my specimens; they
are normally flat, rarely folded, and almost circular with
a central sorus.

Polypodium Leysii Baker, Journ. Bot. 1879, 66.

Prosaptia semicrypta Copeland, Philipp. Journ. Sci.,
9 C, 231. 1914.

Polypodium semicryptum C. Chr., Ind., Suppl. prél.
1912-16, 28.

PAHANG: Teku, G. Tahan (Haniff & Nur 8066); G.
Rokam, P. Tioman (Henderson 18777).

The specimens were received from Mr. Holttum under
the names P. obliquatum (8066) and P. contiguum var.
(18777) ; they are nevertheless identical and agree perfectly
with the type specimens of P. Leysii Baker from Sulu
Archipelago, leg. Burbidge (Kew!) and of Prosaptia semi-
crypta Copel. from Benkoelen, Sumatra, leg. C. J. Brooks.
(no. 938, Herb. Copeland!). The species is intermediate
between P. obliquatum Bl. and P. contiguum (Forst.)
differing from the former by the narrower, repand-crenate
segments with submarginal sori; these sunk in deep cavities
with raised, naked edges (“craters”), the craters oblique
with the mouths nearly round. The genuine P. obliquatum

404

has broader, entire segments with the sori not close to the
edge, the craters oblong; the genuine Polynesian P. conti-
guum (Forst.) (Davallia Ind. Fil.) has marginal sori with
the craters protruding beyond the edge. Both species
occur in the Malay Peninsula, but it seems probable that
some specimens at least referred to them belong either to
P, Leysw or to P. Burbidgei Bak., with which species
P. decipiens Kuhn—P. cr yptosorum C. Chr. (Ridley 84)
must be united.

All these species are members of a narrow group of
closely related species, some of which form the genus
Prosaptia, very improperly referred by several authors, and
in my Index, to Davailia as a subgenus, others belonging to
Eupolypodium, forming a specialized group, Cryptosorus.
All modern pteridologists agree, I think, in uniting Cry-
ptosorus with Prosaptia, and either restore Prosaptia as a
genus, or make it a subgenus of Polypodium. The alliance
with Davallia is the furthest possible. To Prosaptia also
belongs P. barathrophyllum Bak., found in Perak by Bishop
Hose “(Kew !) ; it is doubtfully different from P. khasyanum
Hook.

Polypodium mollicomum Nees et Bl.

P. fuscatum Ridley, |. c. 84 (and also Blume?).
P. malaccanum Bak., Ann. Bot. 5, 129. Ridley. 1. ec.
84 (excl. var.)

A co-type specimen of P. malaccanum Bak. from
Gunong Mering (Ridley 3345, Herb. Singapore) is to me
typical P. mollicomum. It differs from the following
species by the more or less coriaceous leaves with indistinct
veins, and with both surfaces throughout setose with rather
short dark brown hairs.

Polypodium brevivenosum yv. A. v. R., Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg, II 8, XXVIII, 40. 1918. (ex descr.)

P. malaccanum var. pahangense Ridley, 1. c. 84.
PAHANG: (Herb. Singapore 8147, 15974, 17744).
Mr. Holttum has identified these specimens with P.

brevivenosum from Sumatra, and I believe rightly. The
species very much resembles in size and cutting P. molli-
comum, but the lez.ves are thinner, the short lateral simple
veins clearly visible, of a lighter colour, and the pubescence
different; margins ciliated with long reddish hairs and few
similar ones are scattered over the surfaces. Also the scales
of the rhizome are much more numerous and conspicuous,
light-castaneous, lenceolate, entire. I have the same species
from Sarawak.

Polypodium sarawakense Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc., 22,
228. 1886.

Pleopeltis superficialis var. latifrons Bedd., Journ.

Bot., 31, 226.

405

Pl. peltata Scort.; v. A. v. R., Handb. Suppl. 376
Ridley 1. c. 91.

Polypodium peltatum v. A. v. R., Handb. 632.

PERAK: Larut (Kunstler 2180).

Perfectly identical with specimens from Borneo. The
rhizome of P. sarawakense Bak. (type in Kew!) is not naked
as described by Baker, but clothed with easily deciduous
almost orbicular blackish scales with brown edges, just as
described by v. A. v. R. under his P. peltatum.

Polypodium regulare Mett., C. Chr., Ind. 558.
Gymnogramme campyloneuroides Bak., Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot., 24, 261. 1887. }
Selliguea campyloneuroides Bedd., Handb. Suppl.,
LOT: .
Polypodium Hosei C. Chr., Ind. 534.

PAHANG: Sedagong, Pulau Tioman (Henderson 18895).

A comparison of the type-specimen of P. regulare Mett.
(Borneo, Korthals, Herb. Leiden) and G. campyloneuroides
Bak. (Sarawak, Hose 208, Kew) shows that they are abso-
lutely identical. In his Handb. Suppl., p. 404, v. A. v. R. has
reduced both P. regulare and P. selliguea Mett. (—Selliguea
membranacea) to forms of P. macrophyllum Bl., and he may
be right. In Ridley’s paper this species is placed by error
under Syngramma (p. 105).

Polypodium heterocarpum Bl., Fl. Javae, Fil., 167, pl. 75.

P. Zollingerianum Kunze; C. Chr., Ind. 575.

| Pleopeltis Zollingeriana Moore. Ridley 93.

Nephrodium pteropodum Baker, Journ. Bot., 1888,
eaot

Aspidium pteropodum Diels; C. Chr., Ind. 662

Polypodium Scortechinu Bak., Ann. Bot., 5, 477.

Pleopeltis Scortechinii Beddome, Handb. Suppl., 94.
Ridley 98.

I have examined both the type specimen of N.
pteropodum Bak. from Sarawak (Kew!) and a co-type speci-
men of P. Scortechinii from Perak (Scortchini 216, Herb.
Singapore) and find them perfectly identical. Both agree
closely with Blume’s figure of his P. heterocarpum, and I
do not hesitate to reduce both names to synonyms of that
species. According to modern rules of nomenclature this
species must be named P. heterocarpum Bl.; P. heterocarpum
(Bl.) Mett. (C. Chr., Ind.) must be called P. Mettenranum
Cesati or Selliguea heterocarpa Bl.

Loxocramme subecostata (Hook.) C. Chr. comb. nov.

Polypodium subecostatum Hook., Spec., 5, 59, pl.
283 A

406

Loxogramme Brooksti Copeland, Philipp. Journ.
Sel., 9 C, 232. 1914; 11.0, 44, pl. 2 fie. 6, 1916,

PAHANG: Sedagong, Pulau Tioman (Henderson 18896).

An examination of the type-specimen of P. subecostatum
Hook. in Kew from Sarawak, leg. Lobb, has shown that
it is a genuine Loxogramme. Hooker’s figure does not show
the young linear submarginal slightly immersed sori, nor
the velutinous roots so characteristic of this genus. L.
Brooksu Copel. from Sumatra is certainly the same. It is
probable that Ridley referred specimens belonging here to
L. lanceolata (p. 104), under which name the specimen
quoted was received. The species differs from L. lanceolata
by its smaller size, much more coriaceous texture and the
short sori being placed nearer the margin than the obscure
midrib.

Cyclophorus angustatus Desv.

To this species belong probably the sterile specimens
from Perak (Kunstler 8275) referred by Beddome and Ridley
(p. 98) to C. heteractis C. Chr., which species consequently
is not known from the Peninsula.

Cyclophorus varius Gaud.

C. pannosus Ridley 98.

SINGAPORE: Kranji (Ridley 6919, not 6419 as quoted
by Ridley).

This specimen wrongly referred to C. pannosus by
Ridley was rightly renamed C. varius by Holttum.

SCLEROGLOSSUM v.A.v.R.

This small genus was created by van Rosenburgh in 1912
(Bull. Jard. Buitenzorg, II 8, XII, 39) and he referred to it
three species: S. debile, S. pusillum and S. sulcatum, all
previously considered species of Vittaria. The genus is
very remotely, if at all, related to Vittaria, and forms with
its sister-genus Cochlidium KIlf. (Pleurogramme auctt.) of
Tropical America, a distinct tribe of ferns, presumably of
high age. The woody-coriaceous leaves, which are not
articulated to the rhizome and apparently long-living, the
peculiar light brown thin scales of the rhizome, hidden among
the densely tufted leaves, lack of paraphyses, venation, and
other characters make these species totally different from all
Vittariez. I shall discuss this genus in another paper, and
here confine myself to mentioning briefly the species known
from the Malay Peninsula. All species described are very
closely related, and might naturally be regarded as forms
of a single species.

Scleroglossum debile (Mett.) v.A.v.R., l.c.

Vittaria debilis Mett.; Kuhn, Linnaea, 36, 67. 1869.

The smallest species; leaves rarely more than 3 cm.
long, 1.5 mm. wide; veins simple; the sori short, near the

407

tip, not very deeply immersed, distinctly inframedial, the
leaf edge outside the soral groove mostly broader than the
costal parenchyma. Probably a small form of S. pusillum.

JOHORE: Gunong Panti (Holttum 17493). BORNEO.
Scleroglossum pusillum (Bl.) v.A.v.R., l.c.
Vittaria pusilla Bl. Ridley 108.

Leaves 5-10 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; veins forked or
irregularly branching; sori in the upper third of the lamina,
distinctly intramarginal, the inner edge of the soral groove
acute and somewhat produced, the outer attenuate towards
the edge and generally half as broad as the costal parenchy-
ma. In specimens of this species one often finds scattered
stellate brown hairs on the lamina; they are very deciduous
and occur probably in all species.

MALACCA: Mt. Ophir (Ridley 9864). Singapore.
Penang. Scattered through the Malayan region.

var. intermedium (Copeland)

Monogramme intermedia Copeland, Philipp. Journ.
Sei., 1 Suppl., 255. 1906.

Intermediate between the type and S. debile, resembling
the former in size, the latter by the inframedial sori with the
leaf-edge beyond the soral groove about as wide as the
parenchyma but thicker than in S. debile.

PERAK: (Scortechini). Philippines.

Scleroglossum crassifolium (Baker) C. Chr. comb. nov.

Vittaria crassifolia Baker, Kew Bull., 1893, 212.
V. sulcata Ridley, 108 (pro parte?)

Leaves up to 20 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, sometimes still
larger, the upper half fertile, linear and generally narrower
than the lower sterile half. Mouth of the soral groove
marginal with the leaf edge not or very slightly protruding
beyond the sorus. It is no doubt this form Ridley calls V.
sulcata, which is a Ceylonese form with a distinct thick leaf-
edge outside the sori; it is very doubtfully different from
S. pusillum.

SELANGOR: (Ridley). BORNEO.

NEW SPECIES OF FERNS FROM THE
MALAY PENINSULA
By R. E. Holttum.

Hymenophyllum johorense Holttum, sp. nov.

Rhizoma tenue repens. Stipites 2-5 mm. longi, glabri.
Frondes raro plus quam 1 cm. longae et 1 cm. latae; ramuli
dichotomi fere regulariter; ramuli tertiarii plerumque prae-
sentes, quaternati non visi. Ramuli ultimi 1.5-2 mm. lati,

usque ad 9 mm. longi. Margines leviter crispatae, pilis
simplicibus numerosis rufo-brunneis deciduis munitae.

Hymenophyllum johorense, x 2.5.

Valvae indusii extra pilosae, apice rotundatae, margine
dentatae, dentes pilosi, basi angustatae et 2/3 basin versus
conjunctae; receptaculum tandem indusium longe 1 mm.
superante.

JOHORE: Gunong Belumut, 3000 feet. (Holttum
10755), in a close mat on tree trunk, among liverworts.

Rhizome slender creeping. Stipes 2-5 mm. long, gla-
brous like the main veins. Fronds rarely more than 1 cm.
by 1 cm.; branching almost equally dichotomous; branches
of third order usually present, but of fourth order not seen
Ultimate branches 1.5-2 mm. wide, and up to 9 mm. long in
unequally branched fronds. Edges slightly crisped, bearing
numerous simple red-brown hairs, which are somewhat
deciduous on old fronds. Valves of indusium with hairy
outer surface, rounded above, and toothed, the teeth bearing

409

hairs like the edges of the frond; narrowed below and united
for 1/3 of their length, the base forming a conical sheath
round the receptacle which in age projects 1 mm. beyond
the indusium.

This is perhaps nearest to H. borneense Hk., of which
I have seen the type at Kew. ‘The latter species differs how-
ever in having more palmate fronds with more slender
segments, which are very hairy, and the indusial lips are
much smaller.

Leptochilus simplicifolius Holttum, sp. nov.

Rhizoma repens, squamis brunneis non-nitidis, lan-
ceolatis, munitum. Stipites conferti, frondis sterilis 5-10
em., fertilis 20-30 cm., longi, in sicco pallidi, glabri. Frondes
steriles simplices, herbaceae, glabrae, 10-25 cm. longae, 3-5
em. latae, lanceolatae, basi cuneatae, apice acuminatae,
margine undulatae. Venae laterales 5-10 mm. distantes,
leviter obliquae, fere rectae, subtus prominentes, pallidae,
glabrae; venulae fuscae, aerolas irregulares 2-3-seriatas inter
venas primarias formantes; venulae liberae paucae. Frondes
fertiles 8-10 cm. longae, 1-2 cm. latae, irregulariter crenatae.

PAHANG: Robinson’s Falls, Cameron’s Highlands,
4500 ft., on wet rocks (Henderson 17977: type); I*raser
Hill, 3800 ft., on rocks by stream (Holttum 11489).

PERAK: Gunong Hijau, 4200 ft. (Burkill 12756).

Rhizome creeping, scales dull brown, lanceolate. Stipes
closely placed, 5-10 em. long in sterile fronds, 20-30 cm. in
fertile fronds, slender, pale when dried, glabrous. Sterile
fronds simple, 10-25 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide, lanceolate, base
cuneate, apex acuminate, edge undulate; lateral veins pale,
prominent beneath, 5-10 mm. apart, slightly oblique, almost
straight, glabrous. Veinlets dark, forming 2-3 rows of
aerolae between the main veins with very few free included
veinlets. Texture herbaceous. Fertile fronds 8-10 cm. in
length, 1-2 cm. in width, rather irregularly crenate. Sori
completely covering lower surface.

Nearly allied to L. heteroclitus (Pr.) C. Chr.

Vittaria (Taeniopsis) malayensis Holttum, sp. nov.

Rhizoma breve repens, squamis angustis fuscis clath-
ratis setosoacuminatis vestitum. Frondes confertae, sessiles,
usque ad 25 cm. longae et 2 mm. latae, basin versus semsim
contractae. Costa supra canaliculata, subtus leviter
prominens. Venae laterales duae, sub soris, cum costa
parallalae. Venulae paucae, obliquae, cum venis lateralibus
confluentes. Venulae liberae nullae. Sori lati, paulo
immersi inter costam et marginem, 2/3 partem superlorem
frondium occupantes, continui vel interrupti. Sporangia
paraphysibus ramosis clavatis intermixta.

PAHANG: Fraser Hill, 4000 ft. (Burkill & Holttum
8705 (type), E. Smith 891) ; Cameron’s Highlands, 4800 ft.

+10

(Henderson 17702); Gunong Berumban, 5500 ft. (Hender-
son, F.M.S. Mus. No. 11744).

Vittaria malayensis. 1 & 2, paraphyses, x 100. 3, venation,
x 6. 4, transverse section of frond, showing position of sori, x 20.

Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with narrow
dark hair-pointed clathrate scales. Fronds closely placed,
sessile, to about 25 cm. long and 2 mm. wide, very gradually
narrowed to base. Midrib grooved above, slightly prominent
beneath. Veinlets few, forming a single row of long aerolae
between the midrib and a continuous vein lying below the
sorus. No free veinlets. Sori in shallow grooves, occupying
most of the space between midrib and edge, on the upper
2/3 of the frond, continuous or interrupted. Sporangia
mixed with numerous branched paraphyses, the branches
capitate. Spores about 64 to a sporangium. Stomata occur
on the lower surface, on either side of the grooves occupied
by the sori.

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE
MALAY PENINSULA.
STERCULIACE.

Sterculia alata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 50; Pl. Corom. iii,
84. t.287.

Kelantan, Gua Panjang at Gua Ninik, Henderson 19613;
Perak, no locality, Scortechini 1788; Negri Sembilan, Sena-
wang Reserve, Forest Department 1995.

Helicteres lanceolata, DC., Prod. i, 476.

Pulau Langkawi, Holttum 17430, August, 1925.

MELASTOMACEZ.

Sonerila johorensis, Hend., sp. nov.

S. prostratae Ridl. affinis, sed foliis, antheris, petalisque
majoribus differt.

Prostrate creeping herb, rooting at intervals, stems
filiform, red with long white hairs. Leaves in subequal
pairs, broadly triangular ovate acute, serrate, base broad and
abruptly narrowed into the petiole, red below when alive,
purplish when dry, white hairy above and below; up to
about 15 mms. long and 10 mms. broad; petioles about 2
mms. long.

Flowers 2 to 4 on a terminal peduncle 2-3 cms. long.
Calyx narrowly funnel shaped, 4 mms. long, teeth broad,
acute. Petals pink, 6-8 mms. long, ovate oblong apiculate.
Stamens 38, anthers yellow, curved, acuminate, 2 mms. long,
filaments slender 3 mms. long. Capsule smooth or minutely
hairy, cylindric oblong, narrowed at base, 5-6 mms. long.

JOHORE, Gunong Panti at 1600 ft. altitude, on rocks,
Holttum 17500 (type), Feb. 1926.

RUBIACEZ.
‘Pomazota rivularis, Hend., sp. nov.

A P. sylvestre Ridl., foliis maioribus minus hirsutis,
stipulis latioribus, corolla cylindrica, stylo tenuiore differt.

A creeping and erect herb, woody at base, stems at
base as much as 8 mms. through, rooting at lower nodes.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute,
narrowed to base, up to 18 cms. long and 6.5 cms. broad,
glabrous above except for a few coarse thick hairs between
the nerves, sparsely hirsute below on the midrib and nerves,
margin with a row of multicellular hairs. Nerves promin-
ent on both sides, up to 17 pairs. Stipules broad triangular-
ovate with long points.

Peduncles variable in length, reaching 6 cms., subtended
at base by a pair of ovate acute bifid bracts hairy on their
edges. Involucral bracts broadly oblong or rhomboid,
3-nerved, sparsely hairy, up to 2 cms. long and 1 cm. broad.
Outer floral bracts narrow spathulate, 6-8 mms. long with
long multicellular hairs. Inner floral bracts linear oblong,

442

also hairy. Calyx lobes 4, narrow oblong with long
multicellular bristles on their edges. Corolla white,
cylindric, 4 mms. long, constricted below the lobes, mouth
with a dense ring of hairs; lobes 4, patent, triangular ovate,
with a strongly marked midrib from which arise two or
three multicellular bristles. Stamens 4, about half the
length of the corolla tube, anthers oblong. Style slender,
stigma large globose, prolonged below the insertion of the
style into two lobes. Dise conspicuous.

Capsule ovate oblong 2-8 mms. long, crowned by the
persistent calyx lobes. Seeds small, numerous, angular,
punctate.

JOHORE: Gunong Muntahak, c.600 ft., by a stream
in dense shade, abundant, Holttum 19922 (type), March, ©
1928.

COMPOSIT 2.
Eupatorium conyzoides, Vahl, Sym. Bot. iii, 96.

A Brazilian composite of recent introduction into the
Peninsula, now common on roadsides near Taiping.

LOGANIACEZ.
Fagraea speciosa, Bl. Rumphia ii, 35, t. 81.

Kelantan, Sungai Keteh at Gua Ninik, Henderson
19658, October 1927.

GESNERACEA.
Loxocarpus Helttumi, Hend., sp. nov.

L. semitortae Ridl. affinis, foliis cordatis, latioribus,
pedunculis longioribus, calycis majoribus, pedunculis flori-
busque extra glanduloso-hirtis differt.

Leaves in a rosette, broadly ovate, cordate, blunt, edge
serrulate, upper surface covered with white silky hairs,
lower surface densely covered on the prominent veins with
long slender ferrugineous hairs, between the veins more
sparsely covered with short white hairs; about 4-5 cms. long
and 4 cms. broad. Petioles up to 5 cms. long, densely
ferrugineous hairy.

Peduncles to 15 cms. or more, covered with short purple
glandular slightly viscid hairs, pedicels drooping, 1.2 cms.
long. Inflorescence of about 7 flowers. Sepals triangular,
blunt, 1 mm. long, hairy as the peduncle and pedicel. Corolla
uniformly pale mauve-blue, slightly paler at the base, two-
lipped, lobes round blunt, the two upper lobes much smaller
than the three lower ones; 13 mms. long and broad. Outside
of corolla sparsely white glandular-hairy. Filaments rather
slender, curved, white to greenish, anthers yellow, or the
same colour as the corolla, connivent. Staminodes white,
club-shaped, about one-third the length of the stamens.

ets

‘Spsos pue ‘sjuoulges xA[BVo 90143 YIM o[nsdeo ‘g

“OT X TV
‘SJUNULSOS XAT)

OM} puv Areao ‘Z ‘4yno pousado eBi[O1OD “T ‘siinjpnartt NJOZDUWWOd

414

Capsule conic, dehiscing along the upper edge, sepals
persistent, reflexed. Seeds brown, narrowly ovoid and
pointed at both ends, minutely reticulate.

JOHORE, Gunong Panti at 1600 ft. altitude on rocks,
Holttum 18097 (type), Feb. 1926; same locality, Holttum
19863, Dec. 1927.

ORCHIDACEZ.

Eria rigida, Bl. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii, 183.

Pahang, Gua Tipus near Chegar Perah, Henderson
19465, Oct. 1927.
Eria Teysmanni, J. J. Smith in Bull. Dép. Agric. Indes
Néerl. xxii, 29.
Kelantan, Kuala Pertang, Haniff and Nur 10364, Febru-
ary 1923.
M. R. Henderson.

FURTHER ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE
MALAY PENINSULA.

(1) HYPTIS CAPITATA, Jacquin in Collectanea I
(1786) 102.

Pycanthemum decurrens, Blanco, in Flor. Filip. Ed.
8, II (1878) 251, t. 294.

A stout annual herb, erect, 4 feet tall, hairy, green, or
purplish especially at the nodes and in the upper side of the
leaf-mid-veins, with four-angled stem. Leaves lanceolate,
toothed, about 4 inches long, and 1 inch broad. Flowers
numerous, crowded into subglobose heads, on long peduncles,
peduncles solitary, axillary, four-angled, about 3.5 inches;
heads 0.5 to 0.7 inch long. Calyx pale green. Corolla white,
dotted pink in the tube, inferior lip yellowish white. Stamens
exsert; filaments white; anthers darkish; pollen yellow.
Style linear, white, exsert.

This plant is quite common in waste places along the
Cluny Road, in the vicinity of the Old Arboretum of Singa-
pore, and has been observed there for the last five years.
The plant agrees well with plate given in Blanco’s Flora, l.c.

Distribution—A plant of Mexican origin now found as
a weed in the Marianne and Caroline Islands, the Philippines,
Formosa, Amboina, Java, Borneo and India.

The key given in Ridley’s Flora II (1923) 645, for the
identification of Hyptis spp. occurring in the peninsula may
be modified to include the above species thus :—

A. flowers few in racemose cymes, corolla violet; herb
strongly aromatic, pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves
ovate, serrulate.:...... H. suaveolens, Poir.

AA. flowers numerous in axillary globose or subglobose
heads, corolla white; herb little or not aromatic, more or less
pubescent with non-spreading hairs; leaves ovate-oblong to
lanceolate, serrate:

(a.) Peduncles about 0.5 inch long, more or less as long
as the-lower heads. 2e.s.2..... H. brevipes, Poir.

(aa.) Peduncles 3.5 inches long, about three or more
ae as long as the flower heads............ H. capitata,
acq.

(2) RIVINIA HUMILIS, Linn. Spec. Plant. (1753) 121;
H. Walter in Engl. Planzenreich IV 83 (1909) 102, fig.
30; Sims in Bot Mag. (1816) t. 1781.

Perennial herb or shrub, woody below, up to 3.5 feet
tall, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves alternate, occasionally
sub-opposite, entire, ovate or broadly elliptic, apex long
acuminate, base rounded or obtuse, sometimes slightly acute
or sub-cordate, 1 to 4 inches long, 1 to 2 inches broad; petiole
more or less hairy or tomentose, roundish, with a little groove
above, 1 to 1.5 inch long. Flowers bisexual in subterminal
or axillary racemes, little longer or shorter than the leaves.

416

Yerianth of a single series, 4 cleft, white or pinkish,
1/12 inch long, increases and turns green in fruit. Stamens
as many as perianth segments; filaments white, persisting
green on fruits. Ovary monocarpellary, white, style one,
short with capitate, white stigma. Fruit a globose red
‘berry, with fleshy pericarp; seed hard, black.

Varieties occurring here orientalis (Moq.) Walt. and
canescens, L. 3

As early as the year 1890 (or 1896?) Ridley collected a
specimen of this species which was then noted by him as an
escape from the Singapore Botanical Gardens. This species
is still found persisting as weed in the Garden’s hedges and
is seen flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The
other records for the Peninsula are:—

Malacca at Malacca Hill (Ridley, Dec. 1899). Singapore,
Yo Chu Kang (Ridley, 1902); Paya Goyang (Hassan, May,
1905). | |
Singapore, (Mayer, no. 884 fide Walter l.c.) [Mayer’s
name is not included in the list of Malayan Plant Collectors

made by Burkill and published in Garden’s Bulletin IV (1927)
nos. 4 and 5].

Distribution—Native of tropical and_ subtropical
America, but now pantropic. |

Rivina (also spelt as Rivinia) is a Linnean genus of the
Phytolocoacease—a family not included in Ridley’s Flora.

For the purpose of tracing the family of this plant, the
following synopsis may be used as an Addendum to the
synopsis of the families given by Ridley in the Flora, I
(1922) <xxi

CXa—Phytoloccaceae—Herbs or shrubs, woody at base.
Perianth of a single series, 4-cleft. Leaves alternate, entire.
Ovary of one carpel. Style one, capitate stigma. Fruit a

berry.
C. X. FURTADO.

OCIMUM, LINN. IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

In the peninsula all Ocimum species are cultivated
plants, but frequently one comes across them as escapes and
weeds in the settled areas. They are grown chiefly for the
purposes of worship or for their medicinal value, or again
for the purpose of scenting cooked preparations. O.
sanctum, L., is sacred to the Hindu deities Krishna and
Vishnu, and is frequently cultivated by the Hindus from
northern India near their dwellings, in places where they
usually say their prayers. Some believe that the mere
presence of the Ocimum round about the houses keep away
mosquitoes. An infusion of its leaves is used, either alone
or mixed with that of other plants, internally to cure the
minor disorders of the respiratory system and also irregular

417

menstruation in women, and externally as a cure for skin
diseases, headache and earache. Medicinally leaves of any
of the Ocimum species are considered good, but leaves of O.
sanctum, L. and O. Basilicum, L. are regarded as superior to
others. Leaves of O. canum, Sims, and of the white-tlowered,
hairy varieties of O. Basilicum, L. are used in culinary pre-
parations. The leaves and calyces of O. Basilicum, L. var.
pilosum, Benth. has been reported to be a frequent adulterant
of the patchouly (Pogostemon Cablin, Benth.) prepared for
export from this country. [Gildemeister & Hoffmann in the
Volatile Oils Engl. Ed. (1900) 657; and Prain in Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal LXXIV pt. 2 Extra No. (1907) 702 & 709]. In
his notes on the Malayan drugs, Ridley notes that the flowers
of O. Basilicum, L. form one of the ingredients used in the
root decoction of Phyllanthus Niruri, L. given to cure cough
in children, and that an infusion of the seeds of O.
gratissimum, L. is drunk for gonorrhea, and also in the
morning as laxative. (Agri. Bull. S.S. & F.M.S. V,—-1906-
248 & 278.) ; |

Being introduced plants in the peninsula, the Malays
_ have no fixed vernacular name for the Ocimum species.
Kemangi is the usual name for O. canuwm, Sims, but it may
also be used for the white-flowered varieties of O. Basilicum
that are used in cooking. Selasi or Selaseh, a corruption of
the Sanskrit name Tulasi for the Ocimums, Pokoh derived
rom the Chinese name Poh Hok for peppermint, and Ruku
~ are used indiscriminately to all the species of the Ocimum,
but rarely to O. canum, Sims. The last two names are
usually used in the plural form as Ruku-Ruku and Pokoh-
Pokoh, the singulars being seldom used. As in the Malay
language the plural form, when applied to plants, usually
- implies that the plants bear in some way a resemblance to the
one to which the singular belongs, the genuine Ruku may be
some other plant native of Malaya, as for instance, the
aromatic Adenosma capitatum, Benth., which is now known
to the Malays as Ruku hutan. The word Kemangi is usuaily
used alone, but all the others may be applied alone or with
the adjective merah, hitam, puteh or besar to describe
the general size or colour of the plants in the living
condition. Oku or Oku-Oku, are apparently corruptions
of the Ruku or Ruku-Ruku. The white-flowered, hairy
varieties of O. Basilicum, L., approach so near to O.
canum, Sims, that botanically it is very difficult to separate
them as distinct species except by the larger size of all the
parts of O. Basilicwm, L. The Malays also do not seem to
make any difference between them, and the varieties of O.
Basilicum, L. have the same vernacular name and uses as
O. canum, Sims. All the above names are also applied by
the Malays to Hyptis suaveolens, Poir, another aromatic
' plant of foreign origin belonging to the same family as the
Ocimums. The most usual adjective that accompanies the

+18

names in this case is hutan to show that the plant is a weed
or wild in the Peninsula.

The key and the descriptions of Ocimum species given
by Ridley in the Flora of the Malay Peninsula II (19238)
643, are not very satisfactory for the identification of the
species occurring in the peninsula, and hence the key given
_ below has been prepared after a study of the plants in the
herbarium as well as in the living condition.

KEY.

1. a. Shrubby plants 1 to 2 m. tall. Leaves more than

7.5 cm. long, 5 em. wide, broadly serrate. Lower calyx lip
shorter than the upper one. Corolla white, pubescent....
ros CgMRNS See Ste a his. coe cat tien en geen nea ne ene O. gratissimum.
b. Herbs or woody undershrubs, 30 to 100 cm. tall.

Lower calyx lip longer than the upper one. Leaves usually
less than 6.5 cm. in either dimensions, entire or serrate
ad ie en Ann Ces Mme gh (2)
2. a. Leaves somewhat rhomboidal, obtuse, often api-
culate, hairy on both sides. Pedicels as long as, or longer
than, the calyx, spreading out almost at right angles to the
axis so that the calyces face outwards. Calyx glabrous
within. Stem often reddish pubescent with spreading,
white hairs. Corolla purplish, pink or white with purplish
or pink lobes, or yellowish lip (fide Ridley) Anthers yellow
tie dew boone ee eet peo tie O. sanctum.
b. Leaves acute or acuminaté a both ends, rarely

with an obtuse apex. Pedicel shorter than the calyx,
growing upwards closely adpressed to rachis so that the
calyces on decurved tips face downwards and appear sessile.
Calyx hairy within; patellate lobe obstructs the view of .
the remaining parts. Anthers white.................. (3)

3. a. Corolla white, 4 to 5 mm. long. Patellate lobe of

the calyx 2.5 to 4 mm. long and as much broad. Leaves 2.5
to 4 cm. long, acute at both ends or rhomboidal. Plant
pubescent often densely in the upper parts, low branched,
30 to 45 cm. rarely 60 cm. tall herbaceous, whitish without
any DUTPlIsh Tits. .... . 0:0: A. » ose ee eae eee O. canum.
b. Corolla white, purplish or pink, 7.5 to 12 mm.

long. Patellate lobe of the calyx 5 to 7 mm. long, 6 mm.
broad. Leaves 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long, very variable, usually
Janceolate, cuneate at base, or hairy glabrous plant 45 to
90 cm. tall, branching in the upper two-thirds, bushy, some-
times hairy but usually glabrous, and purple with dark
purplish tints even in the calyx............. O. Basilicum
(Polymorphous species).

O. gratissimum, Linn.

Lower Siam, Kopah (Haniff & Nur, n. 2987) Perak,
Sungei Siput (Haniff & Nur, n. 6923) Singapore, Botanic

419

Gardens, (Ridley, in 1905; Deshmukh, in 1921; Furtado, in
Nov. 1927, known in the vernacular as Ruku-Ruku hitam,
and Selaseh besar).

O. sanctum, Linn.

Langkawi, (Curtis, n. 2126). Perak, Matang, (Wray, n.
558, as Selassay). Province Wellesley, Pagar Tras, (Ridley,
n. 7168); Prai, (Nur, n. 6226). Pahang, Pekan, (Ridley,
as Selaxa antan and no. 187); Kuala Tahan, (Seimund, n.
831). Malacca, Gombeya Bath, (Hervey, Sept. 1890).
Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, (Ridley, n. 10214) ; Port Swetten-
ham, (Burkill, n. 2700). Johore, Pulau Tingii, (Burkill,
June 1915, as Oku). Singapore, (Hullett, in Nov. 1884 n.
374; Ridley, in 1908, as Ruku-Ruku) ; Pulau Ubin, (Furtado,
n. 18622) ; Botanic Gardens (Furtado, Nov. 1927, as Selaseh
hitam and Ruku-Ruku merah).

O. canum, Sims.

Langkawi, (Curtis, n. 2492). Perak, Kuala Kangsar,
(Haniff n. 14930) Singapore, (Hamilton, in Oct. 1926, as
Kemangi) ; Botanic Gardens, (Ridley, in Aug: 1898; Furtado,
in Aug: 1928, as Kemangi). This plant frequently appears
for sale in the Singapore bazars, as also the white-flowered
hairy varieties of O. Basilicum, L. known to the Malays as
the Kemangi.

0. Basilicum, Linn.

Penang, Tanjong Tokong, (Curtis, n. 2492); Waterfall
Gardens (Nur, in Sept. 1918) Selangor, Kuala Lumpur,
(Ahmat in 1889, as Kemangi). Pahang, Kuala Tembeling,
(Ridley, in Aug: 1891); Pulau Tiuman, (Henderson, n.
18428). Malacca, Bukit Panchur, (Alvins, as Ruku-Ruku
Itam). Singapore, (Ridley, in 1903, as Selasih); Bukit
Mandai, (Ridley, as Ruku-Ruku); Botanic Gardens, (Fur-
tado, in Nov. 1927, as Selaseh puteh, Selaseh hitam, Pokoh,
Pokoh-Pokoh hitam, and Kemangi).

C. X. FURTADO.
PALAQUIUM STELLATUM, KING & GAMBLE.

PALAQUIUM STELLATUM, King & Gamble in Journ.

As. Soc. Bengal LXXIV, pt. II (1905) 198; Ridley in Flor.
Mal. Pen. Il (1928) 277; and H. J. Lam in Bull. Jard. Bot.
Buitz. VIL (1925) 71 and VIII (1927) 402.

Bassia Watsoni, Ridley l.c. p. 267.

Madhuca Watsoni (Ridl.) Lam l.c. VIL (1925) 179
_ and VIII (1927) 462.
In the Materials for a Flora of the Malayan
. Peninsula, King and Gamble (l.c.) used Scortechini’s speci-
men numbered 1855, from Perak, to found a new species
which they called Palaquiuwm stellatum. The specific name
for the plant was suggested by Scortechini himself who

420

thought the hairs on the leaf-nerves were stellate. Having
probably no occasion to test the accuracy of Scortechini’s
observations regarding hairs on the leaf nerves, King and
Gamble retained the specific name suggested by the Schorte-
chini whom they also held responsible for the description of
the hairs. A co-type specimen of the number cited by King
and Gamble is in the Singapore herbarium. It answers to
the description of the species in all respect except the hairs
on the leaf-nerves, which are not stellate. In his mono-
graphic work on the sapotaceous plants of the Dutch East
Indies, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines, Lam points
out this error in the description of the hairs on the leaf-
nerves of P. stellatum, and adds that he has never come
across a Palaquium species having stellate hairs on leaves
(Lam, l.c. VII, p. 71). Hitherto P. stellatum was believed
to occur in the Malay Peninsula only, and to be very rare.
But from the citations given by Lam (op. cit. VII, p. 71,
and VIII p. 402) one notes that it is not so rare in the
Peninsula, and that it also occurs in Sumatra.

In working out the sapotaceous plants for his Flora,
Ridley was not able to see the type specimen of P. stellatum,
and so he borrowed the specific description for the Flora
from the original description in the Materials (Ridley, l.c.
p. 277). He had, however, with him unnamed material
of this species, which he used to found his Bassia Watsoni
(l.c. p. 267). He does not cite the numbers of the type
specimens, but thanks to Mr. Burkill who has looked them
up at Kew, we know that the type specimens of Bassia
Watsoni, Ridley, are C. F. nos. 869 and 2755, both of which
numbers are represented in the Singapore herbarium. An
examination of this material leaves no doubt that it is
Palaquium stellatum, King and Gamble, though the leaves
resemble somewhat of the Bassia group. The calyx
is distinctly of six sepals, and Ridley himself had
noted correctly that the outer whorl] consists of three
sepals, whereas the Bassia (Madnuca) species have two
sepals in the outer whorl of the calyx. The cotype
specimens of Bassia Watsoni in the Singapore herbarium
closely agree with the type specimen of Palaquium stellatwm
and with its description as corrected by Lam.

While working on the sapotaceous plants in Malaysia,
Lam (op. cit) could not see any authentically named specimen
of Bassia Watsoni. But considering that the generic name
Madhuca, GMELIN, is the only valid name for the Bassia,
KOENIG, the word Bassia being preoccupied by ALLIONI
for a group of Chenopodiaceae, he renamed B. Watsoni,
Ridley as Madhuca Watsoni with a note indicating his
doubts of its being a true Madhuca (op. cit. VII, p. 179).
Later on he had with him a specimen collected by Watson at
Baloh Reserve, numbered C. F. 2755, which he determined

421

correctly as Palaquium stelletum (l.c. VIII, p. 402); but he
did not know that this was from the type collection cited
by Ridley for Bassia Watsoni. Lam, therefore, still retained
the name Madhuca Watsoni in this later publication with a

note that he has not seen any specimen of the species.
(he Vilt,. p. 462).

C. X,. FURTADO.

SPECIES OF NEESIA IN THE MALAY PENINSULA.

The primary object of this note is to restore to its
proper rank, the species Neesia synandra, Masters, the
specific status of which has long been in doubt, and also to
show the limits of distribution of all the three species found
in the Malay Peninsula. That Masters had made a careful
examination of the type specimen of his species is quite
clear from the generic characters given by him under Neesia
in Hook f. Flor. Brit. Ind. I pt. 2(1874) 352, which, as far as
the leaves and flowers were concerned, were all a result of
his own observations made of the type specimen of his
species. But the confusion occurred owing to a mistake he
made in giving almost all the important characters of his
species under the generic description, where they escaped the
attention of the botanists who tried to study his species,
giving the minor ones under the description of his species.
It was probably his intention to show the characters of the
genus Neesia as he had found it in the Malay Peninsula;
for he was fully aware that his generic description was not
applicable, at least in the characters of the filaments, to
Neesia altissima, Bl., the only other Neesia species known
then; in fact he himself draws attention to this fact under
the description of his species. The result of the trans-
ference, which Masters unwittingly made, of the important
specific characters to the generic description was that Neesia
synandra, Mast., was either regarded as a doubtful species,
or confused with others quite distinct. Hence a detailed
description of Neesia synandra, Mast., and a _ sufficient
synonymy of all the three species occurring in the peninsula
together with an artificial key are given below so as to make
their distinctions and their specific ranks quite clear.

KEY.

la. Leaves up to 24 x 12 cm., glabrous, with 12-15 pairs
of nerves. Flowers in the axils of fallen leaves. Peduncle
0.2 em. thick, pedicels 1-2 cm. long. Calyx globose in the
bud abruptly contracted towards the apex, later somewhat
compressed with margins inflexed inwards, not involute
Tete tye oo ERS Co eS a ee re a Neesia malayana.

1b. Leaves over 30 x 15 cm. glabrous to distinctly hairy
beneath, with 18-26 pairs of nerves. Flowers axillary, or
in the axils of fallen leaves. Peduncle 0.3-0.4 cm. thick;

422

pedicels up to 1 cm. long. Calyx globose in the bud con-
tracted or not towards the apex, later saucershaped with
margins involute ‘or notec .) 42005 eS ee ea eee (2)

2a. Leaves up to 45 x 17 cm. glabrous or subglabrous.
Branchlets and petioles hairy or glabrous, rarely covered
with a few scales. Stipules glabrous, subglabrous or rarely
with a few scales. Flowers axillary or in the axils of
fallen leaves. Calyx globose in the bud abruptly contracted
towards the apex, later saucershaped with invoiute margin,
wholly or partly pubescent within........... N. altissima.

2b. Leaves over 45 x 20 cm. distinctly hairy beneath.
Branchlets and petioles scaly, not hairy. Stipules thickly
covered with scales outside, tomentose within. Flowers in
the axils of fallen leaves. Calyx globose in the bud with
cuneate apex, later convexly saucershaped with margin
spreading, not involute, glabrous. withim’.= 7.0 0y2-e eee
Neesia synandra.

“Neesia synandra, Masters in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. I pt.
2(1874) 352; Mast. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. XIV (1875) 504;
Becc.Malesia III (1889) 263; King Mat. Flor. Mal. Pen. in ~
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX, pt. 2(1891) 56, reference to
Maingayi’s specimen only; Ridl. Flor. Sing. in Journ. Roy.
As. Soc. Str. Br. XXXIII(1900) 51 pro parte; Ridl. Flor.
Mal. Pen. 1(1922) 265 pro parte; Merr. in Journ. Roy. As.
Soc. Str. Br. LXXXVI(1922) 328?

Arbor c. 20 m alta, 60-70 cm. diametro. Ramuli crassi,
tereti, inferne delapsu foliorum conspicue cicatrisati, glabri,
superne foliosi, lepidoti. Folia alterna, petiolata; stipulis
deciduis, foliaceis, sessilibus, lanceolatis uni vel obsolete
multi-nerviatis, 5 cm. longis, extus squamatis, intus
tomentosis; petiolo usque 10 cm. longo, 0.7 cm. crasso,
lepidoto, terete, basi dilatato trigono, apice inflato; lamina
adulta 45-55 cm. vel magis longa, plus 20 cm. lata,
coriacea obovato-oblonga, basi attenuata, saepissime cordu-
lata, raro rotundata, apice semper emarginata, margine
integra subundulata supra glabra costis nervisque sparse
pilosis exceptis, subrugosa, dense punctulata, subtus
aspera, pilosa, costis nervisque lepidotis exceptis; juvenilis
utrinque dense tomentosa subtus costis nervisque lepidotis
exceptis; nervis (lateralibus) 20-24 parallelibus, prope
marginem arcuatis, in pagina superiore depressis, inferiore
valido-prominentibus. Inflorescentia subterminalis, ad
axillas foliorum delapsorum, corymboso-multiflora divari-
cata, usque 3.5 cm. longa. Pedunculi ad singulum pulvinum
1-3, ramosi, densissime squamati, angulati, basi 0.4 cm.
crassi; bracteis minimis (0.8 cm. longis), densissime
lepidotis, caducissimis. Pedicelli usque 1 cm. longi, angulati,
densissime lepidoti. Involucellus trilobatus, caducus, extus
lepidotus, intus glaber. Calyx primum globosus, apicem

423

versus sensim angustatus, sub anthesi convexo-disciformis
margine obsolete crenulato, haud fisso, haud involuto, extus
squamis densissime obtectus, intus glaberrimus, circiter
1-1.5 em. diametro, persistens. Corolla pentapetala, petalis
liberis, contortis, in calyptram cohaerentibus, mox deciduis,
utrimque obtusis, extus basi glabro excepto timentosis, intus
glabris, 1 cm. longis, 0.4 cm. latis. Stamina numerosa
( +20-30), monadelpha, in 5 acervos obsolete divisa, quam
corolla breviora, omnia fertilia; filamentis ad medium
connatis; antheris extrorsis, bilocularibus visu. Pistillum
stamina superans, 0.7 cm. longum; stvlo brevi, tereti, glabro;
stigmate crasso, capitato secus marginem minute puberulo;
ovario subsessili, quinqueloculari, oblongo, ciliato. Fructus
pedunculatus; immaturus quinguangularis obovatus basi
apiceque obtusus, pyramidato-tuberculatus; submaturus
partim virescens partim purpurascens, muricatotesselatus,
quinquejugatus, sectione transversa stellatus, 15 cm. longus,
ellipticus, apice obtusus, ima basi acutus; maturus
ad angulos prominentes ad apicem valvatim dehiscens; valvis
5, lignosis, medio septiferis, basi connatis, superne
hiantibus, extus lividis, intus pilis rigidis prurientibus luteis
densisssime tectis, ad margines axiales pluros semines
utrimque ferentibus; seminibus ellipsoideis, apice obtusis,
basi cuneatis, horizontalibus, nudis, nigris, usque 2 cm.
longis, 1 cm. crassis. Indumentum pro magis parte
_ stellulatum. Squamae peltatae.

Tree about 20 metres tall, 60-70 cm. through. Branch-
lets think, terete, marked with conspicuous scars of fallen
leaves, glabrous, but covered with scales in the terminal
leaf-bearing parts. Leaves alternate, petioled; stipules
deciduous, foliaceous, sessile, lanceolate, one or obscurely
many-nerved, 5 cm. long, scaly outside, tomentose inside;
petiole up to 10 cm. long, 0.7 cm. thick, scaly, terete, dilated
trigonal at base, inflated at apex; adult leaves 45-55 cm. or
-more long, more than 20 cm. broad, coriaceous, obovate-
oblong, narrowed into a very often cordulate, rarely obtuse,
base, always with an emarginate apex, with entire, slightly
undulate margin, glabrous above except for a few hairs
along the midrib and nerves, and minutely and thickly
punctate; in the under surface rough and hairy except for
the scaly midrib and very often scaly nerves; nerves (lateral)
20-24 pairs, parallel arched near the margins, sunk above,
raised beneath. Corymbs manvy-flowered, divaricate. sub-
terminal, in the axils of fallen leaves, up to 3.5 cm. long.
Peduncles 1-3 on each pulvinus, branched. densely covered
with scales, angled, 0.4 cm. thick at base; bracts small (0.3
cm. long), thickly covered with scales, caducous. Pedicels
~ up to 1 em. long, angled, thickly lepidote. Epicalyx trilobed,
caducous, scaly outside, glabrous within. Calyx globose in
the bud, with gradually cuneate apex, later dilated and
compressed into a convex disc with obscurely crenulate, but

424

not split nor involute, margin, thickly coated with scales
outside, glabrous within, about 1-1.5 cm. in diameter,
persistent. Petals 5, contorted, free but cohering together,
deciduous, obtuse at base and apex, 1 cm. long, 0.4 em. wide.
Stamens numerous (+ 20 to 30) monaldephous, but obscurely
arranged in 5 bundles, shorter than the corolla, all fertile,
each bundle alternate with the petals, divided half-way into
numerous filaments; anthers apparently all bilobed, extrorse.
Pistil longer than the stamens, 0.7 cm. long; style short,
terete, glabrous; stigma thick, capitate, minutely puberulous
along the margins; ovary subsessile, oblong, 5-locular, ciliate
with long persistent hairs; ovules numerous 2-seriate,
horizontal, anatropous. Fruit peduncled; very young
pentagonal, obovate obtuse at base and at apex, covered with
pyramidal spines all over; half-ripe fruits partly green and
partly purplish faintly suffused with blue, muricate-tesselate,
5-ridged, star-shaped in transverse section, 15 cm. long,
elliptic, obtuse at apex, cuneate at the very base; ridges 6
em. high from the axis of the fruit, the furrows 2.5 cm.
deep; mature fruits open along the ridges into 5 valves;
valves woody, carrying the septum in the middle, united at
the base, opened at apex, blue-black outside, densely covered
within with rigid, stinging, yellow hairs; seeds many, borne
horizontally on both sides along the axial margins of the
valves, ellipsoid, obtuse at apex, cuneate at base, smooth,
naked, black, up to 2 cm. long, 1 cm. thick. Hairs on the
vegetative parts of the plant mostly stellate; scales always
peltate.

PENANG, Sungei Telck Bahang (Burkill, n. 4556, flrs. in
Feb. 1919); Telok Bahang, (Forest Guard under Curtis, n.
3081 leaves only) ; Penara Bukit, (Forest Guard under Fox,
firs. in March 1905).

SELANGOR, Weld Hill in Kuala Lumpur (Hamid no. C.F.
n. 2301 leaves only).

SINGAPORE, Bukit Timah, (Ridley, flrs. and very young
fruits in Feb. 1890; ripe fruits in Oct. 1904 and Sent. 1908;
Holttum & Furtado, n. 19788, firs. & fruits in all stages
in Nov. 1928).

Distribution—Borneo ?

I have not seen the Bornean specimen referred to by
Merrill, but he says that it agrees in its vegetative characters
with Fox’s specimen from Penang, which is N. synandra,
Mast. He describes its fruits (not quite mature) as
ellipsoid, 20 x 10 to 12 cm. when dry. —

Neesia altissima (Bl) Bl. in Nov. Acad. Cur. XVII
(1835) 75 & 83, t. 6; Becc. Malesia III(1889) 261; Bakhuizen
in Bull. Jard. Buitz. VI(1924) 221 & 246 (for fuller biblio-
eraphy and synonymy of this species see this work).

Esenbeckia altissima, Bl. Bijdr. Flor. Ned. Ind. 1 (1825)
119,

= I 4)

Neesia ambigua, Becc. Malesia (1887—1889) 261, t.
31 fig. 1.

Neesia glabra, Becc. 1. c. 263, tt. 30 et 31 figs. 2—4.

N. synandra, Mast. sensu King Mat. Flor. Mal. Pen. in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. LX, pt. 2, (1891) 56, exclusive of
reference to Maingay’s specimen; Ridley Flor. Mal. Pen.
I{ 1922) 265. pro. parte.

PERAK, Sungei Larut (Wray, n. 2271, firs. in July 1888;
n. 2875, small fruits in Aug. 1888); Gopeng (Kunstler, n.
5768, fruits in April 1884) ; Batu Kurau in Taiping (Haniff,
n. 18265, flrs. in May 1924) ; Tukang Sidin in Teluk Anson
(Haniff, n. 14161, young fruits in Sept. 1924) ; Bagan Serai
in Krian, (Mitchell, C.F. n. 5679, firs. in April and fruits in
June of 1922, vern. name Bengang).

« Distributtion—Lower Siam, Borneo, Java, and Sumatra.

I have taken the name N. altissima, Bl., sens. lat., to
include the various forms or varieties of this species.
Wray n. 2271 has an obscurely 3-5 lobed epicalyx glabrous
within except for a thin tomentose ring at base, petals
lightly tomentose in the upper half and glabrous in the
lower half and along the margins and inside, and
glabrous stigma. MHaniff’s n. 13265 has a deeply trilobed,
larger epicalyx tomentose within, petals tomentose out-
side almost to the base and pilose stigma as in
Bakhuizen’s specimen n. 5884 cited under var. typica,
Bakh. l.c. 246. The specimen from Lower Siam (Haniff
and Nur, n. 3905, from Khaw Poh Hill, firs. in Dec. 1918)
has its epicalyx like Wray’s specimen, but the petals
and the stigma as in Haniff’s specimen. Neesia has not
been credited for Lower Siam even in Craib’s list of the
Siamese plants (Flor. Siam. Enum. 1925, pt. I).

Neesia malayana, Bakh. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitz. VI
t1924) 24) -et,247/, tt. 34 et.S5.

Neesia synandra, Mast. sensu Ridl. Flora of Sing. in
Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. XXXIII(1900) 51 pro parte;
Ridl. Flor. Mal. Pen. 1(1922) 265, pro parte.

Singapore, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley, n. 3770, firs. in
1890) ; Kranji (Mat. n. 5846, firs. 1894); near Cluny Road
in Tanglin (Furtado, firs. in Feb. 1924).

Distribution—Sumatra.

C. X. FURTADO.

426

ANISOPHYLLEA GAUDICHAUDIANA, Baill. is
A. GRANDIS, Benth.

About 1823 (the date is unrecorded) George Porter, at
one time Head-Overseer of the East India Company’s Botanic
Garden in Calcutta and then a schoolmaster in Penang,
collected in this island and sent to Calcutta a curious
plant to which Weallich gave the number 4454 and the name
Strychnos grandis. But Bentham when he elaborated his
account of the Loganiaceae, to which family Strychnos
belongs, pointed out (Journ. Linn. Soc., 1, 1857, p. 79) that
Porter’s plant is not even a member of the Loganiaceae, but
a species of the genus Anisophyllea or Anisophyllum in the
Rhizophoraceae: and he described it under the name of
Anisophyllum grande. °

In 1836 Gaudichaud collected in Penang specimens of the
same plant, and these served as the basis of Baillon’s des-
eription of Anisophyllea Gaudichaudiana (Adansonia, 11,
1875, p. 811), a name found in our text books, whereas
Bentham’s has been overlooked. But Bentham’s name long
antedates Baillon’s, and must be restored as Ameer ianes
grandis. —

Porter collected other specimens of the same rea which
Wallich distributed as no. 4976 under another singularly
unfortunate name—Cocculus flavicans. These specimens
are dated 1823. Maingay also collected it; and yet a fifth
name, Anisophyllea grandtfolia, G. Henslow, was bestowed
when his specimens were examined for the Flora of British
India.

I. H. Burkill

OBITUARY.
CHARLES CURTIS.

Charles Curtis had charge of the Waterfall Gardens,
Penang, from their foundation in 1884 until 1903, when he
was obliged to retire through ill health. He died on Aug.
16th, 1928, at the age of 75 years, at Barnstaple, Devonshire.

From 1878 until 1884 he was employed by the firm of
James Veitch & Sons as travelling collector, visiting
Madagascar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and the Moluccas.
During these years he obtained many fine plants for culti-
vation, notably Nepenthes Northiana, one of the most
remarkable of Bornean pitcher plants.

His initial appointment at Penang was that of Assistant
Superintendent of Forests, and the Waterfall Gardens was
then started primarily as a nursery for economic plants.
From the first, however, some ornamental gardening was
carried out, and it soon developed into a garden of great
beauty, in its naturally beautiful setting. When the ad-
minstration of Forests passed from the Gardens Department
in 1895, Mr. Curtis was able to devote most of his time to
the Waterfall Gardens, which remain as a monument of his
service. He was a very capable horticulturist, and devoted
himself with great energy and enthusiasm to his duties.
He was also an active botanical collector, and added consi-
derably to our knowledge of the Malayan Flora. Numerous
plant species are associated with his name, and the genus
Curtisina. He published a list of the plants of Penang
Island in the Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic
Society, no. 25 (1894) and various papers on horticultural
topics in the Agricultural Bulletin of the S.S. and F.M.S.

CHARLES FULLER BAKER.

We record with great regret the death of Charles Fuller
Baker, Dean and Professor of Tropical Agriculture, College
of Agriculture, Los Banos (University of the Philippines),
who during a period of leave in 1917 acted as Assistant
Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. He died on
July 22nd 1927, of chronic dysentery, within a few months
of the date fixed for his retirement. He was 55 years of
age. Throughout his life he devoted the greater part of
his spare time to the accumulation of enormous and very
valuable collections of insects and plants (particularly fungi)
chiefly from the oriental tropics. While in Singapore he
collected numerous insects and fungi, and contributed various
short papers to Volume 2 of this Bulletin.

428

Rainfall.

At the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the first half of the

vear, 1927. in inches.

Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the twenty :four
hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Commissioners of George
Town, Penang.

Date. | Jan Feb.
A é
2 ba
3 | = bi 08
4 03 OS
5 07
6 zs. | .09
7 | 97 06
8 05 "03
9 1°56 43
10 ‘48
11
12
13
14 49
15
16 21
17 04
18 98
19 *30
20}. = 06 03
2] | ‘06
22 03
23 | 14
24 | ‘07 03

March

“80

03

April
PC

1°97

6°05

aoe

03

May

me
04
03
14

"27

June

1°85

12

‘09

Rainfall. 429
At the head of the Waterfall Gardens, Penang during the second half of
the year, 1927, in inches.
Readings taken at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which the twenty-
four hours begin. Data kindly supplied by the Municipal Commissioners of
George Town, Penang

Date. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1 25 i ne eae

ei a ee ee 1-28

ay! 18h es 26y- fa 9

4| -94 Be (1 246 62 | 2:48

5 | -48 15 141 210 | 1:20

Bitte eons 16 17980

7| 1:58 18 164 |

8] 03 98 06 03

9 36 17 2°46
10| 08 12 oii tae 02
11| 07 74 582 55
12) 78 59 03

13) -23 i 33 he | es

eS Gx 2 a 140. 1703 04
15 58 a.

16 ‘ a 15 ne a 02
1 Se Di5) 90 15

18| 14 215 1:68 | 2°55

19} 21 38 1:28 06
20} 95 1:99 | 67 ca 02
21 24 4-98 |
22) 09 59 05 42 16

23 05 eas eb et o7 | 18 29
24 os Ba | 1 90 66 «| «22 | 178
25 | 05 Bas oy Fea ce, Oe el
26 32 17 G4
27 | 63 27
28 03 03 60
29 08 | 18
30. fe 1:89 $8) - 368, 1 ee
31 | 04 14 1:22 | | 1°72

A

| 708 | 10-44 | 19°70 13.87 (1100 | 771

ST

—$

430
Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.
Date. Jan. Feb. March
Sg oa 2-07
Z ie “40
3 24 1°22
4 ‘06 ‘05 oem
5 trace ‘O7 3°76
oe ee 207 °29
7 trace gi
S} we2 “31
ae a 1-21
SS ie ‘0! ‘02
11 | ‘03 °31
$25} > 2°27 “12
13 | trace "15
14). P01 “19
1h |) 2.30 03 op
16 ‘06 1:29
17 18 trace
18 trace “21
19} 1°41 2°89
20) ‘21 ‘60 2°61
21 C8 *R2 06
22 20 05
23 C6 - By
24) 1°37 “C1 ‘04
25 ‘01 | ‘06
26 | 01
a7 | trace 95 trace
28, 168 2°40 ‘09
29 ‘62

Rainfall.
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the year 1927.

April
"79
“01
O01
03
‘07

1°64

08
‘14
1.89
1°47
13
127
D5
‘84
‘89
16

06
hr 2

May | June
uta
70 |
1°60 61
‘66 29
trace ‘16
trace
57
03
1:39 45
1°39
trace
‘62 $4
45
‘07
28 08
‘26
05
fiz "12
°23 “38
13 ‘04
13
trace
03 ‘37
02 15
“21 ‘94
trace
‘76

, Rainfall. 431
At the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the second half of the year 1927.
Readings taken at 9 a.m. and expressed in inches.

Date. | Aug. | Sept.
1 | trace | 2°45 09
5 | 792 | eee AG | aks 24
een 1s | 08) “20 ‘20 |» “08
Beeb er. | nun |i ettrace’ uh) “94 bsp Ma Soe
5| 52 ee ee trace 5000~«*S‘(iti‘
Res Cee ae trace | ‘SC 31 09
sal Mags OF 07 ha ies “08 trace
OGG 56 113 01
9| 04 | 36 71
10 "89 | trace
11 trace ! 3°18 1:52
12-08 yee ee ae trace 59
13 < en AGES Ae opi 02 21
14 Ai | G1 07
15 trace | a rE |
16| -29 02 Roa pee trace | 15
17 | at trace 4g ee SO 13
oS ee a - 01 “OL
S05 he es: be Dy) 08 ee 05 trace
20 ie 92 | 04 08
21 BY ae ea a ieee 13 C2
oy eed aly Cea ae ( t 04
23 S. eee aor) | OF -49
24 ze trace’ | 4°54 trace | 99 | 2-59
25 a ‘04 06 =| 22 13 01

432 Summary of Rainfall 1927.
| SINGAPORE. PENANG.
| : —
| No. of Amount of Rain. poi No. of | Amount of Rain. ieee
ee without So ae cheat
| day | Inches. mim EP days. | Inches. mm ;
rain. rain.
Jan. 53 -"} 13832 465| 1 day 14 | 3°64 92) 5 days
|
Feb. 2a 10°97 219 | 2-days, 2 3°45 88); 4

Mar. | 20 | 16°80 | ADT) AES, 23 8°95 227) 5

Ape |) 2a) 41983"| © 900) Gases 23-25 5901 1

hr
—
ide}

May 21 9°14 | 232 9°82 249 | 3

june | 18° | 458} 116/ 4 | 47 | 854| - ea7) a
july | -15 | 398/101] a7 ,, | 18 | 708] i80) 5
aug }17 ) geg7a -ageloa W aie’ | Soa Bestar
Sept. | 18 | 5651 44g) 3 24. 19°70 5CO| 2

Oct? "| aie a erage, ona See 25 13:87 352 3
Nov. | 26 | 9°28! . 236) 1 day! 18 11°00 279| 5

Dec. | 27 | 11°85 | 289/ 2 days} 12 771 196 8
}

Total. | 256 | 115°24| 2926 229 | 127°25 3215
| |

a rE IS

Greatest amount in 24 hours 3°94”
6°05 inches or 154 mim.
or 100 mm.

Greatest amountin 48 hours +90”
8°02 inches or 204+ mim.
or 124 mm.

(;sreatest ainount in 72 hours 6°27”
8°28 inches or 210 mm.
or 159 mm.

Periods in which more than 5 ins. fell
in 72 hours. 3 (Jan. Mar. Dec.) 4 (April, May, Sept-, Oct.)

Periods in which less than ‘02 ins. fell
in 120 hours. 6 (May-June, July. Aug.- 9 (Jan., Jan.-Feb.. March, May-
Sept., Oct. (2) ). June, June-July, Aug., Nov., Dec.)

433
‘Relative Humidity of the air at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. from wet
and dry bulb hygrometer readings made daily at 9 a.m. during the year 1927.

Feb. | Mar. Sept. | Oct. | Nov,| Dee.

Date: jan.

April May | June | July Ang

1| 95/100) 73] 81| 83| 81| 85| 79| 81/100! 77] 72
2| go| s1| 76| 77) 91| 79) 75| 73| 72] 95| 91| 76
3| 93/ 93| 76| 79| 95| 80] 95| 75) 79| 78| 78| 8¢
4| 74| 90| 88] 90] 85) 95/ 98] 75| 76/ 91!| 83] 73
5| 76| 82|/ 91/ 81| 78| 83) 98| 81/1c0| 78| 92/ 86
6| s6| 83| 87| 83| 83/ 76| 85| 83/ 81] 90] 83] 86

7| 76| 75| 77| $8] 98] 831) 75| 89| 70} 98| 68] 79

P2a) eeu fo) 19 | 8a 84) 987° 87%) 75) S11. 70-79.) "Ss

18 | 73-75] .74) 81) 70| Si} 88) 79} 47) 74). 79) 95

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28/ 95| 87| 83| 83] 79| 75| 76| 79) 83°75 71 89
29! 78| | 72] 98| 77| 76| 76| 83| 72 76| 79/ 86
se} 80| | 67| 87/ 80| 76] 79| 75) 72|-76| 66| 79
31| 95| | 81. 7¢| | 76| 68 m 72
Pare | i es ee

: ie

79:0 |\78°9 | 173 | 82°5 aid
|

82°2 |83°2

80°8 ‘soz 785 20 82°4

Average for the year 80°7

ao 7 = 4) 5 . >
ha ae
. ie

a #2 & 8s
*

; =
L's. see aa:

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Names of new species are printed in bold-faced type.

Abnormalities in Coco-nut Palms,
78

Acanthocladium, 33, 36, 40

Acroporium, 40-45

Acryanthes, 101

Actinodaphne, 101

Additions to the Flora of the
Maiay Peninsula, 48, 411

Additions, further, to the Flora
of the Malay Peninsula, 415

Additions to the List of Fraser
Hill Plants, 92

Adenosma, 417

Adiantum, 396

Adinandra, 94

Aerobryopsis, 23

Aeschynanthus, 100

Agapetes, 98

Albino — seedlings
Palms, 81

Alocasia, 105

Alpinia Burkiliii, Hend., 55

Alsophila, 378, 3879

Alstonia, 99

Amorphophallus, 105

Ananas sativa, 85

fasciation in, 85

in Coco-nut

39 9

“! proliferation in, 85

Anisophyllaea Gaudichaudiana,
Baill., 426

Anisophyllaea grandis, Benth.,
426

Anisophyllum, 426
Anneslea, 94
Aphanamixis, 95
Aporosa, 103
Appendicula, 104
Aralia, 97
Aralidium, 98
Areca, 104
Argostemma, 98
Artabotrys, 93
Arthrocomus, 9
Artocarpus, 103
Aspidium, 390, 392-394, 405
Asplenium, 400, 401

Baccaurea, 103

Baker, Charles Fuller, 427

Balanophora, 102

Bambusa, 105

‘Barbuia, £7, 18, 91

Bassia, 419

Begonia, 97 j

Botanical Collectors, Collections
and Collecting Places in the
Malay Peninsula, 113

Brachytome, 98
Brassaiopsis, 97
Braunfelsia, 3, 4
Bryum, 19, 20; 91
Bulbophyllum, 104
Burkill, on Anisophyllaea, 426
» on Carallia suffruticosa, 77
» on Collectors, Collections
and Collecting Places in
the Malay Peninsula, 113
» on History of the Dell in
the Singapore Gardens, 69
» and Prain, on Dioscorea
» tamarisciflora, 86

Callicarpa, 100

Callicostella, 27, 91

Calophyllum, 93

Calymmodon, 403

Calymperes, 14-17, 90, 91

Campylodontium, 25

Campylopodium, 3

Campylopus, 5, 6, 89

Canthium, 98

Carallia spinulosa, Ridl., 77

eA suffruticosa, Ridl., 77

Casearia, 97

Cephaelis, 98

Ceratodon, 3

Ceratostylis, 104

Chaetomitrium, 27, 28

Chelistonele, 104

Chionoloma, 17

Chisocheton, 95

Christensen, on Some Ferns from
the Malay Peninsula, 375

Cladopodanthus, 7

Clerodendron, 100

Cocculus, 426

Coco-nut Palms, Abnormalities
in, 78
Coco-nut Palms, Albino seedlings
in, 81

a Development of usually
abortive ovary in male
flowers, 81
ee Horned Coco-nuts, 83
‘ Polyembryony in, 78
Fe Suppression of spikelets
in spadices in, 81
Cordyloblaste, 99
Cratoxylon, 93
Crepidomanes, 377
Cribrodontium, 25
Cryptocarya, 101
Ctenidium, 30
Curtis, Charles, 427

Curtisina, 427
Cyathea, 379
Cyclophorus, 406

Daemonorops, 104

Davallia, 399

Dennstaedtia, 399, 400

Desmotheca, 18

Dicranella, 3

Dicranodontium, 6

Dicranoloma, 4, 5

Tidymocarpus lancifolia, Hend.,
52

Lidymoglossum, 377, 378

Dioscorea tamarisciflora, Pr. &
Burk., 86

Diphyscium, 21

Diplazium, 67, 401, 402

Dipteris, 57

Dischidia Fultonii, Hend., 51

Distichophyllum, 26, 27

Ditrichum, 3

Dixon, on Mosses from the Malay
Peninsula, 1

Dracaena, 104

Drepananthus pahangensis,
Hend., 49

Dryopteris, 68, 379-393

Dryopteris pectiniformis, C. Chr.,
379

Dysoxylon, 95

Ecedysanthera, 99
Ectropothecium, 30-32, 91:
Elaeocarpus, 94
Elytranthe, 102
Embelia, 99
Endotrichella, 23
Engelhardtia, 103
Entodon, 25
Ephemeropsis, 26
Eria, 104, 414
Eriopus, 27
Firycibe, 100
Esenbeckia, 424
Eucamptodon, 42
Eugenia, 96
Eupatorium, 412
Eurycoma, 95
Evodia, 94
Exodictyon, 9

Fagraea, 99, 412

Fasciation in Ananas sativa, 85

Ferns from the Malay Peninsula,
375

Ferns, New Species of, from the
Malay Peninsula, 408

Ficus, 103

Fissidens, 9, 10, 89

Flora of the Malay
additions to, 48, 411

Flora of the Malay Peninsula,
further additions to, 415

Peninsula,

4

-~

Floribundaria, 23
Flowering Plants of Kuala Lum-
pur (indexed separately), 211
Fraser Hill, addition to list of
plants of, 92
Funaria, 19
Furtado, on abnormalities
Coco-nut Palms, 78
Furtado, on Ananas sativa, 85
5 on further additions to
the Flora of the Malay
Peninsula, 415
ee on Neesia in the Malay
Peninsula, 421
- on Ocimum in the Malay
Peninsula, 416, 417
3 on Palaquium stellatum,
K. & Ge 419

in

Gaertnera, 100
Galearia, 103
Garcinia, 93
Garckea, 3
Gardeniopsis, 98
Garovaglia, 23
Gironniera, 103
Gleichenia, 61, 66
Glycosmis, 94
Gomphandra, 95
Gomphostemma, 101
Goniothalamus, 93
Goniothalamus
Hend., 48
Gordonia, 94
Gymnogramme, 405
Gymnostomiella, 18
Gynotroches, 96

rotundisepalus,

Helicia, 102

Helicteres, 411

Hemigraphis, 54

Henderson, on additions to the
Flora of the Malay Peninsula,
48, 411

on Flowering Plants of
Kuala Lumpur, 211

a on Fraser Hill plants, 92

Henslowia, 102

Herpestis, 51

Himantocladium, 24

History of the Dell in the Singa-
pore Gardens, 69

Holttum, on Mosses collected in
the Singapore Gardens, 88

Holttum, on a new Fern from the
Malay Peninsula, 56

on new species of Ferns
from the Malay Penin-

7

”

sula, 408
a Notes on Malayan Ferns,
57

Homaliodendron, 24, 25
Homalomena, 105
Horned Coco-nuts, 83

Humata, 398

Humidity in Singapore, 1925, 110;
1926,-205; 1927, 433

Hydnocarpus, 93

Hydrocotyle, 97

Hymenophyllum, 376, 408, 409

Hymenophyllum johorense,
Holttum, 408

Hymenostomum, 17

Hyophila, 17

Hypnodendron, 45, 46, 92

Hypnum, 41

Hypolepis, 68

Hypopterygium, 28

Hyptis, 415, 417

Tlex, 95

Illigera, 102

Impatiens Foxworthyi, Hend., 50
Isoloma, 398

Isopterygium, 32, 33, 91, 92

Justicia, 100

Kadsura, 93

Knema, 101

Kuala Lumpur, Flowering Plants
of, (indexed separately), 211

Laportea, 103

Lastraea, 379-281, 384, 385, 388,
3889, 392

Lepionurus, 102

Leptochilus, 394, 395, 409

Leptochilus malaccensis, C. Chr.,
394

Leptochilus simplicifolius,
Holttum, 409

Leucobryum, 7, 89

Leucoloma, 5

Leucomium, 36

Leucophanes, 8, 89

Lindera, 102

Lindsaya, 64, 396-398

Litsea, 102

Lomariopsis, 395

Loranthus, 102

Loranthus pekanensis, Hend., 55

Loxocarpus, 412

Loxocarpus Holttumi, Hend., 412

Loxocarpus papillosa, Hend., 53

Loxogramme, 405, 406

Lygodium, 66

Macaranga, 103
Macrohymenium, 45
Macromitrium, 18, 19, 91
Madhuca, 419
Maesa, 95
Malay Peninsula,
Flora of, 48, 411
Malay Peninsula,
Ferns from, 375
a further additions to
Flora of, 415

additions to

~
»)

Malay Peninsula, Neesia in, 421
oe Ocimum in, 416
ue new species of Ferns
from, 408
Malayan Ferns, notes on, 57
Mastixia, 97
Mastopoma, 36
Medinilla, 97
Meiothecium, 387, 92
Melanorrhoea, 95
Meliosma, 95
Memecylon, 97
Meteorium, 23
Microdus, 3, 89
Microlepia, 398, 399
Mniodendron, 46
Mniomalia, 19
Mnium, 20
Monogramme, 407
Mosses collected in the Singapore
Gardens, 88
Mosses in the Malay Peninsula,
hist. ot. 1
Myurium, 22, 91

Neckeropsis, 23, 24

Neesia in the Malay Peninsula,
421

Nepenthes, 427

Nephrodium, 380, 384, 385, 387-
392, 405

Nephrolepis, 398

Nothaphoebe, i01 ~

Nyssa, 98

Ochobryum, 8

Ochradocarpa, 100

Ocimum in the Malay Peninsula,
416-419

Octoblenharum, 9

Ormosia, 96

Orthorrhynchium, 23

Palaquium stellatum, K. & G., 419

Palms of British India and Ceylon
(Review), 203

Pandanus, 105

Papillaria, 23

Paraboea Holttumi, Hend., 53

Parinarium, 96

Pasania, 108, 104

Payena, 99

Pelekium, 29, 91

Pentaphylax, 94

Perrottetia, 95

Phegopteris, 391-393

Philonotis, 21

Phoebe, 101

Photographs of the Singapore
Gardens, 47

Phreatia, 104

Phyllagathis, 97

Phyllanthus, 417

Phytocrene, 51

Pilotrichella, 28

Piloecium, 45

Pinnatella, 25

Piper, 101

Pithecolobium, 96

Plagiothecium, 33, 92

Plectopteris, 403

Pieopeltis, 404, 405

Pogonatum, 21, 22

Pogostemon, 417

~ Polyalthia, 93

Polygala, 93

Polypodium, 65, 68, 69, 389, 391,
3938, 402-406

Polystichum, 393

Pomazota rivularis, Hend., 411

Pothos, 105

Prain, and Burkill on Dioscorea
tamarisciflora, 86

Proliferation in Ananas sativa, 85

Prosaptia, 403, 404

Pseuderanthemum, 100

Psychotria, 98

Pycanthemum, 415

Pygeum, 96

Pyrus, 96

Rainfall in Penang, 1925, 108,
109; 1926, 208, 209; 1927, 428,
429

Rainfall in Singapore, 1925, 106,
107; 1926, 206, 207; 1927, 430,
431

Rainfall, Summary of, 1925, 111;
1926, 210; 1927, 432

Rauwolfia, 99

Rhacelopus, 21

Rhacopilum, 29

Rhaphidostegium, 37, 38, 92

Rhizogonium, 20

Rhodobryum, 20

Rhynchostegium, 45

Rivinia, 415

Saccoloma, 399, 400

Saraca, 96

Schefflera, 97

Schismatoglottis, 105

Schistomitrium, 8

Schizoloma, 68

Scleria, 105

Scleroglossum, 406, 407

Selliguea, 405

Sematophyllum, 40, 41, 42, 44

Sideroxylon, 99

Sigmatella, 34

Singapore Gardens, History of
the Dell in, 69

4

Singapore Gardens, List of Mosses
collected in, 88

Singapore Gardens, Photographs
of, 47

Sisik Puyuh, 77

Solanum, 100

Sonerila, 96, 411

Sonerila johorensis, Hend., 411

Sphagnum, 2, 3

Spirula, 7

Splachnobryum, 18

Steiropsis, 381

Stenochlaena, 59, 395

Sterculia, 94, 411

Stereodon, 32

Strobilanthes, 100

Strychnos, 99, 426

Summary of Rainfall, 1925, 111;
1926, 210; 1927, 432

Symphysodon, 23 ~

Symplocos, 99

Syngramma, 64

Syngramma minima, Holttum, 56

Syrrhopodon, 10-14, 90

Tapeinidium, 399
Tarenna, 98
Taxithelium, 33-35, 92
Teratological Notes, 78
Ternstroemia, 94
Tetractomia, 94
Thuidium, 29, 30
Thysanomitrium, 6
Thysanolaena, 105
Timonius, 98
Trachelospermum, 99
Trachythecium, 32
Trevesia, 97
Trichomanes, 376-378
Trichosteleum, 33, 34, 38-40, 92
Trichostomum, 17
Trichotosia, 104
Trismegistia, 37, 91
Tulang Daing, 77
Tupistra, 104
Tylophora, 99

Urophyllum, 98

Vesicularia, 32, 38, 36, 92
Viburnum, 98

Villebrunea, 103

Vittaria, 406, 407, 409

Vittaria malayensis, Holttum, 409
Wilsoniella, 3

Zanthoxylum, 94

ie i |

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‘Departmental Notices.

A list of plants which can be purchased at the Botanic
Gardens, in Singapore and in Penang, can be had upon ~
application. The same list appears at intervals in the i
Government Gazette. | ie 4

The Gardens’ Bulletin is nublahen 4 as Vetere becomes F
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or in advance for every volume of tweive numbers, post ie
free :— | |

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Thirteen shillings in Europe..

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