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GAZETTEER 


or   TBI 


BOMBAY     PRESIDENCY 


VOLUME  XVIII.    PART  III. 


POONA. 


Under  Q-overmnent  Orders. 


* 

»  PRtHTBD    AT   TBI 

GOVERNMENT     CENTRAL    PRESS 

^    1885. 


3)6 


o^lC'V 


CONTENTS. 

„*_ 

POONA. 

Chapter  IX. —Justice-  paoi 

Administration  of  Justice  in  EWIy  Hindu  times  ;  Musalmin  ; 
Maritha;  British  (1817-1884);  Civil  Courts  (1884)  ;  Civil 
Suits  (1870-1882);  Small  Cause  Courts;  Arbitration  Court; 
Registration;  Criminal  Justice;  Police  (1882) ;  Offences 
(1874-1882);  Village  Police;  Predatory  Tribes,  Rimoshia 
•    and  Kolis ;  Jails,  Poena  and  Yeravda 1-40 

Chapter  X.  —  Finance. 

Balance    Sheets  ;    Land    Revenue  ;    Excise  ;    Local    Funds ; 

Municipalities 41*47 

Chapter  XL  — Instruction. 

Schools  (1818-1884)  ;  Staff;  Cost;  Instruction;  Readers  and 
Writers ;  School  Returns ;  Town  Schools  and  Collies ; 
Private  Schools;  Deccan  Education  Society;  Village  Schools; 
Libraries ;  Dakshina  Prize  Committee ;  Political  and  other 
Associations ;  Newspapers 48-65 

Chapter  XII. -Health. 

Climate  ;  Diseases  ;  Hospitals  ;  Dispensaries ;  Infirmities ; 
Vaccination;   Native  Physicians;  Cat  Plague  ;«Birth^  and 

Deaths 66-74 

Chapter  XIII.  —  Sub-BivisionB. 

Boundaries  ;  Area  ;  Aspect ;  Water ;  Climate ;  Stock  ;  Crops ; 

People ;  Cultivators ;  Communications  and  TraflBc  .     .     .     .    75  - 101 

Chapter  XIV.  -  PUces Ip2  -  464 

Appendix 465-476 

Index    '. 477-482 


\) 


V  fc 


POONA. 


■a 


.^ 


•         • 


neccAn] 


CHAPTER    IX. 

JUSTICE. 

*  In  early  Hindu  times,   according  to  the  law  hooka,  justice  was 

[adiuii]ist«red  hy  the  king  in  person  aided  by  Rrilhnians  and  other 

counsellors,    or    by    one     BrAhman    aided    by     three     Brahman 

jftssesaore.     Though  no  exception  was    made    for    the  conduct   of 

fcriniinal  trials  the  king  was  expected  to  take  a  more  active  share 

[in  criminal  than  in  civil  cauees.     At  towns  remote  from  the  royal 

T'esidenco  the  king's  reproBcntativo  filled  hia   place  in  the  courts  of 

(oBtico,  or  local  judgoR  were  appointed  by  the  king.     A  proviaion  wa« 

ilao  made  for  three  grades  of  arbitration,  firstly  of  kinsmen,  secondly 

>f  men  of  the   wine   trade,  and  thirdly  of  townsmen.     An  appeal 

'  ■om  the  kinsmen  lay  to  men  of  the  same  trade  and  from  men  of 

le  aarao  trade  to  townsmen.     Appeals  lay  from  all  three  to  the  local 

>urt,  from  that  to  the  chief  court  at  the  capital,  and  from  that  to  the 

:ing  in  his  own  court  composed  of  a  certain  number  of  judges  to 

I  whom  were  joined  his  ministers  aud  his  domestic  spiritual  adviser. 
The  king  wua  culilled  to  five  per  ceut  on  all  debts  admitted  by  tha 
lofendant  on  trial  and  ton  per  cent  on  all  denied  aud  proved.     The 
©e  probably  went  to  the  judges.     A  king  or  judge  was  to  observe 
he  countenancos,  gestures,  and  mode  of  speech  nf  the  partiefi  and 
witnesses,  and  to  attend  to  local  usages,  the  peculiar  laws  of  classes 
and  rules  of  families,  and  the  customs   of  traders,  and  also,  when 
not  inconsistent  with  the  above,  principles  established  by  former 
judges.     Neither  the  king  nor  Ins  officers  were  to  en<f^^n■ngS  liti- 
gation though  they  were  not  to  show  any  slackness  in  taking  up  any 
Boits  regularly  instituted.     Thuy  were  eujoiued  to  bear  with  rough 
^anguage  from  angry  litigants  and  from  the  old  and  sick.     They  were 
^feaulinned  against  deciding  causes  on  their  own  judgment  without 
PcousuUing  porsons  learned  in  the  law  and  wore  forbidden  to  disturb 
any  transaction  that  had  once  been   settled    conformably  to  law.. 
They  were  also  to  adhere  to  established  practice.     The  crimiDal  law^ 
was  very  rude,  and  punishments  in  some  cases  were  too  heavy  and 
in  others  too  light.     Mutilation,  chieBy  of  the  band,  and  burning 
alivo  were  amougst  the  punishments  inflicted  on  offenders  against 
the  priestly  order.     Torture  was  never  employed  against  witnessea 
or    criminals.     The  punishment^   were  often    disproportionate   to 
the  offence,  and  wore  frequentlji  so  indistinctly  or  contradictorily 
declared  as  to  leave  the  fate  of  an  offender   uncertain.     Slaying 
a  priest,    drinking    spirits,    stealing    the   gold   of   a   priest,    and 


Chapt«r  IZ- 

Joatios. 
£uu.T  Hnrittr, 


1  Manu'i  Imtttutcs  in  Elphiiutone'B  Hiatory  of  India,  27-30. 


aaeo-i 


(Bombay  OautMT. 


._IX. 

uticB. 


DISTRICTS. 


violating!;  tbo  bed  of  a  natural  or  spiritaAl  father  were  all  dasHtt 
udUlt  one  bead  aud  subject  to  one  pnuii^hTiicntj  ijrnndm};  on  tb 
{orebead  and  b»nisbmeDt  and  .ibsolute  oxclusiun  frnm  the  society  of 
m&nkind.  This  at  first  was  declared  to  bo  ap^UL-nblo  to  all  clasm 
AfternrardH  a  prJeit  was  allowed  to  expiate  ibese  sins  by  penance,  wm 
directed  only  to  pay  the  middle  fine,  and  in  no  case  was  depnvedof 
his  effects  or  the  society  of  his  family.  Other  classes  oven  after 
expiation  suffered  death.  Sodacinf;^  the  wife  of  another  manati 
pittco  of  pilgriiniigo  or  in  a  forest  or  at  the  meeting  of  rivers,  •eni- 
mg  her  flowers  or  perfumes,  touching  her  apparel  or  her  ornament*, 
and  sitting  on  the  same  couch  with  her  were  all  punished  wilb 
banishmeot  and  such  marks  as  might  excite  aversion.  For  adulter^ 
itaulf,  the  woman  was  to  be  devoured  by  dogs  aud  the  man  bamtmi 
an  iron  bed,  and  if  without  aggravation  the  punishment  was  a  tine  of 
from  500  to  1000  pn»».'  The  punishment  increased  in  proportion  t« 
the  dignity  of  the  person  offended  against.  A  soldier  ruuiuuttiflg 
adnltery  with  a  Brahmuu  woman  if  she  was  of  eminently  good  qnalitiM 
and  properly  guttrUcd  was  to  be  burnt  alive  in  a  tire  of  dry  grus  or 
reeds.  Though  thtro  waa  no  express  prttvisiou  for  murder  it  appaui 
that  murder  as  well  as  arson  and  robbery  attended  with  violence  wtsi 
capital  offence.  Theft  if  small  was  punished  with  Gue  and  if  of  a  larev 
amount  with  cutting  off  the  hand  ;  if  the  thief  was  caught  with  w 
stolen  goods  it  was  a  capital  offence.  Receivers  of  stolen  g«>n(l«  ntiJ 
persons  who  harboured  tliiovea  were  liable  to  the  same  i  nt 

as  the  thief.     In  cases  of  small  thfft,  a  BrAhman  v.- .  ;  at 

leasi  ten  times  as  much  as  a  Sliudra,  and  tbe  scale  varied  in  a  similar 
proportion  for  all  classes.  A  king  committing  au  offence  was  lo 
pay  a  thousand  times  as  great  a  fine  as  would  be  exacted  from 
an  ordinary  person.  Robbery  was  punished  by  the  loss  of  the  limb 
chiefly  used  in  the  robbery.  If  accompanied  with  violence  mbbery  was 
a  capital  offence,  and  all  who  sheltered  robbers  or  supplied  them  with 
food  or  tools  were  to  be  punished  with  death.  Forging  royal  cdictr, 
causing  dissensions  among  great  ministers,  siding  with  the  king's 
encnnes,  aird  slaying  womeu,  priests,  or  children  were  put  under  ona 
head  and  were  capital  offences.  Men  who  openly  opposed  tbe  king's 
authority,  who  robbed  his  treasury,  or  stole  his  elephants  hori^es  or 
cars  were  liable  (o  capital  pnnishment  as  were  those  who  broke 
into  a  temple  to  steal,  i-'or  cutting  purses,  the  first  offence  was 
pnni-^hed  by  cutting  ofl  the  fingers,  the  second  by  cutting  off  the 
, hand,  and  the  third  by  death.  False  evidence  was  punished  wih 
*i}anishment  accompanied  by  fine  except  in  the  case  of  a  Brf^hmao, 
■when  it  was  banishment  alone.  Banishment  was  likewise  inflicted 
on  men  who  did  not  aid  in  repelling  an  attempt  to  [ilundor  a 
town,  to  break  down  an  embankment,  or  to  commit  highway  rob- 
bery. Public  guards  not  resii^tiug  or  apprehending  (hioves  were 
punished  like  the  thiovps.  Gamesters  and  keepers  of  gaming  houses 
were  liable  to  corporal  punishment.  Most  other  offences  wero 
punished  by  6nes,  though  sometimes  other  punishments  took  tbo 
place  of  fines.     No  fine  exceeded   1000  pant  or  fell  short  of  250. 

'  A  pan  WM  equal  to  twmtj  nuUAot  «itch  coatuning  about  atvtnimao  grMu  (Troy] 
tff  goto. 


tltoeeaa'l 


POONA. 


k 


» 


facnation  was  puDisbed  by  Gne  except  that  Sbudra  offouders 
ere  liuble  to  be  whipoed.  Shudraa  were  protected  by  a  fiue  from 
dcbmation  evea  by  a  Br^iman.  M(^d  repmncbin}^  their  ueighbours 
ith  lameness,  hlindnossj  or  nnr  other  natural  infirmity  nore  liable 
to  a  fine  even  if  they  spoke  the  truth.  Assaults  if  among  equals 
were  punished  by  a  tine  of  lOO  paii«  £or  blood  dravrn,  a  larger  sum 
for  a  woaTid>  and  banishment  for  breaking  a  bono.  Proper  provisions 
^ere  made  for  injorios  inllicted  in  self-defcuce,  in  consoqaence  of 
ling  forcibly  obslrui:ted  in  the  execution  of  duty,  or  in  defonce 
of  pci'sons  unjustly  attacked.  Furious  and  caroleos  driving  involved 
fines  as  diCIereut  in  dogreo  aa  the  loss  occaaiosed  by  the  death  of  u 
loan  or  uf  thu  lowest  animal.  Persons  duGling  the  higbwaya 
wenj  subject  to  a  Km&ll  (ine,  besides  being  obliged  to  rcmuve  th» 
nuisance.  Ministers  taking  bribes  in  private  affairs  were  liable  to  con- 
fiscation of  their  property.  The  offences  of  physicians  or  surgeons 
ho  injured  their  paticnf-s  from  want  of  skill,  breaking  hedges 
palisades  and  cartbcn  idols,  and  mixing  pure  with  impure  commodities 
and  other  impositiuus  on  purchiisera  were  lumped  under  a  ptnalty 
of  250  to  500  pant.  Selling  bad  gruiu  for  good  incurred  severe 
corporal  puuisbmeut  and  a  goldsmith  guilty  of  fraud  was  ordered 
to  be  cut  to  pieces  with  roKora.  Forsaking  parents,  sons,  or  wives 
WHS  punished  by  a  fine  of  600  peiTia;  and  the  failure  to  invite 
neighbours  to  entertainments  by  a  fine  of  a  m^aha  of  silver. 

The  rules  of  police  were  harsh  and  arbitrary.  Besides  maintnin- 
ing  patrols  and  fixwl  guard.*,  open  and  secret,  the  king  had  many 
Bpies  who  were  in  mix  with  the  tbiovcs  and  lead  them  into  situa- 
tions where  they  might  be  entmpped.  When  fair  means  failed  the 
king  seized  the  thieves  and  put  them  to  death  wiili  their  relations  oa 
proof  of  their  guilt  and  the  participation  uf  the  relations.  Gamesters, 
public  dancers  and  singers,  revilers  of  scripture,  open  heretics, 
men  who  failed  to  perform  tbe  duties  of  their  class,  and  sellers  of 
apiritiiuus  litjuoi-s  were  banished, 

Tbe  ciri!  law  was  superior  to  the  penal  code.  Its  provisions 
were  much  more  rational  and  matured  than  couhl  be  exfreott^if  in  so 
early  an  age.  Witnesses  were  examined  standing  in  the  middle  of 
the  court  and  in  the  presence  of  both  parties.  The  judge  addressed 
s  particular  form  of  exhortation  to  them  and  warned  them  in  the 
atrontt:ost  terms  of  the  enormous  gnilfc  of  false  evidenco  and  tho 
puniitbment  with  which  it  would  be  followed  in  a  future  state.  If 
there  were  no  witnesses,  tho  judge  admitieil  tbe  oaths  of  the  pnrttes.» 
The  law  of  evideucfi  in  many  particulars  re.semV)led  that  of  Kugluud.* 
Persons  having  a  pecuniary  intcn^st  in  the  cause,  infamous  persons, 
menial  servants,  familiar  friends,  and  others  disqnalitied  on  slighter 
grounds  were  in  the  first  instance  excluded  from  giving  testimony, 
but  in  default  of  other  cvidonoo  almost  every  description  of  persona 
were  examined,  tho  judge  makiyg  duo  allowance  for  the  disquali- 
fying causes.  A  party  advanciug«a  wilfully  false  plea  or  defeiu'e  was 
liable  to  u  heavy  fine.  This  rSe  though  judicious  wsa  pushed  ro 
absurdity  in  subjecting  to  corpoml  punishment  a  plaintiff  who  pro- 
crastinuted  the  prosecution  of  hia  demand.  Appeals  to  ordeals 
were  admitted.  A  creditor  was  authorized,  before  complaining  to  the 
court,  to  recover  his  property  by  anymeansinbis  power,  resorting  even 


Chapter 

Jostice- 
Eaklt  Hikdo. 


H  couri 

L. 


^1^1^ 


[Bombay  Oaxntetr. 


Lpter  IZ- 
justice- 

LT  HlBUF. 


DISTRICTS. 


to  foroo  within  certain  boiincls.  Interest  varied  from  two  per  cent  a 
month  for  a  Bmhmau  to  Bve  per  cent  for  a  Shndra.  It  was  redaced 
to  oue<hiilf  wliuu  thoro  weis  a  pledge  and  ceaseil  altogether  if  thi! 
pledgu  could  be  used  fortbo  prom  of  tho  lender.  Fraodnlcnt  contracts 
nnd  contracts  entered  into  for  illegal  purposes  wore  nail.  A  con* 
tract  mado  even  by  a  ^lave  for  the  Hupport  of  the  family  of  his  abiieot 
moslfir  was  binding  on  the  master.  A  sale  by  a  person  ii<Dt  the  owner 
vras  void  nnless  niade  in  tho  open  mnrkct  and  oron  in  that  case  it 
was  valid  if  the  purchaser  could  prnduco  the  seller,  otherwise  tbe 
right  owner  might  take  the  property  on  paying  half  tho  valoa  A 
trader  brooking  bis  promise  was  &ned  or  if  it  was  made  on  ootJi 
was  banished.  A  sale  might  be  unsettled  by  either  party  within 
ton  days  after  it  was  mado.  Disputes  between  master  and  servant 
referred  almost  entirely  to  herdsmen  and  their  responsibilities  abons 
cutrle.  lu  case  of  boundary  disputes  of  villages  and  fields 
witnesses  were  examined  ou  oath  in  the  presence  of  all  the  parties 
concerned,  putting  earth  ou  their  beads,  wearing  chapluts  uf  red 
flowers,  and  clad  in  rod  garments.  If  the  question  could  not  ~ 
settled  by  evidence  tho  king  made  a  general  inquiry  and  fixed 
boundary  by  authority. 

Tho  chief  judicial  institution  was  tbe  village  coancil  or  oarw^ya/. 
The  panchdyat  was  assembled  by  order  of  the  gram'tdhifciri  or 
village  beadmanj  and  an  appeal  lay  from  its  decision  to  the  deghddhi- 
hdri  or  district  headman. 

The  Muhammadan  kings  seem  to  have  interfered  little  with  the 
ftdmiuislrattou  of  justice  Doyond  the  seats  of  government.  Their 
laws  aud  regulations  founded  on  the  Knr^n  chiefly  referred  to  their 
own  class.  Tlie  village  council  or  panchdyat  system  continued  in 
force,  except  that  the  names  of  the  village  aud  district  ofHcera  were 
changed  topdtil  and  ihshmukh.^ 

Under  the  Mogbals,  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Akbar,  jostice  was 
adminifftd'ed  by  a  court  composed  of  an  oflicer  named  Mir-i-Adl  thai 
is  Tjord  Jnsflce,  and  a  hdzi.  The  kazi  conducted  the  trial  and  stated 
tho  law,  the  Mir-i-Adl  paseed  jndgmeut  and  seems  to  have  been 
tho  superior  authority.  The  police  of  considerable  towns  waa  under 
an  ofTicer  called  tho  kottHll,  in  emaner  places  it  wa»  under  the 
revouue  oflioore,  and  iu  villages  undtT  the  internal  authorities,  lu 
all  lugal  cases  between  Hindus  a  BnihmaTi  was  a  judge.  l*hetoQe 
pf  iostruutions  to  all  these  fiuictionariea  was  just  and  benevolent 
Ihough  by  no  means  freefromvaguenessaud  puerility,  and  the  spirit 
of  the  rules  was  liberal  and  humane ;  those  to  the  kod^al  kept  up  the 
prying  and  meddling  character  of  the  police  under  a  deapotism. 
They  forbade  forestalling  and  regrating  and  in  the  midst  of  some 
very  sensible  directions  there  was  an  order  that  any  one  who  drank 
out  of  the  cup  of  the  common  executioner  should  loso  his  hand,  A 
letter  of  instmctions  to  the  governor  of  Guiar^t  restricted  hia 
pouishraonts  to  putting  in  iron,  whipping,  and  death;  and  enjoined 
him  to  be  sparing  in  capital  punishments,  aud^  unless  in  cases   of 


icoaal 


POONA. 


5 


lition,  to  inflict  nu  punishment  until   lie  liad   sent  the 
'to  court   and  received    the    Pimperor's   confirmation, 
ipital  pnnishment  was  not  to  be  accompanied  with  mutilation  or 
>ther  cruelty.' 

The  military  genius  of  the  HaMthaa  could    never    have  been 

fovonrablo  to  a  system  of   justice.     Tlio  peace  of  the  country  had 

I  been   disturbed  by  so  many  wars,  inroads,  and  rebellions  that  oven 

knder  a  more  regular  governuiout  it  would  have  been  vain  to  expect 

pthe  observance  of  civil  regulations.     The  treachery  and  rebellion  of 

local  ofBccrSj  the  disaenaions  among  the  nobility,   the  independence 

of  JagirdiirA,  and   the   rapacity  of  government  officers  were  evils 

which  would  have  shaken  the  foundation  of  the  most  substantial 

^stem,  had   such  a  system  been  organised  during  any  period  of 

the  Mardtha  empire.   The  only  institution  that  survived  disturbanoos 

Ihpas  the  j}nuchdyat  or  jury.     Had  legislation   been  more  consouant 

P^tb  the  milttury  dispositiua  of  the  Mardthils,  they  would  naturally 

have  revived  the  institutions  proscribed  by  their  own  ahdttras,  rather 

recurring  to  the  old  system  than   introducing  a  new  one.     But  as 

the  state  had  scarcely   an  interval  of  tranquillity  they  wanted  time 

and  opportniiity  08  well  as  inclination  for  reform.     One  of  Shivaji'a 

ministers  was  termed  a  nydyddhMh,  a  post  which  was  renewed  by 

hia  son  Biijilr4m  in   1G90.     Although  little  was  done  to  establish 

conrtfi  of  jastice,  the  village   ostablishmcut  was  sufficient  to  give 

justice  to  the  people  in  common  matters,* 

*  Under  the  Peshwfis,  the  anthorities  by  wbom  civil  jnstic©  was 
Iministcrcd  were  the  piitil^  over  him  the  mdml'tUUir  and  the 
•rsul'heddr,  and  above  all  the  Peshwa  or  his  minister.  Jdgirddn 
)r  estate -hoi  dors  administei-od  justice  in  their  own  lands,  the  great 
mes  with  little  or  no  interference  on  the  part  of  the  government, 
[n  some  towns  a  judicial  officer^  called  the  nydyddhijth,  tried  causes 
inder  the  Peahnu's  authority,  and  any  person  whom  the  Peshwa 
rss  pleased  to  aathnrise  might  conduct  an  investigation  subject 
his  confirmation.  If  »  complaint  was  made  to  a  pd9f},  liotwould 
snd  for  the  person  complained  of,  and  if  he  admitted  the  debt, 
rould  interfere  partly  as  a  friend  to  settle  the  mode  and  time  of 
payment.  If  the  debt  was  disputed,  and  he  and  his  Jculkarni  could 
ipot  by  their  own  influence  or  sagacity  effect  a  settlement  to  the 
Satisfaction  of  the  parties,  tho  p<UU  called  a  jury  or  jMwhdt/at  of 
rthe  villagers,  who  inquired  into  tho  matter  with  very  little  form  aa(| 
iiettled  as  they  thought  best,  but  this  decision  could  not  take 
)lac©  without  the  previous  consent  of  the  parties.  If  the  complainant 
ras  refused  a  jury  or  disapproved  of  the  decision,  or  if  he  thought 
[proper  not  to  apply  to  the  pdtil,  ho  went  to  the  mdmhitadr 
who  proceeded  nearly  in  the  same  manner  as  the  pd/i7,  with 
ibis  addition  that  he  oould  compel  the  party  complained  of  to 
submit  to  a  panchdyat,  or  clsd  make  satisfaction  to  the  com- 
plainant. When  there  was  a  aareitbeddr  tho  same  process  might 
be  repeated  with  him  or  at  court,   but    in    all  this  there    was 


Elnhuistone'a  UutUiry  ot  Iu<lia,  544-54^  *  Uut  Indk  Papcn,  IV.  SO?. 

■      .tone'B  Rflport  (1819),  M.67. 


Chapter  IZ. 
Justice. 


m 


^ 


[BombAjr  QaxetUer 


6 


DISTRICTS. 


iptw  IX. 
JoBtioe. 
Ltua. 


I    01 


no  regular  appeal.     The  saperior  aothority  wonld  not  revifle  the 
docision  of  the  inferior  nnless  there  had  been  aome  gross  injusticflj 
or  reason  to  suspect  corruption.     In  cases  of  less  puritj",  that  is 
almost  all  cases^  the  superior  was  inflaenced  in  receiTing  the  ap| 
by  the  cousiderution  of  the  profit  promised  as  a  compensation 
the  trouble.     Though  the  government  ofiScer  endonroored  himself 
to  settle  the  dispute  and  though    it  rested    with  him    to   decide 
whether  or  not  the  case  required  a  jury,  yet  it  was  held  gross 
injustice  to  refuse  one  on  a  question  at  all  doubtful,  and  it  was 
always  reckoned  a  sufficient  gniiumi  for  ordering  a  now  inventigatinn 
when  there  was  no  jory.   The  jnry  was  therefore  the  great  instrument 
iu  the  administration  of  jostico.     The  members    of  a  jury  wer« 
generally  chosen  by  the  o&cers  of  gorernment,  by  whom  the  jnry 
was  granted  with  the  approval  and  often  at  the    suggestion  o( 
the  parties.     Sometimes  each  party  chose  an  equal  number  and  the 
officer  named  an  umpire.     Rspociully  ut   Puona,  a  pers>uu  on  the 
part  of  government  not  unfrequently  preeided  at  panchdyati.     la 
affairs  where  government  was  concerne«,i  some  of  its  officers  ware 
ordered  to  investigate  the  matter,  but  they  were  expecteil  to  be  officera 
to  whom  the  other  party  did  not  object.     The  members  of  a  jury 
were  people  of  the  same  situation  in  life  as  the  parties  or  they   werai 
people  likely  to  uudcrstaud  the  subject,  as  bankers  in  a  matt 
of  acconut,  and  dcshmukhs  and  deshpdiitlc9  when   the  suit  was  aboi 
land.     The  number  was  always  odd ;  it  was  never  less  than  five; 
and  was  sometimes  over  fifty.     It  generally  met  at  the  house 
the  officer  who  Bnmmnncd  it.     In  villngea  the  headman  called  some 
of  the  most  intelligent   landholders  to  sit  under  a  tree  or  in  the 
temple    or     village    office.      No    one    attended    on    the   part    0^^ 
government,    and   as  the   parties  could   not  be  forced  to  accep^f 
the  decision   their  wishes  were  more  attended  to  than  elaewherel^ 
The   consent  of   the  parlies  was  everywhere  reckoned   esseutial  to 
a  jury.      The  first    act  of  the    mooting     was  to  take  a   writtei^H 
sckuo^tedgQieut    of    such    a    consent.       Security    was    abo    no^^ 
uufrequeutly  takeu  that  the  parties  would  comply  with  the  jury's 
award.     In  petty  disputes  in  villages,  instead  of  a  written  acknow- 
ledgment the  parties  gave  two  straws  in  token  of  submission.     The 
members  of  the  jury  were  not  entitled  to  any  fee.     Still  there  was 
the  hope  of  presents  from   one  or  both  parties  which  it  was  not 
disgraceful  to  take,  unless  to  promote  injustice.     The  parties  iikewiRe 
tntreat<?d   the  persons   thoy  wished  to  set  on   the   jury   and  the 
government     officer     added     his     anthority.      It     was     reckon! 
disgraceful  to  refuse  to  servo  on  a  jury   and  as  the  man  who 
asked  to  bo  a  member  to-day  might  be  a  suitor  to-morrow,  he 
obliged  to  lend  the  aid  which  he  was  likely  at  some  future  timi 
himself  to  require.  Unless  they  had  a  good  e.tcuse  people  rarely 
refused  to  serve.     It  was  more  diftcnltto  ensnro  their  attendance. 
The  parties  entreated  them  and  thfc  magistrate  aout  messeugors  and 
orders  to  enforce  the  presence  of  members.  ^ 

When  a  jury  was  met,  if  the  defendant  failed  to  attend,  the 
members  applied  to  the  officer  under  whose  authority  it  sat  to 
Bummon  him,  or  the  plaintiff  by  constant  demands  and  other  modes 
of  importanity  wearied  him  into  a  submission.     When  the  oSow 


Deccan-l 


POONA. 


of  gDvemmont  had  to  enforce  the  defendant's  attendance,  he  sent  a 
nniinoDfl,  or,  if  that  failed,  set  a  mcsaeni^r  over  him  whom  ho  w&a 
obliged  to  maintain,  and  impoaed  a  daily  fine  until  he  appeored. 
The  plaintiffs  complaint  was  then  read  and  the  defendant's  auawer 
received,  a  replication  and  a  rejoinder  were  sometimes  added  and  the 
parties  were  cross -questioned  by  the  jnry.  When  onder  examination 
tho  parties  were  kept  at  a  distance  from  their  friends,  but 
afterwards  tbey  might  aid  them  as  much  as  they  chose.  If  it  were 
taconvcnicut  for  him  to  atteud,  a  man  might  Bend  an  agent  in  his 
serrice  or  a  relation  ;  bnt  professional  agents  or  vakiU  were  unknown. 
After  tho  examination  of  the  parties  accounts  and  other  written 
evidence  were  called  for  and  oral  evidence  was  called  for  when  written 
failed,  but  much  more  weight  was  given  to  written  tlxan  to  oral 
evidonco.  The  witnesses  seem  to  have  been  examined  aud  cross- 
examined  with  great  care^  but  only  tho  substance  of  their  evidence  was 
token  down  briefly  without  the  questions  and  generally  iu  their  own 
hand  if  they  could  write.  Oaths  were  seldom  imposed  unless  there 
were  reasons  to  suspect  tho  veracity  of  the  witness,  and  then  great 
pains  were  taken  to  make  them  solemn.  When  tho  examination  was 
concluded  the  jury  aft*r  debating  on  the  case  drew  up  an  award  or 
summary  called  ^ai"r£»n«/t,  in  which  they  gave  the  substance  of  the 
complaint  and  answer,  an  abstract  of  each  of  the  documents  presented 
on  either  side,  a  summary  of  the  oral  evidence  on  cither  side,  aud  their 
own  decision  on  the  whole.  A  copy  of  tho  award  was  given  to  the 
SQCcesaful  party,  and  to  the  loser  if  ho  required  it ;  another  copy  waa 
deposited  with  the  officer  of  guvcrument.  In  Tillage  juries  nothing  was 
written  but  tho  decision  and  sometimes  not  even  that.  In  important 
cases  all  the  usual  writing  was  performed  by  the  village  accountant  or 
kuikarni.  Throughont  the  whole  proceedings  the  jury  appear  to 
baTB  been  guided  by  their  own  notions  of  justice  fonnded  no  doubt 
on  the  Hindu  law  and  modified  by  local  cnstom.  They  consulted 
no  books  and  it  was  only  on  particular  points  immediately  connected 
with  tho  llindu  law  t>uoh  as  aiarriago  or  succession  that  they 
referred  to  a  sluhtri  or  diviuc  for  his  opinion.  On  the  Kporbwof  the 
jury  the  oOicer  of  goverument  proceeded  to  confirm  and  ouforco  ita 
decree,  as  the  jury  had  no  executive  powers.  This  caused 
frequent  references  to  the  magistrate  and  gave  him  considerable 
influence  over  the  trial.  If  either  party  objected  at  this  stago,  and 
showed  gooil  reasons  why  the  award  should  be  set  aside,  the  officer 
nnder  whose  authority  the  jury  sat  might  require  it  to  revise  ifca^ 
decision,  or  he  might  even  summon  a  new  jnry ;  this  was  nofc 
reckoned  proper,  unless  corruption  were  strongly  suspected.  No 
other  notice  was  taken  of  corruption.  TTuless  in  such  cases  tho 
decision  of  a  pan^f/dyat  was  always  respected,  Tho  proverb  runs 
Paneh  parameghvaT,  that  is  the  jury  is  God  Almighty,  Lveii  after  an 
award  was  cooiirmod  an  appeal  lay  to  a  higher  authority  aud  a  new 
jnry  might  be  granted.  Even* a  new  vvimlakkir  might  revise 
proceedings  held  under  his  predecessor.  This  was  probably  a  stretch 
of  power,  but  everj-thing  under  the  MarAtbAs  was  bo  irregular  and 
arbitrary  that  the  limits  of  just  authority  can  with  difficulty  be 
traced.  In  enforcing  the  jury's  decision  much  depended  on  the 
power  of  the  magistrato.    If  a  ^til  found  the  party  who  gained 


Chapter  IX- 
Jastice. 

MAKiTI 


(fiombAT  OjLiett«er- 


istioe- 


DISTRICTS. 


tbo  caiiso  could  not  recover  his  daee  hj  the  modes  of  private 
compulsion  he  applied  to  the  mdmlatdiir  to  interpose  his  authority 
and  in  cases  whero  that  was  imufficie&t  the  mdmlatddr  applied  to 
govern  mcnt. 

Biepntes  abotit  boundanee  which  were  extremely  frequent  were 
Bettled  by  a  fianchtiyat  compoHed  of  deghmukhf,  deahpiinarni,  pdiUSf 
and  kulkamiU  BiAea  hy  the  Mhars  of  the  dispnting' villages  who  were 
the  DBtablished  gnardians  of  land-marks  and  bonudaries.  Boundary 
disputes  were  also  frequently  adjusted  by  ordeal.  One  form  of 
ordeal  vras  for  the  headman  to  walk  along  the  disputed  boundary 
bearing  on  his  head  a  clod  of  the  soil  of  both  villages  kneaded  with 
various  ingredients  and  consecrated  by  many  rites.  If  the  clod  held 
together  the  justice  of  his  claims  was  established ;  if  it  broke  he 
lost  his  cause.  Ordeals  were  also  performed  with  boiling  oil  or  by 
taking  an  oath  and  imprecating  certain  curses  it  the  oath  were 
&Ise.  If  no  evil  occurred  within  a  fixed  time  the  gods  were 
conceived  to  have  decided  in  the  swearer's  favour.  Ordeals  were 
not  uncommon  in  other  cases  as  well  ai  in  boundary  disputes^ 
chiefly  when  other  means  of  ascertaining  the  truth  failed.  Caste 
disputes  were  settled  by  the  caste.  Complaints  of  unjust  expulsion 
from  caste  were  settled  by  a  jury  called  by  government  of 
respectable  members  of  the  same  cast-e  from  an  unprejudiced  part 
of  the  country.  Besides  the  pdiila  and  mdmlaldars  a  few  towns 
had  officers  of  justice  called  nydtjadhi-ahoji.  The  proceedings  of  all 
were  irregular.  The  model  was  the  able  courageous  and  upright  BAm 
ShiUtri  who  was  at  the  head  of  the  Poona  court  when  Nana  I*  adnavis 
was  minister  and  regent.  HArn  Sh&jitri  had  several  deputies,  two  of 
whom  were  almost  as  famous  as  himself,  and  by  their  aid  the  business 
was  conducted.  On  receivingacomplaint,amc93engcrorawTitcrfrom 
"R&m  Shdstri  or  from  Niina  Fadnavis,  according  to  the  consequence 
of  the  person,  was  sent  to  summon  or  to  invite  him  to  attend  at  H&m 
Shdstri's.  If  the  jxirson  failed  to  attend  orders  wore  repeated 
by  Ndua  Faduavia  and  iu  tho  event  of  obstmato  non-attendance, 
the  hcfhse  or  lands  of  thp  dofcndant  were  seized.  In  case  of  non- 
appearance from  abscmcfl,  after  many  indulgent  delays,  the  trial  went 
on  and  the  absence  of  tho  party  was  recorded  that  ho  might  have  a 
new  trial  on  his  return,  if  he  accounted  for  his  absence :  in  cases  of 
land,  no  decision  was  final  iu  a  mau's  absence.  Witnesses  wore 
enmmoned  in  the  same  form  as  the  defoudunt,  and  if  the  witness 
was  poor  the  suoimoner  paid  him  his  expenses.  If  the  witness  lived 
fit  a  distance,  or  if  attcnaauce  wore  iuconvuuient,^  deputation  from 
the  court  with  some  person  from  tho  parties  was  sent  to  take  hia 
evidence  and  the  ntdmhttddr  gave  his  aid  to  the  process,  or  if  the 
witness  lived  verj*  far  off,  a  letter  was  written  requesting  him  to 
stata  the  &cta  required.  When  the  witness  was  a  man  of  rank,  a 
deputation  would  be  sent  to  him  from  the  government,  accompanied 
by  the  parties  who  went  as  aupplicaiils  for  hisaid,  rather  than  as  checks 
on  his  misstatement,  and  he  was  asked  to  rulato  what  ho  know  and 
this  was  repeated  in  the  court.  Even  if  the  witness  wero  uot  of 
Buch  rank  as  to  prevent  hia  coming  to  the  court,  if  he  wore  a  man 
of  any  consequence,  he  was  received  as  a  visitor  and  the  questions 
were  put  to  him  in  the  way  of  conversation  and  with  aU  the  usual 


r 


.Dtecan  I 


POONA 


inns  of  civility.  When  persons  of  this  pharacter  were  defendant's, 
lt«ad  of  summoning  th«m  to  the  nyiiyii-lhi/ih  a  letter  was  written 
bjr  N^na  Fadnnris  de-tiring  them  to  settle  the  cotnpUint.  If  this  did 
lot  SQCceed,  their  acrent  was  spoken  to,  and  they  felt  tho  displeasure 
of  govemmenl  or  part  of  their  land  was  made  over  to  tho  creditor. 
Generally  great  favour  was  shown  to  roon  of  rank:  If  tho  plaintiff 
vrns  also  a  man  of  rank,  nnd  if  all  other  means  failed,  a  jury  of  men 
of  ihesamoconditiun  wusappuint^d.  The  proceedings  were  much  the 
same  aa  those  already  men  tionedi:xccpt  that  more  was  done  in  writing, 
RAm  Sfaastri  and  his  depuliea  seetn  to  have  often  presided  at  trials^ 
the  jury  performing  nearly  tlie  same  function  as  an  English  jury. 
A  good  deal  of  the  investigation  seems  to  have  been  entrusted  to 
RAm  Sh^stri's  writers  who  roportod  to  him  and  tho  jury,  and  in  the 
deci*ee  the  names  of  the  members  of  the  jury  were  not  meutionod, 
even  when  it  was  merely  a  repetition  of  their  award.  The  decision  waa 
always  in  the  Peshwa'a  name  and  in  all  important  cases  required 
his  signature.  All  cases  relating  to  land  were  considered  important 
and  were  immediately  under  the  superintendence  of  governments 
It  was  not  unusual  in  the  country,  as  well  as  in  Poona,  for  a 
l^jgovemment  officer  to  receive  the  complaint  and  answer  with  the 
Mjgocuments  and  tho  written  evidence  of  witnesses,  and  lay  the  whole 
^n  this  shflpo  before  tho  jury,  who  would  call  for  more  evideucu  if 
they  reijuired  it.  Much  time  must  have  been  saved  by  thia 
arrangement,  but  it  gave  tho  officer  oi  government  considerable 
opportunities  of  imposing  on  tho  jury.  The  members  of  the  jury 
received  no  fee,  but  when  they  had  much  trouble,  the  winner  of  the 
euit  made  them  openly  a  present  for  their  pains.  A  sum  of  money 
was  likewise  levied  for  the  government  from  the  winner  under  tho 
came  of  k«rki  or  congratulatory  offering  and  from  tho  loser  under 
the  name  of  gunhgdri  or  fine.  These  Sues  varied  with  tho  means 
of  the  litigauUi.  In  revenue  accotiuts  one-fourth  of  the  pro|ierty 
was  always  put  dowu  as  the  prt(»  paid  for  Justice  by  the  plaintiff 
when  be  won  his  cause.  If  the  plaintiff  loRt  his  cause  he  was  obliged 
to  pey  tho  defendant's  expenses  if  the  defendant  was  poor.  When 
a  cause  was  given  against  the  defendant,  the  court  settled 
the  mode  of  payment  with  reference  to  hia  circumstances, 
either  ordering  immcdiato  payment  or  directing  payment  by 
Linstalminta  or  if  the  debtor  was  entirely  destitute  of  the  means  of 
Vpnymcut,  granting  him  an  exemption  from  the  demands  of  his 
creditor  for  a  certain  number  of  yeara.  When  a  matter  onco  came 
trial  governmeg^t  was  expected  to  enforce  the  deoision,  but  with.* 
tractcristic  MarAtha  irregularity  the  plaintiff  was  often  allowed  to 
iforce  tho  decision  by  dunning  or  takkdza  which  varied  from  simple 
iportunity  to  tying  the  defendant  neck  and  heeU,  or  making  luta 
ind  on  one  leg  in  the  sun  vil.h  a  heavy  stone  on  his  Lead.  In  all 
hims,  except  for  laud,  when  the  plaintiff  had  the  power  thia 
[itnning  was  the  first  step  in  tHo  soit.  Not  until  the  person  who 
iffored  by  it  complained  of  excessive  or  unjust  dunning  did  the 
iverumont  tako  ony  concern  in  the  matter.  Government  enforce*} 
'Vbe  debt  by  a  system  of  donning  nearly  the  samo  aa  the 
.intiff's.  Italsoseized  and  sold  the  debtor's  pniperty,  but  spared 
house  and  t 


Chapter 

JoBtice. 

MiaATKA. 


o\vo 


»  806    3 


QiaptarlX 

JnatioiB. 

UakAxu. 


iBstalmenta  by  wTiicb  the  debt  was  gradnally  cleared.  Debtors  wen 
never  put  in  any  public  pripon  for  private  debt,  though  they  were 
aometiuios  confined  or  t-ormented  hy  the  creditor  at  bia  bouse  or  in 
bis  patron's  bouse.  In  rare  cases,  when  this  had  been  entered  in 
the  bond,  the  debtor  was  made  X<t  serve  the  creditor  till  the  aniuuut 
oC  hiB  nominal  wages  eqimllcd  the  debt.  Honest  bankrupts  seem  to 
have  been  let  off  nearly  as  at  present.  Fraudulent  ouea  were  made 
to  pay  when  difcovered  uulwitbbtaudin>(  a  previous  releahe.  The 
great  objects  of  litigation  were  boundary  disputes,  division  of 
property  on  the  separntion  of  famitJeH,  and  inheritance  to  land  which 
was  perhaps  tho  greatest  source  of  litigation  throughout  tbe  whole 
country.  Dfbta  to  bankers  were  also  fi-ei|nently  subjects  for  suits. 
This  jndicial  syfitem  was  ovideiilly  liable  to  great  objections. 
There  waa  no  regular  admiuij-tnitiou  of  justice,  no  certain  uieana  of 
filing  a  suit,  and  no  tixfd  i-ulea  for  proceeding  after  the  suit  had  been 
filed.  It  rested  with  the  officer  of  government  to  receive  or  neglect 
a  complaint.  The  reception  of  an  appeal  from  his  injustice  equiilly 
depended  on  the  «rbitra'7  will  of  his  superior.  The  other 
occopations  of  these  otticeis  rendered  it  difficult  for  them  to  attend 
to  jndicial  affairs,  even  if  wtll  disposid,  and  these  occupations 
increasing  with  the  rank  of  tlie  officer,  the  Pe-hwa  who  was  iha 
main  spring  of  I  he  whole  machine  must  have  been  nearly  inaccessible 
to  all  men  and  entirely  inaccessible  to  the  poor.  The  power  o(  the 
loeal  officer  mnst  also  hove  had  a  tendency  to  check  apiwaUitudeven 
to  restrain  tho  demands  for  juries  in  cases  which  ho  wished  himself 
to  decide,  and  ihia  wish  would  be  chiefly  felt  in  caxes  wheie  he  had 
an  inclinati'tu  to  bo  the  friend  cf  one  party,  or  whoru  ho  hoped  to 
make  something  by  selling  bia  favour  to  both.  'J'here  can  be  little 
doubt  that  unless  by  moans  of  bribery  or  by  tho  aid  ot  powerful 
friends  justice  was  hard  to  get.  The  juries  were  open  to  corruption 
sod  partiality.  Wlu-n  free  from  these  stains  they  were  slow  in 
moving  and  feeble  in  their  resolutions.  When  the  jury  wati  meb 
it  had  not  safficieiit  powers  to  seize  the  defendant,  to  summon  the 
witiwss,  or- to  compel  the  produciiun  of  docunn-nis.  In  the  eventot 
any  opposition  it  had  to  apply  to  the  oUicer  of  government,  and 
thus  besides  uiiavoidablo  delay,  it  was  exposed  to  constant 
obstruction  from  his  indi'lence,  want  of  leisure,  or  corruption.  If  a 
deputy  of  the  government  officer  sat  with  it  to  execute  those  duties, 
it  was  »(till  liable  to  be  obstincted  from  corruption,  and  was  besides 
exposed  to  the  inBnence  of  the  agent  who  piesidefl.  Wbeu  it  had 
the  evidence  before  it  the  members  were  not  fitted  to  decide  on  nioo 
or  intrica.ie  causes.  If  they  wer«r  perplexed  they  met  without  coming 
t-o  a  decision  or  allowed  the  matter  to  lie  over  until  some  circumstance 
prevented  the  necessity  of  meeting  any  more.  'J'htse  causes 
produced  great  delay  and  trials  were  often  left  unffnished.  When 
the  members  were  chosen  by  the  parlies  and  were  interested  in 
the  cause,  they  were  udvoi-atea  rather  tlinn  judgt^  and  their  disputes 
caused  as  much  delay  as  the  neglect  ot  the  ini)Mrtiai.  When  they 
were  impartird  they  were  indifferent  and  irrtsoluto  nnloss  some 
member,  prnhably  stirred  to  activity  by  a  bribe,  rcliivcd  his 
colleagues  of  the  tronbleof  deciding.  When  theirawnrd  was  signed 
the  jury  dissolved  and  their  decree  remained  with  the  local  o^cer 


to    enforce   or   neglect  as  he  chose.     Where    bo    mnch    wau    left 
arbitrary  there    waa    much    corruption.     Even     afrer  the    British 
conqnest  it  was  common  to  have  a  oompluint  from  a  man  wlio  had 
^^n  old  decision  even  from  the  nydyddhifk  at  Poons  which  lie  hail  not 
Hb^n  able  to  get  enforced.     The  want  of  principle  in  the  rulors  waa 
'inothor  caaw  of  nncoitiiinty  and  litigation.     No  decision  waa  fi oat. 
L  A  new  mfimlat'tdr  or  a  new   uiiniBter  might  tako  up  a  cjiuse  bi» 
Kbredece*!Sor  hml   decided,  tliu    same    man    might   revisA   his  own 
p>9ecisii>u»  from  corrupt  mutives,  and  there  was  as  much  difficulty  in 
bein^  exempt  friun  an  nnjnst  reviitioD  as  in  obtaining  a  just  one. 
In  the  time  of  the  last  Peohwa,  the   revenue- farming  system  made 
over  each  district  to  the  highest  bidder^  who  was  gO'iorally  the  most 
unprincipled  man  about  the  court,  and,  ns  full  siir>port  was  requisite 
to  enable  him  to  p»y  his   revenue,  it  consigned  the  people  to  hia 
oppression   without  a  i-eiiiedy.     The  contractor's  whole  time   and 
thought  were  spent  in  realizing  his  revenue.     Ju»tine  was  opfuly 
sold,  and  was  never  thought  of  except  as  a  marketable  commodity. 
A  bribe  could  always  enable  the  party  )U  the  wrong  to  prevent  his 
cause  going  lo  a  jury  or  overturn  the  decision  of  one.     ^n  appeal 
lay  from  the  under-contractor  to  the  upper  whose  income  dependEHl 
on  the  exactions  of  the  authorities   below  him,  and  from  him  to  the 
minister,  who  never  recwved  a  complaint  without  a  present,  or  to 
^he  Peuhwa,  who  never  i*eeeived  a  complaint  at  all.     The  government 
^BBve  little  justice  to  the  rich  and  none  to  the  poor.     Still,  with  all 
^■heae  defeotn  the  Mariltha  country  BimrishfHl  and  the  people  seemed 
^■D  have  been  free  from  some  of  the  evils  which  exist  under  the 
more  elaborate  British  Government,     f^ome  advantages  must  havs' 
ct'unterbalnnced  the  obvious  defects  of  the  system.     Moat   of  the 
advantages  seem  to  have  sprung  from  the  fact  that  the  government, 
though  it  did  little  to  obtain  justice  for  the  people,  left  them  the  means 
of  procuring  it  themselves.     The  advantage  of  this  was  specially  felt 
among  the  lower  onJers  who  are  most  out  of  reach  of  their  rulers 
and  most  apt  to  be  neglected  under  all  governments.     By  means  of 
the  jury  they  were  enfibled  to  effect  a  tolerable  dis|A)nsalif)n  of 
jnstieo    among  themselves,    and    it    happens    that    most    of    the 
objections  above  stated  to  that  insttbiitiun  do  not  apply  in  their  case. 
A  ftatil  was  restrained  from  exorcising  oppression  both  by  the  fear  of 
the  mdinlatdnr  and  by  the  inconvenience  of  offendiug  the  society  in 
which  ho  lived,  and  when  bi>th  parties  were  inclined  to  have  a  jury, 
he  had  no  interest  in  refusing  to  call  one.      A  jury  could  scarcely  • 
be  per7>l©xed  in  the  simple  cause'*  that  arose  under  its  own  eyes  nor' 
could  it  easily  give  a  corrupt  decision  when  all  the  neighbours  knew 
the  merits  of  the  case.     Defendantp,  witnepses,  and  members  were 
all  within  the  narrow  compass  of  a  village  and  where  all  were  kept 
Brora  earning  their  daily  bread  duiing  the  discussion  there  was  not 
^kely  to  be  much  needless  compl>ynt  or  affected  delay.     This  branch 
of  the  native  system  was  excelleo^for  the  settlement  of  the  dispntea 
of  the  landholders  among  ihemselves.    It  was  of  no  use  in  protecting 
them   from  the  oppression  of   ibeir    superiors.     But  here   another 
principle  come    into  operation.      A«  the  wliole   of  the  government 
revenue  was  drawn  from  the  landholders,  it  was  the  obvious  intureiit 
of  government  and  its  agents  to  protect  the  landholder  and  to  preveat 


Chapter  IX- 

Justice. 

MjJIATIUi 


[Bombay  Oaxeti«er 


ipt6T  IX 

Jiulice- 


DISTRICTS. 


hie  sufferinf^  from  any  cxnctions  but  llicir  own,    lu  good  timps  tha 
exactions  o£  ^uvcruiueol  weru  limited  by  tbe  conviction  that  tha^^ 
beat  way  to  enrich  itself  waa  to  spare  the  laadLoldcr;  and  th^H 
ezactioDS  of  tbe  agenU  of  goTerunicnt  wero  limited  by  the  cotnoiou^ 
JDtcrciet  of  government  and   the    landholdtirti  in   restruioinfr  their 
dcprodfttions.     Under  the  influence  of  these  principles  while  the 
native  governraeDt  waa  good,  its  landholders  were  fairly  protected 
both  from  the  injnstico  of  their  neighbours  and  from  the  tyranny 
o£  their  superiors,  and  the  landholders  were  the  most  namerousj 
most  important,  and  most  deserving  portion  of  the  commanity. 
was  in  the  clasH  above  the  landholder  that  the  defects  of  the  judici 
Bystein  were  most  felt,  and  even    there  they  had   eomc  advantage: 
As  the  great  funlt  of  government  was  itit  inertness  people  were  at 
least  soc ore  from  its  over-a(Ttivity.     A  government  officer   might  be    j 
induced  by  a  bribe  to  hnrnss  an  individual  nnder  colour  of  justice  ^| 
Le  oould  not  bo  compelled  by  the  mcit;  fibog  of  a  petition  to  involv^^ 
those  under  his   jurisdiction    iu  all  the    vexations  of  a  law   suit. 
Kven  when  bribed,  he  oould  not  do  much  more  than  hurass  th« 
individual ;  for  the  right  to  demand  a   jury  was  a  bur   to  arbitrary 
decrees,  and  although  he  might  reject  or  evade  the  demnnd,  yet  Lfa«^l 
frequent  occurrence  of  a  course  so  contrary  to  public  opinion  couIt^H 
not    escape    his    superiors  if  at  all   inclined   to   do  justice.     The 
iuertuesa  of  government  was  counteracted   by  various  expedients 
which  though  objectionable  iu   themselves   supplied   the   place  of 
better  principles.     These  were    private    redrtss,    patronage,    and 
presents.     If  a  man  hud  something  to  demand  from  au  iufcriur  or 
an  equal  ho  placed  him  under  resti*aiut,   prevented   his  leaving   bi^^l 
house   or  eiiting,   and  even  forced  htm  to  sit  in  the  sim  till  he  camf^^ 
to  some  agreement.     If  the  debtor  were  a  superior,  the  creditors  liad 
first  recourse  to  supplications  and  appeals  to  the  honour  and  sense 
of  sbame   of  the   other  perty.     He  laid  himself  on  his  threshold, 
threw  himself  in  his  path,  clamoured  before  bis  dour,  or  employed 
others  to  do  all  this  for  him.     He  would  evcu  sit  and  ffiat  before 
the  liobto^B  door,  and  appeal  to  the  gods  ond  invoke  their  corses 
upon  the  person  by  whom  he  was  injureil.     It  was  a  pfiint  of  honour 
with  the  people  not  to   dii^turb  the  authors  of  these  importnnitiei 
BO   long   as   tliey   were  just,  and  some  sutisfnction  was  general 
procured    by  their  means.     If  they  were   unjust,   the  party   tb 
harassed  naturally  concurred   with  the   plaintiil   iu  tho  wish  for  ft' 
,  jury,  and  thus  au  object  was  obtained  which  might  not  have  been 
•  gained  from  the  indolence  of  the  magistrate.      Standing  before   tho 
residence  of  the  great  mau,  assailing  him  with  claTuour,  holding  up 
a  torch  before  him  by  daylivht,  ponriug  water  without  ceasing  on 
the  statues  of  the  gods,  all  these  extreme  nioasures  when  resorted 
to  seldom  failed  to  obtain  a  hearing  even  under  Bdjirtiv,  and  there 
was  the  still  more  powerful  expedient  both  for  recovering  a  debt  or 
for  obtaining  justice,  to  get  the  Vbolo  caste,  villnge,  or  trade  to 
join  in  performing  the  above  ceromouies  until  the  demand  of  one  of 
Its  members  were  satistied.     The   nest  meaua  of  obtaining  justice 
was  by  patronage.     If  u  p<ior  man  had  a  master,  a  landlord,  u  great 
peighbour  or   any  great  connexion,  or   if  hu  hud  a  rcUtiuu  who  had 
fr  similar  claim  on  a  great  man,  he  could  interest  hitn  in  his  favour 


>ur 

i 


lOwoui.l 


POONA. 


P  and  procure  his  frientily  intercession  witt  the  debtor,  his  application 
to  U)C  friends  of  the  debtor,  or  his  interest  witli  tlie  public  authority 
to  obLaiti  justice  for  bis  client.  This  principle  was  nut  ttu  oppressive 
aa  ifi  seeitiB  at  Grst  si^ht,  or  as  it  must  have  beeu  had  it  btieu  purtiat; 
for  it  waa  so  widespread  that  scarcely  any  mau  was  without  some 
gimrdian  of  hia  interests.  Both  pides  in  a  cause  were  bmiight  nearly 
equal  and  tlie  effect  of  the  interference  of  their  patrons  wa^  to 
^  Btimnlate  the  system  which  might  otherwise  have  stood  stitl.  If 
B  this  rosourco  failed,  a  pruHent  or  the  promise  of  a  present  to  tho 
^  public  authority  or  those  who  had  weight  with  him  would  be 
efficacious.  The  fee  of  one-fourth  of  all  property  gained  in  law  aulta 
waa  in  fact  a  standing  bribe  to  invito  the  aid  of  the  magistrate. 
The  number  of  persona  who  could  grant  panchiiyais  also  expedited 
business.  Besides  the  vydyiidhijfh  and  the  numerous  mdmiatdiirs 
and  jdgirddrs,  many  people  of  consequence  could  liold  juries 
under  the  express  or  implied  authority  of  the  Peshwa,  and  every 
chief  settled  tho  disputes  of  bis  own  retainers,  whether  among 
themselves  or  with  others  of  the  lower  or  middle  classes,  A  great 
number  of  disputes  were  also  settled  by  private  ai'bitratiou,  and  their 
proceetlings  in  the  event  of  an  apjjeal  were  treated  by  the 
government  with  the  same  coDsideratiuu  as  those  of  jariea  held 
^  under  its  own  authority. 

f       Thus    some  sort  of  justice  was  obtained  and  it  was  less  impure 

than  might  be  expected  from  tho  sources  from  which  it  waa  supplied. 

I       Public  opinion   and  the  authority  of  tho  magistrate  set  bounds  to 

H  dunning  aud  the  institution  of  the  jury  was  n  restniiut  ou  patronage 

^  &nd  bribery.    Tho  jury  itself,  though  unfitted  to  settle  any  but  village 

causes,  had   many  mlvantages.     Though  each  might  be  slow,  the 

number  that  conld  sit  at  a  time  even  under  the   superintendence  of 

one  person   must  have  enabled  them  to  decide  many  cansos.     The 

intimate  acquaintance  of  tho  members  with  the  subject  in  disputo 

aud   in   muuy   casjcs  with  the  character  of  tho  parlies   must  have 

made  their  decisious  frequeutly  correct ;  aud  it  waa  an  advantage 

of  incalculable  value  in  tbat  mode  of  trial  that  the  jtldgea*being 

drawn  from  the  body  of  the  people  could  act  on  uo  principles  (hat 

were  not  generally  understrf^od,  a  circumstauce  which  oy  preventing 

uncertainty  and  obscurity  in  the  law  struck  at  the  very  root  of 

litigation.     The  liability  of  the  juries  to  corniption  was  checked  by 

ifas  circumstance  that  it  did  not  so  frequently  happen  to  oue  mau 

iu  be  a  member  as  to  make  venality  profitable,  while  as  the  parties 

and  the  members  wero  of  his  own  class  tho  receiver  of  bribes  waft 

much  exposed  to  detection   and  loss  of  character.      Accordingly, 

IJW  even  after  tho  corrupt  reign  of  BSjir&v,  juries  appear  to  Lave  kept 

B  the  confidence  of   the   people  in  a  great  degree  and  they  seem  to 

"      have  been  not  unworthy  of  their  good  opinion.     According  to  Mr. 

Chaplin  their  statement  of  the  evidence  was  short  and  clear,  their 

reaaoning  on  it  solid  and  sensible^  and  their  decision,  as  a  rule,  just 

and  fair.     Their  grand  defect  was  delay.     To  prevent  delay  the 

suitors   had  recourse  to   tho    same  remedies  as  they  need  to  people 

in  power,  importunity,  intercession  of  patrons,  and  sometimes  no 

doubt  to  promises,  foes,  and  bribes. 


Chapter  IX. 
JoBtice. 


[BombtyGaiattMr. 


u 


DISTRICTS. 


tpter  IX. 
Jastice. 


irax. 


I 


It  18  impo!(»ib]6  to  form  clear  notions  on  tlie  grenera!  result  of  this 
adiiiinislrution,  either  as  to  its  despatch  of  causes^  the  degree  ot^ 
justice  Boministercd,  or  its  effect  on  the  character  of  the  peopltihfl 
Mr.  Elphinstoue  believed  that  simple  causes  were  spvedily  decided 
and  complicated  cases  slowly.  The  nxftiyddhish  usunlly  tried  com- 
plicated casrs.  In  twenty  years  he  had  has  than  1  tOO  causes  61ed, 
of  which  it  was  belierod  oiie-balf  were  never  decided.  Panchinjata 
appear  jreuerally  to  have  pven  just  decisions,  but  men  in  power 
could  obstruct  a  reference  to  those  assemblies  and  conld  prevent  the 
execDtioDs  of  their  decrees.  That  jusiico  was  often  denied  and 
injustice  couiniilted  appears  from  the  frequency  of  ihaUi,  which  was 
a  term  for  nibbery,  arson,  and  murder,  committed  to  force  ft  Tilings 
era  gOTermnent  officer  to  satisfy  the  claims  of  the  perpetrHtor. 
Hnrdera  on  account  of  disputes  about  landed  property  were  every* 
where  frequent.  With  regard  to  its  effect  on  the  character  of  th« 
people,  the  landholders  seemed  in  most  respects  simple  and  honest. 
At  the  same  time  there  was  no  regard  for  truth  and  no  respect  for 
an  oath  throug-hout  the  whole  eominuuity,  and  fortrery,  intripie,  and 
deceit  were  carried  to  the  highest  pitch  among  the  pdlilti,  intlknrnit, 
and  all  who  had  much  op^xii'tuinty  of  practisiug'  those  iuicjuitics. 
There  was  no  punishment  for  perjury  or  fon?ery.  Litigiousnt-ss  did 
not  seem  to  have  been  prevnleut,  unless  the  obstinacy  with  which 
people  stuck  to  clnims  to  landed  property  could  be  brought  under  ^ 
the  head  of  litigioasncss.  fl 

'  The  power  of  administering-  criminal  justice  was  vested  in  the 
revenue  officers  and  rarieil  with  their  rank  from  the  pdfit,  who^ 
contd  put  a  man  for  a  few  days  in  a  village  office  to  the  «4r«iif(A«^t'r,  ■ 
who  in  BAjirAv'a  days  had  the  power  of  life  and  death.  Formerly 
powers  of  life  and  death  were  confined  to  persons  invested  with  the 
fnutdliki  seal  and  to  great  militai-y  chiefs  in  their  own  armies  or  their 
own  estates.  At  the  sarae  time  the  right  of  inflicting  punishment 
was  undelined,  and  waa  exercised  by  each  man  more  aecordiDg  to 
his  ioBuence  than  according  to  his  office.  One  pnlil  would  flogand 
fine  ^d  put  in  the  stocks  for  many  weeks,  while  Another  would 
not  even  ventnre  to  impr-ison.  Most  mi'iiilatiidrs  would  hang  a 
K^moshi,  Bhil,  or  MAng  robber  without  a  reference,  and  those  at  a 
distance  would  exercise  their  power  without  scruple,  while  the  high- 
est civil  officers,  if  nt  Poona,  would  pay  the  Pcshwa  the  attention  of 
applying  for  his  sanction  in  alt  capital  cases.  A  chief  was  thought 
^o  have  autiiurity  ovor  his  own  troops  and  servants  wherever  he 
was.'  ■ 

There  was  no  prpscribed  form  of  trial.  They  seized  men  on  sliglit 
snspicion,  gave  way  to  presumptifjna  of  guilt,  forced  confessions  by 
torture,  and  inHicted  p«niehinen(«  which,  although  they  were  inhuman 
or  rather  because   they  were  inhuman,  were  offuctual  in  striking 


<  Elpbia«tf>D6*«  Report  (1819),  36-40. 

"SindU  whil«  h«  afTeoled  to  act  under  the  Pcahwa  put  many  of  his  chiefs  and 
mtnisten,  even  Brihtnaot.  wbJbad  been  aoniiutl  nf  plots.  tode>tb.  Apjw  DcsAi.  whila 
completely  in  the  PcBhwa's  power,  in  1S13,  blvw  twav  ooe  of  Ua  tJArd&ri  from  a  pio 
for  oonspinkcy  egainat  biin  and  waa  never  qneationod  tlwngh  the  exocutioa  took  place 
withia  ooe  mile  of  Poona, 


i 


Dkcab) 


I 


POONA. 


terror.  A  rebel  or  a  head  of  banditti  would  bo  exccntod  at  once  on 
the  ground  of  notoriety.  Any  Bliil  caaght  in  a  part  uf  a  district 
where  Bhils  were  plundering  the  road  would  be  banged  forthwith. 
In  doubtful  cases  the  chief  authority  would  order  some  of  the  people 
about  him  to  inquire  into  the  atVair,  The  prisoner  waa  exnmined, 
and  if  suspiciuna  were  stronf^,  he  waa  (1of^g;ed  to  make  bim  coiif<.'S!}. 
WitDesses  were  examined  and  a  Bummnry  of  their  evidence  and  of 
tlie  statement  of  the  accused.  woi*o  always  taken  down  in  writing. 
WitDGsses  were  aometimes  confronted  with  the  accused  in  the  hope 
of  shamiii)^  or  perplexiof;  the  party  whose  statoiiieut  waa  false  ;  but 
thia  waa  by  no  means  necessary  to  the  regularity  of  the  proree<iing9. 
The  chief  uuthurity  would  generally  consult  his  officer)*  and  perhaps 
employ  a  committee  of  them  to  conduct  an  inquiry.  It  is  donbtful 
if  juries  were  ever  generally  employed  in  criminal  trials,' 

In  crimes  against  the  staU),  the  prince  made  or  directed  faia 
ministers  to  make  such  inquiries  as  seemed  requisite  for  his  own 
safety  and  gave  auch  ordara  regarding  the  accused  as  their  casd 
seemed  to  require.  Torture  was  eniuloyed  to  compel  wmfesston  and 
the  disclosure  of  accomplices.  TriaJs  for  treason  were  considered 
hove  law,  bat  even  in  common  trials  no  law  seems  ever  to  have  been 
referred  to,  except  in  cases  connected  with  religion,  where  ehaftria 
or  divines  were  sometimes  coDSultod.  The  only  rule  seems  to  have 
been  the  cuslom  of  Ihe  country  nnd  the  magistrate's  idea  of 
expediency.  The  Hindu  law  was  quite  disusfd,  aud  although  every 
man  was  tolembly  acquainted  with  its  ntlcs  in  civil  cnse:^,  no  una 
but  the  very  learned  had  the  Ica-it  notion  of  its  criminal  enactments. 
Murder,  unless  attended  with  peculiar  atrocity,  appears  never  to  have 
been  a  capital  ofTctice^  and  was  usually  piinisned  by  fine.  Highway 
robbery  was  generally  punished  with  death  as  it  was  generally  com- 
mitted by  low  people.  A  greater  difjtinction  was  made  in  the 
punishment  uu  acuoufit  of  the  caste  of  Ibo  criminni  than  on  account 
of  the  ouluro  of  the  crime.  A  man  of  fair  caste  was  seldom  put  to 
death  except  for  offences  against  the  state.  In  flucb  cases  birth 
seems  to  hnve  been  no  protection,"  yet  treason  anti  reWellion 
were  thought  less  heinous  offences  than  with  the  British.  This 
originated  in  a  want  of  steadiness,  not  of  severity,  in  the  govern- 
ment. When  it  suited  a  temporary  convenience,  an  accommoda- 
tion waa  made  with  a  rebel,  who  was  immediately  restored  not  only 
to  safety  but  to  favour."  The  other  puuishments  wore  hanging, 
beheading,  cutting  to  pieces  with  swords,  aud  crushing  the  head, 
with  a  mallet.  Punishments,  though  public,  wore  always  executed' 
with  lictle  ceremony  or  form.     Briihman  prisoners  who  could  not  be 


C!hapteT 
Justice. 
MakItoa. 


'  Captain  Orint  nisntlonn  tbitt  jiiriei  were  employi'd  in  vriminAl  caacsia  S4t&rs. 

■  Vrthnji  Uin  full  bnittier  of  VAshr&nCr^v  Uulktkr  wu  trunpleil  to  ckAth  by  Ha 
•Imhant  for  rebt'llion,  or  raUior  for  baatbng  ■  gwig  of  predatory  hond,  and  Sayiji 
Atoavle,  a  diapocsoaM-d  jdfjirdar,  wat  blo«rn  away  from  a  gun  for  tha  aatue  oB'enoa. 

■  Bilknnhiid  iiaiigAiUi.ir  received  a  jAjir  for  tli«  *ain«  iuaurreetioa  for  which 
l^'ithoji  llolkftr  was  put  t^^i  <J«-:itli.  ViilivanrAv  Ulintge.  who  beadad  a  large  body  of 
nlun'irriDi;  buT-Ba.  wu  tr«ate<l  with  much  laro'ir  by  tbe  Posbwa,  bat  Abdulu  KbiD,  a 
^lativ«  i)f  ttie  NawAlt  o\  SAviuiiir,  wbo  oonunittAd  tbe  HUsc  offeaoe  at  a  aabwqaeat 

1,  waa  blotTQ  away  fnun  a  gun. 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  IX- 
Juslice. 
Maeatha. 


executed,  wore  poisoned  or  made  away  witli  by  onwholesome 
food  such  ns  bresid  uaije  of  equal  parts  of  fluiir  and  salt.  Women 
were  never  put  lo  death  ;  loug  coiitiuemeut.  and  cuttiug  off  the  nose 
eai-s  and  breasts  were  ilio  Beverest  puuishmcute  inflicted  on  wome 
Mutilation  was  very  commuu,  and  the  persou  who  had  his  haa< 
foot,  ears,  or  nose  cut  off  waa  turned  loo.^e  aa  suou  as  the  senten 
was  executed  and  left  to  his  fate.  Iinpnitonment  in  hill  forta  a 
in  dungeons  was  common  and  the  prisoners,  nnles^  they  were  peop 
of  conaiderattou,  were  always  neglected  and  Bometimes  allowed 
starve.  Prisoners  for  theft  wore  often  whipped  at  interrals  to  ma 
them  discover  where  the  stolen  property  was  hidden.  Hard  laboa 
especially  in  building  fortiGcatious,  was  not  unkuown,  but  like  mo 
ignominious  puuialinients  waa  ci>n6nud  to  thu  luwer  orders.  Uraod* 
ing  with  a  hot  iron  is  directed  by  the  Hindu  law  but  is  not  known 
to  have  been  practised.  Flogging  with  a  inaningale  was  very 
common  in  trifling  offences  like  petty  thefts.  The  commonest  of 
all  punishments  was  tine  and  contiscation  of  goods,  to  which  t 
mdmlutddr  was  so  much  prompted  by  hia  avarice  that  it  was  oft 
diOJcult  to  say  whether  it  was  lutlicted  as  the  regular  punishmi 
or  merely  made  use  of  as  a  pretence  for  gaining  wealth.  On  t 
one  hand  it  seems  to  have  been  the  Maratha  practice  to  puui 
murder  especially  if  cnrauiittod  by  a  man  of  good  caste  by  fine; 
on  tbe  other  the  7tidmliiliitirs  would  frequently  i-eleawe  Bhil  robbers 
coutrary  to  the  established  custom,  and  even  allow  them  tt>  renew 
their  depredations  on  the  payment  of  a  sum  of  money.  It  may  b^ 
averred  that  no  other  puuishmeut  was  ever  inflicted  on  a  man  w 
could  afford  to  pay  a  tine.  On  the  whole  the  criminal  system 
the  Mari^thiia  was  lu  the  last  state  of  disorder  and  corruptio 
Judging  from  the  impunity  with  which  criiiieH  might  be  comuiitt 
undt^r  such  a  system  of  criminal  justice  and  piilice  the  crimes  word 
not  particularly  numerous.^  Murder  for  revenge,  generally  eithe' 
from  jealousy  or  disputes  about  landed  property  and  as  frequently 
about  village  rank,  is  mentioued  aa  the  comniuuesl  crime  among  the 


ooontr^^ 


'  Mr.  Elpliiiiatiiiio  thua  ««uouDtH  for  this  rarity  of  crime  iit  tha  Marith* 
The  pvopk  wcTe  few  coraparod  to  thti  (jnajitity  of  arsble  land.  They  were  bardy, 
wnrliku,  ami  AlMrayii  ormM.  The  •itu.-Utuu  t>f  the  luwor  •^>i-iU'-rs  vatt  very  oomfnrtalila 
and  that  u(  tlii-  iippiT  prostK-iuus.  There  wa>  abiindniice  of  «i»pl<iyn](>iit  io  tha 
doiiiostdc  cotablishiiicnt*  Aud  loreigD  coiuiumU  uf  the  Dntiou.  The  aucient  system  of 
police  was  maintuuett  ;  all  tba  ]n>wt!n(ol  thestatv  wltc  united  in  the  soiiiu  hnuds 
th«ir  vigour  wm  not  chocked  by  any  suspicions  on  tho  part  (»f  iho  govcniniciit  or 
^niplas  of  their  owD,  locates  tbnt  threaieurd  the  peacu  of  soci«ty  apprehr*- 
wan  suddou  nixl  arbitrary,  trial  nurainary,  and  pmiishtriciit  prompt  and  80T«ro.  _ 
inooceat  mij;ht  sumetiinM  suHi-r,  hut  the  guilty  could  ecarcvly  over  «a««po.  As  tli* 
maffistratca  won  nalivvs  they  readily  vuiderstJod  t1i«  reai  ntaUs  of  a  cant!  suhuiittod 
to  them  na<l  were  Utile  n^Unlod  by  Kruples  of  couscicncic,  an  Uiat  proaectiturs  aod 
witnesses  had  oot  loug  to  wait.  In  thoir  lax  Ryetem,  men  knew  that  if  tbry  wvre 
right  ill  Kiib«taDce,  they  would  not  buiiui-atioiied  about  the  form,  and  ix^rliaps  they 
likewise  knew  that  if  Uiey  did  not  protect  tli«nwe)<rea  they  cotdJ  vH  always  expect 
proteotioa  from  the  ma^strate,  whose  buBit.eaa  was  rather  to  koi-p  iKi-wn  ^reat  dis- 
order than  to  afford  aasistauoe  in  cnsva  tha^  tniyht  be  seltlod  without  hie  atd.  The 
mamlaHUltt  w«ro  themsolvea  considcrabU  pcraona  and  thvre  woro  men  of  property 
aud  cuiiiudKraiion  in  every  aaghhourhooa,  indiml^rn,  jiiyinlttr*,  ha<\  oltl  jitmimUira, 
The«e  men  aasucinted  with  tLv  ranks  above  and  belnw  them  aod  ki'pt  up  tho  chain  of 
societf  to  the  priooc.  By  tliis  means  the  higher  orders  were  k«pt  informed  of  th« 
ntaatioo  of  the  lower,  and  as  there  waa  acarecly  any  man  without  a  patron  mea 
night  bfl  «xpowd  to  opprenion  bat  coold  tourely  tntfor  from  neglect.  ' 


1 


» 


Maratbds.  Gang  and  hlfyliway  robberies  were  common  but  were 
almont  always  cominittod  hy  Hhila  and  other  predatory  tribes  wbo 
BCKTceiy  formed  part  of  the  society. 

Under  the  MarAthlU'  tbo  fiatil  was  responsible  for  the  police  of 
his  village.  Ho  was  aiJod  bv  ibc  accouniutiC  and  by  the  chauyula 
or  asBititaDt  beudtuan^  and,  wbeu  the  occasion  required  it,  by  all  the 
Wllagera.  Hia  great  and  responsible  assistant  in  matters  of  policQ 
was  the  village  watx:hmBn^  the  Mb^r.  Though  there  waa  only  an 
allowance  for  one  watchman  in  a  village,  the  family  had  generally 
branched  into  several  members  who  relieved  and  aided  each  other. 
The  duties  were  to  keep  watctt  at  night,  to  find  ont  all  arrivals  and 
dcpurlures,  watch  all  strangers,  and  jvport  all  suspicious  persons  to 
the  hi^aduan.  The  watchman  wa»  likewise  bound  to  know  the 
charackT  of  each  man  in  the  village  and  when  a  theft  wa«  committed 
within  village  bonnds,  it  waa  his  bnsineas  to  lind  the  thief.  He  was 
enabled  to  do  this  by  his  early  habits  of  inquisitivenes.t  and  observa- 
tion, as  well  as  by  the  nature  of  his  allowance,  which  being  partly 
a  Bmall  share  of  the  grain  and  similar  property  belonging  to  each 
house,  he  was  kept  always  un  the  watch  lo  ascertain  bis  fees  and 
always  in  motion  to  gather  them.  When  a  theft  or  robbery  happened 
the  watchman  began  hia  inquiries  and  researchcit.  Ft  was  very 
common  for  him  to  track  a  thief  by  his  footsteps  and  if  he  did  this 

tto    another    village    so    as    to    satisfy    the    watchman    there,   or 
if  he  otherwise  traced  the  property  to  an   adjiiining  village   his 
responsibility  ended  and  it  wiw  the  duty  of  the  watchman   of  the 
new  village  to  take  up  the  pursuit.     The  last  village  to  which   the 
thief  had    b(«n  clearly  traced  became  answemble  for  the  property 
stolen,   which  would  otherwise   have   fallen  on    the    village    where 
the  robbery  was  committed.     The  watchman  was  obliged  to  make 
^np  this  amount  as  far  as  his  means  went  and  the  remainder  was 
Bleried    on    the  whole  village.     Only  in  particular  cases  was   the 
^bcstoring  of  the  value  of  the  property  insisted  on  to  its  full  extent. 
^PBome  fine  was   generally   levied  and   neglect   or  coniyvance    waa 
^punished  by  transferring  thu  grant  or  utdm  ai  tha  putil  or  watcnman 
lo  his  nearest-  relation,  by    fine,   by  imprisonment  in   irons,  or    by 
severe  corporal  punishment.     This  responsibility  was  necessary,  as, 
besides  the  usual  temptation  to  neglect,  the  watchman  was  himself 
a  thief,  and  the  palU  wiis  disposed  to  harbour  thieves  with  a  view 
|h  to  share  their  profits.     Besides  the  regular  village  watchman,  others 
Hiverc  often  eulertaiuod  from  the  plundering  tribes  in  the  neigh-* 
boorhowi,     'J'beir  business  was  to  aid  in  meeting  ojwn  force,  and  lo 
help  in  apprehending  offenders,  but  chiefly  to  prevent  depredations 
by  members  of  their  own  tribe  and  to  find  ont  the  perpetrators 

twhen  any  did  occur. 
Is  police  matters  as  in  revenue  affairs  the  pdtil  was  under  the 
mdmi^Uddr,  wbo  employed  the  aaftie  agents  in  the  police  as  in  the 
revenue  department.  The  rwiim/dt'Mraaw  that  all  villaifcra  acted  in 
coscort  and  with  proper  activity.  The  aargtihfie<ldr  kept  the  same 
ftnperintendeuce  over  the   tnafuJatddra,      These   officers   had  also 


Chapter  I] 

J;utic( 
5UaAT£ 


Elphiiutoiie's  Report,  25tli  October  1810,  34-35. 


DISTRICTS. 


iapt«r  IX. 
JuBtice. 


coQsidorablo  establishments  to  maintain  tlifl  peace  of  the  district. 
SliilHintlis  or  irre|juiap  infantry  and  small  parties  of  horse  were 
omploved  to  oppose  violence  and  support  the  village  police.  With 
the  mdmlatiidrs  also  rested  all  general  arrnugomeDta  with  the 
chiefs  of  predatory  tribes  either  in  forbearing  fruui  phinder  them- 
Belves  or  for  aid  in  checkiug  pluuder  in  others.  The  miimtatdti, 
had  groat  discretionary  powers  and  even  a  jxitil  would  not  hrsita 
to  secure  a  snapectod  person  or  to  take  any  measure  tliat  seemed 
necesmry  to  maintain  the  police  of  his  village  for  which  ho  wi 
answerable. 

This  system  of  police  was  kept  op  to  the  limo  of  Nina  Fadnovis 
(1771- 1800)  and  is  said  to  have  succeeded  in  preserving  security 
and  oi^er.  The  confusion  in  the  beginning  of  the  last  Peshwa's 
reign,  the  weakness  of  his  own  government,  the  want  of  employment 
for  adventurers  of  all  kinds^  and  the  effects  of  the  1803-4  famine 
greatlj*  deranged  the  system  of  police.  To  remedy  the  disorders 
into  which  it  fell,  an  office  was  inutitutod  nndor  the  name  oE 
fapdstiavu  or  iuspector,  whoso  special  duty  was  to  discover  and 
seize  offenders,  'llie  taptisnavis  Kiid  a  jurisdiction  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  the  mdnilattidrt  and  Iwd  a  body  of  horse  and  foot 
which  was  the  principal  instrument  of  their  administration.  They 
had  also  Gjimoshis  and  spies,  whom  they  employed  to  give  informa- 
tion and  on  receiving  it  they  went  with  a  body  of  horse  to  the  vitlngo 
where  the  theft-happened  and  proceeded  to  seize  the  piitU  and  the 
watchman  and  to  demand  the  thief  or  the  amount  of  the  property 
stolen  or  the  fine  which  they  thought  proper  to  impose  if  the  offence 
were  an}'  other  than  theft.  The  detection  of  the  offender  they  seem 
to  have  left  in  general  to  the  ordinary  village  police.  There  were 
constant  and  load  complaints  by  the  vuimlatddr*  and  villagers  that 
the  tapdsnavises  were  active  only  in  exturtiug  money  under  falso 
accusations  and  that  robbers  flourished  under  their  protection.  The 
lapdsnavisea  on  the  other  hand  complained  of  indifference,  con- 
nivance, and  opposition  of  villagers  and  revenue  officers.  Great 
abuso^  are  stated  to  have  at  all  times  existed  even  under  the 
regular  system.  Criminals  found  refuge  in  one  district  when  chased 
out  of  another.  Some  jdgirddra  and  jaminddrs  mado  a  trade  of 
harbouring  robbers,  and  any  offender,  it  is  said,  could  have  bought 
his  reU*ajie  if  he  had  money  enough  to  pay  for  it.  False  accusations 
were  likewise  ma<]e  a  cloak  for  exaction  from  the  innocent,  and 
♦:illager8  were  obliged  to  pay  the  amount  of  plundered  property?  ia 
Ibe  loss  of  which  they  had  no  sliaro  and  for  which  tho  losers  received 
no  compensation.^  ■ 


■^ 


1  Tliere  caanot  ba  A  BtrODgcr  pnx^  of  ths  oconnoaa  b1)um«  to  which  the  fonnor 
polico  iCBa  liable  tbftn  is  fomifthed  by  en  occurrence  uniler  the  eye  uf  goverumout 
III  the  <]nyH  of  NAiui  Faduavie.  Ther«  nl'se  at  that  tiroo  a  Jcotwil  in  tho  city  o£ 
PooDa  cnllei)  GhAehirflni,  a  uatjvc  of  Northern  ludiA,  uho  was  much  trusted  and  roee 
to  a  hifih  jjiwitiiin.  TJiib  nian  vu  oonvictcd  ot  having  for  many  years  employed  tiie 
poWM«  of  the  poUcc  iu  inunlere  end  o|>pn.'«i>ii>iie  which  th^  n&tivee  illustrate  by  etoriei 
far  WyoDd  belief.  Hie  kdU^  "vee  at  iKDgth  detected  and  cxcitvil  ouch  indignation, 
that  tiiuu|;h  a  BrAhman  it  wan  d«inde<l  to  pnnieh  him  capitally.  Me  wee  led  throu^ 
the  city  on  a  caiuv)  and  then  obondoDed  to  the  hiry  of  the  people  who  stoned  him 
tu  ileath. 


I 


I 

I 

P 

■ 


■  ba 


In  Bajirav'a  time,  £900  (Rs-OOOO)  a  montli  waa  allowed  to  the 
officer  who  Irnd  charge  of  the  polico  at  Poena.  From  this  he  had  to 
maintain  a  larg-e  staff  of  constables,  some  horse  putruls,  and  a 
considerable  number  of  RAmoshis.  He  was  answerable  for  the 
amonnt  of  properly  plundered  whenever  the  Peshwa  thmi^lit  proper 
to  call  on  liim.  Still  his  appointment  was  reckoned  lucrative  as  the 
pay  of  hiB  establishment  was  very  low,  and  both  he  and  they  derived 
much  profit  from  nnavowed  exactions.  The  city  police  waa 
nevertheless  good.  On  the  whole  murders  or  robberiua  attended  with 
violence  and  alarm  were  rare  and  complaints  of  the  iusecarity  of 
property  were  never  hoard. 

After  the  Britiiih  conquest  (1817),  to  prevent  sodden  and 
extensive  changes,  the  judicial  administration  of  Poena  along  with 
other  Deccan  districtB  waa  till  1827  under  the  orders  of  the  Governor 
in  Council.  Subject  to  the  Comissioner  Mr  Elphinatone,  Captain 
Henry  Dwndas  Robertson  was  appointed  Collect^ir  of  revenue.  Judge, 
and  Magistrate  of  the  Poona district,  whose  anthority  nearly  resembled 
that  of  the  greet  aarsubhcddrs  under  the  Pcshwa'a  government. 
Experienced  natives  were  appointed  to  fill  the  numcroas  subordinate 
posts  with  permanent  salaries,  on  a  scale  of  liberality  which  rendered 
their  offices  bcth  in  regard  to  power  and  emolument  exceedingly 
respectabia  To  protect  and  conciliate  the  people,  to  attempt  no 
innovations,  and  to  endeavour  to  show  to  the  people  that  they  were  to 
expect  no  cliange  but  the  better  administration  of  their  own  laws  were 
the  primary  objects  to  which  the  Commissioner  directed  the  attention 
of  the  PoQua  as  well  aa  of  the  other  Deccan  Collectors.^  All  the  groat 
estate-holders  or  jtlgirMrs  were  allowed  to  continue  to  use  within 
theirown  territ-ory  the  powers  they  had  always  enjoyed.  Even  towards 
those  chiefs  who  had  lost  their  lands,  great  delicacy  and  as  little 
intcrferoiico  as  possible  wore  enjoined.  The  equitable  and  enlightened 
.law  which  levels  all  distinctions  would  have  been  intolerable  to  men's 
minds  in  the  exi^^ting  state  of  the  Maratha  country  and  would  have 
been  as  little  relished  by  the  lower  as  by  the  high  classes  of  society.* 

The  jury  or  •panchiijal  was  directed  to  be  considered  the  main 
instmmont  of  civil  judicature,  all  suits  being  referable  to  these 
tribunala,  whose  decisious  were  final  except  iu  cases  where  corruption 
or  gross  partiality  might  be  proved  or  where  the  award  itself  was 
Krosely  unjust.  An  appeal  in  all  oases  was  allowed  to  either  party. 
When  an  appeal  wa-!  ma'le  the  Collector  was  instructed  to  examine 
the  proceedings  of  the  panchdyat  and  to  institute  such  further 
inquiries  as  the  case  might  call  for.  When  no  appeal  was  made  the 
decree  of  the  panchdyal  was  to  be  enforced.  Uavision  ot  jxtnehdyat 
deciaions  was  discountenanced  aa  not  necessary  or  proper  except  in 
caaos  of  gross  error,  comiption,  or  injustice  ;  and  with  a  view  to 
prevent  delay  in  the  execution  of  awards  the  Commissioner  declared 
that  he  would  not  receive  appeaJs-or  interfere  with  decisions  any 
further  than  might  be  uecessary'for  the  pnrpose  of  ascerlainirig 
that  the  general  rules  on  which  judicial  proceedings  were  conducted 
bad  not  been  infringed.      The  Collector  had  iive  judicial  amins 


Chapter  IX- 
Juticft. 
MabAti 


Bun  an. 

1817- 1SX7. 


1  Grant  Daff*8  Uoritbia,  679. 


>  Grut  Duff*!  Martthta.  684. 


laptflT  IZ- 
Jiulice. 

BUTIBB, 

M7-lBg7. 


employed  id  the  city  of  Poona  wtere  from  the  oxt*?nt  of  tfto 
population  and  tliB  apirit  of  litigation  which  prevailed  the  demand 
for  justice  waa  particularly  heavy.  Id  Juno  1S22  mllmlatdarB  wero 
empowered  to  decide  causes  to  the  amount  of  £10  (Kb.  lOu).  The 
amifW.besidesdcoidintifcauaestbeinselveB^ided  juries  by  recording  and 
bbapiug  their  proceedings  and  generally  in  forming'  and  auperiutend- 
ing  these  courts  of  arbitration.  There  were  not  many  appeals  from 
the  ainin/  <Jt>ci»ions,  and  they  stood  fair  in  point  of  integrity,  though 
they  required  to  be  kept  under  n  rigilnut  superintendence.  They 
did  not  appear  to  be  popular  among  Sardirs,  whose  dislike,  no  doubt, 
arose  from  their  occasiunally  arrogating  to  themselves  an  authority 
which  native  gentlemen,  unatx-ustomed  to  the  equality  of  judicial 
rules  of  procedure,  could  ill  brook  from  pernons  whom  they  considered 
so  much  their  inferiors.  The  period  within  which  inits  for  debt 
and  pereonal  property  might  be  entertained  was  limited  as  in  other 
Deccan  districts  to  twenty-four  years,  audit  extended  agreeably  to 
the  cnstom  of  the  country  to  seventy  years  for  claims  fonnded  on  the 
mortgngo  of  vafuna.  No  time  was  fixed  after  which  appeals  were  not 
received,  nor  were  appellants  in  general  compelled  to  enter  into  bonds 
for  the  payment  of  a  fine  if  their  complaint  proved  frivoloBs,  though 
this  was  done  in  gome  few  instances  when  the  complamt  was 
suspected  to  be  vexations.  Decreea  were  executed  in  the  usual 
manner  by  distraint  of  property  and  personal  restraint;  if  necessary, 
bouses  were  sometimes  sold,  bat  theimplementsof  traftc  weroDsnally 
spared  unletiR  no  other  property  was  forthcoming.  No  definite  rules 
were  established  in  regawl  to  the  period  of  imprisonment  for  debt 
if  the  debtor  failed  to  satisfy  the  demand  upon  him.  Creditors 
requiring  the  confinement  of  debtors  paid  them  subsistence  money*. 
After  the  appointment  of  a  Itegistrar,  the  returns  both  civil  and 
criminal  wore  regularly  famished.  The  supply  of  justice  appeared 
pretty  nearlj^  to  keep  pace  with  the  demand  in  all  ordinary  cases, 
Dut  a  few  in  which  8ardurs  were  concerned  wero  ahnmefully 
protracted  by  the  delays  and  impediments  which  the  people  knew  bo 
welljiow  t«  oppose  to  the  adjustment  of  their  differences.  In  1819-20 
the  ngitntion  of  old  debts  and  claims  that  had  their  origin  daring 
the  late  govornmeut  iind  were  iu  fact  an  arrear  of  the  Pcshwa'a  file, 
brought  an  acoumnlation  of  4603  suits.  Of  these  24!  were  settled 
by  }tanciidyat,  461  by  rdjittiima,  forty-one  by  decree  of  court, 
and  774  by  amtUH  and  mjimlatdArs,  being  an  aggregate  of  1BI7 
caaees  adjusted,  besides  2721  dismissed  from  the  non-attendance 
of  plaintiffs.  The  total  disposed  of  amounted  to  4238  and  the 
balance  on  the  file  was  365.  In  the  following  year  (1820-21),  the 
file  including  those  undecided,  comprehended  3122  suits  of  which 
113  were  settled  hy  panchayat,  568  by  rdjindnw,  thirteen  by  decree 
of  court,  and  682  by  amins  and  mAmlatdwrs,  making  a  total  of  1376 
c&Qses  determined  exclusive  of  470  which  went  by  default.  The 
number  remaining  on  the  file  at  the  expiration  of  tho  year  was  1276. 
In  1821-22  the  file  consisted  <Jf  5708  suits.  Of  these  170  wero 
decided  by  -panchdyai,  372  by  mutual  agreement,  five  by  decree  o£_ 
oonrt,  and  761  by  amins  and  m&mlatd^rs,  making  a  total  of  1308. 


1  Chuplin't  Report  (1832),  70. 


b 


The  only  innovatioDS  ia  criminal  jaatice  introdaced  bv  Uie  British 
were  closer  fiuperiut^tidenco  aud  the  prohibition  of  the  indefinite 
confinement  of  aaspectod  perBoiis  by  the  jn'Uils  and  m&mlatd/irs. 
Thtfre  was  more  ByRtem,  more  scruples,  more  trials,  more  acquittals, 
more  certain  punislimenls  for  alt  crimes  except  robbery  and  for  that 
both  lesa  cortflin  and  loaa  ecvere.  The  power  of  puuishing  was  taken 
{row  the  pdtU  and  that  which  was  left  to  the  m^mlutdar  was  limited 
to  a  fine  of  4fl.  (Ua.  3)  and  coufincment  for  twonty-four  hours.  The 
powcra  of  the  Collectors  were  not  loss  than  those  of  a  Manuhheddr 
except  in  the  article  of  inBicting  capital  puniehuient,  but  his  manner 
of  eiercisine  hit*  power  was  altogether  different.  A  prisoner  was 
formally  ana  publicly  brought  to  trial.  He  was  asked  wliothcrhe 
was  guDty,  and  if  ho  admitted  his  gailt  pains  wem  takf  a  to  luicortain 
that  his  eonfepsion  was  voluHtary.  If  he  denied  his  guilt  witnesHes 
were  called  without  further  inquiry.  They  were  examined  in  the 
presence  of  the  prisoner,  who  was  allowed  to  cross-examine  them 
and  to  call  witnesses  in  bis  own  defence.  If  there  was  any  daubt 
when  the  trial  was  concluded  he  was  acquitted.  If  he  was  clearly 
guilty,  the  shddri  was  called  on  to  declare  the  Uiudu  law.  It 
often  happened  that  this  law  was  unreasonable  aud  when  the  error 
was  on  the  side  of  severity  it  was  modiGed,  when  on  the  side  of  lenity 
it  was  acquiesced  in.  The  law  ufBcera  were  always  present  at  those 
trials.  When  the  trial  was  ended  acd  the  sentence  passed,  in  cases 
of  magnitude  it  was  reported  for  confirmation  to  the  Commissioner, 
where  the  same  leaning  to  the  side  of  lenity  was  shown  as  in  the 
court  itself.  The  punishments  awarded  by  the  gha^ttrin  wore:  death, 
which  WHS  executed  in  cases  of  murder,  and  sometimes  robbery 
accompanied  with  attempts  to  murder;  mutilation,  which  was 
commuted  into  imprisonment  with  hard  labour;  and  simple 
impnsoumeot,  which  was  carried  into  effect.  Women  were  never 
put  to  death,  nor  BrAhmans  except  in  cases  of  treason.  When  the 
guilt  of  the  accused  was  not  proved  veiy  great  caution  had  been 
enjoined  in  imprisoning  him  on  suspicion.  It  had  indeed  been 
recommended  that  no  person  should  be  so  imprisou^d  unless  a 
notorious  leader  of  banditti,  »nd  when  any  pei'sou  did  happen  to  be 
imprisoned  for  want  of  security  the  period  at  which  he  was  to  be 
released  was  directed  to  be  fixed.  The  whole  of  this  system  was 
cTideutly  better  calculated  for  protecting  the  iuoocent  from 
punishment  and  the  guilty  from  andae  severity  than  for  securing 
the  community  by  deterring  from  crimes. 

During  the  first  years  of  British  rule,  the  Poona  criminal  file  was* 
Dsually  heavy  and  the  niagisteriat  department  was  alone  sufficient 
to  occupy  the  undivided  attention  of  one  of  the  Collector's  assistants, 
aided  occasionally  by  the  Cnllcctor  himself  and  the  Registrar. 
In  T821  there  were  fewer  cases  of  murder  than  in  either  of  the 
preceding  two  years,  of  gang  robbery  the  number  of  commitments 
was  greater  but  the  conviction^ fewer.  Of  burglary  there  were  no 
cases,  which  was  rather  an  extraordinary  circumatauce,  but  it  seems 
to  bo  owing  to  the  crime  having  been  otherwise  classed  probably 
under  the  cases  of  considerable  theft,  which  were  very  numeroua,  there 
having  beeneighty-fivecommitments  and  seventy -eightconvictions on 
this  acconut.     Receiving  stolon  property  seemed  to  bo  also  an  offeuce 


Chapter  IX 
Joftiofl. 
Barma. 


I. 


mbay  Ouetteer. 


DISTRICTS. 


itpter  IX. 

Justice* 

BttiTtae. 

1B17-S8t7, 


that  was  increasing.     Petty  thefts  wore  also  very  prevalent,  with  463 


cummitiuents  and  307  convictions.  The  aggregate  of  crime  was 
prodigionaljr  great.  There  were  793  convictionB  out  of  1278 
commitments  in  1821.  This  was  accounted  for  by  the  thieving 
propensities  of  the  Il^inioshis  and  the  vicioaa  habits  of  the  lower 
orders  of  a  large  towu  like  Poonu  where  many  persons  were  out  of 
eniploymeut  auil  destituto  of  visible  means  of  livelihood.  The  returns 
of  heinous  c-rimea  committeil  during  the  three  years  ending  30th 
Jane  1822  exhibited  fifty-four  cases  of  which  the  perpetrators 
were  not  found.  Of  these  two-thirds  were  burglaries  and  gfaag 
Tobberies  and  the  rest  apparently  cases  of  murder.  The  number 
of  capital  trials,  convictions,  and  executions  during  the  three  yeara 
oouameucing  with  1st  July  1819  was  as  foUowa: 

Poona  Capital  Oftneta,  181S  •  JSti 


mv-to. 

leso-n. 

ISSIZZ. 

ToUL 

1 

t  i 
1  s 

> 
i 

t 

I 

M 
H 

•i 

1 
1 

1 

i 

14 

t 

<- 

3 

1 

« 

s     s 

ao 

so 

t 

14 

10 

3 

M 

36 

7 

A  few  months  after  the  Adalaf  had  been  in  e.xistcnce  it  was 
found  nnable  to  cope  with  the  worV.  Some  additional  mnchinen^™ 
became  netsessary  and  the  following  three  courts  were  estabiisheoH 
in  addition  to  the  Ailulal,  one  for  the  trial  of  original  cases  o^^ 
importance  and  of  appeals,  consisting  of  shdslris  presided  over  by  a 
magistrate  ;  one  for  the  trial  of  all  cases  votued  below  a  certain  sum 
instituted  by  persons  of  rank  over  whom  alone  it  had  jurisdiction  ; 
uid  one  for  the  trial  of  all  potty  suits  and  for  the  investigation  of 
trifling  ofieuccs.  The  j^iic/^n/ settled  aU  inferior  disputes  with  the 
aid  of  juries  subject  to  an  apiwal  to  the  Collector.  Minor  offencea 
and  Biinor  •civil  mutters  in  the  district  were  settled  by  revenue 
officers  or  mAmlatdSrs  with  the  aid  of  juries  assembled  under 
their  authority  subject  to  an  appeal  ;  all  serious  criminal 
compluiuts  were  enqnired  into  by  the  Collector's  assistants 
with  the  aid  of  shdetrte.  In  1820  Govemnient  issued  orders 
directing  among  other  things  that  the  trial  of  criminal  oases 
,by  juries  should  be  discontinued  as  being  inconsistent  with 
former  usage  and  uuatteiided  with  iniportaut  advantages,  that  the 
administration  of  civil  justice  by  juries  be  untraininelied  by  forms 
and  regulations  which  threw  over  the  institution  a  mystery  which 
enabled  litigious  people  to  employ  courts  of  justice  as  engines  of 
intimidation  against  neighbours  and  which  raised  a  necessity  for 
the  employraeut  of  la^vj-ora,  and  that  claims  against  SardArs  should 
be  preferred  to  the  Co  in  miss  ion  ^h*.  in  1822  it  was  found  thati 
jnstic«  could  not  be  mlu)ijiistere(l  as  regularly  as  was  deaii-ablo  in 
Consequcnco  of  the  Collector  having  other  multifarious  and  important 
duties  to  perform.  An  officer  termed  a  Registrar  was  therefore 
appointed  with  a  view  to  secure  more  regularity  and  accuracy  in 
the  administration  of  justice  and  in  the  preparation  of    judicial 


m 


Dsooftn,] 


POONA, 


nocntnetitfi.  He  had  fo  aTiporintond  and  do  such  judicial  work, 
especially  civil,  as  the  Colloctur  miffhl  by  general  or  epccial  orders 
entrust  to  hiro.  In  fact  he  waa  the  Collector's  judicial  assiatant. 
In  lti23  the  miindatd^rs  were  relieved  of  their  jadicinl  duties  and 
courts  presided  over  by  munstffs  were  established  at  Shinier, 
Porandhar,  Khed,  PAbal,  Bhimthadi.and  Haveli.  ticsidea  these  there 
were  iu  the  city  of  Poona  the  courts  of  the  first  aud  second  Repiatrare, 
a  aar-amirif  and  four  amins.  The  mansiffs  were  empowered  to  try 
all  cnaes  not  specially  exct^pted  withoot  obtaining  the  previous 
consent  of  the  parties.  The  jury  system  was  limited  to  certain 
classes  of  suits  unlesa  the  parties  ppecially  desired  that  mode  of 
trial.  Greater  strictness  and  re^lai-ity  of  pi-ocedure  were  intro- 
duced and  greater  facilities  wcro  afforded  for  appeal  from  the 
decisions  of  muneiffs  and  juries.  In  1825  a  civil  and  criminal 
Jndge  was  for  the  first  time  appointed  and  the  Collector  was 
relieved  of  all  judicial  work  except  magisterial.^  The  ShoIApor 
coUoctorate  was  placed  under  the  charge  of  the  Judge  with  a 
senior  assiatout  judge,  with  ciril  and  criminal  powers,  at  the 
detached  station  of  Sholfipur.  In  182C  the  Conimiasionership 
was  abolished.  The  general  snixsrvision  and  control  exercised  by 
the  Commissioner  over  the  administration  of  justice  in  the  Deccan 
was  transferred   to  the  Judges  of  the  Sathr  Divdni  and  Faujddri 

IAdulai,  who  were  designated  Commissioners  of  civil  and  criminal 
justice  in  the  last  resort  for  the  Ueccan.  Two  lists  of  each  of  the  three 
clasaea  of  Sard^rs  were  made,  one  showing  the  names  of  Sardtira 
vrbom  it  waa  proposed  to  exempt  fi-om  judicial  processes  iu  civil 
cases  and  the  other  showing  those  of  the  Sardars  proposed  for 
exemption  from  processes  in  criminal  cases.  Rules  were  also  framed 
for  the  guidance  of  officers  entrusted  with  the  duty  of  dealing  with 
SardArs'  claims.  In  1827  the  old  system  of  judicature  was  remo- 
delled and  made  applicable  to  the  Deccan,  which  included  the  Poona 
district,  and  native  commissioners  wei-o  appointed  to  decide  civil 
»uit«bctweeu£50aud  £500  (Ra.SOO-OOOO)  where  the  parties  wore 
neilfaer  Kuropeans  nor  Americans.  The  Zilla  Judge  Awast  jpade 
criminal  judge  for  the  trial  of  certain  olTences  of  a  heinous  natnre, 
the  assistant  judge  was  also  made  assistant  criminal  judge,  and  the 
Miiior  assistant  judge  was  invested  with  powers  of  a  criminal 
jtidge.  The  Collector  and  his  assistants  were  made  district  and 
menatant  magistrates.  In  1828  the  court  of  the  Agont  for  Sarddrs 
was  established  under  Regulation.  XXIX.  of  1827  witb  a  deputy 


i 


1  In  1825  Bikliop  Hober  wrote  :  TIte  CulI»ctor  wa«  iTuJ^o  of  circuit  or  Moglitratd. 
OffeocM  wcro  txtod  aod  qunrtioiui  of  projicrty  decide*)  in  the  first  initAoce  by 
paKckrij/utji  or  native  jariei  ftRsembled  in  toe  vilUf(ee  under  the  bflredttaiy  h«md.  Tha 
jDore  dilticult  ciweB  wore  dwidi'd  by  obUvu  jmiuiitji  vritb  hutdMnno  •auHm  at  Poon* 

^fltbor  grckt  towns,    llicir  decitnons  w«re  confirmed  or  rovi«ed  bv  thcCommii. 

'Iliv  ■jTBtcm  iif  tryinff  qaektions  4n  tbo  tirHt  iostoaco  hy  viilntrc  iwrwa  or 
ihmI  difficult  cas«*  by  fKmdiU  is  Poonii  andcr  tli«  auperv  inimi  of  il>e  Com- 
■VM  on  the  whole  utiafutoi^.     There  were   many  cotnpUinln  of  the  Ii«t- 

Bcgtigence.  and  delay*  of  the  erUtnitvre.    Bot  tho  delay  woe  lc«a  tftan  the 

delay  uf  the  r^uUr  court«  or  AddUtt*  in  otb«r  perte  of  Indin,  and  u  far  a«  intOEnty 
weut  the  reputation  of  tbe  arbitntion  conrta  waa  far  bettvr  thaa  that  of  tbo 
r^ular  court*.    Joomal,  11. 210. 


Chapter  EC. 
Jastice. 

BftmBn. 

ist7-isrr. 


t 


Chftptor  IZ. 
Justice- 

BBmsH, 


18S^ 


agent  to  tako  cognizance  of  claims  against  SardArs.  Tho  office 
of  the  deputy  ageut  was  abulinkoil  iu  1831  aud  that  of  tho 
auistaDt  agent  created  in  1835.  In  1330  the  jurisdiction  of 
native  commissionera  wan  extended  to  the  cognizance  uf  all  suits 
■where  the  parties  were  neither  Enropeana  nor  Americans.  The 
designation  of  criminal  judge  and  assistant  criminal  judge  was 
changed  to  Sessions  Judge  and  assistant  sesftions  jndge  with  extend- 
ed  powers.  In  1831  the  ofiico  of  native  commissioners  waa  ordered 
to  comprise  throe  grades,  aud  the  officers  holding  thorn  were  directed 
to  be  styled  respectively  native  judges,  principal  native  commis- 
sionere,  and  junior  native  commissioners.  The  jurisdiction  of  the 
first  in  original  suits  was  unlimited,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  second 
extended  to  suits  of  a  value  not  exc<'oding  £1000  (Rb.  10,000),  and 
of  the  third  to  £500  (Rs.  5000).  Besides  the  courts  of  the  Judge, 
absistaut  judge,  Sadar  Amius,  aud  five  native  commissioners  at 
Poena,  there  were  iu  the  District  civil  courta  at  Juuuar,  Aasan, 
Ind^pur,  Kivic,  SAsvad,  and  Talegaon.  In  183G  these  officers 
were  ordered  to  be  styled  respectively  Principal  Sadar  Amiu, 
Sadar  Amins,  and  munsiffs  and  their  jurisdiction  was  extended  to 
Europeans  aud  Americans.  In  1838  there  wore  three  courts  in  the 
district  at  Talogaou,  Juunar,  and  Ck&kan,  and  in  IH41  there  were 
four  courts  at  Talegaou,  Jiinuar,  Chdkau,  nud  Ind^pur.  In  1842 
the  sub'CuUectorate  of  Shulapur  waa  made  into  a  oollecturate  and 
a  judge  and  sessions  judge  was  appointed  to  it.  In  1848  there 
were  five  courts  in  the  district  at  BArAmati,  Junnar,  Talegaon, 
Kbed,  and  Vadgaou.  In  1861  assistant  magistrates  were  directed 
to  bo  called  Foil-power  Mag^Biralos,  Subordiuato  Magistmtes  First 
Class,  and  Subordinate  Mngistrutcs  Second  Class,  and  the  system  of 
trial  with  the  aid  of  assoesors  was  iutroiluoed.  In  1862  the  court  at 
B&rimati  was  removed  to  P&tae.  In  18t)5  a  Small  Cause  Court  waa 
established  at  Poena  with  final  jurisdiction  up  to  £-50  (Rs. 500) 
and  a  Registrar's  court  at  Vadgaon.  In  1866  the  colloctorato  of 
Sholdpur  was  again  formed  into  a  sub-collcctorate  with  a  senior 
ossis^nnt  jurfge.  In  1867  the  syatom  of  trial  by  jury  iu  criminal 
cases  was  introduced.  Iu  1869  the  designation  of  Principal  Sadar 
Amin  was  changed  into  a  First  Class  Subunliuate  Judge  and  that 
of  Sadar  Amins  aud  niunf^ifTs  into  Second  Class  Subordinate  Judge. 
In  1872  the  FulUpower  Magistrates  and  Snbordinato  Magistrates 
First  Claea  and  Subordinate  Magistrates  Second  CIti&s  were  directed 
to  be  styled  respectively  first  class  magistrates,  second  class  magis- 
'.trates,  and  third  class  magistrates.  In  11^80  two  more  courts  were 
established  at  IndApur  ond  Sdsvad  for  the  purpose  of  tlie  Deccan 
Agriculturists'  Relief  Act  to  briug  justice  nearer  the  homes  of  the 
people.  In  1883  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Small  Cause  Court  Judge 
was  raised  to  £100  (Rs.  1000). 

A.t  present  (1884)  the  district  has  a  District  and  Sessions  .Judge 
stationed  at  Pooua  and  eight  sub<>r'dinato  judges.  Of  the  sub-iudgea, 
one  stationed  at  Poona,  a  fir-st  claaa  sub-judge  has  jurisdiction  over 
the  city  of  Poona  and  the  ilaveli  subdivision  with  an  area  of  813  square 
miles  and  287,002  population;  a  second  at  Junnar  has  jurisdiction 
over  the  Jaonar  sub^divisiou  with  an  area  of  611  square  miles 


Knd  102,273  population ;  a  third  at  Khed  over  the  Khed  sabdiWsion 
with  aa  area  of  888  Rquare  milna  aud  141,300  population;  a  fourth 
at  TalegHon  (Dhamdhero)  over  the  Sirur  aub-dmssion  with  an  aroa 
of  577  sqnare  miles  and  72,793  population;  a  fifth  at  PAtas  over 
the  Bhirnthfldi  sub-division  with  an  aroa  of  1037  square  miles  and 
1 10,428  population;  a  sixth  at  Indapur  over  the  lud^pur&ub-divisioa 
with  an  area  of  5G7  square  luilea  uud  48,114  populatiun;  a  seventh 
at  S^vad  over  tbo  Purandhar  aub-division  with  an  area  of  470 
Bqnare  miles  and  75,678  population ;  and  an  eighth  at  Vadgaon 
over  the  Maval  sub-division  with  an  area  of  385  pquare  milca 
and  62,383  population.  There  ie  also  under  the  Doccan  Agri- 
cnlturists'  Relief  Act,  besides  a  special  judge  for  the  whole  of  tfao 
Dcccan,  a  first  class  sub-judfife  for  the  Fooua  and  tSiitara  diatricts. 
The  average  distance  of  the  Poena  firat  class  sub-judge's  court  from 
its  furthest  six  villages  is  thirtv-six  miles ;  of  the  Juunar  court 
tweoty-fonr  miles ;  of  the  Khed  court  twenty-one  miles ;  of  the 
Talegnon  court  twenty-seven  miles ;  of  the  IMtas  court  twenty- 
eight  miles ;  of  the  Indiipur  conrt  twenty-two  miles  ;  of  the  S^isvad 
court,  eighteen  miles;  and  of  the  Vodgaon  court  eighteen  miles. 
The  area  of  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Small  Cause  Judge's  court  is  308 
i  square  miles  and  of  tha  Vadgaon  Registrar's  court  5G0  square  mllca. 

Daring  the  thirteen  years  ending  IR82,  the  average  number  of  snit« 
decided  was  8107.  Except  in  1875  when  it  fell  to  9035  from  9t>o6 
in  1874,  during  the  six  years  ending  187')  the  totals  gradually  roso 
from  7705  in  1870  to  I'^IIti  in  1S7'>.  During  the  next  four  years 
ending  1880,  the  totals  gradually  fell  from  9187  in  1877  to  5436  in 
1880.  During  the  last  two  years  there  was  an  increase,  iu  1881  to 
5870  and  in  1882  to  6501.  Of  the  total  numlwr  of  cases  decided, 
fifty -three  per  cent  were  on  an  average  given  against  the  defendant 
in  his  absence.  The  number  of  this  class  of  cases  varied  froTn  i'A)98 
in  I.S70  to  560  iu  JSSI.  Of  conteste<l  cases,  during  this  period  of 
thirt-ocii  years,  an  average  of  lO'lO  per  cent  have  been  decided  for 

I  the  dcfeudaut,  the  percentage  varying  from  22*50  in  1880  to  1 1*54 
in  1875.  Aa  regards  the  execution  of  decrees,  no  records  aro 
available  for  the  eight  y(*ar3  ending  1882.  Iu  100  or  2*02  per  cent 
of  the  xuita  decided   in  1874  the  decree  was  executed  by  putting 

[tlie  plainrilT  in  possession  of  the  immovable  property  claimed.  In 
6SG1  or  UO'OO  pf-Tcont  of  the  1874  decisions  deni-oes  were  executed 
by  tho  attiK-hniont  or  sale  of  property.  Of  these  521-i  or54<tO  per 
cent  wore  execut-cd  by  tho  sale  uf  in^movablo  property  and  017  or^ 
6*39  per  cent  by  the  sale  of  movable  property.  Tho  number  of** 
mttacbmonttf  or  sales  of  immovable  property  varied  from  5244  iu  1874 
to  2441  in  1871  and  of  movable  proiwrty  from  747  in  1873  to  305 

*in  1 872.  Daring  tho  five  years  endmg  1874  the  number  of  decrees 
oxerutcd  b}'  the  arrest  of  debtors  varied  from  428  in  1872  to  30(i 
iu  1870.  Tho  following  tniite  nhows  that  daring  the  thirteen  years 
eudiug  1883,  except  1875  and  1^!70  the  reconU  fur  which  years  were 
destroyed  by  lire  iu  I87t>,  the  iiumber  of  civil  prisoners  varied  from 
4U7  in  1873  to  sevcuty-two  in  l^Z : 


Cliaptflr  IX- 

Jofltico- 

Civil  Coorxs. 
ISM. 


ssae-* 


DISTEICTS. 


OupterlZ. 

JnatioB. 

CniL  Sorra, 
1870 -1W2. 


Poona  Oitfil  firito.  1870-lSSt, 

Tiu. 

Sons 
MWTBm 
■nor- 
ur  or 

usm. 

SvnB. 

Arm. 

Avm- 

TALL' B  or 

sauvrtD 
or. 

VwcowTWKtma.                            1 

Dwraad 

pwte. 

IHSDiM- 

porte. 

DecnM 
onOou- 

fMHtoK. 

OtlKf 

ToUL 

U71..        ... 

IBTB. 

«T*...        - 

ISIS 

18M 

irr 

ISTB 

18T0... 
IMO- 

1881.. 

flan 

sns 

7M 

aw 
*» 

no 

1101 
IMS 

77« 
JTli 
7«8 

nso 

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M»6 

1S,1U 
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C 
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la-M 

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l«-l« 
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in 

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For 

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TOUI. 

IMMor. 

DwrM 
BoUw. 

Inmov- 

Mo»- 

^1^ 

1870 

U8 

m 

«lt 

not 

SM 

t4« 

14« 

446 

WTl 

776 

ta 

174 

lira 

sn 

146 

94M 

401 

1B78 

767 

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in 

lOM 

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at7 

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M6 

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039 

BM 

181 

mi 

»U 

MS 

47V7 

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Mt 

Ml 

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6344 

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23,INi 

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1146 

17.676 

ii.7J 

Pooiw  CipU  PritotkcTM.  1870-188£. 


Tu& 


UTO  ... 

liTi  .., 

IBTt  ... 
U7S  „. 

m*  ... 

1876  ... 

an ... 
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187 
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i 


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es 


I 


DeocaiL] 


POONA. 


» 


The  Poona  Small  Coaae  Court  was  eatabliabed  in  1865.  Daring 
the  thirteen  years  ending  1882  the  average  number  of  auiU 
decided  was  6589.  During  the  five  years  ending  1874  the  totals 
show  alternate  rises  and  falls,  the  lowest  total  being  771^  in 
1870  and  the  highest  10,513  in  1674.  During  the  next  eight  years 
the  totals  gradually  fell  from  6460  in  1876  to  3779  in  1882, 
vith  alternate  falls  and  riees.  Of  the  total  number  of  cases 
decided,  forty-&ve  per  cent  have  on  an  average  been  g^ven 
ftgainst  the  defendant  in  his  absence.  The  number  of  cases  decided 
in  this  way  varied  from  5331  in  1873  to  1092  in  1882.  Of 
contested  cases,  during  this  period  of  thirteen  years  an  arerage 
of  10'36  per  cent  bare  been  decided  for  the  defendant,  the 
porcoutage  varying  from  15"71  in  1879  to  2'26  in  1875,  and  the 
number  keeping  above  200  iu  one  year,  1873,  and  below  100  in 
1875  and  iu  the  three  years  ending  1882.  The  average  value 
of  snit^  varied  from  £6  3v.  (Rs.  GU)  iu  1878  to  £5  5«. 
(Rs.  52^)  in  1881.  With  regard  to  the  execution  of  decrees  the 
number  of  attachments  of  movable  property  varied  from  888  in 
1873  to  seventy-two  in  1881,  and  that  of  sales  from  408  in  1873  to 
forty-oight  iu  1882.  Of  £21,230,  the  total  value  of  suiu  disposed 
iu  1882,  £5113  or  24'00  per  cent  were  put  into  the  hands  of  the 
plaintiffs  by  the  attachment  or  sale  of  the  immovable  property  of 
the  defendants.  During  the  thirteen  years  ending  1 882  the 
number  of  decrees  executed  by  the  arrest  of  debtors  raried  from 
7756  in  1873  to  2423  in  1880.  During  the  first  three  years  the 
number  rose  and  fell,  the  lowest  number  being  5777  in  1870  and  the 
highest  6707  in  1871.  During  the  next  eight  years  the  number 
gradually  fell  from  7756  in  1873  to  2423  in  1880;  iu  1881  itn^se  to 
2601,  and  in  1882  it  further  rose  to  2662.  The  following  table 
shows  that  during  the  same  thirteen  yeara  (1870  -  1882)  the  number 
of  Small  Cause  Court  civil  prisouers  varied  from  497  in  1873  to  bfty 
in  1880. 

The  folluwiag  statement  shows  in  tabular  form  the  working  of  the 
Poona  Small  Cause  Court  during  the  thirteen  years  endipg  1882 : 
Poona  SmtUt  Cattae  Court  SuUa,  I870-18SS. 


Tui. 

sntB. 

Vun. 

VwxmiwMiut. 

DKTMd 

[Hmin- 

DcCTMd 

OUior- 

£x- 

od  Ex- 

on  Ono- 

Total 

puto. 

pUtiL 

bMhw. 

WO       

TTU 

£ 
44.089 

40M 

«0 

U89 

an 

M78 

WTl        

»48 

ht.in 

4W» 

«K 

1840 

4M 

Ttaa 

tat     

sau 

tijw 

Mtl 

■M 

1880 

H» 

WIS 

»r«     

iiu 

i:,Mi 

H3I 

AM 

nil 

MM 

tat 

Wi     »■     ... 

48.7n 

40tA 

m 

1007 

ni 

u»       

t*«a 

M,1«S 

wm 

til 

1137 

IWT 

wTe      

man 

SO.MI 

HW 

188 

1408 

«zt 

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wn     

S74& 

»,ll)» 

s»« 

111 

im 

no 

tMO 

UT8 

Wl< 

SS,«IO 

mt 

Sift 

1488 

8fl 

IBTf       „.        „. 

w» 

uja*« 

am 

lis 

lua 

floa 

IT»1 

I8W       ...        ... 

MUt 

S.1.SU 

■ira 

137 

law 

813 

IXU 

mi     

tan 

t8,«R 

^ 

IM 

IMA 

501 

a»ti 

imt     

ToUl   ... 

S7TB 

fl.MO 

148 

IIU 

8tO 

aasfr 

SAjai 

«iB,1U 

».en 

MIS 

tO.MD  1    IMS 

00.110 

Chapter  IX» 

Jnstlca. 

Umall  CArsi 
Coosis. 


[Bombay  OaMtteer> 


28 


CkaptarlX. 

jQCttM. 

teAu.  Caitu 

OOVBTB. 


DISTRICTS.   ;.^ 

i^MHia  AnaU  Ctewe  Cbvri  firito,  /^O-iSfif — eontinaed. 


Tuft. 

CoimtnD. 

EncimoH  or  Dicbd. 

Tor 
PUntill. 

Por 
l>«ten- 

cUnL 

UizmL 

Total 

Arrest  ei 

Debtor. 

Attarhraent  or 

Sale  of  Property. 

I  minor- 
ftbk. 

UoTsblo. 

1870 

i8n 
i8Ta 

1873 
187i 
1875 
187« 
I87T 
18T8 
18T» 
1B80 
1881 
1882 

Total    ... 

loeo 

14S9 
1268 
]930 

ises 

ffIS 
708 
688 
WO 
877 
b03 
S74 
410 

13S 

ise 

193 

aos 

167 

27 

lis 

164 
124 
170 
7« 
Bt 
9S 

6S 

M 
77 
143 
61 

198 
18« 
200 
246 
ES6 
its 
SIS 
241 

I23S 
1716 
1621 
2278 
1031 
1193 
1009 
1106 
10(19 
1082 
807 
S7S 
T48 

8777 
•707 
&I8S 
7766 
7447 
6762 
»7I 
4704 
3103 
2802 
3423 
2001 
3663 

65U 

«7oe 

7004 
10,004 
0400 
I408 
7130 
MS« 

e.^63 

7261 
6706 
N2« 
CllS 

12^17 

1710 

S271 

10,408 

63,048 

- 

8I,S&I 

ContcTTi 

Viujs  or  SiTm. 

pEocueiB 

ArftKAfls 
AHODirr  m 

AVKKAM 

C<MrPBE 

lanmo. 

Under 
SA. 

LtnoATioa. 

8im. 

UonUe 

Kovkble 

£6-».   £20-60. 

Property 
Bold. 

Property 
KtlMhed. 

, 

£•.    d 

<.  d. 

leio 

••• 

•>* 

.M 

6  14    S 

16    G 

424 

236 

U71 

..• 

••a 

.*• 

«    2    4 

IT    7 

463 

820 

1878 

, 

•e> 

_■ 

5    9    8 

IT    1 

682 

468 

1B78 

••1 

w,w 

._ 

6  10  a 

16  a 

888 

468 

1874 

... 

6  16    6 

17  11 

734 

866 

1876... 

0364 

1S,H2 

10,245 

6  U    1 

16  10 

838 

171 

1878 

7610 

14,068 

847S 

6    9    0 

16    0 

381 

168 

1877 

S364 

U,340 

9603 

6  16    6 

16  11 

802 

BS 

1878 

8687 

16,600 

0664 

«    S    1 

16  11 

IV8 

IIT 

1879 

0UO1 

16.417 

9437 

6  16    7 

IS  11 

242 

133 

1880 

6401 

10,124 

7818 

It  16    6 

16  11 

191 

86 

1S81 

6943 

10,710 

«631 

6    6  11 

14  11 

72 

60 

I8S2... 

G236 

9404 

U88 

G  12  a 

16  10 

8G 

48 

■              • 

Poona  SmxiSi  Cawe  Covri  Priamera,  1870-188S. 

RBLBA.BH. 

CAAL                     1 

TidUL 

Eh 

si 
1^ 

1^ 

.B  , 

»  0 

1* 

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1 

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1B70 

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16 

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19 

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as 

22 

1« 

1B7 

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14 

sa& 

35 

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s 

IHTa.- 

427 

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101 

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la 

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25 

s 

4D? 

31 

30 

Itl 

aui 

1C 

31 

44» 

88 

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18T4 

401 

31 

24 

11  a 

•t4SI 

31 

23 

4ia 

48 

i 

1870  P"' 

... 

... 

1£0 

10 

14 

ss 

71 

1£ 

1 

1(7 

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11 

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70 

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7 

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(a)TbelB7Guidl876fl«tiregKreBot»TBllabl6a»thQnoonlBwendertKiyed  In  tbe  fln  cC  BadhTfr 
VfcU  CD  the  Unb  of  3I»7 1870i 


Deccan  I 


I 

I 
I 


POONA. 


The  Cantonment  Small  Cause  Court  was  establisbcd  in  1859 
under  Act  III.  of  1859.  The  Cantonmont  MagistmtOj  as  Judgti  o£ 
tlie  Small  Cauao  Court  under  svctiou  1  of  tbo  fluid  Act,  ia  iiweatod 
with  jurisdiution  to  hoar  and  detcnniue  actiuua  for  dubt  and  other 
personal  actions  up  to  £20  (R8.20()). 

Daring  the  ten  years  ending  1882,  the  records  for  1875,  1S77, 
a.D<!  1879  being  nnarailable,  the  average  number  of  suits  decided 
was  1194.  From  1153  in  lcJ70  the  number  suddenly  foil  to  810  in 
1871  and  rose  to  1048  in  1872.  In  1873  the  nnrabcr  suddenly 
rose  to  154G  or  47*52  per  cent  from  1048  in  1872.  Kxcept  in  1876 
when  the  total  was  1681,  during  tbo  remaining  6vo  years  the 
toUla  gra<liially  dwindled  from  ld4(>  in  1873  to  SIC  in  1881. 
During  these  ten  years  suits  to  recover  snms  less  than  £5  varied 
from  I?J13  in  1S73  to  657  in  1880  and  suits  to  recover  more  than 
£5  and  less  than  £20  varied  from  650  in  187(i  to  134  in  1871. 

With  regard  to  the  execution  of  decrees,  the  number  of  sales  of 
property  varied  from  thirty-thrt'«  in  1S7G  to  nine  iu  1880.  With 
slight  variatiouH,  the  number  of  debtors  imprisoned  dwindled  from 
eighty-eight  in  1870  to  nothing  in  1879,     The  details  are  : 

P«Ma  CatUonment  Smalt  CnuM  Court  Detaib,  1S70-18&S. 


TBiK. 

8crT«. 

AVBR- 

•ATIOK. 

AVRIi- 

Can 
rmt 
Soir. 

CouavK  rmo- 

nH0  IHCIW). 

Puutom 

tlCPIIt. 
M«KC 

Under 

£S-«X 

Cjfnoct- 

Movtbto 

VtOVKt- 

Xy  Mid. 

11(71 
IHTH 

iwa 

l^74      

197* 

in« 

IW7 

IMS 

w» 

itni 

ItfSt       ...        ... 

TdUI     .. 

sn 

ISI3 

ina 

B57 

in 

117 
ISt 
SM 

«0 

us 

IM 

179 

£.». 

S    t 

S  18 
S    0 
S  10 

s  s 

ti« 

3"'« 
s    > 
i   % 

S    8 

1. 

« 

8 
« 

8 

"i 

*ii 
ft 

4 

ft 

91 
11 
15 
■1 
U 

"is 

14 
10 

88 

SI 
u 
a 

41 

"*B 

.1 

A 

8913 

8000 

... 

.„ 

... 

in 

Kti 

The  Poena  lavad  or  arbitration  court  was  established  on  the  16th 
fof  January  187C,  chielly  through  the  exertions  of  a  Poona  pleader 
[the  l&te  Mr.  Ganesh  V^sudcv  Joshi.  At  a  public  mooting  of  the 
[mbabitants  of  Poona  eighty-two  mou  belougiug  to  most  classes  of 
the  people  were  appointed  arbitrators  aud  of  theso  one  or  more 
1  were  Xo  bo  chosen  by  the  parties  to  a  suit.  Twenty  of  tliese  have 
[nnce  died  aud  eight  now  arbitrators  have  been  added.  The  orbi- 
jtrators  receive  no  pay,  but  to  defray  the  court  expenses  one  per 
[oent  fee  ia  Invicd  on  all  claims  up  to  £200  (Be.  2000)  and  less  than 
loDO  per  cent  for  higher  claims,  audservico  fco  I  ^d.  {1  n.)  is  charged 
[for  every  two  miles  distance  from  ihe  court,  that  is  half  of  that  charged 
[by  the  (jovcrninent  civil  courts.  After  thu  partiea  have  consented 
to  an  arbitration  the  pi'ocoduro  is  almost  the  same  na  that  followed 
in   the  Govorument  courts.     The  parties  are  allowed  to  employ 


k 


Chapter  IX. 

Jnstioe. 
Shaix  CACik 

COVUTB. 


AaarrRATioN 
Couar. 


lapterlX.        pleaders  and  agents  or  mukhty4r».     Jndgnient   is   giren   by 
Justice  majority  of  Totes.  No  appeal  from  the  arbitrators*  awards  is  allowed 

by  law,  oxcopt  on  tho  ground  of  fraad  or  of  corruption.  An  agree- 
uieut  is  pa8»tid  by  tho  parties  to  a  suit  beforo  the  arbitrators  take 
up  their  case  that  they  agree  to  abide  by  the  arbitrators'  awards. 
Between  IB76  when  the  court  was  eetabliafaed  and  1883,  uf  7511 
8ait«  filed,  2430  of  the  aggregate  value  of  £6U,  124  (Rs.  6,01,240) 
have  been  decided  by  passing  awards,  13^J9  by  amicable  settlement 
vithoot  passing  awards,  find  3742  in  other  ways.  Daring  the 
three  years  ending  1878,  3897  or  on  an  average  1299  suits  were 
filed;  but  since  1S79  the  number  has  varied  between  G55  in  1882, 
and  789  in  1679,  and  averaged  722.  The  decrease  is  said  to  be  du( 
to  tho  appointment  of  conciliators  by  Government  under  the  pro^ 
visions  ot  the  Deccan  Agriculturists*  Relief  Act,  and  the  raising  of 
the  highest  stamp  duty  for  awards  from  '2$.  to  10*.  {Ra.  I  -  5).  The 
conciliators  who  dispose  of  all  agricaltural  suits  arc  most  of  them 
members  o£  tho  arbitration  court  and  ait  for  work  iu  the  arbitration 
rooms. 

Bkqisteatioii.  ^°  Pootia,  besides  the  ordinary  registration,  there  is  a  special 

branch  of  registration  called  village  registration,  which  works 
under  tho  Deccan  Agriculturists'  Relief  Act.  The  work  of  ordinary 
registration  employs  eleven  sub -registrars  all  of  them  special  or 
full-time  officers.  One  of  these  sub-registrars  is  stationed  at  each  of 
the  sub-divisional  and  petty  •divisional  head-quarters.  In  addition  to 
enpcrvision  by  tho  Collector  as  District  Registrar,  a  specini  scrutiny 
uudor  tho  control  of  the  Inspector  General  of  Registration  and 
Stamps  is  carried  on  by  the  Divisional  Inspector.  According  to  the 
registration  report  for  1882-83  the  gross  registration  receipts  for 
that  year  omounted  to  £913  (Rs.  9130)  and  tbe  charges  to  £743 
(Ra.  7430).  Of  2850,  the  total  number  of  registrations,  2568  related 
to  immovable  property,  208  to  movable  property,  and  seventy-four 
were  wills.  Of  2568  documents  relating  to  immovable  property, 
808  were  mortgage  deeds,  1285  deeds  of  sale,  thirty-three  deeds  of 
gift,  197  leiisea,  and  185  miscetlaneotis  deeds.  lucludiog  £120,784 
(Rs.  12,07,840)  the  value  of  immovable  property  trauaferred,  the 
total  value  of  property  affected  by  registration  amounted  to  £1 27,726 
(118.12,77,250).  village  registi-ation  under  the  Deccan  Agricul- 
torists*  Relief  Act  employs  forty-eight  village  registrars,  all  of 
whom  are  special  or  full-time  officers.  Besides  the  forty-eight 
village  registrars,  every  sub-registrar  is  also  a  village  registrar 
'.within  the  limits  of  his  charge,  and  is  responsible  for  tho  issue  of 
registration  books  to  village  registrars  and  for  the  monthly  accoonts 
of  tho  village  offices.  Under  the  Deccan  Agriculturists'  Relief  Act 
a  special  officer  for  the  district  called  Inspector  of  Village  Registry 
Offices  is  appointed  to  examine  the  village  registry  offices.  In 
addition  to  supervision  by  the  Collector  as  District  Registrar,  a 
special  scrutiny  under  the  contiol  of  the  Inspector  General  of 
Registration  and  Stamps  is  carried  on  by  the  Divisional  Inspector. 
According  to  tho  registration  report  for  1882-83  the  gross  regis- 
tration receipts,  under  the  Deccan  Agriculturists'  Relief  Act,  for 
that  year  amounted  to  £1182  (Rs.  11,820)  and  the  charges  to  £157 


1 


D«CCULl 


^  POONA, 

PB;  15,710)  thus  showing  a  deOcifc  of  £369  (Rb.  3890).  Oi  40,247, 
the  total  number  of  regist rations,  24,040  related  to  immovable 
property  and  15,G07  to  movable  property.  Of  24,640  docamenta 
relftting  to  immovable  property  7382  were  mortgage  deeds,  2141  * 
deeds  of  sale,  fifty-four  deeds  of  gift,  14,273  leases,  and  790 
miBcellaueouB  deeds.  Inclnding  £186,068  (Rs.  18,00,630)  tho  value 
of  immovable  property  transforrod,  the  total  Taluo  of  property 
fcfTected  by  registration  amounted  to  £2G«;209  (Ks.  26,82.090).  The 
introduction  of  viltago  registration  into  the  district  has  prejudicially 

^affected  the  operations  of  ordinary  registrations. 

B  At  present  (1883)  thirty-one  officers  share  the  administration 
"  of  criminal  jastico.  Of  these  one  is  the  District  Magistrate,  tea 
are  magistrates  of  the  first  class,  seven  of  the  second  class,  and 
thirteen  of  the  third  class.  Two  of  tho  first  class  and  three  of  the 
third  class  are  honorary  magistrates.  Of  tho  first  class  two  are 
coveuanted  civil  servants,  one  uncovenanted  civil  servant  also 
called  a  depaty  collector,  one  commissioned  military  officer,  and  four 
mAmlatd^rs.  The  District  Magistrate  has  a  general  supervisioa 
over  tho  whole  diati-ict.  In  1882  he  decided  five  appeal  coses. 
lo  the  same  year  tlio  first  class  magistrates  decided  2386  original 
cases  in  all.  The  two  covenanted  European  civilians  have  the 
powers  of  a  sub- divisional  magistrate  and  also  that  of  hearing 
appeals.  In  1882  they  decided  eighty-two  appeal  cases.  They 
divide  the  district  between  them  according  to  their  revenne  charge 
which  gives  them  each  an  average  of  2674  square  miles  with  a 
population  of  about  450,310  souls.  The  deputy  collector  has  magis- 
terial charge  of  tho  city  of  Poona.  The  two  honorary  first  class 
magistrntoa  help  the  city  magistrate  in  his  work.  The  com- 
^  missioned  military  oiBcer  has  magisterial  charge  of  the  Poona  and 
HKirkee  cantonments.  The  remaining  four  of  the  first  class 
"magistrates  are  mdmlatdars  and  they  have  each  a  sub-division 
in  their  charge.  Of  the  twenty  second  and  third  class  magis- 
trates one  is  a  Knropeon  convenanted  civil  servant  placed 
aoder  tho  sub-divisional  magistrate  and  nineteen  aro'nativ«s  of 
India.  Of  this  number  eight  are  head  k^rkuns  who  assist  the 
mamlatd^rs  and  have  no  separate  charge,  and  throe  arc  honorary 
magistrates  who  help  the  city  magistrate.  The  remaining  eight  are 
aab-divisional  and  petty -divisional  magistrates.  These  with  the  fonr 
first  class  magistrates  have  an  average  charge  of  445  square  miles 
with  a  population  of  about  75,052  souls.  In  1882  the  second  and  . 
third  class  magistrates  decided  in  all  313d  coses.  Besides  their  ' 
magisterial  ^duties  these  oflicers  exercise  revenue  powers  as 
aimlatd&rs,  mahdtkaris,  and  head  kdrkuns  to  mamlatddrs. 

There  are  1202  hereditary  police  patils  who  are  entrusted  with 
petty  magi.<(terial  powers  under  section  14  of  the  Bombay  Village 
Police  Act  (VIII  of  1867)  and  eleven  hold  commissions  under  section 
15  of  the  same  Act. 

In  I8S2  the  strength  of  the  district  or  regular  police  was  1096. 
Of  these  nnder  tho  District  S upon n tend ont  two  were  subordinate 
officers,  177  were  inferior  subordinate  officers,  and  twenty-five 
irere  moosted  and  891  foot  constables.    Tbo  cost  of  maintaining 


Chapter  IX. 
Justice. 

RxntmuiTiotr. 


Crthinj 
Juimoi. 


POMCt, 
1882. 


ChAptor  IX. 
Jtutio«* 

POLICB. 


OrFTXCKS. 


this  force  waa  for  the  Snperintendcnt  a  yearly  salary  of  £320 
(lU.  1)200)  J  for  the  subordinate  oUiccra  ou  yearly  aulariea  of  Dot 
less  than  £.120  (lis.  1200)  aad  the  Inferior  Bubordinnto  officers  on 
yearly  Balaries  of  loan  than  £120  (Ra.  1200),  a  yearly  coat  of  £4686 
(Rs.  4G,8G0)  ;  and  for  tho  foot  and  mounted  conBtables  a  cost  of 
£10,171  (Rs.  1,0J,7I0).  Besidea  their  pay  a  sum  of  £2*0  {R8.2W0J 
was  yearly  allowed  for  the  horse  and  travelling  allowances  of  the 
Supcrintondont ;  £(J96  (Rs.  69t)0)  for  tho  pay  and  travelling- 
allowances  of  his  establishment ;  £223  (Rs.  2230)  fur  the  horse  and 
travelling  allowances  of  subordinate  officers ;  and  £2025  (Rs.  20,250) 
m  year  for  contingencies  and  petty  charges.  Thus  the  total  yearly 
cost  of  maintAining  tho  police  force  amounted  to  £  1 8,V)ti2 
(Its.  1^89,020).  On  an  area  of  5348  square  miles,  and  a  popniation 
of  900,621,  these  figures  give  one  constable  for  every  488  square 
miles  and  S2I  people  and  a  cost  of  £-'3  10*.  1  \d.  (Ks.35  as.  7.0  to  tho 
square  mile  or  5  ^'2.  (■}§  ati.)  to  each  head  of  the  populaliou.  Of  the  total 
strength  uf  1090,  exclusive  of  the  Superintendent,  ninety-one,  twelve 
officers  and  seventy>aine  men,  were  in  1SS2  employed  as  gnards 
over  treasuries  and  lock-ups  or  as  escorts  to  prisoners  and  treasure, 
239  were  posted  in  towns  and  municipalities,  163  in  catonments, 
and  612, 103  officers  and  509  men,  on  other  dntics.  Of  the  whole 
number,  exclusive  of  the  Superintendent,  609  were  provided  with 
fire-arms  and  .">86  wore  provided  with  batons;  and2I9  of  whomeighty- 
sevon  were  officers  and  132  men  could  ivad  and  write.  Except 
the  District  Superintendent  who  was  a  European  and  ten  officers 
and  three  men  who  were  Eurasians,  the  members  of  the  police 
force  were  all  natives  of  India.  Of  these  fifty-one  officers  and  193 
men  were  Miilxammailans,  fourteen  officers  and  thirty  men  Brahoians, 
thirteen  officers  and  sixty-six  men  R.'ijputs,  eighty-two  officers  and 
551  men  Manithdj*,  two  officers  and  forty-eight  men  Rdmoshia,  six 
officers  and  twenty  men  Uiudus  of  other  caste's,  and  one  offi,cer  was 
a  Jew.  The  European  Superintoudeut  and  the  ten  Eurasian  officers 
and  three  men  were  Christians. 

Tie  returns  for  the  nine  years  ending  1882  show  a  total  of  137 
murders,  fifty-ono  culpable  homicides,  18o  cases  of  grievous  hurt, 
65G  gang  robberies,  and  62,009  other  offences.  During  these  nine 
years  the  total  number  of  offences  gave  a  yearly  average  of  6993 
or  one  offence  for  every  fourteen  of  tho  populutiuu.  ITiO  number 
of  murders  varied  from  twenty-one  in  1882  to  twelve  in  1875  and 
fc  1878  and  averaged  fifteen ;  culpable  homicidoit  varied  from  eighfe 
'in  lfS8l  and  1882  to  two  in  1875  and  avpraged  six;  cases  of 
grievous  hurt  varied  frtmi  thirty-one  in  1875  to  sixteen  in  18H2 
and  averaged  twenty ;  gang  and  other  robberies  varied  from  1 25 
in  1879  to  thirty-seven  in  1880  and  averaged  sixty-two  ;  and  other 
offences  varied  from  8366  iu  187^S  to  5344  in  1^74  aud  averaged 
6890  or  98'5  per  cout  on  the  whole.  Of  the  whole  number  of 
persons  arrested  convictions  vari&l  from  sixty-sis  per  cent  in  1878 
to  twenty-five  per  cent  in  1374  and  avemgod  fortv-five  per  cnnfc. 
The  percentage  of  stolen  property  recovered  varied  from  tifty-nine 
m  1874  to  twenty-four  iu  1879  and  averaged  forty-one  per  cent. 
The  details  ore : 


OeeeaaO 


POONA. 

Poona  Crime  and  PiUke,  1874-1889. 


33 


OvT^nCU   ILIED   COilVICTIOKH. 

UurdAr  tai  Attempt  la 

CulpablB  H  antic  Ed  B. 

QrietoBfl  Hurt. 

TlMU 

1 

Cnn- 

Pi^r- 

Con. 

Per- 

COQ' 

Per- 

[?UU, 

AmiCf. 

vtc- 

oen- 

Coeosi 

irrerts. 

vie- 

cen- 

Ouu. 

AiteeU. 

Vi<- 

cent 

13 

tloiLB. 

Uge. 

tlCfll. 

t*gB. 

tSuui. 

4B 

i»r4 

S7 

IS 

« 

K 

11 

S 

n 

S4 

S7 

17 

1B7B  -.. 

13 

S3 

li 

AH 

» 

7 

S 

4» 

31 

loa 

27 

ai 

1978  ... 

l> 

!S 

a 

11 

1 

IS 

6 

no 

21 

ih 

ig 

4a 

1*77 

la 

S5 

14 

M 

4 

a 

t 

100 

IT 

19 

17 

04 

1878  ... 

18 

29 

11 

M 

A 

a 

i 

M 

17 

10 

Id 

SI 

1B7I 

BO 

E2 

fl 

«7 

T 

H 

4 

JY 

IH 

i7 

16 

C£ 

UBO 

IS 

ta 

t> 

m 

« 

4 

2 

BO 

2a 

2S 

1SI 

fiS 

USl  ... 

11 

zt 

H 

sn 

B 

0 

1 

IT 

31 

m 

H 

17 

WW  ,-      ... 

Total    ... 

SI 

13 

la 

6^ 

a 

E6 

... 

10 

24 

12 

60 

w 

242 

8S 

34 

51 

1» 

« 

U 

1S6 

S2B 

146 

44 

Chapter  IZ. 

Jnstaea 

Offeitcbb, 
1874-1882. 


TUK. 

OrrKNGH  AJiD  Qanvnrno^'a—BonHnueA. 

DooAltlM  Hid  Robb«riM. 

OUiu  Olleaae*. 

QMW. 

H 
41 
S6 

n 
ao 

12fi 
87 
lid 
47 

AttmU. 

Uqui. 

P«Menl- 

Cuat. 

Amtu. 

CnnvlQ- 
tlORI. 

Pflrcflnt- 

1374 

Iffli 

inv 

MTT  ...        ... 

lAfl 

1S7B  ...        ™ 

I»M 

I54L 

U» 

TMd    ... 

»s 

ia4 

S40 

lai 

1D[ 
144 
D7 
S9 

7a 

81 
29 

Bfi 
60 
41 
IH 
87 
1& 
11 

B6 

es 

SO. 
4S 
41 
«S 
IS 
14 

Ga44 

&S97 
7131 

saw 

T(20 

eosi 

7117 

BMl 
BTM 

S!RB 

l>fi70 
BI>1T 
0413 

B4&2 

StTfi 

8097 

B34S 

4878 
8474 

MPfi 

as 

64 

04 
E£ 
B1 

sa 

4'! 

u« 

1003 

ATS 

30 

03,000 

as,3gi 

37,OU 

4£ 

TkUL 

Total. 

PropertT. 

Cmm. 

Amrtt. 

OoDTiotiona. 

ParMiit- 
*9^ 

Stolen. 

BMorarad. 

PewwfcUgtt. 

isr4 

iBn 

u» 

vtn 

vm ... 

igm 

UM 

last 

nat 

TdW   ... 

H70 
NTS 
6013 
7589 
B440 
TH6 

aiea 

7038 
7909 

10,1TS 

9066 

8614 

10,134 

10,034 

10,434 

9638 

8993 

sses 

2590 

nss 

2746 
5460 
6646 
5743 
4971 
8B02 
S9Sa 

96 
S5 
38 
54 
66 
K6 
63 
80 
46 

« 

11,683 

Bi6t 

B27S 

13,930 

18,796 

16,458 

6734 

7446 

8008 

M 
680S 

6382 
8AR6 
3709 
6976 
4016 
S045 
8776 
8381 

59 
68 
31 

n 

47 
24 
44 
51 
41 

61,938 

85,648 

88,746 

45 

91,689 

88,620 

41 

The  villa^  police  consists  of  tbe  headmen  called  police  -patila 
who  are  appointed  for  life  or  for  a  term  of  years,  and  the  Mh^rs, 
KmoshiBj  and  in  some  parts  KoHsj  who  act  aa  watchmen.  They 
•re  vemonerated  by  grants  of  land  fftid  sometimes  by  oash  allowances. 
The  nomination  and  dismissal  of  the  police  patil  rest  with  the 
Oomznissioner  of  the  Biriaion,  bat  he  is  under  the  direct  orders  of 
tiie  Dietrict  Magistrate. 


VlLLAQK  POUOB. 


[Bombay  fhattUn, 


Chapter  IZ- 

PKKDATOBr 
TlUBBS. 

Jtdmothu. 


DISTBICTS. 


The  chief  predatory  tribes  fonnd  in  the  district  are  the  KoIib  and 
the  R^moshis.  An  account  of  the  Kolis  and  their  risings  is  giron 
in  the  Population  and  History  chapters.  A  descriptive  accouut  of 
the  Kdmoshis  will  bo  found  in  the  Pupulatiau  chapter.  Captaia 
Llackiutosh  has  preserved  the  foUowiag  details  abuut  their  history,* 
The  first  traces  of  the  Kiimoshis  are  to  be  found  in  Sdt^ra  round 
KhatAv,  Mhasvad,  Malavdi,  the  fort  of  Mahimangad,  and  the  town 
of  Phaltan.  From  a  large  number  of  Teliigii  words  in  their 
language  it  seems  they  first  migrated  from  Telingan,  probably  from 
the  oast  and  south-oast  of  the  present  town  of  Uaidarabad.  The 
Bfimoshls  in  their  primitive  state  led  a  roving  unsettled  life,  avuidiug 
the  habitations  of  the  more  civilised  orders  of  society  and  engaging 
in  plunder.  On  the  principle  of  setting  a  thief  to  catch  a  thief 
they  have  from  earliest  times  been  employed  as  watchmen  and  for  this 
service  they  enjoy  certain  hereditary  rights.  It  is  not  known  when 
the  lUmoshis  first  crossed  the  Nira,  A  tmmber  of  families  settled 
to  the  north  of  the  Nira  and  about  the  Purandhar  hills  many  yeara 
before  ShivAji  was  born  (IG27),but  it  was  during  Shivdji's  struggles 
with  the  Muhamaiadaus  that  the  Kiimoshis  flocked  iu  numbers 
to  bis  standard.  It  is  said  that  the  Rdmoahis  always  favoured 
Bhivaji'a  interests  and  on  many  occasions  exerted  themselves  greatly 
in  his  service  and  caused  great  annoyance  to  the  Miihainmadans. 
They  plundered  the  Mtihammadans  during  the  night,  att-icking 
the  houses  or  tents  of  their  principal  leaders,  and  carried  off 
much  valuable  property  including  boiiscs  and  camels  and  sometimea 
elephants.''  l^e  old  men  among  them  relate  a  number  of  stories 
connected  -with  the  exploits  of  their  forefathers  when  employed 
under  Shiv^ji. 

Shortly  after  the  capture  of  Sinhgad,  Shivdji,  who  was  anxious  to 
^et  possession  of  Purandhar^  sent  a  detachment  from  SinhgacI 
accompanied  by  a  party  of  Itdmoshts  to  surprise  the  Muhammadan 
garrison  and  capture  the  fort.  With  much  difficulty  they  scrambled 
unobserved  up  a  steep  part  of  the  hill  and  a  KAmoshi  contrived  to 
ascend  the  wall  and  attach  to  the  top  the  rope  ladders  which  they 
carrted  with  them.  But  as  the  Riimoshis  were  ascending  the  wall 
the  sentry  iu  the  vicinity  descried  them  and  cut  the  ropes,  and  the 
escalading  party  were  all  precipitated  to  the  bottom^  some  being 
killed  and  the  rest  desperately  wouudod.^ 

In  a  second  attempt  on  Puraudhsr  Shivdji  was  successful  and  it 
was  probably  at  this  time  that  the  Ramushis  were  included  iu  the 
list  of  hereditary  servanta    and  defenders    of    the  forL     Neitha^ 


■  See  JoiinuU  Matlru  Litenuy  Society,  L  anil  IT. 

*  A  letter  without  date  nddrewed  by  n  8AlAra  RAja  to  Vardnji  one  of  the  anccstcra 
of  the  late  Umiji  N&ik,  applauding  the  <text«nty  with  which  \ardoji  had  pltmdered 


the  M nbammadao  cotnmand&nt  at  Shirval  and  liiii  nt«ady  couduct  HulMcqaeotljr  aod 
invitiDfE  bitn  to  lh«  Rija'a  nrcMncc  in  order  that  Vardoii  might  be  rewarded  ' 
diaofaarf^  hia  duty  no  galL-uitly,  waa  preserved  io  the  niiuee  till  IA34. 


•  Amons  the  wounded  on  this  occasion  waa  Mnlniipatti,  Vardoji'a  hrwther,  a  very 
active  atia  eTit«rpnBtiifi  tn&ii.  U«  crawRd  away  Jrotn  the  ipot  and  concvaled  himaou 
under  some  bushcH  and  at  night  creeped  to  a  amalL  neigbbouring  vilUge  wberea 
friend  of  hia  t(>ok  cnre  of  bim  and  dressed  hia  woiisda,  Aftor  two  months,  restored  to 
health,  ho  returned  to  Siahgad,  wbert  he  Icamt  the  tnelaocholy  tidings  of  liiAU-ifa 
having  destmyed  hcnwU  na  a  mCi  ortihaate  and  virtuoua  wifo  under  the  auppusitiu  ~ 
that  her  woundnl  huvband  wae  ktlliNl  by  the  Mabaiumadaua. 


Decc&n  ] 


POONA- 


ShivAjI  Dor  SambHji  found  time  to  reward  the  RitnoBhia  who  had 
fttitiifully  and  ably  served  the  Marfith&s,  and  it  was  left  for  ShAliu 
Eoja  to  bealow  suitable  rewards  on  the  descendants  of  tiioae  who 
had  contributed  to  the  establishment  of  his  grandfather's  kingdom. 
On  the  part  of  the  Purandhar  RAmoshis,  Dhulia  Bhfludolkar  an 
ancestor  of  the  ndiJa  of  SAsrad,  a  ehrewd  and  intelligent  man,  wna 
deputed  to  Sat^ra  to  wait  on  the  RAja,  who  issued  orders  fur  the 
grant  of  a  considorablo  aroa  of  land  together  with  the  mokdm  of 
the  village  of  Siikurdi.     The  mokdsa  and  a  portion  of  the  laud  was 

»liU  18i}4  eajoyed  by  the  Purandhar  Kamoahia.' 
About  1730,  the  Riimoshis  became  extremely  troublesome, 
■SBeinbling  in  large  bodieaand  plundering  in  every  direction.  Commu- 
nication between  the  chief  t«wns  was  stopjied  and  travelling  became 
unsafe.  PilAji  Jddhavr^r  was  appointed  sarndik  of  the  RAmoshis 
and  received  injunctions  to  act  with  the  greatest  vigour  in  restoring 
order  and  to  iuilict  summary  punishment  on  tho  Kdmoshis.  Pildji 
executed  a  large  number  of  them.  It  is  said  that  he  killed  many 
of  them  with  his  own  sword,  and  that  his  brother  Sambbdji  was 
iPresented  with  a  sword  and  permitted  to  put  five  K^moshis  to  death 
[wrery  day.  When  their  numbers  had  been  greatly  thinned,  tho 
loshis  petitioned  tho  sarndik  to  pardon  them,  and  engaged  ta 
fftbainin  from  evil  doiug  for  the  future.  They  wore  shortly 
afterwards  emplured  to  put  down  some  gangs  of  plunderers  along 
[the  banks  of  the  uhima.  The  successful  manner  in  which  this  task 
|waa  performed  attracted  the  notice  of  government,  and  live  of  the 
most  respectAble  ndlkg  with  their  followers  were  selected  to  act  as 
watchmen  in  the  town  of  Poona,  where  robberies  were  constantly 
taking  pluco.     The  five  ndik«  were  AbAji  of  G^idara    near   Ulti, 

IMalli  of  Alnndi,  Uhairji  of  M&lsiras,  J&noji  of  Looi-Kalbh&r,  and 
Sakroji  of  Mudri.     A  yearly  cash  allowance  was  granted  to  them 
^ud  tiiey  were  set  in  charge  of  from  ten  to  twenty  villages  near 
their  own  place  of  residence.     As  unrndikit  or  head  watchmen  of  these 
Tillages  they  received  from  each  village  a  yearly  allowance  of  grain, 
%  sheep  at  the  Dasara  festival,  and  a  pair  of  shoes.     In  the  towa  of 
iPoona  the  descendants  of  these  five  J«6iks  continued  to  perform  the 
Inties  of  watchmen  till  183-1,  with  the  exception  of  the  Mdlsiras 
idiJi',  who    oointnitted  various  outrages   in  bis   villages  and   was 
^beaded  in  1793  in  the  town  of  Poena  with  his  relations.     After 
ttling  in  Purandhar  and  the  neighbourhood  of  Poona  the  HAmoslua 
lontinned   to   move  northward    towards   Junuar,  and  thonoe  into 
ikola,  PAmer,  and  Sangamner  in  Ahmadnagar,  and  Sintiar  in  Nasik* 
Lt   the   same  time   they   spread   over    the  district   lying  east   of 
Srandhar    botwoon    the    Nira     and     the     Bbima    river.     The 
»ditary  Kimoshis  of  Purandhar  resided  in  hamlets  near  tho  hill 
forts  on  the  north  aido,  while  many  of  tho  hereditary  Kolis  and 
Ifbira  had  houses  on  the  hill  within  the  fortifications.     In  1704  a 
large  body  of  shtbandi'^  were  enrolled  and  a  certain  proportion  of 


Chapter  IX- 
Justice* 

PatDATOKT 

Tmbkh. 


*  li  U  wtiit  Ihnt  \rhca  tho  Himothi  ndik»  Iwd  tho  Rijc^**  order  bofore  the   Pe>l)wa 
'Iji    VwhvivnAth,  he  told  the  RimoabU  that  tho  Haja  must  buro  committed  aoiuq 
mtak«,  and  a  tnuub  pniallw  (|U*qtitjr  of  Uud,  al>uut    fix'e   cfuthur*  of  120    bigluU 
'    wM  klluttcd  to  tbeo. 


JuBtioe. 

PRXUATOIIV 

TmMM. 


tbum  woro  RArnoshis,  who  wore  looked  upon  as  a  degi'aded  casi 
an<l  incurrigible  thieves.  The  paj  of  tho  iiflikB  was  fixed  at  £1  4t 
(lis.  12)  a  month  and  each  of  their  followers  received  12*.  (Rs.  6). 
They  woro  however  according  to  a  prevailing  custom  obliged  to  do 
twelve  mouths'  duty  for  too  mouths'  pay,  and  even  from  thia 
aUuwance  so  many  deductioua  were  made  by  the  different  authorities 
through  whoite  handin  the  money  pasRei],  that  a  Ramoshi  could 
Bcarooly  calculate  on  getting  8».  (Rs.  4)  a  month.  At  the  time  of 
the  birth  of  MAdhavrAv  NArilyan  Pe«hwa  (177-t)  the  chiefs  of  the 
Kamoshis  as  well  as  tho  KoH  ndilc  are  said  to  have  been  distinguished 
by  honours  and  rewards.  Tho  country  was  in  a  disturbed  state  at  this 
time  and  the  Himuahis  perpetrated  many  outrages.  A  ndik  uauied 
Dadji  Ramoshi  of  Jejuri,  who  latterly  resided  at  Supa,  became 
notorioua  aa  an  active  and  daring  plunderer.  Lie  had  a  number  uf 
foUowei'B  some  of  whom  were  mountt^d.  In  the  gui^o  of  a  merchant 
he  made  incursions  into  the  Uaidarabad  and  KerAr  territories. 
The  Supa  people  lived  in  great  dread  of  him.  To  gain  his  good- 
will Urihmana  sometimes  invited  him  to  au  entertainment.'  Uo  was 
onue  taken  prisoner  and  ordered  to  be  executed  for  having  stoleo 
three  of  the  Peshwa'a  horses,  but  some  of  the  courtiers  represented 
that  it  would  be  murh  better  to  retain  n  man  of  such  activity  and 
hardihood  ai  His  Highness'  disposal  and  ho  was  set  at  liberty.  At 
last  a  courageous  Hr^binau  woman  whom  Dddji  had  outraged 
proceeded  to  the  fort  of  Purandbar  and  represented  her  case  to 
Oaugi^bdi  the  Poshwa's  mother,  declaring  that  the  disgrace  the 
R&moahi  had  brought  on  her  entailed  shame  ou  all  tho  Briihman 
race,  particularly  ou  Her  Highness,  aud  that  for  her  own  part  as  her 
honour  was  lost  she  could  live  no  longer;  aud  it  ie  a»!terted  she  tore 
her  t*)ngue  out  of  her  mouth  and  died.  Gangabai  took  an  oath  that 
she  would  not  touch  fond  till  Dadji  KAmoshi  was  execntotl,  and  the 
minisU>rs  finding  her  inexorable  swore  solemnly  that  they  would 
have  DAdji  put  to  death.  A  confidential  messenger  was  sent  to  call 
Dddji  to  proceed  at  once  to  tho  Purandbar  fort  for  the  performance 
of  some  special  service.  He  repaired  toPurandhnrwith  a  number  of 
his  followers,  aud  after  haviug  received  some  preseuta  was  told  that 
a  confidential  comnmnication  would  be  made  to  him  in  the  afternoon. 
When  ho  returned  for  his  instructions  accom|mnied  by  a  few  friends 
ho  was  seized.  When  questioned  about  his  misdeeds  IMdji  replied 
that  he  had  perpetrated  lUO  robberies  and  that  the  largest  booty 
ho  had  secured  was  in  a  banker's  house  at  ChdmbhiU-gonda  in 
Ahmadnagar  whoro  ho  had  found  from  £10,000  to  £20,000  (Rs.  1  -2 
lakhs).  He  was  immediately  executed  with  a  number  of  his 
followers.* 

■  A  BnUitiiftu  ganKt  expr«M««1  liia  MtAnlAliinent  an  ln-arlug  lii*  hott  Atk  TMiljf  to 
come  and  sit  Bowd  in  hia  veranda.  Thoroupon  I>a.|ii  r«marke<l  tliat  tlie  Br^hniaii 
■e«u«d  afraid  of  b«uig  dsllled,  bat  h«  ought  not  to  forget  tbat  when  the  RAmu«hi« 
p1im<Aei«cl  a  BrAhntoa  at  ni^ht  Umy  wu^pned  every  onnicr  of  the  hoitso  aod  handled 
•TnTtblng. 

■  l1i»  niitiveB  b«lieTo  that  Dddjl  poueaaed  a  charm  wbich  rendered  him 
invulnerable  and  that  the  extent iniHir  fouml  it  inipOMiVilu  to  inaltii  nny  impremion  on 
hU  neck  with  a  rword.  A  saw  was  called  for  wheroiiiion  Dildji  imked  for  a  knifo^ 
made  au  iiiciitidii  in  hin  loFt  arm,  apd  oxtnititi^d  a  valuable  tfvtn  which  had  hem 
placwl  there  hy  biui»clf.  He  ttmn  tuld  niiu  uf  tlin  (txeciitioaere,  all  of  whom 
greatly  ilannod,  to  »trik«  and  sever  hie  head  at  one  blow. 


»The  i 


POONA. 


The  Itamoahis  of  Piirandhar  wore  in  the  habit  of  oollocting  part 
of  the  rovenuo  of  tbo  forty  villages  that  were  assignciJ  for  defraying 
the  expeuEiea  of  the  forL  Bajir^v,  ou  his  roatoration  iu  18U3, 
Bent  orders  to  thoin  to  deliver  up  tbo  place  to  hia  officers,  but  they 
declined,  stating  in  reply  that  they  retained  possession  of  the  hill 
by  direction  of  theii*  master  AmritrAv  the  Poshwa'a  brother.  The 
-dosif^  of  the  Uamoshis  wns  to  make  the  fort  their  sti-onghold  and 
render  tbcuisolved  iudupauduut  of  tlio  I'osbwa.  B&jirdv  employed 
troops  agiiiusb  them  for  nbout  seven  moiithti  but  without  success. 
Many  skirmishos  t<iok  place  and  a  few  men  were  killed  and  wounded 
on  both  sides.  All  attempts  to  sabdue  the  R&mushis  by  force  having 
^led,  the  British  Ttesidont  asked  Amritrav  for  an  order  to  the 
garrison  to  sniTenderthc  place.  The  i-obel  ndike  obeyed  Amritrdv's 
order  and  evacuated  tbo  fort.  They  wore  directed  to  quit  the 
dititrict  and  tbt-ir  privileges  were  forfuitcd.  Before  the  Ramoahis 
descended  from  tie  fort  RAghnji  Kbouine,  a  nephew  of  Dddji  Nilik 
proceeded  to  the  shrine  of  the  god  Keddri  in  the  fort  and  taking 
off  hia  turban  cant  it  aside  and  vowed  in  the  presence  of  the  image 
that  he  would  never  wear  a  tnrban  again  till  he  and  his  tribe  wero 
restoi-od  to  tbo  rights  and  privileges  of  which  they  were  now  deprived. 
He  then  wont  eastward  iiccotupaniod  by  bis  son  and  his  cousin  Um^jl 
with  si^vertU  of  the  Puraudbar  KAmoabis.  For  several  years  the 
Kilmoabis  perpetrated  many  outrages  both  iu  the  Sat^ra  territory  and 
in  the  country  east  of  Poona  along  the  banki)  of  the  Bhima  river.  Tbe 
JUmoshi  tuiikf  of  Jejiiri  had  also  become  very  formidable,  plundering 
the  surrounding  villages  and  rendering  tbe  roads  unsafe  for 
travellers.  In  IWiJ  Bdpa  Gokhale,  after  re<iuDing  the  SAtfira 
BAmoiihis,  i-esolved  to  chastise  those  of  Jcjnri  and  surrounded  with 
his  troops  the  smiill  villages  occupied  by  them.  Several  of  the 
R&moshis  wei*o  killed  and  wounded  in  the  skirmish  that  took  place, 
and  a  party  of  them  tliat  escaped  to  the  hill  on  which  the  temple 
stands  were  subsequently  captnred.  Two  of  the  miiks  were  blown 
away  from  guns  and  twenty-six  other  RAmoshis  were  beheaded. 
After  Kdghoji's  death  in  1815,  Umaji  returned  to  Pumndhar, 
and  in  imitation  of  Kiigboji  threw  away  bis  turban*  and 
determined  to  fulfil  hia  cousin's  vow.  Tho  »<ti7/0  prcsouted  several 
petitiuus  U)  tbe  Peshwa's  guverumeiit  at  Poona  imploring  that  their 
xorfcitod  lands  and  rjgbta  might  bo  restored  to  them,  but  the 
petitions wereunheoded  by  BijirAv.  In  January  1818  the  Rdrooshis 
[again  presented  apetitiontoibe  flying  Pesbwa,  tendering  their  services 
to  him  and  praying  for  a  restoration  of  their  rights.  BAjirdv  directed; 
Ookhale  to  issue  orders  to  the  mamlafddrg  of  Puraudhar  to  assemble 
the  lUmoshis  and  Kelts  and  to  rostoro  to  them  all  the  freehold 
lauds  and  rightif  which  had  been  sequestered  on  their  expulsion 
from  tbe  fort  of  Puraudhar  iu  180:i.  Ho  also  Ordered  that  a  certain 
number  of  both  claases  should  be  immediately  employed  to  guard  the 
approaches  to  the  forL  But  tbo  R^oshis  continued  their  deprt^dation8 
and  many  thefts  were  committeii  in  the  bouaes  of  the  European 
residents  in  Poona.  Soon  aft.er  it  became  a  common  custom  to  employ 
Biimoshis  to  watch  houses  during  the  night  ou  payment  of  ahout  14*. 
H(Kft-  7)  A  mouth. 


Clivpter  XX 
Jnstioo. 

PRBDATOET 

TniBia. 


iapt«r  IX. 
Jastlce 

PjIKnATdST 
'1*81  BE». 


XoOsaitd 


< 


After  tlie  eat-aWishnient  of  British  rale  Umaji,  who  ha^  been 
allowed  to  build  a  house  near  Ptirandliar  and  trr-ateJ  with  kindnessj 
oommitt^d  a  robbery  in  Th^na,  and  being  apprehended  was  impri- 
soned for  a  year.  During  hie  confinement  he  learned  to  road,  a 
most  rare  accotuplishment  amongst  Hdmoshis.  Somo  timo  before 
this  ho  had  gi?eu  up  drinking,  anotber  proof  of  hia  remark- 
sbla  c;haracter.  On  his  release  from  priaou,  ho  commenced  tho 
career  of  a  bold  and  successful  robber.  He  had  many  desperata 
enconnters  with  parties  of  police  sopnya,  was  wounded,  pardoned, 
and  admitted  into  the  service  of  Government.  Again  he  becamo 
a  robber  and  was  captured  and  finally  executed  in  1827.  The 
singular  adventures  of  this  man,  who,  but  for  tho  English,  might 
have  become  a  second  Shiviiji,  are  worth  perasal.^ 

In  1879,  the  predatory  tribes  again  became  troublesome.  No 
less  than  fifty-nine  dacoities  were  committed  in  tho  year  by  orga- 
nised bands  of  dacoits.  'Inhere  were  three  principal  gangs :  the 
Sit^ra  Rilmo8hi»  led  by  two  brothers  Hari  and  Taiya  Makdji 
and  Rima  Krishna  of  Kalambi;  the  Poona  BAmoshis  headed 
by  VAsndev  Balvant  Phadke,  a  BrAhman,  and  after  his  flight 
by  Daulata  Rjimoshi ;  and  the  Poona  Rolis  headed  by  Krisliua 
Sdbla  and  his  son  Mdruti  Sdbla.  Tho  first  gnng  committed 
thirteen  dacuities  in  Poona.  After  committing  several  dacoiliea 
in  Sdtiira,  Hari  Mak^ji  with  a  portiuu  uf  the  gang  entered  tho 
Bjtr^niati  petty  diviwion  of  Bhimtliadi  eaHy  in  February  1879.  On 
the  8th  the  dacoits  were  attacked  by  a  party  of  police  and 
two  were  captured,  Hari  himself  escaping  after  severely  wonnding 
two  pulicemen  in  a  hand-to-hand  encounter.  In  tho  beginning 
of  March  they  reappeared  in  the  south-east  corner  of  the  IndApur 
eub-division  and  committed  several  dacoitiea,  but  in  the  middle 
of  March  Hari  was  captured  in  ShoKipur,  and  being  found  guilty  o£ 
murder  was  oxocutcd  at  Jejuri.  TAtya,  his  brother,  committed 
several  dacoities  till  the  close  of  the  year,  but  was  soon  after 
brought  to  justice  along  with  the  third  leader  K^ma  Krishna.  Tho 
Becon^  gB^S  organised  by  tho  Brihman  VAsndev  Balvant  Phadko^ 
which  was  apparently  by  Ear  the  most  formidable,  had  a  brief  career  of 
only  three  months,  bot  during  this  time  they  committed  no  toss  thtm 
eighteen  dacoities.  Towards  tho  end  of  February  1879  it  was  reported^ 
that  the  village  of  Dhamari  in  Sirur  had  been  attacked  by  20O 
or  SOO  dacoits.  Major  Uaniell,  Superintendent  of  tho  Poena 
Police,  proceeded  to  tho  place  and  found  that  although  the  number 
of  dacoit*  had  boon  greatly  exaggerated  an  or^inised  system 
of  dacoity  had  been  set  on  foot  and  that  some  Brdhmans  had 
been  seen  among  the  dacoits,  whose  leader  was  a  BrAhman  clerk 
in  the  Military  Financo  Office  named  VAsndev  Balvant  Phadke..  j 
Tho  gang  consisted  of  from  forty  to  sixty  men.  chiefly  Bituioshis.  ^| 
Villagers  of  good  position  were  found  to  bo  implicated  in  VAsudev'a  ^^ 
SDOvemcnts  and  actions.  The  banfl  moved  about  chiefly  through 
the  hills  west  of  Poona,  and  committed  dacoities  at  Dhamari, 
Yaleh   in  Purandhar^    Homi  and   Kdudguri  in  Bhor,    Sonapur  in 


1  S«e  Joonul  Uadru  Literary  Society,  I,  imd  XI. 


» 


reVi,  Ch&ndkbed  in  M:ira1,  and  otiier  places.  After  tbe  last 
dacoity,  wliich  was  perpetrated  on  the  3lBt  of  Marcb,  ViSsudev, 
finiHng  it  impossible  to  realisti  tho  rebellioua  aspirations  with  which 
he  had  oomnienced  his  career  as  the  leader  of  a  band  of  plunderers, 
left  the  gano-  and  wandered  about  tho  Ni^^tu's  duiuiiiiuus  and 
part  of  tho  Madras  Presidency  as  a  pilgrim  to  various  shrines. 
A  rowHrd  of  £^00  (Rs.  3000)  was  offered  by  GnVemment  for  hia 
appreheusiuu  and  he  was  captured  on  the  21at  of  April,  tried  before 
toe  Scasiou»  Judge  of  Poona,  and  sentenced  to  transjKirtution  for  life. 
From  tho  diary  found  in  his  possession  doubts  have  >>een  raised  aa 
to  his  sanity.  Dimlata  PLimo&hi  of  Kedgnon  in  Haveli  then  assum- 
ed the  leadership  of  the  gan>f.  A  few  dacoilies  of  a  trifling  nature 
were  committed  during  April,  aud  matters  appeared  to  bo  settling 
dowOj  whcu  the  gaug  appeared  in  large  number^  close  to  the 
village  of  Pabal  in  Sirur,  and  plundered  one  or  two  villages  in  the 
neighbourhood.  Major  Dnniell  proceeded  to  the  spot  accompanied 
by  a  detachment  of  the  Poena  Horse  and  scoured  tho  country 
xinceastngly.  The  gang  succeedt'd  in  escaping  down  the  Kosur  pass 

the  Eookan.  They  committed  two  dacoitios  at  Noro  and  Palaspa 
in  Thdnaon  the  night  of  tho  Itith  of  May^aud  returned  again  above 
the  Sahy&dris.  Un  the  17th  Major  Dauiell  with  a  dctiichmcnt  of 
infantry  and  police  managed  to  come  up  with  the  gang.  Five 
dacoits  were  killed  aud  eleven  wounded  and  the  greater  portion 
of  tho  property  curried  off  in  the  Palasne  dacoity  was  recovered, 
Dauluta  was  killed  in  the  action,  and  the  gang  utterly  dispersed. 
The  arrangements  made  by  Major  Daniell  were  excellent  and 
received  the  commendation  of  Government.  The  third  band  which 
waa  composed  of  the  Koli  families  of  the  Purandhar  Ghera  headed 
by  Krishna  S^bln  and  bis  son  committed  twenty-eight  dacoitics  in 
the  district  in  the  courtto  of  about  seven  mouths.  Tho  Kolis  believed 
themselves  to  have  been  uujustly  deprived  of  a  largo  portion 
of  their  culturablo  land  and  their  rising  was  instigated  by  Vdaudev 
Fbadkewhu  had  been  nndor  their  protection  for  some  days  in  March. 
Krishna  S&bla  their  leader  was  an  old  man  who  was  formerly  a 
police  havdldar.  During  June  the  gang  passed  into  Bhor  and  tho 
£onkan.  A  detachment  was  placed  at  S^ttvad  in  Purandhar  under 
tlie  command  of  Major  Wise.  During  the  monsoon  the  Koli  band 
remained  quiet  but  at  tho  close  further  docoities  were  committed, 
while  another  suiall  band  of  from  twelve  to  twenty  men  under  TAtya 
Mak^ji  also  bcLTiu  to  give  trouble  aud  plunder  the  villages  on  the 
Purandhar  and  Sinhgad  ranges.  On  tho  17th  of  October  aa 
informer  in  the  employ  of  Major  Wise,  who  had  been  a  member  of 
Tdtya's  gang,  was  murdered  by  TAtya  and  some  of  his  followers. 
Towards  tho  close  of  the  year  the  operations  conducted  in 
Purandhar  under  Major  Wise  resulted  in  the  total  dispersal  of  the 
Koli  gang  find  the  arrest  of  tho  majority  of  the  dacoitd  including 
Krishna  li^tbhi.  the  leader  aud  his  ^n. 

Besides  the  lock-ap  at  each  ml^mlatdir's  office  there  is  a  district 
jail  at  Poena  and  a  central  jail  at  Yeravda.     The  number  of  convicts 
a  the  Poonajail  on  the  31st  of  December  1882  was  262  of  whom  220 
rere  males  and  forty-two  females.    During  the  year  1883, 622  con- 
iota  oi  whom  543  wore  males  and  seventy-nine  females  were  admitted. 


Chapter  IX 
Justice. 

Predatory 
Tribh. 

Koiin  and 


Jinj, 
Poomh 


b 


tBombar  Oasetteer, 


40 


DISTRICTS. 


Oiapter  IZ. 

Jnitiee. 

Jails. 
Poona. 


Tenvda. 


and  683  of  whom  575  were  males  and  108  females  were  discharged. 
During  the  year  the  daily  average  of  prisoners  was  221  and  at  the 
close  of  the  year  the  number  of  convicts  was  222  of  whom  201  were 
males  and  twenty-one  females.  Of  622  the  total  number  of  convicts, 
466  males  and  seventy-six  females  were  sentenced  for  not  more  than 
one  year;  forty-one  males  and  one  female  were  for  over  one  year  and 
not  more  than  two  years ;  twenty-one  males  and  one  female  were 
for  more  than  two  years  and  not  more  than  five  years ;  eight  males 
were  for  more  than  five  years  and  not  more  than  ten  years;  and 
two  males  were  sentenced  to  death.  There  were  six  convicts 
including  one  female  under  sentence  of  transportation.  The  daily 
average  number  of  sick  was  7'8.  During  the  year  one  prisoner  died 
in  hospital.  The  total  cost  of  diet  was  £403  (Rs.  4030]  or  an 
average  of  about  £1  16s.  (Rs.  18)  to  each  prisoner. 

The  number  of  convicts  in  the  central  jail  at  Yeravda  on  the 
Slat  of  December  1882  was  1140  males.  During  the  year  1883 
four  male  convicts  were  ad  mitted  and  447  males  were  discharged. 
Daring  the  year  the  daily  average  of  prisoners  was  1016  and 
at  the  close  of  the  year  the  number  of  male  convicts  was  911. 
Of  these  91 1  convicts,  twelve  were  sentenced  for  not  more  than 
one  year;  thirty-six  were  for  over  one  year  and  not  more  than 
two  years ;  158  were  for  more  than  two  years  and  not  more  than 
five  years;  201  were  for  more  than  five  years  and  not  more 
than  ten  years ;  and  sixty-three  were  for  more  than  ten  years. 
Of  441  prisoners  under  sentence  of  transportation  154  were  for 
life  and  287  for  a  term.  The  daily  average  number  of  sick 
was  34"6.  During  the  year  thirteen  prisoners  died  in  hospital. 
The  total  cost  of  diet  was  £2057  6a.  (Rs,  20,573)  or  an  average  of 
£2  Qd.  (Rs.  20i)  to  each  prisoner. 


CHAPTER  X. 

FINANCE. 


Thr  earliest  balance-sheet  of  the  district  as  at  present  constituted 
ia  for  1870-71.  Exclusive  of  £31,884  (R*.  3,1 8.«l0),  the  adjustment 
on  acconnt  of  alienated  lands,  tbe  total  transactions  entered  in  the  dis- 
trict balance-sheet  for  1882-83  amouabed  under  receipts  to  £858,866 
(Ka.  85,88,600)  against  £875,725  {R«.  87,57,250)  in  1870-71 
and  under  ohargea  to  £900,969  (Us.  90,09,600)  against  £970,212 
(Rs.  97,02,120).  Leaving-  aside  departmental  miscellaneoos  reoeipta 
and  payments  in  return  for  services  rendered  anch  as  post  and 
telegraph  receipts,  the  revenue  for  1882-83  under  all  heads.  Imperial, 
local,  provincial,  and  municipal,  came  bo  £243,633  (Ra.  2<l-,3G,3:i0),* 
or,  on  a  population  of  900,621,  an  individual  share  of  b».  4|<i.  (R8.2 
a«.ll^).  During  the  last  thirteen  ycare  the  following  changes  have 
taken  place  under  the  chief  heads  of  receipts  and  charges. 

Land  revenue  receipts,  which  form  4478  per  cent  of  the  entiro 
revenue  of  the  district,  have  risen  from  £112,207  (Ra.  11,22,070) 
in  1870-71  to  £126,339  (Rs.  12,63,390)  in  1882-83.  from  which 
£14,590  (Ra  1,45,900)  were  remitted  by  order  of  the  Secretary  of 
State.  Charges  fell  from  £63,080  (Rs.  5,30,800)  in  1870-71  to 
£47,302  (Rs.  4,73,020)  in  1882-83. 

H     The  excise  revenue  of  the  Poena  district  amounted  in  1882-83  to 
£31,166  (Rs.  3,11,660)  against  £16,579  {Rs.  1,65.700),  the  average 
annual  realiaatinns  previous  to  I87G-77.     The  main  source  of  excise 
rovenne  is  the  consumption  of  spirituouB  liquor  manufactured  from 
moha  tlowors  and  anrefinod  sugar.     Liquor  for  the  supply  of   the 
whole  district  is  manufactured  by  the  farmer  in  the  Uovernmeut 
distillery  at  Mundhva,  built  in  187S-74  by  the  then  liquor  farmer 
at  an  estimated  cost  of  £3399  (Rn.  33,990)  and  made  over  to  Govem- 
ment  on  the  termination  of  his  farm  in  1877,  free  of  cost  in  accord- 
ance with  the  tenns  of  hia  agreement.     Moha  liquor  is  also  imported 
from  Gujnriit  and  the  Central  Provinces.     Liquor  is  issued  from  the 
distillery  to  the  shops  on  payment  of  duty  at  the  rate  of  5*.  (Rs.2|) 
a  gallon  of  strength  25  degrees  under  proof  and  3s.  4|d.  (Re.la^.lOj^ 
a  gallon  of  strength  .50  degrees  under  proof,  a«%d^rchargeof  6J.  (4  aa.) 
and  4l(i.  (2}  fl-s.)  being  made  on    liquor    of   respective    strengths 
intended  for  sale  at  shops  in  the  city  and  cantonment  of  Poona» 
Liquor  is  sold  at  shops  at  prices  not  exceeding  9«.  (Rs.  4^)  a  gallon 
of  strength  25  degrees  under  proof  and  Ga.  Gd.  (lis.  3^)  a  gallon  of 
strength  50  degrees  under  proof."     In  former  years  liquor  furiua  used 
to  be  given  ont  for  lump  snmswitlfont  any  stipulation  as  to  the  strength 


k 


L 


Chapter  Z. 
Fiua&oe* 

BaLAKCI   iJQKBlS. 
lS70-7t  and 


1  ThU  tot&l  inelDilf^i)  Xhf.  following  items  :  £l.%6,793  land  r«vena«,  exoiie,   UMflt«d 

t«ie«,  Boil  roresta  :  £'J<.I,H'~':2  Htnnips.   justice,  lUkil  rt-i{i*tnitiuii ;  £3!)J^  uduvAtiou   aiu] 
poliM  ;  £bQ,<3^  U>oal  utd  muoicipftl  fondi  ;  totiJ  £'i43,«33. 

B86ft-« 


Land. 


Excise. 


lapter  Z. 
Finance. 

SiLiKCE  Shceth. 

i*7y-7;  and 

jssiss. 

Excua. 


of  the  liquor  to  be  retailed  or  as  to  selling  prices  or  duty.     Tho  firatj 
farm  given  iu  the  still-head  doty  system  was  for  the  year  1877-78. 
Since  then  the  farms  have  bocu  sold  for  periods  of  throe   years. 
The  secoud  trieuuial  farui  expired  iu  July  1884.     OoroniracDt  then 
subBtiluted  Liquor  of  atren^b  (30  degreen  under  proof  for  50  degrees 
under  proof  and  raised  the  duty  on  liquor  of  strength  25  degrees  ^ 
under  proof  to  6«.  (Ks.  3)  a  gallon,  leaving  the  highest  seltiiig  prica  ^M 
at  9s.  (08,44)  ^  gallon  as  before.      The  duty  on  liquor  of  strength  60  " 
degrees   under  proof   is  3«.  \\d.  (Ra.  \^^)  and  its  selling  price  ba, 
(Rs.  2|)    a  gallon.     In    1882-83,   of   seventy-eight  shops    in    the 
district   6fty. eight  were  situated  in  the   city  and  cantonment  of 
Poona.     A  larger  number  of  shops  existed   in  previous  years.     In 
1882-83,  103,323  gallons  of  strength  25  degrees  under  proof  and 
1 184  gallons  of  strength  50  dogreca  uuder  proof  wore  manufactured 
and  issued  from  the  distillery.     Consumption  has  now  increased  to  a 
little  over  one-tcuth  of  a  gallon  on  every  head  of  the  population,  the 
increase  resulting  chiefly  from  the  effectual  suppression  of  smnggling 
and  illicit  distillation  by  the  employment  of  a  strong  preventive 
estn^blishment  and  the  acquisition  of  the  abkiri  management  of 
adjoining  native  states. 

The  central  distillery  at  Mundhva  is  in  charge  of  a  European  officer' 
on  a  salary  of  £10  (Rs.  ]00)  and  is  guarded  at  all  times  by  a  police 
party  of  five  constables.   One  inspector  on  £15  {Rs.  1  -50)  and  one  sub- 
inspector  on£2i  (Rs.  25),  two  sub -inspectors  on£2(Ra.  20)  eacbj 
and  twenty-six  constables  are  qIrq  employed  for  the  examination  of 
liquor  shops  and  for  preventive  duties.     In  1882-83  the  expenditure 
amounted  to  £549  Us.  (Rs.  5498)  against  £123    14*.  (Rs.  1237)  ii 
1877-78. 

There  are  about  30,000  toddy-producing  trees  in  the  district,  ol 
■which  not  tcoro  than  4000  are  tripped  annually.  In  former  years 
the  privilege  of  drawing  and  selling  toddy  was  sold  annually  for 
lump  sums  averaging  £1900  (R.s.  19,000).  Subsequently  it  waa 
sold  with  the  spirit  farm;  in  1878-79  and  1879-80,  toddy  farms 
■wereftgain  sold  separately  from  the  spirit  farm  and  they  realised 
£1090  168.  (Rs.  10,908)  and  £1104  10s.  (Rs.  11,045}  respectively. 
Prom  August  1880  a  tree-tax  of  3».  (Rs.  \\)  for  cocoaout  and  brab 
trees  and  1«.  (8  a«.)  for  date  and  other  kinds  of  palm  trees  han  been 
imposed  on  each  tree  tapped.  The  farmer  also  pays  in  addition  to 
tlio  tree-tax,  a  cei-tain  sum  bid  by  him  at  the  auction  sale  for  the 
•monopoly  of  drawing  and  selling  toddy.  The  receipts  for  1882-83 
'amounted  to  £1520  (Rs.  15,200).  Forty-two  shops  are  licensed  for 
the  sale  of  toddy,  the  number  varying  iu  different  years.  Till 
1880-81  the  number  of  shops  licensed  for  the  sale  of  Europe  liquor 
ruined  between  sixty-three  and  sixty-eight.  The  number  increased 
toeighW-fonr  in  1881-82  and  again  fell  to  sixty-fivo  in  the  next 
year.  Fees  yarying  from  £1  to  £5«(Ue.lO-50)  are  charged  for  the 
licenses.  In  1882-83  tho  receipts  amounted  to  £264  ICtf.  (Ks.2648>, 
almost  equal  to  what  they  have  been  during  the  last  ten  years.  | 

The  privilege  of  retailing  intoxicating  drugs  is  sold  annually  in 
farm.  Tho  receipts  have  increased  from  £095  I65.  (Rs,6058).  the 
average  of  6ve  years  ending  1876-77  to  £753  (R8.7530)  in  18 


I 

I 

TS  I 


The  drugs  ordinarily  retailed  are  bluing,  gdnja,  mdjnm,  ijdkuli, 
ahrikfiana,  and  hhoj.  Gdnja  in  the  flower  of  the  hemp  plant,  and 
bhifig  the  dried  leares  of  the  same  plant.  Gdnja  is  used  only  in 
smoking  mixed  with  tobacco;  hhdng  ponndod  with  spicosand  sugar 
And  diluted  iu  milk  or  waiter  forms  a  palatable  driuk.  Mdj'um, 
ydkuti,  and  ahriUumd  arc  difftTCut  compositioua  of  spices  mixed 
with  bhdmj  hoiked  iu  clarified  butter,  bhoj  is  an  intoxicating  liquid 
prepared  by  boiling  o\ti  jviivi^gidvel,hhan'j,3.r\f\  kuchaia  in  water.  The 
nemp  plant  grows  to  a  small  extent  in  the  Poona  district,  tbo  greater 
portion  of  the  supply  of  hhdny  and  g>inja  being  imported  from 
Ahmaduagar,  Shol&pur,  and  Kh&udesli.     Forty  shops  are  licensed 

I  for  the  sale  of  intoxicating  drags.  The  number  ba>t  been  the  same 
for  many  years  past.  The  aggregate  annual  consumption  is  esti- 
ronted  at  about  32  tons  (HBO  mans  of  40  sher*  of  80  tolas  each). 
The  miscellaneooa  abkdri  revenuQ  consists  cUieQy  of  the  contribu- 
tion made  by  the  liquor  farmer  towards  the  cost  of  Government 
BBtablishments  at  the  rate  of  £40  (Rs.  400)  a  year,  aud  of  fines  aud 
confiscations.    The  receipts  amount  to  about  tbiO  (Bs.  o+OO). 

Justice  receipts  have  risen  from  £2580  (Re.  25,800)  in  1870-71 
to  £659*  (Ua.  Go,Q4-0)  iu  1832-83,  aud  charges  from  £22,050 
(Rs.  2,29.500)  to  £30,i)34  (Rs.  3,09,340).  The  rise  in  receipts  is 
chieflj'  due  to  jail  manufacture  receipts,  and  in  charges  to  an  increnso 
in  the  salaries  of  ofiioers  and  staff  and  to  the  cost  of  materials  for 
tbo  Ycravda  central  jail. 

Forest  receipts  have  risen  from  £763^4  (Rs.  76,340)  in  1870-71  to 
£8935  (Rs.  89,350)  in  1882-33  and  charges  from  £374o  (Rs.  37,450)  to 
£8343  (Rs.  83,430).  The  increase  in  reoeipta  is  chiefly  due  to  improved 

»  methods  of  working  forests ;  the  rise  in  charges  is  due  to  an  incrotue 
in  the  salaries  of  ot&oers  and  staff. 

The  following  table  shows  the  amount  realized  from  the  different 
assessed  taxea  levied  between  1870-71  and  1882-83.  Owing  to  the 
variety  of  rates  and  incidence  it  is  difficult  to  make  any  satisfactory 

trtAmparison  of  the  results  :  • 

Pootta  AwfMftl  Taxt*,  iS70'7I-ISSi-SS. 

Pnhiic  Works  receipts  have  risen  from  £11,425  (Rs. 1,14,250)  in 
1870-71  to  £23,704  (R«.  2,37,040)  in  1882-83,  and  charges  have  fallen 
from  £231.796  (Rs.  23,17,9G0)  to  £142,318  (Rs.  14,23,180). 

Military  receipts  have  fallen  frofti  £54,739  (Rs.  5,47,390)  in  1870-71 
to  £16.139  (Ra.  l.iJ  1,390)  in  1882-83,  and  charges   from  £481.054 
»  (Re.  48, 10,5+0)  to  £413,637  (R«.  41,30,370).     The  charges  are  chiefly 
^pensions  to  retired  soldiers  and  salaries  of  regimental  officers. 

■     Post  receipts  have  risen  from  £79G1  (EU.  79,610)  in  1870-71  to 


Tbar. 

AoHunt 

Tuk.          Aatonnt 

Itcoma  Tax, 
UTO-n  ... 

vti-n 

mtn 

14.171 

«7tt 

nw 

tictntt  Tag, 
18»-79  ..        „ 

urrs-w, . 

ino4i 

m\-o 

I8SS-8) 

lOJM 

Jm 

Mil 
U4^ 

Chapter  X. 

Financfl- 

BjUANcit  SBim 

1870-71  um2 
J8SS-8S. 


,1(Ut)C 


ForMt. 


TttKM. 


Public  Wa 


MiLury. 


Pott. 


[Bomliay  OazottoOTi* 


Finance- 

Baulnci  Sokkts, 
S870-7i  attd 

tsstss. 


£13,501  (R8.l.35,010)  in  1882-83,  and ctarges from £5959(R8.59,590) 
to  £45,710  (Ua.  4,57,100).  The  increase  both  in  receipts  and  charges 
is  chiefly  duo  to  the  transfer  of  the  money  order  business  to  the  post 

department. 

Telogmph  reooipta  have  risen  frora  £2067  (Rs.  20,670)  in  1870-71  to 
£6289  (Kfi.  62,890)  in  1882-83.  and  chaiges  have  fallen  from  £5369 
(Ra.  53,690)  to  £3384  {Re.  83,840). 

In  1882-83  registration  receipts  amounted  to  £1428  (Rs.  14,280) 
and  charges  to  £1713  (Rs.  17,130). 

Ednoation  receipts  have  risen  from  £323  (Ra.3230)  in  1870-71  to 
£2928  (He.  29.280)  in  1882-83,  and  charges  have  fallen  from  £23,2 13 
(Hfl.  2,32,130)  to£22,271  (Rs.  2,22,710). 

Police  receipts  have  risen  from  £847  {Rs.  8470)  in  1870-71  to  £1052 
(Ra.  10,520)  in  1882-83,  and  charges  from  £20,337  (R«.  2,03,370)  to 
£21,282  (R«.  2,12,820). 

In  1882.83  medical  receipts  amounted  to  £232  (Rs.2320),  and 
charges  to  £9075  (Rs.  90,750). 

Transfer  receipts  have  risen  from  £602,666  (Rs.  60,26,660)  in  1870. 
71  to  £609,329  (Ha.  60,93,290)  in  1882-83.  The  increased  revenue  is 
dtio  to  larger  receipts  on  account  of  deposits  and  loans,  and  local  funds. 
Transfer  charges  have  risen  fi-om  £43,678  (Rs  4,36,780)  to  £47,755 
(Us.  4,77,^)50).  The  rise  is  due  to  dumb  and  sliroff-marked  coin  and 
notes  of  otber  circles  sent  to  the  Mint  Master  and  tbo  Reserve  Trea- 
sury and  to  the  payment  of  interest  on  loans  and  to  the  repayment  of 
deposits.  The  transfer  items  shown  against  deposits  ana  loans  on 
hoth  sides  of  the  balaece  sheet  do  not  include  savings'  bank  deposits 
and  withdrawals. 

In  tho  following  balance  sheets  the  figures  shown  in  black  on  both 
sides  of  tho  1870-71  and  1882-83  accounts  are  book  adjustments. 
On  the  receipt  side  tbe  item  of  £31,884  (Rs.  3,18,840)  against 
£28,471  (Rs.  2,84,710)  in  1870-71  represents  the  additional  rerena© 
tbo  ^strict  would  yield  had  none  of  its  lands  been  alienated.  On  the 
debit  side  the  items  of  £3169  (Ra  31,090)  against  £2712  (Rs.  27,1'JO) 
in  1870-71  under  land  revenue,  and  £3357  (Rs.  33,570)  against 
£30o2  (Ra.  30,520)in  1870.71  under  police  are  the  rentals  of  tbe  land 
granted  for  village  service  to  village  he^dmon  and  watchmen.  Tho 
Item  of  £25,358  (Rs.  2,53.5^^0)  against  £22,669  (Rs.  2,26,690)  in 
1870-71  under  allowances  represents  the  rent*,l3  of  tho  lands  granted 
,  to  hereditary  officers  whose  services  have  been  diapenaed  with  and  of 
charitable  laud  grants.  The  item  of  £38  [Ra.  380)  in  1870-71  under 
miscellaneous  rt-pi-csents  the  rental  of  lands  granted  for  service  to  the 
district  postal  runners.  Cash  allowances  to  village  and  district  officers 
who  render  servico  are  treated  as  actual  charges  and  debited  to 
laud  revenue.  The  incorporated  and  excluded  local  fund  receipts 
iu  1882-83  amounted  in  the  aggvegat«  to  £29,228  (Rs.  2,92,280) 
and  chnrgea  to  £9905  (Rs,  99,0i5;)).  Both  these  amounts  include 
receipts  and  charges  of  the  Poena  and  Kirkce  Cantonment  Fonds : 


N 


Bdoeui ) 


POONA. 

Potma  BaioHct  8heeiM,  1870-71  and  188S-3S. 


Baoum. 

Cnimn. 

11  nd. 

UTO-71. 

laa-ex 

HeMd. 

1870-n. 

188J-8S. 

«. 

e. 

£. 

£. 

lAud  IUvenu«    

US.i07 

iii,T«e 

K«fund  ifid  I>nt«bMki. 

2ISS 

8N 

n.471 

tlJM 

Lukd  Revenue 

fls.oeo 

tr,8M 

gf**-!*      

Ba.:Bi' 

11SN0 

Kielw        

19.1W 

SI.IW 

8t«mpt 

tH 

JiHttoe    Ineludlnc  Jail 

li)i»rMtaB$«r*lM  Fund 

KMolpU 

>580 

«GH 

&Dd  oibtf  AoooimU  ... 

42 

w 

r^rMtir    ..     ...      -. 

TOU 

(«U 

RjuatB     

130 

«0B 

AilMiBTMc   .„ 

14,175 

«M3 

JtvUica 

tSASO 
STIA 

ao^K4 

11411 

tut 

PuraaU    ... 

S3t3 

iBtarMt                

S4 

778 

kmm»tA  Tta.ta 

ITS 

IM 

PublkWoclU      

11.4tf 

SI,7M 

AUowmncM       

»i.909 

18.I*S 

Hllltuy    

l<.T» 

I6,U» 

suae 

at-w 

M.MI            ...         „         .., 

... 

PmuIoob 

63X1 

14,178 

Po«*           ...        ... 

"»a 

"^ 

E«d«steMla»l    

MM 

4«n 

Telqpmph ...        .» 

soer 

MlKeOueaa*  ~ 

liuu 

383 

■tefiNtntian       

MS4 

38 

BdumUofi 

"mo 

ens 

Cnitoou 

'"  «a 

Polke       

H7 

Itii! 

»«lt         

41S 

M«diciiM 

03 

Pnhlic  Workii    

suItm 

I41:,»B 

PifHtln;      

e 

18 

Sum  Raltwuv 

88^08 

Minor  U«twrtaiaDU 

... 

tn 

MiiitMr 

481,«U 

iU.8» 

•apwsitnMtiaB  .. 
Otbtf  Pnbtl*  W«Tlci     ... 

<H 

pft«t      

SPM 

t8.718 

... 

n 

Teltvnkph           

lUigMntion 

i;«» 

8SM 
1118 

IMiumtlon          

SI.1U 

S3, 871 

PoIi«       

*% 

ll.i8a 

iasi 

Msdkfait 

io.wa. 

VOTfi 

J»Ua         

U.10X 

U,7X8 

Printlns 

AilmiitMnUon  .. 

lO.MS 

110 
ISJtfta 

PuUtc  Worki.  Civil     ... 

IW 

171 

Pollttcal  AitenolM 

1184 

•U 

Minor  l)«pftrt(DonU    ... 
CaDtrifaution  rrwm  Pr«- 

n 

M06 

TbW    ... 
Tniu/tr  Ittnt. 

rluri&l  to  LiKml  Funds. 
Votel    ... 

Trantfer  Iuiam. 

- 

HOD 

tn,tm 

f4b.U7 

Kfl.Ul 

B£8.3I4 

16.011 

ST.ooa 

DopmlU  uid  Lnuia     ... 

M.BTl 

U^I8 

CMh  RMDltUUMW 

sa8,aH 

£U.CM 

CMh  BantlUftBOM 

70 

fiOM 

Lpotl  Voixli 

HtfiSi 

».S» 

InUrcM 

tau 

7Alt 

IWkl    ... 

LO«t  fUMb      

TMal    ... 

i^zn 

«»<» 

oin,«M 

«»,«» 

43,878 

4T,7M 

QfMiil  ToUl 

8Ti.7» 

86MM 

Omild  Total    ... 

«70.ns 

9o7m» 

tt.471 

UMi 

38.471 

SIJM 

Chapter  X- 

Finance. 

Bai^icce  Sncm. 

1870-71  ami 

188f-83. 


IRevekck  otdeb  than  Iupeuiax. 
Difltiict  local  fands  bave  be^D  collootod  since   1863  to  promote 
rural  instruction  aod  supply  roads,  water,  drains^  rest-hon&eSj  dis- 
pensaries, and  other  useful  works.     In  1 682-83  the  receipts  amoiuit«d  • 
to    £10,248     (EU.   1,62,480)    and     the    expenditure    to    £16,S86 ' 
(Rs.  1.68.8(50),  the  oxceea  outlay  of  £638  (Us.  6380)  being  met  from 
Bthe  previoua  yeur'»  baisuce.     The  Sfiocial  land  cess,  of  which  two* 
H  thirds  are  set  apart  as  a  road  fund  and  the  rest  as  a  school  fund, 
in  1882-83  yielded  £8992  (R&  80,920).     The  subordinato  funds, 
which  include  a  toll  fund,  a  ferr>  fnnd,  a  cattle  pound  fund  and  a 
school    fee     fund,    yieldod    £4235    (Ue.   42,350).      Government, 
mnnicipal,  and  private?  contributions  amounted  to  £2687  (Rs.  26,870) 
and   miscellanoouB  receipts  to  .£334  (Rs.  3340).     This  revenue  is 
administered  by   district  and  sub-divisional   committees  partly  of 
official  and  partly  by  private  members.    The  district  committee  con- 


LocAL  Fiwns, 


[Bombay  Qaietteer? 


!bftpter  Z. 

finaoce- 

Lo<:al  Fdbps. 


DISTRICTS. 


fists  of  the  Coll6<:tor,  an  assistant  or  dopiity  collector,  the  execative 
engineer,  and  the  edueatioaal  inspector  as  official  and  the  proprietor 
of  an  alienated  villago  and  six  landholders  aa  non-official  members. 
TUo  sub-divisional  committees  consist  of  an  assistant  collector^ 
the  m£mlatd^r,  a  public  works  officer,  and  the  deputy  eduoational 
inspector  as  official  and  the  proprietor  of  an  alienated  village  and 
three  landholders  as  non-official  members.  The  sub-diviiiionaT  com- 
mittees briug  thoir  local  requironionts  to  the  notice  of  the  district 
committee  who  prepare  tho  yearly  budget. 

For  administrative  porposoa  the  local  funds  are  divided  into  two 
main  sections,  one  set  apart  for  public  works  and  the  other  for 
instruction.  The  188*2-83  receipts  and  disbursements  under  these 
two  beads  were : 

Poona  Local  Ftault,  1889-83. 


ri7BLio  woitsa. 

RKsm. 

0nU4M. 

DkIuwd  an  1«t  April  1881     ... 
T«rf>third»  af  L*nd  Cm* 

Ti^Wt        

FerrlM 

CatUo  t\)und    ... 

OontrlbutioM 

m»e8llMI»0Ot   ...        ...        ... 

IWal    ... 

£. 

9SS8 

BOW 

IMS 

»ie 

M8 

MS 

bt4MiAn)Utt * 

Now  Wotta       

BeMlr* 

Hcdlc*!  Chum*         

WaCNiUaiwoiM 

BkluMts  on  Slit  )Ur«h  ISSS  ... 

ans 
tni 

UM 
ASS 

X-OA 

11487 

1^87 

DISTBCCnON 

BBcum. 

Chaboss. 

Balftne*  on  l>t  April  IRI     .., 
Ouv-lhlrd  ot  L*n<l  Oew 

BctiM>tFe«  Kund         

ConUlbuUmu,  OoTeTDUiaat... 

Dn.             Prlrato 
KltMlUnsotH  ...       ,„ 

Total   ... 

700 
•MI 

1803 
M 

90 

SdkOol  CiNUfH 

SohDol  HouM  Bep&lra 

UliEslUntniw     

Baluioe  onSlatMwthUSS... 

Total    ... 

A. 
MM 

SM 
S 

oaw 

8898 

SirZutun. 


Since  1863  from  local  funds  about  731  miles  of  road  hare  been' 
made  and  kept  in  order  and  planted  with  trees.  To  improve  the 
water-supply  370  wells,  three  ponds,  throe  river-side  ghaig  or  series 
■  of  stone  steps,  two  a{]ueducts,  three  dams,  and  two  basins  to  catch 
spring  water  at  the  foot  of  hills  have  been  made  or  repaired.  To  help 
village  instniction  abont  one  hundred  schools,  and  for  the  comfort 
of  travellers  ninety-two  rest-houses  have  been  built  and  repaired. 
Resides  these  works  six  dispensaries  have  been  maint^iiucd  by  g'rauts- 
in-aid,  two  new  dispensaries  arc  newly  built,  aud  138  cattle-pounda 
have  been  built  and  repaired.        •  J 

There  are  twelve  municipalitiesnn  the  district,  one  each  at  Alandf| 
Bdrdmati,  Inddpur,  Jejnri,  Junnar,  Khed,  Loniivla,  Poena,  S^svad, 
Birur,  Talegaon  DAbhAde,  and  Taiegaon  Dhamdhere.  In  1882-83 
the  district  municipal  revenue  amounted  to  X26,810  (Rb.  2,GtJ,100). 
of  whiob    £U,lOO  (Rs.  ]j41,000)   wei-e  from  octroi    dues,    £4138 


J 


Daeeu-] 


POONA. 


47 


(Rs.  41,380)  from  assessed  taxes,  £2584  (Rs.  25,840)  from  hoase 
tax,  £341  (Ra.  3410)  from  wheel-tax,  and  £5647  (Bs.  56,470)  from 
miscellaneoaa  sources. 

The  following  statement  gives  for  each  of  the  twelve  manicipa- 
lities  the  receipts,  charges,  and  incidence  of  taxation  during  the 
year  ending  31st  March  1883  : 

Poona  Munieipal  Detaih,  188S-8S. 


Chapter  X. 

Finance. 

MuNiciPALncm. 


Kami. 

P«on.i 

RltCBIPTg. 

Iirra- 

Tolls 

(1881.) 

Octroi. 

Home 

And 

AMened 

UlKell»- 

DnoB. 

Tu. 

WhMl 

Tubs. 

neoni. 

lax. 

£. 

£■ 

t.. 

£. 

£. 

£. 

».  d. 

POODK 

i8ca     

l»,7ei 

18,008 

1853 

sso 

406S 

4868 

18,804 

8    7 

LouItU 

1«  April  1877... 

8334 

60 

..• 

81 

100 

0    7 

TUegKon 

DibUda  ... 

latJun«  1860... 

4266 

824 

B 

IS 

■46 

1    9 

SiavMl 

4th  Stay.  1870... 

6B84 

1160 

28 

878 

0    B 

Jejarl    

2Sth  D«cr.  18«S. 

S2U 

01 

348 

SOS 

1  10 

BiiimOl      ... 

lit  Jftoj  1866  ... 

6878 

878 

211 

684 

8    8 

Indipor 

Irt  JuiT  1866  ... 

4242 

117 

10 

11 

48 

ISO 

0  10 

SIrur 

Irt  Jnly  1808 ... 

4S7d 

877 

43 

70 

146 

640 

S  11 

Tftlegaon 

DhamdlieTC 

18th  Deer.  la&S. 

8080 

60 

10 

70 

0    0) 

Jannu 

Irt  H»r  1B61  *... 

10,S78 

472 

40 

618 

0  11 

Khed 

«tta  June  1803... 

86  S6 

48 

,, 

8 

46 

0    8) 

AlMXll 

SUt  Novr.  1887. 

1764 

30 

610 

646 

6    6 

Totel    ... 

170,780 

14,100 

8684 

S41 

41SS 

6047 

86,810 

8  11 

Kamm. 

CHABSBt. 

SUff. 

Safety. 

HMlth. 

BChooU. 

Worki. 

Total. 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

Poona    

tttC« 

IWl 

18,516 

H 

6618 

28,300 

Lonirla 

17 

1 

*a 

10 

86 

Toieufton       Di> 

bhtde.. 

78 

10 

48 

8 

130 

SfiavHl 

03 

1 

104 

11 

46 

354 

Jejuri    

67 

2 

800 

IS 

802 

Birinutti 

140 

S3 

181 

89 

78 

too 

IndApur 

68 

la 

102 

,. 

88 

100 

Blror      

00 

as 

800 

80 

S4 

406 

"Megkon  Dhun- 

dlien 

6 

I 

26 

18 

60 

Jannai  

87 

7 

184 

24 

8 

los 

Khtd      

14 

1 

90 

S6 

80 

Aland! 

ToUl    ... 

67 

SO 

168 

11 

187 

628 

8211 

1880 

18,846 

161 

eooi 

86,188 

Chapter  XI. 
iDstrnction' 


Education  in  Mardtha  times  was  carriod  on  by  means  of  indi- 
genous acbools,  the  only  trace  of  public  edacatiou  being  the  yearly 
dititribution  of  chanty  called  daksfiina  which  used  to  coat  about 
£50,000  {Rs.  5  liikhs)  a  year.  The  dakAhina  was  originally  started  at 
T^legaon  by  Khanderiv  BAbhAde  SenApati,  but  when  TriiubakrAv 
DabhAdo  was  in  17^0  killed  in  abattlefought  with  the  Peshwa  BAjirAv 
HftlUrs  troops,  the  Peshwa  to  couciliato  iho  people  transferred  the 
institution  to  Foona.  The  original  plan  was  to  give  prizes  to  learned 
BrAhmans,  but  the  institution  degeuerated  in  the  time  of  the  Ust 
Peehwa  (IV96-1S17)  into  a  mere  giving  of  alms,  and  handsome 
gums  were  given  to  all  BrAhman  claimants.^  In  1810  soon  after  the 
British  took  possession  of  Poona,  according  to  Mr.  Elphinstone,  there 
were  indigenous  Bchools  in  all  towua  and  iu  many  villages,  but 
reading  was    coniiued    to    Brahmans,     YAniSj    and  such,    o£  the 


I  In  1797  i^B  o«rttnion)r  of  distriltuting  tfao  dahiAina  was  witnaased  by  C>pt*m 
Moor  who  (Hindu  Fuitlt^on,  ^-TiS)  tins  It-It  the  fultowiug  ftccouot  of  tlic  iwDie  :  On 
the  umoal  ceremony  of  dulffiina  or  aiitiB-giviti^,  ^reat  huiii^  are  ^ivea  away  at 
PftTvmiL  It  wutili)  not  Iw  u-iirth  tliv  uaiits  for  tliu  niKjurily  to  cunii.-  (rom  coneidcrsble 
dlitancn,  but  u  k  gift  oi\  thii  <Uy  tells  tunfold  of  ui  onlituiry  aJma,  oth«r«  iu  w«ll 
•M  the  PeshvA  make  proBentd  to  Boni«  Hriliniiuis,  ■•  do  geneniiiit  fxiople  nn  the  mad 
to  and  from  this  ni«ntori«U8  |)ilgrimagc.  The  whole  month  (Shnipan)  is  indMd  very 
fit  for  the  bonclit  of  hovpitality  and  olmagiving,  ao  that  the  travelUn^Brithmiuui  are 
fed  ^]  the  way  to  Poona  ami  homn.  8omv  cumo  from  Surat,  Paiuiharpar,  and  other 
moni  dlitaat  place*,  and  it  ii  confidently  said  that  40.CX)0  have  been  known  to  awomblo 
oo  this  oocaaion  at  Pnrvatt.  It  ia  CDaUimory,  cm  a  few  preceding  daya,  for  the  Peahwa 
aiid  other  K'*^' i"^"  ^  ©nt«rtaiu  Bnllimaiisof  eniiueace  snd  toniak*;  them  preseiita, 
and  these  favoured  and  learned  persons  do  not  crowd  with  the  nrnb  to  Parvati.  The 
Pesfawa  givea  name  tifty.  aoniu  huudrrd,  and  vtou  ao  far  aa  a  thoiiMrid  rupCue 
according,  it  is  said,  to  their  nrtue  and  knowleilue  ;  bot  it  is  not  1ike>y  that  any 
eianiination  or  scrutiny  can  take  place  or  that  the  iiouuty  can  be  hestowcLl  oth«rwia« 
than  Viy  favour  and  interest,  teiiiiturcd  pt-rltaps  by  the  rvputntion  or  tho  appearaooe 
of  the  receiver.  Abont  Parv-ati  are  seme  enclosures.  One  Kqiiare  Held  has  a  high  wall 
about  it  with  four  eotranceii  through  double  KnteK.  It  ia  not  uaual  tor  any  hot 
BrAhmaoB  to  lie  admitted  im  tho  day  of  the  rfnjtuflina.  but  1  and  Captain  Gardener  l^ 
the  cxcrdsc  of  a  little  civility  were  let  in  but  not  uur  attendants  aa  ro  DrAhman  waa 
among  them.  At  three  of  the  four  rntmni'i-s  Brithman^  were  Admitted.  At  one  B»i9 
where  the  opcraiiun  of  weighing  and  moving  th«  moitcy  was  goiou  oo,  stood  a  cnul£-oa 
of  red  liqnid,  frxiin  whion  a  n).-iii  dipping  his  ham!  in  marked  warry  lAudtdate 
OOWHns  part  of  his  garment  or  in  deinuU  of  garment  on  his  akin  with  ita  eipanded 
impmaiot)  and  admitted  him.  Prom  aisto  ten  in  the  night  Bnihraaos  were  admitted 
in  the  6«ld  which  waa  called  ranuinti.  No  one  wax  excluded.  They  wore  kept 
in  the  field  until  all  wore  coUoctcd.  TTie  money  was  giren  at  the  time  of  quitting 
the  field.  It  waa  from  Hs.  3  to  Pa.  10,  caprice  or  pleasure  being  the  chief  guide. 
Que  of  thuajHiembled  RrAhmana  said  hn  would  get  five,  scruu,  or  ten  mpeea  and  tbmt 
it  all  was  fortune  or  fate.  The  arnuigemeut  at  the  gatea  wan  this,  the  Peihwa 
was  at  one  gkte,  and  ChimnAii  Apa  his  younger  brother,  Amrttr&v,  and  NAna  were 
at  the  other  thrvo  gatea.     In  all  about  Bs,  6  Uucht  wer«  given. 


agricultural  classes  as  ha<l  to  do  with  accounts.   Books  wero  BCMOe, 
and  tho  common  ones  probably  ill  chosen.^ 

The  abolition  of  the  dak$hina  would  have  been  estremely  nnpopular^ 
bat  the  snm  was  too  cnonnons  to  waste.  Mr.  Elphinstone  therefore 
did  away  with  all  but  tho  oiiginal  dtstribatiou  of  prizes,  which  cost, 
in  Itf  J9,  £5000  (Bs.  50,000).  This  expcudituro  was  kept  up,  but  most 
H  of  tho  prizes  instead  u£  being  uuuft;rrod  on  ptoUcients  in  Hindu 
V  divinity  were  recommended  by  Mr.  Elphinstone  to  be  allotted  to 
those   skilled    in   the    more    useful    branches     of    learning,    law, 

■  mathematics,  and  others,  and  to  a  certain  number  of  professors  kept 
to  teach  those  sciences,' 
In  1S21.  a  college  for  tho  enooursgemcnt  of  the  stndy  of  Sanskrit 
and  of  anciont  liiudn  literature  and  scionce  was  opened  at  Poena. 
The  college  begun  with  nearly  a  hundred  students,  and  was  main, 
tained   at   an   annual   cost   of   £1525    (lis.  15,250)  including  £120 
(lis.  120U)  salary  of  the  Principal  at  £10  (Rs.  100)  a  month,  £760 
(Ks.  7500)  salary  of  eighteen  Sh&stris  and  aasistants  at  £02  10«. 
(Rs.  625)  a  month,  £51(>(Rs. 5160)  stipends  of  eighty-six  scholars  at 
M.io«.  (Hs.  5)  each  a  month,  £106  (Rs.  I08O)  clerical  and  menial  estab- 
^Kliahmenb  and  contingencies,  £15  (Us.  150)  allowance  for  vyiinpuja 
Vor  teacher-worship,  £IO(Rs.lOO]  allowance  for  Ganpati,  and  £*j  (Ks.()0) 
f  allowance  for  the  DiviUi  festival.    The  college  was  however  not  at  first 
auccossful,  and  in  1823  the  Court  of  Directorssuggeated  that  it  should, 
be  closed.^     But  Mr.  Klpliinstone.  then   Governor  of  Bombay,  wua 
jetrongly  opposed  to  its  abolition.     He  maintained  that  the  iustitu* 
ition  had  been  founded  for  the  conciliation  of  a  largo  and  infiuentuU 
'section  of  the  people,  nnd  that,  when  once  the   college   had  becomo 
established  place  of  resort  for  Br&hmans,  it  would  be  easy  to 
botrodoce  such  gradual  improTemcnta  in  its  organization  as  would 
:o  the  institution  a  powerful  instrument  for  the  diffusion    of 
lowledgo  and  for  the  encouracemeut  of  the  learning  of  tho  country. 
In  deference  to  Mr.  Elphinstone  s  unrivalled  knowledge  of  the  temper 
uid  capacity  of  the  people  of  the  Deccan,  the  Court  of   Directors 
did  not  press  their  objection  to  the  continuance  of  the  college. 


Chapter  XI- 

Instruction - 

Scaoou. 


F    *  Mr.  RI|ihiiuU>ao  tbiui  wrot««t  the  time  ftboatthe  oponin^ufschooln:  Tun  aut  niro 

that  otir  eRtabliRhing  free  Hhoolji  iroald  ultor  this  itate  of  tlitiig*,  »nd  it  mijfht  creato 

a  mupicion  of  iomo  coooealod  dnien  ou  oar  purt.     It  n'ouM  be  mure  practicable  aud 

lore  uRuful  to  give  a  dlrectioa  to  toe  reading  of  thmo  wIid  tto  loam,  ol  wbicti  tho 

nfTordi  M>  ea«ily  Uie  meaiu.    Tbert  exiile  in  tlio  Uiuda  langua^«a  many  tolas 

ililM  ttist  (raald  ba  generalljr  read,  and  tbat  wouM  L-irciilatti  sound  morals. 

I  mu*t  Iw  ruli}^')U4  b<i<jk«  UiDdiiiK  mtiro  dirdctly  to  the  samo  end.     If  many  of 

_     rero  pmiti.'d  and  distnbutcd  c&caply  or  xriitititouflly  tho  offect  would   without 

ibt  be  gr«>it  and  beneticiat.     It  wuuld  howui'vr  bu  imliapciisiiblu  that  they   ahnuM 

purely  Hitidu.     Wc  might  silently  omit  nil  precepts  of  qacationablu  mornhty,  but 

lio  alight«<>t  inf»iir>n  -^f  rvrigioiin  neutrality  nvnld  tKTuro  tnu  fniluK  of  the  dcaigo. 

1  voaM  be  battier  t-^  cjiU  tlitiitrujuiliuua  uf  lliuIIinduB  t<)   our  aid  in  refnrmiiig    them 

td  txi  cimtrti)  Ihiur  vi>;4'4  )iy  the  ties  of  roligiuii  which  arv  atrongvr  than  th<MM;  of  law, 

maintaiaing  ajid  piintying  their  proaent  teuete  at  the  same  time  that  we  enlighten 

>  untlcrataudiog,   we  shall  bring   them  Dearer  to  that  standard  of  parfection  at 

all  concur  in  diwiring  thntthry  shiiald^rrivo  ;  whilv  any  attack  ou  their  faith,  if 

ful^  might  be  expected  in  theory  as  is  f»und  in  practice,  to  ahako  their  rcverenco 

retigiim  and  to  set  them   free  from  thiwe  tuvful   rufltminta   which  eveu  a 

Ipontitioua  doctrine  inipoMsa  On  tho  poaecseorv.     KIphiimtiinG'A  Report  (ISIO),  A3. 

*  Klphiustone'a  Report  0819).  &3. 

*  In  tbii  Ue%i>:ttch  the  Court  also  vetood  tho  proposal  of  the  Local  QoToromeDt  to 
loand  an  ArU  CoUc^  at  Bouihay. 

K       B  806-7 


m 


Ipter  ZI. 


oou. 


In  1826,  two  vernacular  scliools  were  opened  by  Government,  one 
each  at  PoonaaudritUvad.autl  by  1S47  their nnmbor  ro.He  topightoen. 
Of  the  eighteen  Government  vernacuiar  schoolf)  in  the  district  in  1S47 
three  were  in  Poona  and  one  each  at  Jnnnar,  S^vad,  Ind^piir, 
Talegaon,  Siipa,  Khcd,  Gule^  Chincbvad,  P*aad,  ChAs,  Sbiv&pur, 
Khede-Kadns,  Avsari,  Chakan,  and  Bdr^mati. 

In  1830^  the  East  Indians  of  Bombay  formed  themselves  into  an 
association  for  the  pnrpose  of  aidinj*  respectable  persons  of  their 
class  in  agricultural  and  other  pursuits,  and  a  grant  was  made  to 
thorn  of  a  palace  built  by  tbo  last  Peehwa  B&jir&v  at  Phulgnon  or 
Phulshohar  uu  the  banks  of  the  Bhima  with  forty-two  acres  of  land 
including  a  large  and  pruductive  fruit  garden.  This  place  was 
recommended  by  its  salubrity  and  by  its  vicinity  to  Poona  and 
to  the  great  road  from  Bombay  to  Ahmadnagar.  The  colony  con- 
Bisted  of  a  head  person  who  hud  the  powers  of  a  village  magistratoj 
a  schoolmaster,  a  schaolmistresa,  a  doctor,  and  ten  or  twelve 
gppronticDs.  The  colony  made  much  pr>-igre9s  within  twelve  months. 
Tbo  association^  with  the  help  of  a  donation  from  Government  of 
about  £30  (Rs.  SOO),  put  the  palace  into  oxcollont  order.  There  was 
a  small  library  of  useful  works,  with  a  turning  machine  and  a 
lithographic  press.  The  boys  were  well  clothed  and  fed  aud  their 
whole  expt'use  was  not  above  16».  (Ks.  8}  each  a  month.  They  rose 
at  daylight  and  worked  in  the  garden  tilt  half-past  seven  when 
they  returned  to  breakfast,  after  which  they  attended  Bclinol 
till  dinner  time  and  learnt  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic.  After 
dinner  some  of  the  bc^t  instructed  aided  at  a  lithographic  press, 
whilst  others  tomod  articles  of  furniture.  Great  attention  was  paid 
to  religious  and  moral  teaching.  Tbo  establishment  was  placed 
under  the  Collector  of  the  district.  Somo  rooms  of  the  palace  were 
znadc  the  office  of  the  deputy  surveyor  general  whoso  draftsmen 
were  East  Indians.  They  settled  at  tho  placo  with  their  families. 
Maps  aud  papers  woi-o  copied  and  lithographed  under  the  immediate 
supcriuteudeuce  of  the  deputy  surveyor  general.  The  children  of 
the,  village  which  daily  increased  in  inhabitants  were  benefited  by 
the  instruction  which  was  given  freely.  Much  of  the  rapid  advance 
of  tho  institution  was  owing  to  T^fr.  Simdt  who  was  its  head,  and 
the  aid  ho  received  from  others  particularly  Mr.  Wobb,  the  principal 
draftsman  of  the  deputy  surveyor  gonoral's  office.* 

Mr.  Jacquemont  who  was  in  Poona  in  1832  has  left  the  following 
account  of  Poona  schools :  Mr.  Elphinstone  was  keen  to  encourage 
education.  In  several  of  the  chief  cities  he  founded  schools  to  toach 
English,  drawiug,  geometry,  and  algobi-a.  One  of  the  best  was  under 
Mr.  Jervis at  Poona.  There  were  l50  scholars  from  6ftocnto  twenty 
years  of  age.  ^me  learnt  Knglish,  others  mathematica,  carpentry, 
making  plans,  and  surveying.  They  had  supplied  engineers.  But 
tbe  Government  was  the  only  employer.  Their  algebra  and  geometry 
was  no  help  to  the  others  in  baming  a  livelihood.     One  of  tho 


I 


VJt 

■  th 

Hfii: 

Km 


Be 


'bea6  a  Portaguese  by  birth  was  Anxious  to  be  Jacqaemont'a  Bcrrant. 
Both  masters  and  pupils  were  paid,  tbo  pupils  10s.  (Us.  o)  a  month. 
It  was  crnel  to  give  poor  children  a  higb  tminiug,  pay  them  to  loarn, 
and  then  to  leave  them  without  work.  Government  forced  by 
humanity  as  well  aa  economy  was  busy  cutting  down  if  not  stopping 
the  scbool.' 

In  1834,  the  Poona  Sanskrit  College  was  remodelled,  and  from 
1837  when  Captain  Candy  was  appointed  its  Superintendent^  it 
began  to  make  steady  progrees.  Sir  Robert  Grant,  the  Governor 
oi  Bombay,  t<iok  a  warm  interest  in  the  college.  At  his  instance  the 
Board  of  Education  established  a  medical  class,  and  directod  that 
the  students  should  combine  the  study  of  Eurupean  medical  works 
with  the  study  of  the  useful  portion  of  their  own  Sanskrit  trcatisoa. 
A  Bi-dhman  in  Poona  of  great  repute  for  his  Rkilt  in  surgical 
operations  and  for  his  knowledge  of  the  Sanskrit  treatises  on 
medicines  was  appointed  to  the  college  staff.  Sir  Robert  Grant 
also  cansed  a  vernacular  department  to  bo  added  to  the  college  in 
1837. 

In  1842,  there  were  161  indigenous  schools  with  an  attendance  of 
3C37  pupils  iu  the  district.  Of  these,  twelve  schools  with  au  atteud- 
ance  of  199  pupils  were  in  Bhimthadi,  fifty-nine  schools  with  an 
attendanceof  1349  pupils  were  in  Haveli,  fifteen  schools  with  an 
attendance  of  212  pupils  were  in  IndApur,  twelve  schools  with  an 
attendanceof  363  pupils  were  in  Khed.six  schools  with  an  attendance 
of  ninety-fivo  pupils  were  in  M Aval,  fourteen  schools  with  an  attend- 
ance of  296  pupils  were  in  Pabal,  twenty-soven  schools  with  4P8 
pupils  were  in  Puraudhar,  and  sixteen  schools  with  ^2!j  pupils  wero 
in  Shivner.  The  establishment  of  Government  schools  hjid  the  effect 
of  lessening  the  numlier  of  the  indigenous  schools  in  the  district 
except  in  Haveli  where  there  was  a  slight  increase.  In  1B47  there 
were  147  indigvsnons  schools  with  an  attendance  of  3115  pupils.  Of 
those  six  were  in  Bhimthadi,  80vcnty-6ve  in  Baveli, eight  in  Inddpur, 
sixteen  in  Khed,  nineteen  in   PAbal,  fonr  in  Puraiidhar,  eight  in 

Aval,  and  oiovcu  in  Shivner.  The  system  pnrsued  in  Govomnent 
schools  was  superior  to  that  pursued  in  indigenous  schools.^ 

In  1S51-52,  the  sopn.raio  English  and  Vernacular  Normal  schools 
already  established  at  Poona  wero  amalgamated  with  the  Sanskrit 
and  Vernacular  College  and  thus  waa  laid  tho  foundation  of  tho 
present  Arts  College  in  Poena  which  arose  in  1857  and  waa 
Affiliated  with  the  Bombay  Uuivoreity  io  18t)0. 

In  1854,  at  the  suggestion  of  Lieu  tenant- Colonel  Walter  Scott, 
Bombay  Bngineers,  a  school  was  established  in  Poona  for  the  purpose 
of  educating  subordinates  of  the   Public  Works  Department.     Out 

it  arose  in  18G5  the  Engineering  College  or  the  College  of  Science 
BS  it  was  afterwards  called  in  188U.  In  1855-56  there  were  ninety- 
five  Government  schools,  ninety-four  of  them  vernacular  including 
one  for  girls,  and  one  High  school,  «vith  4200  names  on  the  rolls  and 


QiApterXI' 

InitmctioiL. 

Schools, 


>  Jaoquemoat'syoyftgMfHI.dei.  ■Bom.  Kev.Bec  83of  IMDj  194-1S5. 


mt^ 


'Chapter  XI- 
Instmction- 

SCKOOU. 


Surr. 


Coot. 


ImWlDCITOlf. 


|p 


Reatikili  AVD 

WSITEM. 


rBombay  Oste 


DISTRICTS. 


an  Avcrogo  attendance  of  2831  papils.  In  1857,8  Tcraacnlar  collef^* 
fur  trainiD"^  tcacbers  for  the  use  of  the  vermicular  schools  m  tlio 
preBiduncy  wa3  establiBhed  at  Poona.  In  1865-G6  thero  wore  uiuctj- 
six  achooU  with  5-l>7S  names  on  the  rolls  and  an  avumge  atteuduuco 
of  451 1  pupils.  Hig-hty- three  of  these  schools  were  vomuciilar,  eleven 
anelo-vornacnlar,  one  a  high  school,  and  one  a  training  college.  In 
18/0  a  vernacular  college  for  trainine  female  teachers  was  eBtablished 
at  Poona.  In  1878  a  medical  school  was  opened  in  connection 
with  the  Sassooo  Hospital  through  tlio  generosity  of  Mr  Bairamji 
Jijibhai  of  Bombay,  lu  1882-83  thero  woro  266  Government 
Kchuols  or  on  an  average  one  school  for  every  four  inhabited  villages, 
alienated  as  well  as  (lovornment,  with  17,79-i  names  on  the  rolls. 
Of  the  1882-83  schools  ten  were  girls  schools  with  522  names 
on  the  rolls  and  an  average  attendance  of  335.  Lately  a  scheme  to 
establish  a  High  School  in  Poona  for  the  use  of  native  ladies  has, 
throngh  the  benevolence  of  Sir  William  Wedderbnm,  Bart.,  District 
Jndge  of  Poona,  been  brought  to  perfection  and  sanctioned  by 
Govoi*ument.  The  school  was  opened  on  the  last  Dasara  holiday 
(29th  September  1884)  by  Sir  James Fergusson,  Governor  of  Bombay, 
who  has  warmly  supported  the  institution. 

In  1882-83,  under  the  Director  of  Public  Instruction  and  tho 
Educational  Insp^tor  Central  Division,  the  education  of  the 
district,  exclusive  of  the  Deccan  and  Science  Colleges,  was  condacted 
by  a  local  staff  484  strong.  Of  these  one  waa  a  deputy  educational 
inspector  with  general  eliargo  over  all  the  schooU  of  the  district 
except  the  high  school,  drawing  a  yearly  saiaj-y  of  £240  (Rs.  2-iOO), 
one  an  assistant  deputy  educational  inspector  drawing  a  yearly  ealary 
of  £120  (Its. 1200),  and  the  rest  were  masters  and  assistant  masters 
with  yearly  salaries  ranging  from  JE3  12tf.  to  £000  (Rs.  3G-6000). 

Excluding    superintendence    charges,    the  total  expenditure  on 
account  of  these  266  schools  amounted  to  £10,897  16«.  (Rs.  1.08^978) 
of  which  £4D39  16».  (Rs.  49,398)  were  paid  by  Government  am 
£5958  (Rs.  59,580)  from  local  and  other  funds. 

Of  266  the  total  number  of  Government  schools,  in  254  Mar^thi 
only  was  taught,  in  two  Ilindust^ini  (Urdu)  only,  in  six  English  aud 
Mardthi,  in  one  Marfithi  aud  Sanskrit,  in  one  MardthJ  oud  Huidusttiui 

iUrdu),  in  one  English  Gujar^ti  aud  Hindustani,  aud   one   was   a 
lighSchool  teaching  Bpglish  and  three  classical  languages  (Sunskrit 
Persian  and  I^atin)  up  to  the  standard  required  to  pass  the  Univer- 
sity entrance  test  examination.      Of  the  254  MarAthi  schools  24^     , 
were  for  boys  and  10  for  girls.  fl 

Tho  1881  consuB  returns  give  for  the  chief  races  of  the  district 
the  following  proportion  of  persons  able  to  read  and  write  :  Of 
846,784  the  total  Hindu  population  1 1 .790  (males  11,594,  females  196) 
or  1'39  per  cent  below  lifteeu  and  3075  (males  3651,  females  24)  or 
0*36  per  cent  above  fifteen  were  under  instruction  ;  977  (males  928, 
females  49)  or  Oil  per  cent  belojv  fifteen  and  31,054  (males  30,800, 
females  254)  or  3"66  per  cent  above  6fteen  were  instructed  ;  320^993 
(maloa  159,960,  females  161,033)  or  97*80  per  cent  below  fif  toon  an^ 


DeeoanO 


POONA. 


53 


479,786  (males  221,064,  females  268,731)  or  5665  per  cent  above 
fifteen  were  illiterate.  Of  4-2,036  the  total Masalmdn  population,  1188 
(males  1111,  females  77)  or  2*82  per  cent  below  fifteen  and  266  (males 
262,  females  4)  or  0*63  per  cent  above  fifteen  were  under  instraction ; 
100  (males  90,  females  10)  or  0*23  per  cent  below  fifteen  and  2249 
(males  2181,  females  68)  or  5*55  per  cent  above  fifteen  were  instmct- 
ed ;  14,833  (males  7086,  females  7747)  or  35-28  per  cent  below  fifteen 
and  23,400  (males  10,501,  females  12,899)  or  56-66  per  rent  above 
fifteen  were  illiterate.  Of  9506  Christiana,  1194  (males  618,  females 
676)  or  12-56  per  cent  below  fifteen  and  907  (males  836,  females  71) 
or  9-54  per  cent  above  fifteen  were  nnder  instraction;  93  (males  47, 
females  46)  or  097  per  cent  below  fifteen  and  3768  (males  2770, 
females  998)  or  39*66  per  cent  above  fifteen  were  instrncted ;  and 
1458  (males  6d3,  females  766)  or  15-28  per  cent  below  fifteen  and 
2086  (males  1158,  females  928)  or  21-95  per  cent  above  fifteen  were 
aiiterate  :  p,^  Education,  1881. 


Aei. 

HUDDB. 

MUIAUU'III. 

CHKimAVfl.          1 

Ualw. 

FwuJm. 

Italea. 

FMtulec 

Halo. 

Fenuklet. 

Under  InttruMoK. 
Below  FUtMD 
AbOT«  Flftoeo 

ItuHnteUd. 
Below  Fifteen      ... 
Above  FlftoMi     ... 

Below  Fifteen      ... 
AtM>*e  nttMn 

ToUl    ... 

11,tM 
1661 

BS8 

80300 

iM,om 

SU,064 

IM 
U 

«9 
IM 

161,088 
108,711 

IIU 
Ml 

M 

8181 

7086 
10,601 

• 

10 
68 

7T47 
U.80S 

«1B 
8S6 

47 
8770 

1168 

678 
71 

46 
908 

768 

8n 

488.407 

480,887 

81.881 

80,806 

613] 

8876 

The  following;  statement  shows  that  of  the  two  chief  classes  of  the 
people  the  Hindus  had  the  larger  proportion  of  their  boys  and 
girb  nnder  instruction  both  in  1855-56  and  1882-83  : 

PupOa  hy  Baee,  185S-S6  and  188t-8S. 


Km. 

186MA. 

• 
18884S. 

Paplli. 

Peioentav"- 

PupUt. 

Percentage. 

Bobool-mdnK 
Population. 

Peicentage. 

Blndnt       

HonlminB 

Total    ... 

4084' 
182 

06-87 
4-88 

16,801 
1078 

88-48 

6-68 

H7,73S 
10,777 

7-06 
8-H 

4806 

lfl,4S8 

SS8,60B 

7-» 

The  following  tables  prepared  from  special  returns  furnished  by 
the  Educational  Department  show  in  detail  the  number  of  schoola 
and  pupils  with  their  cost  to  Government : 


Chapter  ZI. 

Instruction* 

Bkadbbb  aud 
Wbitbbb. 

1881. 


FUFIU  BT  RACB, 

t85S-S6amd 
188t-8S, 


School  Rvrnnire 
1866't88S. 


[Bombay  Ckuettear. 


ChMigUr  XI. 

Initmction. 

i^HOOL  BrrtraitR. 
1866-2883, 


&4 


DISTRICTS. 

Poona  8<Aoot  Setvnu,  186S-6S,  1866-66,  and  188S-8S. 


CUlU. 

PD?n* 

HiDduB. 

UuBafan&ni. 

I86M0. 

18U-M. 

IS82-8S. 

18BA-fi8. 

iao&4«. 

1882-68. 

isce-ee. 

1866-66. 

1883-83. 

Hl|^  Sdiool 

Anglo-rernMoUr    ... 

TemkcaUr     

Tnlnlug  Sohool>     ... 

Tbtal    ... 

1 

H 

1 
11 

ss 

1 

« 
see 

% 

4M4 

817 

1870 

8384 

M 

BBS 
6M 

14,087 
UO 

i'si 

"as 

189 

16 

66 

900 

11 

es 

M 

sw 

WM 

fUSb 

U,S61 

183 

sn 

1072 

*  One  of  tlMM  li »  Drawing  dtw  ■tUehed  to  tha  High  BohooL 


Cum. 

Pdpiu — eofUin*  ed. 

AVBKAOX  DAII.T 

Ptnta. 

TOUl. 

ATTBin>AIiaM.t 

18B6-H. 

180646. 

USUI. 

18Gb-06. 

lM6-a8. 

I882-8S. 

1866-56. 

1 865-60. 

1882-83. 

HlgtaSobooI 

Anglo-Temacidu     . , . 

VenwotiUr     

Tninlag  Bohooli     ... 

Totel    ... 

"! 

M 
100 

16B 
8«S 

1 

4M6 

S48 

1S08 

6676 

M 

758 

1488 

15,406 

1T8 

.» 

... 

jse 

1801 

4»6 

5418 

17,764 

... 

t  Dat^lod  flgtirei  an  not  ftvaUkble. 


OUM. 

BioKpn. 

Goranunent. 

Loc»lCeaa. 

U6Mft 

1866-06. 

USMS. 

1865-66. 

186540. 

U8S-8I. 

1865-66. 

1805-06. 

1803-83. 

Oovemaunt, 

High  School 

An^Io-venMoalEr    ... 

Tematnl&r     

TnlalDg  School! 

Total   - 

MtolW 

KtoSd. 

UtolOf, 

e(ito4A 

M.to94. 

IMS 

« 

U67 

076 

1500 

1087 

« 

1018 
lUO 
1860 
SMI 

« 

"i 

S7 

8860 
728 

... 

... 

... 

1068 

469» 

08t6 

>0 

307S 

ouao. 

MouldiMUUe*. 

Priralft 

Feei. 

1655-50. 

1865-06. 

188848. 

1866-60. 

1805-06. 

1888-88. 

1866-S6. 

186500. 

18824& 

OMarfMMnt. 

HlfthBdiotd 

Anglo-TerBHolu     ... 

TeniMiular     

Tnining  Bohooli     ... 

Total    ... 

M 

A 

"oo 

M 

17 

« 

S« 

1180 
070 
110 

« 

£ 

551 
448 

510 

£ 

1710 
SSSl 
1181 

... 

160 

R 

IT 

3864 

... 

1600 

'63S8 

I 


I 


Decoui] 


POONA. 

Poona  School  RetnniM,  ISSS-SG,  tSGS-^,  a»d  ISSSSS—caaWanbA, 


Ot.UB. 

RKvm— wn/<'n«x^. 

ExmnnrCKi. 

TouL 

InaftMUcm  Mid  ImdmcUoo. 

BulldlBKa- 

U»&& 

ISdO^O. 

ust«. 

I8U-H. 

18M-44. 

laas-ss. 

i8S6-ee. 

lWS-44. 

ll»4S. 

GovfriMMia. 
mill  tidtool   .. 

ka%to  Tcruncutar    ... 
VwiiMmlKr 

ToM    ... 

e 

liao 

1818 

31SN 
1IW7 

c 

4<S3 

ai«i 

C 

uan 

lora 

S34 

< 
Btav 

Ma 

IIH 

* 

10 

an 

"tr 

1130 

8161 

ll.Mft 

1X17 

Mxa 

ltt,473 

.™ 

KM 

S8» 

CUM. 

KXPU  MTL- 1  %—eomin  Uftt. 

Oon  to 

Selm1«nhi|<s. 

Total. 

OoTcrnment 

I4&M9. 

1883.83. 

Ift^t-W. 

L8»^l«. 

isaMS. 

U6S-6e. 

i8e6-<0. 

isin-si. 

BJfh  SclMwl 

Aii)[1o\sraacul«r     ... 
Vamoffiikr      .  .         „. 
IMnlng  Soboola     ... 

TMftI    .. 

< 

n 

icrs 

< 
IW 

< 
ifir 

IMS 

Ilia 
nor 

4008 
MO 

18,000 

< 
IM 

e 

IttO 

1«49 
IWT 

e 
ists 

ItlO 
IMS 

... 

Mi 

i«n 

1117 

laT 

UU 

4St3 

wie 

Cum. 

Out  TO—eiMtt(nu44. 

LocftlCaM. 

Utiter  Tundf, 

ToUL 

IStMB. 

i»5-«e. 

ust-as. 

18UM. 

isaua. 

IWfrM. 

iaB«-«i. 

iBss-ai. 

Uifh  Sohoota...       ... 

Aafk^vtraunkr    ... 
VMOMnakr    ...       .. 

tnteUiff  Scfaooh     .. 

Totil     ., 

S 

"i 

lUO 
738 

« 

4» 
4B8 
4S8 

SO 

III 

inr 

X 

l«S8 
11» 

UOT 

< 

4008 
MR 
SBB6 

3d 

5078 

to 

i3ia 

S3«fi 

ifl; 

6fil>7 

IS.OM 

A  comparison  of  the  present  (1882-63)  provision  for  tcacbing 
the  town  and  Iho  country  population  gives  the  following  results  : 

In  tlie  towu  of  Poona  tliere  were  twenty-four  Government  schools 
with  3437  names  and  an  average  attendance  of  aboat  2955  pd|)ila. 
Of  theae  Bcboolfi  one  was  a  Iligh  School,  seventeen  wore  Mai-alhi 
Bchools  eleven  for  boys  and  six  for  girls,  one  was  an  Drdn  school, 
two  were  Anglo- Vernacular  seboolfl,  one  was  a  Drawing  Class  attached 
to  the  High  School,  and  two  wero  Training  Schools  or  Colleges. 
The  average  yearly  coat  for  each  pupil  in  tho  High  School  was 
£6  3#.  &d.  (Rs.  (>1  J) ;  in  other  schools  the  cost  varied  from  £21  1«. 
3c(.  to  10».  2d.  {Rs.  210^  to  Ra.  S,*^).  Since  1870.  332  or  an 
average  of  twcnty-fonr  paptls  a  year  haro  passed  the  matriculation 
examination  from  tho  High  School.' 

Of  the  two  training  schools  one  is  intended  for  maloa  and  the 
other  for  females.     Tho  one  for  nmleH,  which  was  eatablished  in 


1  TliB  detoUa  art  :  1670,  eleven  ;  1871.  foorieen  ;  1872.  twooty-firo  ;  187S,  twenty- 
Dioc  1874,  ciuhiecii  t  1875.  twenty -nine ;  1876,  twelve  ;  1877,  twenty  ;  1878,  twenty 
one;  1879,  thSty  J  IBSU,  twenty  oiglit  i  1881,  twettty-three  f  1682,  thirty-fiTo;  L8b3» 
ILirty-Mven. 


Chapter  ZI. 
lOBtmction. 

SoauoL  RcrDltini 


Town  Sphools. 
Poona>. 


IlivhSc 


Tramntjf  < 


IBombay  Qaidttee: 


DISTRICTS. 


i^ 


Chftpkr  XL 
InBtruction- 


I 


Poooft. 
SehooU. 


(com  Cotteyc 


1857,  is  situated  in  Patrardhaa's  V4(Ia  in  SarUshiv  Poth.  It 
maintiiinud  for  the  inHtmction  of  Tomacular  mngters  and  a^iiistanfc 
masters  inthe  profession  of  teachiug.  Admiaaion  of  students  depends 
npon  their  rank  in  the  resnlta  of  tho  Sixth  Standard  Public  Sorvioe 
examinations  hold  dnring  the  prcvions  eighteen  months.  Subsistence 
allowance  varying  from  12«.  to  IGa.  (Kb. 6 -8)  is  granted  to  a  certain 
number  of  studeuta  and  a  certain  number  of  free  studenta  aro 
also  admitted.  No  student  Ib  passed  for  a  maBtcnihip  or  asBistasi 
mastership  worth  from  £.1  to  £2  Ida.  (Ra.  10  -  25)  unless  he  has  been 
at  least  two  years  in  the  Rchool  and  undergone  the  prescribed  test. 
In  1882-83  there  were  127  pupils  and  the  total  cost  amounted  to 
£1984  14«.  {lU.  19,847)  or  about  £18  (R«.  180)  a  pupil.  A  boarding 
honse  is  attached  to  tho  Bchool,  wliich  is  situated  in  Pethe'a  VAda  in 
Kasha  Poth.  'I'hc  tnuning  school  for  females  which  was  established  ia 
1870  ia  situated  in  Abhyauker's  V^da  iu  Shuknwtir  Poth.  Snbsistenco 
allowance  varying  from  10«.  to  169.  (Rs.6-8)  is  granted  to  a  certain 
number  of  students  and  a  certain  number  of  free  students  are  also 
admitted.  Passed  students  are  guaranteed  employment  by  tho 
Educational  Department  in  the  town  or  village  where  theirhuabanda 
or  other  male  guardians  are  employed  as  schoolmasters.  In 
1882-83  there  were  forty-six  pnpils  and  tho  total  cost  amounted  to 
£950  (Ba.  9500)  or  £30  {Kg.  300)  a  pupil. 

Besides  these  schools  there  are  two  colleges  in  Poena,  the  Deccan 
Arts  College  and  the  College  of  Science.  The  Deccan  College  as 
before  stated  owes  its  rise  to  the  old  Sanskrit  College  established 
in  Poena  in  1821.  In  1837  some  branches  of  Hindu  learning  were 
dropped,  the  study  of  the  vernacular  and  of  Kngliah  was 
introduced,  and  the  college  was  opened  to  all  classes,  and  after 
having  been  amalgamated  with  the  Knglish  school  in  1 8f>  1 
it  arose  in  its  present  form  in  1857  by  a  separation  of  the 
college  division  from  the  school  division.  From  a  portion  of  the 
Daksnina  Fund,  Dakshina  Kellowships  have  boon  founded  of 
which  four  fellowships,  one  senior  of  £10  (Rs.  100)  a  mouth  and 
throe  junior  of  £7  10*.  (Rs.  75)  each  are  attached  to  this  college. 
In  1663  Sir  Jamsotji  Jijibhdi,  Bart.,  offered  to  Government  £10,OuO 
(Bs.  1  Idl-h)  to  provide  suitable  buildings  for  the  college.  In 
1868  the  buildings  were  occupied  and  the  college  was  named  the 
Deccan  College.  The  college  is  Rndowed  by  Government  with  ton 
senior  scholarships, tbreeof  tho  value  of  £2  (Rs.  20)  and  seven  of  the 
value  of  £1  I0«.  (Rs.  15)  a  month,  and  eleven  junior  scholarships  of 
the  value  of  £1  (Rs-lO)  all  tenable  for  one  year.  Of  private  endow- 
ments there  are  two  scholarships  of  8*.  (Rs.4)  each,  one  for  Mar&thi 
and  one  for  Sanskrit.  These  were  fonnded  in  1857  in  the  name  of 
the  late  Major  Candy  the  Principal  of  the  college.  In  1877  to 
porpotnate  tlie  memory  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Ilavolocfc,  0.  S.,  some  time 
Kovenae  Commissioner  Southern  Division,  a  prize  of  the  value  of  £8 
(Re.  80)  to  bo  awarded  yearly  was  established  by  members  of  the 
Bombay  Civil  Sor\'ice.  In  1879  another  yearly  prize  of  £4  (Ra.  40) 
was  established  by  Mr.  V  isbnn  Mo'rcshvar  Mahajnui,  M.A.,  some  time 
a  student  and  fellow  of  tho  college.  Tho  college  staff  consists 
of  the  Principal  who  is  also  a  professor  of  English,  drawing  a 
montUly  salary  of  £125  (Ra.  1250)  and  tliree  professors,  of  logic 


Bacciu  I 


POONA. 


I 


I 


and  moral  philoaophvi  mnthematics,  and  oriuatal  languages, 
each  drawing  from  £50  to  £100  (Rs.  500- l(K)O),  an  assistant 
professor  of  oriental  langaages  drawinpf  £25  (Rs,  250),  a  lecturer  on 
physics  drawing  £13  (Rs.  130),  two  8/i<f*(r/ji  or  Sanskrit  teachers  one 
drawing  £7  10*.  (tta.  75)  and  the  other  £5  lOj.  (Rs.  55),  and  four 
Oakehinafullo^a  drawing  in  the  ag^rregate  £32  lOs.  (Ks.  325).  The 
uuuber  of  pupils  in  185IS-09  when  the  college  was  separated  from 
tbd  English  school  was  forty-ttro,  and  it  gradually  rose  to  107  in 
1874-76,  fell  in  1377-78  to  sorenty-onej  and  again  rose  to  150  in 
1882-83.  The  college  foe  ia  10».  (Ks.  5)ft  month,and  in  1882-H3  the 
recoipta  araoantiad  to  £724  6«.  (Rs.  7243)aud  the  charges  to £5)17  8«. 
(Rs.  51,174)  or  a  cost  of  £3t  2e.  (Rs.311)  for  each  pupil.  In  the 
same  year  of  thirty-four  students  snrcnteeu  were  auccessful  in  the 
nniversity  examinations. 

The  College  of  Soioace  arose  out  of  a  school  established  in  Poena 
in  1854  by  (iorornment  at  the  suggestion  of  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Walter  Scott,  Bombay  Kuginoors,  for  the  purpose  of  educating  subor- 
dinates of  the  Public  Wnrks  Departnieiit,  Toa^tsist  in  providing  a  new 
pipfession  for  his  fellow-countrymen,  KAvasji  Jahtingirji  Ready- 
mont^,  Esquire,  presented  to  Government  a  sum  of  £5000 
(Rs.  50,000)  towards  the  erection  of  a  suitable  building  for  that 
purpose  in  July  1803.  The  foundation  stone  of  the  new  college  was 
laid  by  His  Kxcelleucy"  Sir  Bartle  Frere  on  the  5th  of  August  1865, 
and  the  butldio'f  was  cnmplHted  in  the  latter  jmrfc  of  the  year  18CS. 

lu  18G5  tho  Poona  Engineering  School  was  alKliutod  to  the  Bom- 
bay University  and  thus  beoamo  one  of  its  colleges.  The  college 
is  nniler  the  KLltiattional  Department,  and  tho  college  business  is 
conducted  by  a  staff  cousisting  of  tho  principal,  three  professors 
drawiug  from  £50  to  £100  (Rs.  500  •  1000),  one  agricultural 
instructor,  one  superintendent  of  workshops,  two  lecturers  one  on 
bntauy  and  tho  other  on  veterinary,  one  drawing-master,  and  five 
other  teachers,  tho  total  cost  to  Government  being  £550  16*. 
(Rs.5508)  ft  month. 

The  college  commenood  with  fourteen  pupils  in  1855,  and  faring 
the  sevwn  years  ending  I8GI  the  number  varied  between  seven  in 
1858  and  twenty-two  in  1856  and  avemgod  thirteen.  During  the 
the  next  nine  years  (1802  -  1870)  the  number  varied  between  thirty- 
four  in  1802  and  ninety -two  in  18fif)-70,  and  averaged  sixty-throe. 
In  1871  it  increased  to  136  and  fell  to  113in  1873.  During  the  next 
ten  years  M874  - 1883)  the  number  varied  between  l5l  in  1883  and 
210  in  1879  and  averaged  IH. 

In  18(J8  only  cue  candidate  for  the  first  time  got  the  degree  of 
Civil  Kugtueoring,  and  since  that  date  the  degree  has  been  obtained 
by  142  candidates.  The  students  of  the  college  are  arranged  in 
four  departments:  First,  matriculated  students  are  cducnted  through 
the  Knglish  language  for  university  degrees  in  Civil  Kngiueering, 
GovernmeDt  gnnmnteoing  one  appointment  eveir  year  as  aaaiatanfc 
engineor  third  grade  in  tho  eugiueering  branch  of  the  Public  Works 
Dopartineut  to  that  student  who  shall  obtain  the  first  place  in  the 
first  clnss  at  the  university  examination  for  the  degree  of  L.C.B. 
To  the  next  three  in  order  Oovemraent  also  otfor  appointments  in 
the  subordinate  branch  of  the  Public  Works  Department.  Second, 
n  8«6-.s 


Chapter  XI. 

Instroctioa. 

TovM  Scnoou 


S<itite<Cot^ 


(Bombay  Oaxettevr. 


kpter  ZI. 
tructioQ. 
Ucuoou. 

oana. 
re  College. 


•ivatv  Sthool: 


£8 


DI3TRICT& 


mntriculated  aindontfl  yrho  ptndy  scientilic  ngricaltare  in  the  collegd 
and  oti  the  farm  aHached  to  it,  on  passing-  the  tiiial  exaniiiiRtiun, 
obtain  cerlificntes  of  qniiiifirntion  from  the  college.  CaiiJidatos 
who  p«es  the  final  cxaniiiiation  of  the  Bj^riciiUnral  cla^s  have  a 
prefeit-ntial  claim  for  sitnatious  in  the  Revcnoo  Department  up  to 
£3  (Ka.  3U)  over  candidates  in  or  out  of  lUe  service  who  have 
merely  mntriculated.  Candldate»  who  pass  the  tinal  examinatioa 
of  the  high  school  HgricuItnrcc1assf>A  are  admitted  t-o  the  collejfe  as 
ag:nculrnral  appi-enticeK.  They  are  allowed  the  full  privileges 
enjoyed  by  the  coUppe  class  after  passing  the  matriculation  examina- 
tion. Third,  matriculated  students  who  enter  the  forest  class  of  the 
oollep^e  hare  six  Hppdititments  guaranteed  annually  to  them  by  tho 
Bombay  Forest  Departtnent.  Fonrth,  apprentices  who  prosecute 
their  studies  in  the  colle^  wnrkshopH  are  given  practical  instrac- 
tion  in  the  nae  of  machinery.  To  the  apprentices  who  pass  the 
final  examination  of  ihis  department  three  appointments  as  sub- 
overseers  are  annually  pmratiteed  by  the  l*ublic  Works  Depart- 
ment ill  the  Bombay  Tresidt'iicy.  Uesides  the  Frere  scholar- 
ship of  tbo  value  of  £2  lOs.  (Ks.  25)  a  mouth,  thirty-fonr  yearly 
schularships  of  the  vnlue  of  frc)m  6ir.  to  £1  10s.  (Rs.  3  -  15)  a  mouta 
are  attached  to  the  engineering  department,  nineteen  scholarsbips 
of  the  value  of  10«,  to  ill  4<.  (Rs.  5  - 12)  a  month  are  attached  to 
the  agricultural  department,  and  twelve  scholarships  of  the  valne 
of  14*.  to  18«.  (Rs.  7-9)  are  attached  to  the  forest  department  of 
the  college. 

During  the  five  rears  ending  1882-83  the  receipts  amonnted  to 
12SII7  6*.  (Rs.  2«,073)  and  the  charges  to  £33,3-iti  Ga.  (Ra.  3,33,463), 
tiie  cost  per  pupil  being  £32  l4ri.  (Rs.  327). 

In  addition  to  the  Government  schools,  there  were  in  1882-R3 
forty-five  private  schools  in  the  town  of  Poona,  with,  out  of  28C8 
names  on  the  rolls,  an  average  attendance  of  2299  pupils. 

The  following  are  the  available  details  about  somo  of  theao 
schools:  Tbo  Bishop's  High  School  was  established  in  ISGl.  In 
18fl2-^3  it  was  in  an  efficient  state  having  passed  five  candidates  in 
the  matricnUtion  examination  and  having  1 10  names  on  the  rolls 
and  an  averftgeattondance<»f  ninety-eight.  The  school-feewas  lOs. 
(Rs.  5)  and  the  cost  per  pupil  about  £ti  (Hs.  SO).  The  St.  Vincent 
Roman  Catholic  High  School  teaching  only  up  to  the  fifth  anglo- 
voniiicular  standard  was  established  in  18G7.  In  1882-83  it  wa.s  in 
an  cflicicnt  state  having  210  names  on  the  rolls  and  nn  average 
attendance  of  170.  The  school-fee  varied  fi-ora  lit.  to  lOjt.  (Rs.  ^-5) 
and  the  cost  per  pupil  amounted  to  about  £2  lOa.  (Ks.  2o).  The 
Free  Church  Slission  Institution  was  established  in  1806.  In  1982-83 
it  was  in  an  etKcietit  state  having  passed  four  candidutos  in  the 
matriculatiou  examination  and  having  170  names  on  the  rolU  and 
an  average  attendance  of  U>8.  The  school-fee  varied  from  U.  GiL 
to  2s.  (Re.  f  -  1)  Aud  the  cost  per-pupil  amounted  to  about  £3  lOa. 
(Rs.  35).  The  Poona  Native  Institution  was  established  in  I8IjG. 
In  1882-33  it  was  in  an  efficient  stale  having  pa<;sed  three  CJ^ndidates 
in  the  matnculation  examination  and  having  199  names  on  the  rollo 
and  an  average  attendance  of  155.     The  cost  per  pupil  amounted  to 


I 


i 


i 


I 


£2  10<.  (lla.25).  Tho  Pensioners'  Mi<ldle  Class  Bchool  for  boya 
nnd  girls  nraa  wtablisbed  in  lSl34.  In  Id'S2'8:j  it  was  in  a  satisfac- 
tory state  Iwving  fifty-seven  names  on  tbe  rolls  and  an  avemgo 
attendance  of  torty-threo.  Tho  school-fco  varied  from  Gd.  to  4*. 
(Rh.  i-2)  and  tbe  cost  per  pupil  amoauted  to  about  £4  lOs.  (R8.  4^). 
The  Gonfcronco  MJddiu  Cluaa  School  was  established  in  187D.  lu 
1S82>83  it  was  in  a  satisfactory  state  having^  Bfty-^ix  names  on  the 
rolls  and  an  avoi-age  attendance  of  forty-two.  The  school-fee  vr&s 
6«.  (Rs.  4)  and  tbe  cost  per  pupil  about  £5  (Rs.  50],  Tbe  Mission 
Orphanage  and  Christian  Boys  Middle  Class  School  Panch  Hand 
was  established  in  1879.  In  lSd2-83  it  had  ton  names  on  the  rolls 
and  an  average  attendance  of  five.  The  cost  per  pupil  was  about 
£0  10#.  (Ks.  9o).  The  Victoria  Girts  High  School  was  estabhshed  in 
187(3.  In  1S82-S3  it  was  in  an  efficient  state  having  passed  three 
girls  in  the  matriculation  examination  and  having  uinety-six  namea 
on  the  ruDs  and  an  average  attendance  of  sixty-four.  The  cost  per 
pupilamo«nt«dfcoaboiit£9  10*.  (Ks.  95).  Tho  Sst.  Mary's  Girls  High 
School  was  established  lu  1867.  In  1882-83  it  was  in  an  efticiont  stAto 
having  passed  one  girl  in  the  matriculation  exainiuatiun  and  having 
121  names  on  the  rolls  and  an  average  attendance  of  IOC.  Tlie  cost 
per  pupil  amonnted  to  £0  (Rs.  90).  The  Convent  High  School 
for  girls  was  established  in  18C0  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Rishop  of 
Bombay.  In  1882-H-J  it  was  iu  an  efficient  state  having  passed 
two  girls  in  the  matriculation  examination  and  having  119  names 
on  the  rolls  and  an  average  attendance  of  118.  The  cost  per  pupil 
amuuntod  to  about  £9  10«.  (Ra.  05).  ,The  Scottish  Girls  UigU 
School  had  in  1882-83  nineteen  names  on  the  rolls  and  an  average 
attendance  of  twelve.  The  cost  per  pnpil  amonnted  to  about  £9  10*. 
(Hs.  yo).  The  St.  Anne's  Middle  Class  School  for  girls  was  esta. 
blisbed  in  1873.  In  18S2-83  it  was  iu  a  satisfactory  state  having 
twenty-four  names  on  tho  rolls  and  an  average  atteudjuice  of 
seventeen.  The  cost  per  pupil  amounted  to  about  £3  (Ra.  30).  The 
Zan^na  Mission  Anglo-vernacular  School  for  girls  was  in   1882-S3 

[in  a  satisfactory  state  having  nine  names  on  the  rolls  and  an  average 
att«Ddance  of  eight,  The  cost  per  pupil  amounted  to  nbont  £1 
(Rs.  10).  Tho  Free  Church  Mission  Vernacular  Uoys  School  in 
Aditvrir  Peth  was  eHtabliabed  in  1876.  In  1882-83  it  was  in  a 
eati^factory  Rtato  having  172  names  on  tho  rolls  and  lui  average  ut- 
tondance  of  lO(i.  The  cost  per  pupil  amminted  to  about  10^.  (Ra.  5). 
The  Mission  Orphanage  Panch  liaud  Vernacular  School    was  in 

r  1S82-K3  in  a  satisfactory  state  having  thirty-eight  names  on  the  rolls/ 
and  an  aroi-age  attendance  of  twenty-nine.  Tho  cost  per  pupil 
amounted  to  about  £0  (Rs.  90).  The  Free  Church  Mission  Girls 
Vernacular  School  in  the  camp  was  established  in  18.50.  In 
1882-83  it  was  in  an  efficient  state  having  forty-five  names  on  the 
rolls  and  an  average  attendance  of  thirty-eight  The  cnnt  per  pupil 
amonnted  to  about  X9  (Rs.  90).  'The  Zaninn  Mission  Girls  Verna- 
cular Schools  iuShukrav^r Peth, S«di!ishivPoth,CivilLines, and  KiLmA- 

jthipura  wore  all  of  them  in  1882-83  in  a  satisfactory  state  having 
from  forty-seven  to  fifty-fonr  names  on  the  rolls  and  an  average  at- 
tendance uf  from  thirty  to  fifry-fonr.     The  coat  per  pupil  varied  from 

[lit,  to  £3  (Rs.  7-30).      The  Free  Chnreh  MisBion  Girls  Vernacular 


Chapter  XI- 
Znstraution. 
TowK  Schools. 

Privatt  School*. 


[Bombay 


DlfcJTRlOTS. 


Ch&ptor  ZI. 

IiutriLctioii. 

Town  Schooia. 
Poooa. 


New  Bn^lith 
ikhool. 


orv  Bla^F 


t(\an  Jiiiucation 
Socittg. 


school  in  Aditvar  Potb  was  m  1882-83  in  a  satisfactory 
baviDg  Bevuuty-eifrlil  names  on  the  roUa  aud  an  average  aiteudance 
of  forty-thrco.  The  coat  |>er  pupil  amounted  to  about  10s.  (Ila.  5). 
Tbe  B&ne-Ui-aol  Girls  Vernaculnr  School  in  Rastya'a  Petb  was  id 
1882-83  in  a  satisfactory  state  having  fifty-nine  names  on  the  rolls 
and  an  averaf^e  attendance  of  thirty-four.  The  coat  per  pupil 
amounted  to  £3  lOii.  (Rs.  3o). 

The  Now  Knglish  School  was  ostablithod  on  the  2nd  of  January 
1880  by  the  late  Mr.  Vishnu  Krishna  Chipluukar,  B.A.,  a  son  of  the 
well  known  Krishna  Sh^tri  Chiplunkur^  chicHy  with  the  object  of 
facilitating  and  cheapening  education  among  the  people.  The 
Bchool  began  with  nineteen  boys,  and  at  the  end  of  Jannary  1 885  there 
were  about  1200  students  on  the  rolls.  Tho  school  fees  vary  from 
It.  4rf.  to  4*.  (Rs.  }- 2),  and  about  fifteen  per  cent  free  and  half -free 
scholars  arc  admitted  und  there  are  monthly  scholarships  of  the  total 
ralueof  £o  (Ks.  50},  moiitly  paid  from  the  school  proceed».  Dunng 
the  five  years  of  its  existence  eighty  students  or  on  an  uvorago 
sixteen  a  year  passed  the  matriculation  examination  and  succeeded 
every  year  in  securing  at  lei^at  one  of  the  two  University  Jaganndtli 
Shankarsheth  Sanskrit  scholarships.' 

The  promoters  of  the  school  cstablJiihed,  on  the  24th  of  Ootober 
1884,  a  bocitity  called  Ihe  Duocau  Kducation  Society  to  facilitate  and 
cheapen  education  by  starting  affiliating  or  incorporating  at  different 
places,  as  circumstAuces  permit,  schools  and  colleges  under  native 
management,  or  by  any  other  ways  best  adapted,  to  the  wants  of  the 
people.  The  society  during  the  short  time  of  ita  cxistouce  has  secured 
endowments  of  the  value  of  about  £8000  (Us.  80,000)  and  has 
bttccecded  in  eetablishiug  an  Arts  College  in  Puuua  after  the 
name  of  His  Excellency  Kir  James  Fergusson,  Governor  of 
Bombay.  The  Fergusson  College  has  been  recognized  by  the 
University  of  Bombay  for  the  purposes  of  the  Previous  examination 
provisionally  for  throe  years.  Tho  nnmbor  of  students  on  the 
college  rolls  is  about  eighty  and  the  staS  of  teachers  consists  of  fire 
Bombay  University  graduates.  Tho  college  foe  is  8*.  (Its.  4)  a 
monlh  ;  seven  scholarships  of  the  total  value  of  £6  (Rs.  GO)  are 
awarded  every  month  and  ten  per  cent  free  students  are  allowed.  The 
Government  of  Bombay  has  been  pleased  to  grant  the  BudhvArVada 
site  to  tho  society  uudor  reasonable  conditions,  where  the  society 
intend  to  erect  a  large  building  bo  as  to  accommodate  the  New 
English  School  and  the  Fergusson  College  together.  Tho  founda- 
tion stone  of  this  building  was  laid  by  His  Lxcellency  Sir  Jamoa 
Fergusson  on  the  5th  of  March  1885. 

In  the  town  of  Kirkeo  near  Poona  there  were,  in  1882-83,  three 
schools  with  131  names  and  an  average  attendance  of  113  pupils. 
The  average  yearly  cost  per  pupil  varied  from  \f>.  IJrf.  to  8».  lOld, 
(8f  a«.-Ra,4a«,  7\),  In  tho  town  of  Junaar  there  were  three  schools 
with  3S4  names  and  an  average- atteudauce  of  308.    The  average 

J  early  cost  per  pupil  was  ll«.  OJd.  (Ra.  5  an.  14^).     In  tho  town  of 
nddpur  there  was  one  school  with  104  names  and  an  average  attend- 
ance of  lis.     Tho  average  yearly  cost  per  pupil  w^  1 U. O^d.  (Ra.  6 

1  Tbe  detath  we  :  1880-81,  eitfht ;  1681-8%  five  ;  1882-83,  oightMD  ;  18S3  S4,  foar. 
teen;  and  1884-85,  tbiKy-five. 


I 


cut.  8J).  In  the  town  of  Talegaon  Dabhidt;  iu  Maval  there  were  two 
Bcfaoola  with  103  names  and  an  average  attendance  of  145.  The 
average  yearly  cost  per  pnpil  was  lo**.  7\d.  (R«,  7|h)'  Jd  ihe  town 
of  Ehed  there  was  one  Bchool  with  138  names  and  ao  nverage  attend- 
ance of  117.  The  avcrago  yearly  cost  per  pupil  wan  IGir.  2^(2.  (Ks.  8 
(U.  1^),  In  the  town  of  Sduvad  there  were  two  f^chools  with  253 
names  and  an  avera^  attendance  of  206.  The  average  yearly  cost 
per  pupil  was  iZs.  4d.  {Rs.Q  as,  10^).  Tn  the  town  of  Utur  in 
Jnnnar  ihere  were  two  schools  with  19-t  names  and  an  average 
attendance  of  156.  The  average  yearly  cost  per  papil  was  I2«.  5|<i. 
(R«.  6  a«.  3^^).  in  the  town  oE  Ghodnadi  in  Sirur  there  were  two 
schools  with  192  names  and  au  average  attendance  uf  125.  The 
average  yearly  cost  per  pupil  was  IGs.  IIU,  (Rs.  8  as.  \^).  In  the 
town  uE  Talegaon  Dhandhere  in  Sirur  there  was  one  school  with 
Dinety-llireo  names  and  an  average  attendance  of  sixty-six.  The 
average  yearly  cost  per  pnpil  was  18*.  9|<J.  (Rs.  9  as,6{).  In  the 
town  of  B&rfimati  in  Bhimthadi  there  were  three  schools  with 
234  names  and  an  average  atcoudanco  of  ISO,  The  average  j-early 
cost  per  pupil  was  9s.  Ogd.  (Rs.4  as.  I^-^j}* 

Excinsivo  of  the  eleven  towns  of  Poona,  Kirkee,  Junnar,  ludApur^ 
Talegaou  Dilbh^e^  Klied,  S^vad,  Ctur,  Ghodnadi,  Talegaou 
Dhandhere,  aud  BllnimnU,  the  district  of  Poena  was,  in  1882-83, 
provided  with  21!)  schools,  or  on  an  average  one  school  forevery  five 
inhabited  villages.  The  following  statement  shows  the  distribution 
of  these  schools  by  sub-divisions  : 

Poom  ViUoffe  SriooU,  JSftiSS. 


Brt-DinMOf. 

Vllhcvi. 

1*0  mi - 
hUoD. 

Mnmfavr  at 

Sm-DrrnM. 

VBUffs. 

POpll- 

Man. 

Nunbot  of 

SohoolK 

Bay. 

OifU. 

Bay. 

airi*. 

JnaiMir 

ladkpur 
KlivJ     ... 

Sltur     

Panndbar     ^. 

ss 
au 

u 
■1 

M.IXD 
4S,((79 
UH.872 

H.aoi 

B3 

» 

SI 

i 
1 

BUiDtbadt      ... 

HjircJt 

JlivKl 

lift 

1« 

1M,1W 

iw,itn 

6I,4S1 

8) 

IS 

im 

TU,4W 

xu 

a 

I 


Besides  the  Pooua  Native  General  Librory,  the  United  Service 
liibrary,  and  the  Poona  Camp  Library,  there  are  two  reading- 
rooms  one  each  at  Sdsvad  and  Rdstia's  Peth  iu  Poona.  The  reading- 
rooms  at  Indiipur,  Talegaon  Dhamdhere,  P&bsl,  Jojuri,  and  Talegaon 
D^fahdde  have  all  been  closed.  The  Poona  Native  General 
Library  was  ostabllsheil  in  18i-8  under  the  auspices  of  Mr.  J. 
Warden,  Agent  for  SardArs,  assisted  by  KAv  Bahddur  Gopdlr&v  Hari 
Deshmukh,  Moro  Eaghandth  Bhamdhero,  Kb^n  Bahddnr  Padamji 
Pestanji,  A'bd  Saheb  ShiUtri  Patvardhan,  and  others,  many  of 
whom  presented  the  institution  with  books  and  granted  donations. 
Subsequently  the  late  Mr.  C.  U.  Ovaus  of  the  Bombay  Civil  .Service 
did  much  to  improve  the  institution.  In  1873  the  library  received 
three  donations.  In  1879  the  library  which  was  situated  in  iho 
Badhvdr  palace  was  destroyed  by 'fire  and  a  new  one  started.  In 
1884  it  contained  913  books  and  sabscribed  for  sixteen  newspapers 
and  four  journals.  The  cost  was  defrayed  by  ninety-two  subscribers 
paying  in  all  about  £C5  (Us.  650)  and  by  grants  amoaating  to  about 
£16  (K3. 160).     The  United  Service  Library  wai  established  in  180O 


Chapter  XI 
Instruction- 

Towar  Scuooui. 


VlLLAUB  Set 


Li  tttAaiK«. 


Chapter  XI. 
Iiutrnction- 

LlBIUUlUS. 


f  Bombay  Oaxet 


itiiUfA  Fhize 

CoHurrntx 


arAthfl 


DISTRICTS. 


and  contitincd  in  1884  upwards  of  1000  Tolunoos  and  subsoribod  fo 
twenty-thi-ee  newspnpers  and  twenty  periodicals.  The  cost  was 
defrayed  by  UO  subscribers  paying  in  alt  £t80  (R8.4800).  The 
Cauip  Library  was  establislied  in  1881  and  contained,  in  188+,  895 
volumeit  and  subscribed,  besides  eleven  received  gratis,  for  seventeen 
newspapers  and  periodicals,  the  cost  beinf?  defrayed  by  seventy-seven 
subscribers  paying  in  all  £09  10«.  (Ks.  605).  The  ReRding-rooms 
at  R^tya's  Petb  in  Pouna  and  at  Silsvad  were  established  in  18 
and  ISGO  respectively,  contained  about  600  volnueseach,  and  aa 
acrilicd  for  fi-om  six  to  nine  papers  each.  The  coat  which  was  aboat 
£13  and  £7  10«.  (Rs.  110  and  75)  was  defrayed  by  fifty  and 
members  respectively. 

The  DaUiihiua,  as  mentioned  before,  was  a  charitable 
originally  made  by  D^bhddo  the  Scuitpati  of  the  MarAthi 
empii'O  from  th*;  revenues  of  the  state,  and  on  the  decline  of  the 
power  of  that  family  it  was  continued  by  the  Pei^hwds.  Tt  was  a 
yearly  allowance  and  was  distributed  chiefly  to  learned  Br^limana 
and  Vaidiks  and  also  to  poor  people  of  the  same  class ;  tho 
lorprcr  amounts,  however,  were  given  to  Pandits  or  Shdstris  of 
distinguished  learning,  or  to  those  Br^hmaus  who  passed  with 
distinctiua  the  examination  in  tho  SitURkrit  bciences  which  was 
held  in  the  presence  of  the  Peahwa  and  hia  court.  The  usual 
amonnt  thns  distributed  was  about  £8500  (Rs.  85,000).  After  the 
conquest  of  the  Deccan,  Mr.  Elphiustene  continued  the  allowance 
fixing  the  annual  grant  at  £5000  {Rs.  50,000).  It  was  a  volnntary 
act  of  that  able  officer  which  manifestly  had  its  origin  in  a  motivo 
of  state  policy  and  in  a  desire  to  conciliate  the  mo&t  iuQuential  clasa 
of  the  people.  The  grant  under  such  circuni»tauces  plainly  im^xjsed 
no  obligation  on  the  part  of  Governmont  to  continue  it^  nor  any 
guarantee  to  refrain  from  interfering  with  the  arrangements  under 
which  it  would  be  distributed.'  Of  the  £5000  (Rs.  50,000)  sanc- 
tioned, £2000  (Rs.  20,000)  wore  shortly  afterwards  aliouutod  to 
defray  theoxpcnsesof  the  Hindu  college  at  PoDa&  lu  1837thebatauce 
of  Ji3000  (Rs.  30,000)  was  declared  to  be  available  for  general  pur- 
poses of  promoting  education  and  rewarding  thnjie  who  distiuguislied 
themselves  in  tbe  acquisition  of  science,  and  in  1838  Goveruuieut 
resolved  to  exclude  those  who  had  no  pretensions  to  learning  and 
to  i-estrict  the  grant  to  old  candidates  who  were  proficients  in 
useful  branches  of  literature.  In  I8U9,  in  consequence  of  the 
whole  sum  of  £3000  (Rs.  30,000)  being  absorbed  in  the  payment  of 
annuities  awarded  in  previous  years,  it  became  necessary  to  refuse 
new  candidates  and  this  refusal  was  contiuued  till  1840  when  by  the 
lapse  of  annuities  an  annual  sum  of  £089  8s.  ( Ra.  680+)  was  available 
out  of  the  allowance  of  £3000  (Ra.30,000),  while  imm  the  balance  of 
post  years  there  bad  accumulated  upwards  of  £2500  (Rs.  25,000). 
As  the  savings  by  the  lapse  of  shares  was  expected  to  progres- 
sively increase,  Govomraont  wefe  induced  at  the  recommendation 
of  the  Agent  for  Sarddrs  in  the  I>eccan  to  authorise  a  new  difitribn- 
tion  of  £^0O  (lis.  3000)  a  year.  Of  this  sum  one-half  was  autborisod 
to  be  reserved  for  candidates  belonging  to  the  classes  declared 


1  Hr.  LutnBden,  Junury  IMO,  Gweral  Rword  26  of  1850,  89-00. 


»in  t83S  to  be  eligible  to  participate  in  tlie  Dakshiua.  The  manage- 
ment of  this  fund  was  eutirely  in  the  bands  of  the  Agent.  '1  he 
other  half  was  aathorised  to  bo  distributed  as  prizes  for  neefol 
worlca  in  Mui-ntbi  written  by  natives  o£  India.  Tho  amount 
to  be  80  appropriated  was  divided  into  eleven  shiireg  or  prizes  for 
tho  distribution  of  which  a  committoe  wtia  nppointcd  composed  of 
the  Ai^ont  for  SardArs  in  the  Dnccrtn  as  president  and  nine  mpmbors, 

tiflchidin^  the  Collector  of  Poona,  the  assistant  agent  for  Sarddrs, 
tho  Principal  Poona  College,  tho  Principal  Sadar  Amin  of  Poona, 
inspecting  Shastri,  socrotary  to  tho  Poona  Native  General  Library, 
and  three  other  natives  to  be  seloctod  by  tho  president.  The  Agonc 
for  ^ardtirs  and  Major  Candy  were  cuusnited  as  tu  the  bust  means 
of  dispusin;^  of  the  entii-e  available  balanco  of  the  Dakshina  fund 
both  prt'aent  and  proapecrtive.  At  tho  end  of  1850  there  was  an 
accuiDuInted  balance  ol  £2099  Qs,  (Rs.  2ti.993)  and  an  available 
yearly  sum  of  £489  (Rs.  4890).  Of  the  £2699  6*.  (Rs.  26,993)  it 
was  prosposcd  to  form  a  fund  for  professorships  coutomplated  in  tho 
scheme    for   atoulgumal-iug   the   Poona    Sanskrit  College   and  the 

IGovernmeut  English  School  at  Poona.  To  make  up  the  deficiency  in 
tho  financial  arrangements  of  the  new  institution  it  was  proposed 
to  appropriate  from  tho  Dakshina  a  further  annual  snra  of  £103  14«. 
(Rs.  1037).  it  wasalsorocommended  that  £10  (Ka.lOO)  a  month  or 
cl;!0  (Rs.  1200)  a  year  should  be  devoted  to  the  ondowmout  of  a 
professorship  of  the  Tomacular  languages  iu  the  now  college,  and 
£16  (Rs.  160)  H  mouth  ur  £192  (Hs.  1920)  to  tho  foundation  Lu  the 
same  institution  of  fuur  transluttuu  exhibitious  of  £t  (Rs.  40)  each. 
The  balanco  of  £73  6s.  (Rs.  73:1]  a  year  and  the  subsequent  annual 
increase  from  lapsed  shares,  it  was  proposed,  to  apply  to 
tho  formation  of  a  general  fund  for  the  oncouragement  of  native 
liCerataro  and  education.  The  chief  items  wore  to  reward 
writers  of  useful  practical  works  iu  Mardthi  either  original  or 
translated,  to  print  such  works  as  seemed  worthy  of  pubticatiou,  to 
reward  with  gratuities  old  and  moritorious  vernacular  schoolmasters, 
and  to  grant  occasional  assistance  fcn  societies  engaged  in  promoting 
the  improvement  of  native  literature.  Tho  proposal  recwived  "ho 
sanction  of  Government.  In  1856,  Government  decided  that  the 
HDakshina  should  be  transferred  to  the  Educational  Department. 
™  The  annual  balance  iuoi-oaaed  from  year  to  year  by  tho  lapse  of 
auuoities  to  Br&hmaus.     Iu  1357,    Mr.  Howard,  the   Director  of 

•  Public  Instruction,  proposed  to  apply  tho  increasing  balanco  to  tho 
foundation  of  fnllowftliips  in  the  Poona  college.  This  proposal  was 
sanctioned  by  Government  and  as  the  pensions  to  Br^hmans  fell  in, 
money  was  found  for  the  foundation  of  Pollowships  in  the  Eiphin- 
Btone  College  and  in  the  new  Gujarflt  College.  Grants  were  also 
aiado  to  tho  Training  Colleges  at  Poona  and  Dhdrwiir,  and  the 
balanco  of  the  fund  was  spent  on  prizes  and  rewards  to  authors. 

I  la  course  of  timo  the  Poona  Cullega  and  the  institutions  which  grow 
out  of  it,  the  High  School  and  ttiE»  Training  College,  wore  placed 
apon  the  Imperial  or  Provincial  budget;  bub  the  balance  of  the 
Dakshina,  amounting  to  £2008  (Rs.  20,680)  a  year  has  been  con- 
tinned  as  a  soparato  fund  and  its  roooipta  and  charges  for  lSd2-83 
wore  as  under : 


Chapter 
Instraction- 
DAKmtTtA  Paiza 

CoaHlTTU. 


(Bombay  Gazetietr. 


Chapter  ZI 


Instruction. 
pARsfinrA  Price 

COMMITTUL 


DISTRICTS. 

PaMitu  f^itd  ltKfipt4  and  CAarpa,  ISSMSS. 


Bacnm.                                '                                 Cuumh.                                1 

AnooDl  Hnctiann]  by  Oowmnmt  for 

SMI 

AUowkm*  to  Snioc  uhI  J  unior  OotkaUiw 

tw«]ra  monllia  from  l*t  Anrlt  ISM  to 

Fdlom.  Etpfahwton*  Colhyv. 

SlMJUrdilSU. 

MIOWMM* to 0Mllnr Mid  JitninrD«luhlnft 
AUowKnee  to  DtkihlM  Fellowi.  Oa>afAl 

ISO 

i«ft 

cmuif*. 

Maijrol  ihfl  Bc<t«tarj>      

Salarr  of  thaEMabhahnMil        

n 

so 

MwToflha  Dakililna  Euin)M«r1|  CUnk. 

8 

SiUn-  otth*  rHkthlna  Tand  Acoonnbuit 
adiabnhlp  Alloivsnee,  Pww*  TntDtDi 
ODilMt. 

CMIrflaUoD  to  Boardtng  Houn,  Po«na. 

4T 

loe 

ao 

CoalriltnUvn  la  BoirdiuH  Bonn),  Uhftf' 

wkr. 
OBcaBfltt      ... 

DO 

1 

>l 

Coritiivenctai 

T  '1 

AlhViWMK  to  the  8M»krit  Cltm  at  NUlL 

]l 

ftotnnlt  to  Anttion  ,.                 

WB 

Total    ... 

Dakabliw  to  BiUunABi' 

Tviil    ., 

IM 

KMS 

Mm 

I  Th«  Bamlwr  of  BrihniAia  «till  on  tho  DKkahina  rund  tiat  ia  1U9. 


LXTAJJIKIK. 


(STRlTTOmJAK 

Sabha. 


iBWgrAfSRS. 


n^^ 


ue 


^ 


Tbe  Poona  SArvajanik  Sabha  or  tho  PeonlBs  ABSociation  at  Poo 
waft  founded  on  the  2nd  of  April  1870  (New  Year's  Day  1792  8.) 
iiuder  the  anspicos  of  the  Pont  Pratinidhi,  the  Chief  of  Auodb  in 
Sdtdra,  with  tlie  object  oE  promoting  tho  political  welfare  and 
advancing  the  intei-est  of  the  people  of  this  and  other  parta  of  the 
country.  The  memlrers  incrluJe,  bt^aidea  a  few  Deccnn  SardAra  an' 
Tndnidara,  Government  servants  chieHy  in  the  Kdiiratioiial  a 
Judicial  BepartmcntB,  pMiaionera,  and  a  few  pleaders.  Tho  aaa 
ciation  since  itficonBtitutionhaB  discussed  and  made  representations 
to  Government  on  many  important,  subjects.  A  quarterly  mnguzino 
in  English  issued  by  the  association  contains,  besides  a  full  report 
of  tho  proceedings,  ably  wTitten  articles  on  current  political  topics. 
Tho  Puoua  association  had  givou  birth  to  similar  associations  in. 
otliCr  parts  of  the  Deccan,  but  none  of  them  have  been  of  an 
importance. 

The  Poena  Society  for  tho  encouragement  of  elocution  or  Vaktril- 
voHrJnk  Sabfm  was  start-ed  in  18G8  by  some  of  tho  leading  men 
of  the  town.  The  object  of  the  society  is  to  eocourago  public 
speaking  by  giving  prizes  to  good  MarAthi  speakers.  Two  or 
three  subjects,  political,  social,  or  religious,  aro  announced  every 
year  by  the  secretary,  and  candidates  are  invited  to  speak  on  those 
subjects  at  a  public  meuting  to  be  held  two  months  after  the  issue 
of  the  notice.  A  committee  of  five  or  six  members  chosen  fi-om  the 
audience  decides  the  merits  of  the  speakers  and  awards  tho  prizes 
which  range  between  £  I  to  £5  (Ra.  10-50)  to  the  suceasful  com- 
petitors. » 

Besides  two  weekly  Knglish  mewapapers  the  Deccan  TJerald  and 
tho  Poona  Ohserver,  conducted  by  Europeans,  seven  newspapers 
and  four  magnaines  are  conducted  by  natives  in  tho  city  of  roona. 
Of  the  seven  native  newspapers  one  the  Ulardtha  a  weekly  paper 
with  ft  circulation  ot  4G0  copies  and  a  yearly  subscription  of  14^.  6(i. 


(Re.  7^)  is  conducted  in  Eng'lish;  two  the  Dnydn  Prakdah  or  the 
Light  of  Knowledge,  a  bi-wf>ckly  paper  with  a  circulation  of 
fiOU  copies  and  a  yearly  aubscriptinn  of  16/t.  (Rg.  S)  and  the 
Dnifdn  Chaksktt  or  the  Bye  of  Knowledge,  a  weekly  paper  with 
a  circulation  of  1300  copies  and  a  yearly  snbscription  of  4«.  (Rs.  2) 
are  condacted  in  English  and  Mardthi ;  throo,  the  Kcsari  or  tho  Lioa 
with  a  circulation  of  43oU  copioa  and  a  yearly  subcriptiou  of  2«. 
(Re.  1),  the  Pune  Vaibhav  or  the  Glory  of  Poona  with  a  circulation 
of  4oO  copies  and  a  yearly  subscription  of  0«.  (R3.  3],  and  the 
Skivfijij  so  called  after  the  founder  of  the  Maratha  empire  of  that 
name,  with  a  circ-ulation  of  200  copies  and  a  yearly  subscription  of 
4s.  (Ra.  2)  are  weekly  papers  conducted  in  Mar^thi ;  and  one  the 
Military  Instructor  with  a  circnlation  of  330  copies  and  a  yearly 
snbscriptioa  of  6«.  (Ks.  3)  is  a  weekly  paper  conducted  in  Kuglish 
Marftthi  uud  Urdu.  Of  the  four  mag-aziuos  the  Journal  of  tho 
Pooua  Sftrvajnnik  Sabha  with  a  circulation  of  750  copies  and  a 
yearly  subscription  of  8«.  Gd.  (Rs,  4^)  is  a  quarterly  conducted  in 
English  ;  and  tho  hokahitaiHidi  or  the  Advocate  of  the  People's  Good 
with  a  circulation* of  265  copies  and  a  yearly  snbscription  of  2$. 
(Ho.  1),  the  Nibandha  Chamtrika  or  the  Kssay  Mooulig'ht  with 
a  circulation  of  400  copies  and  a  yearly  subBcription  of  ^3.  (Hs.  24), 
and  the  Pune  Stirvajanik  Sahhmhe  Mdsik  Pugtah  or  the  Monthly 
Journal  of  the  Pooua  Snrvajanik  Sabha  with  a  circulation  of  200 
copies  and  a  yearly  subacription  of  8jt.  (Els.  4)  are  monthly  maga- 
siines  conducted  in  Mariithi.  The  Dnydn  Pmkiigk  is  the  oldest 
paper  in  the  Presidency.  Tho  Maratha  and  tho  Kesari  aro  twia 
papers  under  the  same  editors  and  their  prevailing  tone  is  unfriendly 
to  Government.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Pune  Vaibhav.  The 
Keaari  has  the  largest  circulation  of  any  paper.  Tho  Quarterly  Journal 
of  the  SArvajanik  Sabha  in  English  13  conducted  with  care  and 
ability.  The  other  papers  and  magazines  aro  conducted  with  average 
ability. 


Chapter  SI 

IiLStraction< 

NKW3rA.rKBS. 


Chapter  Zn- 
Cluuts. 


VimuE*. 


Owmo  to  tlie  elevation  of  the  district,  the  trap  forroation  of  the 
surrounding  country,  the  abBence  of  alluvial  deposits,  and  the  geneml 
prevalence  of  westerly  sea  breezes  and  good  water,  the  Poona  climate 
IB  dry  and  invigorating  and  suits  European  constitutions  better  than 
that  of  most  other  parta  of  India.  The  air  is  lighter,  the  cold  more 
bracing,  and  the  heat  less  oppressive.  There  are  several  hill  sani- 
tariums,  Sinhgad,  Puiaadhar,  Khaud^la,  and  Lon&vla.  Foona  is  the 
seat  o£  the  Governnient  during  the  rainy  seaeon  and  is  the  resort  of 
many  rich  Bombay  fMmiliet),  and  was  once  inteuded  to  be  made  the 
permanent  seat  of  the  Bombay  Government  and  of  the  Viceregal 
conrt.^  Poona  may  be  said  to  be  healthy  all  the^ear  round,  but  if 
cue  time  is  more  unhealthy  than  another  it  is  the  period  between 
June  aud  November.  The  languor,  which  in  almost  every  season  of 
the  year  is  found  in  most  parts  of  India,  is  hardly  experienced  ia 
Poona  even  in  the  hot  weather. 

The  prevailing  diseases,  which  are  chiefly  of  the  endemio  class, 
are  fever,  ague,  aud  diseases  of  the  liver  and  bonds,  aud  violent 
colds  and  catarrhs.  The  thermoroeter  Bometimea  varies  from  twenty 
to  thirty  degrees  in  the  course  of  the  day  and  night,  aud  at  the 
breaking  up  of  the  rains  there  is  a  succession  of  cool  breezes  and 
hot  sunshine  which  cannot  fail  to  be  injurious  to  those  who  are 
obliged  to  endure  the  full  force  and  rapidity  of  the  changes.  It  is 
at  this  period  that  all  those  comploiuLs  symptomatic  of  a  deranged 
state  of  the  liver  ore  most  pres-alent.  During  October  and  Novem- 
ber, owing  to  the  cessation  of  the  rainy  season  and  the  elevated 
tenf|)erature,  remittent  and  intermittent  fevers  with  viscerial 
diseases  prevail  and  are  the  cause  of  greater  mortality  than  any  other 
disease.  Fevers  of  the  ephemeral  aud  intermittent  classes  are  more 
prevalent  than  those  of  the  remittent  type.  Simple  continued  and 
typhoid  fevers  are  very  rare.  Dysentery  and  all  bowel  complaints 
are  prevalent  at  the  commencement  and  during  the  rainy  season. 
Cholera  as  epidemic  is  rare  though  sporadic  cases  occur  anuually. 
During  the  hot  season  small-pox,  chicken-pox,  and  measles  prevail 
among  the  native  population  and  eruptive  and  other  forms  oi  fever 
among  Europeans. 

Besides  the  Smsoou  General  Hospital,  the  Roman  Catholic 
Orphanage,  and  the  Charitable  Infirmary  and  Leper  Hospital  at 
Poona,  the  district  had  in  1882  ene  endowed  and  nme  grant-in-aid 


>  Deccan  Soraei,  10.  The  Earl  of  ElgiB  intcudcil  to  romo  rotni'l  to  Poona  for  the 
wot  «i«Mn  of  1865.  400  Mn»  of  Emnd  w«rc  t«k«Q  and  a  p«lio«  was  to  be  built 
for  tlie  Vioeroy'fl  rMidenoc.  Th« IsBaBtad  duth  of  the  Kht\,  low«rer.  put  a  ttop 
to  th«sc  ftrnogcmuiU  «ad  tho  neit  Victroj-  did  not  concur  in  hi«  j>roclcc«uor'i  viem. 


1 


diepensarieB.      Of  74>,100  patients  treated  71,507  were  out-patients 
and  2693  in-patients.     The  tot&l  cost  was  £4744  (Hs.  47,440).    The 

rfollomng  details  are  taken  from  the  1882  report  : 
The  Sassoon  General  Hospital  has  a  building  of  its  own.  The 
commonest  diseases  treated  were  maUHous  fevers,  luug  diseases^ 
syphilis,  bowel  complaints,  and  poi!?ons  and  injuries.  Cholera 
appeared  sporadically  from  May  till  October  and  eleven  cases  were 
reported,  ail  of  which  proved  fatal.  Small-pox  broke  out  in  an 
epidemic  form  in  February  and  126  deaths  occurred  from  this 
disease  alone.  There  were  fiCty'Oue  majur  operations  performed, 
all  important  ones,  including  seven  ampatatiuns  and  fourteen 
lithotomies;  two  were  discharged  curei^,  6fieen  were  relieved,  and 
four  died.  The  diseases  which  principally  caused  the  mortality  were 
malarious  fevers,  lung  and  bowel  complaints,  cholera,  syphilis,  and 
poisons  and  injuries.  12,542  uut-petient«  and  1933  iu^putients  were 
treated  at  a  cost  of  £3289  (Rs.  32,890). 

The  Koman  Catholic  Orphanage  has  a  building  of  its  own. 
The  general  health  of  the  children  was  fairly  good.  With  th« 
exception  of  a  slight  ontbreak  of  chickcn-pcx  in  March  and  one 
case  of  emall-pox  iu  December,  no  epidemic  occurred.  The 
commonest  diseases  were  bronchial  catarrh,  ague,  colic,  diarrhoea, 
and  dysentery.  The  total  number  of  patients  was  530  and  the  cost 
was  JE139<R8, 1390). 

B      The  SAsvad  dispensary  has  no  building  of  its  own.     Ilie  most 

^prevailing  diseases  were  malarious  fevers,  conjunctivitis,  respiratory 

affections,  bowel   complaints,   and    skin    diseases.      There  was  no 

epidemic.      243  children  were  vaccinated.     5287  ont-patipnts  and 

fuurteen  in-patients  were  treated  at  a  coat  of  £132  (lis.  1320). 

>The  Jejuri  dispensary  was  opened  in  1872.  The  prevailing 
diseaeee  wore  malarious  fevers,  opnthalmia,  diseases  of  the  stomach 
and  bowels,  respiratory  afTections,  and  skin  diseases.  Cholera 
appeared  iu  tho  month  nf  April,  and  out  of  ten  persona  attacki'd 
four  died.  Eighty-seven  childreu  were  suoceaaiuUy  vaccinated. 
4170  out-door  and  five  in-door  patients  were  treated  at  a  (Ast  of 
_£99  (Rs.  990). 

I  "^o  BAramati  dispensary  was  established  in  1873.  The  prevailing 
diseases  were  malarious  fevers,  ophthalmia,  bowel  complaints, 
intestinal  worms,  and  skin  diseases.  Cholera  appeared  towards  the 
end  of  the  year  and  there  were  thirty-two  cases  with  seven  deaths. 
161  primary  vaccinations  were  successfnlly  performed.  3103  out- 
patients and  ten  in-patients  were  treated  at  a  cost  of  £99  (Re.99Ct). 

Tho  Indipnr  dispensary  was  opened  in  1870.  The  commoaest 
diseases  treated  were  malarious  fevers,  ophthalmia,  ulcers,  and  skin 
diseases.  No  epidemic  occurred  in  the  town,  but  cholera  appeared  in 
the  sarronnding  Tillages.  167  children  were  successfully  vaccinated. 
4419  ODt-paticnts  and  twenty-tffrce  in-patients  were  treated  at  a 
cost  of  £129  (R8.1290). 

The  Junoar  dispensary  was  established  in  1869.  It  has  & 
btulding  of  its  own  in  good  repair.  Malarious  fevers,  ophthalmia^ 
ivomts,  and  skin  diseases  were  the  commonest  complaints.     Cholera, 


Chaptsr  ZU. 

HeaTtli. 

HoariTAts. 
8tu$o<m  Oater^t 


Roman  CaiAotic 
Orphanage. 


SOsvad. 


Jejuri. 


Bdrdmati, 


InddptarA 


/wmttr. 


Ddbhadt. 


Chapter  XII. 
P   EealUi 

DXKPIKAABJU. 

L 

TaiegaoH 


AkmdL 


y 


Kfuhx  Bahadur 
?t*lonJi  SordbfL 


lOPLX. 


made  its  appearance  in  the  district  but  no  cases  occurred  ia  thi 
town.  There  were  150  vaccinations.   7475  out-patiout6  were  treated 
at  a  cost  of  £78  (Ra.  780). 

The    Kbed  dispensary  was   fonnded    in    the    year    1876.     The 
commonest    diseases    wore    inalarions  fevers,  eye  affections,    skin 
diseases,  and  worms.     There  was  no  epidemic.     535^   out-patien 
and  three  iu-patiente  were  treated  at  a  coat  of  £72  (Rs.  720). 

The  Talegann  Dibhdde  dispensary  was  opened  in  187 
Oplithalmia,  malarious  fevers,  skin  diseases,  ulcers,  and  worms  we 
the  commonest  diseases.  Two  cases  of  small-pox  were  observed, 
but  there  was  no  cholera  Seventy-eight  children  were  snccesafutly 
vaccinated.  6083  out-patienta  and  thirteen  in-patients  wero  treated 
at  a  coal  of  £101  (Ka.lOlOj. 

The  Talegaon  Dbanidhere  dispensary  was  established  in  1876. 
It  is  held  in  a  hired  building.  Skin  diseases,  ophthalmia, 
malarious  fevers,  and  bowel  complaints  including  intestinal  worms 
were  the  prevailing  diseases.  There  was  no  epidemic.  Primary 
vacciuatiou  was  BuccossfxiIIy  performed  in  188  cases.  4758  out- 
patients and  four  in-patients  were  treated  at  a  cost  of  £61  (Ra.  510). 

The  AUndi  dispensary  was  established  in  1882.  It  is  held  in  a 
dharmshala  or  rost-houso,  which  is  however  totally  unsuited  and  ia 
bad  I'opair.  The  principal  diseases  treated  were  malarious  fevers 
and  respirutoi-y  and  bowel  affections.  There  was  no  opidemi 
1677  ODt-patients  were  treated  at  a  cost  of  £77  (R*  770). 

The    Khdn  Bahadur  Pestonji    SorAbji  endowed  dispensary 
Poona  Tvas  opened  in  18.51.     It  has   a  building  of  its  own  in   go 
repair.     The  prevailing  diseases  were  malarious  fevers  aud  diseas 
of  the   stomach,  eyes,  chest,  and  skin.     Siiiall-pox  and  measles 
prevailed  in  the  city  and  cantonment       16,(535  oiit-patienta   and 
fifty-eight  in-patients  were  treated  at  a  cost  of  £478  (Hs.  4780).        ] 

According  to  the  1881  census,  4164  persons  (malee  240G,  females 
1758)  or  U"46  per  cent  of  the  population  were  intirm.  Of  the 
total,  n">»her,  3991  (raulea  2206,  females  1695)  were  HinduK,  153 
(males  09,  females  54)  MuRalmAns,  13  (males  7,  females  6) 
Christians,  5  (mnlea  2,  females  3)  Parsis,  and  2  (males)  Jews.  Of 
4164  the  totnl  numlx;r  of  infirm  persons,  257  (males  174,  females  83) 
or  6'17  per  cent  were  insane,  2:303  {males  1143,  females  1220)  or 
56*75  percent  were  blind,  45G  (males  271,  females  185)  or  10-95 
per  cent  were  deaf-mutes,  and  1088  (males  818,  females  270)  or 
2613  per  cent  were  lepers.     The  details  are ; 

PoOrni  /i^rm  Peoiilf-,  I8SI. 


] 


ItNWlO 

Blind 

DMT-Hutal  .. 
Lcpen 

ToU    ... 

Hindu*. 

MunltnARs. 

Chtiatikiu. 

Plrala. 

Jew*. 

Ikitkl. 

MalM. 

nUlM. 

Mftle^ 

uatt. 

HaIm. 

tUlm. 

Uklw 

Te- 

I06T 

7T 

IITU 

ITS 

an 

90 

9 
11 

B 

n 
a 

8 

.    1 
t 

t  • 

"i 

S 

s 

I 

6 

1 
1 

1 
f 

"i 
I 

-. 

114 
lits 

818 

83 

IS30 
lU 
870 

oat 

IBM 

00 

M 

7 

t 

9 

i 

»M 

17W 

I 
I 


POONA. 


Deccanl 

kin    IS83-84,    under   tbo    snperrision   of   tbo   dopaty    sanitary 
nnnissioDor  tho  work  of  vaccination  waa  uarried  oa  by  seveuteea 
Bcinators  with  yearly  salarieu  varyiug  from  £1G  16s.  (Rs.  ItiH)  to 
£28  1  Qs.  (Ra.  288).    Of  these  operators  fourteen  were  distributed  over 

ttho  rural  parts  of  the  district,  two  were  employed  in  Poena  city,  and 
one  in  the  Poona  and  Kirkeo  cantonments.  Besides  tho  vacciuBtora 
the  medical  officers  in  charge  of  tho  nine  grunt-iu-aid  dispeuaarteH 
carried  on  vaccine  operation^),  la  1S83-81  the  total  number  of 
persons  vaccinated  wua  25,7-l<6  exclusive  of  7S0  reruccinated, 
compared  with  18,G01  in  1869-70.  The  following  statement  shows 
the  SOX,  religion,  and  age  of  the  persons  primarily  vaccinated : 
Potma  Vtuxinatioa  Detaih,  1S69-70  and  1SSS-S4' 


TUK. 

PUaOKS  VjUXUtATIB.                                                                           | 

Sec 

moiiKioo. 

At*. 

Tout 

lUlM. 

Peatmlm 

UUidiw. 

nilno. 

PAral*. 

Chrb- 

tiMUL 

Dtlua. 

Ooder 

Abore 
Ona 
TMr, 

ISSI-SI    ... 

Tne 

18,U8 

1Z,SSS 

u.*vt 

Zl,t.57 

«7 
8» 

n 

SB)7 

MAS 

S138 
U,«19 

1S,TM 

In  1883-84,  tbe  total  cost  of  these  oporations,  exclusive  of  those 
performed  in  the  dispensaries,  was  £870  (Us.  8700)  or  about  8|d. 
(d|  as.)  for  each  succeBaful  case.  The  charges  included  the 
following  items:  8uper\'ision  aud  inspectiou  £309  12a.  (Hi(.  3090), 
estftbtishment  £51)2  10«.  (Ra.  5025),  aud  contingencies  £.57  18*. 
(Rs.  579).  Of  these  the  supervising  and  inspecting  charges  were 
met  from  Government  provincml  funds,  while  £413  2*.  {R8.4131) 
were  borne  by  the  local  funds  of  tho  diflferout  sub- divisions,  £81  1 8jf. 
(Rs.  B19)  by  the  Poona  municipality  for  the  services  of  tbe  two 
vaccinators  in  the  city,  and  £6o  8».  (Rs.  (J5t)  by  the  committee  of 
the  Poona  and  Kirkee  cantonments    for  the   services  of  the   one 

[TACoiuut'Or  iu  tlio  twri  ■■niitiiliTiii'-nt-. 


^  The  native  phy;:iLiaii^  ui  i'ouu;),  may  bo  divided  into  two  classes. 
The  fir»t  claims  includes  those  who  have  studied  the  native  medical 
ciences  from  the  Sanskrit  works  ou  the  subject.  Tho  second  class 
eludes  all  quacks  who  pretend  to  modical  skill  which  they  do  not 
IS.  Tho  persons  of  both  classes  are  indiscriminately  called 
^^^  The  acientiiic  practitioners  hold  a  good  posiiion  in  society, 
much  respected,  and  all  honor  duo  to  great  learning  is  paid 
to  them.  Their  advice  is  much  sought  after  and  valued  and  they 
derive  a  good  income.  Those  holding  tho  best  position,  on  an  average, 
realize  about  £20  (Rs.  200)  a  month.  The  medicines  they  use  are 
generally  prepared  by  themselves,  with  the  exception  of  dococtioua 
f  herbs  and  other  easily  made  concoctions,  wluch  arc  left  to  the 
atients  or  their  friends  to  prepare,  tho  Vaidjiof  giving  the  necessary 
reclions.      The  systeni  of  remntieratioa  is  either   by    a    small 


Chapter  XII. 

Health. 
Vacuisatiok. 


SfATTTt 
PH  .'SIflAWH. 


1  Riv  SAheb  Vuhr&m  BAmji  Ghola,  AuisUat  Surgeon,  Pooda, 


[Bombay  Ou«it««r. 


ipt«r  XIL 
HeUtb- 

Nativk 
PaxaiviAyA, 


DISTRICTS. 


fee  for  each  visits  a  6xed  anntnty,  or  a  bargun  is  struck  for  the 
euro  of  a  certaiu  disease,  tho  oioietj  being  paid  down  and  the  balance 
remaining  to  be  paid  on  the  recovery  of  the  patient,  and  the 
Vaidyas  supplying  the  medicine  without  extra  chaise-  The  qaackft 
as  a  rule  occupy  an  acknowledged  inferior  position  in  society, 
their  advice  is  not  much  valued^  their  practice  is  limited^  and 
they  are  generally  poor.  Most  of  them  are  berbalisU  and  some 
aspire  to  the  position  of  specialists  for  the  cure  of  certain  diaeaecu^ 
only.  ^H 

There  is  another  class  of  persoDS  called  Vaidus  who  may  b& 
gi-oupod  with  the  quacks.  These  men  are  from  Talegnon  Ddbhtide, 
form  a  distinct  race,  aud  appear  to  bo  the  aboriginal  practitioners, 
and  have  an  obscure  history.  There  are  about  a  hundred  familiea 
of  these  men  living  about  Ganesh  Khind  who  come  daily  into  Poona 
to  sell  their  herbs  and  medicaments.  They  are  foaod  scattered 
over  every  part  of  tho  district  daring  the  fair  weather,  returning 
to  their  homes  in  the  rainy  season.  Their  remedies  consist  mostly 
uf  herbs  and  a  few  metallic  compounds  and  reduced  metals.  They 
generally  practise  their  art  among  the  ignorant  classes  of  people. 
The  disoaaos  which  they  principally  pretend  to  treat  are  gonorrhcea, 
rheumatism,  syphilis,  ulcers,  fevers,  abscesses, impotence,  and  sterility. 
Their  surgical  knowledge  is  limited  to  the  opening  of  abscesses 
and  extracting  guinoaworm,  in  which  latter  complaint  they  display 
considerable  skill  Their  pretensions  are  great,  and  they  have 
special  remedies  for  every  ailment. 

There  are  some  Hakims  or  ^fnsalmin  physicians  in  the  city.  Thi 
condition  aud  customs  are  similar  to  those  of  the  VaidifM.  Ths 
derive  their  education  from  Persian  medical  works. 

The  number  of  scientific  practitioners  is  small  and  they  are 
gradually  disappearing  owing  to  tho  natural  neglect  of  native 
meilicine.  There  are  now  (1882)  twenty-four  Vaxdyas  and  three 
Hakims  practising  in  the  city  of  Poona,  bat  of  the  quacks  who  daily 
parnde  tne  virtues  of  their  nostrums  in  the  streets  there  is  no  count 
Th»  scientific  practitioners  or  Vai'iyas  are  all  Unihmaus  by  caste. 
The  larger  number  uf  tho  quacks  are  Br^hmans,  a  few  being  Sonars, 
M&rkth&Hf  and  others.  The  Vaidus  are  a  distinct  race  or  caste  by 
thomsolves.  The  native  practitioners'  forte  lies  in  medicine ;  their 
surgical  practice  has  not  been  studied  to  the  same  extent,  as  the 
Sanskrit  treatises  on  that  subject  are  very  imperfect.  Their 
doctrines  are  based  on  humoral  pathology.  They  state  thero  are 
three  chief  humors  in  the  body,  choler  or  bile,  phlegm,  aud  wind, 
and  a  disorder  or  vitiation  of  any  of  them  constitutes  a  disease. 
The  Hakims  occasionally  undertake  surgical  cases,  conch  rataracta, 
extract  stone  from  tho  bladder,  and  attempt  rhinoplastic  operations. 
The  Vaidyas  and  Hakims  make  use  of  reduced  metals  or  ashes  of 
metals.  motalUo  compounds  which  are  prepared  bv  themselves, 
and  vegetable  roots,  oarks,  seeds,  and  oila  Many  of  the  Vaidya* 
and  Hakima  have  commenced  to  use  Kugltah  medicines,  which^| 
they  disgnise  to  deceive  their  patients.  The  position  and^l 
emoluments  of  these  practitioners  in   large   cities,   where  native 


ave 

4 


d 


graduates,  apothecariee,  and  hospiUl  assifitaois  practise,  have 
lately  su£Ferea  much.  But  even  in  the  citj  of  Pooua  some  of  the 
Vaidyas  are  extensively  consulted  and  sought  after  even  by  the 
best  educated  natives. 


Chapter  XU. 
Health. 


Tn  1883  a  curious  epidemic  occurred  among  thecats at  Sirur.  From 
the  lat  to  the  2l8tof  June  1883,  125  cats  died.  The  chief  symptom 
noticed  was  vomiting.  Cholera  was  prevalent  at  Sirur  at  the  time. 
The  disease  among  cats  had,  as  far  as  could  be  ascertained  by  the 
medical  officer  Surgeon  Stewart,  never  appeared  before  at  the 
place.  On  the  lOth  of  May  1883  cholera  broke  out  at  Sirur, 
and  abont  the  1st  of  June  cats  died  at  the  rate  of  twelve  a  day. 
Cholera  ceased  on  the  22nd  of  June  and   the  worst   part   of  the 

teat  epidemic  was  over  by  the  18th  of  the  same  mouth,  although 
the  disease  continued  to  prevail  among  the  animals  to  a  slight 
extent  for  two  or  three  weeks  afterwards.  Altogether  about  30<) 
cats  died  during  the  epidemic,  that  is  fifty  per  cent  of  the  total 
nomber  of  cats  in  the  town.  Oat  of  nine  cats  examined  which 
died  of  the  disease,  eight  gave  evidence  of  symptoms  resembling 
each  other.     The  ninth  cat  suffered  from  by  far  the   most  severe 

•  type  of  the  disease.  The  cat  first  became  restless,  not  sitting  for 
any  length  of  time  in  any  one  place  but  shifting  about.  As  it 
walked  it  staggered  in  its  gait.  Some  of  the  cats  cried  very  loudly 
and  incessantly  as  if  in  great  pain.  All  food  and  drink  were  refused 
from  the  commencement  of  the  illness  till  death  took  place.  In  vne 
case  brought  to  Surgeon  Stewart's  knowledge  a  cat  recovci'ed  after 
three  days'  illness.  Great  salivation  and  foaming  at  the  mouth  wore 
invariably  present.  The  matter  vomited  was  usually  yellow,  but 
aoroetimes  green,  and  in  one  case  it  was  observed  to  be  white. 
Throughout  the  illness  there  was  no  diarrhoea.  All  the  people  who 
handled  the  cats  said  that  there  was  great  heat  and  fovcr.  As  the 
discHSO  progressed,  the  features  of  the  animals  became  pinched  and 
shrunken  and  the  eyes  sunk  in  the  head.  This  was  a  marked  feature 
of  the  disease.  The  state  of  the  conjuuctiva)  was  noticed  by  one  man 
and  he  said  that  ho  saw  a  yellow  tinge.  Gradually  the  cats  ei^er 
Miamod  a  comatose  or  lethargic  condition,  or  else  attacks  of 
convulsions  set  iu  ;  and  after  a  time,  varying  from  ten  to  thirty-six 
hours  death  occurred,  the  cat  either  dying  quietly  or  during  an  attack 
of  convnlaions.     No  cases  of  cholera  had  occurred   iu  the  houses 

■  where  the  nine  cats  were  examined,  hut  in  several  instances  such 
cases  bad  occurred  within  a  few  yai'ds  of  the  neighbourhood.  The 
owners  of  two  out  of  the  nine  cats  said  that  the  animals  changed 
colour,  one  of  them  which  was  white  becoming  somewhat  darker, 
and  some  of  the  hair  of  the  other  which  was  of  a  brindled  sandy 
colour  becoming  white.^ 

I 

H     1  A  nmilar  pUgoo  occurred  at  Ahmkda«<;ar  in  188t.    Htrt  ftlto  cholera  prerklted 

Bfrom  abont  the  begiooiog  of  Jtily  till  the  milltile  of  Augoat.     During  the  6rit  part  of 

^Khu  p^riixl  a  groat  runrtjSitv  occmircd  uaong  th«  cat<  of  th«  oity.     AboQt  750  c»ta 

Vdie^i  from  the  Ant  to  tbo  'J5t}i  of  July  1881.     The  aTmptoina  of  the  diseaie  wen 

abuoflt  tb*  aamo.     A  day  or  two  before  tUe  oat  died  it  nppramd  inactive,  took  oo  food, 

Mkd  IritA  to  find  aotno  oool  place  where  it  could  resC     The  throat  of  the  animal 

became  iwoUco  and  choked  vad  wben  tt  died  it  fo«ned  at  tiie  tnoutb. 


Cat  Plaooi. 


japter  Xll. 
Health. 

7At  PlAUUK. 


Duras, 


In  the  second  or  severe  typo  of  tlie  diftease,  a  cat,  whicli  was  a 
very  strong  black  animal  ami  was  well  when  it  was  let  out  of  the 
hoase  at  six  o'clock  in  the  morning,  died  within  six  honrs.  It 
showed  signs  of  illness  shortly  after  re-entering  the  hoaso  and 
vomited  at  least  twenty  times,  the  vomit  being  black  like  ooSeo 
grounda.  A  tbick  slimo  ran  from  the  animal's  muuth  and  it  had 
two  white  watery  stools.  The  eyes  wore  so  sunken  that  it  was 
only  with  difficulty  that  they  could  be  seen  when  open.  The  animal 
wns  extremely  restless,  moving  abont  from  place  to  place.  It 
refused  all  food  and  drink,  cried  a  little  during  the  first  hour  of  it-s 
illness  but  not  aftcrwai-ds,  was  not  lame  fj-om  cramps  when  it 
walked,  but  staggered  in  its  gait  and  seemed  quite  stupid.  It  bad 
no  convnlsions  and  died  qutto  peaceably.  The  cat  was  said  to  be 
colder  than  was  natural  during  illnf>3s,  and  after  death  it  became 
very  rapidly  cold.  The  colour  changed  from  black  to  maty  brown, 
and  80  great  weis  the  change  that  the  owner  recognised  it  with 
difficulty. 

On  the  whole,  the  disease  from  which  the  animals  suffered  was  i 
Surgeon  Stewart'a  opinion  a  malignant  epidomic  disease  of  the  most 
virulent  typp,  reserabliiag  cholera  in  some  points,  but  in  others  much 
moi-o  resembling  what  one  would  expect  to  find  in  cases  of  yellow 
fever,  a  disease  in  which  acute  atrnpliy  of  the  liver  forms  one  of 
the  leading  features.  Charbonous  fever  without  eruption  is  the 
only  disease  known  to  veterinary  science  closely  resembling  the 
one  described  above.  This  affection  differs  widely  from  cholera  in 
many  of  its  symptoms. 

A  very  similar  disease  attacked  Borao  of  the  cattle  at  Sirur, 
principally  young  healthy  buffaloes.  Of  nineteen  buffaloes  and  five 
cuws  owned  by  three  individuals  examined  by  Surgeon  Stewart,  ten 
buffaloes  and  one  coW  were  attacked  with  the  disease  and  died. 
Six  of  the  animals  were  attacked  between  the  18th  and  the  21st  of 
July,  three  on  the  23rd,  the  28th,  and  the  2i)th  of  July,  and  two  on 
the  2Dd  and  the  7th  of  August  1883.  All  wore  young  aud  healthy 
aniftals,  only  one  being  of  medium  age.  Death  occurred  within 
fourteen  to  eighteen  hours.  The  symptoms  were  panting,  salivation, 
mnning  from  the  nose  and  mouth,  restlessness  in  some  cases,  and 
rapid  dejith.' 

The  total  number  of  deaths  shown  in  the  Sanitary  Commissioner's 
yearly  reports  for  the  eighteen  years  ending  1883  is  321,918  or 
an  average  mortality  of  17,884,  that  is,  according  to  the  1S81 
census,  of  about  twenty  in  every  thousand  people.  Of  the  average 
number  of  deaths  11,297  or  63*2  per  cent  were  returned  as  due  to 
fevers,  1485  or  8'3  per  cent  to  cholera,  1  iSl  or  80  per  cent  to  bowel 
complaints,  580  or  32  per  cent  to  small-pox,  and  28 1 G  or  1 58  per  cent 
to  miscellaneous  causes.  Deaths  from  violence  or  injuries  averaged 
270  or  1*5  per  cent  of  the  average  mortality.  An  examination  of  the 
death  returns  shows  that  fever  which  during  the  eighteen  years  ending 
1883  caused  an  average  yearly  mortality  of  11,297  or  63*2  per  cent 


¥ 


1  M«cionui<luin  on  the  '  Cat-pUgna '  at  Ahmadnogar  in  1881  aad  at  Sinir  in  1883, 


Decctn 


POONA. 


» 


* 


below  the  average  in  the  six  yoara  eudiuy  1871  and  iu  1874, 1879, 
iTid  1880,  and  wan  alioTO  the  average  in  1872,  1873,  in  the  four  years 
ending  1878,  and  m  tbo  three  jears  ending-  1883.  The  five  years 
ending  1870  had  lees  than  80OO  deaths  from  fever,  the  lowest  total 
being  o5+.*>  in  1807;  the  two  years  1806  and  1869  had  between  6000 
and  7000  deaths :  1870  had  between  7(300  and  8000  deaths.  The 
three  years  ending  1873.  1875, 187o,  and  the  four  years  ending  1883 
had  between  10,000  and  Id, 000  deaths,  and  the  two  yoai-a  ending 
1878  had  between  15,000  and  21,000  deaths.  Of  the  dpatha  from 
cholera  which  amounted  to  25,736  and  averaged  1485,  5279  or  107 
per  cent  happened  iu  18S*J,  ¥06  or  17"4  per  cent  happened  in  1875, 
3U73  or  13-8  per  cent  in  1877,3013  or  13o  percent  in  1872,3601 
or  13-5  per  cent  iu  1878,  and  HOG  or  GSG  per  cent  in  18G9.  Of  the 
twelve  years  below  the  average,  1881  hitd  1412  deaths,  1876  had 
719  deaths,  1808  had  686  deaths,  1880  had  461  deaths,  and  1870 
1871  and  1882  hml  between  200  and  300  deaths;  1879  had  100 
deaths;  and  1866  had  161  deaths.  Of  the remainingihroo years  1873 
was  free  from  cholera  and  1867  and  1874  had  less  than  teu  deaths. 
Of  the  deaths  from  suiall-pox  which  amounted  to  10,447  and 
»veragod680,  2121  or  203  per  cent  hajipeuud  iu  1872,  ir)99  or 
15-3  per  cent  in  1868,  1312  or  12  5  pnr  cent  in  1877.  1225  or  ll? 
per  cent  in  1883,  and  1000  or  O-fi  per  cent  in  1867.  Besides  those 
yenra  one  year  1876  with  886  deaths  had  a  more  than  average 
mortality  from  amall-pox.  Of  the  years  below  the  average  1871  and 
1882  had  between  060  aud  50i»  deaths,  1869  and  1873  had 
between  300  aud  400  ;  1866,  1874,  aud  1875  Imd  betweeu  100  and 
200;  1S70  had  ninety-one  deaths;  1878  aud  1879  had  less  than 
fifty  deaths  ;  and  the  remaining  two  years  1880  and  1881  were  free 
from  amall-pox.  Duaths  from  bowel  complaints  which  amounted  to 
25,820  and  averaged  1*34,  varied  from  706  in  1866  to  2270  iu  1877. 
Injuries  with  a  total  mortality  of  4807  and  an  average  murtality 
of  270  variud  from  177  iu  1869  to  340  in  1878.  Other  causes  with 
a  total  mortality  of  50,695  and  an  average  mortality  of  2816  varied 
from  1625  in  1879  to  4808  in  1872.  During  the  thirteen  jeara 
ending  18S3  for  which  birth  returns  are  available,  the  number  of 
births  was  returned  at  2W,o78,  the  yearly  total  varying  from 
11,740  in  1878  to  25,705  iu  1883  and  averaging  18,698,  or  acooi-ding 
to  the  1881  census  about  twenty-ouo  in  every  thousand  people, 
'llie  details  are  given  overleaf : 


Chapter  III- 
H«dth. 

Births  and 

DSATHS. 


a8M-IO 


tm 


[Bombay  Gtzetteer, 


74 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  HZ* 
EMlth. 

BnWBB  AITD 
DtUBI. 


Poona  BirtXa  and  Deat&a,  1866-1883.^ 

T«*|u 

Dkaths. 

Bismii, 

OIwIqt*. 

Feveri, 

Com- 
pltlntn. 

Inja- 

Other 

OHOMI. 

Tntai. 

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1  The  death  returns  are  believed  to  be  fairly  correct  and  the  birth  retanu  to  be 
inoomplete. 


I 


I 


,  or  Bhima  Bank,  is  on©  of  the  eastern  sub di visions j 
ead-qnartera  ftt  Sup«.  It  lies  on  the  right  bank  of  tho 
Bhima  between  1^-"  2'  and  18°  40'  north  latitnde  and  74°  13'  and 
74°  55'  east  loDgitndo,  and  la  bounded  on  the  north  by  Sirur  and 
the  Shrigonda  sub-division  of  Ahmadnagar,  both  separated  from  it 
by  the  Bbima ;  on  the  east  by  the  Karjat  sub-division  of  Ahmadnagar 
and  the  KaruKtla  aub-di\'ision  of  Sholiipur  both  Beparated  from  it  by 
the  Bbima  and  by  Indrtpur ;  on  tho  sonth  by  the  Phaltan  Mtato 
separated  from  it  by  the  Xira;  and  on  tho  west  by  Pnrandhar  and 
Haveli.  lis  area  is  1036  square  miles,  its  1881  population  1 10,428 
or  107  to  the  square  mile,  and  its  1881-82  land  revenue  £22,935 
(Ra.  2,29.350). 

Of  an  area  of  1035  square  miles  1032  have  been  gurvayed  ia 
detail.  Of  those  99  are  the  lands  of  alienated  villag-es.  The  rest, 
according  to  the  revenue  snrvey  returns,  contains  495,517  acres  or 
82  per  cent  of  arable  land;  316  acres  or '05  per  cent  of  unarable 
land,  20,Oli5  acres  or  3  per  cetit  of  grass ;  20,837  acres  or  3  per 
cent  of  forest  reserves;  and  ''.0,688  acres  or  10  per  cent  of  village 
sites,  roads,  river  beds,  and  hills.  From  the  495,517  acres  of  arable 
land,  46,007  acres  or  9  per  cent  have  to  be  taken  on  account  of  alien- 
ated lands  in  Government  villages.  Of  tho  balance  of  449,510 
mores,  the  actual  area  of  arable  Government  land,  405,624  acres  or 
90  per  cent  were  nuder  tillage  in  1880-8J.  Of  those  392,677  or  97 
per  cent  were  dry-crop  and  13,047  acres  or  3  per  cent  were  waffered 
garden  land. 

A  spxLT  of  the  SfthyAdria  enters  the  anb-diviaion  from  the  west 
and  quickly  widening  fills  nearly  the  whole  ^ireadth_  before  it 
reaches  the  eastern  border.  TKe  only  hiiroTnote  is  that  occupied 
by  the  ancient  temple  of  Bhuleshvar.  Tho  north  along  the  Bhima 
and  tho  Mula-Mutba  is  generally  level  but'xs  very  bare  of  trees. 
The  north-east  is  rough  and  hilly,  as  also  are  the  villages  bordering 
on  the  Bhulcsbvar  range  to  the  east  of  Pitas.  There  are  almost  no 
mango  groves,  but  the  gross  lands  along  the  Bhima  havo  some 
good  hv^bhulu,  and  some  babhuU,  limbs,  &na  pimpals  fringe  tho  aides 
of  streams  and  shade  the  neighbourhood  of  wells.  The  nhuleshvar 
bills  in  the  centre  are  bare,  and  tho  whole  country  is  exceedingly 
bleak.  In  tho  south  the  laud  sliopes  soathwards,  a  waving  plain 
watered  and  broken  By  tho  Karha  and  other  smaller  streams. 


Chapter  XIII. 
Sub-DiTisiou. 


AfMm 


^ 


'  From  niktcrmlA  KuppUw)  hy  Mr.  P.  C.  B.  Saow,  C.  S.  wd  Mr.  W.  H.  F1et«her> 
8amy  SuprnntHDdcuC 


ma 


Sab'DiTiaions- 

BitlMTITAni, 

Atptet. 


WuSfT. 


H'dli. 


OtimtUt. 


Stvclt. 


D/M. 


The  flat  hill  tops  bare  usually  a  snrfaco  of  shallow  black  soil 
strewn  with  Btniici*.  The  slopya  aiiJ  skirt-a  of  the  hills  an;  gt'iiLTiilly 
of  shallow  Irpht  soil,  while  btai;k  soil  of  cousitlurable  (lL'|>th  13  fuund 
in  the  rivw  basins.  Many  villajjoa  ucar  tho  Bhiina  and  Nira  havo 
tDHch  deep  rich  black  soil.  The  chief  crops  are  hdjri,  jvdri,  vtath, 
gram,  wheat,  and  kuHhi,  besides  a  little  sugarcane,  cotton,  tobacco, 
linReed,  and  vegetables.  Tho  staple  grain;]  aro  f'vdri  in  tho  cast  and 
hajri  in  tho  west. 

The  ?>Iiila-S]utha  and  Bhima  form  the  northern,  and  tho  Nim 
tho  soolhern  boundary ;  and  tho  Kjiirlia  a  Bmallcr  Btream,  crossing 
the  8iib-divisiou  fulls  into  tlie  Nira  in  its  sooth-ea.'^t  corner, 
ilany  stnaller  etroams  like  the  Karha  are  dry  during  tho  hot  weather. 
Besides  the  Mulha  ciiuala  which  water  a  considerable  area  tlieru  aro 
largo  reservoirs  at  Kiisurdo,  MAtoba,  Shirsuplml,  I'dtas,  and  Sujja. 

Near  the  Bhima  water  lies  go  deep  that  villagett  along  its  bank 
have  never  had  wells.  In  the  whole  sub-division  besides  675  wells 
used  for  drinking,  aboni  27t>6  welU  are  used  for  watering  the  land. 
Of  tho  whole  number  about  H7-i  nre  with  and  25fi7  without  stops. 
A  well  wattTS  from  one  to  three  ucrce  and  tho  depth  of  waU)r  varies 
from  one  to  twenty-two  feet.  Tho  cost  of  building  a  well  varies 
from  £30  to  £200  (Ka  200  -  2000) . 

Tho  climate  which  is  dry  and  airy  varies  in  different  parts.  The 
north-west  enjoys  in  general  a  good  rniTifall,  while  in  tho  north- 
east, as  in  Indipur,  tho  supply  is  scanty  and  uncertain.  The 
diffcrcuce  begins  from  the  Bhuloshvar  hills  to  the  ea.st  of  PAt^is. 
Along  the  Bhima  iu  tho  north  the  certain  rainfall  makes  irrigation 
loss  necessary  than  in  other  jmrts.  The  southern  half  though  part 
of  it  is  nearer  tho  Sahyjidria  has,  like  the  north-east,  an  uncertain 
supply  of  rain  due  upjmreutly  to  the  clouds  being  drawn  to  tho 
Purandhar  and  Mahil<lev  hill». 

According  to  tho  1882-83  returns,  form  stock  Jncluderl  fifty- 
nine  riding  and  2573  load  carts,  525  two-bollock  and  3 134  four- 
bul|^>ck  ploughs,  30,50(1  bullocks  and  18,518  cows,  866  hc-bnfftdoeB 
and  2712  she -buffaloes,  2547  horses,  83,780  sheep  and  goats,  and 
1015  asses. 

In  1881-82,  of  403,112  acres,  tho  whole  area  hold  for  tillage,  34,S9S 
acres  or  805  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of  the  remain- 
ing 308,211  acres,  494-2  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  373,150  acres 
onder  tillage,  grain  crops  occupied  .'11^,258  acres  or  S5'28  per  cent, 
of  which  226,152  were  under  Indian  millet  jvdri  Sorgham  vulgnre  ; 
82,lo!>  under  spiked  millet  hnjri  Ponicillaria  spicata  ;  8C8S  under 
wheat  gahu  Triticum  rostivum;  720  under  maize  wuMa  Zea  mays ; 
136  under  rdla  or  hintj  Panicnm  itnlicnm ;  51  under  barley  jau 
Hordeom  hexastichon ;  S.Hnnderrico  hhai  Oryza  sativa;  and  319 
under  other  grains  of  which  detajis  aro  not  given.  Pulses  occupied 
17,017  acres  or  4'5G  per  cent,  of  which  6698  were  under  gram 
harhhara  Cicor  ariotinum  ;  293-^  under  hilifh  or  kuUhi  Dolichos 
biflurue  ;  1576  under  Utr  Cajanus  indicus  ;  ^^51  under  mvg  Phaaeolua 
niungo ;  and  5-15S  under  other  pnlsos.  Oilseeds  occupied  34,607 
acres  or  1''27  per  cent,  of  which  354  were  undo?  gingolly  seed  (i7 


Sesamara  indicum ;  70  undor  liusoed  alghi  Linam  nsitatissimam ; 
and  34,183  uuder  other  oilseeds.  Fibres  occupied  059  acres  or  0"17 
per  cent,  all  of  theta  under  Bombay  Iiempsnu  or  ((*j?  Crotbhiria 
jnnoea.  Miacellaneous  crojis  ocnipioil  2615  acres  or  070  per  coot, 
of  which  72-t  were  under  cliillies  mirchi  Capsicum  frutescens;  3il 
under  sogarcano  us  Saccbarum  officinarum ;  l!Sl  ander  tobacco 
iambdkhu  Nicotiaua  tabacum ;  and  tho  roniainiDg  1399  under 
^rariuus  vegotablus  aud  fruits. 

I     The  1881  population  n'tums  show,  of  110,428  people  106,733  or 
^■96*65  per  cent  HinduH;  3<^69   or  323  per  cent  Musnlmilna  ;  115  or 
^■0*10  per  cent  Christians ;  7  Jews  ;  and  4  Pamis.     Tlio  details  of  the 
Hindu caetos are:  33^8  BrAhmane ; 28  Ktfyasth  Prabhns,  writers ;  II 58 
MArwdr  Vinis^   70.1  Ling^vat*,  678Gnjariit  Vflnis,  71    Komtia,   and 
71  Vaishya  Vauis,  traders  ;'42,922  Kuubis,  8130  MAlis,  and  4  KAchis, 
husbandmen  ;  2954  ChAmbhArs,  lea thtir- workers  ;  1020  SonSra,  jrold- 
emiliis ;  102G  Telia,  oilmen  ;  970  Kumbb<-lra,  potters;  878  Bailhdis, 
csr]>onters ;    G41    Shimpis,   tailors;  578  Lohdi-s,  blacksmiths;  531 
'      Koehtis,  weavers  ;  402  K^tsfLrs,  glassbangle-hawkers ;   327  Sangars, 
B  weavers;  200  Lon^ris,  lime-bnmors;  167  PdthnrTats,  &tODC>masona  ; 
™  82  SAlis,  weavers  ;  40  BhAvsars,  dyers  ;  35  Buruds,  bamboo-work- 
ers; 33  IWula,  weavers  ;20  Jiugara,  painters  ;  19  BeldnrB.quarrymon; 
12  Uaundia,  miuMins ;  9  TAinbats,  coppersmiths;  5  NilAris,  dyera ; 
5  Gbis&dia,    polisher*!!;    5  Otjiris,   castors;  one    Khatri,   weaver; 
one  Bbadbhunjn,  grain-parcher;  6S3    Guravs,  temple-servanta;  45 
L  Ohadshis,  musicians ;  1412  Nhavis,  barbers  ;  750  Parits,  washermen  ; 
H  13,770  DhangarSj  cowmen ;  128  Gavlls,  cowkoepers ;  1035  KoUs  and 
^  370  Bhois,  fishers;  246  Bnjputs,  messeugers ;  34  Kamathis,  houao- 
buildurs;  5  BhandAris,  piilm-tapi»er3  ;  3  KalAls,  distillers  ;  3  Tjudhia, 
H  labourers ;    one    Rnddi,    waterman  ;    441)0   BAraoshis,    watchmen ; 
V 1089    Vadara,     stono-cutlers ;     370    VnnjAris,  grain-dealers;   216 
KaikAdis,  labourers;  and  120  TbAInirs,  husbandmen  ;  9730  Mbiirs, 

I  village  Fcr^-ants  ;  2974  MAngs,  messengers;  73  Uhors,  tanners; 
26  HalAlkhors,  scavengers ;  and  518  GosAvis,  397  Joshis,  255  Holura, 
215  KolhAtis,  142  BharAdis,  107  K;iDphAtds,91Jangams,57  VaWua, 
50  (iondldis,  28  BliAmtaa,  19  TirmAlis,  13  Chitrakathis,  10  ArAdhis, 
9  VAHudevs,  7  BliAts,  and  5  MAnbhAvs,  beggars. 
Aboat  eighty-six  per  cent  of  the  cultivators  are  Kuubis,  nine  per 
cent  BrAhmans,  LingAyat  VAni»,  and  Ohangars,  four  per  cent  MhAra 
(md  MAngs,  aud  one  per  cent  MnsalmAiis.  The  houses  of  most 
husbaudmou  have  walls  of  hardened  earth  occasionally  mixed  with 

■  Btone.     The  n>ofs  are  either  flat  made  of  wood  and  hardened  mud 
or  sloping  with  tiles  and  reed  thatoh.     Some  rich  laudholders  of 
'       8npa  and  BArrtinat.i  Iiave  better  aud  roomier  houses  than  those  in 

*  other  parts  of  the  sub-divifiion.  Nearly  fifty  per  cent  of  the  land- 
holders have  to  borrow  bnllocks  to  till  their  holdings,  as  they 
seldom  huve  more  than  one  pair  pf  their  own.  Rich  landholders 
have  one  to  six  pairs  of  ballocics  and  also  have  she-bufiFaloes,  goats, 
und  sheep.  About  seventy  per  cent  have  not  more  tban  enough 
grain  to  keep  tliemsulves  aud  their  families,  and  the  poor  have  to 
eko  out  their  profits  by  labour.  About  sixty  per  cout  are  small 
^  landowners,  thirty  per  cent  labourers,  tmd  ten  per  cent  propriott 


Chapter  ZIII. 

Sab-Divinoni* 

Bkimthai 


Culticaioi 


Chapter  ZIII. 
Sob-DiTisirai- 

BlUMTUADI. 

ComjnuaicatioM. 


with  t^nantR.  The  Knnbis  do  a  substantial  btiginess  during  the 
slack  season  in  carting,  cither  themselves  working  for  hire  op 
letting  their  carts  and  bullocks.  ■ 

The  Poona-ShoMpm*  roud  passes  throughout  the  lougth  of  the 
sab-diTiHion,  and  tho  PcninsuJa  Railway  also  crosses  it  iu  the  same 
direction,  the  two  running  pamllel  to  and  at  a  very  nhort  distance 
from  each  other  through  the  western  half,  while  the  eastern  half  is 
opened  by  the  railway  in  the  north  and  the  Poona  high  road  in  the 
centre.  Three  railway  stations,  Dhond  P4tas  and  Kedgaon,  are 
within  the  Uhimthadi  limits,  and  two  DikadI  and  Umli  are  close  to  it« 
borders.  Besides  these,  main  lines  of  road  lead  from  the  station  at 
Kedgaon  to  Sirur  through  Pdrgaon  and  to  Supu  and  Jejiiri  through. 
PAdvi.  The  rnarkot  towns  are  Piitas,  K&rkamb,  and  Yavat  on  the 
high  roarl  from  Poona  toSholApur.and  BilrAmati,SiJpa,  Jejuri,SAsvad, 
Phaltan,  W&i,Bhor  and  SjitJira  are  all  within  reach  of  the  sub-dirision. 
The  people  are  almost  entirely  occupied  in  husbandry,  and  gram^ 
and  other  products  are  sent  to  Pooob  and  to  a  leaa  extent  to  BopoboT. 

Baveli.  HaVOll.   tho  most  southerly  of  the  Sniiyiidri  sub-divisionfl,  with 

jBomdarUM,  its  bead -quarters  at  Poona,  and  lying  between  18"  17'  and  18°  45' 
north  latitude  and  73"  21' and  74°  16'  east  longitude,  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Khed  and  Sirur; on  the  east  by  Bhimthadi;  on 
the  south  by  Purandhar  and  Bhor ;  and  on  the  west  by  Pen  iu  Koldba 
and  Bhor  iu  Satdra.  Its  area  is  813  square  miles,  its  ISSL 
population  287,002  or  353  to  the  square  mile,  and  its  1S81-82  land 
revenue  £20,494  {Rs.  2.04,940).  M 

'Area,  ^^  ^^  ^^^^  *^^  ®^^  square  miles  TOS  have  been  surveyed  in  detail. 

Of  these  202  are  the  lands  of  alienated  villages.  The  rest,  according 
to  the  rerenne  survey  retnrns,  contains  2Go,329  acres  or  69  per  cent 
of  arable  land;  11,075  acres  or  2  per  cent  of  nnarablo  laud;  23,089 
acres  or  6  per  cent  of  grass;  30,336  acres  or?  per  cent  of  forest 
reserves;  and  49.010  acres  or  13  per  cent  of  vilWe  sites,  roads, 
river  beds,  and  hills.  From  the  265,329  acres  of  arable  land,  34,688 
acres  or  13  per  cent  have  to  bo  taken  on  account  of  alienated  lands 
in  Government  villages.  Of  the  balance  of  230,641  acres  the  actual 
area  of  arable  Government  land  220,841  acres  or  98  per  cent 
were  under  tillage  iu  1880-81,  Of  these  212.044  acres  or  93  per  cent 
were  dry-crop  and  14,797  acres  or  7  per  cent  wore  watered  garden 
land. 

Aamet.  -^  spur  from  the  Sahyddris,  of  which  the  hill  fort  of  ^ighgad 

•  *•      iu  the  west  ts  the  most  conspicuous  feature,  runs  along  the  southern 

boundary  of  the  Bub-division.  To  tho  east  of  Poona  in  the  ceutro 
the  country  is  flat,  open,  and  nlmost  bare  of  trees ;  to  the  weat  it  is 
mggei.1  and  hilly  and  much  of  it  well  wooded  especially  along  the 
south  side  of  tho  Mutha  whore  are  large  numbers  of  fine  mango 
trees  and  a  sprinkling  of  jack  trees.  Teak  also  appears  on  the  sides 
of  the  Siuhgad  hills  bat  nev^  grows  to  any  size.  The  Mula- 
Mutha  rnnniug  east  divides  the  Country  to  the  east  of  Poena  into  two 
Tie-arly  equal  portionB.  The  tract  to  the  north  of  the  Mulu-Mutha, 
between  it  and  the  Bhima,  comprising  some  of  tho  poorer  villages. 
is  chiefly  stony,  barren,  high-lying  land,  better  fitted  for  sheep- 


J 


DeecAnl 


POONA. 


grasiag  tban  tillage.  The  people  make  tlie  most  of  their  barren 
mheriiunce,  every  arailable  gor^^e  being  blocked  with  rough  stone 
embaDkments,  to  gather  anil  keep  the  scanty  »oil  which  is  washefl 
from  Dplanda.  The  country  to  the  south  Ijetween  the  Mutha  and 
the  hilfs  is  ranch  more  level  and  has  a  Inrg-e  proportion  of  rich  soil. 
Even  under  the  hitls  the  villages  are  not  unfruitful,  a  better  rainfall 
making  op  for  a  somewhat  poorer  soil. 

The  flat-toppod  hilU  and  terraces  have  usually  a  ahallow  surface 
of  black  soil  strewn  with  stones.     The  slopes  uad  skirts  of  the  hills 
are  shallow  red  and  gray  or  mere  stones  and  rockj  and  the  river 
t      and  stream  basins  are  a  rich  deep  black. 

H  The  neighbourhood  of  the  great  market  of  Pooca  makes  the 
^  tillage  of  llavcli  more  energetic  and  careful  than  in  most  otlier 
parte  of  the  district.  The  ohiof  crops  aro  bdjri,  jtnri,  rice,  ndgli, 
hulga,  wheat,  gram,  tur,  khurasni,  iiditl,  mug,  til,  hhuimug, 
castor-seed,  sugarcane,  and  chiltics.  Near  Poona  those  crops  are 
chiefly  grown  which  are  suited  to  meet  the  daily  demands  of  a  large 
city.  Green  fodder  in  a  great  measure  supersedes  grain  and  is 
supplied  by  early  jvdri  and  maiee.  In  garden  lands  especially  for 
some  miles  around  Poona,  oranges,  limes,  pomaloes,  guavas, 
plantains,  figs,  pomcgranatos,  grapes,  mangoes,  and  vegetables 
of  all  kinds,  both  local  and  foreign,  are  grown  in  large  quantitiea. 
Lncem  grass  is  a  much-grown  and  proBtablo  crop.  PdnmalAs  or 
betel  vine  gardens  are  numeroua  especial ly  in  the  villages  of  Kondve 

kBadrak,  Kondve  Khnrd,  Nudri,  Muhammad vddi,  and  Phursangi. 
To  the  west  of  Poona  early  or  kliarif  crops  predominate,  tho  chief 
being  early  jvdri  and  bdjri  supplemented  by  tur,  til,  ndehni,  and 
wheat.  Rico  is  also  grown  in  a  few  border  villages  notably  in 
Hahatnnda,  Arvi,  Maruiiji.  Klladraai,  Mulkhed,  and  Bhukan.  These 
western  villages  have  little  garden  land,  probably  because  the  rain- 
fall is  certain  enough  to  ensure  a  regular  return  from  dry-crop 
^  tillage.  They  have  also  mnch  land  under  grass  which  from  tho 
H  plentiful  rainfall  grows  freely  and  in  Poona  finds  a  ready  sale.  Tho 
area  of  arable  land  kept  for  private  grazing  is  no  less  than  13^45 
per  cent  of  tho  whole  occupied  area.  VAgholi,  Kharadi,  Vadgaon, 
nheri,  Kosnaud.and  Lohogaou  from  their  ucaruesa  to   Pooaa,  have 

I  large  tracts  under  grass  which  probably  pay  better  than  they  would 
if  onder  tillage.  Long  strings  of  men  and  women  daily  bring  in 
bandies  of  grass,  firewood,  cowdung-cakes,  and  milk  to  the  camp 
ftud  city  of  Poona. 
The  sub-division  is  well  watered.  Besides  tho  smaller  streams  it 
is  crossed  by  five  considerable  rivers,  tho  Bhima  aud  the  ludriiyani 
which  form  it«  northern  boundary,  tho  Pauna  rising  in  tho  Niine- 
U&val  and  falling  into  the  Mula  near  Ddpu ri,  and  the  Mula  and  the 
Hj^^ha,  which,  with  their  sources  in  the  Bahy^dris  join  below  the 
city  01  Poona  and  flow  east  to  thq  Bhima.  Tho  Iudr£yani,  which 
al.<to  has  its  source  in  the  SahyAd[-iH,  after  crossing  M^val  Hows 
into  tho  Bhima  at  ToUpor,  from  which  for  a  short  distance  tho 
Bhima  forms  tho  boundary  of  Haveh.  All  of  these  rivers 
throughout  the  hot  months  hold  water  in  considerable  pools,  if  not 
in  small  streams.    The  Mutha  canal  scheme,  including  Lake  Fife 


Chapter  ZIH^' 
Sab-Divifiiou. 

Havi 

Aajuct, 


Wait 


lapter  XIII- 
lab  Divifiious- 
Havxu. 
ffolrr. 


ITftts. 


Climate. 


Crop«, 


!»0f*. 


PcOJHt, 


and  the  P^Lto  reservoir  are  the  chief  sonrcea  of  orop  wat 
Kscept  these  two  water  worka  the  streams  seldom  supply  wat 
channels  throughout  the  year,  and  are  useful  in  raising  only  such" 
crops  as  can  bo  cleared  before  the  hot  weather  begins  in  March, 
The  Ktovj  lake  in  the  Sinbgad  hitla  about  tiftcen  miles  south  uf 
Poena  was  built  by  Bdhiji  mjirdv  the  tbinl  Peshwa  (1740-  17C1). 
to  supply  the  city  of  Puoua  with  drinking  water.  The  canal  &till 
carries  a  email  quantity  of  water  into  the  city. 

Besides  99  wells  nsed  for  drinking,  about  1722  wells  are  used 
for  watering  the  land.  Of  tho  whole  number  alioot  599  are  with 
and  1222  without  steps.  A  well  waters  from  two  to  four  acres 
and  the  depth  of  water  varies  frum  four  to  twenty  feet.  The  cost 
of  building  a  well  varies  from  £20  to  £200  (Ra.  200 -2000). 

The  climate  which  is  dry  and  healthy  varies  much  in  different 
parts  of  the  Bub-division  ;  tho  rainfall  increases  so  rapidly  towards 
the  west  that  in  the  border  villages  rice  and  ntlgli  take  the  place  of 
jvdri  audbajfi.  Mulshi  in  the  west  has  an  average  fall  of  forty-seven 
inches,  compared  witli  twenty -five  inches  at  Poena  in  the  centre. 

In  lSSl-82,  of  226,743  acres,  the  whole  area  held  for  tillage,21,306 
acres  or  9'39  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  gnuts.  Of  the  remaining 
205,437  acres,  1803  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  207,240  ticme 
under  tillage,  grain  crops  occupied  185.994  acres  or  89"74  per  cent  of 
which  81,283  were  under  spiked  millet  bajri  Penicillaria  spicuta  ; 
.14,877  nnder  Indian  millot  jfdri  Sorghum  vulgnro;  21,104  under 
rice  hitdt  Oryza  sativa ;  12,572  under  rdgt  or  ndehni  Fjleusine 
corocana  ;  8288  under  aiiva  and  mri  Panicum  miliaceum  and  miliare  ; 
3503  under  wheat  gahu  Triticura  ffistivura  ;  113  under  rain  or 
k<i7ig  Panicum  italicnro  ;  50  nnder  barley  ^flt;  Hordenm  hcxaatichon  ; 
50  under  maize  makka  Zea  mays  ;  and  4l54  under  other  grains  of 
which  details  are  not  given.  Pulses  occupied  2841  acres  or  1-37 
percent,  of  which  1404  were  under  gram  Karbhara  Cicer  arietinum  ; 
5S0  under  iur  Cajanus  indicns;  22tJ  under  mug  Phaseolus  mnngo  ; 
110  under  kulUh  or  kuHhi  Dohchos  biflorua;  100  under  peas 
vdtdna  Pisura  sativum;  47  under  tulid  Phnseolus  radiatus ;  and 
365  under  other pnlses.  Oil-sooda  occupied  1I.14S  acres  or  6'37  per 
cent,  of  which  4392  were  under  gingolly  seed  til  Sesamum  indicum, 
and  0756  under  other  oil-seeds.  Fibres  occupied  23G2  acres  or  1-13 
per  cent.  Miscellaneous  crops  occupied  4895  acres  or  2*36  per 
cent,  of  which  22G0  were  under  sugarcane  us  Saccharum  ofBcinamm ; 
221  under  chillies  mtrc/ii  Cajisicum  fruteacens;  and  the  remaiuinf^ 
2414  under  various  vegetables  and  fruits. 

According    to    tho    1882-83  returns  farm    stock    included  9G2 
riding  and  5110  load  carts,  4508  two-bullock  and  4359  four-bullotk 
plonks,  34,046  bullocks  and  25^229  cows,   1556  he-buffaloes  und 
87G3  Bhe-baffalocB,  2176  horses,  21,169  sheep  and  goats,  and  2H0j 
Bssee.  •  ^ 

The  1881  population  retbms  show,  of  287,062  people 
256,056  or  8919  per  cent  Hindus;  20,503  or  713  per  cent 
Musalmana;  8372  or  291  per  cent  Chi-istians;  1491  or  0-51 
per    cent    PArsia;    560  or  0'19   per   cent   Jews;    77  Buddhists 


3  TTnibirians.      Tho  tlotnilR  of  tho  HinJn  cartes  aro  :  23,976 

BrAliinansj  6bi  Kiiyastb  Prabhiis.  398  VelAlis,  171  PatAno  Prablnis, 

and  30  Dhriiv  Prabhua^  writers;  3158  MArw.ir  Vanis,  2189  Liagd- 

ynts,    1542  Gujanit  Vfinis,  351   Vaishya  Vfiuis,  23ti  Kirnds,   156 

Romtis,  05  Agnrv'iUs,  (i7  BLiUy&s,  03  Bmbtiia-Khlmtris,  49  Tiimltoli.s, 

fSd  Ban^^ara,  and  C  Ijohdiids,  traders  aud   merchants;   117,830  Knn- 

piiS   13,502  MiiHs,   6+9  KAchis,  6*  Baris,  and  10  Pabddis,  huahand- 

lueii ;    5496  Cb4inhhdrs,  leather-workers  ;  5256  Shimpis,  tailors; 

rS   SonArs,  goldsmiths;  2776  BadluSis,  carpontors;  2496  Telis, 

oilmen;  2338  KiimbbArs,  potttTs;  1200  Salia,  weavers;  1121  Kiisdra, 

glassbnn (fie -hawkers  ;  Slii    Tnmbata,    coppersmiths  ;   511     Jinpars, 

Eainters ;  504  Uuriida.  bamboo-wnrkers  ;  487  Koshtis,  wearers;  408 
lohilrs,  blacksmiths;  381  Ghisddis,  polishers;  381  Khatris,  weavors; 
857  Beld&rs,  qanriymen  ;  3i4  Lon&ns,  lime-biimors ;  2oG  Gaundis, 
masons ;  252  Pdtharvnts,  stone-masons ;  275  KAuls,  weavers ;  24o 
Bangars,  weavers;  198  Bbadbhuujas,  Kraia-parchers  ;  98  Kildrts, 
dyers  ;  86  Saltdnkara,  tanners  ;  79  Lakberis,  !ac  bracelet-makers ; 
66  H.'ilvais,  sweedmeat-sellers  ;  59  OtAris^  casters;  53  KAchAris, 
plassbangle-makers ;  32  BhAvsArs,  dyers;  21  KAtAris,  turners; 
20  Jbdrckaris,  dust-washers;  931  GumvB,  teniplo-serrauts ;  27 
Gbndsbis,  musicians;  3408  Nhdvis,  barbers;  2556  I^rits,  waaher- 
tooo  ;  4256  Dbai^rs,  cowmen;  1757  Gavlia,  cowkoepers ;  2322 
Kolis  and  1907  Bhois,  fishers;  2328  Rajputfl,  messengers;  1053 
KAmAthis,  bonse-builders ;  361  Lodhis,  labonrers ;  180  Cbbapar- 
bands,  thfttebers  ;  108  Bbanddris,  palm-tappers;  62  Kaldls,  distillers; 
29  Kiiddis,  watermen;  3706  Hiimoshis,  watchmen;  679  Vau- 
jAris,  grain -dealers  ;  470  KaikAdis,  labourers ;  397  Vadars,  stone- 
cattent ;  346  KAtbkaris,  cat-pchu- makers  ;  243  ThAkurs,  husbandmen; 
81  Bhils,  labourers  ;  30  Ph^sepfirdbis  and  5  Rorad«,  hunters  ;  23,554 
I      MhArs,  villajje-servants  ;  -5303  Mi'ings,  messengers  ;  878  HnlAlkhors, 

•Rcavengers ;  392  Dhors,  tanners  ;  1449  GosAvis,  405  Janirarns,  414 
Josbis,  337  Vaidua,  257  BbaiA^lis.  199  Gondblis,  93  KolbAtis,  77 
PAnguls,  74  JohAria,  65  Holars,  50  Bliats.  38  BhAratAs,  21  MdnbhAva. 
20  KanpbAfAs,  15  ArAdhis,  14  Chitrakathis,  12  BhutAs,  and  10 
TirmAlis,  beggars. 

Except  in  some  of  the  villages  to  the  north-west  of  Poona  wliere 
the  country  is  too  rugged  for  carts  means  of  communication  abound  in 
I  the  subdivision.  The  Peninsula  raul  way  runs  through  its  centre  baring 
stations  within  its  limits.      The  high  roads  are  numerous  and 
i,  the  chief  being  those  to  Bombay,  Ahmadnagar,  SholApur,  and 
Urn.     To  SAtdra  there  are   three  routes  by  the  Katraj,  Bdbdev, 
Lund  Diva  passes,  all  skilful  lasting  works,  the  tup   of  the   EAtraJ 
[bill  being  pierced  by  a  tunnel  of  considerable  length.     Many  miles 
)f  excellent  made  roads  cross  the  cantonment  of  Poona  and  connect 
^t  with  Kirkee  and  the  city.     A  second  class  road  runs  also  tfarongh 
TArAyangaon  to  Jannar  and   NA^ik.     All   these   roads  centre   in 
*oona  aud  give  easy  access  from  all  parts  of  the  district  to  the 
[vast  <juantily  of  supplies  required  by  so  largo  a  city.     The  villnges 
En  the   Mutha  valley   have   a  good  rtHwl  from  tlie  foot  of  Sinhgad ; 
ind  the  new  road    to   Bhnr  joins  Bbukum,   BAvdhan,  and  other 
)1acos  with  the  city  while  most  of  the  villages  along  tlie  Mula  arc  at 
n  8C«-n 


Chapter  ZIH- 

Sab  Divisioni- 

Havbli. 

/Vopfe., 


ComtHUHiro 


IBomliny  Gazetteer, 


(Hiapter  XIII- 
SabrPivifllanfc- 


Area. 


Juptct. 


WtOfr. 


DISTRICTS. 


no  great  diatanco  from  tlie  old  Bnmbaj  roacl.     In  the  nortb-west 
tlie  gub-diviaiuu  a  uew  road  baa  been  made  from  Pixjna  to  Paiid. 

IndaJDuri  tbe  moat  soatb-eaatorly  nub-division,  lyiug  betweon 
I7*&^ftnd    18=   20'  north  latitude  and  74°  +4'   and  75"  U' eiiafe 


i 


WtlU 


Inngitudo,   is   bounded   on  the  north    by  Bhimthadi  and  by    tl 
Kai'ntc'Ua  sub-division  of  SboWpur,  which,  separated  by  the  Bhim 
also   forms  it«  eastflm  boundary  ;  on  the  BOiith  by  the  Miilsir 
sub-diviaton   of    8hoWpnr   and    the    Phaltan    sUito    territory,    both 
separated  from  it  by  the  Nira  ;  and  on  the  weat  by  Ithimthadi.     Ita 
area  \6  SCO  sqaaro  miles,  ita  1881  popalation  48,1 14  or  K5  to  the 
square  mile,  and  ita  1S81.82  land  revenao  £10,200  (Rg.  1,02,000). 

Of  an   area  of  566*6  eqaare    miles   3-53,570   acres   have  been 
surveyed  in  detail.     Of  these  9306  acres  are  the  lands  of  alienated 
villaf^es.      Tho  rest  according  to  the  revenue  survey  retams  con- 
tains 291,828  acres  or  85  per  cent  of  arable  laud;   21,268   acres 
or  6'1  percent  of  unarable  land;  18,467  acres  or  5*3  per  cent  o^h 
grass;   493  acres  or    01  per  cent  of  forest  reserves  j  and    12,14^H 
acres  or  3*5  per  cent  of  villn^  sites,  roads,  river  beds,  and  hills. 
From  tho  291 ,828  acres  of  arable  land,  li,;jt7  acres  or  4*9  per  cent 
have  to  be  taken  uu  aceouut  of  alieuat-ed  lands  in   (>uvoruincii|H 
villages.     Of  the  balance  of  277,280  acres,  tho  actual  area  of  arab^^ 
Government  land  206,999  acres  or  74-6  per  cent  were  under  tillage 
in  1880-81.      Of  these  199,929  acres  or  97  per  cent  were  dry-crop 
and  7009  acres  or  3  per  cent  were  watered  garden  land. 

The  sub-division  is  Inlly  and  rugged  in  the  north-west  and  centro, 
but  towards  the  rivers  on  ita  borders  it  is  open  and  smooth.  In  all 
tho  higher  lands  the  soils  are  shallow  and  stony.  Qood  black  sol 
is  found  on  pUteans,  but  of  no  extent  or  depth  except  along  tl 
banks  of  the  Nirn  and  Bhima.  A  yellow  alluvial  Boit  catloil  dhAi 
also  found  in  snutll  (juantitics  along  these  atrpams.  A  small  area" 
of  laud  close  to  tho  banks  of  the  Bhima  is  yearly  flooded  and  enhched 
by  the  rainy  weather  freshes  and  itrt  tillage  to  some  estent  made 
independent  of  the  local  rainfall.  Though  a  little  h'tjri  is  gruwu 
thcf  staple  crop  isjiwin*. 

The  river  Bhima  bounds  Tnddpnr  from  its  north-west  to  its  south- 
east comer  wEere  it  is  joined  by  the  river  Nira,  which  forms  the 
southern  boundary.  Besides  the  Nira  canal  which  commands  a 
large  area  there  are  large  reservoirs  at  Ind^pur  and  Bhiidalviid). 

In  a  drought-stricken  tract  like  ludapur,  before  any  large  water- 
works were  constructed,  its  wells  were  of  the  greatest  importance. 
In  past  years  the  little  spots  round  wolta  were  the  only  parts 
of  the  district  that  yielded  any  return.  The  Nira  canal  supplies 
water  enough  even  for  late  crops  and  during  the  cold  mouths  instead 
of  IndApur  being  parched  and  barren,  large  tracts  are  covered 
Trith  valuable  crops.  Besides  by  direct  watering,  tho  supplies 
brought  by  the  Nira  canal  have  *improved  Indanur  by  soaking  into 
the  soil.  Wells  that  wei*e  dry  ixifore  the  canal  was  opened  have 
now  a  good  supply  ;  and  streams  which  cea-sed  to  flow  early  in  tho 
dry  season  now  flow  nearly  thronghout  tho  year. 

Besides  409  wells  nscd  for  drinking,  about  118.5  wells  are  used 
for  watering  tho  land.     Of  the  whole  number  about    359   are   with 


Oeocanl 


POONA. 


I 
I 


ami  1235  without  steps.  A  well  waters  from  odo  to  twelre  aci-cs 
and  the  depth  of  wat«r  varies  from  6ve  to  thirty  feet.  The  cost  of 
building  a  well  varies  from  £20  to  £200  (Rs.  200-2000). 

As  rt'gnnls  raiufall,  [nddpur  is  one  of  the  worfit  pinoed  Bub-diviaiona 
in  the  Deccan.  in  pHrts  seasonable  rain  seoiuti  uukunwn  and  when 
the  ram  is  seasonable  it  is  gODOrally  scanty  and  QDCcrtain.  Year  aft«r 
year  landt)  are  left  unsown  for  want  of  moistare  and  those  that  are 
sown  yield  next  to  nothing.  Failures  of  crops  more  or  less  gf>neral 
are  the  role  and  a  good  or  oven  a  fair  harvest  tho  exception. 
Apparently  from  it;*  nuaruess  to  tho  MabtUlcv  range  in  North 
SAt&ra  the  fall  is  suiuuwhat  larger  and  more  certain  along  the  Bhima 
in  tho  Routh-eiist  comer  of  the  ttubKlivision  than  in  the  weat  from 
Kalas  to  the  litdrAmati  villages  in  Bhimthadi. 

According  to  the  1382  returns  farm  slock  included  twenty-five 
ridiug  and  1213  load  carts,  7S0  two-bullock  and  I50S  ftiur-bullouk 
plonghw,  17,'>1*  bullocks  and  8086  cows,  lOCl  he-bu£Faloes  and 
£01)5  sho-bnffaloos,  1263  horses,  53,lo3  sheep  and  goat«,  and  5ti2 
afiSuB. 

In  1881-fi2,  of  218,881  acres,  the  whole  area  held  for  tillage,  20,868 
acres  or  ^'b'S  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of  tho  romainiug 
198,()|;J  acres,  MUl  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  lOl*,!!*  acres  under 
tilUge,  grain  cnj|>s  occupied  100,000  acres  or  8Oo0  per  cent,  of 
which  129,009  were  under  Indian  millet  j't<ai-i  Sorghum  vulgare ; 
24»136  nnder  spiked  millet  hdjrt  Penicillaria  spicata;  21(83  under 
wheat  g'tha  Triticuin  a^stivum  ;  630  under  maize  maktca  Zea  mays  ; 
102  uuder  rice  OhH  Oryza  sativa ;  85  under  rala  or  hing  Panicum 
italicum  ;  1 1>  under  barley  jnv  lioi'deum  hexasttchou ;  uud  3671 
nnder  other  grains  of  which  details  are  not  given.  Pulses  DcTujned 
10,527  acres  or  5*27  per  cent,  of  which  5020  were  under  gram 
harhftara  Cicer  anetinuni ;  645  under  kulUh  or  kallhi  Dolichos 
bidorus;  350  nnder  lur  Cajanns  indicus;  31  under  fiitr^  Phasm^lus 
luuugo;  2  under  peas  ca/'tna  Pisnm  sativum;  and  4473  under 
other  pulsc».  Oilseeds  occupied  23,039  acres  or  1 1  "55  per  ceut,  of 
which  77  were  under  linseed  ahki  Liuum  usilatlKHimum  ;  14  under 
ffingelly  seed  /i/Sesamum  indicum  ;  and  22,048  under  other  oilaeeda. 
Fibros  occupied  4703  acres  or  2"36  per  cent,  of  which  4565  were  under 
cotton  kapiut  Gossypinm  hcrbaceam ;  94  under  Bombay  hemp  san 
or  ing  Cnitalaria  juucea;  and  44  under  other  fibres.  Miscoltaueous 
crops  r>ccupied  485  acres  or  024  per  cent,  of  which  204  were  under 
chillies  mirehi  Capsicum  frutesrens;  113  under  sugarcane  vt 
i^harum  officinamm  ;  38  under  tobacco  tamhiikhii  Nicotiana 
:um;  and  the  remaining  70  under  various  vegetables  and  fruits. 

The  1 88 1  population  returns  show,  of  48,114  people  46,240 
or  96'10  per  ctmt  Hindus;  1801  or  3*74  per  cent  MusalmtLus; 
ii8  Christians ;  and  5  P£r»is.  The  details  of  the  Hindu  ca»tes 
are  :  204U  BrAhmans  ;  7  KAjfasth  Prabhus,  writers  ;  052 
LingiAyaUs,  574  Mfti*wdr  Vdnis,  365  Gojarit  Vinis,  145  Vaishya 
Viuis,  and  25  Komtis,  traders  ;  16,704  Kanbis  and  3282  Miilis, 
huiibandmen  ;  1036  Chambh&rs.  leather-workers;  460  Telis,  oilmen  ; 
391  ^^'Jn!u-s,  goldsmiths  ;  374  Kumbhdrs,  potters;  374  Badb&ist 
carpenters;  323  LobArs.  blacksmiths;  237  Rhimpis,  tailors;  209 
Ko^lis,  woftvci's;    118  Kds&rs,  glassbangle-liawkers ;  81  Lon&ris, 


Chapt«r_xni 
Sub'Divisioiis 

InuApuh, 
CkmaU. 


stodt: 


Crot 


¥r 


apter_ZIII. 
DiviBions- 


CuUifoiort. 


iamiarict. 


Afra. 


4 


lime-burners ;  69  Sangars,  weavers ;  52  Gaundis,  maaona 
Belddrs,  qnarrymen ;  44  Bnruds,  bam  boo- workers  ;  40  Bhfi 
dyers;  21  TAiiibata,  coppersmitbs ;  10  Khatris,  weave rs  j  18 
Pdtharvat^,  stoue-masous  ;  18  Salis^  weavers ;  12  Jingars,  paiaters  ; 
5  Kataris,  turners  ;  4  Kduls,  weavers ;  208  Guravs,  temple- 
servants  ;  25  Ghadshia,  musicians ;  C25  Nbflvig,  barbers ;  365 
Parits,  washermen  ;  7640  Dhangara,  cowmen  ;  35  Gavlis,  cowkeepers; 
443  Kolis  and  96  Bhois,  fishers;  151  Rajputs,  nieasenfjers ;  llUS 
VanjAris,  grain-dealers;  1188  liAmoshis,  watchmen;  2oI  Vadars, 
stone-cutteni ;  124  Thi^kurs,  husbandmen  ;  88  Knikudis,  labourers; 
87  Berads  and  til  Pbdsopdrdbis,  hunters;  3442  ALh^rs^  village- 
Bervants ;  1782  MAngg,  messengers ;  26  Dhors,  tanners ;  260  Gos&vis, 
166  HolArs,  98  Joshis.  52  Jangnms,  39  Gondhlis,  33  TirmjUis,  16 
Kolhdtis,  7  Bbats,  6  Arddhis,  5  JohAris,  and  3  M^ubh^vs^  beggars. 

Of  about  20,000  husbandmen  about  seventy  per  cent  are  Kunbis, 
eight  per  cent  Dhaugars,  eight  per  cent  iiJiilis,  five  jier  cent  M&rwiri 
Gujar  and  LiugiAyat  Vanis,  three  per  cent  Brdhmans,  three  per  cent 
Musalmiins,  and  two  per  cent  Vanjriris.  The  houses  are  genci-ally 
poor  with  walls  of  hardened  mud  atdfiat  roofs.  Dwellings  with  stone 
walls  are  sometimes  found.  The  husbandmuu'a  dress  is  of  the  coarsest 
kind  and  bis  household  goods  are  aeldoni  worth  more  than  £2  10*. 
(Rs.  25).  Only  a  small  number  of  landholders  have  a  lai'ge  stock 
of  cattle  and  a  complete  set  of  field  tools.  Tho  rest  have  to  borrow. 
Few  garden  crops  are  grown.  The  tillage  is  careless  and  manure 
and  deep  ploughing  are  almost  uukuown.  Of  the  cultivating  classes 
about  five  per  ct'ut  are  proprietors  with  teunuta,  aist^v  per  cent  small 
landUolderH,  and  thirty-five  per  cent  labourers.  MilrwAri  Gujar  and 
Lingliyat  VKnia  and  Bi-dhmans,  as  n  rule,  do  not  work  in  tho  fields. 
Ihfany  Kunbis  and  M^lls  take  to  carting  when  field  work  is  alack 
and  add  considerably  to  their  scanty  means  of  living.  Dhangars 
feed  large  flocks  of  sheep  and  make  a  fair  living  by  selling  them  and 
their  butter  and  wool. 

The  Fooua-Sbol^pur  road  nma  tbrongfa.  the  sub-division  by  the 
central  town  of  IpdfJpQr, 

JTyjin^,  the  most  northerly   sub-division,  stretching  from  the 
Sahyddris  to  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  district  and  lying  between 
18^59'  and  I9''22'  north  latitude  and  73° 4^3'  and  74^24'  oast  longitude 
is  about  thirty-five  miles  long  and  sixteen  or  seventeen  miles  broad.^J 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Akola,   Saugamner,   and   P{irucr^| 
sub-divisions   of  Ahma^lnagar  j  on  the  east  by  PAmer ;  on  tho  south  ^\ 
by  Pirner  and  Khod  separated  from  it  for  about  fifteen  miles  by  tho 
Ohod  ;  and  on  the  west  by  tho  MurUid  sub-division  of  Th;ina.     Its 
area  is  61 1  square  miles,  its  1881  population  102,273  or  167  to  tho 
square  mile,  and  its  1881-82  land  revenue  £14,714  (Rs.  1,47,140). 


I 


Of  an  area  of  61 1  square  miles  G06  have  been  surveyed  in  detail. 
Of  those  62  are  the  lands  of  aiieSated  villages.  Thu  rest  according 
to  the  revenue  survey  returns  cofitaina  236,408  acres  or  67  per  cent 
of  arable  land ;  1 1 4,074  acres  or  33  per  cent  of  unarablo  land ; 
236,408  acres  or  C7  per  cent  of  grass;  34,290  acres  or  9  per  cent  of 
forest  reserves  ;  and  10,762  acres  or  abont  3  per  cent  of  village  sites, 
roads,  river  beds,  and  hills.  From  the  236,407  acres  of  arable  land, 
18,727  acres  or  5'3  per  cent  huro  to  be  taken  ou  account  of  alienated 


« 


lands  in  Government  villages.  Of  the  balance  of  217,6B0  acres 
tbe  actual  area  of  ai'able  Government  land,  203^224  acres  or  5 7' 75 
per  cent  wore  under  tillage  in  1880-81.  OE  these  200,155  acres 
or  5687  pur  cent  were  dry-crop  and  35C9  acres  or  0"87  per  cent  were 
watered  garden  lands. 

Numerous  spnrs,  forming  distinct  rang-es,  start  at  right  angles  to 
the  tSahyfidns  in  the  west,  and  growing  gradually  smaller,  barer, 
knd  tamer,  spread  many  miles  east  and  south-east.  The  chief  of 
these  ranges  is  the  Ilarishehaodra^ad  range  in  the  north  which  for 
distance  separalos  raona  troTu  ATimaJnagar.  South  of  this  and 
llel  to  it  are  two  smaller  sjuirs  soparatod  from  each  other  by 
Sthe  narrow  iralleya  which  form  the  approach  from  the  Deccan  to 
'ihe  MAlsej  and  N&na  passes.  These  ranges  are  neither  so  lofty  nor 
so  broad  as  the  Zlarishchaudi-agad  range.  They  pass  east  for  about 
fifteen  miles  and  then  near  the  towu  of  Juunar  disappear  somewhat 
ftliruiitly.  To  the  south  of  these  a  fourth  range  hounds  the  Junnar  and 
Khed  sub-divisions  as  far  as  MahHIunga  in   Khed.     E^h  of  the 

•Tftlloys  lying  between  these  spnrs  formed  one  of  the  old  petty  divi- 
sions or  taifs  known  as  Miaaerj  Kokadpcr,  and  Madbknore.  The 
most  noted  hills  are  Ilarishchan 


are  in 

Ntrijran 


andragud  whose  fiouthern  slopes  only 
the  snb-divJHiun,  Stuvner,  Chdvand,  Hadsar,  Jivdhan.  and 


I 
I 


,  all  of  which  are  fortifieil  and  ofgreat  strength.     Konnd 

Jnnnar  there  are  three  hills,  Ganesh  PAhdd  three  miles  to  the  north, 
Tulj^dovi  two  miles  to  the  west,  and  Mdnmodi  one  and  a  half  miles 
to  ibu  south. 

Kxeept  n  few  villages,  Junnar  consists  of  the  two  Talloys  of  the 
Mina  and  the  Knkdi.  Towards  the  west  the  Kukdi  valley  splits 
into  tbi-ee  ravines  where  the  main  river  is  joined  by  the  Ar  and  the 
Push]>^vnti.  In  the  east  only  a  rising  ground  separates  the  valleys 
uf  Iho  Mina  and  the  Kukdi  whicb  might  almost  be  called  one  plain. 
To  the  west  of  Junnar  the  valleys  are  separated  by  spurs  of  the 
SahyAilris  that  rise  3000  to  4500  feet  above  the  sea  and  1000  to 
1500  feet  above  the  plain.  The  sub-division  thus  forms  two  distinct 
portions  to  the  etist  and  west  of  the  town  of  Junnar  and  Otnr.  The 
east  luilf  which  includes  perhaps  three-fifths  of  the  sub-division  is  open 
and  except  a  few  single  hills  is  flat.  The  west  is  a  mass  of  high  hills 
and  valleys  more  or  less  rugged  and  broken.  In  the  east  the  soil  is 
generally  either  black  or  a  poor  gravel.  The  black  soil,  except  in 
a  few  villages  in  the  centre  of  the  sub-division  and  in  a  few  places 
along  the  rivers,  is  generally  thin  or  of  strangely  variable  depth. 
In  this  portion  the  gentle  slope  from  the  base  of  the  hills  to  the 
river  bunks  is  lu  every  way  suited  fur  gardens,  water  being  available 
either  from  wells  or  dams  thrown  across  streams.  In  the  west  the 
soil  is  very  variable.  The  Madhkhoro  or  northern  valley  is  com- 
paratively flat  and  open  and  has  a  large  area  of  black  and  blackish 
red  soil.  The  central  valley  or  Kojcadner  is  particularly  rugged  and 
broken  with  hardly  any  black  soil,  tjie  prevailing  soil  being  reddish  ; 
and  the  third  or  south  valley  the  ilinuer,  is  a  narrow  strip  of  rolling 
country,  with  soil  generally  blackish  but  coarse  and  shallow.  Except 
ft  little  land  watered  from  streams  this  part  has  no  gardens,  too 
place  of  garden  crops  being  taken  by  rice  of  which  a  large  area  is 
grown.  Kvery  stream  is  dammed  and  every  suitable  hollow  and  dip 
is  a  rice  patch.    The  rice  soil  varies  considerably.    In  thu  MadUkbotQ 


Chapter  XIII- 
Sab  Divisions. 

JU.ViiAKt| 


SabDivisious* 

Att/iect, 


WfUfr. 


WtlU. 


Climate, 


UvHIvaton. 


on  thn  north  it  in  uearly  all  black  or  browuisL-gi'ay  or  browD,  i 
Kokatlner  in  the  centre  much  ia  fioe  ypllow  aud  yelIowi»h  red,  ant]  in 
the  Minner  in  tho  south  it  is  nearly  all  blank  or  brtiwniah  gray.  Noar 
the  town  of  Junnar  the  valleye  and  garden  lands  are  very  rich. 
Over  llio  wIioIb  sub-division  tlio  chief  crop  is  fcfl/n  with  about  44*7 
per  cent  of  the  whole  tillagtj.  Tho  next  is  wheat  uf  which  tho  beat 
sorts  are  raised  near  Junuar  and  in  tho  chief  valleya.  T^rge 
qnantities  of  garden  produce  are  grown  especially  in  the  centre  and 
east.  Plantains  are  a  favourite  crop  at  Ale  and  at  Januar,  and 
Raiuri  is  famous  for  its  vineyards,  and  large  cinantities  both  of  gra|>es 
nud  of  plantains  go  to  tho  Pooua  and  Bombay  markets-  The 
western  and  northern  villiiges  grow  rice  instead  of  garden  crops. 
In  the  better  soils  a  second  crop  of  gram  and  peas  is  raisotl  after 
tho  rice  is  cot  and  sometimes  wheat  and  vegetables,  and  rarely 
BUgarcouo.  On  the  mdl  or  uplands  the  usual  crops  are  luigii,  Kaoa, 
and  khuTtUni.  Where  the  blopes  ai-o  not  too  steep  the  plough  is  used, 
but  in  many  places  bullocks  cannot  bo  used  and  the  land  ia  dug  by 
hand.  Thcsu  »UH!p  tnicts  generally  remain  untilled  for  several 
years  and  then,  as  in  the  old  wood-ash  or  dalhi  system  the  bushes 
ore  cut  and  burnt.  There  ia  no  fixed  rule  about  ploughing.  Tho 
heavier  bhick  soils  are  generally  ploughed  every  second  year,  wliilo 
the  lighter  soils  arc  ploughed  every  year.  The  lai-ge  area  of  laud, 
11,724  acres,  watered  from  wells  and  channels  has  caused  an  heavy 
a  demand  for  manure  that  dry-crop  land  is  left  totally  iinmanured. 
The  practice  of  sending  the  cattle  to  grase  in  the  we^ttem  villages 
rcducea  the  supply  of  manure,  and  in  tho  centre  whore  tho  soil  is 
good,  it  ia  not  enough  even  for  garden  land. 

Besides  the  Miua  in  the  north  and  the  Kukdi  in  the  centre  which 
have  their    sources    in  the    Sahyddris  a  smaller  river    called  the 
PushpAvati  rises  near  the  Millapj  pass,  flows  through  tho  Ma<Ih 
vail^ft  receives  the  water  of  the  MAndva,  and  moots  the  Kukdi  noai 
tho  Tillage  of  Kivra.     The  Mina  and  the  Kukdi  are  both  feeders  o 
Lhe  Ghud,  which,  for  about  ton  miles,  forms  the  southern  boundary  o 
the  «ub-divisiou.     They  pass  south-east  in  nearly  parallel   liuo»  and 
hold  water  in  pools  throughout  the  year  and  on  all  of  them  are  dams 
for  channel-watering  and  wells. 

Besides  about  2<)0  wells  used  for  drinking,  abont  3781  wells  are 
used  for  watering  the  land.  Of  the  whole  number  about  185  are  with 
aud  about  38  jG  without  steps.  A  well  waters  from  one  to  five  acres 
and  the  depth  of  water  vanes  from  four  feet  to  nine  feet.  The  cost 
of  building  a  well  varies  from  £10  to  £50  (Rs- 100  -  50O). 

The  climate  is  dry  and  healthy  and  free  from  hot  winds.     Greafrj 
heat  and  total  failure  of  rain  are  very  rare.     Within  tho  limits  o: 
the  sub-division  there  is  gix'at  variety  of  cUmatu.     On  tho  western 
border  the  rainfall  is  abundant.     The  tract  n(^nr  Junnar  is  famous 
for  it«  fine  climate.     Nowhere  in  "Poona  is  the  rainfall  so  general  and 
eo  certain  as  here.     During  th&  twenty-one  years  ending  1 831  the 
Junnar  rainfall  varied  from  10-18  inches  in  1862  to  3l)-t3  inches 
iHla,  and  averaged  22-61  inches  from  ISGO  to  1870  and  23*91  inch 
from  1871  to  1881. 

The  chief  husbandmen  are  Knnbis,  Kolis,  and  Thdkurs.  KdHs 
and  ThAkura  who  form  about  ten  per  ceut  of  tho  people  are  found 


I 

:* 

L 

I 

tl 
S 

ad 
hej 

I 


KX)NA. 


I 


lear  the  Stihyildns,  and  the  Kunbis  who  form  about  Bixt;^-five  per 
nt  ID  other  parU  uf  the  Bub-divi^ion.     The  hiiabandniuu's  hoiiiii's 

nr,  built  of  hiu-duned  mud,  with  roofa  of  tilo8,  reeda,  straw, 
id  sticks.  A  few  rich  btmbandmeti  have  large  houses  with 
eloping  tiled  roofs.  The  avorajOfc  value  of  a  husbandman's  utock 
cjf  bousuguoda  varies  from  £2  iO«.  to  £7  10*.  (R8.25-75).  Their 
livestock  generally  includes  one  or  more  cows  or  she-buffaloea 
Bnd  one  or  more  pair  of  bullr>ck»  with  a  few  goat?.  A  Knii's  Btock 
is  Ie.ss  than  a  Kunbi's.  Tiarge  vat-shajied  grain  stores  are  sometimes 
found  attached  to  the  houses  of  the  bettor  class  of  husbnndmcn. 
Most  huabaudmeu  arc  small  landholders,  a  considerable  number  are 
labonrers,  und  a  small  number  are  proprietors  with  tenants.  Uany 
in  the  intervals  of  field  labour  make  money  by  carting.  A  few 
Dfaangars  weave  blankets  and  SAlis  weave  women's  robes.  Tho 
poorer  families,  both  men  women  and  children,  often  labonr  in  tho 
£olda  of  tho  richer,  and  i-occivo  regular  wages.  The  rich  lund- 
liulders  do  a  large  buaiuesa  iu  lending  grain  and  uioru  rarely  money 
to  their  iHjorer  brethren. 

In  1.S81-82,  of  203,184acrefl,  the  wholearoaheld  for  tillage,  20,100 
acres  or  9*93  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grofis.  Of  tho 
remaining  18*2,991  acres,  ISliJ  wore  twice  cropped.  Of  the  184,837 
Bcroa  under  tillage,  gniiu  crops  occupied  lG;i,7o4  acres  or  88'5t)  |n,>r 
cent,  of  which  108,599  were  under  spiked  millet  Mjrt  Penicillaria 
spicata;  21,077  under  wheat  r/oAw  Triticum  lestivum  ;  10,438  under 
Indian  millet  jvdri  Sorghum  vulgare  ;  6983  nnder  rdgi  op  nA^ihni 
Elcuaine  corocaoa ; -1317  under  mva  and  vari  Panicum  milinccum 
and  miliare;  4109  under  rice  6/i(i^  OryBa  sativa ;  397  under  kixlra 
or  harik  Paspulum  surobiculatum  ;  6  under  barley  jav  Ilordeum 
hexastichon  ;  one  under  rdlti  or  ^<in^  Panicum  italicum  ;  and  1117 
nnder  other  grains  of  which  details  are  not  given.     Pulses  occupied 

19059  acres  or  5*22  per  cent,  of  which  4770  were  under  gram  harhhara 
Cicer  arietiuum;  2220  under  kuUih  or  kuiUii  Dolicbos  billonis; 
709  under /itr  Cajauua  iudicus  ;  087  under  tjiu</ Phaaeolus  mungo ; 
330  under  ndid  Phaaeulus  radiatus ;  329  under  jieas  vtitdtia  Pisum 
pntivnm  ;  94  under  lentils  mntntr  Krvum  lens;  and  4fi0  under  other 
pulses.  Oilseeds  occupied  7233  acres  or  391  per  cent,  of  which  5806 
were  under  gingelly  seed  til  So&amnm  indicum ;  and  1427  under 
other  uilseeds.  Fibres  occupied  15  acres.  MiscoUanoous  craps 
occupied  4220  acres  or  2*28  per  cent,  1867  of  which  were  under 
K  chillies  mt'rr/u' Capsicum  frut^^scens  ;  275  under  tobacco  tamhdkhtt 
H  Kicotiaua  tnbacuni ;  96S  under  sugarcane  ux  Saccharnm  officinaruni ; 
H.Bud  the  remaining  1 1 16  under  various  vegetables  and  fruits. 
H  According  to  the  1882-83  returns  farm  stock  included  643  riding 
Hand  J!i20  load  carts,  4288  two-bullock  and  3848  four-bulluuk  jjloughs, 
■^27,481  bullocks  and  15,944  ajws,  2731  he-buffaloes  and  0320  she- 
buffaloes,  900  liorsps,  40,870  sheep  and  goats,  and  856  asses. 

The   1881  popnlftiion  returns  shftw,  of  102,273  people,  97,241  or 

o-it?   per  cent    Hindus;    5(W6  or*  4'89  per  cent  MusalmAns;  22 

ChrisLiaus  ;aud  4  Shaikhs.    The  details  of  tno  Hindn  CAstesare  :  6137 

rahmaus;  988  Marwiir  V^nis,  354  Liugflyats,  107  Gnjarit  Vdnia, 

0  Komtis,  and  45  Vaishya  V&nis,  traders ;  •14,982  Kunbis  and  7431 

'  «,  husbandmen;   1486  llailhiiis,  carpenters;  1069  Chilmbh^rs, 

-workers;   1015  Telis,  oilmen  ;  974  Kumbhdrs,  potters ;  950 


I 
I 


Chapter  XIII. 
Sab  Divisiona. 

CHltiniUn 


Crept.' 


Sloci. 


Peoptt^, 


lapter  XTII. 
lb- Di  visions- 


ami  yV»yffc, 


Sonars,  goldsmitts;  873  Sillia,  weavers;  840  Koahtis,  weavers;  75ff 
Sliimpis,  tailors;  325  Kin^rs,  glassbanglc-bawtcei-s ;  217  Luhtlrs, 
blacksmitba ;  95  TiimbatH,  coppers  mi  lbs ;  73  Buruila,  b;iiuboo- 
workcra ;  71  Bebliira,  quarrymeu  ;  00  Bhavafira,  tlyers;  47  NilAnS; 
djere ;  38  Patharrats,  stone-masons  j  29  Khatriii,  weavers ;  1 
GhisAdis,  poliabersj  17  KAuls,  weavers;  12  Londris,  Iime-barnors 

10  Kdtdris,  turners ;  S  Jingars,  paintors ;  6  Gaondis,  masons 
932  Gurava,  temple-scrvauts  ;  990  NIiAvia,  barbers;  573  Farits, 
washermen  ;  lO+l  Dhangars,  cowmen  ;  12,467  Kolia  and  185  Bhuis, 
fishers;  330  Rajpnt'i,  messengers;  2367  Thakiirs,  husbandrntm ; 
1009  RAmoshifl,  watchmen;  24ti  Bhils,  labonrers;  181  Vadars. stone- 
cutters ;  137  Kdthkaris,  catechu -makers  ;  70  VanjAris,  graia-donlcrs; 
64  Kaik^s,  labourers;  5070  Mb^rs.  villaf^e-servants ;  632  MAngs, 
messengers;  273  Dbors,  tenners;  and  435  Qosivia,  169  Josbia, 
112  Gondhlis,  106  Jangams,  73  Bhar&dia,  48  Kolhatis.  23  MAnbhavs, 

11  Aradhis,  5  JohAnSj  4  Chitrakathia.  and  4  Pangiils,  beggars. 

Jannar  has  fair  means  of  oomraanication  :  all  the  market  towns 
and  villages  lie  ou  mado  roads.  Of  two  metalled  roads  the  Poona- 
Naaik  high  road  passes  north  and  south  by  the  towns  of 
Narayangann  and  Ale;  the  other  branches  off  the  Poona-Niisik  road 
at  NArayangann  and  goes  as  far  as  -Tnnnar.  Of  several  fuir-weather 
local  fund  roads  one  runs  east  to  the  Ahmadnagar  district  and 
west  to  the  Konkan  down  the  Mdlsoj  pass  by  the  market  towns  of 
Belha^  Ale,  Otur,  and  Madh.  At  Belha  the  road  has  two  branches 
one  to  Ahmadnagar  through  the  Anna  pass  and  the  other  through 
Piimer  joining  the  Poona-Ahmadnngar  high  road.  The  town  of 
Jnnnnr  is  connected  with  this  road  by  two  branches,  one  ending  at 
Otur  the  other  at  Dingora,  Another  road  fit  for  carts  runs  from 
Juunar  to  Gb^tghar  at  the  top  of  the  Ndna  ^xvss  and  thongh  ftb 
only  for  bullocks  and  buffaloes  baa  a  coiii^idcrublc  tratbo  with  tbo 
Konkan.  Besides  these  some  other  sbort  roads  are  passable  for  carta 
in  the  fair  weather.  Nnmeroua  villages  on  the  tops  of  htlls  or  in  the 
broken  west  and  north  country  are  inaccessible  to  carts,  pack 
antiiials  being  employed  in  carrying  goods  to  and  from  them.  The 
chief  markets  are  at  Junnar,  NArdyaogaon,  Ale,  Madb,  and 
Otur,  and  small  ones  at  Belha  and  Anna  both  alienated  villages. 
At  Junnnr  is  a  large  attendance  and  weekly  sales  amount  to  £200 
(Rs.  2000),  Besides  the  people  of  the  villages  ronnd,  those  of  the 
western  villa^s  and  many  from  the  Konkan  below  the  Nana  pass 
go  to  Jnnnar,  bringing  hill  grains  grown  thoro,  bundles  of  woo<i 
and  grass,  and  baskets.  In  1880-81,  1036  carts  and  24,369  ladcu 
pack  animals  entered  Junnar.  The  weekly  sales  at  Ntiniyaugaun 
and  Ale  amount  to  about  £45  (Ra.  450)  each.  The  chiuf  outside 
markets  to  which  Junnar  produce  passes  are  Atkute  in  the  Pflrner 
snb-division  of  Ahmadnagar  to  the  east  and  the  largo  cattle  market 
of  Manehar  in  Khed  to  the  sontb.  Besides  weaving  which  is 
carried  on  in  most  of  the  lar^  towns,  paper-making  is  carried 
on  in  the  town  of  Junnar  to  a  considorablo  extent.  The 
paper  is  sent  to  Poona,  Sholdpnr,  and  the  Ni7,i!im's  dominions 
The  leading  \oca.\  exports  are  gram,  chillies,  potatoes,  onions, 
plantains,  oil-cake,  paper,  myrobalons,  and  sheep.  The  traffic 
chiefly  passes  by    the  Poona-NAsik   and    Junnar-lsanAghdt   roads. 


i 


From  Ale,  NArAyangaon,  and  the  Mina  valley  Tillages  plantaioa 
potatoes  and  chillios  go  by  cart  eitLer  direct  to  Pooua  or  branching 
off  near  KLed  go  through  Talegaon  by  rail  to  Bombay  or  by  road  to 
Panvel  for  the  Konkan.  Chillies  go  in  large  quantities  to  Panvel 
from  Narayangann.  Plantains  worth  £3000  to  £4000  {Ifo.  30,000- 
40,000)  go  to  Poona  from  Ale.     By  this  road  too  paper,  cotton 

focjda,  and  iron  and  other  heavy  goods  are  imported  and  exported. 
Vom  December  1881  to  March  1882,  about  3500  pack  animals  a 
month  pnased  up  and  down  the  Ndudghat  road.  The  chief  articles 
Bent  dowu  were  chillies,  onions,  wheat,  hdjri,  oil-cake,  and  myrobalans 
mostly  to  Kalyiin  in  Thana  for  export  to  Europe.     A  large  number 

■  of  sheep  are  forwai-ded  by  this  road  to  Bombay.  Over  10,000  passed 
during  the  four  months  of  the  cold  weather  of  1881-82.  Flocks  of 
sheep  come  from  Sangamnor  and  other  sab-divisions  of  Ahmadoagar 
to  graze  in  Juunar  where  tliey  are  welcomed  on  account  uf  their 
manure,  and  dealers  buy  them  and  send  them  along  with  locally 
reared  nheep  to  the  BomVtay  markotj*.  Along  the  Miilsej  route  a 
fair  amount  of  traffic  passes  between  the  northern  part  of  the  sub- 
division, Otur  and  Madh.  and  the  Konkan.  The  exports  are  of  the 
same  kind  aa  on  the  other  i-oads,  and  the  average  snmber  of  pack 
animals  19  about  2900  a  mouth.  Otur  has  a  little  traffic  with  tbe 
Akola  sub-division  of  Ahmadnagar,  neuditig  hdjri  and  salt  and 
getting  rice  and  hill  grains.  A  certain  amount  of  cloth,  potatoes,  and 
tobacco  go  by  the  old  Ahmadnagar  road  through  Bori  Budruk  and 
Beiha  to  the  Ahmadnagar  district,  most  of  the  carts  passing  as 
far  as  Veola.  The  lunwrts  are  less  in  quantity  than  the  exports. 
Cotton  goods,  iron,  copper  vessels,  groceries,  and  refuse  scrap  paper 
for  the  paper-makers  are  the  leading  articles  brought  by   cart;  the 

l^jiack-bullocks  chiefly  bring  salt  and  cocoanots  from,  the  Konkan. 

H^mong  the  minor  importa  is  kerogine  oil.      

"ft 


C 


V^SA*  °"^  "^  *^'^  Sahyfidri  sub- divisions,  lying  between  18°  3V 

and  19°  \>V  north  latitude  and  73"  35'  and  T-f*  15' east  longitude, 

is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Junnar,  on  the  east  by  Sirur,  on  the 

annth  by  Ilavoli  and  M^val,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Karjat-and 

Mnrbc&d  sub-divisions  of  Th4na.      Its  area  is  888  square  miles.      In 

1881  its  population  was  141,800  or  160  to  the  square  mile,  ftud  ia 

1881-82  its  land  revenue  was  £lo,887  (Rs.  1,58,870). 

Of  an  area  of  877  square  miles  822  have  been  surveyed  in  detail. 

these  about  116  miles  or  74,IG3  acres  are  the  lands  of  alienatod 

villages.    The    rest    about    706  niilea    or  451,905  acres  contoine, 

ording  to  the  revenue  snrvoy  returns,  292,278  acres  or  04i  per 

nt  of  arable  laud  ;  159,686  acres  or  35|  per  cent  of  unarablo  land  ; 

83,875  acres  or  62  per  cent  of  grass;  83,602   acres  or  18  per  cent 

I  forest  reserves;  and  7fi,084  acres  or  16  per  cent  of  village  sites, 

roads,  river  beds,  and  hills.     From  the  292,278  acres  of  arable  land, 

26,295acre8or8percent  have  tolM)  taken  on  account  of  alienated 

lands  in  Government  villages.     Of.the  balance  of  265,982  acresj  tha 

actnal  area  of  arable  Government  laud,  257,580   acres  or  96  per 

cent  wore  under  tillage  in  1880-81.     Of  these  252,381  acres  op  98 

per  cent  were  dry-crop  and  5198  acres  or  2  per  cent  were  watered 

garden  land. 

B  860-12 


Chapter 
SabDi- 


Co  mmnnieatiom 
and  Trafic. 


RlIEU. 

BQimdarie 


Alfa. 


Chapter  ZIII. 
Bub  DiviBiose- 

Khkd. 


Cnmoff. 


Water. 


WttU. 


Cnji*. 


M 


Within  Klieii  limits  nre  two  lar^e  chains  of  hills  one  in  tho  north 
which  spparates  it  from  Junnar  antl  one  in  the  sonth  which  separates 
it  from  MAval.  Besides  these,  two  smaller  raugos  of  hilla  cross  th( 
centre.  Tlu't>o  raufjcs  divide  Kbod  into  three  leadiug  vulleye  of  th« 
Bhima,  the  blitinia.  and  tlie  IpjJravaDJ.  The  ejisr  is  a  series  of  table< , 
landH,  divided  and  oi-ostwd  by  mountains  and  hills  ;  towards  the  west 
as  it  approftches  the  SHhyAdris,  the  country  becomes  atill  mora  . 
broken  and  rugged.     Most  of  the  soil  is  either  red  or  gray.  j^l 

Tho  Mdval  or  west  has  little  dry  erop  tillage.  Ifuch  of  the  soil  ^^ 
can  be  cropped  only  at  intervals  of  several  years.  Rico  is  tho  great 
Btaple  and  reut-pnyrnp  priHluct,  the  other  crops  being  ndchui,  van, 
ana  sdva  which  supply  the  food  ou  which  the  bulk  of  tho  peo]>!e  live. 
The  fast  of  the  siih-dirision  which  is  fairly  level  growa  the  ordinary 
dry-cropB  chiefly  those  that  belong  to  the  early  harvest.  Much  of 
the  deep  black  and  brown  soil  is  moieturo-holding  and  yields  two 
crops  bujrt  followed  by  gram.  Tho  villages  near  Ehed  and  Chakan 
have  a  large  area  under  pe{>per,  which  In  low  moisL  places  is  grown 
as  a  nionaoon  crop.  Considerable  quantities  of  potatoes  are  gi-own. 
The  husbandry  on  the  whole  is  good.  Manure  is  regularly  used  snd 
is  80  uinch  appreciated  that  hnsbandmen  bring  it  back  from  Pooni 
after  disposing  of  their  j't-nrt  straw. 

The  cliinato  is  generally  good.    Daring  tho  four  years  ending 
1S73-74  the  rainfall  averaged  2^- 1 2  inches.  H 

All  have 
water  in  pools  throughout  the  hot  season. 

Besides  611  wells  used  for  drinking  about  2623  wells  are  used  fc 
•watering  the  land.     Of  the  whole  number  about  4.3'i  are  with  am 
2800  without  stops.     A  well  waters  from  four  to  aix  acres  and  lh( 
depth  of  water  vaiies  from  two  to  tweuty-four  feet.     The  coat  of 
building  a  well  varies  from  10».  to  £200  (Rs.  5-2000). 

In  1881-82,  of  257,420  acres,  the  whole  area  held  for  tillage.  30,1 2S 
acres  or  11*70  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of  tho 
remaiuiug  227,297  acres,  4288  were  twice  crupped.  Of  the  201,585 
Bcrea  under  tillnge,  grain  crops  occupied  ll>4,2ti8  acres  or  83  88  per 
cent,  of  which  107,856  were  under  apiked  millet  bajri  Penicillaria 
epicatu  ;  28,782  under  Indian  millet  jjvin  Sorghum  vulgaro,  16,810 
nnder  rrfiyi  or  viirhut  Kleusine  corocaua;  11,103  under  j*di-«  and 
vari  Panicuni  miliacentn  and  milioro;  8205  under  wheat  tjnJiH 
Triticum  icRtivum ;  5SH)8  under  rice  fc/iai  Oryssa  satlva  ;  and  15,!I54 
under  other  grains  of  which  details  are  not  gtvcu.  PuIbcs  occupied 
17,144  news  or  7'40  per  cent  of  which  4329  were  nnder  gram 
harbhara  V'icer  arictiuum;  405G  under  kuUlk  or  kullhi  Dolichoa 
biflorua ;  2-Hd  under  mutj  Phaaeolna  mango ;  1309  under  tur 
CaJHUUB  indicus;  10'3l  under  -n^Jul  Pba^iteohis  rndiatus;  •'129  undesM 
peas  vdtiina  Vmum  sativum;  T^Oj^  under  lentils  m^r^ur  Grvnm  lenslH 
and  3349  nnder  other  pulses.  Oilseeds  occupied  13,307  acres  or  5"77 
per  cent,  of  which  12,'J81  wore  under  gingelly  seed  til  besawum 
indicum  and  986  under  other  oilseeds,  Fibres  occupied  16  acres 
all   of    them    under    brown    hemp  nmbiidi    Ilibiscus  Limuabiuus. 


Tho  rivers  Ghod.  Bhinia,  Bhauia,  and^Indrayani  water  the  sub- 
division, flowing  west  lo  easi  m  nearly  parafleT 


courses. 


M 


Deccan] 


I 


POONA. 


Miscollaneoas  crops  occupied  6790  acres  or  293  per  ceufc,  of  which 
3708  wore  under  chillies  mircki  Capsicum  fnitesceDS ;  428  under 
^iiRarcauu  lis  Saccharnm  oDicinaram  ;  2;J9  under  tobacco  lambu/rAu 
Kicotiaiia  tahaciiin ;  and  the  remaining  2  tld  nnder  various 
vegetableu  and  fraits. 

According  to  the  1882-B3  returns  Farm  stock  itichided  383  riding 
and  3224  load  carU,  7436  two-hullock  and  4349  foiir-Imllock 
ploughs,  44,176  bulWks  and  31,(ifi4  cows,  1046  he-buffalooa  and 
10,85Sshe-bufFHJoe8, 1252  horses,  19,409  sheep  and  goats,  and  7^3 
asses. 

The  1881  population  returns  show,  of  141,890  people  138,274  or 
97'45  per  oerit  Jiiiidus;  3601  or  253  per  ceat  Musnimiiua;  14 
Christians  ;  and  uue  Pdrsi.  The  details  of  the  Hindu  castes  are  : 
0.599  Bnihmans  ;  16  Vt'lulis,  15  Kayasth  Prabhus,  and  JO  P^ti(ne 
Prabhus,  writHrs ;  1156  Mirwdr  Vanis,  58.i  Linf;j.'iyats,  487  fJiijarac 
Vanis,  99  Vaishra  Vinis,  and  35  Komtis,  traders  ;  68,913  Knnbis, 
6104  Mjilis,  and  7  Kiichis,  husbandrneu;  1835  CiMmbhfirs,  leather- 
workers  ;  1904  Badhais.  carpeutei's  ;  1298  Kumbhdrs,  p<3ttors  j  1226 
Telis,  oilmen;  1188  iSouar>i,  goldsmiths;  590  iShimpis,  tailors;  4<}8 
Kobhtis,  weavers;  410  LohArs,  blacksmiths;  297  Salis,  weavora ; 
257  fCiisAr*.  glassbanglo-hawkei's ;  95  Piltharvats,  stone-masons; 
68  Biirtidti,  bj»raboo-workers ;  44>  Nilaris,  dyers ;  52  Beld^rs, 
(^narrymen ;  35  OtAris,  casters;  30  BhAvsArs,  dyers;  22  LonAris, 
lime-burnera;  19  Tdmbats,  coppersmiths;  17  Hauls,  weavers;  16 
Obis4dis,  polishers;  II  Khatris  and  6  Sangars,  weaTora; 
cue  Jingar,  painter;  1240  Ouravfl,  temple-servants;  12  Ghadshis, 
musicians;  1374  NhAvis,  barbers;  547  Parits,  washermen;  24-t6 
Dhnngars,  cowmen ;  13  Gavlis.  cowkeepers;  2I,2")5  Kolis  and 
220  Bhois,  fishers;  294  Rjypnts,  messengers;  25  KaUls,  distillers; 
37  Bhanddris,  palm-tappers;  3  Lodhis,  labourers;  2  KAmatbis, 
houee-builders ;  2465  Thakurs,  husbandmen ;  1229  Hdmoshis, 
watchmen;  236  KAthkaris,  catechu-makers;  221  Vadars,  stone- 
cutters ;  11+  Kaikatlis.  labourers ;  97  Vanjaris,  griiin-dealers ; 
12  B hi  1(1,  labourers;  11,094  Mhars,  village  aervant-s ;  786  Milnirs, 
messengers;  182  Dhors,  tanners;  and  422  GosfSvis,  24l  Hharidis, 
199  Joshis,  171  GriHdblis,  128  Jangama,  71  Chitrakathis,  59  VaiJns, 
27  Jogis,  27  JobAris,  26  Kolhrttis.  22  MAubhAvs,  21  BhAmtis,  16 
VAsudevs,  13  BhAta,  5  Aradhis,  4  PAuguls,  and  2  TirmAli»,  boggara 

The  leading  cultivating  classes  are  Kuuhis,  ThAkurs,  Kolia,  and 
Hhirs.  Alxint  sixty  per  cent  of  the  husbandmen  are  Kunbis,  ten 
per  cent  ThAkurs,  ton  per  ccut  Kolis,  and  ten  per  cent  MhArs. 
In  the  larger  viUugea  some  well-to-do  cultivators,  not  more  than 
ten  per  cent,  have  good  houses-  Most  houses  are  made  of  hardened 
mud  with  sloinng  roofs  of  tile  or  of  roeda.  Well-to-do  landholders 
own  two  to  four  and  a  few  as  many  as  ten  pairs  of  bullocks  and  a 
large  qaantity  of  grain  in  store.  'l%e  poor<!r  cultivators  have  grain 
;«noagh  to  last  them  eight  months,  and  for  the  other  four  months 
they  havo  to  buy  or  borrow.  About  sixty  per  cent  of  the  cultivators 
are  small  landholders,  thirty  per  cent  labourors,  and  ten  per  cent 
proprietors  with  tenants. 


Chapter 
Sub- Divisions' 


Kuiu>. 


Suxk, 


M 


CuUioaU 


Com 

L 


.pter  XIII. 

Piriiions- 

KXBV. 

mutiKalton*. 


MiVlL. 

Bovndant*. 


Arta, 


A»ptct. 


I 

I 


Almost  all  Khod  villages  bavo  easy  ncc^ss  to  Poena,  niHny  of  them 
by  the  Poona-Juunar  rotnl  passing  through  tho  aub-divisioii.  Thoao 
on  tho  bonks  of  tlie  Bhima  and  in  the  east  can  generally  cross  into 
the  direct  road  from  Alimadn^ar ;  otheni  avail  themselves  of  the 
Alaudi  road  which  is  always  passable  by  carts.  Hnabandmen  take 
full  advantage  of  this  oaay  transport,  and  send  to  Poena  largo^^ 
quantities  of  grain  and  fodder  or  kadli.  ^| 

The  chief  market  towns  are  Kbed,  Chiikan,  Aihcra,  Vada,  and  a 
few  other  small  places ;  Aihora  ia  the  largest  market  in  the  west,  a 
oeotre  whence  rice  ie  Bent  inland  and  below  the  SahyAdria. 

Mft'val,  one  of  the  SahyAdri  enb -divisions,  with  tlie  head-qaarterg 
at  Khadk^la  Iving  between  18°  36' and  18'' 59'  north  latitude  and 
73°  26'  and  73  51'  oast  longitude,  is  bounded  on  tho  north  by  Kbed, 
on  the  east  by  Uaveli,  on  tho  south  by  Bhor  territory  and  Huveli, 
and  on  the  west  by  Bhor  territory,  the  Pen  sub-division  of  KoUba, 
and  the  Karjat  stib-diviaion  of  Thana.  Its  area  is  385  square  milen, 
its  1881  population  62,383  or  162  to  the  square  mile,  and  its 
1881-82  land  revenne  £7586  (Rs.  75,860). 

Of  an  area  of  351  square  miles  230,438  acres  have  beeaj 
eurreyed  in  detail.  Of  these  17,065  are  the  lands  of  alieuatedj 
Tillages.  The  rest  according  to  the  revenue  survey  returns  containa 
188,930  acres  or  65  per  cent  of  arable  land,  24,762  acres  or  II  per 
cent  of  nnarable,  44,419  acres  or  21  per  cent  of  grass,  231  aerea 
or  10  per  cent  of  forest  reserves,  and  4409  or  2  per  cent  of  village 
sites,  roads,  river  beds,  and  hills.  From  tbe  138,950  acres  of  arable  land 
15,277  or  II  per  cent  have  to  be  taken  on  account  of  alienated  lauds 
in  Government  villages.  Of  the  balance  of  123,673  acres,  the  actual 
area  of  arable  Government  land,  110,889  or  h9  per  cent  were  under 
tillage  in  1880-81.  Of  these  110,862  acres  or  90  per  cent  were 
dry-crop  and  26  acres  or  one  per  cent  were  watered  garden  land. 

Three   leading  spurs  from  tho  SahyAdria  cross  the  sub-divisioo. 
The  lai'gest  passes  cast  across  its  whole  length  in  the  south,  ^\ 
second,  which  though  not  so  high  is  broader,  ]>enetrates  to  the  centre, 
and  the  thii-d  forms  the  uorth-eustom  boundary  for  about  twenty 
miles. 

Tho  general  features  of  M^val  are  like  those  of  other  Sahy<Ulri 
eub-divisions.  Except  tho  range  in  which  ore  the  forts  of  VisApur 
and  Lohpgad  tho  hills  which  cross  it  are  uot  perhaps  so  large  aa  tlicy 
are  elsewhere  ;  the  valleys  are  also  generally  mure  open  and  level. 
A  striking  example  of  this  is  in  that  part  of  tho  sub-division  which 
is  crossed  by  the  road  from  Poena  to  Bombay.  The  level  plain 
begins  three  or  four  miles  from  Khandala  and  stretching  almost  to 
tho  foot  of  the  hills  which  overlook  tho  road  on  each  side,  it  spreads 
to  within  a  short  distance  of  Vadgaon.  The  western  part.((  of  tho 
Mulshi  petty  division  are  more  rpgged  and  waving  than  any  other  , 
parts  near  the  SshyiidriB.     The  spb-division  is  fairly  wooded.  ' 

Red  and  gray  are  the  leading  soils,  black  being  fonnd  only  on  the 
banks  of  rivers  and  large  streams.  The  chief  dry-crop  products  are 
ndchni,  mva,  and  til  for  tho  AAan/ or  early  crops  and  wheat  and 
gram  for  the  raht  or  late  crops.  Bdjri  and  jvuri  ai*e  grown  to  a 
Bmall  extent  iu  a  few  vUlaji^  ou  the  euateru  border.    The  black  soil 


i 


Beccan.] 


POONA. 


lands  are  suited  only  for  late  crops.  Rice  is  the  crop  from  which  tho 
cultivators  pay  their  revenoe.  It  is  for  the  most  part  sent  to  the 
Poooa  market.  A  little  goes  bolow  tho  Sahyddriji  aud  a  smaller 
portiou  is  kept  for  retail  sale  at  the  great  halting  places  along  the 
Itue  of  road,  of  which  Vadgaou  and  Kbandilla  are  the  chief.  No 
manare  is  applied  to  any  lands  in  Miival  except  what  they  receive 
from  the  burning  of  brnshwood  and  grass,  a  practice  which  is 
conBned  to  rice  and  ndi-hni  seed  beds. 

The  IndrAyani.  rising  on  tho  western  border  of  the  sub-division, 
pMses  soulb-eayt  through  it«  entire  length.  The  Audhra  a  amaUer 
fttrecuoa  rises  iu  the  north- west  of  the  district  aud  has  a  course  of  some 
Beventeeu  miles  before  it  &lla  into  the  Indrdyani. 

At  Talegaon  Ddbhiide  a  pond  covering  thirty-seven  acres  and 
fifty  feet  deep  holds  water  all  tho  year  round,  and  waters  some  garden 
land.  It  wos  built  about  seventy  years  ago  by  D^bhiido  Sen&pati. 
The  village  ponds  of  Muudhvo,  Khauddla,  Vadgaon,  Kusur,  and 
Valvhiu  also  hold  water  throughout  the  year. 

Besides  480  wells  used  for  drinking  about  55  wella  are  used  for 
watering  the  land.  Of  the  whole  number  about  225  are  with  and 
261  without  steps.  A  well  waters  from  ten  to  thirteen  acres  and 
the  depth  of  water  varies  from  one  or  two  feet  in  Andar  Miival 
to  twenty  feet  iu  Ch^kan.  The  cost  of  building  a  well  varies  from 
£20  to  £120  {Rs.  200 -1200). 

Though  rice  grown  throughout  the  sub-division  tho  rainfall  varies 
I  greatly  in  different  parts.  It  is  very  hpavy  cloaeto  the  SahjAdris.and 
considerably  lighter  near  the  eastern  boundary.  Hot  winds  are 
almost  unkuowDj  and  the  climate  generally  is  cooler  than  in  tho 

eaat. 

tin  1881-82,  of  111,050  acres,  the  wholo  area  held  for  tillage, 
47,125  acres  or  42'-i3  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of 
tho  remaining  63,925  acres,  27  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  63,952 
acres  under  tillage,  grain  crops  occupied  54,84()  acres  or  85*75  per 

■  cent,  of  which  14,990  wore  under  rice  bhit  Oryza  sativa ;  14,036 
tinder  rugt  or  woc/mt  Eleusine  corocana ;  9537  under  wheat  gahu 
Triticum  lestivum  ;  7885  under  advn   aud  vnri  Panicum  miliaceum 

I  and  mi  Hare ;  4648  under  spiked  millet  bdjrt  Peuicillaria  spiouta  ; 
2919  under  Indian  millet  jodri  Sorghum  vulgare ;  and  831  under 
'Other  grains  of  which  details  are  not  given.  Pulses  occupied  .1613 
Mcrea  or  504  per  cent,  of  which  2678  were  under  gram  harbhara 
Cicer  arietinum ;  440  under  lentils  masur  Ervum  lens ;  95  under  lur 
Cajanns  indicus;  76  under  pens  vAUhui  Pisum  sativum;  21  under 
vdid  PhaseoluB  radiatus;  one  nuder  mug  Phaacolus  muugu ;  and 
302  under  other  pulses.  Oilseeds  occupied  5403  acres  orS"44  per 
cent,  all  of  whicn  were  under  gingelly  seed  til  Sesamum  iudicum. 
Fibres  occnpiod  10  acres  or  0*01  per  cent,  of  wliich  7  were 
under  Bombay  homp  aan  or  tdg  Crotalaria  juncea  ;  and  three 
inder  otlier  fibres.  Miscollaneoos  crops  occupied  80  acres  or 
)"12  per  cent,  of  which  34  were  under  chillies  mirchi  Capsicum 
rule&cens;  22  under  sugarcane  ug  Sacohttrum  otUciQaruin;  aud  the 
jmaiiung  24  tmder  various  Togetablos  aud  fruits. 


CStapter  JIU, 
Snb-DiTisif 

SniL 


Hoaxer, 


WfMr. 


t^im(U«,\ 


Crop*. 


[Bombay  Oatettwr  J 


kptMXIII. 
Jab  Divisiona' 

HdlVAL. 


Ct^iivatcrs, 


OommmktUioM. 


DISTRICTS. 


According  to  tho  1882 -83  rctarns  farm  Btocfc  mcln^ed  twenty-two 
riding' and  2005  load  carts,  G2i;}  two-bullock  and  81^3  four-bulli»ok 
ploughs,  Hi,r)2:n)uUock8aud  12,370  cows,  2810  Iio-buffnl-jos  and  4176 
ate-buffaloes,  2*J•^  horses,  I  i)27  ah^ep  and  goats,  and  sixty-fuur  asses. 

The  1881  popalation  retnrns  show,  of  G2.3S3  people  59,t}74  oi 
95"G5  per  cent  Hindus;  I97l5  or  3"l(i  per  cent  Muaalmdns ;  612  or 
0  98  pur  cent  Christians  ;  70  Parsis  ;  50  Jews,  and  one  Buddhist. 
The  details  of  the  Ltindu  castes  ai-e :  2285  Uriihmaiis ;  76  Kiiyastb 
Prabhoa,  22  Pdtiue  Prabliua,  and  9  VelAlia,  writers;  026  Marwdr 
Vinis,  2.'»2  Gujarat  VAnis,  155  Lingdjats,  42  Vaishya  Vanis,  and!  I 
5  AgarvAls,  traders;  32,115  Knnhia  and  579  Malis,  hu»bandrnen; 
1327Teli8,oilmon  ;  1237  ChArabhars,leather  workers  ;  535  Knmbhars, 
potters;  798  liadhiiis,  carpontors;  489  SoniSrs,  goldsmiths;  283 
KhiinpiSj  tailors;  100  IlL-ldArs,  quarryiueii ;  92  Lohdis,  blacksmiths; 

84  Burn ds,  bamboo-workers;  82  Kasars,  glassbanglo-havvkers  ;  52 
Jingars,  painters;  30  I3hiivsai-8,  dyers;  20  Ghii^adis,  polishers;  21 
Tambats,  coppersmiths  ;  18  Rangara,  weavers;  1 1  Bhadbhnnjs'ft,  gi'ain- 
parchers;  8  Khatris,  weavers;  7  LonAris,  lime-burners;  3  SAlis  and 
one  RAulj  weavers;  2  OUSris,  casters;  671  Guravs,  teniplo-serrants; 
729  Nhiivis,  barbers;  389  Pants,  washermen;  1038  Dhangars,  ^H 
cowmen ;  47  Oavlis,  cowkeepera ;  3030  Kolij  and  354  Bhois,  ^| 
fisfaera ;    171   Rajputs,   mesaengci-a;   78    Kdui^this,   houae-builderg; 

4  KaUls,  distillnrs ;  2  Bband^ris,  palm-tufipfira ;  538  RAmoshiB,  ^j 
\ratchmen  ;  361  K^thkaris,  cateobu-raakers;  157  Tfa^kurs,  Imsband-^^ 
men;  103  VanjAris,  grain-dealers;  72  KuikAdis,  labonrers;  60  Vadars,^" 
etone-cutters  ;  S94S  Mhiirs,villagu  servants;  'UiG  Mdiigs,  messengers; 

85  Dliors,  tanners;  ^2  llaldlkliore,  scavengers;  and  135  Gowivis,  94 
Bhariidis,  46  Jangams,  34  Joahis,  23  Gondhlia,23  Kolbiilis,  13  Chitra- 
kathis,  7  Aradbis,  6  Tirmulis,  6  Vdsudevsj  5  Bbats,  4  HolArs,  3.* 
PinguU,  1  Jogi,  and  I  Jobdri,  beggars. 

The  chief  husbandmen  are  Knnbis,  MhArs,  Mdngs,  Dhangars, 
Kolig,  and  MdliB.  Most  of  their  houses  are  poor,  the  walls  made  of 
hardened  earth  occasionally  mixed  with  stone  with  sloping  roo{a 
generally  tiled  and  sometimes  thatched  with  reeda  and  leaves.  Tba 
poorest  husbandmen  own  no  bullocks.  Some  have  one  or  two  pairs, 
others  as  many  as  eight  or  ten,  one  or  two  she-bufFal-jos  or  cows,  and 
soroo  sheep  and  goats.  The  bettor-off  cnltivators  have  sometimes 
considerable  stores  of  grain  but  most  have  no  more  than  is 
requii-od  to  supply  food  or  seed  and  to  sell  or  exchange  for  cloth. 
Nt-arly  seventy  per  cent  of  the  cultivating  classes  are  small 
proprietors,  twenty  per  cent  are  mere  laboarera,  and  the  rest 
propriotora  with  tenants. 

The  Bombay  road  passes  through  the  sub-division,  and  the  villages 
along  or  at  a  short  distance  from  the  lino  derive  n  considorablo 
advantage  from  tho  sate  of  grass  for  tho  numerous  droves  of  cart 
and  pack  bullocka  that  daily  halti»at  the  difForeut  stages  on  tho  road. 

Fni^idhnT,  one  of  the  soufhern  sub-divisions  with  its  head- 
qnan^^E^msrod  and  lying  between  18°  6'  and  18"  20'  north  latitude 
and  73°  56'  and  74"'  24'  east  longitnde,  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Haveli  and  Bhimthadi ;  on  the  east  by  Bhimthadi;  on  the  south  by 
the  Vai  sub-diTision  of  S&tAra  and  the  Bhor  territory ;  and  on  tho 


I 


DMoan  1 


POONA. 


95 


by  Bhor  and  Hftveli.     Tt  covers  an  area  of  470  sqnare  milefi, 

^IHUi   populfttjou  was  75,G7S  or  161  to  tho  sqaai-c  niilo,  and  its 

r!8Sl-tf2  land  revenue  was  £9776  (Hs.  97,760). 

Of  an  area  of  about  457  square  inilea  4-50  have  been   surveyed  in 

tdetail.     Of  these  1 14  are  the  lands  of  alienated  villag-ns.     The  rest, 

[Recording  to  the  revenue  survey  returns,  contAins  16B,388  acres  or 

J*Y'>  per  cent  of  arable  !nnd  ;  1S,720  acres  or  12  percentof  nnarable  ; 

[6952  or  8  per  cent  of  grass;  2C,tJ55  or  13  por  cent  of  forest  reserves, 

fnnd  7076  or  3  por  cout  of  village  sites,  ruada,  river  bods,  and  hills. 

•yrom  the  100,388  acres  of  arable  land  24-^778  or  15  per  cent  have  to  be 

taken  on  account  of  alienated  Inuds  in  Qovernmont  villages.  Oftlie 

balance  of  14l,t»]0  acres,  the  actnal  area  of  arable  Government  laud, 

141,5U3or99  per  cent  vroroundor  tillage  in  1880-81.  Of  tbeso  134,0:39 

acres  or  94  per  cent  woi-o  dry. crop  and  6835  acres  or  4  por  cent 

were  watered  gai-den  land. 

Purandhar  ia  hilly,  in  fact  mountainous.     The  different  rangea 

tend   north-east  and  south-west,  dividing  it  into  two  valleys  along 

which  flow  almost  parallel  streams.      The  spur  of  the  Sahy^dris 

which  is  the  wator-sned  between  the  Bhimaand  the  Nirarnns  along 

the  nonfaoni  buuudiiry  of  the  sub-division.     Its  leading  summits  aro 

those  on  wliich  sUind  the  fort  of  MaUifirgad  and  the  Hindu   temples 

\vi  Bhuleahvar  and  Dhavalo?hv^^     Abranch  of  the  same  spur  Slla 

ptho  south  hiilf  of  the  iiuh-division,   the  only  important   peak   being 

tcrowned  by  the  twin  f(>rts  of  Fumndhar  apd  Yajragad.     'ITie  general 

level  is  about  2800  Feet  above  the  sea,  and  the  bill  of  Purandhar  ia 

nearly  1700  feet  higher,  on  which  abont  4O0  feet  from   the  snmmit 

is  the  fort  of  the   same   name.     The  valleys,  chictiy  the  uortbora 

valley,    have   some   fairly    level  well  wooded  tracts.      Along   the 

[streams,  especially  the  Rarha,  aro  foand  small  tracts  of  alluvial  soil. 

KIsBwhere,  except  on  the  flat  tops  of  some  of  Ibe  bills,   the  soil  is 

I  shallow  and  rocky. 

The  tnodo  of  husbandry  is  like  that  in  the  neighbouring  sub- 

idivisiuus,  except  that  the  land  is  oftener  ploughed,  the  light  soils 

l^early  and  the  heavier  black  soils  once  in  two  years.     The  husband- 

[tnen   al.^o   show  uTiuKual  energy  in  cultivation.     Manure  is  applied 

di-y-crop  lands   and   the   garden  lands   generally   got  as   much 

ns  fifty  cart-loads  to  the  acre  for  sugarcane  and  twenty  to  thirty 

cart-loads  for  ordinary  crops.     The  manure  is   tho  usual   farmyard 

[refuse  or  sbeep-dropj>iugs.     Most  villages  grow  a   second  crop  of 

after  the  biijri  or  other  early   crop  has  been  cleared.     The 

^raw  sugar  cri/fi/ of  this  sub-division  ia  much  prized  for  its  high 

•  quality  and  firmness  which  stands  long  journeys.     It  fetches  abont 

4*.  (Its.  2)  the  piillu  of  120  shrm  more  than  that  made  in  other  part-s 

i  of  the  district.     The  special  strength  of  the   Purandhar  sugar  is 

^eoid  to  be  due  to  their  peculiar  practice  of  keeping  tho  cano  in  tho 

[g^round  eighteen  mouths  instead  of  twelve.     Tho  cano  is  planted  in 

~  [ay  or  June  and  cut  iu  November 'or  December  of  tho  following 

The  chief  crop  is  hdjri  which  covers  48  per  cent  of  whole 

trea  under  tillage,  the  next  highest  is  ymri  with  27'2  per  cent.     Of 

the  whole  ai-oa  under  tillage  bl'o  per  cent  are  ander  early  and  48*5 

Ipcr  cent  under  lute  crops. 


Chapter 
Sub-DivisionB. 
PrKAXDHAR, 
Arta, 


Aiptet,\ 


ipterXm. 
BiLbDiTifiiou- 

Water. 


CUmaU. 


Crops. 


l^gNya  forms  thesontliem  boundary  of  the  snlj-diviaion  nearlycou- 
tinuuualy  for  twenty  iiuIrk,  ntid  theKarh^  a  Hiiiall  feeder  of  the  Nira 
rises  in  the  north-west  corner  and  pHsses  east  across  the  sub-division. 
The  other  leading  stream  is  the  Ganjauni.  Into  these  throe  rivers  the 
Bub-division  drftins  through  small  Tftlleys,  each  with  a  stream  giving 
R  j^ood  supply  of  water  four  or  five  mouths  after  the  rains  are  over. 
All  throe  rivers  niu  all  the  year  round,  and  from  the  InwnesH  of  its 
banks  the  Knrha  is  of  great  use  to  tlie  landholders  who  push  back 
its  water  with  dams  and  raise  it  with  lifts.  When  the  Nira  Water 
Works  are  completed  a  Inrj^  area  of  Purandhar  will  be  commanded. 
Two  masonry  ponds  at  JejnrI,  one  of  aboot  fifteen  the  other  of 
nearly  forty  acres,  were  built  at  the  close  of  the  last  ccutury  in 
honour  of  the  god  Khandoba  by  Holkar  and  Sav&i  M&dhavrdv 
PesLwa.     Both  hold  water  throughout  the  year. 

Besides  280  wells  used  for  drinking  about  1677  wells  are  used  for 
watering  the  land.  Of  the  whole  number  about  368  are  with  and 
1589  without  steps.  A  well  waters  from  2^  to  SJ  acres,  and  the 
depth  of  water  varies  from  twenty  to  forty-fivo  feet.  The  coat  of 
building  a  well  varies  from  £50  to  £1 20  (Ra.  500  -  1200J. 

The  rainfall  during  the  six  years  ending  1870-77  varied  from  1462 
inches  in  1872-73  to  31-26  inches  in  1874-75  and  averaged  20-24 
inohes.  In  the  east  of  the  sob-division  the  fall  ia  short  but  as  the 
country  becomes  more  hilly  the  supply  gradually  improves  towards 
the  west.  Its  height  above  the  sea,  its  unfailing  wiiter  supply,  and 
its  woody  valleys  combine  to  make  Pura.adhar  uue  of  the  pleasante 
and  healthiest  parts  of  the  district. 

In  188 1-82.  of  141 ,548  acres,  the  whole  area  held  for  tillage,  1 7.50; 
acres  or  12'36  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of  the  remain- 
ing 124',016  acres.  2225  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  126,271  acres 
under  tillsgOj  gmin  crops  occupied  117,997  acres  or  93'44  per  cent, 
of  which  7iJ,026  wore  under  Indian  millet/yrfrt  Sorghum  vulgare; 
32,820  under  spiked  millet  hajri  PonioiUaria  spicata;  2464  under  rdiji 
or  nnchni  Eleusino  corucana ;  2435  under  maize  makka  Zea  mays  ; 
1489  under  rice  hhat  Oryeasativa;  1012  under  wheat  tjahu  Triti- 
cum  ecativnm ;  689  under  »dra  and  iwn  Panicum  miliaceum  and 
miliare ;  681  under  rata  or  kdng  Panicum  italicnm  ;  20  under  bnrley 
jar  llordeum  hexastichou ;  and  y^Ol  under  other  grains  of  which 
details  are  not  given.  Pulses  occupied  5233  acres  or  414  per  cent, 
of  which  2158  were  under  kulitk  or  kulthi  Dolichos  biflorus;  1620 
nnder  gram  harhfuira  Cicer  artetinum ;  250  under  mug  Phaseolus 
mango;  237  nnder  tur  Cajanus  indicus ;  90  under  u/Hri  Phaseola 
radiatus  ;  and  878  under  other  pulses.  Oilseeds  occupied  501  acre; 
or  039  per  cout,  of  which  221  were  under  gingellyseed  til  Besamum^ 
indicum ;  9  uuder  linseed  alshi  Liaum  usitatissimum  ;  and  271 
nnder  other  oilseeds.  Fibres  occupied  91  acres  or  007  per  cent,  of 
which  89  were  under  Bombay  bemp  san  or  tag  Crutalaria  junrca ; 
and  2  nnder  brown  hemp  nmkddi  Hibiscus  cannabinus.  Miscel- 
laneous crops  occupied  2449  acres  or  1'93  per  cent,  of  which  1022 
were  under  sugni-cano  us  Saccharum  officinarura  j  140  under  chillica 
mirchi  Capsicum  frutosccos ;  aud  the  remaining  1287  under  various 
v^etables  and  fruits. 


Id 

1 


0 


Deooan 


POONA. 


97 


According  to  the  1882-83  returna  farm  stock  included  257  riding 
and  loos  load  carts,  lol-O  two-bullock  and 3017  four-bullock  ploughs, 
23.987  bullocks  and  13,8S:J  cows,  597  he-buffaloea  and  3o40  she- 
buffaloes,  1252  liorses,  31,267  sheep  and  goats,  and  589  asses. 

The  1881  population  i-oturoa  sKow.  of  75,678  people  73,889  or 
97*63  per  cent  Hindus;  1370  or  2*07  per  cent  Musalmdns;  210  or 
0'28  per  cent  Christiana  ;  aud  throe  Pdrsis.  The  details  of  tho  Hiudu 
cast4<s  are:  3531  Br4hinans;  128  KAyaath  Prabbua  and  3  PaLt^no 
Prabhus,  writers;  3-V6  Liugiyais,  283  MArwar  VAdis,  15+  Gujarat 
Viinis,  90  Vaishya  VAuis,  5  AgarvAle,  and  oiio  Komti,  traders ;  38,655 
Eanbis  and  6880  Mdlis,  husbandmen;  1965  ChAmbbiirs,  leather 
workers;  730  Badh&ia,  carpenters;  670  Sondrs,  goldsmiths;  654  Siilis, 
weavers;  619  Ruinbhurs,  potters;  563  Telia,  oilmen  ;  545  Shimpia, 
tailors  ;  201  Lobars,  blacksmiths  ;  161  Kdsiirs,  glasabaugle-hawkera  ; 
137  Koslitia,  wuavera  ;  60  BehMrs,  quarrymuu  ;  45  Blidvia^ra,  dyora  ; 

1 41  TArabats,  coppersmiths;  37  Lonfiris,  lime-burners;  15  UauU, 
weavers;  10  OtAris,  casters;  10  PAtharvats,  stonemasons;  10 
Sangars,  weavers;  9    Bnradsj  bamoo-workers;  8  KAcb)iris>  glass- 

'banglo-makera;  5  Gauadis,  masons;  I  Uulvat,  sweetmeat-seller; 
801  Guravs,  tcmple-servaute;  135  Ghadsbis,  musicians;  858  Nhavia, 
barbers;  and  4-10  Parita,  washermen;  2214    Dfaangara,    cowmen; 

10  Gavlis,  cowkeepers;  llI8  Kobe  and  158  Bhoia,  fishers;  83  Rajputs, 
[  tnessengers ;  2784,  Raraoshis,  watchmen ;  203  Vadars,  stone-cuttors ; 

109  Thfikurs^  husbandmen;  77  Kaikadis,  labourers;  73  VanjAris, 
grain-dealers;  6584  Mhdrs,  village-servants;  1193  MAngs,  messen- 
gers; 16  HalAlkhors,  scavengers;  152  GosAvis,  131  Josbis,  46 
Gondhlia,  37  Bharadia,  37  Jangams,  28  Virs,  20  VAghyAs,  12  HolAni, 

11  Jiiharis,  9  Ki'lhAtis,  8  ArAdhis,  7  VAaudovs,  2  MAnbbAvs,  and 
one  Rhiit,  beggars. 

The   cultivating  classes    arc    Kunbis,    MarAtl>As,    Malls,    Kolis, 

Dhangars,  KumbbArs,   MbArs,  MAugs,   HiimosUis,  BrAlimaus,  aud 

MuUammadaus.     Except  about  fifteen  per  cent  of  the  richer  laud* 

holilerid  who  live  in  good  houaos  with  at<jne  walls  and  tile*!  roofs, 

Kunbia  and  ManithAs  live  in  ordinary  houses  with  walla  of  hanlened 

, earth  and  flat  or  tiled  roofs.     In  tho  hill  parts  tho  roofs  arc  genorally^ 

'•loping  and  thatche*!.     Most  cultivators  liavo  one  to  ten  pairs  of 

bullocks,  some  cows,   buffaloes,  goats,  aud  sheep,  and  a  full  set  of 

,  Held  tools.     A  fairly  woll-to-do  landholder  keeps  by  .him  a  sufficient 

l-fitoro  of  grain  for  fond  and  seed.     Except  when  his  armugeraents 

ifvH  or  wuen  Limes  arc  hard  bo  seldom  has  to  apply  to  moneylenders 

►for  seed.     About  sixty  per  cent  of  the  cultivators  are  landowners, 

twenty  per  cent  labourers,  aud  tho  rest  proprietors  with  tenants. 

Of  late  years  communications  bare  boon  greatly  improved,  aud 
when  the  Pooua-tioudha  or  ^Vest  Dcccan  liailway  tine  is  finished 
(Puraudbar  will  bo  one  of  tho  most  favoured  parts  of  the  district. 
•  !rhfi  Pouna-BAtAra  roaxl  through  the  BAbdev  pass  is  used  by  carta 
[as  a  meana  of  commnnication  from«the  villages  near  it  to  the  chiof 
jmarket  town  of  Sd^vad  where  it  joins.tho  new  road  to  Poona  through 
Ithe  Diva  pass.  Numeroua  roads  branch  from  SAsvad.  One  goes 
[sonth-east  (o  Jejun  where  it  ia  joined  by  a  branch  from  tho  main 
road  from  tho  Diva  pass,  which  continues  through  the  market  town. 
|or  VAIha  to  the  Nira  bridge      This  road  ia  metalled  and  bndged 


Chapter  XIII. 
Su  b- Di  visions- 

PUBANM 


CHilivato 


Commut 


[Bombay  Oazetteer. 


i&pter  Zin. 
SabXHTisiona- 

POKAKUItAIt. 

nmiatieittion*. 


SniuK. 

£oitndaria. 


Irwk 


Aiptet, 


DISTRICTS. 

tbronghoni.  Half-way  from  tlio  Bdbdev  pasB  on  the  road  toStSsra 
another  mad  bninclies  to  the  fort  of  Puraudhar,  but  niiice  the  Diva 
road  M'ae  finished  this  line  has' opt  been  much  used.  Another  road, 
fairly  metalled  but  not  bridged,  goes  from  Sasvad  to  the  south-west, 
and,  aftor  passing  through  the  iSapgir  gorge  joina  the  main  road 
fi-om  Poona  to  S^t^ra  through  the  Kdtraj  pass  close  to  the  village  of 
K^urhol  in  the  Pant  Sachiv's  State.  The  Katraj  road  after  passing 
through  some  of  the  south-western  villages  crosses  the  Nira  not  far 
from  the  market  town  of  Kikvi.  Another  made  but  nnbridged  road 
goes  from  SiUvad  to  the  south,  passes  through  the  I'impla  gorge  close 
to  the  village  of  Pai-incha  and  on  to  the  river  Nira  not  far  from  the 
village  of  Tondla,  Another  road,  leaving  the  main  Diva  pass  route, 
dose  to  the  village  of  Belsar,  crosses  the  Bhor  paaa  to  the  railway 
station  of  Urali  on  the  Peninsnia  Railway  and  is  6t  for  carts.  Of 
ihree  fair  weather  roads  one  leads  from  SAavad  to  Snpa  in  Bhimthadt, 
and  two  pass  east  from  Jcjuri.  The  local  market  towns  are  Sasvad, 
VAIha,  Parincha,  and  Kikvi.  Except  Sdsvad  they  are  of  uo  great 
importance.  Almost  the  whole  field  produce  goea  to  Poona  as  the 
oumerons  good  roads  throughout  the  sub-diviiiion  make  the  journey 
easy  and  speedy.  Its  thrifty  skilful  husbandmen  and  its  immediate 
prospect  of  unfailing  water  from  the  Nira  canal  and  of  railway 
communication  with  Poona  have  combined  to  draw  the  attention  of 
those  iuterested  to  Purandhar  aa  perhaps  the  most  favourable  part 
of  the  Deccan  in  which  to  try  the  experiment  of  au  Agricultural 
Ban  k . 

Sirnr.  in  the  north-eaet  of  the  district  lying  between  18°  31'  Bn^| 
19^  r  north  latitude  and  74°  h'  and  74°  40'  east  longitude  an" 
about  thirty-eiyht  miles  long  and  tbirty-aix  miles  bi'oatl,  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Jannar  and  the  Pernor  sub-division  uf  Ahmadnagar 
separated  by  the  Glind  river;  on  the  east  by  Shrigouda  al.so  a 
sub-division  of  Ahmadnagar;  on  the  south  by  Bhimthadi  and  Haveli 
both  separated  from  it  by  the  Bhiraa ;  and  on  the  west  by  Khed  and 
J^annar.  One  village  is  detached  about  five  miles  from  the  north 
boundary  on  the  Poona  and  Ahmadungar  border.  Ita  area  is  578 
aquare  miles,  its  188t  population  was  72,708  or  120  to  the  square 
mik,  and  its  1881-82  land  revenue  was  £13,759  (Ra.  1,37,590). 

Of  an  area  of  above  577  square  miles  366,589  acres  have  been 
surveyed  in  detail.  Of  these  04,480  acres  are  the  lands  of  alienated 
villagoa.  The  rest,  according  to  the  revenue  survey  returns,  contains 
248,063  acrce  or  82  per  cent  of  arable  hind  ;  about  8  per  cent  of 
unarable  land  ;  3  per  cent  of  grass  ;  2  per  cent  of  forest  reserves; 
4  per  cent  of  village  sites,  roads,  river  beds,  and  hills.  From 
the  248,063  acres  of  arable  land,  4<)34  or  4  per  cent  have  to  bo 
taken  on  account  of  alienated  lands  in  Government  villages.  The 
whole  balance  of  23  t,U29  acres,  thoactual  area  of  arable  Government 
land,  was  under  tillage  in  18^0-81.  Of  these  229,862  acres  or  76 
per  cent  were  dry-crop  and  41^7  acres  or  24  per  cent  wore  watoi'od 
garden  land.  ^| 

Sirur  consists  of  stony  nplands  seamed  towards  the  centre  b^^ 
mgged  vgJlgys^  but  towards  its  river  boundaries  eloping  into  more 
open  plains.    The  chief  features  are  low  hills^  and  nplands.     The 


J 


Decc&ul 


POONA. 


W 


low  Itilla  are  sometimes  rugged  and  Rtcep ;  nnd  tho  uplands  have  in 
Bumo  cases  rich  tracts  of  good  Boil,  and  in  others  are  poor  and  stony 
with,  espeoially  in  tho  sonth-east  corner,  gentle  waringa  passing 

^^o  a  fairly  level  plain.  Tho  country  is  throughout  sparsely 
led.    Tho  prevailing  soil  is  a  lij^^ht  friable  gray,  freely  mixed 

^i»ith  gravel,  which  requires  seasonable  and  frequent  falls  of  min  to 
make  it  yield.  The  best  upland  soils  are  purplish  black  of  suddenly 
changing  depth  and  very  pro<Uictive  even  with  a  comparatively 
scanty  rainfall.  The  villages  Ijing  along  the  Bhima  and  the  Ghod, 
especially  near  their  meeting  have  a  fair  share  of  black  soil,  and 
black  soil  is  also  found  in  the  dips  and  bolion's  of  other  villages. 
Ddjri  and.  jvdri  are  the  staple  Cfo[>s.  Manure  as  a  rule  ia  applied  to 
watered  lands,  and  to  a  limited  oxtenb  to  dry  crop  lands.  Garden 
tilla^  is  carried  on  by  means  of  channels  or  pats  and  wells, 
but  chiefly  by  wells.  The  fair  weather  Oaudhdrdg  or  dams,  127  in 
number,  are  made  year  after  year  when  tho  rains  are  over.  Few 
streams  flow  till  the  middlo  of  May  and  most  are  dry  by  tho  middle 
of  March.  In  1881,  1G4  acres  were  watered  by  channels,  424  by 
channels  and  welts  combined,  and  2543  by  wells,  making  a  total 
watered  area  of  3131  acres.  Of  the  3131  watered  acres  186  were 
under  the  richer  crops,  sugarcane,  betel-leaf,  plantains,  grapes,  and 
other  fmits,  and  the  i-cst  under  poorer  crops,  groundnuts,  chillies, 
onions,  potatoes,  sweet-potatoes,  wheat,  and  gram.  Tho  husbandry 
is  similar  to,  but  in  many  places  ia  more  efficient  and  careful  than 
that  practised  in  other  parts  of  the  district.  On  uuwatered  land 
as  a  rnle  only  one  crop  is  grown,  though  some  tracts  with  good 
moisture-holding  soil  yield  a  second  crop. 

Tho  Bhima  after  forming  the  southern  and  its  feeder  the  Ghod 
ftfter  forming  tho  northern  boundary  of  tho  sub-division,  meet  at  its 
south-eastern  comer,  while  the  Vdl  entering  from  the  west  falls 
into  the  Bhima  after  a  course  of  about  eighteen  miles.  The  Knkdi 
a  feeder  of  the  Ghod  also  touches  the  extreme  northern  comer  of 
the  sub-division. 

The  rainfall  at  Sirur  during  tho  twelve  years  ending  1881  varied 
from  9-91  inckes  in  1871  to  2372  inches  and  averaged  17'30  inches. 

Besides  337  wells  used  for  drinking,  about  1G20  wells  ore  nsed 
for  watering  the  land.  Of  tho  whole  number  about  209  are  with, 
and  1748  without  steps.  A  well  waters  from  three  to  four  acres  and 
tho  depth  of  water  varies  from  four  to  twelve  feet.  The  cost  o£ 
building  a  well  varie.s  from  £40  to  £100  (Ra.  400  -  1000). 

In  1881-82,  of  224,126  acres,  the  whole  area  held  for  tillage,  17,434 
I  acres  or  7*77  per  cent  were  fallow  or  under  grass.  Of  the  remain- 
ling  206,692  acres,  2181  were  twice  cropped.  Of  the  208,873  acres 
'Under   tillage,  grain   crops  occupied    178,945  acres  or  85'67  per 

cent,  of  which  116,306  were  uuder^spiked  millet  bdjri  Penicillaria 
IfipiciLta;  o7,239  imder  Indian  millet  jmn  Sorghum  vnlgare  ;  4919 
^nnder  wheat  gahti  Tnt'iQum  testiviim  ;  68  under  rain  ot  kdng  V&m- 
Icnm  italicnm  ;  9  under  maize  juaickft  Zea  mays ;  and  404  under  other 
[grains  of  which  details  are  not  given.     Pulses  occupied  19,885  acres 

or9o2por  cent,  of  which  7830  were  under  tur  CaJADna  indicua  ; 

2300  under  gi'sm  ^ar&Aum  Cicer  arietiuum ;   042  audcK  kutiih  (X 


Chapter  XIII- 
Bsb-BiTinou. 

SlBtTB. 

Atpcct. 


Water,  i 


Crpptt 


Chapter  XIII- 
tb-Bivisions- 


Stock. 


Propte. 


iCuUivntvrif. 


I 


fe«/M(' Dolichos  bifloras  ;  5  under  wu*;  Phaseolns  mungo  ;  BBd87^ 
uixier  other  pulses.  Oil-Boods  occiipicl  7488  acres  or  3o8  per  cenC^ 
of  which  878  were  uuder  gingelly  seed  til  Sesaiiium  iudicum ;  three 
under  liusoed  aUhi  Liuum  nsitatisRimum ;  and  6Q07  under  other 
oil-seeds.  Fibres  occupied  526  arres  or  0*25  per  cent  all  of  them 
under  Bombay  hemp  san  or  tdg  Crotalaria  jnncea.  Miscelknooii^H 
crops  occupied  2029  acres  or  097  per  cent  of  which  1131  wcn^^ 
under  chillies  mirchi  Capsicum  fruleacens;  ;J78  under  sugarcane 
us  Sacchainim  ofiiciuarum;  84  uuder  tobacco  fambdkhu  Nicotiana 
tabacum ;  and  the  remaining  4S6  under  various  vegetables  and 
fruite. 

According  to  the  1 882-83  returns  farm  stock  included  472  riding 
and  1512  load  carts,  1432  two-bullock  and  4080  fonr-bollock  ploughs. 
27/J96  bullocks  aud  18,255  cows,  517  he-buflaloes  and  2183  3 
buffaloes,  1484  horses,  38,107  sheep  and  goata,  and  730  asses. 

The  1881  population  returns  show,  of  72,70.*?  people  0S,fi74  or  94* 
percent  Hindus;  4030  or  5'o4  per  cent  Musaltuuns;  81  Christians;  and 
two  Jews.  The  details  of  the  Hindu  castes  are  :  2159  Brdhmans  ; 
22  Kiiyasth  l*rabhus,  writei-s;  1305  MarwSr  V^uis,  285  Liugayats, 
214  Gujarat  Vauis,  79  Kamtts^  44  Vaiahya  Viinis,  and  15  Agarvdls, 
traders;  34,500  Kunbis,  0001  MilHs,  and  48  K^his,  husbandmen  ; 
1639  CbArobhfirs,  leatlier-workers ;  710  Badhais,  carpenters;  053 
Bali^,  weavers ;  048  Knmbliiirs,  potters;  647  SonAra,  gohUmiths; 
582  Tolls,  oilmen;  549  yhimpis,  tailors;  358  Lohdrs,  blacksmiths; 
281  Kiisars,  glass  bangle- hawkers ;  133  Saugars.  weavers ;  85 
Luu4ris,  liuie-burners  ;  40  Jingars,  painters  ;  41  Buruds,  bamboo* 
workers ;  41  Koshtis,  weavers ;  30  Tiimbats,  copperaraitha ;  35 
Bh^VKjlrs,  dyers;  32  Pdtharvats,  stone-masons;  16  RAuls,  weavers  ; 
12  Nildris,  dyeie;  8  GhisAdis,  pobshers ;  4  BoldArs,  qnarryinen  ; 
362  Guravs,  tomple-sorvants ;  27  Uliadshis,  niustcians;  758  Nhdvis, 
barbers ;  555  Parits,  washermen ;  3280  Dhangara,  cowmen ;  41 
Oavlis,  cowkeepors  ;  500  Kolis  and  178  Bhoia,  fishers ;  171  Bajputs, 
mosseugers  ;  20  K^mlitbis,  house-builders;  1717  RAmoahia,  waLch- 
mon ;  274  Vadars,  stone-cutters;  131  Vanjdris,  grain-dealers;  63 
KaikfUlis,  labnnrors ;  71  Th^kurs,  husbandmen;  37  Bhils,  labourers; 
34  rhAsopArdbis,  hunters;  5548  Mlidrs,  villago-servnnts ;  1514 
Miiiigs,  niossengera ;  78  Dhors,  tanners ;  43  HaliUkhors,  scavougors  ; 
420  (JosAvis,  151  Joahis,  137  ManbhAvs,  105  Bliarddis,  05  BhAiutAs^ 
03  Jaugams,  59  KolhAtis,  53  Vaidus,  4,3  Gondhlis,  40  Chitrakathii 
37  Bhdts,  9  Xriidhis,  and  4  VAsudovs,  beggars. 

The  cultivating  classes,  who  form  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  who! 
population,  are  chiefly  Konbis  aud  MAlia  who  are  found  throughout 
the  sub-division.  A  few  members  of  other  castos  till  themselves  or 
by  tenants.  Most  busbandmen^s  houses  have  walls  of  hardened 
earth  and  mud  with  flat  roofs.  In  Ghodnadi,  PAbal,  Kendur, 
Talegaon  Dbamdhero,  and  othef  largo  towns,  about  fifteen  per  cent 
of  this  houses  have  tiled  slopiujf  mofs  and  about  eight  per  cent  are 
built  of  stuue.  A  well-to-do  landholder  owns  thi-eo  to  six  pair  of 
buUucks,  one  or  two  cows  and  she-buffaloes,  and  perhaps  a  few 
sheep  and  goats.  A  poorer  landliolder  will  sometimes  have  only 
one  pair  of  bullocks.     About  tivo  per  coat  of  the  husbandmen  havo 


I 


Deccan-I 


POONA. 


101 


to  borrow  both  cattle  and  field  tools.  The  poorer  husbandmen  have 
barely  enough  to  support  their  families  throughout  the  year  and  are 
forced  to  work  as  labourers  during  the  slack  season.  The  better 
off  have  the  usual  grain  bins  in  which  they  store  grain  for  food  and 
seed.  About  fifty  per  cent  of  the  cultivating  classes  are  small 
landholders,  about  twenty  per  cent  are  proprietors  with  tenants, 
and  about  thirty  per  cent  are  labourera  Both  Mfilia  and  Kunbis 
engage  freely  in  carting  when  field  work  is  slack.  Some  Dhangars 
weave  and  spin  wool,  bat  their  chief  calling  besides  agriculturejs 
tending  flocks.  Labour  and  the  sale  of  dairy  produce  supply  the 
wants  of  many  cultivators. 

Sirur  is  well  off  for  roads.  The  high  road  from  Bengal  through 
Aurangabad  and  Ahmadnagar  to  Poona  and  the  coast  passes 
through  the  sub-division,  entering  from  the  north-east  close  to 
the  town  of  Sirur  and  leaving  it  in  the  aouth-west  comer  close  to 
Koregaon.  Two  other  metalled  roads  lead  one  from  Sirur  to  Khed 
in  the  west  through  P^bal,  and  another  also  from  Sirur  to  the 
Bhimthadi  snb-division  in  the  south  through  the  Kedgaon  railway 
station.  Eight  fair  weather  roads  join  the  chief  towns  and  act 
as  branch  communications  between  the  main  or  metalled  roads. 
No  other  sub-division  in  Poona  has  such  facilities  for  cart  traffic. 
Though  the  railway  does  not  pass  through  the  sub-division,  five 
stations  between  Urali  and  Dhond  are  easy  of  access  and  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  southern  border.  Of  five  market  towns  Sirur, 
Pdbal,  Talegaon,  Kendur,  and  Kavtha,  the  chief  is  Sirur  which  is 
also  a  cattle  market.  The  weekly  sales  amount  to  about  £30  (Bs.  300) 
worth  of  grain,  £30  (Rs.  300)  worth  of  cattle,  and  £20  {Rs.  200)  of 
steam  and  handwoveu  cloth.  The  chief  industries  are  the  weaving 
of  women's  robes  and  turbans  which  employs  ninety-three  and 
the  weaving  of  blankets  which  employs  eight  looms.  Most  of  the 
produce  of  the  looms  is  used  locally,  and  the  rest  goes  to  Poona. 


ChaptOTXIIt 
Sub-DiTisioiu* 

SiKUR. 

CttUivatttra, 


Commimieationa, 


Chaptor_  XTV 

Places- 

jLkbboiok. 


ijJlMIH. 


7Vwi;>lc; 


4 


Ahire,  a  emiiU  village  twelve  miles  north-west  of  Khcd  with  la 
1881  a  population  of  323,  lias  a  Friday  weekly  uiurkut. 

A'mbegaon  on  the  left  hank  of  theGhod  river.about  twenty  miles 
north-west  ol  Khcd,  ie  q  Hmnll  villof^,  with  in  I^iSl  a  population  of 
877-  The  vUlago  gives  it«  name  to  the  Ambegaon  petty  division 
whofte  head-quarl«r9  ai-e  at  Ghodc.  A  mile  west  of  Ambegaon  the 
Ghod  narrows  and  flows  through  a  tine  rocky  gorge.  A  weekly 
market  ie  held  on  Wednesday. 

In  1G73  the  English  traveller  Fryer  passed  by  Ambegaon  on 
way  to  Junnar.     Fryer  found  one  MiieulmAn  beggar  in  tiio  town 
all'the  people  had  Bed  from  a  party  of  Moghal  horse.* 

Ambegaon,  on  the  old  l*uuvel-l*oana  road,  in  a  small  market 
town  twelve  miles  south-west  of  Khadkiila,  with  in  1881  a  popula- 
tion of  653.  Exeept  during  the  raiuB  u  weekly  market  is  held  on 
Wednesday.  Ambegaon  was  formerly  the  head-quarters  of  a  sub- 
di  vision.  

AlandL  on  the  Poona-Ndsik  road  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Indrd- 
yani  aboai  twelve  miles  south  of  Khed,  is  a  small  niunicipul  town, 
with  in  1881  a  population  of  1754.  Alundi  is  noted  as  containing 
the  tomb  and  temple  of  the  great  Br^hmaa  saint  BnyAneahvar  (1271- 
1300)  where  a  large  yearly  fair  attended  by  about  Si),^^  pilgrims  is 
held  in  riovcrober-Deeember. 

The  Pooua  roud  crosses  the  Indr&vam  at  Alandi  by  a  stone  bridge 
which  was  buUt  in  1820  at  a  coat' of  about  £8000  (Kb.  80.000)  by^ 
Th6kurdA.s  MohanUl  Agarv^  a  rich  banker  of  Poona.    The  bridg3^| 
gives  a  good  \'iew  of  Alandi  with  its  temples,  houses,  walls,  treea," 
and  gui-acns,'     The  \'illago  contains  about  300  houses.     The  temple 
of  DnyAi^eaUvar  has  three  chief  gateways,  ChandulAl's,  GfiikvAd's,  and 
Sindia'a,  the  last  facing  the  ba^^r  being  the  chief.     The  temple 
enclosure  has  an  arched  corridor  all  round,  now  divided  into  com- 
partments and  used  as  d^'elling  houses.     The  mandap  is  largo  and 
arched  and  built  of  atone.     It  is  painted  on  the  inside  with   scenes 
iLud  figures  from  Hindu  mj'th&logy,  and   on  the  outside  has  tho 


1  Exeopt  tho  Poou  city  mud  Junnar  aocoaotB,  this  chapter  haa  been  prepared  oluflf 
from  iiiateriitlii  contritiated  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  II.  Johns,  C.S, 
>  £ut  India  uid  For&ia,  133.  '  Udy  FAlkUud  k  Outyf  Chow,  L  244. 


I 


same  scenes  and  fiffurea  sculptured  in  relief.*  Au  unwuUed  covered 
way  leadn  from  tnc  corridor  to  the  ahrine  which  conaistn  of  n 
vestibule  and  the  tomb-cliamber.  Over  Dnyiinobji's  tomb  is  his 
image  three  feet  high  with  a  silver  face  and  crown  and  dressed  in 
rod  clothes.^  Bobina  the  imago  are  Bgures  of  Vithoba  and  Ilakhm^i. 
The  ahrine  ia  said  to  have  been  built  about  300  years  ago  by  oue 
Ambekar  Deehpdnde  and  the  large  mundap  by  Rdmchaudru  Malh^r 
a  minister  of  Sindia  about  1760.  The  west  wall  and  corridor 
were  built  about  1750  by  the  third  Peahwa  BAUji  BAjirAv  ( 1740-1761) 
and  the  drum-house  or  7ut^drkb>ina  in  the  west  or  G(lik\'fSd  gate  was 
built  about  1810  by  Ganpatniv  Gdikvdd  at  a  cost  of  £200  (Ra.  2000). 
About  172'5  a  dcscendiuit  of  Ambekar  Bcahptindo  built  the  east 
and  south  wall.  The  bnlconv  over  the  east  or  ChauduUl  gateway 
was  built  by  Chanduliil  a  lamous  minister  of  the  Nik^.  The 
north  corridor  was  built  about  17i50  by  Sindia  and  one  K^shir^v. 
The  balcony  or  drum-bouse  over  the  north  gateway  was  built  about 
1800  at  a  cost  of  £800  (Rs.  8000)  by  BAUji  Govind  one  of  Sindia'a 
followers. 

Alondi  has  ax  other  temples  of  Bahiroba,  Maluppa,  Sfiiruti, 
Pundlik,  Rdm,  and  Viahnu.  Fundi ik'a  temple  is  in  the  river  bed. 
Anotlier  object  of  worship  is  a  muftonry  wall  which  is  said  to  havo 
aerved  DnyAneahvar  as  a  horse.^  The  temple  revenue,  amounting  to 
about  £':200  (Ra.  2000),  is  enjoyed  by  the  Gurava  who  correspond  to 
iho  Bad\'Aa  of  Pandboi-pur.  Tho  Quravs  linvc  about  twenty-one 
housca  and  number  about  a  hundred.  Besides  the  income  from 
pilgrims   the  temple    enjoys    u   Government    cash    grant  of  £108 


»(Rb,  1080)  managed  by  six  administrators  who  arc  choflen  for  life  by 
the  people.  Pilgrims  come  on  the  djirk  eleventh  of  every  Hindu 
month,  but  the  chief  day  is  the  dark  eleventh  of  KurUk  or 
November-December  when  about  60,000  pilgrims  assemble.  The 
camping  ground  for  pilgrims  is  on  the  outskirts  of  the  vllhige  with 
good  natural  drainage. 

The  municipality  was  eatablished  in  1867  and  in  1882-83  had  an 
income  of  £6-i')  (Rs.  5450)  and  an  expenditure  of  £522  (Rs.  5220). 
The  chief  source  of  income,  £470  10«.  (Rs.  4705),  is  a  pilgrim  tax  at 
the  rate  of  Sd.  (2  aa.)  a  head  which  gives  tho  number  of  pilgrims  in 
1882-83  at  37,640. 

DnyAnobu's  father  was  a  Deshasth  BMhman  named  Vithoba,  who 
lived  at  Apcgaon  on  the  QodAvari  near  NAsik.  In  travelling  to 
different  holy  places  Vithoba  came  to  Ahindi  then  called  AlkApur. 
Here  a  villog©  accountant  named  Shidhopant  gave  him  his  daughter 
KakhmAi  in  marriage.  Soon  after  his  marriage  Vithoba  weut  to 
Benares  and  became  an  ascetic  or  tanydfhi.  When  Shidhopont  heard 
that  his  son-iu-luw  had  taki.'U  loan  asc«tic'elife,he  recalled  him,  reasoned 
with  him,  and  admitted  him  to  the  life  of  a  householder.  The  village 
Br^hmans,  believing  it  against  scripture  rules  that  an  ascetic  should 


Chapter  XIT- 
Places 

Ttmplt. 


MwtieipfUi 


ITm 


1  Orivatal  ChriBtina  Spectator.  VII.  40.    A  wrt  of  DnyinobA'a  tcmple-tomli  U  wid 
to  hare  boen  built  hy  the  gMsfc  Vlui  nint  TnktrAm  who  WM  a  gniit  Admirer  of 


*  OrienUl  C^triitisn  Spectntor.  VII.  M. 


>  8eo  below  p.  tOi. 


XIV. 
Places- 

Alandl 


Alb. 


in. 


return  to  a  lioasch older 's  life,  outcnatctl  Vithoba  who  went  with  his 
four  children,  threo  sona  Dnyaneahvar  Nivrittiuith  and  SopdndL-v  aud 
a  daughter  IhluklAbAi,  to  lay  hia  vjme  befora  tho  learned  Rr4.hniaiia 
of  Paithan.  The  Br^hmans  would  not  have  admitted  the  family 
into  cueto  but  for  two  mimcles  performed  by  DnyAneshvar  to  show 
that  they  were  all  four  incarnations  of  Vishnu,  Shiv,  Brahma^  and 
Lokahmi,  and  that  no  expiatory  riteo  were  necessary  for  their 
rfr^dminsiou.  The  two  rairaelea  were  endowing  a  he-butfalo  with 
speech  and  making  Itim  recite  Vodic  mat}tras,  and  inviting  in  person 
tho  anoestors  of  a  man  when  he  was  performing  their  shrddtlh 
ceremony.  On  rc-adinission  DnyAneshvar  returned  to  Alandi.  On 
tho  way  tho  Ved-rocitiug  buffalo  died  and  DnyAneshvar,  giving  him 
the  namo  of  Mhasobu,  buried  him  with  due  rites  at  Xolvadi  a 
hamlet  of  Ale  village  sixteen  miles  eaBt  of  Juunar.'  At  Alundi 
Dnyiinoba  performed  hia  most  notable  miracle  of  riding  on  a  wall. 
ChAngdev  a  reputed  saint  came  to  meet  DnyAneshvar  riding  through 
the  air  on  a  tiger  and  using  a  snake  for  liia  whip.  DnyAneshvar,  not 
wishing  to  be  outdone  by  ChAn^dev,  went  to  the  town  wall  and 
striding  on  it  caused  a  part  of  it  to  move  forward  and  meet 
Chdiigdev.  Tho  wall  is  sUll  shown,  Burrounding  u  mud  temple  of 
Vilhoba  on  the  river  hank. 

Dnyilnrahvar  was  born  in  1272  {Shak  1104)  and  is  Hatd  to  havo 
died  in  liis  twenty-<nghth  year  at  Alundi  in  1300.  In  12n()  he  wrote 
at  Nev&sa  in  Alimadnagar  hie  greatest  work  called  after  hiu  ntmiu 
DnydncBhvari,  a  Mardtlu  treatise  in  verso  on  tboogony  and  metaphy 
sies  based  upon  the  well  known  Bhagvadgita.  A  book  on  Dnyii: 
eshvur  and  other  saints  caHi^  Bhaktivijaya  was  written  by  Mahi 
about  177a, —    ^ ~~ 


A'lo,  a  BmftU  market  town  sixteen  miles  east  of  Junnar,  with 
1881  ft  population  of  3397,  was  transferred  by  ITis  Higiine&s  Tlolka* 
to  the  British  Government.  A  weekly  market  is  held  on  Friday. 
In  Kolvjidi  a  hamlet  of  Ale  a  yearly  fair  attended  by  1000  to 
1500  people  is  held  ou  tho  bright  eleventh  of  Ch-utra  or  Mareh- 
April  in  honour  of  Mhasoba  or  the  buiTalo-god.  Tho  liwal 
account  of  the  origin  of  the  fair  is  that  the  great  aaiut  Dnyjinoba 
(1272-1300)  buri«5d  here  a  bufialo-god  whom  he  had  taught  tho  Vedaa 
and  raised  a  mmridh  or  tomb  on  the  spot.  A  shrine  was  afterwards 
built  and  a  hall  added  but  never  completed.  In  1827  Captain  Cluuea 
notices  it  as  belonging  to  ilolkar,  with  300  houses,  four  ahopsj  we"  ' 
and  a  templcof  Mfiniti.* — 

A'ne,  at  the  head  of  tho  Ane  pass  twenty-fivo  miles  east  of  Junnnj^ 
is  a  dnvu'ila  or  two-owned  village,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  191( 
and  a  weekly  market  on  Wednesday.     A  woU  mauo  road  pacisesfroi 
Ane  ten  miles  south-west  to  Bclhc. 


BtmsDKff,         Avsari  Budrukh,   is  a  small  town  fifecn   miles  north-east 

Khed,  with  in  1881  a  popuhitioif  of  2778.  The  town  was  the  heiid- 
quarters  of  a  petty  di^^glDn  tilM862  when  the  petty  di^-ision  was 
abolislied.     The  petty  dinsional  offioe.  which  is  just  outside  tho  west 


■  At  M  hoaolka's  tomb  a  ijur  u  itlU  held  on  the  bright  eleventh  of  Chttitra  or  i 
April.    See  Mow  Ak.  •  Itiuemry,  22, 


OeocAn 


I 


I 
I 


POONA 


eotranco  of  the  town,  is  now  ueed  as  a  school.  Within  and  close  to 
the  weal  eutroncc  is  a  temple  of  BhaiiHT  built  about  u  hundred  yearfl 
ago  bv  one  Shaiikarshet  a  Liufir^yut  \'&m.  The  hall,  which  is  entered 
thrt)ii}j^h  a  brood  art-hway.  is  elabonilely  painted  inside  with  gcenes 
froiu  Ilindu  mytholog'y.  The  outside  of  the  tompio  which  has  several 
figures  on  the  root'  and  spire,  notably  a  Ounpati  above  the  entrance 
arch)  is  every  year  re-puinted  in  gorgeous  colours.  Facing  the 
entrance  are  two  fine  lamp-pillars  covered  with  brackets  for  lights 
nnd  ending  in  square  capitals  adorned  underneath  with  scalptured 
foliage.  Beyond  the  lamp-pillar  is  u  drum-house  or  nagdrkhdna  on 
a  stone  canopy  which  coutaius  a  stoue  horse  on  a  pedestal. 

Ba'ra'mati,  north  latitude  18^  10'  and  east  longitude  74'  30',  on 
the  Karha  about  fifty  milca  soiith-eatit  of  Poona,  is  a  municipal  town 
and  the  head-quarters  of  a  petty  division,  with  in  \^\  a  population 
of  5272.  The  1)<7*2  census  showed  apopiilation  of  497o,of  whom  4445 
were  Uindus  and  .530  MusalmAns.  The  188!  census  guvo  an  iuereaso 
of  297  or  5272  of  whom  4773  were  Hindus  and  499  Uusaluuins.  Be- 
eideti  the  petty  divisional  revenue  and  )joliue  offices  Bdr:imati  has  a 
muiiifipality,  a  diapensan',  and  a  post-office.  The  municipality,  which 
was  eHtabiiihed  in  16G5,  had  in  lt^8a-8;i  an  income  of  £0a4  (lls.oS40) 
and  an  expenditure  of  £466  (Rs.  4660).  The  dispensary  wos  esta- 
blished in  IS73.  In  lH82-8;i  it  treatod  thirteen  iji-patients  and  4081 
out-patientii  at  u  cost  of  XI06  Gir.  (Ks.  1063).  In  1637  Btinimati  wa«i 
included  in  the  territory  belonging  to  Shah^ji  the  father  of  Shivjlji.' 
B4rdmati  was  the  residence  of  the  Xaik  banker  family  which 
intormarriwi  with  the  Peshwilfl  and  of  the  famous  MarAthi  poet 
Moropont.  a  Karhiida  Brdliman,  who  flourished  in  the  eighteenth 
century  (1729-1794).  In  1792  Captain  Moor,  afterwards  the  author 
of  the  Hindu  Pantheon,  described  BArdmati  as  a  largo  respectable 
town  with  strong  fortificitious.  The  Karha  river  divided  the  town 
and  the  best  part  wua  protected  by  a  high  wall.  About  a  mile  to  the 
east  was  a  tract  of  rich  garden  land.^  In  1S02  Fuftchsing  MAne  the 
general  of  Yashvantnlv  Holkar  attacked  the  Peshwa's  camp  at 
Bdrdmali  and  routed  his  army  taking  all  the  artillery.^  General 
Wellesley  camped  at  BArAmation  the  i8th  of  April  1803  on  his  way 
from  Seringajxitam  to  Poona  to  seat  B.ijiniv  Peshwa  on  the  throne. 

tFrom  BjiramatI,  to  nave  it  from  destruction,  he  mode  the  famous 
_miir<!h  tq_l*oona  of  8i;tty  iniles  m.thirty-t^yo  j^ouya,* 
ire 


1 


,a  small  village  of  220  people  in  MAval  about  five  miles  south- 

irest  of  iibodkiUa  station  on  the  Peninaula  railway,  gives  its  name 

f"to  a  group  of  two  caves  of  about  the  first  century  a.d.     The  eaves  lio 

in  the  Sujwli  hills,  which  rise  above  Bedsa  villogo,  at  a  height  of 

ubout  300  feet  above  the  plain  and  2250  feet  above  sea  level. 

The  caves  may  be  visited  from  Kurle  or  Khadkala.  From  K^rle 
the  way  tc  the  caves  leada  south-east  across  the  railway  by  a  very 
rough  rocky  track  about  six  mik%  east  to  Pim])algaun  and  from 
£hadkdlu  a  walk  round  the  west  luisc  of  a  spur  leads  about  two 
miles  to  Pimpulgaon.    From  Pimpjui^on  a  footpath  leads  about  ooO 


Chaptsr 
Places- 

Ar-Uftl  BCDatTKEI 


Bis.huA 


Bju>u., 


■  nnnt  DufTa  MxrithAs,  M. 

■  OfAiit  Duflfs  MarAtliAv,  567. 

Wfl-M 


■  Moor'a  Narrktira.  344-316. 
<  DtapAtebci,  I.  IfK. 


■US  ^ 


foot  up  a  steep  hill  side  to  the  crest  of  a  ravine  at  a  small  tompU 
Vdghoba.     The  smoothly  top]>ed  hill  on  the  right  of  the  teniplevrith 
the  peaked  central  heud  is  iihatrus  ixad  the  heuvy  rugprcd  (^Utl  on  tho 
left  is  Ehurva.     From  the  templu  the  path  leads  ulong  a  rough. , 
terrace  acroae  aome  stream  beds  and  up  a  short  steep  climb  to  the " 
cares. 

The  two  chief  caves  are  a  chapel  or  chatty  a  and  a  dwelling  cave  01 
^yana  both  of  them  with  very  clear  traces  of  being   copied  from 
wooden  buildings.    The  chapel  is  approached  by  a  parrow  forty  feet^^ 
paaaaye  between  two  blocks  of  rock  about  eighteenfoet  high.'    -^J^| 
passage  five  feet   wide  has  been  cleared  between  the  blocks  and  the^* 
front  of  two  maBsive  octagonal  columna  and  two  demi-columnfl  which 
support  tho  entablature  at  a  heiglit'of  about  twenty-five  feet.    Their 
bases  are  of  the  hta  or  water^vesaol  pattern  from  wliich   rise  shafts 
alight  1v  tapering  and  nurmounted  by  an  ogee  or  fluted  capital  of  the 
ferae^wlilan  typo.'  grooved  vertically  and  supporting  a  fluted  torus 
in  a  square  frame  orer  which  lie  four  thin  square  plates  each  projoctr^ 
ing  over  the  one  below.    Ou  each   face  of  tlic  uppermost  plat 
crouch  elephants  horses  and  bulla  with  beautiful  and  well  proper* , 
taoned  groups  of  men  and  wometTliding  over  ihem.     On  the  pilaster 
to  the  right  of  the  entrance  are  iwo~^ior8es  with  a  man  and  woman 
seated  on  them.     The  whole  is  finely  carvwl  especially  the  mouth 
and  nostrils  of  the  horses.     The  woman  is  seated  astraddle  on  the      1 
horse,  her  left  hand  is  raised  and  her  right  hand  holds  her  hair.    ^hajH 
has  large  square  earrings,  a  bracelet  near  tho  wrist  and  miother  near^ 
the  elbow,  and  a  doulile  anklet,  the  lower  with  bells.     Tho  man  has  a 
globe^haped  ornament  on  his  head.     The  pillar  to  tho  right  of  tiii 
entrance  has,  on  the  east  face  of  the  capital,  two  seated  or  kncelin 
horaea  back  to  back.     On  tho  south  horse  sita  a  woman,  her  left  ham 
on  the  horse's  neck,  her  right  Hat  closed  and  shaken  at  thn  man 
The  woman  wears  a  square  earring  a  necklace  and  an  anklet.     The 
man  faces  east  and  has  his  left  hand  turned  back  clutching  a  curl  of 
tho  woman's  hair.     Ilis  right  hand  is  on  the  horse's  neck.     Ue 
wears  a  nccklaw,  which  is  a  row  of  octagonal  stones,  and  on  his  right 
arm  are  four  bracelets  and  on  his  left  two.     His  waistcloth  is  folded 
in  bands  which  hang  down  the  side  of  the  horse.     Tho  horse  has 
neither  saddle  nor  bridle.     The  left  pillar  has,  on  the  ea>(t  face,  two 
seated  elephants  Tvith  a  woman  on  the  north  and  a  man  on  the  south 
The  woman  is  seated  on  the  elephant  and  is  pulled  back  by  the  m 
who  draws  her  by  the  wriat.     The  left  arm  is  bent,  tho  hand  restin^ 
on  the  elephant's  head.     The  man's  left   hand  drags  thu  woiaau*' 
right  hand  and  his  right  bund  is  broken.     The  man  has  no  hair  o 
his   face.     The   elephants  arc   very  finely   carved.     They  have  ni 
tusks  which  were  cither  of  wood  or  ivory  which  has  dropped  awa 
leaving  holes.     The  left  or  south  pilaster  has  a  horse  on  the  east  on 


1 


^  Tbe  long  passage  id  front  ia  loft  tit  get  sufGcieotly  buck  tu  get  tlie  nc 
hai^t  for  the  trout  vr  facxlo     Tbe  blocks  on  either  aii^  bi<la  tbe  ^iMteV  {wrt  of  tl 
(rouE.    TergitMoaluiiI  'Kirgera'  Cava  Teniplr*,  229. 

'  Tlio  pillar  and  pilut«r  to  the  wost  are  tnucli  closer  Huted  luid  rnor«  like  Aalu 
piUan  than  tlio  pillar  au^  pilaiter  to  tho  <ut  Th«  top  of  tbe  pillar  below  the  capit 
i»  oloarly  AMyruu. 


OMoaiL] 


POONA. 


I 


a  bull  on  tho  west.  On  the  bull,  which  is  finely  carved,  is  a  seated 
woman  with  her  left  hand  on  the  bull's  netk  and  her  right  hand  on 
the  man's  shuuldnr.  The  man  looks  east ;  his  left  h&nd  is  on  hia 
left  thigh  and  his  riglit  hand  on  the  horse^s  neck. 

The  west  or  inner  face  of  the  right  pilhir  has  two  elephants.  On 
the  north  elephant  is  a  woman  seated  bare  to  the  waist.  She  wears 
heavy  square  earrings.,  a  large  folded  necklace  hanging  to  the  breasts^ 
a  waistbuud,  and  uu  auklet.  Her  right  hand  rests  on  the  elephant's 
temple  uud  her  left  hand  clutches  the  man's  turhan.  On  the  south, 
that  is  the  left,  elephant,  to  one  lucking  out  of  the  cave,  is  a  woman 
in  front  and  a  man  behind,  both  looking  west  that  is  facing  the  relio- 
ahnne.  The  woman  has  her  left  hand  near  the  elephant's  car  and 
her  right  hand  on  the  man*s  neck.  The  man's  right  hand  holds  tho 
woman's  left  arm  to  keep  her  from  dragging  o^his  turban.  His 
left  hand  is  near  tho  waist  of  tho  woman. 

'Ihe  west  or  inner  face  of  the  left  pillar  has  two  horses.  A  woman 
is  seated  on  the  north  horse  and  a  man  on  the  south  horse.  The 
woman's  left  hand  rests  on  her  hip  and  her  right  hand  is  raised 
above  the  horse's  neck.  The  man's  left  hand  is  on  the  horse's  neck  ; 
his  right  hand  e{it<;hc8  the  woman's  hair.  Comparing  the  inner  faces 
of  the  two  pillars,  on  the  left  pillar  the  mim  tries  to  carry  away  the 
woman  and  on  the  right  pillar  the  woman  tries  to  take  away  the  man. 

The  veranda  or  porch  within  the  pillars  is  nearly  twelve  feet  wide 
and  in  front  W  2'  long  with  two  benched  cells  projecting  somewhat 
into  it  from  the  back  corucra  and  one  in  the  risht  end  in  front,  with, 
over  the  door,  an  inscription  in  one  line  recording  : 

*  "niv  stft  ot  Pailyfn*k*.  •on  of  A'nsadA  8«thi,  from  ITkSik.' 

The  corresponding  cell  in  tho  opposite  end  is  only  begun.  Along 
the  base  of  the  walls  and  from  the  levels  of  the  lintels  of  the  cell- 
doors  upwards  the  porch  walla  are  covered  with  the  rail  pattern  on 
flat  and  curved  surfaces,  intermixed  with  the  chaitya  window  orna- 
ments but  without  any  animal  or  human  representations.  This  and 
tho  entire  absence  of  any  figure  of  Buddha  show  the  early  or 
Uin&yaoa  style  of  the  caves,  probably  of  about  the  first  century  after 
Chriu't. 

The  door  jambs  slant  slightly  inwards  as  do  also  <he  inside  pillars, 
another  mark  of  its  early  age.  Tho  interior  is  45' 4'^ TongfBy  21' 
wide.  The  gallery  in  the  sUl  of  the  great  window  extends  3'  7  into 
the  cave,  which,  beaidos  the  two  irregular  pillars  in  front,  has  twenty- 
foui-  octagonal  shafts,  10'  3"  high,  separating  the  nave  from  the  side 
aisles  li'  o  wide.  Over  the  pillars  is  a  tillet  4"  deep  and  tben  the 
triloriiuu  about  four  feet  high.  All  the  wood  work  has  disappeared 
though  the  pegs  that  kept  it  in  its  place  may  siill  be  seen.^  On'the 
pjUars,  as  Talt;  a"a  18G1,  could  bo  clearly  traced  portions  of  old  paint- 
ing "chiefly  of  Buddha  with  allcudaats ;  but  tho  caves  have  since  been 


Chapter  ZX7. 
FUcw. 
Bbdsa. 

CSTW. 


tiucriptiwt ; 


'  The  wood  work  would  Kcm  to  bnve  dUappcKrcd  within  the  Inei  tvrenty  yvara. 
In  1844  (Jour.  Bom.  Br.  Roy.  At.  Soc.  I.  436}  Wcstcrgurd  dcscribca  tb«  cave  u 
liblwd,  and  about  1861  a  wriwr  in  Uio  Ori«uUl  Cbrixtiaa  Spectator  (X.  17-18)  fooad 
fn^nianta  ol  tiipbf^;,l]rijnf  on  the  floor. 


iapter  XIV. 
Places. 
Bco«A. 


{tucription  t. 


IiyKriptioH  S. 


vrhUewRihcd  and  no  irarc  of  the  pninting  in  loft.*     On  five  of  th 
riglit  pillars  are  carved  Hud<Uiial  i?yiubols.     The  sixth  pillar  from 
the  cutrime4>  hus,  about  ton  fuut  from  the  groiuid,  u  ct-utral  and  two 
Bido  lot,u8  Hvmbola.     Thi.'  wvonth  pillar  has  a  central   wheel  of  tli^^ 
law  and  side  Auwers.     The  ei[;hl)i  pillar  haa  a  central  svmbol  witli^H 
above  it,  a  Buddhist  trident  and  below  two  lotueies     The  ninth  piling™ 
has  two  taunts  »igns  above  and  two  lotus  sijjns  below.     The  tenth 
pilltir  liu8  a  sun-like  circle  for  the  wlieel  and  trident  and  a  lotUB. 

The  dayhoha  or  relic  shrinu  lius  u  bniiwl  lillct  ot  rail  omanient  at 
tho   base  and  top  ot"  the  cylinder  from  which  rises  a  second  and 
nhorter  cylinder  also  Hurrounded  above  with  the  rail  ornament.     Th^^ 
bog  of  the  capit;d  is  (tmall  and  ia  surmounted  by  a  verylieavy  capita^B 
in  which,  out  of  a  lotuR  hud,  stands  the  wooden  shaft  of  tfae  umbrell^^ 
The  lop  of  the  umbrella  has  disappeared.     The  relic  shiine  ia  daubed 
in  froni   with    retllead    and  worshipped   as  DharmarAj'a  dkera   (^H 
reeting-plaee.  ^| 

Leaving  tlie  chapel  and  passing  a  well  near  the  entrance  about 

twenty  pacesotFisa  large  unfinished  cell  with  in  its  back  a  water 

cistern.     Over  the  water  cistern  is  an  inscription  in  three  lines  of 

tolerably  clear  letters  which  records  : 

"The  r«ligiouB  gift  of  Mahft'bhojit'a  d*ughtar  Sftnudlxukft'.  til*  MAha'dvri 
Maliarathj  ni  and  wife  of  A'padovnnaka.' 

Clotie  by  the  unfinished  cell  is  cave  IT.  a  vihdra  or  dwelling  c&\ 

K^k  like 


"but  unique  in  design  with  an  arched  roof  end  rotind  at  the 

a  chapel.    Outside,  one  on  each  side  of  the  entrance,  are  two  benched 

<jellq,     The  entrance  is  17'  .T  wide  wit 

each  aide. 


of 

J 


i-ith  a  thin  pilaster  3' 5'  wood  on 
Within  tbe  entrance  the  cave  is  lJ^'2'wide  and  32' 5^j 
deep  to  the  back  uf  the  apse  and  has  eleven  cells  all  with  benches  at 
beds.  The  cell  doors  have  arches  joined  by  h  striiig  course  of  n 
pattern  and,  in  a  line  with  the  tinials  of  the  arches,  is  uuuther  Bimilai 
course.  The  doors  have  plain  arehitravos  and  outside  each  arehitrnv* 
a  pilaster.  In  the  walls  "between  the  doortu  are  cai-ved  faUt-i^nitt 
windows.  The  whole  cava  has  been  plastered  and  was  jirohabli 
painted,  but  it  is  now  overlaid  with  a  coating  of  smoke.  In  thelmcl 
wall  of  the  c*ve  in  a  niche  is  a  figure  of  the  goddess  Yemmai  thickly 
covered  with  red  paiut.  A  aati  stone  lies  against  lEewaU,  a  litUe 
to  the  right.        • 

Beyond  tliis  and  under  steps  leading  up  to  the  left  is  a  small  cell 
and  in  tho  stream  beyond  is  a  sraalT  open  cistcin  {7x3'  t!)  with 
sockets  cut  in  the  rook.  About  thirty  feet  beyond  is  another  plain 
room  about  14'  8"  square  with  a  door  seven  feet  wide. 

On  the  rock  beliind  a  relic  slirine  or  dnffholnt  a  short  distance  fr( 
Cave  I.  is  a  weather-worn  inscription  in  tw'o  lines  which  roconls  : 

Theifl*>wof  Qobhntl,  naUve  of  If  nTakudft,  an  A'nmokft  tftnd)  FsdftpA'tUcB. 
Oaas*d  to  b*  mada'Bjr  Am  Umlts  Bbata,  InhAbitant  of 

1  About  1861  the  rani  bad  tracM  of  indistinct  jMUptingi.  Th«  piUara  wttro  riclitj 
and  eliitM>nit«ity  [i>inl«d  on  a  ground  i.|9|iarviilly  "f  Time.  Tbe  iiropiirtionii  and  e:i 
t>r«mun  of  ttie  tignrce  was  admirftMc.  On  ojiv  »ide  of  the?  fiillAni  wmm  n  tigart;  )M<ldii^ 
■  flwurd  and  onaualbera  %itrit  wiUi  a  B(|uaro  white  Iau.  On  anothvr  [»lUr  wa 
tracaable  pArt  v{  a  Lv>ruioe  very  niiniit<Iy  utuntcd  wiili  11  mers  and  l>inls.  one  ol  tl; 
binlfl  u  frMli  luid  |r*riect  aa  if  freah  i>.-Liutcd.     OricuUil  CbriBtian  Speotator,  III.  17. 


Deccan] 


POONA. 

T^l^j^,  tw<?niT-one  miles  south-east  of  Junnar,  is  a  large  village 
with  in  1881  a  population  of  2Hl6  and  a  weekly  market  on  Mondays. 
Belbe  belongs  to  a  Moghul  family  who  hold  a  high  po^ttiou  in 
Junnar  in  tho  ecvcntcunth  century  and  who  still  enjoy  the  litlo 
of  Xawflbs  of  BelliL".  They  have  married  witli  the  Nawabs  of 
Surat  and  the  prcaeul  proprietor  is  the  sou-in-law  of  Jiiar  Ali  the 
late  Nawfib  of  Surat.  Fhuy  have  a  large  mansion  in  Junnar  town 
which  is  entered  by  a  fine  gateway.'  To  the  Bouth-east  of  Beihe, 
near  the  Slusalmnn  burial-ground,  is  o  llemAdptiuti  well.     The  well 

about  twenty  yards  square  and  is  entered  by  two  opj^site  flights 

-ton  Rieps  each.  The  walls  have  eight^^n  canopied  niches  four 
each  on  the  sides  with  steps  and  tivc  tach  on  the  other  two  t^ides. 
I'he  niches  (3'x  1'  C  x  1')  are  squai"e  heudt^d  with  earvcd  side  pillars 
a  tinial  consisting  of  a  canopy  knobbed  at  the  top.  The  south 
lirall  has  a  wom-tmt  mscription.  Close  by  the  well  is  a  Pir's  tomb 
where  a  yearly  fair  or  unm,  attended  by  about  1000  people,  is  held 
on  the  Bccond  day  of  the  bright.  ly>l^  ^f  Cff"''i'"  "r  ^farrh- April 

Bha'ja.  a  small  village  of  291  people  in  ^lAval  about  fteven  miles 
soutD-west  of  KhodkAla  and  about  two  miles  south  of  Kdrle  railway 
station,  has  a  group  of  about  eighteen  early  Buddliist  euvee  of  about 
the  BccqJid  and  tirHt  cculury^B.c.  A  rough  road  leads  about  two  miles 
south  of  tho  Kiirle  rcflt-house  to  Bhlja.  The  caves  are  about  400 
feet  above  the  village  in  the  west  fa<»  of  a  steep  hill. 

Beginning  from  the  north  the  first  ia  apparently  a  natural 
cavern  thirty  feet  long  and  slightly  enlarged.  The  next  ten  are 
plain  ceils.  Cave  VI.  is  an  irregular  cell  much  mined  and  half  filled 
Sp!  The  ball  is  iiregulur  about  fourteen  feet  square  witii  two  culls 
ou  each  side  and  three  in  the  back  wall  with  chaitya  wiudow 
ornaments  over  all  the  cell  doors.  Over  the  right  side  cell  door  in 
the  buck  wall  is  inscription  one  recording  : 

'Tho  Rift  of  Bii'dhe'  (Bodhl)  a  plonghmoD'a  wife.' 

On  tho  hack  wall  of  cavulX^  a  frie/c  projecting  2'  2'  with  four 
efiaUya  arches  joined  by  the  rail  patteru.  In  front  of  the  cave  was 
ft  Tcmnda  which  seems  to  have  had  pillars  with  animal  capitals.  A 
fragment  of  the  base  of  a  pillar  is  left  as  also  a  broken  capital  with 
animal  figures  upun  it.  ^  " 

Cave  XII.  the  rliait^ia  or  chopcl  is  the  best  in  the  group,  one  Off  tho 
mosfTuT^Testing  m  India,  and,  according  to  Dr.  Burgess,  one  of  the 
most  important  to  be  found  anywhei-e  for  tho  history  of  cave 
architecture.  The  cave  is  fifty-nine  feet  long  by  about  twenty-nine 
feet  wide  with  a  semicircular  apse  ut  the  back  and  having  an  aisle 
3'  5"  wide  semrated  from  the  nave  by  twenty-sovon  plain  octagonal 
shafts  1  r  4"  high.  The  pillars  rake  inwards  about  5  on  each  side, 
so  that  the  nave  is  l.V  6"  wide  at  the  t^ps  of  the  pillars  and  16*  4"  at 
tJieir  bases.  The  (h'lijhohn  or  relic  shrine  is  eleven  feet  in  diameter  at 
the  floor  and  the  cylinder  or  drum  is  iVmr  fwt  high.  The  dome  is  six 
f«it  high  and  the  box  upon  it  is  twc-  storeycd,  the  upper  box  being 
hewn  out  1'  T  siiuare  inside  with  a  Iitile  in  tho  bottom  1'  8'  deep  and 
7*  in  diameter-  The  upper  part  of  the  box  or  capital  is  of  a  separate 
etoae  and  hewn  out,  showing  clearly  that  it  held  some  relic.    On  four 


Chapter  XIY. 
FUuses. 

Bklhk, 


BBiU 
Cavt»,i 


Inacripticn 
U 


Cavt  XII. 


>  Dot&ils  arc  given  l>olow  under  JuooAr, 


[fiombaj  OauttattT. 


Places. 

Caves. 

Cow  XII. 


OattZV, 


DISTRICTS. 


of  the  pillars  are  carved  in  low  relief  aeveii  omamente  or^^uddhi 
eymbofs.  On  the  left  of  the  seventh  pillar  is  a  eymbol  formed 
four  tridentg  round  a  oentro  which  perhaps  contained  a  fan  with  budi 
and  leaves  at  the  comers.  On  the  eighth  pillar,  on  the  right  side  arc 
tvio  flowers  and  what  looks  like  a  fan  and  on  the  left  side  a  posy  of 
holy  flowers. 

The  roof  is  arched,  the_w*_ch _ riaing  from  a  narrow  ledge  over  the 
tryforium  T  6"  above  the  tops  of  the  pillars  and  "56'  5"  Cgli  from  the 
floor.  Tlie  roof  is  ribbed  inside  with  teak  girders  the  first  four  of 
which,  and  parts  of  some  of  the  others,  have  given  way  or  been  pulled 
down.  The  front  must  have  been  entirely  of  wood,  and  foiir  holea 
are  made  in  the  floor  showing  the  position  of  the  chief  uprights.  There 
are  also  mortices  cut  in  the  rock  snowing  where  one  of  the  chief  cross 
beams  must  have  been  placed,  probably  to  secure  the  lattice  work  in 
the  upper  part  of  the  window.  The  front  of  the  great  arch  is  full  of 
pin  holes  in  threo_rows,  about  170  in  all,  showing  beyond  doubt  that 
some  wooden,  probably  ornamental,  facing  covei-ed  the  whole  of  the 
front.  The  htrui'cs  on  the  front  are  a  female  figure  high  up  on  the 
left  much  weatherworn  but  with  a  beaded  belt  about  the  Hpha;  two  half 
figures  looking  out  at  a  window  in  the  projecting  side  to  the  right  of 
the  greAt  arch  and  on  the  same  side  the  heads  of  two  others  in  two 
small  compartment*  and  on  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  arch.  By  the 
side  of  Cave  XII,  but  with  the  line  of  its  front  coming  out  to  the 
south    at   a  small  angle,  is   Cuvc  XIII.  the  front  quite  gone  and 

Erobably  of  wood.  The  cave  (30'  x  3  4'  G")  has  a  cell  in  each  of  the 
ack  comers  and  throe  in  the  bock  wall.  Koch  cell  has  a  latticed 
window.  The  left  cell  has  a  fastening  on  the  door  bh  if  for  a  lock  or 
bolt.  The  right  cell  has  on  arched  door  and  a  stone  bench.  Of  the 
back  wall  cells  two  on  the  sides  have  a  single  bench  and  the  middle 
cell  has  two  with  a  small  reccas  under  each.  Over  the  doors  of  all 
the  cells  18  the  chaiiya  anh  joined  by  a  frieze  of  mil  pattern.  Over  tho 
front  of  tho  cave  are  ornamental  arches  and  a  double  course  of  rail 
pattern.  Close  to  Cave  XIII.,  and  facing  a  little  more  to  the  north,  is 
cavgXrV.  (6'  8"  X  25'  0")  with  one  cell  at  the  back  and  throe  on  each 
aide.  The  front  cells  have  double  beds  with  a  recess  imder  each  ;  the 
second  on  the  left  has  no  bed  but  a  square  window  ond  the  third  on 
tho  right  has  no  bed  but  leads  into  an  inner  cell  with  a  stone  bench. 
Cave  XV.  is  above  Cave  XIII.  and  with  Cave  XVI.  is  reached  by  a  stair 
to  '^e  south  of  Cuve  XIV.  It  is  o  small  dwelling  cave  (12'  G"  x  10' 
with  a  bench  on  the  right  and  two  aemicii-cular  niches  2'  8"  wi' 
with  arched  tops  surmounted  by  the  efuiityu  arch.  At  tho  bi 
are  two  benched  cells.  The  front  wall  is  gone  ;  the  terruee  in  fro: 
was  about  five  feet  wide  and  probably,  ua  shown  by  holes  in  the  ro 
framed  in  wood  work  and  projecting  forwards.  The  front  above  t' 
cave  and  care  XVI,  is  car\'ed  with  thin  chaiiya  arches  and  the 
pattern.  Cavp  XVII.  reochcd  by  adesu'ent  from  caves  XV.  and  X 
is  a  amull  dwelling  cave  ( 18'  G" «  12'  6")  with  three  cells  at  the  bai 
and  two  at  tho  right,  one  of  them  with  a  bench.  There  is  also  a  bene' 
in  the  left  end  of  tlie  hall  and  an  irregular  recess  or  cell.  On  the 
right,  near  the  door  of  the  aecoud  cell,  is  inscription  two  in  two 
which  records : 

*Tlieaiftof»oell  from  NadMava,  ftK»'r«  of  Bhogftvfttt.' 


id^ 


Dmcui  I 


r 


r 

I 


I 


POONA. 


Near  the  cave  are  two  wolla  in  a  recess  and  over  them  ib 
icacription  three  in  two  lines  which  records  : 

*  Ths  roliffious  gift  of  a  cUt«ni  by  Vinbudato,  son  of  KosUd  a  great  warrior.* 
At  some  distiinee  uloiiff  the  scarp  is  u  lar^  excavutiou  containing 
a  gronp  of  foortccri  rohi*.  ahrines  or  da<jhohdn  of  various  sizes  cut  in 
the  rock.  Aa  llieir  nisiriptimirj  show,  tliey  are  the  tombs  or  thupoJt  of 
moflJiH.  All  have  the  Buddhist  rail  pattern  round  the  upper  part  of 
the  drum.  Fi%^e  of  them  arc  under  the  rocK  and  vary  in  diameter  from 
6'  3"  to  4'  8*  and  of  these  two  in  front  have  the  itdic  box  only  on  the 
dome  while  ihe  three  behind  them  have  ulao  heavy  capitals,  the 
largest  on  the  left  joined  to  the  roof  by  the  at*me  shaft  irf  tlio  umbrella, 
while,  over  the  other  two,  the  circle  of  the  umbrella  is  carved  on  the 
roof  with  a  hole  in  the  centre  over  a  corresponclmg  holem  the  capital, 
evidently  to  insert  a  wooden  rod.  Of  the  nine  ddghobag  outside  the  rock 
roof,  the  first  to  the  north  has  a  handsome  capital  3'  6"  high  and  very 
elaborately  carved.  As  most  of  the  otlier  ad^/Jtohdg  are  broken,  it 
oannot  be  said  how  they  were  lluishcd  except  that  the  eighth  and 
poeaibly  others  were  of  the  plain  box  form  without  any  cornice.  In 
lour  of  tlie  capitals  under  the  roof  are  holCT  on  the  upper  surface  as 
if  for  placing  relics  and  two  have  a  depressioii  round  tne  edge  of  the 
liole  as  if  for  a  closely  fitting  cover. 

On  the  second  ildghobut  going  from  north'cast  to  south-west,  in  the 
front  row  is  a  weather-worn  inscription  in  one  line  recording : 

*  The  Tbupo  of  the  Teoerable  roTeraod  DhAnugiri. ' 

Oa  the  base  of  the  third  ddghoba  is  inscription  five  in  one  lino 

recording  :       .  .^^  Thupo  of  the  venarable  r«T«read  AiDpikinakft* 

On  the  base  of  the  fourth  dughoba  a  inscription  six  in  one  verj 
indistinct  lino  recording: 

*  [Tbo  Thupol  of  tho  Tonemble  reverend  Sftastuulinft.  * 

On  the  capital  of  one  of  tho  ddghobds  under  tho  rock  is  inscription 
seven  in  one  line  recording  : 

'  The  vansrablA  rcverrad.  * 

There  is  an  eighth  inscription  much  weather-worn  and  difficult  to 
read  on  tho  domo  of  tho  large  r^c  shrine  which  stands  first  in  the 
front  row. 

Farther  along  the  hill  scarp  is  a  small  chamber,  with  a  cell  at  the 
right  and,  much  filled  up  but  with  a  frieze,  ornamented  by  femalo 
fiffuree  and  relic  shrinea  m  high  relief,  supporting  a  moulding  with 
relic  shrines  in  half  relief  and  willi  tin  oi-ched  rotff  only  half  of  which 
remains.  On  the  wall  are  some  curious  sculptures.  Farther  along 
the  hill  scarp,  under  the  first  waterfall,  is  a  small  empty  round  coll ; 
under  the  second  is  a  large  square  room  with  three  cells  at  each  side, 
partly  filled  and  much  ruined ;  under  the  third  waterfall  is  a  small 
round  cell  with  a  relic  shrine.  _ 

In  1W79  a  very  old  and  most  interesting  cave  was  discovered  in  the 
Bh4ia  scarp  further  to  the  east.  U'hcn  first  found  the  cave  was 
filled  nearly  to  the  roof  of  the  veranda  with  mud  and  earth.  The 
veranda  pillars  and  tho  aides  of  the  entrance  doors  are  broken  away. 
The  cave  faces  north  and  is  a  small  dwelKng  cave  with  a  somewhat 
irrvgular  hall  (16'  6'  X  17'  6").  There  are  two  cells  in  the  inner  wall  one 


Chapter  ZIT- 
Places. 

BilLia. 
Caves. 


V  \i  U  1 


iT\ 


Chapter  ZIV. 

Places. 

BiUJA. 
Cauui. 


Vi^L 


^111 


Ku 


Frrajula 
Sctttpturti. 


m^^ ' 


h\< 


iff 


of  them  wifli  a  etono  bed  and  two  iii  the  cast  wiilL  The  cavo  has  thi 
other  rellin,  a  large  ve\\  with  a  stone  bwl  at  onR  end  of  the  verando 
and  two  einidler  with  benthcs  at  the  other  end.  At  one  end  is  a  pillar 
and  pilaster  with  bell  and  |K>t-ahapcd  capitals.  The  pillar  and  pilaster 
aro  BurmQiinted  bv  fabulous  aniinale,  Kumun  fcranle  busts  with  the 
bodied  of  cows.  The  cave  has  soiuo  remajkable  aculpturea  in  the  hall 
and  verauda. 

On  the  lel't  wall  of  the  cave  ifi  a  standing  male  figure  (5'  9"  x  2'  8^ 
with  lips  conipreiuM^,  no  fare  hair,  and  feet  caJ'sed  as  if  walking 
towards  the  right.  The  legs  are  croemnT  tlie  right  leg  brought 
behind  the  left  leg.  The  left  hand  holds  the  hilt  of  a  henvj-  thw' 
dagger  that  is  tied  on  the  left  hip.  The  right  hond  grasps  a  ej 
The  beaddresa  ib  curiouB  and  hea\'y.  The  hair  is  rolled  into  a 
dome.  There  are  heavy  earrings  with  five  rings  and  a  heavy  double 
neeklace.  On  tlic  upper  amis  is  a  broad  belt  with  pointed  eids 
plailH.  On  the  lower  arm  are  five  hraceletB.  The  figure  wears  a 
waistcloth.  Over  the  riglit  shouhler  is  the  saored  thread.  The  feot 
are  bare.  The  dagger  on  the  left  hip  is  henry  and  broad-blad« 
the  spear  has  a  hetS.  like  a  modern  spear,  onA  a  knobbed  head  ^ 
the  ground  like  a  mace.  The  other  figure  (3'  7"  x  1'  C")  on  the  \i 
wall  is  also  standing.  It  holds  a  spear  in  the  riglit  hand  and  the 
left  hand  rcftts  on  the  waistband.  A  ahouldertlotli  is  thrown  over 
the  left  shonlder.  The  hair  \s<  tied  in  a  dome  which  is  not  properly 
finished.  In  the  back  wall  of  the  cave  below  is  a  small  figure 
holding  up  the  scat  and  on  the  right  side  is  another  small  figure. 

In  the  left  end  of  the  veninda  the  small  central  pillar  has  a  capital 
carved  into  figures,  a  horse  below  and  a  woman  ironi  the  waist  up. 
The  right  hand  holds  up  the  roof.  The  figure  has  a  curious  head- 
dress as  if  the  hair  was  done  up  with  wreaths  of  pearl,  and  big 
earrings,  double  necklace,  and  hanging  stomacher.  The  right  corner 
of  the  capital  ia  another  female  centaur  with  triple  imd  fivefold 
bracelet*.  Retwe4?n  the  earrings  is  a  female  head.  The  figures  at 
the  side  of  the  capitals  are  like  the  sphinx  in  the  Karln  chapel  eavo. 
In  the  corner  are  more  centaurs  male  and  female  with,  different  h< 
dresses  and  not  holding  up  the  roof. 

In  the  front  wall  on  the  left  is  n  standing  male  figure  with 
hair  tied  into  a  pi-eat  dome<l  headdress.     He  nobis   a  double  .•'iwar  in 
his  leit  hand  which  is  held  to  his  breast  and  his  right  hand  nests  on 
the  handle  of  a  broadbUidod  /.-<(Aan'-likc,  dagger.     lielow  the  sheath 
of  the  dagger  show  the  ends  of  the  double  spear.     The  ease  of  the  ' 
dagger  is  tied  on  with  a  cloth.     On  his  upper  arms  great  ornaments 
stretch  from  near  the  elbow  to  the  tihoulder.     lu  the  ears  are  hugo 
earrings  and   round    the   neck  is  an  elaborately   eaiTed    necklace. 
Mauv  threads  are  gathered  together  with  a  plate  or  vidfinfin.     Above  > 
is  a  double  neeklace  one  uf  them  with  plates,   the  upper  with  beada  j 
like  an  amulet.     The  earrings  are  very  heavy  like  a  snake  with  seven  ' 
coils.     The  face  is  broken.     The   figure  wears  elaborate  bracelet* 
in  four  seta  of  four  rows  each  fastened  into  plates.     A  shouldereloth 
IB  drawn  over  the  left  shoulder   and  round  the   waist  is  a   thick  | 
wnisteloth  with  many  folds.     There  seem  to  be  other  skirts  like  a  kilt.  | 

The  middle  figure  is  a  man   with,  much  busliv  headdress  diilerent  ' 
from  the  last.     He  wears  a  necklace  of  big  beacis  and  below  at  the 


»"-ave. 

1  t^ 


r 

J 


Dsocan-l 


I 

p 

I 


I 


POONA 


double  necklace.  He  wears  a  elioiiMercloth  op  x^^hape  a 
'thread.  His  right  hand  held  a  dagger  of  which  the  ease 
remmns.  Below  a  watstcloth  t'lills  nearly  to  the  right  ankle  uud  lo 
the  left  kuuc.  llis  left  liaud  held  two  spcurs  of  wbieh  tho  luwcr 
ends  remuin. 

Oil  the  right  are  three  figures;  a  standing  male  with  a  headdress 
like  the  first  figure,  (he  hair  seeming  to  full  du^m  the  right  Bhuulder. 
The  figure  wears  a  big  hanging  nm-klac*} :  the  earrings  are  different 
from  tho  first  ligun;  imt  broki-n.  There  ix  a  third  noekhicc  like  a  rich 
band,  one  tudo  nhown  on  lh«  right  ehent  and  the  other  side  showing 
on  the  lei't,  Behind  the  haek  is  a  ^iver  sloiked  with  wrows.  In 
bi«  right  hiind  is  a  bow  and  his  left  nand  is  on  a  dagger  tied  to  Lis 
left  hip.  His  t'eH  are  biirc,  llis  wuistob^th  hangs  in  heavy  full 
folds.  To  l!io  right  of  tbis  figure  is  a  window  of  stone  laltiee  work 
and  below  the  window  to  the  right  are  a  male  (IT"  x  1' 2^')  and  a 
female  demon  (4j'  2**  x  1  2").  The  female  demon  is  big  and  fat  with 
staring  eyes  and  a  Iremendoni!  mouthful  of  teelli ;  in  her  raised  riglit 
hand  is  a.  hammer.  Tlie  male  denidn  io  (lie  right  is  smaller  and  in 
trouble,  his  riglit  baiu^  being  rutcn  by  some  large  animal  with 
crocodUfirlike  jaws.  Above  Uie  male  demon  is  a  man  riding  a  horso, 
bis  feet  in  BtiiTups.  lie  wears  a  necklace  of  great  rows  of  beads. 
The  horse  has  o  jaunty  or  vhho'ja  headdress.  The  rider  holds  tUo 
reins Tn~In»  right  hand  and  a  spear  in  tbe  left,  llis  right  foot  is  ia  a 
stirru]>.  A  demon  holds  up  the  left  hind  and  front  feet  of  tho  horso. 
Below  the  horse's  belly  is  a  man  liko  a  king.  Tbe  group  ateins  to 
roprvBcnt  a  deuwn  earryiug  oil'  a  king,/  On  tho  right  a  king  stauda 
in  a  chaiiot  like  a  Groek  car  drawn  by  four  hors'js.  He  wears  a 
double  necklara  like  Howei-s,  and  a  bandsoine  headdress.  With  him 
in  the_chariot  are  two  women,  one  behind  hiraTToldsan  umbrella  tho 
other  in  front  b;is  a  tlj'wbisk.  They  have  rieh  ornaments  amrwaist- 
bands.  The  horses  are  treading  the  fmuale  demon  who  lies  face- 
down. In  tho  back  ground  is  a  chief.  To  the  right  is  another 
curious  g]-oup.  Uelow,  near  tbu  lower  left  corner,  is  a  chief  svatcd 
one  leir  yu  the  st-at.  the  other  banging  down;  and  close  by  on  tho 
very  left  is  a  sacrecl  tree  hung  with  garlands  ond  rail  at  the 
foot.  Close  to  tbe  king*s  left  a  woman  brings  a  spi^tjon  and  a 
wutcr-i^ral ;  behind  is  a  woman  with  a  tly  whisk  and  a  mtu.  Below 
is' a  group,  a  man  playing  a  striuged  inslrum-'ut  and  a  woman 
dnnemg.  To  the  right  ot'  the  tree  is  fcome  wild  animal  perhaps  a 
hIppoi)Otamus  and  bL-low  is  a  fallen  bullock  and  further  to  the  right 
n  great  eroeodile's  bead.  Above  a  woinmi  with  a  horse's  bead 
clutehes  the  shouldercloth  of  a  man  on  the  I*2ft  and  is  carrying  bim 
off.  A  little  above  we  two  small  elephant-hke  heads,  a  tiger  eating 
n  deer  or  a  cow.  and  a  email  elephant  gnawing  at  the  foot  of  a  big 
elephant,  the  central  ti'jure  in  the  group.  Above  a  small  elephant 
kilh*  a  tiger  and  over  it  is  a  tree  perhaps  the  Acacia  cirisa.  Higher 
to  the  left,  abovu  the  a^ateil  king,  in  a  sacred  tree  with  many  male 
and   female  (iirures  on    it,    the    mi- lu  with  head\lr>:?^:^  Hl;e  pc'uked 

und  from 


female  (ij^ures  on 
nightcaps-     Above,  on  tbe  left,  a  male  figure  Qv.-. 
tho  right  comes  up  a  man  with  a  duggar  in  his  r 


.a.     On  tho 


large  elephant  which  forms  the  central  figure  in  tho  group  rides  a 
I  tpiSi  lung-    Hound  his  neck  great  garlands  have  beenliung,  which 
k  866-16 


Chapter 
Flaces. 
BaijA. 

Caves. 
SaUplurvM, 


\<i<(i 


iforal. 


\\  eiut 


BKlVlARt, 


Sude  SioiH 


1 


fall  to  his  feet,  and  his  arms,  nearly  up  to  the  elbow,  are  en< 
with  bruc4;Iet8  of  tlowcrs.  Uia  Hglit  huud  Itolds  the  elephaut 
and  hia  left  liand  in  raisod  to  his  chest  and  g;raspB  the  flower  ^rli 
Bebiud  him  sits  a  STnall  male  figure  with  a  coat  and  a  a  in] 
waietdoth  and  a  cloth  wound  round  his  face  under  the  chin.  In  hu 
hands  he  holds  a  double  stick  and  a  £ag  with  a  Buddhist  trident  above 
it.  There  is  a  man  behind  the  clophnnt  and  someihing  else  like  a 
tree.  The  elephant  moves  along  carrying  in  his  trunk  an  acacia  tr«e 
torn  up  by  the  root. 

The  group  on  the  eud  wall  are  the  demons  attacking  the  king 
and  beating  him.  Then  on  the  side  wall  eouies  Lord  I)uddh« 
in  his  chariot  and  crushes  the  demons.  The  big  group  svems  to 
■how  the  state  of  things  before  Buddha  taught.  The  kings  enjoy 
themselTes  with  playing*inen  and  dancing-woumn  and  all  the  animal 
kingdom  is  at  strife  one  beast  preying  on  another.  Above,  Buddha, 
the  peaceful  conqueror,  unarmed  and  adorned  with  flowers,  brii 
all  to  order.' 

On  the  inner  wall  above  the  door  is  a  fhcsc  of  alternate  topes 
figures  holding  up  the  roof.  The  topes  arc  somewhat  like  tlsS' 
Amr^vati  tope.  On  the  left  tide  walls  under  the  centaurs  is  a  friese 
olose  to  the  ground.  In  the  left  comer  is  a  bullock,  then  a  winged 
horse  or  bullock,  next  a  standing  man  with  his  hands  raised  above 
his  head.  Then  comes  a  chief-like  or  important  personage  well 
dressed  on  a  horse  his  bare  feet  in  stirnipa.  Then  follow  threo  men 
one  above  the  other,  then  a  man  with  both  his  hands  raised  over  his 
head.  Then  two  bulls  goring  a  fallen  mole  figure.  The  headdreaaes 
in  the  cave  aro  like  those  m  1^9  Bharhut  Stupa  in  the  Cc>ntral 
ProvincoB  abont  a  hundrcanulcs  north-oast  of  Jabalpur,  though  tho 
ornaments  of  the  Stupn  aro  not  so  old. 

From  the  position  of  the  cave  in  a  place  not  nearly  so  well  suited 
_foraeaTCH5lhf  bii;  onc(Xll.)  it  looks  as  if  Cave  Xll.  was  first  mode. 

Bh}lTSA£^  "'  BhOSari,al9o  known  as  Bhojpgj-^ the  tirst stage  on 
the  Suslik  road  about  eight  miles  north  ofPoona.  It  stands  on 
slightly  rising  ground  in  a  bare  rocky  upland,  perhaps  about  a  hundred 
feet  above  the  level  of  Poona.  The  village  is  of  couRiderable  size 
with  small  houses  and  to  the  north  a  large  pond.  The  Poona-NiUik 
road  passes  north  and  south  about  a  hundred  yards  to  the  east  of  the 
village.  The  place  is  remarkable  for  a  numlx-r  of  large  rude  stone 
enclosures  to  the  east  south  and  west  of  the  village. 

In  the  space  between  the  Poona-Nusik  road  and  the  village,  tba 
foundations  of  a  wall  of  iarjre  rouj^h  stones  enclose  a  largo  plot  of 

Cund.  According  to  the  villagen  this  was  the  village  K-ot  or  citad^ 
the  example  of  Khandoba^  enclosure,  about  300  yards  to  the 
south-east,  and  of  other  enclosures  to  the  south  and  the  south-west  d 
the  village  shows  that  the  space  enclosed  bv  this  wall  was  set  apart 
for  funend  or  other  religious  purposes.  Inside  of  the  line  of 
enclosing  wall  are  the  remains  Of  three  mounds  from  three  or  fc 
about  seven  feet  high.  The  meund  to  the  oast,  close  to  the  roa 
known  as  KAlkiii'g  temple.  It  ia  about  three  or  four  feet  high 
about  twelve  paces   square  and  is  covered  with  stones  moat  of 


'CamparvFnguMoo  tad  BargtH'  Cftre  Temple*.  S\3-923. 


.i)ecoftB.J 


POONA. 


rough  but  uue  hollowed  aa  if  for  a  conduit  or  wat«r-pipe.  In  the 
suuth-wcflt  of  the  enclosuro  is  a  mound  about  six  feet  high  which  is 
known  aa  the  moeque  and  seems  to  have  truoes  of  modem  building  j 
and  a  few  paces  to  the  north  is  a  lower  mound,  two  or  three  feet  high, 
which  looks  like  an  old  burJul  muimd. 

A  few  paces  to  the  aoulh-webl  of  the  moeque  heap,  leaning 
against  a  wall,  is  a  fairly  presen-ed  battle  or  hero  stuue.  It  has  a 
funeral  uruut  the  top  aiul  below  five  panels  of  curved  fiu^res.  In  the 
lowest  pouel  at  the  fool  a  man  lies  deiui  and  above  his  body  are  three 
UOW0  showing  that  the  hero  of  the  stone  lost  hia  life  in  a  cattle  raid. 
In  the  next  panel  on  the  visitor's  left  a  man  with  a  spear  6ghts  two 
men  on  the  right  with  shields  and  swords.  In  the  panel  above  ia 
Sliiv's  heaven  with  the  hero  in  the  centre  and  apvnnis  or  heavenly 
damsels  dancing  at  the  atdea.  In  the  top  panel  the  hero  in  heuvea 
worships  the  ling.  To  the  west  of  a  rest-house,  a  little  further  to  the 
Bouth-wcet>,  are  two  standing  stones  one  of  them  8'  6'  X  3',  and  about 
twenty-five  paces  fuilher  west  are  two  more  about  seven  feet  high. 
Passing  northwards  by  the  caat  of  tlic  vitloge  and'  along  the  south 
bank  are  several  small  ahrinoa  some  of  them  of  large  rough 
stones.  On  a  bank  in  the  north-west  comer  of  the  pond  are  three 
battle  or  hero  stones.  Thestono  to  the  east,  which  meaaures  3'  10"  x 
r  7"  X  r,  ia  covered  with  redlcad.  It  has  an  urn  on  the  top  and  three 
panels  of  carving  below.  On  a  baud  of  atone  about  two  inches  brood, 
below  the  urn,  are  letters  of  the  tenth  century  but  too  worn  to  be 
read.  Below  the  figures  are  clearly  cut  and  well  proportioned.  In 
the  lowest  panel  are  four  cones  and  u  prostrate  human  figure ;  in  the 
panels  above  a  man  on  foot  with  bow  and  ui-rows  lights  three  footmen 
armed  with  apeurs  and  bows  and  arrows  and  three  hoiiiemen  behind. 
In  the  top  panel  on  the  left  a  man  and  woman  worship  somethhig  like 
a  water-pot  and  on  the  right  another  man  worahipa.  The  carvinga 
on  the  two  other  battle-stones  are  too  broken  to  make  out.  To  the 
weat  of  the  pond  and  on  the  northern  bank  are  some  patches  of 
ground  thickly  strewn  with  boulders.  Hut  as  far  as  they  were 
examined  they  showed  uo  signs  of  artificial  arrangement,  llctumiug 
along  the  south  bonk  of  the  pond  and  passing  about  100  yards  along 
the  road  on  the  right  close  to  the  road  a  complete  wall  or  row  (3 
rough  stonee,  seveml  of  them  measuring  about  four  feet  by  three  feet 
and  six  inches  thick,  encloses  a  plot  of  ground  about  thirty-five  feet 
square,  the  ground  within  the  enclosure  being  no  highei*  than  on  the 
outside  of  it.  Near  the  centre  is  a  grave  of  dressed  stones  apparently 
more  modem  than  the  enclosing  wall.  About  two  hundred  yards  to  the 
southeast  is  a  small  whltewoahed  shrine  of  Kanhoba,  a  form  of  Krishna 
who,  on  the  dark  eiglith  of  Sh-avan  in  August-September,  enters  into 
his  worshippers  and  mokes  them  dunce.  To  the  east  ia  a  line  of  rud« 
groves  belonging  to  Kjlnhoba's  worshippers  most  of  whom  seem  to  be 
Chtimbhara  and  AlhAra.  The  ground  to  the  soutli  of  this  shrine 
and  west  nearly  to  the  road  is  strewn  ^wJth  lines  and  enclosing  walls  of 
big  stones,  sometimes  a  small  circle  surrounded  by  a  large  square 
and  with  an  occasionally  soUtnry  standing  atone,  and  here  and  there 
a  small  buill  bhriiio.  Close  to  Ktinboba's  temple,  a  little  to  the  south, 
is  a  small  shrine  made  of  four  big  stones,  two  side,  a  hack,  and  a  roof. 

»  open  to  the  east  and  measures  5'  7"  long  by  3'  6'  broad  and 


Chapter 
Flacas. 
Bhavubt. 


laptflrXry. 

Places. 

Budt  Stone 
Jttclonra. 


6'  high.  At  the  bacic  elto  about  IwcItg  BmaU  round  stones  s: 
the  goddcM  Satwii,  The  ?hrine  is  apparontl y  modem  but  U  intcrcsl  ing 
from  its  liktnt-ss  to  some  of  tlie  iii(i«  «tonc  tombs  and  shrines  whicb 
have  been  found  in  the  Soutli  Deocan  and  on  ihe  MalabAr.  coast.  A 
few  paces  to  tlio  south  is  an  npripht  pillar-Hko  stone  4'  3 "  out  of  the 
ground  oud  with  faces  about  eighteen  inches  brood.  Close  to  this 
standing  stone  seven  large  blocks  of  trap  enclosed  circle  about  twelre 
feet  in  diameter.  Another  of  the  enclosmres  is  about  thirty-eicht  feet 
square.  Passing  several  more  enclosures,  some  of  them  with  small 
modem  shrines  to  MariiU  or  Ghoda  SatvAi,  about  200  yards  to  the  south- 
east,  is  one  of  the  best  preserved  of  theencloBures.  It  measures  about 
]  70  feet  east  and  west  by  1 10  feet  north  and  south.  The  wall  is  aboat 
four  feet  broad  of  undressed  stones,  many  of  them  roughly  round  and  a 
foot  or  two  in  diameter,  and  at  intenrals  larger  stones  about  three  or 
four  feet  high  and  three  feet  broad.  Near  the  middle  of  the  east  face  is 
agate  with  Ike  large  stones  as  pillars.  They  are  about  five  feet  apart  and 
stand  about  six  feet  out  of  the  ground  with  fourfaees  varying  in  breadth 
from  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a  hull'.  About  sis  yards  to  the  west  of  this  door 
and  about  sixteen  feet  apart  are  two  low  inounds  with  plinths  of  great 
rough  atones  (4'  x  3'  and  3'  G'  x  2')  piled  in  tliree  or  four  layers  raised 
inaido  two  or  three  feet  above  the  outside  level.  The  mound  on  the  right 
is  roughly  fifteen  feet  square  with  stones  as  mueh  as  4'^"  by  S'U"  and 
heaped  inside  with  earth  and  a  few  stones  about  two  feet  higher  on  the 
outer  level.  The  centre  of  this  mound  was  openenl  and  dug  about  four 
feet  deep,  two  through  earth  aud  two  through  hai-d  yellow  m»irHi» 
mixed  with  lime  nodules  to  rock.  Near  the  level  of  the  ground  there 
was  a  piece  of  teakwoud  about  18"  long,  rough  and  like  a  large 
tent  peg.  A  fragment  of  a  green  glass  bracelet,  appearing  tbe 
same  as  the  present  glass  braeelets,  was  the  only  article  tomid.  The 
left-hand  mound  was  also  opened  and  dug  about  five  feet  deep. 
The  part  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  was  full  of  large  stones. 
Below  the  surface,  for  about  18"  in  the  centre,  it  was  soft  earth  and 
muniina»  if  it  hud  been  dug  into  before.  There  were  uJso  several  lime 
nodules  t}ie  same  as  in  the  right-hand  mound.  Among  the  murum  aud 
limo  nodules  were  found  pieces  of  bones  some  of  the  teeth.  There  were 
no  truces  of  pottery.  Another  foot  deeper  was  rock.  About  three 
paces  to  the  north  uf  the  right-hand  mound  them  seem  to  be  traces 
of  a  mound  but  the  middle  has  been  removed  and  in  its  place  a 
roughly  square  building  is  set  up  as  a  tomb.  About  four  pooea 
towards  the  north  wall  is  a  small  square  about  five  feet  of  »tone» 
with  a  hip  stone  in  the  centre  like  a  rough  tomb.  About  nine  paces 
west  of  the  two  mounds,  near  the  centre  of  the  enclosure,  is  the 
base  of  a  mound  or  grave  obout  eight  feet  square.  The  base  stones 
are  still  in  their  place,  the  rest  are  piled  into  a  caim.  The  top  oil 
the  c^irn  is  hollow  and  in  the  hollow  is  a  slab  about  18"  by  (5"  with 
a  human  figure  roughly  carve<l  on  it  and  covered  with  redletwl.  It 
is  a  spirit  or  vir  who  comes  intq  men.  About  a  yard  further  west, 
an  a  raised  jphitform  ubout  five  feet  square,  is  a  stone  con-ed  with 
two  pair  of  feet.  There  is  also  a  scat^  image  with  the  legs  crossed 
and  the  hands  in  front  of  the  chest  as  if  in  the  teachiog 
position.  This  is  Kegadi  Prodhtin,  the  minister  of  Khandoba,  whoeo 
platform  stands  to  the  east  of  Khaudoba's   temple  as  thi 


I 


t 


k 


* 


plfttform  stands  to  the  east  of  Mahader's  temple.  About  six  pacee 
to  the  south  is  a  smnll  tomb  about  eJx  foot  square.  About  uino  paoee 
to  the  south  is  another  square  (-11x15'),  au  outside  line  of  atODes 
about  four  feet  bread  uud  the  iusidt-  level  with  the  ground  and  bare. 
The  centre  was  opeued  and  dug  about  two  feet  below  ground  level 
but  nothing  was  found.  It  seems  to  be  the  site  of  a  temple  or  shrine 
rather  than  a  burial  mound.  About  fourteen  paces  west  of  the 
central  pair  of  tombs  is  a  shrine  of  Khandoba  about  twelve  feet 
with,  in  front  to  the  east,  a  space  about  fifteen  feet  square 
losod  by  a  wall  of  rough  stones  about  three  feet  high.  The 
flhrine  is  built  on  an  old  mound  which  seems  to  have  been  round 
or  oval.  On  each  side  of  the  shrine-tioor  are  fragments  of  two  old 
c:arved  piUars.  The  lintel  and  side  pu^ts  of  the  door  are  also 
old  and  can-ed  with  two  or  tlu-ee  rows  of  elegant  but  much  worn 
tracing.  The  dome  of  the  shrine,  though  modem,  is  in  the  crossr 
comer  style.  Near  the  centre  of  the  floor  is  a  small  Hug  and  nnar 
it  a  small  bull.  In  th«  back  wall  is  a  centre  fifjnire  of  If  lumdoba  with 
B&oai  on  the  visitor'^  right  and  llhrilsa  on  tlie  visitur's  left.  There 
are  a  few  other  figures  of  attendants.  Passing  across  the  main 
road  to  the  south  of  the  village  stretch  low  rolling  hillocks 
blackened  with  largo  boulders.  A  large  number  of  the  boulders 
have  been  broken  by  Beldars  and  carried  away,  but  many  remain. 
The  arrangement  is  confused  and  the  Unes  are  irregular  and  with 
many  gaps,  but  Uim-e  is  enougli  to  show  that  almost  all  of  them 
are  arranged  in  walls  enclosing  large  spaces,  in  many  coses  with 
inner  enclosures,  and  in  a  few  of  the  inner  enclosures  some  large 
pointul  standing  stones  and  low  mounds  inside.  One  of  these  mounds 
was  opened  and  dug  through  earth  and  murmn  about  three  feet  below 
the  surface  to  rock  but  notliing  was  found.     Still  these  stones  nro  in 

f;reot  nnmbers  and  of  large  size  (3*  x  3'  or  4'x  3')  and  almost  all  tho 
ines  of  Hlones  bear  traces  of  aiTongement  and  apparently  belong  to 
some  old  burial  monumonta.  Low  mounds  streteti  to  the  westmost  of 
them,  toppe<l  with  n  thick  cluKter  of  bouldors  generally  with  one  or  two 
large  pointed  stones.  Fresh  earth-marks  on  some  of  these  stoneti 
show  tluit  tlic  circles  have  been  lately  repaired  or  completed  and  that 
they  ore  used  as  cattle-pens  or  stack-yards.  Others  seem  to  be  old 
and  are  orranged  round  a  shrine  or  a  rude  painted  stone.  On  the 
top  of  one  hillock  is  un  enclosure  of  big  stones  thirteen  paces  by 
ten,  with  an  inner  enclosure  of  smaller  stones  (12' x  7')  with  a  long 
low  stone  at  tho  west  end  snuorcd  with  redlcad  and  worsluppe<i  as 
Khasoba.  About  fifty  pflces  to  tlio  north  is  one  of  tho  quaint  shrines 
made  of  four  stones,  tdde  and  back  stones  and  a  flat  roof  resting  on 
them.  Insido  is  a  stone  about  18*  high  daubed  with  red  point, 
roughly  ithaped  as  the  homo  of  Chedoba.  About  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  further  west  beyond  a  belt  of  rich  lowland  are  more  boulder- 
strewn  knolls.  The  stones  are  arranged  in  large  enclosures  conluining 
small  circles  or  squares  many  of  U>cm  marked  by  some  specially 
large  standing  stones.  They  strettji  to  the  west  and  to  the  north- 
west for  many  hundred  yanls.  According  to  one  of  the  villagers 
they  are  the  sites  of  the  houses  when  the  vilhige  was  a  city  in 
the  times  of  tho  Gavli  kings.  But  they  are  too  irregular  and  the 
encloflur««  intersect  oaoh  other  too  much  to  be  either  the  sites  of 


Chapter  ZIT. 
Places. 

Bhavsari. 

Jiudf  Stone 
EiKlotura, 


[Bombay  O&wtUwt 


DISTEICTS. 


CbaptM  IIV. 
Places. 

BOATtlAJU. 


boiLseA  or  rattle-peas.  On  another  knoll  about  200  yards  north.  wU 
OD  enclosing  circle,  is  a  small  stone  temple  of  Mah&doT  with  a  f  roxnit 
of  a  pillar  near  the  gate  of  the  cncIoBure  wall  and  inside  of  the  ent 
sure  an  old  well-uarved  but  broken  bull.  A  few  paces  east  of  the  tem|^ 
enclosure  among  some  tombs  id  a  curious  shrine,  a  large  fiat  stone  r^rfr* 
ing  ou  three  large  puiutcd  stones.  It  is  said  to  be  a  tomb.  Aboat 
holf  a  mile  to  the  north-cast  of  the  village  are  several  low  hillocka 
strewn  with  boulders.  At  a  distance  they  look  much  like  the  boulder- 
covered  hillocks  near  the  village,  but  examination  ahowa  that  the  stoaea 
are  in  their  natural  position,  apparently  the  ruins  of  a  weatherworn 
knoll.  Though  tho  stones  aro  ot  mueh  the  same  form  and  size  as  those 
nearer  the  village,  tmlike  them  thc-y  show  no  signs  of  being  picked 
out,  urrauged,  ur  set  in  the  ground. 

Aa  far  as  they  have  been  examined  none  of  the  stones  in  these 
mounds,  lines,  or  widls  have  any  writing  or  any  other  sign  of  the  chisel. 
The  diswn-ery  of  pieces  of  bones  in  one  of  the  mounds  supports  the 
Tiew  that  these  circles  and  heaps  of  stones  and  the  solitary  atonding 
stones  are  funeral  raonument«.  Without  letters  or  the  diacorery  ot 
further  relics  it  is  impossible,  even  within  wide  limits,  to  fix  the 
age  of  these  monuments.  There  sooma  no  reason  to  doubt  that 
they  are  old,  certainly  older  than  the  MusolmAns,  and  probably  older 
than  the  Sihthi^ras  or  the  Yddavs  (850  - 1310)  because  the  carving 
of  battle-stones  was  the  form  of  mouuiucut  which  was  then  in  fashion. 
Theae  mnniimeiits  were  almost  certainly  raised  bv  rude  people  in 
honour  of  the  dead.  From  the  great  number  of  the  enclosures  this 
would  seem  to  have  been  a  favourite  place  for  commemorating  the 
dead.  And  the  absence  of  any  signs  of  a  mound  in  many  cases  and 
tho  want  of  any  relics  in  several  of  the  mounds  suggest  that  some  of 
these  monuments  are  empty  tombs  raised  to  people  whose  bodiafc 
were  buried  or  burnt  in  some  other  place.  Tho  carved  battl^| 
atones  show  that  till  MusalmAn  times  Dbavsuri  continued  a  fovourife 
place  for  commemoratiDg  the  dead,  and  the  number  uf  shriaes  to 
Satv&i^  Khaudoba,  Mhasoba,  L'hcdoba,  Vir,  and  other  spirits  seems  to 
show  that  the  village  is  still  specially  haunted  by  the  dead. 

An  inscription  on  a  rough  stone  attached  to  a  wide  burial  mound  in 
Sopdra  near  Bassein  showed  that  the  mound  was  raised  about  B.C.  3U0 
in  honour  of  a  person  of  tho  Khond  tribe.  K bond  is  tho  same  as 
Ohond  aud  apparently  as  Kol.  It  remains  as  Kod  a  surname  among 
Th^na  and  other  Kunbis  and  Morathils.  As  far  as  is  ot  present 
known  the  namo  does  not  occur  in  the  North  Deceau.  The  menticm. 
of  Kods  in  the  Sopdra  stones,  aud  ilw  reverence  for  tho  dead  which  is 
BO  marked  a  characteristic  of  the  Bengal  KoU  and  the  Gotbivar)  Kola, 
stiggcst  that  thL-se  rude  monuments  belong  to  tlte  Kol  or  Kolarii 
undcrlaycr  or  base  of  the  Doccaii  population.  Stone  monuments  lil 
thoso  at  Bhavsari  have  not  yet  been  made  the  subject  of 
search.  When  looked  for  they  will  probably  be  found  and  scat-' 
tercd  over  most  of  the  Deccon.  "One  standing  stone  or  ubhci  dhmida, 
6'  6"  high,  has  lately  (December  1882}  been  noticed  in  the  village  of 
Kdjur  about  ton  miles  west  of  Junnar,aiid  in  the  same  village  are  traces 
of  circles  and  heaps  of  large  undressed  stones.  Those  and  remains  of 
several  caned  battle-pillars  suggest  that  Rajur,  Uke  Bhavsarif  down  to 


POONA. 


119 


lin  f  iinefi  was  heltered  to  have  aome  special  sacrcdneaa 
'nifinorials  to  thu  dead. 

According'  to    General  Haig,  R.K.,  who  has  lately   been   Irvrng 

ong  tbem,'  the  Kois  of  the  lower  GodAvari  are  a  cheery  half-nakoa 

eople  who  bum  the  deud,  bury  the  oshes,  cover  them  with  a  alab  of 

,e,  and  ut  the  head  set  uuolher  stone  of  great  size.     Occaaionally  in 

ibrest  tracts  are  rows  of  etones  live  or  ten  or  even  fifteen  or  twenty 

t  high  and  weighing  several  tons.     Smaller  stones  mark  the  grurea 

children.     In  countries  where  stone  is  difEcult  to  get  the  custom 

The  Koia  of  the  plains  hava  given  up  raising  tomb-stonea. 

These  rude  enclosures,  circles,   mounds,  and  open-air  flat-topped 

mbu    or  shrines  have  a  double  intarest.     They  seem   to   be  the 

original  of  the  Buddhist  stupa  or  burial-mound  and  its  encircling 

rail,  and  they  have  a  more  curious  but  leas  certain  connection  with 

the  rude  stone   monuments  of  ^orth  Africa  and  West  Europe.     In 

the  Beccan  tho  fondness  for  tombs   is  still  strong  among  MaiuLhiis 

and  other  classes,  and  the  euclosunt  wall  or  rail  seems  to  survive  and 

to  have  its   origin  in  tho    rude  circles   that  aurrouud   the  shrines  of 

Vet6l,  Chuduba,   and  other  spirits  whose  worahip  forms   so   large   a 

part  of    the  religious    observances  of    the  lower    classes  of  Deccan 

[indua.     The  original  object  of  the  circle  of  stones,    to  keep  evil 

Com  passing  in  to  annoy  tho  central  object  of  worship,  lives  in  the 

ITcIe  of  ship/iilt  or  guardians  who  live  in  the  stones  which  sorrouad 

le  central  VetAl. 

Bhigvan,  a  small  village  tnentyfour  miles  north-west  of  Indipur, 
ithm  1881  ft  population  of  1418,  has  a  weekly  market  on  Ijuuduy. 

Bhima'shankar,'  in  the  village  limits  of  Bhovargiri,  at  the 

[mrce  of  the  Bhimu  river  about  thirty  miles  north-west  of  Khn<I,  bos  a 

kmous  temple  of  Moliadev  said  to  be  one  of  the  twelve  great  ling^  of 

dia.'     Bhim^shanhar  is  at  the  crest  of  the  Sabyauris  344S  feet 

bove  sea  level.     Here,  in  a  dip  in  the  hill  top  3090  feet  above  sea 

vel,  and  surrounded  by  three  or  four  wooded  heights,  is  tho   holy 

Durco  from  which  tho  lihinia  tnckles  in  a  tiny  stream  into  a  smaU 

lilt  cistern.     After  it  reaches  the  plain,  the  Bhima  receives  the 

lULma,  luilrayani,  Mulha-Mula  and  Kim  from  the  right,  and  tho 

hod  and  Sina  from  the  left.     Il  passes  cast  through  Poona  and 

Sholapur,  and,   after  touching   the   north-east  border  of  Bijiipur^ 

"iws  through  the  I^'i/jlm's  territories  where  it  meets  the  Krishna 

Riichur  about  400  miles  south-east  of  Bhim^shankar. 

Close  to  the  cistern  which  receives  the  infant  flow  of  the  Bhima 
two  temples  of  Mah&dev  one  old  and  out  of  repair  and  the  other 
sm    built    by    tho    famous   Poona     minister    N&na   Fadnavia 


Chapter  ZIT. 

Places  ■ 

Bhavsaxi. 


BuiavAV,, 
BmuAsnAXJUB. 


Clmrcb  MlMiottuy  Intelligence  and  Hecord.  vn.  89.  618. 

'The  oleven   oUisr  groat  fiuiya  iltb  Anuu%afar*r  near  UjjoJn  ;    OAutameahTM-  um- 

KwlftreBbvu*  ia  the  Hiiu&lsy«« ;  f^iUiAbAl  iu  Uj)4.iii  ;    MoililtArjuD    du  the 

il  hill  iu  Taiiojiii :  Omlcir  on  the  Narbadx  ;  lUiccshviir  in  IUme»hvKr  UIaqcI 

"^o  Con]r>rui :  .'Somutlivftr    in  Sumtidlh    P^titn  in    KAthiiw&r  ;  TriiubAkestivar 

in  NAtiic  :  V»idyma&th  »  Dergad  in  the  Stolhal  tUsthct  of  Bengal ;  and 

ivar  at  Baoarea . 

U(«  Mr.  G.  H.  Johns,  C.S. ;  Bunbaf  OaMtte.  15th  March  I8S4. 


[Bombftf  OaiettMi^ 


Iter  ZIV. 


LSHAKKAS. 


JltlL 


tgtnd. 


120 


DISTRICTS. 


(1764-  1800)  and  finished  by  hU  widow.  The  old  temple  is  a  pi 
solid  «tnicturo  built  of  dark  i*tone,  with  o  vaulted  roof  mncli  like 
Nommn  cn-pw  often  found  under  English  cntbedruls  and  abbey*.' 
In  the  hall  or  man(/a/t  in  a.  rough  stone  Nandi  and  in  the  shrine  a 
metal  ca«t  with  live  hfads  representing  the  god  Ithini^sluiukar. 
Huug  on  au  iron  bur  BUp|>orted  belwoen  two  Btroug  stone  pillars,  to 
the  ou«t  of  the  old  temple,  is  a  large  bell  weighing  three  to  fouri 
hundrefl weights.'  Kmbusseilon  thei'acoof  the  bell  is  a  minute  hunuBj 
figure  perhaps  the  Virgin  Mary  with  a  JIultese  cross  above  and  tin 
figures  ir*-?y  bi'luw,  sho^-ing  thn  year  in  which  the  bell  waa  cast.  The 
bell  is  worshipped  by  the  iH-uple,  and  the  cross,  the  human  Bgure,  and 
the  date  arc  (mintod  with  redleud.  Aecording  to  the  temple  priest  tht 
bell  was  brought  from  V.'isind  near  Kalyan  in  Thano  probably  from 
Bome  I'orlugueso  church  or  convent  about  1739  when  liasseiu  was 
taken  by  the  Marathfis.  The  old  temple  was  origiually  much  larger 
than  it  now  is  us  its  size  was  greatly  rcduitd  to  make  room  for  tnfl 
new  temple  of  Niina  Fudnavis.  The  new  temple  is  also  built  of  dark 
stone  and  tlie  sj)in'  riw^s  in  the  form  of  a  cono  surmounted,  by  * 
pinnacle.  All  round  the  outer  wall  of  the  lower  part  of  the  t^-mpld 
runs  a  row  of  small  figures  and  gods  in  niches.  The  east  front  of 
the  tcmide  has  much  ornamental  work.  The  rain  dripping  from 
the  cement  over  the  door  has  fonned  fringes  of  stalactites  which 
harmonitH)  with  the  fretwork,  etFectively  combining  nature  uud  art 
in  the  decorutiuu  of  the  temple  front.-  The  temple  enjoys  n  yearly 
Government  grunt  of  £90  fw.  (Ra.  0G4)  in  cash  and  land  asapitiiprt 
at  about  £20  (lis,  '2iH)f.  The  affairs  of  the  temple  are  managed  by 
six  hereditnrv  VfiAi»ti(W(irA  who  receive  the  endowments.  A  voatIj" 
fair,  attendiHi  by  about  20.000  pilgrims  from  all  jwrts  uf  the  I>e'ceai 
and  the  Konhan,  is  held  on  AlaluUthividtra  in  Fcbnmry- March 
lasts  for  two  or  three  days. 

Two  legends  are  told  of  the  origin  of  the  holiness  of  Bhi- 
miishankar.  According  to  one,  while  ilohitdev  was  rcbting  nftei 
a  succcesful  but  fnliguing  contest  with  a  demon  named  Tripur&eai 
Bhimak,  a  mythic  king  of  Oudh  uf  the  sun  Uue,  eume  to 
penance  before  the  god  and  ask  forgiveness  for  wounding,  during 
hunt,  two  seers  in  the  fonn  of  deer.  Shiv  pjirdoned  Bhimnk  am 
offered  to  grant  him  any  boon  ho  desired.  Uhinuik  asked  that  thi 
sweat  which  was  still  fresh  on  Shiv's  brow  might  be  changed  into 
river  for  the  good  of  mankind.  According  to  the  other  Ugend,  ihi 
place  first  eume  into  repute  about  the  midtlle  of  the  fourteen! 
centurj'  after  Christ.  When  cutting  timber  in  the  Bhinulshanl 
valley  one  Bhatirav  foimd  blood  gushing  out  of  oue  of  the  treei 
Bhalirav  brought  his  cow  to  the  tree  and  dropjicd  her  milk  on  tht 
Btump  and  the  wound  healed  in  one  night.  A  (inij  of  Slaluidev  cai 
out  of  the  tree  and  iihutir.-iv  built  a  shrine  ou  the  spot. 

From  the  temples  a  side  jmth  leads  to  a  shrine  on  rising  groant 
which  gives  a  wide   view  of    th^  suered  BhinKishaiikar  vullev    wil 
many  tine  trees  ou  the  surrounding  hilts  and  u  luxuriant  growth 


'  Triganoinctrical  Sancy  Report  for  1877-78.  130. 
*Boml>ftr  Ouette.  ISth  Mnrcli  1884. 


wgreen  bushes.  Though  from  the  Konkan  «de  the  top  of 
Bbim^shankar  looks  bare  it  rually  is  well  woodnil.  From  the  crest, 
in  the  morning  light,  tho  Eonknn  looks  sprea^l  out  like  a  map. 
Mathenin  from  Panorama  to  Qarbat  point  stands  boldly  out  straight 
in  front. 

Boribyal,  a  Tillago  of  543  people  on  the  Miila  a  feeder  of  the 
Bhima  about  twenty  miles  north  of  BiSramati,  has  a  station  on  the 
Peninsula  railway  53i  miles  south-east  of  Poonn.  The  1880  railway 
returns  showed  5115  passengers  and  no  goods.* 

Qh^ltAIl  on  the  Poona-Nasik  road  six  miles  south  of  Khed  and 
eigliloea  miles  north  of  Poona  is  a  market  town,  with  in   1872  a 


I 


ovulation  of  31G4  and  in  1881  of  4055.  The  weekly  market  is 
eld  on  Thursday.  ChAkan  has  a  Collector's  bungalow  and  an  old 
fort  famous  in  Deccan  history.  In  the  bungalow  enclosure  under  a 
tree  is  an  old  stone  with  a  can'od  figure  liko  Lakshmi-NAr&yan 
exoept  that  thorc  is  a  bull  in  the  right  comer. 

The  fort  was  dismantled  in  1858.  About  1836  it  was  described  by 
Grant  I)uiF  as  nearly  square  with  haBtioned  fronts  and  comer  towers. 
The  walls  were  high  surrounded  by  a  ditch  wet  on  the  north  side  and 
thirty  feet  deep  by  fifteen  wide  all  round.  The  fort  had  one  entrance 
on  the  east  through  five  or  six  gateways.  Beyond  the  wall  was  an 
outwork  of  mud  with  a  ditch  locally  said  to  be  the  remains  of  a 
fortification  made  in  1295  by  an  Abyssinian  chief.  The  earliest 
certain  notice  of  Chfikan  is  in  1443  when  M alJlc-ul-Tuiji r ,  the  leading 
Bahmani  noble  who  was  ordered,  by  Ald-ud-<lin  il.  (1435  •  1457)  to 
reduce  the  sea  coast  or  Konkan  forts,  fixed  on  Chiikau  as  his  headquar- 
ters. In  one  of  his  Konkan  expeditions  Malik-ul-Tuj(ir  advanced 
with  the  Moghals  into  a  woody  countrv,  where  as  his  Decern  and 
Abyssinian  troops  refused  to  march,  Malik  was  slain  with  500  Moghals 
and  the  rest  retired.-  Contrary  to  the  advice  of  the  Deccan  officers, 
who  tried  to  persuade  them  to  withdraw  to  their  estates,  the  Moghals 
fell  buck  on  Obdkan.  The  Deccun  officers  sent  a  false  messago  to  the 
king  that  the  dinusU-r  was  due  to  Malik-ul-Tuj^r's  rashness  and  to  the 
turbulence  and  disobedifsnce  of  tho  Moghals,  who,  they  said,  wore 
now  in  revolt.  The  king  ordered  the  Mughols  to  be  put  to  death 
and  tho  Deccan  nobles  attacked  Chakan.  After  the  siege  had  lasted 
two  months,  the  Deccan  officers  forged  a  letter  from  llic  king 
and  persuaded  some  of  the  Moghals  to  leave  the  fort.  They  gave  an 
entertainment  to  the  rest  in  the  fort,  and  while  the  feast  was  going 
on,  attacked  them  and  put  them  to  death.  At  the  some  time  one 
party  of  the  Moghals  outside  the  fort,  were  attacked  and  every  male 
was  put  to  death.  Another  party  who  were  more  on  their  guard 
made  good  their  escape.  Tho  sur^'ivors  succeeded  in  conWcting  the 
Deccan  nobles  of  their  treachery  and  procured  their  punishments. 
From  this  linm  HhAkai^  ^fld  Jp'^P^^^^'  JF^.^**^  military  posts.  In 
1486  Zain-ud-din  the  commandant  of  £nlkan  revolted,  and  ^'iiciUL- 


Chapter  XV 
Places. 


BORTBYiL. 


CkIxak. 


Fort. 


Pot  th«  minor  lUtionn  of  Borilwil.  Chinchvad,  KArle,   KhftdVAl*,   Khu»UlA, 
Kh«dgsoii,  Loni,  Pitu,  SbelAn'Adi,  Umli,  V.-ul^>n,  and  Yev«t,  the  railwny  rrtunia 
m  no  d«twU  after  lf>80.     Tho  Iwuroa  aro  grooped  under  the  b««d  Minor  StatioilS. 
t-'  Briggi'  FtfTuhtd,  1 1.  436-  439. 
bB6G— 16 


tBombay  Gaiel 


DISTRICTS. 


lapter  XIT 
Fort. 


ul-Mulk  the  Ilahmani  miniBter  sent  liis  son  Malik  Ahmad  the  foun 
of  the  Ahmudnopjr  NizainshAhis  ( 1100- IC-'iti)  to  reduce  ChJi 
Zain-ud-tliuupplit'd  forht-lp  to  Yusui  Arlil  Kbiin  ot"  IMjapur.  I^ator 
the  same  VL'ur  vilma  Mntjk' A|j|ntnl  threw  off  hin  ullejiiance  ^[Ahm 
Shfih  IlaJiiuuui  II.  (HH-2-1.JI8)  ui-dcix-d  Yuaul"  Adil  K'litin  of  BiU: 
and  Zain-u(l-diu  of  Ch^kau  to  uttuck  him.  Malik  Ahmad  tried 
failed  to  win  Zuin-uil-din  to  his  aide.  As  thn  Buhmaui  anay 
advancing  aguinat  him  Ahmad  left  hia  familr  in  8hi>*iier  and  iuilt 
to  meet  tlic  Bahmani  force.  During  the  ntght  he  suddenly  tumad 
ou  ChttkuD,  was  himself  the  first  to  scale  the  walls,  and  Imd  helped 
aeveuteen  of  his  men  to  gain  a  footing  before  the  garrison  t 
alarm.  Zaiu-ud-diii  nud  his  men  fought  with  great  brurenr, 
their  leader  was  killed  and  the  rest  surrendered.  From  Chi 
Ahmad  marched  against  and  defeated  the  Buhmani  omiy.^  In 
1696  the  tenth  Ahmuduagar  king  Bah^ur  (loOo- 1599)  grants^ 
OlUikan  with  other  plaixs  in  the  Poona  district  to  Mj^QirBliojiBU  the 
grandfather  of  ShivAji.*  In  1636  MAhmud  of  Bimpur  f  1G26-  165<» 
concluded  a  treaty  with  the  Mb^hals  imder  wKich  the  Ahmadna 
territory  was  djvxded  between  Biinpar  and  thf  ^loyhfJa,  Bijd- 
securing  the  oonntrv  between  the  btiimiB  gnd  the  Nira.  as  fnr  no 
as  ChAkiin.^  In  this  division  <rf  territory  Ch&kon  continued 
remain  in  the  possession  of  t^hdhdji  in  charge  nf  a  brave  commaod 
Phiranpiiji  Naraala.  When,  about  1547,  Shivaji  was  trviug 
eatabliali  his  authority  in  his  father's  Poona  estates,  he  won  over 
PhirangAji  without  much  trouble.*  In  lt)6i!  ShdistekMp.  n  Moghal 
general  was  sent  to  punish  Shivaji  for  his  incursions  into  Hoghal 
terrilorv.  ShAistekhiin  took  fSupa  and  uiunhed  to  Chakan  which 
was  still  held  by  Phirangdji  ^aratila.  After  examining  its  bastioaa 
and  walls  the  Moghal  army  opened  trenches,  erect«d  batteries,  throw 
up  inlrenchmcnta  round  their  own  position,  and  begun  to  am 
the  fort  with  mines.  Heavy  ruins  greatly  interfered  with  the 
Moghal  operations.  The  powder  was  spoiled  and  bows  lost  tbair 
strings,  but  the  siege  was  vigorously  pressed  and  the  front  walls 
were  broached.  Though  hard  pressed,  the  garrison  sallied  forth  oa 
dark  nights  into  the  trenches  and  fought  with  surprising  boldneoi. 
Sometimes  a  Mardtha  force  from  outside  combined  with  the  garrison 
in  making  a  joint  attack  in  broad  daylight  and  placed  the  trcnohea 
in  great  dunger.  After  the  siege  had  lasted  about  two  months  a 
mined  bastion  blew  up  and  stones  bricks  and  men  flew  like  pige<mB 
into  the  air.^  The  Moghals  rushed  to  the  assault  but  the  Mardthil 
had  thrown  up  a  barrier  of  earth  iuAido  the  forti-ess  and  had  made 
intrenchmentit   and    places   of  defence   in   many   parts.      AU   day 

Ksaed  in  fighting  and  many  of  the  assailants'  were  killed.  The 
oghal  army  did  not  retreat  and  passed  the  night  without  food  or 
rest  amid  ruins  and  blood.  At  dawu  they  renewed  the  attack,  and, 
putting  many  of  the  garrison  to  the  sword,  carried  the  fort  but   noi 


'  Brigge'  FemhU,  in.  190-195.  'Onuit  DnlTa  MarithAs,  41. 

■  Grmot  DaflTs  M>nkt)iiU,  .'>2.  *  (Jrant  Dufi~B  M«UtbU,  60. 

*  Wttring  notices  (MaritlifLs,  73)  thai,  accnrding  to  Orni«,  ttio  niAfuint  was 
up  by  flyinji  &  paper  kite  with  m  lighted  mAtuh  at  Eta  tiUl  :  «;cor£iig  |o 
exploaiao  WM  doe  to  a  »b«ll. 


Decoan-  ] 


POONA. 


133 


until  they  had  lost  about  900  men.    The  survivors  of  the  garrison 
retired  to  the  citadel  and  did  not  Burrvndcr  till  reduced  to   ex- 
tremities.    tShiiistekhuu  treated  Pbirangiji  with   great  respect  and 
sent  him  in  safety  to  Shivdji  by  whom  he  was  praised  and  rewarded.^ 
According  to  an  inscription  at  ChAkan  date<l  11.  1071,  ShAistekhiln 
repiured  tlu*  fort  in  1663.'    Ch^kan  was  left  in  charge  of  one  Uzbek 
Knin.-  After  Shiviji's  Burprise  of  Shdistekh^n  in  Poena  city  in  1GG3, 
Prince  Muazzim  was  appointed  viceroy,  and  the  main  body  of  the 
Moghal  army  retired  leaving  strong  detachments  at  Chilean  and 
Jonnor.     About  this  time  JSbivdji,  who  had  gone  to  Poona  to  hear  a 
sermon  by  the  great  V^ii  saint  TukirAm,  narrowly  escnped  being 
madu  prisoner  by  the  garrison  of  Cbfikan.^    In  1667  ShivAji  obtained 
from  AurangEcb  iho  title  of  Rdja  and  the  dietrict  of  Chdkan  along  with 
Poona  and  Sujm.*    In  1671  the  Stoghal  general  Diler  KhAn  captured 
Ch4kan  andLohogud  with  a  largeMoghal  force.*  In  IGSSAurangzob's 
rebel  son  Akbar  was  intercepted  near  ChAkan  and  defeated  by  the 
Moghal  forces."      In    1796    Baloba  T6tyu  eieized  and  imprisoned 
in  Chlikan  Babur^v  Phadke  the   commandant    of    the    Peshwa'a 
household    troops.      lu    the   1818  Mar^tha  War,  a    force    under 
Xicuienant -Colonel   Deacon   come  bofore   Chfikan  on  the  25th  of 
February  181f^,  bringing  from  Poona  a  detachment  of  the  Bombay 
European  Regiment  and  some  howitzers  and  guns,  the  heaviest  of 
them  iron  and  brass  twelve-pounders.     The  garrison  made  a  show 
of  resistance.     On   the   first  day   one   of  their  guns  was  disabled, 
land  on  the  same  evening  preparations  were  made  for  establishing  a 
'breaching  battery  within  250  yards  of  the  westyern  face.     The  brass 
twelve- pounders  were  first  brought  down  to  battery  early  on  the 
26th    to  take   off  collateral   defences,    and    the  enemy  still  con- 
tinned  the  fire  they  had  begun  on  the  previous  day  though  with, 
little  execution.     At  the  same  time  a  position  was  given  to   the  2nd 
battalion  of  the  17th   Madras  Native  Infantry  and  a   company  of 
Europeans  on  the  south,  while  the  Nizam's  battalion  occupied  a  post 
on  the  north.     At  ten   the  garrison  desired  terms  ;  but,  as  they 
were  asked  to  lay  down  their  arms,  they  delayed  capitulating  till  the 
ftftf-moon  when  they  marched  out  and  grounded.^     In  1S27  Captain 
Clunes  mentions  Chakan  as  a  market  town  and  fort  with  300  houses 
and  seven  shops.* 

V  Cha'ndkhed  village  twenty  miles  south-east  of  Ehadkfila,  with 
p  IStJl  a  population  of  1020,  has  a  fair-weather  weekly  market  on 
^londoy. 

Cha'Bkazna'n"  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Bhima,  six  miles  north-west 
of  Ehed,  is  a  market  town  with  in  1881  a  population  of  2225.  Under 
le  Peahw^B  Ch&skamin  was  a  place  of  importance  especially  about 


Chapter  XI  ^ 
Places. 

C&ktLAS, 

aUtory. 


GaAXDS 


mu\ 


•     CuijIxJblAW. 


iKbifiKhin  ia  EUiot  sod  PowBon.  VIT.  2C2-2A3.  AocoplinK  to  Kh&tl  KMn. 
idv*  sappwB  ftnd  utbsn  eagaged  ia  Uie  vnrk.  of  the  aiege,  tbc  Moghftl  army  loafe 
j(  900  mau,  Six  or  ««ven  tiutidred  liorbO  Aiul  l<Kit  wern  Wuunded  by  stooM  And 
:  mova  and  •wot^  tHtto.     -  'latliitn  AHt)i(n»rv,  11.  3G2. 

»  Gmtit  r>utr'9  Marith/'*,  60.  not*  I.  *  Unuit  IhiiTa  MarAtbia,  Dfl. 

•  ara'tl  l}iitr»  MarAtliiU,  IIU.  *  8<wU'fl  Decean,  11.  70. 

BUck«r'i  MM-4tba  War,  243  ;  Bombay  Conner,  'tli  Mareb  1816.     ■  Itioerary,  18. 

*  Tbia  town  ia  callod  CbAttluutiOn  to  dictinguiah  it  from  Cbij  Narodi  fourtwn  milea 
I  of  Khed.    Ksmin  aad  Narodi  uc  villagM  adjoioing  the  tvo  towns  o(  CUAa. 


IBombay  Ouetteer.' 


DISTRICTS. 


ptcr  XIV. 
Places- 

[iSJLllLUi. 


Ttit^. 


CaArAyD 

Fort. 


1750  when  RAkhmAMi,  the  dai^hter  of  the  Aeonnd  Peahwa  Biiji 
B&lMl  ( 1721  -  1740)  und  the  sister  of  two  litter  Pe«hwA«  BAUji  i 
RttgbimAthrfiv,  murriwl  Krishnarav  Mahfidev  Joshi  of  Chtis  who 
killed  ut  tliL' buttlu  ui  X^diuput  (17G1).  Uakhindbfii  Bpont  a  lor^ 
sum  of  monry  in  improTiBg  CUAs  and  built  a  tine  Bight  of  steps ' 
the  rivfir  and  a  temme  of  Somoahvar  Muk^ev  near  the  riv43r  to  ^* 
west  of  the  town.  The  temple  is  Hurrounded  by  a  shady  qi 
g^lur  onclofiure  whose  ouUt  walls  have  four  comer  ba»tiona  and 
in  blank  t^etul-shuitcd  biittlcmcnts.  Ejich  battlptnent  of  the  w 
and  east  bustioua  bears  u  itnake  omaracnt.  The  chief  entrance  il 
the  east  doorway  fronting  which  inside  is  a  striking  lamp-pillar,  I 
curvilinear  basalt  column  ending  in  an  elaborately  carved  ca]ntaL| 
with  u  square  abacus.  The  pilhir  is  lighted  on  the  fitll-moon  of 
Kdriik  or  October-November,  The  reix;pluclc8  for  the  Lights^  a  few 
of  which  bear  on  their  front  sculptured  figures  in  high  reliof,  art 
said  to  number  :5-50.  Beyond  the  lamp-pillar  and  facing  the  temple 
is  A  deformed  bull  or  Nandi  on  a  niiaed  platform  and  under  a  domed 
canopy.  Uelow  the  dome  and  on  each  of  the  four  mdes  the  cnnopT 
haa  a  lino  cusped  arch  slightly  ogced.  The  temple  is  oblong  ta^ 
oonnsts  of  the  usual  hall  and*  shrine.  The  hoU  has  three  squax* 
headed  doorways^  the  north  and  south  doorways  having  each  a 
grotesquely  carved  human  head  as  a  stepping  stone.  The  ehrinfl  il 
Bonnoanted  by  a  brick  and  mortar  dome  adorned  mth  niches  figoTH 
and  miniature  domes.  Three  small  carefully  pierced  holes  in 
wall-veil  admit  light  into  the  shiinc. 

Cha'vand  is  a  ruined  and  dismuntled  ffijct  ten  miles  north-west  > 
Junnar  and  ten  miles  south-cast  of  the  N6na  pass.  The  rood  froiD 
Jonnar  to  ChAvand  runs  through  a  valley  between  two  nmffes  ol 
hills  ono  with  Hadsar  fort  stretching  to  the  north-west  and  the 
other  with  the  forts  of  Chivand  and  Jivdhan  running  to  the  south- 
west. These  three  forta,  and  Shivner  at  the  south-east  end  cf 
the  Ndna  pass  valley,  effectually  guarded  the  N&na  pass  and 
preserved  a  safe  communication  between  Junnar  and  the  Konkan. 
The  chief  strength  of  Ch^vand  lies  in  its  great  natural  defenoea. 
Its  artificial  defences,  which  were  weak  and  incapable  of  holding 
out  against  a  hostile  foi-ce,  we're  all  destroyed  and  the  approach 
to  the  fort  blown  up  about  1820.  Except  to  hillmen  the 
hill  is  now  inaccessible.  Xear  the  summit  is  a  deep  and  narrow 
precipice  wliich  cannot  be  climbed  except  with  a  rope.  On  tha 
plateau  is  a  small  fihrine  dedicated  to  the  goddess  ChAvandblU.  The 
water-supply  is  eood  but  other  supplies  are  scarce.  In  1486  ChAvand 
was  among  thti  Poena  forts  which  full  to  Kfalik  Ahmad  the  founder 
of  the  Ahmadnagar  Nizim  Shahi  family.'  In  159i_3ahidur  the 
infant  son  of  BurhAn  Nizam  II.  (1.590-1594)  was  couilued  in  Ch&vond 
for  over  a  year  and  was  then  raised  to  the  Ahmadnagar  throne.' 
In  I<337  Jund  or  Chiivand  appears  among  the  Poona  forts  which 
BhdhAji  gave  to  the  Moghals."  In  the  lUrAtha  war  of  1818  a  Britiah 
brigade  was  sent  to  take  Ch^vtfnd.    The  brigade  encamped  befoK 


*  BriggB'  FerlshtA,  111.  190.  >  BriBga'  FerishU.  III.  304. 

■  EUiot  ud  Dow*oii,  VII,  60  ;  Grant  Dura  M«rAthik«,  M. 


h&vond  on  tte  1st  of  May  1818  and  demanded  its  surrondor.  The 
comniauduut  refused  to  surrender  unless  directed  by  his  inaator.  A 
fire  of  mortars  and  howitzcra  was  be^n  in  the  evening  und  the 
bombardment  continued  till  next  morning  during  which  about  a 
hundred  shells  were  fired.  Then  the  garrison  of  upwards  of  loO 
Murathas  surrendered  nneonditionolly.  They  wore  disarmed  and 
dismissed  to  their  villages.* 

fcCbinchvad,  u  smull  town  in  Uuveli.  with  in  1881  a  population  of 
762,  Ul'h  ubuut  teu  miles  uorlh-west  ol'  Poouu,  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Pu^Tiu  which  falls  into  the  Mula  below  the  \'illagu  of  Aundh. 
In  1846  tlio  town  is  described  as  looking  well  from  the  river 
side  with  temples,  high  walls,  and  fltght«  of  steps  leading  to  the 
water's  edge.'  It  is  now  a  market  town  with  a  railway  station. 
The  1880  railway  returns  show  25,355  passengers  and  586  tons  of 
goods.  Chinehvud  is  famous  as  the  rosidcncc  of  a  hunum  shrino 
of  the  god  Ganpati.  The"  story  of  tiie  god  is  that  about  2ol} 
years  ago  iliereTved  in  I'oouu  a  poor  but  vij-tuoua  couple, 
eetiloua  votaries  of  Gaupati.  They  were  originally  childless,  but 
their  great '  devotion  propitiated  Oanpati  who  favoured  them 
with  a  son  whom  they  named  Moroba  in  honour  of  the  god. 
Shortly  after  the  birth  of  Moroba  the  familr  removed  to  Pimple 
a  Wllage  about  four  miles  south  of  Chinchvaa.  Moroba,  who  from 
his  youth  was  studious  pious  and  thoughtful,  after  tho  death 
of  his  parents  removed  to  Tdthvade  two  miles  west  of  Chinchvad, 
and  from  Tathvado  used  to  pay  a  monthly  visit  to  the  shrine  of 
Ganpati  at  Morgaon  about  fifty  miles  south-east  of  Tdthvade.  The 
'  eadman  of  Morgaon  admired  his  pious  life  and  used  to  give  Moroba 


Chapter  XIT? 

Flacea- 


r 


>  P«ndbAriu]dH&nlthaWirP>p«ri,  294.      *  Lady  PalkluuVs  Chow  Chow,  I.  SOS. 
'  Train,  i^ni.  Lit.  S>c-  lU-b't';   Murny'i  Huidbouk,  178-179.    Lord  Valontia 

SVaTetR,  il.  IS'--  l.'>H}givea  a  iIilTereut  reraiuu  oftlie  atory.  According  to  this  voniion, 
oroba  OoMAvi  wm  ui  iahabitant  of  BoJiu-  und  a  pious  man.  In  hia  youth  ho  wu  tamed 
out  by  hii  ffttber,  who  found  him  of  no  use  to  the  ^tnily.  in  puaiog  MoreMtiv^r 
or  MorgMQ  near  Birlmati  the  youtli  felt  a  likiug  for  tlie  {{imI  (lanpati  and  resolved 
lo  payliim  rogular  devotion.  Ho  proceeded  to  the  then  ponrty  inhabited  nlk^o  of 
Chmchvad  about  tifty  miles  north-WMt  of  Morgxon.  From  Chinchmd  he  uaed  to  ro  to 
Morgaon  every  day  to  juy  hix  nervicm  to  (riAiiatt,  On  the  fourth  of  the  brij^ht  half  ol 
Bhdtlrapari  or  Onnrnh  Ohalnr^tti  (Augueit-.Sopt«mber)  thcjjrincipaJ  day  of  the  deity's 
worship  Moroba  could  find  nopUoo  inthet«mnlo  to  offer  bta  Mmceaaa  it  was  crowded 
by  tho  laity  of  the  place  aaa  aoioDc  tbem  tho  Pinglce  a  wealthy  Brlhman  (amtty. 
Horobn  left  his  ofTcrincs  noder  a  tree,  Diit  through  muk  miracle  the  boj'a  offering  wcrtt 
foand  in  the  temple  while  thoM  of  the  laity  were  under  the  tree.  After  ini)uiry  the 
boy  woa  found  out  and  condemned  a«  a  sorooror  and  forbidden  to  enter  Morgnou  on 
pain  of  poniahmcnt.  That  night  flnnpati  appeared  in  a  dream  to  riogle  and  told 
him  that  he  waa  eTtrcmely  offended  at  his  ill-usM^  uf  Moroba  hiii  favourite  duvotee. 
Thu  unxt  day  Pingle  Milicitrd  Mt^ruba  to  oomo  to  the  villago  but  Moroba  would  Dot. 
Oanpfttl  thercQpoo  appeared  to  Moroba  in  a  dream  and  expressed  hia  wiab  to  stay 
with  him  at  Chinchvaa.  The  next  day  Moroba  while  bathing  in  the  river  found  the 
imafe  o(  Ganjiata  which  is  worBhipi>o<l  at  Morcshrar,  Ho  took  It  borne  and  built  for 
it  a  v&ail  ahrine.  It  wai  soon  known  that  tiaopati  had  taken  ap  bla  reaideoce  with 
Moroba.  He  ofterwardB  marrietl  and  hie  aon  waa  nam«d  ChintAniaL  Dev  aa  an 
incarnation  of  Oanpati  and  Itccan  to  bo  worahipped  aa  a  living  gm).  lie  Uev  whom 
Lord  Vatentia  vigited  waa  the  aeventh  in  anoaat,  and  waa  Bafrerlng  from  eoma 
disorder  in  hia  oyes.     Valentia'a  Travels,  II.  152*158. 

Mra.  Groham,  wlio  visited  the  living  grxl  in  May  1809  or  iKv?n  years  after  Lord 
Valsntia,  describes  him  as  a  boy  not  in  any  way  distinguiabeJ  from  other  children 
•xoept  by  an  anxious  wildiieaa  of  his  ove«  said  In  bo  occoeioned  by  tho  quantity  oi 

inm  which  he  waa  daily  made  to  i wallow.   BMldeoce  ia  India,  270. 


Cbiwch7j5? 


{Bomb&y  Gax«tt«Br, 


126 


DISTRICTS. 


kpter  XIT. 
[Fl&ceS' 


IVAft. 


"4 


abowlof  milk  every  time  became.  It  happened  onc«  that  the  headmia 
was  gone  to  work  in  tho  fields,  and  when  Moroba  called  for  hU  milki 
he  found  no  one  in  the  house  but  a  blind  girl  whom  ho  told  to  fetdlj 
tho  bowl.  The  Rirl  was  restored  to  sight  aa  soon  ae  she  tout 
the  thrL-shoId  of  the  house  where  Morubu  was.  This  utiracle,  and  aj 
little  later  thti  cure  of  the  then  rising  !jhiv6ji'fl  eyes,  raiaud  ^lorofaa 
to  fame  and  people  flockpd  to  8ec  him.  As  these  visits  came  in  tbs 
way  of  his  daily  service,  Moroba  betook  himself  to  a  forest  which 
then  cwvered  the  site  of  modem  Cbinch%-ad.  When  Moroba  grew  old 
loss  of  strength  mode  it  difficult  for  him  to  continac  hia  monthl 
visits  to  Morguun.  Once  he  arrived  late  at  Horgoon  and  found 
shrine  doora  shut.  "Wenried  with  fatigue  and  hunger  he  lay  down 
and  8l(']>t.  (^onpati  appeared  to  him  in  a  droum,  advised  him  td 
offer  bin  uaual  worship,  and  told  him  not  to  trouble  to  come  again 
to  Morgaon,  saying,  I  will  live  in  you  and  in  your  children  for  serea 
gene  ration  6,  and  wiH  tix  my  residence  at  Chinchvad.  Moroba 
awolce,  Tound  the  shrine  door  open,  offered  his  worship,  and 
retired  to  rest.  In  the  morning,  when  the  temple  ministrants  opened 
the  doors  of  the  Bhriue,  they  were  amazed  to  find  the  miagv 
adorned  with  fresh  garlands  and  found  u  pearl  necklace  missing 
from  the  image.  Search  was  made  and  the  necklace  was  found  oo 
Moroba's  neck,  who  was  sentenced  to  impriaonmont.  But  by 
Ganpati'fl  aid  Moroba  was  released  and  returned  to  Chinchvad 
found  in  his  house  a  eoniea-l  stone  rising  from  the  pro' 
Kecognising  it  as  his  fav^ui-Ite'delly  he  buiii  over  it  a  large  torn 
and  soon  after  buried  himself  ali%e  sitting  with  a  holy  book  in 
bond.  He  left  strict  orders  that  his  grave  should  not  be  opened. 
Moroba's  son  ChJntaman  was  the  second  living  god.  Ho  once 
assumed  the  form  of  Ganpati  to  satisfy  the  jealousy  of  the  gretX 
\&ni  poet  Tukilrdxa  who  prided  himself  on  Vithoba's  coming  to  dine 
with  him.  TukiirAm  called  Cbint^man  by  tho  surname  of  god  or 
dev  and  this  surname  hns  passed  to  his  descendants.  ChintAmaii 
died  a  natural  death  and  was  succeeded  by  NiliAvan  the  third  dev, 
who  is  said  to  have  changed  iuto  u  buuch  of  jetjsumiii  flowers  a 
dish  of  beef  which  Auraiigzeb  (If)fi8-1707)  sent  him  to  test  his  god- 
hood.  AurangT'.eb  was  so  pleased  with  tho  miracle  that  he  is  aaid  to 
have  made  tho  Dev  family  an  herediturv  grant  of  eight  villages.  The 
fourth  thv  was  Chintdraan  II.  the  son  oi  Ndrilvan.  The  fifth  drtf  was 
Dharmodhar,  the  sixth  Cbtutdman  111.,  and  the  seventh  NiirAyoa  II. 
The  last  <t<.v  drew  upon  himself  a  curse  whicli  ruined  the  family.  An 
idle  curiosity  led  him  to  open  the  grave  of  Moroba,  who,  disturbed  in 
his  meditations,  told  himthat  the  godhood  would  end  with  his  son. 
Nfirfiyan  11. 's  son  Bhurmadhar  II.  died  childless  in  1810,  and  witb^ 
him  ended  the  seventh  generation  of  tho  liee  family!  3t  boy  named! 
Sukhari  a  distant  relation  of  the  deceased  was  set  up  in  his  ploce  by  th«^ 
pricslhoo<l  to  presen'e  the  valuable  gronts  to  the  temple.  The  only 
miracle  which  the  god  is  beliovtd  to  hove  still  tho  power  of  working 
ifi  that  at  the  yearly  entertainments  given  to  Brnhmans  at  Chinchvad, 
however  limited  the  provisions  for  the  guests,  there  is  never  either  too 
much  or  too  little,  but  enough  for  guests  however  numerous. 

Tho  Dev  family  Uvea  in  a  mansion  on   the  river  built  partly  by 
ydna  Fadnavie  (1764  - 1800)  and  partly  by  Hari  Tant  Fadko     ^ 


9cean] 


POONA. 


127 


r 


iinons  MarMha    general  (1780-1800).*   Near    the   palace    stand 

mplos  each  sacren  lo  one  of  the  departed  Devs.     The  chief  temple 

dedicated  to  Moroba.     It  is  a  low  plain  building  (30' x  20' x  40') 

ith  a  square  hall  or  mnndap  and   an  octagonal  shrino.     On  the 

all  of  the  iuaer  shrine  is  a  Mardthi  inscription  in  Dovuilgari  letters 

'which  may  be  translated  : 

This  lemplo  was  bagiin  on  tha  bright  twoinb  of  Rdrtik  (Norsmber- 
D*<Miab*r)  Sk.Jc  USD  (A,D.  165S-&9)  TihrnM  SaMMttars  ftod  fliii«tt»d  on 
Monday  the  bright  fourth  of  A'AMha,  ntdri  Snmwaisant. 

On  the  outer  wall  of  the  temple  of  Shri  Ndr.iyan,  the  third  iJiv  or 
human-Ganpati  shrine,  is  another  inscripliun  in  ilarathi  which  may 
translated  : 

BegiiQ  on  tha  bright  t«sth  of  tho  month  of  JTdriit  (ll9'OTamb«r-I>oi!«mboT) 
SiuUtieiHAiy.  17lO-20>  roviKSuHMiMraftDdSniihedontha  bright  third  of 
r«i*\4Jeh  {April.Uftr)  Shat  1643  (A..D.  1730-31)  CViUruhA.itin  SamtaUara. 

The  temples  enjov  a  vearly  grant  of  £1380  (Ra.  13,800)  being 
;he  revenue  of  eight  vjllages.'  A  yearly  fair  attended  by  about 
2000  persons  is  held  here  in  honour  of  Ganpati  on  the  sixth  day  of 
ihe  dark  half  of  Margshirsh  or  Dcocmbcr- January  and  lusts  three 
days. 

Da'holi  in  MAvalasraall  inam  village  about  twelve  miles  north- 

est  of  Khadkiilu,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  321,  has  a  temple  of 
Mahalakshmi  cujoriug  a  yearly  cash  allowance  of  £3  4^.  (Rs.  32)  of 
which  £3  (Ra.  30)  are  paid  by  the  proprietor  of  D^holt.  A  fair 
attended  by  about  2000  people  is  held  on  the  full-moon  of  Paush  or 

ecember  -  January. 


ft 

S 


Da'puri,  a  \*illage  of  730  people  in  Ilavoli,  on  a  roughly  semi- 
circular plot  of  land  surrounded  by  tho  windings  of  the  Mula,  on 
I  tho  left  bank  of  tho  river,  lies  on  the  Bombay-I'oona  road  two  miles 
borth  of  Kirkce  and  six  iiiiles  north  of  Poona.  The  chief  objects  of 
pteix>st  at  Diipuri  are  w^verol  bangalows  and  gardena  ou  the  Puvna  a 
tributarv  of  the  ilula,  the  first  bungalow  built  about  1820  by  Captain 
afterwards  Colonel  Ford,  C.B.  at  a  cost  of  ubouttl  1,000(118.1,10,000). 
Captain  Ford  hud  long  been  the  assistant  of  Sir  Barry  Close,  the 
Poona  Resident,  and,  in  1812,  by  his  interest  was  appointed  to 
raise  and  command  a  brigade  of  troops,  disciplined  after  the  English 
fashion  for  Bdjii-Av  Peshwa.  Tho  new  levies  were  not  cantoned  at 
D^pari  till  1817.  Ou  the  5th  of  November  of  that  year,  in  spite 
of  tho  Peshwa's  throata,  the  brigade  joined  Colonel  Burr's  army 
and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  battle  of  Kirkce.^  It  was  the 
declare<l  intention  of  BAjirav  to  spore  Major  Ford  if  he  had  succeeded.* 


Chapter 
Places. 
CuisimvAD. 


Diaou. 


DIpitu. 


»  VJ«DM»'tTniveU.  n.!fi2-I58. 

*  The  eiglil  villngtv  witli  tbetr  revenu«s  are  Banere  Ila.  773  :  Chikhli  R«.  2323  ; 
Chinelivad  R«.   Uffd  :  M&n  Us.  1922  :  ChAroli  Binlrukh  R*.  3ri70  ;  Clnnuholi  Rm.  fi??  ; 

.and  Bboaari  Ra.  3lfi9.     All  arc  in  tho  Poona  district.     M^.  Xonuaa,   Collector  of 
Po^Mia,  1870.  • 

^  Dctaila  are  given  boJow  under  Poona  ObjvL*t«,  Kirk««. 

*  Majoi-  Funl  wtw>  u  ffrctAL  favourite  of  tho  T'eihit'a.     There  ia  attnnaatic  rtory  of  an 

TulcmtMuLiiii;  Iwltvpeit  Major  For<l  ami  Moro  Dikshit  tho  Teshwa'a  goaeraL     Moro 

hkshit  kn«>w  that  tbsy  iniiat  take   di^ercnt  sidod  in   Uiu  battle  of  Kirkoc  aiid  that 

probably    riue  of   tht-m    woubl   iliii.     An  A>;rcGincot  wai  made,  as  proposed  by  Major 

runl.  thnt  the  survivor  Hhoald  uiaiiilaiti  tlio  family  of  the  (leocaaed.     Moro  Dikshit 

lell  aaJ  Major  Fend  ia  said  to  have  kept  bu  word.    Grant  DafTs  MorAtUs.  030-651. 


LSombajr  Oaiet 


12B 


DISTRICTS. 


lapter  XIV. 
Places. 


During  hia  residence  at  Dilpari  Major  Ford  wa*  very  hospital 
nia  house  wu«  open  to  all  strangers  and  his  table  was  maintainc-d  in 
u  prinwly  style.     He  was  a  liberal  supporter  of  chahtios  and 

S^rhttps  us  gn^utly  beloved  and  respected  by  the  natives  as 
uropean  who  ever  visited  India.  Soon  after  the  vietory  of  Kir] 
Major  Ford,  who  had  attuiued  his  Lieuteuout'Colouelcy,  wafl  at 
witn  fever  and  died  in  Bombay.  Hia  beautiful  residcuoo  was 
for  Government  by  Sir  John  Malcolm  in  1828  at  £1000  (Rs.  10,( 
and  was  used  for  the  rainy  season  (June-October)  residence  of 
Governor  till  1 805  when  the  new  Government  House  at  Goncal 
was  completed.^  The  buildings,  now  all  out  of  repair,  consist  ^  A 
largo  muiu  bungalow  the  old  Govemmeul  House,  with  recsptioft 
rooms  and  a  ball  room  eighty  feet  long,'  a  bungalow  with  bed  roomi^ 
on  office  bungalow  on  the  river  side,  a  set  of  quarters  for  aides-d^Hiao^ 
and  officers  of  the  bodyguard,  and  two  bungalows  for  the  Garda 
Superintendent  and  head  ganlcner.  Besides  the  bungidowB  then 
are  large  horse  and  enttle  stables,  servants'  lines,  and  storo  rooni 
built  ot  a  cost  of  above  i:50,000  (Us.  5  Idkkg),  Of  the  total  71}  ucni 
of  land  eleven  acres  are  unoroble,  124  ore  occupied  by  buildings,  and 
forly-eigbt  acres  formed  the  botanical  gardens  which  8ir  J( 
Malcolm  established  about  1828  at  a  yearly  cost  of  £3G0  (Ks, 
to  introduce  useful  exotics.  The  gardens  were  at  first  a 
Mr.  Williamson  who  soon  died  and  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Lash 
Dr.  Gibson.  Dr.  Gibson  established,  in  connection  with  the  botanic 
gardens,  nurseries  at  Hivre  Xirgori  and  Shi^-nor  fort  in  Junnar. 
chief  experiments  were  in  the  cultivation  of  foreign  cottons,  coffee, 
tobacco,  Mauritius  sugarcane,  the  mulberry,  the  cocliineul  ins 
culinary  vegetables,  and  fruit  trees.  During  the  American 
(1863-1805)  Government  sold  the  estate  by  auction  and  Gotbi 
house  was  removed  to  Goneshkhind  where  new  bntanical 
were  mode.  The  auction  realized  £24,000  (Rs.  2,40,000)  and 
property  went  to  a  coraimny  of  three  partners  two  Europeans  ai 
native  who  managed  it  apparently  more  as  a  privote  residence  tl 
for  profit  until  they  became  bankrupts,  and  mortgoged  the  estate 
Messrs.  Fell  and  Co.  of  Poona,  The  mortgage  appears  to  have 
foreclosed  and,  in  1 874-75,  the  estate  was  sold  to  a 
gentleman  Mr.  Mer^•Anji  Shot  for  £3500  (Rs.  35,000)  who 
X7CK)  (Us.  7000)  in  repairs  to  the  bungalows.  All  the  bimgah 
now  imoccupied,  as  the  situation,  about  u  mile  frmn  Kirkee  ri 
station  and  400  yanls  from  the  railway,  makes  it  inconvenient 
private  residence.  The  last  owner  wos  a  minor,  and  during 
minority  many  of  the  best  and  most  valuable  lix-es  have  been  cut 
down  for  £200  (Rs.  2000)  leaving  now  a  mango  grove  and  a  lar^ 
number  of  exotic  and  indigenous  trees.  The  land,  which  the  own* 
held  free  of  oil  rent  and  charges  even  of  haluUis  to  the  villi 
servants,  had  boon  leased  yoarlv  for  about  £35  (Rs.  350)  inch 
the  produce  of  fruit  trees  but  subject  to  a  monthly  charc«  of) 
(R8.S)for  a  watchman.  The  ostatc  has  been  bought  by  Ml 
"M*^^^"  &  Oo.  who  intend  to  establish  a  brewery  here.' 

1  Mumy'B  Bomlwy  Boadboofc,  192. 

*  iMidy  FRtkUad  ^vea  sn  ioterMitiag  account  of  a  aoreroineDt  HotiM  ball  Id  m 
room  about  1B50.  Cliow  Cl)Ow,1.22S.     s  Mr.S.C.Oujuw.  CS.  :Mr.  J.  O.  MoutT,C.I 


iDeccan- 1 


I 


POOXA. 


Dehu  ia  Havcli,  on  the  right  or  south  bank  of  the  Indrdyani  u 
feeder  of  the  Bhiuiu,  is  a  lar^e  nlieauted  village  of  1493  people 
about  thirty  miles  north-weel  of  Poona  and  u\»mt  ikrec  inileH  uorth 
of  BhoUrvftdi  station  on  the  Peninsula  railway.  Dehu  v-'ns  the 
"birthploce  of  Tukaram  a  VuiMliya  Vanl  by  eaate,  tlie  famnu«  devotee 
of  Vithoba  of  TumHiarpur  and  one  of  the  greatest  of  Sfarfithtt  poetB 
(IG08-  16tD).  The  poet's  spirit  is  supposed  still  to  live  in  the  Shri 
Tuknrdmdev^H  teiuplu  at  Dehu,  where  u  yearly  fair  lusting  for  four 
days  and  attended  by  about  3000  p«iple  ia  held  iu  his  honour  on  the 
dark  Rcrond  of  Phditjnn  or  March.  Dehu  hua  uIbo  a  templu  of 
Vitholm  where  about  1000  people  como  on  the  bright  and  dark 
elevenths  of  every  Hindu  niontli  to  pay  their  devotions  to  the  god. 

Dha'maQkhQjl,  a  small  vjllagu  three  miles  south  of  Junnar, 
vith  in"n?^ru  poptilutioa  of  212,  bus  two  fairs  in  honour  of  Khandobn, 
ou  the  full-niuous  of  M-'tgfi  or  January -Febmary  oud  of  Chattrti  or 
March -April  each  attended  by  about  2000  people.  The  temple 
eajoytt  a  ye:irly  Governuinnt  alliiwanee  of  £3  IOji.  (Rs.  35)  in  cash  and 
rent-free  land  assessed  at  about  i.'2  \{)s.  (Ha.  25). 

Dhond  in  Bhimtbadi^  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bhima  eigbt  miles 
nortli-east  of  Pdtaa  and  about  forty-t-ight  miles  east  of  Poona,  i»  a 
large  market  town,  with  in  IHHl  a  population  of  3486.  DUond 
ia  the  junction  of  the  ])hund-ManmAd  State  Railway  with  the  suutb- 
eaal  brnucli  of  the  Peninsula  railway.  Bi'sifU's  two  railway  stations, 
Dhnud  has  a  post  ortiec,  a  travellers'  bungalow,  a  reHt-h(ju«e,  two 
temples,  and  a  mosque.  The  weekly  maiket  is  held  on  Sundays. 
The  railway  retnnis  show  188,697  passengers  and  3405  tons  of 
goods  for  1M83  at  the  Peninsula  station  ond  12o,846  passengers 
and  *802  tons  of  goods  for  IS.'SU  ut  the  Dhond  ond  Manmiid 
railway  station.  It  ia  worthy  of  nute  thai  the  opening  of  the  Dhoud- 
Manmad  line  has  biwered  DUond  from  one  of  the  largest  to  one  of 
tlic  smallest  goods  stations  within  Poona  limits.  The  reason  is  that 
tlie  traffic  of  the  whole  country  which  is  tapped  by  the  southern 
stations  on  the  Dhond-Mannirtd  line  was  formerly  forced  to  Dhond. 
It  ia  this  fall  in  the  Dhond  returns  which  causes  the  apparent 
decline  in  ynoiU  truUie  at  the  Poona  district  stations  between  1871 
and  1882  which  is  noticed  but  is  not  explained  iu  the  Trade 
Chapter.*  The  two  templi^a  in  Dhond  are  of  Bhiiiravdcv  and 
Vithoba  both  sjiid  to  have  been  built  by  Mahddii  Smdm  ^17*>0- 
l7Ul)  to  whom  the  village  was  granted.  The  Bhairavdev  temple 
18  built  of  stone  with  a  brick  suiwrstructurc.  A  yearly  fair  is  held 
bore  in  April. 

Diksil'l,  n  small  village  about  twenty  miles  north-west  of  TndApur, 
with  in  1881  a  population  of  483,  has  a  post  otBce  and  a  station  ou 
the  Peninsuln  railway  64J  miles  south-east  of  Poona.  The  1883 
railway  returns  showed  31,531  passengers  and  7974  tons  of  goods. 

Garodl  Hill^  obout  ten  miles  south  of  Talepaon-Diibhiide,  has.  at 
450  to  50(t  fiM't  above  the  plain,  a  few  early  Buddhist  caves  of  about 
the  beginning  of  the  CkristiAU  era.  The  firat  cave,  which  is  high  up  in 
scaxp  and  now  almost  out  uf  reach,  faces  south-west  by  west.     It 


Chapter  XIV 
Places 

DSHI*. 


Du^HA.'4UHl 


Duoxn. 


DresAt. 


Gittoni  Htu., 
Catit. 


B  899-17 


i8e«Psrtn,pp.i;0-l7S. 


^ 


-^*^^^>S-'CA.VJ«, 


[Bombay  Qazetl 


rpter  ZIV- 
Placet.    0 

CittoDi  Hill.' 
Cai>e4. 


% 


OaoDi. 


DISTRICTS. 


ctmsislcd  apparently  of  a  UDglo  c«U  of  which  the  front  haa  fallea 
away.  The  second  cave  is  a  little  lower  and  inchidoa  a  vestibidl 
(29x9*  9"x8'8")  with  fuur  colU  at  the  back.  Between  each 
pair  of  doors  are  two  pillars  attached  to  the  wall,  half  octagons  witk 
water -pot  ba&es  nnH  animal  capitalB  with  tdfphants  lions  or  tigers  oTOf 
each^  The  capitals  suppport  a  projectiiig  frieze  of  the  rail  jmttora, 
Alon^  the  ends  and  back,  under  the  pillars,  runs  a  boncli  two  fc«l 
broad  by  one  fool  and  seven  inches  high.  The  ccUa  within  alt 
plaiu.  The  tavc  has  been  BrfihinamHcd  and  la  the  third  cell  frcBB 
the  left  is  a  ling  with  a  smair  bull  or  Maudi  in  the  vestibule  and 
a  lamp-pillar  and  fri/AL  altar  outside.  On  the  side  post  of  the  odi 
door  a  short  rouffbly  cut  inaeription  records  the  visit  of  a  dcrotw 
and  18  dated  1439  (S.  1361,  HiJdlnirthi  Samvahar)  the  bright  half  flT 
Shravnn  or  July-August. 

North'wesl  at  some  distauee  from  the  eeeond  cave  ia  a  dry  ciatei 
and  still  further  along  is  a  small  cave  that  has  apparently  bad  a 
wooden  front  with  four  upright  posts  fitting  into  sockets  iu  the  rock 
above.  In  the  left  end  is  a  recess  and  in  the  back  a  door  leading  into 
a  cell.  A  few  yards  beyond  is  a  rock-cut  well  and  near  the  well  is  th« 
fourth  cave.  I'hc  front  of  this  fourth  cave  is  entirely  gone.  T* 
form  a  new  front  a  thick  wall  has  been  built  a  few  feet  farther  ii 
than  the  origiuul  with  two  round-arched  doors.  The  hall  bas  four 
Mils  on  ihe  right,  two  iu  the  back  besides  a  ahriue  recese  and  three  on 
the  left,  a  fourth  being  enlirelv  ruined.  In  tbe  ahrinc  recees  was  a 
relic  shrine  or  tltig/wfja,  its  capital  as  in  the  Kuda  caves  being  attached 
to  the  roof.  The  relic  shrine  has  been  cut  away  to  make  room  for  a 
small 
left 


low  Shaiv  altar  or  chanraitg.     Over  the  fourth 
is  a  cell,,  on  the  left  end  of  the  front  wall 


of 


_cave  to  ih» 
which  is  an 


inscription  in  Andhra  or  Dcccan  PiiU  Icttere  (a.d.  lUO).  The  inscrip- 
tion, which  is  cut  in  five  lines  on  a  surface  full  of  holea  and  fluwii 
may  be  translated ; 

To  the  perfect  one.  The  oharliaMe  gift  of  »  direUins  osve  or  bita  by 
Siacntanika,  wife  of  Usabhanak,  a  Kuobl  (by  oftjite)  and  ploughman,  Uvlng 
in  Dbonuka'-kada  with  ber  hoq  Nonda  a  householder,  with  IP} 

Crossing  tbe  ridgD  which  joins  the  hill  with  another  to  tbe  west 

of  it  are  two  other  small  caves,  both  monka'  cells  of  no  note  and 

difficult  to  reach.* 

Gft.^dO  on  the  Gbod,  about  twenty-fire  miles  north  of  Khed,  is  tht 
heaa-quarters  of  the  Arabegaon  petty  division  in  Khed,  with  in  1872 
a  population  of  49'J3  and  in  1881  of  4893.  A  weekly  market  is  held 
on  I- riday.  Bcgifles  the  petty  divisional  revenue  and  police  oHiccs 
Ghode  hns  a  school,  a  post  office,  and  an  old  mosque.  The  mouque 
is  rude  and  massive  and  has  a  thrce-archctl  front  with  two  niiuareta 
one  at  each  corner  of  the  entablature.  Two  plain  and  massive  one- 
atone  pillars  support  the  arches.  On  each  pillar  a  Persian  inscription 
records  that  the  mosque  was  built  about  1580  by  one  Mir  Muhammad. 

In  1839  a  band  of  KoUs  threatened  the  petty  diWsional  treasury 
at  Ghode.  Mr,  Koso,  assistant  collector,  gathered  a  forco  of 
messengers  and  townspeople  and  successfully  i-csistod  the  repeated 
attacks  of  160  insurgents  who  besieged  them  tbe  whole  nigbt.^ 


M 


Ghotavde   \Tllap«,   fifteen  miles  north-west  of  Pooaa,  with 
1881  a  population  of  '2193,  has  a  weekly  market  on  Tucaduy. 

Hadsar  Fort  rises  on  a  atfipp hill  near  the  ydnapass  valley  eight 
milea  north-west  of  Junnar  and  sixty  miles  north  of  Poona.  The  fort 
lies  within  the  limits  of  Iladear  rillae©  at  the  foot  of  the  fort. 
From  Junnar  the  road  to  tho  hill  lies  along  the  rallcj  of  the  Kukdi 
between  two  ranges  of  high  hills.  The  rood  is  easy  and  passable 
ifen  for  carta,  but  five  miles  from  Junnar  it  is  crossed 
the  Kukdi  which  during  the  rains  is  difficult  to  ford.  Tho 
>proacli  to  the  fort  lies  ovwr  a  «te(^p  ravine  guarded  by  an  em- 
brasured and  loopholed,  wall  twenty  yards  long,  thrown  between, 
"le  fort  and  a  small  hill  to  the  west  which  ia  700  yards  round. 
?he  approach  near  the  top,  a  rock-cut  staircase  sixty-five  yards 
long,  leads  to  two  rock-cut  gateways  without  doors.  Tho  hill,  which 
is  about  3200  yards  round,  rises  about  1000  feet  above  the  Junnar 
)laia.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  steep  natural  scarp  loO  to  200 
3Bt  high.  On  this  scarp  stands  the  fort  in  shape  a  triangle  with  two 
lual  side^.  Only  the  wall  that  joins  the  fort  with  the  neighbouring 
lU  is  seen  from  below.  Except  by  the  two  rock-cut  gateways  the 
>rt  has  no  cnlrunce.  Inside  arc  a  few  ruins,  the  comm.andaat*s 
office  or  kacfwrif  and  a  small  temple.  On  the  west  a  rock'Cut 
b^oasage  leads  to  three  underground  chambers  which  are  used  as  atoro- 
Hboma,  one  of  them  being  tilled  with  water.  The  water-supply  ia 
trom  several  cisterns  inside  the  fort. 

Hadsar  was  one  of  the  five  Poona  forta  which  ShAb^ji  gave  to  thft 

Moehals  in  1637.'     It  fell  to  the  BritiBh  in  1818  soon  ofteTtHeTfll 

of  Junnar  (2Dth  April  1818).     The  commandant  of  Junnar,  hearing 

that   tho  Eugliah  were  marching  on  Juouar,  left  the  town  and  fled 

■^o  Hadsar.      Major  Eldridgo  learning  of  tho  flight  to  Hadaar  sent  a 

Hmnll  dctjichmonl  under  Jlajor  M'Lf^od  which  reduced  Hadsar  and 

^bpturcd  the  fugitive  commandant  with  twenty-five  horses  and  four 

■amels.o 

Htnryr|B  R^nrtl  iu  a  small  village  on  the  Mutha  about  four  mites 

south-west  of  I'lKina,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  121.     The  village 

has  a  modern  temple  of  Vithoba  with,  st4?p3  loading  to  tho  river-bed 

^vbere  a  large  fair  is  held  twice  a  year  in  June-July  and  in  Ootobi>r- 

^■orember.    The  ttMnple,  which  is  of  stone  and  brick,  was  built  by 

^Bjivaji,  and  has  eJncf  l>eon  repaired  and  added  to  by  a  rich  Poona 

Hbntractor  of  tho  tiuvandi  ur  mason  caste  named  BhAu  Munsdram. 

The  temple  (50'  x  15')  includes  a  shrine  and  two  halls  and  is  enclosad 

by  a  stone  wall.     The  fair  called  Viththalv^i  is  held  on  the  bright 

©fevonth  of  /fdWtfc  or  October- November  and  AMfvidk  or  June -July. 

About  2o,000  people  attend  each  fair  and  sweetmeats  and  toys  are 

sold  in  largs  quiintitios.     The  Ehadakvdsln  canal  flows  behind  and 

not  far  from  tbe  temple. 

»  Killrtt  itti'l  Duifion,  VII.  fiO  ;  Grant  Diir«%Iar4thAa,  53. 

■  Peo<lb4n  miii  Mardtha  War  pApcrc,  *>3-y»* ;  Bombay  Coarier,  leth  May  tSI8.  A 
oorrp3|KiUi|  -111  of  till*  (Courier  mcntioaa  U-idiuir  fort  a*  doMrving  oi  notice,  apart  from 
it*  uatural  etrco^ftli,  fmTn  t)ie  labour  ii|>t-iit  oii  it^  two  g»Us»  aiul  ita  entiru  rvKik-out 
p««aBge.  Tlio  ^at««i  with  the  cnimeoting  passa^  were  entirely  rook-cut  ami  bid  not  a 
noot  of  moi'iary  about  them.  '  You  enter  tbc  ei'la  or  the  mountain,  go  up  a  puaa^ 
aad  throogb  anothsr  gittc  to  the  hill,  and  then  get  into  the  interior  of  the  fort  m  if 
yon  werv  entering  a  \r«ll.'     Ditto. 


Chapter 

Places- 
ITadsar  Foar. 


Bitior^i 


HixavE  Kucaow 


IBombaj  6aieU«a>i 


182 


DISTRICTS. 


Dhapter^XlV 
Flao«8. 

1l>'HB  BFIiRrKtl. 


Ixoosi. 


JUCSL 


HivrO    Budrukhf  u  smuli  village  eiglit  miles  east  of    Juni 
vitb  in   IHSI  u  populutiun  uf  1160,  hAs,  to  its  west,  a  tomb  o£ 
LAlkfaan,  wlieri>   a   ytarly    fair   or  «rti»  i«  held  ou  ihe  clark  lliii 
Vli'iitiu  or  Muri'h-April  utU'nfUHl  liy  nbotit  5000  piojilc.     The  u 
eujo^B  a  ycurlj'  (iovemim'iit  ;^iiuu  .i      '      1  -.Gi,^ 

Itldji^DILr>  north   latitude  !■>   8  mut  .  ur-i  long^todo  76°  5',  on 


Poona-Shobiimr  road  about    eighty   miles   Mxith-east  of  l^oona, 
a  inuniri])ul  town,   tho   hL-ad-qimrtcrs  of  thf    lud^pur   euh-<liv" 
with  in  \!<7'I  «  popuhilion  <»l"  7710  and  in    18H1  nf  4*242.     The 
fall  in  tlie  populution  is  due  to  \\io  funiino  of  IS76-77  during    wl 
Indapur  aud  ihc  country  round  suffered  severely.     Besides   the 
diviaional  rt-vt-nue  and  [wlioc  oflicos  Indtipur  has  n  munieipnlilT. 
pensnry.   anglo-vemdfulur   sohool,  travtllerB*  bungalow,   a   wii 
Sunday  markot,    and  a  lonsidorulde  manufactuiv  of  country  < 
The  niuriici]Kilitv  was  ehtiihlished  iu    IHChjand  had  in   IKW'i-)- 
income  of  Xnn  "(Rh.  191  It)  aud  an  Rxi^^nditurr  oF  £189    (lU,  181 
The  disixmsary  was    eKtablished   in  1^70  and  in  18-S3    tn-ated 
iu-patieuls  and  53U0  out-patients  at  a  cost  of  £83  8*.  (R«.  8-34). 
yearly  fuir  is  held  iu  November-December  iu  honour  of  u  Mui 
saint  Chand  KhAu. 

The  earliwut  reftrentw  to  Indapur  ia  in  14^6  when  it  is   menttt 
ua  belonging  tu  the  first  BijApur  king  Yuauf  Adil  Shah.  Zain-iid- 
the  commandant  of  Chakan  fort,  hod  revolted  and  aekcd  the  he] 
YuBuf  who  neut  GUOO  horse  which  be  ordered  to  encamp   nwir 
fort  of  Indapur.'   About  lli40  Indiipur  with  IWremnti  was  inci 
the  territory  of  ShAhiiji  the  father  i»f  Sbivdji.-    Iu  1707   Auran) 
conferred  IiidAj^iur  ami  Supa  on  Shahii.^    Jn  a   revenue  ntatenii^nt 
about  17<'0  Tndujtore  uppearH  up  the  head  of  a  fiargana  in  the  Juni 
tarWtr  with  a  revenue  of  £10.890  (Rs.  1,08.000)*.     In  \»'2H  IndAi 
19  noticed  as  once  a  place  of  importance.     Its  trade   was  fallen 
it  had  no  manufacturoH  but  the  weaving  of  coarue  cloth  for  the  loail 
markets.'' _ — 

IP^HPfi  in  M^val,  an  alienatiid  village  on  the  left  bank  of 
Indriiyani  ten  miles  east  of  Khadkiila,  with  in   I8H1  a  populatiani 


990,   ho8  a   bostioned  fort   pictui-esquely   placwl    on  u  sleep 
washed   by    the   Indrayani.     The   village   is   held   in  imim  by 
Dahh^de  tiimily  oi'  Tuleguou. 

Jejuri."  a  slutitfu  oil  the  "Weal  Deccan  railway,  oa  the  old  Poanir 
SAtani  road  abijut  ten  miles  south-east  of  Sdsvatl,  is  a  famous  place  w 
pilgrimage,  with  in  1881  n  population  of  3*24>.  •Tejuri  has  a  8cho<Bf 
a  post  otiice,  and  a  jKtHee  station.  The  railway  station  is  expected  %0 
be  opened  in  1885.  A  municipality  wur  establislied  in  1868  to  earry 
out  salutary  arrangements  during  the  religious  fairtt  to  which  the 
village  owes  its   importunce.     These  fairs  am  iu  honour  of  the  god 

fbflp^oba.   who   is  also  called   Itahiroba,  Malhilri,    and    M^tatid. 
handoba  haa  twu  temples  at   5ejun,  both  biiilt  at  the  end   of  ao 


*  Bnggs*  FcnBhta.  H.  530.  •  Grant  DlfT*  M*rith4a.  OS. 

•Grant  Du9"a  Mkrltliii*.  184  *  WarinjjR  Maritli*)!,  240. 

*Mr.  Priiu:K<iii  LilliKgrnphi^-l  Pii|ie>«,  «!l--.'d.      In  IS'/7  C»[>Uiii   CIuiick  { liii 
'JJ"*  nutioea  liKUpur  aa  a  to'iiMi  or  niArkct  town  with  lOOOhousM,  h  waUM->courM, 
well*.  *  Contributed  by  Mr.  J.  McL.  Campbell.  CS. 


;rai 


POONA. 


xtlyinf^  spur  of  the  Piirandhar  runge  which  here  sinks  into  the 
plain.  The  lar(!;er  and  more  motlern  temple  stands  close  to  and  about 
250  feet  above  the  vijlnjfo.  The  older  temple  is  built  on  a  small 
pUtcaii  ailk-d  Korepathiir  two  miles  off  about  400  feet  higher.  The 
old  villagu  Kite  now  deserted  was  to  the  east  of  (he  hill,  on  which 
lower  leuiplc  alandR.  Tiie  modern  village  includes  two  words 
petJis,  Dudliriir  t^i  the  north  of  the  t«mple  hill  and  Aditvar  to 
le  west  of  Rudhvjlr.  Close  to  the  south  of  the  old  vilhij^e  site  in  a 
jrvoir,  thirt;i''-Rcven  oerea  in  area,  built  by  the  last  Peshwa  IVijirdv 
1  I7i>G- I><17)  und  called  iift«r  him  the  IVshwa'B  reservoir.  It 
round  and  encircled  with  a  mawjivc  stone  wall  in  (food  preservation. 
?he  water  which  is  uaed  for  crop-watering  iti  drawn  off  through  an 
iburate  mass  uf  nuiaonry.  Sluire  lead  to  Bluiecs  whiuh  di-uw  the 
ilor  off  at  different  levels.  The  reservoir  has  several  small  bathing 
sterns  or  haufU  and  a  shrine  of  Ganpjiti.  In  the  low  ground  beyond 
Pcshwa's  reservoir,  and  fed  by  soalcage  from  it,  is  a  well  or  spring 
led  Malhrtr  Tirth  or  !Malliiir's  Pool  bathing  in  which  foi-ms  port 
tile  pilgrinuige  ceremonial.  Ou  the  uorth-west  of  the  new  vilfngo 
n  square  stone  reservoir,  of  about  twenty  acres,  was  built  about 
1770  by  Tukoji  Holkar.  As  it  is  on  a  higher  level  than  the  village^ 
its  waters  are  drawn  off  in  covered  channels  to  feed  dipping  wells 
built  by  the  municipality  at  various  points  in  the  village. 

Between  this  resen'oir  and  tliu  village  stands  a  temple  to  Mahddov 
It  in  memory  of  Malln'irr^v  Uolkar.  The  chief  object  of  worship 
i.ling  behind  which  ore  statues  uf  Malh&rrdv  and  his  three  wives 
Blxli,  Dvilrkdbai.  and  Gotamubiii,  all  in  Jaipur  alabaster. 

Three  flights  of  stfps  on  the  i.ii»t,  west,  and  north  lead  to 
Jihandoba'rt  temple.  The  east  and  west  steps,  which  are  simple  tlights, 
^re  little  used,  the  main  approach  to  the  t«mple  being  on  the  north, 
^his  approach  is  sjmnned  by  several  arches  and  flanked  by  numerous 
shriues  and  laiup-pillurs.*  At  about  u  tliird  of  the  wav  up,  the  flight 
■pf  steps  divides  into  two  branches  which  join  again  about  flfty  ^t 
Ikigher.  At  the  meeting  pilgrims  visit  the  shrine  of  Kliandoba's 
ministers,  llegadi  n  Hbangar  and  Pradlian  a  Vjini,  on  the  way  up,  and 
ic  shrine  of  Khandoba's  second  wife  U.'iniii  on  the  way  down.  Both 
theee  shrines  are  on  the  right  hand.  The  votive  images  of  sheep 
id  other  cattle  offered  by  pilgrims  oro  placed  in  front  of  BiimU'a 
irine  who  was  a  Dhangar  the  sister  of  Jlegndi.  As  Mhiilsu,  Khan* 
Itibu's  first  wife,  was  jealous  of  B^i^i.  Khandoba,  to  preserve 
tee,  placed  Mh.-ilsa  on  the  top  nf  thn  hill  and  B.-inai  near  the  foot. 
10  stairs  lead  up  the  hill  to  a  fort-like  enclosure,  oblong,  eight- 
Wed,  and  yOO  yunls  round.  Above  a  high  plinth  of  plain  masonry 
colonnade  or  opun  cloister  runs  round  the  hill  top  and  eucloKes  a 
lived  court  in  the  middle  of  which  stands  the  temple  of  Rhaudobu. 
itside  and  near  the  gate  is  a  holo  in  the  wall  venei-uted  on  account 
a  miracle  by  which  the  gorl  sjivcj  the  Jcjuri  temple  from  the 
lusalm'inswlien  the  fine  temple  of  Bhuleahvar.  alwut  hftoen  niilesto 
Le  north,  was  wrecked.    The  story 'is  that  as  the  Musaimans  were 


Chapter 
Places- 


Khntidoba't 


\\  AocAnliafi  tn  ft  nyinit  thti  approAob  hu  elgbtMO  urcho,  3.W  lanipjiillAn,  maA 
_  1.0U0  sc«pa.  The  noinbcr  of  the  st^ps  iw  admitted  to  Iw  s  fuicy  DoiniKr,  btit  the 
Ital  of  th«  nruhcs  aad  of  the  piUara  Ja  wit)  to  be  correct. 


[Bomba7  Ouet 


Upter  xrv. 

PUCM. 

Jwni. 
Khandot>a.'$ 


Tpper  r«tj»fc. 


DISTRICTS. 


boginnnig  to  break  the  carved  wrorV  a  Bvarm  of  hometa  came  oat 
this  hole,  put  thorn  to  fli;rht,  and  so  convinced  them  of  the  power 
the  god  thut  they  gave  up  the  attempt  to  hnrtii  the  temple.  Aunui{ 
{ 165t<-1707 ),  to  show  his  resptet  for  the  god.  is  s:iid  to  have  pneseql 
the  temple    with    a   diaraoud  worth  £1*2,500(119.   1}    //iftA*). 
diamond  remained  in  the  temple  till  1850-51  whca    it  was  rob! 
by  Kolio  and  t<'mple  servants. 

"  In  front  of  the  court-yard,  raised  a  few  inches  from  the  levisl  erf 
pavcmeut,  is  the  representntion  of  .i  tortoise  almost  circular  in  ou 
■nd  about  twenty  feet  in  diameter.  A  few  years  ago  the  tortoise 
plated  with  braas  ut  the  ex[>ense  of  some  Koukan  fishermoii.  BeV'  _ 
the  tortoise  is  the  lower  part  of  the  mast  formerly  used  in  hook 
rwingiogs.  Beyond  the  mnst  and  facing  the  templo  is  the  giaal 
Malla,  a  huge  nine  foot  stone  image  painted  red  and.  leoiiiag  againl 
one  of  the  pillars  of  the  cloister.  In  the  temple  porch  bang  t 
bells,  one  of  them  Portuguese  with  the  inscription  1711  >'. 
Daaaugust.  that  is  Our  I-udy  of  Troubles.  Ae<.unling  to  one  of 
oldest  of  the  temple  servunlA  tlii»  bell  wa»  brought  iu  hia  youth 
fifty  years  ago  by  a  Bombay  MAli  or  gardener.  It  probably  has 
eame  history  as  tho  largo  Bbim^hankar  bell  which  is  one  of 
spoils  of  Bassein.  The  other  bell  has  an  undated  Maratbi  inscriptii 
saying  it  is  the  gift  of  two  worshippers  of  Shiv.  A  cIumBy  s 
with  a  blade  four  feet  long  and  four  inches  broad,  kept  iu  the  po 
is  said  to  have  belonged  to  the  demon  Malla. 

Besides  this  porch  tho  temple  consists  of  a  square  bull  with 
inBcriptipn  dated  a.d.  1570  {^hak  1597).  Behind  tho  hall  under 
spire  is  a  dark  chamber.  In  this  dark  chamber  behind  a  iin.f  a 
three  pairs  of  images  of  M^irluud  or  Khauderftv  oud  AlbdlBn.  On 
pair  in  gold  is  a  present  from  the  Povar  family,  a  pair  in  silver  is  frott 
one  of  tJbo  Pcshwiis,  and  the  old  pair  is  in  stone.  The  temple  is  of 
cut-stone  and  the  spire  ii*of  stucco  ornamented  with  figures  of  goda  osd 
other  devices.  An  inscription  in  the  inner  hall  bears  a  date  correspond- 
ing to  A.u.  1675  {Siiak  1597)  and  another  on  the  inner  tiiroshold  is 
dated  a.d.  1381  [Shuk  1.103).  Behind  arc  a  temple  at  Shiv  culk-d  the 
Panrhling  temple  and  built  in  1755  by  Vithalniv  Dev  Sasvftclkar  id 
the  Vinchurkar  family,  and   a  chamber  for  thediwrribution  of  vellow 

fowdcr  built  in  l7olby  Devd-jiOhaudhariofShrigondainAhmadnagar. 
n  the  section  of  tlie  surrounding  corridor  or  cloister  boliind.  or  to 
tho  west  of,  these  temples  is  the  shapeless  atone  representing  ^fh-tlsa, 
the  first  or  LingAyat  VAnl  wife  of  Khandoba.  Inscriptions  show  thai 
this  part  of  the  encircling  corridor  was  built  in  1742  by  MalbiirnVr 
Khandoji  Hoikar  who  also  built  other  parts  of  it  between  17^7  and 
175fi.  The  corridor  was  completed  iu  1770  by  Tukoji  Malhiirrav 
ITolkar.  The  flat  roof  of  the  corridor  commands  on  the  south  un< 
west  a  good  view  of  the  Purandhar  range  and  the  spurs  strttchi 
from  it  into  the  6at  Dcecan  ;  while  to  the  north  imd  east  lie  the  ploi 
of  Siisvad  and  Supa. 

The  pliitcau  of  Karepjithiir  is 'Hi  acres  in  extent,  and,  besides 
temple  of  K  handoba  older  and  more  saei-ed  than  the  one  neor  the 
village,  contains  several  other  temples  and  shrines  and  thirteen 
houses  occupied  by  priests  and  temple  servants.  None  of  theae  build- 
ings have  any  architectural  interest. 


rav 
in^y 

1 


POOXA. 

'  On  the  profile  of  the  spur  between  the  upper  ftitd  lower  temples 
aerenil  sacred  spots  are  luurked  by  shriues  aud  arches.  At  one  point 
J8  an  iadentation  in  the  rock  said  to  have  btnin  caused  by  the  foot  of 
Khaudoba'a  horse.  The  legend  ia  that  fionie  Hnihmans  living  near 
Jcjuri  wtTft  altiickwl  and  their  properly  carried  oflf  by  a  demon  railed 
Maiiimal  ifaila  ur  Mitll'-eur.  In  answer  to  the  prayers  of  the  Brah- 
mantt  Shiv  oppcared  as  the  warrior  KUundoba  und  slew  tho  demon. 
Seforc  his  d^-ath  Malla  was  converted  to  Shuivism  and  both  he  and 
Khandoba  were  absorbed  into  Shiv.  In  acknowledgment  of  MaLla's 
OOnvL'rsiun  obeisance  is  made  to  the  large  stone  image  of  Malla 
which  stands  in  the  conrt-yard  of  Khandoba's  temple. 

The  chief  festivals  are  four  all  between  December  and  April.  Tho 
earliest  is  from  the  bright  fourth  to  the  bnght  soventH  of  Margashimk 
or  November-Deceraber,  the  next  from  the  bright  twelfth  to  tho  dark 
^st  of  I\i'nr/i  or  December -January,  the  third  from  the  bright  twelfth 
to  the  dark  first  of  Ma-jli  or  January  -  Febriuiry,  and  the  fourth  and 
last  is  from  the  bright  twelfth  to  tho  dark  tirst  oiCltattra  or  March - 
April.  These  four  ai-p  large  fairs  attended  by  pilgrims  from  as  far 
aa  Khflndesbi  Berar,  and  the  Konkon. 

Two  smaller  festivals  as  a  rule  are  attended  only  by  people  from 
the  immediate  neighbourhood  on  Somvati-Amavdeya  or  the  no-moon 
Monday  whenever  it  comes  aud  Dasra  the  bright  tenth  of  Asiivin 
or  September-October.  On  the  no-moon  Monday  the  god  is  token 
in  procession  for  a  bath.  lie  is  carried  in  a  palanquin  to  a  temple 
of  Den  on  tho  Rarha  in  the  lands  of  Mauje  Dliileviidi  two  miles 
north  of  Jejuri,  where  he  is  bathed  in  the  river  and  carried  back 
to  the  temple.  From  500  to  lOOU  people  from  the  neighbouring 
Tillages  attend  this  ceremony. 

At  Dasru  iu  September-October  a  palanquin  procession  starts  from 
the  temple  near  the  town  and  at  the  same  time  another  pahmquin 
procession  atarta  from  the  temple  on  Karepilthir.  They  march 
towards  each  other  on  the  hill  side,  halt  when  the  processions  have 
almost  met,  and  after  a  short  interval  each  returns  to  the  temple 
from  which  it  started.  The  processions  are  jmne<l  by  crowds  from 
the  neighbouring  villages  but  not  by  the  distant  pilgrims.  In 
former  days  one  of  the  ccrcmouios  performe<l  at  Jejuri  woa 
that  on  the  bright  sixth  of  .Vuryds/urWi  or  November-December 
one  of  the  vag/ti/tU  or  men  devoted  to  the  temple  was  required  to 
mn  a  sw()nl  through  his  thigh.  The  bloody  sword  was  laid  before 
the  gud  and  the  man  had  to  walk  through  the  town  in  spite  of 
hi«  wound.  In  those  days  hookswinging  was  practised  at  all  the 
fairs  chiefly  by  women.  The  usual  vows  now  are  to  build  steps  in 
the  oscents  to  the  temples,  to  make  cash  gifts  to  the  temples,  to 
distribute  cocoa-kernel  and  turmeric  in  front  of  tho  temple,  to  kill 
and  eat  a  sheep  in  honour  of  the  god,  to  feed  Bn^hmans,  and  to 
devote  to  the  god  male  children  or  vtiohyd^,  and  female  children 
or  muWw.'      The  number  of  person^  thus  devoted  to   the  god   is 


Chapter^  Xiy. 
Places. 

SacrtdjSpot^ 


FeHlvaU. 


Sofow 


I>a*ra. 


I  Of  ViffliyAs  khiI  Murlis  deUtla  ue  mvon  in  the  Popalation  cbftpt«r.  Part  I.  pp. 
476    .177. 


(Bombay  Qoifltt 


136 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapwr  XIV- 
F1ac«i- 

PUgrimM. 


cnnsidcrablc.     Many  of  them  live  At  Jpjuri,  where,  at  festivnle,  U 
ore  hirt-d  by  pilgrims  to  ring  anddnnw  in  honour  of  the  god.   '^'■ 
livo  in  thoBurroundbig  villages,  ond  many  wander  and  bt'p  in 
The  worahijiiM-TS    are    chiutly  Manithif»,  who   come    from    al 
aurrouniling  diKlnrt«  iind  even  from  greater  distances.     Tho 
iniporluni  ni'  the  pilgrinih  are  the  MariUhAa  from   Khdndesh 
Itenir.  large  bands  of  M-hoin  attend  the  fairs  every  year.      The 
Mariithus  attend  Ihe  Paush    or  Deoembtr-January  fair.     Pil  , 
from  aeveml  vilJagce  comt'  in  large  bands  for  mntuof  protection  a 
of  olduufiotllod  tiuieH.  l*ilgrlms  aUo  come  from  Kluindfsb  vhwi 
Mi'iTf^anhiTifh  or  Nuvcmber-lJccemlKir,  Pnfiah  or  Ileccmbcr-Jani 
and  Miigh  or  Jiinimry-Fobruary  ;  they  do  not  coinc    iu    Cfmitt 
March -April.     Like  the  Bentr  pilgrinis  they  come  in  larg^-  bai 
The    fishing    Kolis    from  the    sea  coast  are  also    wor«hippc-ri* 
Khsndoba  and  eorae  oeeasionullv  in  large  numbers  but  they  do] 
attend  08   regularly  as  the  pifgriros  from  Khiindesh  and    Bel 
When  they  do  come  Koukau  Kolis  attend   the  Mi'fjh   or   Janui 
February  fair.     The   K(>lia    have   a   Uuujai  who  has  a   polam 
of  Khunduba.     The  hhmjitt  conaults   omens,   and    unless   they 
favouralde  the  fiBhermen  do  not  make  the  pilgrimage.       In  Jam 
and  Febniary  each  band  of  pilgrims  brings  with  it  a  jj^y  red  or 
and  yellow  banner  on  a  tall  statf.      On  the  dark  first  ih*?se  bann^ 
are  earned  in  procession  up  to  the  temple.     There  the  bearers  st 
on  the  bniss  tortoise  in  front  of  the  temple  and  bold  the  long  bat 
poles  aloft  pointing  them  towards  the  ])iunaelc  of  the  temple. 
then  asoeml  the  hill  with  their  himners  which  they  carefully 
back  with  them  to  their  tillages. 

The  pilgrims  ehiefly  lodge  with  the  Gitrnvj!  who  have  aevonty-l 

houeeH  or  with  Bnllimans  who  have  eeventv-five  to  eighty  houatV 

Jejuri.  Other  pilgrims  camp  in  a  fine  grove  beside  IFolkur'M  rctM?rv«f 
or  in  the  ojwn  fields  to  the  north,  uorth-.vcst.  and  norlh-caat  of  tlie 
village.  J>utte<i  over  the  fields  and  cl  tsterii  g  round  the  lofty 
from  which  flics  a  gay  banner,  the  oiuui*  have  a  picturesque 

On  the  day  of  his  arrival  the  pdgrim  takes  a  dust^glimpe**  or 
^ar^Aan  of  the  god  and  lays  l>eforo  him  a  cocoanut  and  id.  {\  «.). 
The  pilgrim  nnist  repeat  his  visit  to  ti.e  god  at  least  oneo  during 
every  day  of  his  stay  iu  Jejuri,  and  each  time  that  ho  enters 
tho  temple  gate  he  nays  Id.  {{  a.)  aa  municipal  pilgrim  t4X. 
On  the  gocoud  day  the  pilgrim  pays  hie  vow.  If  the  vow  is 
feed  Br^hmans  the  catering  is  uaually  done  by  contract  by 
Br£hmiiQ  or  Gurav  at  wfaoAc  houae  tho  pilgrim  is  lodging  at  tho 
of  8rf.  (5J  nif.)  a  head.  When  a  feast  is  given  to  Brahmaus 
man's  portion  must  be  taken  to  the  temple  by  tho  pilgrim.  Ho  li 
it  before  the  god  and  it  becomes  a  perquisite  of  the  temple  Gurai 
If  tho  vow  is  to  offer  a  sheep  it  is  killed  ou  imyment  nf  1/ 
(1  a.)  a  head,  half  of  which  goes  to  the  mnnicipalify  and  half 
the  Mulla  who  kills  the  aheep.  Then  at  bis  camp  or  lodging  I 
flesh  is  paten  by  the  pilgrim  and  his  party  who  must  bo  joined 
their  meal  by  some  of  the  vdijhyas  and  mitrlis  or  luon  and  women 
devoted  to  the  temple.  After  the  meal  is  over  the  party  go  to  pay 
their  respects  to  Ban&i^  Khaudoba's  Uhaugar  wife,  and  the  goai 


POONA. 


lis  floclca  and  herds.  On  the  eTening  of  this  day  the  pilgrims 
>v!de  themselves  with  torches  and  oil  vessels,  and,  with  lighted 
>rcho?,  proceed  in  Urge  bodies  to  climb  the  hill.  On  reaching  the 
>p  thfj  pjiy  their  respects  to  the  god,  wave  their  torches  in  front  of 
i©  temple,  walk  round  the  battloiuenta  of  the  encircling  corriilorj 
-and  go  down  to  their  camps.  From  a  distance  the  cllcct  of  ibo 
^vrcgular  Hues  of  twinkling  lights  moving  up  and  down  the  flights  of 
^Rairs  and  appearing,  now  many  and  now  few,  on  the  battlements  ia 
-  striking. 

On  visiting  the  temple  every  pilgrim  stands  on  the  bra^s  tortoise 

"^  »nd  throws  into  the  nir  hnndfuls  of  chopped  cocoa-kernel  mixed  with 

~  turmeric  to  bo  scrambled  for  by  the  temple  aervtints  and  hangera-on. 

I  The  pilgrim  kei^ps  some  pieces  to  carry  home  with  him  as  tho  god'a 
proar  or  praadd,  a  charm  to  bring  a  blessing.  A  favourite  form  of 
vorship  is  to  pour  ovg^r  the  sacred  ling  the  five  nectars  or  panchdmi'U 
%  mixture  of  milk,  curd,  sngar,  honey,  and  clarified  butter. 

After  the  torch-ljght  procession  is  over,  pilgrims  who  have  made 

rows  to  offer  music  and  dancing  to  the  god,  hire  bands  of  Vdghyd» 

id  Murli*  to  oomo  to  their  lodgings  or  camps  and  there  sing  play 

id  danoo  in  honour  of  the  god.     The  fee  for  a  band  of  dancers  and 

losicians  is  2v.  Gd.  {\^.  If). 

Pilgrims  who  are  strong  enough  to  climb  to  the  KarepAthfir  or  old 
iple  spend  their  third  day  at  Jejuri  in  visiting  tho  old  temple. 
ley  bathe  nfc  the  Malhiir  tirth,  the  well  or  spring  beyond  the 
ahwa's  pond  ;  they  then  climb  to  the  KarepAthAr,  and,  after  paying 
leir  respects  to  tho  god^  come  bftck  to  the  village  by  a  different 
ith  from  that  by  which  they  climbed.  Then  they  do  their 
lopping,  which,  except  a  little  trade  in  blankets,  is  of  no  importance, 
^ho  things  usually  bought  by  pilgrims  about  to  leave  are  pulse  and 
^j-irched  gnim  to  eat  by  the  way,  coats  and  caps  as  presents  for 
their  children,  and  small  broj^s  vuasela  and  images  of  the  god  aa 
tokens  of  the  pilgrimage.  When  pilgrims,  who  have  lodged  with 
BrAhmaiis  or  Oiimvs,  are  about  to  stiirt  on  their  return  home  they 
make  presents  to  their  hosts  according  to  their  means.  The  hosts 
in  return  give  the  pilgrims  as  a  favour  or  -prasdil  fmm  the  god  a 
cocoannt,  a  piece  of  cocoa-komcl  with  some  turmeric,  and  a  blesHing. 

^   Tho  temple  priests  are  Gnrays  not  BrAhroans.      Of  the  temple 

^vevnmeGi^  the  ofleriuf^a  for  two  months  and  eighteen  dnys  or  scveuty- 

^BigTit~<7ays  in  all,  the  Saturdays  Sundays  and   Mondays   or  twelve 

^Baysof  As/init  or  September-October,  thefirat  sis  days  o(  Mdrgnshir^h 

or  November- December,  and  the  whole  or  sixty   days   of  Paiuh 

or  Jannary- February  and   .1/fi^/i  or  February- March,  are  received 

and  admiuistered  by  a  committee  who  manage  the  temple  affairs. 

^Tho  revenue  for  the  rest  of  the  year  goes  half  to  the  Gu'ravs  nud  a 

ff^uarter  each  to  the  Ghadshis  or  musicians  anc[  the  Virs  or  mace- 

'    bearers,  two  classes  of  temple  servau()ti. 

Tiie  municipal  pilgrim  tax  is  levied  for  four  months  from  abonb 

December  to  ApriL    Admission  to  the  temple  is  free  for  tho  rest  of 

^^Q  yoar.     The  right  to  collect  the  tax  is  pnt  to  auction,  there 

Bbeing  tn'o  farms  in  the  year,  one  for  Chaxtra  and  the  second  for  the 

^  three  other  pilgrimage  months    Mdrgashirth,    Faugh,  and    Mugh. 

■  W6-18 


Chapter  XI 7. 
Places. 

JSJORZ. 
Piiyrimt. 


PrUiMtt. 


[Bombsy 


1S8 


DISTRICTS. 


OuptorXIT. 
FUces- 

Jt/TBt. 

Trorfe. 


SiHor^. 


Id  1882-83  the  reve&tie  from  the  pilgrim  tas  was  £210   (B«. 
The  rato«  m-o  a  qunrtcr  of  an  antta  for  children  under  twelve 
half  an  annu  for  persons  above  twelve.     The  uamber  of  pi' 
atWudiug  each  fair  is  said  to  vary  from  2000  to  6000  or  6000. 

The  busineoa  done  at  Jejnri  ie  smnll  and  is  mnatly  oonBited 
the  sale  of  the  food  required  by  the  pil^ms,  articles  osed 
performance  of  religiouB  ceremuuics,  tokens  of  the  fair,  and 
presents  to  be  taken  home  for  wives  and  children.  A  few  ti 
principally  Knobis  and  Musalm^ns,  come  from  8upa  and  Pool 
set  np  booths  in  the  streets,  and  a  few  shops  are  permanent, 
articles  chiefly  sold  are  red  and  yellow  powder.  oocxMont-kcroeK 
and  Bplit  and  parched  pnlee.  Groceries,  vegetables,  fruit,  swcetmtA 
copper  and  brass  tcsbcIb,  images  of  gods,  bangles,  and  csps  M 
oosts  for  children  are  also  sold  bat  in  smaller  qnantitiea.  The  bm 
are  also  attended  by  considerable  numbers  of  blanket-sellers  hui\f 
rery  few  cotton-cloth  Bcllera. 

There  is  amonicipal  tax  on  booths  the  scale  of  ratA  beiof^  2s»  li, 
6d.  and  ^>l.  (I  rupee.  8  tu.,  4  a«.,  and  2  <u.).  After  each  fair  a  s^ 
committee  of  two  of  the  municipal  commissioners  settle  afc  which  d 
the  above  rates  fees  are  to  be  levte<l,  the  rate  being^  fixed  wilk 
reference  to  the  number  of  people  who  have  attended  tbu  fair  jio^I 
the  amount  of  business  which  nas  been  done.    The.Tejari  muni 

was  esttibUshed  in   1868  and  in  1882-83  had  an  incoiue    o:    

(Rs.3030)  and  an  expenditure  of  £292  (B«.2920].     The  income  « 
chiefly  drawn  from  octroi  and  the  pilgrim  tax. 

In  16,62  Shilhiji  the  father  of  ^hivsii. visited  Jejuri  temple 
other  places  in  Shivilji's  territory.'  In  1792  Captain  Moor  desc 
Jejnri  as  a  pretty  large  town  inhabited  by  Br&hman  beg^j;»rs. 
temple  was  on  the  top  of  a  range  of  hills  ascended  on  the  north 
by  a  flight  of  hHudsome  broad  stone  step».  Arches  were  ihrqrfB 
across  at  intervals  and  there  were  many  lamp-pi tlai*s.  The  ^^| 
temple  wae  old  but  not  handsome.  The  enclosure  was  larg«  andIR 
stone  work  beantifull}'  HniBhcd  aud  the  ground  paved  with  flags.  Tt' 
the  west  of  the  temple  hill  was  a  large  pond  of  fine  stone.*  In  1795 
Tukojiriv  Holkar  encamped  at  Jejuri.'  In  1613  Mr.  Klpbinstoat 
describes  the  temple  a»  approached  hy  two  flights  of  steps.  ^H 
chief  flight,  had  arches  over  it  in  many  places  and  many  st^P 
obelisks  with  stone  projections  for  lamps  round  their  sides.  Wicbifi 
the  wall  wtis  a  round  court  within  which  stood  the  temple  remarkable 
for  nothing.  The  temple  was  dark  and  the  god  scarcely  viail 
Mr.  Elphinstone  was  followed  by  many  bcjfgars  and  among  otj" 
by  a  boy  who  barked  like  a  dog.*     In  1827  Captain  Clunt-t*  not 

Jejuri  08  a  post^runner's  station  with  430  houses  fifty-fonr  shops 

a  temple  of  Khaudoba  where  as  many  as  100,000  ptssple  used  to  att«ad 
at  the  great  January  fair."    In  the  184o  disturbances  of   KAghojIi 

>  Gmnt  I>nff"»  Mwithi^  85.  .  «  Moor'i  KamHr?,  347-340. 

I  Gnitit  l>aff*a  MarlkthAa,  617. 

4  Culsbrooka'i  ElphtiutoH,  I.  2U-2S6,     Th«  dog-iemnta  onolifiua  in   MUhSrl^ 
(emplo  lit  OudgnddApur  In  DliirwAr.    The  dog  ta  ao  uoir/l  to  Kbwidoba  that 
MwAtbit  tlie  iuurI  vnj  of  cmllmg  ■  dojf  u  to  cry  Kftandi  khandi. 

'  Itiasrsry,  28. 


Ban.] 


POONA. 


139 


Lngria  the  insurg«nts  carried  off  on  one  occasion  tho  litter  of  the 
>d  with  the  holy  image  but  brongbt  it  back.^ 

Jivdhan,*  about  3000  foct  above  sca-lcvel  and  about  970  feci 
lOve  the  phiin,  is  a  dismantled  fortress  coiuiuanding  the  NSna  pass 
?-five  miles  norih-wesl  of  Pooua  and  sixteen  miles  west  of  Junnar. 
le  fort,  which  is  about  1000  yards  long  by  500  broad  and  nearly 
ra  miles  round,  stands  within  the  village  limits  of  Gliiitghar  ou  a 
3p  and   rugged  hill  which  rises  about  a  thousand  feet  above  the 
It  of  the  NAnapas9,     Jivdhan  is  a  square  stack  of  a  hill  rough  on 
.sides  surrounded  by  steep  precipices  and  presenting  an  abyss  on  tho 
Tonkan  side  so  sheer  that  a  stone  dropped  would  tuU  almost  2000 
it  into  tho  Koukaa  at  tho  foot  of  the  SahyMris.'  In  general  eflect 
ivdhan  is  much  like  Shivner.     It  diifers  in  three  points.     The  east 
of  Jivdhan  is  highest  near  tho  middle  of  the  hill  face  whilo  in 
ler  the  middle  purt  is  the  lowest :  the  north  point  of  Jivdhan  is 
kuch  squarer  and  hlunt«r  than  the  north  point  ot  Shivner  ;  and  tho 
)per  hill  in  Jivdhan  ia  higher  than  the  upper  hill  in  Shivner.     Tho 
id  from  Junnar  to  the  foot  of  Jivdhan  is  fit  for  laden  tattle.     The 
?nt,  which  is  about  a  mile  long,  is  very  steep  and  difficult  and 
isiste  mostly  cither  of  loose  masonry  or  steep  sheets  of   rock   not 
icult  for  bare  feet  but  troublesome  for  boots.     For  about  liOO 
Jt  of  the  oaeeat  a  profile  of  rock  has  the  remains  of  a  stair  of  steep 
gh   and  narrow  utepa  with  nothing  below  and  very  little  on   either 
le.     The  hundred  feet  in  the  middle  of  the  stair  were  blown  away 
len  the  fort  was  dismantled   about  1820.    Of  the  blown   away 
stion  the  middle  part  is  not  difHcult  to  climb  on  all  fours  or  to  come 
>wn  barefoot  face  foremost.     But  about  n  third  at  tho  lower  and 
kother  third  at  tho  upper  ends  are  extremely  etecp.     Kxeopt  the 
llmen   few  natives  cun  go  up  the  Gte>epot)t  parl£  and  few  Kuropeans 
climb  them  without  a  rope  and  bare  feet.     The  climber's  only 
.Ips  aro  small  foot-holds  which  the  people  have  cut  in  the  rock  and 
Iger-holds  in  the  bottoms  of  some  of  the    1820  blasts.     The  main 
gate  was  on  the  west  towards  the  Nilna  pass  with  what  apparently 
was  a  fine  asoent,  a  long  stoep  stair  partly  built  and  partly  rock-cut 
climbing  a  narrow  gorge  completely  commanded  by  the  lort.     Th»j 
ascent  led  to  a  landing  place,  a  square  well  about  thirty  feet  deep, 
and,  out  of  tho   well,  the  ascent  passed  by  a   tunnelled  ro<.'k-L'ut 
Btair  to  the  gut*.    The  stuir  was  blown  away  and  the  tunnel  tilled 
in  18'-30  and  the  gate  is  now  useless.     The  lop  has  live  ciatcms  wliich 
^Km  the  main  water-supply,  and  some  apparently  Buddhist  caves 
^Hth  a  Bubstuatial  Muhamimulan   building  in  front,  plain  and  with 
solid  masonry  arches.     Each  compurtment   of   the    Muhammadniv 
|kiildiiig  hns  a  suucer-shopcd  roof  of  good  well-fitting  masonry.     The 
■kief  BuddhUt  L-ave  (30'x2rx  15  J  hus  a  smaller  cave  on  either  aide 
^pd  a  veranda  in  front.     The  caves  were  used  as  granaries  and  when 
^Be  fort  was  captured   in  I81B  they  wore  found   stored  with  groin. 


Chapter  ZV 

PUces. 
•TnrDHjur  Fobt. 


1  8e«  Part  tl.  p.  306. 

>  D«ocu)  P«i»ri,  No  «0  ;  Mr.  J.  MoLeoil  Cjunpbell,  C8. 

'  HamiltOD  8  Detcripltoa  of  Hindustin,  IL  49. 


rsoMbAj 


140 


DISTRICTS. 


Cbaptsr  XIT- 

JlTOBAM  FoftT. 
hutary. 


DMcriptiOH. 


The  grain  was  burnt  and  it«  ashes  remain  ankle  deep.     Ji 
commands  a  spleudid  view  west  to  the  SdlAClte  hills,   longirT 
Kiiman  in  Bassein,  and,  on  a  clear  November  day,  tu  tht;  sem. 

In    1489   Jivdhan    was  taken  by  Ahmad  I.  the  founder  of 
AhinadnagarKizAm  Shrfhi  l'amTIy"(H90-1636),  and  in  1637  it  ma 
of  ihe  five  Poona  fort^  whichShiihaiji  gaToJto  jjie  MophaU.'    Id 
1818  Mar^iha  wa~^r)gade  under  Major  Eldridge  reache<l  Jiv" 
on  the  3rd  of  May  1818.   The  commandant  who  had  b<>en  sumioi 
to  surrender  two  days   before,  declined  lo  give  up  the    fort 
he  would  fight  for  eight  days.     An  advanced  recuuuuitring 
under  Captain    Nutt  of   the    EnginecrR,   were   frequctitly   ti 
from  the  guns  and  matchlocks  in  tlie  fort  but  withimt  loss.     A 
was  chosen   for  the  mortars  and  a  battery  for  two  brass  two 
pounders  till  eighteen -pounders  could  be  got  ready  to  ploy  on 
masonry  about   the  gate.     The  mortars   opened   at    about    i 
o'clock  and  after  atv  hour's  firing  of  about  twenty  shellB  a  man 
sent  down  lo  Bay  that  the  garrison  would  open  the  ^te.     This 
immediately  tukeu  poaaesaion  of  by  a  party  of  the  Hotnbay  Kuro] 
Regiment.     The  garrison  was  disarmed  and  dismissed.* 

Juunar,  north  latitude  19*  12'  and  east  longitude  73°  5G%  lif 
brdnd  ftal  vulley  about  2U00  feet  above  the  sea,  on  the  south  or  _ 
bank  of  the  Kukdi,  fii'ty-!«ix  miles  north  of  Poena,  and  about 
teeu  miles  east  of  Ihe  crest  of  the  Sabyadiia.  To  the  Bouth-east 
Talley  opens  into  the  wide  Decran  plain  which  epreada  like  a 
low  lines  of  flat-topped  uplands  far  to  the  east  and  suuth.  On 
sides,  within  a  radius  of  about  two  miles,  the  town  is  shut  in  by 
gulor  ranges  of  hills  600  to  1200  feet  above  the  plain.  The 
sides  risG  steep  and  bare  to  upper  slopes  crossed  by  le\*el  bolts  of  roA 
whose  smooth  black  whUs  appear  in  one  range  after  another  ullhougb 
•eparated  by  gaps  of  many  miles.  The  lower  belts  of  rock  are  a 
places  dwarfed  by  earth  and  stouca  washed  from  (he  upper  slopes,  a 
the  wall  is  broken  where  a  torrent  has  forced  its  way  through  somi 
crumbling  or  earthy  vein.  Still  many  belts  of  rock  with  roundsd 
or  wall-like  fronts  stretch  across  the  lower  slopes  for  hundreds  cl 
yards.  Near  the  tops  of  one  or  two  of  the  hills,  notably  of  Shivnev 
to  the  west  of  the  town  and  of  Ilntkeshvar  to  the  north,  uubrukm 
by  torreuls  and  unhid  by  eurtk  and  stones,  a  wall  of  trap  100  to  ISO 
feet  high  girdles  the  lull-top  Uke  a  huge  piece  of  nmsonj-y  work. 
The  outline  of  most  of  the  hdl  ranges  is  waving  and  irrej^ular,  the 
tips  of  tbe  higher  peaks  in  many  cases  being  smoothed  flat  as  if  bv 
a  plane.     In  others,  as  in  Shivnerand  Ilutkeshvarj  the  great  wa 


*  Elliot  and  Dnvnan.  VII.  60  ;  Grant  Dufl'i  Mfti^ibAa.  SS. 

*M«rAthn   mid    Peridhiri  W»r  P«pcr»,  294.     An  oflrK-<'r  in  Major  EMridg**! 
describta  Jivdhan  {Bombay  Courier,  lUth  Mnv  18I8JM  absolvitcly  imi.rvgniihli-  n*  itj 
bonibprodfti  fiir  Uiti  gamaon  Id  rclLro  Jo.      Tht  ImI  llisht  of  ■!«(>«  which   led   to 
fort  onsiote^l  of  VJO  ri>cli-cut  utom  eauh  1^  fiwl  high  Ana  ng  nUH-fiasid  liaril  toclin  ' 
B  ladder     MiHwiiy  down  the  lull  on  tJM<  iii>rtfa-w4.-9it  a  level  ran  "Ut  f<>r  lOO  yuxts 
tho  mcnnitAin  then  bec&uiu  m  stoep  m  before.     From  the  edfjc  of  tlie  smoU  levvt 
R  nntural  pUUrof  rock  nbtmt  SOU  f««t  bigli  nodding  ovrr  ths  Atiyu  l>etaw.     On 
■oath-weet  tho  hiUside  vm  bo  nteop  that  •  stoao  dropped  frvm  tbo  luuitl  would 
tb«  Koului)  About  2000  feet  bolvw. 


wtmk 


BU.1 


POONA. 


141 


ck  is  topped  by  a  bhuiU  rounded,  or  level  billock.     Below  the  ba«e 

the  hills  ruuB  a  belt  of  barren  upland  from  which  bare  spurs 

itch  towards  the  river,  rocky  or  souIpbh  cs^pt  iu  a  few  dips  and 

)llowB.    The  outer  flats  have  a  thin   sprinkliii^y  chiefly  of  bdiUul 

ishcs.     The  tonm  is  wnply  shaded  and  has  some  Bpleudid  jn'pnl  and 

iaiaa  trees  and  the  river  banks  ore  green  with  grovts  and  gardens. 

fhe  town,  with  its  long  winding  streets  and  open  empty  spaces, 

;tches  over  a  mile  ulon^  the  right  or  south  bank  of  the  Kukdi, 

beyond  the  town  to  the  east  south  and  west  ruined  heaps  and 

lirly  preserved  tombs  and  mosques  bear  witness  to  the  greatness  of 

InealmAn  Junnar. 

The  hilts  that  encircle  the  town  form  four  leading  groups ; 
le  low  curbing  line  of  the  Mtlnmoda  range  to  the  south  ana  6outh- 
»st;  the  high  level  scai-p  of  Shivnor  to  the  west;  the  lower 
id  tamer  Miiuffui  hills  to  the  north-west;  and  the  high  flattened 
J8  and  BcariK-'d  sides  of  Ilatkeahvar  and  the  Suleradn  or  Ganeah 
mis  on  the  north.  The  MAnmixla  hills  rise  from  the  plain  mora 
lan  two  miles  to  the  south-east  of  Junnar.  They  run  for 
ibout  half  a  mile  to  the  north,  and  tlien,  with  a  shallow  horse-shoo 
irve,  sweep  about  two  miles  to  the  west  and  north-west  towards 
(hivner  from  which  they  aro  separated  by  the  sharp-cut  gap  of  the 
^irpiidu  pass.  Their  waving  irregular  crest  varies  frum  4l)0  to  600 
_feel  above  the  plain.  Along  the  bare  north-east  face,  about  a  third 
the  way  up,  runs  a  belt  ot  rotk,  sometimes  fifty  or  sixty  feet  high, 
other  places  half-hidden  by  earth  and  stones.  In  this  belt  of  rock 
carved  three  groups  of  Buddhist  caves  :  the  Hhim'ishankar  group 
the  east  face,  the  Ambika  group  about  the  centre  of  the  north  face, 
id  the  Bhut-ling  group  some  hundred  yards  nearer  the  north-west, 
'o  the  nortli  of  the  M^nmoda  hill,  separated  from  them  by  the  deep 
cup-shaped  hollow  of  the  X'irpatla  pass  for  nearly  u  mile  across  the 
valley,  strettrhcs  the  great  flat  scarp  of  Shivper,  the  hill-fort  of 
Juuuar,  the  birthplace  of  Shiviji  (1627).  "Sleep  strong  slopes  and 
^Its  of  rock  rise  sharp  and  bare  about  BOO  feet  to  a  great  wall  of 
ck  a  hundred  to  150  feet  high  which  ginls  its  level  top.  In  the 
lorth  of  the  hill  nothirg  shows  above  this  wall  of  rock.  Further 
)uth  a  smooth  flat  inner  mound  rises  about  200  feet  above  the  main 
_liU  top.  Several  old  MusalmAn  buildings  give  a  special  interest  to  the 
top  of  Shi\'nor  ;  a  small  watch-tower  at  the  extreme  north,  a  mosque 

vith  a  fine  tlyiug  arch  stretching  between  its  minarets  at  the  north 

Bfoot  of  the  inner  hill-top,  and  on  the  Hat  crest  of  the  inner  hill  a 

^Kusalm^u  tomb  and  praver-wall.  BevondShivner,  totlie  north-west, 

^pppears  the  bore  rounde<i  shoulder  of  the  Tulja  hills  with  the  Tulja 

^joves  hid  in   a  hollow  in  its  eastern  face.      To  the  north  of  the 

Tulja  hills  stretches  the  Kukdi  valley,  and  beyond,  on  the  north- 

n^est,  the  irregular  range  of  the  Mangni  hills  runs  to  tho  Mhar  pass. 

^^o  the  east  of  the  Mh&r  pass  the  steep  sides  of  Ilalkeshvar  riseabout 

^  thousand  feet  to  the  great  wall  of  trap  which  encircles  its  inner 

eurarait.     Close  to  the  east  of  Hatkaahvarare  tho  dome-like  crags  of 

the  Kavra-Narri  that  is  the  Bride  and  Bridegroom,  or  the  Vardt 

that  is  the  "Wedding  Party  hill,  because  they  say  the  hill  opened 

and  awajlowed  a  wedding  party  and  the  rounded  crags  are  their 

tombs.    The  smooth-topped  hill  to  the  south-cost  is  kiiown  as  the 


Chapter 
Places. 

IkteriptiMK 


miu. 


[Bombay  OueUw 


US 


DISTRICTS. 


k«r  ZI7.      Solomon  hill  becanec  agttea  used  to  bo  foasd  there,  and  also  h  tirtj 
Imeai.  Ooneeh  liill  buvauso  the  chief   of  s  group  u£  Buddhist  cavee 

in  its  luwcr  slopus  is  dow  a  t«mplu  ot  Gaupitti.     In  the  plun,  bei 
the  cud  of  thu  Oaneih  hill,  atand  a  few  ainglr  pcaks^  the 
of  tke  south-cnst  n>ur  of  ibo  Sulcmitn  range.     To  the  aoutb,  up 
the  east  fare  of  the  MAnmoda   range,  the  single   pyramid  hiU  <l| 
DudhAre,  with  iw  point  crowned  by  the  white  tomb  of  a   Mas&lmtf 
smnt  Pit  ShAh  DAvrI,  eomplctoe  t&e  circle. 

The  u&ual  L-ampiug  groundatJiuioarisin  the  B&raBAvotior  Twdni 
Well  garden  t*)  Ibo  south-west  close  under  the  ffreat  rocky  face rf I 
Shimmer.    From  theeaat  the  i-oad  to  the  Bara  fif&vdi  passca  tLruughl^' 
length  of  the  town  leaving  the  fortified  cncloeure  in  which  ore  tb 
mamlatdAr'a  and  other  officen  on  the  right  and  passing  among  splendU 
banian  and  pt/rai  trees  about  half  a  mile  to  the  oouth-tvost  of  the  tovik 
Another  pleasant  cumping  ground  lies   to  the  north  of  the  town  ia«^ 
large  garden  and  inango  grove  about  half  a  mile  to  th«  south  uf  itri' 
Oancsh   caves.     At  the   north-west  limits  uf  the  town    in  a  larp 
onelosure  are  two  good  bungalows  belonging  lo  the  Church  Miesionvf 
Society.     One  of  these  is  generally  occupied  by  the  resident  misHta* 
ary  ;  the  other  bungalow  is  usually   empty,  and,  by  the  kindness  of 
the  resident  missionary,  if  arrangements  are  made  bofooiehaiHi,  M 
generally  available  for  the  use  of  district  officers  and  other  tranl- 
lera. 

hviaion*.  The  town  covers  a  belt  of  land  over  a  mile  long  and  from  a  quartu 

to  half  a  mile  broud.  Within  these  limits  are  many  empty  spacer 
graveyards,  gardens^  and  tlie  walled  enclosuroa  of  old  fortified  man* 
aione.  The  town  is  divided  into  Ihirty-thre**  wards  or  sections,  some 
of  them  known  as  purd^  and  others  as  vditdf:,  of  which  thirteen  on 
outside  and  twenty-one  are  (»*ntral  sub-divisions.  The  outside  snb- 
divisions  are  ShukravAm,  Syedpura,  Pcthfonsumba,  MiUcha<niohalla 
called  after  a  saint  Mili  whose  raosquo  is  in  this  sub-di\'iBion,  Sepoy- 
mohalla,  Kothudpura,  Mansurpuru,  Mandai,  Kolvdupeth  called  after 
KalyduMusalmiins  who  founded  ilubuul  the  middle  of  tho  sevonteenA 
century  when  (1648)  Shivaji  took  Kalyan,  Malvdda,  Fakirp^^^ 
Khalilpura,  and  KhAleha  M^lvAda.  Tlio  twenty-one  central  sul^ 
di\-ieJon6  are  Chambhiir-Ali.  E«mbhAr-y.li,  Khatik-iUi,  Dhorvida, 
Mh^rvada,  Kasar-illi,  PiluchA-mohoHa,  SaddbazAr,  Chandipum, 
Syedv&tla,  Ovanbaz^r  called  after  Mr.  Ovans  an  assistant  culiector 
who  founded  it,  Yurchi-dli,  Shankurpura,  Murltdhar-clli,  Muhjijun-Al^ 
Sar^,  Aditvtfr,  Budhvdr,  K&gdivAdu,  E^darpura,  and  Mungolr^. 
In  Musulman  times  one  more  sub-division  to  the  east  woa  called 
Amrdvatiputh.  This  is  now  Amrapur  village  outside  of  Jiinnar 
limits. 

Tho  1872  census  showed  a  population  of  10,298  of  whom  S205 
were  Hindus  and  2093  Musalmans.  Tho  1881  returns  showed  an 
increase  of  seyenty-five  or  lO.^JT^i-of  whom  83G7  were  Hindus  including 
415  Jains,  and  2006  Muualmans.  Must  of  the  roads  in  Junuar  are 
narrow  and  full  of  corners.  They  aro  metalled  and  the  main 
thoroughfares  are  fairly  smooth  ana  clean. 

Junnar  houses  are  gonerally  one-storeyed  and  built  on  a  plinth 
a  loot  or  two  high.    The  walla  are  of  dressed  or  unworkcd  atone, 


mriit  or  eun-dripd  bricka,  or  white  earthy  and  somotimes  the  weight 
<if  the  roof,  which  in  almost  every  case  is  covered  by  rough  flat 
fcrown  tile*,  ie  borne  by  woo<len  pillars.  Some  of  the  fronts,  but 
these  bouses  ore  in  most  cases  used  as  shops  o«  well  qb  dwelling 
plaoes,  arc  enclosed  with  red  wooden  plonking'.  The  only  ornament 
u  that  occaaionally  doors  und  windows  end  in  a  rountlod  arch  with 
wainng  sides  in  the  MuBulm^u  pi-ayer-niche  or  nimddra  style.  A 
few  ol  the  double-store yed  houses  have  deep  eaves  and  Jorward 
beams  with  faeca  carved  m  tracery  and  other  ornament.  In  some  of 
the  richer  parts  of  the  town  the  street  fronts  of  the  houses,  chiefly 
houAes  belonging  to  Brdhman  moneylenders,  ara  blind  walla  with 
only  a  small  door  opening  on  a  courtyard. 

I  Junnar  has  28S  shops,  chiefly  in  the  six  sub-divisions  of  AditvAr, 
^  Budliviir,  EAgdi-viida,  Kalvdn-peth,  MangalvAr,  and  Sad^bazfir. 
The  shopkeepers  are  Gujar  Lingityot  and  M-irwar  Viinis,  Brd.hDiaus» 
Telis,  Salis^  Koshtis,  Kitsars,  Tarabolis,  and  Musalmdna.'  The  shops 
are  generally  the  fronU  of  one-storeyed  houses  which  are  sometimes 
open  with  a  deep  overhanging  eave  generally  tiled,  or  the  front  is 
closed  chiefly  by  wooden  planking.  In  a  few  of  the  bettor  class  of 
shops  belonging  to  grain-^lealers  and  grocers  the  front  is  used  as  a 
veranda  and  work  is  carried  on  in  an  inner  room.  The  chief 
articles  sold  are  grain  of  nil  sorts,  dry-fish,  oil,  erocories,  copper 
vessels,  turbans,  women's  robes,  blankets,  Europe  cloth,_wool,  hides, 
paper,  and  stationery.  Besides  shops,  along  the  Adilvar  and 
Badabazar  roads,  people  sit  by  the  rood-side  otfering  things  for  sale. 
The  sellers  arc  generally  women  of  the  Kunbi,  M&li,  and  Koli  castes 
who  oiTer  plunluius  and  other  fruit,  vegetables,  sugareaue,  mangoes, 
oraugea,  lemons,  grape,  and  melons.  Beaides,  generally  in  the 
mDrnings,  at  sevci-al  street-corners  in  Aditvar,  Budhvar,  and 
Sadibaziir  stand  groups  of  poor  Runbia  and  Eolis  with  bundles  of 
gnis«,  and  others  chiefly  Th^hurs  with  firewood  faggots.  In 
addition  to  the  daily  supplies  on  Sunday  the  market'^ay  about  2000 
people,  chiefly  Kuobis  Kolis  and  Th^kurs,  come  to  the  town.  There 
are  two  markets,  the  old  market  in  Aditr^r  ward  which  is  held  on 
either  aide  of  the  main  road,  and  the  Ovans*  Market,  a  broad  open 
space  along  the  north  wall  of  the  kot  or  fortified  enclosure  in  which 
ore  the  mAmIat(liir*B  and  other  Government  offices.  At  this  weekly 
market  oU  articles  of  daily  use  in  tho  town  ore  sold  in  large  quantities, 
especially  fruit,  vegetables,  and  field  produce.  Merchants  from 
diSeront  parts  of  tho  Juuuar  sub-dimlou,  and  from  Ahmodnagar, 
Akola,  Kahuri,  and  Sangumncr,  bring  large  quantities  of  grain  and 
coartte  cloth,  and  K^thodis  and  Thakurs  from  the  Kunkan  bring 
timber  and  wicker*work  baskets.  Kxccpt  tho  grain -merchants  they 
come  vrith  small  tents.  Goods  are  brought  in  carts  and  on  buUocK 
donkey  and  pony  back.  Ttio  market  is  bri^k  und  busy  from 
January  to  April  when  the  late   crops  are  harvested  and  ready  for 


Chaptsr 
Places. 

JeSKAB. 
ItoUM*. 


ShopB. 


1  Tbt  dttaits  of  ahon  an:  Sixty  of  VAoi  grain  de«l«n  uid  groean,  forty-eight  ot 
'  T>tr-de«Ier»,  thirty-ugkt  of  SAUb  and  Koshtii,  thlr^  of  oilmeo.  twenty  of  doth* 

Jira,  twenty  mikoaTlAiioous,  etgbtMO  of  aoldimitlw,  alvren  osch  of  botcl  Imt 
Bllen  Aod  mtrdift  or  noDey^ohsBgera,  tea  oach  at  ooufootiouera  and  cUklen  in  fmii 

'  veg«t&ble«.  lix  ot  iNUgfa-msken,  four  ol  coppenmittu,  and  two  of  dyen. 


fBomfafty 


iU 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XIV- 
PUcei. 

JVSSUL. 


Trmi9. 


the  market,  whra  rorenoe  initolmcnlB  are  paid,  an d  tho  peopU 
in  provieinns  for  the  monBoon.     Suppliea  fall  oiF  in  the  mmy  kt 
anu  lIiL'   market  is  dull     Tho  medium  of  exchangi*  are  silrer 
ooppcr  coin!)  luid  shells,  oightT  shells  for   Id.    {^  a.).     The  w 
coin  18  calitMl  s/nVrtit  uid  is  said  to  date  from  ShAhu  ( 1707  •  17 
There  is  no  barlvr  on  market  days.     In  the  amaller  outlying 
barter  is  resorted  to  by  the  Koukunie  if  any  of  their  gouds  ate 
muold   and  if  they  aro   in  want  of  doily  neceeaariefl.     The 
UtiolM  bartered  by  Eolis,  Eonkuuis,  and  Thdkura  are   ntiyli, 
bosket*,  oil,  onions,  and  salt.     Tho  people  with  whom  they 
are  Milis,  Telia,  and  VAnis. 

Tbo  origin  of  tho  importance  of  Junnar  as  a  trade  ccmtnT 
ncuniess  to  the  Ndna  pass  which. In  former  times,  at  leiist  from  as 
OS  about  D.c.  100,  WDB  one  o£  the  chit^f  highways  of  t  rudo  lx>tweeii 
Dcct-an  and  the  const.  Tho  pass  can  at  best  never  have  been 
£von  if  at  one  time  tho  rougli  slippcr\'  pavement  waa  a  flig^ht  of 
tiie  pass  must  have  been  diffii-ult  for  laden  biUlocks  and 
impassable  for  any  beast  of  burden  lar(^r  than  a  pony.  It  can 
be  mode  fit  for  wiieeU,  and  as  olhpr  routes  an?  provided  with 
roads  the  trade  of  Junnar  and  of  the  Nlina  pass  iH^romoa 
more  local.  In  the  fair  sooMm  considerable  numbers  of  pack 
may  be  seon,  ponies  bulhx-ks  and  donkeys,  chiefly  tho  pro^.-. 
Uusahu^s  and  of  Hindu  oilmen,  potters,  and  washemiuu,  carrj 
millet  and  rire  eastwards  lo  Junnar,  or  brining  salt  fish,  coooai 
salt,  and  rice  from  the  Konkan  coast.'  There  is  also  the  wore  pi 
local  traffic  of  taking  droves  of  sKeep  and  goats  and  great  ba 
loads  of  vegetables  and  other  giirden  produce  from  Juiinar  and 
villages  round  to  the  Konkan  villag<>s  and  country  towns  with  in 
ly  markets.  There  still  n^mains  tojtinnur,  what  along  with 
excellent  climate  must  always  have  told  strongly  in  its  favour  as  I 
capital,  the  rich  garden  and  other  lands  to  the  east  and  south.  Thii 
ricb  tract  slill  supplies  the  chief  trade  of  Junnar,  lield  and  Mrdoi 
produce  which  is  sent  in  carts  chiefly  about  forty-two  iniiM  to 
Talegaon  station  ou  tho  Peninsula  railway,  along  a  route  which  tbi 
SbelirvAdi  and  Karlc  caves  suggest  was  a  main  line  of  traffic  nhont 
1800  years  ago  in  the  days  of  Junnar's  greatness.  The  chief  f  ■ 
in  paper,  women's  robes,  blankets,  and  rice.  Exports  co:, 
paptir,  rice,  women's  robes,  potatoes,  phintuins,  onions,  chiiUc*, 
myrohalans,  wheat,  gram  and  millet,  molasses,  blankets,  sheep, 
homed  cattle.    The  imports  are  salt,  cocoanuts,  dried  tish,   rags 


*  The  following  d«tula,  noted  in  grjng  from  Jqdiuu-  Lo  Oliitgliitr  &t  tbe  bead  _ 
KAoa  [MM  on  Ibe  2(tth  of  December  iiiii'2,  give  aomt  idea  of  tbe  amonnt  and  iht 
n«t«r  of  tlie  present  trade  :  Fonr  Or  tive  bullocks  Oelonging  to  a  Pardesbi  and  di 


by  aTe]ii[oinK  vrunt  einiitv  tnbriQgfrDm  the  KqiiIcxiibiUi  Htid  cocxA-lrriiolB  and  aatsi 
adonlioy  dn%-en  liy  a  H«hUr  goiiitf  cut  With  local  millet:  a  bullock  ilnren  fa^  a 
Muulmin  going  auit  with  dried  finh  tthm  tbe  Konkan  ;  live  butlooka  ilrireo  liy  a  T«S 


f;ouig  weat  with  potatrioa  to  tho  Kunkan  ;  twii  Mna-dmiir*  bultockit  gi>)ng  oaat  wilk 
ocsl  rice  ;  a  Maanlin&n  driving  t«o'  buUocka  uoat  with  Konkan  ricv  :  a  potUr 
dnriDs«l«vcn  donkeys  etut  with  local  nc«  :  a  .tluaaluiAa  going  oaat  with  a  P"aj* 
load  III  iiiili:AMi ;  a  waahenuan  with  eleven  donkey*  ami  one  pony  going  coat 'with 
local  hoe ;  a  pony  with  gUns  brawlota  (mm  tbo  Konkan ;  a  potter  goind  taM 
wilhtiigbtModonkejrB  laden  with  loCi\l  rtc«  ;  apfittor  with  twantj  doalc«ya  pnauag 
•Mt  wiUi  Waal  no*  t  aod  a  pott«r  with  eleren  donkeys  pMsiog  Mat  with  looal  hot. 


i 


paper,  olothine,  oil^  g^'un,  nictuls,  grocerios,  stationery,  timber, 
cotton  and  silk  yam,  country  blimkots,  bangloe,  bullocks,  cows, 
btiffalocs,  and  ebecp.  The  chiei'  tradurs  both  uuportcfH  uud  exporters 
aro  VuuH,  Kuubis,  Mosalmiius,  Bohonia,  and  Ki&adrti.  Except  the 
donlcovfi  and  ponies  UBi-Hl  for  tlio  Nana  pass  traffic  carts  are  chiefly  in 
nee.     With  bi^lter  roads  and  a  brisker  demand  trade  ih  growing. 

The  chief  men  of  capital  in  Junnar    are    lociil   BrAhmana  and 

ujorat  Vdnis,  Shuivoks  or  Jains  by  religion,  and  a  few  MArw&r 

anie  also  Shravaks.    There  oi'e  also  some  old  grant-holders  and 

'Wnci-9  of  land,  chiefly   Musalmins ;  retired  Government  servants, 

rdhmans  and  MusaUn^na ;  sonie  barbers  traders  and  contractors 

ho  have  made  money  in  ilombay  ;   and  some  successful  oilmen  and 

oth   and  gniin  dealers.       'J'he  imported  cloth  trade  is  chiefly  in  the 

anda   of  (iuiarat   Vanis  and    the    loeal  cloth  trade  in  the  hands  of 

Alis,   ShtmpiH,  and    Kosbtis,    and  the  leading    grain-dealers    are 

irn-Ar  VAnis,     Of  monevlendcra  several  are  MusalmAns  and  a  few 

re    Hindu  craftsmen  Telis,  Salis,   and    Uajaras.   Traders,  chiefly 

drwar  V^nis,  also  lend  but  the  chief  nionoylending  class  in  Junnar 

are  the  Br^Umaue  who  have  loO  rieh  houses,  one  huudnxl  and  forty 

cf  them  Deshasth  and  t4>n  Kniikanosth  or  Chilpavau.     They  lend 

chiefly  to  Kolis,  Kanbis,  and  Tbriknrs. 

The  chief  looail  crofts  are  the  handloom -wearing  of  women's  robes 
and  turbans  and  the  making  of  paper.  The  handloom- weavers  of 
women's  robes  arc  Hindus  of  the  Siili  and  Koshti  castes.  The  SdUs, 
of  whom  tliere  are  sixty  liouscs,  livu  in  the  north-east  of  the  town  in 
Chandipura,  K:\darpuraj  Khnlilpiira,  and  Shukravar  peth.  The 
Koshtis  live  in  Khalilpura  and  Budhvdr  peth  in  the  north  of  the  town. 
They  ore  between  thirty  and  forty  families  who  came  from  Sangam- 
•     ner  in  Ahmadnagar  about  thirty  years  ago.     The  loom  is  simple 

twith  only  two  htddlcs.  There  is  nothing  peculiar  about  it  except  a 
stretcher  or  kiirsali  which  is  placed  by  the  weaver  in  front  of  him. 
Tt  atrctcJies  the  web  breadthways  and  forms  a  support  against  which 
the  reed  or  phani  is  pressed  to  bring  the  warp-thread  home.  The 
yam  is  imported  from  England  ;  the  rctl  comes  dyed  and  the  dark 
IS  dyed  in  Bombay.  The  robes  are  plain  without  urnamontal 
borders.  Almost  all  ore  used  in  the  town  :  very  few  are  exported. 
The  weavers  are  generally  labourers  paid  by  the  pioco  by  men  of 
Krnpital,  chiefly  Brahmans  and  Uujai's  and  a  few  Sdlis.  The  rates  of 
Bpiccc-work  vary  from  1*.  3(/.  to  \>t.  (Ks.  3  - '2)  representing  7^<i. 
to  0(/.  (5-0  a*.J  a  day.  Except  during  part  of  the  rainy  months 
(July-October)  work  is  constant  all  the  year  round.     In  the  same 

auarter  of  the  town  or  the  Eoshlis  ore  about  eighteen  houses  of  the 
[uMalm&n  hand  loom -weavers  called  Moroins  They  moke  turbans 
and  borderless  t>ddU  on  a  small  loom.  The  turbans  aro  generally 
rod  and  oiTiameuted  xvith   a  border  of  gold  thread.     The  weavers 

tare  almost  all  employed  by  men  of  capital.  They  are  paid  by  the 
piece  at  the  sonic  rale  as  the  Koshlis.  The  turbans  are  sold  in 
the  town  and  the  outlying  \-ilhiges*or  sunt  to  Akola,  Poonftf  and 
iBiuigamncr. 
A  little  to  the  north  of  the  Ivr.Hlitis  and  Mnmin  weavers  are  the 
quarters  uf  the  Musulinau  papcr-mukers  or  X-a^(/i9,  who  have  about 
■  S60  -Ifi 


I 


Chapter  ZIV- 
Flaeee- 

JUN5AB. 


Cajntat. 


CntU. 


Paper  Ht 


(Bombaj 


DiSTRicra 


Ohiipter  XIT- 
Plaow- 
■  JVincAit. 

BttmtfU. 


ranicip«Uty. 


Takr  Supply. 


Objwtt. 


ofl 


ft  htmilrDd  dwellings  and  forty-two  workiiiff  houses.    The  funilii»l 
been  N'tlltHl  iu  Jutuuir  appurcntly  aiuuc  MuwilmAn  tiine«.     Tbr  ^ 
which  iAHmoolh  and  glonHV  ia  solil  at  CmI.  to  U.  (k£.  (4-12  at.)  ay44 
of  24^1  Ahoi.^1rt.     It  JH  ublhI  ill  Govuruiuirut  officspfi  for  envelope  aadl 
native  tnort'huntii  fur  accnuat  bfXikB.     ll  is  rhioHy  tistxl  iu  the  mti 
states  and  is  largely  exported  to  Poona  and  Sholiipux.     Sodip 
Mpor-iiuikers  aro  indept-ndont  traders,  others  borrow   chioflv  _ 
Oujar  muneylendere.     According  to  the  nature  of  the  work  tiie 
earn  \\d.  to  <Jt/.  (1-4  a».)  a  day.    Except  in  monsoon  floods  wlual 
river  water  is  muddy,  thu  work  is  stciuly. 

Country  blankota  are  wuvcn  lu  the  Dudhv^r  and  Shiikravor  iri 
by  about  thirty-tivp  familirs  of  IlhaiiKars  and  Hintlu   Kbatik*. 
blankets  aro  sold  in  the  toviH  and  in  the  Tlulna  villu{(es  at  thu  U 
the  Sabyiidris. 

The  municipality,  which  was  established  in  1861,  hacl  in  \9i^\ 
an  income  of  about  ^•OIS  (Ra.  5120)  chiefly   from  a    house-tax, 
an  expenditure  uf  about  XI9o  (Rs.  lOoO).     Xliu  municipality 
borrowed  illWOO  (Rs.  ;i;i,UOO)  to  build  a  reservoir  to  suppiemeal 
existing  water-supply. 

The  town  is  supplied  with    Water  partly  from    the     Kukdj 
chiefly    by    water    hrnught    in    eartlien    pipes    from   thre« 
It  is    received  in  eighteen  ciBtems  measuring  on  an  average 
twelve  feet   by  eight,  each  with  a  pipe   through  which   the 
flows.      The  wells  are  one  called  RilriibAvdi  or  tbo  Twelve 
close  to    the  south    of  the  town  which  feeds  twelve    cisterns, 
two  at  the  base  of  Shivner  hill  which  feed  six  cisterns.     The  t  wo 
which  are  partly  bnllt  of  Hin<lu  temple  stones,  are  near  each  ot. 
the  west  of  Shi\Tier  hill  and  joined  by  an  underground  channel, 
cisterns    hold    water    for    eight    months.      In    the      hot     raonl 
(Murch-May)  the  supply  in  the  well  runs  short  and  oiuks  below 
level  of  the  pipes,  and  the  water  has  to  bo  raised  by  working^  Pits 
wheels,     The  new  reservoir  is  being  built  to  the   west  of   xUg  I 
The  wuter-works  are  uf  MusultuAu  couslruetiou  probably  older 
the  seven t4X'nth  century.     A  few  cistt'iTjs,  built  by  the  mnnicii 
and  private  persons,  are  kept  in  repair  by  the  municijMility. 
Bfirt^bavdi,  which  was  private  property,  was  bought  by  Goren 
and  made  over  to  the  niunicipality. 

The  town  has  of  public  omces  u  mdmlatdilr's,  subordinaf.  * 
police,  forest,  and  regislrulion  offices,  u  municipal  office,  a  li . 
and  a  Government  and  u  missiuu  t«chool.  Most  of  the  public  i  >lIicT*s ; 
coUecte^l  in  the  Syedvrtda  in  the  south-west  of  the  town  in  or  near 
walled  enclosure  or  garden  which  is  known  us  the  hot.  This,  which  fa' 
a  Musulmun  work,  eaclosoa  an  area  300  yards  from  north  to  south 
by  about  220  from  east  to  west,  like  a  great  gaixlen  vrith  sovei 
fine  pipal  and  banian  trees.  The  wall,  which  varies  from  six! 
to  twenty  feet  high,  is  strengthened  by  fourteen  towers  twenty-, 
to  twenty-seven  feet  higher,  o^which  four  are  in  the  comers,  thi__ 
each  in  the  north  and  east  faces,  and  two  each  in  the  south  and  weit 
faoBB.'     The  wall  le  of  rough  stone  below  and  white  mud  above,  and 


Wd 


ithdrl 


toi 


1  The  towvr  to  tb«  north  oE  the  gate  is  o»IM    PlidUk,   that  to  the  «niCli-eut 
coratr  ICangin,  and  thkt  iu  tJie  oortli  vest  Cbaok. 


POONA. 


U7 


towers  are  some  of  them  of  white  mud  and  otheni  of  brick 

thor  Bun-dried   or  firt-lmkud.      It  ia  entered    through  a    strong 

Uewuy  in  the    east  imx.      Inside,    the  chief   buildings   arc    the 

itdir's  office  towanla  the  north  of  the  enclosure  with  two  wings, 

eofll  wing  for  a  lock-up  and  a  woBt  wing  for  a  record-room.     To 

le  euftt  id  a  small  forest  offir-e  and  to  the  north  is  the  office  of  the 

ief  constable.      To  the  south  is  tbo  munaif'a  court  and  further 

)st  is  a  dwelUng  house  interesting  as  having  been  from  171^4  to 

17115  the  place  of  coniinoment  of  lJAjir6v(179G-1817)  the  laat  of  tlie 

^eahwas.      Behind  are   the  remains  of  an  uld  MusalmAn  buth   or 

■bmdmJkAdna  and  to  the  south  is  a  ruined  mosque.      Under  a  tr«e 

Sear  the  mimlutd^r's  office  is  an  old  carved  stone,  and  in  the  west 

wall  of  the  tower  to  the  south  of  the  entrance  gate  is  a  stone  with 

some  MarAthi  writing. 

Outride  of  tbe  gate  on  the  right  is  the  Govommont  school,  a  large 
modem  onc-storcyod  building.  Across  the  road  is  the  dispensary 
and  a  Uttlo  along  the  road  tu  the  north  uu  the  left  is  the  Mission 
^rls  school.  The  dispensary  which  was  established  in  1869  traated 
m  1S83  nine  inpatients  and  6392  out]uitients  at  a  cost  of  £76  &t, 
(Bs.764).  The  post  office  is  about  380  yards  to  the  north,  and 
the  munifipaj  office  {a  at  the  west  end  of  the  Sudar  or  chief  bazdr. 
It»  the  south  or  street  wail  of  the  municipal  office  is  a  small  tablet 
with  a  I'ersian  inscription  dated  11.1049  that  is  \.d.  1639. 

The  mission  bungalows,  in  a  large  enelosuro  in  the  north-west  of 
the  town,  are  plain  one-storeyed  buildings,  well  designed,  and  of 
good  size.  The  bungalow  to  the  north-west  is  generally  oi;cupied 
by  the  resident  missionary,  the  other  is  usually  empty.  About  1 50 
yaids  to  the  west  of  the  bungalows  is  a  small  graveyard  with  a  few 
Christian  tombs.' 

The  kot  is  almost  the  only  part  of  the  old  fortifications  which  is 
at  all  in  repair.  About  hall  a  mile  to  the  south-west  of  the  kot,  just 
under  Shivner,  is  a  space  about  640  yards  by  500,  surrounded  by  a 
ruined  mud  wall  known  as  the  Juna  ^aitkala.  Of  the  walls  which 
once  surrounded  the  town  few  traces  remain.  Beginning  from  the  east 
and  going  round  by  the  south  and  west  tu  the  north  the  walla  had 
twelve  gates  :  Ilutti,  Phansumbu,  Litl-ves,  PhiStak,  Ovan-banAr-Tes, 
Aditviir,  Kathvar.  Fukirpura,Otur,  Delhi,  Agar,  and  NAgjhiri.  Two 
of  these,  Otur  and  Pbansumba,  are  in  good  repair ;  six,  Aditvdr, 
Agnr,  Fakirpura,  Ljil-ves,  Nngjhiri,  and  Uvan-bazftr,  are  in  ruins; 
and  of  the  remaining  four  BudhvAr,  Delhi,  Haiti,  and  Ph/itak  no  trace 
U  left.  The  Otur  (IS' X  10)  and  Phansumlw  (30'x  12')  gjites  are 
built  of  stone  m:isonry.  Over  the  Phansumba  gate  is  a  small  room 
rearhed  by  a  flight  of  steps.  Of  Aditviir  (16'  x  10'),  built  of  stone  and 
mud,  tbe  walls  remain  and  of  Agar  traces  of  the  stone  walls  are  left. 
Fakirpura  (17' X  7)  was  built  of  stone  and  mud,  Lil-ves  (I5*x  8')  of 
Btone  burnt  brick  and  mud,  and  the  Ovan-baziir  (16'  x  12")  entirely  of 
mud.  Of  Nagjhiri  only  two  stone  widls  remain.  In  Sopoy-mohalla, 
in  Che  sooth  of  the  town  along  the  nocth  bunk  of  the  Lend!  stream, 
tije  remains  of  the  wall.  There  is  the  LAl  DarvAja  or  Red  (jruto,  a 
inare  wooden  door  with  old  carved  Hindu  stones  m  the  side  walls. 


'  Oa  two  of  tiie  tomlia  am  iiuwriptloaa. 


Chapter  ZIV. 
Flacei. 

Objoota. 


Gutot. 


E  Bombay 


Ud 


DISTBICTS. 


Chftptor  SIT- 

Places. 

Jdmhab. 

Obj«ct«. 


Old  WtlU. 


The  walls  are  about  twenty  fcol  high,  roagh  stono  for  the  fint 
foet  and    then  8un-<lri«l  brick  and  wliito  airlh.     To  the  MHittt  d 
gate  was  a  dun,  and  auolbur  dam  »oiuo  dii«TunL'(.^   further  mads 
part  of  the  stream  bed  or  mont  fit  I'nr  l*outa.     Of  thu  old  fi 
mansions  the  most  notnblo  in  in  Muugalvdr  pvtb.     About  230  . 
north-vast  of  the  mimicipal  otbce  on  the  luit  ia   a   lar^u  oncl* 
ent«rc>d  by  ao  old  gateway  with  a  wall  of  white  earth  and.  bud- 
brick.     The  place  belonjrs  to  the  NawAb  of  Beiha,  twcuty>oae 
Bonth.oast  of  Junuar.  who  now  \vf\i^  chiefly  in  Surat,  uud  U  da 
and  empty-     An  ioscriptiou  uver  the  entrance  shofva  that  it  wai 
in  ll.lu3':i  (a.d.]o22).     Exwpt  the  Uuddbiat  cavea    (a.i>.  100 
and  the  YMdav  cisterns  on  Hhivuer  (1050-1290)   of  which 
accounts  are  given,  there  are  few  uld  Hindu  remaina.      Curved 
ftnd  pillars  are  found  oocasionally  either  lying  by  the  roodaide  of 
into  the  walls  of  Muaalnutn  tombs  and  mosquea  or  of  modem  hi 
The  style  of  omamcut  shows  thot  they  belong  to  both  Br4bman 
Join  temples  and  the  style  of  earviu^-  is  considered  by  Dr.  B 
to  vary  from  the  ninth  to  the  thirteenth  centuries,' 

Besides  those  fragments  are  three  wells  in  the  old  luort/trlcas  HI 
style  known  as  HeniAdpanti.     About  200  paces   to  the  north- 
of  the  raAmlatdAr's  office,  near  a  great  banian  tree    whono    roots 
ruining  it.  is  an  old  step-well  of  large  black  stones  built  wii 
mortar  in  the  Ucuutdpanti  style.     In  the  enclosure  at  the  mou 
the  well  are  some  old  pillars  dinded  into  foar-sided  eight-aided 
round  bands,  broken  by  the  pointed  lines  of  a  pyramid  om. 
In  the  Booth  of  the  town,  about  370  yards  from  tho  L&I  gato, 
large  uncared-for  garden  or  orchard,  is  the  Kundol  Bdvrli  or  F 
Well,  a  large  well  of   great  dressed   stones   fitted   wilhont   mi 
It  is  entered  from  tho  south  by  a  fHght  of  steps  which    runa  al 
half-way  to  the  water  and  then  turns  to  the  west.     About  a  qi 
of  a  mile  to  the  north-east  is  Kavlya'a  well,  a  rough  work   of 
plain  dressed  stones  put   together  ivithout  mortar.     It  ia  euterrd 
a  flight  of  steps  from  the  euat. 

Of  modern  Hindu  temples  Junuar  has  about  sixty,  two  of  which  5- 
Jain.  Of  the  BrAhmauicul  temples,  which  are  also  used  n»  rwt* 
houses,  seven  are  well  managed  and  enjoy  Government  grant*  of 
about  £30  (Rs.  300).  Tho  rest  arc  poor,  many  of  them  fulling  oo* 
of  use  for  want  of  funds.  The  uhicf  temples  are  of  PaTiehlia^. 
Ganputi,  I'dtdleahvar,  Vttaroshvar,  and  ThAkurdvAr.  Tho  Panehling 
temple  is  at  the  foot  of  Shivner  hill  about  half  a  mile  west  of  th« 
town.  The  temple  with  a  hall  und  a  shrine  has  a  dome  pointed 
with  tigers,  lions,  and  Hindu  gods.  Tho  temple  enjoys  a  yearly 
grant  of  £G  (Rs.  GO)  and  was  built  about  1800.    Attached  to  tha 


i^ 


1  The  ahifif  stonM  notwl  wore  :  In  the  Muth-wwt  of  th«  town  in  the 
citailel  B  l>n>kcD  pillar,  nik)  n  few  CAn^od  >toa«ii  in  thv  AvI  waII  ;  bohio  cftrv«d 
hy  tbd  roadiitdo  clow  io  the  TDisdinii  scliool  ;  tbc  pUlnm  ne&r  the  IJcinAHfMnti 
ctvtv<^4l  ittimea  iu  the  iJd  ^Xa  iii  tho  »riijth  ntnl  in  Hvveinl   huusva  near  ;  s  piUaf 
a  carved  etonu  ouUidc  of  tlio  vma\  mUi  \  at  Ambdjiur  un  the  why  to  Atia 
Umplc  of  MAntti  witli  several  flaely  carvwl  etoaos,  auionfi;  them  a  niw  of 
from  a  frii>ze  on  the  Elephant  gatu   whcwo  aite  a  litUa  to  the  eaat  in  etill  marl 
tw«>  <'lpiiliftiits  ;  in  a  culvert  a  little  further  eiut  :  and  in  MuaalmiUi  tombs  on  the  way 
to  the  MAmuoda  hills. 


J 


POONA. 


140 


._>ple  is  a  rost-houee,  two  cistema,  and  a  fillcd-up  well.    Ganpati's 
fmple  in  Aditvar  peth,  at  which,  ofleringa  are  made  in  all  thread- 
ling  and  marriage  cereraouicB,  is  said  to  have  been  built  abuut 
!0.    Uttareahvar  temple  lien  half  a  mile  east  of  the  toMrn  on  the 
[okdi,  and  ia  approached  by  a  flight  of  stone  stepa.     It  is  like  a  one- 
toreyed  dwelling^  houRe  with   a  tiled  roof,  and,  as  it  is  surrounded 
^y  fields,  it  is  pleasantly  green  in  the  hot  weather.     PdtAlcshvar 
»mplo  is  a  sniall  underground  shrine  (l^*  X  10'),  approaelied  by  a 
fht  of  steps,  on  the  north  or  Luft  bauk  of  the   kukdi.  about  a 
die  uortk  of   the   towu.     The   Ivmple  enjoys  a  small  Goverument 
it,     Thakurdvir    temple,    dedicated    to    Krishna,   is    a  domed 
lilding  on  the  Kukdi,  half  a  mile  nortk  of  the  town.     All  the  other 
imples  are  like  ordiuary  dwellings.     They  an*  poor,  some  not  able 
afford   even   a  night   light.      Only  Brrflinians  worship   in   the 
^anchling  temple  ;  in  the  other  temples  all  Hindus  except  Jains. 
Of  the  two  Jttin  t«.-raples  one  is  in  the  liudhvdr  peth  and  the  other 
the  Phunsumbu  ward.      The  lludhv&r  peth   temple,    wkieh   is 
tcdicated  to  Pflrasn^th.  is  largo  and  rich,  a  three-storeyed  building  in 
le  dwelling-house  style  with  a  gable  roof  and  surrounded  by  a  brick 
rail  acvon  feet  high.     The  first  storey  is  used  for  daily  religious 
leetings  whieh  are  attended  by  about  6fty  Jains  out  of  the  Jain 
immunity  of  415,  ehiefly  GujarAt  VAnis  cloth-dealers  and  money- 
snders.     The  second  storey,  which  contains  the  shrine  with  a  naked 
ige  of  PdrasnSth,  has  a  middle  hall  and  two  wings.     The  floor 
paved  with  coloured  marble  and  the  walls  have  glass-covered 
liutings  of  Jain  gods.     The  et>iling  is  of  curveil  teak  and  the  shrine 
toors  are  lined  with  silver.     The  third  storey  is  used  as  a  store-room. 
Lttacfaod  to  the  temple  is  a  courtyard  (48' x  17')  paved  with  well- 
»8»d  stones.     The  yard  has  a  well  and  a  bathing  place.     The 
*mple  was    built    by    the    Jains  of    Juunar   at   a   cost  of  £3000 
i.  30,000)  and  is  maintained   by   a   managing   committee   from 
iringfl  in  grain  and  cash.     The  temple  has  a  paid  ministrant  who 
iads  and  explains  the  holy  books. 
The  chief  Mnsalmiin  remains   are  mosques   and  tombs,  a  large 
Jrayer  wall  on  rising  ground  to  the  south  of  the  town,  and  the  fine 
ision  in  the  Afiz  Bdgh.     Of  the  mosques  the  chief  is  the  Jdma 
[asjid  or  Public  Mosque.     It  stands  near  the  middle  of  the  town  a 
[itle  to  the  east  of  the  kM  or  citadel.     The  outer  door,  with  an 
iscription  over  it  dated  H.  1235  (a.d.  1818),  is  modem.      In  the 
losque,  whieh  measures  sixty-six   feet  by  fortv-thrce,  arc  three 
)W8  of  carved  masonry  pillars,  apparently  old  Hindu,  with  in  each 
JW  six  pillurs  and  pilastera     For  seven  to  nine   feet  from   the 
round  tnt*  pillars  are  four-sided,  and  then  there  is  an  eight-sided 
'It,  and  then  three  rows  of  cornice  end  in  square  capitals  which 
ffiipport   a   ven,'   massive  limber  roof  with  in   the  east  front  deep 
finely  carved    eaves   and    flying    brackets.      Except  on    the    gate 
there  is  no  inscription.    To  the  east  is  a  shady  yard  thirty  paces 
by  thirty-five  with  a  well  and  cis^rn  and  to  the  south  is  a  rest- 
house.     Of  the  other  mosques,  one  in  good  i-epair  to  the  south  of 
the  town  may  he  taken  as  a  sample.     The  Roshan  Mosque,  about 
tliirly  ynrds    to  the  south   of  the   LAl   gate,  measures   42'   by   Ift'. 
Jt  iii  entered  from  the  east  through  a  pointed  arch  which  fills  the 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places,     fl 

Object*. 
Temptu. 


MuBalm&n 

Remoins. 


CSuiyUrXIT. 

PUOM. 
JrHXAB. 

IumIbuMi 


il*rrhttmi't 
Tomb. 


whole  cost  front.  luiride  are  tbi-e>c  domes  nesting  on  two  eightHUi 
pillRnit,  ft  prnr^r  nit-he  in  the  middle  ol  the  weet  wall,  and  AIM 
nnlhm  t-d  in  diumond-^hapcd  nwcemu.  Along  the  top  of  Ibo  east  Ini 
runei  a  plntn  stom^  euvo  KupjKirtod  by  stone  brackot«.  About 
Vnnirt  to  thti  east  is  n  donu-d  ti>mb,  T  6'  by  16'  and  14'  high 
tlic  Mukarbu.  Tho  tonibn  hiivo  almi^ei  all  eqoaro  bodies  of 
masonry  tho  sides  either  with  oi>cii-p(->»lcod  arches  or  mosonrrfj 
The  Miuarc  bodies  ore  capped  bv  brick  domes,  et>ine  of  thom 
and  otnent  pointed.  The  foUovmff  are  tho  details  uf  the  '" 
GumbaK  or  Merchant's  Tomb,  tnu  finest  Musalman 
Junnur. 

On  a  roi»c<l  plot  of  ground  in  the  centre  of  a  rais4>d  ene 
about  0  mile  to  liio  east  of  the  tomb,  is  it  large  Mu^nlm&n  to: 
chief  trace  of  Muaulnuin  wealth  and  power  in  Junnur.  It  is 
as  tho  Merchant's  Dome  or  Saudjlgar  QumboK.  The  biitldi 
a  body  shout  Bfty-t\vo  feet  square  of  plain  stone  maaunry 
thirty  fret  hiph,  n  heavy  brick  and  stucco  comiee  several  feet 
»Tid  a  Inrpe  round  dome  which  rises  about  twenty  foet  a 
body  of  the  buikling.  About  twenty  feet  fn>m  the  g^round 
bann  of  masonry,  about  sis  inches  broad,  dindts  the  body 
building  into  two  pirts  or  storeys,  an  under-storry  about 
and  uQ  upper-storey  about  ton  feet  hiffh.  Each  of  tho  four 
of  the  undcr-storey  is  di\'ided  into  three  rectangular  recesses 
18'  f*"  high  ir  5'  broad  and  2'  deep,  separated  from  the  ground 
a  plinth  or  band  of  masonry  about  I '  9'  high  by  4'  deep.  The  ecn 
recess  in  the  south  face  is  surrounded  by  a  belt  of  simple  ean 
about  six  inches  broad;  the  other  recesses  are  plain.  y--^..^- 
each  rectangular  recess  are  two  recesses  with  pointed  nri 
outer  arched  recess  measuring  16'  6"  long  by  10'  2"  broad  a; 
inches  dtMrp,  and  the  inner  n^cess  measuring  15'  5* 
broad,  and  1'  2"  deep,  Kxoept  in  the  middle  of  the  south  aud  m  ll«| 
middle  of  the  east  face,  where  there  are  doors,  the  only  omameal 
iu  these  nxcbcd  recesses  is  u  belt  of  simple  carving  about  a 
broad  that  crosses  them  about  nine  aud  a  half  feet  from  the  g^ 
where  the  spring  of  the  arch  begins.  There  arc  also  two  sm 
round  carvings  of  flowers  on  each  side  about  a  foot  aboTC  the  be 
On  all  four  fronts  tho  details  of  the  outer  rectangular  recess  and  ti 
two  inner  arched  recesses  are  tho  same  exfxfpt  at  the  two  ontrunc«Jl 
in  t}io  middlu  of  the  south  face  and  la  the  middle  of  the  euHt  fuoij 
In  the  inner  arched  recess  in  the  middle  of  the  south  face  is  a  plul 
doorway,  6'  4"  high  bj'  3'  6"  broad.  Over  tho  door  two  carT«4 
brackets  support  an  ovorhanging  band  of  stone  about  a  foot  broad 
On  the  Willi,  sheUered  by  tho  overhanging  stone,  is  an  Arabi 
inscription  iu  three  piei-cs  of  two  Hues  each.  About  afoot  higher  i 
a  window  (4*  3"  X  3' 5")  with  a  pointc<l  orch  filled  with  open  elud 
tracery,  a  largo  central  star  or  suntlowcr  above,  and  two  bands  0 
throo  stars  each  below.  On  cifhor  side  of  the  central  star  are  shoi^ 
Arabic  inscriptions.  Below  tho  window  is  a  belt  of  simplo  carrtnjj 
and  on  each  side  ore  three  bolts  of  carving.  Except  two  carra 
grooves  the  wall  on  each  side  of  the  door  is  plain  for  about  four  feel 
Then,  about  four  feet  from  the  ground,  the  comers  of  tho  arched 
recesses    are   carved    into   pilasters    with    throe    hourglass-ahape^ 


i 


POONA. 


ipartmenU  aoparatcd  by  squareB  of  Iracery.    There  arc  inscrip- 

ma  nt  tlio  tojxs  of  the  outer  unci  inner  piluiitera  on  the    ngbt  niac 

of  the  inner  pilaster  on  the  Wft  side.     Outside  of  the  pilasters  a 

id  of  trat*ry  surroimds  the  rectangulur  recess.     In  tho  threshold 

I A  line  of  carved  stones. 

Id  the  up|K.'r  storey  in  each  of  the  four  fronts  are  five  rectangular 

about  seven  feet  by  tive  with  in  each  a  doubl*>-arched  recess, 

ie  comers  of  the  recess  being  cut  further  back  briow  the  spring  ol 

le  arch  th:in  above  it.     Over  the  n^ctanguhiv  recesses  nin  two  bunds 

stone  carving,  each  about  nix  inclies  broad.     Above  the  carving  is 

le  heavy  cornice,  whose  bricks,  showing  through  the  weather-worn 

loeo,  have  a  mean  and  ragged  look. 

Except  that  no  belt  of  tracery  Burronnds  the  central  rectangular 

"ccss  and  that  the  door  is  sinullcr  and  plainer,  the  east  face  is  the 

le  as  the  south  face.     The  door  has  a  pointed  arch  and.  measures 

•TCu  feet  by  four.     BcBidea  the  belt  t^  carding  that  crosses  thp 

rge  arc^hcd  recesses,  a  belt  runs  inwards  along  the  sides  of  the  door 

the  ppring  of  the  door-arch.     Above  the  rectangular  recess  are  a 

ivel  and  an  upright  belt  of  carving  and  un  inscription  on  either  side 

the  upright  belt.     The  north  ond  west  faces  arc  the  same  as  the 

5t  face  except  that  they  have  no  doors. 

Inside  the  tomb  meneui-es  35'  10*  east  and  west  by  33'  7*  north 

'  and  south.     The  inner  walls  arc  eight-sided  with,  in  each  side  or  face, 

'  Dii  outer  and  an  inner  pointed  arched  i-ocess.     The  height  of  the  outer 

is  about  19'  9"  and  the  depth  eight  inches  :  the  inner  recess  is 

)out  ten  inches  lower  and  a  loot  deeper.     About  a  foot  above  the 

lints  of  the  arche<l  recesses  wooden  beams,  perhaps   originullv   the 

ipports  of  u  carved  wood  cornice  or  screen,  stand  out  all  round  about 

)ur  feet  from  the  wall.     About  six  feet  higher  in  each  face,  three 

octangular  panels  contain  niches  with  pointed  arches  separated  by 

ilain  pilasters.     Where  the  eight  comers  of  the  main  building  turn 

ito  the  base  of  the  round  dome  a  small  carved  bracket  supports  the 

lasourv  thai,  rounds  ofi'  the  comer.     Above  the  brackets,  at  the  base 

the  dome,  a  circular  belt  of  letters  is  cut  in  stucco  about  two  feet 

Above  a  stucco  cornice  about  three  feet  brood  is  separated 

ito  panels  by  eight  pillars,  one  over  each  of  the  brackets.     Abore 

le  cornice,  corresponding  to  the  centre  of  each  of  the  eight  faces, 

a  round  ornament  of  stucco  tracery.     From  this  the  dome  rises 

^bout  twenty  feet  higher,  plain  and  round.    Of  the  eight  faces  or 

des  of  the  building,  the  four  to  the  north  east  south  and  west  have 

cither  dfxprs  or  door-likc  niches.     The  other  four  to  the  north-east, 

^south-east,  south-west,  uud  uorth-west  are  semicu-cular  recesses  about 

^beven  feet  deep  with  five  sides  rising  to  a  poiuted  dome.     The  walls 

^^f  these  recesses  arc  plain,  except  that  about  seven  feet  from  the 

ground  they  are  crossed  by  a  belt  of  five-peaked  omimienls  like 

mitres  with  flo^\■ing  fillets  about  two  foet  broad.     About  a  foot  above 

the  mitro  peak  runs  a  slight  omaipental  belt  or  carving.     At  the 

foot  in  the  back  wall  of  each  on  opening,  about  2'  9*  x  1'  9",  leads  to 

^1  small  chamber  or  store-room. 

B    In  the  four  other  udos  arc  doors  or  door-like  recesses.    In  the 
^west  face  in  the  inner  arched  recess  is  uu  obloug  recess  ( 10'  4'  x  5'  10") 


Chapter  ZX\ 
Places. 
JtmitAR.  I 

ManlmAa 
Kcnukias. 

Mrrrkant't 
Ttmb. 


k 


mb 


tBoatarOi 


152 


DISTRICTS. 


kptwXXT- 

iPUow. 

ItiiainiAn 
1*. 


BAi/k. 


and  insidp  of  the  oblong  receits  an  arched    rocoes  (9'  '£"  x 
AboQtfotirand  n  halt'  t'oct  from  the  grotiDd,  the  comers  of  tb«l 
arcli  are  cut  awny,  and,  a  foot  U^low,  an-  furved    intu  pihutenl 
hour-glass  or  wnt^jr-pot  secttouei  ert-paroled  by  sqaore  blocks. 
rctvea  in  three  feol  deep.     The  lower  part  is   in    thrcf  fairs 
carved  into  the  ronnd-lopped  prayer  Diche  patiom  about  4'  S"; 
Above  arc  two  bands  of  thv  Kuniu,  theu  a  half  domp   in  four 
with   a  bt'li  of  tracery,  and  a  baud  of  the  Kur&n.     The  face 
rectangular  enclosure  ab(»vp  the  pruyrr  niclip  is  car\*ed   with 
and   truccry,  and  above  tho  rectangular  reciess  the  fnoe  of  then 
pointed  arch  has  seven  level  bands  of  writing  and  two  lin^^  at 
aide  nmuing  up  aud  down. 

In  the  north  face  within  the  inner  archwl    rt;<  M 

recees  (4'7'x)r).  Within  thi»  ore  two  arched  i*- 
13*  X  6'  and  1'  dppp  and  the  inner  12' X  4'  2"  and  1  4" 
the  back  wall,  about  eight  feet  from  the  ground,  enclc 
rectangular  block  of  tracery,  is  a  huup-niche  (2'  9"  x  I'  QTiiil 
roimded  mchnih  or  prayer-recess  ahapo.  A  belt  of  carving  rt*| 
across  tbc  arched  recess  about  6'  9"  from  the  ground,  and  about  St\ 
from  the  ground  the  corners  uf  the  rectangular  reocas  are  out  awfl 
and  end  in  a  scroll  patteiii. 

In  the  oast  face  the  rectangular  recees  and  the  oater  of  the 
pointed  arch  reoesses  are  tlio  same  as  thoAe  in  the  nortlx  foos. 
mncr  arch  forms  a  doorway  11'  long  by  4'  broad  ajid  3*  2'  dfl^l 
The  corner  of  the  outor-arched  rece«s  about  six  and  a  hulf  feet  itm\ 
the  ground  is  cut  back  about  1'  6"  and  ends  in  a  double-rolli^d 
In  the  south  face,  inside  uf  ii  rectangular  recess,  tho  same  aa  in 
north  face,  lean  inner  arched  recess  13'  10'  high.  Tiie  upper  jn**! 
b  a  poiuted  window  (4'.3'x3'5")  with  open  tracery.  Under  ti* 
window  is  a  band  of  plain  atone  about  2'  6'  broad^  then  a  door  6'  f ' 
high  by  4'  S*"  broad  and  3'  deep,  the  comers  of  the  rcctanguttf] 
reoese  being  cut  bach  about  six  inches  on  each  side  of  the  dooi 
ending  in  a  scroll  pattern  about  o  4'  from  the  ground. 

The  floor  of  the  tomb  was  originally  nearly  filled  with  a  platfow] 
about  27'  4'x  19'  T.     The  north  port,  which  is  7'  7'  broad  and  '3' 4' 
high,  remains,  but  most  of  the  south  part,  which  wa«   nine   inchta] 
lower,  has  been  broken  away.     In  the  north  part  of  the  platf urm  tl| 
a  row  of  eight  tomb-atones  var}iug  iu  length  from  2'  lO*"  to  -V.     Tfc 
Btoue  tairiit  laid  ou  the  tops  pf  the  tomh-stoncs  show  that  all  oxc«{ 
two  are  men's  tombs.     The  stones  on  the  south  port  of  the  platic 
have   disappeared.      There    ia    a  separate  tomb-stone  (4'   lO'x' 
opposite  the  east  dour.     The  tomb  is  used  as  a  rest-house  and 
floor  is  covered  with  ashes  and  dust. 

About  a  mile  to  the  east  of  the  Merchant's  Tomb  and  two 
to  the  east  of  the  town  is  the  Kafz  or  Afiz  Bf&gh.     Its  unlailii 
supply  of  water,  fine  trees,  un&  stately  oldMusalm^n  mansion,  on 
it  worth  a  visit.     Its  name  is.  variously  explaimKl  but  perhaps 
most  plausible  es^planatiun  is  one  wliich  makes  Atiz  a  corruptaoai 
Habshi,  the  garden  and  the  mansion  having,  according  to  a       " 

tion,  been  in  the .  poeBeauon  of,  if  not  founded  by,  an  Abyv 

chidf.     The  mansion  ia  on  upj)er-Htoreyed  substantial  but    not 


BUD-] 


POONA. 


in 


ilegant  building ;  three  balcony  windows  on  the  south  canopied 
id  supported  by  Bomewbat  heavy  looking  bracketa  overlook  a  amall 
;  and  the  east  and  west  sides  have  each  a  bay  window.  Tho 
itrancc  is  on  tho  north,  its  steps  flankud  bv  bay  windows  like  thoee 
the  other  three  sides.  The  ground-floor  roof  is  arched  tiad 
lamented  mth  lozengc-shapcd  mouldings.  A  little  to  the  west 
of  the  garden  on  the  Junnar  side  is  a  fine  mausoleum  locally  called 
dtirgiih  or  ffumlxtz  which  is  supposed  to  contain  the  tomb  of  the 
Habehi  founder  of  the  ABk  Bagh.  The  mausoleura^  which  is 
itered  on  the  south  and  west,  has  a  domed  roof  and  contains  nine 
lbs,  said  to  be  thoee  of  tho  llabshi,  his  wife,  six  children,  and  a 
srvant.  The  south  entrance,  within  an  ogee  arch,  is  beautifully 
irved  and  pierced  ;  it  is  flat-headed  with  pieroed  work  above  and 
Ipturcd  jambs  and  on  inscription  above  the  liutel.  The  east  is 
narrow  doorway  under  a  pointed  arch.  The  interior  is  au  octagon 
id  every  other  octagonal  side  is  embrasured  and  arched ;  while  the 
it  mrhrdb  is  covered  with  l*xt»  from  the  Kurfin.  The  exterior 
alls  form  a  quadran^lar  figure  :  the  upper  portion  of  the  wall 
sil  terminates  in  a  picturesque-looking  brick  cornice,  consisting  of 
>inted  arches  resting  on  tiny  pedestals  and  interlining  one  another. 
small  minaret  gruces  each  of  the  four  corners  of  the  buildings. 
omamoutatioD  the  wtilla  arc  divided  into  two  series  of  blank  aud 
ched  winduws,  the  upjwr  series  consisting  of  five  and  the  lower  of 
iree  windows.  The  midiUe  of  the  lower  aeries  of  the  south  and 
at  walls  has  a  doorway  instead  of  a  window.' 

About  half  a  mile  to  tho  west  of  Junnar  the  steep  rock  of  Shivner 
over  a  thousand  feet  and  stretches  about  a  mile  across  the  plain, 
le  hill  is  triangular  in  shape,  narrowing  from  a  southern  base 
about  800  yards  along  a  straight  eastern  and  a  deeply  hollowed 
item  face  to  a  point  of  rock  iu  the  north.  Near  the  south  the 
ivrcT  slopes  of  its  eastern  face  are  crossed  by  a  belt  of  rock  forty  or 
ty  feet  high,  which  disappears  northwards  in  the  steep  slope  that 
etches  to  the  foot  of  the  upper  scarp.  This  upper  scarp  begins 
>ut  600  feet  from  the  plain  and  rises  from  100  to  '200  feet,  stretching 
rom  end  to  end  of  the  hill  a  Icvcl-toppod  wall  of  black  rock.  In 
le  upper  and  lower  scarps  are  two  irregular  lines  of  Buddhist  caves 
tl  of  them  small  and  some  more  like  the  dwellings  of  vultures  than 
monks.  Above  the  level  top  of  tho  main  hill  rises  an  inner 
immit  crowned  with  a  mosque,  a  tomb,  and  a  prayer  wall.  To  the 
north  the  hill  ends  in  a  narrow  lofty  rock  scarped  and  rounded  like 
a  ship's  stem.  The  west  face  is  8t<«p,  and,  in  hollows,  has  a  thick 
sprinkling  of  brushwood  especially  to  tho  south-west.  The  lower 
Blopes  are  in  places  broken  by  bolts  of  rock,  and  about  eight 
hundred  feet  from  the  plain  a  great  wall-like  cliff  sweeps  from  tho 
north  to  the  south-cast  and  then  round  a  deep  hollow  stretches  to  the 
louth-west.  The  south-west  face  of  the  hill  is  lower  and  more  broken, 
id,  from  about  half-way  up,  is  sfreugthencd  by  outworks  and 
istioned  walls.  As  on  the  east  side;  the  crest  of  tho  hill  which  is 
vcl  in  the  north  rises  in  tho  middle  in  a  bare  Bat<topped  ridge,  and 
towards  the  south-west  again  falls  to  the  level  of  the  northern  scarp. 


Chapter 

PUOBS> 

JCN5AB. 

MtuslmAn 
BttDoisi. 

4fi*BagK 


Shivner  Hil 


1  The  Ijite  Mr.  G.  H.  Jobius  C.3. 


Ba«6— 20 


I  Bombay 


154 


DISTRICTS. 


ipt«r  XIV. 

PUC6«. 


IJhtaib. 


Shivncr  U  interestuig  as  Bhowing  traces  uf  five  aetn  of  pmpiic 
Ituddhist  monk§,  e&rly  Hindu  Icmgtt,  the  MuicJm/ins,  the  MaritU4l 
and  ihe  KngliAh.  During  thi>  tirat  and  seoond  and  prubabh' 
centuries  after  Christ  the  hill  secme  to  hav^been  o  {freat  Btw 
centre.  About  tifty  cells  and  chapels  remain.  They  are  found  oo 
three  sides  oi  the  hill,  but  most  of  them  an*  cut  iii'its  oa«t«m 
Besides  the  cells  aud  chapels,  on  the  upper  aloiKS  aud  nn  the  hiTI- 
old  rock-cut  ste|is  seem  lo  show  tbat  some  of  the  open  water  ci* 
are  as  old  as  the  Buddhittts.  Traces  of  old  rmrk-cut  et4.*ps.  de 
mud  hroarler  than  the  monks*  steps,  and  the  four  Biicr^t  water  cistti 
on  the  hill,  show  that  l>e{ore  Musalmnn  timt'«  tlie  hill  wu«  used  ail 
fort  by  liindu  kings,  probiihly  the  Devgiri  Yiidavs  (1170-131 
The  pointed  arches  of  the  gatewaj*8  show  that  oil  or  nearlv  all 
the  fortiticatioDS  are  Muhaniroudun.  And  besides  the  fortifiratia 
most  of  the  buildings  on  the  hill  top,  the  Auibarkhana,  the  pnTi 
wall,  the  tomb,  uud  the  mosque*,  and  probably  many  of  the  cigtn 
ore  Musahnin  (1300-1750).  Though  it  waa  the  birth-place 
Shivjiji  there  are  no  certain  traces  of  the  MaK&tlida  except 
repairs  in  the  walls  and  the  shrine  of  ShivAbtii  near  the  tmi  of  tbi] 
southern  face.  The  only  signs  of  the  English  are  a  row  of  oBn 
bushes  on  the  south  face  and  a  row  of  teak  trees  along  the  east  fba 
of  the  hill  top. 

The  entrance  to  the  fort  is  from  the  south-west.  The  way 
Jonnar  lies  along  a  well  made  road  from  the  south-west  of  the 
across  the  Lendi  stream  between  some  old  Musolm&n    tombs 

fsrdens.  To  the  right  are  the  ruined  mud  walls  of  the  Juna  01 
ilia,  a  fortified  enclosure  where  the  m&mlatd^r's  office  used  to 
held,  and  behind  it  the  steep  slopes  and  bare  scarps  of  Shivner. 
To  the  left  is  the  old  garden  and  favourite  cAmp  of  the  Unrnbirifij 
or  Twelve  Wells  and  to  the  south  the  M^nmodu  hills.  Beyond. 
BAribdvdi  the  road  winds  up  the  bare  east  face  of  the'  Pij 
pass  whoso  crest  is  perhaps  a  mile  to  the  south-west  of  tiie 
The  path  up  the  hill  turns  west  from  tite  main  rood  a  little  below 
the  crest  of  the  pass.  From  an  old  banian  tree  fifty  or  sixty  yaidi 
to  the  west  of  the  road  the  south  face  of  the  hill  is  seen  stretching 
on  the  right  in  a  long  line  from  east  to  west.  At  the  Bomh-ca»t 
end  the  scarp  is  broken  and  at  no  one  place  is  it  more  than  thirty 
feet  high.  It  is  crusted  by  two  walla  slrengthened  by  towers  which 
run  about  a  hundred  yards  west  enclosing  a  long  narrow  belt  known 
as  the  Jibhccha  Pdda  or  Tongue  Watch.  To  the  west  the  scarp 
bocomcs  higher  and  less  broken  and  again  falls  away  to  the  aouth- 
west  where  it  is  strengthened  by  a  triple  line  of  walls.  For  the 
first  200  i>accs  from  the  hunian  tree  the  path  lies  across  a  elope 
of  flat  rock.  It  then  begins  to  rise  keeping  almost  west  acrosB 
the  under  slopes  of  the  hill.  To  the  left  the  sides  fall  gently  and 
to  the  right  the  upper  slopeSerise  quickly  to  a  lofty  scarp.  Two 
hundred    puces    further  the  poth  hoA  reached  a  higher  level  with 


1  CloM  to  where  tlie  path  up  the  hill  IctTen  the  rood  is  a  n>ck-oni  pond  mejutarii 
tweiity-otie    fovt  by  twdvf.       Some   ye«ra  ligo  nuM-  this  pond  were  touus  twclft 
cenhiry  figures  which  hftv«  disappoared,  «xcept  one  gi't'^p  of  Uahidev  aud  PArvatl' 
in  which  tSc  clercr  earring  of  the  Miake  on  Uuftdtv'i  t*tt  hand  ia  worthy  of  ootiee. 


leccftn 


POONA. 


155 


la  in  tlie  lover  slope,  busies  in  the  upper  slope,  and  treoa  on 
le  crest.  During  the  next  300  paces  (400-700)  the  rise  continues 
itly  with  some  old  ndndrnk  trees  close  by  and  patches  of  prickly- 
ir  ubove.  At  the  foot  is  thu  deserted  village  of  Bhatkal,  once 
le  omrket  of  the  fort,  the  Pfltil's  and  the  Mhtfr's  being  the  only 
kouses  left.  To  the  right  the  scarp  ia  divided  into  two  parts,  on 
ipper  and  a  lower,  and  between  the  two  a  wall  runs  from  the 
sst  of  Ihe  hill  along  the  edge  of  a  narrow  terrace  about  200 
"?a  west  to  ShivAbfti  s  shrine.  This  outwork  is  called  the  Ph:itak 
ower.  About  900  yards  from  the  starting  tree  the  path  begins  to 
,B0  rapidly,  climbing  the  hill-side  by  a  rough  paved  ascent  between 
iekct«  of  prickly-pcur.  About  a  hundred  puces  further  (1000  yards) 
e  upper  roeks  of  the  hill-Hide  become  one  sheer  cUS.  About  tifty 
ces  further  (1050)  is  the  first  gate.  It  is  about  100  feet  below 
hivahjii*6  shrine,  and  is  coven^d  bv  the  main  wall  and  by  a  srcond  line 
at  runs  from  Slii\'](b4ti'8  shrine  <lown  to  the  gate.  To  the  left  the 
wer  slope  is  greeij  with  hahUul  and  prickly-pear.  On  the  eaet  face 
if  the  gate  is  a  rectangular  recess  about  an  inch  deep,  and  inside  of 
a  double-peaked  arch  0|x;ning  with  scalloped  waving  edges.  The 
ectungulur  recess  ia  broken  ut  the  top.  The  outer  arched  rocees 
easures  10*  4'  hiffh  by  6'  broad  and  6"  deep  and  the  inner  arch 
6"  high  by  5'  9' oroad.  On  each  side  of  the  door  are  towers  of 
rt'BScd  masonry  which  are  now  little  higher  than  the  front  of  the 
toway.  The  doorway,  which  is  entered  by  three  steps,  is  12'  II' 
pp  with  an  arche<l  roof  12'  3'  high.  On  a  plinth  1'  10"  high  are 
le-rooms  T  o'  by  &  8'  and  5'  9"  high  with  round  arched  roofs. 
flight  of  steps  on  the  left  formerly  led  to  an  upper  storey.  Ineide 
the  gate  on  the  right  the  scarp  is  much  lower  than  it  ia  outside, 
ot  more  than  fifty  or  sixty  feet  high.  Above  the  scarp  rises  a 
all  pierced  for  musketry  and  with  one  or  two  bastions  with  open- 
ings tur  cannon.  On  the  left  runs  a  weak  piarapet  three  or  four  feet 
high,  and  below  are  steep  slopes  of  rock  and  prickly-pear.  Inside 
of  the  BrM  gate  the  path  is  flat  but  rough  with  rocks  and  exposed 
to  the  fire  of  Shiv^b&i's  bastion  above.  On  the  Icft^  about  160  paces 
from  the  first  goto,  is  the  ildng's  Tower  (16' 7"  x  14' 3")  with  & 
wall  about  five  feet  high  and  two  openings  for  cannon.  On  th© 
right,  as  the  scarp  ia  much  lower  and  the  rocks  are  more  broken 
and  sloping,  the  wall  has  been  raised  to  about  fifty  feet,  part  of  it 
being  later  than  the  rest.  About  eighty-five  paces  further,  or  about 
2295  paces  from  the  starling  tree  comes  the  second  gateway, 
called  Parvangicha  Darvdja  or  the  Permission  Gateway,  in  a 
Trail  which  runs  at  right  angles  to  the  path  for  about  fifty  paces 
up  the  hill-side  with  two  towers  pierced  for  musketry,  and  with 
embrasures  for  cannon.  The  gateway,  which  ia  18'  2**  high  and  baa 
two  short  sidi'-minaretH,  has  un  outer  rectangular  recess  and  a 
double-jjointed  arch,  the  outrfr  arch  lU'  1"  high  and  7'  brood,  the 
inner  9'  6"  high  and  .5'  lU"  brdwi.*  On  each  side,  level  with  the 
point  of  the  outer  arch,  is  a  mystic  tiger,  the  tiger  on  the  left  with 
«n  elephant  in  its  right  forcpow  and  the  tiger  on  the  right  with  on 
lephant  in  its  right  forepuw  and  two  under  its  hind  feet.  Over 
the  middle  of  the  door  is  an  elephant  with  a  broken  trunk.  The 
door  is  6 '  3"  deep,  the  top  is  arched,  and  there  are  no  aide  rooma. 


Chapter  XIT- 
Fhbcsa. 

Shirntr  Mill. 
FoH  DHaiU. 


(Bomb&y 


I8d 


DISTRICTS. 


ipter  XIV. 
PUfittl. 

i  JotfXAIt. 

kWoer  Hia 
IMtatU. 


To  the  left  is  a  ruined  tower.  From  the  second  gate  n  nnrrow  Sat 
between  rocks  and  a  wall  runs  about  eighty  paces  to  the  third 
woy{2375),  which  io  flanlcod  oa  tho  right  by  a  wall  with  a  rough  i 
parapet  that  runs  up  the  fnee  of  the  hill.     This   gute  is  known 
the  Haiti  Darvija  or  tho  Elephant  Oato.     The  whole  hpjght  of 
face  of  the  ^toway  rcrcga  and  outside  ia  21'  !>''.     On   the  Boal  I 
ft  ahuUrra-   rectangular  rereas  onclosea  a  double-arrhod   retxm  t 
outer  16'  5"  high  and  9'  V  broad  and  thr  inner  13'  5'    by  6'  \'.' 
the  face  of  the  woU,  in  a  line  with  the  prjik  of  the  outer  arch,  b 
circular  slab  611ed  with  ceometric  tracery  and    to  the   le/t  a  ti^^ 
Tho  right  faoo  of  the  wall  haa  fallen.     On  the    para|>et   abon  \ 
gate  arc  three  stones  carved  with  geometric  desi^ua   and   hf>l<nr 
the  ground  are  soiuf  of  tho  carvo<l  atones  that  wore  on  ■ 
face   of   the   gateway.     The   depth   of   the   doorway    la    r- 
Twenty  paces  (2;J!)0)    between  high   roeks  or  thii-kots   of  pneiir 
pear  lead  to  the  fmirth  gateway,  which,  from  a  MuHalin4.D  tomb) 
among  priekly-iiear  on  the  left,  ia  known  as  the  Saint'B  or  Pir's  Oi 
A  Banking  wall  climbs  the  hill  side  to  the  right.     The  Saint's  (^ 
is  larger  ond  more  carefully  finished  than  the  others.      It  hosai 
height  of  'I'l'  'i"  and  consists  of  a  central  and  two  »t<lc  faces 
total  length  of  thirtv-cigbt  feet.     In  the  central   face  is  an^ 
rectangular  recess  21*  H'  high   11' 7'  broad  and  alxjut  four  bt 
deep.     In  this  is  a  doublo-pnintcd  arched  recess,  the  outer  ra 
20'  3"  high    1 1'  7"  brood  and  1'  4*  deep,  the  inner  reeesa  aboat 
high  8'  -t"  broad  and  6"  deep.     Inside  of  the  inner  recess  a  h" 
slab  crosses  the  orch  about  11  C  from  the  ground  and   forms 
lintel  of  the  doorway.    On  each  side  of  the  doorway  is  a  rectangi 
seat  3'  7"  from  the  ground  and  2'  4'  broad.     The  centrnl  face 
separated  from  t))o  side  faces  by  a  plain  outstanding  belt  of  masc 
about  2'  9"  broad,  with  two  small  arched  recesses  at  the  level 
middle  of  the  Uutel  of  tho  doorway.     The  side  rectangular 
ftro  15'  5"  high  and  the  enclosed  arched  recess  14'  6"   high 
brood  and  2'  2*  deep.     To  the  left  of  the  left  aide  recess   is  a  i 
boss  of  stone.     The  gatt^way  is  1 7'  deep  with  a  central  stouo 
On  either  side,  on  a  pliuth  3'  8"  high,  is  a  guard-room  11'  S'x 
with  a  dome  fifteen  feet  high  resting  ou  four  peaked-arch  real~ 
In  the  hack  walls  are  arched  niches  3   9''  x  2'  3   and  in  the  sidst 
smaller  arched  niches  2'  10"  x  1*  7".     Inside  are  the  ruins  of  ho 
On   the  right  itt  a  broken  cistern  and  on  the  left  is  a  level  bolt  al 
thirty  yards  broad  covered  with  pricklv-poar.     Among  the  pricklj 
pear  is  a  great  grindstone  about  throe  t'ect  across.     The  outer  edg 
of  the  scarp  is  strengthened  by  a  low  parapet  wall.     To  tho  rigl 
the  hill  side  rises  in  bare  slanting  rocks  with  a  high  wall  and  a  greet 
outwork  in  front  on  the  top.     For  a  hundred  paces  (2495)  th©  path 
keeps  to  the  west,  the  last  thirty-five  paces  leading  up  a  paved  way 
vnin  space  on  the  left  or  south-west  wlierc  the  parapet  wall  is  roisea 
into  a  line  of  fortification  and  runs  to  a  point  about  fifty  paces  to 
tho  loft.     At  135  pnccs  (2530)  tho  path  diWdee  into  a  way  for 
horses  and  u  way  for  men,  the  way  for  horses  rising  by  a  taan 
winding  ascent  to  the  north-west  and  the  men's  path  climbing  tho 
sloping  face  of  rock  by  a  flight  of  fifty  rock-cut  stejie.     This  part  of 
the  Moent  is  ri^ht  in  front  of  a  great  outwork  about  thirty-three 


POONA. 


167 


it  high  that  runs  before  the  fifth,  or,  as  it  is  said  to  bo  called, 
uTdbiii  Gate.  After  about  thirty-five  paces  tho  path  turns  to  thu 
up  a  flight  of  twenty  steps  with  the  great  outwork  on  the  left 
id  another  wall  in  front.  At  the  top  of  the  flight  of  steps  tho  piith 
;8  between  walls  about  twenty  feet  high  twenty-one  feel  to  the 
at  and  then  six  paces  to  the  north.  The  distantw  from  the  Saint's 
ite  to  the  ShivabAi  Guto  is  265  pftcce  (2ti60).  As  on  the  other 
ite  fronts,  in  the  face  of  the  SluT^o&i  Gate,  a  shallow  rectangular 
Bs  encloses  a  double-pointod  archway.  Tho  rectangular  recess 
17'  high  9'  broad  and  2"  deep,  the  outer  poiuted  arch  is  15'  higK 
6"  broad  and  6"  deep  and  the  inner  arch  ll  high  5'  6"  brood  and 
2'  deep.  Inside  ol  the  inner  arcli  is  a  door  of  teak  strengthened 
iron  Hnikes  in  fair  repair.  'JMie  doorway  is  about  24'  deep, 
4"  broad,  and  about  19'  to  the  roof  which  in  flat.  At  each  side  on 
a  plinth  about  4'  3"  high  ai*o  side-rooms  about  8'  8''x6'2''  with 
pointed  arched  roofs  about  10'  high.  Above  the  gateway  was  an 
upper  storey  now  in  ruins.  Inside  of  tho  ShiviibiU  Gato  tho  hill 
still  rises  in  sloping  rocks  to  an  inner  wall  about  thirty  feet  high, 
tho  third  of  the  lines  of  fortification  which  guui'd  the  entrance  to 
the  fort.  To  the  left  an  old  jrartly  rock-cut  path  leads  to  some 
Buddhist  caves  and  cistoras  tho  edge  of  the  hill-top  to  the  left  being 
trenglheiied  by  a  wall.  To  the  right  of  the  ShivAbAi  Gate,  inside 
"■»  parapet  wall  about  six  feet  high,  a  path,  lea\-ing  the  way  up  the 
to  tne  left,  runs  east  about  290  yards  along  a  level  terrace  to 
small  arched  gateway  12'  4"  high.  The  arch  which  is  10'  4"  high 
ins  scolloped  edges  and  flowers  and  leaves  carved  on  the  face.  On 
Bther  aide  is  a  rounded  pilaster  obout  6'  7"  high  and  3'  11"  apart. 
nside  of  the  dooi-way  are  side  recesses  (o'  9''x2'  10"  xU  5"  high) 
a  plinth  1'  10"  high  and  with  arched  doors  3'  6"  broad  by  5'  6' 
iigh.  At  about  sixty  paces  to  the  east  of  the  inner  face  of  tho  gate, 
Id  Buddhist  rock  steps  and  modei-n  masonry  steps  riso  in  four 
~  fhts  of  two  to  five  steps  each  separated  by  stretches  of  level  pave- 
"inent  to  tho  temple  of  ShivabAi.  The  temple  stands  on  a  masonry 
plinth  15'  10"  higli  (>!'  long  and  25'  9'  broad.  Inside  it  measures 
27  feet  into  21  feot  ;  it  has  two  rows  of  five  wooden  pillars  on  each 
nde  and  a  large  shrine  enclosed  in  a  wooden  lattice-ease  standing  out 
rom  the  north  walL  The  hollow  in  the  rock  behind  shows  that  the 
■mple  stands  on  the  site  of  a  Uuddliist  cell  or  hall.'  To  the  east, 
rith  a  brolurn  wall  on  tho  left,  the  terrace  runs  about  200  paces  to 
)<;  Pluitak  tower.  To  the  west  are  traces  of  a  flight  of  old  rock-cut 
?pa  leading  to  two  open-air  rock-hewn  ponds  about  eighteen  paces 
ig  by  eight  paces  broad.  Near  the  temple  and  on  the  terrace  are 
iveTsl  ehdmpha  trees,  and  some  pomegranate  bushes,  apipal  or  two, 
id  on©  large  tamarind.  After  Nisiting  Shiviib4i*B  temple  the  way 
ies  back  along  the  termco  to  about  forty  steps  to  the  east  of  the 
Shiv^btii  Gate.  Here  the  path  up  the  hill  turns  to  the  left  by  old 
worn  rock-cut  steps  butweea  two  rotk-hewn  ponds  about  sixty-fivo 
ieet  by  nineteen.  It  passes  with  p  gentle  slope  to  the  north-east 
■or  about  a  hundred  yards  and  then  begins  to  climb  the  hill  face  up 


Chaptsr^XIV. 
Flocea. 

Jt'NNAK.  H 
Shivnor  Hill.™ 
Fert  Dttailt. 


1  DvtAili  of  SbtvAbii'B  temple  mw  ^ivca  twlow  pp.  1P7'10*. 


DISTRICTS. 


UiS. 


SiUTop. 


rough  masonry  fit<«ps  and  ^nveinoiit.  Mo«t  of  the  way  u  conn^i 
the  k*ft  or  north  by  the  battlementa  of  thu  top  line  of  fortitic 
and  in  front  by  two  gateways,  the  inner  ovor-t-opping  the 
Thorc  IS  u  low  inatmnry  wall  on  the  right.  At  100  pu.'ca  numl 
about  240)  from  the  Shiv^b^t  Gate,  and  29O0  from  the  Btartui)i ' 
the  sixth  or  PhAtnlc  Qnte,  the  approach  pa«sin^  iiuder  a  wall  n£i 
about  twenty  feet  Iiigli  co^'cred  bv  a  masonry  vraXi  about  twi>h»i 
higher.  The  height  of  tlic  IHi^tak  (iatcway  is  16',  of  the  reetauj 
reoeaa  ir  6",  and  of  the  inner  arched  recess  10' ;  the  breadth  i«K 
the  depth  12'  4''  with  BiJ<'-rooma  about  6'x  6',  and,  on  the  right,! 
inner  room  7'  x  7'  witli  urched  oiches  in  the  three  wiiUs.  From' 
PhAtak  Gate  about  thirty-nine  paoea  lead  up  a  atraight  stm 
with,  on  the  left,  u  clitf  about  twelve  feet  high  aud  a  creatinv" 
rising  from  twenty  to  about  thirty  feet  us  it  neant  the  serenm  ^ 
culled  the  Kuldpkar  Dar\'Aja.  As  in  the  other  gutc  wa ya  the  face  of  < 
gate  hoe  a  rectangular  rcceas  with  an  inner  double  arch.  The  gif*^| 
IS  21  high,  the  reclaugular  reccas  18',  the  outer  arched  receaa  ICCJ 
and  the  inner  urch  12'  G*.  The  dooris  about  6'  broad  and  30'  6'  der&l 
has  been  a  double  two-Btoreyed  gate  and  has  a  gunrd-roum  onthef 
about  fifteen  feet  long.  To  the  left  are  the  remains  of  buildings i 
over  the  gateway  is  a  room  with  a  south-fronting  window  whkli«| 
very  notoblo  from  the  lower  slopes  of  the  hill.  Bevond  the  sewiil 
gate  the  path,  with  a  low  wall  on  the  right,  leads  ubout  thirtv 
oaat  along  nearly  the  crest  of  the  hill-sido  to  a  ruined  ^t^^wav.'l 
paees  deep,  which  seema  to  huve  had  un  upper  storey.  Ab<r'ul 
paces  more,  or  about  3000  from  the  starting  tree,  lead  to  the  hi 
On  the  hill-top,  to  tho  north-cast  from  slightly  swelling 
undcT-slopes,  the  central  rounded  mound  of  the  upper  hill  rises 
or  200  feet  with  steep  grassy  boulder  etrewn-stdes.  Oa  the  mami 
lower  hill-top  to  the  east  are  the  remains  of  houses  hid  by  trees. 
tlio  north-west  are  Btretchcs  of  sloping  rock  with  large  rock-lit 
cistoma.  About  thirty  yards  to  the  west,  With  Home  oC  ve  busbea  oi] 
either  side  of  the  approach,  is  the  plinth  of  a  laree  building  kn 
as  the  Sadar  or  Commandant's  camp.  The  oliTee  were  plan 
about  1841  by  Dr.  Gibson,  the  first  Conservator  of  Foreats,  wi 
nsod  to  spend  some  months  of  each  year  on  tho  top  of  Shivn«r3 
The  large  building  about  sixty  paces  further  west  is  tho  Ambar 
khduu  or  elephant  stable.  It  measures  about  thirty-eight  p«ec« 
east  and  west  and  eighteeu  paces  north  and  south.  Inside  it  is 
divided  into  three  lines  of  seven  rooms  in  each  hue,  each  with  • 
vaulted  roof  on  pointed  arches  14'  0'  by  12'  8*  and  about  fifteen  fee* 
high.  A  Bleep  Sight  of  steps  leads  up  the  north  face,  and  tho  flat 
roof,  which  is  seventeen  feet  high,  commands  a  view  of  the  whols 
country  to  the  west  and  south.  Much  of  tho  ground  near  th» 
Ambnrkhftnn  ie  covered  with  ruins.  About  a  hnudxod  yards  be] 
ilie  AmbarkliAna,  the  north-west  end  of  tho  hill  is  enclosed  bv 
battiemented  wall  with  lozenge-shaped  battlements  4*  4'  high  *bl 
8'  broad  and  S'  8"  apart. 

Tho  hill-top  forms  a  triangle  of  which  the  south  face  is  the 
The  length  of  tho  south  face  is    about  820  paces,  of   the  cast  ii 
about  1100,  and  of  Iho  west  face  about  1380.     In  the  centre  standi 


POONA. 


150 


Chfcpter  XV 
Places 

JVKnAB, 

ShivDer  Hill. 
Fort  iMaiU. 


•per   hill-top,    a  ateep   mound    200   to  250  feet  high,  ri§tng 
from  the  oust  uiid  with   a  gentler   Rlopc  from  the  west,  and 

^ng  the  north  face  und  in  the  narrow  tongue  that  nins  to  the  north 

kving  a  cousidci-uble  belt  of  nearly  level  frround.  Tlio  820 
of  the  Bouth  face  stret<'h  nearly  east  and  west.  Beginning 
the  south-west  end,  the  first  hundred  yards  bad  to  near  the 
ibarkhAna,  the  second  hundred  yards  to  beyond  the  Oom- 
idant's  house,  the  third  hundred  yurds  to  where  the  path  up 
hill  guins  the  hill-top,  and  the  fourth  hundred  yardit  to  the 
ad  of  the  buildiuga.  The  next  300  yards  are  across  sloping  rocks 
^.'ith  Bouio  rotrk-hewn  and  masonry  cisterns  on  the  left,  and, 
^p  the  right,  a  few  young  teak  trees  and  a  low  parapet  wall, 
^eyond,  on  tlio  right,  for  the  lost  sixty  or  seventy  paces,  at  the 
,oiith-east  comer  of  the  hill,  an  outer  lino  of  wall  encloses  the 
^P  scarp  in  the  shupo  of  a  tongue  known  as  the  Tongue  Watch 
wB  Jit/htc/iti  PiUUi.  The  east  face  runs  nearly  north  and  south  in  a 
Ttraight  line  of  about  1100  yards.  Except  in  the  south-east  comer 
,4atl  ia  the  long  point  that  stretches  to  the  north  there  is  little 
Hjrel  ground  on  the  crest  of  the  hill,  the  slopes  of  the  upper  hill- 
jMb  rising  almost  immediately  from  the  edge  of  the  scarp.  The 
^Bt  hill-top,  except  in  the  extreme  south-cast  and  in  the  north  point, 
lbs  no  cisterns.  It  has  a  line  of  young  teak  trees  running  under 
sliO  shelter  of  the  upper  hill,  which,  like  the  olives,  are  said  to  have 
3een  phxnled  by  Dr.  Gibson.  About  u  hundred  [mcca  lead  from 
ihe  south-cast  comer  of  the  hill  to  the  beginning  of  the  rising 
n*ound  at  the  foot  of  the  upper  hill-top.  Six  hundred  psices  moru 
CeAcl  to  the  north  end  of  the  upper  hill  slopes  and  about  400  more 
M>  the  overhanging  outwork  at  the  extreme  north  end  of  the  hill. 
A.bout  the  middle  of  the  east  face  is  a  short  cut  to  Jonnar.  This 
waa  formerly  much  used,  und,  though  the  path  was  destroyed  by  the 
British,  the  ro<:k  is  said  to  be  still  scalable  by  a  clever  climber. 
Traces  of  old  walls  remain  near  where  the  path  reached  the  hill- 
top. Except  there,  and  at  the  two  ends,  the  cast  scarp  is  so  sheer 
thit  no  parapet  wall  is  required.  From  the  north  point  the  western 
cliiF,  which  has  a  total  length  of  1380  paces,  bends  with  a  sharp  corner 
to  the  south-east,  and,  forming  a  deep  hollow,  turns  again  to  the 
south-west.  Except  ul  the  north  and  the  south  ends,  where  it  is  crested 
with  a  wall,  the  sheer,  almost  overhanging,  cliff  defies  approach. 

From  the  crest  of  the  scarp,  except  at  the  north  and  south  where  Upper  EM,. 

the  ground  is  nearly  level,  the  slopes  of  the  upper  hill  begin  to  rise 
but  much  more  gently  than  the  eastern  slopes.  The  steep  bore 
(ddes  of  the  hill-top  end  in  a  flat  summit  seventy  or  eighty  paces 
brood.  The  upper  hill  tills  almost  the  whole  of  the  mam  or  lower 
bill-top  except  that  it  is  surrounded  by  a  narrow  level  or  sloping 
belt  to  the  west  and  snuth,  and  that  a  flat  point  about  160  paoee 
brottd  and  -WO  long  runs  to  the  north.^ 

Besides  the  AmbarkhAnn  near  the  south-west  comer  the  chief 
buildings  on  the  hill-top  are,  on  the  crest  of  the  upper  hill,  a  prayer- 
place,  and  a  domed  Slusulmdn  tomb.  At  the  south  end  of  the  narrow 
Sat  point  thot  runs  to  the  north  is  a  mosque  with  a  fine  flying  point- 
ed orch  between  its  minarets,  a  little  further  is  a  round  mansion, 


nnuuL 
nm. 

J7iU. 


mod  at  die  extreme  north  uti  oatwork.  Thta  overhanging 
■carp  haa  ihv  interest  of  being  the  old  place  of  exc.>cution. 
st  least  till  as  Uto  as  1760  pnaoncni  were  hurlpd.  In 
■even  Eolis  who  belonged  to  the  partv  of  JArii  a  noto...^, 
OQtlaw  were  wizcd  by  luunji  SAvaut  n  Feahwa  omoer  at  Janatf' 
hurled  down  thi«  north  scarp.*  Tht.Tt>  are  &l«o  aboat  thirty  cnt 
or  rock-huM'n  ponds  oi  which  one  ia  on  the  top  of  the  uppef 
twenty-fire  on  the  main  top,  of  which  eleven  are  in  the  Ten 
elovoQ  in  the  south  eide,  and  throe  in  the  enst  side,  and  five  an  i 
upper  slope  of  the  Houtheni  hiil-eide  within  the  uutor  wall.  8n 
pruhalilv  many,  of  thesi.*  ciatrmf)  uro  Uuddhiat,  bolunging  to  thai 
of  the  coTCR,  that  is  the  eccond  and  thinl  century  after  Christ, 
four  finest,  which  oro  supported  on  masaiTe  pillars  and  run  iat 
hill-side,  probably  belong  to  the  times  of  the  I)evgiri  Yadsve, » 
before  the  MusalmAn  conquest  at  the  dose  of  the  tliirtocnth  oen 
Of  these  four  great  under-ground  cisterns  in  the  main  hiU'tOf 
is  in  the  south  top  about  sixty  yards  north  of  the  entrance  gati 
two  Ganga  and  Jamna  arc  in  the  west  slopes  of  the  hill-teprSiu 
is  under  the  moftque  at  the  foot  of  the  north  slopes  of  the  uppei 
Of  tlie  Musalmfin  cisterns,  which  probably  include  all  wmd 
neither  Buddhist  uor  Y^idav,  two,  one  in  the  north  point  sa 
near  the  south-east  end,  have  masonry  sides. 

On  the  upper  hill-top,  besides  a  rock-hewn  pond  and  some  r 
houses,  are  a  prayer  wall  or  idgoj  and  n  Homed  Sluaalmrtn  {am 
the  east  of  the  prayer  wuU  is  a  pavement  about  rwentv-sii 
long  by  eight  broad.  The  wall  is  about  eighteen  feet  high  a 
topped  with  a  Hue  of  nine  battlement  or  lozenge-ehaped  slabt 
ing  in  two  towers  with  small  minarets.  In  the  middle  of  tho 
eight  very  steep  steps  lead  to  a  pulpit  9'  8"  from  the  grrouud  fi 
of  two  big  stone  slabs  together  3'  8"  by  4',  with  two  upright  sL 
the  sides  about  1'  7"  high.  The  ea»t  tace  of  tho  wall  is  carvei 
a  central  and  two  side  recesses  each  with  an  outer  rectonirular 
about  two  inches  deep  and  an  inner  arched  recess  about  V  6* 
Tho  centre  rectangular  recess  is  15'  and  the  centre  inner  ai«h 
high  and  7' broad,  the  side  rectangidar  recess  13' 4"  high  ani 
side  arched  recess  10'  6"  high  or  tJie  same  height  as  the  central  a 
recess  ;  tho  breadth  is  6' 3*.  In  the  wall,  behind  the  foot  of  tbei 
stoirB,  is  an  arched  door  2'  4'  by  4'  8".  About  fifty  yurds  to  the 
is  a  square  MuaalmAn  tomb  with  a  plain  well-di-essed  stone 
four  pointed  open  arches  one  on  each  lace,  and  a  rounded  brick  < 
The  tomb  stands  on  a  masonry  plinth  25' 3"  by  29' 2"  and  3'  &' 
It  is  entered  from  the  south  by  two  stone  steps.  On  the  • 
west  and  north  the  plinth  is  about  V  G"  broader  than  the  torn) 
to  the  east  it  ia  5'  G"  broader.  In  each  face  of  the  tomb  is  a  r« 
gular  recess  13'  10"  high  8"2"  broad  and  one  inch  deep.  Ia 
rectangular  recess  is  a  double-pointed  arch  the  outer  12' 6'  \ 
8'  broad,  and  4"  deep,  and  the  inMer,  which  is  an  open  arch,  13'  1' 
and  7'  4"  broad.     Above  the  crch  is  a  stone  plate  about  a  fool 


■  t>et«iU  Are  girra  ia  lbs  Alimsdosgu-  StatUticU  Account,  Bombay  Qu 


POOXA. 


161 


nino  inches  broad  with  pusag«a  from  the  Eurdn  and  on  each 

B  arc  two  carved  bossee.     Above   the   rt'ctangulur  reccRS  runs  a 

bull  of  muaonry,  aud  over  it   a   masonry  cornice  of   thirteen 

a|Kd  or  iNitllumeut-Uke  ehibs  with  cornier  minarets,     Bo- 

the  outstanding  belt  of  masonry  and  tho  cornice,  a  line  of  A  rabic 

iting  atretchea  nearly  the  whole  lungth  of  the  east  face.      The 

ner  mcasuremcnta  are  15'  7"  by  15'  9".     The  floor  is  paved  with 

1  dressed    stones,   and,     in     tbe     centre,   a    stone  tomb  2'  3" 

h  rises  in  five  steps  from  a  base  6'  (>'  long  to  a  top  4'  II"  long. 

seems  to  hare    been  a  man's  tomb.       In  tho  sides  where  the 

ring  begins,  about  4'  10"  from  tho  ground,  the  corners  of  the 

cs  are  cut  back  about  3".    In  each   corner  between  the  arclics, 

i  5'  4'  from  tlio  Hoor,  a  centre  and  two  side  brackets  support  a 

onry  face  about  5'  4"  brood  and  d'  hig}i.     In  each  face  is  a  rec- 

gular  rccoas  an  incli  deep  5'  4"  liigh  and  3'  6"  broad.     In  the  rec- 

gular  recess  is  an  ai-chcd  half  dome  about  4'  6"   long  3'  2"  broad 

2'  2"  deep.     The  half  dome   has  five  faces  and  arched  niches 

ed  in  the  inner  side  fatws.     Above  is  an  eight-sided  plain  cornico 

It  2'  2*  broad.     Then  about  14'  6"  from  the  floor  eight  brackota 

d  out  and  cutting  off  the  comers  support  the  round  brick  dome. 

the  base  of  the  dome  is  a  row  of  sixteen  panels  3'  10"  high  with 

tcrs  between.    Above  this  is  a  round  plain  dome  perhaps  about 

ht  feet  liigh. 

Near  the  tomb  the  hill-top  commands  a  wide  view.  To  the  cast  a 
>ud  plain  broken  by  a  few  low  hills  etrelches  to  distant  limss  of 
el-toppod  uplands.  The  west  aud  north  are  full  of  hills,  whose 
ro  sides  and  under  slopes  are  relieved  by  the  rich  groves  emd  garden- 
ds  of  the  Min  valley.  To  tho  north-east,  almost  at  the  falll-foot, 
the  citadel,  the  browu>tili:-d  roofs,  and  tlio  scattered  trees  of 
nar.  The  town  slretehcs  in  a  long  lino  along  the  right  bank  o£ 
Kukdi,  the  river  showing  in  winding  reaches  aud  witli  patches 
bright  green  garden-land  on  either  bank.  To  the  east  of  thetonTi 
tchos  a  bare  plain  with  a  scanty  sprinkling  of  trees,  broken  by 
e  or  two  low  pointed  hills,  the  remains  of  the  south<east  spur  of 
e  Sulemiin  range.  On  the  north-past  horizon  are  the  high  flat- 
ouldenxl  hills  of  Gidiiria  and  Bhamberi  near  Uddpur  in  Junnor. 
'o  the  east  are  the  ihit-toppcd  hill  above  the  large  village  of  Otur  and 
GavHahill  in  Pimpri-l't-ndhdr  village.  Furtlior  to  tho  right  is  Ale 
Tillage  hill,  its  long  level  outline  broken  by  the  gap  through  which 
tlie  main  Nfisik  rotul  runs.  Below,  close  at  hand  to  tlto  south-east, 
strotchoa  tlie  irregular  line  of  the  Manmoda  hill-tops.  To  the  east, 
like  islands  from  a  great  sea,  rise  from  the  plain  the  single  hill  of 
Dudli&ro,  and  further  to  the  south-east,  much  Uke  DudJulro  in  shape, 
the  hill-fort  of  Niirtiyangad.  To  the  south  close  at  hand  is  the 
Sunilia  hill  and  to  tho  south-west  is  Uie  level-topped  Chincholi- 
Pfirunde  range  with  two  peaks  of  the  higher  hills  of  Khed  showing 
behind.  A  little  to  the  we«t.8trelche4the  richly-woodeii  garden-land 
joI  Miimer  or  the  Vole  of  tho  Min,  and,  above  the  lowlands,  to  the 
WhC  rise  the  bare  level  ranges  of  the*  KiJa*Thimba  hills  with  a  poaa 
Jeading  to  Bhim^shankar.  A  little  to  tho  north  in  tlie  distanco  ore 
two  lulls  with  small  square  cupola-liko  tops,  the  sonthmosl  of  which 
in  Hutej  and  close  to  tbe  north  the  great  hill  of  lihak,  the  optming 
to  the  A'nilwli  pass,  and  tho  southern  top  of  tbo  range  that  running 

■  MM-SI 


Chapter  XIV. 

FlUMS. 

Sbivner  UilL 
Opper  HiU, 


Vkv, 


I 


IBombij' 


162 


DISTRICTS. 


ipterXIV- 

inxr  HiU. 

Hiii 

7iem, 


flvitig-Arth 


north  into  the  Junnnr  Tnlley  ends  near  the  Nilaa  pass  m  the 
hiU-fort  of  Jivdhnn.     To  the  north   of  tho  hills  thut    bound  the 
vullev,  t'low  al  hand  the  Tuljn  hilU  hide  all  but  the  south-^wt 
of  Chdviuid  and  the  other  hills  including  Jivdhun,  whit-li  iorm 
Bouthem   boundury  of  tho  Ktikadner  or  Vale   of  tho   Kukdi.ui 
brood  strath  that  leads  f  rom  Juuiinr  west  to  the  N&aa  jmsa  is  cc 
but    incorrcH'tly  called.    KAna's  Thumb  or    J^'dnacha  Angt 
ffreat  ro4k  that  Btands  aonttnel  over  tbu  Ndnn  pusa  is  hid.  but 
bure  hill  to  the  north  of  the  \ilnn  poas  can  be  seen.      Farthe 
tho  broken  western  face  of  the  Anjanola  hilU   niark»  the  end  vfi 
rongt-  that  forms  the  northern  bmmdary  of  tho  Kukdi  valley. 
reat  arv  hid  by  the  long  linee  of  the  Mhesardi  and  Mdng^ni  lulls' 
the  aearp  of  lladsar  fort  showing  between  them.      To  I  he  north  ( 
Milngiii  hiili!,  over  the  Mhfir  posSf  stand  the  hag^  level  shn 
and  the  fi^-nlly  poiutul  tup  of  Uurishchandragad   (46tll)  ooeflll 
highuBt  of  the   yahyadris,    having  two  or  three  level   lovers  of 
whieh  have  disappeared  from  tho  lower  surrounJinK    hills.    Tol 
north  close  at  hand,  neroiw  the  Junnar  valk-v,  are  the  scarpiNl  ■ 
and  level  top  of  Tlalkeshvar.     Behind  Hatkeahvar  ore  the  row 
rounded  tomb-like  knobs  of   the   VarhAd   or    Na-vra-N«vri 
and  to  the  north-oast  the  circle  is  completed  by  the  scarped  sides  i 
Battened  peak  of  the  Sulemiin  or  Ganceh  Ivcna  hills. 

To  the  north,  at  the  foot  of  the  upper  hill,  is  a  mo«quc  with  a 
wall  about  fifteen  feet   ]n)S^i  whose   outer  face  has  fallen.     J. 
end  of  its  east  fatw,  about  24  feet  apart,  minarets  rise  about 
feet  above  the  roof.     Inside  of  the  minarets,  clinging  to  them 
about  ten  feet,  springs  a  flxTug  arch,  which,  about  fifteen  feet  at 
the  roof,  stretches  to  a  point  halfway  between  the  miaarets.     To ' 
east  of  the  mosque,  entered  from  the  north  side,  is  a  court  »5'  ff ' 
17'  2".     The  mosque,  which  is  of  rongh  stone  masonry,  has  u  bi 
stone  eare  about  two  feet  deep  and   a  plinth  18"   high.     The 
face  is  a  pointed  arch  17'  broiid  at  the  baso.     On  the  right  hand, 
tho  top  01  tho  east  wall,  is  an  inscription  and  on  the  left  corwri 
another  inscription  slab,  but  the    letters    are    worn.     Tho 
measurements  of  the  mosque  are  16'  7"  by  2^  2*.     In  tho   centre 
a  round  brick  dome,  and  in  the  throe  walla  to  tho  south-west 
north  are  three  peaked-arch  recesses,  the  west  receas  2'  8"  dci^p 
the  north  and  south  recesses  3'  8"  each.     In  the  we«t    face  is 
pulpit  and  an  arohed  prayer-niche  and  three  small  niches  ahout  4' 
ironi  the  ground.   To  the  east  an  arched  doorway  leads,  down  aste 
flight  of  steps,  to  an  open  air  pond  or  cistern  ahout  75'  lonj?  20' 
broad  and  20'  deep,  the  upper  half  of  tho  wall  being  masonry 
the  lower  half  rock.     In  llio  south  wall   are  stone  stanchions 
working  a  water-bag.     Under  the  mosque,  to  the  west  of  this  out* 
pond,  is  a  great  rw:k-cut   reservoir  the  roof  resting  on  two  rows 
two  pillars  and  two  pilasters.     It  is  about  eighty-six   feet    U 
forty  broad,  and  about   sixtee^i  deep.     It  holds  about  twelve  fcot^ 
water  during  the  rainy  season  and  at  other  times  about  six. 
front  of  the  reaervuir  is  a  plain  roeV  cave  about  six  feet  deep  andl 
veranda  with  seats  3'  7"  broad  with  a  bock  l'  8"  high  and  10"  broad. 
The  veranda  is  broken  by  two  central  pillars  and  two  other  pUlan 
halfway  between  the  central  pillars  and  the  end  pilasters.    Thi 


POONA. 


163 


reiifrdl  pilars  arc  obout  oig-Ht  foot  apart  and  support  a  massive  slab 

f  Tock.     The  other  veranda  pillars  have  plain  massive  four-sidod 

hafts  y  10"  high  with  faeea  2'  8"  broad  and  capitals  3'  6"  broad  and 

-  0"  deep.    In  the  capital  is  a  central  flut  belt  about  Hvc  inches  broad, 

[..Ad  on  each  aide  a  central  band  of  three  inches  and  two  receding 

ids  above  and  below.     The  comers  of  the  square  capitals  end  in 

Ic  horns  or  knobs.    On  the  top  of  the  capital  is  a  square  plate  a1>out 

ifllf  an  inch  ihick  ;  above,  the  plate  is  a  neck  about  an  inch  and  a 

iftlf  lliir-k,  and  on  tbe  neck  a  bracket  capital  divided  into  four  faces 

r  9"  high  2'  10"  broad  end  standing  out  about  9*  beyond  the  line 

the  capital.     Each  face  is  carved  into  two  rolls.     The  style  of  the 

)rk  is  JJindu  not  Musalman,  though  it  is  perhaps  not  much  older 

vhan  the  mosque,  being  probably  the  work  of  one  of  the  later  Yddav 

kings  of  l>cvgiri.     A  ni>fht  of  rock-cut  steps  outside  of  the  mosquo 

'"nclosuie  separate  from  the  flight  of  MusalniAn  mnsonrj'  steps  shows 

Uiat  the  makcTH  of  the  mosque  were  not  the  makers  of  the  cisteiii. 

To  the  north  of  the  mosque  is  a  ruined  ilusalmilu  mansion 
■*«rith,  in  the  upper  storey  of  the  east  wall^  the  remains  of  a  haudsume 
bracket  support  for  a  bow  window.  Beyond  is  a  large  empty  pond 
writh  masonry  sides  about  eight  feet  deep.  It  is  thirty-throe  pacea 
long  and  about  tliirty-three  paces  across  at  tho  broadest  from  whic-h 
narrows  northwarastoa  point.  Further  north  are  more  ruined 
lODses,  and  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  point  overhanging  the  scarp 
a  rained  outwork.  A  flanking  wall  runs  on  the  crest  of  the  scarp 
for  some  distance  along  both  the  east  and  tho  west  face.  Along  the 
jst  face,  about  eighty-five  paces  to  (he  south-west  of  the  mosquo, 
two  great  cist^ms  liko  the  cistern  under  the  mosque.  Each  nas 
outer  jwnd  about  33'  into  18'  with  three  plain  four-sided  pillars 
the  back,  and  inside  of  the  pillai's  u  great  cistern  hown  thirty 
forty  feet  under  the  hills,  the  roofs  auimorled  by  two  rowa 
two  four-aided  pillars.  These  cisterns  are  Known  as  Gonga  and 
Jonina,  and,  like  the  ciatem  under  the  mosque,  probably  belcmg  to 
the  time  of  the  T^ava.  Beyond  Ganga  and  Jamna  arc  several 
■mall  rock-hewn  cisterns,  and  on  the  right,  about  500  paces  from 
the  end,  begins  the  line  of  fortifications  that  crowns  the  aouth-weBt 
comer  of  the  hiU. ~ 

The'  Buddhist  caves  in  tho  hiU  sides  round  Jtmnar  number  {'.ir, 
with  about  170  distinct  oi>eninffe.  Of  these  ten  are  chaityas  or 
chapel  caves,  and  125  halls  ocUs  or  separate  dwellings  many  of 
them  with  more  than  one  inner  coll.  Besides  those  many  small 
dslems  and  rock  seats  have  not  boen  numbered.  All  these  caves 
arc  in  the  early  Buddhist  style  and  probably  rangi^  in  dat«  from 
the  first  to  the  fourth  ct^nturv  after  Christ.  Almost  all  are  phiin  and 
the  only  obj«'ct  of  worship  is  the  ri^lic-shrine  or  ddghaha  of  which  there 
arc  ten.  The  caves  are  fairly  rich  in  inscriptions  numbering  thirty- 
five.  Most  of  the  inscriptions  are  short  ana  contain  little  but  the 
same  of  the  giver  and  the  description  of  the  gift.  But  seven 
have  some  historical  interest.  Of  the  whole  number  of  cuttings 
]  38  are  without  inscriptions.  Of  tho  halls  colls  and  cisterns  that  have 
inscriptions  nineteen  have  one  and  two  have  two ;  and  one  of  the 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places. 

JPRN4R. 

Shiviier  UilL 
Flyituj.Atxh 


Etiddhiat 

C«T««. 


*^  Tbfl  cave  Mcoaota  *Te  co&tributed  by  Dr.  Bh*gTtnl4l  ladraji,  Hon.M,R.A.3oc. 


1 


[Bombay  Om 


164 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  Xnr. 
Flaew. 

BnddhlBtCavwl 


fl 


croups. 

Boath    imd 


6 


\^o»^ 


r, 


Minmod*  CftVM. 


;v^'^  i^i 


Con/. 


chapols  of  tho  Ambika  groap  in  the  H&nmodahilla  has  no 

The  Junnor  cares  may  he  nrrnnffod  intoi  fiv^ 
M^nmoila  cavcH,  from  one  to  two  niiloB  to  the 
west  of  the  town,  ore  fifty  in  number  of  which  foiir  are  c 
and  forty-fiix  are  el  welling  caves.  Those  caves  form  tliree  Bubd 
gronpB  the  Bhimashankar  i-avcs  in  tho  south -eoBf,  the  Ambjfa 
ixx  the  north>  and  the  Bbutling  caves  in  tlio  Boath-veat. 
second  group  is  in  the  Hide  uf  .ShJvncr  about  half  a  mile  1 
west  of  Junnar.  Tbe  Shivner  cuvcei  include  three  g^uupa 
e(i£t,  on  the  south,  and  ou  the  west  faces  of  the  hill.  Thoy  i 
sixty-tivo  oponiugB  of  which  three  are  chapeU  and  tho  rari 
cells  and  cisterns.  The  third  group  is  ohout  two  tnilefl  to  thJ 
of  the  town  in  the  oast  face  J>f  the  'Cj^ji^HJIIb  bvhinil  SI 
This  cuutttius  eleven  caves  of  which  one  ia  a  chapel  cave  and  ttj 
halls  CfUs  und  cisU^nis.  The  fourth  group  ia  the  Qt 
the  south  scarp  of  the  Sulcmin  hills  about  a  mile  to  tlie  noril 
town.  This  group  includes  twenty-«ix  caves  of  whi<-h  ti 
chapelg,  twenty-four  halls  or  dwelling  oella,  and  fifteen  clstt-rui 

At  the  south-east  end  of  tho  Mdnmoda  hills»  facing  oaat  aba 
feet  above  the  |>IuiD,  and  going  from  south  to  north,  ia  a  gn 
Buddhist  caves  known  from  the  local  name  of  the  chaityu  or  i 
cave  as  the  Bh uu ashanJ^^group.  Tho  Bhimoahaukar  c«v 
about  a  mile  Wwl^^^^nRn^oona  road  aud  about  a  mile  i 
east  nf  Junnor.  The  path  to  the  caves  lies  acrow  rocky  i 
slopes  np  a  steep  but  easy  ascent.  The  caves  face  the  aingl 
of  Dudhiire  which  has  a  tomb  of  Pir  8hAh  IHval  on  the  top. 
%*iew  bevond  is  acro«i8  a  wide  plain  sprinkled  with  trees  and  bo 
by  levfil  lines  of  distant  hills.  Cove  I.  is  a  lat/artu  or  a 
dwelling.  It  is  in  two  parts,  a  veranda  and  throe  cells  in 
wall  with  plain  doorways  opening  on  tho  veranda.  The 
are  nearly  equal  in  size  and  all  appear  to  have  grooves  for 
frames.  The  first  und  second  cells  are  nearly  equal  in  aize 
third  is  about  two  fuet  brooder,  and  has  a  two  feet  brond 
The  first  cell  is  about  7'  10"  deep  6'  8"  broud  and  6'  9»j 
The  doorway  is  2'  2"  broad  and  fi'  6"  high.  The  aeooad  i 
8'  deep  6'  10"  broad  and  7' o"  high  with  a  doorway  2*  2* 
and  6'  3"  high.  Tho  third  cell  Is  T'  deep  hv  9'  2"  brow 
T  high  with  o  doorwav  2'  1"  broad  and  6'  3'  high.  Alofl 
left  wall  is  a  bench  2*  brood  and  2'  6"  high.  The  aide 
of  the  cells  vary  in  length.  The  veronda  is  18*  10''  broad  10 
and  6'  3"  deep  with  about  six  inches  in  front  broken.  In 
of  tho  veranda  are  two  pillars  and  two  pilasters  on  whi< 
veranda  beam  rests.  Tho  shujies  of  the  pillars  and  pilu«toi 
of  tho  style  common  to  the  A'ndhra  period  '  consisting  i 
octagonal  shaft  with  wuterppt  bases  and  capitals.  The  wa: 
at  tho  base  rests  on  a  round  nng  over  fom-  square  plates  each 


I  The  Xiicllm  jK-ricxl  is  called  aft«r  the  An'Uirm  or  Amlhra-l>bntva  kiiusi 
ch-'ttfly  rrum  PKithu)  or  I'mtivthAo  on  tb«  (iodAr»ri  •bout  lifty  inil«*  ooru 
AhnMninajar,  ralkl  tb«  wbolo  Itnadtb  of  ludU  ttam  about  B.0, 90  to  A.D.  200. 


Jhceta] 


POONA. 


165 


larger  than  the  one  above  it ;  the  watcrpot  at  the  capital  18  invorted 
With,  iDBtoad  of  the  ring,  an  Amalaka}  resembling  a  cogwheel  and 
OTcr  the  wheel  the  plato  capital.*  The  front  of  the  veranda  in  plnin 
without  any  ornament.  About  Be\'enty  feet  to  the  left  of  uave  I.  and 
at  jtbout  the  same  level,  are  the  remains  of  three  oella  with  a  broken 

Yeronda,  apparently  a  dwelling  with  throe  cullfl. 

Cave  IT.  was  intended  to  be  a  chgiUja  or  chapel  cave,  but  as  a  slit 
near  the  coiling  of  the  present  back  walfadmitted  water,  the  idea  of 
making  it  a  chapel  eeems  to  have  been  abandoned.     To  catch  tho 

atcr  a  small  ciBtcm  has  been  cut  at  the  left  end  of  the  back  wall. 

he  cave  haa  an  inner  hall  and  a  veranda.  The  hull  ia  33'  9*  deep 
varies  in  breadth  from  1;V  C  in  the  buck  tcTH' uTS-'oni.     TLe 

ft  walTiB  rather  slanting, 


from  1  :y  C' 
and  ji'iis 


o\xi  a  little  into  the  bail.  The 
loor  of  the  hall  is  even,  and  almost  on  the  same  level  aathc  verando. 
?he  ceiling  is  rough  and  uneven,  varying  in  height  and  averaging 
*  »ven  feet.  The  quadrangular  block,  which  seems  to  have  been  cut 
rom  the  rock  to  mako  the  rolic-ahrine  or  ddgho&tt,  ia  7'  deep  and 
t>"  broad  and  risee  to  the  oeiling.  B^ind  it  ie  a  posaage  3'  7"  wide 
it  the  buck  and  about  2'  on  the  sides."  The  flaw  in  the  buck  wall 
(Imittiug  water  appears  to  have  stopped  the  attempt  to  carve  u  relics 
krine.  The  maas  of  rock  sccmH  to  have  been  left  rough  and  somo 
jjine  lateraaitiing  female  image  which  is  not  quite  finished  and  seems 
bo  of  eonsinerable  age  haa  been  carved  on  tlie  front  of  the  rock. 
to  figure  sits  cross-legged  and  its  hands  and  middle  are  unfinished. 
[t  wears  large  anklets  and  a  necklace  n-ith  an  end  hanging  like  a 
)unch  between  the  breasts.  The  ears  have  large  earrings  and  a  plain 
crown  is  on  the  head.  Tho  doorwav  of  the  cave  is  about  oa 
liigh  as  the  ceiling,  or  10'  4"  excluding  the  beight  of  ita  threshold. 
ll  has  gropvoe  for  a  wpgdenj'rame.  The  veranda  is  9'  10"  brood  by 
7"  deep  and  12'  9"  high,  or  about  1'  9"  higher  than  the  hall.  In 
)ut  of  the  yeronda,  in  a  spaco  2'  3'  deep,  are  two  pillars  and  two 
jra,  and  between  each  pillar  and  pilaster  is  a  foot  high!  bench 
^'ilh  u  foot  high  curtain.  On  tlio  back  of  the  curtain  is  tho  rail 
pal_tcj'D._  The  pillars  and  pilafitere  have  not  the  pot  and  plate  capital 
below  but  their  top  ornament  differs  little  from  tnut  of  the  pillars  of 
cave  I.  consisting  ot'  an  octagonal  shaft  with  upon  it  an  inverted  pot 
surmounted  by  a  plain  ring  on  which  ore  four  plutcs  cuuh  larger 
than  the  plat*  bolow  it,  A  new  feature  in  t£e8c  pillars  is  that  the 
narrow  etiye  of  the  ceiling  does  not  rest  on  the  ptilar  capital  but  on 
a  quailrungular  shaft  over  the  capital.  The  cave  seems  to  have  been 
paintctl.  The  coating  of  plaster  ia  still  distinct  in  the  ceiling  of  tho 
hull  uitd  still  more  in  tho  roof  of  veranda,  where  the  colour  remains. 
The  ornament  seems  to  have  consisted  of  rqupcj  qtcIob  between 
B«|Uttre  papalfc,  and  tho  colours  used  appear  to  have  beoi  red  yellow 
Bnd  wmtoTThe  work  appears  to  have  boon  very  poor.    Aa  at  the 


Chapter 
Places. 

MiUiniocla 
Caee 


s/ 


*  The  dkmuUaha  i«  Uio  nwdkUiAl  or  lucky  btny  of  the  PhyUaatboa  emblios  wUdi 
1*0  halt  dry  ahhvcb  ioto  grttotea. 

I  Th«  dctoiu  of  the  piUaw  K9,  iMgiDninff  from  the  tout,  tlie  four  b«M  platce  a  little 
»r  i"  cobch,  then  the  «ircttiar  b—ft  ot  tht'iiratficj/at  2",  the  waterpot  I '  10 ',  tho  eight- 
■halt  3'  S '  lujib  anil  3  9"  roand>    IbaaiilKwe  Utwna  tbo  piUan  u 4'. 


iBombar  OftiBt 


166 


DISTRICTS. 


lapter  XI7. 
_     Places. 

Hlnmoda  Ca^'eB. 
Cove  U. 


cripticm  /, 


,0am  HI. 


ooMir, 


EdnKcri  caves  in  Sileette,  the  plaster  sixths  to  bavo  consisted  of  ri(» 
cliuff  and  clay.  The  cuve  front  or  fucadc  occupies  a  spa*;©  2tf 
broad  by  40'  high  in  which  the  ruvo  has  bfcn  cut.  Outride 
veranda  is  the  eave  in  which  ap[>Gar  the  ends  of  mortieeR.  Over 
enve  is  the  rail  pattern,  and  above  the  rail  pattern  in  a  recosa  il 
round  arch,  and,  within  the  arch,  a  deep  inner  arch.  Steps,  w' 
apparently  led  between  the  pillars  have  disappeared.  Two  or  thnc 
Btops  also  seem  to  have  led  to  a  flat  space  which  com  muni  en  tod  by  t 
doorway  with  cave  III.  Over  this  doorway  is  nn  inscription  of  two 
whole  and  a  portion  of  a  third  line.  Except  the  beginning  and  atmu 
traces  of  the  end  lettera  on  the  riKht  the  letters  have  been  lost  from 
the  flow  of  water  from  above.  The  first  line  had  twenty  letters,  the 
aecond  twrntr  and  the  third  cloven  of  which  seven  remata.  The 
part  preserved  reads  : 

a>  Bidliam  upa'takftM  oaffwiitt  (sa). 
(3>  BfttanulaputaMO- 
(3)  Pula  Vlrmbhutlna. 

This  eeems  to  record  a  gift  by  a  merchant  whose  name  cannot  he 
made  out.     Perhaps  the  giver  is  the  Virahhuti  mentioned  in  tW 
third  line.     Whether  the  gift  was  the  doorway  or  cave  II,  or  ca- 
III.  eanuot  be  determined.      It  is  probably  ooimected    with 
.  chapel  cuve  II. 

Cave  III.  is  in  two  parte,  nn  inner  h^^jmd  a  Teranda.  The  ball 
IB  about  18'  broad  by  l-V  deep  and  7'  high.  The  w.ille  are  not  equal 
in  length,  the  left  wall  being  15'  10"  and  the  right  wall  14'  10'. 
In  the  back  it  is  18'  6"  broad  and  in  front  X7'  3*.  To  the  right, 
along  the  entiro  length  of  the  wall,  is  a  bench  10°  high  and  2'  3* 
broad.  The  doorway  is  as  high  as  the  hall  ceiling  that  is  7'  by 
4'  lO"  broad,  and  with  grooves  for  a  wooden  frame.  The  front 
veranda,  which  is  16*  8'  brood  by  4'  10'  deep  and  10'  3"  high  oc 
about  2'  0*  higher  than  the  halt  roof,  is  on  a  ti'  lower  level  than  the 
hall  floor.  In  the  left  wall  a  partly  broken  door  opens  on  care  IK 
In  front  were  two  plain  octagonal  pillars  and  two  pilasters.  Th» 
right  pilaster  is  entire  and  port  of  the  left  pillar  hangs  from  tl 
ceiling.  This  eave  difiers  in  shape  both  from  dwellings  and  tx 
chapel  caves.  It  has  no  object  of  worshim  the  bench  on  the  left 
larger  than  a  dwelling  cave  bench,  and  there  are  no  holes  above  the 
bench  for  the  usual  cloth-pegs.  The  eave  was  probably  a  dining 
ball  or  sfittra  though  dining  halls  generally  have  benches  on  all  aid^ 
instead  of,  as  here,  only  on  one  side.  To  the  right  of  Cave  III.  is 
earlh-dlled  cistern,  and  beyond  it^  to  the  right,  seems  a  trace 
another  ciatem. 

Cave  IV.  about  tuxrty  fc*H  below  caTe  HI.  reached  by  a  broke 
and  difficult  path,  is  an  unfinished  ^jCsUJjgg  intended  to  have  avoranc 
and  cell.  The  fear  of  water,  from  cracks  in  the  veranda  roof,  baa 
left  the  cell  unfinished  with  a  depth  and  breadth  of  about  6'  6'  and 
a  height  of  about  6'.  The  doo^ay  is  3'  wide  and  is  as  lugh  as  the 
cell.  The  veranda  is  20'  9'  bread  by  6'  3'  deep  and  1'  higher  t 
the  cell.  In  front  were  two  pluiu  quadrangular  pillars  and 
pilasl^^rs.  The  left  pillar  and  pilaster  remain  but  the  whole  of 
right  pillar  and  about  half  of  the  right  pilaster  arc  lost. 


EOaiLj 


POONA, 


167 


[Care  V.  about  sixty  feet  to  the  right  of  cave  TV.  and  on  the  same 
is  not  a  cave  but  an  artificial  opening  26'  4*  brood  by   12'  8* 
3p  much  filled  with  oaith.     Tt  may  either  be  a  view  place  or  a 
rgc  cistern  of  the  stylo  of  a  bathing  cistern.     Above  Cave  V.   is.  a 
nmilur  smaller  opfuing.     Above  eaves  IV.  and  V.  and  about  70'  to 
the  right  of  Cave  III.  oa  a  hi^jh  level,  were  four  cistemB,  throe  of 
~  'lich  bave  broken  fronts  and  look  like  cells.     The  tiral  is  tilled  with 
rth  and  has  a  large  ptpal  tree  growing  in  front  of  it.     To  the 
^ht  of  the  front  enough  of  the  work  remains  to  leave  no  doubt  that 
Lwas  a  cistern.     The  second  cistern  about  twenty  feet  to  the  right 
on  a  lower  level.     It  is  a  larger  cistern  with  a  broken  front  and 
ss  at  its  mouth  with  a  small  bench.     In  the  buck   wall  of  the 
SBs  is  a  well  cut  and  well  preserved  inscription  which  reads  ; 
BiTaaamaputaBa  BiTabhatino  deyadhamma  podhL 
may  be  translated 
'  Ttu  maritorlotiB  cUt  of  a  oistera  br  Sivabbuti  ftoa  of  SlTaunia.' 
le  recess  seems  to  have  been  used  us  u  cell  and  a  doorway  in  itd 
;ht  wall  leads  to  the  third  cjatera  which  is  a  little  larger  ihau  tho 
3ond  but  not  so  deep.      Its  front  also  is  broken.     To  the  rights 
the  top,  part  of  the  mouth  remains.     A  little  to  the  right  of  the 
■ird  is  the  fourth  cistern  filled  with  earth  and  hidden  by  a  Ficus 
lomerata  or  awittmbar  tree. 


Chapter  ZIT^ 
FUces. 

JOHSAR. 

MAntnoda  Ca\ 
Caw  r. 


i 


iHseriplion  f. 


Cave  VI.  is  &  sittinjj^  rcaHrfJ^fimbcT,  which  is  called  a  mandnp  or 
pleasure  seat  in  Inscription  3.  It  is  a  recess  9'  10"  broad  by  4'  10' 
deep  and  (>'  8'  high,  with  on  three  sides  the  remains  of  a  bench  1' 
broad  by  1'  high.  To  tlio  right  a  recess  probably  contained  the 
louth  of  a  cistern  for  the  use  of  monks  resting  in  the  maiidap. 
the  right  wall  just  under  the  ceiling  is  an  important  well  cut 
iription  in  three  lines.  Two  or  tliree  letters  in  the  beginning 
each  line  are  lost ;  the  rest  are  well  preserved.     The  inscriptioa 

Q.)  [Bano]'  Kaba')chatapaBa>  Sa'ml  T^j^jg/jn^gi^g^ 

(8)  [a'l>  ma'tyata  Vaohhasasotaaa  Ajramara 

(3)  doyadbama*  oharfbi  *  matapooha  punatbayavaM^  4B 

kato 

id  it  may  be  translated 

'Tbo  maritoriouH  silt  of  a  raaadapa  and  otatara  by 
Ayam*  of  the  Tatna  stock,  prime  mlalitar  %o  tbo  Itlag, 
tbo  (rant  Batrapa,  th«  lord  iftaaapa'na,  ma^e  for  marlt 
in  the  year  46.'  ^_^^^__^___ 

Cave  VII.  is  a  small  djEfilling  including  a  cell  and  a  small  open 
ront    The  cell  ia  7'  square  and  7'  high,  tho  front  wall  '6"  less  in 


Cave  VII. 


>  Die  lett«m  raUA  an  entirely  lost.     Lixikinji;  6.1  tho  aizo  of  the  lino  and  of  the  way 
which   PJahaptoa  tt  muHtiuuMl  in   NiUik  msuiiptions,  Ui«  two  miaaiuj;  luitora  arv 
tboat  doubt  mtio. 
\  *  F(>r  ttutM  tho  toxt.hu  maha  probably  a  ^uv^ake  of  the  engraver. 

*  AiA  hal(  Imt  and  ttiu  hnlf  thftt  romiLma  in  #ery  iadiatUict.     The  tetters  nutsyt  are 
_     Imt  out  duubtfal. 

*  />  )■  eotireJy  luat  but  ae  the  letters  yadhoma  follow  though  dim,  tU  leeros  to  be 
«  pmbable  letter. 

*  Chatpii  ia  a  mistake  tor  po^fti.    The  ciBtcni  near  the  oavo  loavus  do  doabt  thai  a 
.t«ra  fraa  meant  in  the  iaacriptioo.  '  Vasa  should  be  rim; 


(Bombay  QuiUmI 


168 


DISTRICTS. 


brewlth  than  Ulo  back  wall.  Tho  doorwBf  which  is  aa  high  u  tbt  idl 
is  3'  8*  broad,  and  haa  no  grooves  for  a  woodon  franuj.  The  aftk\ 
front  is  7'  2*  broad  aad  L'  7*  doop.  Its  floor  is  nearly  on  tk\ 
Buno  levvl  as  the  cwlt,  perhaps  an  iuch  lower,  while  the  rooj  U^\ 
front  IB  about  one  inch  higher  thau  the  ouU. 

U.  Cavo   Vni.    i«    on   irregular   row    of     aeTcn     cells.       In  fne^ 

ia  a  spooo  with  a  ffreeteat  breadth  oi  Jii'  8*  in  ~ihc  middli  »i 
narrowing  ut  the  ends.  The  oella  have  a  broken  OTerbaOKing  rwf  j 
with  a  greutoat  breadth  of  5',  narrowing  towurds  the  nghly  tk 
effect  of  time.  Bv  tho  side  of  the  firet  four  doorways,  in  uefntfl 
wall  just  under  the  coiling,  arc  niches  of  unknown  use  abool  f 
deep  and  6*  broad.  All  are  dwelling  coUb  as  the  front  and  l«i 
wall  of  each  has  a  hole  for  tho  pole  from  which  hung^  the  mook'i 
i  cloth  and  bowl. 

mix.  Caw  IX.  about  thirty  feci  below  care  VIII.  is  a    hall  with  t 

front.  Its  sidtfs  are  irregular,  with  a  greatest  dopik  of  15"  6", 
and  a  breadth  of  2a'9*.  The  height  is  fi'  3",  but  as  the  floor  i 
about  r  9*  deep  in  clay,  the  original  height  must  have  haa 
about  8'.  The  front  wall,  which  haa  doors,  is  amaUor  than  tin 
back  wall  being  I'J'  5*.  Tho  right  wall  is  13'  8*  and  turroai 
towards  tho  front  to  avoid  a  slit  tn  tho  rock  likely  to  admit  walift 
The  left  wall  is  lo'  0'  long.  On  the  right  side,  running  aktf 
the  entire  length  of  the  wall,  ia  a  broken  bench  about  1'  9'  Iti^ 
and  with  a  greatest  breadth  of  three  feet.  In  the  front  wall  are  tvf 
doorways  the  left  door  Bmallor  than  the  right.  The  ovorhi 
roof  of  the  front  space  is  so  broken  that  it  does  not  look  like  a 
but  the  walls  on  either  side  are  preserved.  It  is  19'  2*  brood 
deep.     Tbis  cavo  was  prpbably^a  dining  hall  or  tattra  as  its  gsnscit 

filau  much  resembles  tliat  o?  cave  lir  About  twelve  feut  to  iha 
eft  is  a  recess,  either  a  ruined  eistem  or  an  untinisliofl  cistem. 
Between  caves  VIII.  and  IX.  and  about  tifty-tivc  feet  to  the  right, 
a  group  of  ciateroH  are  cut  to  catch  a  spring  which  flows  from  ibo 
hiU-top.  The  first  two  cistoms,  which  are  aide  by  aido,  itwk  like 
recesaes  and,  as  their  partition  wall  is  broken,  they  look  like  a  two- 
oellud  dwelling.  Of  the  iirat  cistern  the  front  is  preserved,  and 
traces  show  tlmt  its  mouth  was  near  tho  left  end.  Uf  the 
cistern  nearly  half  the  front  ia  gone.  A  little  to  the  right 
aecond  ciateni  in  a  recess  is  the  third  cistern,  its  front  partly  brol 
To  the  right  of  tho  third  cistern  was  a  rock-cut  seat  now  brol 
Further  to  tho  right  are  four  other  cisterns  entirely  filled  with 
earth.  Above  those  appear  to  be  some  excavations,  perhaps  cistemfl 
now  inaooeasible.  About  fifteen  feet  further  is  an  oxcuvatiun  like 
cave  V.  It  may  be  a  seat  or  perhaps  a  large-mouthed  baching 
pond.  Above  tliis  are  what  appear  to  be  four  earth-tilled  cietonu 
recognizable  only  by  the  grass  or  brushwood  growing  out  of  their 
mouths. 

About  eighty  yorda  to  tho  right  of  this  group  of  cisterns,  near 
where  the  direction  of  the  hiU  begins  to  chunge,  is  Cave  X.  The 
cavo  faccB  eaat-north-cust  and  includes  an  uuUuished  dwelling  with 
a  cell  and  veranda.  The  veranda  is  finished  and  the  umer  cell 
inoomplute,  but  apparently  not  from  any  flaw  in  the  rook.     Tho 


J 


ilarly  round  cell  is  2'  10"  deep.      Tliis  is  the  last  cave  in  the 

iilsluiiikur  group.     Above  it  is  an  excuvaiion  difiiuull  of  acress 

Itch  looks  natural  though  it  is  artificial. 

:     About  fifteen  feet  to  the  right  of  cave  X.  near  one   another  arc 

five  small  cxcavulioita  like  cave  V.      As  they  are  partly  filled  it  is 

jhard  to  make  out  whether  they  ore  view  seats,  large  open  bathing 

,  cisterns  wit  h^  broken  front  walUa  or  broken  oella. — 


Chaptei^ZlT. 

Places- 


M 


-      About  300  yards    from  cave   X.  comes  the   Ambika  gronp  ^\jj 
^nineteen  caves  stretching  from  east-south-east  to  west-north -wasfj-^ 
d   generally  fat^g   noiih-north-east.      About   forty   feet   above 
ere  the  group  begins  are  seven  cisterns,  two  of  which  hold  good    t ,, 
ter.  \ 


AmMkt  Ofoiifs 


Cave  XI.,  a  small  dwelling  cave,  appears  to  have  included  a  cell 
Eth.  u  front  verandu.  The  front  wall  of  the  cell  and  the  right  and 
ft  sides  and  the  roof  of  the  \-eranda  are  all  broken.  Tiie  cell, 
lich  is  8'  2"  deep  and  7'  8'  broad,  is  almost  entirely  filled  with 
th.  To  the  left  are  traces  of  an  excavation.  But  it  is  entirely 
with  earth  and  blocked  by  a  rock  fallen  from  above.  


UTO  XII.  close    to  CBVe  XI.    U  an  ujifinJshod  dwelling   cave, 

lading  two  unfinished    cells  and  a  veranda.      Tlie    verauda  is 

ishcd   but   the   evils    are    incomplete,    eapeeially    the    right    cell. 

>th  t<idea  uf  the  veranda  are  broken.     Like  cave  XI.   it  is  nearly 

full  of  earth. _^ 


[Cave  Xni.  consists  of  a  ooll  and  a  veranda.      The   ocU  is  16'  7" 

by  7'  6*  deep  with  irregular  sides.      The  veranda,  is  7'  10* 

by  2'  10'  deep.     Both  of  its  sides  and  a  little  of  its  front  ore 

Jroken.      From    what   remains  there   appear    to   have    been    two 

quadraugular  pilasters  with  an  cave  resting  on  them.     The  front  of 

the  cell  is  brokcu,  but  a  little  piece  of  rock  hanging  about  the 

pddle  shows  that  the  cave  had  two  dooi-ways.  


f^nv^  XI. 


Cam  Xlt. 


Caw  XI it. 


[Cave  XXV.  is  a  dwelling  cave,  consisting  of  a  hall  with  two  cells  CamXtV. 

either  side,     Xi  is  greatly  broken.     In  the  back  wall   of  the  hall 
[a  large  hole  caused  by  a  layer  of  soft  ri>ck.     The  hall  is  18'  6' 
unre  and  9'  high.     The  side  cells,  which  are  nearly  eqiuil  in  size, 
i)'  higher  than  the  level  of  the  hull  floor.     The  first  cell  to  the 
is  ti    10'  deep  and  6'  T  broad,  and  the  second   is  G'  8"  deep 
_id  6'  10'  broad ;  the  first  cell  to  the  right  is  6'  10"  deep  bv  7'  10' 
broad,    and  the  second  7'  deep  by  7'  8'  broad.     The    cells  have 
lin  doorways  7'  5'  high.     All  the  cells  are  nearly  7'  5*  high  and 
nr  coiling  is  about   1'  higher  than  the  hall  ceiling.     The  right  , 

mt  wall  of  the  hidl  is  entire.     The  left  front  wall,  tiiough  broken 
Jielow,  remains  in  the  upper  part  and  shows  that  thu  hall  door 
:broad  ond  as  high  as  the  hall  ceiling.     The  hall  has  un  open 
16'  4'  broad  and  5'  8'  deep,  as  appears  from  the  still  preseiTcd 
top  of  tho  left  side.     The  right  aide  is  lost.     In  the  back  wall  of 
the  verauda  and   to  the  right  of  tho  hull  doorway  below  the  ceiling 
is  an  inscription  in  two  linos  partly  broken.     The  inscription  reads  :        tsurriptim^. 
^K  tl)    (Ga>hapatipat«'nani  bha'tunnaoi  donaiika 

^P  (31   sa  cha.u«abbUD  dayadhamom- 

This  seems  to  show  that  the  givers  of  this  cave  were  two  sons 
of  a  householder  whose  name  hu  been  lost  in  the  beginning  of  the 


iBombay  Qu«bmI 


HAft. 
UC4VCI. 


170 


DISTRICTS. 


Brat  Ubp.     The  nomea  of  the  sons  uI»o  ore  lost   iu   the  hc^oning  i\ 
tho  aecond  line.     The  oivc  u*  cuUl-U  fuur-coUiHl. 

CuTp  XV.  is  u  larpy  (^\lj[f  12'  9"  dft-p  12'  hroiul  and  8"  liigll 
Catch-holes  in  either  wull  seem  to  shcnr  thn(  iho  cnve  has  bwD  aW 
for  cattle.  Uummer  luurks  show  that  an  attempt  bns  bcrn  uuk 
to  hreok  the  partition  wulls.  Tho  door  is +' 3'  brocul  and  ;*' hi*il 
andhaa  hoh'S  in  the  top  for  a  thick  wooden  frame.  The  wll  hd 
Ml  DYerhanging  oavo. 


j^Yf  A  fliehl  of  8tepe  butwoen  coves  XIV.  and  XV.  Icada  to  Cave  XVl. 

The  old  stops  hare  bf?en   broken   and  new  steps   have  been  audi  | 
probably   by  tho    toTv-ns|>eopIo.      An   iiuuf^e  of   tbeJaj^podA*  i 

i^rorstiippJ 


tho    toTv-ns|>eopIo.  

Ambiku  has   been  carved  in  the  cave  and  the  image 


by  the  Tains  and  other  people  of  Junnar,  and,  after  the  name  of  liai 
goddess,  this  group  is  loeullv  fcnuwii  i»s  Anihika  Lcne,  The  art 
is  a  dwelling,  consisting  of  live  ptUs  ^"i'l'  "  large  front  renaiL 
The  cells  are  not  cut  straight  and  are  of  unequal  size.  Part  oj'  tin 
back  wall  of  the  veranda  beginning  with  the  thiitl  eol)  and  pan  iIm 
of  the  front  wall  are  broken.  'I'hu  lirst  cell  is  0'  8'  bruud  7'  10'  tk^ 
and  6'  10"  high.  Iu  the  buck  has  Inh-u  cut  a  shallow  recess  forS 
image  or  {)erlm])s  to  make  au  inner  cell.  In  the  left  wull  U  n  bob 
for  the  monk's  clothes-peg.  The  door  is  2' 6*  broiul  uiid  aa  lugh  as  ik* 
veiling.  Tho  cell  floor  is  3'  lower  thuu  the  veranda  tloor.  To  tb 
left  of  the  doorway,  in  a  small  shallow  recess,  is  a  standing  figW 
erf  a  Jain  KshelnipAl  or  Kield-Guardl'in,  about  1' 6'  high,  nf  thi 
tentH^r  eleventh  eentnry.  His  left  band  rests  on  his  hip  and  iatk* 
right  hand  is  a  weapon  too  broken  to  be  identified.  Hound  hiafatff* 
an  aureole.  Near  his  right  leg  is  a  silting  human  figure  aiitl  near  bia 
left  leg  is  a  dog.  This  image  has  been  broken  probably  by  MaaiT- 
m^ns.  To  the  right  of  tho  dot>rwuy  in  a  smull  recess  is  a  brotw 
sitting  figure  of  a  goddess  10"  high,  pi-ubably  a  ligure  of  tho  Jain 

foddosB  Chakreshv.ari.     On  eitlicr  tide  of  the  image  in-e   two   huuua 
gures.     In  front  of  each  image  ia  a  pair  of  holes  iu  which  to  lay  i 
hoard  or  plank  for  oflVrings. 

The  si'cond  cell  is  7'  8*  <Ieep  by  6'  9'  broad  and  6'  9'  high  with 
u  p^g-hole  in  the  buck  Wull  and  two  enlih-holes  high  up  the  siilff 
walls.  The  third  cell  is  unfinished  beaui.se  of  a  soft  loyer  in  the  IrH 
«ide  wall.  It  is  5'  10"  deep  by  4"  10'  brood  an<l  15'  -I'  high.  Bft- 
tween  the  third  and  fourth  cells  is  a  recess,  which  must  originally 
have  contained  the  figtiro  of  a  Jaiu  god.  Tho  plinth  for  the  -  '  * 
the  god  hos  been  made  us  well  un  u  drain  to  carry  away  the  w 
tho  god's  bath.  The  fourth  oud  fifib  cells  were  originally  ^■\ 
but  llie  Jains  hove  broken  down  the  partition,  a  trace  ol 
appears  in  the  ceiling,  mid  made  the  two  eells  into  one  hall  7'  IC 
deep  by  17'  3'  broad  and  7'  V  liigh.  In  the  buck  wall  two  Jain 
imt^^9  sit  cross-legged  in  the  lotus  position.  They  appear  to  have 
been  broken  by  the  Musalmaus.  The  image  to  the  left,  probably  of 
JTeminAth  the  twenty-socond  Tirthankar,  is  3'  high  and  2'  6'  in  tho 
oroM-leggod  posture,  and  bos^  three-can opiod  umbrella,  and,  oo 
either  side  of  the  umbrella,  a  broken  fl}Hng  angel  with  a  tly-6ap  or 
ohauri.  To  the  left  in  a  recess  were  two  small  standing  fignroa  one 
1'  3"  high  and  the  otlior  Bmedler.    J!)uch  figure  had  over  tho  head 


BM.] 


POONA. 


171 


srpent  hood,  or  perhaps  n  badlv  cut  umbrella.  The  iiunge  to  the 
ight,  ulsu  broken,  probably  by  liuBalmiins,  is  iJorhuim  of  Adindth 
"le  first  Jjiin  Tirthankar,  .is  nbovo  his  alumbler  ure  tfip  uarvcd  ritig- 
kts  by  wbinh,  in  old  iniaj^t-n,  Adinnth  is  itloiUiticd.  The  image  eils 
>88-lGgg{>d  2'  5"  hitrh  urul  2'  3"  between  the  knot:8.  Uoimd  the 
18  an  aureole.  Above  is  a  three-canopied  umbrella  of  aomewhat 
ferent  shape  from  the  nmbrclla  over  the  imaee  of  XeminMb.  On 
ithor  nido  of  the  umbrella  is  an  angel  with  a  ny-flup.  In  the  left 
of  the  hall,  in  a  roces!*,  is  Ambika  seated  under  a  mango  tree. 
'he  iwaffe  is  2*  3'  hi>;li  by  2'  2"*  broad.  The  left  leg  is  crossed 
und  Ihe  right  log  bangs  down.  Under  the  loft  kneo  is  the  lion, 
Ambika's  cm:  Over  the  left  and  right  knees  are  two  boys,  her  sons 
li>id(tha  and  liuddha.  To  the  left  of  Antbika,  a  stunding  ligare  I'  4' 
jh  holds  an  umbrella.  Above  the  mango  trees  three  TtrthankarB 
nt  cross- lugged,  tlie  middle  figure  larger  tban  the  two  side  figures. 
This  is  l(t  allow  that  the  godd;!88  Ambika  is  aubuixlinatc  to  the  Tir- 
tluickars,  though  »lie  is  regarded  as  the  spenal  guardian  goddess  or 
sli  '.y.},nlt:ci  of  Neminiilh  the  twenty-second  Tirlhankar.  T.'iidpreach 
figure  are  two  holes  probably  for  wooden  planks.  From  their  work- 
manship, these  images  appear  to  be  of  the  tenth  or  eleventh  century, 
when  the  Jatns  seem  to  have  plastered  these  two  cells  and  the 
jyreranda  in  front  of  them.  Traces  of  the  plaster,  which  seems  to 
Kavo  consisted  of  thin  hemp-Hke  fibres  mixed  with  lime,  remain. 

H  In  front  of  oil  the  cells  is  a  broken  veranda  49'  10'  broad  by  7'  2* 
PBeep.  A  wall  ran  along  tho  veranda  in  front  of  caves  XV. 
XwI.audXVlLI.  This  wall,  as  well  as  more  than  half  of  tho 
veranda  Hoor,  is  ruined.  To  admit  light  into  it,  each  cell  appears 
to  have  had  a  door  in  the  front  walf^  but,  except  tho  first  door  and 
the  top  part  of  the  sucoud,  no  traces  of  Ihu  doors  ure  left. 


Cave  XVri.  is  tu  tho  right  of  cave  XV.  on  a  two  feet  higher  level 

and  under  cave  XV'I.     It  is  a  cell  7'  deep  by  7'  8*  broud  and  7'  2* 

^ugfa.     lis  back  wall  and  left  side  remain,  though  a  partly  success- 

Hbl  attempt  hits  been  made  to  break  the  left  wall.     The   right  wall 

w  p.^rtly  broken  while  the  front  wall  and  part  of  tho  ceiling  are  gone. 

In  the  back  wall  is  a  peg-hole. 

^Cave  XVril.  by  tho  aide  of  cave  XVIT.  and   under  the  veranda 
cave  XVI.  consists  of  two,_cclls  now  entirely  ruined  except  the 
ck  wall.     They  are  about  5'  6"  in  front  of  cave  XVIT. 
Cave  XrX.  to  the  right  of  cave  XVIII.  and  under  cave  XVI. 
(ippcnrs  to  have  consisted  of  u  vorauilu  aiul  an  inner  cell  7'  1"  deep 
7'  9"  broail  and  7'  10"  high.     lis  front  wall  and  veranda  are  gone, 
door  in  tho  left  of  this  \'crunda  probably  led  to  the  right  c^l  of 
»ve  XVIII.                                                   * 


tire  XX.  is  a  small  ploin  quadrangular  chapel  cave.     Tta  floor, 

is  now  ranch  filled  with  earth,  appears  to  have  originally  been 

the  same  level  us  cave  XXI.  to  Its  right,  the  great  chapel  of 

is  grottp.     Its  front  wall  and  part^f  the  side  walls  ore  broken. 

le  cave  probably  extended  to  the  pillors  of  cave  XXI.  oud  was  14 

ep  and  9'  8"  broad.     Tho  height  cannot  be  ascertained  as  it  is 

luch  filled  with  earth.     The  relic-shrinc  or  chaitya  is  about  two  feet 


Chapter  Xl 
Places- 

MAiiiikhI.i  Cares. 
Care  Jt  I  A 


Cam  TVrf. 


Cawt  xriii 


Caee  XIX,. 


Cavt  XX. 


i  Bom  bay 


172 


DISTRICTS. 


FIbom. 


IP  of  rnil  pottgrn.  laS 
•]\mrtora  circular  domp,  and 


t'AH  XXI 


|»\V*\^^ 


/MeW/KiON  5, 


from  the  buck  ftiiM  sidi*  wfUlR.     In 

time  of  (Jotimiumtru  11.  iA.ifa,Jil>). 

round  plinth,  the  bt'lt  Kurmnunterf  by  a  etni 

tho^intlTn  uiori-  th*-"  'i'-  •]\mrtora  circular  damp,  ami  abort 

dome  a  cuuiliJ  wiih  .rn  (now  broken    but  cUstincloo 

back),  uiwoii  tlu*  aipiuil  ii  iTokon  shaft  -  ting  ap  qinJtrtUi^ 

oat  of  tbr  (viliug.     Tbc  dome  Taabonl 

Ciivo  XXI.  18  an  uiifiniahed  chapel  or  c/tai/j^g  cavu  intczxted 
the  chief  placo  of  woreHip  in  the  AmSuca  group.     A   la 
layer  of  wiift  rock,  u  high  u  the  cave  and  six  feet  broad^  wl 
ihrougbtiui  {he  rock  and  nptwurs  in  cove  XIV.  about  «ixty  U 
leil,  socms  to  be  the  rauae  why  the  chapel  waa   left   untinijJied 
Bpitc  of  this  liiyur  of  soft  roi-k  the  excavation  acpzns  to  have 
continued  up  to  the  rehV«lirinr>,  but  n  aetrond  layer  o^  sof)^  trap 
the  relie-«hrine  seems  to  hitve  stopped  further  vork.     The  » 
hoit  been  finished,  the  hall  also  is  mostlv  finished,    bat  tho 
ehrino  is  incomplete.     The  rock  intended  for  the  n^lie-shrine 
to  huvo  been  left  unfinished.  whiIe~TK'ipK  dressecl ;  only  the  in 
been  niude  and  t hc~Jomo  appears  to  huve  been  partl^r    orogght 
shape.     The  hull  is  37'  4"  deep  by  16'  broad  in  front.      The  ro 
vaulted  ou  perpeudiculai'  walls  the  height  of  which  eunnot  Iha 
as  the  ca^-e   is   greatly  filled  with  eluy  washed  in  durinjj  the 
The  doorway  is  quudrangulai-  tive  feet  broad  ami  uppurutitiv  al 
feel  higli.  Above  ia  a  moulding  13'  7'  long  and   V  9'  brood.    Al 
the  moiUding  is  a  rwvss  in  which  is  a  horao-shoc  arch^  and  wi^ 
the  arcli  a  %-attl^  window  admits  light  to  the  cave.     lu   front 
the  door  n  flat-i-oond  %'enuida  hiw  two  pillars  and  i 
the  ShAtukunii  (!l._P._90- a. p. iJOO)   style  with  a  c.  . 
shaft  on  an  Indian  wntrrpot  resting  on  a  ring  over  tour  squire 
plsiesj  ettfh  pliitc  BmaiitT  than  the  oue  below  it.     Above   the  shaft 
are  the  pot  and  the  plates  inverted,  with,  over  the  plat4.'s,  a  quailrso- 
Kolar  shaft  on  which  umji  (wve_I_I .  rests  tlie  cave  of  the  roof.     The 
pilaster  iu  lost// The  chiet  interest  of  this  cave  are  elovon 
tjona  in   tho  venmda.  many   of  them  recording  grunts,  but 
itrforrinf;  to  the  making  of  the  cave.     Tho  grunts  do  not  s^xmi' 
refer  t '    ■  tinlslii'd  chni/r/it  cave  but  to  tiie  monnflic  estabUi 

mcntw!  il  in  the  Anibika  group.     This  cave  sei-ms  to 

been  chosen  for  recording  grants  because  it  was  empty  and   uni 
The  inscriptions  ore  badl^'' cut  on  a  rough  undressed  suHaoo, 
though  a  Httle  hard  to  read,  most  are  complete.     InBcription  5  la 
the  right  hHn<l  pillar  in  two  parts,  one  on  a  face  to  the  left  of 
visitor  and  the  other  on  the  right  face.     It  is  hai-d  to  say,  until 
meaning  is  made  out,  whether  this  is  one  inscription  in  two  parts ^ 
two  se]Wirate  inscriplions.     The  lettera  arc  distinct,  doep-eut,  j 
well  preserved,   but   no  meaning   can  be  got  out  of  them. 


iboqt 


ilti-i  :■•■,■■;■'       ■:    ■,,  ,    f— ^    i  "  rr  k  ,  i     f  cave  ir.  lU 

vhniic  iji  -vo  cKiiilil  not 

|i"^  iilm  while  UitH-ord  ftr  n  Iv-fchriiict  i^g^y  mfmmtL  ISTI.i.^  Uliija 

aiTl  ..II  I  .  avo  in»i-TipliouB  ettuw,  U  Mn/ni  ot  7fM/5i. 


'^ 


^ 


4 


iptjon 
IJbo  rcud : 


seeTOB   lo   be   in   a  foreign    langiiagc     written    iu  cave 
The  iflBcription  is  in  two  parts,  thu  first  of  which  may 


(1}  Apura'oa 
(9)  Deska'.i 
(S)  Haiiuuia'. 
<4,)Xtoathl. 

,e  second  part  may  be  read 

(1)  Asa.*  O)  Tba'da- 


(5)  Tadhima'.* 

(6)  STikATB.' 

(7)  Vanch*.* 


(S)  KhunMa.^ 


(4)  Na.T 


Inscription  G  is  on  the  loft  pillar  on  the  side  facing  tho  inscribed 

;sof  the  right  pillar.     It  is  in  four  distinct  and   well  cut  lines. 

in    Inscription   o   no  meaning  can  be  made  out  of  the  words 

lich  arc : 

a>  Tabake.9         t2>  Keaiua.*'         (3)  Ta-Mbho-i*         (4)  Badhi" 

Tnscription  7  is  in  the  back  wall  of  the   veranda  to  the  left  of  the 

>ulding  on  the  doorway.     Tho  inscription   is  in  four  lines  faintly 

^t  on  a  rough  surface  but  distinct.     The  inscription  reads  : 

(1)  Oa'meiliao  va'aadAsbu^*  nivatana  ixi 
(S)  panaraeaia"  palap&n 
(3)  deyadhama  apajltevu^a 
14)  nepayogokahathe  da'Qa>* 

records  the  grant  by  a  man  named  Palapa  of  fifteen  nivar- 

in   VAnada   village   to  remain   in  chorgc  of   a  man   named 

Pftyogoka  of  the  Apajita  Qana  or  sect.     Vfinadu  village  may   be  tho 

modem  Vdnflydi  four  miieg  we6{"of  Junnnr.     Apajitu  must  bo  a 

The  Jains  also  have  ganax,  one  vorv  old  sect  among 


Buddhist  sect. 

the  lligumbaras  is  Apardjita  which  this  name  closely  resembles.'* 

Inscription  8  oa  the  moidding  couaisU  of  four  long  Uaea  on  a 
rough  surface,  the  letters  getting  larger  in  each  lower  line.  As 
the  surface  ts  rough  and  full  of  irregular  chisel  marks  crossing 
the  IcttoFH  the  inscription  is  hard  to  mul  and  is  puzzling.  It  may 
be  reail ; 

ax  Oadlia"  Ttharanat?  da na"  ka'ka(pQ)  t«U>«  aa'rataTaoo 


Chapter  XI  y,^ 
Places-     ( 

MAoinoda  Cave*. 
Cave  XJLJ. 


iMCripUon  6. 


Irucription  7J 


iMcriptitmJ 


I 


1  Ih-aln  may  Iw  alto  nad  rfuuM. 

>  TliR  letter  uui  U  ooufoMdby  a  oiacJc  is  the  rock  ;  H  may  perhaps  be  cu  or  mi. 

'  Siiinrti  may  \*o  nilcacka.        *  Valifha  mny  be  vino  roa>l  twAcAa  or  cAoAcAo. 

*  Aia  may  tfC  mtud.  *  Khai*f»a  may  be  rimmi, 

'  Tba  fttnAll  crosa  line  after  n<\  marka  that  the  writing  ia  complete. 

*  Ttkbaioe  may  bv  mi'Mh:  '  JTwuM  may  M  kra»a, 

'*  IIm  tnidille  letter  lo  of  Uitoltho  may  be  ao  engrarer'i  mistake  for  chho. 
>'   Badhi  may  be  gaiflii  or  iffht. 

"  Tile  tbir.l  luttvr  Mu  An|)e>ara  like  pu  in  the  nrigioal  ai  tho  Icttere  are  very  nearly 
kc.     It  U  curiuaB  to  !in<l  ^Aw  here  as  the  letter  tha  ii  not  generally  used  id  Prakrit, 
The  lelt«r  sA»  ni  tbe  cud  is  alto  written  like  jm  but  to  retul  /lU  iii«kos  no  bcdw. 
Dtitui  ill  tliv  iirigiiml  luuks  like  mlna.     It  ie  ^irubably  an  cngraver'a  mittakA  aa 
fir*t  tetter  most  be  d'i. 

Compare  below  apartijita  in  IiMcription  10.  "  Oedha  may  be  gUAa. 

Tlie  lower  port  of  rd  is  mncb  ourreo  and  appoan  like  nt  bat  it  niiist  be  nf.     Na 
IiE  to  be  nam. 
The  ori^iciual  bos  dan^  probably  for  t^na.   "A  cbiad  mark  below  na  makes  it  look 
(m  but  diitii  g]t'i*H  III)  seiiae,  whilu  rxamiuation  shuwB  that  tba  roughseu  in  tba 
has  no  connection  with  Ibu  l*;tt«r. 

Pm  Masns  to  bare  been  omitted  after  kdka  and  b«rore  uta  for  8k.  Kdlmpntre^a, 
I  aypBan  to  ht  tlio  Dame  of  some  place  in  Juuoar,  oa,  at  the  end,  mention  U  uiade 
gift  of  eight  affotajwu  to  tho  K^kapntiyu  mtrndgn  ot  tbo  aucmblage  rcttdiag  in 
tt(a. 


174 


tBombay  OutttHb 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XIT- 
Plac«B- 

MAhiikmU  CkTM. 
Intcripiion  8. 


inttrription  9. 


oa'ma  nLnnakafo  ly*  halA'pa'iuMa'jrft*  bhooa  dey-adbAina 

■uvAtiakft  m  aenijro- 
(2)    Gama   Dnnsitmra  kbBtromtaA'  ohhaU   bn'  (f>  MtTAja'dA) 

bhogam'  nlraCiuia'ai  beS'   deyxlbuBft  iltnltft'ra    BK'm« 

piuiakAraohhsro  halft  to  karo  bbmlkkiMa  dsyadbjuiut. 
(8).    Oti  me  niBdahstalOBa*  ohhotwra  lonlkftmnto  bhn'fo  Katam 

pftsobMu      doTftdhjuEU      BimitA'ra     oUiuthlr«      ubKka' 

olvntiuift'ai  he- 
(4)     Dflyndhams  vanlyikofla  Ila'manadB«&. 
<S).    Oft  ma  kisir&TolaTk'jruD  kb«t«  Viratba'na  ftharftaa  puTA 

[pn'l  «4i  oivatona'ni  aUuiS  Ka'kaputiyaiianiB'ya 
<6>    BCbi deyadbjitaa. 

This  recorda  eifto  in  different  places  by  different  men  U 
GidhQ  Vjh/ira  wluch  would  neeni  to  show  that  thii*  group  u»ed  tol 
called  theOidha  Vihjira.  The  first  gift  of  the  duty  on  fifty  plffl  * 
ia  by  u  dyer  named  Sftra8\"ana  residing  in  KdkAputa.  As  ata 
is  UHxl  with  Kakuputa  it  appears  that  Kikaputa  is  the  name  of 
place  near  Jiumoi'  wbt;rc  the  dyer  lived.  The  second  gift  is 
guild  o£  goldsmiths  of  two  nivatanas  in  a  field  in  Danagura  vil 
This  Dauaguru  village  may  be  DhanjpirvAdi  villugu  dve  mila] 
gouth-weat  of  Juimur,  if  the  place  Dhun^arviidi  bo  not  a  modnnj 
name  called  after  Uhati^rarn.  lUe  thiril  ^iit  is  by  a  woman  nanui 
Simttii.  (Sk.  Sriniitri)  of  the  rent  and  duty  on  plongfai  ill 
Panakavachhara  village.  This  Panakavachhara  may  be  the  modenJ 
PapflttrvAdi  two  miles  north  of  Junnar.  The  sufRx  nSfli  ia  modem  asij 
generally  used  to  mean  a  small  Wllage  while  the  name  Pann*ni 
P&nsai',  must  have  been  derived  from  the  corrupt  form  ftatin  avi 
The  fourth  f^ifl  must  be  by  the  same  Siuiita  as  the  name  of  the 
ia  not  mentioned.  The  fifth  gift  is  by  the  same  Sirait^ 
flit'o^fiMnji  of  maHRo  graves  in  Olana  villay:e.  ThittUUna  villagei 
bo  Vfll^ngaon  village  seven  miles  south-east  of  Junnar.  The 
gift  is  of  a  field  of  8  »irfit*tn(u  in  Kisirvalava  vitlago  to  the 
Virthangbara.  Kisirvalava  may  be  the  modem  Kusur 
two  miles  west  of  Junnar.  All  those  six  grants  have  been 
the  Kdknputiya  aasembhigo.  This  seems  to  show  that  Kakapul 
the  name  of  some  place  near  Jtmnar. 

Insoription  9  is  in  nine  lines  in  the  veranda  i-ccess  to  the 
the  horse-shoo  arch.     It  is  faintly  cut  on  a  rough  surface. 


*  Pdiuudga  iita  intiit«k«  probably  for  pftnnAtAya, 
'lliv  AW  ftfWr  fhheta  is  hiutl  to  un(lenitan<l-     It  •eema  tn  hct  nncoon^oted  mM 

■catcnce  Kit  in  taken  aa  a  nnnioral  it  misht  i*'pr«aeiit  eight  Still  tliis  can 
rtgbt  u  tho  attribute  ta^iHaMioijam  »  in  uie  sint^lsr  Diiiii1>er  and  a»  the  fiii 
eictit  Hhicli  occura  in  the  Hst  lino  of  the  iiukcriittini)  ia  difTtTt'Dt. 

•nic  (ii  aftur  xniiijVi  hiu  buvn  omitted  prububly  by  tho  mgravcr.  Wit.™» 
tilyiag  a  ta  the  phrase  ^v-es  ao  tneauiiij^,  and  the  phraw  tavajitlabho'jatn  occvn  i 
KAfik  iiMcriplionB.     Bombay  Gmwtldcr,  \VI.  p|i.  5AI,  IS62  nnt«  2. 

*  For  b'  S  tliv  <>ri)fiual  not-nia  to  have  aometainif  like  pota  ;  it  ia  k  miataka  ' 
oQcraver  aa  the  letters  pota  and  be  S  ar«  mnch  alik«. 

^ Lt  liMtks   like  i>^   as  tlic  letters  aw  very  cloaely  alike  ;  but  m  the  TTtdfrd  ia  < 
aecond  fltruku  ami  nut  on  ihu  lir«t,  ir  itt  twttcr.    Thv  middle  eti-uki.-  in  «■■  apn^on  I 
a  mistake  of  the  engraver.     With  tho^troke  the  mark  caonot  be  inaxle  oat 
l«tt«r. 

'  It  waa  an  old  custom  for  every  village  to  have  a  utfrmasent  ofBoer  _ 
Grimakata  to  distribute  ploughs  to  caltivaton  and  lery  a  dnty  upon  t^em  (V| 
yaw'i  KAmaefitra,  chapter  V.).     It  is  to  this  duty  that  refereuce  b  here  nude. 


Chapter  Xl 
Places- 

JUWAK. 

MflnmotlKCai 


This  is  ft  grant  by  ono  Aduthnma  of  t\te  ^aka.  tribe,  probably  a 

l^orthiaii  Greek  convert  to  llnddhijim  as  he  calls  hiiiisolf  uu  tmmiAa 

Sk.  uiitieaht)  or  devotee.     The  uuuic  of  his  guild  i»  Koii^ehika.  a 

>rol'e9iiiuu    wliieh  cuiinot  bo  made  out.     The  grant    ia   uf   twenty 

rivutantis  neur  karnnj  or  Pongauiio  g!jbi-a  trees  in  Vadalika  and  m 

ro  XivjtuuuH  uear  buiuau  trees  in  Kiitaputaka. 

Inscription  10  is  in  ttie  veranda  reccHs  in  the  back  wall  to  the  left  of 

le  great  horse^Ahoc  arch.     It  conaiKtA  of  ton  h'riett  of  whteh  the  laat 

kunot  bo  made  out.     It  i«  cut  on  a  rough  surfare  and  care  has  to 

taken   both   in   takin|»^  facsimiles  and  in  decipherinf;  as  chisel 

irks  greatly  confuse  the  letters.     The  inscription  may  be  read : 

ai  Miii&'veJeKameJababhAti 

(3V  ndesona  alraUuin'nl  BhimuviMi 

t3>  ■ldh>g>Da  Apar&Jlta 

(4>  narasatani'  semaa 

(Sk  Ha  namukudasa  purato 

(6V  TnlnkAvn'dnko  nivattt 

(7)   na'ni  tin!  i  nagaxaao. 

(6). ka di  .  .     .  .  .  sela  itds 

(0).  Miia  nlTMa'nl  ve. 

(10>. 

lift  records  three  f^rantt*.  tlio  Brst  of  twc-nty-fiix  yjvatanag  in 

dveja  villaf^  for    Javabhali^  to    the   Sidhagaua   or  community 

the  Aparajiln  aeet.     Jfo   villaf3;e   uonied   ilahaveja   near  Junnar 

bo  trai't'd.     The  seeond  grant  is  of  three    \ivatuiiii8  at   the  foot 

|{   Mtinamukudu  hiJK     Ak  there  is  no  particular  mention  of  the 

:raon  who  gives  or  for  whom  the  grant  is  made,  it  is  probable  that 

It    is    made    by    tho    some    person    M'ho    made    the    first  grant. 

Wilnamukuda  (Sk.  Manumukntu)  must  be  the  old  name  of  the  hill 

diich  is  elill  culled  Miinmi.xlrt.     The  thiixl  grant  is  of  two  Nivalauaa 

for  this  hill  by  a  donor  of  the  city  whose  name  is  lust. 

^  Inscription  II  is  on  the  left  side  of  the  front  face  of  the  horae- 
^■ihoe  arch.  It  ia  in  nine  small  lines,  well  carved  and  distinct,  and 
^■lay  be  read: 

H  (U  A-bl.  (3)Ka  tatl,'  (3)  Nivata,  (4>Na-al.  (6)  ValuUa, 

^B  (QL  Vaoberu,'  (7>Kaaa,  <6}Esa,  (dXI>atuuii. 

H    This  inseriptiou    ix'cords    the  grant  of  10  Nivntanoa  of  mango 
groves  by  one  Vacheru  a  Vdhata.     Y^hata  sooms  to  be  a  surname. 


iMeriptina 


InteriptUtn 


I  Thifl  lotber  ^  is  much  ipoilt  bat  ia  probably  for  Sk.  dee.     It  may  perfaapa  be  ta, 
%a  b»-iiig  the  preceding  letter  omitted  in  tlie  raciuit  Kiuun  after  m. 

*  Sanuatani  app«ani  tv  be  a  Di»lak«  for  nirAimMni  (.Sk.  mmtuiiti). 
^  Tha  oame  o(  ttie  Junior  is  oot  givua  in  the  inHcription.     The  grant  is  •aid  to  ksve 
in  made  for  the  inorit  of  JAvabbati.     Tim  uiiino  Jivabhati  ia  unoaujU. 

*  Kdiati  may  be  Kdbhati.  *  ViKkeru  may  bo  Vat/umt^ 


I  Bomb*! 


176 


DISTRICTS. 


terii4ion  IS, 


Inacription  12  is  a  modem  Persian  inBcnpticHi  on  the  front 
face  of  the  inner  arch.     It  records  the  name   Mahmnmoii 
noiuc  which  is  also  recorded  in  another  Junnar  cave  liut  witLoat ! 
date.    The  date   here  given  ia   Hijri  lJ8t}  that   ia  aj>.  1580.    It 
probably  the  name  of  a  visitor. 

Inacription   13  is  on  the  right  side  cf  tlie  front  fooe  of  the 
horee-flboe  arch.     It  ia  in    three  lines   writtun    luuglUwise. 
faintly  out  on  a  rough  surface  and  may  be  road  : 

a>  ftcnlyv  Va««ka'raa«*' 
(9).  SUM  pa'doQsduka 

Thia  records  the  grant  of  one  and  three  qaortors  by  apiuU<^| 
bamboo  mukers ;  and  another  of  one  quarter  by  a  guiU  ^f 
coppersmiths.  The  thing  granted  is  not  named.  It  is  probably) 
current  coin  of  the  country  which  the  two  guilds  must  nave  agn^fj 
to  pay  monthly.  It  is  difiicult  to  understand  how  a  guild  liketbrij 
of  conperamilha,  who  are  generally  belter  off  thuii  bamboomdna^j 
elioiud  nmke  a  grant  of  only  |  ur  I^  less  than  the  bamboomakn^I 
guild.  Perhaps  mpdda  eka  or  1^  ia  meant  to  be  written  for 
e{ka)8a. 

Inscription  14  is  in  the  back  wall  of  the  veranda  recces  la  < 
right  of  the  hurse-shoe  arch.  It  is  in  six  linen  L-ut  on  a  roo^j 
surface  and  the  Icttera  are  much  confused  with  chisel  marks.  lll| 
last  two  lines  arc  mueli  defaced  and  are  hard  to  read.  The  ialk\ 
lino  appttars  to  have  some  letters  like  bhogdni  (for  Sk.  hhofft/iim)  bsl 
they  are  indistinct  and  doubtful.     The  inscription  may  be  read : 

<2).  Jftbhali  udeMna  nlvftt* 
(8}.Ndni  bft'raa*  ffft'maM 
(^  OTKkosa  nivktaiiA'nl 

16^ 

(OX 

This  appears  to  record  two  grants  and  porhapR  a  third  which  ti 
lost  in  the  defaced  lines.  The  first  ia  a  grant  of  13  Nivatauas  to 
Vuldna(ha!)ka  village  for  the  merit  of  one  Karanjbhnti.  This  namr 
is  as  unusual  as  Javabhati  in  Inscription  10.  The  sccund  grant 
is  of  (number  lost)  Nivatanas  in  Seuraka  village.  This  grant  also 
appears  to  be  for  the  merit  of  Karanjbhati.  Scuridtu  is  probablv  the 
modem  SAvargaon  about  six  miles  west  of  Junnar. 

Inacription  Id  is  in  the  right  hand  wall  of  the  veranda  rcccMiJ 
It  is  faintly  cut  on  a  very  rough  surfaoe  and  chisel  marks  g^reatly] 
confuse  the  letters.  Some  lines  in  the  middle  arc  doubtful  and  in' 
some  places  letters  cuu  hardly  be  distinguished  from  cliiael  luarl 
The  inscription  may  be  read  : 

av    A-TUile  Tft  s&riU.* 


1  ro«cbbira«a  mBy  be  vetaidrata  or  testtidm»a.      It  ia  probtbly    nuat-dr  (8k.^ 
wmfatiira}. 

*  The  DrigJnAl  bu  pddttaa.  Ka  u  prob«bly  omitted, wbicb,  if  stippiiod,  wooM 
piUU  rJcata  for  Sk.  pddaiiasjfa. 

■  Thvr«  u  •  itroke  OD  na  the  third   lott«r  which  is  probably  a  cbisel  mark. 
It  hu  an;  conneotioD  with  tbfi  l4>tt«r,  lu  ahould  bu  nod  Aa. 

*  Saritadake  may  be  mtiiitodabe. 


Chapter  ZIV 
Placei 


This  inscription  records  the  granttt  of  yivatanagiu  various  viUagyg;, 

Cove  XXTT.  is  cloeo  to  the  right  of  cave  XXI.  It  is  "  '1w»li;ng 
)r  monks  and  is  well  made.  It  consists  of  two  cells  with  a  veranda. 
tn  eitlier  aide  of  each  doorwny  is  a  pUoator  and  in  the  corner  aro 
lilufilerH  on  wliich  reata  tlie  beam.  The  left  cell  is  8'  deep  and  7' 
iroud  with  a  grooved  doorway  2'  3*  brood.     The  right  cell  is  7'  9" 

ep  by  7'  broad  with  a  doorway  2'  -i"  broud.  Within  each  coU 
tJie   hack  and  front  walla  are  holes  for  Iho  monk's  pole.     I'he 

iranda  is  15'  broad  and  5'  10"  dncn  with  a  ceiling  about  7"  higher 
the  cell  cpilinp.  Its  «ifle  M-alls  and  front  are  gone.  As  the 
ivo  is  nearly  half  filled  with  earth,  its  lieight  cannot  bo  given. 

In  the  back  wall  of  the  veranda  between  the  two  doorways  is 
iBcription  IG,  well  ent  on  a  di-ebiMxl  surface  and  well  preserved.  It 
in  two  lini^s  with,  Uetwoon  them,  u  short  line  of  small  letters  record- 
ig  the  namn  of  the  giver's  father  which  was  at  fii-st  omitted.  Above 
inscription  are  some  chisel  marks  showing  that  an  attempt  was 
de  t-o  break  the  wall  in  search  of  treasure.  The  inacription  may 
»o  read  : 

(1).  Bh&'rukseUhAjca'nAm  lankudir^'QAmbbAtiuum 

(3>-  AsftSftmiuR  puta'H* 

(3f-  Budlxwoitaaa  BudhwraJchitasB  oha  blgabtuun  dayadhtmrnam. 

In  the  beginning  of  the  first  line  is  the  gcantiku  avmbol.     The 
jcriptlon  records  the  gift  of  the  twoKvlled  core  hy  two  brothers 
'Biidhamita(Sk  Biiddhaniitra)  and  Budharakhita  (Sk.Buddharnkshita)' 
aons  of  Ai-u8oma  inhubitout^of  Hrfmch  in  Uujoritt.     


Jdxkar. 

UiniDotla  CaTM. 

fMcriplkm  IS. 


Cave  XXIII.  is  close  to  cave  XXII.  and  consists  of  two  eel  la  and 
B  veranda.  Both  the  cells  are  7'  9"  deep  and  7'  5"  broad  with  a 
dmirway  2'  4"  wide.  In  both  cells  aro  peg-hoies  on  the  front  and 
bark  walls.  The  veranda  ia  15'  7"  broad  by  7'  4"  deep.  The 
veranda  ceiling  is  about  1'  higher  than  the  cell  ceiling,  T*ike  cave 
XXII.  the  cave  is  more  than  half  tilled  with  earth.  In  the  back 
wall  of  the  veranda  between  the  doorways  is  Inscription  17  in  two 
lines  faintly  cut  on  a  dresaed  surface.  The  letters  arc  distinct  The 
inscription  may  be  teatl  : 

(I).  BftTitignhnpatlputasa  cahapntiBa  SivadaauB  tritlrikaya 
(3\  oba  Baha  poriTa'-* 

This  records  the  gift  of  a  two-celled  dwelling  by  the  householder 
Sivodiisa  a  son  of  the  householder  Sayiti,  his  wife  and  family. 


CaKXXn. 


Ikkt 


Can  XXtH. 


/ntfrifitioni 


Cave  XXrV.  close  to  the  right  of   cave  XXIII.  is  a  djyv^^Jlinff  of 
which  only  the  veranda  has  been  liuishcd.    There  appear  to  have  been 


Cavt  Xli 


'  Jibuhhitika  nuy  bo  aUo  n^  jljiutr^ia  m  //«  in  a  I«tt«r  macb  Uka  /hi  and  Ud  is 
fntich  likn  tra  aud  tlic  letter  (>  i»  cloubUul,  perhaps  a  clilnul  mark. 

*  After  wl  the  finrface  is  tlmKH  for  about  tcu  letters  bat  tbsro  b  an  writiag.  The 
nauuuiog  l«tt«n  mnat  be  ntwi  l/vj^fihnm  ii^nJhnmm<i*t. 

B  866-23 


^ 


hapter^XIT. 
Places. 

lAamodk  Ckvh. 
tription  18. 


1  Bombay 


178 


DISTRICTS. 


two  pillars  and  two  pilasters  Trith  the  roof  beam  noting  on  ihcai 
The  pillars  are  broken,  and  the  left  pilaster  is  half  tjuiflliL'd.  From 
the  upper  capital  they  appear  lo  be  of  the  usual  Sfitakami  etyla.. 
The  cave  has  been  left  untiniRhed.  becauRe  in  the  ri^lil  lianrl  cofiMT 
is  the  same  layer  of  soft  ntnne  which  shows  in  the  middle  uf  the  grmi 
chapel  cave  XXI.  The  veranda  is  Mi'  2'  broad  by  about  6*  3* 
deep.  Outside  the  Tcranda  in  front,  to  the  left  of  tho  left  pila«ter, 
is  Inscriptiun  1 8  in  ton  lines.  It  is  very  well  cut  on  a  dressed  sorfooe. 
Lilie  the  Kuda  cave  insuriplions  the  ikdras  are  rounded  and  serpentina 
In  the  beginning  of  the  first  line  uf  the  inscription  is  the  Huddbirt 
trident  and  the  KvasUka  svTiibo!  cornea  at  the  end  of  the  last  lins. 
The  inscription  may  be  reud  : 

ax  Oanft'ehuirs'nam  th«ra'nUD  bha 

(8).  yanteSuliMs'nun  tovija' 

rav  nam  snteTa'slniuia.  ther*  nam  bh« 

(4>.  yitnta  ch«ti]r««a'nun  t«Tt 

(5>  ]«nsm  nandanamk&ittt  Tska 

(ex KnkothBl&kl  ■ 

<7>  ytt'nan)  (Va)  dh>KOh«p«tl 
<8l-  nftttmo  NandaiuJca 

(10).  dayadliiinittin- 

This    inscription  shows  that  it  was  not  the   custom     to   oat 
inscription  only  after  the  cave  wns  finished  but  as  soon  ns  work 
begun   and  a  proper  place   for  an  inscription  was  avoilnblo.      ' 
inscription  records  a  gift  (probably  of  this  cave)  by  Xandui 
grandson  of  Vadha(?)   Gahnpati  of  the  Kothalki  family, 
beginning  of  the  inscription  something  is  mentioned  about  a  Sthavi 
but  the  connection  between  the  two  ptirts  cannot  be  made  out 
account  of  the  brook  in  the  sixth  line.     ThcSlhanra  is  tho  lievci 
Choitya  who  is  culled  a  Tovija   fSk.  Traividya)  and  a  diseipl 
Reverend  Sulosa  uUo  a  Tcvija  and  licharya  of  the  ganns  or  pi 
of  aecta. 


Obe*  TXT.  Cavo  XXV.  to  the  right  of  cave  XXTV.  on  a  rather  higher  letftl, 

is  an  unfinished  veranda  with  two  plain  pilhirs  and  pilasters  IS 
front.  Above  the  pillars,  in  front  of  the  ceiling,  aro  imitation*  (rf 
wooden  mortices,  and  above  the  mortices  is  the  rail  puttcru.  Th* 
breadth  of  the  unfiuii^hed  verandu  ia  15'  2"  and  depth  4'.  There  ii 
nothing  important  in  the  cave. 

Caves  XXVI.  XXVII.andXXVTTI.  areinarow  about  thirty  fart 
above  cave  XXTV.  They  are  numbered  from  right  to  left.  TW 
way  to  them  ie  ditficnlt. 

>  The  nil  of  amkoOialaki  iMtns  to  have  a  dim  Icttur  lik«  pa  before  it,  th«  pa  ukj 
an  Iieioj^  pruluibly  ronnocteil  with  the  but  lettvn.  Aftvr  (t«  kotAnt'iki  i«  tiiJtia<.-< 
and  the  tint  two  Ictteri  in  the  beginning  of  line  7  moat  be  ydnam,  kotA4tUtJripiiktM 
being  probably  an  atti  ibuto  of  guh(i}iati  wboae  namo  is  luat. 

Aft«r  ydnam  i/Aa  Motna  to  fallow  afW  oiio  Iu<*t  Iutt«r.  Tliia  lout  l(>tter  i«  probaUf 
w,th«  two  letters  together  beiBji  vo^Ua  (Sk.  tfriijftta,  old]  Deuung  tha  oM  (ia  afij 
Gahapati  of  Kuthalaki  or  the  rearneet«(l«Gahapati,  or  perhaps  Vadlta  ia  a  {irxiper  osbA 
The  ninth  liueis  lost,  but  from  the  fragmcata  of  letters  that  arc  left  the  lint  u' 
itcond  lottArs  appear  lo  ))«  ta  whoM  two  top  Btrok««  remain.  The  vacant  amoe  fV 
the  next  letter  muttt  have  contained  jta,  as  the  ihdra  of  W  tho  next  letter  loUowt 
^t«r  ri  the  loit  letter  ma«t  be  va  and  alter  va  the  two  top  atrokea  of  »a  atUl  appMr. 


JareXXTI.  about  thirty  feet  obove  cave  XXV.  is  much  like  it,being 

~_    .with  two  pillars  and  two  pilasters.     The  only  peculiar 

kt8  aie  two  benches,  on  thf  rltflit  and  left,  of  the  length  of  the 
I  walls,  as  broud  as  the  pi]uKt<!rs  and  abuut  a  foot  high.  A  piece 
rcK^k  near  the  left  bonch  remains  unworketl,  and  so,  also,  does  the 
top  of  the  right  wall  near  the  caviling.  The  pillars  aUo  are  not 
dres^.  It  is  nearly  finished  and  the  back  wall  is  well  dressed,  as 
,it  would  not  have  been  if  it  wore  intended  to  cut  further  in.  It  is 
15'  4"  broad  with  a  greatest  depth  of  5'  3"  and  a  height  of  8*. 
This  and  cave  XXV.  are  nut  dweliiugs  but  thought  or  view  seals  as 
they  are  on  n  high  level  with  a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  the  dititaut 
^^ls.     To  the  right  of  this,  at  a  little  distance,  ia  n  cJstcru. 

BCave  XXVII.  in  a  dwelling  oonMisting  of  two  r^lls  with  a  reees»- 
^■e  ver.*inda.  The  cell  to  the  left  is  about  10'  deep  and  10' 5* 
Wawad.  The  right  and  left  walls  are  unequal  in  size  and  the  ceiling 
is  7'  3"  high.  A  hole  in  the  right  wall  leads  to  the  right  coll. 
The  doorway  jt*  '•}' o''  wide  and  us  liigh  as  the  ceiliug,  and  has  holes 
for  Bxing  tht-  wooden  door  frame.  The  right  cull  is  11'  D"  dwp  by 
11'  2'  broad  and  7'  7 '  high  with  a  door  nearly  equal  in  breadth  to 
the  first,  with  hnlra  for  fixing  tho  woo<lBn  door  frame.  On  the 
right  side  of  both  celU  are  holes  in  the  bark  and  front  wall  for  the 
mk's  pole,  Tho  veranda  is  26'  broad  and  3'  deep.  Port  of  the 
lo  is  broken,  


CJave  XXVIII.  about  twenty-five  feet  to  the  loft  of  cove  XXVIT. 
J,  on  a  slightly  lower  level,  is  a  small  dwelling  including  a  cell  and 
imall  verantlji  in  front.  The  cave  is  half  filled  with  earth.  The 
^1  is  7'  IV  deep  by  7'  8"  broail  w-ilh  a  doorway  2'  8'  broad.  The 
£eranda  is  7'  o"  broail  and  4'  deep.     Most  of  tho  ceiling  ia  broken. 


■About  eighty  j-ards  to  the  right  of  cave  XXIV.  near  a  fioe 
ffiingo  tree,  are  three  cisterns  each  on  a  slightly  lower  level  than  the 
other,  the  lowest  containing  water.  To  the  right  of  the  lowest  is  a 
roughly  cut  walk,  and  to  the  right  of  the  Wfuk  are  three  cisterns 
.filled  with  clay. 

W  About  ninety  yards  from  the  three  cisterns,  on  a  higher  level,  are 
^ro  otiipr  cisterns  and  above  the  cisterns  on  a  still  higher  level  to 
the  right  is  cave  XXIX.      Like  caves  XXV.  and  XXVI.  it  is  an 

unfinishcfl  view  seat   1-5'  C  brood  and  3'  deep  with  irregular  walla. 

In  front  are  two  pillars  and  pilasters. 

t  About  ItiO  yards  further,  to  the  right  of  cave  XXIX.  and  on  about 
e  same  level,  are  four  excavations  which  look  like  cells.     They  are 
all   cisterns  and    look   like  celU  because  their  fronts  have  broken 

Oz .    ,.       .       ; 


Miomoda  Care 
Caoc  XX  VI. 


OmmXXriK 


Caw  XX  vm 


Oaoe  xxrz^ 


About  300  yards  to  the  right,  on  a  higher  level  than  the  two^ij  |  BhutuaiOi 
previous  groups,  comes  the  tluM  Aliinmoda  group  called  BhutUng  ^ 
by  the  people.     This  group  goes  froiB   south-east  to  norlh-wesi  and 
generally  faces  nortli-i-ast.     It  is  numbered  in  continuation  of  the 
&mbika  group  beginning  from  left  to  right. 

"  Oo\'e  XXX.  the  first  to  the  left  in  this  row  is  a  very  unfinished         Care  XXX, 
dwelling   of   no   special    interest.     It   appears   to    have  been    left 


(Bombay  OuxMets. 


DISTRICTS. 


ipUr  XXV. 

»    Places. 

Cave  XXX J. 


mXXXif. 


ive  XXXJ/l. 


Cava  XXXIV. 


unfinished  on  oecoant  of  water  coming  from  above.    Tho  cell  lb  mi 
filled  with  earth.     To  tho  right  urv  Ihrt-c  curth-iillixl  cistems. 

JuBt  after  the  three  datcrua  comes  Cave  XXXI.  a  dwel 
consisting  oi  a  wH  H'  4'  deep  by  7'  7"  broad,  with  its  door 
2'  10'  broad,  and  holfs  for  n  wooden  frame.  The  heij^ht  of  the 
is  abont  6'  5".  About  l*  2"  ondcr  the  ceiling,  on  the  right  and 
side  Wftlls^  are  three  holes  in  caeh  wall  facing  one  another. 

About  eighteen  feet  above  cave  XXXI.  appears   something  HIk' 
rccees  but  it  it*  inaccessibk".     To  the  right  of  cave  XXXI.  and  oo 
same  level  arc?  three  cistems  buried  in  earth  and  hnmhwoud. 

Cuve  XXXII.  is  a  large  four^eeUed  or  rJtaugahbha  dwelling  with 
two  cells  in  the  back  wall  anS  two  in  the  left  wall.   It  is  in  bad  oi ' 
It  is  p<\rtly  filled  with  earth.     Tho  iiall  is  18'  square  and  T  8* 
or,  leaving  1'  4"  for  the  earth,  about  9'  liigh.     The  first  coll  oo 
left  side  is  7'  8"  broad  by  7'  10*  deep  with  a  broken  dooi 
and  tbu  second  wll  7'  (>'  deep  by  7'  3"  bnmd.     The   left   cell   in 
back  wuH  is  7    o"  square  witli  a  doorway  2'  fT  broad   and   the   rij 
cell  is  7'  G"  deep  by  7'  iT  broad.     To  the  right  and  along  the 
are  benches  with  the  ceiling  over  them  about  I '  lower  than  the 
The  right  bench  is  2'  5"  broad  and  2'  IT  high  and  as  long  as  the 
and  the  bock  bench  2'  broad  4'  4*  long  and  2'  6"  high.     Except 
doorway  of  tho  right  back  wall  cell,  all  tho  other  doorways  ha 
grooves  for  fixing  wooden  frames.     There  am  holea  in  tho  rij 
and  left  walls  of  idl  the  cells  for  the  monk's  pole. 

Cave  XXXIII.  close  to  tho  right  of  cave  XXXII.  is  a  dwel 
consisting  of  u  veranda,  an  inner  hall,  and  cells.  It  ia  mUoH 
broken  and  much  filled  with  earth,  ^he  ^airi8~lG'  deep  and  Iff 
broiid.  To  the  right  arc  three  cells  and  to  the  left  two,  the  one  to 
the  left  unfinished  and  tho  right  one  broken.  There  ia  spuoe  for  a 
thinl  to  the  right  of  the  second  cell,  but  the  hall  is  not  tinishrd. 
In  the  vemndu  are  two  ooHh,  tho  left  one  finished  and  tho  right 
ono  unfinished.  The  veranda  ceiling  has  been  broken  and  pieces  ol 
rocks  lie  in  the  veranda.  Close  to  the  right  of  cave  XXXIII.  is  sa 
excavation,  the  beginning  of  a  celL 

Above    caves    XXXII.    and    XXXIII.    are    caves    XXXIV.   ta 
XXXVII.  readied  by  broken  steps  between  XXXII.  and  XXXI 

Cave  XXXIV.   is  just  above  cave  XXXII.    It  ia  a  dwdii 

consisting  of  a  plain  veranda  with  four  cells  in  the  back  wall 
one  row.  All  are  of  the  same  height  and  their  ceilings  are  a 
r  higlier  than  the  veraudu  ceilings.  Tliey  are  portly  filled 
eartli.  Tho  first  evil  beginning  with  the  left  is  7'  ft'  broad  and  7'  d 
Ti-ith  a  doorway  2'  2°  wide;  tho  second. ia  7'  I*  broad  and  7"  de^ 
with  a  doorway  2'  5"  wide  ;  and  the  third  is  7'  2'  aquaro  witb 
right  side  of  the  doorway  broken.  Tho  fourth  ceU  is  above 
XXXV.  Its  floor  has  been  broken  probably  in  later  timoa  as  as' 
easy  entrance  to  the  other  cells.  It  is  7'  4"  square  with  u  doorvaf 
2'  4'  wide.  All  the  doorways  have  grooves  for  fixing  u  wooden 
frame,  and  each  of  the  first  three  cells  has  holes  for  the  monk's 
pole.     The  veranda  is  plain  34'  ii"  broad  and  5'  deep.     Part   of  the 


Toof  front  is  broken  but  it  appears  to  have  hud  no  pillars  in  front. 
At  the  right  end  of  the  vertiuda  la  un  open  cell,  probiibly  o  Beat  for 
-;  monks. 

■^  CnveXXXV.  is  a  dwcllinp  under  the  fourth  coll  imd  the  Toranda 
^^eat  of  eavc  XXXI V.  It  is  in  three  parts,  a  veranda^  a  middle 
^Boom,  and  u  eell  in  the  buck  wall.  The  veranda  and  room  are 
Hbeparatcd  by  two  plain  side  piluatort}  and  a  rock  beam  above.  The 
inner  wtU  is  unfiuishtHl,  but  the  mithllt'  room  and  veranda  are  well 
^^niahed.  The  veranda  is  ti'  lO"  broad  by  G'  deep  and  6'  high  ;  the 
^pniddle  room  5'  S"  broad  and  2'  9"  deep  and  ti  -3"  high :  and  the 
"inner  cell  4'  10*  broad  and  4'  6"  deep.  The  ceilings  of  the  middle 
*  room  and  veranda,  wbirh  are  the  floors  of  tho  fourth  cell  and  the 
LVerandu  seat  of  ca\'0  XXXIV.  are  broken. 

C-avo  XXXVI.  is  close  to  tho  right  of  cavo  XXXV.  and  on  about 

e  Dame  level.     It  is  a  d,yelliny  consisting  of  a  plain   veranda  and 

our  cells  in  the  front  wall.   On  the  doorway  of  eatJi  cell  are  horse- 

archea    supportod    on    stone    unitntions    o?    wooden   nrehea. 

tween  the  archefl  is  the  rail  pattern  supporting  thin  stone  imitations 

woo<len   mortices    whose   ends    appoor  under  the  rail  pattora. 

bove  the  rail  pattern  is  a  semicircular  dauhoba  or  relic-shrine  on 

ich  side  of  each  arch .     Above  the  Jdykoba  Is  a  five-plate  capital  and 

bove  the  plates  an  umbrella.     On  the  same  levfl  as  tlie  capital,  and 

bovu  the  arch  on  either  side,  small  arches  of  the  same  shajic  as  the 

lig  arch  rcrt  on  the  rail  pattern.     Abovo  again  is   the  rail  pattern.* 

On  the  front  face  of  the  first  arch  is  a  pattern  in  j(;^f  tmd  flqwer 

which  is  also  found  on  the  arch  of  a  cell  of  one  of  the  TTdayagiri 

caves  in  Orissa.     The  other  arch  front  faces  are  plain.     iTnder  tlio 

urchcB  in  the  front  wall,  above  the  doorwoy,  thecar^nng  in  varying 

literus  partly  resembles  that  in^tho  chaitya  cuve  nT.  at  >'asik. 

he  first,  between  arched  lattice  work  on  either  side  has  the  B uddhist 

wheel  resting  on  u  lotus ;  ihe  second  in  the  middle  has  a  Buddhist 

tridenl   and   aliove   the   trident  the  pentngonal  sj-mbol  so  common  in 

BiKldhii*!  architecture  ;  thuthinl  hiis  only  the  penlagqnal  symbol  ;  and 

the  fourth  has  plain  arched  lattice  work.    To  tHe  left,  in  the  veranda, 

is    a    beuH^'j^J   JJuddhi§t__wheel  with   beautifidly  car^'od  Buddhist 

tridents  in  the  riui  and  a  lion  between  tho  spokes.     The  wheel  is 

broken,  only  a  portiou  on  the  right  is  left.     It  probably  re^te^l  on  a 

pillar  of  which  a  trace  apijcura  ou  the  floor.     The  right  wall  of  the 

veranda  is  broken  ;  it  prubably  had  a  lion  resting  on  a   pillar.     The 

first  coll  is  7'  4"  broiul  7'  4'  deep  and  6'  lO'  high  with  a  doorway  5' 

(high  (uid  2'  wide  :  the  second  7'  ^f"  brood  by  7'  tt"  deep  and  O'O*  high 

wiih  a  doorway  o'  9"  high  by  2'  wide ;  the  third  T  3'  broad  by  7'  3' 

'deep  and  7' 2"  high  with  a  doorway  5' 9"  high  and  2'  wide;  and  the 

fourth  fl'4''  broad  by  7  -T   deep  and   G' 2"  high  with  a  doorway  3' 

wide.     Except  the  tliird  all  the  cells  have  holes  for  fixing  wowlen 

lee  ami  the  third  luw  grooves  f^r  hinges.     All  the  cells  have 

the   right  sido  two  holes  in    tho  front  and  back  waUs  for  the 


I 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places. 

MinuKxU  Caves. 


Caw  JCJCX] 


I  Bomtaaj 


ipter  XIV. 

hrviMm. 
Cvnt. 


xxxrit 


XXXV tn. 


.vJ'vV' 


DISTRICTS. 


monk's  pole.     The  right  waUs  of  the  third  and    fourth  ceU« 
brukcn,  and,  as  appettrs  from  traocs  of  hammer  stroke*,   at 
weni  uIbu  made  lo  break  the  right  walls  of  the  first  and  secoad 
The  veroudu  is  2d'    broad    aud  about   \'  3*   deep.       In  the 
irall,  between  the  srroml  aud  third  cells,  is   inscribed    iKe 
Mahammad  Ali  irith  the  date  H.  988  that  is  a.i>.  l-jSQ. 


Cuvo  XXXVTI.  close  to  the  right  of  cave  XXXVI,  is  a  rell  S  " 
brood  and  H*  5'  deep  with  n  plain  doorway  '2*  7"  broad.      Its  \qU  ' 
is  broken  uud  leudtt  to  the  fourtli  evil  uf  etivo  XXJCVl.     The  ItiK  i^l 
J^he  Teranila  is  ruined. 

Care  XXXVIII.  is  an  unfinished  thnpel  cavn»  the  largest  il] 
this  protip.  It  is  cliwie  to  (he  right  of  cave  XXXVIT.  but  oi  A 
lower  level  the  same  a«  cave  XXXV.  The  cavo  is  30'  long  and 
the  outset  \'l'  broiul  with  n  paioway  9*6'  broad.  As  it  is  much 
with  thiy  its  hfijfht  ctiunot  be  aecunilely  slati-d,  but  it  is  prolmbly 
10'.  The  d'iifliobtt  ur  rclic-Bhrine  i»  eighteen  icet  from  the  go' 
In  front  of  the  gateway  was  a  small  veranda  with  n  broken  ler 
It  appejirit  to  hare  been  intended  to  cut  on  either  sido  of  the  ratt; 
as  to  give  entrance  to  tbo  oiales  without  pa*j*ingf  through 
gotewnv.  The  right  air*Ie  is  partly  fini'th''d.  One  pilaster  and 
pillurH  have  been  cut  and  on  the  left  rof'sscs  havp  bfon  cut  to 
two  pillars  while  ibe  passage  to  the  loft  aisle  has  also  been  b*"gil' 
The  tliree  pjlkra  of  the  rightawlo  are  plain  ortat^one  with  tl 
vertical  wall  above  them,  aaa  above  tho  wall  a  plain  -raullcd  nx 
as  in  Ajantn  rave  X.  A  rraek  in  tho  ruof  seems  to  hare  admit 
water  as  a  Iarg<r  recotis  lias  betm  rut  on  the  right  above  the  gate 
from  wlure  I  Ik-  wiiter  has  been  drained  o«l*ide  owr  the  terrartT 
The  ridiii^^liiiflli  piiutb_is  plain  and  _eiri-tdar  hut  it  \r  sHU  rougk 
and  the  orpaineot  lincan'ed.  The  dome  aboy 
other  Junnor  relic-shrines.  Like  the  domes  ui  '  _ 
50)  il  is  not  much  rounded,  but  is  like  a  bowl  with  ii 
It  never  had  a  capital.  Above  tlie  veranda  teiraiv 
front  consisting  of  a  large  arch  resting  .ga  ribs. the  imiiutions  of 
wooden  rafter*.  Only  _8omo  of  tho  rilw  are  finishes!.  Under  th* 
arch  in  the  back  wall  is  the  usual  oivhed  window  and  above  tb« 
window  a  wnuieirelo  ahajxd  liki^  a  half  lotus,  tho  middle  of  whi 
repreaeutfl  the  calyx  aud  the  circle  outside  the  stamen.  Round 
semicircle  are  seven  petals.  Tlic  cai"viug  of  the  seven  {ictole  is 
follows.  In  the  miudlo  is  a  stundiii^  Lakshrai.  On  the  right  is 
lotus  and  on  the  left  a  lotus  leaf.  fTakshmi  wears  a  cloth  like  a 
waistclotii  and  in  her  ears  are  large  ear-ornament«.  Her  left^  band 
rests  on  her  hip  and  her  right  ts  rai.-<iod  in  blessing.  In  the  side 
petals  elephunte,  sbinding  on  lotuses,  throw  water  from  jan*  held  in 
their  tmnR,  on  ornament  common  itrimages  of  Lakshrai.  On  one 
side  of  each  elephant  is  a  lotus  leaf,  on  the  other  side  a  lotus  bud, 
and  above  tho  elephants  a  lotu^  In  the  next  pctiUs  on  either  side 
are  standing  male  figures  with  thick  armlets  and  large  ear-oruaments, 
and  wearing  the  toaseUod  turb&u  found  on  the  heads  of  the  male 
figures  sitting  on  the  elepliants  on  the  pillar  capitals  at  Bedsa. 
Eaoh  wears  a  dhoUtr  and  has  his  hands  folded  over  his  head.     The 


r  than  that  of 
irraj[l.  (\o._ 
itrmuull 

il  "i  uumeOt<.<! 


POONA. 


tude  is  almost  as  if   dancing.     On  one  f<ide  of  each    tigurc  is  a 

biul  and  on  the  other  side  a  lotus  flower.     In  the  lust  petal 

either  side  women,  in  the  same  dancing  attitude  as  the  men, 

thick  brQcch'la,  large  ear-oruameuts,  a  necklat^e,  a  waistband, 

usteloth  stopping  at  the  knee,  and  rings  on  the  legs. 

[n  the  half  circle  representing   the  caljTc  is  Inscription  19.     It 
.M  in  one  line  well  catted  in  good  letters  and,  except  the  last  letter, 

rpreser^'od.     The  inftcription  may  be  read  : 
Tftvanaaa  ChandAnsm  deykdhnma  B«bbnda'(ra)i 
and  may  be  Irautiluted 
^v         *  Tho  moritorloiu  sift  of  on  inner  doonraj  by  tha  Yftyana  Ch&nda.' 
^^The  inscription   shows   that   the  doorway  of  the  inner  hall  was 
;.«arved  at  the  cost  of  a  Yavana  nam'id  Chanda. 

^Above  the  an:h  on  the  upper  apex  was  a  carving  now  broken. 
le  remains  suggest  that  it  was  the  common  Buddhist  pentagonal 
mbol.  To  the  right  is  a  standing  life-size  yAgarAja  wini  a  By-flap 
rhis  right  hand,  and  bis  left  hand  resting  on  his  hip.  Ue  wears 
'waistcloth,  ft  bracelet,  and  an  armlet.  In  his  ears  arc  large  ear- 
iments,  on  his  head  is  a  (asselled  turban,  aud  round  the  bpad 
five  snake  hocKls.  To  tlic  left  a  aimtlar  lifo-siz©  figure  stands 
ce  the  first  with  a  fly -flap  in  his  right  hand.  His  drcsa  and 
ornaments  are  the  samtT  as  those  of  the  first.  lie  differs  from  the 
first  in  having  wings  and  as  on  bis  tnrban  appears  the  head  of 
Garuda  this  is  uppurently  n  figure  of  Oaruda.     The  cobra  king   and 

PC  vulture  were  probably  chosen  lo  show  that  they  have  laid  aside 
eir  uatui-al  hate  to  join  in  the  worship  of  Buddha.  On  one  side  of 
each  of  the  figurea  is  a  rt-hc-sbriue  with  a  tee  and  au_umbrella.  The 
>ph)  call  the  relitT-shrinea  iinoii  as  in  shape  they  n:sumble  Shaiv 
jgi',  ajid  the  figuri'S  llTpy  call  hhiiU  or  spirits  and  for  that  reason 
lis  group  is  cjilled  Bhutling  or  the  It'ugti  guarded  by  spirits.  The 
left  face  of  the  arch  is  neither  dri'sso<l_nor  wparaled.  The  right 
fnce  has  been  -  '  rtntrto  tTic  rigKt"orthe  right  face  is  a  Budhi 

true,  which,  tV  ■  .iipe  of  its  leaves,  apptiars  to  be  a  plpai  tree. 

CfarTands  hang_  Irom  it  and  above  the  tree  an  umbrullu  is  shown 
raised  oa  a  double  plinth.  A  flviug  human  Bgurc  ou  the  left 
comes  towards  tbe  tree  but  it  is  unuufansX  On  the  topmost  frieze 
L^low  arc  holes  for  niortii-es  but  the  mortices  are  not  as  usual  rarved 
^Bvmi  the  rock  but  put  in  from  without.  Only  two  of  the  morticea 
remain.  Above  is  tbe  rail  pattern  and  still  higher  seven  arches 
aud  witliiu  each  unotlTcr  smaU  arch.  Ou  the  sidua  are  two 
similar  arches  one  above  the  other.  To  the  left  of  the  cave,  under 
the  left  end  of  the  terrace,  is  an  eurth-filled  cistern. 

Cave  XXXIX.  to  the  right  of  cave  XXXVIII,  but   on  a  higher 
level  and  about  the  same  level  as  cave«  XXXVI.  and  XXXVII. 


Chapter  XIJ3 
Placdi- 

Mlnmodft  Cki 
Cave  XXXVUi 
imeriptioH  11 


J 


Cavt  XXXIX. 


Tbe  gn  of  (tnhhofttl  »  distiaQt,  bhtt  mach  resfetnKiM  t't  in  ihApc,  uii  tlia  Iett«r  At 

little  broken  and  spoilt.     In  the  rough  surfaco  th»t  foUowB  must  havo  beeu  the 

m  hut  no  trace  of  it  romains.     If  tboro  wore  00  ra  the  three   lott«n  appear  to 

gaiija  a«  tbere  wwtu  vomething  Ukv  k  dim  lAxtraover  (a.     Aatfaiifa  gives  no 

gabhatUi(ra)  ia  b«tt«r. 


CKapUr  XIV. 
PUces- 

fifiamoda  Cavoc 


CoMtXL. 


Otm  ILL 


Cave  XIU. 


Cant  XLIII. 


Coot  XLIV. 


Cavt  XLV. 


1 


(Bombay  0«l 


184 


DISTRICTS. 


iH 


itin 


i 


B 


K  o- 


is  a  cell  with  ii  brokon  veranda.  It  ia  7'  Bquare  and  7' 
in  thu  front  and  back  walla  oro  holca  for  the  monk's  pole. 
doorway  ifl  2'  2"  brood  and  has  holea  for  a  wooden  fnime. 
veranda  is  T  7*  broud  and  ita  present  f^rcnlost  deptli  ia  3 
much  of  it  ia  ruined.  To  the  right  ia  a  broken  bench.  The  e 
not  poeiljr  reached  as  the  old  step*  are  broken. 

Cave  XL.  to  the  right  of  cove  XXXTX.  ia  another  eeILC' 
by  7' deep  and  6'  4'  high  with  a  doorway  2'  broad.     The   vf 
and  the  Ht<>pB  to  the  ceU  are  broken.    Below  Cave  XL.  ia 
61Ied  ciatem. 

Beyond  Ctive  XL.  the  hill-side  io  not  fit  for  eicaTationT 
about  500  yards  the  north-west  end  of  the  hill  is  reached.  Tb 
to  the  right  is  a  narrow  valley,  to  the  right  of  which  in  a 
block  of  rock  five  smaU  excoTtttions  facing  north-eaat  bar 
mode.  Except  cave  XLIV.  none  of  them  seem  to  have  been 
They  have  been  numbered  in  continuation  of  the  BhutUng 
and  apparently  are  part  of  the  Bhutliug  group,  as  they  h( 
Kjurate  chapel.     ThcBC  cavca  look  out  tuwurda  Jumiar. 

Cave  XLf.  far  in  the  valley,  is  on  a  higher  level   than 
oella.     It  is  an  unfinished  coll  about  4    deep.     About  sixti 
yards  to  the  right  is  an  eartfi-fiUed  cistern.  j 

Cave  XLIT.  about  twenty  feet  below  and  twenty  feet  frai 
XLI.  is  a  veranda  7'  10"  bruad  and  •')'  deep  and  un  unfiniabfl 
2-7"  deep  nn^  6'  10"  higli  with  a  finished  doorway  IJ'  bronH. 

About  thirteen  yards  to  the  right  and  on  the  same  level  n 
XLII.  is  Cave  XLIII.     It  ia  an  unfinished j?ell  10' doopand 5' 
with  a  doorway  5'  6'  brood,  and  two  holes  for  fixing 
^frame. 

Below  euro  XLIII.  is  Cavo  XLIT.  a  dweUinjt  consii 
veranda  and  a  cell.     The  veranda  is   1 2'  o"  t>road  0'   10"  do 
6' high.     To  the  right  ia  a  plain  pila^tor.     The  cell  is   6'  H" 
C*  9"  long  and  6'  higli  with  a  broken  doorway  2'  2"  bi 
floor  of  the  inner  oollis  rough  and  unfinished. 

About  fifty  yards  to  the  right  on  a  higher  level  is  Cove 
unfinished  cell  ti'  5 '  deep  and  4'  broad  much  filledwithearth. 

.  Sbivner  hill  has  four  groups  of  cavea,  two  on  tlie  east  or  J 
fnee,  one  on  the  south  or  fortified  face,  and  one  on  the  weat  « 
valley  face.     Of  the  two  groups  on  the  Junnar  face,  one 
lower  and  the  other  in  the  upper  scarp,  the  first  or  lower 
begins  below  the  south  end  of  the  fort.    Going  from  right 


LUU  U 

1 

isnnf 
0"  do 
i'  11- 
>rQg^ 

rexf 


Com  /. 


4 


has  twelve  caves. 

Cave  I.  is  g  jl wealing,  including  a  cell  and  a  veranda, 
floor  is  about  mno  inches  higher   than  the  veranda  floor.     T 
ia  7'  6'  square  and  6'  6'  high  with  a  doorway  2'  G*  broad, 
high  as  the  coll.     The  doorway  has  sockets  for  a  wooden 
The  veranda,  which  is  rough  wJlh  an  open  front  and  brok^ 
walls,  ia  16'  long  6'  broad  and  7'  6'  high.     It  has  catch-holi 
seems  to  have  been  used  by  cattle-keepers.    Beside  the  vera] 


1 


rOONA. 


185 


left  IB  a  large  empty  cistern  with  a  iroiitH  grooved  on  all  four 
lea  probably  for  a  wooden  covering.  Below  are  brtjlcon  stops. 
little  to  the  loft  is  a  pluin  unfinished  and  almost  inaccessible  cave. 

the  right  appear  to  be  two  earth-tilled  uistomS; 

Cave  II.  is  a  rliiipel  including  a  unuare  hall  with  a  rrlie-flhrino  or 
Rfii/^and  a  tront  veranda.  ThehoUis  19'  6' square  and  10'  10' 
"hi/iTi.  Ten  feet  from  the  doorway  is  the  relic-shrine  a  plain 
in th  without  a  dome,  and  with  two  lines  of  moulding  at  the  base 
irf^  round  hole.  T\'rhapa  the  dome  was  stone  built  and  covered 
slice  placed  ou  the  plinth.  In  the  floor  and  wiJls  and  in  the  lop 
id  base  of  the  plinth  are  several  rice-puuudiug  and  cutch-holes, 
drain  in  cut  on  the  left  to  let  oiF  water.  The  hall  door  is  5'  7" 
and  7'  9"  high  writh  thick  posts  for  a  wooden  door.  The 
ida,  which  is  10'  9'  long  by  4'  broad  and  9'  10'  high,  has  a 
)r  r  5'  lower  than  the  hall  floor  and  a  roof  about  2'  lower  than 
hall  roof.  In  front  of  Iho  veranda  were  two  pillars  and 
iters,  of  which  the  right  pilaster  and  pillar  remain  and  the  left 
lir  are  broken.  Thev  are  in  the  usual  four-plate<l  te*;  and  ^vaterpot 
Ij'li'  with  a  (*ntral  octagonal  shaft.  In  the  right  corner  of  the 
ick  wall  of  the  hall  ia  a  reccas  probably  to  gather  water  during 
le  rains.  


lCovc  III.  is  a  small  ^wg|ling  cave  consisting  of  a  cell  and  a  front. 
"■e  cell,  which  is  9'  8*  long  by  8'  6"  broad  and  7'  H'  high,  has  a 
iprway  2'  5'  broad  with  a  threshold  and  lintel.  The  door  is 
>ven  for  a  wooden  frame.  The  cave  has  catch-holes  and  ricc- 
^unding  holes  and  is  still  used  by  cattle.  


Cave  lY,  a  dwelling  cave  with  two  cells  and  a  front,  is  much 
^^rukcn.     Except  tLe  tront  wall  of  the   left  cell,  the  partition  wall 
the  front  walls  of  the  two  cells  are  broken.     The  left  cell  is 
8'  long  by   7'  10'  broad  and  7'  8'  high  ;  and  the  right  cell  is 
taller,  7' 4   by  7' and  7' (i' high.      The  veranda  is  utmost   gone; 
ty  its  left  side  wall  and  roof  remain.     On  the  left  side  wall  an 
|tocription    in   two   lines   records  the  gift   of   a  cistern,  which  is 
>l>ably  tlio  earth-tilled  recess  close   to   the   cells.     The  inscription 
•in  clear  letters  but  u  part  in  the  beginning  is  lost.  It  reads : 
(I)  ■  .  ■  .  tha  Bbatenakftsa 
(>}....  potQil  otaa'  deTudbama 

ruay  be  translated 


Chapt«r^IIY. 
PlaoeB- 

JI7NNA&. 

Sbivnor  Cavoi. 
Cavt  It. 


of  Bhatvnaka.  and  a  olatsm.  moritorious  slfl,' 


[Cave  V.  is  about  twenty  feet  from  cave  IV.  on  a  higher  level.  It 
small  dwell i  11  g  consisting  uf  a  front  and  a  cell  8'  5'  deep 
broad  and  9'  high.  A  smaller  vA\,  with  u  doorway  2'  3"  long  by 
B*  :r  bnitul  and  2'  8"  higher  than  the  cell  floor,  appears  to  have  been 
begun  in  Uic  U-ft  corner  of  the  back  wall  of  the  chief  cell.  The 
main  door,  which  is  2'  4"  broad  and  abfiut  8'  7"  high,  has  grooves  for 
Birooden  frame.  The  left  wall  of  the  .veranda,  which  is  10'  8"  long, 
■  broken  and  in  a  corner  has  a  much  damaged  modern  figure  of 
^»tii*sh.     The  right  wall  of  the  veranda  is  well  preserved  and  6' 

EL.     A«  the  cave  fact^a  cast  it  appears  to  have  been  iised  by 
Inulns  as  a  prayer  plutx*.     The  praying  niche  may  be  traced 


Cave  lit. 


Cave  tV. 


iMcriplion  iA 


I 


I  Bomb&j  I 


DISTRICTS, 


ipUrXIV. 
PUc«a. 
JomuL 
Sdner  Carta. 

rtt. 


rin. 


CuPt  IX. 


CavtX. 


Cat*  XL 


Cart  Xir. 


If 


in  the  midtlle  of  ihe  back  wall  pliwtcred  up  with  cow«lung' 
clay.     To  ihu  Ii-ft,  on  tho  way  Ig  tlio  cavo,  in  mi  t/aith-tlllf 

Ciive  Vr.  under  cave  V.  an  unfinished  and  earth-filled  i-avti, 
to  have  been  U9od  by  rattk'-keepers. 

Cave  Til.  rooL-hcd  by  broken  uteps  in  the  rook,  u  a  t-cU 
wiiall  front.  The  cell  is  7'  squtiro  and  (j'  7"  high.  Tho  dtio 
2'  4'  bruud  and  as  high  »«  ihv  coll.  Thi'  front  is  sinull  3'  4' 
and  3'  8'  long.     The  cave  bus  groin-pounding  holo»  but  no  catch 

Cave  VITI.  i»  a  large  hiJl  with  a  front.     It  seeintt  to  br  neithtf' 
dwelling  cave  nor  a  place  oF  worship.     The  hall  is  ItJ'  S*"  det'p  by 
broad  and  8*  high.     Tlie  front  wall  is  nbout  I'  nttrrower  thAO  tlw 
back  wall.     The  doorway  in  5'  3'  high  or  about  3'  less  in  heigh 
the  eell.     Il  appears  to  have  had  a  door  with  larec  wooden  f 
Tlie  front  is  H'  4'  long  by  7'  broad.     The  c«\'e  nus  both  i>ou 
and  cttteh-holes.     About  twenty  Bleps  further  ore  t  wo  riatems 
^leil  and  the  first  eovercd  by  u  sweet  or  ha<fhinim  tree. 

To  the  right  of  the  second  ciatem,  rock-cut  stem  led  to  Cavt 
At  present  the  rock  with  the  steps  has  fallen  aiul  the  cave  is 
to  reach.  It  is  o  small  c^ffcllipg  fiu-ing  east  consisting  of  a  cell 
a  small  veronda.  Though  uulinished  il  seems  to  have  liecn 
as  a  dwelling.  The  cell  has  u  greatest  depth  of  ti' 9"  a  bn'odth 
7'  Q'  and  a  height  of  6'  Q\  The  doorway  is  */  4"  wide  and  U'  iV  hiA 
and  bail  a  wooden  door.  The  veninda  has  irregular  walls  uul  * 
bench  in  the  left  wall  3'  10"  broad  and  3'  10"  high. 

Cave  X.  is  q  dwelling  of  three  colls  and  a  front  The  middle  oJ 
is  broken.  To  the  left  of  the  first  cell  two  stejw  had  to  a  citftoi 
below  now  dry  and  like  a  cell  ua  its  front  is  open.  The  first  cell 
is  6'  10'  deep  in  the  right  wail  and  8*  9"  in  the  left  wall,  wliilr 
the  buck  wall  is  G'  7'  broud.  The  door  is  2' 5"  broad.  The  riglil 
or  partition  wuU  with  Ihe  second  cell  is  broken.  The  second  cell  i> 
7'  7"  long  by  7' .5'  broud  with  a  do«)rway  2' 5'  broad.  This  cell  i« 
mined  at  the  foot  of  the  bacJc  wall  onda  crack  appears  to  let  in  vster 
The  third  cell  is  7'  deep  by  7'  2"  brood  with  a  clnurwuy  2'  5"  widi-- 
The  front  is  I'i'  5"  long  by  about  4'  9"  broad  and  has  a  broken 

Ca>*e  XI.  ts  i^  fwll  with  a  small  front.  The  cell  la  7'  square 
7'  high  with  a  broken  doorway  grooved  on  the  left  for  a  wo 
frame.  The  front  is  broken.  Six  feet  to  the  right  of  the  cell  i» 
what  looks  like  on  earth-filled  i-ell  whose  roof  is  on  the  rtnme  letrl 
with  the  floor  of  cave  XI.  It  wan  probably  a  cietem.  Further  to 
the  right,  of  five  cisterns  near  one  another  the  third  and  fourth  hoW 
good  water.  One  of  these  two  cisterns  seems  to  have  been  t-uken  ca|^ 
of,  on  it  has  signs  of  a  modern  door  and  in  front  bus  a  siuall  reovl 
full  of  water  for  cattle  or  drinking  water.  Twelve  steps  lead  to  mi 
other  cisterns,  the  fifth  of  which  holds  good  water^  ana  has  sockets 
for  a  wooden  frume.  In  frorft  of  these  six  cisterns,  a  space  about  10' 
brood,  natunil  or  artiticialt  lias  a  good  view  of  the  town  below,  the 
Oanesh  Lena  hill  to  the  right,  Mi!inmoda  to  the  left,  and  distant 
Mils  bounding  (be  horizon  on  the  oast. 

CaTO  XII.  is  a  g^ll  with  an  open  front.    To  the  left  is  a  bench 
long  as  the  wall,  1'  4"  broad  and  9"  high.     The   cell  is  9' 


WMJf.    I 

:»ud^ 


1 


The  ik-'coml  ^oup,  in  thn  unpc-r  srarp  of  the  oast  faWf  hastvonty-fivp 
ivea  going  from  aouth-south-easl  to  iimth-uorth-wcat,  aud  gonorolly 
Facing  east-north-east   The  caves  have  been  numbcreU  iu  coatinuulion 
the  lower  scarp  caves,  passing  from  left  lo  right. 

Cave  XIII.  where  the  scarp  begins  near  the  extreme  left,  is  hard 

I  reach.     It  is  a  aiagle  cell  with  benches  in  the  back  and  right 

rails.     It  is  about  T  deep  5    broad  and  6'  high  with  a  doorway 

V  brood  and  as  high  as  the  ceiling.     To  the  left  of  this  cell  is  an 

[ulmost  iniiccesslble  excavation.     It  has  an  open   front.     It  may  bo 

[&n  uniiniiiluHl  cell  or  a  cistern  with  a  broken  front     To  the  right  uf 

this  cell  a  space  about  70'  long  contained  five  or  six  ci8ti^niB<»f  which 

^nothing  but  the  bottoms  are  left.   They  appear  like  five  or  six  sitting 

(daces,  and  in  later  times,  perhaps,  were  used  to  sit  m  a^  they  have 
_  loles  in  front  cut  in  tbo  rotk  to  support  sheds.     Twelve  paces  to  the 
ight  is  an  open  L-arth-fiUed  bathing  pond  like  wbut  is  called  a 
idnpodhi  iu  a  Kanheri  inBcription.     About  twcniy-tive  feet  to  the 
[lighl  of  thepond  is  a  cijitern,  and  thirty-four  paccsfurthcr,  on  a  higher 
level,  is  a  small  open-mouthed  cistern  tilled  with  earth.     Fight  paces 
"  irther  is  another  large  earth-fiUod  cistern  aad  thirty-five  paces, 
irtber  to  the  right  is  cave  XIV.  ^________ 


* 
I 

I 


Cave  XIV.  is  about  u  hundred  yards  to  the  right  of  cave  XIIT.  It 
is  a  two-al<jre^'cxi  dwelling,  its  ground  floor  in  three  parts,  a  plain 
veranda  in  froni, '  &  middle  hall,  and  cells.  The  middle  hall, 
which  is  24'  S'  broad  23'  6"  deep  and  !*'  high,  has  a  large  doorway 
5'  9'  broad  and  9'  high  with  large  holes  for  a  wooden  frame.  On 
either  side  is  a  window  both  4'  broad  and  3'  10"  high  and  with  holes 
for  wooden  frames.  Of  ten  cells  four  are  in  the  back  wall  and  three 
each  in  the  right  and  IctT  walla.  CalcU-holes  in  the  walls  seem  to 
show  that  the  e-uve  was  nsed  for  horses  or  cattle.  The  ceils  are  on  a 
higher  level  than  the  hall,  and  the  ceilings  of  the  four  back  wall 
celU  are  four  feet  higher  than  the  hall  ceiling,  The  three  cells  in 
the  loft  wall  are  unfutished,  the  second  more  untinishcd  than  the  first, 
and  Ihn  third  still  more  unfinished.  Of  the  four  back  cells  the  one 
in  the  extreme  left  is  unfinished.  The  second  cell  is  6'  9"  broad 
t>'  deep  ond  6'  -l"  high,  with  a  doorway  2'  5"  broad  and  as  high  as  thu 
ceiling  ;  the  thiitl  i»  5'  10"  broad  7'  deep  and  li'  .V  high  and  bas  a 
doorviay  2'  U"  wide  and  G'  5'  high  with  holes  for  a  wooden  frame  ; 
Mid  the  fourth  6'  2"  deep  u'  broad  and  5'  10"  high  with  a  doorway 
2*  6"  wide  and  5'  10"  high.  Of  the  three  cells  in  the  right  wall  the 
first  two  are  unfinished.  The  tliii-d  wll  is  7'  10*  deep  by  7*  10"  brood 
and  6'  10"  high,  and  has  a  doorway  2*  5'  broad  and  6'  10"  high  with 
boles  for  a  wooden  frame.  To  tlio  right  of  the  third  cell  a  passage, 
with  n  door  2'  6"  brood  and  9'  high,  ieuds  lo  the  upjier  storey.  A 
flight  of  ciglit  broken  rock*cut  stepsicuds  tu  the  upper  storey,  which 
is  u  phiin  hall  20'  8"  broad  10'  7"  deep  and  7'  high,  with  an  open 
front  verauda  23'  7"  broad  5'  3"  deep  and  7'  high.  On  its  right  is 
n  quadrangular  pilaster  wilh  the  double  crescent  omajnent.  The 
orimnul  rock-rut  railing  seems  to  have  been  replaced  by  a  wooden 
miUng  for  which  seven  holes  aro  cut  in  the  rock.    About  1*0"  of  the 


Shivncr  Ol 

Cave  xirrA 


Ctnf. 


[Bombay  OuettMT- 


>rCftT«a. 

pthrntJ. 


tXV. 


I 


:f/. 
r/i. 


X  VI IL 


floor  near  the  back  wnll  ta  rmigh  and  the  rest  ia  smooth,  whiek 
«uffpwl«  that  n  lurgft  wooden  bent-h  stootl  on  the  roufjjh  part.  In  (fe 
middle  of  the  floor  are  two  huskinfr  hoU-e.  To  the  left  near  ibr 
pUaator  is  an  excavation  probably  the  beeinDiug  of  a  stair  leadiag 
bolow.  In  the  left  wall,  just  under  the  ceiling  ou  a  dresaed  mr&tt 
oud  cut  in  large  deep  lelterH  it>  Inscription  21  in  oitc  line.  In  tiie 
beginning  ia  the  usual  Buddhiat  pt^ntajfonal  ajTubol.  The  insenptiaa 
may  be  read  : 

Hudhftkiym**  Mftl«aft  OoUkirftSft'  A'nodksa  baiu  jan«'na 
deyftdhamam  opftthftiw 

and  may  bo  translated 

*  Tlu  maritorioun  eift  of  a    reoeption  ball  bjr  two   mea 
MudhaJur*  U&Ia  and  aoUklr*  A'noda.* 

This  shows  that  Buch  halls  used  tobe  called  uptifhdna  or  upailhdna 
that  is  a  silting  place,  a  visiting  hall,  or  a  reception  hall.  Aa 
excellent  view  atretc-hing  to  the  distant  hills  makes  this  well  suited 
for  a  sitting  or  reception  haU.  Mudhukiya  and  Oolikiya,  given  u 
the  names  of  the  donors,  seem  to  be  surnames.  To  the  right  of  llu 
passage  below  is  a  broken  eistem. 

Cave  XV.  about  thirty  feet  to  the  right  of  cave  XIV.  ia  an  open 
cell  without  a  veranda.  The  walls  are  not  tiuished.  and  the  caw 
appears  to  be  merely  a  sitting  cell.  In  front  in  the  floor  are  three 
holes  probably  for  a  wooden  shed.  The  i-ove  is  9'  deep  J  3'  brood 
and  6'  5"  high,  and  in  a  small  recess  in  the  left  wuU  has  n  roughly 
carved  relic-ahrine  with  three  umbrellas  over  the  tec.  Outside  lo 
the  light  ia  a  cistern  with  good  water,  and  near  it,  on  a  higher  level, 
another  cistern  filled  with  earth. 

About  forty  feet  from  cave  XV.  are  Cavea  XVI.  and  XVTI.  two 
dwellings  with  finished  rerandns  but  cells  only  begun.  The  veraada 
of  cave  XVI.  is  5'  6"  broad  3'  deep  and  7'  high,  and  the  dourvay 
2'  6"  broad  and  5'  8"  high.  Cave  XVII.  has  a  voruuda  4'  deep  19' 
broad  and  8'  high,  with  an  unfinished  floor  and  a  finished  back  wall 
and  ceiling.  The  half -finished  cell  door  is  2'  5"  wide  and  4'  10'  high. 
About  ahundnxl  paces  to  the  right  is  what  ItMiks  like  an  earth-filicd 
cistern.     A  little  turther  to  the  right  arc  broad  steps  cut  in  the  rock. 

Climbing  the  broad  steps  a  second  flight  of  twenty-seven  (tmall 
Btepa  to  the  rigbl,  leads  to  a  cell-like  excavation,  11'  deep  12'  5" 
br(»d  and  8'  10"  high,  with  two  holea  in  front  for  a_wootloj»  frame. 
Four  steps  to  the  right  is  n  cistern  with  good  water.  H^olrs  are  rut 
in  the  ro<;k  either  to  help  the  ascent  or  for  a  sun  screen.  The 
excovation  haa  no  front  wall  but  on  the  back  are  two  dry  cisterns 
infested  by  bale.  The  ciBtcms,  which  have  well  cut  mouths  about 
2*  high  and  3'  square,  are  about  13'  df^'p  and  have  holes  over  the 
mfiuths  for  a  wooden  fi-anie.  Between  the  two  mouths  is  n  small 
poliHhiHHx;neh  8"  broad  St"  high  and  3'  0"  long.  Those  eistoms  are 
drv  and  probably  were  granaries. 

-    About  twenty  feet  further  to  the  right  is  Cavo  XIX.  a  cell  8*  10' 
broad  7'  3"  deep  and  G'  3"  high,  with,   along  the  right  widl,  a 


1  Tho  aeoood  letter  of  tlib  vord  U  not  distiiiot  muI  looks  like  ml.    Bot  u  the  boM 
of  ma  in  Ihui  iiiaoription  ia  horizontal,  and  this  Is  rotuul«d.  It  acoins  jircfenttlu. 


iccan-l 


POONA. 


liahoH   bench  as  long  as  the  wall  1'  4"  broad  and  V  high.     At 
end  of  the  bench,  in  the  right  and  buck  walls,  a  smull  rcccs», 
^6"  sqiiare  and  4'  di'op  with  a  small  bench,  was  probably  used  for 
rping  objects  of  wor»Iiip.     Bi-Iwol-u  this  cave  und  cavo  XVIII. 
IB  led  to  the  lop  of  tho  fi>rt  and  t<i  the  Ipt't  a  beginning  of  etcps 
lainB.     TheHc  Htf^pR  must    be  ulder  than   the  Mu^ahndns  a^  thoy 
%VB  recesaeB  with  imflgea  of    the  guardians  Durga,  Ganesbj  and 
ika^'     The  steps  and  images  have  ^een  broken  probably  by  the 
[usolmflns,  and  a  small  fortifiailion  has  been  built  on  tho  top  tu 
this  wav  of  approach.     This  confirms  the  liclicf  that  before 
Musnimdns  (13:20),  under  the  Dcvgiri  YAdavs  (1100-iaiO),  the 
was  probably  used  aa  a  fort.  

Ctti.'e  XX.  about  ten  foet  to  the  right  of  cave  XIX.  is  an  open 
obont  7'  broad  5'  deep  und  7'  high,  with  an  corth-fijlcd  cistern  at 
iC  Toot  of  the  right  wall. . 


tCave  XXI.  ten  paces  lo  the  right  of  cave  XX.  is  a  large  hall  19'  8* 
oad  by  22'  fi"  cfeep  and  8'  10'  high,  with  a  finely  polished  floor 
Jing  and  walls.  Alorfg  the  back  rjglit  and  left  walls  are  benches 
7"  broad  and  1'  8"  high.  In  the  middle  of  the  back  bench  au  altar 
G"  broad  standi*  3'  5"  in  front  of  tho  bench  and  us  long  us  the 
■ides.  The  hall  front  is  open  with  no  doorway,  but  ou  either  side 
Ka  pilaster  und  in  front  a.  small  open  veranda,  IG'8"  broad  and 
W^  5"  deep.  The  veranda  exiling  is  I' lower  than  the  hall  ceiling. 
Like  other  similar  halls  this  uppears  to  be  a  dining  hall  or  Haltra. 
The  only  point  of  note  is  the  advancing  altar  in  the  middle^  which 
apparently  was  for  the  chief  monk. ■ 


H  Cave  XXII.  is  a  large  dwelling,  cousisling  uf  a  hall,  with  in  tho 

Bcbt    wall    two  and  in  the~  back  woll   four  cells.     Tho    hall   was 

Hnginnlly  24'   6'  deep   of  whicli  7'    in    front  are    on   a  one-inch 

lower  level  to  make  it  a  veranda,  the  remaining  17'  6"  being  the  hall 

with   the  cells.     The   veranda  purt  has  bcuchcs  ou  either  side,  tho 

lefl  bench  broken.     The  cells  are  uboul  a  foot  higher  than   tho  hall 

und  the  ei-ilings  arc   ii"  to  0"  lower  than  the  hall  ceiling.     Tho  cells 

vary  from  6'  6"  to  7'  square  and  are  about  6'  6*  high.     The  last  cell 

fthe  back  wall  is  unusually  large,  being  10*  broad  and   13'  deep. 
ear  the^nd  ou   the  right  wall,  this  ceU  has  a  bench  3'  1"  broad 
4'  long  and  2'  G"  high,  und  near  the  bench  in  theTront  wall  is  a 
uicbe.     This  cell  wus  probably  for  Ihc  chief  monk.     The  other  cells 
■jpve  peg-holrs  and  no  benches.      In  the  veranda  over  the   right 
Hbnuh  was  un  inscriplion  in   two  lines  of  well  cut  deep  letters.     It 
has  been  inti-ntionallv  serajx'd  away  and  only  a  ]«irt  of  the  beginning 
kd  end  of  the  first  line  ap{x*ur.     In  tho  beginning  is  the  Buddhist 
Tho  fii-et  letter  yo  is  distinct  and  tlion  appear  truces  of  tho 
:*r8  nutcasa  which  show  thut  the  cave  was  probably  tho  gift  of  a 
pptfTiu,.     At  tho  end  of  the  second  line  the  letters  ticAunyd   are 
itiuet,  and   then   appears  the  top-stroko  of  na  tho  piece  of  rock 
low  htt^ng  broken  away. 


I  Tho  imagoi  of  Durga  and  (ianeHh,  wliicli  wore  cut  in  the  itwk,  still  apiKor  ;  the 
ina^  of  Bfttutui  U  goo*  as  it  wiu  probably  not  rock-cut. 


Chapter  XIT^ 
Places-    fl 

JCSNAU. 

Shnra«r  OftVM. 
CavtXU. 


Cavt  XX. 


Cave  XX  f. 


CanXXI/. 


Jnteription 


[Bombay  Gaieltder. 


Cbftpter  XI7 
Places- 

8hi\iter  Cares. 
Cave  iJC//. 


Perhaps  there  was  a  wooden  seroon  or  waiDscotin^  between    the 
voi-undu  oiul  ihc  hull  iis  holes  ore  cut  in  the  wiling  just  at  the  pcnnt 
which  murks  thu  boiiudury  line.      In  the  scarp  which    overhan|»a 
the  <'iivo  iiboiit  fifteen  holes  are  cut  probably  to  support  a  woudot* 
roof.     In  latiT  ti]nr8_a  wall  of  well  drcsscdstones  has  been  built 
between  the  veranda  and  tlielmll  In  the  place  of  the  old  waiu»cotin|{ 
and  an  oronmcntul  doorway  has  boon  built  near  the  left  end.      Near 
the  east  end  in   a  recess  2*  2^  broad  and  1'  9"  long  is  a  well  carved, 
lattice.     The  shape  and  ornamentation  of  tbe  doorway  belong  t<F 
about  the  ninth  or  tenth^entury.     On  the  doorway  in  the  middle  of 
the  lintfl  is  a  broken  image    of   ttaneah    which    shows    that    iha 
additions  were  RnShmamoar    But  no  trace  remains  of  any  objpct  of 
woi*sJiip  inside.     To  the  left  of  the  vcrantla  is  a  lorgie  cistern,  part 
of  which  runs  under  the  veranda  floor.     But  as  the  floor  and  part 
of  the  overhanging  rock  have  fallen  away,  it  is  open  to  the  sky.    To 
the  left  of  the  cistern  is  a  dwelling  whose  right  and  front  walls  ani 
broken.      It  is   15'  2"  broad  11'  t>"  deep  and  S'  3'  high,  with,  along 
llie   entire  left    wall   and    half   the  back   wall,  a    rork-ciit   bench 
r  9"  broad  and  l'  1"  high^  and  along  half  the  right  wall  a  seat  about 
2"  high.     In  front  of  the  broken  front  wall  is  a  broken  cistern.      A 
break  in  its  right  wall  has  joined  it  with  the  largo  cistern  of  the 
cave.     To  the  right  of  Cave  XXII.  are  two  broken-troutod  cells  nno 
above  the  other  which  were  probably  connected  with  Cave  XXIf. 
The  upper  cell  is  15'  square  and  6'  8"  high.     The  front  part  of  its 
right  woU  is  broken.      Near  the  other  end  of  the  right  wall  a  part 
of  the  floor  has  boon  broken.     Of  tlie  lower  coll,  which  is  smaller 
than   Ihe  upper  cell,  both  the  sides  and  part  of  the  ceiling  which  ' 
forms  the  floor  of  the  upper  cell  are  broken.     Its  walls  are   well 
polished.     To  the  right  a  polished  doorway  now  broken  led  to  cave 
XXIII.  which  is  on  the  same  levol  lu  the  lower  cell. 


CavtXXIti,  Cave   XXIII.    is   an    open   vermida    nnd    an    inner    hall.      The 

veranda  roof  has  fallen  out  and  lies  in  the  verunila.     The  inner  hull 
is  20'  8'  broad  13'  9"  deep  and  8'  4"  high.      It  has  a  plain  polished  | 
doorway  2'  T  broad  and  5'  high  and  benches  of  varyr  -     ■  -  ■  along 
all  the  walls.     The  bench  along  the  entire  lengtli  -  .  k  wall 

is  r  .'i''^road  and  1'  2"  high  and  connected  wifn  It  is  a  Ixuch  1'  7* 
broad  4'  10"  long  and  2'  ^  high  in  the  comer  between  the  left  and 
the  back  wall.     The  bench  along  the  right   wall  is  7"  4'  long  and 
equal  in   height  and  breadth  to  the  bench  along  (he  back  wall. 
Connected  with  this  bench,  in  the  comer  bclwei'ii   the  right  and 
front  walls,  is  a  large  bench  3'  7"  bn>ad  6'  5'  long  and  2'  2"  high.  | 
The     open    veranda,    which    is    mucli    brnkon,    is    18'    fC    lung  1 
ond    about    10*     broad.      In     the    left    wall    a   broken  doorway 
comnmnieates  with  the  lower  cell  n^xt  to  cave  XXII.      To  the  right 
of  the  dooni'ay  is  a  small  niche  and  to  the  right  of  the  niche  tsal 
gallopping  horse  with  a  saddle  and  reins  but  without  stirruiw.*    It  is 
hard  to  understand  to  what  use* this  cave  was  put.     It  has  no  sppomto 
ooUafor  uiouks,  nor  is  it  u  dwelling  for  a  single  monk.     As  it  has 


»  The  horao  appura  to  hive  b««o  oarvod  as  a  fauoy  work  by  somo  artiit  whito 
poUsliiiig  Uie  wail. 


POONA. 


191 


J 


K'nchca  of  varying  aiee  it  wus  probably  uacd  by  various  monks  of 
il  ;T  rent  ruiikR,  jM'rhnps  as  u  plucL-  of  learninj^,  the  hij^hjumcb  on  iho 
n^lil  being  for  tin-  piiHX'ptor  ilic  Achdnja  or  ^tJuwira,  one  in  tlie 
left  corner  a  little  lower  'U*ing  for  the  sub-preceptor  or  Up^tdhyiuja^ 
and  tbc  rest  for  scholurs.     To  tlie  right  of  the  oavo  is  mi  unfinished 


Chapter  XIT' 
Places. 

Shivner  Ckvm. 


rpc**ss. 


About  i\  huadro  I  yur.ls  to  the  right,  n  group  of  fourteen  cuvpb  near 
one  anothiT  arc  popidarly  CttUcd  the  Bnrii  Oadiid  or  Twelve  Oaves 
from  the  twelve  uells  in  cavo  XXX.  which  la  in  tho  middle  of  the 
group. 

Cave  XXIV.  the  first  of  this  group  is  on  a  higher  level  than  the 
rest,  and  is  reaelicd  by  about  forty  broken  rock-cut  stops.  Il  is  a 
large  dwcUing  left  uulinished  uppareutly  not  ou  acrount  of  uny 
flaw  in  tho  rotk.  The  veranda,  which  is  7'  9'  dticp  by  33'  broad 
nnd  7'  1"  high  is  6nishcd,  tboug^h  much  of  its  floor  is  broken.  In 
the  verondu  to  the  left  is  ii  <iell  it  5'  broad  4'  4'  deep  and  6'  T 
high  with  a  door  2'  8"  brojid  and  a  small  bench  *i'  lU'  long 
2'  2"  high  and  1'  broad.  The  hall,  which  is  only  partly  cut, 
is  ()'  4"  deep  IS'  3"  brood  and  7'  6"  high.  To  the  left  is  a 
window.  Though  unfinished  the  cixw  seems  to  have  lx<on  uxed,  as 
!the  doonvay  seems  to  have  had  a  woodon  door  for  which  holes  are 
[cut  in  the  rock.  To  the  left,  near  the  first  call,  is  another  unfinislted 
cell  in  the  back  wall   of  the  verantla,  (J'   10"  broad  7'  7"  deep  and 


Cax€  XXii 


Perhaps  llie  cell 
hall,  ita  door,  tw 


7"  1"  high  with  a  door  3'  2"  broad  and  7"  1"  high, 
was  the  begiuning  of  a  cutting  to  join  it  with  the 
in  other  caves,  serving  as  a  side-duor. 

About  thirty  feet  to  the  right  of  cave  XXIV.  and  on  a  nithor 
lower  level  is  Cave  XXV.  a  large  coll  IG'  6"  broad  by  13"  deej)  and 
9'  V  high.  It  has  un  open  front  and  a  large  broken  cistern  to  the 
left.  ^- 

Close  to  it«  right  is  Cave  XXVI.  a  small  cell_with  a  broken  front. 
To  the  left  is  a  broken  bench  '2'  fi"  broad  an3"*2'  5'  high.     Tlieeidl, 
which  is  9'  4"  brouil  7'  7"  deep  and  C  9"  high,  was  puintetl  apparently 
ill  cirelfs.     Close  to  its  right  is  a  email  recess  with  a  bench,  apparently 
It  »mall  vicw-scatv 

B  Onvo  XXVn.  is  a  dwelling  in  two  parts  an  inner  cell  and  a 
■  ▼ermnda.  The  cell  is  T  6"  broad  T  2' deep  and  fi'  8"  high  and,  lo  the 
Bleft  in  n  re«>i«,  has  a  bench  2'  7"  high  by  2'  3"  browl  and  (V  4"  long. 
H  Tho  door,  whieli  is  about  2'  (>*  broad  and  6'  8'  high,  has  holes  for  u 
Hmooden  fraraf,  and  the  verando  is  13'  6*  broad  and  about  5'  11" 
H^lei'p.  In  a  recess  in  the  left  wall,  which  is  4'  11'  deep,  is  n  relic- 
^  ahnno  in  half  relief  consisting  of  a  round  dome  with  a  tee  and 
unibn_<lla.  The  plinth  with  the  rail  pattern  is  broken.   Itoyond  the  left 

twall  is  a  cistern  wilh  a  broken  lop.  The  veranda  ceiling  is  9"  higher 
than  the  hall  troiling.  In  the  veranda  to  the  left  of  the  doorway  is 
InsrripHon  23  in  five  large  lines  in  letters  like  those  of  the  Vibthisli- 
thiputra  inscription  in  Nusik  cuvc  III.'  except  that  the  ikaras  of 
this  inscription  ore  rounded  and  winding.    Tho  first  two  lines  ore 


CaveXtl 


Cav*  xxri. 


A 


Cam  XXV II, 


1  Oanp&n  Bombay  Quetteer.  XVt  M!)-5S4. 


LBombay  Oazel 


lapter  XIV. 
Places - 

■    JONSAR. 
^litVDcr  Cavec 
Ihtcription  SS. 


inw  XX  VIU, 


XXIX. 


DISTRICTS. 


entire.     Nearly  the  first  half  of  the  tliird  line  appears  to  have 
intc'utioually  rubbed  away  about  the  time  of  tho  inHcription,  and 
aurfai'L-  whure  the  letters  arc  rubbed  away  is  slightly  lower.     Ti 
of  some  of  the  letters  appear  but  tho  letters  cannot  be  clearly  mi 
out.     The  inncripliou  may  be  rend  : 

(D.   Apaguiiya  na  savagiriya'aa  (aa)  putasa  patibandhaltasa  giribhuUta 

BftkhuyarusalaQa  podtil  oha 
f 3}.  (dalyadJEianiam'  etaaa  oha  lenasa  podhlya  oha  nakare  cha  bhikbunl 

upaaayaeadham  mutari  yaua  akbayanlTlka 
(3).    ' ato  te'taaa  ohlvarliLa  luUiapanai  aodaaa 

podhlya  ohlva 
(4).    Ma*  manam  cha  bisa  hasato  payogato 

lira  dhlsahaiam  Tadtaom* apayyau 

(S}.    78  upasayo  nagan  gliibhuUaa  blttyUu'yi 

Arapalaaikaya 

and  may  be  translated 

*Tho  mdrltorloua  gift  of  a  dwelling  oavo  and  oUtani  by  Patlbba 
dhaka  CKrlbbuti  ion  of  a  SaTuglrlya  of  tha  Apaauilyaa,  with 
his  wife  B'ivapa'lanikk' :  for  ttaia  a  pennanemi  capitai .  ■  ■  .  .  .  * 

In  front  of  tho  veranda  of  this  cave  holes  are  cut  in  the 
probably  for  a  wooden  shed. 

Closototheright  of  cave  XXVII.  are  Caves  XXVIII.  andXXll 
At  first  sight  these  two  appear  to  be  one  dwelling  but  exainination 
shows  theTn  to  bo  two.     The  veranda  ceilinKa  of  the  two  are  separate, 
and  Cave  XXVIII.  juts  out  a  little  more  than  cave  XXIX.  Belwceu. 
the  two  was  originally  a  wall,  and,  when  the  wall  waa  broken, 
wooden  partition  appears  to  have  been  mode  for  which  these  toll 
are  made  in  tho  ceding.      Both  arc  dwelling  cuvcs  and  conaiat  of 
veranda  in  front  and  two  culls  each  in  tlio  Iwick  wall.     The  first  eel 
which  islO'  broad  9'  '^  deep  and  7'  h"  high,  has  a  window  2' 
brood  and  2'  4"  high  in  the  front  wall,  to  tho  left  of  the  door  whici 
is    2'  3"  wide    and    6'  h"  high.     The    window  and  the  door  have 
holes  for  o  wooden  frame.     The  second  cell  ia  9'  I"  broad   8 
deep  ttud  8'  high  and  has  a  door  3'  2"  broad  and  8*  8"  high,  witi 
holes  for  a  lai^  wooden  frame.     To  tho  left,  in  the  front  and  back 
walls,  are  holes  probably  for  the  monkV  polo.     The  floors  of  both 
the    eells  are  4"   lower  than  the  veranda  floor  ond  the  ceiling  is  as 
high  08  the  veranda  ceiling.     Remains  in  tho  ceiling,  especially  in 
the  second  coll,  show  that  both  the  cells  were  paiiitwl.     The  paintin| 
w^as  of  a  poor  order  consisting  of  three  concentric  circles  in  squai 
panels.     The   colours   used  were   white,  yellow,   and   black.      Tl 
veranda  is  22'  3'  broad  a    3'  deep  and  7'  8"  high.     Nearly  half 
tho  floor  in  front  is  broken.     Tho  roof  is  entire  and   about  on  jm 
higher  than  the  veranda  roof  of  cave  XXIX. 

Cave  XXIX.  close  to  the  right  of  c^ive  XXVIII.  consists  like  cavo 

XXVIII.  of  tffo  ceUs.  with  a  front  vcruuda  whose  forepart  aa  ^p 

cave  XXVIIITiB  broken.    The  first  oell  is  10"  2*  brood  8'  9'  de^J 

1  The  1^  of  ilryulAamaM  hu  bean  omitted  by  tli«  Angmver  by  miitak«. 
■  The  M  of  Kahdpa^  looks  like  to  thruugh  a  nmUUieii  Btruke  of  tbo  engimvw 
beloir. 

*  S»a  looks  liko  epa.     The  ottrved  stroke  at  Uie  aide  has  btiea  omitted  or 
ntbb«d  away  when  nDOothing. 

*  Tbe  three  lettera  after  vnitAam  are  not  ircll  engraved. 


POONA. 


198 


aedTV  hifrTj,  with  a  doorway  3'  broad  and  7'  1"  high.  The  ceiling  is 
T  lower  tlmn  the  veranda  wiiiug.  Thu  flocoad  cell  is  8'  11"  brood 
9  deep  and  8'  1"  high  and  has  a  duor  2'  8"  broad  with  holes  for  a  woinlcn 
fnint.  To  tbe  k-ft,  ia  a  ru-ceBs  2'  lu"  deep  7'  1'  brood  and  2'  9'  high 
i*  ■  beach,  oud  to  the  left  in  the  front  and  back  walla  are  holes  for  tbe 
nook^K  pole.  Both  cells  have  husking  holes.  Both  were  originally 
tasted,  with  plaster  and  painted  and  traces  of  the  planter  remain. 
Th*  verandu  is  2^'  10"  brood  and  5'  3"  deep,  and  has  a  broken  right 
»ilL  I'urtlier  to  the  right  are  throe  cisterns,  the  middle  cistern 
[fcokling  good  water.  

Cave  XXX.  is  a  largo  dwtj 
[fcar  cells  in  each  wuU.     ~ 


Chaptei 

JpIfKAIt. 

Sbinicr  Ctrat. 


with  Iwolve  cellfi  or  bdra^figab^ham, 

The  cave,  whitn  gives  the  group  its  local 

luac  of  l\6.ru  Gadad,  consiala  of  a  veranda,  a  middle  null,  and  four 

(tUs  oftch  in   the  right  back  and  h-ft  wuIIm.     Near  the  cell  door»,  all 

|al<m^  the  walls,  nmsa  bench  about  2'  hroail  and    V  1"  high.      The 

I  bill  n  entcrc-d  by  a  largo  middle  doorway  tJ'  broad  and  8'  9"  high,  and 

klcft  doorway  ;j'  brood  and  6'  lO"  high.     On  either  side  of  the  large 

tioorway  is  a  large  window,  the  left  window  6'  10"  broad  and  3'  lO" 

high  and  the  right  window  C  8"  broad  and  4.'  high.     Both  the  doors 

[auL  windows  have  holes  for  wcnxlcn  frames.     The  hall  is  33'  .5"  deep- 

iSS'brofld  and  10'  high.     The  c*>iling  has  remains  of  pluj^tcr  with 

traces  of  colour.     Kxcept  the  third   oell  on  the  loft    the  cells  are 

finished  and  stand  from  6"  to  1'  higher  than  the  bonch  all  round  in 

front  of  them.     The  side  walls  of  some  are  not  finished  and  are 

wneijtial  in  size.     The  oclU  vary  in  depth  from  5'  7"  to  7'  7"  and  in 

bnaillh  from  5'  2"  to  8'.     The'  doorways  are  about  2'  5'  broad  and 

ilaoit  as  high  as  tho  wll  ceiling.    The  verando,  which  is  partly 

minad,  is  34'  J '  broad  5'  6"  deep  and  8'  9"  high.      


A  Hight  of  thirteen  broken  rock-cut  steps  from  the  left  of  the 
'WTinda  of  cave  XXX.  leads  up  to  tho  veranda  of  Cave  XXXI. 
^^  CETB  is  almost  a  part  of  cave  XXX.  as  it  is  connected  with  its 
mranda.  It  is  a  dwelling  consisting  of  a  veranda  and  an  inner 
luJL  Tho  hall  is  !.>'  il'  broad  14'  8"  deep  and  7'  B'  high,  and  haa  a 
3  3'  wide  by  (J*  10'  high  with  holes  for  a  wooden  frame.  The 
Ida  is  18'  7'  brood  i'  4"  deep  and  8'  2'  high,  its  floor  about  2' 
>r  than  the  hall  ihwr.  In  front  of  tho  veranda  werfl  two  pillars 
od  two  pilasters.  Tho  pillars  ure  broken  and  only  their  six  plated 
npitAlit  remoiu  attached  to  the  ceiling.  The  pillars  appear  to  b'>  nu- 
^dr«8?d  and  their  shafts  and  bas^a  were  never  begun.  The  pilasters, 
rhich  are  nearly  quadrangular,  are  undressed  and  unfinished. 

Cave  XXXII.  close  to  the  right  of  cave   XXX.  and  on  a  higher 
trvlf  ia  a  small  dwelling  consisting  of  a  veranda  and  an  inner 
The   oell  is  7"  H'  broad  7'  6'  deep  and  7'  6'  high  and  has  a 
ly  2'  10' broad  and  7'  6*  high  with  grooves  for  o  wooden  frame, 
^randa,  whoso  floor  is  partly   broken,  is  1 0' broad  4' 3' deep 
G'  high.     In  a  recess  to  the  right  is  a  small  seat  2*  6  "  high 
broaii  and  2'  4*  deep.     The  cave  was  pointod  and  the  ceilings  of 
>th  (ho  coll  and  the  veranda  have  remains  of  phister  and  colour. 

Ouve  XXXILL  is  close  to  the  right  of  cave  XXXII.  with  two 
itcma  between  them.     It  consists  of  a  vei-anda,  a  cell,   and  a  half 
Tho  verauda  is  8'  3'  broad  6'  9'  deep  and  9'  4'  high.     Ia 

■  M0-2S 


11. 


OoveXJ 


Cow  XJT/. 


—       * 


Cave  XXIir. 


CaK  xxxm. 


[Bombay  Oaxetteer. 


1D4 


DISTRICTS. 


!Jiapt«r  SIT- 
Places. 

Ihivasr  CnrM, 


tho  bock  wall  of  the  veranda  is  the  UaU  cell  3'  broad  5' 8"  dwp  and 
6'  10'  high  witli  the  ceiling  6"  lower  Ihau  the  verauda  ceiling,  and 
s  WDodon  door  whose  grooves  remain.  To  the  left  of  the  haU  cell  ia 
a  seat  recess  4'  broad  2*  3*  deep  and  4'  high.  To  the  left  of  the 
voranda  is  the  cell,  with  a  greatest  depth  of  7'  6"  a  greatest  breadth 
of  3'  2'  and  a  height  of  6'  o",  and  a  broken  door  2'  9*  broad.  Its  back 
and  front  aides  form  an  angle  and  the  back  and  left  sides  form  on 
arc  of  a  circle,  a  peculiarity  of  shape  due  to  two  cisterns  below, 
yhoae  tops  are  now  broken. 

7aimXXXrr.  *^**™  XXXIV.  close  to  the  right  of  cave  XXXIII.  is  unfinished. 

IK'apc  XXSV.  Oive  XXXV.  cloae  to  the  right  of  cave  XXXIV.  ia  a  jjancligarhha 

lat/ana  or  fivo'eeUod  dwelling.  It  consists  of  a  hall  and  five  cells,  three 
in  the  left  wall  and  two  in  the  back  wall.  The  hall  is  18'  7'  brood 
18'  deep  and  7'  3'  high  with  adoorway  5'  10*  wide  and  7'  2"  high.  To 
tho  right  of  the  doorway  is  a  broken  window  4'  10'  broad  and  2'  2" 
high.  Both  tho  door  and  window  have  grooves  for  a  wooden  frame. 
In  the  buck  wall,  in  a  recess  between  the  colls,  is  a  relic-shrine  or 
■dd^hoba  in  half  relief.  Tho  plinth  of  the  relic-shrine  is  1'  3"  high 
and  3'  5"  in  diameter,  and  the  dome  ia  3*  high  with  a  diameter  of  3' 
above  the  middle  and  2'  6""  at  the  bane.  Over  the  dome  is  the  rail 
pattern  5'*  high  and  10'  brood  and  the  toe  8'  high  in  four  pUttv,  and 
on  the  top  of  the  fourth  plate, which  ia  1'  7*  broad,  ia  a  bonded  carving. 
Over  the  plates  is  the  shaft  and  over  the  shaft  an  umbrella  3'  high. 
The  cells,  two  in  the  back  wall  and  three  in  the  left,  vary  from  3'  8"  to 
7'  in  breadth  and  4'  8'  to  6'  7"  in  depth  and  are  all  about  7'  high. 
The  cell  doors  are  2'  4'  wide  and  7'  high.  All  the  cell  doors,  as 
well  as  the  largo  door  and  window  of  tho  cave,  have  grooves  for 
_ffOpden  frames. 


[caMXXXVL  Close  to  cave  XXXV.  is  Cave  XXXVT.  the  great  chapel  cave  of 

the  group.  Thouffh  both  are  in  the  same  veranda,  cave  XXXV. 
is  a  little  older  than  its  neighbour.  When  the  chapel  was  cut,  ita 
Teranda  seems  to  have  been  joined  with  the  veranda  of  cave  XXXV. 
Tho  Teranda  ceiling  of  cave  XXXV.  was  originally  lower  than  now, 
^^  being  jeined  with  tne  veranda  ceiling  of  the  chapel.  Tho  marks  of 
^      H  it*  original  height  and  breadth  can  atill  be  seen  in  tho  wall. 

^  >^  Cave  XXXVI.  is  the  chapel  or  place  of  worship  of  thia  group. 

It  ia  in  two  parts,  a  hall  with  th^  rcUc-shone  and  a  large  veranda 
in  front  of  both  thia  and  cave  XXXV.  The  entrance  to  the  hall  ia 
^  by  two  doors  a  main  door  in  the  middle  6'  3'  broad  and  11'  3*  high 
►  and  a  side  door  to  the  left  4'  8'  broad  by  7'  high  originally  a  window 
but  afterwards  a  doorwav.  To  the  right  ol  the  middle  door  is  a 
window  3'  5'  broad  and  5'  1 1'  high.  The  doorway  leads  into  a  space 
4'  8"  broad  beyond  which  ia  a  raised  plmtli  five  inches  high 
and  three  feot  broad  on  whiuh  are  pillars  and  pilasters.  Over  the 
pillar  capitals  is  a  quadrangulitr  shaft  on/ghioh  the  roofrtsts.  The 
ahrine,  containing  the  relic-shrine  OTehiUtyay  isSl'doppby  21'  broad 
and  is  two  inches  higher  than  the  outer  space.  In  shape  tlie  diinhoba 
or  relic-ebrine  is  of  the  Gotamiputra  period  (  a.d.  35-  150  ?),  its  plinth 
32'  3'  in  vircumfercnco  and  4'  9*  high.  Over  the  plinth  is  a  I' 
broad  belt  of  rail  pattern.  Over  the  belt  of  rail  ia  a  flat  dome  5'  3' 
high  and  over  the  dome  tho  capital  with  rwl  pattern.    Over  the 


J 


I 


capital  ia  a  four-plated  tee  in  all  3'  4*  hig-h.  Over  the  t«e  ia  i^Bhaft 
•ad  an  uinSrpnaicut  out  of  the  o-iling.  The  ceiling  has  remains  of 
^gjjnjiflg  congiating  oi  concentric  circloa  in  square  panels  and  flowers 
Moleavp*  in  tho  vacant  corners.  TKo  panels  are  in  five  plotee,  a 
iilock  plate  in  the  middle  and  two  white  and  rud  platea  on  cither 
iitia  Some  panels  buve  eeveu  plates  a  bluek  plate  iu  the  middle 
with  three  pLites  white,  red,  and  yellow  on  eaeh  side.  The  circles 
are  mostly  the  same  in  colour,  the  innermost  yellow,  the  next  red, 
the  next  o  large  white  circle,  the  next  u  sniiiller  red  rJrcle,  and  the  laflt 
I  Urge  white  circle.     Some  ha\^  an  outermost  re<l  circle  with  scroll 

filtema.  Four  steps  lead  to  the  veranda  which  is  47'  broad  and 
1'  IQ'  deep.  On  the  back  of  the  veranda  by  the  side  of  the  doorway 
md  alonf*  the  right  wall  are  benches  3'  brood  and  1'  3"  high.  Th» 
Terunda  ct?iHng  is  lower  than  tho  hall  coiling.  In  tho  back  woU 
d  The  veranda  to  the  right  of  tho  right  window  is  a  beautiful 
cucription  well  cut  and  well  preserved  with  a  line  ultar-like  symbol 
in  the  bi>gmmng.     The  inscription  may  bo  read  : 

(3)  rth»iT>m»qig^tn*«f  dajAdbaauaun  obetiyBgtuiro 
O)  niyuto  ■■Talokahitannliha'yit 
ittil  may  be  translated 

*Ths  niBHtoriousKift  oraohapel  eareof  VlrMenakiiaoblef  honneholder, 

an  aprighl  merohaiit,  aaaiffaed  for  tba  wvlfara  and  happineaa  or  all.' 
la  the  veranda  to  the  right  18  a  cistern.  Then  follow  three 
Other  cisterns  two  of  them  earth-filled.  Then  cornea  tho  beginning  of 
M  excavation  and  after  this  a  cistern  witli  broken  front  and  lookmg 
like  a  cell.  Next  cornea  another  excavation  a  cistern  with  a  broken 
irmi.  Ita  mouth  aj)pear8  and  in  tho  roooes  was  an  inscription  in 
Wpc  letters  of  which  traces  remain.  In  one  lino  tho  letters  sa 
[M'uiw  can  be  read.  After  the  cistern  on  tho  same  level  is  another 
cbtcm  with  a  broken  front.  A  part  of  ita  mouth  and  recess  appear 
aboTo  and  in  the  recese  is  Inacriptiou  25  which  reads  : 

TaraaaM  Irllaaa  c*ta'iia  dejadhama  poiOiljro 
and  may  be  trauiilated 

'  Ttw  Duritoriouii  iptl  of  two  of  ■toms  by  the  Yavana  Irila  a  Qata'na  9  *• 

The  two  ciatema  mentioned  in  the  inscription  are  thia  aiid  one  tOt 
tkeleft.  . 


Close  to  the  lost  cistern  is  Cave  XXX VIT.  a  ooU  wiUi  a  broken 
ftraoda  floor.  The  cell  is  7'  8"  brood  7'  8"  decp"^!  6'  3°  high,  and 
ki«  B  door  2'  G"  broad  and  C  3"  high  with  grooves  for  a  wooden 
hame.  The  veranda  is  6'  4"  broad  uud  4'  2*'  deep.  To  its  right  ia 
I  britkeu  eiatem  in  whose  recess  is  Inscription  26  in  two  lines.  The 
taiddle  of  tlie  inscription  is  water-worn.     It  may  be  read  : 

(I)  ApacuriTa'na  Savoirirlra'va  putaaa  patibodhskaaa  (Ql)ribhntisa  aa 

(tui>bhara'ra  Slvapa'linoAa'ya 
O)  (de}7BdliLaiaa  podbi  leoa  cha  etaaa  okhaTaoiTl pa'al 

obara' ■ 

fSlhapana'  cto 

■nd  may  be  translated 

'A  cave  and  a  oisMm.  tha  meritorious  gift  of  Patn>adhaka  Oirlbhuti, 
^m  aoo  of  eavagirira  aa  of  the  Apagurt^aa,  with,  tua  wifo  gjyapa  lanlka  l 
^■^^     for  tliiA  a  pmaaneat  eadowmeoi  ■  .~ 


^ 


Chapter  Zl 

Plaoea. 

Jdsx&r. 
SWvner  CavM, 
Cave  XXX I 


Ihtcription  Si. 


hitarip«om\ 


catt  XXX  vn. 


Irueriptbrn 


Pluw 
XXX  n//. 


CbplerZITy^       The  Aiid  or  wg<tf>ee  growp  ol  dx  csfw  is  in  &  ourre  in  the 
■FP"^  Kmrp>     Tb«  am«  gvoenlly  hm  w«st  aad  are  numbered  fr 
tight  lo  left  m  ronthiMtion  al  the  «pper  scarp  of  the  ewt  fac«. 

Cbtc  XXXTTII.  is  tha  fint  in  the  carve  bcgnming  from  the  rig! 
»      rrrrr//      Further  to  the  riffht  az«  what  afipear  to  be  cstema  now  out 

r^        "'•    rtsch.  c«TC XXX vin is » httw gkur r a»p iv  v  brosdutd 

^  7'  6*  high.     ltd  fruct  wmll  k  brokeo  nad  holes  have  been  cat  for  a 

^f  vooden  screen  diridin^  the  care  into  a  rennda  and  a  cell.     The 

^^^^^H  hoiea  of  the  eci«en  stiu  eppcar  in  the  ceitiftg.     To  the  right   of  tht« 

^^^^^H  cell  is  a  ostem.    The  ceumg  has  oU  plaeter  and  amiears  to  hare 

^^^^^H  been  painted.     The  eoetSng  aad  plafler  on  the  vails  are  modom. 

^^^^^r  llie  esre  has  soae  BUtdem  stone  aad  dar  work  aad  h 

■  hxAm. 
^bwXXX/Z. 


* 


I 


OmmXL. 


Cave  XXXIX.  twwjtr  f net  to  the  left  of  cave  XXXVUl.  n 
cell  9*  7*  hmad  8'  deep  and  6  high  with  a  brolcen  front. 

T««DtT  iieet  further  to  the  left  is  Care  XL.  a  qcU.  ^  d'wp  ^O*  ^ 
broad  and  O'  6*  high  with  the  Wft  and  fnmt  walla  broken.  Atone 
the  left  wall  is  a  woken  bench.  To  the  righK  is  an  excaTation  whicu 
abandoned  on  account  of  a  crack  in  the  back  wall. 


Oam  Tfif  Abovt  twentyfivie  feet  to  the  left,  on  a  slightly  higher  leTel,  u 

C^Te  XLL  a  dwelling  with  foor  cells  or  chamynhbha.  The  cave 
is  in  three  parts  a  reranda,  a  wddle  hall,  and  four  cellar  two  in  the 
bade  wall  ud  one  in  each  aide  wall.  Tbe  hall,  which  is  15'  6*  broad 
14'  4'  deep  and  8*  high,  is  entered  br  a  middle  door  4'  2"  broad  and 
7'  2*  high  with  a  wiadow  on  either  side,  the  left  window  4'  4'  high 
and  'Z  6*  broad  azkd  the  right  window  4'  6*  high  and  2*  8*  brood. 
AH  three^  the  door  and  the  windows,  have  grooves  for  wooden 
frames.  The  cell  Aoor  is  about  1'  hitter  than  the  ball  floor  and 
the  ceiling  is  3"  to  8"  lower  than  the  hall  ceilmg.  Tbe  left  cell  is 
6'  deep  6'  broad  and  6'  2*  high  with  a  doorway  6^  wide  and  6'  2"  high. 
The  cell  has  no  bench.  The  left  cell  in  the  back  wall  is  T  2*  deep 
C  3*  broad  and  6*  6*  high  with  a  door  d'  5'  wide.  Along  the  left 
side  is  a  bench  2'  T  broad  and  2'  5'  blgh.  The  right  cell  in  the 
back  vail  is  7'  T  deep  6'  T  wide  and  fj  T  high  wiih  a  door  2'  3* 
broad  and  6'  2*  high.  Along  the  right  side  is  a  bench  3'  6'  brood 
and  2^  2*  high.  Tbe  right  cell  is  7'  3'  deep  6*  4'  broad  and  6'  3* 
high  with  a  door  2'  5'  wide  and  6*  3"  high.  Along  the  left  wall 
is  a  bench  2^  2'  brveui  and  2*  2*  high.  All  the  cell  doors  hsrs 
groores  for  wooden  frames.  Kxccpl  the  left  wall  cdl  all  hare  hole* 
m  the  side  vails  for  the  monk's  pole. 

The  TMranda  is  6'  deep  and  19*  4'  wide.  Its  floor  is  broken,  bat 
the  cdling  is  in  good  order  and  on  a  level  with  the  hall  ceiling.  To 
the  left  are  five  ctslems. 

About  wventv  rarda  to  the  left  of  the  five  cistems  comee  Gate 
XLII.  In  the  middle  aro  seTsrsd  cistcnis  mostly  filled  op  and 
hidden  from  \iew.  Cnve  XLII-  is  a  small  cell  7'  i*  ^ep  T  broad  and 
T  high  with  an  open  front  or  veranda.  The  front  wall  of  the  cdl 
is  broken.  It  bad  a  doorwar  with  groo^-cs  of  which  marks  remain 
in  the  floor  and  ceiling,  ^he  wranda  side  walla  and  door  ua. 
broken,  and  the  ceiling  oas  remains  of  plaster  and  pointing. 


CflK  xin. 


Dkcu-I 


POONA. 


197 


Aboat  thirty  feet  to  the  left  of  cave  XLTI.  is  Cave  XLIII.alarge 
[luJi  with  a  vuruudu.  The  vltuiiJu  is  32'  broud  and  •}'  ti"  drep 
OQ  either  side  a  quudran^ular  pUuBtcr.     Bi'tween   the  pilasters 

ere  four  pUl&rs  on  which  Uio  ceiling  beam  resteil.  The  plated 
ita\a  of  the  pillars  hang  from  the  beam.  The  pillarti  do  not 
•nm  to  have  boon  broken  from  below  the  caytitalH,  as  the  surface 
if  the  1a«t  plate  of  each  capital  is  dresAed  and  smoothed  and  has 
loentrsl  hole  about  l^'  square.  The  hole  would  soora  to  show  that 
■mo  mistake  was  made  in  cutting  out  the  pillars  and  that  wooden 
,viUars  were  fitted  into  the  holea.  The  roof  projects  four  or  five 
iMt  beyond  the  veranda  beam.  A  door  in  the  back  wall  of  the 
^nuidfl,  with  a  window  on  each  side,  leads  into  the  hall.  The  door 
j*5'  broad  and  7'  irfiK^TtHe  left  window  3'  9'  brood  and  2'  11" 
liiffh,  and  the  right  window  4'  broad  and  2'  11"  high.  The  hull  ia 
27'  5'  deep  30'  7'  ]>road  and  8'  6"  high.  All  along  the  wallc  nma 
<  bench  1'  high  and  1*6"'  broad.  The  veranda  and  hall  ceilings, 
Mppcially  the  hall  ceiling,  have  remains  of  painting.  In  the  hall 
the  painting  is  very  clear  and  consists  of  concentric  circles  in  square 
panels,  a  style  common  in  these  caves,  but  hero  with  the  unusual 
uldition  of  patterns  in  the  circles.  Of  the  colours  green  is  the  best 
prcser^'cd.  Outside  the  veranda  on  either  side  are  a  serieB  of  rock- 
cut  boles  to  fit  wooden  pillars.  As  the  cave  faces  west,  temporary 
tatuiapa  or  awnings  were  probably  built  on  either  side  for  the 
amka  to  rest  of  an  evening.  To  the  right  of  the  cave  ia  a  cistern 
boldiog  good  water  and  to  the  left  also  must  have  boon  cisteras 
tiLoagh  tbey  are  entirely  ruined.  ■   ■     ^  — 

The  fourth  or  south  face  group  of  seven  caves  is  in  the  lower 
|iart  of  the  upper  scarp.  The  way  to  the  caves  turns  to  the  right 
iftftr  passing  the  fifth  gate  or  ShivAbAi  Durvaju  and  leaving  the  maiu 
tvd  to  the  fort.  The  way  passes  by  some  largo  modem  rock-fut 
twtcme,  and  leads  to  the  temple  of  Shivitbfii  where  the  caves  Ixigin. 
Thi*  row  of  cuves  runs  from  west  to  oast  and  generally  faees  south. 
Thp  cares  are  numbered  from  left  to  right  in  continuation  of  the 
tiiirti  or  west  face  group. 

Cave  XLI V.  is  a  hirge  hall  20'  3"  deep  21'  broad  and  9'  1*  high, 
•Ttli  a  broken  front.  Tho  Mai^thAa  have  turned  the  cave  into  a 
Ignple  32'  long  and  25'  8*  ^road  m  outride  measurement.  In  front 
duxc  temple  is  a  raised  veraudu  GO'  long  37*  broad  and  20'  high 
irith  two  side  buttresses  jutting  out.  It  is  built  of  fine  dressed  stonea 
Kid  over  it  the  temple  hall  or  sdhhatiMndnp  is  built  turning  the  cave 
join  a  shrine.  The  vtaniiup,  2fi'  6"  long  21'  broad  and  1 1'  high,  is  built 
rill  the  dwelling  style.  The  roof  rests  on  two  rows  of  wootlen  pillara 
ir\ed  in  the  Mpghal  cjprese-treo  style,  and  in  the  tioor  between 
'Uie  two  rows  oT pillars  is  a  holo  Jor  a  fountain.  Between  each  pair 
of  pillars  is  a  well  car\'cd  wooden  arch  in  the  Moghal  style  and  over 
tin:  arches  between  two  beams  is  a  strip  of  wood  with  well  carved 
pBltems.  The  side  walls  of  the  hall  aro  built  of  dreH8e<l  stones  and 
tf4»'  tTOTit  wall  of  briek  and  the  roof  is  fiat  and  tiled.  A  broken 
[j-irt  K}i  Ihe  shrine  front  has  been  repaired  with  fine  dressed  stones 
«ul  over  it  is  a  wooden  latticed  screen  of  good  workmanship  with 
t«o  enxoU  pillars  of  the  same  style  as  the  hall  pillars.    In  the  back 


ChaptsrXTT. 
Placei. 

Shivu«r  C&VM. 
Caw  XUIL 


V_ 


iS" 


SoulhCronpL 


Om«ZLi\ 


L 


[Bombay  Chitet 


198 


DISTRICTS. 


IB' 


CHiapter  XIY.       wall  of  fhe  shrine,  on  a  stone  altur  in  a  woodon  porcl 

Fl&MB.  ShivAbfii    a  nhapclcsa   piece   of   ro<-k  _cover«i__W'itli   redlead. 

goddess  16  said  to  bo  the  family  doity  of  ShivAji,  who   was  bom 
JosxAR,  ^^jjjjj  fort.     In  the  botim  over  tlic  dooi-way  are  Bomowhat  dumaj 

srCftTM.       puintiogs.     Tbo  puiuliuys  are  good  spocixnona  of  MarAtha  art  i 
Cave  XLfy,        figiirf a  ui'  Bi-ulimu  aud  his  daughter  Sarasvati,  Shiv,  Vishnu, 
moon,  the  planet  Riihu,  and  other  ^ods.     The  middle  painting,  wl 
is  Bpoilt,  appeartf  to  lutve  had  figun^s  of  Shiv  and  P^rvati.     InBid« 
shrine,  on  the  side  and  back  walls,  are  well  executed  and  well  pn-aei 
pointinf^.      As  specimens  of  Manithu  jKiinting  of  the  I7th  ceni 
thoy  arc  worthy  of  note.     The  side  walls  have  three  panels, 
about  7'  long  and  4'  brood.    The  left  wall  giyes  scenes  from 
llamayan.      The   first  panel  paints  the   fipht    between    Rdra 
R^van.     With  Kdm  is  a  larg»^  force  of  monkeys  ;  with   Rovun 
army   of  fearful  demons.      I^aeh   leader   sits  in   a   large  chari< 
Among  weapons  of  war  ore  speurs,  arrows,  and  large  stones. 
the  second  panel  is   the  fort  of  Jauakpur  and  outside   the  fo 
king  going    in    prooesaion    or   smlri.     Above  is  Janokpur  wh( 
RAvan  R&m  and   other  kings    have  come  to  be  present  at  Sit 
consort-choosing  or    st^ayamvar,  and   where,  from  a  balcony, 
invests  HAm  with  the  wedding  garland.      Above,  two  proceastc 
approach  from  opposite  sides.     In  the  third  panel  Rdm  is  sit 
with  Sita.     Faemg  Kdm  arc  Vaehishth  and  other  seers,  and 
li&ax  stand    Lakshmaii,   Bhurat,  aud    Shatrughuu,  and   Ilanumf 
cumes  with  monkeys  and  bears  and  falls  at  the  feet  of  Kam^  wt 
one  monkey   presente   Rjim  with    mangoes.     Above  in  the    sa 
panel  sits  Vashishth   approached  by  Kdm  and  his  three   broth< 
mth    Sita   and  Iloutimfin  in   front.     Behind   Vashisth  are  sevei 
sitting  women. 

On  the  right  wall  are  scenes  from  the  life  of  Krishna  in  f( 
panels,  the  first  panel  small,  the  other  panels  as  large  as  the  1( 
wall  panels.  Ileginniug  from  the  left,  in  the  drst  panel  is  Int 
falling  at  the  feet  of  Krishna,  giving  him  a  cow,  and  osl 
pardon  for  hia  fault  in  harassing  Krishna  with  too  much  ru 
Above,  the  gods  play  muaic  and  drums  and  heavenly  damsel 
apunrdx  strew  flowers  over  Krishna.  In  the  next  two  panels  arc 
child-like  pranks  or  hdla  Hln  of  Krislma  who  steals  butt#r  frc 
cowherdesses,  goes  with  his  friends  and  breaks  their  curd  pots, 
with  his  favourite  Ridha  and  other  women  in  swings,  and  tal 
presents  from  women.  Some  of  the  paintings  aix;  of  every-day  lift 
cowherds  husking  grain,  cooking,  grinding  corn,  and  minding 
dairy.  Above,  Krishna  upholds  the  mountain  Govardhan  and  sa^ 
cowherds  and  cows.  From  the  heavens  clouds  in  the  form 
elephants,  from  their  trimks  deluge  the  mountain  with  water, 
the  third  panel  Krishna  carries  off  Rukniini  in  hia  (chariot  from 
temple.  Then  follows  a  figlit  between  Krishna  and  Sliishupal  tW 
brother  of  Rukmini.  Above  in  the  same  panel  is  Krishna  witb 
Rukmini,  and  higher  still  are  gods.  In  the  fourth  panel  is  the  scene 
of  Draupadi*s  consort^hooeing,  and  Arjun  shooting  n  fish  with  ua 
arrow  aiming  from  a  reflection  of  the  fish  in  a  walcrpot  below. 
Then  follows  Draupadi  investing  Arjun  with  a  wedding  garland. 
Abovo>  a  scene   representa  the    churning    of  the  ocean    with  tha 


Deeoanl 


k 


POONA. 


*t  one  end  of  the  acrpont-ropo  and   the  demona  at  tho  other 


In  the  bark  wall  arc  six  panels.      In  the  first  panel,  b<>gmning 

from   llio  li!fl,   is  the  figure  of  a  gmtdesH  with  ten  Iiends  ten    bande 

and  ten   If-gs.     In  the  «i'i*ond  pmol  is  tlie  >rahiiiha8ur-mardmi  or 

|o-dcroon-i!la}'ing    gixldess.      In    the  third  jitinel  is    the  same 

again  with  one  Jioad  and  (woaty  hands.     Above,  in  a  long 

ore  the  first  five  incarnations   of    Viahnu  aa    tho    fish,    the 

totse,  the  boar,  the  man-lton,  and  the  dwarf.     In  the  firut  panel  to 

right  of  the  imago  of  Stu>'^bai  is  Ndr&yan  lying  ou  his  serpent 

H*h  ;   in  the   second  pancd  Shiv  and  Parvati ;  and  in  the   tlurd 

si  Sbiv  in  the  Trimurti  or  trinity  with   Urulmia  and   Vishnu. 

Lbove,  in  a   long  panrl,  art*  tho  six  ineamations  of    Vishnu,  Parshu- 

gi<jn.  Ram,  Krislma,  Buddha.  Kalki,  and  Vatashdyin.     The  image  o£ 

feBudfUia  is  Hko  the  image  of  Vithoba  at  Pandharpur. 

f^  In  the  back  wall  of  tho  shrine  is  a  ^Iio_ii!ni)ralla  on  an  altar  of 
wrll  droMed  stones.  Under  the  umbrella  on  a  small  stand  of  weil- 
dix'«a4.'d  stones  is  a  rude  atone  eovered  with  redlead  the  image  of 
t^hivabdt.  A  little  to  the  right  of  the  temple  and  on  the  same  level 
is  a  drv  cistern.  -■ 


Cbvo  XLV.  to  tho  right  nf  ShivdbAi's  temple  and  on  a  lower  level, 
UAKmiUl  dwelling  consisting  of  a  cell  and  a  veranda.  The  front 
pflaaters  of  the  veranda  are  broken.  The  cell  is  7'  long  7'  broad 
aui  T  high  with  a  doorway  2'  broad,  half  built  up  from  below 
}ly  by  tho  Morathaa  or  Mu»almiins,  who  seem  to  have  used 
?11  as  u  store-room.  The  verauda  is  10'  4"  broad  by  5'  4* 
and  7'  6"  high.  Close  to  the  right  of  the  cave  is  on  unlluiahod 
[excavation,  the  beginning  of  a  celL  


Chapter  Xl 
Places.   J 

JCKKAR.     \ 
Sbimer  CivM. 
Cave  XII K 


CawrXLVi 


Farthor  to  the  right  is  Cave  XLVT,  a  dwelling  consTstinff  of  a         OareXIi} 

[odl  aad  an  open  veranda.     Witliin   the  cell  is  a  half  cell   in   tho 

[t&ijt  wall  with  a  benched  roceas  to  the  left.     The  eell   is  7'  8"  deep 

10*  broad  and  7'  high.     The  half  eell  is  3'  5"  broad  and  G'  deep, 

I  Bid  the  bench  2'  3"  broad  and  6'  11"  long.     The  right  of  the  front 

,  «aU  is  broken,  but  the  width  of  the  eell  door  2' •}"   can  bo  traced 

fnaa  miirks  in  tho  ceiling.     The  duor  has  grooves  for  u  wooden  frame. 

Tb*.'  vt-randa,  whoee  fl(M»r  is  broken,  is  24'  broad  4*  lU"  deep  and 

^5'  high.     In  the  back   wall   of  the   verandu,    to   the  left   or    the 

Aw,  on  a  smoothed  surfa<.^\  is  Inscription  27  in  two  linos  well  cut 

ad  woU  preserved.     It  may  be  read  : 

Q)  DRahA'  iipii'imkaitaputaM 

(3)  lalpft  litasa'  flkput*kAa&*  d«'aam  a  ^ 

ud  may  be  translated 

'  The  gift  of  I»ipa  Uia  soa  of  Uaftha  im  tTpa'aalw  with  OUi)  Bon».* 

Can*  XLVII.  thirty  feet  to  the  right  of  cave  XLVI.   and  on  a       CaeeXLVi 
ther  higher  level,  ia  "  <*ffH1'"g  consisting  of  a  veranda,  a  cell  in 


jSi  of  Ugaka  BppnKn  »<^motlim){  like  »  stroko.    Th«  word  may  be  U</Aha. 
■c  ikdra  of  fJ  in  /n  it  mry  <\\m. 
vt  Imm  of  iM,  the  Torticu  airoLe  for  the  tutdro,  it  lunt.  , 


[Bombay  Qazet 


200 


Chapter  XIV. 
Places- 

Shivncr  Cavet. 


Cavt  XLTin. 


Jimenplk^  t&. 


iJlIX. 


Cave  L. 


DISTEICTS. 

idn.  B  <!ell  and  n  half  cpH  m  *he  l^i>«"l£  ^al 


the  right  wall  of  the  Tcrnndn,  b  toII  and  n  holt  cell  m  the 
and  a  sejit  rctpss  in  the  left  wall  of  the  veranda.     The  hack  wll 
7'  deep  8'  brood  and  7'  high  with  along  ite  back  vrtill,  in  a  re«"88, 
bench  2'  broad  and  2'  4"  high.     The  cell  door  is  2"  7"  wide  and  h; 
8  email  window  to  its  right.    The  half  cell  to  ita  left  is  6'  i 
8'  broad  and  7'  high.     The  coll  to  the  right  of  the  veronda  ho«  1 
il8  front  and  right  walla.     Along  its  left  runs  a  boncli.     The  rec 
in  the  left  wall  is  2'  1'  broad  and  2'  5"  high,     Ita  left  part  is  brok 
The  veranda,  which  is   14'  5"  broad  8'  4'  deep  and  7  6'  high. 
part  of  ita  floor  aud  ceiling  fronts  broken. 

CovelCLVni.  about  twenty-five  feet  to  the  right  of  cave  XL 
is  a  hall  lo'  broad  18'  deep  and  8'  high.  On  the  back  right 
left  waTTs  is  a  bench  about  1'  high  and  1'  broad.  The  bench  is  n 
well  finished  and  part  of  it  is  broken.  It  has  an  open  front  wi 
two  pillars  somewhat  like  pilasters.  On  the  face  of  the  left  wall  is 
a  well  cut  inscription  in  lour  lines.  In  the  beginning  of  the  first 
line  is  the  Buddhist  trident  and  at  the  end  of  it  is  the  xvaglika 
mark.    Tlie  inscription  was  hidden  by  a  modem  wall.    It  may 

read :  a)TaT**Ma 

(3)  OblfaM  gAta'ttun 
(3>  bho]t<(aiDa'apo 
(3)  deyadhama  sacbs 

and  may  be  translated 

*Th»m«rttorloiM  gift  of  »  refectory  by  the  Yflvana  CbiLaOata'nani 
for  the  CongregatlffB^"" 

To  the  left  of  this  half  is  a  cistern  and  beyond  the  cistern  a  bench  in 
a  Bmall  recess.     To  the  right  of  the  hall  is  another  cistern. 

Close  to  the  right  of  the  right  ciBtcm  is  Cave  XLIX.  a  small 
4 welling  ccmsifiting  of  an  open  veranda  and  an  inner  cell.  'I'he 
oell  is  of  very  little  depth  and  the  left  side  is  not  full}'  cutf  because 
of  a  layer  of  soft  clay  in  the  rock.  The  cell  is  4'  5*  deep  10'  broud 
and  7'  high.  The  doorway  is  3'  3"  wide  and  7'  high.  The  veranda, 
whose  floor  and  ceiling  are  partly  broken,  is  8*  7"  broad  and  10'  high. 
To  the  right  of  Cave  XLIX.  are  throe  cisterns. 

Cave  L.  close  to  the  right,  is  a  large  quadrangular  chajiel 
cfmitm  with  a  flat  roof,  it  is  in  three  parts,  a  shrine,  a  veranda, 
and  u  large  ball  to  the  right  The  shrine  is  1 1'  broad  and  20'  8'  deep 
and  the  relie-shrine  or  chnifya  is  12'  from  the  dooni-ay.  It  consists 
of  a  roun^Tplmt^ over  three  circular  bands  with,  over  the  plinth,  in 
place  of  the  usual  rail  pattern,  another  round  band  about  four 
inches  narrower  in  diameter  than  the  plinth.  Over  the  bund  is  a 
flattish  round  dome  without  a  tee.  To  tho  right  of  the  cha]iol  a 
doorway  leads  into  a  large  hall  which,  has  a  main  doorway  in  the 
veranda.  The  hall  is  22'  4"  deep  2i'  broad  and  8'  '4"  high. 
Along  its  back  wall  is  a  recess  about  8'  high,  and  in  the  recess, 
along  the  entire  ba4'k  wall,  w  a  bench  3'  brood  and  3'  high.  In 
tiie  middle  of  the  bench  are  two  holes  on  a  square  drcsserl  surfoce 
probably  intended  for  Melting  an  image.  The  work  may  bo  old  or 
modem.  The  bench  is  higher  than  the  benches  in  caves  and  looks 
modem.  In  front  of  the  chapel  is  the  veranda  23'  broad  4'  deep 
and  10'  Kigh.    It  had  two  froat  pillars  and  two  pilasters  and  traces 


M 


M 


of  the  right  pillar  and  right  pilastor  remain.  The  chapel  doorway 
IB  5' 3"  broad  and  10'  high.  It  has  grooves  for  a  large  wooden 
fnune.  Thia  doorway  oud  half  of  the  right  side  door,  U-ading  from 
the  chajiel  into  the  hall,  have  been  cloflodiby  a  modem  work  of  stone 
■ltd  cement.  It  appean*  that  either  under  the  Musalmantt  or  the 
Horiith:^^  the  chapel  was  UBtA  ns  u  granary  or  storehouse  or  as 
an  ammunition  room.  It  is  now  dark  and  full  of  bate.  To  the  left 
of  the  doorway  just  under  the  ceiling  ia  Inscription  29  in  one  line  of 
well  cut  letters.     The  inscription  may  be  read: 

UgabapatasA  Zsi]>&'litasa  BapariTftTAa*  obatlTBchkro  da'iuun. 
rad  maybe  traniilated  ^  ^v\.5t 

"Tbegift  ofaotiapDlCKvobr  bipn'tita  (Sk.  RU'lpftUta)  tonof  Uga'hA        v 

withOU«)f»mIlT-' 

Farther  to  the  right  a  modem  fortification  prevents  further  passage- 

»Bojond  the  fortidcntion  arc  three  excavations,  too  hai'd  to  get  at 
but  ween  from  bcluw  iu  climbiuK  Um  fort. ^ 


Cli&pt«r  XTTT- 
Flucei. 

Sbivner  Care*. 
Cattle 


r 


/lucriplioa 


The  Tulja  group  of  eleven  cavea  is  in  a  hollow  in  the  east  face  of /^    TbIJaCktmi. 
the  Tuljibiii  hiU*  about  two  and  a  half  miles  west  of  Junnar  and -^  ~ 
m  mihi  and  a  half  west  of  Shivner.     The  hill,  which  is  about  400  feet 
high,  has,  about  100  feet  above  the  plain,  a  rtcarp  half  hidden  by  earth 
and  stone  waahed  from  the  upper  slopes.     A  gap  or  curve  divides 
the  hill  into  two  blocks  or  spurs,  and  the  row  of  caves  arc  cut  in  a 
ahort  scarp  of  rock,  on  the  cast  face  of  the  south  or  right  block,  at 
the  bead  of  a  valley  about  100  feet  above  the  plain.     From  Juunar 
the  way  to  the  Tulja  eavps  posses  under  the    great  pointed  north- 
cm  scarp  of  Shivner,  whinh  from  below  louka  like  the  black  hull 
and  rounded  stem  of  some  huge  ship.     To  the  left  is  the  weat  face 
of  Shivner  with  a  sjmnkling  of  brushwood  iu  the  lower  slopes,  and, 
above,  a  great  unbroken  wall  of  trap  curving  south-east,  and  then 
with  a  sharp  bend  turning  south-west.     In  the  curve  is  the  third 
Shivner  group  of  six  eaves.     At  the  south-west  end  the  cliff  is  lower 
•od  an  outwork  on  the  face  of  the  hill-side  marks  the  only  approauh 
to  the  hill  top.     Except  a  rough  rucky  slri'am  to  the  cast  of  Shivner, 
the  road  is  level  and  easy  for  a  cart.     On  the  right  buuk  of  the 
Eala  or  Jauna  stream,  halt  a  mile  b^^yond  Shivuer.  is  a  smuU  t>quara 
temple  «f  the  Jain   goddess  Padmilvati  the  giiaiiliau  uf  Pdrusn^th 
Qie  twenty-third  Tirtbankar,  with  square  stone  walls  and  a  brick 
itome.    One  or  two  old  stones  lie  close  to  the  north  of  the  temple. 

The  way  to  the  caves  climbs  the  Tulja  hill  by  nn  easy  path  up  the 
left  or  south  side  of  tlic  valley.  The  tront  of  the  first  four  caves  is 
dretscd  with  a  modern  masuiiry  wall,  uud  about  the  centre  of  the 
tne  of  caves,  about  twtjuty  feet  IkjIow,  la  a  modern  water  cistern 
*ith  a  uasoury  wall  on  the  east  and  south.  The  verandas  and 
fronts  of  moat  of  the  caves  have  fallen  leaving,  towards  tho  right, 
nite  or  two  patches  carvfd  in  horso-shoe  arches  and  bells  cut  in  the 
Buddhist  rail  pattern.  The  caves  have  a  pleasant  outlook  to  the 
wsl.  The  great  scarp  of  Shivner  lies  on  the  right,  and  about  four 
ailes  further  the  bore  slopes  and  wall-like  clifia  of  the   Hatkeshvar 


1  The  hill  takM  ita  oamc  from  a  modom  Bgure  of  tb«  godden  Tnlj*  c**^  ">  Cava  III. 
■  SCft— SO 


[Bombay  Oasette«r. 


DISTRICTS. 


jptor  nv. 

CaM  /. 


broad  plain 


in  one  row  from  left  to  right. 


or  SulemAn   hills.     Between  the  two  lie 
Xnmfi  aud  garden  lauds  of  Junnar. 

Tho  caves  are  near  one  another 
fiunng  on  on  average  east'north-cost. 

Cave  1.  M  h  panchgarifui  tuijaiM  or  6ve-colled  dwelling.  It  ih  in 
two  parts,  a  middle  hall  and  five  colls.  Tho  middle  hall  is  17'  10* 
square  and  7'  3"  high.  Ita  front  wall  is  broken  but  traces  of  tho 
doorway,  4'  6'  broad  and  7'  3'  high,  remiiin.  The  floor  and  walls 
are  well  paved  and  smoothed.  Of  the  five  cells  two  ore  in  the  left 
wall,  one  iu  the  right  wall,  and  two  in  the  back  wall.  Of  the  two 
left  wall  cells,  tho  left  coll  is  7'  x  7'  X  7'  and  the  right  cell  is  7'  8*  x 
7'  5"  X  7'  6".  The  front  wall  of  the  right  cell  and  the  partition 
wall  of  the  two  cells  are  broken.  Of  tho  back  cellti,  whoiw  flour  is 
about  3"  and  tailing  about  b"  higher  than  the  hall  floor  and  ceiling, 
tho  left  cell  is  7'  9  x  7'  6'  x  7'  10'  and  the  right  cell  7'  7"  aquarw  and 
7'  8'  high.  The  right  wall  coll,  on  the  some  level  m  the  back  cellB, 
is  5'  9*  X  7'  G"  X  7'  a".  The  doorways  of  all  the  cells  are  obout  2'  7" 
wide  and  7*  0"  high,  and  all  have  groovcB  for  wooden  frames. 
Except  the  right  wall  rell  all  have  holes  in  the  side  walls.  The  hall 
oeiliQg  projects  a  little,  and  under  the  same  ceiling,  to  the  left  of 
care  I.  is  an  excavation  (C  x  5'  9" x  7'  8")  with  tho  front  and  port  of 
the  left  wall  broken.     It  may  be  a  aeparato  cell. 

Caes//.  Cave  II.  close  to  tho  right  of  cave  I.  is  a  chapel  cave  and  differs  in 

ita  round  ^lop.  from  all  othrr  known  chapels  in  \\'^cstern  India. 
It  has~a  ruuinTfloor,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  floor  the  relic-shrino 
or  ddgJwba  witli,  round  it,  a  circle  of  twelve  plain  octagonal  pillars. 
An  aisle  nms  all  round  between  tho  pillars  and  tho  walls.  The 
doorway  in  front  is  broken  but  from  a  part  which  remains  on  the 
left  it  appears  to  have  been  very  brood.  Tho  relic-shrJne  or  stttpa 
in  the  middle  of  the  tircular  floor  is  twenty-tive  feet  in  diameter.  It 
consists  of  a  plain  drum-like  plinth  with,  upon  it,  a  rather  elongated 
semicircular  dome,  differing  from  the  flat  and  round  domes  of  tho 
other  Junnar  chapels.  The  plinth  is  4'  t"  high  and  25'  S"  round 
and  the  dome  5'  2"  high  and  22'  round.  The  dome  does  not  aeera 
to  have  had  a  large  capital  but  a  small  plain  capital  like  a  plate,  port 
of  which  ia  broken.  Iu  the  middle  of  tho  plate  is  a  hole,  7"  square 
and  about  a  foot  deep,  probobly  to  support  the  umbrella.  Both  the 
plinth  and  the  dome  are  cracked.  About  four  feet  from  the  siupa 
is  a  circle  of  twelve  plain  octagonal  pillars  well  smoothed  and 
polished  and  each  1 1  feet  high  and  about  1'  7"  in  diameter.  Traces 
show  that  the  pillars  were  painted  more  richly  than  those  of  any 
other  of  the  Junnar  caves.  Between  the  pillars  and  the  round  waU 
runs  tho  aisle  about  4'  broad.  The  cave  ceiling  or  roof  is  domo- 
shapcd  like  a  hollow  half  globe  placed  over  a  circle,  and  supported 
on  the  pillars  over  a  circular  beam  obout  5'  thick  and  2'  broad.  Tho 
aislejonf  inclines  from  the  top' of  the  beam  over  tho  pillars.  The 
wall  all  round  is  about  9'  2"  from  the  floor. 

The  whole  cave  appears  to  have  been  puintod.  In  the  aisle  roof, 
in  the  lower  circle  of  the  dome  roof,  and  on  the  pillars,  patche«  of 
colour  ore  still  left.  Much  of  the  wall  to  the  right  of  tho  doorwaj 
is  lo«t.  From  what  remains  of  the  left  wall  there  appears  to  have 


.U 


ilecci 


POONA. 


QOS 


rbicn  a  doorgav  between  two  largo  windows  7 '  high  and  1 '  7"  from 
nbt  floor.  The  windows  appear  to  huve  hud  grooves  for  wooduu 
[irames.  Thg.  .front  of  this  cave  ie  maBoiir};^  huilt  and  a  court  in 
It  of  it,  twelve  fi:cl  wide,  is  protected  by  a  maBonry  wall. 


Chapt«r 
Plaeea. 
JmnrAK. 


Cave  III,  close  to  the  left,  18  a  Hmnll  dwelling,  originally  in  three 

fptrta,  an  open  narrow  veranda  with  a  cell  to  the  right,  a  middle 

I  room,  and  two  cells  in  the  back  wall.     The  cave  has  been  made  into 

I  •hiine  of  the  goildess  Tulia.     The  partition  and  front  walls  of  the  ,/ 

lt»o  Iwok  cells  liavc  boon  broken,  and  in  the  right  wall  of  the  right 

iobU  is  cut  an  ugly  Gguru  of  the  goddess  •i'  high  with  eight  hands 

I  nd  riding  a  lion.    Her  first  right  hand  holds  a  dagger  and  rests  on  her 

liip,  her  second  holds  a  trident,  her  thiitl  a  sworn,  and  her  fourth 

ibe  tail  of  the  lion.     The  first  left  hand  holds  the  lion's  head,  the 

'•econd  a  shield,  the  third  a  bow  and  arrow,  and  the  fourth  a  mace. 

Oa  her  nt-t-k  is  a  necklace  and  on  her  head  a  crown.     In  front  is  a 

BDoU  altar  of  dressed  stonos   1'  8"  broad  and  1'  5"  high,  and  over 

the  altar  are  two  modem  pillara  with  a  Moghal  areh  over  them.     la 

front  of   the   shrine  is  a  tortoise  carved  out  6f~the   base  of  the 

purtition  woU.     The  floor  has  l)een  dressed  and  slightly  sloped. 

Close  to  the  right  is  Cave  IV.  a  row  of  three  cells.     The  partition  Cow  IF". 

iralU  of  the  three  cells  have  been  blown  away  with  gunpowder, 
JiTDbably  to  make  a  good  sitting  hall  near  the  shrine  of  the  goddess. 
Ue  front  of  the  cell  floors  has  boen  broken  and  closed  with  modem. 


Ottsonry.  — 

Cave  V.  close  to  the  right  of  ca\*e  IV.  is  a  small  cell  on  a  rather 
onuffual  plan.  The  doorway,  2'  5"  wide,  leads  to~5^mall  passage 
r  deep  -V  5"  broad  and  7'  high  and  the  passage  to  a  cell  7  square 
md  7  high.  . 


Cave  VT.  dose  to  the  right  of  ca%'o  V,  consists  of  two  cells  ade 
W  side.  Tho  colls  are  on  the  same  level  and  are  equally  well  dressed. 
.The  first  cell  is  7'  square  and  7'  high,  and  in  each  of  its  side  walls 
[jkree  holes  face  one  another,  probably  to  support  a  wooden  bench, 
doorway  is  2'  3'  wide.  The  second  cell  is  7"  square  and  T 
[lii^h.  The  front  of  the  veranda  of  both  ia  entirely  broken ;  both 
1  vo  hard  of  access.  -    .-. 


Cave  YII.  is  close  to  the  right  of  c&ve  VT.    As  the  partition 

wiU  between  it  and  the  right  ooU  of  cave  VI.  is  broken,  the  two 

[BbUb  appear  as  one.     But  the  Jiorso-shoc  arch  and  other  ornament 

lb  front  over  its  doorway  marks  it  a   separate  eave.     It  is  7'  6' 

'ilttari'  and  7'  U'  high.     Its  left  and  front  walls  are  broken.     Over 

,  tlio  dourwuy,  resting  on  ribs,  ia  a  horse-shoe  arch.     On  the  front 

|iiu.e  oi  the  arch  is  some  ornamental  work.     Below  the  arch  over  the 

I  doorway  is  lattice  work  car\-ed  as  in  JlAnmodn  cave  XXXVI.'    Above 

ilbe  lattice  work  Is  a  small  pentagonal  symbol.     By  the  side  of  the 

loun  arch  are  two  small  arches,  aud  lietween  the  main  and  each 

|«oaH  arch  is  some  lattice  work.     By  the  aide  of  each  small  arch  ia 

eat  a  rclit>shrine  in  half  ri^ief  with  an  umbrella.     To  the  left  of  the 

ifeliu-shrine  is  a  mau  bowing  aud  ou   the  right  a  man  and  woman 


Cam  r. 


Oamtl, 


CaotVIU 


t 


7    .      •■ 


I  Hm  ftbovv  |i   181. 


[Bombay  Oaiettfier 


SOi 


DISTKICTS. 


Cliapter  XIV- 

JfSSAR, 

Cavt  ntt. 


OmttX. 


t-^ 


CbMX. 


Unmkt. 


approach  the  relioRhrine.  On  cithur  side  high  up  is  an  au^l  floating 
It)  Ihe  »briTi(?.  Nenr  the  right  relic-shrine  sUinda  u  X^gu  H&ja  and 
above  o  floating  angel.  Higher  uji  a  bond  of  rail  pattern  extends 
along  the  entire  ornament. 

Cave  VIII.  close  to  the  right  of  cave  VII.  coneists  of  two  celU 
Bide  by  side.  Their  front,  partition  wolle,  and  floor  are  broken.  Both 
cells  arc  almofit  entirely  gone  and  have  nothing  of  interest. 

Cave  IX.  closo  to  the  right  of  cavo  VIII.  is  n  dwelling  with  two 
cells,  with  their  partition  and  front  walls  broken.  The  left  ccQ  is 
r^x7'9"x7'7"andtheright7'8'x7'7'x7'  10".  In  front,  over 
the  doorway  of  each  uell,  two  horse-ahoe  arirhes  rest  on  ribs,  and 
between  the  two  arches  and  on  tlieir  sides  is  the  rail  pattern.  Below 
each  uri'h  in  the  wall  is  Heniicircular  lattice  work.  Ry  the  side  of 
each  large  arch  ik  a  Rniall  arch,  and  between  all  the  archee  is  lattice 
work  in  the  round  pillow  fashion.  CK-er  tho  entire  sculpture  is  a 
bond  of  rail  pattern. 

Cave  X.  close  to  tho  right  of  cave  IX.  is  a  dining  hall  or  blwja' 
nanmnrff/mi,  23'  2"  broad  -30'  deep  and  8'  6*  high,  without  a 
front  wail.  Along  the  back  right  and  left  walls  is  a  bench.  In 
tho  right  wall,  near  the  front,  is  a  coll  10'  l'  brooil  and  7'  10'  deep, 
probably  tho  kitchen  or  the  place  for  doling  out  their  meals  to  the 
monks.  To  tho  loft  is  a  broken  cistern  and  to  the  right  five 
cdstcnia  tilled  with  earth. 

About  fifty  feet  further  to  the  right  is  Cave  XI.  a  dwelling  in 
two  parts,  a  passage  and  a  cell  in  the  left  wall.  The  passage  has 
a  bench  along  about  half  its  left  wall  and  another  in  a  recess  in  the 
back  wall.  To  the  left  of  this  cave  are  some  excavations  entirely 
filled  wilhcorth  brought  by  the  ruins.  

in  the  long  range  that  bounds  Junnar  to  the  north,  part  of  which 
is  known  as  llie  Hatkctflivar  and  part  as  the  Sulemrtn  hills,  one  chief 
spur  about  a  mile  to  ihenorth  of  the  towTi  ends  in  a  great  rovinded  scarp 
about  a  hundred  feet  above  the  pluin.  This  scarp  has  been  cut  into 
a  long  row  of  caves,  the  chitf  of  which,  one  of  the  largest  caves  in 
AVestcrn  India,  has  been  turned  into  a  temple  of  Ganpati  and  givM 
tho  group  the  name  of  tho  Gjinesh  Lena  or  Oanesh  Caves.  The  way 
to  the  caves  is  thrnugli  ilti;  iiurth  part  nf  the  town,  across  the  Kukdi, 
through  some  rich  garden  Innd  with  sugarcane  plantains  and  rich- 
leaved  mangoes  and  tamarinds,  up  the  under  slopes  of  the  hilh^ 
most  of  the  way  shaded  by  mango  trees,  suid  to  have  been  planted  by 
Amritrav,  the  odopted  son  of  Kaghun^thrdv  the  sixth  Tcshwa 
(1773-1774)  and  with  sorao  rich  garden  land  on  the  west. 

^Nearly  a  quarter  of  the  way  up  the  hill  side  is  made  easy  by  ten 
ilights  of  forty-five  modem  steps  of  well  drcRsod  musonrj*  bwilt  in 
detail  by  people  whose  prayers  tlic  god  Ganpati  has  grBUt<?d.  Above, 
the  path  is  steeper  in  places  .with  rough  uiasoury  and  undressed 
stones  or  old  rock-cut  steps.  The  wives  look  out  over  the  bare  lower 
slopes  of  the  hill  with  rock  and  bleached  grass  broken  by  patches  of 
rich  garden  land,  to  the  river  whose  cnur»o  is  marked  bv  trees  and 
gardens.  Behind  the  river  are  the  houses  and  trees  of  Junnar,  and 
beyond,  the  waving  out-lino  of  tho  Mfinmoda  hills.  To  the  south- 
west stands  the  block  of  Shivner  with  its  great  natural  bastions  and 


rounded  top,  and  to  tbo  west  the  Kukdi   valley  with  scattered  trees 
M(J  garden  hollows  bounded  by  the  cast  face  ot  the  Tulja  range. 

Beginning  from  tht.-  eust  or  right,  Cave  I.  ia  a  dwelling  in  four 
parts,  u  vcrnntla,  a  middle  room,  u  eelh  and  a  half  cell.  The 
icenmda  is  3'  tt*  deep  iTirbroaa  and  7  2' high,  with,  along  the 
right  wall,  a  bench  3'  6"  long  2'  5'  broad  and  2*^5'  high.  Ita  front 
appears  to  have  liad  two  (iiiadrangiilnr  pillars  of  one  of  which  a 
tnce  remains  in  the  ceiling.  Over  the  pillars  rested  the  rock  beam, 
orer  the  beam  project  ribs,  and  over  the  ribs  in  front  was  the  rail 
pattern  which  is  now  lost.  Below  the  veranda,  in  a  recess  to  tho 
right,  is  an  earth-tilled  cislera.  A  door\vay  2*  G'  brood  and  6'  10' 
high,  with  a  small  window  to  the  left,  leads  into  the  middle  room. 
The  middle  room  is  o*  8"  deep  12*  6'  broad  and  7'  high  and  along 
its  right  wall  hoa  a  ben<:h  2'  6*  broad  o'  ft*  long  and  2'  5"  high.  In 
the  back  wall  to  tho  left  is  the  half  cell  and  to  the  right  the  cell. 
The  hnlf-oell  is  3'  8*  brond  and  8'  3"  deep,  and  along  its  right  wall 
tu  a  bench  2'  4"  broad  T  long  and  2'  5"  high,  with,  in  the  left 
»ail  facing  the  bench,  a  window  2'  square  communicating  with 
rave  II.  A  door^  3'  4'  broad  and  G'  3*  high  with  grooves  for  a 
wooden  frame,  lewis  into  the  cell  which  is  9'  broad  7'  deep  and  6*  10' 
high,  with,  along  its  right  wall,  a  bench  7'  long  2'  6'  high  and 
2' 5'  broad. 


Chapter  XIV. 
~     Places. 

GumIi  Lfloa 
Ctirea. 

Caw/. 


C-'^  ^ 


Cave  II,  close  to  tbo  left  or  west  of  cave  I.  is  almoet  on  the  eame  Caxe  tl. 

pUn  fts  care  I.  only  diJfering  in  tho  position  of  tho  oell  ond  the 
mi  coll.  In  front  is  a  vt'i-auda  11'  8*  brood  3'  S*  deep  ond  7'  high, 
^lii,  in  front,  two  pillars  and  two  pilastcra  of  which  the  right 
pillar  and  pilnstcr  aie  partly  broken.  Between  each  pillar  and 
inltisleV  is  a  bench_  with  curtains  on  the  back,  the  right  curtain 
oroken.  UrTtRe  front  or  south  face  of  the  curtain  is  the  rail  pattern. 
Over  the  pdlars  rest*  the  rock  beam  and  over  the  beam  the  ceiling. 
In  front  over  the  beam  project  rock  imitations  of  rafters,  their  ends 
nunding  out  from  a  thinner  stone  T)cam.  Over  tTTo  beam  in  front  is 
tile  rail  pattern,  and  over  the  mil  the  rock  projects  obout  two  feet. 

A  doorway,  2'  3'  wide  uud  6'  9'  high,  with  grooves  for  a  wooden 
inme,  leads  into  a  middle  room  25'  broad  S'  deep  and  7'  hijjh,  with, 
ileng  the  entire  left  wall,  a  bench  2'  8"  broad  and  2'  5'  high.  In 
the  bark  wall  to  tho  left  is  the  cell,  and  to  the  right  the  half  wll. 
The  cell  is  9'  7'  deep  6'  K'  broad  and  7'  high,  and  along  the  entire 
bBck  wall,  is  a  bench  2'  7"  broad  ond  'Z' b"  high.  Tho  cell  door,  with 
pwvea  for  a  woodtu  frame,  is  2'  G"  broad  ond  t>'  7"  high.  The 
UH  cell  is  4'  4"  deep  ond  2'  9"  broad,  with,  along  the  buck  wall,  a 
Wnch  2'  5*  broad  and  2'  3"  liigh. 

CWto  m, close  to  the  left  of  cave  II.  is  a  small  dwelling  consisting  CaviIII. 

rf  a  cell  and  on  open  veranda.     The  veranda  ia  15'  11     broad  and 

5' 7*  deep,  and  in  front  of  the  doorj\*ay  has,  along  the  entire  back 

"  a  bench  1' G'  high  and  2'  broad.     A  door,  2' G'  wide  and  fi' 

ImuIs  into  tt  cell  8'  deep  ti'  4"  broad  and  C   11*  high,  with, 

<  the  left  wall  in  n  recess  7'  4'  long  2'  6'  brood  and  4'  high, 

at  2'  6'  high  and  oa  long  and  brood  as  tho  recess.     In  front  of 

ceesii,  below  the  aeat,  arc  vertical  bonds.    Between  caves  II.  and 

in  ft  reccea  in  fronts  is  a  scat. 


laptei^XIV. 
Places. 

Oaocali  Leon 

CftTM. 

OftveiY. 


Cave  V. 


[\ 


^■VS) 


fntcripfioH  30. 


Caw  VI. 


tBombay  Qaset 


^^ 


Dt 


It? 


DISTRICTS. 


Cave  IV.  close  to  the  left  of  covo  IIT.  is  a.4E£Uing  consisting 
a   coll  und  au  o|)en   vcriLndu.     Thu   veranda  is  ])/  3°  broad  5' 
deep  uiid  8'  IV  high  and,  aluuf?  ita  Iwc-k  wiiU,  in  I'ront  of  the  doorwuy 
has  a  bench  2'  broad  and  1'  6"  high.     lu  the  bench  close  to  the 
right  of  the  doorway  is  a  small  holo^  probably  for  water  to  wash  the 
foet  before  entering  the  cell.     A  grooved  door,  'A'  6*  wride  and  7' 
high,  with  a  partly  broken  window  to  the  left^  leafls  to  the  cell  whi 
is  1(>'3"  broad  10'  10"  deep  and  H'  high,  ond  along  its  eutiro  righ' 
wall  has  a  bench  2'  broad  und  2'  2"  high. 

Cave  V.  to  the  left  of  cave  IV.  is  about  twelve  foet  lower.  It  is  a 
BBVen-oolled  dwelling  or  aaptagarbha  layana.  It  is  in  three  parts,  a 
veranda  a  mi<idTeliall  and  seven  cells,  three  in  the  hack  wall  and 
two  in  each  side  wall.  The  middle  hall  is  29'  V  deep  2fi^hro«d  and 
8'  5"  high.  Along  the  back  and  side  walls  in  front  of  the  cells 
rune  a  bench  1'  9*  broad  and  1'  high.     The  doorway  is  6'  3'  broad 


M 

h^ 


M 


ond  8'  5*  high,  and  about  two  feet  on  cither  side  is  a  window  2'  6'  higl 
and  2'  3'  broad.  The  seven  cells  vary  in  depth  from  9'  to  10', 
breadth  from  7'  to  8',  and  in  height  from  6'  to7' ;  and  each  has  abeu 
in  the  back  wall.  The  veranda  is  19'  8''  broad  (i'  deep  and  9'  1'  high  and 
had  two  pillars  and  two  pilasters  with  pot  cjipitals  of  the  S'4takami 
period  (B.C.  90-A,D.  300},  of  which  only  the  right  broken  pilaster 
and  a  trace  of  the  base  of  the  right  pillar  remain.  Much  of  the 
veranda  ceiling  has  been  broken.  In  front  of  the  veranda,  an  open 
court  with  two  steps  leads  to  the  veranda.  To  the  right  of  the 
court  is  a  cistern.  In  the  back  wall  of  the  veranda,  to  the  left  of 
the  doorway,  close  under  the  ceiling,  is  Inscription  30  well  curved  in 
one  line.  In  the  beginning  is  the  Buddhist  trident  and  at  the  end 
the  sratiiha  or  lucky  cross.  The  inscription  may  be  read: 
Bhanikasonl^ft  Satssalituun  podhl  obA  deTadhiimftin 

and  may  be  translated 

*  A  meritorious  sift  of  •  soveD>ooUed  cave  and  olatem  by  %  giUtJ 
of  oomd«Alfln.' 

To  what  place  the  guild  belonged  is  not  stated.     It  was  probably 

Jimnar. 


•I 


Cavo  VI.  close  to  the  loft  of  cave  V.  is  a  chapel  cave  or  chaU 
vtkdr.  In  its  general  inward  plan  it  is  mnch  like  Ajantn  cave  Tl 
It  is  entered  by  five  steps  and  consists  of  u  veranda  n*ith  pillars  and 
pilasters  and  a  shrine.  The  shrine  or  chapel  measures  43'  8*  by  22' 
8'  wide  aud  on  each  side  has  a  row  of  five  pillars  and  one  pilaster 
with  side  aisles  3'  8'  broad  and  a  central  relic-shriuc  or  chaitija  near 
the  bock  of  the  chapel.  The  pillars  are  of  the  S^atakurui  jieriod 
(h.c.  90  -  A.i).  300)  with  eight-aided  shafts  and  waterppt  baqt?*'  and 
cnpitals.  The  pillars  begin  witK  l)ase8  of  four  plates,  each  smaller 
tliian  the  plate  below,  then  a  watcrpot^  above  the  pot  on  eightj-sided 
6haft,_ttbovc  the  shaft  a  reversed  pot,  then  a  capital  in  five  plates, 
an^  on  the  top  a  bolt  in  tlio  atfuilaka  or  c-ogwhcel  pattern.'  Lxcept 
the  right  pilaster  all  have  iBguresof  animals  on    the   capitals  sittin 


ICoinrara  Bombar  OuvtUir,  XIL  &35-5.30. 

ZTbn  dotailsof  tbe  |){lljir«  are:  whuln  liviglit  10'  H"i  nocli  nf  thn  eight  fmaea  of 
the  abaft  about?'  circamferenco,  of  tb«  shaft  D'.  ih«  baao  1' t  lower  pot  1' 10";  tho 
shaft  4'  7":  tbs  inverted  pot  1'  7";  a  aqnar«  pUt«  S*,  ao  dmaUiia  belt  3^' i  tho 
(ilatc  oipitiO  10",  and  the  nnimal  capita)  7  9". 


k^ 

w^ 


witii  inverted  faces.  On  the  left,  above  the  pilaster  next  the  door, 
ia  a  iJOHj  on  the  first  pillar  are  two  elephants,  on  the  second  pillar 
a  Bphinx_and  a  lion/  on  the  third  pillar  two  olephante,  ou  the 
fourth  two  tigers,  and  on  the  fifth  two  elephunta.  Ou  the  right 
side  the  pilastcT  next  the  duor  hutt  uo  animal  capital,  the  nret 
pillox  has  two  elophanta,  the  second  two  tigern.  the  third  two  well 
carved  flephantA,  the  fourth  two  tigtrs,  and  the  fifth  two  elephants. 
H0II0W8  in  the  fronts  of  tlie  pillars  are  probably  the  result 
an  attempt  to  break  them  in  search  of  treasure.  Behind  the 
relio-fthrine,  in^ajjuryo^  aro  six  eight-aided  pillars.  The  aisles  are 
About  3'  8"  broad  and  12'  high.  The  walls  go  up  straight  7'  6",  reat- 
htf^  on  a  beam  above  the  backs  of  the  animal  cupituJs,  and  above 
that  rise  in  a  pointed  arch  about  4'  8",  the  whole  height  to  the  centre 
of  the  vault  being  24'  8*.  Along  the  roof  are  Htono  imitations  of 
TBolting  wooden  ribs  as  at  Kitrle,  thirteen  on  each  sute  and  six  at 
the  bock.  Between  each'  pair  of  stone  ribs  is  a  hole^OB  if  for  aome- 
thingjEfigden.  Part  of  tho  seventh  rib  on  the  right  side  Ima  broken 
tnny  and  been  mended  with  wood  which  has  disappeared.  The  side 
■»sle«  hayo  tiioir  ceUings  marked  with  stone  ribs  like  the  central 

IWu. 

The  relic-ahrinc  or  ddghoba  ia  in  shape  much  like  the  relic-shrines 
of  the  Gotapuputra  period   f A.n.35-I50?j  with  round  domes.     The 
||tluith  .which  is  4'  7*nigh  and  27'  7'  round,  is  ornamented  at  the  foot 
with  a  thin  round  plqte,  and  at  the  head  with  a  4"  band  \*ith  forty- 
fire  projecting  teeth,  and  over  the  band  a  2"  moulding  eurmounted  by 
•  1'  1'  btmd  of  rail  puUern.     O^'cr  the  rail  band  is  a  terrace  9'  deep, 
■nd  above  is  the  dome  nearly  three  quarters  of  a  circle,  26'  round 
and  6'  5'  high  of  which  5'  3  show  above  the  rail.     Above  the  dome 
is  a  small  block  6'  high  3'  broad  and  2'  6"  long,  and  above  the  blot^k 
ft  cjuadrangular  shaft  2'  6*  broad  2'  1"  long  ana  1'  9'  high  with  rail 
ttcm.     The  shaft  snpports  a  tee^  in   six  square  platcSj  each  plate 
,g*r  than  tlic  plate  below,  measuring  altogether  about  U'  1"  high, 
sixth  or  top  plate  is  0'  S"  isquare,  and  over  it  is  a  seventh  saunro 
s  about  2"  bigger  than  the  sixth  plate  and  about  7^  tbick.     On 
front  face  of  the  seventh  plutc,  on  the  two  corners,  are  two  half 
pTramida  and  in  the  middle  four  whole  pyramids,  each  pyramid  iu 
fthipeTIEe  five  plates  laid  one  over  the  oilier,  each  upper  plate  larger 
tfum  the  phite  below  it.     Between  each  pair  of  pyramids  are  five 
»b11  eieculod  and  ornamented  Buddhist  tridents.     In  front  of  the 
wiic-ehrinc  is  a  hulc  lor  g.irI;iit.U.     On  the  top  aro  a  central   and 
Unt  comer  holes  abuul  n  fuot  'kcp.     The  central  hole  was  probobly 
Ur  m  wooden  nmfarella  which  has  disappeared,  and  the  side  holes  for 


au  of  t 


Chapter  ZIT. 
Places- 

JOSSUL 

GftDosh 

CftTM. 

Cave  711 


Tho  door  of  tho  chapel  is  6'  1 1'  broad  9'  2*  high  and  2'  thick, 
,  nd  haa  sockets  for  a  large  wooden  frame  above  and  in  the  floor. 
ift»  tlie  left  door  face  are  s^Tubols,  or  perhaps  letters,  which  have  not 
Juleratood  or  identified.  The  veranda  is  20'  8'  loug  6'  8'  broad 
1'  4'  high.     In  front  ore  two  pillars  and  two  pilasters  in  Um 


ikwwa  ol  the  lion  ia  broken ;  the  feet  oi  the  iphiax  u«  Uk«  tlie  hoofs  of  a 
the  taoe  buiu«a  with  tax  oruanieiita. 


Bom1)ay  Oaiett 


lapter  XIT- 
Places- 

HP 

Com  fa 


iimSt. 


Cave  ril. 


Tv 


<isb 


DISTRICTS. 


same  style  as  the  chapel  pillars  oxoqit  that  the  belt  of  cc^rwli 
pfitt«m  is  protected  by  a  iu^uare  o\mn  boxlike  section.     The  piiost 
and  piltarH  have  aniiniil  capital  on  the  inner  and   outer   faces. 
pilastiTS  have  each  a  ttingle  tifjer  and  the  pillars  two  elephants  faci 
each  other.     The  elephants,  which  seem  to  have  hod  riders,  and  the 
tigers  on  the  outer  iucca  ore  spoilt.     Above  the  animals  the  roof 
projects  a  little  but  is  now  greatly  brc^eu.    Above  is  the  rail  pattern 
and  above  the  mil  the  arch.     Oa  eitlier  aide  of  tho  arch  the  work  ^h 
uufiuishcd.  ^1 

On   the   hack    wall  of   the  veranda,   under   the   ceiling  and  above 
the  doorway,  is  Inscription  31   in  large  deep* out  letters  and  w( 
preser\-ed.     The  inscription  reads : 

EAliuiuft  BttranikaputMa  Soluadstasft  •kapurisac*  ohetlragluro 
nlyoto  dtyadluuna 
and  may  be  tranaluted 

*A  moritorious  K^tt    OV  kobapel  cave  by   tSio  disttncuiahed 
8iLU«i»lata,  fton  of  Herajiika  of  K»ls 


The  inscription  shows  that  tliis  chupcl  is  tho  gift  of  one  Snla 
data  son  ot  Hci-anika  of  Kulyana  in  the  Thiina  district.  Tho  name 
Heranika  is  from  Sk.  Uairanyoka  and  may  also  mean  a  goldsmith. 
But  as  '  son  of '  is  mentioned,  Heraniku  is  probably  a  proper  name 
as,  if  he  was  u  goldsmith  by  profession,  he  would  simply  be  called 
ft  goldsmith  and  not  designated  son  of  a  goldsmith.  The  iuscriptioa 
begiuu  and  cuds  with  the  well  known  evimiiku  mark.  ^M 

Between  this  oud  cave  V.  oa  u  rather  high  level,  is  an  exeavatiol^' 
originally  intended  either  for  a  dwelling  or  for  a  seat.     On  its   left 
side  is  a  bench.     As  tho  buildera  came  across  a  fault  in  the  rock, 
has  been  turned  into  »  cistern. 


ar^^ 


Cave  VII.  close  to  the  left  of  cave  VT.  on  a  ulightly  higher  lev 
is  thc_lflE8£Sl  of  the  Juunor  caves.  It  is  a  large  hall  without  pilli„, 
or  other  support,  67'  long  by  51'  broad  and  11  I'  high,  in  plan 
muchllko  ^Nasik  cave  X.  Thc~3ifl'ercuce  between  the  two  is  that 
the  K^rfe.  cave  has  a  liaghoha  or  relic-shrine  in  half  relief  between  tho 
third  ancT  fourth  cells  in  the  back  wall,  while  this  cave  has  no  relic- 
shrine.  If  this  cave  once  had  a  small  relioshrine  oil  trace  has  been 
removed,  as  the  thinl  and  fourth  cells  in  the  bock  wall  have  had 
their  partition  wall  broken  oway  and  been  mode  into  a  Ganpati 
ahrine,  and  the  front  walls  have  been  broken  and  a  large  doorway, 
as  brood  as  tho  two  old  doorways,  has  been  opened.  It  is  there- 
fore possible  that  like  NAsik  cave  X.  this  may  have  once  hod 
a  relic-shrine.  The  cave  is  in  three  parts  a  hall,  twenty  cells  and  a 
veranda.  The  hall  is  57'  deep  51'  broad  and  111""  high.  Half  of 
the  Lull  walls  have  been  plastered  with  cloy,  whitewashed,  and  daubed 
with  mtKleru  paintings,  chiefly  of  Devi,  Kriahiia,  Ndniyon,  and  Shiv 
on  the  left  wall  ;"and  on  the  back  wall  scenes  in  Krishna's  life,  a  Yogi, 
Gane«h,  Garud,  Ranum^n,  thf  marriage  prepiratioua  of  Ganpoti, 
ond  in  a  recess  a  two-headed  and  four-handed  Gaiiesh  and  hia 
fight  with  a  Rjtkshos.  The  right  wall  has  pointings  of  Ganputi's 
childhood,  his  Jlollisaka  dance,  himself  iu  tho  middle  and  women 
around  him,  and  Gonpati's  procession  on  his  rat-carrier.  All  along 
iho  side  and  bock  walls  runs  a  bench  V  10'  broad  and  l'  6"  high. 


Caned  on  ihe  left  wall,  between  the  cell  iloorways,  ur«  nine  Sati 
monnmenta  of  Inter  tinivH  and  worthy  of  note  us  t)i>k'jil  North 
Hert-an  Katj  nn-morialw.  In  Mlmpe  each  is  liko  n  lony  pillar  with  nn 
archoH  top,  "three  of  the  monuinente  are  plain  without  sculpture, 
Ihu  other  six  huvf  Bcuhiturccl  panels.  To  irnTripht  of  eoch  of  thesu 
pillars  is  u  baud  ruiscaabovJ  the  olbow^  with  the  palm  open,  in 
token  of  the  Sati'a  blcaung.  The  panel  sculpturee  are  luoatly  woni 
away  and  spoilt,  but  the  6rflt  cngra%'ing;  irom  the  rielit  clearly 
«howA  wliat  they  ori<^inal]y  were.  It  is  in  three  panplB.  Tn  the 
lowest  ]>aael  the  Sati  is  shown  huminjr  with  her  huMbtiud'fl  body, 
»uppurting  his  right  hand  and  leg  on  her  Inp.  Flumes  rise  from  the 
pile.  The  middle  panel  shows  the  i^li  going  on  horseback  to  the 
funeral  pile.  Hur  hauda  are  raised  over  her  head  and  sku  rides  (o 
her  death  apparently  in  hiffh  Hpiril8.^  The  topmu^t  panel  fthowH 
the  woman  worahipping  MahAdev  with  her  husband.  These  Sati 
inetnohalA  are  of  about  the  time  when  the  eave  was  dedicated  to 
Ganpiti.  und  the  memoriuls  were  eurved  here  as  it  was  a  holy  Brfih- 
niouieal  sbrino,  the  Gunput!  of  thiK  cave  being  regarded  as  one  of 
Ganputi'a  eight  chief  forms  or  aiihiiicindyalias.^  Along  the  right  iin<I 
left  walU  are  Heveu  rells  each  and  six  along  the  back  wall  making 

renty  aa  at  Nat^ik.     Of  the  hmk   cells,  the  middle  two  have  had 

leir  partition  walls  broken  as  also  the  benches  along  their  buck 
ills.  In  the  middle,  in  the  vaoant  space  between  the  old  benehes. 
18  carved  a  rude  image  nf  Gunpiiti  with  a  thick  coating  of  ivdleud 
and  claritied  butter  which  people  Imve  been  pouring  for  centuries. 
er  Oanputi  is  ii  wofKlcn  mnudap  plated   with    brass,  the  gift   of 

unnar  Brahraans.  The  shrine  doorway,  made  of  two  cell  doorways, 
consists  of  lattice  work  on  either  side,  and  in  the  middle  a  small 

oodcn  door.  The  bench  in  front  hos  been  cut  down  into  a  step. 
cept  the  shrine  all  the  back  cells  are  closed  with  wooden  doors 

ud  used  as  3tore-rooius.  The  side  cells  vurv  in  sikc  from  8*  to  0'  G" 
p,  7'  to  H'  broad,  and  about  7'  high,   iiud   have    each  a   grooved 

oorway  about  2'  6"  wide,     Kxtnypt  the  Bixth  right  wall  cell  and  the 


Htwet 
Bibeii 
Pirall 


Chapter  XIV 
Flacei. 

Catm. 


1  T1l0  fnypmM  nf  tjy^^|i  tn   tliv  fancrn]   pile  WAS  furiuurly  mRrkcil  hy  Mvernl 

•CT,i'  -■-'  ■••<-~v,     in  ww^iftcei  «lic  went  to  the  burning  groaml  richly  'Ircnedjiest- 


ttnT  J I  flovren,  &nii  calling  Dut  the  nuue  of  Uoil,  with  rauiio  •onniliug 

Mil  J  ■  ■  'tg-    "In  MBie  p&rts  tlic  Sati  usod  to  mark  with  licr  lii>n<U  the  gato- 

*»y»  ukI  w»Ua  of  the  chief  Icinple  or  the  chi«(  gotowft^r^  SEb  alao  mirTtefTwini  hrr 
hutd-ouu'kB  nmtv  nUhic  in  hcj-  hnuKc  f<nr  hat  fmuly  to  wurwhiii.  nnil  oa  thia 
Mmu  it  wu  nfnxl  for  her  chiMrca  or  ntlntions  to  cut  tn«  ori^iiml  wit.  In  honour 
ol  :!i«tiii 
ui  ftt 

fn$mat*  to  the  atstA.     lit  other  |iiirU  af  the  conntry,  tm  RhovB  in  tluii  momorwl,  9b» 


Ttnefl 

th*: 
■Ml. 

TTlWB  Jon;,' 
■coiulov 


trell-to'dn  p««[>le,  cbietl}'  IUjput«,  usiMlta  hniUl  <^hatriM  or  bIumIm  io  tomplga 

burnias  pUuM.     In  mtinu  ^mrt-f,  u   at  preaent  to  yyi'3'C   »  WOO<l«n   aaat. 

u  fiifiiiw.  »  pr^tMuvd  to  cnrrj-  her,  thosMt  and  bar lUfcroDC going aaoovvtca 

lu  other  |iiirU  af  the  conntry,  aa  RhovB  in  tlua  momorwl,  ah« 

[fhaot  pr  on  horaeback.     The  arrangcmcnta  for  the  pile  alao 

M  fti  ten  "i&fl  wira  »t  in  a  specialljr;_t>tin|  ^tom  hnt,  juicfkiHipioK 

>  hiT  Ui)  supportwl  it   with  her  riglil  liamC  while  nlw  kiodlva 


1(1  in  lior  Iclihand.     At  pnwxnt  i'l  KujKtl  tht*  hiubaud  aud 

'I  ■     -Ac  aa   tho  pilu.     The  wtMnnn  ■  rif^ht   hand  is  not 

1    rotiuiT  tlic   wiiuiaii's  fiuro  ^re  f<Uce<l  intlammaolo 

'>!  jiutAslij  mlithur,  clanBcd  butler^  ojl    and  gram. 

A-oad  are  laiil  over   the  bodttt,  ont  orwr  Uie  leg*,  tiui 

lie  third  oviT  tbu  iim-Ii.     Threw  men  oo  aach  aide  prew 


_^_     ^  In  one  TnaUnM,'  Wlwn  tho  polM 
9»t»  caix'leaaly  iicM,  a  RrAhtnan  .'^ti  tAo  from  tha jpiln  and  crosaeda  river,   hut  wia 
*See  lielow  UJMr. 


iawn tlie  pMiu-i  uulll  ilm  wuniau  i«  burnt  to  death. 
mta  carvleaely  ncM,  a  Rrtthtniin  .^ti  i 
fcronght  back  b>-  her  frioud*  ami  burnt.' 


8  866-27 


(Bora  bay  Gazetteer 


iapter  XtV 
_     Places. 
H  JusyjLa. 

W      CftTM. 

Caw  rii. 


DISTRICTS. 


fir&t  and  sucth  of  the  left  wall,  all  the  cells  have  benches  along 
buck  wall,  2'  8"  high  and  2'  4"  broad. 

The  hall  ia  entered  by  a  large  middle  doorway  and  two  smaller 
aide  doorways  with,  between  the  middle  and  each  side  doorway,  one 
large  window.  The  middle  doorway  is  7'  4'  broad  and  IT  2"  high, 
the  left  side  door  is  2'  7"  broad  and  7'  high,  and  thu  left  window 
G'  long  and  l'  high.  The  right  side  door  ik  2'  8'  broad  and  7'  high, 
and  the  right  window  is  6'  long  and  3'  10"  high.  The  middle  and 
aide  doorways  are  grooved  for  wooden  frames ;  the  sockete  in  tUe^j 
middle  doorway  are  for  a  very  largo  door.  ^^H 

The  veranda,  whieh  ia  44'  6'  broad  7'  deep  and  12' 7'  high,  haa^^ 
in  front  six  pilUrfl  and  two  pilasterH,  and  between  the  two  middle 
pillars  is  an  oiH^ning  leading  from  thfi  veranda  into  an  open  court. 
JJctwoen  Cftfh  pillar  uud  side  pibwti^r  is  a  bench,  1'  7'  broad  and  1'  4* 
high,  with  the  pillars  over  them  and  curtains  I'  5*  high  behind 
them.  On  the  back  of  the  curtain  is  the  rail  pattern  and  below 
the  rail  pattern  vertical  imitations  of  wooden  burs.  The  pilUra 
have  octagonal  shui'ts  and  over  the  shafts  pot  capitals  of  the  S'ata- 
kanii  type.  Over  the  outer  face  of  the  capitals  arc  animals  now 
mo«tly  broken.  Going  from  the  right  to  the  left,  on  the  first  pillar 
are  two  lions,  on  the  second  pillar  two  bulls,  on  the  third  pillar  two 
elephants  with  riders,  on  the  fourth  pillar  two  olcpbants  with  riders, 
on  the  fifth  pillar  two  bulls,  and  on  tbe  sixth  pillar  two  tigers.     The 

{nloatei-B  have  each  two  tigers.     On  the  left  bench  are  cut  three 
urge  holes  or  Jtunditt,  with  small  exit  holes  fitt*xl  with  small  wooden 
or  metal  piiws,  and  closed  with   temporary  stoppers,  being  intended 
to  allow  wutcr  from   the  holes  to  wnsli  the  feot  of  visitors.     The  ' 
veranda  cx-iling,  which  is  markt^d  with  ribs,  projects  a  little  in  front 
of  the  pillars  and  over  the  ceiling  stands  out  the  roof  with  the  rail 
pattern  on  its  front.     Most   of   the  open   court    in   front   of    th^H 
veranda,  which  is  as  broad  as  the  veranda  and  about  5'  deep,  t^M 
broken.     To  the  right  of  the  court  several  steps  are  cut  from  under 
the  rock.     As  most  of  the  court  floor  is  broken,  the  passage  by  the 
Mifp,  and  mfKlem  steps  have  been  cut  to  the  right  of  the 


steps  IS  unwit  . 

veranda  and  joined  with  the  old  steps  below. 

five  cisterns,  one  of  which  holds  water. 


Below 


right 
the  court  a: 


It 


FCoir  r///.  Cave  VIII.  a  little  to  the  left  of  cave  VII.  and  on  the  same 

level,  is  a  dwelling  c^ve  difficult  to  n-ucli.     It  consists  of  a  veranda 
with  a  cell  and  a  half  cell  in  ita  baifc  wall.     The  roof  and  left   side 
wall  of  the  vcrandu  aire  almost  entirely  broken,   but  enough   is  left^ 
to  show  that  the  veranda  was  W  4"  long  by  5*  4"  broad  und  6'  T^H 
high.     A  broken  door  with  a  small  i\-indow  fo  the  right  leads  W" 
the  cell,  6'  10'  deep  9'  1*  broad  and  G'  7"  high,  with  u  benched  recess 
lo  the  left,  6'  3"  long  2'  G"  broad  and  3'  V  high.     In  the  back  wall, 
near  the  extreme  right  end,  is  a  jH^g  hole.     To  the  right  of  the 
cell,  cnleri'*!  from  the  vemnda,  S.-*  the  half  cell  12"    1"  long   and  4'  'V 
brood.     The  hall"  <*11  has  an  ojwn  front  and  a   bench  in  the  bac^^ 
wall  1'  11"  deep  4'  3"  broad  and  2'  3'  high.  ^1 

Ciiw  TX.  CoxeTX.  is  close  to  the  right   of  cuve  VIII.  the  way  to  it  being 

from  the  veranda  of  cave  VIll.     It  appi-ars  to  have  had  a  front 
entrance  but  the  rock  is  broken.     The  cave  is  a  large  hall  and   n 


Deocaul 


POONA. 


211 


rerandu.  The  hall  ie  31'  7'  broud  23'  deep  and  9*  hif?h,  with,  in 
tho  middle  of  tho  front  wall,  a  largo  doorway  6'  broad  and  8'  10" 
high  and  u  side  doorway  on  the  left  3'  brood  and  8'  8'  high.  Both 
doorways  hove  grooves  in  tlic  floor  for  woodun  frames.  On  oithor 
side  of  the  middle  doorway  is  a  window,  the  left  window  4'  broad  and 
6'  high  tuid  the  right  window  4'  3"  broad  and  5'  high.  The  veranda 
floor  18  two  feet  lower  than  the  hall  floor  which  haa  two  steps. 
The  veranda  is  31'  6°  broad  and  5'  3'  deep  and  had  four  y'dtokarai 
pilJara  of  which  the  broken  baeee  remain.  It  is  hard  to  say  for 
wbat  purpose  the  hall  was  used,  except  perhaps  as  a  scliool  or 
itudy.  It  dilTers  in  plan  from  dining  bulla  or  bhojanaman'iapai 
which  have  benches  along  the  side  and  buck  walls  and  no  front 
vail.  It  is  not  a  layana  or  dwelling  cave  tid  it  has  neither  ccUa 
luir  stone  benches,  and  it  is  not  a  shrine  as  it  has  no  object  of 
worship,  


Cave  X.  to  the  left  of  c«ve  IX.  but  on  a  higher  lovel,  is  difficult 
to  reach  as  its  front  is  broken.  It  is  a  jiSfimQg  consisting  of  an 
open  vemuilu,  a  middle  room,  and  in  the  back  wall  of  the  middle 
room  a  half  cell  and  cell.  The  veranda,  with  broken  floor  and 
ceiling,  18  22'  10'  broad  and  6'  4*  deep.  A  groove<l  broken  doorway, 
4'  5'  wide  and  6'  4'  high,  with,  on  either  side,  a  window  each  2'  1' 
sqimr?,  leads  to  the  mitldle  room  which  is  18'  brood  5'  G"  deep  und 
7  high,  and  in  the  right  wall  has  a  recess  2'  3"  brood  and  4'  high 
with  a  seat  2'  6'  high.  To  the  left,  iu  the  back  wall  of  tho  middle 
room,  is  a  cell  9' 3' deep  3' 11*  broad  and  7'  high,  with,  along  its 
hark  wall,  in  u  recess  3  8*  long  2*^5"'  broad  luul  4'  high,  a  seat  2'  ti" 
high.  A  doorway,  2'  8"  wide  and  (i'  10*  high,  leads  on  the  right  to 
the  cell  which  ia  8'  det'p  8'  4"  broad  und  7'  higli,  with,  ou  tho  left,  a 
|iBCeiB3'3'broad7'  Vmc  and  4'  high  with  a  seat  2'  9'  high.  Troeoa 
of  painting  remain  on  the  ceiling.  Outaide  tlie  vcriuidu  to  the  left 
ii  a  ciatprn.  


Cave  XI.  close  to  tho  left  of  cave  X.  and  rather  hard  fo  reach, 
IB  ft  hnll  15'  2"  deep  23'  brood  and  7'  lo"  high  with   a  broken  front. 
I  In  the  left  wall  is  u  cell,  5'  10"  deep  0'  10'    broad  and   7'  high,  its 
[floor  IJ'  higher  than  the  hall  floor,  and  its  ceiling  6'  lower  than   tho 
ceiling.     It  has  a  grooved  doorway  2'  7"  wide  and  0'  10'  high, 
back  wall  is  a  recess,  6'  long  2'  8'  brood  and  4'  G'  high,  with 
2'  4'  higli.     Traces  in  the  ceiling  show  that  the  cavo  waa 
Outside,  about  four  paces  to  the  right,  ia  a  recess  with  a 
'seat.  


Cave  XII.  close  to  Uie  left  of  cave  XI.  is  a  small  dwelling  entered 
by  a  door  from  the  veranda  of  ruve  XI.  It  consists  oi  ou  open 
vpranda,  a  middle  room,  and  in  the  back  woU  of  the  middle 
room  n  half  wU  and  c«U.  The  middle  roou;,  whiod  in  entered 
by  a  doorway  3'  wide  and  7'  V  hieh  with  a  small  window  I'  (i* 
nqmire  to  its  left,  is  12*  8"  broad  5'  8*  deep  und  7'  3'  high. 
.aiui  in  its  right  wall  has  u  scot  recess  5'  4'  long  2'  7"  broad 
■nd  4'  6"  high,  tho  seat  2'  7'  from  the  floor.  To  the  left,  in  the 
"  wall  of  tho  middle  mora,  is  the  half  c<ll  7'  ft'  deep  3'  2' 
and   7'  V  high.     In  its  loft  wall  is  a  seal   reces*  6'  long  2'  6' 


Chapter 

Places. 

JrKWAR. 

Gknosh  Lona 
Cavvs. 

Cqk  IX. 


€avt  Xl 


Cave 


lapur  ZIV. 
Places- 

JCVKAV. 
lanMli  LeiiA 

CtVM. 

I  Can  Xtt. 


brottd  und  \'  higli,  the  sent  2'  4*  from  tlie  floor.  Tho  cell  is  7'  deep" 
li'll"  broad  and  7'  bigh  with  a  grooved  doorway  2'  tj*  wide  und 
6'  lO'  hiuh.  The  vcrandii,  whoi&e  floor  aud  cciliug  ure  partly  broken, 
is  19'  3"  oroad  and  5'  deep.  lu  the  back  wall  of  the  veranda,  to 
the  left  nf  the  doorway,  is  u  bench  1'  broad  and  1'  high,  and  to  tho 
nght  of  tho  doon^'ay,  n  wat  recess  5'  A*  long  2'5*  broad  and  3'  1 1"  high, 
the  sent  bring  3'  high.  The  cove  was  painted,  and  cnncentric  circles 
of  painting  are  still  Roen  in  the  ceiling  of  the  middle  room.  The 
middle  room  floor  and  half  of  the  cell  floor  has  an  inch-thick  coulint 
of  extylient  cement  much  of  which  is  damaged. 


id  7^ 


iw  XUT.  Cave  XIII.  eloBe  to  the  left  of  rave  XIT.  but  on  a  slightly  high 

level,  is  a  small  dwelling  in  four  part8,  an  open  court,  a  verandi 
an  iniiei'  room,  and  in  the  back  wall  of  the  middle  room  a  c*A\  u 
a  half  cell.  The  middle  room  is  12'  o"  broad  7' 9'  deep  and  7'  hjg! 
witli,  along  the  right  wall,  a  bunch  '2'V  broad  2'  T  high  and  7' 
long.  The  cciliug  has  remains  of  painting.  To  the  left  Is  a  eetf 
reeess  2'  '>'  broad  7'  4'  long  and  4'  4'  high,  the  seat  2'  high.  In  tho 
huek  Willi  to  the  left  is  the  half  cell,  10'  3"  di-e^  5'  V  broad  und 
high,  with  a  bench  tn  the  right  wall.  Tho  cell  is  7'  deep  0' 4"  b 
aud  7'  high  with  a  grooved  doorway  2'  5"  wide  and  7'  high.  The 
main  doorway  is  2' 9'  wide  und  G' 1 1'  high  and  has  grooves  for  a 
wooden  frame.  To  its  left  is  a  window  2  2'  square.  The  veranda 
is  16'  4"  brood  4'  deep  and  7'  1"  high  and  has,  along  the  right  wall,  a 
bench  4'  long  2'  6'  broad  and  2'  3'  high.  In  front  of  the  veranda 
were  two  benches,  1'  4'  broad  and  1'  '•]"  high,  with  curtains  now 
broken.  Over  each  end  of  each  Ininch  rested  a  pluiu  eight-sided 
pillar  und  pilaster,  of  which  the  right  pilaster  and  part  of  tlie  right 
pillar  remain.  Ou  the  right  pilaster  is  the  double  crescent  ornament. 
The  court  in  front,  from  which  two  steps  lead  to  the  veranda,  is 
13'  8'  hixuul  and  6'  6'  deep.  To  the  right  of  the 
fcistem. 

ICttvtXIV.  Cave  XIV.  close  to  the  left  of  cave    XIII.  is  a 

diaiiya  vUidr,  quadrongular,  with  a  Hat  roof.  The  s 
broad  22'  2"  di-ep  and  13' 8  high,  with  a  grooved  doorway  5'  1  L' 
wide  and  11'  11"  high.  The  relic-shrine  is  twelve  feet  from  the 
doorway.     Its  plinth  18  4'  0*  high.     St  the  foot  are  throe  round 

J  dates  each  smaller  than  the  one  below  it,  and  above  the  plates  a 
Inim  21'  3"  in  circumference.  Above  the  drum  is  a  row  ot  thjny- 
two_tc'ethj  and  above  the  tooth  a  one- inch  moulding  wliich  completes 
the  plinth.  Above  the  plinth  is  a  band  of  rail  pattern  10'  high,  andj 
above  the  rail  band  a  round  jlomo  Sll^Kigh  ond  20' 7'  in  circu 
fercncc.  Above  the  dome  is  u  square  shaft  with  rail  pattern  1_ 
high  aud  1'  10*  broad,  and  above  the  shaft  is  a  five-plated  tee  about 
1'  7*  high,  the  top  plate  4'  6*  square.  Crowning  the  whole  is  an 
umbrella  cat  out  of  the  coiling,  lu  frout  of  the  shrine  is  a  veranda 
10'  9'  troocT  and  2'  9'  deep,  wifh,  in  front,  on  a  space  2'  ti"  brood, 
two  SfAtakahii  pillars  and  two  pilasters,  on  which  rests  a  ibeam. 
Above  "ilie  Ixmm  ribs  project  from  tlic  ceiling.  In  front  of  the 
veranda  a  court,  20'  2'  long  and  W  broad,  is  entered  by  four  steps 
three  feet  below  the  veranda.  The  left  wall  of  the'court  has  a 
broken  relic-shrine  or  da^hoba  in  half  relief  and  the  same  wall  had 


court  is  a  drvj 

chapel  cave  or 
GmiTis  12'  11* 


M 


Deccan.l 


rOONA 


u  doopfFsy  leading  from    the   veranda  of  i-avo  XITT.     Tn  the  bat-k 
wall  of  the  verandn,  to  the  left  of  thr  doorway  under  the  ceiling,  ie 
lusmpliou  S'i  very  well  cut  in  t\vo  linos.     The  inacription  reads : 
<1)  KapUa  upasakosa  tiattmo  ta'pasa  upa'sakasn  * 

(3)  putasm  a'nadasa  dsf  adiuuamam  oh«Uyagbaro  nlTuto 

and  umy  be  ti'auslutod 

'  A  meritorious  sift  of  a  obip»l  tmvm  glran  by  Ajianda.  a 
ion  of  Tapaaa  an  Upn  antea,  and  grandioa  of  S^Sa  an 
Dpasaka.'  ^ 

Cttvo  XV,,  clow  to  the  left  of  cuve  XIV.  on  a  higher  level,  is  a 
(tmnll  dwellinp  eonmsting  of  a  coll  and  a  venindu.  The  cell  is  7' 
11"  brriad  7*  9'  deep  and  7'  hU^h.  with  an  ungrooved  doorway  2'  7* 
wide  aiid  G'  2'  hi(;h.  The  vernndu  is  Hi'  broad  G'  3'  deep  und  6'  3" 
high.     The  Bide  walls  arc  preserved  but  the  eeiling  in  halt  broken. 

Cave  XVT.  clone  to  the  left  of  cave  XV.  on  ii  slightly  higher  level, 
\%  a  small  dwelling  consisting  of  a  cell  and  a  veranda.  The  cull, 
which  is  8'  4'  deep  10'  8"  broad  and  6'  1 1"  high,  has,  along  its  right 
wall,  a  bench  2'  5"  broad  and  2"  7"  hij?h.  The  doorway  ia  2'  11' 
wide  and  6*  5*  high.  The  veranda  is  U'  11"  broad  3'  deep  and  6' 6' 
high.     Roth  the  side  walls  and  part  of  the  ceiling  are  broKen. 

Cave  X  VTI.  close  to  the  left  of  eavo  XVI.  consists  of  three  small 
[■dwElfings  which  lo<jk  like  sepiirate  caves  but  they  are  in  one  row  in 
ItiiD  same  veranda.  The  first  dwelling  is  in  two  parts,  a  middle 
[room  12*  1 1"  broad  .3'  3"  deep  and  7'  4"  high,  with  a  doorway  2'  IT 
jlirocid  and  7'  4'  high,  and  on  either  aide  of  it  a  broken  window.  In 
[ibe  bark  wall  is  u  cell  to  the  right  and  a  half  cell  to  the  left.  The 
is  7'  6'  broad  7'  -V  deep  and  7'  4'  high,  with  a  door  2'   10"  wide 

7*  4"  high,  and  to  the  left    of  the  door  a  window.      The  ceiling 

luu  remains  of  painting.      The  half  cell   is   4*  8'  broad  7'  deep  ana 

T  4'  high  with  u  bench  2'  7'  high  and  3'  broad.  The  bench  ceiUng  is 

ft'  lower  than  the  hall  ceiling  and  projects  a  little  in  front  of  the 

bench.     The  second  and  third  dwellings  are  close  lo  the  left  of  the 

first  dwelling.     A  soft  layer  of  clay  has  cut  off  much  of  the  up|»er 

5«rt  of  the  cave  but  what  reinniiis  is  well  presenwl.     The  second 

dwelling  ia  in  two  ports,  a  middle  room,  o  half  cell  to  the  left,  and 

■  PcU  reached  from  the  right  of  the  half  cell.     The  middle  room 

U  7'  deep  !•'>"  broad  and  7'  high,  with,  uloug  the  right  wall,  a  bench 

a*  y  brood  and  2'  5'  high.  Thedoorway  is  3'  4"  broad  and  6'  KT  high. 

The  half  cell  is  4'  6"  broad  13'  8"  dwp  and  7'  high,  and  in  its  back 

wall  hns,  in  u  recess  2'  0"  broad  4'  6"  long  and  3'  8'  high,  a  bench 

2'  -Y  brood  and  2'  3"    high.     A  grooved  door  iii  the  right  waU    of 

the  half  coll,  2'  7'  broud  and  G'  8"  high,  leads  to  the  ceU  7'  4'  broad 

T'  4'  deep  .^nd  6'  8"  high,  with,  along  the  back  wall,  a  bench  2'  4' 

broad  and  2'  7'  high.     Tn  the  right  wall  was  a  window  looking  over 

the  middle  room,     Tn  front  of  the  doorway  is  a  bench  1'  8'  broad 

ind  r  8*  high.     The  third  dwelling  i»  the  largest  of  the  three.     It 

nMSt»  of  a  middle  hall,  and,  in  the  back  wall  of  the  holl,  two  cells 

two  leat  recesses.     The  hull  is  2-V  broad  15'  10'  deep  ond  7'  4" 

,  and  along  the  right  and  back  walls  bus  a  bench  2    brood  and 

.'  bigh.     The  right  wll  is  7'  broad  8'  9'  deep  and  6'  fl"  high  with 

pTod  doorwav  2'  8'  wide  and  6'  4"  high  and  a  window  to  the  left 

•  doorway.   *Thc  left  ooll  is  7'  wide  8'  6"  deep  and  6'  4'  high 


Chapter 
Places- 

GaaoKh  Lena 
Cavw. 

Itucription  Sf. 


Case  X 


1 


Cave  SVl. 


Cave  XVI 


lapter  XIT- 

t    Places- 
JlllNAfl. 
Gau^sL  Lena 
cane  jcr//. 

JiucriptioH  M. 


Oave  XXI. 


It  may 


witb  a  grooved  doorway  '2'  tt"  wido  and  G'  1'  high  tind  ti  window  to 
the  left  of  the  doorway.  Along  the  bui:k  wall  of  each  cell  is  a  bench 
2'  2"  wido  and  2'  3"  high.  Tht-  aeat  recess  at  each  corner  of  the 
back  wall  is  -V  S"  long  '2'  7'  broad  and  :V  .T  high.  The  hall  door 
was  5'  8'  broud  and  7'  4"  high.  In  front  of  the  nail  door  is  a  bench 
r  8'  broad  and  I'  high.  In  front  of  the  veranda  arc  holes  for 
wooflon  jdlliirn  but  much  of  it  is  broken.  To  the  left  of  the  veranda 
are  two  cisterns.  Between  this  cave  and  cave  XVIII.  arc  three  other 
cistemB.  In  the  recess  of  the  first  cistern  is  IuBcri|)tion  33.  It 
may  be  read : 

(1)  K&ltanaluwa  Kudlraputosa 

(3)  SuTanaka'rasa  SaghaluuR  poohl  deyadhanimain 

and  may  bo  translated 

'  A  meritorious  gift  of  a  olstom  by  Saghklca  a  goidimltli. 
BOD  of  Kudira  of  KalyaTaft-' 

la  the  reooss  of  the  second  cistern  is  Inscription  34. 

"*      '  a>  iBimulaBa'mino  bbaya 

(2)Hadab»'llka'ra  Na'dakatorlkasa 
(3) Lachhlntkaya  deyadhama po<Qil 

and  may  be  translated 

'A  merltorlouB  gin  of  a  oistorn  by  Laohhlnika'  (wlf*)  of 
^ri>ift  ttl?  tf^  daka  [and!  tfadaba  Ilka  wiffe  of  lai  malaaa'ml.' 
Cave  XYIII.  follows  the  three  cisterns.  It  is  like  a  dining  bull 
except  that  it  hae  a  front  wall,  with,  in  the  middle,  a  grooved  door 
5'  8"  wide  and  7'  high  and  on  either  aide  of  it  a  window  -3'  3'  broad 
and  2'  9"  long.  I'he  hull  is  29'  9"  deep  24'  8'  broad  and  7'  4"  high 
with  a  bench  V  7"  brood  and  1'  2"  high  along  the  entire  back  and  side 
walls.  The  passage  to  the  hall  is  by  three  broken  steps  and  oa 
either  side  of  the  steps  are  broken  bcudies  K  8'  high  and  1  8'  broad. 
In  front  is  an  open  court  about  G'  broad.  Outside,  to  the  left  of 
oourtf  is  a  cistern  of  good  water. 

Cave  XIX.  about  ten  feet  to  the  left  of  cave  XVIII.  is  o  ec 
without  u  front  wall.  It  is  13'  10'  broad  y'  9*  deep  and  *>'  4"  high, 
with,  along  the  left  wall,  a  bench  G'  9"  long  I'  2'  broad  and  1'  I' 
high.  The  exiling  showH  signs  of  a  dressed  stone  or  wooden  screen 
from  the  right  wall  to  the  end  of  the  bench.  To  the  riglu  is  a  small 
cell  in  the  some  roof  probably  eonnet^ed  with  cave  XIX.  The  cell 
is  8'  deep  8'  broad  and  ti'  (T  high,  with,  along  the  right  wall,  a  bench 
2'  2'  brood  and  2'  7'  high.  The  grooved  doorway  of  the  cell  is  2'9' 
broad.  The  cave  has  two  uistcrus  one  to  the  left  and  another 
between  it  and  the  cell. 

Cave  XX.,  close  to  the  left  of  ihe^  cistern,  is  a  small  dwelling  faatd 
to  reach  as  the  rock  in  front  is  broken.  To  the  right  is  a  passage 
11'  deep  3'  broad  and  7'  high,  and  to  the  left  a  cell  10'  5'  broad  10* 
deep  and  7'  high,  with,  along  the  entire  left  wall,  a  bench  2'  C 
broad  and  2'  7'  high.     The  cell  doorway  is  2'  H"  broad  and  7'  high. 

Cave  XXI.  close  to  the  loft  of  cave  XX.  is  out  of  reach  except  by 
a  modem  bole  cut  through  the  cell  of  cave  XX.  It  is  a  small 
dwelling  consisting  of  a  veranda  and  an  inner  cell.  The  cell  is  10' 
broud  7'  deep  and  7'  high,  with,  along  the  left  wall,  u  bench  2'  1^ 
wide  and  2'  T  high.    Tho  cell  door  is  grooved,  2'  7' 


lad. 


AboDi  150  foot  further  to  the  left,  almost  macocBsible,  ia  Cave  XXV. 
titli  a  cell,  a  broken  oi>on  veranda,  and  a  seat  recess  to  the  left. 


Chapter^  XIV. 
—    FUce»    - 

Can  XXJI. 


high.    TUc  vci-auiiu  is  16'  5'  broad  and  4'  deep.      To  the  left,  in  Uie 
veranda,  ia  a  eeat  reaiss. 

Ca\'e  XXIL  close  to  the  left  of  cavo  XXI.  is  a  dwelling  conmsting- 
^of  a  venmda,  and  in  the  back  wall  of  the  veranda  a  Iiulf  wll  to  tlie 
pft  and  a  cell  to  the  right.  The  cell  is  8'  broad  i>'  9'  deep  and  6'  8' 
;h,  with,  along  the  entire  back  wall,  a  itccssed  bench  2' l'  brond 
2'  7*  high.  In  the  left  wall  a  window  looks  into  the  half  cell, 
le  cell  hue  a  grooved  dm)r  2' 8"  wide  and  7'  high.  The  half  cell 
4'  broad  9'  9*  deep  and  7'  high.  The  veranda  is  19'-5'  brood  and  5' 
and  in  it«  back  wall^  to  the  right  of  the  doorway,  has  a  large 
it  rooe«8  with  a  seat  6'  long  2'  10"  broad  and  JJ'  high.  In  the  left 
of  (he  veranda  are  the  remains  of  a  doonvay  which  led  to  an 
'tipen  sitting  space  13'  0"  broad  and  5'  deep  with,  in  the  back  wall,  a 
Beat  reoeee.  To  the  right  of  the  reoesa,  under  the  eeiUng,  is  Indcrip-  Irucripthn  35. 
tioD  35  which  reads  : 

»(1)  Sa'm&rupft'i&lcua  putUA 
(2)aivabhutljiadeyadhama  leriant 
(3)  Eapiohito  BanghME  oiyutam  ka? 

and  mar  be  tranttlated 

"Tbe  meritorious  girtofadwellingoaye  by  Slirabhatl  thesonof  Sa'aian 
ui  Upa'Btfca,  (lediofttad  to  the  Oongr^atlon  of  KajplaIiUa.'>  . 

Cavo  XXni.  close  to  the  left  of  the  open  spm*,  consists  of  a       Cam  XXIi. 
LT^nnda  and  two  cells  in  its  back  wall.   The  left  cell  is  in  two  parts, 
a  front  room  and  a  half  cell  in  its  bock  wall.     The  front  room  is  8' 
brood  .s'  deep  and  7'  4'  high,  with  a  door  2'  7'  wide  and  6'  10*  high. 
The  half  cell  ia  3'  3'  broad  7'  10"  deep  and  6'  10'  high,  with,  along 
its  entire  left  wall,  a  recessed  bench  0'  9'  long  2'  8'  high  and  2'  G 
bnwd.     The  right  cell  is  S'  broad  H'  deep  and  7'  3'  high,  and  in  ita 
btdt  wnll,  in  a  recess  7'  long  2'  7*  broad  and  4'  high,  has   a  bench 
2* 5"  from  the  floor.     The  eoTl  door  is  2' 6'  wide.       Thcveranda  is 
19'  6*  brood  and  3'  T  deep.     Between  the  two  cells  in  the  back  wall 
of  the  veranda,  close  uuder  the  coiling,  is  a  smoothed  space  2'  long 
picpared  fur,  but  without,  au  inscription.     To  the  left  ia  a  receas-liko 
ncavation.  _ 

Csvo  XXIV.  about  a  hundred  feet  to  the  left  of  cave  XXIII.  ia 
TWy  hanl  to  rejich  as  the  rock  in  front  of  it  is  broken.  A  i-istcm  ts 
first  n-ached,  then  a  long  seat  rei-etw,  with,  on  either  side  of  it,  a 
Binall  s«rut  recess  all  three  in  an  open  sitting  space.  In  the  broken 
Wl  wall  of  this  ojH>u  spact!,  a  broken  door  three  feet  wide  leads  to 
ihc  veranda  of  cave  XXIV.  The  cave  consists  of  a  vcran<ia,  and  in 
tlif  back  wall  of  the  veranda,  to  (he  right,  a  cell  and  to  the  left  a 
lialf-cell.  The  cell  is  9'  lU'  broad  7'  W  deep  and  6'  10'  high  with 
a  grooved  doorway  2'  7"  wide  and  6'  9"  high,  and  along  its  entire 
rinht  widl  a  biiuii  2'  5'  wide  and  2'  10'  high.  The  half  cell  is  9'  9' 
<lwp  4'  1'  broud  and  7'  H'  high,  with,  along  its  entire  back  wall,  a 
Wnch  2'  8"  broad  and  3'  from  the  floor-  'l"hc  \-crando  is  22'  broad 
■md  5'  7'  deep  with  a  bench  along  its  left  walL 


Caoe 


Cave  XXl 


'  K«nichtta  U  probably  tlic  name  of  the  monastic  estsblishucDt  in  the  Qtueab 
Uuh;)!. 


laptw  XIV. 
Places- 

GoaMhLeciA 

CftTCfl. 

7aw  XX  VI. 


In  the  roupfh  back  wall  of  the  verandu    is  the  cell  10'  deep  7'  H 
broud  aud  8'  hi}?h  with  u  doorwuy  about  5'  2'  broad  and  iV  2"  liifEh. 
A  doorwuy,  2'  '.)"  wide  and  7'  4'  hisrli.  in  its  left  wall,  leadi*  to 
inner  wll  7'  8'  broad  4'  deep  and  7*  4   high  with  uiieven  and  irrci 
lar  walla  as  further  work  was  Htopped  by  a  flaw  in  the  rock. 

About  forty  foot  below  favoTT.  is  Cavo  XXVI.  a  plain  excavatif 
consisting  of  un  o\)^n  veranda. 

Passing  round  the  cast  end  of  thifl  hill,  after  a  walk  of  fully  a  mil 
I  or  about  four  miles  from  Junnar,  in  another  agur  of  tho  fSulpinA 
hill,  18  a  group  of  cavea  in  the  face~of  the  llitl  about  400  foot 
above  the  level  of  Jnnnar.  The  caves  faen  snnth -south- west  and  are 
usually  said  to  bo  difficult  ot'  approach,  as  the  precipico  in  front  of 
them  !S  almost  jierpcndicular.  Lhe  mo6t  eaetorly  cave  of  the  group 
IB  a  small  chaitjfa  or  chapol  cave  22'  4'  long  and  8'  2"  wide.  The 
relic-afarmB,  lo'  4*  from  the  door,  is  9'  4'  in  height  and  4'  10'  in 
diameter.  The  walla  are  not  atraight  nor  the  floor  level.  Tho  side 
aisles  have  not  been  begun  and,  except  the  upper  part  of  tho  relic- 
nhrine  or  ddghoha,  nlraost  no  part  of  the  interior  is  quite  finished. 
The  height  of  the  cave  is  16'  to  the  top  of  the  architrave  or  trif  orium 
and  18'  2'  to  tho  centre  of  tho  roof.  Outfiidc,  the  facade  is  carved 
with  the  hoiTMi-shoe  or  fhaitijn  window  ornaments,  some  enclosing  a 
rclic-ahrino  and  others  a  lotus  (lower ;  while  the  rail  ornament  is 
largely  interspersed  in  the  usual  way.  The  fronton  round  the 
window  is  also  c-urved  with  a  geometrical  pattern .  The  general 
details  of  this  cave  seem  to  show  that  it  is  one  of  tl^y  qarlieet  pxrava. 
lions  ut  Junnar.  Next  to  it,  but  higher  up  and  almost  inaccessible, 
are  two  cells,  a  well,  aud  next  a  small  dwelling  or  vihnr  witli 
three  cells  two  of  Ihem  with  stone  beds.  Some  rough  cutting  on 
the  back  wall  between  the  cell  doors  resembles  a  relic-shrine  in  low 
relief,  but  it  is  quite  unfinished.  Outnide  are  two  more  cells  and  a 
chamber  or  ohajiel  at  the  end  of  a  veranda  that  runs  along  in  front 
^th  of  the  vih*ir  and  the  cells. 


Trip*.  From  Junnar  it  is  a  pleasant  trip  sixteen  milea  weat  to  Uh3Tgbar, 

about  two  miles  lo   ihe  east  of  the  Js'Auu  Pass.     The  rooil  ha^  lately 
been  i!n])roved  and  is  tit  for  bullo«-k  and  pony  carts.     It  winds  up 
the  Kukadner  or  Vale  of  tho  Kukdi,  n  brotwl  flrtl    valley  who«e  bare 
sides  rise  gently  to  ranges  ot  steep  wildly  scarpwl  hills.     At  first,  as 
in  Junnar,  the  valley  has  Hutkeshvar  and  the  Milugni  hills  to  th« 
north  uud  Shivuer  and  the  Tulja  hills  to  the  south,  and  l>etwecn   tl 
two  lines  of  hills  rocky  uplands  uud  lower  spurs,  strewn  with  ston* 
and  white  with  bleached  grass,  ure  ixdicved  by  a  few  scattered  trees, 
and  nearer  the  centre  of  the  vuUey,  until  the  end  of  the  cold  Weathe^H 
by  hollows  green  with  crops.     On  the  left  the  Tulju  hills  are  see^H 

range.      *  i.'—*^ 


th^ 


hid  behind  the  lofty  waWng  Uno  of  the  MAnckdho 


six  miles  from  Junnar  the 


valley 


opens  to  the  Nina  Puss,  GhAvaud, 


Shambhu,  and  pari  of  the  Jivdliau  range  showing  on  the  left,  and 
Hadsar,  the  Masherdi  hills,  aud  the  worn  tower-Uke  crag*  of  Anjauoln 
on  tho  right.  Though  the  hill-tops  change,  the  new  hills  differ  little 
from  tho  old,  and,,  except  that  it  is  somewhat  rougher,  the  valley 
remains  much  the  same.  The  hill-sides  are  steep  and  bare,  striped 
by  level  belta  of  rock  standing  like  walls  or  dwttrfe<l  by  banks  of 


MMH^ 


M 


* 


earth  and  stones  washed  from  the  upper  slopes.     The  same  rocky 

spurs  and  low  platcnus  fringe  the  valley  and  the  gcnorul  baroness  is 

relieved  by  the  same  thin  sprinkling  of  treos.     The  level  parts  of  the 

Tailey  yield  crops  during  the  rainy  months,  the  main  crop  changing 

near  Rajur,  about  eight  miles  west  of  Junnar,  from  millet  to  rice.     In 

hollows  near  the  river,  till  the  end  of  tho  cold  season,  patches  of 

bright  green  wheat,  purple  peas,  or  feathery  blue-green  gram  aro 

broken  by  the  glistening    thistle-lxke  heads  of  kardai  or  safHower. 

The  stream  loiters    in  long  shady  reaches  between   banks    whose 

hollows  glow  with  rich  ruddy  grass.     At  HirtH_.  about  ten  miles  from. 

Junnar,  in  the  northern  range,  formerly  hid  by  the  Musberdi  hilU, 

appear  tho  two-headed  fort  ot  Nimgiri,  the  long  deeply  scarped  line 

ox  DoTaln,  and  the  worn  crags  of  Aujunola.     In  the  south  range, 

beyond  (he  mnssivo  square  block  of  CMvand,   the  lower  castellated 

crag  of  Shamblui  is  dwarfed  by  the  higher  slopes  of  Korkumba. 

Behind  Karkutnba  stands  the  steep  shoulder  locally  known  asPab^d, 

and  beyoud  Pahad  the  lofty  range  which  ends  northwards  in  tho 

fortified  scarp  of  Jivdhan.     From  the  middle  of  the  plain,  which 

aeparatos  JxTdhan  from  Aujuuulu,  rise  the  bare  slopes  of  a  siuuU  hill 

and  a  little  to  the  south  a  steep  narrow  point.     Tho  steep  narrow 

point  is  the  baek  of  Nona's  Thumb,  and  lietween  it  and  the  small  bill 

to  the  north  is  the  narrow  cleft  of  the  Niina  Pass.     About  as  far 

weat  aa  Hirdi  the  Tailey  divides  in  two.     A  somewhat  broken  plain. 

about  a  mile  broad,  continues  to  stretch  west  about  six  miles  to  tho 

head  of  tie  Nilua  Pasa     This  is  generally  called  the  Kukadner,  but 

the  stream  which  drains  it  is  only  a  branch  of  the  true  Kukdi.     Tho 

moio  stream  Inms  to  the  left  cfose   under   Chavand,  crosees  to  the 

south  between  Chtivand  and  Shambhu,  and  then  winds  west  about 

four  miles  up  a  wild  narrow  valley  ending  in  a  glen  shut  in  by  high 

hills  with  woody  terraces  and  green  under-slopes.     At  the  top  of 

the  glen,  closo  under  the  western  hills,  in  a  thick  jamhh  ul  and  mango 

f-ove,  on  the  right  bank  of  tho  stream,  is  an  old  Hindu  temple  to 
nkde«hvar,  the  god  of  the  river.  From  tho  temple,  across  tho 
west  shoulder  of  Shambhu,  a  pleasant  path  leads  along  the  north  face 
of  the  Karkumha  hills  about  five  miles  to  Ghalghar.  In  tho  country 
to  the  west  of  Ilirdi,  in  tho  broad  or  northern  Kukuduer,  tho  valley 
ie  rougher  than  further  cast,  the  hill  sides  are  much  less  bare,  and 
the  hollows  and  lower  slopes  and  plateaus  are  in  places  richly  wooded. 
In  the  two  miles  between  Gh/itghar  and  the  Nina  Pass  the  country 
is  level  and  tume,  redeemed  to  the  north  by  tho  wild  rounded  crags 
of  the  Anjanola  hill,  and  to  the  south  by  the  great  fortified  block  of 
Ji%'dhiui,  which  is  much  like  Shivner,  except  that  the  north  end  is 
squorer  and  blunter  and  that  the  upper  hill  is  higher  and  larger. 

Somewhat  raised  rocky  ground  seems  to  join  the  ends  of  tho 
Anjanola  spurs  on  the  north  and  the  Jivdhan  spurs  on  the  south. 
But  there  is  said  to  be  a  break  in  the  Anjanola  spur  and  the  di-ainage 
of  the  two  miles  beyond  to  the  head  of  the  Ndna  Pass  winds  north 
ud  aouth  and  hnally  sets  eantwarda.  lu  front  is  a  line  of  low 
bUlodcs  with  grass  and  bushes  and  to  tho  right  tho  bare  slope  of 
the  back  of  Nona's  Thumb  which  does  not  rise  more  than  IdU  feet 
above  the  plain . 

>88<~2S 


Chapter  ZH 
FUces- 

JrSXAR 

Trip*. 
Kuidi  VaUey. 


I 


apter  XIV. 
Places- 

Trips. 


nana  Pan. 


I 


On  the  rig^ht  of  the  low  bank  of  hilla  to  the  north  of  Nilna^ 
Thumb  is  the  pass  called  the  Borundu  Gat«  or  BornntlufJie  Dnr^ 
which    is   tit   only  for    moii.      The  puss  to  tho  south    of  NAna'a 
Thumb  IB  called  Guna  and  the  pass  to  the  north  NAna.     To  the  south- 
east the  fine  west  seurp  of  Jivdbau   ends  south- west  ia  a  solita 
roi'k  pillar,  about  200  feet  high,  known  as  the  Monkey's  Point 
VAndrdehc  Tok. 

The  ascent  of  the  steep  bare  slope  of  NAna's  Thumb  from  tho 
east  is  easy  but  the  sides  are  sairped  cdil'-*  Tlio  Xanu  Pass  is  on 
the  north  Bjdc  of  the  Thumb_and  the  Gu:i     !  ti  the  south.     The 

distance  from  Ghdtghur  to  the  head  of  tlit-  iNima  Pass  is  about  two 
miles.  A  short  di^tauce  before  reaching  the  top  of  the  pass  tho 
ground  is  covered  with  traces  of  houses  which  formed  theohlvilla^ 
of  GhAlphur.  Among  the  stones  that  murk  old  foundations,  a  few 
vards  to  tlip  west  of  the  path,  is  a  broken  Hero  Stone  (2'  ij"  x  I')  with 
four  fatxjs  and  throe  panels  ten  inches  broad  in  each  face.  On  tho 
east  face,  in  the  lowest  panel  below,  a  dead  man  lies  on  the  »'ound 
and  above  him  a  row  of  cattle  shows  that  he  met  his  death  in  a 
catlle  raid.  In  the  left  of  the  panel,  above,  a  figure,  the  corpse  of  the 
panel  below,  anued  with  sword  and  shield,  fig'htfi  two  horsemen  with 
spears.  In  the  top  panel  is  a  central  ling  and  two  side  woi-shipperB, 
the  one  on  the  left  sitting  cross-legged,  the  one  on  the  right  standing 
and  waving  a  lamp  with  his  right  hand  and  ringing  a  bell  with  his  lett. 
Above  an  angel  bears  a  garland.  In  the  south  face,  in  the  lowest 
panel,  is  a  dead  man  with  three  cows  above  him.  Tn  the  middle  panel 
in  tho  left,  tho  corjjee  of  the  panel  below,  armed  with  sword  and  shield 
and  with  a  big  top-knot,  6glits  two  horsemen  on  the  right  with 
epears.  Above  tn'o  UgurL-s  worsliip  a  ling,  the  left  sitting  and  the 
right  standing.  In  the  west  face  the  lowest  ]>uncl  has  a  dead  man 
with  aflviug  ungel  bearing  a  garhmd.  In  the  middle  pimel  one  m 
on  the  left  with  swonl  and  shield  fights  two  men  on  the  right  w 
apear  and  shield.  Above  are  Shiv  and  Pdr\-ati.  In  the  north 
the  lowest  panel  is  a  dead  man  and  two  angels  bearing  a  garland. 
In  the  middle  panel  on  the  right  u  man  with  sword  and  shield  tlght^H 
two  men  with  speurs  and  shields.  In  the  top  panel  in  the  (.-entr^^ 
over  a  tiwj  is  an  angel  with  sidii  worshipiK-rs.  About  u  hundred 
yards  to  the  south  of  the  Hero  Stone,  a  stone  belonging  to  a  temple 
of  Hem^dpanti  or  pre-Musalm^n  times,  represents  Maluilakshmi 
seated  Iwtween  two  elephants. 

The  GurmPaes  to  the  south  of  the  Thumb  ia  not  now  tiscd,  and 
though  it  is  said  to  have  been  formerly  practieable,  there  are  uo 
traces  of  any  stair  or  other  work  without  which  it  is  imjmBsable.  It 
is  a  very  narrow  gorge  with  a  deep  drop  on  either  side  and  a  sheer 
wall  of  rock  in  front.  Over  tho  Guna  Pass  is  a  splendid  stretch  of 
the  wild  western  front  of  the  Sohjlidris.  Beyond  a  spur  of  Jivdhan 
that  stands  out  to  the  south  of  the  Guna  gorge  tho  deep  cleft  is  tho 
entnuice  to  the  Amboli  Ghiit  and  the  high  point  or  Hat  top  behind 
is  iJhdk.  Then  the  Sahy^dris  stretch  to  the  west  in  great  scarps 
that  run  down  from  Bhimjishankar  in  sharp  clifis  to  lower  alopea 
and'  plateaus  deep  in  forest.  To  the  west,  between  tho  Guna  and  the 
Kdna  Pass,  rises  the  bock  of  N&na's  Thumb  whose  sheer  clii 


'» 


I 


well  known  a  land-mark  from  below.  It  rises  stoep  and  bare  but 
of  cosy  lujccnt  ubout  150  feet  with,  a  fow  st(!\)%  beyond  (lio  trcst,  a 
eh  cor  drop  into  iho  Koiikun.  Thu  (up  cDniiiiandu  a  iiiagtiifiL-eul  view 
of  tile  great  bend  in  tlie  SuhyfidriH  that  Htrelehes  from  the  range 
that  runs  to  the  vt>tj|  near  1\nl»ub:ii  in  Ndflik  to  the  Bhim^fthAnkar 
hillfl  a  diittance  of  about  sixty  miles.  The  ehief  hill  to  the  north  is 
the  great  fort  of  HuriHhrhandriif^ud,  with  ita  regular  wall-like  bunds 
of  trap,  one  or  two  of  them  higher  layers  than  appear  in  any  of 
the  nciglibouring  liilk.  To  the  south  the  ehief  |)cuks  are  Dliilk  and 
lihinifitihunkar.  Tu  the  euHt  bi'lweeu  it^  two  weijteru  guurdtaiis, 
Aujuuolu  and  Jivdhan,  the  hroad  level  vull(>y  of  the  Kukdi  Hlretehes 
to  the  horizon.  To  the  north-went,  eutohs  the  Konkan,  stands  out 
the  MAhuli  range  with  the  greM  cleft  and  sbattenKl  pinnacles  of 
M&huli.  To  the  south-west  behind  Shidgnd.  at  the  end  of  the 
IShiniii^hankar  hills,  arc  the  level  top  of  MatherAn,  the  great  comb- 
like  n.K-k  of  Clmmleri.  and  l)ie  elitl!i  and  pinnuelcs  of  B^va  Malang 
iiearly  hidden  by  Ibe  rounded  l<»p  of  Tavli.  Xear  the  isolatt.'tl  hill 
uf  Shidgud,  ut  the  point  ot'  (lie  Diiimilshunkar  hills,  is  the  rough  puns 
of  Avapa  whose  difficulties  and  dangers  Fryer,  who  was  dragged  up 
it  in  1073,  has  so  feelingly  dcBcribod. 

At  the  top  of  ijio  Nnna  Pase^  on  the  right,  is  h  platform 
(22" 9'  X  15 '!r)  pavttl  with  old  aix-saed  stones  and  varying  in  height 
from  4'  5"  on  the  west  to  fi'  7"  on  the  ea«t.  In  the  south-west  comer  of 
the  parapet  is  a  great  jar  hewn  uut  of  the  rock,  about  live  feet  high, 
with  a  lieavy  lid  on  one  side  of  wliieh  is  a  hole  through  which 
apparently  toll  money  was  droiipe<l.  On  the  left,  about  ten  foot 
ttborc  the  path,  nearly  opposite  the  old  toll-jar,  a  small  ix.'ll  now  half 
full  of  earth  is  usecl  as  a  temple  of  Ganpati,  and  about  thirty 
|jaeca  to  the  south-west  are  three  rocjc-cut  cisterns  in  the  open 
or  pool  stylu.  The  path,  which  varies  in  breadth  from  l(i'  4'  to  7', 
poBses  about  2JiO  feet  between  two  high  baidcs  of  rock  whose 
scarps  siHfm  to  be  portly  artificial,  though  all  traces  of  the  chisel 
have  worn  off.  About  25U  feet  from  the  toll  platform,  on  each  aide 
of  tho  path  is  g  Ijnc  of  c«.vct  or  rest-houses  and  water  cistams. 
Except  two  close  to  (lie  pailij^fhe  group  of  caves  on  the  right  has 
been  ho  injured  by  the  wentlicr  as  to  look  little  more  than  naturol 
caverns.  To  the  li:ft,  bi-yond  a  red  modem  figure  of  JLanumdn  tho 
monkey  god,  over  which  i«  an  old  cistern,  is  u  plain  rough  eavo 
whoHe  front  wall  and  pillurin  have  disapjM-'areil,  whose  floor  has 
been  broken  and  hollowed,  and  from  much  of  whose  sides  and  tup 
tho  original  surface  has  peeled.  Tho  cAve  was  about  28'  7"  square 
and  7'  10"  high.  Tho  front  of  Iho  i-ave  may  be  traced  by  the 
remains  nf  two  Bquai*e  pila^^ters  in  the  walls  and  by  tho  square 
capital  of  one  nf  tlie  pitlartt  which  is  stUl  viaiblo  iu  the  roof.  The 
three  aides  of  the  cave  were  surrounded  by  a  stoue  bcush  two 
feet  broad  and  one  foot  seven  inches  high.  Excepf  m  one  or 
two  places  tho  bench  has  disappeared  and  the  floor  is  rough  and 
une%*en  almost  like  a  notnral  cave.  The  whole  face  of  tho  _side 
walla  won  originally  covered  with  wntinf^  in  characters  of  about  n.r. 
100.  The  peeling  of  the  outer  surface  of  the  wall  bos  made  many 
blanks  and  spoiled  Lfao  meuning  of  a  good  deal  of  the  inscription, 
still    enough    is    left    to   place  the  general  seuae  beyond  doubt. 


Chapter 
Flaoes. 

Tripe, 
.^dna  Pom. 


DISTRICTS. 


Chaptsr  ZXT. 
Places. 

a,c.JOO. 


Tho  inscription  may  '()e  translated : 

Salutation  to  Dhamma  fPharma);  BtttataUon  to  Ind  apdra)imd 
■alutaltons  to  Samkamsana  (SAmkarftliana}  and  Va^ua*H.  to  th« 
iucx>Q  and  the  sun,  to  t^e  &re  and  the  wind,  to  the  ^ourgoda  or  the 
QuarterB.  YMnajYanma,  Ktibera.  and  vasava.' -The  great  princw, 
king  VedtBlri  rTedlahrij  ■  ■  .'.^  ....  ."patient  valiant,  whoie 
army  la  never  Wfflvd,  lord  of  Dakj^lnaDatha  (Dakablna'pstha) .  .  ■ 

the  great  waHrlor,  the  rurtherer  (deeoesdant)  of  tb* 

Anglya  ^^sflljii^jgMty.  the  first  wanior  on  the  earth  whioh  haa 
the  sea  CBc^ImI  motui  tains  for  iti  garments,  exoellent  perrormer 

of  aizteen  great  saoiifloee hla  {Vedlshri'si  Aither.  tha 

Ulmtrioua  king  with  his  imeen,  the  aon.giver.  boon-giver,  desire- 
fulfiller.  and  wealthgiver  of  the  chaste  (Sati'>  mother  of  Vedtolrt 
KV«diahri>  and  Slrlmitra  (8h£iHiHra\  the  llluatrloua  (queen) . .  .  - 
•xoellent,  oonforrlng  gr«atnaes  and  bl«nings.  faating  for  a  month, 
perfbrmlng  auaterltles  without  being  a  recluse,  obterring  a  curb 

over  the  aensea  {chanlm  hvttma  rAariytljra),   olever    In  initiation   (dit'^av, 

vowa  (iratci)  and  aacrttioee,  fragrant  with  the  oJCsriiiga   given  in 

•Borlflcea,  oonstaiit. performed  laorlflces. 

OMcrlptlon:  At  the  Agadheya  <*f*^  AUDItfliilBy*  naflrlflfffr,  gave  a 
(Ut  of  twelve  cowb  and  one  horae^!^u^^jiatabhanlra  <Sk. 

j^w'r*^^ht"*'^*^  sacrtace.  a  gift  of  eight  oowa . 

fperformed  the  Tj^j^peva  aacrlfloe).  gave  gifts  of  1700  cows  and  17 

elephants soventeen  into  aeventQer).  269  of  Sadabl  i 

<P>.  17  sliver  Jan at  the  lAahgap^j/^i^ai  saerlQoo 

with  great  preparations  and  pomp,  gave  gifts:  10,000  oowa,  1000 
OOWB,  (karsha'pana  oolns)  In  gifts  to  learned  Brahman  visitors 

.  "Tr.  .      12,  a  good  village,   24.'100   kamhapanaa  (a*  m\ 

regular  sacrlflcial)  gift  and  6000  karsha'panaa  to  learned,  fitt^'tuaan. 

visitors,  (performed  thei  Raia  (anya  aaoritioo.  gave  gifts) 

.  .  .  1700 ;  1  yoked  oart  fuli  of  jmn,  1  good  robe.  I  horse,  1  hors* 
chariot,  100  bullooks ;  performed  a  aecond  Ashvamedha  sacrifice  and 
gave  the  (following)  gifts;  1  horse  with  allver  ornaments,  IS  gold 
bracelets,  gave  in  gift  24,000  ka  raha  panas.   a  village,  elephant, 

(gave  in  gifU)  ao,000  oowa.  a  yoked  oart  full  of  grain, 

(portormed) t*o  eaorlfloe.  gave  In  gift  cows 

17  oows  with  calf of  the va'ja 

•aoriflca 17  she-goats,    (gold bracelet) 

gave  in  gift  to  learned  Brahman  vialtora  (20,000 

kalsfaa'panas) gave  (in  gift)  oows  .' slnl  (?)  12,  i 

horse  vrith  silver  ornaments,  gift  of  10,000  ka'rshapanas 

(gift)  oowa  ao.QQO:  paritarmsd  Qobh^^|^^^.^^|^^^|^.>«ri^^«^ 

gave  in  gift  oows  10,001,  performed  Qaratirlra|tn^  ■aoHace.  gift 

oows gave  to  iearnedj^^^g^visitora  301 

robes,  performed  the  nftga-mavann  mmrtflpw  gave  in  gift  1101  oows,* 

gave  in  gift  HOI  oowa,  to  leanied't 

Brahman  visitors  200   karsha'panaa.   100  robes i  performed  tha 

*'l?t^fTft'Mfc  IW'P"^  fl'^v"  ^  81ft 

Performed    the  Gava'mayana  saorifloe.   gave  In   gift  oows   1101. 

Performed  the sacrifice,  gave  in  gift  1101  oowa. 

Performed  the  Bh^j^yfTi >"*  aacrlfloe.  gave  in  gift  1101  oows  ..... 

Performed  tiie  . . . . 

1100  cows,    Ferformed  the  Ai^^t|Tfp^r^^| 


PerCormee 


sacrifice,  gave  In  gift , 
j^rlfioe,  gift  oowa' 


lOOa.      The     (jy 
Performed  the 
Performed  the 
Performed   the 
oowa 


aacrlfloa.  gift  oowb] 
4»orifloe.    gift    cows    1Q01,< 
\W,  gave  in  girt  1001  oowr.' 
ifloo.  gave  In  gift  oowa    lOOL 

fiatriratra  sam-lfloB    gave  In  gift 
ft  Jftifiafj^na  Bacrlfice,  gave  In  gift 

1001  cows gave  In  gin  lOOl  cows 

Performed  the aatra  sacritioe,  gave  in  gift  1001  oowi. 

Performed  the  Oava'mayMiaohtrtiYaea gave  in  glftl 

lOOO  COWB - ,  Performed  the ■  saorlfioe,  gav* 

In  gift  1001  OOWB, Trayodasha  (ratra)  -      ........ 

•    •  •     Trayodoabaratra  with  Tarahaiatra.  gave  in  gift  cowi 


I 


DtBtiani  tm gaT«  In  girt  1001  ocnra Morlfioe, 

gift ......  .  -    .  gave  gift. 

Id  tht;  back  a  niche  or  recess,  about  nlno  inches  deep,  began 
kbout  y  8"  from  the  east  wall  aud  coiitmucd  to  within  5  7"  of  the 
west  wall.  In  this  long  recess  thine  are  traeca  of  tiight  figures  or 
Btatuea  about  life-aizp.  Almost  nothing' ict  left  in  the  wall  to  show 
where  the  statues  atood  except  the  feet,  and  in  several  caaos  the 
fcot  are  worn  to  a  rounded  knob.  But  ncor  the  top  of  the  wall, 
obo%'e  each,  the  name  of  tlio  person  represented  is  curved  in  large 
letters.  The  Krst  figure  is  king  ^alavAhuna,  whose  feet  and  the 
end  of  a  woiatchith  I'lilUag^'twci'n  the  feet,  remain  about  1'  5" 
from  tlie  oast  wall.  The  next  figures  were  a  couple  of  statues  of 
queen  NAyanjka  and  king  S'Atakami.  Almost  no  trace  of  this 
couple  is  lef^,  but  a  slight  swelling  which  was  once  one  or  two  pairs 
of  lect  r  G'  and  2'  11"  from  the  foot  of  king  ^dtakami.  The 
fourth  figure,  whose  feet  con  be  dimly  traced  about  1'  10*  from, 
number  three  was  '  Prince  BhAya.'  Two  feet  one  inch  to  the  right 
are  a  pair  uf  feet,  whuttc  iu  not  known,  os  the  inscription  is  broken. 
The  sixth,  which  is  2'  5"  from  the  fifth,  waa  the  statue  of  Vir  or 
Yir  the  champion  and  saviour  of  the  Mariithits.  'I'hc  seventh,  of 
which  the  only  trace  is'  a  'rounded  knob  repivsenting  fcot  about 
2*  4"  from  Yir,  was  prince  liidtusri.  The  eighth  which  is  2' 
5"  farther  was  prince  S^atjvithana.  About  18"  beyond  S^iltav^- 
hana,  the  recess  ends  and  the  whole  of  the  wall  is  covered  with 
writing.  To  (he  left  or  south  of  the  rest-cave  is  a  cistern  5'  5'  brood 
and  about  7'  long,  half  of  it  jwssing  under  the  hill  side.  Close  by 
Je  a  second  cistern  0' X  4'  and  a  third  .5'x7,  ond  a  little  further  ou 
ore  throe  more,  3"  4' x  3\  3' U' x  2' 7",  and  3'4'x3'.  Above  the 
cisterns  is  o  view-seat,  18' 4*' X  11' 9%  and  a  small  seat  3'  G'x 
2*  4*  inside.  On  the  right  side  of  the  path,  opposite  the  inscription 
cave,  an  unfinished  cnvo  24'  6"x9'  4"  and  7'  high,  hns  a  recess 
about  4'  2"  in  the  back  wall.  A  few  paces  beyond  an  opening 
with  mud  and  water  is  about  9' x  II  10'  and  5'  1"  high.  Further 
on,  at  the  same  level,  are  several  more  cuttings,  but,  from  the 
force  of  the  soutli-wcst  monsoon,  their  front  walls  have  fallen  away 
and  they  now  diiler  little  from  natural  caverns.  Down  the  hill 
face  the  path  zigzags  sharply  between  two  great  walls  uf  rock. 
It  is  nave<l  with  irregular  slippery  stones  with,  at  intervals,  traces 
of  old  dressed  stones  or  worn  rock-cut  steps.  On  both  aides, 
every  now  and  again,  arc  small  pUiin  cisterns,  one  on  the  left  with 
traces  of  an  inucription  and  another  on  the  right  about  half  a 
mile  from  tlie  main  cuve  and  nearly  at  the  foot  of  the  crag  with  an 
inscription.^  For  hali' a  mile  further  the  path  continues  to  zigzag 
Bharply  down  u  very  steep  slope  at  the  toot  of  the  scarj)  till  it 
reaches  tho  under  slopes  which  are  thickly  wooded.  From  the 
beginning  of  the  woods,  and  still  better,  from  the  Shingaru  or 
Poal  about  a  mile  further,  is  a  splcfldid  view  of  the  great  tower- 
like overhanging  crag  of  ^'ana's  Thumb. 

The  following  account  of  the  Ndua  pass  from  the  Konkan  side  is 
repeated    from   the   Statistical   Account  of  ThiLna.^    I^toighat  or 


Chapter 
Places. 

JXJSSAH. 

Tcipa. 

A'dna  Pom. 

Slatuu. 

a.  c  ti 


^ 


1  :^««  Wlow  p.  323. 


3  Bomhty  G»m;it««r,  XIV.  286S9I. 


[Bombay  OauUeer.. 


lapter  XIV. 
Ftaces, 

Tripi. 
Aw. 


4 


DISTRIC'I'S. 


Niina'apass  in  Murbnd  nbout  seventy  miles  north-cast  of  Bombay  and 
about  forty  railca  cast  of  Kalyiln  station  on  tbe  Peuinsiila  railway,  ie 
a  frequented  pass  in  the  Suhyddri  hillEt  with  intcix'titiiig  ruinuins  luid^H 
inscriptiona  which  date  frum  bofuro  thn  Christian  era.  Though  Hte>e|^H 
and  hanl  to  climb,  the  N^na  pasa  is  tbe  natural  oullet  for  the  great 
commerce  which,  in  early  times,  centred  in  Junnar  abont  twenty 
milc«  to  the  south-east  and  in  Poithan  about  a  hundred  miles  to  the 
east  and  in  later  times  \\.x>.  i4yO-  lti30)  in  A hmaduatfar  about 
halfway  between  Paithan  and  Juanar.  In  t675  0r.  rryer.  who 
had  been  mJBguided  by  the  Aviipa  pua«  on  his  way  up,  came  but 
from  Junnar  by  what  he  calls  the  '  Nunny  Gaut,' and  explains  t 
mean  '  the  b'ttlB  hill,  in  respect  of  the  other  wliich  niounti-d  a 
prodigious  height  above  it.'  At  the  top  of  the  pass  Fryer  was  stopped 
by  a  drove  of  300  oxen  laden  with  salt.  After  an  hour's  standing 
in  the  sun  he  got  the  drivers  below  to  wait,  and  then  the  path  was 
cuay  *  being  uupplied  at  tit  distances  with  charitable  cistoma  nf  good 
water,  and,  towards  the  bottom,  adorned  with  beautiful  woods/  ' 

At  the  beginning  of  British  rule  ( 1818)  the  NAna  piws  was  in  fair 
order,  with  a  uaved  way  which  was  supposed  to  have  been  made  b 
Nana  Fadnavis  (l7i5t  -  ISOO).  In  l8ly  it  was  among  the  pafWice 
which,  in  the  Collector's  opinion,  dc»on*ed  to  be  kept  in  repair* 
Though  the  opening,  first  of  high  road--  '  l^'■^>0- 1840)  and  ufterM'ards 
of  railways  (I808- 18G5),  haa  djuwii  t'l  iln  Xi^iLj^a  in  the  north, 
and  to  the  IWjwiPsJn  the  south, The  bulk  of  Oie  trade  between  the 
DeiX!au  and  the  coast,  a  cx>ii8ideRible  passenger  and  grain  and  salt 
traffic  still  c-entres  in  the  NanA  pass'*  which,  howoror,  is  not  passable 
for  cart«. 

At  the  foot  of  the  pass,  which  is  about  twenty  miles  cast  of  Murbdd, 
is  the  village  of  Vau^^ra,  vaishya  griha,  the  merchants'  or  huttband* 
men's  dwelling  plSoe^^ith  a  small  river  called  the  Kanikhera  o 
the  gold-bearer,  wUoBe  source  is  tuiid  to  be  in  three  springs  which 
rise  in  the  hills   on  either  gide  of  the  pose.     A  little  to  the  east  of 
VaiBAgra  is  it«  suburb  PardhAnpAda  or  the  minister's  vUlage.     From 
here  luc  ascent  begins  with  a  gentle  rise,  and  passes  up,  through 
thick  forest,  about  a  milo  and  a  half,  to  a  tableland  called  Shnnfiiru  or 
the  Fold,  where,  near  two  |>ool8  of  water  (one  of  them  niughlybuilt), 
travellers  and  loade<l  animals  rest.     At  Shingani  a  road   brauehett  to 
the  left  to  Puly  ^onAlfl-     This,  of  which  an  account  is  given  lat*>r  on, 
was    once    the    favourite    route   but   is   now   seldom    used.     From 
Shingani  is  a  rise   of  about  o  mile  and  a  half.    Over  the  tablelan 
hangs  the  great  wall  of  the  Sahyfidrifl,  from  whoso  level  top  shoo 
forth  the  bore  thumb-like  pinnacle  of  rock  locally  known  as  iVdnac" 
Auijiha  or    K Ana's    Thumb.     The  west    or  Konkan    face  of    the 
thumb  is  a  sheer  cliff  but  the  east  or  Deccan    face  falls  with  a 
gradual  slope.     The  valley  to  the  left  or  south  of  the   thumb   \» 


N 


called  Gana  ;  the  voCey  to  the^right  or  north  is  called  NSna. 
people  say  that  NAna  and  Ouna  were  two  brothers,  who  wore 


>  Giwi  Iiulia  and  Terua,  141. 

'  Mr.  Marriott  to  liovenunt-nt,  2ytli  S«p.  I8I9,  KcTenuo  Diary  144  of  1S19. 

■  Ooooaouta,  ric«.  lalt,  §ngar  aad  Bugarcaady  go  tn  the  Deccan,   and   niyru 
c^illiea.  cotton  auod,  cotton,  vegutabln,  popper,  m»1  wheat  come  to  Uie  KookftU.  See 
above  p.  144. 


5m  ^      I 
ndfl 

he^ 
1  a 
\» 

Tha , 

askoH 

»«_   Kan         I 


'I 


■ 


>r  ft  It^ing  of  Junnur  to  moke  &  rood  from  the  Eonkan  to  his  capitoL 
At  the  brothers'  roquoat  it  was  iigreed  that  the  jkws  which  was  lirst 
finuhed  fthould  be  uitod  and  be  eallt>d  by  the  name  of  the  brother 
who  made  it.  Both  began  work  on  the  Konkan  side,  each  up  ono  of 
the  vttlloys  that  flank  the  thumb.  Guna's  path  had  an  easy  slope, 
but,  at  Ihc  end  of  the  year,  it  wod  little  more  than  begun  :  Nilna's  was 
a  ateep  roufjrh  track,  but  it  was  iuii^hed,  and,  aa  he  had  prouiiaed, 
the  king  was  8atis5ed  and  called  it  by  Xiina'ti  name.  The  Nana  paaa 
ia  thp.  OUR  ordinarily  utu'd,  for  the  Guna  paH8,  though  at  first  easier 
thAQ  the  NAna  pas8,  is  afterwards  very  steep  and  dinteult. 

The  Ndna  track  climbs  a  steep  slope  in  zigzags  of  undressed  stone 
vhich  scorn  to  have  once  been  rock-cut  steps,  of  which  broken  or  worn 
traoefl  remain.  Ou  either  side  of  the  path  the  hills  rise  thickly 
oorered  with  trees,  and,  at  intervals,  seats  and  cisterns  or  reservoirs 
are  cut  in  the  ^o(^k.  About  a  mile  above  Shingam,  on  the  left,  near 
a  vdvla  or  Ulmus  integrifolia  tree,  is  a  two-mouthed  cistern  much 
like  the  cistern  marked  No.  a  at  the  Kanheri  caves.  It  is  very 
deep,  but  is  drj'  and  choked  with  rubbish.  In  front  of  the  recess  is 
aa  inscription,  which,  iu  letters  of  the  first  or  second  century  after 
Chrisli  records  that  tlie  cistern  was  cut  by  a  merchant  named 
Damaghosh  uf  Kiimavau  in  the  thirteenth  year  of  Chulur^iama 
Sffttakami  son  of  Vasishthi.  A  little  further  to  the  left  is  a 
reservoir  with  clear  limpid  water,  and  near  it  a  rest-seat  cut  in 
the  rock  with  an  inscription  of  one  line,  stating,  in  letters  of 
abont  the  first  or  second  centui-y  after  Christ,  that  the  seat  was 
cut  by  one  tiovinducMs  of  Supiira.  A  little  further  on  the  right 
are  several  small  cisterns  without  writing  and  of  no  siK'cial  interest. 
Further  on,  a  little  Im'Iow  the  crest  of  the  jmibs,  is  a  cistern  filled 
with  mod,  and  in  tlie  recess  above  it  are  traces  of  letters  enough 
to  show  that  there  was  an  inscription.  Beyond  this,  to  the  right, 
»pe  other  smaller  cLstcma 

The  old  road  from  the  Koukun  to  the  Shingaru  plateau  come 
from  the  south  by  the  \-illugc  of  Pulu  Son$lu.  This  path  ia  now 
little  used  except  by  persons  going  to  Pulu  SuniUa.  Aioug  it 
are  some  royk-cut  cisterns,  and  at  wie  beginning  of  tho  ascent, 
nt  a  place  called  Oaneshthal  or  Ganesh's  Plateau,  is  a  stone  box 
of  the  same  size  as  the  jar  at  the  crest  of  the  XAna  pass,  but 
st^nare  instead  of  round.  The  fact  that  it  also  is  called  jaA;<i^icAa 
nmian  or  the  toll-jar  supports  the  theory  that  both  were  used  for 
couecting  money.  Near  the  jar  are  some  ruins  probably  of  a  rest 
or  toll-house.  A  little  further,  to  the  south,  is  Pulu  SonAla  village 
with  Brdhmanical -looking  caves  in  the  hill  slopes  four  miles  to  the 
east.  The  way  to  the  eaves  is  veiy  difficult,  and,  except  one  large 
diunber,  there  is  nothing  of  sufficient  interest  to  repay  tho  trouble 
of  the  climb.  It  is  not  easy  to  say  to  what  scot  tho  caves  belonged. 
A  ftculpturod  image  of  the  goddess 'Maliifehumardini  or  theBunalo- 
slayiug  Devi,  set  as  an  uruamcat  un  a  pillar  in  the  largo  chamber, 
proves  that  tho  sculptors  were  neither  Buddhists  nor  Vaiahnavs. 
In  tt  rouess  in  the  back  of  the  chamber,  near  where,  in  other 
CATOfl,  the  object  of  worship  is  generally  placed,  is  a  cellar  much 
like  a  cistern.     But  this  is  not  the  proper  place  for  a  cisterD,  nor 


Chapter 
FlacM. 

Tri[w. 
^Utia  Ptui. 


tftpter  XI7- 

JONKAJk 

Tripi. 
JSdmaPtm. 


^¥orw. 


has  it  any  water  channel  to  feed  it.  Cellars  like  thio  wore  chiefly 
used  as  places  of  meditaiioQ  by  foUowertf  of  the  Yoga  system,  and 
it  is  probable  that  the  ascetic  for  whom  this  c-ave  was  made 
belonged  to  the  Yoga  sect.  There  is  no  iascription  in  the  care, 
but  the  form  of  the  pillars  seems  older  than  the  eighth  century. 

"Whatever  be  the  origin  of  the  story  of  the  brothers  N^ina  and 
Guna,  it  ia  curious  to  find  the  name  Nunaguna  in  Piolcmy. 
Ptolemy  mentions  Nanoguna  thrice,  each  time  as  the  name  of  a 
river.  In  one  passage  the  sources  of  the  Naguna  or  Wauaguna 
are  said  to  be  from  mount  Auindu,  where  the  hill  ia  cleft  towards 
the  (jaoris  and  the  Rinda.'  The  second  passage  runs  *  About  the 
Nanoguna  are  the  Phyllitse  and  the  Bitti/='  and  the  third  is 
'The  mouth  of  the  Nnnagunn  river.'  In  Ptolemy's  list  of  names 
on  the  Konkan  cooBt,*  the  mouth  of  the  Nanoguna  river  comes 
for  south  in  Piratc-Arioke,  that  is  in  Ratmigiri.  The  source  of 
the  Nanagima  is  also  curried  far  cast,  half  across  the  continent 
to  the  Vindhya  mountains.  At  the  same  time,  not  far  from  the 
west  coast,  south  of  Xjisik  and  cast  of  Sopdra,  close  to  tl 
actual  position  of  the  N^n^h^t,  the  lines  of  the  Nanaguna,  tl 
Binda  or  Bossein  creek,  and  the  Gaoris  river  or  Vaitama,  are  madt 
to  join.  This,  and  the  phrase  'A\Tiercthe  hill  is  cleft  towards  the 
Gaoris  and  Binda  rivers,'  suggest  that  Ptolemy  may  have  been  told 
that  the  great  si  ream  of  trade,  from  the  coast  to  the  inland  mnrta 
of  Paithan  and  Tagur,  flowed  along  three  lines,  wliich  centered  in 
N anaguna  where  the  hill  was  cleft.  And  that  from  this  Ptolemy 
thought  that  Nanagima  wasa  river,  the  same  river  on  which  Paithan 
was  built. 

For  1-jOO  years  after  Ptolemy  no  reference  to  the  Ndndghdt  has 
been  traced.  In  1673  Fryer  referred  to  it  and  to  its  cisterns.  In 
1828  Colonel  Sykes  noticed  its  excavations  and  cistcnis,  and  gave  a 
rough  copy  of  its  inscriptions.  In  1838  Prinsep  tried  to  decipher 
Colonel  iSvkes*  copy  of  the  large  inscription  in  the  chamber. 
In  1854  Dr.  Stevenson  noticed  the  large  inscription,  and  made 
obser^'ations  on  some  words  from  it.  In  1876  Pandit  Bbngviinldl 
wrote  a  paper  on  ancient  N^gari  numeration  from  the  numerals  in 
the  large  mscription,  and  in  another  paper,  in  1877,  he  translated 
the  inscriptions  above  the  figures  in.  the  recess  in  the  back  wall  o^^ 
the  large  chamber. ^M 


ad^ 


Strongly  placed  in  a  rich  country  on  the  N^a  pass  route,  with  a 
good  climate  and  farilitips  for  trade,  Junnar  appears  to  bo  a  very 
early  settlement.  The  hundred  and  thirty-fivc  caves  in  the  three 
liills  which  enclose  it  w^th  their  thir^-tivo  inscriptions  show  that 
Junnar  was  a  great  Buddhist  centre  and  had  easy  communication 
with  KalyAn  in  Thana,  apparently  by  the  Niina  pass)  and  with  Broach 
in  Gujarit.  One  of  the  inscriptions  records  a  gift  by  a  minister  of 
the  Paithan  Kshatrapa  Naba^nn_(A.u.lO  ?)  from  which"  Professor 
Bhinddrkar  believes  that  Junnar  may  have  been   the   capital  of 


The   Gaoris  is  probably  the  Vutama,  mo  called  from 
town  of  Gonh  in  V'lUla,  and  the  Binda  the  BhAyndu'  or  Boawin  oreck. 


» Bertina'  Ptolemy,  204. 
>wn  of  Gonh  in  Vdda,  an 
>Dertiua'  Ptoluny,  204. 


■BertlQi'  Ptolcm}-,  108. 


I 


H       UG 

m 

I 


Nahapiina.'  Nothing  is  known  of  Junnar  till  the  eleventh  twoUEtb 
and  thirteenth  oenlurics  to  which  pcriorl  belonf?  the  HemAdpaati 
temples  nud  wcUh  whose  rfiuoius  oro  found  in  and  near  the  wty.' 
About  this  lime,  us  the  style  of  the  reservoirs  on  lis  lop  and  the 
defaced  rotk-t-iit  hpures  of  HanmnAn  and  GauesU  ut  the  beginning 
of  it«  rock-cut  stjiire  un  tho  JuJinar  fueu  show,  Shivner  fort  appears 
to  havo  been  held  bv  the  Yadavs  of  Devyri  or  I)uuhilitbod 
(1170-1.318)."  In  114:3' thcleadJDg  Bahmoni  noble  Mnlik-ul-Tujdr 
Becured  Shivuer  fort  and  sent  Bevural  detaehment^  from  Jmmar  into 
the  Konkan.*  Junnur  waa  also  at  this  time  the  hoad-quartcrs  of  tho 
Koli  heod  eaptain  or  mruiiikj  »l»poiiited  by  the  Habumnift  to  euutrul 
the  Kolis  and  other  w-iTd  tribes  of  tho  tSahy^dri  MAvoIs.^  Atwut 
1470  tlic  Uu6Rian  traveller  Athiinasius  Kikitin  came  from  Cheul  to 
Junnar  in  twenty-four  days  by  what  appears  to  have  been  the 
Pinipri  paas.*  The  town  stood  on  a  »touy  iwlaiid,  no  human  hands 
built  it ;  God  made  the  town  :  a  narrow  road  which  it  took  a  dav  to 
climb,  broad  enough  for  only  one  man  ut  a  time,  I«l  up  the  Kill. 
At  Junnar  lived  Aaat  KliAn  a  tributary  of  Midik  TuchAr,  that  is 
ilalik-uI-Tujar,  the  governor  of  Daulatabad.  Auat  Khan  held  seven 
of  Ma lik-ul-Tu jar's  twenty-seven  tmas  that  is  tkdnds  or  poets. 
Kikilin  wintered,  that  is  pasecd  tho  rains,  at  Junnar  Gviug 
there  for  two  months.  For  four  months  day  and  nipht  there  was 
nothing  but  rain  mid  tViriJ  J^Xhoxii  14^i■J  Malik  Ahmad,  the  founder 
the  N'iziini  Shfihi  dynat^n'  (1490-1(136),  was  iippoinlwl  maiuiger 
KiJKini-ul-MuIkV  new  estates  in  the  North  Demmand  niuiloJunnor 
fais  head-quarters.  The  Maniiha  commandant  of  Shivner  refused  to 
give  up  tho  fort  on  the  plea  that  the  king  was  a  boy  and  that 
chuuu;e8  of  estates  and  forte  should  not  be  mado  till  ho  came  of  a^. 
Malik  Ahmad  attacked  the  fort,  and  after  u  long  Bicf^  the  garrison 
Burrcmlrred  with  their  swonls  round  their  necks  and  dressed  in 
shroudH.  The  capture  of  Sliivner  was  of  the^^rijatost  imjiortance 
to  Malik  Ahmad  iifl  five  y^rs^  revenue  of  Maharashtra  was  stored 
in  the  fort.  The  treasure  enabled  Ahmad  to  make  rich  presents  to 
his  officers  and  troojw  and  helped  him  to  secure  all  the  places  of 
stTODgtb  in  west  and  south-west  Poona.*  On  his  father's  assassinatiDn 
in  1480  Malik  Ahmad,  who  was  besieging  Kdjpuri  in  Janjira,  returned 
lo  Jimnar,  assumed  the  title  of  Nizdm-ul-MuIk  Bhairi,  and  set 
himst^'lf  to  improve  the  country.  As  ilalik  A\hmad  ha<.l  practically 
throTi-n  ofi"  his  allegiance,  Miilmiud  Shiih  Buhmaui  II.  (14S;i  -  1 518) 
order<Ml  Yusuf  Add  KhAu  of  Bijiipur  and  the  commandant  of  Ch^kan, 
about  thirty  miles  south-east  of  Junnar,  to  attack  him.  Ahmad  tried  but 
failed  to  win  to  his  eide  the  Cluikon  commandant.  As  the  Bahmoni 
army  wae  advancing  oguinst  him.  Ahmad  left  his  family  in  Shivner 


Chapter 
Places- 

.1  tm  N  A  B, 
Uitlc 


•  Bh4nd<rkar'«  Eorlv  Deccan  HiBtorj-,  22.  I'ojMlit  Ohagvinliil  (Jour.  Bom.  Br.  Roy. 
A*  Soo.  XUI.  17)  Uitntilics  Junnur  with  tlic  Tngiir  of  t\w  t|gyptijui  geographer 
PUilunr  (AD  I.V)]  ruu)  the  tiroiT);  niitlioi  of  Uie  I'tnplua  f  A.D. '.M'i ).  UuC  lur  txuvuai 
given  aImvc,  I'ftii  II.  p.  'Jll.  t4ie  uU-ntilicatioii  tiocit  imt  epeiii  likely. 

)  8m  above  p.  14S.  To  about  tbi>  timv  bvloug  the  Jsin  additiooB  in  tho  M&nmoda 
CKvea.    8*0  alrovo  p.  \li). 

«  3m  above  p.  |89.  Compare  Briggs'  FcriBlita.II.438.        *  Brij;y;s'  rcrUhta,  11.436. 

'  Jour,  IkiiD.  irt,Q.  SiM!.  I.  KW.  *  S«o  below  XavlAkh  Uniltrc. 

'  MajoM  Uvha.  in  XV.  Cuiitury  :  Kikitiu,  9.  Nikitiu'a  detaiU  of  the  state  of  thfl 
ooiuiU-5aiuitbepooplflare^TSoinPftr(ILpp.21S*U19.     "  Brigg«' Feriahta,  101, 196. 

8  666-Se 


[Bombay  GaMtteen 


lapter  ZIV 
Placet. 

JOXKAR. 
HUUrrp. 


DISTRICTS. 

antt  marchml  to  meet  the  BBhmani  force.  He  took  Chdkan,  anc 
from  OhAkan  ho  mnrchod  ajjuitiHt  and  d*'featp<i  the  Bahmani  iirroy. 
lie  returned  to  Junnar  and  busied  liimself  with  iinprovinp  th«^H 
internal  management  of  his  tcrritorv.'  In  l49y  Ahmad'e  sistei's^B 
the  wite  of  tho  commuudunt  of  IJaulatabad,  came  to  Junnar 
tttrnphiimng  of  the  murder  of  her  husband  and  son.  Malik  Iwsluged 
Daulatabnd  for  two  mouihe  without  success  and  returned  to  Junnar.' 
In  14fl-l  Ahmad  moved  hia  capital  from  Junnar  to  his  newb 
founded  city  of  Ahmndnaf^ir.'  tn  1529  Uurluin  Nizjim,  the  seeom 
Niziim  ShAhi  king  (l.OO'^-  1553),  sustained  a  defeat  from  the  troo[ 
of  Bah/idur  Shtih  of  GujanSt  (152&- 1535)  and  retired  to  Junnar. 
In  15G2  Hui-aia  ^izdm  Sh^h  the  third  Ahmadnagar  king  ( lOS-J 


1565),  purjue<l  by  Rdm  Rjija  "f  Vijoynagar  {1511  -  loG.5)  and  J 
Adil  Su^h  of  Bijripur  (1557  -  15S0)  retired  to  the  Juunar  hilla  ami 


employed  hia  troops  to  lay  waste  the  districts  of  Junnar  an 
Purandhar.'*  In  1504  on  the  atieoaeion  of  Murtaza  Xixdm  Shiih,  tl; 
fourth  Ahmadnagar  king,  his  (second  brother  8hAh  Raidni  w 
plawwl  in  confinement  at  Shi%'ner  fort."  In  1595  king  rtuhada. 
K^iz/mi  II.  (155)5-  1G05)  ennobled  a  MarAthn  named  MAloji  Bhonsla 
tho  grandfather  of  fShiviiii,  onrichod  him  with  the  estates  OTJdtjirs 
of  Poona  and  Supa  and  tho  charge  of  tho  forte  and  districts  of 
Bhivncr  and  Chrikun.'  In  1605,  with  the  decline  of  Moghal 
power  in  the  Dcccun,  Malik  Ambar  raised  Murtaza  Ni7.&m  II. 
(1605  •  1631)  to  the  throne,  Hucceciled  in  recovering  Junnar,  and 
made  it  the  head-qua rl**rs  of  a  etato,  which  inclmled   tlie   greater 

Sart  of  the  former  possessions  of  Ahmadnagar.'^  In  one  of  her 
ights  ShiviVji's  mother  Jijibiii  came  to  Junnar  on  the  17th  of  May 
16*Jt>'  and  in  1627,  in  Shivner  fort,  Jijibiii  gave  birth  to  Shivflii 
the  founder  of  the  Murntha  empire.'"'  In  16^7  as  Shdh&ji 
dcelinod  to  enter  Itijdpur  serWce  and  u:ive  up  Junnar  and  other 
fortresses  to  the  Mughals,  M^hmud  of  Bijdpur  (162l>  -  Kiuti)  helped 
tho  Moghal  general  RunduUa  Kh^n  to  overcome  Sliahaji  who 
eventually  agnx^d  to  enter  IJijapur  service  and  give  up  Junnar  and 
other  Poona  forts."  About  1650  tlie  Kolia  of  north-west  Poona 
rose  in  rebelhon.  A  Moghal  army  was  sent  into  the  hills,  the  hill 
forts  wore  strengthonod  and  garrisoned,  the  E.oIis  were  hunted 
down  and  either  made  prisoners  or  slaughtered.  The  prisoners 
were  taken  to  Junnar  aud  ihcir  heads  cut  otf  and  piled  iu  a  pyramid 
nnd  a  platform  built  over  them  which  is  still  known  as  the  tiluek 
Platform  or  ATti/rt  C'/mf/Z/trd.'*  In  May  1657  8hivaji  surprised  and 
plundered  Junnar  in  a  night  attack  and  carried  olF  about  £110,000 
(3  Idlihn  of  pagodan)  in  cash,  200  horsea,  valuable  clotli,  and 
other  articles."  In  1663,  after  Hh&tste  Khan's  surprise  in  Poo 
diy,  strong  detachments  were  left  at  Chdkan  and  Junnar  and  tb 
main  body  of  the  Moghal  army  retired  to  Aurangabud.*'    In   167 


I 


)  Briggv'  PerishU,  in.  195. 

■  Briggs'  FerialitA,  III.  202. 

►Lwwri..  rv,  214. 

'8oo  Hw-t  II.  p.  222. 

"  Wilk*'  South  of  India,  I.  71.  ,  „„..  „  „.„-«., 

"  Grant  DufTti  \UriUii»,  (S3  ;  Elliot  ud  Dowsoo,  VH.  6a 

"Captain  Mnchiiitosli  ia  Tmts.  Bom.  O90.  Soc.  I.  241*242. 

"  Groat  Dura  Marithto,  73.  »  Cnwt  DulTs  Martthis,  88.89, 


»  Brings'  Ferinhto,  1 U .  200. 
•Britr^'a'  PeriahtA,  il.3r>3. 
"  Bri^'fl"  Fi  rifiliU,  III.  271. 
*  Oraiit  Diir*  .MarAthia,  43. 
**  Uratit  Vaff'n  Marithd*.  66. 


DBCcaa] 


POONA 


Shiv&ji  mode  on  tmsucoessfal  attempt  on  Shivner.'  In  1075  Shivdji 
made  another  unsuccessful  ottompt  on  Sliivner  his  birthplace  which 
wna  nei-er  dfstiuwl  to  fall  iulo  his  Imuds.-    About  this  time  the 


services  of  iho  Kuglish  physit-ian  and   traveller  fVver  ' 
by  the  Moghul  governor  of  Jminoi*  or,  aa  he  rafflntTTyt'neah. 


I 


were  sought 

stftrtcd  from  Bombay  on  St.  George's  Day,  the  i.'Jid  of  April  ic'73, 
and  reached  Junnar  on  the  30th  of  April  having  passed  by  Kalj-dn 
Uurbdd  and  the  steep  AvApn  pass.  On  the  first  of  May  1G73  I'Vycr 
waited  on  the  governor  of  Jimnar  city  in  his  catitle,  that  i&  in  tlio 
city  fort  or  kut  where  the  mauilutdiir's  offiii*  now  is.  It  was  large 
but  made  with  a  wall  of  raw  briek  serviug  to  secure  cuttle  us  well  as 
men.'  The  governor's  mansion  was  in  the  middle  of  the  enclosure 
eurrounded  by  a  green  q^uadrangle  of  trees  and  plants.  In  the  chief 
hall  or  choultry  was  the  governor  with  his  great  men  on  his  right. 
The  governor  sat  bolstered  with  embroidered  cushions  smoking  a 
hubble-bubble,  with  a  rich  sword  and  buckler  laid  in  froul  of  bim, 
and  a  page  holdiug  a  bow  and  arrows  in  the  Turkish  fashion.  The 
floor  was  spread  with  a  Boft  bud  with  a  Hue  sheet  drawn  over  it. 
Fryer  took  oiT  his  shoes  and  was  seated  on  the  governor's  left. 
.  Fryer  had  been  asked  to  Junnar  by  the  governor  to  see  one  of  his 
"WiTes  who  wiw  sick.  On  the  first  lucky  day  after  his  arrival  he  was 
t  for  to  the  ladies*  quarters  which  were  opposite  to  the  governor's 
eption  room,  and  in  which  lived  four  wives  and  more  than  300 
concubines.  Au  old  gentlewoman,  with  a  tiffany  veil,  the  govemant 
of  the  women's  quarters,  made  many  trips  back  and  forward^  and  at 
last  Fryer  and  his  linguist  were  allowed  in.  The  old  lady  clapped 
ber  hands  and  led  him  through  a  long  dark  passage  with  rooms  on 
either  side.  In  an  airy  room  was  a  bed  which  was  completely 
surrounded  by  silk  curtains.  Fryer  wbm  told  to  put  his  hand 
through  the  curtains  and  feel  the  patient's  pulse.  Fryer  foimd  the 
hand  soimd  and  free  from  disease  and  told  them  the  putieut  was 
well.  They  were  pleased  us  they  hud  put  a  healthy  slave  iii  the  bed 
to  try  Fryer's  skul.  He  then  felt  the  wife's  hand  languid  and 
wrak  and  parsed  sentence.  The  ludies  were  much  pleased  with  hia 
skill  and  next  day  he  was  called  in  to  bleed  another  of  the  wivQS. 
A  curtain  was  drawn  across  the  room  and  an  arm  held  forth  at  a 
hole.  But  there  were  many  of  the  women  behind  the  curtain  and 
as  they  pressed  forward  to  have  a  peep  at  the  doctor,  the  curtain 
gave  way  and  the  whole  bevy  fluttere*!  like  so  many  birds  when  a 
net  is  cast  over  them.  Still  none  of  them  sought  to  escape,  but, 
feigning  a  shamefaoedness,  kept  on  looking  through  the  wide  lattice 
€if  their  (ingera.  The  lady  Fryer  had  by  the  arm  was  a  plump 
ruRset  dame,  and  after  the  bleeding  was  over  summoned  the  rest  of 
her  blood  into  her  cheeks  and  ordered  the  eurtain  to  be  again  hung 
op.  She  poured  a  golden  shower  nf  pagodas  on  the  blood  which 
Fryer  made  his  man  fish  for.  The  lilies  were  clothed  like  men  ; 
in-iloors  they  went  in  their  hair,  that  is  bareheaded,  and  abroad  with 


>  Onnt  Doff's  Mu^h^  lia 

*1~:ruit  DttlTs  MaritJiAa,  119.  Orme  (Historical  Fra^«nts,  47],  mantions  tlut 
8btvij)  KDt  two  of  hit  men  to  surpriM  ^ivncr.  'Yhey  gftt  to  tho  top  but  yron 
ducuvcred  and  tL«  tuiial  defuac«  of  tollinK  •lovm  atunca  piled  from  iho  top  dispencd 
Ui«  AMuIiinla.  *  'ilK  i>r«»eut  w«ll  miut  thorefon  be  Mftrtth*. 


Chaptsr ' 
Places. 

Jus.NAa. 

IlUtory. 


[Bombay  Qazetteel 


upter  XIV 
Places- 
JunvAtt, 

HiMory. 

1673. 


DISTRICTS. 


vcUb.  Like  the  Gypsy  or  Kgyptian  Cleopatra  of  old  thev  oxe: 
ihoir  ears  and  noses  with  weighty  jewels.  Tbey  Bwuiea  to  lead  a 
pleasant  lifo.  They  Imd  singing  wenches  to  amuse  them  and  were 
not  unemployed,  pealing  mangoeft  and  other  fruitH,  making  pickles, 
and  doing  tino  samples  of  needle  work.^  Fryer  found  Shi^Tier  or 
Jeneahgad  the  only  fort  left  to  the  Moghols.  There  was  a 
coiuiuandant  of  the'  fort,  a  Ur&KnuiQ,  who  had  turned  Musalm^^ 
who  never  went  further  than  the  fool  of  the  bill  and  a  governor 
the  town  and  (liKtriet  with  u  nominal  foruu  of  17,000  horse  and  30 
foot,  but  an  efi'eetive  strength  of  not  more  than  half  that  numb 
Most  of  the  horse  were  Moghals  and  naost  of  the  foot  were  (iontoi 
The  governor  lived  in  the  fortified  garden  in  which  the  niiimla 
and  other  Government  offices  are  now  placed.  There  was 
security  in  Junnur.  The  walls  of  the  town  were  broken  down 
though  the  gates  remained.  Trmlc  had  fled,  though  the  city  was 
well  placed  for  coarsK;  chiuiz  ami  line  la^vn,  and  hud  plenty  of  eottoa 
ground  and  good  wheat  land  but  the  tiulds  were  no  sooner  sown 
than  they  were  burnt  by  the  ^lan&thi^s.  The  ploughmen  and 
weavers  h»d  tied  Iikt>  the  traders.  Not  one  rich  landholder  was  to 
be  heard  of  within  seven  or  eight  davs'  journey.  Provisions  were 
the  only  things  otfered  for  sale  and  tliese  the  military  forced  the 
eountrv  people  to  bring  in.  Even  the  strong  body  of  troops  could 
not  hold  their  own  with  Itic  Marathns.  The  Moghals  at  Juuuar 
seemed  encamped  rather  than  fortified.  If  Shivdji  eume  in  force 
they  ded  to  the  main  anny  which  was  stationed  three  days  off  ai 
Pwlgaon  in  Ahmadiiagar.'  Shivaji  was  very  anxious  to  take  Shivn 
not  only  Iweause  of  its  strength  and  importance  but  because  it  w 
his  birthplace.  An  attempt  had  lately  been  made  and  was  near! 
euccessfui. 

In  May  (1673)  Fryer  paid  a  visit  to  the  invincible  Out 
Jencah  or  Junn&r  that  is  iShivner  fort.  The  governor  of  the 
asked  Fryer  to  visit  hira  either  on  the  liill  top  or  in  his  ganlen 
below,  which  was  thi-  pi-eseribed  limit  of  his  walk.  Frver  said  ho 
wouhl  visit  him  on  the  hill  top,  and  the  governor's  brother  and  an 
ingenuous  Moghal  with  four  palanquins  were  sent  to  eseort  him.  They 
travelled  two  miles  to  (he  foot  of  the  bill  where  was  a  garrison  or 
fortified  town,  walled  'vith  strong  watches,  a  troop  of  oUO  horse  and 
000  camels,  and  liugc  stacks  of  hay  and  com,  for  their  droves  of 
beasts  were  shelterwl  heix-  at  night.  Shivdji  had  often  diatressrd 
this  town  and  put  them  to  rout.  The  fort  on  the  hill  top  ft-aa  safe. 
No  one  could  reach  it  except  by  seven  winding  gates  which  were 
very  strong  and  able  to  clear  one  another  as  they  rose,  and  the  way 
lined  with  murderors  ami  defended  with  good  piecea  of  ordnance. 
The  path  was  composed  of  slippery  marble  steps,  cut  out  of  the  shining 
rock,  as  smooth  as  glass  and  reflecting  the  sun  as  brightly  as  glass. 
Biding  was  painful  and  keeping  state  in  a  palnnnjuin  required  a  strong 
back  us  the  jHilanquin  was  carried  bolt  upright.  After  he  had 
mounted  near  a  hundred  stops  Fryer  was  received  into  the  neck  of  the 


<  Rs»t  ladU  and  Venit,  132-133. 

'This  is  rwl^miu  aUi'UL   forty  niilos   south    of  AhuiadimKnr   whi'cli    from   167*2   Ui 
Klioitt   ITIu  wns  Mtie   of  the  pHiicip&l  abtioiw    of  the  Moi^liftl  nrrny.    Comi 
Abmiuloagitr  t<UtUtic«l  Account,  Bombay  (Sauttecr.  XVIL  700,  73.1. 


I 


CMile  which  van  collared  vnih  a  "wnW  and  fumishnd  with  a  gate  of 
excellent  work  and  strenglh  filled  with  wIdierH.  From  the  ne<;k  of 
the  caetlc  an  cosy  osc^-'nt  led  to  a  level  circiis  where  the  infantry 
were  trained.  Uoic  wore  conapicuous  and  finely  built  tomba  w 
former  kings  und  a  mosque  of  pulished  marble  where  the  gurruioa 
went  on  fcalivuls,^  As  no  housiw  were  ahle  to  stand  tho  heat  and 
the  Btorras  of  the  hill  top,  the  eastern  side  of  the  hill  was  most 
inhabited  as  the  central  hill  ttip  tnheltercd  it  like  a  bank.  They 
lived  in  little  low  huts^  the  governor  in  a  pretty  neat  dwelling 
fenced  with  ti-eos,  tho  only  trees  on  tho  hill  top.  Tho  governor, 
■who  wos  a  Brahman  who  hud  turned  Musalmdn,  was  a  lover  of 
Franks  and  was  most  friendly  to  Fryer.  He  let  him  go  all  round 
the  castle.  Fryer  was  shown  a  place  which  Shiv^ji*s  men  hud 
lately  tried  to  scale.  The  garrison  hud  fled  hearing  that  ShivAji 
was  coming  with  a  grt*at  army  and  only  tho  governor  and  some 
women  we^re  left.  Two  of  the  men  managed  to  reach  the  hill  top, 
hat  a  stone  falling  by  chance  kept  back  the  rest  and  the  governor 
ond  tho  women  hurled  the  two  men  down  the  mountain.  Tho  hill 
top  had  seven  years'  provisions  for  a  thoufwind  families.  It  was  full 
of  granaries  hewn  out  of  stone,  Fryer  suppased  at  first  for  itligion'a 
«ake  as  they  were  ItJo  delicately  L-ngraved  for  their  present  use. 
There  were  several  cislorus  fiUod  with  butter  400  years  old,  a  black 
stinking  and  viscous  balsam,  which  the  gentiles  prized  as  high  aa 
gold  for  aehes  and  soi^e-eves.  The  water  cistenis  looked  nastily 
green  yellow  and  rod.  There  was  no  ammunition  but  stones.  Tho 
only  pieces  of  ordnance  were,  at  the  iwo  ends  of  the  hill,  a  narrow 
bored  brass  jalccr  twenty-two  feet  long  mishapen  and  of  Gcntoo 
mould,  on  a  huge  winding  cairiage.  One  of  these  guns  about  four 
months  before  fired  at  random  into  Shivllji's  camp  and  killed  a 
Riija  about  three  miles  ofl".  No  horse  or  elephant  could  elimb  to 
the  hill  top.  The  garrison  was  1000  swordsmen  and  the  chief 
gunner  was  a  Portugucao  half-caste.  On  the  top  of  the  hill  in  a 
wretched  dwelling  was  a  Dutch  apostate  enjoying  a  pair  of  wives 
the  miserable  tools  who  had  brought  him  to  this  lamentable 
condition.  He  wos  despised  ond  slighted  by  all,  the  usual  fate  of 
Christiunf^  who  endure  circumcision.  The  governor  received  Fryer 
in  u  chauiber  in  his  house  which  was  hung  with  checkered  green 
and  red  velvet.  He  was  atl'ablo  in  mouner  und  surrounded  by  a 
grave  retinue.  His  name  was  Hagress  Cauu,  or  Uafiz  Khtln, 
originally  a  Brahman  now  a  strict  Musalmiln.  He  had  been 
gwemor  of  Junnar  city  but  oppressed  the  people  being  of  covetous 
numour.  He  had  a  liberal  pension  and  no  expenses.  Shivdji  hud 
laN'ly  tried  to  get  him  to  betray  his  trust.  Hagress  Caun  took 
mountains  of  gold  and  sent  word  to  Bahfldur  KhAn  that  Shivdji 
WHS  going  to  attempt  to  take  Shi^Tier  and  the  besieging  force  was 
cauj;ht  iu  ambuscade  and  put  to  Higljt.  At  parting  he  gave  Fryer 
a  Kashmir  buw-riug  a  charm  against  thunder.  Fryer  was  well 
itertaioed  by  Nixam  Beg,  a  relation  of  the  governor's,  poor  but 
a  generous  open  temper  but  neither  jealous  nor  Uizy  as  most  Moors 


Chapter 
Flaoes- 

Jc.HfiAU. 

UiAtorjf. 
UTX 


I  Ik  won  from  thia  that  the  bulldioa  iu  tbv  •octh-wut  oomcr  of  tlia  tuQ  u« 


iapter  XIV. 
Places- 

J  UN  NAB. 
Frffr, 


liry 


ore.     ITe  was  a  gdoA  Persian  and  Arabic  Bchoiar,  and  akilled  in 
handicrafts  which  lie  hiul  boen  taught  by  Kuropcuns.    Ho  was  a  great 
lover   of  Franks  or  Europeans.     He   rer<^ivecl    Fryer   in   an    airy 
banqueting  room,  amused  him  with  (binces  and  with  a  jester  or  mimic 
and  with  bis  own  hand  eciTcd  him  with  stows  and  baked  meats.* 

Fryer  noticed  on  the  top  of  Shivner  hill  many  places  cut  in 
rock  then  uslhI  aa  gi-uuaricu,  but  in  his  opinion  owing  their  orl;^ 
to  religion  as  tliey  wore  too  finely  engraven  for  their  present  work.' 
On  his  way  down  he  saw  many  dens  and  caverns  fondly  believed  to 
be  carved  and  cut  out  of  the  rock  by  some  divine  jwwer  having  no- 
account  of  their  original.  Fryer  thongbt  them  indeed  miraculous, 
the  work  of  the  pious  zeal  of  former  ages  in  uDdisturbed  tranquillity, 
thinking  the  greatest  labour  too  little  to  express  their  love  to  a  deity. 
The  passages  to  the  caves  weiX'  dilHcult  and  they  were  unprovided 
with  human  necessaries.' 

Fryer  set  apart  a  day  to  take  notice  of  the  adjacent  raritici 
The  chief  of  Oiese  was  a  city  called  Bungenese,  that  is  Q 
Dongar,  aa  old  and  us  fine  work  as  the  Kanheri  caves  in  SfHsette^^ 
cut  out  of  a.  mountain  rock  witli  a  temple  and  other  spacious  halls. 
Both  for  water  and  for  other  refreshments  it  was  in  no  way  inforio 
to  Konheri  and  it  wn»  much  more  entire.  Time  hod  not  dealt 
cruelly  with  it ;  the  lines  of  ile  ruined  beauty  might  still  be  read 
thuugh  in  old  characters.  Still  it  was  desolate  ;  a  home  for  bats  and  , 
for  was}>s,  to  diMurb  which  was  dangerous,  being  overgrown  an^^B 
desperately  revengefiil.^  ^H 

Fryer  notices  that  the  Moghals  are  inclinable  to  the  like  credulity 
with  the  Gentoos.  They  point  out  a  mount  where  undoubtedly 
Solomon  gave  audit  to  the  two  women  who  claimed  the  same  cbila. 
It  bears  the  name  of  Tocta  Scheibnun  that  is  Takhta  SuUmdni, 
Solomon's  Throne.* 

Fryer  went  to  see  a  ruined  palace  where  Aurangzeb,  the  presen^^f 
emperor,  was  hospitably   received  in  his  falliL-r's  reign  and  liviHl  iflV 
pretended  fukir.''      He  also  mentions  a  garden   left  by   a  common 
strumpet  with  a  noble  tomb   built  in  remembrance  of  her  with  a 
well  belonging  to  a  lovely  spring  which  by  aqueducts  supplied   tho 
city  with  water."  ^^ 

tn  liJM  Aurangzeb  ordered  thdnda  or  posts  to  bo  placed  in  th^H 
country  between  Junuar  and  Sinhgad.  lu  1700  Ai^nmgzeb  halted  ' 
7i  mouths  near  Juuuor  before  he  marched  tuwurds  Uijapur.'  In 
1716  ShAhu  demanded  Shivner  fort  frtwu  the  Mogbols.**  In  1762^ 
Shivner  was  among  the  territory  which  Raghunathrav  offered  to  the 
11  oghul  army  which  defeated  Miidhavniv,  the  fourth  Posh  wu 
n7til  -  1772)  midway  between  Poona  and  Ahniiidnagar."  In  1777 
Balvantriiv  Bede,  the  brothei"-in-Iaw  of  Nana  Fudnavis.  treacherously 
seized  and  killed  five  outlaws  at  Junnar.  Balvantriiv  was  haunted 
by  tho  ghoste  of  tho  murdered  mon  and,  to  regain  his  trun(^uillity. 


*  Ibsi  lodia  and  I'cnU,  13A-138.        *  But  India  nnd  Persia.  in7-138, 
■  Eart  IndiA  and  I'ftrnU,  134  •  135.         *  Kuit  ludia  itii<t  Wimiv,  139. 

*  East  Indin  anil  t'orein,  l^.  '  EMt  Liitlin  niid  Pcrain,  I'M. 
'(irant  DuITb  MaritlilB,  178;  Elliot  aod  Donjon,  VII.  379. 

"  Gnuit  DufTV  MarALli&is  197.  *  Graot  DufTs  UarAtMa,  326. 


I 


I 


he  built  0  temple  near  Junnar,  and  in  it,  aa  the  object  of  worship, 
eot  five  stones  or  jmnch  Hugs  rfpresentiug  tlio  five  Kolis  lie  had 
executed.'  In  a  revenue  atatoment  o£  about  1790  Juner  is  men- 
tioned oa  the  head  of  a  sarhir  of  twpniy-thrce  pargauds  with  a  total 
ftjvenue  of  £lKl,43t  (Ks.  14,64,-338)  and  a  sub-tU visional  revenue 
of  i:.38,342  (R«.  3,83,4-20).  The  limits  of  the  Junuar  mrkiir 
apparently  extended  from  Pamor  in  Ahmarlnagur  to  Saavad  in 
Poona.-  In  17y3  NAna  Fodnavis  removed  fldjirav  and  ChimnAji 
Appa,  the  two  sons  of  lUighundthrav,  from  confinement  at 
Kojiargaon  and  Nriaik  to  Jmiuur  where,  uceording  to  the  locol  story, 
they  were  kept  in  close  custody  in  the  gajhi  now  used  for  the  sub- 
diviHion  revenue  and  jmlice  om(.M>8.^  On  Peshwa  Madhavrdv  II.'s 
death  in  1795  Parshurim  Bhdu  went  to  Junnar  and  offered  the 
Peahwaship  to  BAjii-iv.  Parshnram  Ithdu  held  a  cow  by  the  tail 
and  swore  by  the  Godiivari,  and  Uiljirilv  was  satisfied  and  went  with 
him  to  Poono.^  In  June  1814  Mr.  lilphinatonc  \'ii(ited  the  '  town  nnd 
rich  valley  of  Joouore,  with  the  aearped  fort  of  Shconnroo  over  the 
town.'  lie  went  up  the  Ganesh  Lena  hill  and  saw  the  caves.* 
In  Novemlier  1817  UAjirav  Peshwa,  flj-ing  from  Mdhuli  in  Siitiira 
and  Pandharpur  in  8hol:tpur,  came  to  Juiinar  among  whose  hills 
he  hoped  Triuibakji  Denglin  would  make  him  safe.  At  the  end  of 
Dpcemlier,  finding  no  safety  in  Junnar,  Biijirdv  fled  south  to  Poona.' 
In  the  war  which  foUowod  with  the  PesUwo  a  detachment  under 
Major  Eldridge  came  to  Junnar  ou  the  20th  of  May  !8I8.  Both 
the  mud  fort*  of  Junnar  and  Shivner  were  deserted  and  taken 
possei^aion  of  by  Lleutfnanl  White  of  the  Ist  Auxiliary  Battalion  on 
the  night  of  the  2l8t  AnnabhAi  Kattikar,  the  commandant  of 
ShiMier,  had  tlod  to  Hadsar  fort,  ten  miles  west  of  Junnar,  where  he 
was  taken."  A  battalion  of  Bombay  Native  Infantry,  two  six- 
pounders,  and  a  party  of  Captain  Swanston's  Ilorso  were  kept  at 
Junnar."  In  1827  Cuptwin  Cluues  notices  Junnar  as  a  sub-divisional 
head-quarters  with  3000  huuscs.*  lu  1828  Junnar  had  some  fruit 
gardens,  a  ^eod  local  market,  and  a  population  of  not  over  8000.^°  In 
l!J4l  Dr.  Uibsun,  Conservator  of  Forests,  believing  that  Shivuer  would 
be  a  hot  weather  heal Oi -resort,  as  it  was  then  mtended  to  huvo  a 
central  Sahyidri  railway  along  the  Mfllsej  jtass,  with  the  help  of 
four  Chinese  convicts  planted  a  nureerj'  of  200  exotic  trees  on  the 
top  uf  Shivner  fort.*'  In  the  1845  disturbances  of  RAghoji  Bh^ngria 
a  deinchment  of  Native  Infantry  was  quartered  at  Junnar.'- 

Kadus,  on  the  Kamaudalu  a  feeder  of  the  Bhimo,  six  milM  north* 
west  of  Klied,  is  a  large  alienated  village,  with  in  1872  a  population  of 
3437  and  in  1881  of  3G71.  A  weekly  morket  is  held  on  Wtidnesday. 
To  the  west  of  the  town  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kamandalu  are  small 
Bhrincfl  of    Mahddev,  and  near   the  shrines   is  a  rude  and  massive 


Chapter  XIV. 

Places. 

Hiatc 


'  Trttun.  Rim.  (icog.  ,«.iic.  1.  256.        '  Wuring^s  MttrAthia,  240. 


■  Urikiit  Duff  »  M.irlthas,  520.  See  above  p.  147.         '  See  PaLrt  II.  p. 
•■  Colcbrooko's  Kk.liiiiiitijtic,  I.  281.     •  Oraiit  Duff'*  Maritluia,  Gia. 
'  PmdhAri  aiKl  AlAritba  War  Papcn,  393-394. 
•  Blacker'i  .Muratlha  War,  31.%.  •  Ilinerary,  16. 

'"  Mr.  IVinKle,  Otli  S'lpUjinbiT  1828,  in  Lilhognphed  Paper*. 
"  Fwna  CoiltcUirs  92i!0  of  21tt  U«oeaibM-  188S.  Sm  Part  II.  p.  76. 
donmhci  ou  the  bilL  S«q  above  p.  IS8.  "  See  Part  IL  p.  306. 


272. 


The  olive  abiU 


laptor  XIV. 
Places. 

KiuiUL 


KAku. 


[Bombay  Oatettet 


DISTRICTS. 


IDKiLA. 


t<>mpIo  of  Bhairav  called  Siddheehvar.     A  fair  attcndc<l  by  10( 
people  i»  held  at  tho  tcmplo   on  the   tonth  of  the  bright  half 
Chnitra  or  March -April. 

Ka'lamb  ir  a  small  village  on  the  Poona-Jiinnar  road  aboal 
thirteen  miles  south-east  of  Khed  and  four  miles  north  of  Manchar.  In 
1814.  according  to  SirT.E,  Colebrookc,  Mr.  Elphinstone noted coTes 
in  tho  hills  round  'Kullum'  many  of  them  difficult  of  accesR  and  some 
with  insciipiions.*  He  di'scribes  them  as  very  handsome.  A  careful 
search  in  the  hills  round  Killamb  shows  no  trace  of  caves  and  the 
people  of  Kalumb  knmv  nothing-  of  cave«.  Apparently  a  mistake 
has  been  made  in  extrairting  Irom  Mr.  Klphinstone's  diiiry.  It  is 
difficult  to  say  whether  the  caves  visited  by  Mr.  Klphinstone  were 
the  Mttnmoda  group  to  the  south-east  of  Jimnar  with  forty-five  eaves 
and  nineteen  inscriptions  or  the  Shelfirvfidi  group  with  six  caves 
and  one  inscription. 

KalaS  village,  fifteen  miles  north-west  of  Ind^pur,  with  in  188J 
a  pofiuhition  of  1066,  has  a  weekly  market  on  Tuesday. 

Karde,  a  market  town  of  2074  people,  stands  in  u  plain  amon( 
smuli  hills,  six  miles  south  of  Sirur.  Kurdo  is  a  large  trade 
centre  with  about  190  merchants  ahoi)ket'pcrs  and  moneylenders. 
The  trn<le  is  chitfiy  in  grain  and  other  artieles  from  the  ni-ighbour- 
ing  Wllagcs  or  from  the  Bala  GhAt  in  the  north-eaitt.  The  grain 
is  sent  to  Poona,  Junnar,  and  other  market  towns.  Karde  is  th( 
largest  cattle  and  money  centre  in  tho  Sinir  sub-division  and  is  mm 
frequented  by  distant  traders. 

Ka'rle    in    Mdval,  six   miles    west     of  Khadkiila,    is    a    smi 
village  of  7^)  people  with  a  station  on  the   Peninsula  railway  anrl  a 
public    works    bungalow.     A   weekly   market    is  held  on  Friday. 
About  two  miles  north  of  KArle,  within  the  limits  of  VehArgaon 
village,  is  a  noted  gi-oup  of  Buddhist  oaves  details  of  which  arc  givo^g 
below  under  Vehilrgaon.  ^H 

In  1817  Karle  was  the  scone  of  the  capture  of  the  Yaughah 
brothers  who  were  hanged  at  Taleguon.-  In  1827  Captain  Chines 
notices  Kfirle  with  forty-two  houses  eight  shops  and  a  tank.* 

Kavte,  a  largo  village,  twelve  miles  north-west  of  Sirur,  with 
1881  a  popidution  of  206,%  has  u  weekly  market  on  Thursday. 

Kondur,  on  the  Vel  a  feeder  of  the  Bliimu,  about  twenty  milca 
south-wi'Ht.  of  Simr,  is  a  large  market  to^vn,  with  in  1881  ajiKJpuiutioi 
of  298i>.     The  weekly  market  is  held  on    Monday.     The  eeconc 
Peshwa  BAjiriiv  Biiliji  (1721-1740)  granted  Kendur  to  his  favourit 
mistress   SlastAni.*      To  the  east  of  the  town  is  the  tomb  of 
Musftlmin  saint  "Wali-BAwa  where  a  small  fair  or  urun,  attendt 
by  500  people,  is  held  on  tho  bright  foui-th   of  (Jftaiti-a  or  March' 
A!pril.       The  tomb  eujovs  a    grunt    of    loud   assessed  at  4tf.  Oc 
(l(s.2J).  "        . 

Khadkala,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Indr^yani  thirty  mik 
north-west  of  Pcx>nQ.  is  the  heod-quartcrs  of  the  Miival  sub-divisiozil 


ie 

rs, 

r- 
ain 
th(^ 

'i 


les 

I 


t  Colebnwke'a  KlpliiuBtane.  1.  283.  *  8ee  I>elow  Talegaoa  IMbhide. 

'  Itioenry,  10. 

*  Dct«il«  of  Mut^bAi,  better  known  as  MiurMni,  ve  givea  belovr  uuiler  Fibftl  uui 
PoODa  object* , 


I 

I 

I 


I 


with  a  railway  station  ami  iu  1881  a  jjopulation  oE  810.  Though  » 
small  village  KbuJkala,  uu  account  of  its  central  poeition  and  the 
nearuess  of  the  railwtiy,  liaA  beon  made  the  hoad-quarten  of  a  sub- 
division. Not  far  from  the  railway  elation  is  a  rest-house  for  native 
travollcrs.  The  1880  railway  returns  showed  26.9'21  passengers 
and  739  tons  of  goods. 

Khaada'la.  north  latitude  18"  4C'  and  east  longitude  76^  23',  in 
a  hollow  about  1787  feet  above  the  in<&  and  200  below  the  crest  of  the 
Sahyadri  bUls,  forty-two  miles  north-west  of  Puona,  is  a  station  on  the 
PcojuHula  railway,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  30G9.  The  Khanddia 
hollow  highlands  to  the  oa^t  south  and  west,  slope  north-west  to  the 
wild  gorges  of  the  Paraha  anil  Flhas  nver:^.  To  the  north  is  the 
wild  gorpe  of  the  Ulhjls,  to  the  east  rows  of  low  ridgen  that,  running 
nearly  north  and  south,  part  the  t'lhaa  and  the  Indrayani,  to  the 
aouth  the  iihoma-Umbari  hills,  and  to  the  west  a  long  flat  spur 
that  strctehce  north  into  the  ITlhas  ravine.  Besides  by  the  slopes 
tbat  lead  to  the  HUouia-Umbari  hills  and  to  the  wcst«ru  spur,  the 
level  of  the  Kluiud&la  hollow  is  broken  by  several  knolls  crowned 
by  cuHuarinas,  mangoes,  hamhtHn,  jdmbhtifs,  and  other  forest  trees;  It 
is  seoniod  by  the  beds  of  torrents  that  cut  their  way  north  from 
the  sleep  sides  of  ilie  Bhoma  range  \o  ihe  UlhAs  ravine;  and  it  is 
oroesed  from  north  to  south  by  the  IViiiusula  railway  and  fruiu  south- 
«Mt  to  north-we«t  by  the  IJombay-Poona  high  rood.  Houses  ore 
dotted  over  almost  the  whole  of  the  Khandalu  hollow.  European 
and  PArsi  dwelliuj^s  hold  most  of  the  higher  sites  and  the  houses 
of  the  village  are  scattered  over  foui-  huiulets.  the  old  ail-o  and  the 
Hhars'  quarters  on  rising:  ground  to  the  south  of  the  iiulway,  a 
group  of  tanners  or  Chilmbhilj's'  luits  some  way  to  the  cast,  and  the 
new  suburb  now  the  main  ^-illagc  lining  the  Hombay  road  near  the 
centre  of  the  hollow.  Between  the  new  vdlogc  and  tho  western  sptir 
is  a  large  reservoir. 

North  ond  east,  beyond  the  wild  gorge  of  the  t'lhas.  stretch 
waving  grassy  uplands,  sprinkled  with  ti'ees  and  with  patches  of 
brushwuixl  and  hill  tillage.  To  Ihe  north,  behind  the  tipluuds,  rise 
the  bare  tops  and  slopes  of  the  doublc*pcaked  Rujiuachi,  and  the 
more  distant  flat  crest  of  Dhtik,  and,  nearer  to  the  east,  the  turner 
elopes  of  ihe  Gira  or  Tungarli  bills.  To  the  south-east  tho  spurs 
that  part  the  Ulhfis  and  Indrdyani  rise  towaids  the  south  and  join 
the  east  end  of  the  Bhoma-Uioburi  range  which  stretches  about  two 
miles  from  east  to  west  at  from  300  to  oOO  feet  above  Khandula, 
rising  from  the  Vajiri  pass  in  the  centre,  cast  into  the  Bhoma 
plateau  and  west  into  the  bare  bluff  of  Umbari.  In  the  extreme 
south-west,  behind  Umbari,  stands  tlie  sharp  clear-cut  clitf  knon-n  as 
the  Duke's  Nose  or  ydgphani  that  is  the  Cobra's  Hood.'  Except 
the  two  long  spurs  at  the  ends  and  the  gentle  rise  to  the  Vajiri  puss* 

_  ■ 

■  Tht  Ukftnem  in  tbo  ontline  of  tliu  rock  to  the  Duko  oi  Wolliitgt«n'a  notn,  tho  head 
lying  bac-k  oa  lh«  In'll  niilc,  jk  >i««t  iic«n  from  near  LonAvla.  Tho  ovcrhangiBfl  puJnt 
»nd  Aide  mcha  wbich  make  the  peak  luok  liko  a  culira  in  act  to  Btrikv  aro  aaiu  to  b« 
but  Meo  fi-om  D«ar  lihupivli  or  CninpoH  at  t4ic  mouth  of  tho  Bor  poxa. 

'  The  VaiiTi  \ia.m»  uWvn  it«  namB  froiu  Vriji  Dcv.  a  red-Miieared  stnno,  whicll,  on  the 
INiMdays  of  Atiuidh  or  Juns-July  la  worahipjjoil  with  ou«oasDta  and  t,TUii. 

■  860—30 


Chapter  XIv 

Dtacriptivn. 


I  Bombay  Gazel 


234 


UlSTKICTS. 


mptCTXIV. 
PUcea. 

DeseriptioH. 


Stock. 


Ptopte. 


ill  tlie  niitldle,  the  north  face  of  the  Bhomn-TTmbari  rnnge,  furrowi 
from  cn-ai  to  bai*e  by  linos  of  deeji  cut  ptiv»m  beds,  is  in  pla 
thick  with  bnmhwood  and  smoU  timber,  and  in  the  less  bI 
and  more  opca  bIoik'8  is  coverwl  willi  gVMs  which  remains  g 
or  a  rich  brown  oi'tcr  the  other  hill-aiiles  uro  bleached  tind  ba 
To  the  west  the  eiiur  thut  stretches  from  the  foot  of  the  Umbari  eli 
north  to  the  Ulhaa  ravine  has  ita  creat  covered  with  buildinga 
dwellings  with  groves  and  rows  of  trees,  two  low  flal-roofid  blot-ka 
of  barracks,  and  an  Knglish  chapel.  Eepedally  in  the  soft  mornmg 
and  evening  aide-lights  Khanddla  commands  beautjfid  views 
down  the  Parana  and  Ulhiis  ravines.  From  the  grassy  thinly-wooded 
create  the  ravines  fall  down  bare  withered  slopes  or  in  sheer  nieged 
cliffs,  through  gentler  bush-clad  banks  or  terruces  and  cool  deep- 
wooded  dolls,  into  the  sheer  widla  of  rotk  that  overhang  the  stTeam 
beds.  Further  od,  as  the  gorges  join  luid  broudeu  into  a  valley,  tiie 
stream  winds  slightly  lo  the  ctust  round  the  broad  hose  of  Beruu  or 
Nfilh  I'athdr  whoso  withered  and  rocky  upper  slopes  end  in  a  broad 
coppice-covered  plateau,  <Towned  near  the  west  by  two  grassy  kno, 
Skirting  the  base  of  Behmn  the  deep  wooded  valley  and  lower  slo 
of  the  Inhas,  Iightonc<l  by  grassy  gladcs>  streteh  north  till  in 
distance  the  valley  is  crossed  by  a  spur  from  TlAjraiiclii 
Kxcopt  that  their  crests  burn  from  yellow  to  white  or  red,  that  tbft 
mo**c6  of  fuliugc  in  the  valley  and  lower  slopes  grow  tliinner,  the 
brown  grassy  gliules  whiten  and  Ihestivnius  slowly  rundi-y,  Ihelorger 
ravines  that  are  deft  down  to  the  Konkan  keep  their  main  fenturca 
unchanged  throughout  tho  fair  season.  On  the  other  band  tho 
uplands  and  shallnw^  Decean  valleys  which,  during  the  rainy  months 
are  a  onc-tontd  green  and  in  the  dry  season  are  bleached  and  yellow, 
are  f idl  ol  colour  in  October.  Tlie  deep  grass,  white  only  on  stw^p  rocky 
sIo{>es,  juisses  through  bright  or  pale  yellow  and  gentle  or  ruddy  brown 
in  the  deeper  soiletl  uphnids,  lo  the  softest  green  ia  hollows  and 
Btruun  beds.  In  the  valleya  and  lowlands  the  harvested  rice  plot«, 
still  moist  and  soft,  are  gay  with  small  grasses  and  marsh  flowers ; 
other  uni*ca|x'd  rioo  fields  arc  masses  of  gold  or  white  framed  by  ImM 
of  brown-griiy  grat«  ;  while  in  tho  darapcr  hollows,  floodixl  from  some 
tiny  chaim^el,  are  beds  of  late  rice  with  gray  nodding  plumes  and 
sharp  (juiveriug  leaves  of  the  brightest  green. 

Of  the  280    KhondAla  houses  seventy-five  are  of  the  first  class, 
foity-five  of  the  ftit-ond,  and  ItiO  of  the  third  chisa.     Of  these,  olev. 
are  on  the  original   village  site,  eleven  iu  the  Mhars'  quarters,  f 
in  the  Chilmbhars*  hamlet,  and  the  rest  in  the  new  suburb  or  scatte 
over  the  hollow. 

The  stock  returns  show  thirty-four  bullocks.  120  cows,  and  fortf 
builulocs  thirty-five  of  them  female  and  five  male,  five  horses,  and 
fifty-eight  sheep  and  gnats.  There  are  nine  two-bulloek  ploughs,  and 
six  buUoi'k  carts  and  one  rkliug  cart.  The  fields,  chiefly  in  the 
upper  valleys  to  the  east,  yield  rice,  luigti,  vari,  and  siha. 

Among  tho  5t)5  people  of  the  village  proper,  besides  Mariitha  Brdh- 
maus  and  Kunbis  are  an  Osval  ShrAvA,  three  families  of  I.tngAyat 
Vania,  two  Pardeshis  one  a  Thakur  the  other  a  man  of  low  caste, 
two  Sonirs,  a  LohAr,  a  KiUAr,  a  Nimdev  Shimpi,  aKIillvi,  a  li^"*^ 


OSS, 

1 


Dec«ui. 


POONA. 


£35 


I 
I 


I 


two  Fuj^ri  Eolie,  and  several  families  of  Chimbh&ra  and  Mh^ra. 
There  are  nine  liousca  of  Musolmiins  and  one  or  two  of  Christians. 
Ktiropcuna  and  Parnis  vi^it  the  villugu  in  tho  fair  eeauon  but  none 
stay  during  the  whole  year.  There  are  nine  .iihops.  three  kept  by 
LingAyat  vAnis  j^rocers  and  grain-dealers,  one  by  a  Miirwar  Vilni  a 
graiii-dealer  and  moneylender,  one  by  a  tailor,  two  by  goldsuiitha, 
and  two  liquor-aUopa  one  for  European  the  other  for  nalive  fermented 
liquor. 

During  the  fair  season  twenty  or  thirty  buUock-earta  pass  up  and 
down  the  liotubuy  road  diuly,  besidea  a  few  ponies  and  some  droves 
of  piiek  bullocks.  The  eartmen  are  Decean  Kunbis,  Tclis,  and 
Musalm^nsj  belonging  ehiofly  to  Poona  and  Ahmadnagar.  They 
moke  threo  or  four  tripsin  the  fair  season,  taking  wheat,  millet,  oil, 
butler,  onions,  potutoca,  row  sugar,  cotton, /:"///i/,  adye  enlled  tarvat^ 
pepper,  and  coriuuder  seed  ;  and  bringing  buek  chiefly  suit  from 
Punvel  and  Pen  and  tu  a  Inns  extent  rice,  date,  and  eneounula.  The 
bullo<'k  packmen  are  ehieily  Lamana  from  the  eastern  Deccun  w*ho 
take  millet,  wheat,  and  Un.«eed  and  bring  back  salt  which  is  the  only 
article  it  pays  them  to  carry.  They  make  two  trips  a  year.  Ponies, 
belonging  chiefly  to  Eunbis  and  MusolmAn  Bdgbdns,  take  betel-leaf  or 
pan  to  Pen  imd  Panvel  and  come  back  either  empty  or  with  lowla  of 
dried  hsh.  These  pouiea  make  about  two  trips  a  month.  Men  are 
Hometimes  met  <:arrying  headlouils  of  groin,  chiefly  ricx;  and  niigli. 
Thev  are  almost  all  M  uHalmuns  and  Eunuta  and  enme  from  Ehopivli, 
Karjat,  and  other  villages  near  the  foot  of  the  Saliy^dris. 

The  railway  station,  in  the  south-east  of  the  Ehanddla  hollow,  is 
surrounded  on  the  euft  south  and  west  by  ridges,  hills,  and  wooded 
knolls.  Nurthwanb  the  country  is  open  rising  in  the  distance  into 
four  chief  hills,  tlio  nearer  and  lower  spurs  of  the  QiraorTungilrli 
hills  in  the  east,  tlio  flat  top  of  Dhtik  and  the  double  peaka  of  Rai- 
tnArhi  to  the  north,  and  the  wooded  knoll-t^rowned  plateau  of  Nath 
Father  or  lleran  to  tlie  north-west.  From  the  station  the  road  rims 
north  for  about  150  yards  to  the  Bombay  road  which  stretches  in  a 
wimewhat  irregular  line  north-west  to  the  ereat  of  the  IJor  pass. 
Almost  the  whole  of  Kbnndala  lies  to  the  west  of  the  station  and  the 
Bombay  rood,  between  the  point  where  they  join  luid  the  barrack 
ridge  in  the  west.  The  only  parts  of  the  villuge  that  lie  beyond 
tliese  limits  are  the  old  village  site  and  Mhara'  quarters  on  rising 
ground  to  the  south  of  the  railway  :  to  the  east  three  dwellings,  two 
on  high  ground  almost  a  mile  towards  Lon&vla  and  a  third  smaller 
and  lower  about  half  as  far  ;  and  in  a  hollow,  a  few  yards  east  uloug 
the  Poona  road,  u  cluster  of  Ch&mbhars'  huts.  To  the  north  of  the 
point  where  tlie  railway  and  the  Bombay  road  meet  are  three  small 
dwellings,  and,  a  little  to  the  west,  on  a  bare  plateau  that  stretches 
north  to  the  edge  of  the  Paraha  ravine  are  the  travellers'  bungalow^ 
and  two  small  hotiaea  one  used  as  an  hotel.  On  the  flat  ground 
across  the  Paraha  ravine  to  the  nortb  of  the  traveUera*  bungalow 


Chapter 
Places. 


4 


TracU. 


I  Tli«  cliJirgu  otthe  traroller*'  bungalow  are  2«.  (R«.  I)  Tor  one  room  for  a  rlay  and 
tiightiinil  U.  (8<M.)[oroae  room  fur  r  ilay.  Thorciaain(MutL>uiari<l  m«monger.  The 
nif  inf"'«  boartliiig  ubargM  arc.  bceidM  wine,  for  a  hot  tireakbwt  or  lunctieou  2f. 
lRe.1),  for  a  cold  breakiasior  tunohaon  Is.  6(/.  (l^fw.),  otid  fordmnerS*.  (Rs.l^). 


[Bombay  Oantti 


236 


DISTRICTS. 


lapt«r  XIV. 
Places. 

KUAKDALA 


reached  from  tbo  Poona  road,  acroes  the  little  wooded  ra>'m(!  wbej 
the  Dhobui  wash,  traces  of  a  cleaml  carriagp  way  and  several  houi 
plinths  wK'in  to  mark  the  site  of  the  struw-built  shed,  built  hy  ^fr. 
Elpliinstone,  and  often  visited  by  him  when  Governor  of  Bombay 
(1819-1827).  The  house  stands  close  to  the  edge  of  the  rocky 
precipice  skirting  the  Paraha  ravine  and  commands  a  fiue  view  west 
and  south  to  the  KhaudAhi  plateuu.'  About  a  hundred  yarile  to  the 
weBt  of  the  travellerB*  bungalow  is  a  pyrumid-shape<l  »toiie  monument 
to  Mr.  Graham  the  bolanist.*  A  few  yards  to  the  east  of  Graham's 
monument  are  two  umall  tombs,  one  T*-ith  a  flat,  the  other  with  nn 
upright  stone.'  Further  north  where  the  ground  fftlls  into  u  lower 
plateau  is  a  flat  etone  about  two  feet  from  the  ground  4^  long  and 
three  broad  with  a  I'aised  central  square  block  on  which  a  pair  of  foot- 
prints are  carved.  This  stone  marks  the  grave  of  a  Hindu  mason  or 
Cravandi  who  died  while  the  railwuy  was  being  made. 

To  the  west  of  the  etatiou,  the  Bombay  road  pawes,  with  the  poet 
office  on  the  right  and  a  wocxled  knoll  on  the  left,  through  new 


*  Colonel  J.  White,  U.E.  As  evly  u  IBll  Mr.  Elphinstone  bad  found  out  ths 
ebann  of  Khftu<l&Is.  In  December  1811  (I'nlebrookH'x  KIpliiiistoDc.  I.  S43)  b«  wroM  : 
Thfl  deep  svlitudv  nf  llir-xv  viillcys,  [([iparently  shut  from  nil  inaiikitiil,  tliA  lulenoe 
diiftttrbca  only  by  the  wkvtng  ot  branchva,  luid  the  |>icturo«iuv  ari-iiiigemoiit  of  cr&gi 
and  woods,  rtsvau  deligbtfal  ideM  uud  Ifrsd  to  tlie  (uioy  <<(  liaity))'  liocn  Bjicnt  m  tn« 
flnjoymeniof  the  pleaaurw  of  the  itnnsinntion.  In  ^ejitemuvr  If^HS  {OiMinmVv'a 
Elphinataoe,  II,  247)  he  nruttt  from  Kh&ndillii :  I  have  thu  momiDg  ri<ld»u  from 
Panvel  on  to  my  Wii|^aluw  hate;  I  am  iiuw  in  my  mom  witldii  three  Btt-pa  of  the 
cliff,  My  window  ii  immediitely  over  it.  It  has  l>een  rainii)};  and  thin  viouds  arc 
atill  aailuifi  u)»  the  chaam.  >ak  Tuner  u  in  sight  over  a  cloud  which  covora  the 
whole  (>r  tlio  top  of  the  KhandaU  hill.  Thn  cascaile  though  uot  futl  ia  iu 
baanty  and  the  lound  of  it  is  the  only  one  beard. 

)  The  inacription  runa :  To 

John  Qroham,  SSaqr.. 

Doputy  Post  Master  Genarol  of  Bombar, 

Ab  Active  Orlffmslor,  Warm  Supporter,  and  AocompUahed  SCember 

of  the  Afrricultural  Sociot?  of  Western  India. 

Born  at  Wealkirk  on  Eak  1805 

Diod  at  KanOuUa  26tb  May  1839. 

Brooied  br  his  oumeroua  Frionds  throughoat  thia  Preaidaney 

In  CO  mm  em  oration  of 

The  manr  Bstimsble  qualiUeafor  wbichhe  waadiatinguiahedinaU  the  roUtioaa 

of  Private  Life  and 

The  nntirlmt  eaortloa  to  obligo  for  which  bo  wan  not   leaa  Oonapiououa  In 

Oiaoharge  of  hie  Official  Funotlona 

And  In  token  of  their  bisb  eenaa 

of  hia  DIalnterosted  Laboura  and  Valuable  Contribution! 

In  the  oause  of  Sotauioal  Boience. 

*  The  whting  on  the  flat  stone  nina  : 

Sao  rod 

To  tlie  Memorr 

of 

Vm.  Byma, 

Lato  H    M'a  XV  Lt-  Dracoona,  Who 

Departed  this  life  3Btb  Jacuorr  1844. 

Aged  S9  reara 

Ijaavias  a  widow  and  a  largo  family  to  lament  their  lofl«> 

—  o — 

Weep  not  for  me  my  children  dear 
I  am  not  dead  but  aieepLng  hero. 


i^OONA. 


I 


KUaudillu,  a  doublu  linu  uf  low-tiled  or  iron-roofed  houaea  with  a 
stouc-buill  school  and  some  brick-biiilt  graindeders'  and  grocers* 
shops.  Beyond  this,  after  pas^Jn}^  over  the  railway  the  lake  lies  on 
tho  Ifift  and  nn  tlie  rij^ht  is  a  second  hamlet  with  a  Pfirsi  rest-houso, 
a  blacksmith's  and  a  butcher's  shop,  and  some  other  houses  chiefly 
of  lower  class  Hindus.  On  a  wooded  knoll  to  the  right  otauds  a 
dwelling  house,  the  property  of  Sir  Jumtietji  Jijibhfii.  To  the  left 
in  front  are  the  rest-qiuirtcra  for  troops  and  a  rcst-houso  for  travellers 
and  the  Roman  Catholic  ehuirh.  To  tho  south  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Vujiri  pa-ss  are  two  small  dwelling-houses,  and  in  the  west  on 
tho  barrark  sjmr  surrounded  by  casuarina  trees  is  the  KhandAla  hotel, 
further  to  the  north  o  smaller  house  used  as  officers'  quarters,  the 
barrack  outhouses,  two  long  flat-roofed  blocks  of  barrocks,  another 
set  of  outhouses,  and  a  hospital,  and  a  little  further  to  the  north 
tho  English  chapel.  At  the  end  of  the  cliff  with  rows  of  tall 
cosuariua  trees  is  Bairdmji's  bungalow  overhanging  tho  Ulh^ 
\TLUey.' 

The  old  fortu,  rock-temples,  and  sacred  crovee  in  the  oountry 
roand  make  Kbanddla  a  convenient  ocntro  tor  a  number  of  tripe. 
Theee  trips  may  be  divided  into  two  classes,  half-day  trips  and  whole- 
day  trips.  Of  the  half-day  trips  the  simplest  is  to  walk,  ride,  or 
drive  two  miles  to  LouAvIa,  walk  about  tlirce  quarters  of  a  mile 
through  its  sacred  grove,  and  come  back  up  the  steep  grassy  slope  of 
Bboma  hill  .'dong  its  rolling  plateau  and  back  by  the  hush-clad  Vajiri 
paas,  a  round  of  about  six  miles.  The  crest  of  the  Vajiri  puss,  or  still 
better,  the  top  of  the  TTmbari  scarp  to  the  west,  commands  an 
excellent  view  of  the  Thdna  and  many  of  the  West  Poona  hills. 
}forth,  across  tho  up|)er  gorge  of  tho  TJlhfis,  rise  the  plateau  and 
the  double- for  I  ilied  pi-uks  of  Rjijmrfcbi,  and  behind  TlAjni4ohi  the 
ditatuut  masiies  uf  Jivdhau  and  JJaua'a  Thumb,  the  watchers  of  the  N^na 
A  liltic  to  tlie right  of  Hiijm^chi  is  the  flat  crest  of  Dhnk,  and 
lind,  tbrougli  u  break  in  tlie  range,  tho  Kuaur  pass  lulls.  Further 
jl  and  closiT  at  hand  are  the  lower  and  toincr  spurs  uf  tho  Gira 
Tungtirli  Kills.     The  eastern  view  of  the  Indruyani  volley  is  hidden 


The  writing  on  the  upright  atono  rutia  : 
Saored 
to  the 
Uemory  of 

ICary  Jana  ' 

Infaat  Daughter  of 
Jovepb  liad  Hturlet 
Dunoooibo 
Who  deported  this  life 
On  tbs  3rd  Dno-  1843 
Ased  13  montliB  and  26  doya. 

On  hiah  aho  now  dotb  atiud 

With  AdboI'h  harp  and  TOioa  ; 

And  midiit  ihe  sMntly  band 

Sbo  dotb  ia  Chriat  rejoice. 
I  Ntarthe  weatwallof  tbegartl>tii  of  Mr.Bnimmji'i  houae  is  a  piUar  aVoot  afoot 
Moate  and  foor  f««t  high  covered  with  rich  mu«h  wrurn  carvinff.  Among  thafigurw 
are  mote  than  one  amall  seated  images.  The  pilUr  ia  said  to  have  been  brought 
from  near  the  revcning  ntotion  by  a  Mr.  Adam  who  wm  employed  id  making  the 
railway. 


Chapter  XT\ 
Pli~ 
Kbax 


Trit 


Ha^Day, 


DISTRICTS. 


chaptOT  xnr 

PUceB- 

Trip* 


«r. I 

J 

nd 
of 

"^ 


b^  the  ridge  of  the  Bhoma  hill.     To  the  south,  beyond  the  limda 
Kurunda  where  the  Indriyani  takes  its  rise,  m  the  bare  western  elij 
of  SAkarpothAr  and  to  the  Itift  the  tbree  nobs  of  Devha  riHing  by^ 
rugged  stops  to  the  jagged  head  of  Morgiri  or  Jiimbulni.     BtTiind 
tho  bare  western  soari)  of  Sakarpathiir  rise  the  two  i8ol«to<l  peaks  of 
Ko&ri  fort  imd  .Mulegav  backed  by  wild  lofty  ranges,  the  Mulski  hilla 
behind  Kodri  nud  the  Tel  iJaili  hills  behind  Malegar.     To  the  wee* 
bevond   the  Sahyiidri    ravines,   atreteh   tho    riw    fields    and   grae 
m>liindfl  of  the    Pdtdlganga    valley   with  the    tree-friuged  lake 
Khopivli  in  the  foreground,  and  down  the  centre  of  the  vafley  the  lofiff 
rows  of  trecB  that  mark  the  line  of  the  Bombay  high  road.     Beyona 
the  SahyAdri  spurs,  that  form  the  southern  limit  of  the  PatJi]|^anga 
valley,  rises  tho  massive  block  of  Mdnikgad  on  the  borders  of  Pea 
and   Karjat ;   behind  Manikgad  stretches  tho    water  of  tho  Apta 
creek,  and  still  further  west,  out  of  Bombay  harbour,  rises  the  round- 
topped   hill   of  Karauja.     To  the   right   of  Khopivli,    beyoud  the 
railway  spur,  Btretchea  the  flat  lop  of  MAthorAu,  and  the  rugged 
crags  of  Bava  Malang,  and  to  the  south  the  level  crest  of  Prabal 
and  the  sharp  point  of  F'alse  Funnel.     Behind  the  south  shoulder  of 
False  Funnel  are  the  Persik  hills  and,  further  to  tlie  west,  Salsctto 
rising  in  throe  chief   groups,  SAtkhindi  behind  Thana  in  the  north, 
the  Kanhcri  group  in  the  centre,  and  the  hills  round   Vchfir  in  tha^^ 
south.     Further  to  the  north,  rising  close  at  hand  from  the  Ulhaa^| 
ravine,  is  the  wooded  knoll-erowued  plateau  of  Berau  or  Pathar  and  ^^ 
a  group  of  disluut   hilltt  eeuteriug  in  the  rugged  muss  of   AlAhuU. 
Aeroas  the  TTlhiU  valley  from  Buruu,   Uaimiicni  BhinuUhankor  and^H 
the  watehers  of  tlie  Nana  pass  complete  tne  view.  ^H 

A  seooud  trip,  which  also  is  beat  made  on  foot,  is,  after  passing  two 
miles  along  the  LonAvla  road  to  the  railway  gate  which  leads  to  the 
Jvon&vla  grove,  to  turn  north  across  tho  TtmgArIi  rioo-lands  imd 
climb  the  G ira  range  that  divides  tlie  villages  of  IHingarli  and  Kunch, 
From  its  central  position  Gira  commands  a  finer  view  than  ulmost 
any  except  tho  highest  hills.  To  tho  north,  bounded  to  the  right  by 
flat-topped  ridges  in  the  lands  of  Kuli,  Piingloli,  and  Valvandi, 
stretches  the  wild  wooded  crest  of  the  Sahyadris,  gashed  by  the 
branch  of  the  Kachal  gorge,  that,  all  but  a  narrow  neck,  cuts  off 
HAjmachi  from  the  Dcccun.  Behind  RajraAchi  are  the  distant  out- 
lines of  Rhim^hankar,  Jivdhan,  and  Nina's  Thumb.  Over  the  narrow 
neck,  to  the  east  of  Rajmaehi,  rises  the  massive  level  outline  of 
UhAk,  and,  further  to  the  right,  range  rinos  behind  range  till  the 
view  '\»  closed  by  the  Tdkir  spur  three  miles  from  Khudkula.  Fast  and 
south-east  lies  the  IndrAyunt  valley,  the  level  rice-lands  broken  by 
wooded  knolls,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  wild  clear-cut 
outlines  of  Kuvura,  BatrAsi,  Vistlpur,  Lohogad,  and  the  StikarpathAr 
plateau,  behind  which  rise  the  lofty  peaks  of  Morgiri  or  JAmbhulni, 
XoAri  fort,  and  Si'iltAr.  To  the  west  lies  the  hollow  of  EhandAla, 
bouudcd  to  the  south  by  tho  Bhoma-Umbari  range  and  ending 
nortJiward  in  the  rueged  gorge  of  the  upper  UlhAs  stretching  to 
the  base  of  the  wooded  plateau  of  Bcrun  or  NAth  PathAr,  bebind. 
which  rise  MAther^n  and  Prabal,  and,  in  the  distance,  the  Salsette 
hills  and  the  Bombay  harbour.  After  reaching  the  crest  of  the 
Qiro  hill  the  path  rone  cast  along  the  tiiU-tt^  tul  it  turns  down  a 


4 


Deccftn] 


POONA. 


239 


iteep  gorf»e  throni^h  a  erove  of  old  trees  and  huge  climbers.  It 
tiien  crosaee  tho  rice-lands  of  PAngioli  back  to  Loudvla  and 
Khandala.     The  whole  distauee  ia  about  nine  miles. 

A  third  trip,  which,  like  the  two  former  in\tn,  should  be  made  on 
fool>  is  fioulh  through  tho  Vujiri  paaa  in  the  Hhonia-Umbari  range 
down  into  llio  himU  of  Kar\andii,  up  a  steep  zigzag  grasey  puth, 
about  three  miles  to  the  top  of  the  Duke's  Noso  or  the  Nngphuni 
that  ifl  Cobra's  ITood,  which  commands  u  wide  view  like,  and,  in  some 
respects,  iiner  than  the  view  from  the  Umburi  biuU'.  Then  back 
to  within  half  a  mile  of  KuiTuudu,  turn  to  the  west  keeping  the  gaunt 
(jcarp  of  Nagphani  to  the  right,  and  wind  along  u  rugged  uneven 
path  through  the  rich  forest  that  stretehutt  to  the  foot  of  theSahyAdri. 
elopes.  Towards  the  north  the  wood  grows  thinner  and  the  path, 
crotwing  the  crests  of  spurri  and  winding  along  the  edges  of  ravines, 
keeps  fairly  level  till  it  reaches  the  grassy  platoau  on  which  stands 
the  KhoudAla  bot^.'^l.     The  whole  distance  is  about  nine  mile^. 

A  fourth  holf-day  trip,  which  con  be  done  only  on  foot  and  is  best 
suitcfl  for  a  nioniing  walk,  is  along  the  Bumbay  rood  to  the  first 
turn  below  Buiramji's  bungalow.  Then  leaving  tlio  road,  pass  along 
a  path  that  slopes  down  the  west  side  of  the  ravine  till  it  is 
crossed  by  the  railway,  keep  to  tho  railway  for  about  500  yards, 
and,  leaving  it  when  it  enters  a  cutting,  take  to  the  left  hand 
EigKag  up  the  steep  southern  face  of  Beran  or  Nath  PathAr. 

From  the  crest  of  the  hill,  which  is  about  125  feet  above  tho 
travellers*  bungalow,  pjiss  west,  through  blanched  grass  and  stunted 
coppice,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  top  of  cither  of  tho  knolls.' 
Beyond  the  knolls,  the  hill  top  stretches  in  a  second  but  shorter 
platoau,  the  part  of  the  hill  east  of  the  knolls  being  known  as  Beran 
luid  the  west  us  Xdlli  Pathfir.  The  view  to  the  north  is  over  the  Ulhds 
valipy  with,  in  the  distance,  Dugad  north  of  MAtherAn  and  Mahuli 
further  u>  the  right.  To  the  nortli-east  are  the  steep  bare  sides  and 
flat  plateau  of  lijijinjiihi  with  its  two  fortified  peaks.  Behind 
R^jm^hi  rises  Dhnk,  and.  beyond  a  deep  bay  in  the  line  of  the 
Sahyiidris,  BhimiUhankar,  Jivdian,  and  Nana's  Thumb.  To  the  east 
and  Houlheast.  beyond  the  Ulhns  gorge,  are  the  peaks  along  the 
south  of  the  ludniyani  valley,  the  rounded  Euvara,  the  pointed 
Batrrfsi,  the  long  flat  of  Viwipur,  and  the  short,  comb-back  of  Tiohogad. 
Furlliur  to  the  south  ai-e  thu  isolated  peaks  of  Tung  and  Tikona  und 
the  jnggwl  outline  of  Morgiri  or  Jiimbulni.  To  the  south  rise  tho 
pointed  scaq>  of  tlie  Duke's  Nose  and  iu  the  distance  the  heights  of 
Tflbuili  and  Tamani.  To  the  left  is  tho  heavy  bluff  of  Mdulkgad 
aud  the  range  that  centres  in  the  pillarlike  peak  of  Kamiilu  or 
Funnel  Hill.  Futher  to  tho  left  are  the  smaller  pillur  of  False 
Funnel,  and  the  long  flat  backs  of  Prabal  and  MdtherAn.  The 
Berau  plateau  is  badly   off  for  water.      About  a  month  after  the 


Chapter  XT 

Flaws. 

Trip*. 
Ha{f. 


I  The  chief  tree*  are  :  rvwJi  hamnd  CutU  canadM,  f/W^i  RaodU  dametoram, 
Urrna  Zizyphui  mfiotHi,  jambHtU  EoBoDi*  jamboliinuin,  n>\Janiircax  wood  MemccyloD 
•dole.  X-u«nr  JanminuniUtiroHum.TxWurFicusoonliMU,  UiiijHiuia HdHaLtgentnifml* 
norviRor*.  '•omi"  oiilu  \'niiuuii!rn  uiliilia,  ninf'.<i  1  iSBowphqn  eriocepbalB*,  fttan 
BrieUttlU  rctusa,  uni  witv^  Uetcroptui>gnia  ruxburglui. 


lapter  XIV. 
FUcee- 

Trip*. 


raina  some  families  of  Dhau£:urs  come  Lringuig  hercU  of  catti*. 
There  are  then  tinme  poola  at  llio  eastern  foot  of  the  knoll8.  But 
these  pooU  soon  dry  sind  there  is  seldom  water  lator  than  January, 

Tliero  ore  six  chief  whole-day  trips,  tuocnst  one  to  the  Vehtirgoon 
or  KArle  uud  llhrtju  caves  and  the  other  to  the  forts  of  Lohop^ad  imd 
Vieulpur:  one  soulh-oaal  to  the  Be»!so  caves  :  one  south  to  Siikiir|jalbAr; 
one  west  to  the  Gamhhinifith  eave ;  and  one  north  to  li.ijmiiihi  fort. 

For  the  Knrle  and  Bhdja  caveit  tho  on Iv  route  in  the  beginning 
of  the  fair  season  i«  to  ride  or  drive  to  (he  Karle  tnivellers'  bungalow 
about  six  miles ;  ride  or  walk  to  the  Kiirle  caves  and  back  to 
the  bungalow  about  three  miles  ;  breakfast  at  the  bungalow  ;  and  in 
the  afternoon  ride  or  walk  to  tho  Ilh/ija  cavea  about  three  miles, 
and  back  aix.  uiilett  to  Khundiila.  The  whole  disluuce  is  about  twenty 
miles.  In  the  lator  part  of  the  cold  and  dui'iug  the  hot  season 
(Marcli-Junc)  the  pleateoulcsl  route  is  to  drive  or  ride  ly  the  old 
Poona  road  ulonn:  the  south  limit  of  the  Indriiyani  valley  about  eight 
miles  to  llhnja  ;  trom  IJhdja  aliout  two  miles  to  tlie  Kiirle  bungalow, 
breakfast,  and  in  tlie  aft*^rnoon  drive  or  ride  two  miles  to  the  Karle 
cavee  and  back  by  a  crosH  country  tntck  that  joins  the  main  road 
near  the  village  of  Viikshai  about  two  miles  west  of  Ksrle.  The 
whole  distance  is  about  eighteen  miles.  The  caves  ore  describe^^ 
under  VcU&rgaon  and  Bhdja.  ^H 

The  second  whole-day  trip  to  the  east  is.  in  the  early  part  of  the 
cold  season,  to  ride  or  drive  to  Kilrle.  from  Kiirle  to  walk  or  ride_ 
about  two  milea  to  Bhiiia,  and  from  Bhaja  to  walk  up  a  pass 
the  plateau  from  which  Lohogad  rises  on  the  right  and  Vis^pur 
tho  left.     Visit  Lohogail,  and  then  going  east,  up  tho  south  hux  of 
Visapur,  cross  the  hill  and  come  down  along  the  plateau  above 
tho  Bhdja  caves ;  then  bwk  to  KArle  and  home  by  the  main  road  to 
Khandala.     In  the  later  part  of  the  fair  season  and  during  the  hot 
weather  the  pleosantest  way  of  seeing  Lohogad  and  Visapur  is  to  take 
the  old  Poono  road,  and  leaving  it  at  the  village  of  Avudhi,  to  climb 
the  pass,  cross  the  Lohogad  plateau,  climb  Lohogad  and  examii 
the  fort,  descend  to  the  plateau  and  passing  on  to  Visoijur  cross 
hill  and  return,  meeting  hoi-aes  or    a  pony-cart    at    Bhiija.     TI 
whole  distance  is  about  eighteen  miled.     Details  arc  given  un< 
Lohogad  and  Visilpur. 

The  trip  to  tlio  Bedsa  raves  is  along  the  old  Poona  rood 
under  Lohogad  eleven  miles  to  Pimpalgaon  ;  climb  the  hill ;  go  down 
the  back  a  tew  hundred  feet ;  and  pass  about  one  and  a  half  miles 
the  cavea,  and  return  by  the  same  route.      The  whole  distance 
about  twenty*five  miles.     The  caves  are  described  under  Bedsa. 

The  next  trip  is  to  the  southern  hills  either  through  tho  Vajl 
pass  alMmt  four  miles  or  round  by  Lonavla  eight  miles  to  the  top  of 
Siikarpath^r.  From  Sakorpathar  trips  may  be  mode  in  almost  any 
direction.  One  of  the  best  is  about  four  mile?  south  to  the  great 
Devgad  wood. 

Tho  trip  to  the  BrAhmanic  roek    temple    of    GambhimMh 
tho  north  tacc  of  Beran  or  N&th  Path&r  can  be  done  only  on  fc 
The  way  is  the  same  as  to  tho  lop  of  Beran  hill,  except  instead 


J 


Deecftnl 


I 


I 
I 


POONA 


Icaring  tho  railway  at  the  first  cutting,  keep  along  tho  Unc  through 
BIX  tunnels  to  about  500  foel  bi-Iow  Khimcldlu.  Then,  leaving  tlio 
milwuy  on  the  rights  climb  a  steep  billaide  abuut  loO  fei't  above  the 
railway  with  roughly  cut  steps  near  the  lop.  From  this  tho  path 
leads  for  a  short  aistanoe  along  a  rough  rocky  ledge  under  an 
a\'erbangtng  scarp  with  an  outer  row  of  very  old  Slioheiia  charapaca 
or  chdmpha  trees.  In  front  of  the  cave,  which  from  its  very  sloping 
roof  seems  to  be  partly  ot  leaet  a  natural  cavern,  is  a  rude  framo 
Bupportt;d  on  four  pillars  with  a  sloping  roof  roughly  thatched  with 
plantain  leaves.*  DctuilH  of  the  cave  arc  given  under  Jumbrug  in 
the  Thana  Statistical  Aceouut.^ 

The  path  to  Kajm^chi  fort  in  the  north-east  begins  with  a  long 
bend  to  the  east.  It  tten  winds  along  tho  rough  creat  of  the 
Sahyfidris,  round  the  top  of  the  depp  Knrhal  valley,  across  a  narrow 
necic  or  isthmus  and  round,  up  a  sloop  pass,  to  the  plateau  from  which 
rise  the  double  fortified  peaks  of  Manranjan  on  the  west  and  tho 
higher  and  steeper  Shrivardhan  on  tlie  east.  Tho  way  baek  is  across 
tho  iMimc  neck  and  oIouk  the  same  rough  plateau  and  us  the  distance 
is  about  twenty-foui'  miles,  the  whole  of  which  must  bo  done  at  a 
walk  and  most  of  it  on  foot,  it  ia  difficult  to  complete  the  trip  much 
under  twelve  hours. 

Khed,  north  latitude  18°  50' and  e4Mt  longitude  73"  57',  on  the 
Bbima,  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Toona,  is  a  municipal  town,  the 
head-quarters  of  the  Khed  sub-division,  with  in  1872  a  population 
of  G446  and  in  1881  of  7015.  The  limits  of  the  Khed  township 
include  the  enormous  tillage  area  of  13,060  acres  or  upwards  of 
twenty  square  miles  and  about  twenty-four  hamlets.  The  town 
has  g»od  camping  grounds  espe(;ially  in  a  mango  grove  about  a  mile 
to  the  east,  and  a  rest-house  for  native  ti'avellers  on  the  Bhima 
near  the  Ahmadnogar  road.  Besides  the  sub-divisional  revenue 
and  police  offices  Khed  has  a  sub-judge's  court,  a  municipality, 
•  dispensary,  a  Oovcmmcnt  school,  a  post  otficoj  the  tomb  of  the 
Moghal  general  DiUvaikhiiu  aud  three  temples. 

The  municipality  wa^i  cBtublished  in  \8Gd.  In  1882-83  it  hud  an 
income  of  £40  (Ks.450)  chieHy  from  a  houso-tax  and  an  expenditure 
of  £80  (Rs.  800).  The  dispensary  was  opened  in  1876. 
In  1882^3  it  treated  twenty  in-patients  and  4187  out-patients  at 
a  cost  of  £69  (Rs.  690).  DiUvorkhin's  tomb  and  mosque  lie  to 
the  north  of  tho  town  just  outside  the  Dellii  gate.  They  arc 
surrounded  by  a  wall  enclosing  a  large  plot  of  land  most  of  which  is 
under  cultivation.  The  shrine  is  domed  and  built  on  a  raised  plat- 
form, the  upper  part  of  which  is  oraamcnted  all  round  with  a  hanging 
wreath  of  sculptured  flowers.  Tho  outride  is  quadrangular  with  a 
minaret  flanking  the  dome  at  each  comer.  The  four  walls  are  adorned 
each  with  a  double  row  of  three  blank  arches,  the  centre  arch  in  the 
lower  and  tho  two  side  arches  in  the  upper  row  being  minutely 
cusped.  The  shrine  contains  two  tombs  soid  to  be  of  Dtldvarkh^n 
and  his  brother.'     An  inscription  over  the  entrance  shows  that  the 


Chapter  XI 
FlacM- 

KHAM'il-A. 

Trijw. 
WhoU  Da^. 


Khed, 


'  Thera  wu  once  a  rtrona  well  built  porch  which  wb8  barat  dowa. 

•  Bombav  Guettcor,  XIV.  108-110. 

■  A  third  brother  of  I>iU>-iu-khAn  U  buried  at  BahimAtpur  In  SiUra, 

■  S6&-31 


[Bombay  OftieftMT 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  AV- 
FUoeB. 
Kbcd. 

Temple: 


JA05. 


tomb  waft  built  in  1613  (u.  1022)  or  ettriy  in  the  reign  of  JaKdngir 
(1605- 1U27).  Tho  small  mosque  to  tlie  west  of  the  tomb  ia  a 
graocfol  specimen  of  MusalmSn  curved-etono  work.  It  la  buill  on  a 
raiKd  platform  and  has  a  double  row  of  three  archee.  ^h 

The  three  temples  are  of  Tukdidcvi,  Siddheshvur,  and  Vishnu.  Tb^l 
temple  of  Tukaiacvi  ul  Tukilivudi  liea  a  few  yards  to  the  right  of 
the  Poona-Nasik  roail.  The  temple,  which  ja  ii  rough  lookin^^— 
building,  is  entered  from  the  onat  through  a  famuli  porcli  with  a  wa^^| 
and  pillars  on  either  side.  The  porch  opens  into  a  hall  or  man-iitp^ 
with  twelve  pillars  in  four  rows  of  three  each  and  guarded  by  a  high 
parapet  wall  surmounted  by  short  single-stone  pillars.  Tho  pillar* 
are  rudo  and  masaive  ;  square  about  the  middle,  then  eight-sided« 
then  four-sided,  again  eight-sided,  and  then  a  series  uf  rings 
tturmounted  by  a  square  abacus  which  is  tapped  by  a  heavy  beadpicoa 
with  four  projectiouB.  A  flat  stone  roof  rests  on  tho  pillars  and 
reoedea  slightly  beneath  each  set  of  four  pillars.  The  external  roof 
of  the  hall  or  nave  is  flat  with  a  pot  or  kalaith  at  each  of  the  four 
corners  and  a  small  spire  where  the  hall  roof  meets  the  shrine.  The 
shrine  has  an  oval  dome  with  a  rude  minaret  at  each  of  the  four 
comers.  In  front  of  the  temple  is  a  one-stone  lamp-pillar.  Tho 
temple  of  Siddheshvar  stands  among  trees  on  the  llhinia  about  half 
a  mile  east  of  the  town.  The  building  includes  a  nave^  a  transept. 
And  a  shrine.  It  is  entered  from  the  north  through  a  small  porch 
whose  roof  rest*  on  two  pillars.  The  shrine  has  a  pyramid:ii  and 
fluted  or  ribbed  roof  with  a  dome  above  and  some  snake  ornaments 
adorning  the  ribs  on  the  east  and  west.  Over  either  transt-pt  is  a 
smaller  dome  and  a  ver\'  small  one  over  the  nave.  The  proJL'iting 
entablature  of  the  temple  is  adorned  underneath  with  pendent  abaci 
ending  in  what  looks  like  a  fing  and  with  an  occasional  ligure.  A 
Sanskrit  inscription  over  the  doorwav  shows  that  the  temple  was 
built  bvTrimbak  MahAdcv  a  V^ni  in  1725  (S.  1647).  A  fair  is 
held  on  the  Mahashivrfitra  Day  in  February-March.  To  the  north- 
east of  the  temple  is  a  ruinous  corridor  rest-house  of  brick  and 
mortar.  Its  eastern  side  conitit^ls  of  four  cuspcd  arches,  and  ih^H 
north  side  of  seven  arches  of  which  the  middle  only  is  cusj>ed.  Thifl^ 
Bat  roof  is  ornamented  v\\\i  a  pierced  cornice.  To  the  north  of  the 
temple  is  a  small  pond  with  flights  of  stops  on  the  east  north  and 
south.  On  the  west  thfl  corridor  has  eight  pillars  and  two 
pilasters  in  its  frontage  towards  the  pond.  The  north  steps  aro 
broken  by  two  small  shrines  facing  similar  shrines  on  the  south. 
About  a  mile  south  of  Khed  on  the  lihima  ia  a  temple  '  ~ 
yiahnu  built  about  18-'i0  by  Chandirdm  an  ascetic.  A  araall  fwir 
held  at  the  temple  on  tho  dark  eighth  of  Shravan  or  July- August. 

In  1707  Khed  was  the  scene  of  an  action  between  ShAhu  and  th* 
party  of  his  aunt  TSrdbili  the  widow  of  lUja  U&m.     Dhunaji,  the 
general  of  TArfibiii,  did  not  support  her  minister  the  Pont  Pratinidbi 
who  fled  to  Satira.' 

Kedgaon.  ^-illagein  Bhimthadi  about  twelve  miles  north  of  Supa, 
with  in  1881  a  popiilation  o^  1572,  has  a  station  on  the  Peninsula 


th. 

1 


1  Omit  DufTi  Mar&tJ)««,  186, 


Otocui 


I 


POONA 


railway  3SJ  mileB  east  of  Poona.    The  1880  railway  returns  showed 
17,802  pasiiengerB  and  489  tons  of  goods. 

Kikvi,  a  largo  village   twolvo  miles  south-west  of  S^Tad,  with 
in  1881  a  population  of  15G3,  has  a  weekly  market  on  Saturday. 

Koarig'ad  Fort,  in  tlie  Mulahi  pcltv  di^Haion  on  the  Poona- 
KoUba  I'rontier,  rises  on  a  flat  topped  detached  hill  commanding 
tho  Ambavni  pa«a  about  twenty  miles  south  of  the  Bor  pass  ana 
about  forty  miles  west  of  Poonu.  Stretx;hing  north  and  south  with 
an  extreme  end  pointing  north,  the  fort  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  m 
circumferenfe.  The  ascent  lies  over  a  steep  gorge,  and  the  pussaga- 
to  tho  main  entrance,  which  is  completely  covered  with  fallen 
masonry,  leoHs  on  the  north-cast  to  a  ruined  gateway  standing 
among  blown-up  walls.  There  ia  another  on  the  west  or  weakest 
side  of  tho  fort.  It  is  much  more  difficult  than  the  main  entrance^, 
being  steeper  and  up  the  rugged  face  of  the  rock.  The  defences , 
include  a  wall  banquette  round  the  top,  embrasured  for  guns  at 
irregular  intervals,  and  pro'vided  with  embrasured  towers  at  tiio- 
corners.  Tho  top  is  flat  and  much  of  it  is  occupied  by  two  large 
ponds  supplied  with  abundant  water  and  by  a  ruined  teiiiplo  of 
Koaridevi.'  Seven  large  cannon  lie  on  the  hill,  Lakshmi,  tho 
lan^fit  of  thorn,  being  pointed  to  command  the  Ambavni  pass. 

In  HHti  Koari  was  taken  by  Malik  Ahmad  afterwards  tho  first 
Ahmadnagar  king.*  In  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
accordiug  to  Koli  tradition,  u  KoU  Lumjiji  Bhokhar,  the  chief  or 
luilk  (if  Pimpal^aon  in  the  Mohitd  valley,  wus  anxious  to  hesarndik  or 
head  of  tbc  £olis.  To  gain  the  favour  of  the  Alusalm^n  government 
Lunulji  brought  word  that  there  was  a  splendid  horse  in  K.odri  fort. 
If  he  was  given  some  money  ho  would  try  and  get  it  for  the 
omperor.  The  money  ^vis  advanced,  the  Kolis  of  all  the  fifty-two 
valleys  gathered,  and  surrounded  the  fort.  At  the  end  of  a 
year,  as  the  siege  had  made  no  progress,  the  Musalm^n  governor 
threatened  that  unlos<(  they  took  tlio  fort  in  a  month  a  number 
of  thc-m  would  be  put  to  a  disgraceful  death.  Many  of  the  KoLia 
fled,  but  Lunwlji  and  some  ot  bis  friends  dresaing  as  woodmen 
got  into  the  fort  and  bribing  one  of  the  garrison  by  his  help  got  a 
ladder  fastened  at  tho  top.  Lunwiji  and  his  fnends  camo  down 
from  tho  fort  and  tlun  with  a  band  of  their  followers  began  to 
climb.  ^V^len  they  ixiichod  tho  foot  of  the  rock  from  whose  top  the 
ladder  was  hanging  they  found  the  ladder  was  seven  or  eight  feet 
short.  One  got  on  the  back  of  another  and  a  third  on  lum  and 
BO  reached  iJie  ladder  and  seventy  or  eighty  made  their  way  to  tho 
fort.  They  ov'crpowered  the  guard  and  secured  the  horse.  They 
wore  carrjang  it  off  in  triumph  when  one  of  the  garrison  shot  it  dead. 
The  ^lusalm^n  governor  was  so  pleased  with  Lumdji's  daring  that  he 
raised  him  lf>  thu  rank  of  a  noble  and  enriched  him.  In  the  Murdtha 
war  of  18IS  IJeu tenant-Colonel  Prother  advanced  to  Koari  after 
taking  Lohogad.  Viaipur.  H:ijm^chi,  and  Tung  and  Tikona  in  Bhor 
territory.     Its  ilifficulty   of  access  from  tho  Kirle  valley  ahowed 


Chapter  XIT. 
Flacei- 

KlKVI. 


KoARtO&D 


'  When  tbe  fort  vox  dcMrted  In  1818  the  temple  omametiU  which  were  valovd  aft 
•bout  ii50  (Rft,  500)  were  brought  to  Bombay  uiU  mada   over  to  tbc  Mumbldari 
]<!««.  '  Briggs'  FcriihtB.  IlL  191. 


Cbapter  ZIV- 
FUces. 

KOABIOAD. 

Hiilory. 


kOKEaAOir. 


Battle, 

1818. 


considerable  obBtrui-tion  to  the  progress  of  the  dctochment  :  and 
Attempt  to  comiu unit-ate  willi  the  road  leudiu)^  to  it  from  Poona  proreA 
ineffectual.  Anolhoravcnue  being  found,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Prother 
came  before  the  place  on  llOi  March  with  an  advanou  parly  which.^^ 
drove  in  the  enemy's  outpostH,*  leaving  the  remainder  of  the  detach^^| 
racnt  to    follow   under  Major  Hall  of  Itis   Majesty's  89th  Foot^ 
which  arrived  on  the  following  day  with  the  exception  of  tho  heavy 
train.     Even  this  hud  been  greatly  lightened  by  leaving  at  Lohognd 
two  cigh teen-pounders  and  one  of  the  thirteen-ineh  mortars.     On 
the  I3tn  a  fire  from  the  smaller  mortar  oj^ned  ucainst  the  place  and 
prodooed  immediately  an  evident  uontlugration.  while  another  battery 
wu  in  a  stAte  of  forwardnosa,  oppoeite  tho  uorth-eastf  m  gateway, 
which  was  the  chief  acoefs  to  the  tort.    On  the  morning  of  the  14th 
at  doybn-nk,    this  likewise    opened    with    good    eflect    from    ono 
thirteen,  one  ten,  and  two  eight^incli  mortars,  and  about  seven  in  the 
evening  the  enemy's  magazine  was  seen  to  blow  up  which  laid  the 
chief  gateway   in   ruins  and  burnt  several  of  their  houses.     This 
induced  tho  garrison  to  demand  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  which 
was  foUowod  on  hour  afterwards  by  their  surrender.     Abont  700 
men  supposed  to  include  some  of  thoee  who  hud  fled  from  Viaftpob^ 
and    Lohugad    and    the   commandant   J&nobu   Bhflu   were    toko^^f 
prisonera.     The  loss  of  the  detaelmieut  on   this  occaBiou  was   twelve 
men  including  one  offiircr  of  Engint^rs  slightly  wounded,  and  that  of 
the  enemy   about  thirty-five    most    of    whom    were    killed    at     the 
explosion.     Treasure  valued  nt  about  £lt),000  (Rs.  1  Jdfih)  and  some 
grain  were  found  in  the  fort.     The  fall  of  Koari  was  followed  on  the 
I7th  by  the  surrender  and  occupation  of  the  dependent  fortress  of 
Oangod  about  eight  miles  to  the  south.^ 

Korogaon  villrtge,  twenty-five  miloa  south-west  of  Siriir  and 
abdiit  Hrxtocn  miles  north-cast  of  Pooua,  with  in  1881  a  population  of 
9U0,  is  famous  for  it«  sueoessful  defence  on  the  Ist  of  JanuaixlBl8 
by  800  British  troops  against  30^000  ^farAthAB.  Towards  theend  of 
DecemberTin  the  pursuit  of  Ejijirdv  Peshwa  which  followed  the  battle 
of  Kirkeo  (5th  November  18171.  news  reached  Colonel  Hurr,  who  was 
in  charge  of  Pooua,  that  BAjirAv  was  passing  south  from  Juunar  and 
meant  to  ottack  Poena.  Colonel  Burr  sent  to  Sjirur  for  help.  The 
second  battalion  of  the  first  regiment  Bombay  Native  Infantry  of 
600  rank  and  file  under  Cuptam  Francis  Staunton,  accompanied  by 
300  irregular  horse  and  l«o  six-pounder  guns  manned  by  twenty- 
four  European  Madras  artillerjTnen  under  a  Serjeant  and  a 
liioutcnout,  left  Sirui-  for  Poona  at  eight  in  the  evening  of  the 
Slfll.  of  l)ecomber.  After  marching  all  night,  a  distance  of 
twcuty-five  miles,   about  ten  in  tho  morning,  from  the  high  ground 


*  For  the  reconniiuwimee  mA  iiiT«tinent  of  the  fort  Ueiitenaiit  Rennn  at  the 
Enginconi  nud  n  part^  un.ier  Cftpt&JD  Ili»e  of  His  Majesty's  Stfth  Rrgiment  were 
dcuched  fr«)(u  8eniliBjxintl«»  wjutlifjutt  of  Koari  on  tho  morning  of  th*  11th  uid 
tbey  com|)1ctcl>  Buooeeaed  ill  thoir  object  "f  pallantiv  thiving  tii  the  einjiiij-  who 
*wo  wfvuiitacmnuily  poat«a  on  a  height  protccU-.)  l.y  'a  wen  tiirectwi  fire  from  the 
fort  pinii,  The  bealcidlig  fore*  with  kimpcAcka  ou  thw  ■houl.lera  of  the  luen  ami 
after  k  inarch  of  six  milw  advanced  t«  the  charge  np  a  itoep  tiill  lo  the  very  wiOls  of 
the  fnrt,  tho  b«weged  keeping  Bp  a  briak  fire  of  canaon  and  m««ketry.  Boml 
Conner,  2atli  Manh  181&.  >  BiKker'i  Martthil  War  247-3-18 


Bcoao-I 


POONA. 


245 


bekind  Talcpaon  Dhomdhcre,  they  mvr  nrroBS  the  Bhima  the  Peshwa'a 
army  oi  25,000  MuMtLu  hoiso.  Captain  Staunton  marched  on  an 
if  to  ford  the  river,  then  turned,  onn  took  the  village.  Eoregaon 
was  surrounded  by  a  mud  wall  of  no  great  strength.*  Captain 
Staunton  Hecurcd  u  strong  poBitton  for  his  guns  and  awaited  the 
enBmy's  attack.  As  soon  as  the  Mariitha  home  saw  tho  British  thpy 
recalled  a  body  of  oOOO  infantry  which  waa  some  distance  ahead. 
When  the  infantry  arrived  three  parties,  each  of  tiOO  choice 
Araba  Gos^\n6  and  regular  infantni-,  under  cover  of  the  river 
bank  and  supported  by  ivo  guns,  advanctrd  to  storm  tho  village 
on  three  points.  A  continued  shower  of  rockets  set  on  fire 
many  of  the  houses.  The  village  was  surrouudetl  by  horse  and 
foot  and  the  etormtng  party  broke  down  the  wall  in  several 
plafva  and  forced  their  way  in  and  secured  a  strong  square 
enclosure  from  which  they  could  not  be  dislodged.  Though  the 
village  stood  on  the  river  bank  the  besiegers  cut  (hem  off  from  water. 
Wearied  with  their  night's  march,  under  a  burning  sun,  without 
food  and  without  water,  n  handful  of  men  held  on  open  village  against 
an  army.  Every  foot  was  disputed,  eevcrol  streets  and  buusea  were 
taken  and  retukc-u.  but  more  than  half  the  Kuropcan  ufHcers  being ' 
wounded,  the  Arabs  mode  themselves  musters  of  a  small  temple,  where 
three  of  tho  officers  wei^  ^y^"B  woundt«I.  Assistant  Surgeon  Wingate, 
tme  of  their  number,  got  up,  and  went  out,  but  wan  immediately 
stabbed  by  Arabs  and  his  body  mangled.  Lieutenant  Swanston, 
who  bad  two  severe  wonnds,  advised  his  remaining  companion  to 
suffer  the  Arabs  to  rifle  them,  which  they  did  but  without 
farther  violence.  In  the  meantime,  a  party  of  the  battalion  under 
Lieutenant  Jones  and  Assistant  Surgeon  Wvllie,  came  to  the  rescue, 
retook  the  temple  oad  carried  their  eoiupanioua  to  u  place  of  greater 
safety.  Thirst  drove  the  besieged  nearly  frantic  and  some  of  the 
gunners,  all  of  whom  fought  with  glorious  bravery,  thinking  resistance 
hopeless,  begged  for  a  surrender.  Captain  Staunton  would  not  hear 
of  yielding.  The  gunners  were  still  dissatisfied  when  their  officer. 
Lieutenant  Ghisholm,  happened  to  bo  killed  and  tho  enemy  encouraged 
by  his  death  rushe<l  on  one  of  the  guns  and  tocjk  it.  liieut.  Pattinsou, 
Adjutant  of  the  Second  llattaliuii,  a  man  si.\  feet  seven  inches  in  height, 
of  giant  strength  and  heroic  courage,  was  lying  mortally  wounded  shot 
through  the  body.  Hearing  that  the  guu  was  taken  he  railed  on  the 
Grenadiers  once  more  to  follow  him,  and,  seizing  a  musket  by  the 
muEKlc,  rushed  into  the  thick  of  the  Arabs  and  felled  them  right  and 
left  till  0  second  boll  through  the  body  disabled  him.  Ho  was  uobly 
seconded,  the  gun  was  retaken,  and  dragged  out  of  a  heap  of  dead 
Arabs.  Lieutenant  Chisholm's  body  was  found  with  the  head  cut  oQl. 
This  is  the  fate,  cried  Captain  Staunton,  of  all  who  fall  dead  or  alive 
into  Mardtha  hands.  Tho  guimers  took  the  lesson  to  heart  and  fought 
on  nith  unflinching  courage,  and  the  defence  did  not  slacken  though 
only  three  offit^rs,  Captain  Staunton,  Lieutenant  Jones,  and  AssistAnt 
Surgeon  Wyllic,  remained  fit  for  duty.  Towards  evening  their 
cose  seemed  hopeless.     As  night  fell  the  attack  lightened  and  they 


CHiapter  XI7 
FhuM. 

KORWUOH. 


1  Griut  Ihia'(Marith4s,65«)<lMcril>wtb«  wal)safDllo[lu:gebro«di«ontheriT«r 
side  and  completely  open  on  the  ewt.  This  wu  its  itdte  at  tlie  ead  of  thouege. 


SiRpter  XIV. 
Flacei. 

KottEGAOK. 

tsia. 


lOMUIi. 


« 


got  water.  By  nine  the  firing  ccaaed  and  the  Mnr^th^a  left. 
Of  the  834  defenders  of  Korpgaon  27o  were  killed  wounded 
and  missinp,  of  whom  were  twenty  of  tho  twenty-six.  gunners.' 
The  MarAthds  lost  between  500  and  600  killed  and"  wounded.  In 
reward  for  the  defence  of  Eoregaon  which  General  Sir  T.  ILlslop 
described  us '  one  of  the  most  heroic  and  brilliant  achievements  ever 
recorded  on  the  unuala  of  tho  Army'  the  second  buttaliou  of  tho-^ 
Fintt  Regiment  was  mode  Grenadiers  aH  the  firtit  battalion  had  been 
made  for  the  defence  of  Mangahir.  The  raotto  of  the  regiment 
became  !Nfnngalur  and  Koregaon."  Captain  Staunton  was  appointed 
an  honomry  aide-de-camp  to  the  Governor  General  and  presented  by 
the  Court  of  Directors  with  a  sword  omomeutod  with  a  suitablo 
inscription  and  a  sum  of  500  guineas.  Ou  attaining  the  rank  of 
Major  in  182^  Captain  Staunton  was  appointed  a  companion  of  the 
Most  Honnurnblc  the  MUitury  Order  of  the  Bath.^ 

Mr.  Elphinstone,  who  nsited  Koregaon  two  days  after  tho  fight 
(3id  January  181S),  found  every  sign  of  violence  and  havoc.  The 
houses  were  burnt  and  stattered  with  accoutrements  and  broken 
arms,  and  the  streets  were  filled  T^-ith  the  bodies  of  dead  men  and 
horses.  Tho  men  were  mostly  Arabs  and  must  have  attacked  most 
resolutely  to  have  fallen  in  such  numbei's.  Some  wounded  were 
iri.red  wilh  the  same  cure  as  the  British  wounded.  About  fifty 
bodies  within  the  village  and  half  a  dcuien  without,  with  tho  wounded 
and  the  de-ad,  made  not  less  than  300.  AV»oul  fifty  bociies  of  ftepovs 
and  eleven  Europeans,  besides  the  officers,  were  found  imperfectly 
buriod.* 

At"  the  eminence  near  tho  river  is  a  round  stone  tomb,  where  tho' 
artillerymen  killed  in  the  action  were  buried.     At  this  point  the 
river  is  crossed,  and  300  yards  to  the  left  of  the  Pooua  road  on  the 
oppoaitc  bank  is  au  obelisk  Go  feet  high  of  which  25  feet  is  pediment 
12'  8'  square.     It  stands  ou   a  stone  platform  32'  4*  square.    The 
obelisk  is  of  polished  hard  stone,  and  is  enclose*!  with  a  stone  wall 
six  feet  high  on  three  sides,  and  an  ii'on  railing  with  a  handsome 
iron  guto  and  tn*o  lamps  on  the  west  side.     The  inscription  on  che^^ 
north  and  south  sides  is  in  MarJithi ;  and  the  inscription  ou  the  west^f 
side  giveu  below  is  in  English.     The  inscription  on  the  north  and  ^^ 
east  sides  gives  the  names  of  the  English  killi>d  and  wounded,  and 
of  four  nativps  attached  to  the  artillery  who  were  killed,  from  which 
it  appears  tliat  of  the  eight  officei-s  engaged  three   were  killed  and 
two  wounde<I,  and  of  the  twenty  English  artillerymen  eleven  we 
killed.     The  English  inscription  on  tho  west  side  is : 


« 
I 


)  Tb«  details  are:  Seooiitl  buttalion  Piret  KficiiiiQiit,  .MX)  rnnk  and  file  and  Cva 
oOiceni,  CuptJUii  Staunton.  Lientcnant  PattmiU'ti  kil)t.-<l,  LteotcDiuit  Conrllui 
voQudetl,  Lieut«naiit  Joucb,  AwiisUuit  SiirK'-ou  WingaW.  kilivd.  Artillery,  tweaty- 
four  m«u  and  two  officers,  Ut'Utciuiiit  Cbi»ht>Im  kllltxriiDd  AwiKtanl  SiirijeoD  Wyllie. 
Auxilinry  Hoi^o  30(1  uion  mtd  one  oiBcvi',  LuiutvuBtit  .Swunatoii  WQondcd.  Grant 
Ihifl'8  Mar&tbtiB,  608  foutuote  2.  ^  C.rant  DuH'a  MiiriithiU,  (>5^  i.x>tnote  I. 


1 


*  llie  iwnrd  was  prMcntod  to  Captain  Staunton  on  thf  Ui  n(  .Tuuuiiry  1620  hy  iX\A 
Honoiiral'lc  MouiiUluari  Kliiliiimtoiie.    Kivo  yoan  lator  Licotcnaat-Olonel  Sta'iti 
C.B..  died  on  the  l^t^  'A  Jooo  1825  otTthe  C'ajw  of  Good  H<^|>e.     Hiatorical  Kecord, 
2nd  Grenadier  It«gtmcnt,  19-34.  o',).  *  Colebrouko's  Klpbuiittuiic,  IT.  If>-I7. 

*  Mnrt«j-'a  Bonibay    Uaodbuvk,  3M  305.    Couipve  Jacquemont,  Voyage  dana  1' 
lode,  IIL  544. 


^rd.^ 


D«ccui-  \ 

POONA 

TUiOolamn 

U  WMttd  to  oommeiDorata  the  deffinoe  of  OorAgAum 

b7  ft  Dfttaohnient  commanded  by  Oaptaln 

Staunton  of  the  Bombay  Eatablishmflot 

whiah  was  surrounded  on  tbo  1st  of  January  1616 

b7  the  Pasbwa  s  wholo  army  under  hia 

personal  command, 

and  withstood  throoghoat  the  day  a  series  of 

the  most  obstlDate 
and  Banguloary  assaults  of  his  best  troops- 
Captain  Staunton, 
under  the  most  appalling  aire  urns  tances, 
perserered  In  his  desperate  reatstanoe, 
and,  seconded  by  the  unconquerable  spirit  of 

his  Detaohment. 

at  length  achieved  the  atgnal  discomfiture  of 

the  Enemy 

and  aooompllshed  one  of  the  proudest 

triumphs 

of  the  British  Army  In  the  Eaat. 

To  perpetuate 

the  Memory  of  the  brave  troops 

lo  whose  heroio  flnonesa  and  devotion  it  owes 

the  glory  of  that  day, 

the  British  Qovemmeot 

has  directed  the  names  of  their  Corps  and  of 

the  killed  and  wounded 

to  be  insorlbed  on  this  monument. 

MDcccxxn.' 

Kurkumb,  a  small  villaRp  of  Ull  people,  on  tho  Poona-SlioUpur 
road,  bC\a.-u  uiile^  south-east  of  PAtas  station  and  about  twouty  miles 
nortb  of  Bilriliiiati,  has  two  tomples  built  in  honour  of  Phiranatdovi. 
<mo  in  tho  village  and  the  other  oa  a  neighbouring  hiir  Tlio  larger 
temple  of  cut  and  poUahed  stone  ia  eighi-sidod  with  an  audience  hall 
or  $abhdniandnp  and  verandnH  on  both  ttides.  The  other  temple 
on  the  hill  is  smaller  and  wa«  built  by  Sambhaji  NAik  JJimbilkar, 
Deshraukh  of  Phaltan  in  175U  (Skak  1681).  It  contuius  a  MarAthi 
LUBcHption  in  Deip-nAgari  characters  doted  Shak  1681  (*.d.  1759) 
recording  the  name  and  the  pcdigi-co  of  the  builder  of  the  temple. 

About  four  miles  eouth  of  the  Karlu  cave  kills  and  eight  miles  south- 
east of  SJ^^d^o,  in  the  ruugc  that  forms  the  southern  limit  of  tho 
IndrAyani  valley,  stand  two  fortified  hills,  Lohogad  to  tho  west  uhort 
and  eomb-backed,  and  VisApur  long  and  level  to  the  east.  From  the 
Tillage  of  Bhiija,  aboat  araile  south  of  the  EArle  railway  station,  a  path 
lettds  up  tho  face  of  a  slightly  wooded  spnr  to  the  plateau  from  which 
rise  the  sheer  cliflis  of  Lohogftd  on  tho  right,  and  the  tamer  sidee  of 
VisApur  on  tho  left.  From  tho  top  of  the  pass,  between  two  hills,  the 
truck  divides,  one  branch  ruuniue  west  beluw  the  cliffs  of  Lohogad, 
tho  other  euat  below  the  slopes  of  V  isiipur.  This  iii  the  simplest  imth 
up  either  of  the  bills  and  is  oj>en  all  through  the  fair  season.  During 
the  hot  months  (March-May)  the  plcoaantest  way  of  seeing  Loho- 
gad and  Yisapur  from  Ehandllla  or  Loudvla,  is  to  start  from  the 
western  village  of  Avadholi,  climb  Lohogad  from  the  south,  and 
passing  to  VisApur,  scramble  up  the  steep  rugged  gorge  in  its  south 
iBoe,  and,  crossing  the  hill,  return  by  the  north  ruvino  uong  a  smooth 


Chapter^XTl 
Places. 
KantOAON. 

ObftM: 


KuBsuua- 


Lorcm:,«ii  Am 


>  Compan  Cbesson  and  WooiUiall's  Bombay  MisooUany,  V]I.  46*48^ 


lapterXIV. 
FlaoeB. 

LOUDOAD. 


The  Wan  Up. 


i 


purt-tllltid  plateau  and  down  tho  stoop  hili-sidc  that  overhang  t1 
village  of  Blitija.     From  Lon^vla,  keepiug  to  tUu  ri^^ht  uuder  tl 
Boiithem  ranee?  of  hillfl,  a  rough  croaa  country  road  foUowa  the  liue 
of  the  tirat   English  highway   botwocn  Poona  and   the    Bor  pasa,^— 
about    four  and  a  half  milos  Bouth-eiwt  to  Avodholi.     The  close^^f 
view  of  Lohogad  shows  a  long  rocky  point,  knowii  as  the  Scorpion *^^ 
Sting  or  Vichu-kdntii,  running  north-west  from  the  main  bodv  of 
the  upiKT  hill,  and  ending,  over  the  Avudlioli  valley,  in  a  bare  black 
fortified  crag.      From  Avadholi   tho  path   loads  up   a    stoop   well 
wooded  pass  to  u  rolling  plateau  with  scattered  trees  and  patches 
of  tillage  from  which,  on  the  left,  rises  the  black  cliff  of  Lohogad  fort-. 
At  first  under  the  Scorpion's  Sting,  a  cliff  about  300  feet  high,  and 
then,  under  the  bare  scarp  of  the  main  hill  whose  walled  crest,  con- 
nected with  the  Scorpion's  Sting  by  an  arched  gateway,  rises  about 
150  feet  higher,  the  path  leads  through  about  two  miles  of  open 
woodland  and  hill  tillage  to  tho  shady  village  of  Lohvadi.      To  the 
left  of  Lohv^i  arc  the  eites  of  some  large  buildings,  tho  dwcllingA 
of  the  local  denhmtiklts  who  had  formerlv  large  manaious  uud  a  well 
and  garden.     A  filled  up  well  may  still  be  seen,  in  which  accordinf 
to  the  local  story  at  a  wedding  the  child  bride  and  bridegroom  fel 
were  drowned  and  the  place  was  deserted. 

Behind  LohvAdi  a  path  leads  to  the  sole  entrance  to  the  fort, 
where,  from  among  tlio  trees,  up  the  face  of  a  stcop  spur,  winds 
a  flight  of  steps,  partly  built  partly  rock-cut,  guarded  by  four 
arched  gateways,  each  flanked  by  double  bastions  rising  one  above 
the  other,  tho  highest  standing  clear  against  the  sky.'  On  the 
right,  before  reaching  tho  lowest  gateway,  at  the  fewt  of  a  high 
rugged  scarp,  is  a  row  of  three  cavea,  their  mouths,  except 
narrow  d<jorway«,  closed  by  modern  masonry  walls.     The  first  cave. 


00^^ 


Icnown   as    the  Salt   Store,   and  measuring  nineteen  feet  long   b 
twenty-two  broad  and  six  and  a  half  high,  is  plain  without  pilla" 
or  writinK.    Along  the  east  wall  are  two  stone  benches  each  abo 
six  feet   long  by  throe  broad   and  two  high.     Between  the  stone 
benches  a  door,  cut  in  the  rock,   leads  into  a  second  care,  also  ploui^H 
nnd  without  pillars,  about  twenty-six  feet  by  twenty  and  seven  nigo^l 
and    divided    into    two   rompartraents    by    a    modem    stone    and 
mortar   wall.     A  door  in  the  back   wall   of  this  cave  opens  on 
a  aecond  smaller  chomber.     A  few  yards  further  along  the  hill  side 
is  a  third  cave,  with  a  masonry  woU  built  nearly  across  tho  cntrtmco 
and  the  inside  partly  filled  with  water.     Beyond  it  is  a  large  rock- 
cut    water   ctstom    about  fortj'   feet  square  and  eighteen    deep,    tho 
roof  sixpported  on  two  rough  rock-cut  pillars.     In  the  bare  face  of 
the  clin,  about  thirty  feet  above  this  line  of  eaves,  reached  by  a  brokeag^| 
flight  of   rock-cut  Hteps,  are  two  unfinished   cells,  the  lower  five  fee^B 
and  a  half  by  five  and  the  upper  six  by  five  and  four  high.    A  hole 
leads  through  the  floor  of  the  upper  into  the  lower  cave,  and,  when 

1  Tbouli  rongh  and  in  plmoei  entirely  dcitroyod  tliU  road  can  BtiU  be  cl«arly 
tnoed.  ft  is  Imiolly  known  «■  th«  PeAwft's  ruad,  bdc)  ma.y  be  on  tho  liiia  of  k 
MuitliA  highway,  but  Ui«  ruiaains  of  pMTtnaent  and  metalling  aeem  Bugluh, 

8  Accorduig  to  Lord  Valentia  (1803)  th«  gstewkya  take  kwav  from  the  itrength  of 
the  place  by  offet-ing  a  lodgment  fora  atonnitig  pftrty.    Trarda,  n.  171-  ^^^ 


Deccanl 


I 


I 
I 


I 


POONA 


finished,  the  two  would  probably  have  formed  one  chambur.  Theii' 
positiou  ouUido  of  tho  defences,  and  tbo  contrast  between  the  modcni 
masoury  entrance  and  partition  walla  and  the  rest  of  tho  M-urk  of  the 
lower  caveft,  and  the  rough  stone  stejw  and  oiwnings  into  the  upper 
cave»,  bear  out  the  people's  belief  that  the«e  caves  were  not  granaries 
but  Buddhist  monk-dweUingft  or,  as  they  eay,  Pdndav-hewn  houses. 
Their  simplicity  and  rudeness,  and  their  close  resemblance  to  some 
of  the  older  Juuuar  caves  point  to  au  early  date.  A  little  above 
this  line  of  caves  rises,  on  the  left,  the  western  bastion  of  tho 
first  or  6ane»h  Qate.  This  was  the  first  of  the  additions  made 
by  N^a  Fadnavis  about  17S9.  There  is  still  a  generally  believed, 
and  apparently  true,  storv  that  the  building  had  to  be  stopped 
because  the  foundatioa  of  the  bastion  would  not  hold.  At  lost  ^^^doa 
was  warned  in  a  dream  that  the  defences  could  never  be  completed 
tmtil  the  favour  of  tlie  god  of  the  hill  was  won  by  burying  oLive  a 
man  and  a  woman.  After  much  difficulty  a.  Marutha  of  the  Sabalc 
clan  agreed  to  offer  his  eldest  non  and  his  son's  wife.  A  hole  waa 
dug  and  the  two  were  buried  alive  and  over  them  the  foundations 
of  the  bastion  were  ogain  laid  and  have  ever  since  stood  firm.  In 
reward  for  this  sacrifice  the  headship  of  the  village  of  Lohvildi  was 
taken  from  a  Ghodshi  familv  and  given  to  the  Sibale  whoso  fourth 
in  descent  is  the  present  police  pAtil. 

According  to  the  local  storv,  of  the  four  gateways,  the  Ganeah, 
Nardyan,  HanumanI,  and  Malm,  tho  first  second  and  fourth  were 
built  in  the  time  of  N^nu  Fadnavis  and  tho  third  or  Uauumuut  is 
older  and  was  built  by  the  MusalmAns.  The  gateways  of  all  aro 
arched  in  Musolm^  style  and  strengthened  by  masonry  bastions,  the 
windings  of  tho  stops  and  the  heights  of  the  gateways  being  so 
planned  that  the  approach  is  commanded  by  all  the  bastions.  Tho 
gates  are  of  teak  slrcnglheucd  with  truu,  the  lowest  or  Gonesh  gate 
being  armed  uguiusl  elephants  by  long  iron  spikes.  Here  and  there 
in  the  bastions  of  tbo  Gaiifsh  and  other  gates  are  a  few  small  dis- 
mounted guns.^  Inside  of  the  Ganesh  Gate  on  the  right  hand,  about 
the  level  of  the  roof  of  tho  gateway,  is  a  broken  image  of  Ganpati. 
A  little  fttrthor,  about  halfwoy  to  the  NArfiyan  gate,  in  a  niche  on 
the  right,  is  a  small  broken  imago  of  Oauri,  Gunpati's  mother, 
seated  with  crossed  feet  and  upturned  soles,  her  bands  resting  on 
her  knees,  four  bracelets  on  each  wrist,  a  bodice  and  a  tiara  or 
mukui  on  her  head.  To  the  right,  about  halfway  between  the 
Nir^yan  and  Kanumanl  gutc«,  arc  two  caves,  the  nearer  fourteen  feet 
by  sixteen  and  nine  high,  used  by  tho  MarfithAs  as  a  nnehni  store, 
and  the  further,  about  twenty-nine  by  thirty  feet  and  twelve  high, 
used  as  a  rice  store.  They  arc  plain,  without  pillars  ornament  or 
writing,  and,  except  narrow  doors,  have  their  mouths  closed  by 
tnasonry.  Theii'  depth,  three  or  four  feet  below  the  entrance, 
and  the  roughness  of  the  tool-marks,  support  the  local  belief  tlmt 
they  are  the  work  of  men,  not  of  the  Pdndavs,  and  were  cut  by  the 
Uar^this  as  granaries.  A  few  steps  fuilhcr,  before  puwing  through  tho 
M&ruti  orHanumaut  gateway,  a  rough  broken  image  of  Mamti  is  cut  in 


1  On  ODo  of  tlie  gaiu  nro  cut  tho  Inttvra  ftiid  Ggurm  T.  P.  D.  4-1-17  *ad  oo  aaotllW 
ill  BAlbodb  the  wonU  AU  Mad*t  uid  the  flgurei;!  3  12. 

•  866—31! 


Chaptsr 
Places- 

LoHOUAD. 


Fort  Detailt. 


pterXIV. 

Places- 
Lohooad. 
Fort  JJriaiU. 


the  cliff  on  tbe  right.  Just  above  this  image  is  the  IkUniti  orHanumant 
gateway,  the  original  gato  of  the  fort,  wMch,  according  to  the  local 
story,  was  built  by  Alanigir  or  Aumngreb,  but  is  probably  at  least  aa 
old  ua  the  Ahinaduugar  kiugs  (1489-l()3ti].  A  few  steps  above  the 
M/iruli  guteibc  Btuin-oiH:  ih  enpaniifd  by  on  urch  or  kavuin  fitted  with 
holes  for  boltHand  bam.  A  little  further  the  Btiurciue  turns  sharp  to 
the  right  in  front  of  the  Maha  or  Great  gateway,  a  plain  wooden  door 
set  in  aMuaalmfin  arch,  with  some  slight  trooery  above  and  a  small 
image  of  Mdruti  on  either  side.  Within  the  gateway  is  a  ruined  court 
and  guard-room  with  one  arch  standing. 

Facing  the  Maha  gate,  on  a  stone  plinth  about  five  feet  high,  stands 
B  atone  mnusolcuni.  u  square  tower  i.Qpptxl.  as  it  seems  from  the  out- 
side, by  a  rough  clumsy  dome.  This  building,  which  is  about  tiEte<>n 
feet  square  inside,  has  two  slightly  ornamented  stone  tombs  on  the 
floor,  and  rises  in  a  plain  well-proportionerl  dome  about  twenty-6ve 
foct  high.  It  has  no  inscription.  According  to  the  local  story  it  is  a 
cenotaph  in  honour  of  Aurangzeb  and  one  ot  his  wives.  Close  to  the 
mausuleum  are  the  ruins  of  the  small  court-house  or  dhikii  4"i</ur,  and 
in  front,  bctwuvn  the  tomb  and  the  clili  edge,  are  the  remains  of  the 
armoury  or  iohar-hhdna.  Behind  the  dome,  the  hill  rises  into  a  bare 
knoll  about  100  feet  high,  and  to  the  right,  under  a  clifl  about  thirty 
feet  high,  are  the  weU-built  plinths  of  four  courtyards  or  cJiauk»f 
said  to  be  the  remains  of  the  chief  Government  offices  or  ntoOii  gadar. 
In  the  rocky  brow  behind  are  a  set  of  fcjur  c-avcs.  The  cave  most 
to  the  south  and  west  baa  its  mouth,  iill  but  a  hole  about  two 
feet  square,  choked  with  earth  and  fallen  rocks.  To  the  north-east, 
behind  tho  ruins  of  the  chief  court-house,  is  a  cistern  about  twelve 
feet  deep  rut  into  the  face  of  the  hill,  the  inner  part  supported  by  a 
roughly  hewn  rock  pillar.  A  few  stejw  to  the  right,  with  a  porch 
about  tiftcen  feet  by  eight,  is  the  second  cave  partly  filled  with 
mud  and  water,  the  entrance  blocked  by  rocks  and  earth,  and  with  a 
modem  wall  and  door  built  across  it.  Inside,  a  modern  stone  and 
mortar  wall  divides  Ihc  cave,  leaving,  to  the  left,  a  compartineut 
about  thirty  feet  by  twenty.  From  this,  a  few  yards  to  the  east, 
two  nK'k-t-ul  doorways  lead  into  two  small  chuiubcrs,  one  to  the 
left  the  other  t'wing  the  entrance  doorway.  The  cave  ia  plain 
throughout  without  pillars  or  ornament,  A  few  yards  further,opening 
from  a  small  terrace  strewn  with  stonea  and  imder  an  overhonging 
rock,  is  a  third  cove  with  a  recess  on  tho  right  and  two  small 
chambers  on  tho  left.  This  cove,  which  is  known  as  the  treasury, 
Khajdnddrki  kothi  or  Jamuldrkhdna,  measures  about  sixty  feel  long 
by  forty-five  brood  and  about  eight  high.  It  is  plain  without  pillars 
or  ornament  and  has,  along  the  east  wall,  a  stone  bench  about  th 
feet  high,  five  feet  broad,  and  twenty-seven  feet  long. 

Slight  brick  partitions  divide  the  cave  into  compartments  ab< 
fifteen  feet  square,  and  up  the  middle  a  row  of  treasure-coffers,  about 
three  feet  squore,  hove  been  snnk  in  the  floor.  A  few  yards  further, 
under  an  overhanging  rock,  about  six  feet  deep,  is  a  fourth  cave 
known  as  tho  I^ukshmi  Kothi  The  original  entrance  seems  to  have 
been  a  central  doorway  with  roct-poats  and  two  aide  windows  or  open* 
ings,  each  about  three  feet  high  and  eight  long,  cut  halfway  down  to 
the  floor  of  the  cave.    But,  except  a  doorway  measuring  five  feet  by 


on^^ 


Deccui.l 


POONA. 


861 


tii^BBf  the  front  has  been  cloeed  by  a  modem  etono  wall.  Inside  of 
the  door  ia  a  rock-cut  hull,  fifty  feet  by  thirty  and  seven  high,  with 
POck-cut  side  benches,  but  without  pillars  ornament  or  fij^ures.  Part 
of  tlio  hall,  cut  otf  by  u  brick  partition,  has  been  used  o&  a  Btore-room  ; 
and  iu  the  roof,  between  the  outer  and  inner  doorways,  a  loop  has  been 
eut  from  which  to  hang  tho  wulca  uihkI  in  weighing  grain  and  aLoree. 
In  the  back  wall  of  this  hall  are  four  rough-hewn  rock  pillars,  each 
about  three  feet  square,  placed  bo  as  to  form  a  central  doorway  and 
two  windows  on  cither  side,  each  window  about  eight  feet  long  and 
four  hif^h,  correaponding  to  tho  windows  in  the  outer  wall.  A  flight 
of  three  rou^h  stepe,  with  plain  rock-cut  side  benches,  each  five  feet 
long  aud  throe  and  a  half  wide,  lead  to  the  inner  doorway.  Within 
this  doorway  is  a  second  hall,  about  fifty  feet  by  nine  and  a  half  and 
seven  high,  in  no  way  differing  in  style  from  the  outer  hall,  except  that 
at  each  end  a  door  leads  into  a  rock-cut  chamber  twelve  fcot  by  ton. 
Through  the  back  wall  of  this  second  hall  are  reached  a  central  and 
two  side  chambers,  the  central  chamber  about  17' 6'  by  13' 6"  and 
each  of  the  aide  chambers  ten  feet  by  fourteen.  Within  this  central 
chamber  ia  an  inner  shrine  about  eight  feet  by  four  with  a  small  room 
to  the  left.  On  the  back  wall  of  the  shrine  are  some  markings  and 
hollows  which  look  as  if  a  relic-shrine  or  other  object  of  worship  bod 
been  wrenched  from  tho  wall.  The  story  is  that  this  cave  was  the 
dwelling  of  Lomceh  Rishi  and  that  a  passage  onco  ran  through  the 
back  wuU  of  the  shrine  into  tho  seer's  private  chamber.  One  of  the 
Mujiolmau  kings  is  said  to  have  spent  sixty  bottles  of  oil  in  lighting 
this  passage  in  search  of  the  seer,  and,  ou  failing  to  find  him,  ordered 
the  mouth  to  be  closed.  Beyond  Lakshmi's  chamber  are  two  small 
rough  caves  and  a  larger  one,  apparently  about  twenty  feet  by  forty, 
now  half  filled  with  mud  and  water.  This  group  of  caves  is  by  the 
people  behoved  to  be  the  work  of  the  Pandavs.  and  though  no  trace 
of  orniimcnt  figures  or  writing  has  been  found,  the  style  or  the  work, 
the  position  cummanding  a  fine  view  south-cast  across  the  Pauna 
valley  to  the  M^ndvi  Tikona  and  Morgiri  or  JAmbhulni  hills,  and  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  old  shrine  ot  iJahiroba  now  the  tomb  oif  Shaikh 
Umar,  favour  the  idea  that  it  was  once  a  Buddhist  settlement  If 
they  are  Buddhist,  the  caves  rank  araongthe  oldest  class  belonging  to 
the  second  or  first  century  before  or  after  Christ.  Passing  over  the 
high  grouud  in  which  tho  oaves  arc  eut,  tho  patlt  leads  to  a  walled 
enclosure,  at  the  west  end  of  wliieh,  covered  by  a  rough  thatchcxl  roof, 
is  the  tomb  of  Shaikh  UmaxAvalia  an  Arab  saint.  Shaikh  Umar  is 
said  to  have  come  from  Mecca  with  six  brothers  one  of  whom  waa 
BAva  Malang  who  gave  his  name  to  the  hill  near  Ealydn  in  the 
Konkan  and  another  Shaikh  Salla  of  Poena.  They  are  said  to  have 
come  us  misaionaries  before  Musalmdu  jjower  was  established  iu  the 
Deocan.  According  to  the  guardian  or  mnj'ivir  oi  the  tomb,  whose 
family  have  held  the  jioat  for  seven  generations,  when  Shaikh  Umar 
came  to  Lohogad  he  found  a  Hindu  ascetic  ou  the  hill-lop  whom  he 
seised  by  the  leg  and  tossed  across  to  the  Vis^pur  plateau  whei-e  his 
ahrine  is  still  worshipped  ae  the  paiulev  or  forest-god.'     Once  a  year. 


Chapter  XI 

Places. 

LoHoaAS. 


*  It  BoatDB  doobtful  wbatber  thfa  ii>-e«Iled  asceiie  wu  a  Ooalvi  bd()    wu   not 
Bahiroba,    Hw  prueni  vandev  ii  nid  lo  be  Bkbirobft  lud  bM  »  Koli  ministxaot.    At 


fBoDbft;  Oaiett 


ipUr  xiy 
Places. 

Scrt  DttaiU. 


Biitorjf. 


DISTRICTS. 


un  the  Dci-t.-mber>Jaiiuar_v  or  PaH«AfiiIl-iuoon,  a  fair  is  held  at  Shaikh 
Umar's  tomb,  to  which  about  1200  pilgrims  come,  Hindua  of  all  castes 
as  well  as  Musalm^ns,  mostly  from  the  villagee  round  as  far  as  Poona. 
One  of  the  Waitors,  a  Hindu  of  the  saddler  or  Jingar  caste,  lately 
(1880)  presented  the  shrine  with  a  handsome  silk  covering.  In  a 
oorDcr  of  the  enclosure  are  several  votive  clay  horses.  Behind,  that 
ia  to  the  west  of,  the  saiut's  tomb,  the  hill  rises  into  a  steep  grassy 
knoll  about  100  feet  above  the  level  of  most  of  the  hill-top.  lo  the 
north  of  the  oentral  knoll,  about  150  yards  to  the  west  of  the  saint's 
iomb,  is  ft  masonry  pond  about  140  yards  round  and  with  two 
flights  of  steps  leading  to  the  water.  On  the  east  wall  of  the  north 
flight  of  steps  a  Murfithi  iuseription  dat<-d  S.  1711  (a.  n.  1789) 
states  that  the  maker  of  the  pond  was  BiU^ji  Jandrdan  Bh&na 
(that  is  Ndua  Faduavis),  whose  agent  or  representative  was  Dhondo 
BallAl  Nitsure,  and  the  mason  who  built  it  Udjichat.  This  pond 
docs  not  now  hold  water.  At  the  time  of  the  capture  of  the  hill 
the  English  are  said  to  have  run  ofTthe  water  in  search  of  treasure 
and  the  escape  opening  has  never  been  closed.  Tho  remains  of  a 
stone  structure  for  working  a  leather  bag  and  of  ^s-atcr-channela 
to  the  north  show  that  the  water  of  the  poud  was  once  used  for 
gardening.  To  the  south  of  the  central  knoll  and  to  the  west  of 
the  domed  tomb  is  a  ruined  temple  of  Trimbakeshvar  ]^[ahadev,  and 
close  to  the  temple  a  rot^k-cut  cistern  and  a  well  of  pure  water.  To 
the  north-west  of  the  pond  there  seems  to  have  been  a  gardt-n  where 
the  artillery  apparently  was  parked.  A  few  guns  lie  about  and 
stone  balls  are  found  in  the  grass.  At  the  north-west  corner  of  the 
hill-top  a  path  passes  through  an  arched  gateway  down  a  rough 
descent  of  100  or  150  feet  to  the  strip  of  rock  knon-n  as  tho  Scorpion's 
Sting.  This  rock,  which  is  about  loOO  yards  long  and  from  twenty 
to  forty  y&Tiin  broad,  bos  a  rough  flat  top  and  steep  sides  strengthened 
by  broad  mneonry  parapets.  The  wnlled  passage  at  the  west  end  of 
the  rock,  according  toLordValentia  (1803),  was  the  beginning  of  a 
flight  of  steps  which  were  planned  by  one  of  the  S^tdra  chiefs  but 
never  completed.' 

To  the  west  of  the  plateau,  below  the  Tiohogiid  clifl",  is  a  hamlet 
about  six  Koli  huts.     They  grow  hill-grains,  wichni  ond  vari,  own" 
cattle,  and  make  butter.     Thev  are  Pujfiri  or  X*&n  Kolis  acting  as 
temple   servants   to  Gaupati,  ^faruti,   Bahiroba,    Khondoba,    and 
Vithoba.     The  Mar^tha  Kunbis  eat  and   drink  with  them,  but  Uiei^^ 
do  not  intermarry.     Thuir  surnames  are  Ik^re,  Dbanvale,  Dakol^H 
and  Shilke.  ^™ 

Ijohogad  is  one  of  the  strongest  and  most  famous  of  Doccan  fort« 
and   is  probablj'   a   seftlemeiu  of    very    great   ago.     Its   position. 


commanding  tho  high  road  io  tho  Bor  pass,  must  have  always  made  i 


the  top  of  the  pass,  on  Uic  vay  {rom  Bhftja,  is  aii  old  tentplo  to  Bome  form  of  Devi 
with  »  lirokim  dome  in  the  croH-comer  or  UMiUdpanti  ttylc.  CIcnor  under  Lohogmd, 
on  a  niagh  pliuUi,  an^  thirtnon  email  ttime  hones  alxnit  »  foot  high  ami  a  ftxit  longi 
■aid  to  ba  the  BtaMe  of  Shaikh  ITtnar.  Here,  in  p«»aing.  Himlu  women  and  chitdnni 
leave  A  Bmall  branch  or  tree-tn-ix.  It  sccins  prOMble  that  Shaikh  Umar's  rtaci  ii  a 
■lU-vivai  of  the  old  Bahiroha  hi>riw--wor«hip. 


M 


1  TrareU,  a  171. 


DacoaiL] 


POONA. 


253 


I 


haportaut,'  and  ita  large  series  of  caves^  though  not  yet  properly 
eaLainincfl,  would  eeera  to  show  that  it  wus  a  Buddhist  resort  at  leaet 
as  early  as  BliAja,  Kjtrle.  and  Bodsg  (b.c.  200-a.d.  200).  On  these 
grounds,  and  from  it9  resemblance  in  name  and  position,  it  seems 
possible  that  Lohogad  is  PloIcmy'B  (a.d.  150)  Oloehoora,  one  of  the 
chief  places  inland  from  the  South  Konkau  or  Pirate  Coast,  In 
modern  times  it  ia  mentioned  as  one  of  the  Baltniiuii  forte  taken  by 
Malik  Ahmad  when  (1480)  he  establisheil  himself  as  an  independent 
ruler.*  In  1.564  Burhdn  NizAni  Sh^h  II.  afterwards  the  seventh 
Ahinodnagar  king  (1590- 1591)  was  confined  here  durini*  hia 
brother's  reign.^  On  the  fall  of  the  Ahmadnogor  dynasty  in  lt>;J7, 
Lohogad  passed  to  the  Biinpur.kiiiKS,  but  wus  soon  after  (1648) 
wrested  from  them  by  t^hivaji.  In  1G(>5,  after  the  successes  of  Jaising 
and  Dilf&wur  Khin,  Shivdji  was  forced  to  cede  Ijohogad  to  Aurangzeb. 
Only  five  vcars  later  (1670),  in  the  successful  operations  tEat  followed 
TAnAji  ]^mlusre's  capture  of  Sinhgail,  Loliogml  wns  surprised  by 
tho  MarAthas,  and  afterwords  made  a  sub-divisional  ln'nd-qiiarter9 
and  treasury.*  About  1701  Lohogad  was  taken  by  tho  SfurAthAs,'^  in 
1713  it  was  taken  by  Augriu,"  and  in  1720  it  was  ^iv^  Jo  BAlAji 
VishvanSth.'  About  li70  the  fort  was  taken  in  tbe  interests  of 
K&na  Fudnuvis  by  a  Koli  named  Jtivjl  Bomble.  This  man  who  was 
a  famous  outlaw  had  some  capital  rocket-men  and  advancing  one  of 
them  to  a  favourable  position  pointed  out  to  him  the  direction  he  was 
to  fire.  One  of  the  rockota  fell  omong  some  powder  close  tfl  the  door 
of  the  magazine  and  caused  such  an  explosion  that  the  garrison  were 
forced  to  surrender."*  Towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century 
Nflnn  Fadnavts,  when  prime  minister  to  BAjirdo  11.  (1796- 1800), 
placed  Dhondopaut,  a  dependant  of  his  own,  in  command  of  Lohogaiid 
and  sent  all  his  treasure  to  the  fort.  After  Nona's  death  (1800)  nis 
widow  (12th  Xovember  1802)"  took  refuge  in  Lohogad,  and  Dhondo- 
pant  refused  to  hand  over  the  fort  to  the  Peshwu  unless  Nilna's 
adherents  received  certain  offices.  Dhondopaut  remained  in  command 
till  1803  when  the  Peshwu,  under  Oeuerul  Wellesley's  mediation, 
agreed  to  allow  Dhondo  to  keep  the  fort  ou  promise  of  acting  as  a 
faithful  subject     Shortly  after,  from  a  fort  near  the  Krishna,  a 

fjarrison  of  Dhondopant's  fired  on  the  Peshwa  and  would  not  allow 
lim  to  pass  to  a  temple.  In  punishment  for  this  outrage  General 
"Wellesley  thrcotcned  to  storm  Lohogad  :  and  on  promise  of  personal 
safety  and  of  a  yearly  grant  of  £120  (Rs.  1200)  to  Nona's  widow 
whom  General  AVuUesley  described  as  *  very  fair  and  very  handsome 
veil  deserving  to  be  the  object  of  a  treaty,*  Dhondopant  retired  to 
Th&na  and  the  widow  to  Panvel.  When  the  fort  surrendered  to 
the  British  it  hold  a  prodigious  quantity  of  ammunition  of  all  kinds. 
It   was  at   once  restored   to   the   Peenwa   and    in  1803    (October) 


Chapter  XIT' 

FlaoM- 

LoaooAp. 


'  Till  quite  Utely  the  high  road  to  iha  Bor  Put  kept  oIom  to  the  lOQthem  raogaof 
bills  jiMt  below  Lohogad.  '  Grant  DufTi  Mviith^,  33. 

■  Brigga'  Fcmhta,  III.  271.  282.       •  The  late  Mr.  G.  H.  John»,  C-S, 

•  Soott'a  Dcocan,  II.  5fl  ;  V\*aring's  MarftthAa,  123. 

•  Grant  DufTa  Martthin.  193.  '  Grant  Duft'a  MarAthia,  202. 

*  Tranaactiona  Bomhay  Geographical  Society  I.  263. 

*  TraosactiDDt  Bombay  Gcographioal  Sociaty,  XIX.  84, 


[Bombay  OaietUwri 


Chapter  XIV. 
flaus. 

LOBOGAD. 


ilittory. 


VUAPVK. 


DlSTBICXy. 


>orlV 
final 


when  visited  by  I<ord  Valentia,  was  strougly  garrisoned,  but  poor! 
supplied  Ytntb  stores.'  Some  months  after  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  with  tho  Poshwa  (4th  March  1818)  a  strong  force  under  Colonel 
Prother  was  sent  ugniust  Lohogud.  On  the  capture  of  VisApur  the 
gurridou  left  Lohogud  and  uu  tho  next  duy  it  was  taken  without 
rwiistunce.^  Till  ua  late  ua  1845  the  fort  was  garrisoned  by  a  com- 
miuidunt  and  a  few  troops.'  The  guard  was  afterwards  removed, 
but,  probably  because  tho  fort  could  at  any  time  be  commund 
from  VisApur,  the  four  gateways  and  other  fortifications  were 
unharmed.  In  1 803,  it  was  reported  as  a  strong  fort,  the  walls 
gates  in  slight  disrepair,  with  u  sutHcieut  supply  of  water,  and  able 
hold  about  500  men.* 

Rising  from  the  same  plateau  as  Lobogad,  about  half  a  mile  to  th 
north,  tho  rocky  scarp  of  Visa  fur  is  crowned  by  a  smooth  bare  hill- 
top, considerably  larger  than  Lohogod,  and.  at  its  highest  point,  3550 
feet  obove  the  sea.  Near  the  middle  of  its  length  two  ravines,  one 
running  down  tho  north,  tho  other  down  the  south  face,  narrowing 
its  wutre,  hollow  the  hill  Into  an  hour-glass.  £uch  half  of  the  hill 
rises  into  a  gently  rounded  knoll  which,  though  showing  no  trace  of 
fortifications,  is  dignified  with  the  name  of  Bdla  Killa  or  upper 
fort  Round  the  edge  of  the  hill-top  runs  a  wall,  high  and  strength- 
ened by  towers  along  the  wcet  face.  In  other  parts,  except  where 
tho  rock  is  not  sheer  and  the  crest  has  been  scarped  by  a  masonry 
lining  or  pavement,  it  is  little  more  than  u  utoue  and  mud  breast- 
work. In  other  parts,  uecording  to  the  lie  of  the  ground,  the  defeuuea 
>'ary  from  strong  walla  backed  by  masonry  platforms  where  the 
slope  was  naturally  easy,  to  a  mere  parapet  of  dry  stone  where  t 
plateau  ends  in  a  precipice. 

From  Lobvadi,  at  the  foot  of  Lohogad  fort,  the  VisApur  path  p 
north  winding  among  plinths  of  cut^stone,  which  att<:3t  the  importunoA' 
of  the  old  yeta  or  cantonment  attached  to  Lohogad  fort,  past  where 
Shaikh  Unuir  dismomited,  a  spot  marked  by  an  earthen  platform 
and  8  row  of  small  votive  clay  horses,  and  past  a  hole  in  the  east 
point  of  Lohogad  cliff,  made  by  the  saint  when  he  hurled  his  spear 
against  tho  rock  in  defiance  of  the  Hindu  ascetic  whom  ho  was  about 
to  oust  from  the  plateau.  The  VisApur  path  leads  over  a  bare  rocky 
partly  tilled  plateau  across  the  crest  of  the  ridge  which  connuctA 
Lohogad  and  Viaapur.  Beyond  the  shoulder,  the  path,  for  about  a 
mile  and  a  half,  nms  under  the  sheer  scarp  of  Visipur  fort.  It 
then  turns  to  the  left  up  a  deep  gorge,  the  sides  crested  by  masaiTO 
masonry  bastions,  along  a  steep  rough  track  strewn  with  lar 
boulders  and  broken  masonry,  tho  ruins  of  the  Deccan  gateway, 
destroyed  when  tho  English  dismantled  the  fort.  At  the  head 
the  gorge,  hevfn  in  the  rock,  is  a  lai-ge  reservoir  said  to  be  tho  work 
of  tho  Panduva,  built  in  with  modem  stone-work  and  the  interior 
plain.    The  hill-top,  with  its  two  conical  knolls  about  two  hxmdred 


i  the 
e  thi^_ 

LunotiS 


'  Vnlentu's   Tntvda,  11.  IU6-I71.     Dhondopaiit'a  guriKo    vftried  Moordiiig  to 
drcsmftancvfl  from  ooe  to  thrcQ  thonund  ni«n.     Ditto,  171. 
»  BlMiker'a  Mu4th>  \V»r.  247.         '  Ini-p.  Report  of  Forte,  Poona  Diviuon,  1646. 
*  Gorcmniotit  List«  of  Civil  Forts,  196Z. 


Decc&n.l 


POONA. 


235 


feet  htgb,^  is  smooth  and  thickly  covered  with  grass,  but,  except  a  few 
old  Fic'Ufl  glumtTiilu  or  vmbar  trees  in  a  hollow  neor  the  centre  of 
the  north  fuuu,  it  is  bare  of  trcce. 

BeRides  the  wall  round  the  hill-top  there  are  three  chief  works, 
maasive  masonry  biiations  that  in  both  i-avinca'  6unk  the  ruined  central 
gateway,  a  strong  masonry  tower  at  the  north-east  corner,  and  a  great 
OQtstanding  raaaonry-linud  crag  that  guards  the  hill  to  the  north- 
west. The  remaiuH  ou  the  hill  ore,  in  the  wcsteiii  half,  two  rooflesa 
buildings  surrounded  by  outer  or  veranda  walls  said  to  have  once 
been  GoTcrnment  offices,  and  in  the  east  half,  near  the  southern  edge 
of  tlie  hill,  a  large  three-comei-ed  stone-built  pond,  and  close  to  it  a 
rock-cut  cistern.  Near  the  north  wall  is  an  iron  gun  ten  feet  long 
and  of  four-inch  bore,  marked  in  relief  with  the  Tudor  Rose  and 
Crown  flanked  by  the  letters  E.  R.  This  is  probably  a  gun  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's  reign  robbed  from  an  Engli&h  ship  aud  presented  to  the 
Pi^hwa  by  Angria  or  some  othur  ManUhu  pirate.^  Like  several  other 
guns  on  the  fort  it  has  been  disabled  by  breaking  off  its  trunnions. 
JNeur  the  middle  of  the  hill-top,  between  the  two  gorges,  in  a  small 
grove  of  old  7tmbar  Ficus  glomerata  tree's,  are  the  ruins  of  a  large 
stone-bnilt  house  known  as  the  Peshwa's  palace.  Cloeo  to  it  ore  the 
remains  of  an  old  MahAdev  shrine, 

The  descent,  through  the  north  or  PAtan  gate,  is  for  two  or  three 
hundred,  yards  somewhat  steep  aud  rugged  with  fragments  of  the 
ruined  gateway.  Lower  down,  the  path  passes  under  the  north-west 
clifl^  and,  beyond  the  cliff,  stretches  fur  about  a  mile  across  a  bare  open 
plateau.  IxKiking  bot^k  from  this  pluteuu,  the  vast  natural  deff^nces 
of  the  two  hills  stretch  in  a  long  waving  line.  Beginning  with  a 
bold  bluff  near  the  north-east  comer  of  the  hill  the  line  recedes  to  form 
the  northern  or  Piltan  gorge,  then  sweeps  forward  to  tlio  massive 
outstanding  north-west  crag,  and  at;ain  sUghtly  reee<ling  stretches 
along  the  strongly  fortified  western  faoe-  Further  west,  with  only  a 
very  short  break,  another  line  of  fortilicutlons  crowns  the  north  fuoe 
of  l^hogud,  and,  with  a  slight  drop,  slruiehes  westward  along  the  Bat 
crest  of  tlie  Scoi-pion's  Sling.  P'rom  the  western  brow  of  the  plateau, 
which  commands  this  view,  down  the  Rhiija  hill-side  a  smootb  steep 
path  winds  quickly  to  the  plain. 

Visfipur  fort  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  the  first  Peshwa  BfU4ji 
VishvouAth  ( 171 1-  1720).  In  1818.  when  reducing  the  Peshwa's  forts, 
the  fame  of  Lohogud  as  u  place  of  strength  caused  the  Knglisii  to 
make  speeial  preparatious  for  its  attack.  A  detachment  of  380 
Duropeuns  and  800  Natives,  with  a  battering  train,  summoned  from 
the  Konkan,  were  joined  by  artillery  from  Ch4kan,  and  the  second 
battalion  Sixth  Native  Infantry  and  a  detail  of  the  second  battalion 


Chapter 

Places. 

LOBOCAD  AT 
V'lHAPCB. 


Tfutitrf, 


'  By  ftncTJid  the  height  of  tho  Dqoomi  mM  U  3350,  of  tba  eutem  bution  3430, 
mud  of  th«  oentral  height  35JM}  feet  ftbore  ui«  m«. 

t  Thn  Pitun  govg*t  wm  not  ao  strongly  fortified  u  the  other  gorge.  Then  wn* 
fome  fvrtiticatiuns  l>at  all  wcro  Uowa  down  ud  the  uoeat  from  TAt*n  u  for  a  cxm- 
•iderablo  diatauco  over  •lebria. 

>  Gvvernnifiiit  I.uita  of  Oiril  Porta,  IS€%  Btat«  that  moat  of  the  gniu  bsd  the  letters 
£  and  K  oerved  on  their  tninniuus.  Theae  tetteti  have  be«n  notioed  on  thii  oiw  guu 
only.    Mr.  J.  MoL.  CMDpbcll,  CS. 


Plaoos. 


iXrLK 


LOXT, 


iXiOHI  Kahu. 


of  the  First.  The  whole  force  was  placed  under  the  command 
Colonel  Prother.'  On  the  4th  of  March  Visapur  wns  attackerl,  and 
on  tlio  somo  day  wae  occupied  without  resiatanec.*  Both  the  north  or 
Koukau  Olid  tho  Houth  or  Deci'tm  eateways  were  blown  up,  and 
except  a  few  Bhangars*  huta  the  lull  uaa  siuce  been  deserted.'         ^H 

Lona'Tla,  about  forty  miles  uurth-wcst  of  Poena,  is  a  iuunici{^^ 
town  in  M4val  with  a  railway    Htution  and  u  jwpiilution  in    1881 
of  3334.     LonAvla  lies  at  the   top  of   the   Bor  mss  and  is  the  chief 
up-conntrv  centre  of  the  south-east  branch  of  the  Pemnstilii  railway 
corrcBpontliiig  to    I^atpuri  on    the    north-cast    branch.      Besides 
the  mumcipulity  and  the  railway  station  Lundvla  has  a  post  offic^^ 
locomotive  works,  Protestant  and  Koman  Catholic  chapels,  a  railw^H 
school,  a  masonic  lotlge,  and  a  co-operative  store.     The  1883  railw^^* 
returns  showed  74,088  passongera  and   1047  tons  of  goods.     The 
municipality  was  eatabbahed  in  1877   and  had  in    1883  an   income 
of   £100   (lis.  1000)    and  an   expenditure  of  £85   (Rs.  850).      A 
railwoy  reservoir,  about  two  miles  to  the  south  of  Londvla,  uSbrds 
a  fair  supply  of  water  to  tho  town.     Close  to  the  south  of  tl^^ 
town  is  a  large  wood  of  fine  trees  hung  in  many  parts  with  ^d^| 
thick- atenuued  creepers.     Along  the  south  and  west  fringes  of  t^^^ 
wo*k1  are  many  favourite  camping  grounds  during  April  and   May, 
The   wood,   which   covers   about    mty  six   acres,    is  interesting  i 
preserving  a  trace  of  the  forest  with  which  the  "West  Poona  valltfj 
were  probably  once  covered.     This  section  of  the  early  forest  seems 
to  have  been  protected  out  of  fear  for  MahAdcv  whose  shrine 
in  the  heart  ol'  the  wood.     Loniivla  wood  is  famous  for  picnics 
as  a  camping  ground  for  visitors  during  tbe  hot  season  (March-31aj 
About  four  miles  south  of  Loiuivla  Is  Sdkar  Pathilr  a  wide   wavi' 
hill-top  in  many  ways  particularly  fitted  for  a  health  resort.' 

Loni  in   Haveli,  also    called  Ijoni    Kalbhar,  about  ten    mil 
south-east  of  Poona,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  2612,  has  a  railwi 
station  and  a  Collector's  bungalow.     The  station  returns  for  18f 
show  12,621  passengers  and  339  tons  of  goods.     About  two  miles 
south  of  the  vUluge,  in  a  spot  called  U^mucbi  Jaga  or  Rdm  Dara,  |H 
the  tomb  of  one  Satu  K&moshi  who  is  said  tu  have  died  about  ^fl 
hundred  ye^rs  ago.^    In  1827  Captain  Clunea  notices  Loni  os  a  usual 
halting  place  with  200  houfles,  five  shops,  a  watercourse,  and  wells.* 

Loni  Kand,^  on  the  Poona-Ahmadnagar  road  about  ten  miU 
north-east  of  Poona,  is  a  small  village  of  909  people  with  a  travelloi 
bungalow. 

In"  1820  tho  township  of  Loni  was  described  as  having  lauds 


i 


■  The  Hod.  M.  R]t>hinitot)«  to  Gov.  (Jen.  Tth  March  1818.     Acoonlina  to  Blacketr 
(MwAtha  War,  24")  Col.  Protlier'«  force  ooDsistMl  of  seven  uiortan  una  (our  hesTy 

Ens,  370  men  of  H.  M  .'h  6\Hh  Foot :  tbe  fint  bktt«lioQ  of  the  Fifth  and  th«  fint 
ttalion  of  the  Niuth  llegimeutfl  of  Kaiive  Infantry  ;  tletachtnenla  of  tiie  •oeoud 
battaliona  of  the  Sixtli  atid  Fint  Rcjfinienta  of  Nativu  InfADtry  ;  mh)  ttro  coinpuuM 
of  tbe  Auxiliary  Brigade.  *  B-lackw'i  Maritlia  War.  247. 

■  List*  <if  Civil  Ft^rtA,  1S62.  *  Details  ikre  given  helow  uuiler  Sikar  PatliAr. 
'  Mr.  H.  E.  \Vint«r.  C.S.                     •  Uinorary.  27. 

7  The  village  is  called  Loni  Kand  to  dietinguuli  it  from  Loni  on  the  Pcnlnaula 
railfray  alao  called  Loui  R&lt>har  in  th«  aaoie  aub-divinioit. 
•  Dr. OiU  in  TnuiaacUoua  Boinbaj  Literary  3w.iot^-,  III.  ISS-aW.  Dr.  tWta*  imj 


I 
I 

\ 
\ 

I 

I 


embracing  a  circumference  of  nearly  nine  miles  comprising  3669 
acrcH  or  about  5J  square  miles.     Or  these  1055  ucrea  were  arable 
and  the  rest  common  used  as  pasturage.     The  towi»  had  568  people 
in  107  houses.     The  town  was  situated  on  a  dry   slope  ovurlookmg 
its  garden  and  arable  lands.     From  a  distance  it  looked  like  a  masa 
of  crumblinc  clay  walla  broken  by  a  few  stunted  trees,  and  here  and 
there  a  buuding  like  a  barn  or  stable  corored  with  red  tiles.    The 
whole   was   suri-ounded   by    a   mud  wall  five  furlongs   round,  ten 
to  twelve  feet  high  and  four  or  five  feet  thick  at  the  base.     The 
wall  had  two  rude  gates,  ten  to  twelve  feet  high  and  as  many  broad, 
mado  of  two  pieces   of  thick  teak  planks  joined  by  cross  beams  let 
into  an  eyo  cut  in  the  frame  above  and  resting  on  a  hollowed  stone 
below  which  served  as  a  hinge.     "Within,  the  town  was  comfortless 
miserable   and   filthy.     What   seemed  crumbling  clay   walls  were 
the   houses  of   the   great   body  of  the  people  built  of  sun-dried 
bricks  of  white  chalkr  earth    with  tcrraocd    brick  tops.       Some 
were  ruined  and  some  had  pieces  of  straw  thatch  thrown  up  against 
them     to   shelter   poor   people  and  cattle.     Tho   town     had     107 
inhabited  dwellings  aud  live  public  buildiuga,  the  chdvdi  or  village 
office,  three  lliudu  temples  oi  Bhairav  Ilanumdn  and  MahAdev  also 
used  as  rest-houses  by  travellerit,  and  a  ruined  Musalmttu  place  of 
worship.     The  bouses  were  bnilt  out  of  order  as  thouffh  for  defence 
and  had  a  general  air  of  gloom  and  unsociableness.     Narrow,  dirty, 
aud  crooked  lanes  wound  amongst  them.     The  chdvdi  or  office  was 
thirty  feet  square  with  square   gable  ends  and  a  tiled   roof  resting 
on  a  treble  row  of  square  wooden  posts.     It  was  used  by  travellera  and 
Government  meSHengors,  and  a  comer  of  it  was  occupied  by  the  Koli 
water-carrier.    The  temple  of  Bhauav  was  a  tiled  building  open  in 
front  and  poorly  built.     It  contained  images  of  Bhairav  and  his  wife 
Jogesbvari  and  two  or  three  pointed  stones.    All  these  were  so 
covered  with  oil  and  rcdlead  as  to  leave  no  trace  of  features.     The 
image  of  Bhairav  was  in  lucul  repute  for  curing  snake-bites  and  many 
people  and  cattle  were  said  to  have  recovered.  Tho  god  did  not  allow 
the  im/t  tree,  which  is  used   against  snako-bile,  to   gi-ow  within   tho 
village  walls,  as  he  himself  took  care  of  all  snake-bitten  patients. 
The  building  cost  £12  10s.  (Rs.  125).     The  temple  of  HanumAn 
twenty-six  leet  square  bad  a  flat  roof  terraced  with  white  earth. 
It  hail  an  open  front  and  rested  on   rows  of  wooden  posts.     The 
image  was  placed  against  the  back  of  the  wall  in  a  little  niche  facing 
tho  front.     It  was  a  rude  imitation  of  a  monkey   covered  with  rod- 
lead.     The  tetmplo  had  been  built  by  the  villagers  at  a  cost  of  £20 
(Rs.  200).  Tho  temple  of  Mahadev  (16'  x  10*)  was  built  of  hewn  stone 
and  Lime  aud  had  a  terraced  roof.     It  was  iu  two  parte,  a  front  to 
the  east  being  a  portico  with  three  pointed  arches,  and  a  shrine  in 
the  buck  entered  from  the  jmrlico  and  containing  a  ling  in  a  case. 
The  temple  was  built  in  1801  by  a  relation  of   the   village  headman 
or^(t7.     In  1827  Captain  Chines  notices  Loni  as  belonging  to  the 
Dluundhere    family  with    eighty   houses   three  shops   and   several 
wells.*      In  1832  it  is  noticed  as  surrounded  by  a  brick  wall  broken 


Chapter  XIT- 

Places- 

LoMi  Kand. 


givM  a  very  tnterMtiiig  account  of  an  old    Deooan  village  and  tieacribes  in  detail  a 
Tillage  community,  Ita  inititutioafl,  and  reaonroea. 

■  Uiiibrary,  10. 
a  866-ii 


{Bombay  Guetteer 


*pter  XIV. 
Placet- 


DXOK. 


auUboad, 


■iBAfl; 


Malthak. 


nilea 


DISTRICTS. 


down  in  places.    The  maide  of  the  village  was  dirty  and  wretch* 

but  there  were  no  beggars.' 

Madh,  a  Hnijill  village  ten  mile^  north  of  Jiuinar,  with  in  1881  a 
poituliitii.n  of  899,  lias  a  weekly  market  on  Saturday. 

Maha  lunge,  on  the  Sirur-Talegaon    road,   about  eight   milea 
Bouth-wcst  of    Khed,  with    in    1881    a  population  of  1457,   ia 
alienated  \-illugo  belonging  to  the  Ingle  family.     A   weekly  mar1c< 
ia  held  on  Monday. 

Malha'rgad  or  Sona'ri  fort,  witMu  the  Umita  of  Sondri  villj 
about  Hix  iniles  north   of  SAsvad  and  three   miles  west  of  the   Di      _ 
paAS,   18    a    small   douhle-walled    fort    crowning    a   point   uu    the 
oinhgod  range.     About  700  feet  above  the  plain  on  the  Loni,  and 
about  -too  feet  on  the  SonAri,  side,  the  fort  was  about  TOO'varda  round, 
«nd,  though  it  hail  little  atrength  either  natural  or  artiticial,  ita  poaition 
at  the  head  of  the  Di\'te  paas  was  un  anxiety  and  trouble  to  travellePB 
and   earavans.     The   outer   wall   of   the  fort,   which   followed    tbMg 
triangular  fonn  of  the  plateau,  waa  thirteen  feet  high  and  six  f*^^^| 
thick,  the  inner  wall  which  was  square  with  corner  baaltuns  of  Ultl^' 
strength  being  only  eii  feet  thick  and  about  five  feet  high.      The 
walls  are    pulled   down  in   places  and   on  the  south  are  complelcly 
breaclied.      Besides  u  main   entrance  at    the  north-cust    comer    of 
the  outer  wall,  the  fort  has  several  minor  entrances  at  two  comers. 
Inside  are  temples  of  Khandoba    and  Mahddev  and  ruins.     Tho 
water-supply  from  a  cistern  and  three  wells  inside  the  fort  is  scanty. 


The  beautiful  little  Fan  Palm   fern,  Aetiuiopteris   radiata,  groi^^H 
in  perfection  in  the  crevices  of  the  masonry  and  few  tiner  spocimei^H 
of  tho  Maiden  Hair  fern  can  be  found  than  in  a  part  of  the  ruins. 
The  fort  was  built  about  1770  by  BhivrAv  Yashvant  l*anse  iind 
Krishniiii  MAdhavr^vFilnse,  propnetors  of  Son&ri  villoge,  and  was 
called  alter  tho  god  Malhari  becau8«,  when  tho  foundations   were 
being  dug,  blood  oozed  out  of  the  ground.     The  blood  was  understood 
to  be  a  mark  of  the  displeasure  of  Klmndoba  or  ^[alhiVri  the  Pdn^H 
family  god,  and,  after  vows  to  build  a  shrine  to  the  god  and  name  tl^H 
fort  after  him,  the  work  went  on  and  was  finished  without  mishap.* 

MaTsiras,'  a  small  alienated  villugc  about  fifteen  miles  north- 
east of  Siisvud,  ivith  in  1881  a  population  of  890,  has  on  old  temple 
of  Bhuleshvar  Mah&dev.      The  temple,  wbit^h  ia   built   of   stonn  ai^I 
mortar,  is  sixty  feet  long  and   eight.sided    and   has   some   fad^^l 
paintings.     The  hall    or  stihhdmnnilap   in  front  wna  built  by  on« 
Bhdrgavrj'im  SvAmi.     The  temple  ia  estimated  to  have  cost  aboiq^_ 
£10,000  (Rs.  1,00,000).*    A  yearly  fair  is  held  at  the  temple  on  t|H 
last  day  of  Shrdran  or  July-August  when  about  2000  people  asscmbl^^ 

Malthan,  ten  miles  west  of  Sirur,  with  in  1881  a  population 
of  213d,  is  a  dwma/a  or  two-owned  \*illage  belonging  to  the  i*ov4r 
family.  The  village  has  a  Mahddev  temple  and  a  Muhanuuadan 
tomb  of  Isnulel  Shflh  Pir.    Tho  temple  is  a  fine  building,  about 


'  Jftcquemont  Voyage  dana  I'  Ind#,  til.  543.       '  TlieUteMr.  G.  H.  .Tohtu,  C.i 

*  The  villAge  is  »iu«r to  ti«vu  got  iU  iinniu  !roni  the  iitony  grauad  or    meii  ua  vfh 

it  stMitU.  *  Mr.  Noi-niftDi  K«port  on  Poosk  temple*. 


I 


I 


I 


200  je&TB  old,  and  lately  rpstorod  with  nn  additional  hall  or 
gabhanutndap  at  tlic  cost  of  the  PovfSr  fuinilv-  In  front  of  Ih© 
torople,  near  the  enlrunt-e,  is  a  lump-pillar  or  dipnidl  eur\'iliiiL'ar  in 
form  and  surmounted  by  a  carvtfd  Bquarc  capital.  A  small  fair  18 
held  at  the  tomb  un  the  dark  fifth  oi  Chaitra  or  Starch-April. 

Manchar,  on  the  rifi^ht  bank  of  tho  Ghod  about  twelve  milt>8  north  MamciiJ 

of  Khod,  is  a  market  town,  with  in  lt*8l  a  population  of  418'J.  The 
town  in  surrounded  by  a  wall  and  belonged  to  His  Highness  Holkar 
till  l6(JS-Gy  when  it  became  British  by  exchange.  It  has  a  post 
office  and  had  a  muuicipality  from  August  1865  to  March  1875. 
A  weekly  market  ia  held  on  Sunday.  To  the  west  of  the  town, 
beyond  a  watercourse,  is  a  fine  Hem^dpanti  reservoir  about  twenty- 
five  yards  square  with  two  Aighta  of  steps  lemling  to  the  water. 
Except  the  west  wall  which  has  a  niche  (3'  X  2'  6")  with  carved  side 
posts  and  srnlpturefl  foliage,  the  walls  of  the  reservoir  are  plain. 
Within  the  niche  is  a  much  worn  DevnAgari  inscription  ditBcuIt 
to  read.  Manchar  appears  to  havoboona  MusalmAn  town  of  some 
importance,  and  has  a  small  mosque  at  its  south-west  entrance.  The 
mosque  is  entered  by  a  tine  single  arch  surmounted  by  a  projecting 
and  bracketed  cornice  with  a  small  minaret  at  each  of  the  four  corners. 
in  1827  Captain  Oluucs  notices  it  as  belonging  to  Holkar  with  200 
bouses,  sixteen  shops,  lr"jO  wells,  and  a  weekly  cattle  market.' 

Ma'nkeshvar,  a  small  \'illage  about  eight  miles  north-west  of  Maxkismi 
Jnnnor,  witli  in  1881  apopulationof  146,  has,  on  a  mound,  the  romwns 
of  what  seems  to  be  a  tino  HeraAdpanti  temple.  The  remains  consist 
of  two  or  three  artistically  sculptured  pillars  without  base  or  capital^ 
aome  fragments  of  capitals,  and  two  large  bulls  or  Ifandis.  Other 
fragments  are  probably  buried  in  tho  mound.  The  temple  is  locally 
believed  to  have  been  destroyed  bv  the  Muhunimadans  and  a  Fir's 
tomb  M-ithin  a  stone's  throw  to  ilie  south  of  the  temple  seems  to 
ooafirm  the  local  story. 

Kedad  or  Amra'vati,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Karha,  is  a  walled 
villug<-',  a  mile  north-wei^t  of  BdrAmati,  with  in  1881  a  population  of 
86G.  To  tlie  north,  comnmnding  the  village,  is  a  beautiful  fort  said 
to  have  had  a  gun  as  large  as  any  at  Bijapur.* 

Morgaon  or  Moreshvar,  a  large  market  town  on  the  left  bank  Mohoacm. 

of  the  Kurha.  about  live  miles  south-west  of  Supa,  with  in  1881  a 
population  of  1032,  has  a  large  handsome  temple  of  Ganijati.  Hero 
Moroba  GosAvi,  the  founder  of  the  I)ev  family  f)f  Chiuchvad,  used  to 
worsliip  his  favouril*  deity  until  its  transfer  to  Chinchvad.'  The  floor 
atones  of  the  temple  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  large  tortoise. 
Near  the  temple  is  a  rest-house  an  ornamented  square  buildine  with 
a  dome.  The  rest-house  was  built  in  1702  and  is  of  unusually  fine 
workmanship.  A  yearly  fair  is  held  at  the  Ganpati  temple  on 
Gaiieshcluiturthi  the  bright  fourth  of  Bhadmpad  or  Augustr 
iScptember,  and  lasts  till  the  tenth  of  the  bright  half  of  A}thvm 
or  September -October.  A  weekly  market  is  held  on  Sunday.  In 
1792  Captain  Moor  describes  Morgaon  us  a  large  town  with  a  fairly 


iItiiicTw>-,  13.      ■  Moor'i  Oper*Uon».  m.      *  8ee  ftboTo  Cbiaehvftd  pp.  125-127. 


[fiombft;  auetteer> 


DISTRICTS. 


Ch&pUr  XIV. 
Flacei 

[ifLBBI  BODBOKll. 


UnUUAVI. 


KajUtamqaos. 


Fort. 


good  nmrkct,  a  handsomo  tomplo,  and  a  rcst-boudc  which  was  then 
building. 

If  ulshi  Budrukh,  a  small  village  about  ten  miles  south-wcsl 
Paud,  with  in  \HSl  u  population  of  530,  has  a  wwkjy  market 
Bunday. 

Mundhave  village,  about  five  milesi  north-east  of  Foona,  hi 
from    IWU   to   1842   a   nursery  garden  where   Mesars.  Suudt 
AVebbc  grew  excellent  coffco.* 

Na'ne  in  Mdval,  about  two  miles   north   of  Khodh^laf   with  in' 
1881  a  population  of  727,  haa  a  weekly  market  on  Saturday.     In  a 
revenue  Btatomentof  about   1700  NAne   Mdval  appears  as  tlio  bead' 
quartor8  of  a  pargana  in  the  Junnar  sarkdr  with  a  revenue  of  £1963 
(Rs.  I9,630j.» 

Na'noli  village,  three  miles  north-oast  of  Talegaon  Dibhddc,  bi 
some  old  caves  in  a  hill  scarp  a  mile  to  the  north.  A  steep  climl 
throo  quarters  up  the  hill  leads  to  the  base  of  a  high  evarp  faoinj 
Bouth-weet.  Skirting  this  sc-urp  a  cisteni  and  a  ocU  aro  poseod,  &nc 
beyond  them  a  flight  of  rudely  cut  steps  leads  to  a  square  fiat-roofed 
cave  (18x18x7')  now  used  as  a  temple  dedicated  l«  the  gdddeas 
Fhirang^UiL  In  the  south  wall  of  the  cave  is  a  email  coll.  Boyoud 
the  cave  the  scarp  is  hollowed  into  two  small  cells. 

Na'ra'yangaon  on  the  l^Iina,  nine  miles  south-east  of  Juunar, 
within  1872  a  population  of  3915  and  in  1881  of  3447,  is  a  large 
market  town  with  a  post  office  and  a  public  works  bungalow.  The 
weekly  market  is  held  on  Saturday.  The  Poona-Is  Asik  road  affords 
good  communication  to  the  north  and  east  and  a  well  made  IocoI^b 
fund  road  joins  the  town  with  Jimnar  eight  miles  to  the  north-westi^^ 
The  town  is  entered  by  two  main  gates,  the  Junnar  gate  on  the 
west  and  the  Poona  gate  on  the  east.  Ndr^yangaon  had  a 
municipality  from  1H61  to  1874.  Close  outside  the  Junnar  gate  is 
an  unKuiahed  mosque  with  two  fine  pillars  in  front  and  near  the 
mosque  is  the  tomb  of  a  Musalman  saint.  Further  to  the  west 
towards  Junnar  a  temple  of  Vithoba  stands  picturesquely  on  the 
left  among  fine  tix-cs  near  the  Mina.  Oa  o  hill  about  a  mile  to  the 
south  of  MAriyangaon  is  the  tomb  of  Ganj  Pir  where  o  yearly  fair 
attended  by  one  to  two  thousand  people  ia  held  on  the  bright  ninth 
of  Chaitra  or  March-April.  ^H 

About  three  miles  east  of  the  town  on  a  detached  hill  which  oa^^ 
the  north,  south,  and  west  rises  sharp  from  the  plain  is  the  dismantled 
fort  of  NarAvuiigud  (2f)lfi).  Tlie  t;liief  8tn>ngth  of  the  fort  lay  in  its 
great  natural  defences.  Its  artificial  fortifications,  which  were  never 
very  strong,  were  almost  t^niplotely  dismnntlwl  in  1820.  Ruins  of 
its  north  wall  and  of  four  of  its  bastions  remain.  Inside  the  fort  on  the 
extreme  hill  top  is  a  small  temple  of  Hatsdb&i.  The  water-supply 
is  abundant  from  two  cisterns  or  tdnkia  fed  by  springs  and  several 
rescn'oire  or  haud».  At  one  of  the  cisterns  the  god  NAriyan  ia  said 
to  have  shown  himself  to  his  devotees  about  1830.  For  two  or 
three  years  after  the  manifestation,  a  fair,  attended  by  thousands  of 


1  Nsmtive,  346.  >  i^  Part  II.  77. 


a  Waring'*  Mttritbia,  340. 


people,  WB9  held  every  Monday  in  honour  of  the  god.  The  hill  has 
Bouiu  other  ruins,  especially  a  stone  doorway  bearing  on  its  lintol  a 
tiguro  of  GaniMiti  and  two  attendant  tigers.  The  fortress  is  said  to 
have  been  built  by  the  first  Peshwa  BiUji  VishvanAth  (17H- 1720) 
and  givon  in  8ararijdm  or  6er\'ioe-grant  to  Suyiji  Povdr.  In  the 
last  Maratha  war  of  1818  N Arfiyangad  is  said  to  have  surrendered 
to  the  English  after  only  one  shell  had  reached  the  inside  of  the 
fort.'  In  1827  Captain  Clunes  notices  Ndnlyangaon  as  a  market 
town  or  kasba  with  700  houses,  twenty  shops,  forty  houses  of  dyers, 
and  200  wclk.^ 

Narsingpur^  at  the  meeting  of  the  Bhima  and  the  Nira,  in  the 
extrnme  south-east  of  the  Poona  district,  about  twelve  miles  south-east 
of  TndApur,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  1004,  has  a  temple  of  Shri 
Lakshmi  Noreinh  with  flights  of  stojjs  leading  to  the  rivor  bed."  The 
temple  was  built  by  the  chief  of  Vincliur  in  K^aik  about  150  years  ago 
at  a  cost  of  about  £45,000  (Rs.  4,50,000).  The  temple  is  eight-aided, 
built  of  black  stone,  with  a  gilt  apex  seventy  feet  high.  Must  of  the 
steps  arc  as  old  as  the  temple  and  a  ruined  part  on  tho  south  was 
rebuilt  by  VAman  Kelkar  a  Deshmukh  of  Aurangabad  at  a  cost  of 
about  £1*100  (Rs.  11,000).  A  yearly  fair,  attended  by  about  4000 
people  and  lasting  two  days,  is  held  in  honour  of  the  god  on  the 
bright  fourteenth  of  Vawhnkh  or  April-May. 

Navlalch  Umbro  in  Uilval  is  an  old  village  about  ten  miles 
north-east  of  Khudluilu.  Tho  village  lies  at  the  source  of  tho  Sud  a 
feeder  of  the  Indrdyani,  and  has  some  interesting  Hindu  and 
Musalmdn  remains.  The  hills  round  the  village  encluee  it  like  an 
uuiphilheulrc.  The  Hindu  remains  are  a  temple  of  Bohiroba 
^uukbandi  in  the  hill  range  and  a  canopied  tomb  locally  known 
as  Bdr^khflmb  or  the  twelve- pillared.  The  tomb  lies  to  the  north  of 
the  village  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Sud.  The  tomb  looks  like  a 
bandstand  and  consists  of  a  plinth  2'd*  3"  square  raised  four  feet  from 
the  ground  and  a  dome  resting  on  twelve  octagonal  pillars,  arranged 
in  a  circle  in  the  plinth.  The  pillars  arc  7' 5"  high.  Under  the 
eapitolfl  are  cartings  resembling  s[K'ar-hcads  but  they  slightly  diflbr 
in  form  on  the  different  pillurs.  They  arc  said  to  rcpreaont  tho  leaf 
of  the  suru  or  cypress  tree.  Tho  plmth,  pillars,  and  twelve-aided 
entablature  are  of  cut  stone,  and  the  vaulted  dome,  which  is  of  burnt 
brick  plastered  over,  shows  signs  of  decay  on  the  outside.  The 
dome  18  surmounted  by  a  central  ornament  nnth  a  small  piece  of 
wood  called  kalas.  The  tomb  is  said  to  have  been  built  over  the 
remains  of  his  priest  or  //urn  by  a  Jangam  VAni  of  Umbre  about 
200  years  ago.  On  the  plinth,  under  a  boss  hanging  from  tho 
middle  of  the  dome,  is  a  Ujuj  without  a  case.  On  the  north  of  tho 
tomb  is  an  unreadable  inscription.  To  tho  south  of  the  Tillage, 
facing  a  pond,  is  a  mosque,  a  square  and  very  massive  building 
ornamented  with  graceful  tracery  and  said  to  be  about  500  rcara 
old.     It  has  a  well  presencd  inscription  said  to  contain  the  builder's 


Chapter 
Places. 

NiRiTAHOAOlf^ 
Fort, 


Kxaauioi 


NavUi 

UUBBE. 


I  The  Ute  Mr.  O.  H.  Johns,  C.  9. 

>Mr.  Nociaaa's  Report  OD  foouft  t«tDptei. 


*  ttinorary,  IS. 
Dr.  BurgoH'  Lute,  81. 


Bombay  0a£eit«6r. 


ipt«r  xrv 

Places- 

BavuUed 
Uiuax, 


NiBUDAHI. 


KIuaAO^. 


LOS  Ketki. 


DISTRICTS. 


name  and  the  date.    The  gateway  of  the  Moghol  office  or  gadhi  u 
still  preeervcd.* 

According  to  a  local  story  the  village  was  founded  about  70 
veara  uffo.     TUl>  Kaziof  Umbic  hoa  grants  one  of   wliu-h  is  said  t 
be  dated  us  far  back  as  634  Hijri  or  ubout  123.5.      Tht.*  present  KA 
IB    un    old    mtLU     numcd    Sayadu    Dhoudibhlii.       The     tradition 
explanation  of  the  name  Navl&kh  or  nine  Uikha  is  that,  during  tb 
Divdli  holidays  in  October- November,  a  daughter  of  one  of  tho 
Moghal  offit-ere  of  ITrabre  asked  her  father  for  a  present  or  ovdlni* 
and  ho  orderc^i  her  the  payment  of  a  day's  receipts  at  the  turnspikft 
on  the  bridle  path  of  ifmbro.     The  toll  is  said  to  have  been  on' 
tankha  (^  a.)  ou  uoimale  and  head-loods  passing  to  Poouu  by  th 
Kusur  or  Ehaudiila   pasaoe.      The  day's  receipts  ore  said  to  ha 
amounted  to  nine  hundred  thousand  or  nav  lakh  of  tankhds  or  abou 
£2800  (Rb.  28,000)  and  this  event  is  said  to  have  given  the  name  of 
NavUkh  to  the  village.''    Umbre   is  |jrobably  the  Russian  traveller 
Ts'ikitin's  ( H70)  Oomri  on  his  wuy  trom   Cheul   to  Junnar.     From 
Cheul  Nikitin  went  in  eight  days  to  Pilee  in  the  Indian  mount-ains, 
which  is  perhaps  Pimpri  at  the  head  of   the  Pimpri  pass ;   thence 
in  ten  days,  Nikitin  went  to  the  "  Indian  *'  that  is  Dcccan  or  above 
GhAt  town  of  Oomri,  und  from  Oomri  ho  went  in  six  days,  probably 
by  the  old  Tulegaou  and  Khed  road,  about  sixty  miles  to  Junnar.* 

NiUlbdari,  a  smuU  village  of  655  people,  six  miles  sonth  of 
Junnar,  has  a  shrine  of  Renukddevi  with  a  yearly  fair  on  the  fall- 
moon  of  Ohniira  or  March-April  attended  by  about  3000  pilgrims.    ^^ 

NimgaOElran  alienated  village  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Bhima^^ 
about  six  miles  south-east  of  Khed,  had  tn  1881  a  population  of  1121.  ' 
On  a  knoU  to  the  north  is  a  temple  of  Khandobu  which  was  built  by 
Govindriiv  Gdikvtid  ubout  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  A.: 
yearly  fair,  attended  by  about  5000  people,  is  held  at  the  temple 
the  f  oU-moon  of  Ohaitra  or  March-April.  The  temple  enjoys  twenty-, 
two  acres  of  rent-free  land. 

Nimgaon  Ketki,  eight  miles  south-west  of  IndApur,  with  in,| 
1881  a  population  of  2408,  has  a  weekly  market  on  Saturdiiy. 


4 


I  Mr.  H.E.  Winter,  as. 

'i  Tlie  Qvdlni  ceremony  U  perfarmed  by  Jliodu  KUters  to  their  hrothora  on  tbsj 
BBOOod  day  after  Ditxiti,  ailvA  Ibo  Brother's  Second  or  bhdvbij.  It  coiisiflts  at  the 
■tstor  vaving  a  light  across  the  face  of  her  brother  And  of  th«  brother  niakiog  ber  a 
preMob. 

•  ^J^^y  Falkland's  version  of  the  story  (Chow  Chow,  I.  238-230)  is  slightly  different. 
According  to  her  tlie  present  van  Miivd  liy  a  MuBnlmiln  queen  from  her  huiWid. 
Tlie  king  WM  greedy  but  he  could  not  refuHc  his  wUc'n  r*iiuwrt.  Hut  he  was  sarrv 
tbe  queen  saked  the  income  of  so  poor  a  hill  toll  m  Umbro,  which  hardly  paid,  he 
thought,  the  Mtablisbmeut,  when  she  might  Imvc  asked  the  toll  of  a  rich  plare  lik« 
LAhor  or  Hurst.  His  sarpriie  was  great  vrhen  he  lejuut  that  a  day  s  receipt 
UDoonted  to  nine  IdUtt  of  tankAiLu 

^  Hajor'a  ludia  in  XV  Centur)-;  Kikitin,  9.  Nikitin's  roQt«  in  ptixzliog.  Jfc  vas 
formerly  enppnsed  to  hsTo  been  ny  Pnla  Sonile  at  the  fuot  <■(  tJic  NAna  pa«s  bat  tha 
poaitkiu  of  Fnln  Souile  doea  not  agree  with  the  sixteen  days  between  it  and  Junnar. 
To  expUin  Nikitio'*  eight  iMs  to  tho  Pimpri  pan  it  mAV  he  aupuoseil  that  he  went 
by  Rimrij,  Rohe,  Ohoe&la,  Tala.  Indipar,  KiaAmpnr,  and  Cmbardi  to  Pimpri.  Mr, 
\V.  F.  .Sinclair,  C.  S.  RugtwiU  that tliePtAgothna  route  is  more  Ukely.  He  would  placs 
Filoe  at  P&U  fort  in  the  Hhor  aUt«. 


I 

I 
I 


Nirvangni  on  the  Nira,  ubout  twelve  mUes  soutVTrcfit  of 
IndApur,  has  a  temple  of  Maliidt'V  with  a  large  bull  or  Ntindi.  The 
bull  stands  under  a  canopy  before  the  shrino  of  Mahtidcv  which  la 
to  Iho  west.'  The  shrine  is  half  eoTcred.  with  earth  and  utunes 
foroiing  a  plinth.  On  the  left  the  bull  has  a  slight  scar.  The 
horns,  says  the  story,  were  knocked  off  by  the  Musaun^ns  who  were 
going  to  break  the  bull  but  blood  gushed  out  and  they  refrained.  On 
a  stone,  over  the  plain  doorway  of  the  shrine,  is  an  inscription  which 
cannot  be  made  out.  All  pilgrims  to  Shingniipur  in  Satara  about  thirty 
miles  south  ofNin'angm  must  visit  the  Nir\'angni  bull  and  Mahadcv 
before  going  to  Shingnipur.  The  legend  is  that  when  Muliildov 
was  at  Nirvangni  the  bull  strayed  into  a  Mdli's  garden.  The  iliSli 
pursued  the  bull  and  wounded  it  on  the  left  side  with  a  sickle  or 
khurpe  and  the  scar  of  this  wound  is  still  seen  on  the  bull.  Muhddev 
and  the  bull  then  went  to  Shingnapur  but  the  bull  came  back 
to  tho  Mali's  garden.  Seeing  that  the  bull  Hked  Nirvangni 
Mahadev  arranged  that  he  should  live  at  Shingnipur  and  the  hull  at 
Nirvangni,  and  that  every  pilgrim  to  Shingnapur  should  first  visit 
and  pay  obeisance  to  the  bull  at  Nirvangni.'^ 

Ojha'r  or  Wojha'r,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Kukdi,  is  a  small 
alienated  village  six  miles  south-east  of  Junnar,  with  in  1881  a  popula- 
tion of  674.  Ojhiir  was  the  scene  of  one  of  the  eight  incarnations  of 
Ganpati  in  whose  honour  a  temple  is  built  to  the  west  of  the  Wllago.* 
The  temple,  which  is  about  a  hundred  years  old,  lies  in  an  enclosure 
entered,  by  a  fine  gatewav.  The  sides  of  the  gateway  have  sculpture<l 
doorkeepers,  and  a  row  oi  four  musicians  in  bus  relief  adorns  the  lintel. 
All  the  figTircB  are  brightly  painted.  Within  the  enclosure  are  two 
fine  lamp-pillars  m  front  of  a  fine  corridor  of  seven  cuapcd  arches 
used  as  a  rest-house.  The  temple  is  entered  by  three  cioora  with 
BCOlptured  side  nonta  and  lintels.  The  east  entrance  is  the  chief  and. 
bears,  over  the  lintel,  a  relief  figure  of  Ganpati  with  parrots  and 
monkeys  disporting  in  trees.  A  small  dome  flanked  by  four  minareta 
surmounts  tne  hall,  and  over  the  shrine  is  a  spire  adorned  with  the 
usual  rows  of  figure-filled  niches.  The  village  revenues  are  alienated 
to  the  temple  which  is  managed  by  the  InAmdAr.  In  18'27  Captain 
Clunes  uoticea  it  as  an  alienated  village  vfiih  a  hundircd  houses  and 
one  shop.* 

Otur,  north  latitude  19°  IG' and  east  longitude74*-"J',on  the  left  bonk 
of  the  Eushmavati^  or  M^ndvi  a  feeder  of  the  Kukdi.  ten  miles 
north-eaat  of  Jtmuar,  is  a  large  and  rich  market  town,  with  in  1S72 
a  population  of  6201  and  in  ISSi  of  5780.  Otur  conimauda  the 
eastern  mouth  of  the  Madmhorg  valley  ending  weBtward  in  the  M^^j 


ChAi^xrv. 

Flacee. 
KiavANOKi. 


Om 


Otcb*1 


I 


'  Tbe  vp«ea  bntweon  the  boll  caoupy  and  the  M&bi<lfir  Bbrine  hot  been  reo«otIy 
cloved  by  tiw  vilUgcn  with  muonry.  '  Mr.  J.  G.  Mooro,  C.  .S. 

*  Th«  Mv«n  otben  an)  at  Jmuuu-  KAnJKngnon  nud  Tlwtir  in  Poona,  at  PAli  in  tbe 
Pant  ^Hcliir's  UrriUiry,  at  Mailli  in  Koliha,  and  at  Sidhtck  in  Ahojadiugar. 

*  Itinerary,  19. 

*  The  XuHhm&vatJ  risM  about  thrc«  Diilea  above  Otur  from  a  dvop  Kor^  in  the 
SabyAdm  under  the  mountain  of  Bblmbcri.  It  cuts  a  deep  and  winding  cotirte 
through  the  hlnck  wil  of  Otur  plain  and  flows  four  niilea  tower  into  tbo  Kukdi  near  tba 
BoUoIcal  ganlcns  at  Hivre  Boamkb.  Tbe  river  ia  unXonlabtu  diuui^  July  and  Aagoit 
and  ahrtvat  iwlatcit  Otdr, 


i 


IBombay  Oaxetteei 


lapter  XIT. 
Places. 
Orcn. 


PIbal, 


DISTRICTS. 

pu80.  About  two  milRA  west  of  the  town  extends  the  inouatttJ 
range  which,  beginning  from  the  fort  of  HariBhch;mclnigi><i  (4*>9I ) 
at  the  hcud  of  the  ^lAlsej  paaa,  forms  the  northern  wuU  ot  that  vulley 
and  is  the  boundury  between  the  Poena  ond  Ahmadnugur  districts  at 
this  point  atretehing  for  east  into  the  Dcccan.  The  highest  pointa 
in  this  riuigc  are  Uiduni,  Bh^nibori,  aud  Chuuria,  the  last  within  the 
limitH  of  Otur  and  about  3700  foet  above  the  sea.  Three  miles 
from  Otur  the  Bi:4kjmM||H4(^paaa,  fit  for  laden  cattle,  leoda  to  the 
south-we«t  ^'»rp*'r  "^  A^?"1^'^_"^^p^^J  and  twelve  miles  to  the  east  is 

fit  for  wheela. 


^tMSStt'""" 


iree    main  entrances,   the  Rohokad    Ves  or  north 
gateway,  the  Nagar  Ves  or  east  gateway,  and  the  Junnar  Ves  or 
west  gateway.     Two  of  these  the   Rohokad  and  Nagar  are   well 
presenied.     The  town  has  a  post  office  and  a   CoUector'a  bungalow 
not  far  from  the  northern  entrance,  a  fort,  and  two  temples  on  the 
river  bank.     The  fort,  near  the  Junnar  gate,  was  built  in  the   last 
century  to  guard  against  Bhil  raids.     It  was  described   in  1842  aa 
a  small  ruined  yudlii  built  on  rising  ground.     The  forti6cationB  ore 
fast  falling  into  decay.     Inside  was  a  large  mansion  or  vddn  able  to 
bold  about    fifty   MOple.     The  water-supply   waa   scarce   and   othe^' 
supplies  not  available.  The  two  temples  are  of  Keshav  Chaitanya  th^H 
teacner  of  the  famous  Vini  saint  TukArAra  and  of  Kapardikeshvi^^ 
Mahiidcv.     Chaitanya's  temple  is  built  over  the  tomb  or  sam4dh  of 
that  saint.     A  yearly  fair,  attended  by  about  two  thousand  people.  Is 
held  at  Kapurdikcshvar  temple  on  the  last  Monday  of  Skrdvan  or 
July-August.     The  temple  enjoys  a  Government  cash  grunt  of  £4 
lOg.  (Hs.  45)  and  some  rent-free  land.     Otur  had  a  municipality 
which  was  abolished  in  1874  at  the  request  of  the  people.     In    1S27 
Captain   Cluues  notices  it  as  a  market  town  or  imita  with    250^_ 
houses  and  many  gurdons.'  ^H 

Pa'bal,  twenty  miles  west  of  Sirur,  ia  a  market  town,  with  in  1872 
a  population  of  3i)65  and  in  1K81  uf  1977.  Pabal  was  the  head- 
quarters of  a  sub-diviwion  till  1867,  when,  on  its  transfer  from 
Ahmadnagar  to  Poona,  Sirur  became  the  head-quarters  of  tiio  newly 
formed.  sub.di>-i8ion,  A  weekly  market  is  held  on  Friday.  P&bal 
has  a  post  office,  a  HemAdpanti  temple,  and  a  MusalmAu  tomb.  The 
Heni^dpanti  temple  of  Nageshvar,  to  the  west  of  the  town,  la  said  to 
have  been  built  by  one  Kanhu  RajpAtak,  The  hall  or  mandap  is 
divided  into  throe  small  aisles  by  two  rows  of  three  pillars  each,  the 
outermost  ijillars  being  slightlv  sculptured.  In  front,  to  the  east 
of  the  temple,  is  a  small  Ilemt^panti  pond  said  to  have  been  built 
by  a  dancing  girl  a  favourite  of  Kiinhu's.  Flights  of  steps  lead  to  the 
water,  and  in  the  side  walls  arc  small  niches  with  sculptured  side 
posts.  To  the  north-east  of  the  temple  u  fine  une<stone  pillar  stands 
on  a  lofty  pedestiJ  and  supporta  a  huge  capital.  The  tomb,  to  which 
a  mosque  is  attached,  is  in  un  enclosure  to  the  north  of  the  town. 
The  tomb  belouga  to  Maatani,  the  favourite  MusalmAn  mistroos 
of  the  second  Pcshwa  Bfijirav  B&Uji  (1721-1740).  Mastdui  if 
to  have  been  captured  by  Chimn^ji   Apa  in   Upper  India 


*  ItuieniTy,  IS. 


Oecean.l 


POONA. 


prenented  to  B&jirdv.  She  died  at  i\m  ShauvAr  palnce  in  Poona,  odo 
of  whose  gatea  ia  still  called  after  her,  and  wa«  buried  at  Piibul 
whicli,  witn  the  ncighbouriug  villogeB  of  Kendur  and  Loni,  was 
granted  to  her. 

Pa'dli  villflffp,  about  two  miles  uorlb-wcst  of  Juunar,  with  in 
1881  u  population  of  2-58,  haa  a  temple  of  MadbuGudnu  or  Vishnu, 
where  a  yearly  fair,  attended  bv  about  .3000  people,  is  held  on  the 
dark  eleventh  of  Asbddh  or  June-July.  The  temnle  enjove  a 
yearly  Govenmieul  eaah  grant  of  £5  16«.  (Rs.  58)  and  about  hfty- 
six  aeres  of  rent-free  laud  assessed  at  £1  9«.  (Rs.  14J). 

Palasdev,^  formerly  ealled  lUluapur,  ife  a  large  market  village  on 
the  Bhima  about  fifteen  miles  north-west  of  Indi&pur,  with  in  1881 
a  population  of  14;$1.  A  weekly  market  is  held  on  Monday.  Palasdov 
has  a  temple  of  Shiv  said  to  have  been  built  by  cowherds  about  1680. 
The  temple  is  twenty-eight  feet  high  built  of  slone  for  eight  feet  from 
the  ground  and  Ihe  i-est  of  brick.  The  shrine  is  of  stone  and  the  spire 
of  stone  and  brick  with  u  coating  of  fine  lime.  An  outer  wall  was 
built  round  the  lemple  by  one  lldburfiv  Jiigirdir  of  Bartimati. 

Pa'rgaon,  a  large  villaee  eleven  miles  uorlU-west  of  Pdtas,witb  in 
18S1  a  ]}opulation  ot  228*),  iias  an  irrigation  bungalow  and  a  temple 
of  TnkAi  Devi  said  to  have  been  built  by  the  Tukiivni;  family.  The 
iniag*'  was  brouglit  from  Tuljopur  in  the  NisWimV  territories.  A  yearly 
fair  is  held  at  the  temple  on  the  full-moon  of  Chaitra  or  March-April. 

Pa'rande,  a  small  village  b\x  miles  south-west  of  Junnor,  with 
in  1881  a  population  of  1007,  has  un  old  mined  temple  of  Shri 
BrahmunrUb  Dev.  A  yearly  fair,  utleuded  bv  about  2000  pilgruus, 
ia  held  on  the  dark  fourteenth  of  M>igh  or  tebruary-March.  The 
lemple  enjoys  a  Government  pash  grant  of  about  £ii  (R«.  30). 

Pa'sha'n  is  a  small  village  of  913  people  four  miles  north-west 
of  lN)ona,  two  miles  west  of  Ganeshkbind  and  about  a  mile  from  the 
Itombuy  roud.  The  viUuge  is  pleuRimtly  placed  in  u  beautiful  grovo 
on  a  feeder  of  tlie  Muln  river.  The  common  story  of  the  cowherd 
watehing  bis  milk-less  eow  and  finding  it  feeding  a  serpent  who  lived 
in  an  ant-hill  is  told  of  Piishdn.  The  cowherd  dug  the  ant-hill,  and 
finding  five  tinuH,  built  a  shrine,  ealled  it  Someshvur,  and  be<^une  ila 
miuiiitrant.  The  village  of  Piishiiu  was  built  near  the  shrine  and  a 
temple  was  built  by  tlie  mother  of  Shahu  (1708-174!)).  The  temple, 
which  is  euelosed  by  a  high  wall,  is  u  heavy  sombre -looking  sqiutre 
struelurc  built  of  stone  with  a  brick  roof.  Two  verandas  and  halls 
or  vianiUtj)»  were  added  to  the  main  building  by  one  Shivr^m 
Bhau  aljout  1780  and  the  building  now  measures'  36'x  I7'x3r. 
In  front  is  a  bull  or  Naudi  and  a  lamp-pillur  or  dijtmal.  A  fliglit 
of  stei>s  leads  from  the  temple  to  Ihe  river  bed  where  is  » 
M]Uoro  bathing  plats;  cuIKhI  iJiakratirth  with  slepa  on  four  sides. 
In  a  year  of  ihreateiuHl  drought  ihe  fourth  Peahwa  ^(lidhavr^v 
(1761-1772)  engaged  Brahmans  to  uHer  prayers  at  tho  temple,  and 


'  A  loa*tstQry,  porliApB  a  play  on  thn  ■aaxav  of  tho  vttUgo,  i«  that  nltoni  200  y«ftn 
ntp>  ofttUo  iMM  to  grnic^  OD  tliu  Mtc  of  tli<!  prciieut  vtllagv.  Komc  c-*avs  were  IqmuA 
dropijinf;  thdr  n^k  over  a  pahiA  tree.  Tho  cowhonta  cut  th«  tree  xaA  fuiii»l  in  tlic 
tniDK  a  uutl  Htitj  ovot  vrliiun  they  built  tlio  tcmjilc  aod  gavu  tc  the  uDaio  of  J*BU>d«v. 


Chapter  XII 
Places. 

Pinu. 


Pj(iiaAi>.v. 


Paucndk. 


risnAK. 


[Bombay  Ouettiter 


lapter  XIV. 
PlMes. 


I'kTAS. 


Pavik 


rrru. 


'IMPALVAKDI, 


rOOKA. 


1 


DISTRICTS. 


when  their  proyore  wore  h&ord,  ho  mode  a  grant  of  a  sum  of  £? 
(Ra.  3300)  whidi  is  still  couthiufd.  The  Brihmans,  who 
choeoD  in  batches  every  eleventh  day  in  Poona,  b*^!*!?!!  hourd 
lodging  receive  each  £16  4a.  (Rb.  lfi'2).  They  ofiiir  prayers  f 
morning  to  eleven  and  ngnin  in  tho  afternoon.  The  permanent  staff 
coneists  of  a  cook,  a  clerk,  a  Btorekeeper,  u  Rdraotihi.  u  watclmuLU, 
and  a  Kilmi&thi.  A  yearly  fair  is  held  on  Mafui^hivriitra  Ibc  Great 
Night  of  Shiv  in  Ma^h  or  Februarj'-Mnrch.  The  funds  are  nuumg«d 
by  a  committco.  Piieh&n  has  a  reacrvojr  which  supplies  Govemment 
IIousc,  (xoncahkhind,  and  Kirkoo  with  a  plentiful  supply  of  good 
water. 


i 


:>ad^ 
.liiW 


F&'taS  in  Bhimthadi  on   tho  Poono-ShoUpur  road,  eight   mil 
north-east  of  Supe  and  foity  miles  east  of  Poena,  with  in    1W2 
population   of  2oo2  and  in  1881   uf  11302^  is  a  large  market  %illH|^ 
Besides  a  milway  etution  two  miles  to  the  north,  a  sub-judge's  court, 
and  a  post  ofHiv.  Pdtus  has  a  temple  of  Ndgeshvar  MahfUiev,  n  rcslr 
houM-,  a  mosque,  and  a  weekly  market  on  Thursday.     The    li 
ruilwar  returns  showed  15,067  passengers  and  453  tons  of  goc 
Tho  NiigeshMir  temple,  built  of  coit  and  polished  stone,  con8tst«  of 
ahrino   and  on   audience  hall  or  saUuinmnditp  witli  a  veranda 
both  aidoe.     It  is  said  to  have  been  built  about  '200  years  ago.     V4.U 
has  two  ponds  one  of  which  was  built  us  a  fuiuine  relief  work 
1877.     But  the  ponds  do  not   always  till  uh  the  ruinl'uJl   here 
precarious. 

Faud,  on  the  Mula,  about  twenty  miles  west  of  Poona,  is  the  hci 
quarters  of  the  Mulshi  petty  division  in   Haveli,   with    in    1881 
population  of  1560.     Besides  the  jjetly  divisional  revenue  and  polii 
offices,  Paud  has  a  post  office  and  a  market  on  Saturday. 

Fethf  on  the  VeL  a  fcwlcr  of  the  Bhiraa,  four  miles  north  of 
Kiied,  is  au  aJieuuted  village  with  in  1881  a  population  of  1405  oud 
a  post  office. 

Pimpalvaudi,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  4227, is  a  large  village 
on  the  Kukdi,  about  ten  miles  south-ejist  of  Juniinr.     The  village 
fl  post  office  and  a  weekly  market  ou  Thursday. 

Foona  '  City  and  Cantonment,  north  latitude    IS'  JIC  and 
longitude  7tT  5-T,  119  miles   south-east  of  Bombi»y  and  1850  f« 
above  the  sea,  cm-er  an  area  of  about  6114  acres,  in  1881  hud  a  popi 
lation   of    129,751,  and   in  1883  a   muuieipul   itvenuc  of  JC:t'S,^y 
(Rs.  2,33.040). 

On  the  right  bank  of  the  ^lutha  riverj  in  a  slight  hollow,  the  ci( 
and  cantonment  arc  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  l^futha,  on  tk 
north  by  the  joint  Mula  and  Mutba,  on  the  east  by  their  feeder  tW 
Baliiroba,  and  ou  the  soutti-eost  and  south  by  the  spurs  and  uplands  . 
that  rise  to  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Sinhgnd-Bhuleshvar  hill^H 
Beyond  the  tree-fringed  line  of  the  Mutlm-Muhi.  to  tho  nortj^| 
with  a  gentle  rise  and  to  the  east  with  a  gentle  fall,  stretches  ft  dry 
plain  without  trees  and  with  scanty  tillage,  broken  by  st-ottorc-' 
blodu  of  bare  level-crested  hills,  the  outlying  eustern   fragments 


■  A  groit  part  ot  tlic  PooiiA  oily  sccouat  U  c«titribut«d  by  lUv  $&heb  Ni 
ilAnchauttrit  uvdMc  SocrctBry  PotiuACity  Muutvi|>aUty. 


4 


Ktanhkiir^^  ffharan 


CHTY  m  IP® ©MA 

Scale  600  YinU-Hooh 

tU.J      r     y     T    T    T     T     T    T    T   *>K^<iU»A»«7- 


to- 


I 


the  ranffo  t-hat  separates  the  IndrAvani  anij  Mutha-Mula  valleys.  On 
other  sides,  oxwpt  up  the  Mutha  valley  to  the  sonth-west,  the  city  and 
cantonment  are  surroLiiicltxl  by  uplimds  and  hilU.  On  the  north-west 
is  the  soilless  UuiiusUkhiud  uphmd,  and  on  the  west,  from  the  rocky 
slopes  of  the  Chatarsing  or  Bhamburdu  hills,  bui-c  waving  ranges 
rifjL'  to  the  central  peak  of  lihinbava.  To  the  south  rises  the  low 
but  sharp-cut  and  picturesque  lemple-crnwnod  top  of  Parvati,  and 
behind  Purvati  the  broken  outline  of  the  Sinhgad-Bhulcahvar  range. 

In  and  round  the  city  and  cantonment  the  underlying  rock  ia 
basalt.  On  the  neighbouring  hills  an  araygflaloid  trap  crops  out  or 
oomoe  close  to  the  surface.  The  higher  parts  of  the  cant-onment 
have  a  aurfuce  layer  of  crumbled  trap  or  murum,  which  in  the  lower 
part^  pa«i>Hes  into  a  whitish  loam,  and  oa  stream  bonks  and  near  the 
llutha-Mula  tunis  to  a  deep  black  cotton  soiL  To  the  west  and 
north-west  of  Pmrna,  on  the  Ganoehkhind  uplands,  in  the  Govern- 
uient  House  grountU.  and  further  to  the  north,  where  black  soil  and 
rrn'k  mix  at  the  meetings  of  the  Mula  with  small  local  feeders, 
numbers  of  pebbles  and  crystals  are  found.  The  chief  of  these  axe 
white  chalcedonioB  in  large  quuntiUcs,  red  eamclians,  bloodstone, 
moss  agate,  jasper,  and  rock  crystal.' 

The  land  between  the  Mutha-Mula  and  the  Sinhgad  hills 
is  a  wooded  plain,  rising  slightly  to  the  south  and  east,  (he 
snrfacc  unbroken  except  near  the  river  and  along  four  of  ita  sniullor 
feeders  which  cross  the  plain  from  south  to  north.  The  area  covered 
by  the  city  and  cantonment  includes  throe  belts,  a  western  a 
central  and  an  eastern.  In  the  west  is  the  city,  wnth,  in  the  heart  of  it, 
thick-sot  fltreet.s  and  lanes,  and  on  the  north  and  south  fringes  of 
rich  garden  land.  Thj  ecutral  hell,  to  the  east  of  the  city  with  poor  soil 
and  bruail  tree-lintxl  streets,  is,  except  the  tluckly-iwoplcd  Sadar 
Bazir  iu  the  south,  parcelled  among  detached  one-storeyed  European 
dwellings  whose  sameness  is  relieved  by  scattererl  public  buildings,  the 
Council  Hall  (a-2),MhoSoa80onIIospit4d  (101 ).  the  Synagogue  (113), 
St.  Mary's  and  St.  Paul's  churches  ( 1 UU  and  111),  the  Arsenal  Water 
Tower,  and  the  Military  Accounts  Office  (84).  The  eastern  belt,  with 
a  gentle  fall  to  the  Baliiroba  stream,  except  some  garden-land  in  the 
north-east,  is  u  bare  rocky  plain  crossed  by  roads  lined  with  young 
trees,  and  skirted  by  blocks  of  one  or  two-storeyed  atone  barracks  and 
rows  of  detached  omeers'  dwellings. 

One*  of  the  chief  beauties  of  Poena  is  its  river,  the  Mutha-Mula, 
fonned  by  tlie  meeting,  about  three  quarters  of  a  m^ile  west  of  the 
railway  station,  of  the  Mntha  from  the  south-west  and  the  Mula 
from  the  north-west.     About  u  mile  and  a  quarter  north-cast  ol  the 


Chapter  XIV- 
FUces. 

KOORi. 


Ah 


T&tRit 


'  Mr.  T.  M.  f  il^te.  The  richusM  of  th«  oeiaTiboarboo'l  of  Poona  in  ■gate*  muI 
pnliMvA  in  iiolicwt  hy  Lord  ValiMitin  in  lf)0.1,  (Travfila,  II.  103).  Tho  BbumlAnoe  of 
Bgates  iiuil  cryiiUUt  aiiggwts,  u  is  oateH  holow  ntidcr  Htatory.  that  Ptol«my'l 
(a  n.150)  'ruiuiata  iu  whicli  am  ber>-ts.' rcffn  to  the  Deccoa  Pouna.  Derbapa  to  i]i»- 
tin(;iii»h  il  from  Punuta  witlioiit  Wo'ln  in  MaJiiur.  [Comp&ra  Mr.  Riop  in  Indian 
Aiiti'|ii.-\ry.  \I  9J.  (ktyl  th«  (irc«k  Iwrylm,  though  now  technically  awd  of  only 
»»«->  tiiK-'r.ilil-like  nUtue,  aiKtiu  orisiiuUly  to  bavQ  been  agaosral  term.  It  apparaitljr 
is  Ihr  AnJ)  hilnvri  crj-8l»l. 

'The  number  in  brnckoU  nft«r  this  and  other  nainea  ia  the  aerial  auoibei  of  tht 
ubitH't  ill  thi!  lifiU  of  OlijecUnf  which  d«taila  are  given  below. 

>  Mr.  K.Q.  Oxonham.  FriociiMl  Deccan  CUIago. 


[Bomba7  Gazetteer, 
aim  DI8TKICTS, 

lipUir  XXV.        Hitilwiiy  Hljilioii  (07).  ul  the  Jtund  Gardens  (47),  about  200  yards  above 

fliiMI>  '^'"'  '''''^'*^"''"'''  liridgn  (f(ij),  thu  Muthu-Mulaiscrossedby  a  stoneweir 

or  llutid  liiiill.    ill  IHM)   by  Hir  Jumsotji  Jijibhdi  at  a  cost  of  £25,749 

t'liiiNA.  I  fi^   ( n^  '2,A7,'UH)),     Kx(<(«j)t  wlion  floode  dash  several  feet  deep  over 

Aii|)«>i>li.  (.|,„   ^,,],.  m„i   III!  (,i,„  lowor  bod  from  bank  to  bank,  the  water,  even 

fhf  Witi-r.  Ill  (,b„  t'uiiiy   immlbN,    fullH  from  tho  weir  shallow   and  clear   only 

|mi'lly  rovcrluK  Iho  rorkH  of  tho  lower  rivor-bed.  During  the  rainy 
tnonlliM,  lit  rlcur  oilt  imd  lut  tho  muddy  Hood  waters  pass,  the  side 
ulnltH'M  itrii  Ii*ft  |iartly  oinm.  Tho  sluices  are  generally  cloeed  in 
Nt»v*»mbrr ;  in  iivi'mnii  Ht'tutuns  tliu  flow  of  water  is  nearly  over  by 
lint  i»iid  of  l>(HH*mlM«r,  au<l  in  tlio  river  below  tho  weir  lines  of  sedge- 
fi'iii^td  iMHtU  li(<  in  a  brtKul  IxkI  rough  with  ridges  and  boulders  of 
U'n\y,  Alutvo  thowoiv,  thnnigh  tlu'ooUl  and  hot  months  of  all  ordinary 
mHiMiMtNtlliorivor  w  navimiblofor  iileaauroboatsasfarasthe  old  masonry 
Itvid^ti  kitmvu  M  llolkar'^  llndgv  (7>>),  a  distance  of  about  three 
Hiut  thi>v  «|uart«>r  miK>«i.  Alnnit  one  tuid  a  half  miles  of  this  distance, 
Fftou  \\w  wvir  to  tho  uuvting  of  the  Mutha  and  Mula,  is  nearly 
mmtU'Wx'wt.  AU>\»>  \\w  mivtiuff  tho  Mulu  i*ur\'es  to  the  north  and 
U\MlU'<^«»t  HH  fttr  HH  llolkMrV  oriilgv.  At  about  thnx>  quarters  oi  n 
wiW  WK»w  HiUkurV  brMgw  or  almo^'t  thn**?  miles  above  the  weir,  en 
tht^  vi^ht  oi'  iNAStorti  tvuik  i4'  tho  rivvr  is  Koshen  Ule  the  meeting  fdace 
f\«'  the  U\*t  tMwb>  AiHwe  lUUkarV  brklg^*  are  some  nx-ky  burins, 
h\»t  dmitttf  fif\'*h»'«  Invitis  i-wn  g\^  to  the  Tow^ler  Works  d^m.  two  miles 
Mtvw  tl\Mk»r'«  brnlgw  Abow  the  row\tcr  Works  dam  m****!**-^ 
M«\\^t4«^  v>'««'h  ^m^v^^^  mKhiI  thrve  miks  as  far  as  tho  ^^ilb^  of 
l^im«  *Kav  the  l\'«tn;MiU  nulvav  bridj^*  ,iH^  . 

tV^H  ihe  K)lHu-raKl  bri^U^*^  kx4:ing  wei^t  i^  onv  ^^  the  |«i-niesl 
\ie»s  w  l\H>na.  <V  tlte  ri^tv  aKnit  l->.>  rard>  frvci  tbe  rircr.  a 
«\s^  AaWv>^>fVki  Kill  ri^vcji  aU>«i  !->>  tcvc  aKw  tbe  bi^  aad 
^(o^vVn*  aK'Vki  S.V  ^:3uu»  i«vs«  jcrikih&ftllT  f*";-,;  :^^  *  <--'--*"  ilna-- 
Wftk  ivswiK  *.>*  ti»^  W«»  arv  tkie  twws  aai  £-:^*^^  cc  u«f  BamA 
«w:^rtk  tiw  ii^citer  lrw*«vw  kih  kii::^^  t^  discjuit  rri-c  but  ^ 
&<^  ;>iE£f))ii<*^^^x^t«^v:u- k;ujv    Ix  trvfti.  frvot  I2K  ec^   ;c   izfi   «hb. 

vtTvKJbiw-  >■"(*?«  aKits  }«j^  a  a.£M  »*  vaxrv  n  a*  irrai^  >t  j.  j  c^  jjwr 
ww«^  «dKMt  Btfvvoi*  UK  »aa>L  »■  :s  titth*  i»,'iLii-»-f*=  -^  ran 
HMyca^  ^'  si*  rt^cst.  flit  waotp  jmsaef  vnc  ic  ieri^   n  'Jn  stsisl. 

k.):^)M  «!»«.  l^^«i»i)«;?a&  ia^  "umi.  «/  -ssa  ivasznL  jvaii.  it  ^aa^:u.- 1. 
A)v«ft  "  T'N  3*rt  4iftv«v  Xitt  F':G3<W«u£.  ioucj-  ioL  .it  -^tri-T    n^  .m 

VmAs«  AW««  tum  >«Mfi'^iraew«.  -mria.  x  twmtit  ^amirm.  jrimtr-:  :r  :."•; 
yxjids..  law  ::r:*^tc  «?tOr^t«  a  iiBUf  Aiwa:  It  -vff^  iii«mr  :irj-—  :  uiniirs. 
•4C  a  ^w&  V  m^Hftt  a  iuspt  -mt  a  joutt  wiwo  sxau,  iL'-uc  :u.t:  -rr-aai. 
0»  4(Aavc  j«ttr  JC  1^  i>ct!V  isUHBt  3^  a  .Tianma.  i.  Tima  -r  ^.^uzrx 
4^rtWMv  «>«ea^  jfim.  ^M-  >Mtis.  mai  x  Tacrrm  smstun  tx^-^ss^jt:  -ma, 
-ttb^  tt.  4tN«as>  Aiww  "ttt  Want,  'nu  'T'^hs:  rsannul"  Tnit^i>^  tIL 
a  ^^tdr  ^iMirw   iQw  'mmrnic  jr  mnom*  ic  ii»  Xiniu  r-'m.  ^t:  -^un^^ 

Mt  *  TMHC^BMI    AEttf  4v*«».  ~Ma&   £*».'-'«   S)«i&£l  VtlLTC-   !!.-•*:.    UBS*- 


OeccAB  ] 


POONA. 


or  even  more.  Aliltle  below  the  meeting  of  the  Mutha  find  the 
Mula  is  perhaps  the  most  pictiireeque  spot  in  the  three  miles  boating 
course.  lu  the  foreground  are  the  woody  islands  and  the  mouth 
of  the  Muthu  spanned  by  the  Wellcslcy  and  railway  bridges,  its  left 
bttuk  crownt.-<l  by  the  lofty  (ifea  which  surround  the  Judj^u's  house 
nud  its  riglit  bunk  ending  in  u  t- luster  of  temples  joined  tv  the  wuter 
by  flights  of  stops.  From  the  middle  distance  rises  the  bold 
temple- toppi>4l  rock  of  Parvati  and  behind  Purvuti  stretches  the  level 
aciirp  of  Kinhgad.  Above  the  Sangam  a  rough  dam,  500  yards 
beyond  the  railway  bridge,  makes  the  Mutba  impaesjtble  to  boats, 
But  the  Mula,  with  uu  aversge  breadth  of  about  fifty  yards,  between 
low  banks,  the  left  hahkid  and  bamboo  fringed,  tlie  right  studded 
with  houses  of  which  the  chief  is  Sir  A.  Saseoon's  Garden  Iloach, 
winds,  passable  for  boats,  a  mile  and  a  half  higher  to  a  resting  place 
named  Koehenille,  where,  ou  the  right  or  eastern  biuik,  a  landing 
stago  is  moored  and  seats  and  refreshments  are  provided.  The 
boating  course  from  the  boat-house  to  Rosherville  is  about  a  furlong 
short  of  three  miles.  In  the  yearly  Regatta  the  racing-course  is  from 
U<when'ille  down  to  a  point  opposite  to  Garden  Reach,  a  distance  of 
one  mile.  The  racing  course,  with  tho  exception  of  one  slight  bciid 
about  a  third  of  a  mile  from  tho  start,  is  straight. 

In- the 'city '  most  of  the  roads,  though  smooth  and  clean,  are 
narrow  crowded  and  occasionally  broken  by  shur^i  turns,  but  other- 
wise Poona  is  well  supplied  witli  broad  smooth  ma<lK  generally  lined 
and  in  plaees  m'ersha^lowod  mth  trees  Along  these  roods  the  three 
favourite  drives  arc,  to  the  west  and  north,  to  tho  cost,  and  to  the 
south  and  south-west  From  tlio  railway  station  as  a  centre  the 
chief  drive  to  tho  west  is  by  the  Sussoou  Hospital  (101),  across  the 
Mutha  by  the  Wellesley  Bridge  (1 1  7),  past  the  Science  College  (102), 
and  along  the  Eirkee  rood,  returning  across  the  Mula  bv  llolkar'a 
Rridgo  {lb)  and  the  Deccun  College (53),  crossing  the  Mutlia-Muhiby 
the  FitzGerold  I  Iridgo  (li^i)  and  back  past  tho  Himd  Gardens,  a  distance 
of  about  seven  miles  and  three  quartors.  Thisdrivo  am  be  varicdood 
lengthened  by  leaving  the  Kirkeo  road  a  little  beyond  tho  Science 
CoUcge,  passing  along  the  Bhamburda  road  and  round  the  Ganceh- 
khiud  ground;*,  and  buck  through  the  Ku'kec  cantonment  to  Uolkar's 
bridge.  The  whole  lengtli  of  this  outer  round  is  about  eleven  and  u 
baU  miles.  The  drive  to  the  east  is  thi'ough  the  Civil  lines  past  the 
Club  (*9)imil  St. Mary's  Church  (1 09)  through  the  Vanavdi  lines,  round 
the  race-course,  through  tho  Qhorpaili  lines,  and  back  by  the  Bund 
gardens  (17).  The  length  of  this  round  is  about  seven  and  a  quarter 
miles.  The  south  drivo  is  through  the  Civil  line«  and  tho 
Sudar  Bazdr  to  the  west,  post  the  lake  and  hiU  of  Parvati  (90),  to 
the  north-west  over  a  rather  rough  river-bed  to  the  Lakdi  bridge,  and 
from  tht!  Lakdi  bridge  back  by  Bhomburdu,  the  Wellesley  Oridge^ 
and  tho  Sossoon  HospiliU.     This  round  is  about  ten  and  a  half  miles. 

For  description  the  dty  and  contonmont  of  Poena  come  most 
conveniently  under  throo  parts,  awostom  a  cenlrol  and  an  eastern. 
Foouu  City,  the  western  division,  has  spread  so  far  eastward,  and  has 
been  so  nearly  met  by  tho  outlying  streets  of  tho  Smlar  Bazdr  and 
uf  the  Civil  liiies,  that,  in  passing  from  one  to  the  other  it  is  not 


Chapter  XI' 
FLacds- 

Aspect. 
The  HiKr. 


atj. 


[Bombay  OuetUer, 


FOOJIA. 

City. 


DISTRICTS. 


easy  to  sav  whore  tbo  cantonment  and  civU  lines  end  and   the  cit 
bcgina     Tncoustern  limit  oi  Ihc  tity  may  bo  fixod  ul  tho  left  buni 
of  the  Mnnik  Ktn.>am,  nliich,  after  a  wiit<lin)j;  nortli-wt-sl  ciiursu,  fulU 
into  the  Muiha  uhout   SOU  yartU  above  its  mtt-tinj;   with  the  Mula. 
From  Ihc  left  bank  of  this  stream  tho  i^iiy  of  Poomi  strt-tchoB  uboul 
a  mile-  and  tlinxi  quurturs  west  along  the   right  Iwiuk  of  ihu  Mutli 
river.     The  city  varii'S  greotly  in   breadth.      In   the  east  the 
coverod  with  hoii»L>s  m  not  much  more  than  a  uiilt*  across     From  tLii 
it  giadually  widt-us   lo  about  a  milu  and   tlircc   quurturtt,  and  Ibt 
nniTuws  in  triiuigulur  »lm]H',  the  tip  of  tlio  triangle  lyiuj^  tilofw*  luthoJ 
bridge  kiiuwii  }t>i  thu  Fiiikdi  Briilge  about  onu  and  a  halt'  inih-itubavethaj 
meeting  of  the  Muthaand  Mula.      For  municipal  and  other  pur|>o8e4i 
this  eity  area  is  divided  into  eighteen  wards  or  /"'f/in.      These  ma^^ 
be  roughly  grouped  into  three  divisions,  tho  eastern  the  eentral  &i 
the  western.     Tho  eastern  division,  most  of  which  dates  siuco  the 
beginniug  of   BrJlisU   rule,  lies  between    the  left  bank   (if  the  piujiU 
win<lin|j'  3L^nik  stream  uud  the  right  bank  of  tht?  lar^fer  less  irregular 
Xa^jhuri,  whieh,  after  a  westerly  course,  jnjn.s  the  Mmuk  strt'am   OA 
it  fulls  into  the  Muthii.     West  of  the  Nagjimri  the  city  pro^KT,  thoj 
Tuona  of  Muhammadun  (1290-1036)  and  early  Mariilha  (  Hj;il>-l<i8(>>j 
days,  with  its  centre  and  original  starting   point  at  tho  youngt^r^ 
Shaikh  Sulbi*8  mosque  (31),  once  the  temple  of  I'uncsbvar  about  100( 
yards  above   the  meeting  of  the  Mutlia  and  Hulu,  strelehi^s  about 
mih>  along  the  river  bunk  and  runs  inland  about  uneand  a  liulf  milet«.. 
Wtrtl    of  the  city  projH'r  the  tliii-d  division,  streteliing  along  thol 
river  bank  about  800  yards  and  graduidly  nari-owing  to  »  iwint  near 
the  I>akdi  bridge,  consists  of  suburbs  founded  in  the  later  days 
the  I'eshwiiB'  rule  (I7tjl)-1818). 

As  it  is  built  according  to  no  regular  plan,  and  has  only  two  main\ 
slrtvts  and  many  narrow  broken  uud  winrling  lanes,  I'oona  City  i«j 
diftieult  to  describe.     Most  of  its  roads,  though   well  kept  and  tiean/ 
ore  narrow   with  eide-gutters  either  open  or  co\'ered  with  stone  sliibe' 
and  with  rows  uf  houses  generally  built  close  to  the  rouilside.    Some 
of  the  houses  are  one-sloreved,  little  better  thon  hIkxIs,  with  long 
sloping  tiled  roofa  and  low  plain  front  walls  of  uuhaked  brick  ronti^ 
with  white  earth.      Other  houses  are  two-storeyed,  tho  under  fitoreyi 
with  a  heavy  tiJo-eovercd  euve  resting  on  pltiiii  pquure  womlen  pillars,^ 
the  upper  storey  plain,  with  perhaps  a  row  of  iirehed  wooden  windows] 
dosed  on  the  outside  with  plain  sfjuare  shutters  and  slightly  shadodi 
by  a  aliollow  eave.  In  other  houses  the  grwrnd-floor  stauds  buek  and^ 
beams  of  wood  support  an   overhanging  upper  storey  with  a  rnort*  or  | 
less  ormimentul  baleuuy  and  a  heavy  upper  cave.*   Kv,ery  now  andi 
then  the  line  of  commoner  dwellings  is  broken  by  some  large  buildmg,; 
either  a  new  house  two  or  three  storeys  high  with  bright  wood  work' 
and  walls  of  burnt  brick  pieked  out  with  eement,  or  tno  long  blank 
walla  of  one  of  the  old  mansions.     The   overhanging  irregular  wood 
work,  tbo  shurp  turns  and  windings,  and   the   variety   m  size  and 
style  of  houscH,  make  some  of  tlie  streets  picturesque  in  plaws,  and, 
trees  phmte*l  at  the  roadsides,  or,  oftoner,  hanging  from  some  ganlea 
or  Uiiipio  enelosure,  give  nmny  of  tlie  streets  a  eertain  greenness  and. 
shmle.     In  the  western  waiils  the  roads  art)  broader,   and  both  thi 


I 
I 


■  the 


and  in  the  south-west  they  arc  bordered  by  long  lines  of  gnnlcn 
walls.  Most  of  the  liouws  are  poor,  but  the  kncs  uro  nslecmctl  from 
nglincsa  by  occasional  temples,  nouses  with  pictureKquo  orurhanging 
balconies,  and  mugnififtent  nim,  plfxtl,  nnd  bimtnn  tree»  growing 
in  ruimxl  ciivulnr  pavements.  The  lanc«  are  qniet,  with  few 
ptxiple  und  little  cart  or  cnrriage  traffic,  with  here  and  there  a  grnin 
or  n  swfotmeot  shop,  and  wells  with  groupa  of  wator-druwers.  The 
innin  fitreeta  are  ciiUcd  after  the  duys  of  the  week.  Only  two  of  them, 
AiIitvAr  pnd  yiiauvar,  diller  uiueU  from  the  limes  in  breadth  or  in  the 
style  of  their  buUdinga.  Aditvdr  or  Sunday  Street  and  Shuuv^r  or 
Saturday  Street  the  tuuin  lines  of  traffie,  vary  from  twenty  to  thirty 
feet  in  breadth  and  havo  pavod  footpaths  running  inside  of  a  covered 
gutter.  The  houses  vary  greatly  in  size  and  appeonmw.  A  few 
are  one-storoyed  little  moi-o  than  huts,  the  greater  number  are 
either  two  or  throe  storeys  high,  and  some  arc  large  four-storeyed 
buildings.  The  style  of  building  is  extremely  varied.  Tlie  iniddle- 
cla«8  and  eommonest  house  stands  on  a  well  budt  plinth  of  eut-stono 
three  lo  four  feet  high,  with  u  row  of  square  plain  wooden  pUlurs 
along  the  edge  of  the  plinth,  and,  resting  on  the  pillars,  n  dwp  heavy 
vave  roofed  with  rough  flat  Deeean  tiles,  und  a  plain  woudun  phmk 
running  along  the  fi-ont  of  the  eave.  In  these  houses  the  face  of  the 
tipper  storey  is  sometimes  nearly  plain  with  a.  beam  that  only  very 
afightly  stands  out  from  the  wall  and  willi  o  very  shallow  eave.  In 
others  the  wood  work  stands  furtlior  from  the  wall,  is  more  or  less 
richly  carved,  and  is  shaded  by  a  deep  upixT  eave.  Some  have  a 
balcouy  with  a  light  balustrade  two  or  thix'e  feet  high,  and  a  alight 
fthade  overhead  supported  hy  slanting  polea.  On  both  sides  of  the 
'•ireet  tlie  ground-Hoora  are  occupiwl  by  8ho]>8  vrith  cloth-blinda 
hanging  about  hallway  down  from  the  edge  of  the  eaves.  Tlieflho|)8 
are  well  stored  with  gntin  and  pulse,  with  swootmeatfi,  eluth, 
attttionery,  ornaments,  and  vessels  of  brass  copper  and  iron.  The  streets 
arc  erowdetl  with  carte  and  carriages.  The  people  arc  busy,  bustling, 
wcU  fed,  and  well  dressed  :  and  the  number  of  new  houEH.-«  in  almost 
every  quarter  of  the  town,  some  of  them,  large  and  striking  even 
alongside  of  the  old  mansions  und  palaces,  gives  the  city  uu  air  of 
much  prosjwrity.  On  the  whole  the  city  is  well  shaded.  Even  in  the 
busiest  parU  are  riclily  wotxted  gardens  with  temples  and  cocou-polms 
and  black  tapering  cj-press  trees,  and  along  the  south-west  and  south 
are  large  areas  of  cnelo«KKl  orchards  and  ganlens.  The  roofs  of 
several  of  it«  high  mansions  command  good  genend  views  of  tbo  city.* 
The  foreground  is  of  high-pitched  house-roofs  varying  much  in  size 
and  height  but  all  browu  with  rough  flat  Deccan  ttles.  Here  und 
there  pandlel  lines  of  roofs  mark  a  street  ur  a  luue,  hut  in  must 
ces  the  rwiifs  rise  sometimes  cloae  together,  sometimes  widely 
apart,  and  almost  ali*7»y8  without  apimrent  system  or  plan.  Among 
toemf  at  considerable  didtancca,  stand  out  the  high,  moh  of  old 
miusioQs,  crowned  with  small  flatrtopped  or  tile-covered  canopies. 


Chapter  XIV. 

Flaoei. 

Pooka, 

City. 


1  Among  the  bcrt  view-iwiots  iirc  the  pavtlimis  on  the  roofs  nt  tlm  INiraiitlbAro'i  (27) 
an>l  KOm:  uv  Mdiikcslivv  Ruusiona  in  Budhw&i  ward,  oad  tbo  Boborda'  JuiuktUi&aa 
(8)  Id  Aditvir  wstd. 


laptCT^XIV. 
Flac«8- 
Pooka. 


Bomb*;  QwBl 


DISTRIC3TS. 


and  the  lofty  gable  euds  of  new  dwellings  with  "white  cement 
fresh  brick  ana  mortar  walle.  Breaking  and  relieving  the  1 
of  roofs,  over  the  whole  city  and  efti>eciiilly  among-  lht>  rich  pi 
lands  to  the  eouth  and  Bouth-we«t,  rise  ningle  tree»  and  ni 
of  pipahf  banians,  nxnu,  and  tamarinds,  almost  all  large  ana 
grown,  and  many  lofly  and  far-sprewiing.  There  are  almost 
moftquea  or  domed  touibti.  ilul  ou  all  sides,  from  among  the  i 
and  houae'roofa,  stand  out  the  white  graceful  si>ircti  of  H 
tcmplca 

Under  the  MuaalmflnB  (1200-1636)  the  military  portion  of  the 
or  katsha  was  enclosed  by  a  wall  built,  like  otbt-r  Deeean  vi 
walla,  of  mud  and  bricks  on  slono  and  mud  foundations.  The 
watt  (Milled  the  Pdndlu'i  or  White  wall  and  is  now  coUeci  the  Juna 
orOld  Fort  (24).  It  stretched  from  the  younger  to  the  cddcr  Sh 
Solla's  tomb  along  the  bank  of  the  Mutha  river,  leaving  both 
moequee  oiitfiide  of  it.  From  tfae  elder  Shaikh  Salla*a  tomb 
wall  turned  Bouth  to  the  north-east  corner  of  Iho  Mundai  or  Ma 
grotmd,  where  was  a  gate  culled  the  Konkan  Darv^ja  or  Ka 
Gate.  The  stone  steps  which  led  to  this  gate  remain.  From 
Mundai  the  wall  pa«8c<l  cast  along  the  backs  of  houses  on  the  n 
Bide  of  Dikshit  and  Pethe  streets  to  Petho's  cistern.  It  then  tu 
north  and  continued  almost  straight  to  the  younger  Shaikh  Si 
tomb.  Midway  between  Pclhc's  cistern  and  the  younger  Sfai 
Salla's  torab  was  another  gate  facing  eaat  called  the  Nagar  Dur 
or  AhraiKlnagar  gate.  The  site  of  the  Nngar  gate  can  slil 
tracedj  exactly  opposite  Lakdi  Mreet.  The  ilAruti  which  belol 
to  this  gate  ifmoins.  The  wull  was  in  the  form  of  an  irreg 
rectangle,  the  sides  being  north  iiHO,  south  2(iO.  west  l.'lO,  and 
200  yards.  It  had  several  bastions  and  loophoM  parapets.  \ 
Bmall  gateways  which  led  to  the  river  ou  the  north  have  only  li 
disappeared.  Flights  of  stops  leading  to  the  river  from  Ihuao  | 
remain  uiid  are  known  as  Purandhare's  Steps  and  Sapindyn  Mah£( 
or  the  Twelfth  Day  Funeral  God's  Steps.  On  the  south,  to  iho 
of  Moghe's  mansion,  was  another  small  gate  but  noitlier  its  sito 
its  name  is  known.  The  remains  of  the  wall  moy  be  troeed  all  s 
its  course,  and  in  many  places  the  foundations  and  plinth 
unharmed.  The  wall,  which  waa  about  fourteen  feet  high  and 
feet  broad,  rested  on  a  plinth  of  stone  and  mud  sixteen  feet  high 
aix  fe«t  broad.  It  was  built  about  5;5l)  years  ago  by  one  Bj 
Jomiidilr,  an  Arab,  who  is  said  to  have  been  the  hrst  eoiiimnn< 
of  Poona.'  The  army  and  its  foUowurs  with  a  few  Muhammi 
villogere  wert!  ulonc  allowed  to  live  within  the  wall.  The  trot 
Br^kniuus,  llindu  cultivators,  and  others,  with  the  village  ofli< 
lived  outside  of  the  wall  to  the  east,.  In  1705  the  third  Pes 
B^&ji  B&jirAv  (1740-1761)  determined  to  build  o  wall  round  the  w 
city,  and  entrusted  the  work  to  JivAjipant  KhasgiViSIe  who  was  o 
mandant  or /.od-ii/.  According  to  thu  local  story  lUm  U^ja(17 
1777)  of  SittJtra  considered  that  only  villages  and  not  large  to 
with  powerful  masters  should  be  wallod,  ond  ordered  the  work  ti 


>  Mr.  N,  V.  .loahi't  Poooa,  Aaoioat  anil  Modem  ( 18C8),  G. 


POONA. 


273 


I 


tflppwl.  According  to  Grnnt  Duff,  and  this  is  probably  the  true 
rfeOKnii,  the  Vcshwu  ou  becoiid  tbuu^hts  dcL-idwl  that  wulU  might  be 
■  tt  danger  txs  their  strength  might  tempt  the  head  of  the  state  to 
'•tond  u  siege  in  the  cily  inntcud  of  retiring  to  the  strong  hill  fort  of 
Puraudhur.  AVhatever  the  reason,  the  work  was  abandoned.  Tho 
unfiuishod  part  may  he  seen  near  the  NAgjhari  or  Cobra  stream 
which  pa88t'8  noi-th  through  the  cast  of  the  city.  Tho  wall  seems 
to  have  been  intended  to  be  fifteen  feet  wide  and  thirty-fivo 
feet  high  and  to  be  built  partly  of  solid  stone  and  lime  maaonry 
and  partly  of  mud  and  san-<bied  bricks.  Starling  from  the 
north-caat  comer  of  the  Old  Fort,  near  tho  younger  Shaikh  Salla's 
tomb^  tho  new  wall  was  earried  east  along  the  Mutha  to  where 
it  met  the  Cobra  stream.  Near  tJie  younger  Sliaikh  Salla's 
tomb,  opposite  the  present  dam  or  tiharan  known  as  the  l>iig«li  Tul  or 
Stuue  Bridge,  a  gate  called  the  Kuntbhar  Ves  or  Potters'  Gate  waa 
remove*!  about  1835  when  Mr.  Forjelt  was  head  of  the  Poono  poliL'>e. 
The  rojwlM'uy  was  raised  eight  fec't  when  the  dharan  or  causeway 
waa  built  acru«s  the  river.  The  liltlo  shrine  of  M^ruti,  which  uwcl 
to  stand  at  the  west  end  of  the  gate,  may  now  be  seen  iu  the  middle 
of  the  street.  From  the  Potters'  galo  to  tho  Cobra's  stream  the 
wall,  built  of  mud  and  sun-dried  bricks,  went  along  the  high  ground 
forming  the  Kumhhar  wai-d  and  Xhu  KAgtlipui-a  or  Pai)ermaker«  ward. 
It  Lontaiucd  doorways  leading  to  llie  rivt:r,  but  no  important  gates. 
From  llie  Rduth-east  limits  of  Kiigdipnra  tho  wall  turned  to  a  bend  of 
the  Nrt":jhari  and  then  south  along  its  left  bank.  Itcan  be  traced  to 
B  point  known  aa  the  BArAmori  or  IVolre  Sluice  gate  on  the  Ganesh 
war<l  road.  The  length  of  the  wall  from  the  younger  Sliaikh  Sallu's 
tomb  to  the  N^gjhariis  about  SoO  yards,  and  the  length  from  tho 
Kagjliori  to  the  Uarftmoii  is  8d0  yalda.  Between  the  rs'agjhuri  and 
the  BAriimori  were  two  gates.  The  chief  gate,  which  was  in  the  street 
kuuwu  as  Lukdi  stix-ct,  leading  from  the  Nagar  gate  of  the  Old  Fort. 
was  called  the  Mali  Vi?s  or  (lardeners'  date  and  was  elo»o  to  the 
ganlenors'  rtat-house  or  chardi.  The  second  gate  was  on  the  approach 
to  tho  present  Daniv&U's  or  Powdermakor's  bridge  ;  its  name  is  not 
known. 

The  Cit)'  is  (1 881)  dividc^l  into  eighteen  words  styled  pethfi,  irregular 
in  shape  and  varying  gix-atly  in  size.  They  are  ot  ancient  origin  and 
arc  maintained  for  n-'Vunuu,  police,  municipal,  and  other  administra- 
tive purpoties.  Some  of  them  were  fouudcd  by  the  Muliummudans 
and  hud  Muhammodau  names.  In  1701  these  names  were  changed, 
and,  in  imitation  of  the  tQvm  of  SfLtdra,  some  of  them  wore  given  the 
names  of  the  days  of  the  week.  The  wards  or  divisions,  beginning 
with  the  part  nearest  the  niilwav  station  on  the  east  of  the  N^gjhan, 
are  sis  :  Mangalvilr  or  the  I'utsday  ward  next  the  river,  and, 
workingbackjSomvfirorthe Monday  ward,  Rastia's,  NvahAlV,  Ndna's, 
and  lihuv^ni's.  To  the  west  of  the  NAgjhari  are  twelve  wards  :next 
tho  river  is  the  Kasba  the  oldest  part,  of  the  city,  Aditvdr  or  the 
day  ward,  Ganesh,   Vctal,  Ganj,  Muznfarjang's,   and  Ohorpado's. 

ieBt  of  thc&e,  next  the  river,  are  ShanvAr  or  the  Saturday  ward, 
'4r^yan,  Soddshiv    including   Navi,  and  behind  ihera,  to  the  ca«t, 
Budhvdr  or  the  Wednesday  and  Shukravdr  or  the  Friday  wards. 

The  following  statement  shows  for  tho  eightoon  wards  a  total  area 


and 
■  tho 


Chapte^nr 


FlaccB. 

Poi>WA . 

City.i 


WJST 


[Bombay  Ouetl 


Chapter  XIV. 
Plac«B. 

POOMA. 
Wwd*. 


MaaijalcAr- 


Somvdr, 


DISTRICTS. 


of  9,828,000  pqnara  vftrda  and  on  incrcoM  in  people  from  73,209 
1861  to  muai  in  1581.     The  dclaUs  uio  : 

Pcona  City  Wardt,  ISS11881. 


PaoruL 

Mo. 

Kakm. 

Total  Akxa. 

Aiu  nrfrKB 

Uul'MM. 

isai. 

UT>. 

UVI. 

Sqimn  Taida. 

B<|uu«yw<d*. 

1 

Itongidvir 

I<»,000 

HO,«0(l 

IIM 

\ut 

nH 

S 

8oiB*4(        — 

MfiyOOO 

4T»,M0 

I76S 

xn» 

aaoa 

> 

atiUft       

aNtOOO 

126,1)00 

BU 

MT4 

«S«7 

• 

Ky«Ul         

Kin*            

lohooo 

Ta,DW 

M& 

8M 

iior 

s 

Vlt/M 

ie6,an> 

ssm 

4M4 

Moe 

e 

DhBTlid       

1,C»/N» 

in3.t!oo 

sooa 

HM 

*T»7 

7 

BiMbft               

«Tk,OM 

«TS,IXPD 

aui 

1DJ»M 

"<S 

8 

A'dm-ir       

tSSbOOtt 

»fr.O0Q 

7«l 

t»n 

V 

UaiMth        

UtjMO 

iM,ooa 

sa» 

I7« 

aoM 

10 

VeU) 

IMiOOO 

ifctiiaoo 

UM 

tiM 

44M 

n 

flMlJ                  

4M,MM 

•8&,«I0 

n4« 

44.11 

4MB 

u 
u 

flhori«a« 

<M,O0O 

SS,nDi> 
S».aDo 

USA 

X4 

1119 

tt« 

lino 

u 

SllMITiT 

UA^OOD 

4«&,O0O 

»IU 

TS» 

77l» 

IS 

Nbrtjun      ... 

n&,<iao 

]IT5,000 

SOW 

asH 

«M> 

u 

Bidlalilv      ... 

t,zn.ooD 

1,S»,000 

TUt 

1015 

MM 

n 

Budtartr      ... 

IW^KM) 

1S&/U0 

4S13 

WSI 

OttSS 

18 

Shukravfa-  ... 

TWUl     -. 

ou/m 

666,MI> 

11,701 

IS,ISO 

14,  ur 

O.SK.'i'W 

6.^J».0.-0 

;8,t;o9 

CO.ki« 

M.ltl 

« 


Mangalv&r  AVard,  800  yards  by  GOO,  wilL  an  urea  of  185,000  sq' 
yarda  and  2192  people,  was  origiually  tullwl  SliaiBtepura  after 
founder  Sli^slckiiin,  the  Moghal  viceroy  of  the  Drccan,'  who 
1662  was  sent  to  Poona  to  (^uppresfl  Shlv^ji.  It  baa  almost  no  ah 
and  most  of  the  houeea  are  oue-storeyed.  Exwpt  two  or  th 
BrAhman  ftanilies  of  hereditary  accountants  the  people  are  poor 
Marnth^a,  Mhi^rs,  and  Hal.ilkhors.  The  Murdthiis  arc  cultivators 
or  lubourerB,  and  a  few  cam  their  living  by  making  tqilit  pulso. 
The  Mhi^rs  arc  chiefly  village  servunta,  muiiicipul  stTvants, 
labourers,  and  u  few  work  on  the  railway.  Tlie  Uulalkhora 
chiefly  employed  as  municipal  swccjjera.  The  only  important  ri 
through  Maugalvar  ward  is  the  approach  to  the  principal  fodder  and 
fuel  market  and  curt-atand  and  to  the  District  Judge's  court-ho' 
The  other  pathways  are  narrow  1anc8.  The  conaen'ancy  ar 
ments  aro  good  but  there  are  no  proper  aullago  sewers.  The 
is  not  unhealthy,  and  the  population  is  scanty.  Mongalv&r 
oonsiderabiy  fallen  in  importance  during  the  past  sixty  years.  P 
being  the  market-place  oi  the  old  town  it  has  simk  to  be  the  resort 
&  lew  pulse- muk el's.  Several  ruined  mansions  bear  traces  of  fo 
prosperity.  The  only  object  of  note  is  the  fuel  and  ftxlder  market 
the  open  ground  to  the  north-east  of  the  ward.  During  the  fair  aeaaou 
about  500  cart-loada  of  fuel  and  fodder  are  brought  in  daily  and  sold. 

Somvdr  "Ward,  800  yards  by  6S0,  with  an  area  of  545,000  square 
yards  and  a  scanty  popi^ation  of  3808,  was  established  in  1 755  and  was 
originally  ooUed  ShdhApura.  Its  chi^f  inhabitants  are  rich  Gosrfvi 
jewel-deuere  ond  moneylenders,  a  few  Sdli  weavers,  and  some 
Govomnient  sen'ants.  The  houses  arc  large,  have  generally  upper 
Btoreys,  and  oi-e  neatly  built  though  wanting  in  light  and  air.     Tfa< 


I  SbiittekluLn'B  goveraorsbtp  lutvd  from  1602 to  1664,  Graat  DufiTs  ManitbAa,  86- 


are  no  Bhops.  One  lar^  street  leads  to  the  railvay  station.  The 
others  are  narrow  crooked  lanes  well  kept  and  clean.  Thu  water 
Bupply  is  fair  and  the  ward  is  not  uuliualthy.  It  has  fallen  in 
inipurtancoduriuK  the  past  thirty  yuurs,  as  much  of  the  iratle,  of  which 
the  Goaavishud  formerly  the  mouoiwly,  has  puased  into  other  hands. 
TIjo  chief  objects  of  note  in  SomvAr  ward  are  Ndgcshvar's  (1  7)  and 
Vishnu's  temples  (38),  the  latter  with  a  water-lead  and  u  public  cistern. 
JUstia'H  Ward,  920  yards  by -«)U,  with  an  area  of  yGO,000  yards  and 
4207  people,  was  originally  called  Shivpuri  from  a  templu  of  Shiv 
built  by  Anandrav  Lnkshnian  Kiistia,  the  hereditary  head  of  the 
Peahwu's  ICorso.  The  first  occupiers  of  the  wai-dwero  Rastia's  eavolry. 
The  bouses  are  one-aloreyod  with  small  backyards.  The  people  are 
of  all  castes,  c-hiefly  Mudliais  from  Madras  and  Bene-Tsrael  Jews 
orif^inallv  from  the  Konkan.  Riistia's  ward  is  one  of  the  healthiest 
and  best  laid  out  parte  of  tho  city  and  has  a  large  number  of  well-to-do 
Government  servants,  civil  and  military  pcn8ionor»,and  a  few  t  radesmcn. 
The  streets  are  broad  and  straight  and  the  houses  are  built  with  brick 
in  straight  lines,  hack  to  back,  with  straight  uarruw  swecpt-rs'  pnssaf^ 
between  tho  backyards.  The  strocts  and  lanes  are  clean,  the  conser- 
vancy efKcient,  and  the  water-supply  abundant  from  a  great  watcr- 
lewl  from  a  stream  in  Viinnvdi  about  four  miles  to  the  south-east. 
K^^tia's  ward  is  the  heolthicst  in  the  city  and  is  not  overcrowded. 
It  has  prospered  during  the  past  thirty  years.  The  most  noteworthy 
object  is  Uiistitt's  mausion^an  immense  building  (21').  A  large  fair  is 
held  yearly  in -S/imiwirt  or  July-August  in  honour  of  Shir^lshet  a 
[  liingkyat  V^ni  banker  who  is  said  to  have  flourished  about  500  years 
ago. 

NyAhArs  Ward,  360  yards  by  280,  with  an  area  of  105,000 
square  yards  and  1 107  people,  is  nurawl  after  NyrihnI,  a  retainer  of  the 
KhsagivtUe  (1755)  to  whom  the  lhii"d  Pcshwa  Bdlaji  Ulijirav  entrusted 
,  the  buil<Liug  of  the  now  walls.  It  is  a  small  healthy  ward.  A  few 
well-to-do  rrubhtis  and  nther  retired  Oovernmont  sertanls  have  built 
neat  dwellings  in  it.  Mnet  of  the  other  houses  are  one^toreyed  and 
belong  to  tailors  ond  weavers  in  cotton  and  wool.  This  wanfhas  no 
shops.  Two  streets  run  through  it,  both  highways  from  the  eentre  of 
the  city,  oue  to  the  rudwny  station  and  the  other  to  thecontonment  The 
CQn8or\'ancy  is  good.     The  ward  drains  into  the  Niigjhori  stream. 

N&na    or     Hanum^n     Word,     1040  yards     by    500,    with    an 
'nrea  of    525,00(1    yards   and   5408  people,   was   founded  by   Nina. 
[Fadnavis   in    1701  for  the   use  of  wholesale  grain-dealers  by  whom 
it  is  still  chiefly  peopled.     The  houses  are  partly  npper-fiitoreyefl  in 
irge  enclosures,  partly  small.    The  grain-*! ealers  are  chiefly  Marwjir 
nd   Gujarat  Vauis.   men  of  means.     A  number  of  Pordeshis  have 
>rganiscd  a  carting  business  between  this  ward  and  the  railway  station. 
7he  large  number  of  country  carts  which  come  daily  t-o  this  quarter 
jf  the  aty  give  employment  to  several  carpenters  and  blacksmiths. 
Many    lanrlholders     let    their    euelosures    as    curl-stands,   uud  also 
ict  OS   brokers    or  daldla    in   Retting    employment    for  the  carta, 
iiuco    tho  opening   of   tho   ruilwoy  the   carting  trade  has  greatly 
loreaoed.      A  number  of  shoemakers  or  Mochis,  from  the  North- 
west Provinces  and  Oudh,  make  boots  for  the  European  and  Nutivo 


Chapter 
Places. 
Poos*. 


N^hdL 


^dna  or 


lapter  XIV. 
Places 

POOHA. 

^ana  or 
ilauumtln. 


(Bombay  QasetteM. 


AAnniM. 


Katba. 


DISTBICTW. 


troops  tuid  for  the  reaidenU  of  Poona  cantonmont  which  borders 
Nina's  ward.  Part  of  this  ward  is  htld  by  Mlirfi-s  and  Mangs  who 
find  omplojTnent  as  grooms  and  hoiiw  servants  uinong  the  reeidenta 
of  the  cantonmont.  It  also  contains  u  number  of  low-castc  proa- 
titiitcs  who  bvo  in  Iho  quarter  known  as  the  Lftl  or  Gay  BuzAr. 
There  is  a  small  niuoicipal  meat  Diarkot.  Niina's  ward  has  ono 
leading  street  which  ii^  the  mtun  commuiiicatiou  hetweeu  the  city  and 
the  cftiitonmont  buz^r.  It  is  broad  and  straight,  like  several  others  in 
this  quarter,  wbicli  are  well  made  aiid  metalled.  The  ronsei'vaneT  is 
good  and  the  water  supply  from  four  public  cistenis  is  nbumlaDl. 
The  ward  has  no  sewers.  The  sulluge  g:ither8  in  cesspools  and  u 
removed  by  manual  labour.  NAnn's  ward  is  thriving  and  new  hcnuea 
are  bciug  yearly  added.  It  is  not  thickly  peopled  and  is  healthy. 
Its  cluci  objec'ls  are  ;  the  Agydri  or  Pfirsi  Fire-temple  (62)  ;  the 
Ghodepir  or  Ilorao  Saint  (l-i),  where  during  the  Muluirrain  a  sav- 
dust  and  stucco  t-ibul  or  tomb-image  is  set  on  a  wooden  horse  and 
worsliipiwd  ;  Nivdungya  Vithoba's  temple  (21);  and  a  ehapcl  for 
the  Roman  Catliolic  population  of  the  city  and  cantonment  (22). 

Bhavfini  Wani,   1500   yards  by  825,  with  an  area  of  1,235.000 
square  yards  and  6737  people,  was  also  founded  by  HAnn  Fudnavu 
for   the   use   uf  traders  during  the   lime    of  the  eeventh     Pcnhwa 
8a\*jii  MadhaA'rav    (1774-1795)   and   called  Itorban  or   Ihc   Jujube 
Copse.     It  took  its  name   from  a  temple  of  the   goddess  Bhuvjni 
belonging  to  tho  Deshmukhs.     The  chief  people  of  Bhavani   ward 
arc  well-to-do  Viiiiie,  wholesale  dealers  in  groceries  and  oUsix-ds  and 
general  brokers  or  commission  agents,  a  number  of  MArwAr  Vduis  who    " 
also  deal  in  old  furuitui*e  and  lumber  and  many  carriers  who  own 
carte  specially  made  fur  carrying  heavy  loads  from  and  to  the  railway 
station.     One    quoi'ter    id  M.'t   ajurt    for    Kamilthis,    another    foifl 
Kuikllilis,  u    thinl   the    KumblUirviida    for    pot  tent,    a    fourth    t'o^l 
"BArvAns  or  Musuhuan  cam  el-drivers,  and  a  fifth  for  M.'ilis,  vegetable 
and  Bugarenne  growers.     Almost  all  of  these  classes  arc  comfortably^ 
off,    BliHVfini  ward  has  two  main  streets  running  e-ast  and  west  whioH 
meet  at  their  eastern  ends  and  run  into  the  cantonment  bazdr.     TTi© 
houses  of  the  upper  clafises  are  upper-storeyed  and  built  in  liiiea,  and 
those  of  the  poorer  classes  have  only  one   stoi-ey  and  are   irregularly 
built.     In  the  east  of  the  ward   are   several  well-built   Poona    unci 
Bombay  Piirsi  residences.     The  conservancy  arrangemonta  and  water 
supply  are  good.     BhavAni  ward   is  less  healthy  than  the   north    of 
the  eity  and  less  prosperous  than  Nina's  ward.     Tho  chief  objects  are 
BhavAni's  (7)  and  Telphala  Devi's  temples. 

Kasha  WanI,  800  yards  by  720,  with  nn  area  of  575.000  square  vards 
and  11,800  people,  is  the  oldest  inhabited  i>art  of  Poona  eity.  'itjs 
culled  Kasba  because  it  wus  the  head-quarters  of  a  sub-di virion  of 
the  district.  Compared  with  the  eastern  wards  the  population  ii 
dense  and  the  dcafh-rate  high.  Except  a  few  large  old  mansiona 
chiefs  and  gentry  most  of  the  houses  are  small  and  poor.  There 
no  shops.  Except  some  high  Brfihman  families  the  people  of  K 
nro  chiefly  croitsmcn,  papermakera  in  K^gdipura,  potlers 
Kumbhiirvilda,  fishermen  in  Bhoivada,  MujtWurs  or  keepers  of 
two  Shaikh  Salla  shrines,  copper  and  silver  smiths  in   K^isdr 


^eccaii.  1 


POONA. 


277 


I 


ardenera  in  Mdlivuda,  and  BrAhman  oetrologcre  and  Brubmon 
firicsU  in  Vevhanili.  As  the  ground  is  rough  with  ruins  the  luuca 
arc  naiTow  crooked  and  broken  by  di|j8  and  risL-s.  Kvcn  tho  main 
thorouglifare  to  the  Didtiict  Judge'H  court  m  narrow,  c.rooked, 
and  uneven.  The  conaervuncy  is  good.  Sewera  carry  off  the 
Wilhijyc,  and  tiic  surface  drainage  is  greatly  aided  by  the  ujievennees  of 
tho  ground.  Kusbu  ward  has  remained  steady  since  tho  beginning 
of  British  rule.  Ita  objects  ore :  the  Amburkhdna  (1),  the 
Purandhui-c's  mansion  (27),  the  elder  and  tho  younger  tSboikh 
SulUs*  tombs  (31),  and  a  temple  uf  Gunputi  (12).  Under  municipal 
management  much  has  been  done  to  improve  this  woi'd. 

AditvAr  or  KanvAr,  the  Sunday  "Ward,  750  yards  by  475,  with 
an  area  of  -WOjCUlt  square  yards  and  !172<i  people,  was  originally  called 
Malkumpuni,  uiid  was  founded  in  the  time  of  tho  third  iVshwa  B^iUji 
Uaiirav(1740-17(>l),hy  llahdjuuVovhHrc  Joshi.  It  is  thickly  peopled 
mid  is  the  richest  ward  in  the  city,  tlie  business  centre  of  Poona.  The 
houses  are  largo  and  strongly  built,  except  iu  one  or  two  poor  quarters, 
all  having  an  upper  storey  and  many  two  storeys.  The  houses  fronting 
the  main  stroots  have  their  ground-floor  fronts  set  out  as  shopA,  the 
took  parts  and  upper  floors  being  use<l  a«  dwellings  generally  by  the 
ehopkeepers.  The  people  of  Aditvar  ward  are  mixed  uud  are  the 
richest  in  the  city.    The  Moti  Chauk  or  Pearl  Square,  at  the  north 

•  end  of  the  chief  street,  has  Gujurfiti  Vaishnav  and  Jain  banking  firms 
on  the  upper  doors,  the  ground  floors  being  occupied  by  wholesale 
grocers,  rurther  south  in  Sar6f  Ali  or  Moneychangers'  Row  on 
the  east  side  are  jewellerB,  on   tho  west  side  Hr^hmans  SonArs  and 

•  Kdsdrs  who  manage  the  sale  of  the  Poona  brass  and  copper  ware,  one 
of  the  most  prosperous  industries  in  the  city,  the  articles  being  sent 
chieily  to  Berar  and  >fiziim  Ilaidarabad  and  occasionally   to  other 

t  parts  of  India.  Further  south  along  tho  street  ore  Bohoi'is,  some 
dealers  in  iron  and  tin  ware,  othom  in  sUk  and  embroidered  cloth, 
others  in  stationery  and  haberdashery  :  mixed  with  the  Bohords  arc 
some  Jingar  or  native  smldle  and  hoi-sc-gcar  sellers  ;  still  further  along 
ore  the  cliief  turners  who  roalce  wooclen  toys,  and  a  few  Marviir 
Vdnls  who  deal  in  small  braes  castings,  bells,  cups,  saucers,  and 
tumblers.  The  eastern  street  has  the  chief  establishment  for  grinding 
flour  in  Mulde  All.  At  the  south  end  is  the  Kiipod  Oanj  or  Clotn 
Btore,  where  wholesale  and  retail  cloth-merchants  live.  Further 
,b  is  the  Badhai  How  where  Badhiitsor  Upper  Indian  car|>cnter8 
e  and  sell  wooden  toys,  boxes,  and  cots.  Beyond  the  Budliiiia 
are  n  few  vegetable  shops,  then  a  fish  market,  and  the  stores  of  lime 
mid  chorcoal  makers  and  sellers.  On  the  south-east  and  south-west 
flanks  are  two  meat  markets,  the  south-east  market  kept  by  tho 
Mimieipality.  In  the  caslniost  end  of  Adit\'ur  wai-d  are  two  horse 
dealera,  and  \x»terinary  stables  where  horses  ore  imported,  exchanged, 
and  sold.  There  is  also  a  gross  market  in  a  building  known  as 
Ilurjansiug's  Pjiga  or  the  horse  Uucs  of  Durjansing  a  Rajput  cavalry 
officer.  Among  the  mixed  dwellers  in  AditvAr  w^nitl  a  few  are  Briihmanft 
and  most  are  of  the  different  craftsmen  classes.  The  leading  streets 
ore  broad,  oepcciolly  in  the  Moti  Chauk  or  Pearl  Square,  which  is  tho 


Chapter 
PlacM- 

Poo  IT  A. 

Wftnli. 

Kaaba. 


Adittdr. 


[BombBjF 


S78 


DISTRICTS. 


Ipter  ZIT. 
PUui. 


Oanc»i. 


Vftdt. 


handsomesi  etreet  in  the  city,  with  brood  paved  footpaths,  the 
ofK-ning  on  tho  central  cart  and  carriage  rood.    The  ootuerroii 
A'ditviir  IB  good ;  there  is  abundance  of  water,  and  there  aro 

ground  sewers  for  sullage  and  surface  drains  fur  flood  water.  I 
iti  ward  IB  not  healthy.  The  bonking  Hmm  are  ci-'iid  to  bo  cm 
di'clino,  due  to  the  Govi'mniriit  uiorny  onler  Rystfiu,  the  gn 
saffty  of  investment  in  Goromment  loans  or  savings  bank,  and 
rtwtridion  of  currency  to  siker.  Other  trades  and  crafts  ^o 
Tho  chief  objects  of  Aditvdr  ward  are  Phadke's  Mouaiou  (2<j). 
BohorAit*  Juio&tlchdua  or  Meetiu||^-hou«c  (H),  the  J&ma  ur  Pu 
Hoeque  (14),  and  Someshvar'a  teiiiplo  |34), 

Ganesh  Ward,  600  yards  by  200,  witli  an  area  of  155,000  eq 
yanlii  and  '3095  people,  takes  its  name  from  tlie  god  Giuie«h. 
ward  was  founded  by  Jivdjipant  KhnsgivMe,  durin^  the  rule  of 
seventh  PcshwaSavai  MadhnTiiiv  (I771-17i*5).  Tho  houacs  iii  G 
ward  arc  poor,  few  except  those  fronting  tlic  main  streets  ha 
upper  titoreys.      The  people  are  of  low  easte,    labourers,     arii 
Hhoeuukcrt^,  carpenters,  euach -builders,   ba.sket-makers,   and  the 
Tho  ehief  timber  stores  of  Poona  are   in  Ganeah  ward.      It  has 
other  industries  and  no  shops.     The  streets  in  Ganeah  ward  arc  br< 
the  lanee  narrow  but  straighter  than  in  other  parts  of  the  city, 
all  arc  metalled  or  sanded  and  kept  clean.     The  consen-anoy  is 
but  the  ward  though  pixisperou^    is  comparatively  unheullliy. 
objects  are:  the  Dulya  or  Uoeking  iliiruti's  Tempio  (11),  und 
]>agdi  Niigoba  where  u  fair  is  held  on   ^'ligjHUidiuii  ur  the  Cobra 
Fifth  in  Shmvan  or  July-August. 

VetAlWurd,800  yards  by '^40,  with  an  area  of  195,000  square  yi 

and  4-158  [leople,  originally  called.  Guruvilr  or  Thursdov    ward, , 

fuunilfnl  by  Jiv^jipant  Khfisgivdle  in  tlie  time  of  tlu-  tnird  Pe«hvni 
Biiliiji  Btijiniv  (1740-  1701).  It  continued  to  be  called  GuruvAr  until, 
a  temple  was  built  to  VotAl  the  Tjortl  of  Demons.  The  main 
of  VotAl  ward  is  a  aautherly  c^mtinuntion  of  the  main  street  of  Aditvi 
and  is  like  it  in  construction.  The  houses  are  closely  built  mth 
storeys,  the  lower  being  used  as  shops  and  the  upper  as  dwel 
The  ehief  wliopkeepors  ore  Jingors  originally  Kuldle-mjikGra, 
TainbutH  that  is  t-opjierhiniths.  iTie  best  goldsmiths  of  Poona  live  in 
Vetftl  wanl,  Kiicliis  or  market^ganleners  who  deal  in  fruit  and 
vegetables  have  a  quarter  of  the  ward,  Dhimgars  or  shopherda  havtj 
another,  and  pottern  ii  third,  and  there  ura  a  few  flower  aclh 
Gujanlt  bniBA  and  copper  dealers,  and  I^fomin  and  other  Muuul) 
silk  weavers  and  spinners.  Most  of  the  craftsmen's  hou«oa  haT«* 
no  iipjter  storey,  Vi-tAi  waiil  is  nn  a  high  level  and  is  healthy. 
The  wnter  sn]»ply  is  li'KS  plentiful  than  in  low-lyiu^  waitis  but  it 
not  scanty,  an<l  the  eonsi-iviini-y  is  good.  The  leading  rotids  ■ 
broad  nielalird  Ihoronglil'ai'eft  and  the  lanes  are  brooder  ttnfl 
straighter  tluin  in  otlu>r  par1«.  At  i\\v  south  uf  this  ward.  tJucfj 
ttuuiMons  have  b(H>n  built  by  tlirro  llombay  merchants,  NAit>J 
Hhankarfthet,  Koshavji  NAik,  and  Trimlmkji  Velji. 
Triinhukji'N  hunnelias  Ikvu  bought  by  the  Siu'iety  fortheProi 
of  the  GiM]>el  and  turned  into  a  mission  house  and  school  under 


seean- 


POONA. 


279 


»anag;cment  of  missionaries  of  the  Society  of  St.  John  the  EToneelist, 

little   colony    of    Native    Christians    lives    in    and    round  ihie 

ijsiuu-bouau.     Vctdl  ward  has   proiipeitKl  during  the  past   thirty 

reiira    A  vegetable,  meat,  and  fuel  market  is  held  daily.     I  ta  objeeta 

re  :  Shri   PdraBnAth'a   Juin   temple   (25),  Vctiil'H  temple  (37),  the 

rion  House,  and  the  RAjn  lUgsher's  Takya. 

©anj  or  Stor«  "Ward,  900  yards  by  450,  with  an  area  of  405,000 

fiquaro  yards  and  49tJ9  people,  takes  its  name  from  haWng  been  the 
l^chicf  siillt  store  in  the  city.      Most  of  the  houses  bave    only  ono 

itorey  and  belong  to  the  poorer  clasftca  of  craftsmen  and  labourers, 
lomin  silk- weavers,  Si&li  cotton-weuvers.  Ko»bti  spinners  and 
reavers,  Eunbi  Jusbis  or  fortune-tellers,  Tumbdivales  or  Boinigis 
rho  chan^'  small  metal  pots  for  old  clothes,  Lingayat  and  Maratha 
lalvjtliis  or  pulse-makers  and  salt-sollorii,  a  few  Sangar  wool-weavers 
id   felt-makers,   tanners   of  the   ChfimbhAr    Saltdngar  and    Dhor 

blasACS,  and  some  Pardcshi  masons  or  Oavandis.  Ganj  ward  is 
?althy,  the  conservancy  is  good,  and  the  water  supply  though  not 

ibuudunt  is  not  scanty.  It  is  a  prospcrouB  ward  though  almost  the 
rbole  people  are  low  elui>s.     It  has  no  object  of  interest. 

)[u2afurjang  Ward,  300  yanla  by  seventy-five,  with  an  area  of 

WjOOO  square  yards  and  ninety  people,  is  the  smallest  ward   in   the 

ity.     It  is  much  like  0horp:ule'8  ward.     It  takes  its  name  from  ita 

'founder    Muzafarjung  who  is  said  to  have  been  a  leading  captam 

under  one  of  the  uhorpodcs. 

■  Ghorpadc's  WaM,  900  yards  by  725,  with  an  area  of  655,000 
'ftqiuLre  yards  and  1 139  people,  was  established  by  HiUoji  Rjtje  Bhonsle 

Ghorpade  in  the  lime  of  the  Bcvcuth  Peshwa  Savdi  Miidliuvrdv  (1774- 
1795)  and  called  by  the  fuuntler's  surname.  It  was  originally  occupied 
by  Glioqwulc's  ciivalrj'.  It  is  now  occupied  by  dealers  in  skins  and 
hides,  thinners,  shoemakers,  husbandmen,  and  poor   lyiusalmiins.     It  is 

^the  poorest  ward  in  the  city.     The  houses  are  mostly  ground-floor  huts. 

HThc  roads  are  not  regular  though  brood,  the  water-supply  is  scanty, 

^wid  the  conscrvaaey  arrangements  arc  fair.  It  is  not  prosperous. 
The  Ghorpade  family  once  had  a  large  mansion  in  this  ward  but  it 
has  fallen  to  ruin  and  been  pull^  down.     It    has    no    object  of 

j.   interest. 

■  Shanvir  or  Satunlay  Ward,  750  yurds  by  600,  with  on  area 
■of  445,000  square  yards  and  77H6  people,  was  founded  about  the 
■close  of  the  seventeenth  century  by   tho    ^lusalmiins    and    named 

JIurchuddbAd.     As  the  west  end  and  airiest  part  of  tho  city  it  rose  to 

importance  underthe  eighth  or  last  Peshwa  Bajirdv  (179U-1H17)  when 

many  Uruhumus  built  houses  in  it.    The  houses  are  eomfortuble,  uppcr- 

LBtoreyed,  strongly  mode  buildings,  with  more  or  less  large  cneloauros, 

KTheiX'  are  no  shops.  The  people  are  chiefly  rich  high-class  BrAhnuuu, 

^Bomo  the  descendants  of  old  families  of  position,  others  of  familiea 

who  have  risen  to  position  and  wealth  in  the  service  of  the  British 

^Government.     Tho  chief  vegetable  and  fruit  market  of  Poona,  tho 

[andtti,  is  held  in  Slianviir  ward  on  the  borderof  Kasbn  ward  in  tho 

en  ground  iu  front  of  the  Shaiivar  Palace,  also  called  the  old  Palace, 

le  state  residence  of  the  Pesliwas  (1 7t»0- 1817).     This  was  styled  tho 

>ld  Palace  to  distinguish   it  from  the  new  or  later  boilt  palace  in 


Chapter  UY. 
Places- 
PixmA. 
Wu-d*. 


Ohorpade, 


•SAanufr, 


(Bombay  Qazel 


S80 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XI 7. 
Places- 

I'OOKA. 

Shantdt. 


JMnfyon. 


w. 


Bu(I!»V!ir  waitl.  The  wholp  ShanvAr  word  has  underground 
in  fiiir order,  and  the  general  conHer^ancy  of  the  wunl  is  ox< 
Still,  efliwcially  in  the  cold  weather,  it  is  feverish  perhaps  oxrinf^ 
it«  trwa  and  ita  Dearncas  to  tho  river.  It«  objects  are  ;  ShunT^nrj 
the  Old  Palaco  which  was  burnt  in  1826  and  ie  now  tUo  hi 
quarters  of  Ibc  police  (33),  the  Mandui  the  chief  murket-plae« 
the  city,  Unikdruehvar's  temple  (23),  Uarihuresbvar's  templf,  Am 
eshvar's  temple  (2),  Shanvar  Slaruti'a  temple,  the  P^ijarpol 
Animal  Homo  (4),  and  e^liteen  family  maiiaiona.' 

NArayjin  "Ward,  1130  yards  by  325,  with  an  area  of  37d,( 
square  yards  and  3563  people,  is  tho  westmost  ward  in  tho  eity  on 
rivor  side.  Tho  ward  was  founded  duriu;?  the  time  of  tho 
Pesbwa  XAr&yanriiv  Dallill  (177^)  and  named  after  Uim. 
streets  are  broad.  Itti  western  position  made  it  a  great  rice  cei 
Miirwar  Yarns  sought  for  houses  and  gradually  brought  all 
Mavlis  or  West  Poona  rice  growers  under  their  pow^er.  The  MArwixi 
houses  are  ill-built,  low,  and  badly  aired,  and  the  ground  floor  fnmti 
are  used  as  shops.  The  rest  of  the  people  of  NaVriiyon  ward  an 
husbandmen,  labourers,  and  shepherds.  The  south-oast  quarter, 
which  is  called  Dolkar  Ali,  is  held  by  Brdhmans  who  liuve  large 
encloeures  aud  well  built  houses.  It  is  a  popular  quarter  and 
housL'9  have  lately  been  built  by  Poona  Ilruhmans.  The  orij, 
MarwAri  rice  market  has  declined.  The  streets  ore  melallefl  and 
conservaney  is  fair.  The  west  is  not  so  well  provided  with  pal 
cisterns  as  the  east,  but  almost  every  house  has  its  well  of 
some  water.  As  a  whole  NftrAyan  ward  is  healthy  and  proepci 
Its  objects  aro  Modicha  Uanputi's  temple,  Matiehu  Gimpati'a  toi 
Ashtabhuja  or  the  Kight-armed  goddess's  temple,  the  Gilikwj 
mansion,  and  Minkeshvor's  Vishnu. 

Sadiiahiv  Ward,  1800  yards  by  1275,  with  an  area  of  2..275,( 
square  yards  and  8360  people,  was  fouu<le4l  by  Stubmbivniv  13hi&a, 
cousin  of  the  third  Peahwa  Balaji  liAjirav  (17U>-l7fJl)  on  the  slfe 
of  a  ganlen  called  Napur.  The  people  of  Sadasbiv  ward  ai-u  chieBf 
Brdhmans  and  there  are  some  large  well  built  cfuUs  or  lodgiiigs  for 
tho  use  of  tho  poorer  classes  who  aro  chiefly  i>aid  or  hired  he 
servants.  Tho  houses  aro  the  best  built  residences  in  the  city  t' 
more  storeys  bif^^h  aud  each  in  an  enclosure.  The  Briihmnna  in 
quarter  are  either  jiuliticikl  pensioners  or  retii-ed  Government  senantfi. 
A  few  are  moneylenders.  Wheu  founded  this  ward  was  orcuj 
the  military,  the  strocle  ore  consequently  broad  and  the  tboroujjhfB 
laid  out  in  regular  squares.  The  Peshwris'  state  prisoners  * 
kept  in  this  ward  under  the  charge  of  the  military  forco  of  wl 
SadAshivrAv  Bhau,  the  founder  of  the  ward,  was  the  first  commnndpr. 
Under  the  eighth  or  last  Peshwa  BAiirdv  (1796-1817)  the  Sadiiahir 
ward  stretched  to  Porrati  and  was  the  most  populous  part  of  the 
city.  It  deeliuod  with  the  removal  of  the  Slariitbu  sohliery  and 
market  disappeared.      Sadashiv  ward  bos  the  best  kept  aud  best 


Deccaa-i 


POONA. 


2»I 


I 


roods  in  the  city.  It  has  uuder^rouud  sewers  for  sullage  and  rain 
vatcr,  u  plentiful  water  8up[Jy,  and  a  good  conservancy.  It  is  not  90 
hculthy  ti»  it  ought  to  be,  jMrhaps  from  the  richness  with  which  some 
of  the  ^aniens  are  manured.  Of  hite  jCArs  Bad^shiv  word  boa 
become  popular  and  many  good  houses  have  been  built.  Part  of 
SwUehiT  word  is  called  Navi  or  new  because  it  was  built  after  Poona 
to  the  British.  Ite  people  are  husbandmen,  uhoemakers,  and 
^ngs.  It  has  somo  timber  fuel  and  grass  stores.  The  felling  of 
old  mansions  was  at  one  time  a  trade  in  which  several  people  made 
fortunes.  Its  objecrtji  of  interests  are  :  tlie  Lakdi  Pul  o^^V<>od^m  bridge 
now  of  stone,  Vithoba's  Murlidhar's  and  Narsoba's  temples  (19), 
Shajina  Yihir,  N&na  Fadnaris'  cisterns  and  wat«r-lcad,  Tishnlmbdg 
mansion  partly  destroyed  by  tire  in  May  1879  (tO),  the  Pratintdhi'a 
mansion  or  Got,  Sotya  Mhasoba's  temple,  the  Sosaoon  Iniirm 
UHvIuin  (HO),  Purvuti  hike  (01),  Tur<|uand*a  gurdeu-housc  where  Mr. 
Turquund  of  the  Civil  Ser\'i(Ki  commiltod  suicide,  and  Niinu  Fadnavis* 
garden. 

BudhvAr  TTard,  460  yards  by  400,  with  on  area  of  185,000  square 
yards  and  6083  people,  is  the  heart  of  Foona  city.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Emperor  Auraugzeb  in  1G90  uiul  wus  iirst  called  Mahujubnd. 
It  wus  afterwards  jKKjpled  by  Guviud  Shivrdin  KhiSegivAlc  in  the  time 
of  the  fourth  Peshwa  Madhavrao  Ballal  (1761-1772).  It  is  the  most 
jjeopled  part  of  the  city  and  has  several  retail  markets.  The  street* 
once  very  narrow  but  of  late  years  the  leading  thoronghiarca 
been  widened.  The  hoxtBcs  arc  closely  built  and  have  one  or 
two  upper  storeys.  The  ground  floor  fronts  oa  elsewhere  ore  let 
for  shops,  the  back  parts  and  upper  rooms  being  private  dwellinge. 
Beginning  from  the  north  end  of  the  ward,  the  lirat  section  of  the 
main  street  contains  grocers'  and  scent-sellers*  or  Gandhis'  shops. 
Near  the  site  of  the  Buahvdr  Palace  (9),  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  in 
May  1879,  are  shops  of  floweT^sellers,  stationers,  anddniggists.  Near 
the  Tulsi  Bi^g  (^37)  or  Basil  Garden  end  of  the  street  a  boilding  in  the 
centre  of  tlie  street,  culled  the  KotvfilChardi  (15)  was  the  chief  police 
ofBce  in  the  PcshwAa'  time.  The  building  has  been  sold  by  Govern- 
ment and  is  now  used  as  a  vegetable  market  The  street  running 
east  and  west  by  the  site  of  the  BudhvAr  Palace  contains  on  the  wcet 
Hindu  confectioners'  shops,  and,  further  on. snuff-makors*  potty  grain- 
dealers'  and  fiour*8ellers'  shops.  The  eastern  section  contains  a  few 
silk  weavers  who  dre«8  ornaments  and  trinkets  in  silk,  and  the  leading 
cloth  merchants  or  Shimpis  of  the  city  who  chiefly  sell  the  produce  of 
local  hand-looms.  The  street  is  called  Kdpod  Ali  or  Cloth  Row.  It 
Quce  had  a  wt^ll-built  pavement  and  longlines  of  platforms  in  the  centre 
on  which  sliom  were  laid  out  and  a  market  was  held  daily  coiled,  the  Men 
iiaz&r  orSettle<l  Market.  Tho  BudhviinAda or  Wednesday  Palace  (9), 
the  favourite  residence  of  the  last  Peshwa  (1796-1817),  stood  in  tho 
centre  of  this  ward  and  contained  all  the  leading  local  revenue,  police, 
and  judicial  ofRccs.  In  tho  comer  nearest  the  cross  streets  was  the 
Native  General  Librarj^nnd  Clock  Tower  presented  to  the  city  by  the 
chief  of  Vinchxir  in  commemoration  of  the  visit  of  11.  R.  H.  the  Duke 
of  Edinburgh  to  India  in  1872.  The  palace,  as  well  as  the  Library 
and  tho  Viuchur  Clock  Tower,  were  destroyed  by  an  incendiary  on  the 


Chapter  TCV- 

PUOM. 
Pooka. 

SatUMv. 


lfiomb&7  Ou«tt 


DISTRICTS. 


upter  XXV- 
Places, 

POONA. 

W»r«l». 
Bmlhvdr. 


Sfnttravdr. 


night  of  the  13th  of  Muy  IftTB.   As  H  coiitoiua  the  Auandoclbhnv 
luid    ApptL   Hiilvuiit   theatres  as  well  as  the  chu>f  bu»mct«s  cim 
Budhvar  ward  is  a  favourite  resort  in  the  afternoons  and    ev 
Tho  people  of  Budhvir  wni-d  ore  extremely  mixed  all  beinj;  truders 
well-to-do.     Tho  wntcr-supply  is  plentiftil,  tho  stroete  have  tui' 
ground  sewurs  und  side  channels  tor  ruin  druiuage,  and  the  con 
vauev  is  good.     It  h  healthy  and  pruiiperoiu  though  the  pop 
is  Ihiek  and  the  houses  are  biully  aired.     Its  chief  ohjcete  aru  :  lie 
temple    (6),   BhjSngya   M-iruti's    temple,  the  KnUil  Cliavcli    i 
TAmbdi  jogeshvari's  temple  (35),  K«li  Jc^eshvari's  templtr,  K 
Ram's  temple,  Moroba  Doda's  mansion  (10),  Bhide's  mansion,  1 
dhare's  mansion,  Thattc's  Hdni's  t«mplo,  and  Pisod^'a  Mdruti'a  tcm 
ShukravAr   Ward,  1750  yards   by  550,  with  an  area  of  955 
square  yards  and  14,137  people,  was  established  by  Jivajipant    K 
giv&lo  in  the  time  of  the  third  Peshwa  BiUaji  Biijirdy  ( 17-10  *  17    , 
JiTiijipant,    as  kotvtil  or  police  head    of   Foon«,    for  many    youv 
exercised  great    magisterial    and    revenue  powers.      Ho   is   said  M 
have  been  intelligent  and  able  and  to  have  token  much  interest  in  ths 
welfare  of  the  city,     llo  founded  eevorol  wards,  regulatixl  publie 
markets  and  places  of  amusement,  and  did  much  to  further    the 
prosjierily  and  welfare  of  thu  people  of  Pooua.  ShukravAr  ia  the  liu-gcil 
waitl   in    the   city   both   in  area  and    population      The    houat-s  in 
the  leading  parts  are  upper-storeyed,   roomy,  and  subsduitiaJ.     The 
houaefi  of  the  poorer  classes,  in  the  back  and  distant  parts,  havo 
only  one  floor  but  they  are  not  closely  buUt  and  are  comparative!} 
roomy.    The  people  are  most  mixed,  belonging  to  all  castes  and  in 
every  condition  of  life,  from  tho  Pant  Sachiv  of  llhor  allriihrnon  chio^ 
to  the  day-labourer,    jiviijipant   Kbdsgtvdle,    the  Kotvill    of    Poou 
and  the  founder  of  the  ward,  left  u  residence  with  a  large  garden  and 
temple  attached  to  it.     Ucgiuuing  from  liis  residence,  wuieli  is  at    the 
nomi-wost  end  of  the  ward,  the  main  street  runs  south,  and  posses 
through  lines  of  dwellingsof  rich  Brdhmansto  the  site  of  the  Shukn^ 
vhr  Palace  (33)  which  w:is  pulled  down  about  1820  and  the  Poahwa's 
TdUmkh&na  or  g^Timasium  where  are  now  the  municipal  office,  and 
tho  dispensary   estublibhed  in  1861  by  Khdn  Buhudur  Pestnnji  Sor^ 
a  Piirsi  gontlem  an  of  Poona.     Further  south  tho  street  passes  by 
Pant  Hiu:hiv'«  mansion  and  PAnse's  mansion  to  the  City  Jail  (10)  whi' 
was  the  head-quarters  of  tho  Peshwa's  artillery  of  which  the  PiSn 
had  charge.     West  of  tho  street  is  the  KamatM  quarter  occup 
chiefly  by  people  of  Kdmdthi  or  Telugu  castes,  who,  in  the  Pcshwa'i 
time,  wore  domestic  servants  of  tho  leading  Br&hraans  ond   Marfitha 
grandees,     Beyond  Kamdthipura  tho  street  passes  through  houses 
belonging  to  Murdtha  hui^btuidmen  and  Native  Christians.     The  east 
street  ol  tihukravar  runs  parallel  to  the  main  street  mid  borders  ottj 
the  Aditvdr  ward.     At  the  north  end  of  it  ia  a  large  retail  RraSH 
market  ;  further  south   is  tJie  Shunpi  row  held  by   Shimpi   clotflm 
merchonts.     Behind  the  main  houses  on  the  east  is  the  Hattikhiina  or 
elephants'  atublc,  now  filled  with  tho  huts  of  ChAmbhArs.     Further 
to  the  south  are  the  Aiung  or  infantry  lines  occupied  chiefly   by 
lubuurcra.     Furtlier  north-east,  along  tho  main   street,  was  tlie  old, 
OiUlikhana  or  Peshwaa'  stables,  now  occupied  by  dwelling  houses. 
Further  still  ia  the  residence  of  the  late  Nandr&m  Sundorji  N&ik^  aa 


1 


ecu] 


POONA. 


^ 


:«nterpriBing  and  intelligent  Parclestii  Kumbhilr,  who  hod  a  large 
share  in  the  early  miinicipol  management  of  Poona  city  after 
it  came  under  the  British  Govcmmoat.  Further  is  the  ChaudhariV 
mansion  and  then  u  quarter  occupied  by  a  sioall  colony  of  Pardoshi 
potters  who  either  work  as  labouring  luauoos  or  take  jobs  as 
contractors.  At  tlio  south  end  of  this  street  is  the  houjje  of  Mr. 
lihau  yiana&riim,  another  enteri)ri<;ing  and  active  Panleahi  potter, 
who  has  amassed  a  fortune  oa  a  contractor  in  the  Govemmont 
Public  Works  Department,  and  is  a  Municipal  Commissioner  for  the 
city  of  Poona.  Beyond  this  are  the  Miilivada  and  the  Jhagde\iida 
quarters  occupied  by  Kunbis  and  husbandmen.  The  loading  roods 
of  Shukravdr  ward  ure  broad,  straight,  and  metalled.  Tlio  lanes 
aru  narrow  and  crooked  but  have  latterly  been  all  levelled  and 
eunded  antl  thrown  open  where  they  were  previously  closed.  The 
water  supply  is  abundant  and  the  conservancy  good.  Shukrav:ir 
is  one  of  the  healthiest  quarters  of  the  city  and  is  prosperous  and 
flourishing.  Ite  objects  of  interest  are  :  the  Tulsi  Bfig  or  Basil  Garden 
(36),  LokudkhiUia,  K.Ala  Uuud  or  the  Black  eistem,  Bavonkhani, 
Kfduecihvur's  temple  (28),  tlie  PeBhwa*HGvnniatiium  now  themunioipid 
olEce  and  disiKmsary,  the  City  Jail  (10),  Pant  Saehiv's  pidacu,  Cliaud- 
liari's  mansion,  Nandr^m  nundarji's  niansion,  Bh^u  MaiiHiin'im's 
residence,  the  Uirdbiig  or  Town  liull  and  garden,  and  u  temple  of 
Farasn&th. 

The  chief  streets  run  north  and  south.  Tho  three  leading 
streets  aro  tho  Oaiij,  Uuuesh,  and  Haugalvdr  street ;  tho  VetAl, 
Aditv^r,  and  Kosba  street :  and  the  Slmkruvar  and  Budliv^  street. 
All  of  these  are  broad  metalh>d  roads  witli  stone-built  slab-covered 
side-gutters.  When  metalled  roads  were  first  made,  a  convenient 
width,  varying  from  eigliteen  to  twenty-four  feel,  was  taken  for 
the  clo)»r  carriage  roadway,  and  spaces  meant  for  footpaths  wore 
left  on  tho  sides.  These,  before  municipal  times,  were  encroached 
on  by  hou!ik."Owuei-8  or  covered  with  low  unsightly  verandas  with 
sloping  tiled  roofs.  No  through  strL*ets  run  east  and  west,  and  the 
broken  streets  of  which  there  aro  some,  have  abo  been  encroached 
on  and  narrowed  by  veranda-building.  It  has  been  one  of  the  chief 
turns  of  the  Municipality  to  widen  the  streets  and  open  them  as 
opportunity  offers.  Much  has  been  done  in  this  way,  but  a  great  deal 
remains  te  bo  done,  Tho  streets  are  generally  of  irregular  width  and 
winding.  Where  they  liavo  not  been  encroached  on,  tho  streets  of 
the  newer  parts  of  the  city,  as  in  the  Rtistta  Nana  and  'Smlashiv 
wards,  ore  broad,  straight,  and  regularly  laid  out.  The  hondsumoet 
street  in  the  city  is  the  Moti-chauk  or  Pearl  Square  in  Aditv&r  ward. 
Between  lines  of  cla^ely  built  hi({h  buildings  this  street  has  a 
carriage-way  twenty-four  foot  wide  in  the  centre,  then  covered  side- 
gutters  throe  foot  wide  on  etich  side,  and  next  paved  footpaths 
nf  teen  feet  wide,  raisc<l  about  a  foot  above  the  carriage-way.  All  tho 
streets  in  the  city  have  mctallotl  carriage  roads,  varying  from  sixteen 
to  forty  feet  in  breadth,  and  aide-gutters  covered  with  slabs  where 
the  traffic  is  great  and  ojien  in  other  places.  Where  available  the 
spaces  between  the  gutters  and  the  lines  of  houses  have  been  and  are 
being  planted  with  trees  and  laid  out  in  gravelled  walks.  Tlie  city 
has  now  thirty-two  miles  of  metalled  rood.     The  lanes   vary   in 


Chapter^XIV. 
Places 

Poona. 
Wards. 


8tne(a. 


[Bonbay  GaxeU 


DISTRICTS. 


breadth  from  bis  to  sixttien  feet.    Thev  are  ci-ooked  aud  used  to 
many  ope  and  downs.     They  have  lately  been  levelled  and  gra 
and,   where  possible,  widened  and  opened.      The  whole  leng^ 
laacft  within  citj*  limits  ie  fourteen   miles.     Under  the    M 
Bome  of  iho  streets  and  limes  were  paved,  the  pavement  slopin 
the  houseB  to  the  centre  which  formed  a  gutter  forstorm-w-nter 
the  rains.    The  centres  of  the  broader  thoroughfam  used  then 
occupied  by  lines  of  Btalls  on  raised  platforms.    Almost  OTpry  i 
and  lane  liad  gates  whitrh   were  vfoscd  at  night.     The    pAvement, 
shop-platforms,  gates,  and  other  obstructions  hove  now  l>oen  remorm 
and  the  vcntiltition  of  the  city  improved.      The  strecta    are   now 
named,  swept  clean  once  a  day,  watered  during  the  dry   weather  lo 
lay  the  dust,  and  on  dark  nights  lighted  with  57'^  kerosiue  Iiunpa 

BritljM.  Poena  City  has  the  Mutha  river  on  the  west  and  north.     The  oUeit 

crossing  of  the  Mutha  in  by  the  Kumbhilr  Ves  Dhariin  or  Pott 
Gate  Causeway  in  Kasbaward,  near  the  younger  Shaikh  Salla's  tc 
(31)  andlibout  GOO  yards  above  the  railway  bridge.     The   Mari' 
eausoway  gave  way  soon  after  the  beginning  of  British  rule  luid 
renewed   between    1835    and    18-10    at    a    cost    of    about    £3000 
(Rs.  30,000)  partly  met  by  Govcrmnent  and  partly  by  ooutributii 
The  causeway,  which  is  oi  solid  atone  raasonrv.  is  2'15  yards  I 
and  seven  yards  broad.     It  has  twelve  nine-feet  sluices  which 
closed  in  the  dry  season  to  store  water.     During  floods  the  eauscwaj 
is  covered  and    impussuble.      At  the  north-west  end  of  the  cifi 
about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  above  tho  Pottora'  Gate  dam,  the  Mora: 
wooden   bridge    across    the    Muthu    guvo    way    in    1840    and  ww 
roplaved  by  u  stone  and  brick  musoury  bridge  which  is  still    known 
as  the  Lakdi  or  wooden  bridge.     The  present  bridge  has   nine  forty* 
eight-feet  arches  built  of  brick  on  stone  piers  whicTi  have  sharp  cut' 
waters  to  break  the  force  of  the  floods.     Jjarge  round  holes  uro  mode 
high  upon  the  spandrels  between  the  arches  through  which  water  paun 
during  the  highest  floods.     Tho  roadway  over  the  bridge  is  oi^teen 
feot  wide.     The  bridge  cost  £4700  (Rs.  47,000)  of  which  Government 
paid  £3000  (Rs.  30,000).     Before  the  railway  was  made  the  Lakdi 
bridge  was  the  outlet  to  Bombay  aud  curried  much   traffic.      It  is 
still  largely  used  chiefly  in  bringing  supplies  of  wood  and   prorisioni 
into  the  city.     The  second  and  chief  bridge  over  the  Mutha    is  the 
Wellesley    Bridge    named    after   General     Arthur    Wollcsloy    la 
honour    of    hia  Doccan    victories.     Tho  old   bridge  was  built  ia 
1830  entirely  of  wood.      In  1839    it   was  replaced  by   a   strong 
masonrj-  bridge  at  a  cost  of  £11,003  (Rs.  1,10,1)30),  and  a  frvsh 
bridge  was  built  also  of  stone  in  1875.     The  bridge  keeps  its  original 
nume  of  Wellesley  or   Vosli   in  Marflthi.     The   NApjhari    8tn«U 
which  pusses  through   tho  city  from   the  south   is   cro!»sod  by  rix 
bridges.     Beginning  from  the  nortli,  the  Jakdt  or  Toll  bridge  of  cat- 
etono  masonry  with  three  twelve-feet  wide  vents,  twenty-four  yards 
long  and  with  a  roadway  of  twenty  feot,  joins  the  Maugalvdr  and 
Homvdr  wards  on  the  east  or  right  "bank  with  the  Kosbn  ward  on  th|y 
west  or  left  bank.     It  was  built  by  the  British  Government  bctwo^H 
1836  and  1840.     It  ia  called  the  toll  bridge  because  it  is  on  tho  bhP 
of  the  PeahwAs'  chief  toll.     About  four  hundred  yards  south,  joinins 
the  Somv&r  R6stia  and  NyHh^l  wards  on  the  east  with  Aditvdr  ward 


Deccanl 


POONA. 


2d5 


on  tho  we8t>  is  the  DdruviUa*8  bridge,  the  largcet  across  the  N^gjhari, 
of  cut-8t«uc  lUBBonrv  fifty-eight  yoi-ds  long  EUid  over  thirty-two  feet 
broiid,  with  four  twelve-feet  vont-s.  It  woa  btiilt  by  the  Municipality 
in  1870  at  a  eoet  of  £L5U0  (lis.  15,000).  It  gets  ite  name  from 
being-  near  tho  firework -makers'  quarter,  About  300  yarda  south  of 
Daruvahi's  tridge,  joiuing  Gunesh  ward  with  Udstia  ward,  a  foot- 
bridge coUod  the  I'arai  bridge,  u  atouo  causeway  impuBsable  in  floods, 
i«  six  feet  wide  and  has  three  five-feet  veuU.  It  was  built  in  1830 
by  the  family  of  the  PArai  high-priest  or  Dastur.  About  150  yards 
south  of  the  rarsi  bridge,  the  Oamwh  wanl  bridge^  of  cut-stone  with 
twenty-feet  roadway  and  three  arches  of  sixteen  feet  coch,  ;  joins 
the  Qanesh  and  IS'aaa  wards.  It  was  built  by  the  British 
Government  in  1835.  About  400  yards  south  of  Ganesh  ward 
bridge  the  Uuj'ud  or  Bucket  makers'  bridge,  of  cut  stoue  masonry 
with  cightceu-feet  roadway  and  four  nine-feet  arches,  joins  the  soutli 
end  of  Aditvrtr  wanl  on  the  west  to  Bhavani  ward  on  the  east  It 
takes  il«iiuTne  from  the  bosket-makers  in  whose  quarter  it  lies.  It  was 
built  by  a  Badhdi  or  Upper  Indian  caipenter  between  1840  and  1845 
as  a  work  of  charity.  About  300  yards  south  of  tho  Burud's  bridge, 
Ghashoti's  bridge,  of  solid  stone  masonry,  twenty  feet  broad  and 
.with  three  cighteen-feet  arches,  joins  Bhavdoi  ward  on  the  east  with 
fOanj  and  Vetiil  wards  on  thp  west.  It  was  built  as  a  work  of 
charity  in  184o  at  cost  of  £180  (Rs.  1800)  by  a  daneing-girl 
named  Ghoshcti,  The  Manik  stream,  which  forms  the  easttiru 
boundary  of  the  city,  is  crossed  by  three  bridges.  Beginning  from 
the  north,  about  150  yards  from  its  meeting  witli  the  NagjLari, 
where  the  bed  of  the  M4nik  is  at  times  impassable  from  baekwator 
from  the  river,  tho  ITnlAlkhor  bridge,  a  massive  masonry  structure 
sixty-eight  yards  long  and  eighteen  feet  wide  with  three  five-feefc 
vents,  joins  the  SomvfLr  ward  on  the  south  with  the  Ilalalkhor  section 
of  the  Mungulvar  ward  on  tlie  north.  It  was  built  by  the  British 
Government  between  18i}o  and  1840.  About  300  yards  in  a  direct 
line  south-east  of  the  Huhllkor  bt-idge  is  the  Gostivi  bridge.  It 
is  a  double  masonry  bridge,  Ixith  portions  skew  to  the  line  of  the 
stream,  of  two  single  arches  of  twenty-two  feel  span,  the  roadway  over 
the  one  being  t^venty-four  and  over  the  qfher  thirty-two  feet  wide. 
It  was  biiilt  in  1870  by  the  Miinioipality  at  a  cost  of  iWO  (Rs.  3000). 
About  350  yards  soutli  of  the  GosAvi  bridge,  tho  Bhatti  Gate  bridgej 
a  small  culvert  of  two  seven-feet  rents,  opens  lUUtia  wartl  into  the 
Civil  X>ines  quarters.  It  was  built  by  a  public  works  contractor  in 
1845  and  took  its  name  from  the  brick  and  tile  kilns  near  it. 

Tho  municipal  stntementa  di\'ido  the  houses  of  the  city  into  five 
classes :  large  mansions  or  xuidds,  now  rarelv  built  and  bocominz 
fewer  costing  £2000  to  £0000  (lis.  20,000  -  60,000)  to  build  and 
£5  to  £7  10*.  (Us.  50-75)  a  month  to  rent;  second  class  houses, 
of  which  tho  number  is  growing,  costing  £800  to  £1600  (Rs.  8000  - 
15,000)  to  build  and  £2  to  £4  (Us.  20  •  40)  a  month  to  rent; 
Ihini  class  houses,  of  which  tho  number  is  growing,  costing 
£100  to  £300  (Rs.  1000-3000)  to  build  and  8*.  to  £1  (118.4- 
10)  a  month  to  rent ;  fourth  class  houses  coating  £20  to  £50 
(Rs.  200 -500)  to  build  and  2s.  to  4*.  {lU  1-2)  a  month  to  nmt; 
and   fifth  class   houses  or  huts  costing  £2   to  £5  (Ua.  20-50)  to 


Chapter  ZIT. 
Place* 

Brids 


Hinuw, 


[Bombay 


28C 


DISTRICTS. 


;hapt«r  XIT 
Places. 

FOORA. 

Houses. 


make  and  6J.  to  9d.  (4-6  an.)  a  month  to  rent.     The  poorest 
havo  rarely  houses  of  their  own,  but  lodgitiga  or  ehdh  are  being 
for  them  in  diffi^rent  |)art8  ol  thu  city,  iiLuter  and  bttter-plujined  \\ 
their  former  huts.     According  to  the  nmuiupiU  rotuma    for    II 
of  12,271  houses,  85  vero  of  the  first  clawi,  631  of  tlie  aecrond 
26U9  of  the  third  class,  4197  of  the  fourth  v\iaa,  and  4t559  of  the 

class.    Tho  dcluils  arc  : 

Pcom  Himm,  ISSS. 


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Poona  houses  havo  little  beauty  or  ornament ;  even  tho  fineiit 
plain,  maesivo,  and  monotonous,  Tho  plinth  is  of  cIose-joiuiHl  bl< 
of  poUsbed  stone.  The  posts  and  beams  are  maseive  but  fihorU 
ceilings  are  made  of  BuiuUer  closely  fitted  beams  Bomc' 
omiuiieiited  wilh  variegated  geometrical  figures  and  flowera  niiule 
smull  chips  or  slits  of  gaily  painted  wood  or  ivory.  If  width  il 
wanted  it  is  secured  by  two  or  three  rows  of  wooden  pillitrs  juinoi 
together  by  omamentol  offee-ehopod  cuspod  and  fluted  woocltm  fain 
arches.  Tho  pillars,  whick  generally  spring  from  a  carved  stono  or 
wood  pcdotitnl,  have  shoit^  coned  in  the  cypress  or  sum  Rtylc  and 
lotus-shapcMl  capitals.  The  eaves  are  generally  ornamented  with 
can-ed  pltuik  faeiuga  and  project  boldly  from  the  walls.  The  roo& 
aro  either  temiiied  or  coven^d  with  Hat  tiles.  The  stairciwes  are  in  the 
walls,  and  are  narrow  and  diirk.  At  present  in  hoase-buildiug'  men 
attention  is  paid  to  light  and  air,  tho  stiurcnses  are  improved,  ud 
ornamental  iron  or  wood  railings  are  coioing  into  use  for  balconJfii 
landings,  and  staircases.  Most  houses  stand  on  stone  plinths.  Ther 
oro  generally  wooden  frames  filled  with- brick  or  mud  and  coTcrcd 
with  a  tilcil  roof.  Some  are  substantially  buiU  of  brick  and  \im$, 
others  are  wholly  of  brick  and  mud.  The  centre  rooms  tti"c  ^nerally 
dark  and  clow?,  nut  the  upper  storeys  are  airy  and  well  light4.Kl.  The 
walls  of  some  are  painted  with  I'uranik  war  scenes  and  deities.  Tb* 
houBOfl  of  the  bottcr-off  have  two  and  some  have  three  to  six  roomi 
one  of  which  is  the  cook-room  or  aayampdk-ghar,  another  if  there  i» 
one  to  spare  is  set  apart  as  the  god-room  or  devgkar,  one  or  more  an 
used  for  sleeping,  one  large  room  aa  the  majghitr  for  dming  oud  aitting. 


Bccan  1 


POONA. 


287 


,  which  iegenerally  openon  one  side, as  a  reception  room  or  o/w-i. 

[ost  of  tho  rooms  are  biully  airecl.     Hohhcs  of  this  class   niruly 

upper  storcya     Their  long  slopes  of  tiled  roofs  and  low  slender 

leu  posts  give  them  a  mctiu  povcrtj- stricken  look.     Middle-dasa 

juaes  have  generally  un  upper  door  over   part  of    the  basement. 

-'II  Rpaces  or  yards  called  angans  are  left  in  front  and  behind. 

jinetimes,  over  the  entnuioe  gate,  is  a    hall  or  dixdnkhnna   which  is 

on  great  days  and  faniily  ceremonies,     tJuder  this  hall  stables, 

le-shcds,    and   privies,  open    on    the    road.       Each  house    has 

merully  a  well,    and  scte   apart  tho    room    nearest  the  well  fur 

>uking,   and   the   next  room  for  dining.      A    room  is   set   apart 

)r  the  women  of  the  house  and  the  front  room  is  used  for  visitors. 

^he  Ride-rooms  are  u»cd  as  god-rooms  und  store-rooms.     The  up[)er 

joms,  which  are   well  aired,  sen'e  as  sh^eping  rooms.     The  centre 

>oms  on  the  ground  floor  are  generally  ill-aired  and  so  dark  that, 

i^cu  by  day,  lights  bave  to  bo  used  during  mcak.     The  walls  and 

loors  are  cowduuged   or  mud-washed  and  kept  clean.     The  houses  of 

>e  upper  classes  are  upper-store Vod  in  two  or  three  quadrangles  or 

iaHk:a  surrounded  by  rooms.     The  paved  back  quailrongles,  where 

lere  is  generally  a  well,  are  used  for  washing  and  hathing.     The 

iKtribution  and  general  arrangement  of  the  rooms  is  the  same  as  m 

lidclle-class   houses.      The  oijen   rooms  on  the  basement  near  tho 

It  ranue  are  used  as  stables,  ciittle-shede,  and  servants'  rooms.    Almost 

ptry  Hindu  house,  from  tho  poorest  hut  to  the  richest  mansion,  has  a 

sw  phuita  near  it  among  which  the  sacred  basil  or  tuUi  la  the  most 

rominout  and  stands  in  an  ornamental  earthen  pot  on  a  stone  or 

jmentpcdestiJ.     Near  the  place  where  the  waste  water  gathers  ore 

suerolly  a  few  plantain  trees  or  a  smijl  bod  of  dUt  or  caladiuma  as 

key  are  believed  to  suck  in  and  to  clean  Btagnuut  water.     The  houses 

the  poorer  classes  have  generally  one  room  ciglit  to  ten  feet  sqmire 

ith  a  small  door  shaded  by  an  open  veranda  four  to  six  feet  wide,  a 

-t  of  which  is  enclosed  for  a  bath-room  or  nhdni. 

Tho  earliest  record  of  Foona  population  is  for  1780  when  it  is 
'roughly  estimated  to  have  nurabereil  150,000  souls.  During  the 
eight  years  (IT^G-lHOS)  of  unrest  in  tho  Iwginning  of  BAjirdv  II. 'a 
reign,  the  population  fell  considerably,  chiefly  through  the  depre- 
dations of  Duulatrav  Sinrlia  his  father-in-law  Sarjerav  GhAtge  and 
Yoshvantrfiv  Holkor,  and  tbeg  reat  scarcity  of  Itioa.  At  the  beginning 
of  llritish  rule  the  estimated  population  varied  from  110,000  to 
150,000;  and  in  1825  Bishop  ILeber  puts  down  the  number  at 
12S,000.  The  first  reliable  record  is  for  1851  when  it  numbered 
7y,20it.  The  ojioning  of  the  railway  in  1866  raised  the  number 
to  80.000  in  18*>4,  and  sinca  than  there  has  been  a  steady  adranuo 
to  i)0,ia6  in  1872  and  90,022  in  1881.'  Of  the  1872  total,  80,b00 
were  Hindus  (including  587  Jains),  9013  Musobn^jis,  202  Christians, 
andyoi  Others.  Of  the  1881  total  87,874  were  Hindus,  10,519 
MusuluiAns,  5G2  Christians,  2UU  iMrsis,  and  461  Others. 

ft  PriostA  numbering  1062  are  mostly  Hindus  and  a  few  Musalm^ns. 
Qtfho  Hindu  priests,  who  arv  almost  all   Jlrdhmaus  live  mostly  in 

paUtioa  of  Pooas  sad  Kirkec 


[ 


1  Tho  figures  fvr  1872  %uA  1881  &o  not  include  tbe  i 
tounenti  which  wu  28,450  in  1878  and  37,381  in  i 


Cbapt«r  X] 
Flflces. 

POORA. 
HuUMfl, 


Fopul&tiDaa 


Pritm. 


I  Bombay 


288 


DISTRICTS. 


WXIV. 

VMnL 

Itieatt. 


Oovemmnt 
SavanU. 


PractiiioaerB. 


Brrfliraan   quarters   in   tte   BudhrAr,   Kasba,   NArAyao, 
blianvilr,  nnd   Slmkraviir  yethn  ;    hut   the  most   popiiltir    wards 
the  SodANhiv  and  Shukravdr  peths.     Most  of  them  are  faeredil 
pneet«  tuid  are  fairly  off,  but  not  so  well  off  na  they  wero 
fifty  yeart)  ago.     Of  late  they  do  not  oominand  respect^  and 
favour  and  cringe  for  patrtma}^     Their  number  ia  faUiuf^  off. 
only  one  or  two  mcmlx'ni  of  priestlv  foiuilioi  take  to    priestl 
They   are  thrifty.  wfll-bt'Uavfd   and  Hlirewd,  but  ruthcr   idle.      T 
wirt'H  mind  the  liouiie  and  do  no  otlicr  work.     T)iuy  ttend  their 
to  Hchiwl,  and  aa  priesthood  does  not  jwy  them  much,  acme  of 
teach  their  boya  Knglish.     Like  Uinda  prients,  MusalraAn 
aro  not  much   respected,  and  are  fairly  off.     Beaidos   IlincCu  sb^ 
MttMlmin  priesta  there  ieone  P&rsi  prieet,  whois  reapeeted  w«U-] 
aad  H  oenfortably  off. 

Lawyers   numht^ring    12*3,  of   whom    ninpty-six   hold    sanoflt 
certificates  and  thirty  are  allowed  to  plead  iv-ithout  Knttads^avc  m< 
Bnlhmans.     Thoy  ore  well-behaved,  respectable,  shrewd,  lUid  thrift' 
Most  of  thom  are  men  of  means  and  lend  money.     Their  wivas 
the  house  work  generally  with  the  help  of  aervaula,  and    their 
go  to  school  and  learu  ICngUsh. 

Government  senants  live  in  all  parts  of  tho  town.  They 
BrAhuuins,  Prabhus,  MarAthfis,  Hindus  of  other  castes,  Mm 
Paraia,  Christians,  and  Jews.  Of  the  Brahmona  CMtpivaiuj 
Konkanusths  Deshasths  and  Shenvitt  are  largely  in  Oovemn 
sen'ioc.  Cbitpfivans  came  to  Poona  during  tno  supremacy  of 
Peskwda  who  were  themselves  Chitpfivans.  Deshnsths  are  oU 
settlers,  and  Shenvts,  moat  of  whom  aro  Qovemmcnt  clerka,  on 
mostly  new-comors.  fiSomo  Brahmans  hold  high  places  in  the  revam 
judicial  and  police  branches  of  the  service,  others  are  clerks,  and  i 
few  messengers  and  constables.  Tho  Prabhu-H,  who  are  of  tw9 
di\-i«onB  K^yasths  and  Piitan^,  ore  chiefly  clerka  and  a  few 
high  revenue  and  judidal  posts.  The  Kdyaaths  came  from 
North  Konkan  during  MnrAtha  rule  and  some  of  them  are 
in  the  town.  PKt^nfla  mostly  went  from  Bombay  with  tho  Knglii 
nnd  except  a  few  are  not  permanently  settled.  The  MardthiU 
conetablee  and  messengers  and  a  few  clerks.  With  the  excc[ 
of  a  few  who  are  clerks,  Hindus  of  other  castes  are  constables 
messengers.  The  Musalm&na  are  constables  and  messengers,  a  tew 
clerks,  and  some  hold  high  poets.  Tho  P^rsis  Christians  and  Jem 
ore  mostly  clerks.  Of  Government  servants  Hindus  are  thrifty  oad 
others  lovo  good  living  and  spend  much  of  thoir  income.  Of  both 
Hindus  and  others  only  those  in  high  position  uro  ublo  to 
Their  wives  do  nothing  but  housework,  and  all  but  a  few  met 
and  constables  send  their  boys  to  school. 

Besides  the  Qoremment  medical  officers  and  teachers  of  tho  Poena 
Medical  School,  Ponna  medical  practitioners  include  grnduatea' , 
medicine,  retii-cd  subordinate  employes  of  tho  Govommcnt  mi 
depaiiraent,  Hindu  vaidyas,  and  MusalmAn  halchis.     The  u^mdi 
and  pensioners  of  the  medical  department  are  BrShmons,  KaxnAtkJ 
Marith&s,  Musahnans,    P&rsis,   and    Christiana.    They    preacnbe, 
European  medicines  and  a  few  of  them  keep  ^  tea.     T1 

fijted  fees  for  vitiite  and  charge  sepurately  forf  »«  disi 


Peccan 


POdNA 


icir  (lis^x'nsnrii'Ft.  KxcoptKAinritbia  and  ^far:lllulK  wiio  ore  iumk*  tu- 
■iti  jjivl'ii  (y  fli'liik.  most  uf  tlifui.Cfipi'Ciallv  I  be  Kf^di'itys,  aru  hurtl- 
rorking  tlirifty  and  rcBiM'clablp.  TUrv  grt,  j^imkI  pniL-tiri'  mul  wive. 
^heir  vrivi's  do  nntliing  hut  hoiisc  work  unJ  tliey  si-ud  tlwir  rhiidren 
siihool.  Vaiilt/ag  or  Kiiidii  pbysiriann  utv  mostly  Brdhmaiis  and 
70  in  the  BMliman  quarter.  Tbpy  jirescribo  native  drn^  and 
gcncrully  caWed  to  attond  women  who  often  ivIiibc  to  Ink" 
Englifib  nipclicinos.  Hakim*  or  J[iifliilmfln  pbysieiniis  live  in  tbe 
TuBulimin  quarter,  und  prnctifk-  among  Miis:il>i)!iii».  Tbe  r(t!'ii/a$ 
id  hiikima  gft  uo  lixu^l  fees  und  oi'k'ii  bargain  tu  i;iiro  u  (.frtiuu 
Ktw^aHe  t'ur  a  ccrtaiu  t<uui  uf  money.  Tbey  uro  I'uirly  oil'  uiid  dn  not 
ive  rauL'b.  Besides  these  i-egulur  dot-tors,  there  ure  mid  wives 
Vaidua  or  wandering  drug-hawkers.  The  Vuidus  mcmlly  camn 
pom  the  NizAra'ft  country  ann  settled  nnar  Poona  in  tbe  times  ot"  the 
'cshwiis.  Exwpi  a  few  leading  men.  wlio  study  tlieir  Sanskrit 
jks  written  on  palm  leaves,  most  of  them  ret^eivp  oral  instnietions, 
iwk  druffd  in  streets,  and  prescribe  and  bleed  fttnong  the  low 
BHes.  They  banlly  earn  enough  to  mitintuin  themselves  and  wo 
lly  off.  Besides  minding  the  house  their  wives  hawk  drug^  and 
luke  und  soil  quartz  jx>wdur  for  drawing  traceries  on  bouse  Hoors. 
?hey  teach  their  boys  their  croft  and  do  not  send  them  to  school. 

Landlords  include  iiidnuidrK  or  wlate-holdom,  large  landowners, 
id  houso-o^'nere.     hitiniddrn  are   mostly  BrAbmanrt  and    AfanUb^iA. 
partly  from  the  number  of  dependants  and  partly  from  tbe  largo 
iins  Ihoy  spend  on  morriages  imd  other  ecremonies  men  of  this 
c«pcciallT  Mnriithds^  are  badly  off  and  most  of  them  are  iu 
jbt.     They  send  their  boys  to  school  and  some  of  them,  especially 
tribmans,  have  risen  to  bjgh  posts  in  Uoverament  service.     Large 
idowners  ore  men  of  all  eastoa.     They  are  well-lo-ilo  and  educate 
leir    children  chiefly   for    Government    service    and    as    pleaders, 
[onse-ownersare  Hnllimuns,  GujarAl  Vanis.  BoboriSs,  and  Musfilmrins. 
Por  the  lost  twenty  years  houses  have  been  in   great  demand   and 
-building  has  become  a  popular  form    of  invoBlmcnt.     Like 
rge  landowners  thoy   are  well-to-do  and  send   their   children   to 
lool. 

On  account  of  its  cheap  living.  goo<l  climate,  and  the  facilities  it 
Torda  in  educating  their  children^  Toona  is  becoming  u  favourite 
with  pensiouera.  There  are  about  2-10  civil  and  about 
JoO  mitilarv  pi'n8Jonei"Bi,  tbe  civil  pensioners  livuig  moelly  in  the 
Sad/isbiv,  Slianvar,  Shukruvdr,  ami  Rastia  wards  and  the  military 
p.'n.tiniicrrt  mostly  in  the  Hristia,  Nana,  and  Bbaviini  wurdw.  They  arc 
^■eil-l>eUuvt-d  and  thrifty,  and  most  of  them  have  some  money  wliich 
toy  lend  on  flecuritj.     Tbey  lake  great  care  in  edui-Ating  their  boys. 

Of  297  monevlonderfi  the  chief  are  Br^bmans,  MiSrw'ilr  and 
lujurtit  Vfinitf,  living  mostly  in  the  >SadAsliiv.  Shuknivar,  Ntirayrm, 
tunbviir,  and  Iviutbu  wardj^.  Bnibmans  lenil  money  on"  the  seeuiiiy 
ornaments '.  and  Gujarfit  and  Marw^r  Vanitf  U-ud  on  credit  and 
(lurge  liigh  rates  of  interest.  They,  G8|XH'iaUy  GujorAt  and  MArwar 
t^nis,  are  very  shrewd  and  careful  in  businses. 

Moneychangers  numbering  310  aro  chiefly  Dcsliasth  Brihmans 
H»o  live  inr«tly  in  the  ShnkmvAr.   Kasha.  Ravivrtr,  and  BhaTtfoi 


Chapter  XIV 
Places- 

Pooka. 

PopiiUtion. 

ilr.iiinit 
PraciitiOHmt. 


Landlord*. 


Prtttioittri 


Jfonf^MM 


JitoMifehangtn, 


IBo&bKf  Gaul 


vj- 


ropper   coins  en  prra 
^:vcT  txiins  without  cij 
-      — ^  *>  J.'    xxcta^-y   inieresT  and 

"       --'""'    ^ove  their  o»n  I 

-     -  -  »-.w.-t<-^io.     TheTt€achti 

-  ~-t:~rs..  numher  about : 

*"!:    '"--T*"^       They  beloM 

~   ^        -  ^i    wholesale  At^ 

-~     -■  -   Alurwar  Tfinig.    H 

~'^--^-  shrewd,  and* 

~,      ~  .     — ^-'liit's  of  grain  chi! 

■-^■-  ^-''''i  ID  Ahmfldnie 

■^  ■  _"'■■'   trom  the  Min 

'     .^      "   ^-     -"-i^i*.      Of  160 Ml 

'  -'^-jir    V;iiiis^  and  b 

^--    -i--'ait'rs  and  brobn 

•'■'"row  at  ninpi 

■■     -^  '1*  y   are  orini] 

'  *"       _;    -  ■"•  yicDdors.    TTni 

'""      ■  ■  *■  "^~'-   -■■-inin-  shops,  a 

""-"*'"  ^-^  write  llaria 

~  "^    ''     TT-^'    '^^ -■  i"iiii'flr  Kitii 

;    .    ;    ^^7""""  -.'^-'■-■^"«r.  Shaio; 

"'_  "~—  "■  -  ^iicuishJT  ma 

"r    =^ -• -  -  -  -   -*-'.,-:-.:.  a .      Teceaa 

.  ..    ..  ...:.-....^  u.  Bombay  on  c-ominiKsi^^-' 

..k=r=u-.  ■.■n:.:.v.  ami  thnJty.      Thev  are V^ 
«'!>■   li.-l    :i^   Silli'SWOincn.    do  iuor./«.      1_ 


Tt'i  ^■a^\i:L.  I 


s.nd  their  .hildn-n  to  school. 


■     ■    .•   ■    , ,       '''*    ''^•"'^'f''"fC!^y.it  ^:ims,  Marathds  «J 

-,  ..  ._    .,  ,       ....  ...v..  ■■■  >»,;...■  .-lantiod  butter,  spices,  honey' aai 

..X...   .--..-*  -...-.  — *-^*'""'^" 'I  l.^^.mJu^tht'salt  market,    lin^im 

.    ..  ..,  : W.J.—    "■•'•">         »Wd,and  thrifty.   In  poor  families.  I 


»'".*>.. ru^ iM.-O    " '-  *boutthr^o*to 


POONA. 


TB.  Darinj^  the  rainy  season  maoh  bnltor  is  brought  by  M^v-lia 
from  tho  Mavals  or  West  Pooua  hills.  Qavlia  arc  idle,  quan-elsome, 
aud  thriftless.  Thoy  havo  no  capital,  live  from  hand  to  mouth,  and 
are  ufton  in  debt.  Their  children  grazti  cattle  and  thoir  women 
hawk  milk,  curds,  wbey,  and  butter. 

There  aro  seventeen  liquor  shops  in  tlie  city,  ten  country  liquor 
shops  and  seven  European  liquor  shops.  Country  liquor  is  sold  by 
!Maratha  servants  of  the  liquor  contractor^  and  European  liquor 
Bhops  are  kept  mostly  by  Goanoso  Native  Christians. 

Cloth  Sellers  numbering  ■iSS  are  chiefly  found  in  the  Budhviir 
RavivSr  and  ShukravAr  wards.  They  arc  Hindus  and  Mosalmdns. 
Tho  Hindus  are  chiefly  Mdrw^r  Vd,nis  and  Shimpis  and  a  few 
'Brahmuus  and  Afartith^  ;  and  the  Musalmuu^  are  mostly  Bohoris. 
The  Mitrwar  V'Anis  live  in  Ravivfir  and  are  the  largest  traders. 
They  do  business  both  wholesale  and  retail  and  almost  exclusively 
in  the  handmailo  cloth.  They  supply  the  rich.  The  Shtmpis 
mostly  live  in  Budhvar  and  chiefly  sell  bodicecloths.  They  also 
deal  in  poorer  kinds  of  handwoven  cloth.  They  supply  the  middle 
ftnd  low  class  demand.  The  Br^hmans  and  MarilthiU,  who  mostly 
'deal  in  handmade  cloth,  have  tboir  shops  in  Rflvivtir.     Tbo  Bohurds 


^sold  by  BuhonU.  All  the  leading  clolh  merchants  of  Poena  are 
IQCU  of  capital  and  do  a  large  business.  Minor  dealers  work  with 
dtjonvwed  capital.  The  profits  vary  greatly  according  to  individual 
'doaliugs,  perhaps  from  £1  to  £40  (Rs.  10-400)  a  month.  Their 
^onieu  mind  the  hoase  and  their  boys  learn  to  read  and  write. 

Shoo  Sellers  are  all  Chambers.    Details  are  given  under  tho  head 
Shoemakers.     There  are  also  some  Pardeshi  shoo  sellers. 

I^Omament  Sellers  numbering  32S  are  mostly  Gujardt  Yonis, 
)n£rH,  Jingars,  KiSsirs,  Manyiirs,  L&kheris,  aud  a  few  Brlthmans. 
r&hmans,  Uuj&r^t  V&nis,  and  Sondrs  sell  smallei  silver  aud  gold 
hments  and  have  about  6fty  shops  in  Hotichauk  street  in 
iitvAr.  They  are  not  men  of  capital,  but  their  business  yields 
lem  a  comfortable  living.  Their  women  mind  the  house  and  their 
jys  learn  to  road  and  write.  Jingars  make  and  sell  qoeensmetal 
t-ornamcnts  for  tho  lower  classes.  K.is^rs  flud  Manj-arg  sell  glass 
'bangles  and  L^ikherisumke  and  sell  lac  bracelets  and  mostly  live  in  the 
■Kasba,  Kdstia,  aud  Budhvar  wards.  The  rich  bangle  sellers  import 
bChina  bangles  from  Bombay  and  sell  theta  to  retail  sellers.  Ihey 
mxv  woll-to-dq,  their  wives  mind  the  house  and  their  boys  learn  to 
mread  and  write.  Of  the  retail  sellers,  some  have  shops  and  some 
hawk  bangles  in  streets.  They  are  fairly  off.  Besides  mindiug  the 
ribou^e  tlieir  women  sometimes  hawk  bangles  and  their  boys  often 
:n  to  rea<l  and  write.  The  Kftsars  are  Jains  and  MardthlU,  and 
10  Manyfira  are  Mnsalmans  of  the  Hanafi  school.  Ijikheris,  who 
iem  to  have  oorao  from  MdrwAr  during  the  time  of  the  PeshwAs, 
3S  and  speak  like  Mdrwdr  Vdnis.  They  prepare  lac  bracelets  for 
lolcsalo  doalerB  by  whom  they  are  paid  {«.  (4^-)  the  hundred. 
>ine  of  them  make  bracelet's  ou  their  own  account  and  sell  them  at 


Chapter  ZP 

Places. 

Pooka. 

FopulAtJon. 

Liipior  StUert, 


dolA  Sellert. 


ShM4 


Ornament 

StUtrt. 


buuibujr  G 


lApter  ZIV. 
Placet, 

Pooie*. 
Popabtion. 

li  8eiUr« 


FvrKUurt 

S*tUr». 


'SmStiten. 


DISTKICrS 


lid.  10  101*/.  (4-7(13.)  tlif  liuudred.     TbuirwuiiiOD  uud  thuii*  childreo 
bflvr  ilic  ago  of  tiftcuu  bi'lp  in   the  work.     Tlio  mure  expnuRiVc 
jewc'lrv,  poarls,  (liamonds,  und  otbor  pre<'i"iiis  stoues  are    R«>ld  by 
ludiviilua)  jnwi-Ucrin  who  Ituvo  not  regular  tjhajia  but  wboeo  hotuea  , 
nre  well  known,  ^HJ 

Animal  8clIor«  niinibering-  1 10  raoatly  li^e  in  tbo  Itbarfl^ 
SacbLsliir  and  VrWl  wards.  Tbo  I'oona  cottlfi  market  is  butd  in 
ppon  prmmd  at  lllii'nnblinrdu  villnge  cloeo  to  tbo  west  of  the  city. 
lti»  licM  un  Wcdiic^dny  and  Sunday  nfterQOL>UB.  Itullockii,  buITaloaii, 
oowiij  p^jiiii-H,  shcop,  uiid  gontB  ai*c  tbc  uiiiniriU  deutl  iu.  Althongh 
tbi)  cbiuft  Dhatigurs  ure  uol  iho  only,  daaa  wbo  deal  in  ciUUt^ 
Ui'igbbouring  vHllagers  and  all  men  whu  bare  to  soil  tboir  auinuli 
bring  tbcni  to  th^  markets. 

K.Ycopl  Juinn,  K:l8^9,  and  a  few  IlrAbmaua  and  St>n&rB  wUu 
ficll  but  do  not  niakt'  braBK  and  coppi^r  vesKols,  nlmost  all  tbe 
sellerft  of  Brticles  of  native  furniture,  earthon  pots,  boxes, 
bedsteads,  tttoola,  carpets,  and  nutts  arc  makers  m  well  as  sellers. 
Tbe  bru^.t  and  copper  veosel  soltont  numbering  26:J  mostly  live 
io  the  linvivfir,  Ganj,  Vetdl,and  Sliukraviir  wardt^,  and  most  of  tbera 
liavo  tlioir  sbupri  in  KnvivJ^r.  Tiioy  buy  from  TnuibutB  or  employ 
Tiimbutft  to  work  for  tliem.  Tbuy  are  a  shruwd,  hardworking,  and 
II  prosperous  cUsh.  Their  wives  do  nothing  but  houKo  work  aod 
their  boy  8  goto  school.  On  Sundays  and  >Vedne;dday»  a  markd 
ui  held  in  the  afternnun  tu  the  south  and  east  of  the  Shanrilr  palace 
at  which  old  furnitnro,  bouke,  pictures,  clotbea.  lampe,  glasawaie, 
and  lumber  are  euid  by  dealers  from  the  cantonment  bauir. 
UcsidcH  thcHo  nmrkota  in  tlio  Bhav^ni  ward  a  number  of  MSrwir 
Vitui-s  deal  iu  old  furniture  and  lumber,  and  arc  comfortably  off. 

The  uhief  mit^ccllancoiis  sellers  are  Bohon'ts  who  chiefly  deal  id 
liardware,  fttiitiuiicry,  and  baberdiiabery,  a  fow  making  and  Belling 
iiu  binterus  und  tinpots  and  iron  oil  and  water  buckets.  Tboy 
Imve  their  shops  in  Havivfir.  'j'hey  earn  £20  t4i  £.'iO  (Rs.  200  •  500) 
a  year  and  aro  comforUibly  off.  They  are  neat,  clean,  bardwork- 
iug,  thrifty,  nnd  honest^  Their  wives  mind  the  boose  and  tboir 
boys  go  to  school. 

llasbandmen  numbering  1636  aro  chiefly  Kuubiaand  M&Hs,  Hrii 
mosUy  in  tbo  Kat-ba,  SbukravAr,  Oanj,  MaugalvAr,  SadliHbiv,  Sbanvi 
uud  Hbiiv(iiii  wards.  Some  till  their  own  lands  and  some  rent  lam 
mostly  belonging  to  Dnibmun  landholders.  They  are  sober 
hurdworkiug.  Tboir  women  aud  children  work  with  tliem  io  tbi 
fieldB. 

Pulae  Stdlerri  or  ildlailuH  numbering  IIH  Ixtlong  to  two  cast 
Mar^thiU  and   PardeHbis.     Manitlia  pnlse-setlors  numbering  sixtl 
seven  do  not  dilTer  from  MarAtha  gratu-dealcra.     Pnrdcshi  pnis 
sellers  numbering  fiCly-ouc  came  from  LTpper  India  to  Auniugubl 
aud  front  Aui-angubud   to  Pooua  abotil  si.xty  years  ago.     They  buy 
pulse  grain   from  wholesale   puUso-gniiu  dealers,  prepare  pulso, 
s&U  iMo  retail  dealers  or  private  customers.     They  have  no  capital 
their  owu  and  have  to  borrow  on  the  necurity  of  their  stock.     Th< 
apEind  as  much  na  they  earn.     Thuir  wives  help    them  and 
boys  sumL'timcd  go  Iu  Echool. 


iMtfUHI 


I'UUNA. 


Grain  nu&AtorH  nuuiboring  223  mostly  live  iii  ibc  Ruvif  Ar,  Ganj, 
IlliaviJili,  Vetul,  KuAba,  mid  Shukravdr  warda.  They  arc  chieHy 
Hktar^tha  and  Parde&lii  niiailbltunjiia.  The  Mar&iha  Bbadbhtinjto 
do  DOt  differ  from  Mnnliba  buHbandinen  in  appearance  ctuitomfl 
or  waj  of  liWng.  Tho  Pardeubi  Bhadbbnnj^s  are  said  to  havu 
come  fifty  years  ago  frouo  Cawnpur,  Lucknow,  and  Matbara  in 
IJpjxir  India.  They  ara  pruverbiully  dirty  but  bard  working.  They 
buy  tho  grain  and  pulao  fi-um  g-niiu'dcuU-rH,  tiiid  nfler  parching  it 
soil  it  at  a  profit  of  twelvo  tn  twenty  per  cunt.  Their  women  and 
their  children  from  the  age  of  t«n  or  twelve  help  them  in  their 
calling,  sitting  in  the  shop  and  soaking  and  drying  grain.  In  spito 
of  their  help  a  grain-roastor's  family  does  not  earn  moro  than  £1  to 
£1  10».  {Its.  lO- 15;  a  month.  They  send  (heir  boys  to  school. 
Coinpctitiou  among  the  difleront  olassea  of  grain-roasters  is  said  to 
be  reducing  their  eaming». 

Flower  Selkra  or  Phulmiklis  numbenng  eigfaty-iune  have  tiiPir 
shops  in  the  Budhvir.  Ravivar,  and  Yrtil  yet/iM  and  in  the  Moti- 
chauk.  Gnrdcn-owntTs  Ift  out  beds  nf  flower  plants  to  PhulmAUs. 
\VoniL*n  and  ihildrcn  gatht-r  tlowers  and  earn'  thiin  in  large  shallow 
baskets  to  thiir  shops  where  nun  Hiring  tliem  into  garlands  and 
bouquets.  Almost  every  Phulnuili  undLTtukes  to  supply  certain 
ftiniilies  with  flowers  for  bouse-god  worship  for  which  he  is  jmid  Qd. 
tn  l«.  (4-H  a«.)  amonth.  The  flowers  for  house-god  worship  are 
of  diflurcnt  kinds,  are  liwl  in  sinull  bundles  in  plantain  leaves,  and 
arc  taken  to  the  huusCB  uf  the  eustomerfi  in  the  evening  by  their 
women.  The  shop  in  arranged  on  woodiMi  hoiirds  covered  with  a  wet 
uloth.  The  Phuliuiili  squats  in  the  middle  with  an  eartlicn  water- 
pot  on  his  left  hand,  baskets  of  flowers  on  tho  right  liand,  and  ready- 
made  garhinds  and  nosegays  arranged  on  wet  cloth  or  hung  in  his 
front.  Tlie  shop  is  about  six  feet  wide  and  six  feet  long,  and  opens 
to  the  road.  The  flowers  that  remain  after  the  dav's  sale  ore  sold 
to  pei-fuine  sellers  who  extract  scents  from  them.  ITie  flower  supply 
of  Poena  is  so  great  thai  large  quantities  are  sent  to  Bombay  and 
na  many  as  1000  garlands  and  30UU  nosegays  eon  be  hud  at  a  few 
hours*  notice. 

Sweclmt'iit  Solli>rb  ntiinbering  2.'U  mostly  live  in  the  Ravtvir, 
Budhvir,  liahbii.Slutnviir.Vi'lrll,  N^na,  Guucbd,  and  Shukrnv&r  wards, 
Thoy  are  dividt^d  into  Abirn,  Jaius.  Ijinjrayota,  Mar&thds,  Marwiir 
Vdnia,  Pardenhis,  Shimpis,  and  Telis.  The  well-to-do  have  tlii-ir 
shops  and  the  ponr  hawk  swwtjneats  in  street*.  Their  women 
help  them  in  their  work  and  their  boys  learn  to  road  and  write. 
They  are  hanlworking,  thrifty,  and  sober. 

CHI  Makers  numbering  221  cliicfly  live  in  the  MangulviLr,  Haviv&r, 
Sadashiv,  NiUiB.  and  Vetal  ward?.  They  are  mostly  Mun^lhjts  and 
liingdyats.  The  Munitliu  oil-nmkers  are  the  «uno  as  cultivating 
MuratLdsandkiok  and  live  like  them,  though  they  do  not  marry  w-ith 
them.  The  Lingftyat  oil-makers  do  not  dilTcr  from  other  uilmen, 
Thev  are  said  not  to  work  on  Slondavs.  They  ore  hardworking, 
ihrihy,  sober,  and  strooKlv  made,  and  tlicir  women  aru  iiroverblslly 
fair  and  weU-foatnre<l.  l*hey  extract  oil  from  r'K'f>anut.  ftesanio, 
kiii  In    Verbesiiia    wlivii,     h'T'tai    Cjirthftniu'i     litKloHuA,    m*i'/i    o» 


ChaptwXIV. 
FUoM. 

fOORA. 

PopnlstwHi. 
OraiH  RoaMert, 


Ftowtr 


BurHment 
StUeru 


OUMaken, 


I  Bombay  GsmUmt. 


DISTRICTS. 


I 


flpter  XIY- 
FlacflB. 

POQITA- 

Population. 


St<mKuUer8^ 


oUuutd,  groandnuts,  and  hemp  eoed.  Their  women  help  them  and 
their  boyu  from  the  n^  of  twelve  or  fourteen.  They  earn  3^.  to  U. 
(2-S  as.).  They  BulFer  from  the  competition  of  koroeino  ond  other 
imported  oUs  and  arc  faUiug  to  the  position  of  Uibourcrs.  Some  '' 
them  send  their  boys  to  achuoL 

Butchers  tiumlwring  131  mostly  live  in  the  Shukravfir, 
Oanesh,  RavivAr,  BhavAni,  and  Ndna  wards.  They  are  chicflv 
MuRnlmAns  called  SultAni  LtUls.  'Hiey  are  descended  from  loed 
Hindu  mutton  butchers  and  ascribe  their  conversion  to  Haidar  AK 
of  Maisur  (1763-1782).  They  are  hardworking  thrifty  and  sober, 
and  8ome  are  rich,  and  spend  much  on  marriage  and  other  ceromoniet. 
They  miirry  among  themselves  and  have  a  separate  class  onion 
under  a  headman,  culled  the  chaudJuin.  They  hare  no  oonncctits 
with  other  Musalmiins  and  eschew  beef.  Thoy  hold  aloof  from^  beef* 
buti'hera  who  are  only  found  in  small  numbers  in  the  eautuiuuent 
of  Poona.  Thoy  ofer  vows  to  Brtihmanic  gods  aud  hold  the  usual 
Br&hroanie  festivals.  The  only  specially  MusalmAn  rite  is  carcum- 
cision.  None  but  the  old  women  who  sell  the  smaller  pieces  td 
mutton  help  the  men  in  their  work.  They  do  not  send  their  bovs  to 
school  and  take  to  no  new  pursuit.  Except  in  KhAtik-Ali  or  Batcdcr*!! 
Kow  near  Subhfinsha  in  Ra\-ivAr  ward,  which  is  the  oldest  mutton 
market  in  the  city  and  whero  they  have  their  private  stalls  or  s<.ill  itf 
front  rooms  of  their  dwellings,  butchers  sell  in  one  of  the  rcmaiuing 
five  mai-kuts  in  Kasbu,  VeUU,  Nina,  and  BhaviLoi  wards  and  in 
Durjansing's  Paga. 

Fishermen  numbering  211  mostly  live  in  the  Kasha,  Mangnlv^, 
and  NArayan  wards.  They  are  chiefly  Rhois,  of  three  division* 
Kadus,  KilmAthis,  and  MarAthAs,  of  wliom  Kadus  and  MarAthAs  eal 
together  but  do  not  intcmmrry.  They  are  hardworking  and  thri/tj 
but  dirty,  and  the  women  are  quarrelsome.  A  few  send  their  boy^ 
to  school,  but  as  a  class  they  are  poor  end  show  no  signs  of  rising. 
The  three  fish  markets  are  to  the  south  of  the  ShonvAr  pulaeu  oihI 
in  AditvAr  and  VetAl  wards.  In  the  open  ground  to  the  south  of  ihu 
HhanvAr  palace  stalls  arc  kept  daily  by  Bhoi  women  for  the  sale  of 
dry  Kuukou  lish.  The  Aditvar  ward  fish  market  is  cliiefly  used  far 
the  sale  of  salt  fish,  with  fresh  fish  in  the  evening.  In  the  Vi 
ward  hsh  market  fresh  fish  and  a  little  dry  fish  are  oficred  in 
open  ^lot.  "Women  of  the  Bhoi  caste  are  tho  chief  fish-sellers 
KunbiB  from  the  neighbouring  villages  are  the  chief  consumers. 

Stonecutters  numbering  sevonty-aix  live  in  small  numbers  in  all 
wards  except  in  the  RAsIia  and  Muzafanang,  varying  from  one  ia 
If  yAhAl  ward  to  eleven  in  ShukravAr.  They  are  KAmAthis,  Mardtlum 
and  Tclangis ;  they  do  not  eat  together  nor  do  they  intermarry- 
They  are  clean,  hardworking,  thrifty,  and  orderly.  They  ore  stem 
masons  ond  carvers  and  make  excellent  images  of  goas  and  «£. 
oniioals,  handmills,  grindstones,  and  rolling-pins.  As  foremen 
mettrig  they  draw  £1  10».  to  £2  (Rs.  15  -  20)  a  month,  and 
duy-workers  Gd.  to  Ijt.  (4-8  as.).  Their  women  do  not  help  in  tU 
work,  but  boys  of  fifteen  to  twenty  earn  14*.  to  16*.  (Rs,  7-8) 
month.  Some  of  them  send  their  Iwys  to  school  and  on  the  whole 
they  are  a  steady  class. 


fflTj 


i 


Potters  and  Brick  and  Tile  Makers  numbering  291  live  mostly  in 
the  Kaeba,  Xanu,  Nardyanj  Vetdl,  Tlaviviir.  Bhavilni,  and  Ghorpade 
wards.  They  are  divided  into  Marathn  and  Pardeshi  Kunibhiirs. 
Their  houses  ean  be  known  by  pieces  of  broken  jurH,  heaps  uf  ashes, 
and  the  wheel.  They  make  water  vessels,  grain  jars,  children's  toys, 
bricks  and  tiles.  Rncka  are  sold  at  IOk.  tu  IHh.  (Ra.  0-9)  and  tiles 
at  Qg.  to  lO;t.  [Rs.  3-5)  the  thousand.  Their  women  sell  the  smaller 
Tcsseln  and  children's  toys.  They  are  hardworking,  quietj  and  well 
behaved.     They  do  not  send  their  boys  to  school  and  are  poor. 

Carpenters  numbering  508  mostly  live  in  the  Shiikravflr,  UaWvfir, 
SaditshtT,  Kasba,  Niina>  Rastia,  Somvdr^  Bha^iini^  and  Ganesh  wards. 
They  are  chiefly  Badbdis  who  arc  said  to  have  come  upwards  of  a 
hundred  years  ago  from  Jfllua  in  the  Niziim's  couutry  and  from 
Burhdupur  in  West  Berdr.  They  are  mostlvBardeshis  from  Upper 
ludiu,  and  luuk  like  Pardeshifl  and  speak  Uiiiduutani  both  al  Itume 
and  abroad.  They  arc  carpenters,  and  make  boxes  and  cots  and 
repuir  cupboards  tables  and  chairs  earning  Ix,  to  1*.  Gd.  (8-  12  (W.)  a 
day.  Tn  Raviviir  ward  a  street  is  called  Badhdidli  after  them  where 
they  have  their  shops  in  which  they  sell  boxes  cots  and  children's  toys. 

Blacksmiths  numbering  358  mostly  live  in  iho  UavivAr,  Nina, 
Shukruviir,  Sadilshiv,  Kasha,  and  Bhavdni  wurds.  They  are  chietly 
MaiTithu  and  Pinch^l  Lohdrs  and  a  few  GhistuUs.  MaiVitha  Lohdrs 
fiuy  that  thev  came,  during  thePeahwds'  supremacy, fromAhmadnagar, 
Bombay,  KhAndeHh,  and  Sholapur.  They  drees  and  look  like 
Marath.^s.  Thev  am  hai-dworking  hut  thriftless,  quari-clsome,  dirty, 
and  drunken.  Their  women  do  nothing  but  house  work  and  their 
boys  begin  to  learn  at  twelve  :  they  are  not  hel[>ed  by  their  women. 
Tho  boy-workers  aro  paid  l^rf.  to  iid.  (1-4  <t<.)  a  day.  The  PiSnch&I 
Lohdrs  do  uot  dilfcr  from  PAnchdl  eopporsraiths  in  food,  drink, 
droBs,  and  customs.  Thev  are  hardworking  but  fond  of  liquor  and 
not  very  thrifty.  Qhisadis  make  horse-shoes  and  field  tools,  but  aro 
chiefly  employed  as  tinkers.  As  a  class  thev  are  hardworking, 
quarrelsome,  dirty,  thriftless,  and  fond  of  drink.  Besides  the 
blacksmith  j<hop8  roona  city  has  twentv-seven  iron  pot  factories  in 
Aditwjir  ward,  ten  of  which  belong  to  Kuubis  and  ten  to  ^falis,  four 
to  Telis  or  oilmen,  aud  three  to  Bohorda.  The  workmen  are  chiefly 
Kunbis  and  Musalmdns  and  a  few  Brdbmans,  The  workers  nmke 
little  more  than  a  living,  most  of  the  profits  goinj^  to  tho  dealers. 
Their  women  and  children  do  not  help  the  men  in  their  work. 

Bricklayers  numbering  491  mostly  live  in  tho  Budhvdr,  Ndna, 
Suddshiv,  Kusba,  Shauvfir,  and  Vetill  wards.  They  are  Qujardti,  Jit, 
Kiimiithi,  TiingJiyat,  Panleslii,  and  Mu»alimin  Gavandis,  They  are 
hardworking,  even-tempered,  sober,  ami  thrifty.  They  are  masons 
and  contractors  and  tho  Hindu  Gavunrlis  also  make  clay  images  of 
Ganpati  and  other  clay  figures.  Few  send  their  boys  to  school. 
Some  of  them  aro  rich  and  tho  rest  aro  well-to-do. 

Lime  Burners  uumbcring  thirty-three  mostly  live  in  Shukravdr 
ward.  They  are  chiefly  Lonilris  who  do  not  dil^r  from  Maruthita  ia 
appearance,  language,  dwelling,  food,  or  dress.  They  buy  limo 
nodules  from  the  neighbouring  villages  of  Uodapsar,  Muhammadvddi, 


Chapter^XIV 
Placea. 

POONA. 

Population. 

Pottera  and 

Brick  and 

Tile  JTattfr*. 


Carpfnt/rs, 


Biaeimttht. 


Srkkta^*^ 


L!m<  But 


iiwTaMi 


£% 


DISTRICTS 


Chapter  XIV- 
PlaoeB. 

FcipnUtion. 


Thatehert. 


Fainlfrii, 


Wwmn, 


Phurwingi,  and  ViiHki  at  Ijr.  ft./,  lo  2*.  (Ke.  J  - 1 »  u  mrt.     They 
the  n(Mlulr«,   mixing    tJiem  with   charcoal  and   cnwdung  cak 
circxilar  bi-itk  kilns  which  take  throo  to  nix  days  to  bum.     Aa 
work  requires  Htrcngth  their  boys  do  not  help  thrm   till  they 
eijtteen.    Thoy  send  their  boy«  to  »ohool.    They  compluin  that  t 
ctilliu|^  ia  failmg  from  the  competition  of  well-to-du    Pdrais 
Brilhrniins  and  of  Mh&re  and  Mdugs. 

Thatcher:*  numherinK  US  mostly  Uvo  in  the  Naua,  8hukm 
MuzaFarianif,  and  Gauesii  wards.  Thoy  arc  chiodyRajputa  from  Ci 
India,  who  camcabmita  hundred  and  fifty  ypara  ago  in  aearc 
work.  The  uicn  dress  liko  Mardth^  and  the  wuraen  nrear  a 
a  petticoat  and  a  robe  rolled  round  the  petftcoat  with  oneend  d 
over  the  head.  They  arc  quiet,  linrdworkiYig.  and  ordorly.  ThA' 
make  thatch  of  sag  or  teak  leaver  tiny  aud  bamboos.  The  women  ml 
firewood  and  rowJuug  cukea.  Tlieir  ealHtig  is  declining  as  Qototd- 
inent  do  not  allow  thatclied  roofs  to  remain  daring'  the  dry  aeasoa 
They  do  not  send  their  hoya  to  school  anfl  ur«  a  poor  c1a«9. 

Painters    numbering    twenty-nine   mostly   live  in  the    RaviviTf 
Shukrav^r.  and  JhnlhviSr  wards.     Tlioj^  are  chiefly  Jingars,  who 
not  differ  in  food,  drink,  or  dress  and  living  from  other  Jingan. 

Weavers  are  chiefly  of  two  classes,  cotton  weavers  and  silk  weav 
Poona  city  lias  about  500  cotton  huud-loouia,  of  which  450  beloog 
to  Hindus  300  of  ihem  Koghtia  and  150  Sillia,  and  the  romnining 
fifty  Musalmtins.  Most  Uindus  weave  women's  robes  and  Musal- 
mtius  weave  turbans.  Cotton  hand-loom  weavers  are  chietly  fouad 
in  the  Somvdr,  VetAl,  BhavAni,  Itdstia,  and  Shnkmrdr  w»niL 
Hmdu  weavers  are  said  to  have  como  about  three  gcuoration«  *'3p 
from  Paithan,  Yeola,  ShulApur,  ludilpur,  and  N&rdyau  Ppth  in  the 
Nizdm'a  country.  The  Muyalmdu  weavera  c&me  to  Poona  only  foar 
or  five  years  ago  from  Mdlegaon  in  Nastk  where  they  form  n  largD 
colony.  All  live  in  one  or  two-atoreyed  houfps,  fifteen  to  twenty  uf 
which  belong  to  the  occupants,  and  the  rest  are  hired.  The  robei 
woven  by  the  Hindus  and  the  turbans  woven  by  the  Muaalmiinaaro 
^nerally  ooarae  and  cheap.  The  Uindus  work  from  seven  tu  olovut 
and  a^u  from  one  to  sunset;  the  Musaiuifins  work  91'  '  'id 
whole  day  except  a  short  time  for  tboir  moala  which  tbe>  .\j 

cook  in  the  same  shed  or  room  in  which  they  weave.  Bnth  Uinda 
and  Musalman  ootton-weavera  gut  great  helji  from  their  women  in 
reeling,  dyeing,  warping,  and  ttizing.  8omo  Hindu  women  even 
wea-ve.  With  all  this  help  cot  ton- weavers  barely  mako  a  living. 
The  average  tUily  earnings  of  a  cotton-weaver's  family  are  said  lo 
mnge  fi-om  6(?.  toTSrf.  (1-5  «i*.),  and  during  the  rains  they  are  often 
short  of  work.  All  the  yarn  used  in  the  Poona  Itiud-looins  i 
steara-made  partly  from  the  Bombay  tiiilLs  anrl  [wrlly  from  Enpt 
To  buy  the  yarn  uio«t  weavers  have  to  borrow  at  two  |>or 
montli.  The  local  demand,  especially  during  the  marria|ife  a 
will  probably  keep  up  hand-loom  cotton -weaving  for  some 
Still  it  seems  probable  that  in  a  city  where  the  price  of  (.'raiu  nnd 
tho  cost  of  linng  is  high  compared  with  most  parte  of  the  Doc 
tho  band-loom  weavers  of  robes  will  be  driven  oat  of  a  livia 


eccan.] 


POONA. 


207 


team-mnde  fabrics.     Uand-loom  turbaji-weaviug  will  probably  last 
>iiger,  as,  so  far,  it  has  been  free  from  macbine  com(>etition. 

Silk-weaving  in  PooDa  city  ia  flouriahing".     OF  700  to  800  looms 
early  two-tbirds  arc  owned  by  Momin  and  JnUha  Musalm^ns  who 
,Te  settled  at  Mominpura  in  the  Oanj  ward.   TheHindti  silk  workers 
re  fonnd  in  Kichi  Ali  and  near  Someshvar.  Mnsabn^nsilk  workers 
lelong  to  two  sections  Momins  proper  and  JuUhds,  and   the  Hindu 
■workcrB  to  three  Bections  Kbatris,  Koshtia,  and  SAlis.     According 
to  their  own  account  most  of  the  Musalmdns  came  about  throe 
goucraiioDs   ago  fr<>m  Haidarabad,  Dh^rwdr,  Ndrdyan  Petb,  and 
Gulmalkal  in  the  Nizdm's  country,  and   the  Hindu  workers,  accord- 
ing to  their  own  accoont^  came  from  Paithan  and  Yeola  three  or  four 
noratiouB  ago.     As  a  class  both  HiuduH  and  MuHalmiins  are  mild 
rdworking  and  sober,  the  Hindug  being  more  hardworking  and 
riftier  than  the  Kfusalm^ns.     The  demand  for  silk  is  growing  and 
e  workers  are  well-to-do.     Their  women  and  children  over  ton 
iclp  the  men  in   sorting,  reeling,  and  sizing.     Since  the  1870-77 
mine  about  twenty  KdmAtbi  Koshti   fomilies  have  come  from 
N^r^yan  Pcth  in  the  Nizfim's  country  and  settled  at  Poena.    They 
own  about  100  silk  looms  and  are  hardworking  and  more  Buccessful 
than  the  local  workei-s.     The  only  silk  UHcd  ia  China  silk.     The 
'oona  silk  workers  either  borrow  money  from  Shimpi  and  MArwAr 
Tilni  silk  dealers  and   buy  silk  yarn  and  gold  thread,  or  they  work 
e  labourers,  receiving  the  materials  from  Shimpi  and  Mitrwfir  VAni 
alk  dealers  and  being  paid  by  the  piece.     When  money  ia  advanced 
iho  silk  dealoTB  do  not  charge  interest  but  get  I  ^  per  cent  on  tho 
eJo  proceeds  of  the  fabrics. 

Gold  and  Silver  Thread  Makcra  mostly  lire  in  tho  Shukravdr  and 

tditvAr   wards.      They   are   chiefly   Ldd  Sonars,   Konkani  Sonars, 

[hAndesh  Sonars,  Adber  SouArs,  aud  Vaishya  Sonilrs,  LAds  proper, 

(arAtbAs,  and  Pardeshis.    About  twenty-five  families  are  PatrekariB 

U*  bar-makers,  seventy-eight  are  TArkasAs  or  thread -drawers,  and 

jevonty  to  eighty  families  are  ChApdyAs  or  wire-beaters.     There 

Kro  also  about  2O0  ValnArs  or  thread-twisters  mostly  women.     All 

E^atvekaris   or  bar-makers  are  SonArs.     Of  tho   thread-makers  or 

TArkasAs,  the  thread- boaters  or  ChApdyAs  and  the  throad-twistora 

or  ValnArs  most  are  LAds.     Tho  name  LAd  seems  to  point  to  a 

South  GojarAt  origin.     But  according  to  their  own  account  they 

me   to   roooa  from   Aurangabad  and   Paithan   in  the  NizAm'a 

untry.     Tho   I^Ads  say   their  forefathers  worshipped   PArasnAth 

d    BAlAji    and   afterwards,  they   do  not   know    how   long   ago, 

oy   forsook   the  Jain   faith   for  the  worship  of   the   goddess  of 

IjApnr.     Tho  rest  are  Knnbie  and  other  classes,  including  a  few 

shasth   BrAhmans,  who  took  to  thread-making  because  it  was 

flourishing.    They  are  a  cont-entod  and  hardworking  class.    They 

live  generally  in  one-storeyed  houses,  somo  their  own  others  hired. 

The  different  divisions  of  workers  di^ess  like  other  men  of  their  own 

Aa  a  claas  they  are  well-to-do.     Except  in  twisting,  gold 

d  eilver  thread-makers  get  no  help  from  their  women  nor  from 

oir   children  till  th(jy  are  over  twelve.     Most  of  the  gold  and 

ilvor  used  in  making  the  thread  ia  brought  to  Pooua  from  Bombay 

BSee-M 


Chapter 
Plooea. 

PopuUtion, 
Weiuftrs. 


Thnad  Haka-a. 


I  Bombay  Oaui 


2P8 


mSTIUCTS. 


lapUr  Xiy. 
FlacM- 

POOSIA. 

FopnUtioo. 


Ltather 


SkinDytn. 


by  M^rwilr  Y/tni  and  Shimpi  dealers.    There  are  abont  a 
and  fifty   topo  wonvors.     They  aro  chiefly  Rivals  who  Iinve 
fnjui  Mobol  ftud  Sbol6pur.     They  aro  permanently  sett  led  in  Pt 
aad  visit  their  homes  evopy  yenr  gencrnlly  during-   the  raine. 
Pooua  they  live  in  a  part  of  the  Ganj  ward  which  is  kuunrn  as  ifa 
Rival  quarter.     They  look  like  Liogdyats  and  ivuraliip  Shiv  bail 
not   wear    the    ling.     Tape- weaving    requires    little    skill.     1' 
weavers  are  in  debt  to  iho  tapc-dealore,  and  they  keep  hardly 
holidays.     Besides  them  an  luany  as  150  Musalmdn  women 
narrow  tape  in  their  leisnre  hours  earning  a  shilling  or  two  a  mot 

Tailors  numboriog  4H1    mostly  live   in  the  Shnkravdr, 
Bndhvi&r,   HnvivHr,  and   Oanj   wards.     They  aro   chicHy    NAmdn 
Shimpie,  Eonkaui  Shlmpis,  Jain  Shimpis,  and  Panchaui  Shimpii 
who  do  not  cat  together  nor   intermarry.     Most  of  the    Xiratkl, 
Shimpifl   dress  like   Brdhinans   and  their  women  aro  pri)vorlM'4 
handsome.     They   aire,   hardworking,  quiet,   sober,   and   hnspital 
They  eew  the  clothes  of  their  cnstomera  and  also  keep  ready-i 
clothus  in  stock.     They  are  helped  by  their  women  aiul  by 
children  of  fifteen  and  over.    They  send  their  boy«  to  school  bat 
for  a  short  time.     The  nsc  of  sewing  machines  has   inucb  redi 
the  demand  for  their  work  ;  still  aa  a  class  they  aro  fairly  off. 

Leather  Work  era  numbering  594  mostly  live  in  the  NAua.Ghoi 
8hukrftvfir,Ganj,Bhav4ni,and  Ravivdr  wards.  Except  a  few  Jin^— 
or  saddlers  who  sell  horse-gear  in  Aditv^r,  they  aro  chiefly  Maritb 
Oh^mbh&rs  and  Pardeshi  Mochis.  Man^tha  Chambh^lrs  live  in  Dfi»- 
storeyed  houses  with  mnd  walls  and  tiled  roofs.  They  are  haiij 
working,  dirty,  and  drunken.  They  work  in  leather,  cat 
dye  skins,  and  make  shoes,  sandals,  and  water-bags.  They 
BUoesat  1«.  to  38.  (Us.^  -  1  .J)  and  meud  shoos  at  Id.  to  3d.  (|.2 
a  pair.  Their  women  help  them.  Some  of  them  send  tlieir  t 
to  school  till  they  aro  abont  twelve  when  they  become  asefol] 
their  calling.  They  complain  that  they  aro  growing  poor  b( 
people  are  taking  to  wearing  English -shaped  boota  and  shf 
still  they  aro  a  steady  if  not  a  rising  claaa.  Pardeshi  Mocbia 
the  North- West  Provinces  and  Oudh  mostly  live  in  Kdua'a 
They  make  boota  for  the  Kuropenn  nnd  Native  troops  and  for 
reaidents  of  Poona  cantonment  which  borders  on  Ntina'a 
They  are  liardworking,  dirty,  and  drunken  but  hospitabia  '11 
raake  and  sell  boots  with  elastic  sides  at  3«.  to  I0«.  (Hs.1^.,5) 
pair  and  shoes  at  1«.  6d.  to  ;J«.  (Ra.  J-IJ)  the  pair.  They 
hides  from  Dhora  They  earn  6d.  to  1*.  (4-8  n*.)  a  day.  '" 
women  help  by  twiatiiig  thread.  Their  boys  am  skillod  workc 
fifteen  or  sixteen  and  earn  3d.  to  4{d.  {2-3  iw.).  They  aro  said 
suffering  from  the  importation  of  European  shoes  which  are 
and  stronger  than  those  they  make. 

Skin  Dyers  numbering  124mo9tly  live  in  the  Bavivdr,  Gnnj,  Nl 
and  Bhavani  wards.     They  are  chiefly  Uindu  Dhors  and  Miisaln 
Saltanhars.     The  Hindu   Dhors  generally  live  in  one-storeyod 
houses  and  are  known  by  their  red  fingers  stained  by  the  dyo 
Dse  in  making  leather.     As  a  class  Dhors  are  dirty,  hardworkil 
orderly,  thrifty,  good-natured,  and  hospitable.     Their  principal 


liereditary  calling  is  tanning'  hides  which  ibey  bay  from  Mhdra. 

1"he  women  help  the  men  in  their  work.  In  epito  of  good  earning 
lost  of  tbein  are  in  debt.     Some  send  their  boys  to  schoul  where 

they  remain  till  they  are  able  to  read  and  write.  The  Musaluiiina, 
['who  are  Baid  to  bare  been  descended  from  local  Hindus  of  the 
fChdmbh&r  caste,  (race  their  couversiou  to  Auraugzeb.  Both  men 
land  women  are  dirty  and  untidy  and  their  women  help  the  men  in 

their  work.  They  are  hardworking  and  thrifty,  and  some  of  them 
I  are  well-tn-do  and  able  to  save.  They  buy  goats'  skins  from  butchers 
[and  dve  them.  OMate  years  rich  hide  and  skin  merchants,  Mchmaus 

from  Bombay  and  Labhes  from  Bombay  and  Madras,  through  agouta 
Ispread  all  orer  the  oonntry^  buy  and  carry  to  Bombay  the  bulk  of 

the  local  oattnm  of  skins^  This  rivalry  has  ruined  the  Saltaukara' 
[calling,  and  most  have  given  up  their  former  calling.  They  have 
[taken  to  making  the  coarse  felt-like  woollen  jsids  which  are  used  as 
[saddle  pads  and  for  packing  ice.  They  eschew  bt^ef  and  hold  aloof 
im  regular  MusatmAns.     They  do  not  send  their  boys  to  school. 

Ornament  Makers  numbering  683  mostly  live  in  the  ShnkravAr, 

BttvivAr,  Sadiishiv,  Kaaba,  Shanvfir,  and  Oanesh  wards.     They  are 

[chieHy   Deshi   SonArs,  Konkani  SonSrs,  Ahir  Sonars,  juid  FiiuchiUs. 

I'Thc  Deshi  and  Panchal  Sonars  arc  old  settlers.     The  Konkani  HouArs 

[<ft*Daivaduyaa  came  from  the  Konkan  and  claim  to  be   Bniboians. 

le  Ahirs  according  to  their  own  account  came  from  Ndsik  alxmt  a 

Lundred  and  6fty  to  two  hundred  years  ago.     All  SoaiU*a  dress  like 

jBriUimans.  They  are  clean, hardworkiug.even-terapered,  and  orderly, 

lljut  have  rather  a  bad  name  for  not  returning  things   ordered   from 

|them  at  the  proper  time.    They  are  often  accused  of  mixing  gold  and 

silver  given  to  them   for  making  ornaments.     They  make  and  mend 

>ld  and  silver  ornaments,  set  gems,  and  work   in  preoioas  stones, 

^'hey  work  to  order  and  make  10«.  to  £2  (Rb.  5-20)  a  month.     Their 

rives  do  nothing  but  house-work  and  their  boys  begin  to  help  after 

m  or  twelve  and  are  skilled  workmen  at  fifteen.     They  send  their 

joye  to  school  till  they  are  tea  to  twelve  and  have  learut  a  little 

reading,  writing,  and  counting.     As  a  class  they  are  woll-to-do. 

Brass  and  Copper  Workers  numbering  2320  mostly  live  in  the 

[asba,  ShukravAr,  VetJll,  Ghorpade,  BudhvAr,  and  RAstia  wards.  This 

lumber  includes  810  TAmbatn  or  makers  of  largo  articles,  500  Jingara 

)r  makers  of  small  articles,  fifty  Otdria  or  ca^tcm,  and  960  KiU&ra 

>r  brasiers.     The  hereditary  copper  brass  and  bellmelal  workers  of 

[Poena,  the  Tdmbats,  Jingars,  OtAris,  and  Kds^rs,  are  qoiet  oasy- 

>ing  people.     All  speak  incorrect  Mnrdthi  and  live  in  one-storeyed 

lonses  of  which  seven  belong  to  the  Tdmbata,  fifty  or  sixty  to  tbe 

JincBrs,  and  thirty  to  the  Otaris.     The  K&sArs  and  T&mbats  di'esa  like 

^^rAumana  and  the  Jingara  and  OtArls  like  Mardtlma.     As  the  demand 

)r  braaaware  is  growing,  no  Tftmljut*,  Jiajfurs,  Otiiris,  or  KAs^rs  have 

>f  late  given  up  their  hereditary  craft.     Within  the  last  fifteen  years 

leir  nnmbers  have  been  more  than  doubled  by  local  MarAtha  Kuubia 

rhom  the  high  profits  of  brass-working  have  drawn  from  the  fields 

iud  the  labour  market,  bat  who  so  far  confine  themselves  to  the 

rough  parts  of  the  work. 


Chaptor  ZIT. 
Flaoes. 

Popolatiot), 
Skin  Dt 


OrHat 


BroM  and  Cof 
WorixTB. 


[Bombay 


30O 


DISTRICTS. 


iptw  XIT. 

^PlftC6»• 
POOXA, 
PopulAtion. 
BoMhetMaixn, 


Sarberi. 


Wagliermen. 


Labourtn, 


\lMd  Worken. 


Oarrkn. 


Banket  MnVera  niimheriiig  304  mostly  live  in  tbe  N&aa,  Bi 
RavivAr,  Gain^Hli,    (IboT^wtlp,  Mangalvar,  and   Kaflba  wards, 
are  chiefly  Btimils  who  wiy  they  came  from  Aumngabad,  Abroad 
aod  SiUdra  about  two  hundred  yearaaeo.     Tbeyare  divided  into 
Kflnadis,  Lingtlyata,  MaMtb^,  Parvdris^and  Tailange  who  do  w 
togeiber   nor  intiTuiarry.     Tboy  look   liko   Mardtha    bnsbaDd 
They  are  hardworking  and  orderly  but  fond  of   driuk.      'Vhey 
boHketfl,  maU,  fana,  cano-cbairs  and  sun-screens,  the  women  dm 
mnob  work  an  tbe  men.     Their  averago  earniugs  are    10«.  to 
(R«.  5  •  7)  a  month,  and  tnost  families  have  at  least  two  or 
WQgo-oaming'  membera.     They  live  in  fair  comfort  but   are 
Thoy   say  their  craft  is  fallinf?  aa  baskets  are  now  made  of 
instead  of  bamboo.    'I'hey  do  not  send  thoir  boys  to  sobool  ai 
not  take  to  new  pursuits. 

Barbers  nnnibering  SSO  live  in  all  tbe  wards  of  Poona  rity, 
nnraber  varying  from  seven  in  lUstia  ward  to  ninety-four  in 
ward.     They  are  Nhdvis  who  are  divided  into  Gang&tirkar,  G 
Gujarilti,  Kh&nde&hi,  Kuubi,  Madrusi,  MArwdri^  Pardeshi,  Tailtag. 
WAidoslii,  and  Vdjantri  Nhdvia.     They  are  a  qniet  orderly 
hardworking  but  thriftless,  showy,  and  fond  of  talk   and 
Besides  being  barbers  they  bleed  and  supply  torches  aud  their 
act  as  mitlwives.     At  marriages  they  hold  umbrellaa  over  the  b 
of  the  bride  and  bridegroom.     Besides  this  Gangdtii-kar,  Ktinbi, 
Wajantri  N  huvis  act  as  musicians  at  marriagee  and  other  ceromon 
and  Khilndeshi  Nbilvis  act  as  torch- bearers.     Tho  rates  char, 
barbers  of  Ihe  different  subdivisions  vary  little.     A   harbor  mi 
14tf.  to  £2  (Ks.  7-20)  a  montK     Their  women  do  not  help  except 
acting  as  midwives  aud  attending  some  rich  women.     They  w 
their  buys  to  school  for  a  short  time.     They  are  steady  and  wet 
do,  but  uuuQ  have  risen  to  any  high  position. 

"Washermen  numbering  479  mostly  live  in  the  SadAahiT,  ShnkniT^. 
Kasha,  HavivAr.  NArdyan,  and  Shanv&r  wards.  They  are  Morilki 
Fardeshi  aud  Kani^tbi  Parita.  Thoy  wash  clothes.  They  are  helpod 
by  their  women  and  children  in  colleottug  clothes,  drying-  thetOt 
and  giving  them  back  to  their  owners.  They  do  not  send  ihiil 
children  to  school  and  are  a  steady  class. 

Laboui*ors  numbering  514  live  in  all  the  wards  of  the  city  oj 
MuBafarjaug.  lliey  arc  chiefly  Bhandflris,  Chhaparband% 
KAmAlbiB,  Kalftla,  Lodhis,  Rajputs,  and  Haddis.  When  other  work 
fails  the  du!>tituto  of  almost  all  classes  take  to  labour. 

Field  Workers  nnmberiog  5G9  mostly  live  in  tbe  BhavAaii 
Shnkravar,  SadAshiv,  aud  N^na  wards.  Thoy  are  chiefly  Konbii^ 
M&lis,  and  a  few  Mhirs  and  Bimoshis.  Some  of  tbem  are  yeariy 
servants  and  some  are  paid  every  day. 

Carriers  numbering  483  mostly  live  in  the  Bhavfini,  NAna,  Ganos^ 
BndhvAr,  and  SadAshiv  wards  and  in  small  numbers  in  almost  »ll 
wards.  Carriers  of  bundles  are  chiefly  Kuubis  Telis  and  M  usalmios. 
There  is  a  special  cla«s  of  carriera  known  as  hamdls,  who  work  in 
gangs,  storing  grain  and  nnloading  carta.  Thoy  are  paid  a  lump 
sum  aud  every  evening  divide  the  proceeds.  There  is  a  considerable 
demand  for  labour  on  the  railway  and  public  roads.  The  workort 
are  chic%  MMrSj  Bhils^  Kolie,  Mnsalmansj  aud  a  few  Kunbia. 


POONA. 


t     Hon scbnil ding-  catises  a  considerable  demand  for  unskilled  labnar 
chiefly  in  irinking  cement  and  helping  the  bricklayer  and  raa>ion. 
Both  men  and  women  work  as  houHebuildera.     £very  year,  before 
1^    the  rains  set  in,  tUu-tamiug-  employs  a  large  nomber  of  Konbis  and 
t     Mar^tbds. 

h  Players  or  VAjantris  include  Gurava,  Nbavia,  Ohadahis.and  Holnra 
of  the  MAng  caste  who  play  on  a  flute  and  a  dnim  held  in  one  hand  ; 

s  8<irangivdl4-K  or  harpers  and  Tablevdlds  or  drum-beaters  who  play  for 

.  dancing  girls, and,  if  Br&hmans, perform  in  tompleet  when  the  rellgiona 

u  services  known  nsktrtaiia  arc  going  on;   and  tamiiakevdlda,  MarA- 

1  tbfls  and  Br&hmans  who  play  the  dram  called  daphtamburi  or  lute, 

t.  and  tdU  or  cymbals.     The  only  actors  are  the  Bahurupu. 

I  Of  animal  trainers  there  are  the  Girodis  who  go  about  with  serpents, 
Rnd  the  Nandiv&ljia  who  have  performing  or  misshapen  ballocks. 
Of  Aihletea,  there  are  Kolh&tis  or  acrobats,  and  Oopfils  who 
wrestle. 
The  depreased  classce  include  OhAmbhArs,  Dhors,  Miings,  and 
Mhdrs.  Thoy  live  in  dirty  huta  out«ide  of  the  town.  Thev  are  idle, 
diahonest,  given  to  drinking,  thieving,  and  tolling  lies.  Both  men  and 
women  are  uf  loose  morula  and  husbuuds  and  w^lvca  are  changed  at 
%ill.  Of  Mhdrs  some  are  in  the  uative  army,  some  are  domestio 
«ervantR  to  Europeans^  some  are  duy-tubuurcrs,  and  some  are  sweepers. 
Xtflbourers  and  scavengers  begging  for  remains  of  dishes  served  at 
dinner  and  for  a  morsel  of  food^  will  remain  crying  at  doors  for  hours 
together.  Chdmbhars  make  shoes,  Dhors  tan  hides,  and  Mflngs  make 
ropes  and  brooms.  They  live  in  abject  poverty  and  have  scarcely 
any  bedding  beyond  a  blanket.  They  go  almost  naked  and  have 
no  metal  pots  in  their  houses.  Their  women  work  as  day-laboururs 
BJid  do  house  work.     Thoy  cannot   road  and  write  and  sfldora  send 

t  their  boys  to  the  schools  which  Qovemment  have  opened  for  them. 
To  create  a  desire  for  leamiug  iu  them  anuiU  money  and  book 
presents  are  often  made. 
Of  1798  beggars  of  five  claases,  527  are  Bairdgis,  956  Qoa^vis, 
297  Juugums,  15  NiinakshAis,  and  3  KilnphatAs.  Of  these  Gosdvis 
ore  the  most  important  class  of  beggars.  They  mostly  live  in 
Ooe&viuura,  a  street  called  after  them  where  they  own  large  maa- 
siuns  which  they  call  matfa  or  religious  houses.  They  are  beggars 
merely  in  name,  many  of  them  being  traders  and  a  few  bankers. 
Kxcepl  Sondrs  or  goldsmiths,  SutArs  or  carpenters,  and  other  artisan 
olaases  and  elasges  below  Manithas,  they  recruit  freely  from  uU  castes. 
Thoy  admit  freely  their  children  by  their  mistresses  and  children 
TOwed  to  be  Go^vis.  They  are  divided  into  gharbdria  or  house* 
holders  and  nishprdhvt  or  oelebatcs  wtio  eut  together.  Mottt  of 
them  arc  eelebat^  in  name  and  muuy  of  them  have  mistresacs.  As 
a  class  Poena  Oos^vis  are  clean,  neat,  hospitable,  and  orderly. 
Formerly  GosAvis  used  to  travel  in  armed,  bands  pretending  to  seek 
charity,  but  really  to  le\'y  contributions,  and  where  they  were  un- 
successfully resisted,  they  phmdpred  and  committed  great  enonnities. 
Ijater  on  (1789)  they  wore  first  employed  by  Mahidji  Sindia  in  hia 


Chapter  ZTT* 
Flaoes. 

PoiiaUtioii, 
Playtrs, 


i 

Animal  Tntincn, 
AUOtte*,, 


^H 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"                                   [Bombay  6uiMr 

^^^ 

302                                     DI6TEI0TS.                                       j 

^chapter  XIV. 

omij*  nnd  afterwardfi  by  oflior  fj^roat  Vikrdtha  chiefs.'     Under^f 

f            POONA, 

iVshwrta  they  were  great  jewellers  ttiid  shawl  morohiuits  and  t^nfl^ 

ill  mritiee.     In   1<S-J2  Juequemoiit  descrilH:d   Iheui   us  hankers  m 

traders  id)  with  u  n^ligiuus  ehuructtir.     Though   vowod  to  eelelnn 

PopaUtioD. 

they  wore  knowu  to  have  zanands  where  their  eliildren    were  kilU 

Seiigiout 

at  their  birth.     They  hod  mo«rt  of  tJio  riehca  of  Poono.  in  their  hvtii. 

^b       SfffjfMft, 

They  came  chiefly. from   SlArwar  and  Mewar  and    had     adoptij 
children  of  thoa<!  countries.     They  had  snlid  brick   nnd  stone  hon» 

■ 

^ 

lierctHl  with  a  few  narrow  openings.*     Though  all  call  them*.'!w 
)eggnrft  and  some  live  by  bcffginp.  many  lire  by   trade  and  Bervi« 
Many  of  them  arc  moneyleudors,  and,  though  not  bo  rich  as  befon^ 

^^^^^K 

^^^^^v 

^ 

aro  in  easy  circumstonves  and  moet  of  them  send   their  boyi  to 

^^^^ 

school. 

B        Trftde. 

The  trade  of  Poona  has  greatly  increased  since   1858,  when  it 

became  a  railway  station.     Accorcfing  to  the  1881  -1884  muninpil 

H 

returns  imports  of  Poona  city  for  the  three  years  avoragtd    174.iW 

^^^^^K 

tons  (4,885,922  Rengul  mam)  valued  at  £1,2*511,782  (Ha.  i,25,Q7,m) 

^^^^^H 

and  the  exports  to  20,452  tons  {o72,t>42  Bengal  matm)  valued  il 

^^^^B 

£334,645  (Us.  33,40,450).     The  following  statement  givee  the  Hiir* 
details  i 

^^^                               PooM  CUff  Itnporta.  1881-1884- 

■ 

AafWLn, 

isBi.«a. 

IMt-SS.        1        lS8».»t. 

TOTAU 

AvskMK     1 

Tons. 

£. 

Tnait. 

X. 

Toim 

C 

Tom          a 

Tmh. 

A. 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

OrtUn. 

1 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

Onn       

4ai< 

«;eoft 

4IM 

17,0011      4447 

tt,S47 

ItW    7i,S47 

««« 

KM    I 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

Indtaa  MOM     ... 

MW 

ie,4tM 

M80 

l&,4i4      S173      I3,SI7,  lO.TtW    45.t77:       SSNl    U.ISrt  1 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

RnliMl  HUkl     ... 

Itkoa         

U.MB 

68,180 

l^6«a 

87.»»'  I&.MW     7fl.24iS  4«.177i  W8.S47 

lfi,069l    TT4«I   1 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

Wff 

n,oi4 

ll),OtS 

84.11W 

WeHl      78,  Mt 

«7,MI) 

«*».«« 

Bisa 

TMB 

^^^^^^^^1 

WhMt      

S3M 

M.910 

6591 

T2.i*a 

tuaoi    M.uiv 

l^xal 

ISSJWI 

84« 

tt^ 

^H 

OUi«ramlBS    ... 
Total    - . 
Onie«ritt. 

M.«OT 

17.M4 

MM 

aa,Mo 

ini|   ».i47 

17.787 

W.I9t 

Mil 

ttJK 

1M.1M 

3i«.asL 

4»,K»{  mt,H7 

140,U1 

tMJSKt 

44,844 

•B.m 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

liimnmA* 

S 

716 

837 

ll>.$t4 

8» 

lOU 

4W 

13,U1I         lu 

4tMi 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

Aircwroot 

4 

100 

S3 

JUT 

s 

M 

« 

&•■«            IS 

Bli 

^^^^^^^^^^f 

BvteluuU 

I« 

am 

1» 

eio* 

no 

ftTn 

ew 

lo.in       zis 

0a 

^ 

awt5M]  Dalter. 

?« 

66.ai4 

776 

6CI,40b 

87» 

n.iio 

ao8 

in.830(         708 

^^^^^K 

Coffw       

11 

Ttn 

M 

OOOII 

11;         <14 

81 

7Bn 

SO 

^^^^^^^■^^ 

OtKC*-kenid>    .. . 

4» 

nss 

Ml 

10,OU 

41M 

419J     swr 

ISU 

27,918 

40A 

I^HB 

^^^^^^^B^^L 

Ooooknata 

4M 

W84 

W7 

6<7 

44M 

1490 

1^»M 

W7 

j^^^l 

^^^^^^^^^^K 

Urauudiiut*  bulk- 

^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

ed  &  unhnilud.. 

ISTB 

19.IV 

n« 

IS.tS6 

BGS^ 

1B,CM 

om 

41.900 

SOOI 

UU^^^I 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

Baw  Bngu 

kui 

SO.llfi 

euft 

7T.SM 

HW 

70,107 

^ 

S8l.tf71 

^^TOl 

T^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

9mwa 

ToSum 

1006 

•0.1m 

14« 

tS,W7 

13W 

41,000 

iv,t« 

I27A 

%oJ^^^^ 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

UT 

1«,58S 

87* 

17,111 

4061 

sn 

iLua 

MSO 

Utt 

l«,UB 

**7 

i^^H 

^m 

OlberOnMeika,.. 
1W*1    ... 

Mi»otUmnto»t. 

176 

8S41 

i2,iai 

19;1«0 

SM 

18,  MS          178 

]S1,M7 

VAJtM 

UI.1S4 

a6,80l 

TtS.lil 

U.70« 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

Bciol  LMVM     ... 

ano 

2S.13) 

3SS4 

Sl.ISS 

3X)S 

•7.H0 

MT» 

08.M4 

SIM 

H^^^l 

^^^^^^^^^^B 

Drr  Flsfc 

tet 

M71 

007 

7810 

CTT 

e4ad 

isei 

10^847 

flHfl^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^B 

Fniit         

an? 

10,118 

3X07 

KU 

4gao 

U,Mft 

ujxa 

a,tH 

BB^^^^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^B 

VrffHablM,OnMl. 

10,140 

17,740 

14,14fi 

94,7e< 

l^tM' 

O.I70 

87,218 

0L8BI 

I'c'^^BI^^^I 

^B 

SoDdrlM... 

Total    ... 

Poddv    

6M 

laoo 

»B 

«7 

no 

8*7 

1307        ItIM 

488^^^^! 

1«,MS 

OS.STT 

%70» 

ys.7ei 

«i.4or 

St.W1 

tAfint  sio.aw 

I*.eti7 

^ 

zi»m 

a,8a7 

sa^7 

a>,siT 

3»,7i4 

10,83(1 

02,179 

0I.6M 

9o,rte 

^ 

^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

Ormln  Hink,   OH-, 

^^^^^^^^^H 

e*ke  MidCatkm 

^^^1 

^ 

Swxl      

Total   ... 

MS 

MM 

1198 

tts* 

1S13 

ma 

«" 

DUO 

11«0 

s 

».380 

tt.»Mt 

»0,»9 

13,081 

9I,0M 

S4,IGC 

IU,«87 

78,0« 

31.800 

4 

^■^ 

1 Onut  Dufi 

r«Mu 

ithte. 

?.8,4- 

8.47». 

1 

Voyag* 

tDaos 

llndo. 

nt  6 

73. 

I 


Ajitvxh. 

1881.89. 

t88Ul. 

USS-M. 

TWAfc. 

AvUUSK 

ftuL 

< 

TCM. 

e 

Ton*. 

M 

Tom. 

< 

Tana. 

£ 

Owidkv 

n 

ra 

71 

un 

4 

8P0I         84 

7071 

n 

SSAfl 

nnwood 

n.zas 

M.n»< 

rjm 

f0,W) 

iB,n( 

41.384 

Bi.7n 

U»,6« 

isa 

**.6« 

OU 

S1,«1C 

i4sr 

4a,«u 

UH 

Sl>,01 

4881 

vnjm 

•^ffl 

ittSMAi 

soa 

«S«T 

7M 

<7«l 

ftfti 

■MM 

SftU 

"iS 

M 

■»        

» 

Ml 

a 

4«0 

« 

SM          71 

« 

408 

^Knto 

w 

BM 

ai 

864 

61 

«H         Ud 

im 

il 

613 

nvvtableChftrood 

ToUl       , 

SBOS 

eiM 

«UIO 

t7&4 

8844     7an 

18.601 

S4«^ 
H,>08 

S»7 

S&,ftT& 

IM3« 

UMl 

84.778 

«».fiW  108.108 

Sl,880 

H.7V3 

IUi»li»<*. 

1188 

SSS7 

13U 

3«fi7 

IIK 

SBW 

S8U 

10.804 

IMM 

8A81 

Brick*  wulTilet.. 

;8i3 

8B7T 

ftlSI 

U1& 

»77 

tam 

M.»74 

10.867 
W18 

8W1 

sais 

Um«         

sill 

9511 

tt41 

taa 

stsc 

8M1 

9W 

8061 

UM 

SbOM.  DrMMd   .. 

an* 

17X4 

ITH 

1981 

88B1 

IBM 

U.877 

68*3 

s«n 

1881 

T1ab«r    

TDlkl     ... 

4080 

iB.nos 

U,i47 
«7,SU 

UM 

40.10a 

7177 
SS,I78 

M.3S0 

1708 

l»,78T 

G703 
21,886 

4t,XS< 

«e.37i 

81^1 

87.808 

87,184 

187,071 

66.801 

Drift  ami  Sftoet. 

Pnift       

»i 

KTI 

81 

not 

113 

tlM 

t8« 

48« 

7^        1811 

OiinM       

130 

11. Ml 

« 

(MO 

187 

18,801 

8se 

ao,«B 

Uin»nl  MU     ... 

in 

I7«l 

IH 

s«ia 

UH 

46a 

4ie 

I0,«01 

l«f       860« 

I'vrfUNMI 

&i 

4IM 

«C 

TS74 

Ml 

8791 

UT 

ie.s« 

4«       6X0(1 

StAom      

UMa 

I4,4» 

I87S 

SG.347 
7S,»7S 

X781 

SI84 

e«44 

13i,V77 

lasi 

44,mi 
noo 

SuI)iburio  Add  .. 
TnUl     .. 

6 

WW 

SI 

BST 

IS 
S:KKI 

41 

8000 

14 

M9a 

m.ssB 

81.894 

ang 

80a,6»l 

tsu 

vrjm 

TfatUt  Paltriet 

Biat 

lU 

asM 

»t 

n.»K> 

M4 

U,S«< 

864 

»,88C 

Xlfl 

aaan 

iBUnketa 

m 

»40l 

lU 

1),03£ 

1«1 

B8W 

471 

».» 

)6« 

11,14>7 

['ATWta 

CriUni)  PlMWITOndl 

« 

U7I 

S7 

1878 

SC 

Sin 

■ 

6«« 

a 

1811 

IttO 

tt>.i;« 

U41 

UI.TW 

lSf4 

"iSS 

8TU 

MX,4Z: 

ISAJ 

»4,I4fl 

&llk  PUwaicood*  ... 

M 

«8,4M 

( 

B70 

J 

7« 

a6,ua 

H 

11.844 

Wooll«o      Pleee- 

KOodi     

TMal     .. 

IX 

4188 

SO 

10,008 

11 

«S88 

n 

n,i44 

UOOi 

■ovt 

low 

«7(U» 

tosi 

MB.  1881 

ITTS 

wLOtn 

WHS 

187,601 

1&&,834 

Snn  aod  Copfwr. 

iw; 

U0,X3 

ZI87 

ieB.is» 

tSM 

im,n3 

6838 

168,833 

1044 

161  ,r4 

Iran 

111* 

14.S«!I 

6ie 

6W1 

3081 

SLUt 

4001 

*^S5 

1366 

14.160 

Mennry 

Olhcr  Mdtati     ... 

1 

<7C 

1 

fltt 

1 

UOI 

11 

4 

837 

sssj 

6374 

1» 

iBflO 

usa 

8U 

SlOC 

871 

"fe*ia 

m 

8148 

Toola  uid  Cuit«r7. 

Total    ... 

flruulTotal.. 

II 

4iia 

18 

1! 

ISM 

86 

» 

SUB 

81 U 
170."7il 

U4,UIS 

a«7 

IBl.OM 

45t)! 

1W<,331 

10,8X4 
SSI,41» 

8»,03O 

8HI 

174,4148 

l.i™,8Sl 

n4,sa>  1  JM3Wl78,tOO 

i^aA,\n 

XT7U344 

174,407  I.XM,78S 

Pooka. 

Trwte. 

Jmportt, 
1881  ■  1884. 


FtMfaa  Cilff  Jsh-poiiii,  IgSl  -  18S4. 


AKTKLaa. 

1881-81. 

isas-as. 

I8BX-M. 

TtrrAi. 

Amwi. 

enim. 

Tool. 

« 

Tona. 

£ 

Tona. 

£ 

Tom 

A 

A 

Bl 

401 

S14 

1764 

9B0 

1881 

8*1 

8708 

XIO 

im 

Indhu  MRInt    ... 

t07 

Ml) 

1»S 

MM 

S88 

IMI 

ISJd 

7»0t 

818 

W>I 

HulbalMUlx     ... 
Met           

IHT 

6133 

7Sff 

4£MI 

I30T 

MW 

811S 

t.V,7>0 

uw 

698) 

410 

ami 

414 

UTS 

740 

Msa 

1*73 

88*8 

108 

9M4 

WlMWt       

108 

mil 

847 

rwix 

8)4 

nu 

14)7 

"^ 

479 

8794 

Ottmr  QnioM     . . . 
Totol    ... 
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as 

ll>4 

4ffl 

lT6<i 

SU 

USD 

711 

887 

1097 

19M 

10,OI» 

4111 

u,ua 

2700 

16.191 

8884 

60.6«i 

8001 

1«,US 

Alwrnxb ... 

1 

94 

868 

MM 

8 

118 

981 

10,118 

191 

6878 

Arro«ra<4 

.„ 

S6 

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7^ 

7 

» 

CM 

6 

180 

B«t«lnkitK. 

7 

140 

44 

1346 

MU 

198 

4116 

a 

187X 

CbrllM  Batter^, 

•7 

8946 

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88 

8847 

»48 

17.844 

81 

»>4I 

lllf 

ft 

14 

S3M 

I 

48 

16 

IMI 

0 

780 

Cucuft-kwntl 

1814 

IM 

84M 

88 

1908 

840 

7709 

118 

BB8i 

IX 

101 

88 

SSI 

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117 

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880 

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llrouutlMulB  tiluk' 

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e 

88 

US 

tm 

41S 

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009 

4810 

900 

ini 

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ao,nt 

86)4 

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■88 

6U46 
«16» 
8888 

8448 

188.009 

n4i 

4«,iao 

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86 

1868 

488 

108 

Xi 

an 

us 

887 
881 

81,000 

70T4 

8X8 

191 

8819 

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18 

XS7X 

SS& 

80 

980 

28 
6100 

6.18 

Tl 

1108 

94 

889 

13,880 

M04 

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88.731 

19,848 

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76,180 

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WW        DISTRICTS. 

■ 

1     Chapter  XIV. 
1          Baeos. 

Poena  0M$  BiporU,  2881  •  JSS^—ccnUaaed. 

1 

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BMd  Uxtm    ... 

IM 

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lB.»tt 

1104 

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TICD 

1441 

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496 

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m 

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417 

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714 

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Pbad  Jbr  AntmoU. 
mMft     

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1*1 

78 

m 

fin 

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88 

tsi 

la 

848 

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11,194 

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MM 

m 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

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1^W8 

1808 

41.114 

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^^^^^^^^^^H 

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u 

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n 

180 

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110 

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n. 

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870 

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^^^^^^^^^^^^H 

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5 

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11 

11 

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^^^^^^^^^^H 

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1748 

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nil 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

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4M 

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HO 

laa 

S3I 

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lOlS 

BTT 

841 

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■ 

Ilnlwr     

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i>ni9*  and  8pU». 
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803 

SU 

ISD 

1408 

SM 

ffiT6 

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» 

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BMO 

58M 

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nil 

S88B 

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n«i 
11 

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u 

417 

a 

888 

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MB 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

(Junu       

41 

41U 

18 

741 

09 

«I88 

in 

ii,Bn 

u 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

Mtii«nlS«lE4     ... 

80 

BOO 

8 

41 

to 

CTB 

81 

870 

90 

^^^^^^^^^^B 

P«rtUHMS 

t 

11« 

It 

888 

T 

1«M 

St 

nsi 

S 

!■ 

^^^^^^^^H 

RpUwa        

8U 

18,  WO 

in 

W.ffl 

178 

7141 

870 

40.4M 

108 

t»jm 

^H 

StUiiliBrie  Add  ... 
Totel    ... 

... 

1 

1*6 

1 

lOS 

1 

ilS 

U,88T 

su 

11,140 

878 

"iwsT 

111! 

aM8B 

m 

u^ 

J 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

and  tSter-OiMat. 

^9 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

Itaga         

,„ 

11 

M0 

11 

IMO 

a 

M0« 

i« 

^M 

^^^^^^^^^H 

BlUketi 

Bt 

6888 

88 

t»ao 

48 

3.17« 

1«7 

18,7A8 

«6    ^ 

^^^^H 

CoUon          PlM»- 

11 

4T 

)l 

4T 

'"M 

^^^^^^^^^^H 

silk  FivctirM^ '-' 

TOT 

118,77(1 

*n 

?«,143 

«8 

I1I,H8 

1834 

8DBjes 

ffu  ^H 

^^^^^^^^B 

tt 

lO.TtO 

... 

5 

8M1 

n 

u,»7a 

• 

H 

^^^^^^^^^^^^K 

Wunllon       Pico*- 

Total    ... 
ITftal*. 

1 

ion 

A 

88 

1 

»T« 

5 

180O 

1 

1 

Bit 

U8,40l 

UT 

Mjn 

"tir 

118.M7 

1107 

SMMT 

181 

^^^^H 

Dra«  «nd  OonMr. 
Iron         

m 

185 

10^ 
liM« 

l» 

11.446 
1081 

1088 

881 

111,881 

061 

'TSf 

TW 

IM 

■« 

iS41 

^^^^^B 

UoNnrr 

Other  Aatal«      ... 

IB 

i» 

» 

"wo 

^ 

88 
1100 

^ 

88 

'"as 

1 

■            met. 

TooliudCuUwT. 

Total    ... 

QniKl  Total. .. 

4 

iU 

« 

4M 

1 

ttt 

W 

1080 

s 

■ 

3S1 

IS^l 

3ta 

U.7W 

S3&B 

ia7.8ts 

WXM 

iH5.ms 

im 

H 

10,149    »B.>M    IB.dM 

«e.in 

IB.ISB 

444,S8u 

6t,:tu 

). 008.887 

10.451 

8*jd 

Of    graina 

tbo    imporU   of    rice    average 

9183  tons    (257,ljj 

^^ 

mans)  valuet 

L   at  £75.029  (Kb.  7.50,290)    a 

year  and  the    cxpor 

^^^L 

LTernge  358 

tons  (10,013   inang)    valued  ut 

X286-1  (Rs.   28,640 

^^^^L 

leading  for  ' 

Poena  use  8^25  ions  (24,127  ma 

ns)  valued  at  £i^,U 

w . 

(Re.  7,21.650 

).    Bioe  Domes  chiefly  from  Bbc 

T  and  the  dfdvaU  u 

eocan.i 


POONA. 


305 


BStem  hills  of  Poona.    The  rest  comes  from  Kalydn  and  Panvel 

Thuna.     From  Bhor  and  West  Pouua  rico  is  brought,  chiefly  by 

ic    fj^rowers  on   pack  bullndcs  or  in  headitiods ;  frcin  Kolvan  and 

•onvel  it  is   brought,  by  rail    by  loca]   dealors.      The    chief    rico 

irketa   are    in  the  NdrAyan  and    Shukraviir    wards.     To    these 

irkcta  rico  is  brought  in  largo  quantities  ui^pcciully  on  Monday  and 

Jhureday.     Rice  markets  arc    hold  from    tlie  early   inomiug  till 

^bout  ten.     Uico  is  sold  to    MurwAr  and  Martltba   retail  dealers, 

jneruUy  without  the  help  of  brokers,     lu    selling    them  to   the 

ilers,  rice  and  other  grains  are  always  weighed  by  a  thinl  party 

measurers  or  mojtuirs  who  are  allowed   a  handful  of  rice  for 

9ry  320  pounds  (1  palla  of  4  mnns)  weighed.     Rice  is  the  staple 

of  all  classes,  eepecially  of  Bnihmana.     In  years  of  scarcity 

Ice  sometimes  comes  to  Poona  from  Gujarat,  Central  India,  and 

tongul.     From  Poona  rice  is  sent  to  ShoUpur  aud  Pandluirpur, 

rhose  traders  send  agents  to  Poena  to  buy. 

The  imports  of  hiijri  average  15,059  tons  (421,655  mans)  valued 
£77,449  (Rs.  7,74,490}  a  year  and  the  exporte  1038  toos 
t9,064  matiJt)  valued  at  £5263  (Rs.  52,630),  thus  leaving  for  the 
ity  use  14,021  tons  (3»2,591  nutm)  valued  at  £72,\m  (Rs. 7,21,860). 
losides  locally  from  the  eastern  sub-divisions  bdjri  comes  from 
''^mbhori  in  Abmadnagar  aud  from  Pholtan  in  SiStdra.  From 
r&mbhori  and  Phaltan  bdjri  is  sent  chiefly  by  the  Mtirw&r  dealers 
those  towns.  For  bdjri  and  other  grains  except  rice  the  chief 
inrket  is  the  broker's  market  in  the  Nona  waM  which  is  held  from 
Jen  to  t«n  in  the  morning.  lidjri  is  sold  through  Mtlrwari  and 
ijar^t  VAni  and  Manitha  brokers  who  are  paid  tJf/.  (4  as.)  for 
rery  320  potmds  {1  palla  of  4  manf^)  of  bajri  sold  ;  and  the  weigher 
a  rule  is  a  Maritha,  who  is  allowed  a  handful  of  btijri  for  measuring 
rerj*  320  pounds.  Most  bnjri  dealers  are  Maratnas  and  the  rest 
[drwftris  and  Lingiiyuts.  Bdjri  is  the  staple  food  of  all  classes.  It  is 
>uudiutufloui'by  wumcn.kueudcd  with  water  into  dough,  aud  formed 
lia  thin  circular  cakes  about  twelve  inches  iu  diameter  and  one-eighth 
one-third  of  an  inch  thick,  llieso  are  first  baked  on  iron,  pans, 
kd,  when  dry,  are  thrust  into  n>d-hot  cinders  to  complete  the 
>aking.  The  cakes  are  broken  into  pieces  and  either  eaten  in  gruel 
or  dry  with  onions  or  a  relish  of  chillies,  salt,  and  turmBric.  !■  rora 
Pooua  bdjri  is  exported  by  brokers.  Since  the  opening  of  the 
Dhoud-Hanmdd  Itailway  in  1878  bdjri  from  Vftmbhori  chiefly  comes 
Ijy  rail  and  in  small  quantities  by  carts.  In  years  of  scarcity  bajri 
jgijBO  comes  from  Gujardt,  Kh&ndesh,  and  Jabolpur. 

■  Indian  millet  or  Jtdri  imports  average  3593  tons  (100,613 
■»(?/!»)  valued  at  £15.(192  (Re.  1,50.920)  a  year  and  ex[K)rls  average 
UlU  tons  (17,343  mnm)  valued  at  £2601  (Rs.  :iO,010)  leaving  for 
Poona  use  297+ tons  (83,270  ma««)  valued  at  £12,491  (Rs.  1,24,910). 
The  hulk  of  the  jrari  is  grown  locally,  the  rest  comes  from  Sholdpur 
,and  Siitara.     In  the  same  way  as  bdjrif  j'rdri  is  sold  in  the  broker's 

arknt.     It  is  the  staple  food  of  the  poor.    It  ie  ground  into  flour, 

leufled,  and  baked  into  cakes  like  bdjri. 

"Wheat  import*  average  8128  tons  (235,952  mam)  valued 
£62,997   (Rs. 6,29,970)  a  year,  and  exports   average  479  tons 

n  666-39 


Chapter  XIV. 

Places. 

Pooh  A. 

TVode. 

Biec, 


Bdi/ri. 


IndiaAMiUa, 


Wient* 


Chapter  XIV. 
PlaoM- 

POOXA, 

Tr»l«. 


(irotmdniitt. 


Coroa  Ktnul 
and  Cocoanvl*. 


ur  W 


(13,408  mam)  valued  at  £3704  {Rb.:17.010).  leaving  for  Foot* 
7949  tons  (22.2,.*>44  mana)  vttlupd  at  i^tlf.'itia  (lU.  'i.'Ji.OaO). 
comoe  larffcly  from  the  BnleghAt  in  tin*  Nixiim's  territory  lU^  i 
Buiall  quuntities  from  the  northern  ftiib-di virions  of  Ahnia'lnA8K 
From  t}io  JtHlogb^i  wbt-nt  is  brought  in  carta  to  I))innrl  by  Klua4i 
and  t!>hrigoD(tii  iu  AhmaHntiirar ;  from  ])hond  it  is  crliiefly  broufrii 
to  Pwma  in  ctirtii  iind  iu  Hmtdl  quant  itietf  by  ruiL  To  liud  wurkM 
tlinmticlvi'8  und  the-ir  buLI'xkH  in  the  hot  tMMtson  htutbouiliB* 
gencndlv  pmfpr  to  bring  wheat  to  Poona  in  cait»  inst^'ud  of  sendiif 
it  by  rail  from  Dhond.  From  the  north  of  Ahuuuliuifar  the  vital 
trudc  centres  at  Viimbbori  whence  it  is  sent  by  Im-ul  M&rwiir  doAks 
to  Poena.  Wheat  is  occasionally  brought  by  mil  from  the  llerin 
Gujarfit.  Jabalpur,  and  aometimes  from  Agi'a  and  Benares.  \V1m( 
ia  used  Bomeliiues  duUy  but  chiefly  on  holidays  by  iho  up]icr  mi 
middlo  classes  and  on  holidays  and  great  oconoions  olouc  by  lb) 
poor.  In  tlic  same  way  aa  laijri  and  jttiri,  whcut  is  ftold  in 
broker's  market  through  brokers. 

Oram  importfl  average  4669  tons  (130,723  mann)  viilu 
£21,649  (Us.  2,4o,41»0)  a  vear  and  export*  avernge  -^.iO  tons  |t;Hf 
maim)  valued  nt  £1206  (lis.  1*2.^60),  leiinng  for  loctil  use  4U> 
lous  (124,375  wrtWff)  valued  at  £2:3,313  (Ks.  2r5:J,lUO).  Kxcrpi  tk^ 
it  is  largely  givon  to  horses,  the  details  givcD  for  wheat  upply  ti 
^am. 

Of    Grooeriee    the   iroport«    of    groundnuts  average    2092 
(58,584  mam)   valued  at  i:l;j,0H7  (Rs.    l,:i;V'.70)  a  ye/ir  an 
exports  a\-eroge  2CK)  tons  (0605  mans)  volucd  nt  £161^  (Jia.  16, 
leaving   for  the  city  use  1892  tons  (5*2.979  mant)  valuLtl  at  £1 
(Rs.  1 ,23,540).    Groundnuts  are  grown  locally  and  come  from 
Much  of  the  local  produce,  about  half  the  imiH>rU,  is    brou 
shells  and  used  by  Hindus  mostly  on  fiisl  days.     The  uut*  are 
in   their  BhcU  or  fried  and  ejiten.     Sometiraea  they  arc   pou 
mixed  with  raw  sugar,  and  made  into  IwiUs  for  eating.     From 
two  miles  round  the  city  groundnuts  are  brought  fresh  ew 
and  sold  to  retail  dealers  by  Kiichis  or  Miili*  who  buy  the  st 
crops  from  the  growers.     From  long  distances  grounduute 
unshclled  and  are  sold  to  Telis  or  oilmen  through  brokers  i 
same  way  us  grain. 

The  imports  of    cocoa-kernel  and  coeoanuts    average  903 
(25,249  mfl/is)  valued  at  £1S,27I    (Rs.   1,32,710)  a  year 
exports  average  134  tons  (3773  mam)  valued  at  £2769  [Rs,27, 
leimng  for  Poona  use  768  tons  (21,476  mant)  valued  at  £1 
(Rs.  1,05.020).     Large  quontities  of  cocoa-kernel  and  oocounulA 
by  rail  from  Bombay  and  smoU  quantities  in  carts  from    Mah 
Koldba.     Cocoanuts  are  chicliy  sold  by  Muruthu  N/iralvjihis  tl 
rocoanut-aellcrs  und  cocoa  kernels  by  Gujarat  Vani  grocers. 
K&ralv^As  ore  poor  and  trade  on  borrowed  capital .  The  Gujarat 
ore  well-to-do.     Besides  as  a  condiment  large  quantities  of  ot>o( 
are  offered  to  the  gods  and  distributed  to  friends  and  rolati 
xnarriago  and  other  ceremonies.     Since  the  opening  of  the  railwsvTS 
1858  (ho  imports  of  eocoanut«  have  considerably  risen  oud  the 
fallen  by  about  twcnty-fivo  per  cent. 


The  imports  of  bctclnutfi  average  218  tons  (6120  mans)  valued  at 
^  Afi-t75  (Rs.  63,750)  a  year,  aiidlhu  exports  average  fortv-thrce  tons 
61307  mam)    valued  "at    £1:172    (Rb.    13,720),  thus    leaving    for 
*<K)uu  use   175  tans  (4913  wffMs}' valund  at  £5003  (Rs.    5O,O:J0). 
Jeteluiilsare  import-od  by  GujarAt  Vrini  grocers  from  Bombay,  Belari, 
DliiirwAr,     Betelnut«<  arc  ofiered  to  the  gods  and  to  friends  uud 
slntione  on  a  visit  they  are  served  by  way  of  courtesy.     After  a 
ical  all  Hindus  generally  chew  botolnut  either  with  betel-lei^  or 
>baeco. 

Raw  angar  or    gul    imports   average    5271    tons   (lt7,5S'J   mane) 

iTolued    at   £78.024   (Ks.  7,80,2KJ)    a    year,  and    exports  averogo 

1118  tons  (SS.iHQ  mang)  valued  at  £46^020  (Re.  4.(>0,200),  leaving 

sr  Poona  uso  2123  tons{69,44V  ffW)i(t)valuod  at£32,004(R8.  :3,20,040)!> 

iw  sugar  comos  in  large  quantities  from  the  neighbourhood  of 
'oona  and  from  Siiliira.  Pooua,  Kolhapur,  uud  the  Southern  Mar^tha 

juutrv  '>r  the  Bombay  Karnitak.  From  Sdtara  the  growprs  them- 
slvcB  bring  the  raw  sugar  to  Ponna.  From  Kolhapur  and  the 
lombay  Kum^tak  the  trade  centres  at  Kolh.'ipur  whence  the  dealers 

id   raw   sugar   to  Ling.'lyat  brokers  in    Poona.     In   Poona    tbo 

irokora  cither  wll   it  to  local  OujarAt  Vdni  dealers  or  consign  tt  to 

"lujurnt  and  up-country  stations  to  which  the  bulk  of  the  exported 

igar  goes.     At  presout  (1884)  all  raw  sugar  comes  in  carts.     After 

le  (tpeuiij  fr  of  the  West- Dcccun  or  Pooiiu-lioudu  railway,  probably 

1889,  this  raw  sugar,  instead  of  going  through  Pouua,  will  bo 
ent  dirpct  to  thijarnt  and  other  places  and  Poona  imports  and 
tporta  will  considerably  fall. 

Sugar  imports  average  1279  tons (35.814  mtrns)  ^-alued  at  £tO,0[)5 
(Is.  4,l>O,Jt50)  a  voar,  and  exports  320  tons  (9205  inana)  valued  at 
SI  0,352  (Rs.  1.03,520),  leaving  for  Poona  use  950  tons  (20,G00  mamt) 

ilued  at  £29,743  (Ks.  2,97,4J0).    Sugar  is   chiefly  brought  from 

lombav  by  local  Gujarfit  Vfini  dealers.  Coarse  sugar  is  also  brought 

small  quantities  from  Kolhapur  and  the  Bombay-Karuiitak.     The 

rell-to-do  and   middle  i-laasea  genL-rolly  use  sugar  and  the  poor  raw 

Igor. 

The  imports  of  clariBod  butt^ir  average  798  tons  (22,336  manst) 
ilued  at  £59,276  (Rs.  5.92,700)  a  year,  and  the  exports  average 
n  tons  (2272  muns)  valued  at  £5948  (Rs.  59,480).  leaving  for 
»onna  use  717  tons  (20,064  m<i7J«)  valued  at  £53,328  (Rs.  5,32,380). 
IcHidea  locally  from  the  JA(iiM/.ff  or  western  bills,  clariiied  butter  comes 
rom  B.irsi  in  Sholiipur,  Athni  in  Belguum,  and  the  Sangli  State. 
Krom  the  west  the  cattle  owners  themselves  bring  clarified  butter  to 
Pfwna,  and  from  other  ports  it  is  chiefly  imported  by  local  Gujanit 
Vani  dealers.     The  export  is  email. 

I  Tobacco  imi>ortsuvenigo  848  tons  (23,733  marw)  valued  at  £10,000 
!Rs.l,06,0fi0)  a  year,  and  t;xports  averogo  121  tons  (3378»»«"fl)  valued 
t£-2358  (lts.23,5H((),  leaving  for  Poona  use  727  tons  (20,355  mntts) 
ftluod  at  £14/248  (Rs.  1,42,480).  Tobacco  comes  in  carte  chiefly  from 
1  Theae  returni  mail  bs  taonuad  by  aboat  ten  per  oeat  to  represeat  the  local 
pfoduoe  wbich  ii  oot  t4xed. 


Chapter 
Places. 

FOOKA. 

Trade. 

Btttkiul*. 


Bate  SuQaK 


Bvgar. 


Clar^td  Bu 


Tobaeeo. 


Sct«t  Latf. 


FiA, 


Bolj^nuni.  Dh&rwHr,  Kolhfipur,  and  Mirnj.  Poona  ham  two  or 
Linpaynt  inerchnnla  who  import  large  quuntitica  of  tobacco  nnd  *J1 
it  to  ri'Uiilers  and  makers  of  enuif.  Tobacco  is  smoked  iiiJide  nwo 
snuff  and  chewed  with  bctchiut  and  loaves.  Ucfnrc  it  is  exportii 
tobacco  is  portly  poimdod  into  snuff  by  DriihiuuD  dealers  and  puUj 
cut  drc66cd  and  Bpiccd  for  chewini^  by  Br&binan  aiid  Lic^jn^ 
dculera.  Poonu  enufi'  finds  a  market  in  liorthcm  India  as  £ir  a 
Bonan's,  and  the  droascd  tobocco  for  cbewinff  goes  nil  omr  Urn 
Brimbuv  I'rcHidcncv.  Of  the  total  export*  erf  727  tons  (?i>..1m 
mo»iA)  'valuod  at  £rV24«  (Us.  1,42,480),  about  121  tone  .| 

valued  at    £2341   (Ra.  2M,410)  go  us  snuff  and  OOti    I.  -ii 

mam)  valued  at  £11,907  (Rs.  1,19,070)  go  as  dressed  tobaccofo 
cbuwing.  As  the  tobacco  is  citlier  pounded  into  auuff  or  drt'sacd  icr 
chevring  before  it  is  sent  from  Poona^  it  is  probable  that  the  tudr 
will  increase  after  the  opening  of  the  West  Deccan  Railway. 

According  to  the  city  octroi  returns,  for  the  three  years  cdi1j»| 
188i^84,  the  imports  of  green  vegetables  awrugetl  ]  2,.'>08  Utt 
(350,233  wans)  valued  at  £21,890  (Rs.  2,18,900).  and  the  pxjxati 
averaged  618  tons  (17^93  inaiw)  valued  at  £1081  (Ra,  lU.8l^)^ 
To  this  must  bo  added  at  least  an  equal  amount  of  imports  and 
exports  of  vegetables,  which,  being  grown  within  raunicipul  limitt 
and  carried  in  beadluads,  are  free  from  the  municipal  ttix.  Grw< 
veg:etable8  and  fruits  ure  grown  in  about  2000  acres  of  gurdcn  Lsai 
within  five  miles  of  Poena.  The  growth  of  green  vcjrt-tubles  aad 
fruits  has  largely  increased  siuuc  the  opening  of  Laku  Fife  an. 
Mutha  Canal  (1875-1879).  The  vegetable  c rowers  aro  Kiichis 
M&Us  wlio  sell  standing  crops  to  wlioleaale  dralera,  chiofly  K 
HarAthi^s,  Mdlis,  and  BAg^■An  JfurtsilmAns.  To  retail  doiucrs 
tables  are  sold  through  Mnrilthu  and  Mali  brokers  called  daU 
dihidivahis,  who,  bosiaos  a  handful  of  vegetables,  ore  paid  1 
6<f.  [1-4  as.)  on  every  sale  of  •:J20  pounds  (I  pulla  of  4  m 
Vegetables  are  eaten  daily  by  all  classes.  The  exports,  which 
from  the  opening  ef  the  railway  in  1858,  ore  almost  all  to  Bom' 

Betel-leaf  imports  averngo  21fi0  tons  (60,470  man*) 
at  £32,321  (115.3.23,210),  and  export  s  average  1342  tonB  ( 
•moux)  valued  at  £20,090  (Rs.  2,00,900),  leaving  for  Poena  u 
tons  (22,915  mam)  valued  at  £12,231  (Rs.  1,22,310).  The 
of  betel-leaves  are  mostly  Tirgul  Brdhmans  and  a  few  Mar&t 
the  sellers,  who  are  called  TAmbolis,  are  mostly  Musalnnins 
few  Mar/ithAs.  A  betel-leaf  shopkeeper  offers  for  sale  botcl-1 
betolnuts,  slaked  lime,  catechu,  and  tobacco.  Betel-leaf  is  e/it 
all  classes  as  a  dessert  after  food.  A  couple  of  leaves  with  a 
lime  rubbed  on  T^-ith  the  finger  to  the  back  of  each  leaf,  a  (j 
a  betelnut,  and  catochu  are  chewed  together,  and  in  addition 
some  chew  tobacco.  The  leaves  are  cured  before  l>eing  eaten. 
Poena  is  known  as  having  the  best  cured  leaves  iu  the  DecoAti- 
Fre^h  leaves  are  harsh  and  bitter.  Tu  remove  the  harshncM  tbs 
leaves  are  kept  closely  packed  till  the  sap  dries  when  the  1 
soft  and  gets  a  shining  j'cllow.   Betel-leaf  is  largely  sent  to 

Imports  of  dry  and   salted  fish  average  620  tons  (17,373 
valued  at  £6949 '(Rs.  09,490).     Of  this,  as  on  article  of  trade 


-four  tons  {ISOO  mavg)  valued  at  £720  (Rb.  7200)  are  sent  to 
_  Bhor.     Of  the  rest  about  50(>  tons  {55,7^7  m<i«s)  valueH  at  £0:^29 

Klft.  62,290)  are  locally  sold  in  Hiuall  quuutitiefi  to  tlie  people  of  the 
dvaia  or  wcBWru  hills,  uud  an  much  is  usc-d  by  the  city  people. 
»,  Fish  ia  imported  from  Bombay  aud  the  Koukan,  mostly  by  two  largo 

Ptradcrfl,  and  in  small  quantities  by  a  few  local  Bhoia.  IThu  retail 
boilers  are  BlioJ  and  Mu^lmiin  women.  Fish  ia  eaten  by  Musal- 
mAns  and  by  all  flesh-eating  IlinduB, 

kOf     food     for    auimaU,   fodder  imports  average     30,726     tons 
(8G0,334  mail*.)   valued  at    £21,508  (118.2,15,080)  a  vcar,  all  of 
which   is  used   lu   Poona.     3977   tous  (111,344    t/iuntf)    valued  at 
:   £2784  (Rs.  27,840),  shown  under  exports  in  the  above  statement,  are 

» fodder  pasaed  free  of  duty  from  Qovcmment  gross-lands  or  hiran* 
for  Government  cattle  and  horsea.  Of  fodder  ^rass  comes  from 
s  Government  fort'^st  and  pasture  resen'cs  and  neighbotirinj?  villages, 
^(md  millet  and  other  straw  from  a  distance  of  twenty-four  mites 
Hroand  Poona.  The  chief  fodder  markets  are  held  in  tlie  north  and 
^west  of  the  city  where  the  growers  sell  fodder  through  Mardtha 
brokers  who  are  paid  Qd.  (4  ait.)  for  every  cart-loud. 

■y  Imports  of  chaff  oil-cake  and  cotton  seed  average  1 169  tons  (32,7fl7 
i  ^ns)  valued  at  £3040  (Rs.  30,400)  a  year,  and  exports  average 
L  eighty-eight  tons  (246S  man*)  valued  at  £265  (R8.2650).  leaving 
^for  Poona  use  1081  tons  (30,269  man*)  valued  at  £2776  (Rs.  27,750). 
these  chaff  and  husks  come  from  Wcat  Poona  or  the  if  <iit<i/s  where 
[iricc  is  largely  grown  ;  oil-cake  comes  from  the  east  from  Sirur  and 
ttcrly  from  Gujarat ;  aud  cotton  Heed  comes  from  the  south  and 
t.  Generally  the  growers  bring  these  articles  to  Poona  where 
oy  are  bought  by  milkmen  and  other  consumera.  Tiic  exports 
re  chiefly  to  neighbouring  villages  by  well-to-do  people  who  keep 
*  .ch  cows  and  buffaloes. 

Of  fuel  and  lighting  materials  firewood  imports  average  29,599 
tone   (828,771   mane)  valued  at  £34,529   (Rs.  3,45,290)    a   year; 

tthis  import  is  all  used  in  Poona.  About  809  tons  (22,646  mans) 
valut'd  at£990(H8.  9900),  shown  under  exports  in  the  atatoment,  are 
the  firewood  used  in  the  cantonment  which  lies  outside  of  municipal 
limits.  The  main  imports  of  firewood  are  bdhhul  wood  from  the  east 
and  the  poorer  claBses  of  trees  cliiefly  from  Government  fort^sts  in 
the  west  of  the  district  and  from  the  Bhor  state.     The  firewood  of 

I  the  Government  and  Bhor  state  forests  is  yearly  leased  by  wholpsole 
Maratha  timber    dealers  of  Poona  who  aell  it  to  Maratha  petty 
dealers  in  the  city.     From  other  parts  standing  trees  are  bought  by 
Mardtha  petty,  dealers  and  aometimcs  by  Mhars  who  fell  and  bring 
the  wood  to  the  cit^*.     During  the  laat  twenty  years,  as  the  supply 
is  short  of  the  demand,  the  price  of  firewood  has  steadily  risen. 
Gharcoitl    imports    average    2461    tons   (68,899    manf)    valued 
ot    £5167   (Us.  51,070,    a  year.     The  exports    are   small.      The 
charcoal  dealers  are  Lonllria  who  buy  wood  in  the  forest,  make  it  into 
charcoal,  and  import  the  charcoal  into  the  city  on  hired  pack  bul- 
odu,  m^ules,  aud  ponies.     Charcoal  ia  largely  used  by  blacksmiths 
persmitha  and  other    metal-workers.     Duriug  the  last  twenty- 
ve  years,  as  the  district  is  baro   of  forests,  the  price  of  local 


Chapter  XIT- 
Places. 

POOVA. 

Tnae. 


Fodtitr. 


Che^. 


rir 


[Bombay  OaitlM 


310 


DISTHICTS. 


Chapter^  XIV. 
Places 

Trade. 

Oil 


Brkit. 


Timber. 


Bmn60O». 


Jhvgtand 
Splcet, 


Pitn  Good*. 


charcAftl  had  so  greatly  nacn,  that  the  large  metal  factorie» 
U6C'  cool  and  cokt. 

Imports     of    oilsoefia    overage    848    toiis  (23,737    rnnn*) 
a.t  £5134  (Rs.  51,3411)  a   yeur.     Oilsfeda    rome    chieJiy    f 
pDcma  diRtriel  and  urc  sold  in  the  same  way  anbojn  and  other  gnDM 
The  exports  are  siiiidl. 

Imports  of  oil  oOicr  than  keroaino  average  1303  tona  {^^M 
maiu)  valued  at  £35.<}tJ8  (lis.  3,o6,880)  a  year,  and  c 
average  B23  tons  (14,6;i2  wmn*)  valued  at  £1S,7LH  (Rs.  1.37.0^1 
thus  Ira^ing  for  the  city  uac  840  tous  (23,532  jnanti)  vnXuzd 
iP21,084  (U«.  2,19,840).  Imports  of  keroBine  oil  rougUlv  avi 
810  tons  (22,*J50  mans)  vuIiumI  nt  £7930  {Ra.  7n.30(»')  a 
Groundnut  satflower  and  flosnme  oil  is  brouj^ht  from  Indflpur 
S^sTud  in  Poonu,  from  B^rsi  in  ShoUpur,  und  from  SAtiira: 
cocoanut  oil  and  kcruslue  from  Bombay.  Large  qttantities  of  oil 
pressed  in  Poouu  by  Hindus  of  the  TcU  caste. 

Of  building  materials  imports  of  bricks  and  tiles  average 
tous    (251,7»J8   7JUIIW)     valued     at    £3(119    (Us.    30,190)    a    v 
Bricks  and  tiles  are  mode  by  local  pottei-s  in  the  out^kirt-i  nt  (h 
city. 

Imports  of  cut-stone,  chiefly  quarried  in  the  neighboiu 
average  3426  tons  (9J/i22  vwmt)   valued  at  £1881  |Us.  1 
year.     luijtorls  of  lime,  wiiich  is  huked  in  the  out&kirts  of  the  ol] 
average  3001  tons  (8o,(i9tf  matix)  valued  at  £3304  (Ks-  3:J.U4U, 
exiwrts,  which  are  chieflv  to  Kirkee,  average  21 12  tous  (59,1 
valued  at  £2281  (Rs.  22',810). 

Timber  imports  overage  5703  tons  (159,673  mafi«)  -valtxed  i 
£43,266  (Rs.  4,32,500).  and  exports  which  are  ehieHy  to  neigl 
bouring  Tillages  und  Kirkee  average  293  tons  (8378  ww* 
Tolncd  at  £2410  (Rs.  24,100).  Of  timber  Muulmiiiu  tuuk  co« 
from  Bombay.  Of  local  teak  the  large  logs  come  from  N^ikandli 
rafters  from  Thiina ;  junglewood  comes  from  the  Attlvttis  or  Wa 
Poona  hills  and  Bhor,  and  biihhul  wood  frtnu  twenty-four  nob 
round  Poono,  The  large  trade  with  Bombay  an<l  Thiiuu  is  in  the  haw 
of  Konkan  and  Cutch  Miisalmiins  who  trade  on  their  o\\ 
Other  petty  timber  dealers  arc  Marathds  who  trade  oi;  <..f...^ 
borrowed  at  high  interest.  | 

Bamboo    imports     average     1204    tons    (38,7l(i    mann)    voluH 
at  £3031  (Ra.  36,310)   a    year.     Split   bambooe  fit   for    roofs 
brought  from  Bombay  by  large   Slusaliujiu  liuilH;r  dealers; 
green  bamlioos  fit  io  make  baskets  and  matting  ore  brought  fr 
Mdixtl$  or  western   sub-divisions   by   villagers  and    sold    ei 
Mardtha  timber  dealers  or  to  Buruds  or  baskot^makera. 

Tmpoi-ts  of  drugs  und  spices  overugo  2313  tons  (04,702  ffUMl| 
volucd  ut  £67,867  (Rs.  0,78,070)  a  year.  Drugs  and  spices  are  chiefl] 
brought  by  Gujarat  Vani  grocers  from  Bombay. 

Piece-goods    imports  average    1090  tons  (41,407    man^) 
at  £255.834    (Rs.   25,58.340)    a    year,  and    exports   a\-orag« 
tons  (19,007  win«tf)  valued  at  £113,650  (Rs.  11,3.3,500).     Of 
made  cotton  cloth  coarse  waistcloths  or  dhotars  and  roboa  o 


sean- 


POONA 


311 


brought  from  SholApur  by  Shimpis,  and  fine  waistclotha  and 
)be8  ure  l>rou|ifhl  by  Murwilr  Vaiiis  from   Is'iig^pur  oiid  Dluinvar  or 
fjinlyim  Pcth  in  tho  Xizain's  tcrritoriue  uud  sonielimt'S  frum  Ueniirt's 
Xui'th  tiuliii.  und  Siileiu  and  othc^r  parts  of  ^iludrus.     Stcuin-niude 
rtton    piLMH'-j^oiKlf*,  both    oi  Kijgliflh  and  of  Bombay  nmko,  wem 
>ra»crly  brou}j;ht  by  BohorAs  und  are  now  ulso  brougbt  bv  Brah- 
ms and  Murnthas.     Of  late  tbe  use  of  Bombay-made  cloth  has 
aallv  incrcus-fd.     Foruign  silks,  brocades,  and  woollen  cloth  are 
rougbl    by   BuhoriU  from   Bombay,  and    country    blanketB   are 
rouglit  by  Sungars  from  Sholapur.     Bi'sides  tbcsu  imports  a  large 
lantitv  of  cojirsi*  cotton  robes  uiid  wuistcloths*  and  richly  (jinbroidered 
cloths  nro  locally  wovon.     The  exports  arc  ron.^igne*!  clin;ct, 
licfly  to  Sfitnra  and   other  southern  districts.     After  tho  opening 
the  Pooua-Londn  Railway  this  export  trade,  instead  of  probably 
ssing  through  Poona,  will  go  direct  and  tho  Poona  trade   will  fuU 
jnsidcrubly. 

Metal    imports    average  3-'5-H     tons   (99,157     mrtii«)    valued  at 
J171,t)4;j    (Ha.  17.46.4.30)  and  exjwrts  average  1002  tons  (28,067 
««)    valued  at  £61,9(it)(R8.  6,li»,6(J0).    The  exports  include  onlv 
ietal   sheets  and  do  not  include  the  brass  and  eopiKT  vessels  which 
rerage  about  eighty  per  cent  of  the  metul   Bheots  imported.    Tho 
iports  have  been  Blcntlily  increasing,     la  l&S'2-8^3  they  were  about 
?enty  per  cent  above  the  average  or  worth  il'ijO.OOO  (Rs.  2o  hik/i.»). 
?he  working  into  vessels  adds  about  twcuty-fivc  per  cent  to  the  value 
~  the  metal.     So  that  tbe  value  of  the  exported  ware  may  be  roughly 
timated   at  £'24O,')ft0  (Rs.  24  Id/ehs).     During  the  lust  twenty- 
re  years  the  metal  tnule  of  Poona  has  steadily  grown.   Poona  has 
Littplaeed  Abmiiduagur  which  u.scd  to  be  the  chief  metal  mart  in  tho 
leccan,  and  supplied  ari'  now  sent  not  only  over  the  whole  Decean, 
ut  al-so  to  the  Berars,  KhiindeBh.  and  the  Nizam's  terntory.     Tho 
ler  vessels  of  Nusik  and  Sangli  are  rivalled  by  the  Poona  wares, 
[ven  in  the  finer  articles,  in  a  few  years  Poona  will  probably  displace 
Usik    and  .SjingU.      Of   metals  £urope-mudo  copper,  brass,   and 
ton  arc  largely  brought  from  Bombay  by  Gujarat  Vdnis.     To  make 
iscL)  (jujurrit  Vunis  employ  local  K^sir  Tdmbat  and  other  crafta- 
lon.     Tbe   making   of     brass  and   copper    vesseh*    gives    work     to 
mt  300u  men  who  are  paid  either  monthly  or  bv  the  piece.   The 
•iginal  workers  came    from  Aliniaduugar,    Lately,  owing  to  the 
Lnving  trade,  many  Mar^tluis  and  others  have  taken  to  this  craft, 
id  several  Gujariit  Vanis  have  grown  rich. 

Of    articles    freed     from    municipal    taxes,  cotton    imports    for 

J82-8a  were  124  tons  (titiU  wa»w)  valued  at  £88i  (Rs.  8840)  and 

kxportM  were  213  tons    {o*J74i  man)i)  valued  ut  £7766  (Rs.  77,tiG0). 

fhe  imports  are  chiefly  from  the  south-east  of  tho   district   where 

>tton  is  grown.     Moat  of  the  cotton  deiders  are  Gujarat  Vanis. 

Imports   of  dye    roots,    barks,    and    other   colouring    materials 

1882-83  were  131  tons  (3U70  nuins)  valued  at  £-667  tils.  :i(J,700) 

frt^ria     were     iJ15     tons     (8818     mmia)    valued    at    £882 

These  articles  arc  gatherwl  in  the  forests  and  brought 

•  the  hill  people  of  \Ve8t  Poona  and  sold  to  Gujarat 


Chapter  XIV 
FUoes. 
VoottA, 
Trade. 


Mclal. 


Cotim. 


J>ye  Roota, 


tBombftT  Oanttw 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  ZIV 
Placet. 

POOHl. 
Drie't  AvU. 


OVftM. 


HtUmand 
Uonu, 


SnU. 


^ationay. 


TwU. 


Hemp. 


Opium. 


VAnt  grocers.    In  this  trade  tho  grocers  make    a  cent  per 
prutil. 

Imports  of  dried  fruit  for  1882-83  were  650  tons  (  l9,028i 
valuffd  ut  £10,222  {Kb.  1,52,220)  and  export*  461  tons  (I 
mafi#)  valued  at  illO.SIS  (Rs.  1,03,180).  Of  dried  fruit, 
plnntuins  uro  brought  from  Bntt^oin  in  Thina  by  Gujiirat  Ti 
and  dried  figs,  pomegranate's,  grapes,  and  otliL-r  fruila  ure  bi 
from  Arabiu,  Persia,  and  Kfibul  by  lialuchis  and  KAbulis. 
exports  are  chiefly  to  Ahmadnagar,  ShuUpur,  SAtiLra,  and 
Bombay  Kam^tuk. 

Imports  of  glassware  and  glass  bangles   for   1882-83    vrei 
tons  (7C04  vian*)  valuwl  at  i;3820  (Ri.  38,200),  and   export 
tUirtyono  tons  ($.04-  mann)  vahicd  at  1.427  (Rs.  4270).      Ei 
gloHB-ware  is  brought  from  Bombay  by  Bohords.     Of  bangles 
mode  cut  bangles  come  from  Bombay,  and  country  bangles  fromi 
village  of  Vtdu  on  the  Poona-Belgaum  mail  rood  about  twelve, 
south  of  Poena.     The  bangle -sellers  are  KdsfLrs.     The  cxpoi 
chiefly  to  neighbouring  villages. 

Importa    of  hides    and  horns  for    1882-83  were  134  tons 
mauB)  valued  nt  iM485  (Rs.  44,850),  and  cxporta  were 
(17,427 moM)  ^-alued  at  i;2n,909  (Rs.  2,09,090).  Ilidea  und  hoi 
brought  by  -nllage  Mhara  from  neighbouring  villages   and 
Saltonkars  and  I)hors.     From  Poena  iSoltaiikars  and  Tlhors 
hides  and  horns  to  Bombay.     Three  or  four  unsuecessJHil  uti 
have  bc*.'n  made  by  Bombay  merchanta  to  start  tanncrios  at 
and  the  tanneries  which  were  built  are  now  in  ruins. 

Salt  imports  for  1882-83  were  429  tons  (12,010  mana)   valt 
£3002  (Rs.  30,020)  a  year.     Little  is  exported.     Salt  ia  bi 
Qujar^t  VAni  grocers  from  Bombay. 

Imports  of  stationery  for  1882-83  were  189  tons  (5286 
valued  at  £62,860  (Rs.  ,5,28,600)  and  expnrta   were   8.')    t^ms 
mane)    valued  at    i:2.'J,yCK)  (lis.  2,89,000).     Stationery   is    bi 
from  Bombay  by   BohorAs,   MariUhrts,  und  lately   bv    Bnihi 
The  exports  do  not  change  hands  in  the  city,  but  pass  tL  rough 
on  the  way  to  S^tdra  and  other  southern  districts. 

Imports    of   maulune*nmde  twist   for    1882-83    wero    472! 
(13,210  vuint)   valued  at  £2642    (Rs.  26,420).     Twiat    ia 
from  Bombay  by  M&rwir  Vanis  and  is  generuU v  sold  to  local  .. 
Lai-go  quantities  are  used  in  thread-making  riictories  lately 
by  Br&hmon  capitalists  and  worked  by  Mar&tha  boys. 

Of  intoxicating  articles  imports  of  smoking  hemp  or    nn»j\ 
1882-83  were  twenty  tons   (560  v\aii»)   valued  at  i:40(i  (Rs," 
and  exports  were  six  tons  (170  mam)  valuwl  at  £120  (Rs. 
Smoking  hemp  comes  from  Ahmadnagar  and  Sli()ljipur.      The 
to  sell  it  is  yearly  fanned  to  one  dealer.     Qdnja  is  smoke^l  ehie6v~^J' 
OosavJB  and  ascotics.      The    exports  are   ohiefiy  to  noighboorii^i 
villages. 

Opium  imports  for  1882-83  were  two  tons  (seventy  mans)  vab 
£fi&30  (Rs.  55,300).    Opium  is  supplied  by  Government  to  tho'' 


Bccaa>] 


POONA. 


Chapter  XIT- 

Flacei.     _ 

TraJe. 
CovuUry  LUjuor. 


whom  the  right  of  selling  opium  la  yearly  sold.    Opium  ia  smoked 
eaten  chiefly  by  Muaalniiin  i'akii-s  or  ascetics. 

Imports  of  country  liquor  for  1882'83  were  495  tons  (1U,870 
in*)  valued  at  £55.480  (Rs.  6,54,800),  and  exporta  were  127 
{3570  mans)  valued  at  £14,280  (lis.  1,42,800).  This  liquor  ia 
ippUed  by  the  central  distillery  eeitublislied  at  Muudhave  about 
eight  miles  east  of  Poona.  The  right  vi  selling  country  liquor  is 
yearly  sold  to  the  highest  bidder.  The  exports  aro  chiefly  to  neigh- 
bouring villages. 

Import«  of  European  liquor  for  1882-83  were  610  tons  (17,090     Suropean  Liqatr. 

t)  valued  at  £102,510  (Rs.  10,25,400),  ond  export*  were 
ty-ono  tons  (1432  man))  valued  at  £8592  (Ks.  85,920).  Kuropeon 
[uor  is  brought  from  Bombay  by  I'lirsis  uud  Kiirope  Bbopk<'Pj»er8. 
ia  chiefly  used  by  Hindus  in  the  city  and  by  ChristianH  and  Persia 
the  cantonment  The  exports  go  chiefly  to  Saturn  and  the  Bombay 
[am&tak . 

Of  about  25,000  craftsmen  about  half  the  number  are  capitalists  Crofta. 

id  the  rest  work  as  labourers.     The  chief  Poona  city  crofts  are  the 

laking  of  copper  and  braas  vessels,  the  weaving  of  silk  and  cotton 

^oth,  the  making  of  gold  and  silver   threads,  glass  bangles,  ivory 

lbs,  clay  figures,  iron  pots,  felt  and  paper,  tape-weuviug,  and 

1-tuming.     As  Poona  city  is  the  great  centru,  almost  tho  only 

it  of  these  crafts  and  industriee,  tho  details  have  been  given  in 

le  chapter  on  tnule  and  crafts.' 

Poona  City  has  twenty-sbc  markets.    Of  these  five  are  vegetable  Markvts. 

markets,  six  are  mutton  markets,  three  are  fish  markets,  one  is  a 
fuel  market,  two  are  fodder  markets,  and  nine  are  groin  markets. 
The  five  vegetable  and  fruit  markets  are,  tho  Mandoi  or  market  to 
the  north  of  tho  Shanv^r  Polaou,  the  KotviSl  Chavdi  or  police  office 
in  BmlhvAr  ward,  and  three  BlidjiAlia  or  vegetable  rows  one  in  Vetiil 
ward  and  two  in  A'ditvAr  ward,  a  larger  near  iJurjunaing's  Pjiga,  and 
a  smaller  to  the  east  of  Moti  Chauk  or  Pearl  Square.  lu  i^dition 
to  these,  on  a  suitable  site  in  the  Shukrav4r  ward,  a  large  control 
market  is  (1884)  being  built. 

The  largest  and  most  populor  market  in  Poono  is  the  Mandai,  standai 

the  fruit  and  vegetable  maiket  to  tho  north  of  the  Shanvdr 
Pahico.  It  is  held  in  on  open  space  ICG  yards  by  45  which 
was  originally  sot  apart  for  the  retinues  of  tho  Peshw^  and  tiieir 
nobles  in  state  or  festive  gatheringa  This  space  and  the  narrow 
belt  all  round  tlio  palace  wall  betwe4m  its  bastions  have  been  levelled 
and  sanded  and  laid  out  in  paths  und  rows  of  stalls.  The  stalls  ore 
four  to  six  feet  square  and  tho  paths  six  to  ten  feet  wide.  A  road 
rumiing  north  and  south  divides  the  Mandoi  proper,  that  is  the  large 
epaoe  to  tlie  nortb  of  the  palaco  into  an  eastern  end  a  western  half. 
The  eastern  half  has  been  set  apart  for  fruits  and  green  vegetables, 
and  the  western  half  for  fruits,  vegetables,  root  vegetables,  and 
nuBccllaneous  articles.  The  northern  tliird  of  each  half  is  set  apart 
for  brokers  and  wholesale  dealers,  uud  the  two  southern  thirds  ore 


iSecpRTt  ll.rp.178310. 


B  866-40 


Chapter  XIV. 

JPUces. 

Pooka. 

Marfceta. 

Mamdai, 


ler 


allotted  to  petty  stallkeeperB.     From  four  to  seven  ia   the 
Kanbi  and  M(iU  carta  laaon  with  vegotablee,  leinona,  figs, 
groundniite.  potatoes,  and  other  ticld  uiid  garden  prodaoe 
Lhu  villager  uud  gurdcua  round  Poona  to  market  and  are 
rows  on  the  ground  set  apart  for  wholesale  dealers. 

The  wholesale  dealers,  who  are  KAcKis  or  market-Kai 
Upper  Indian  origin  and  Martith&s,  buy  the  daily  orrivula 
they  come  to  market  and  dispose  of  them  in  small  lota  to  ret 
carry  them  to  their  stalls  and  sell  them  to  users.  The 
hours  are  ax  to  eleven  ui  the  morning.  Among  the  middle 
home  supplies  are  bought  by  the  male  heads  of  families, 
the  lower  claattes  the  women  generally  Lumc  and  the  Ui^ht 
aend  their  sen'ants  to  buy  tnipplies.  As  souu  oa  their 
vholesale  purchases  are  over,  the  wholesale  dealers  daBy 
wicker  baskets  large  quantities  of  potatoes,  onions^  chillies,  and 
vegetables,  the  produce  of  gardens  within  twenty  miles  of  Pt 
Bombay,  ShoUpur,  and  the  Kiz&m's  conntn.*.  These  dcalen, 
agents  in  Bombay,  or  are  themselves  agents  to  Bombay  df 
whom  they  consign  the  produce.  Besides  the  wholesale 
another  class  of  micldlcmen,  the  brokers  or  Jaidin,  barg;iuu  for 
and  sellers  and  weigh  the  articles  for  a  fee.  The  scale  on 
the  wholesale  traders  deal  varies  greatly,  some  of  them  heing 
traders  and  men  of  capital  The  brokers  moke  2s.  to  4a.  (lU.  I*i| 
a  day  and  spend  all  their  comings.  The  retail  sellers,  who  kUoK 
have  capitid,  borrow  4*.  to  10s.  (Rs.  2  -  D)  from  money-changers  f« 
the  dav  at  an  interest  of  \  anna  the  rupee,  make  their  pura 
and,  after  selling  ihem  retail,  return  the  lender  his  moneyj 
interest.  Their  daily  profits  vary  from  (M.  to  1».  (4-8  oji.), 
the  retail  stallholder  1ms  bought  his  day's  suppLiee,  ho  or 
as  many  women  us  men  sell,  spreads  on  the  ground  a  ; 
piece  of  sacking,  and,  on  the  sacking,  lays  the  articles  cither  in 
or  in  heaps  and  sits  among  the  baskets  with  a  pair  of  scale* 
hand.  Tneso  retail  dealers  ai'c  chiefly  KAchis  and  M&Us 
Hindus,  and  Tiimbolis  who  ore  both  Hindus  and  ^Itiaolm^zu. 
Kdchis  chiefly  sell  fruit,  the  Mulis  both  fruit  and  vegetables,  aadi 
Timbolis  seldom  nnvthiug  but  betel-leaves  and  tobacco.  On 
«aBt  side  of  the  Palace  gateway,  between  the  bastious,  in  a 
next  the  road,  Musalman  AtArs  deal  in  the  coloured  powders  wliJ< 
are  used  in  making  brow-marks,  and  in  inceusc  and  perfui 
Thej  arrange  their  wares  in  small  heaps  on  metal  plates  laid  fl 
wooden  stools.  Over  their  wares,  as  a  eimshode,  they  open  a  lin 
umbrella  or  stretch  a  cloth  on  polos.  They  bring  their  stores  uQ 
to  market  on  their  heads  and  carry  back  what  remains  unsold. 
Bake  their  goods  at  Lome  from  raw  niutcrials  which  tliey  buy 
grocers.  Behiiid  the  At^rs  two  rows  of  MarAtho  VAai  women 
three  varieties  of  grass-seeds,  devhfidi  rdjtfira  and  xariy  grot 
raw  sugar,  salt,  and  articles  eaten  on  fast  days.^  Behind  these 
m  a  row    against  the    Palace  wall,  sit  a  few  grocera  xa: 


1  Tbo  botanic*!  oamoi  of  two  of  tlie  throe   craui  seedB  or  ftarly  that  is 
gniiu  sre  rdijjiTQ  Anuruithas  poljrgUDUi.  »nd  mri  Coix  barluta. 


POONA. 

;  waree  are  aasaftetida,  cinnamon,cla\'C8,  coooanuts,  coriander, 
pepper,  oesame,  Bpices,  and  turmeric.  To  the  eaat  of 
i  perluraers  und  grass-seed  sellers  sit  a  few  Mdlis  and  Hrahmans 
p  sell  plnntain-leaf  dining  plates ;  further  eaat  a  few  Gurav 
priestly  Maratha  women    8>>U  patrdvah  or  dry  leaf   platters,   of 

or  t«n  leaves  of  the  palas^  bunion,  and  other  large-leafed  trees 
Iched  together  round  a  centre  leaf.  Behind  the  tiurav  platter- 
lera  are  cocoauut-scUers  or  Ndralv^^.  The  shro^  or  money- 
dors  and  changers,  all  Deshastli  BrAhmanH,  sit  with  a  he-up  of  copper 
DB  and  cowrie-shells  piled  on  a  small  cloth  stretched  before  them. 
ej  squat  in  threes  and  fotfrs  as  near  the  retail  sellers  as  poesible. 
Bides  the  interest  on  daily  ca&h  advances  to  petty  dealers  they  earn 
,  to  9d.  (4'G  as.)  a  day  from  chuuging  copper  for  silver  and  sheila. 
all  trausactiouB  under  |ti.  (|  a.)  cowrie  or  /cuvdi  shells  are  used, 
lity  to  ninety-aix  shells  going  to  the  quarter  anna.  The  sboUs 
t  counted  with  notable  spotid  in  sets  of  four.  The  ground  between 
I  bastions  to  tho  west  of  the  eastern  gate  is  held  by  a  row  of 
^tablc  dealers  fronting  the  road,  chiefly  MAlis  who  sell  their 
rden  produce  retail  instead  of  parting  with  it  wholesale  in  tho 
tming.  Behind  tbe  Malts  arc  two  rows  of  garlic  tamarind  onJoa 
L  other  relish  sellers  ;  and  behind  these  again,  touching  the  wall, 
dealers  in  chillies  who  are  specially  kept  to  this  out-of-the-way  place 
avoid  the  nuisance  which  chillies  cause  when  esjKiscd  to  the  sun 
i  wind.  The  wholesale  dealers  carry  on  their  business  in  the  oi)eB 
and  generally  finish  their  work  before  the  sun  gets  strong.  The 
oil  dealers  cither  open  a  large  umbrella  or  stretch  a  cloth  over 
BT  stalls  to  shelter  themselves  and  their  wares  from  tho  sun  and 
D.  The  dealings  in  green  vegetables  are  carried  on  under  the 
ide  of  one  or  two  large  buntun  trees  in  the  north-west  of  the  open 
icoi  Tho  narrow  strip  of  ground  along  the  east  of  tho  palace  wall, 
[ween  tho  first  two  bastions  from  the  north-east  corner,  is  occupied 
a  front  row  of  dealers  in  habenliwhery ;  by  a  middle  row  of  dealers 
tobaotio  and  spices ;  and  in  the  space  close  under  the  wall  by 
K>-8elUng  MAngs.  Tho  space  between  the  bastions  further  south 
lUottod  to  boskot-makcrA,  potters,  dealers  in  old  iron,  old  bruaa 
L  copper  vusscLh,  and  old  furniture.  The  baaket-makors  or  Buruds 
t  in  tbo  houses  across  the  road  from,  their  stalls.  The  potters 
to  their  wares  in  rented  houses.  Moat  of  the  dealers  in  ironware 
I  Bohor^  On  the  south  side  of  the  paluce,  on  the  strip  of  ground 
the  east  of  tho  centre  bastion,  shoemakers  and  fiahprworaen  of  the 
pi  caste  sit  in  two  lines  facing  eat^h  otlier.  Only  dry  fish  brought 
kn.  the  Konkan  are  sold  here ;  fresh  ri\-er  fish  aro  sold  from  door  to 
^r.  The  spaoo  to  the  west  of  the  contro  bastion  is  empty  and  is 
opart  as  a  carriuge  stand.  On  tho  west  side  of  the  palace,  the 
[p  of  laud  to  the  suuth  of  the  centre  baation  is  the  gross  market 
ere  boodlea  of  green  and  dry  grass  and  stalk  fodder  are  stored. 
0  trade  in  stalk  fodder  and  dry  grass  is  brisk,  the  dealers  making 

to  2s.  (Re.  |-1)  a  day.  G-reen  grass  is  brought  by  villagers 
im  twelve  miles  round  in  head-loads  and  is  oSered  for  sale  at  2^^.  to 
1,  (1|  -  3  aft.)  a  load.  Thestrip  of  land  to  the  north  of  the  centra 
ition  is  held  by  dealers  in  firewood  and  cowdung-cokes  about  ten 
3iee  across  and  one  inch  thick.    The  firewood  is  cut  in  thirty  potmd 


Chapter  HV. 
Places. 

PoONiL. 

Markets. 
itanUai. 


(Bombay 


ipterXTV. 
Pliutei. 

POOMA. 

Mamiai. 


iftiUim, 


DISTRICTS. 


(]  nui )i)fagffot4  vorth  Gd.  to  1«.  (4-8a«.).    Tho  CQrwdujig>€akc* 
piled  in  fiinall  heaps  and  sold  at  iil.  to  -^J.  each  (3-6  for  j  a.).    A 
timber-dealers  buy  trees  lu  the  villugvs  round  Poona,  cut  thHO.  _ 
dispfwe  of  the  fuel  in   the  city  at  a  lurge  profit.     On  an  arera)^  fair 
weather  day  in  1882,  of  all  kinds  of  produce  185  cart-loads  we^ 
about  seventy-nine  tons  (2220  man*)  and  worth  about  L'^li)  ^Us. ' 
were  brought  to  the  Mandai.     Of  the  whole  nmotuit  sixty  eart 
weighiug  about  tweuty-eix  tons  (72U  mans)  and  worth  tW)  {'Rm. 
were  Togetublea  ;    twenty  cart-loads  weighing  about  nlita  tuDs 
ffians)  and  worth  £60  (Ha.  tiOO)  were  fruit ;  teu  cart-Ioada 
about  four  tons  (120  vmns)   and  worth  £5  (Kb.  50)  were 
eighty  cart-looda  weighing  about  thirty-four  tons  (9G0  wah^i 
worth  £40  (R».  400)  were  fodder ;  and  fifteen  cnrt*loadfl  wei;_^ 
six  tons   (ISO  tnohs)  and  worth  £15  (Hs.  150}   were  mi 
On  hoLiduys  and  fast  days  spceially  large  quantities  of  awect 
or  nUtUd.8  and    earthnula  or  thmmufji*   are    geuemlly 
SundnvH  and  AVcdnesdays  a  market  is  held  in  the    afternoon 
Koutli  oud  ca«t  of  the  Shanvur  palace  ut  which  old  furniture, 
pictures,  clothes,  lamps,  glassware,  and  lumber  are  aoUl  br  dt.>alen 
the  cantonment  boziix.    On  these  days  also  villagcrB  from  the 
round  bring  poultry  and  eggs,  and  carpenters  brinfr  stools,  chi 
rae»*,  ptetlee  or  mufoU,  and  two  varieties  of  dishos  called  j^i 
and  padgds.     Upio  1862  the  space  to  tho  north  of  the  polacv  w«si 
for  the  half-weekly  euttle-uinrkel  which  is  now  held  in  the  TilU| 
Bh^mburda  across  the  Muthu  to  the  west  of  the  city.      The 
market  is  open  every  day  in  the  year.     Holidays  ore  busier 
than  slacker  than  other  days.     The  market  is  over  by  noon  when! 
municipal  sweepers  and  water-carts  como  and  sweep  and  wuter 
ground  for  next  morning.     Of  the  four  smaller  vegetable  and 
markets,  that  held  in  the  Eotrdl  Ch&vdi  or  police  office  in  B 
wai-d  is  in  a  large  building  onoc  the  properly  of  Oovemraentw 
1845  was  sold  to  a  private  person.  The  three  BhAjiiiliA  or  vv\ 
rows,  one  in  Vetal  word  and  two  in  Aditvar  ward,  are  open 
where  the  dealers  squat  at  the  side  of  the  street  or  in  house  vi 
All  these  four  smaller  markets  are  open  throughout  thv  dav. 
dealers,  who  are  KAchis  and  MAlJs,  buy  their  stocks  at  tbeK 
market  in  the  early  morning  and  sell  at  their  stalls  to  consoxoen- 
Of  the  six  multcm  markets,  one  in  Eosbawanl  has  twelve  stalls,  < 
in  Khiltikilli  or  Butchem^  row  near  Hubh&nsha  in  Knviviir  ward 
fourteen  stalls,  one  in  Punanaing's  P^ga  in  RarivAr  wai-d  has  fL 
eight  stalls,  one  in  VetAl    ward  has  sixteen  stalls,  one  in  Bha 
wud  has  six  stalls,  and  one  in  Nina,  ward  has  sixteen  stalls, 
mutton  markets  in  Kasba,  Vetdl,  Isuna,  and  Bhavtini  wards 
been  built  by  the  Municipality  since  1877.    Tho  market  in 
sing's  Piiga  is  a  large  quadrunguhir  private  building  hired   by  tk1 
Municipality  and  let  to  butchers.  Butchers' row  near  Subhf(iiBbaifid»| 
oldest  mutton  market  in  tho  city.  Here  the  butchers  have  their  pri 
stalls  or  sell  in  the  front  rooms  of  their  dwelhngs.  They  have  a  ou 
elaugh teahouse.      The    Bhav4ni    ward  mutton  market  is  a  p: 
building  fronting  the  main  road  lenrting  to  the  cantomncnt 
which  is  temporarily  licensed  by  the  Mimicipality  for  the  sale  of  mat 
The  municipal  mutton  marketsore  built  on  a  uloudard  plan  with  detaebt^ 


>McaiLl 


POONA. 


llaaghter-lioufiefl.  The  stalU  are  arranged  facing  ooch  other  in  a 
xirered  building  on  two  feet  high  pliutliH  with  a  ixmtrol  poasuge  under 
'he  ridgo.  The  side  walls^  wliich  form  the  backt<  of  the  aUUs,  are 
carried  to  within  two  feet  of  the  post  plate  and  caves  of  the  roof. 
Bac-h  stall  is  six  feet  wide  and  seven  foot  long.  It  opens  on  tho 
ientr;il  passage  and  is  separated  from  the  next  stalls  by  the  posts  which 
lear  the  root.  The  whnle  of  the  inside  stalls,  as  well  as  the  posHugc, 
pa^'ed  and  are  washed  doily.  The  slaughter-houses  are  paved  and 
ailed  cui-loBures  with  an  open  entrance  in  one  comer  covered  by  a 
icreeu  wall.  Inside  the  pavement  slojwfl  toa  gutterwhich  drains  into 
oeas-pool  outAide,  the  contents  of  which  are  removed  daily.  The 
rivals  markets  ore  ordinoiy  sheds  or  chdU  with  earthen  floors  and 
detached  slaughter-yards.  The  number  of  animals  daily  daughtered 
rarics  from  sixty  to  ISO  and  averages  120,  thret^fouxths  of  them 
thecp  and  one-fourth  goata.  The  slaughtered  animals  are  hung  up  to 
)0le8  iu  the  sluughtt^i'-houses,  akinned,  and  dressed,  and  the  mutton  is 
sarried  to  the  market  and  hung  by  ropes  from  hooks  in  front  of  the 
stalls.  The  buteher  sita  on  a  piece  of  sacking  or  mat  on  the  floor  of 
the  stall  with  the  meat  hanging  in  front  of  him  and  a  block  of  wood 
resting  against  his  legs.  The  customers  stand  outside  or  below  the 
fltull  where  they  are  sen-ed.  Mutton  sells  at  2ld.  to  3d.  (1^  -  2  an.) 
pound.  A  butclier  kills  daily  one  to  three  sheep  or  goats  according 
>  demand.  Buyers  generally  keep  to  one  butcher  and  those  that 
meat  daily  settle  avcoimte  onoe  a  month.  Tlio  butchers  are 
Mardthas  and  Muhammadans.  Most  animals  aru  slaughtered  by 
MosalmAn  priests  or  mnUds  who  arc  paid  |ii,  to  Id.  (|-^  a.)  an 
tkimaL  Musalnuins  kill  animals  the  killer  facing  west  with  tho  animal's 
ead  to  the  south  and  the  legs  to  the  north.  Jews,  Bohoras,  and  some 
Moriithi^  have  peculiarities  iu  the  way  of  slaughtering  animals  and  have 
oomportments  allotted  to  them  at  tlio  shtughter-houses.  The  Bohoras 
do  not  kill  the  animals  on  the  stone  pavement  but  on  wooden 
phitforms.  Some  Marathds  first  offer  the  animal  to  the  goddess  Bolii 
und  after  killing  it  offer  its  head  to  tho  goddess.  Jews  have  a 
Bpecial  butclier  and  have  compartments  allotted  to  them  at  the  diflerent 
laugh  ter-housea . 

The  three  fish  markets  are  to  the  south  of  tho  Shanvdr  palace  and 
in  AditvAr  and  VetAl  wards.  In  ojxjn  ground  to  the  south  of  the 
ShonT&r  palace  forty  or  fifty  stalls  are  kept  daily  by  Bhoi  women 
for  the  sale  of  dry  Konkan  fish.  A  well-built  private  fish  market 
•with  twenty-four  stalls  arranged  in  rows  in  Adit\*d.r  ward  bock  street 
38  uaed  chiefly  for  the  sale  of  salt  fish,  with  a  few  fresh  fish  in  tho 
evening.  A  third  fish  market  is  held  in  Vetal  ward  where  fresh 
fish  and  a  little  dry  fish  are  offered  in  tin  open  plot.  Women  of  the 
Choi  caste  are  the  chief  fish-scllcrs  and  Kunbis  from  the  neighbouring 
villages  arc  the  chief  consumers. 

The  chief  fuel  of  the  upper  and  middle  classes  is  firewood  which  is 
>rought  in  carlu  and  sold  at  Sg.  to  10«.  (R«.4-5^  the  cart-load. 
Cowdung-cukcs  ore  the  main  fuel  of  the  bulk  of  the  townspeople. 
A  cart-load  of  about  500  cakes  coets  is.  to  6«.  (IU.2-3).  Retiul  soles 
of  firewood  and  cowdung-cakes  are  mode  at  tho  Mondai  under  the 
west  wall  of  Shanvir  p«daoG  and  in  many  private  enclosures.  The 
only  market  where  a  month's  supply  or  other  large  quantity  can  be 


Chapter  ZIT< 

Places. 

POUItA.  ■ 

MftrkeU.* 

MuUm. 


/<■■ 


Suet. 


rBombaj 


818 


DISTRICTS. 


Places- 
Pooka. 

MnrkcU. 


Orain. 


bought  IB  the  Oildetal  or  Cart  Stand  in  tho  north-east  of  Mongslv 
wurd.  This  ^W  or  stand  i»  an  open  field,  let  only  during  the  fair wu 
where  ubout  1 75  cort-loads  of  cowdung-fnel  and  2o0  cart-loadi 
firewood  arc  duily  brought  and  sold.  'IVo  large  fodder  markets 
open  only  dui-iug  the  fair  ae-ason,  the  Cart  Stand  or  GAdctal  vihx 
alao  URed  ba  a  fuel  market  and  the  sandy  hed  of  thu  Mutha 
the  Lokdi  bridge  to  the  north-wcat  of  the  city.  JCadbOf  tl 
Indian  millet  or  jvt'tri  Rtalks,  ift  the  chief  fodder  oaod  in  the  ^_ 
About  200  cart-loads,  containing  100  to  200  bundles  and  selling* 
6tf.  to  12*.  (Us.  4-0),  arc  brought  daily  to  tho  GAdetal  and  aXtj 
cart-louda  to  the  Lukdi  bridge  market.  Besides  in  these  two  durf 
morkotii  millet  stalk  and  fodder  can  be  bought  retail  in  the  Mndl 
and  in  several  other  places  in  different  ports  of  the  city.  Hay  ur  pm 
is  stacked  in  large  quantiti«s  hevond  the  Lakdi  bridge  and  in  the  cn1> 
lying  yards  on  the  west  of  the  ^kidiUhiT  ward.  Hay  is  rarely  luedffl 
the  city.  Most  of  the  dry  grass  goes  to  the  military  c^mtomwei 
where  large  quantities  are  used  ns  norse-fodder.  Fufl  and  foddtf 
are  brouglit  to  the  city  markets  by  villagers  in  their  own  carts  aod 
sold  either  to  wholesale  dealers  or  to  consumers. 

Tho  city  has  nine  grain  markets  :  Adte  or  Commisaion  Af^ 
row  in  NAna  ward,  I>Anc  or  Grain  row  in  NAnivan  ward,  D^Uw 
in  ShukravAr  ward,  DAne  row  in  BudhvAr  ward,  Dane  row  in  Vi 
ward,  a  rice  market  in  ShukravAr  warfl,  pidse  rows  or  DAlAbb 
MongalvAr  Bhaviini  and  Ganj  wards,  and  a  Maide  or  flour  Tvk 
AditvAr  ward.  The  cluof  food  grains  used  in  Poena  are  bdjrt,  Jvdi\ 
rice,  and  wheat,  and  of  pulso  tur  and  gram.  Besides  supplies  froni  f 
villages  round,  biijn  is  brought  from  VAmbhori  a  market  town  I 
AhniftdnagaTj^cari  from  SholApur,  rice  from  West  Poona  and  Thin 
and  wheat  and  gram  from  the  Upper  HilU  or  BAleghAt  to  tl» 
north-east  of  SholApur.  In  special  seasons  grain  comes  from  nmti 
greater  distimces.     During  the  1870-77  fomine  quantities  of  grsB 

foured  in  from  Central  ond  !Xorthcm  India  and  from  Gujaiit 
n  ordinary  years  the  groin  merchants  of  Poona  import  only  f« 
local  use:  during  the  187C-77  famine  Poona  became  the  drf 
groin  centre  for  tho  Bombay  Deccon.  The  chief  market  i* 
wholesale  grain  dealings  ia  the  Adt^  Ali  or  Agents'  row  in  Nini 
wai^d.  About  forty  of  these  dealers,  chiefly  MArwAr  and  Gajsiit_ 
VAuis,  have  large  houses  with  front  and  rear  enclosures  and 
stores  in  neighbouring  streets.  Imports  by  country  carts 
brought  to  market  in  the  morning  ond  sales  arc  neg^t' 
at  once.  Imports  by  rail  are  brought  at  noon  and  in  the  after 
and  are  sold  off  next  morning.  Grain  is  generally  bought  and  k^ 
in  stock  in  200  pound  (2  J  mans)  bugs  which  ure  opened  only  when  tw 
groin  baa  to  be  measured  out.  During  the  fair  bcohou  large  heaps  i^ 
grain-bugs  lie  in  front  of  the  shops  or  in  the  open  enclosures.  Th« 
grain-dculers  either  buy  on  their  own  account  or  act  as  ogi 
for  the  purchase  or  sale  of  supplies  for  others  in  distant  disti 
charging  a  three  to  five  per  cent  commission.  Bcsidents  in  Pc 
who  can  afford  it,  buy  their  year's  supply  of  groin  at  once.  Jidjrit 
jvdri  are  bought  in  January  and  February,  rice  in  November 
December,  and  wheat  and  pulso  in  March  and  April.  Except  soM, 
retail  grain-deiilcrs  of  XorAyon  ward  oil  retailers  m  the  city  buy 


wholesale  market  of  the  N&na  ward.  They  cither  buy  a 
's  Btock  at  the  proper  seuiton  or  ii8  they  sell  off  their  stflck 
irdin;^  to  Uio  means  at  their  command.  The  wholesale  dealers 
men  of  capital^  the  retail  dealers  borrow  money  and  trade 
e  sccmity  of  thoir  stocks.  The  Nirdj-un  word  dealers  ore 
At  Vtiuis  of  small  capital,  aad  ojs  many  of  them  have 
Doney  dealings  with  the  landholders  of  West  Poona,  they  buy 
lirect  from  the  villagers.  KarAyan  ward  has  about  thirty  rotml 
Frain  shopn,  and  in  the  grain  row  in  Shukravar  ward,  which  is 
he  leading  retail  grain  market  in  the  city,  are  about  10>3  grain  shops. 
VetAl  wai3  has  fifteen  shops  and  Apu  liolvant  street  in  Budhvar 
prard  has  forty.  In  the  wholcRale  markets  grain  is  measured  and  sold 
L8  it  oomo6.  In  the  rct^iil  markets  it  is  dried  in  the  sun,  winnowed 
n  the  broeze,  eletmcd,  and  laid  out  if  the  quantities  be  large  in  bogs, 
ind  if  small  in  baskets,  in  the  shops,  at  the  street  sides,  or  on  the 
ihop  boards.  All  retail  gi-oin-doalcrs  are  Marathds.  Tliey  keep 
their  shops  open  all  day,  but  most  business  is  done  in  the  evening. 
They  earn  2*.  to  6f.  '(Rs.  1-3)  a  day.  The  Movlis  or  West  Poono 
tmdholders  bring  their  rice  to  market  in  hcad-londa  or  on  ponies 
panerolly  in  November  and  December  and  otJy  on  Mondays  or 
Thursdays.  They  go  to  the  groin  row  in  Shukrav&r  ward,  where 
BAch  reltLil-gruin  dealer  has  his  own  west  highland  villagers  who  go 
only  to  his  snop.  The  dealers  either  sell  on  commission  on  aoeonnt 
t>i  the  growers  who  bring  their  produce  to  market,  or  they  buy  whole* 
■ale  from  the  growers  on  their  own  account  and  »ell  afterwards. 

In  Poena  the  making  of  gram,  fur,  and  other  pod-seeds  into  pulse  ia 
i  distinct  calling  carried  on  by  Pardeshi  or  North  Indian  and  Maratha 
ddlvdide  or  ptilsc-^pUttcrs,  The  beans  are  sookcd  in  water  in  large 
MTtheu  pots  for  an  hour  or  two,  and  laid  in  the  sun  to  di-y,  which  helps 
to  separate  the  husk  from  the  seed.  When  the  beans  are  dry  they  are 
lightly  ground  in  large  stone  haudmllls,  the  upper  piece  of  which 
Ea  balunuid  on  a  pivot  and  lowered  or  raised  at  will  so  as  to  keep 
ih^  two  pieces  far  enough  apart  to  split  without  erushing  the  beans. 
After  being  split  the  beans  are  winnowed  and  aiUed  and  tlie  split  pulso 
B  ready  for  side.  The  husk  or  phol  and  the  refuse  or  c^un  are  sold 
L8  food  for  milch-cattle.  Pulse-makers  work  and  sell  in  three  porta 
of  the  city  :  in  thirteen  shops  in  pulse  row  or  DAl  Ali  in  Mougaivar 
n'ord,  in  forly-fivu  shops  in  Ddl  Aii  in  Bhavdni  ward,  and  in  sixty 
shops  in  D^l  Ali  in  Gaujward.  During  the  hoi  season,  when  only 
fchoy  work,  the  pulse-deulera  make  29.  to  4«.  (Ba.  1  -  2)  a  day.  AU 
ire  well-to-do. 

A  part  of  east  Aditvdr  street  is  held  by  Moratha  flour-grindcra 

or  mtiidevdldii.     In  making   flour,  as  in  splitting  pulse,  tho  grain  is 

■caked  in  water  and  dried  in  the  sun,  and  ia  then  ground  as  fine  oa 

possible.     Tho  flour  is  afterwards  aif  teid  through  a  sieve,  the  fine  flour 

)eing  seponited  from  the  coarse  flour  or  rava.  The  coaree  flour,  wliich 

R  valued  tho  most,  sells  at  1|</.  (J  a.)  a  pound,  while  the  fine  flour 

elU  at  Id  (i  a.)  the  pound.     The  refuse  is  not  used  for  human  food. 

}oth  the  first  and  the  aecond  flours    form  tho  chief   port  of  all 

c«tive  Hindu    dainties.     Flour-grindors,  of   whom  there  are  nine 

^rinding-housea  and  twelve  shops  in  Moide  or  Flour  row,  moke  about 

^.  (Its.  2)  a  day  in  the  busy  marriage  seoeoa  and  2$.  (Re.  1)  a  day 

It  other  timeB, 


Chapt«r^XIV. 

FUces- 


Pooxi. 

Markdta. 
Qrain. 


PuUe  SptHtlttg. 


Flour 


ISombay 


laptorXIT. 

Placee- 

Pooka. 
Mnrkoto. 
Oroetry. 


DISTRICTS. 


Retail  grocers'  shops  are  scattered  oU  over  the  city.  Almost 
street  has  one  or  more.  The  chief  centres  of  the  grocery  trade  are  i 
in  Bhav^i  ward,  in  Adto  or  Agents*  row  in  AditvAr,  in  Moti 
or  Fearl  Square,  aud  in  the  main  street  of  Vettll  ward.  The  kiM 
or  oommisHion  agcnta  uf  Bhuvuai  ward  are  Linf^ayat  and  Dakaluai 
y^nis  who  rooeive  conalgumenta  from  Bombay  and  u 
merchants  and  seU  them  locally  or  send  them  to  Bombay  or 
hirgo  markets.  In  no  case  do  these  agents  keep  goods  in  Pouna 
tbtiu  a  few  days  and  they  do  business  only  on  commiasion.  Ths 
Ertides  which  puss  through  their  hands  ore  'jul  or  raw  aogar, 
tobacco,  ghi  or  clarified  butter,  and  rcliued  sugar.  Their  buatnoii 
brisk  both  just  before  and  just  after  the  raius.  During  the  nioj 
season,  from  June  to  October,  they  are  almost  idle.  The  grocen 
the  Aditv&r  and  Vet4ll  wards  deal  in  all  kinds  of  grocery,  impnrti 
from  Bombay  and  up-ooimtry  trade  e^intres  but  aclilng  only 
Poena.  They  hare  retail  shops  as  well  as  large  warehouwi 
which  they  do  wholesale  business.  All  are  GujurAt  V4ms  cldd^' 
VaishnuvB  and  are  men  of  capital.  Their  vearly  dealings  tven^ 
£IO,0(>0  to  £15,000  (Rs.  1-1^  lakhs)  oud  thoir  yearly  l»«Sl 
£200  to  £000  (Rs.  2000- 5000).  Retail  grocers,  moet  of  whao 
are  Gujar&t  Vinis  and  a  few  are  Brahmans,  have  capitals  ofi^ 
to  £500  (Rs.  500  -  5000),  most  of  il  their  own,  and  make  £.'  U 
£5  (Us.  20-50)  a  month.  A  grocer  sits  on  a  box  or  on  a  t:^--- 
mud  platform,  keeps  his  articles  arranged  round  hint  in  baakxfi 
or  bags,  those  most  in  demand  witlun  arm's  length,  oil  in  > 
leather  jar,  and  costly  articles  and  rarities  hung  overhead  in  iMg* 
with  labels.  Dry  goods  are  served  in  waste  paper  or  green  \w 
and  liquids  in  pots  and  bottles  which  the  customer  brings  with' 
Grocers  look  greasy  and  dirty  and  are  slovenly  in  their  ousinoM 

An  account  of  the  Poona  metal  work,  which  is  one  of  t^ 
chief  industries  of  tbo  city,  is  given  in  the  Craft  ohapl£r.' 
Poona  has  three  leading  metal  mart«  in  the  main  stree;  d 
Aditvitr  ward  south  of  the  Pearl  Square  or  Moti  Chauk,  furti* 
south  near  Subhdnsha's  house,  and  in  the  main  street  of  Vebll 
ward.  The  dealers  ore  K^ls^rs  who  do  aU  the  local  businees.  Tb» 
export  of  brass  and  copper  veaacla  is  carried  on  by  Minif 
and  Gujarit  Vfinis,  who  are  more  pushing  than  the 
The  Pearl  Square  K^ars  sell  roody-matle  cooking  and  wa 
The  MarwAris  near  Subh.insha's  tomb  confine  themselves  m 

the  making  of  bells,  small  cups,  lotdSf  saucers,  and  other 

while  the  GujarAtis  in  VetAl  Poth  chiedy  make  large  veasela. 
Teasels  are  arranged  in  tiers  in  the  shops,  the  smaller  articles 
hung  from  the  roof  in  bundles.  Two  branch  streets,  both  cai! 
TavcAli  or  Ironpan  row,  arc  given  entirely  to  the  making  and  aak^ 
iron  pots  and  pans  of  English  sheet  iron.  The  pota  are  made  and  hU 
in  the  same  place,  the  shops  and  workhouses  being  in  the  mM 
building.  The  business  is  in  the  hands  of  poor  UarfithAs  *^ 
borrow  capital  at  twelve  to  twenty-four  per  cent  a  year,  and,  tboogi 
they  make  a  fair  profit,  generally  spend  all  their  earnings.     Copff 


'  Sob  Part  n.  pp.  174-186. 


POONA. 


321 


and  iron  sheeting  is  brought  into  Poona  in   large  quantities. 

is   workud  iiito  all  the  forms  and  sizes  of  ^jots  re<{uired  by  Hindus 

id  othtT  classes  for  house  use.     The  rceaels  ore  sent  to  the  Ni/am's 

Inainions,   tlie    BerArs,  and  the  Uoinbay  Kam^tak.     The  export 

le  and  the  bulk  of  tlio  profits  are  almost  eschisively  in  the  hands 

the  ifjSrwAr  and  Gujar&t  Vanis,  the  KfSsar  and  Mar4tlm  workmen 

}t  making  more  than  a  comfortable  living  out  of   their  calling. 

[etal  sheets  are  sold  only  in  the  main  street  of  the  Votal  ward. 

Poona  City  bus  three  cloth  moikctsithe  Kdpadganjor  Cloth  Store  in 
the  Aditvdr  ward,  the  Boburi-dli  also  in  Aditviir  ward,  and  the  Kdpod- 
&Li  aud  Cbolkhau-uli  or  Bodici>-row  in  Budhvilr  ward.  The  dcalei-s  in 
the  Aditviir  ward  K.dpadganj  are  all  Slarwiina.  Those  in  Bohori-ali 
are  chieflv  BolioniH.  with  a  few  ilardthaa  and  Bnihmana.  The  cloth- 
aelliTs  in  BudhvAr  ward  are  chiefly  Shimpis.  The  MiirwArts  of  tho 
Aditviir  Kapadganj  am  the  largest  tnulers.  They  do  business  both 
wholesale  and  retail  and  almost  exclusively  in  hand-mode  cloth. 
The  chief  marts  from  which  cloth  is  brought  are  !N*iigpur  Ahmadabad 
and  Dhdrwdr  for  the  liner  cottou-goods,  Ycoln  and  the  local  looms 
for  silks  and  embroidered  cloth,  and  Sholapur  for  the  rougher  wuist- 
clolhsand  robes  used  by  the  poorer  classes.  The  .Shimpis  of  BudhvAr 
TTjird  jilso  deal  in  the  jHJorer  kinds  of  Inuid-woveu  cloth.  They  supply 
tne  inidtlle  and  lon^  class  demand,  and  the  MarwAr  Vdnis  supply 
the  rich.  The  Bohortts  and  other  dealers  of  the  Bohori-illi  sell  all 
kinds  of  European  piece-goods  as  well  as  the  produce  of  the  Bomboy 
mills.  Kinhlidhs  or  embroidered  silks  and  coloure<i  China  and 
Eut'opeou  silks  arc  also  sold  by  tho  Bohorils.  Tho  Stiimpis  of 
Cholkhun-Ali  or  Bodico-row  sell  nothing  but  tho  variegated  cloth  of 
which  Hindu  women  make  their  bodices.  There  is  more  vai-iety  in 
the  colour,  making,  striping,  and  bordering  of  bodicecloth  than  of 
«ny  other  cloth.  A  cloth-merchant's  shop  gcnerully  consisU  of  an 
ouU^r  or  shop  room  and  an  inner  room  need  as  a  gndown  or  store. 
The  shop  is  scrupulously  clean,  and  cushions  are  spread  round  tho 
fool  of  the  wuils  fur  customers  to  sit  on  and  lean  against.  The  goods 
are  kept  in  shelves  along  the  wulls.  The  shop  fronts  are  shaded  by 
rod  curtains  whieh  keep  otT  the  glare  and  dust  and  by  causing  a 
mellow  ruddy  light  show  articres.  especially  coloured  goods,  to 
adviintage.  All  the  Leading  cloth  merchants  of  Poona  are  men  of 
oapitul  and  do  a  large  business.  Minor  dealers  work  with  borrowed 
cnpitid.  The  profits  vurv  greatly  accoi-diiig  to  individual  deahngs 
perhaps  from  £1  to  £40  (Rs.  10-*4f)0)  a  month. 

Srnull  silver  and  gold  articles  of  iwrsonal  decoration  are  sold  in 
Moll  Cliauk  or  Vtftirl  Square  street  in  Adit\'dr  ward  by  Sondrs,  Oujarat 
V&nis,and  a  few  Brahiuans.  Old  oi-nnments  are  also  bought,  re-made, 
cleaned,  and  sold.  Tho  more  expc^nsive  joweliT.  pearls  diamonds 
and  other  precious  stones,  are  sold  by  jewellers  who  have  no 
'  'iir  8linj>s  but  whoso  houses  are  well  known.  They  generally 
,;t  their  own  houses,  but  when  required  carry  articles  to 
tlu'ir  fustomera.  Muti  Chauk  has  about  fifty  shops,  in  which  necklets 
anklets  bracelets,  and  ear  and  noao  riuga  are  shown  on  stools,  and  tho 
richer  omament«  in  glass  cases.  The  shopkeepers  squat  on  cushions 
and    tln-ir    shops    are  always  neat.        Trade   is  brisk  during  Iho 


Chapter  XIV. 
PlAcei- 

Miu-keta. 


Cbflh. 


Jewftry. 


[Bomb«T  OtattHK 


S22 


DISTRICTS. 


Shftpt«r  XIY. 

PUCM. 

Pooka. 
Marktta. 


lUmtry. 


9ict  Setlert. 


luarrisRQ  aeoson.     Tlicy  ure  uol  men  of  captta!,  but  their  busm* 
yieltl«  tiicm  m  comfurtuble  liTing. 

At  two  markets  in  Poona  City  building  timber   is  cKild.     One  uii 
the  west  end  of  Sadrinhiv  wani,  tho  other  h  iu  P&xig:ul  row  in  GudfA 
word,  the  main  and  eti»t  el  recta  on  the   botderH  of   tht>   Naejlun 
Btreania    Timber  is  sold  in  logs  us  brought  from  the  forest.     Kxte^ 
heavy  logs  vrliich  arc  laid  flat  on  the  ground,  the  timber  for  ssJei 
Kt  uu  end  iu  lines  in  large  enclosures  leaning  against  walls  or <a 
poles  strutcbed  on  supports.     Teak  is  thocltiuf  timber.      As  no  lonli 
teak  of  any  size  is  avuilublc,  Muulmulu  or  Mulabtir  teak   is  bniu^ 
by  ruil  from    Bombay.      The   JIuratha  timber-dealers    of   Sadiiki*| 
ward   deal   only    in   local   teak  aiui  old  timber.      The  timber-deilflii) 
of  Gunosh  wanl  are  Konkan  MuMilniiiiiR  who  deal    both    in   impan*^ 
and  in  loeal  teak.     Timber  is  generally  sold  by  the  jiiere  or  log.  Ito 
cubic  measurement  being  taken  only  in  dealings  with  Oovcmmmt 
About  fortj'-BCTcn  timber-dealers  moke  £oO  to  £2UU  (Ra,6<K)-3i 
a  year. 

Poona  bus  tJie  largest  snuff  and  tobaeeo  market  in  the  Dwan. 
About  aeventy-fivc  tons  (2108  Bengal  vians)  of  tobacco  are  broagk* 
©very  ycnr  from  the  KAnarese  and  llecean  dLstricts.  It  is  ruped.( 
dressed,  and  spiced  for  chewing  or  ground  into  muff.  The  Taml 
row  in  Shukravfir  word  and  th©  two  Tapkir  roTrs  in  Budhriri 
Shaiivar  arc  entirely  giTcn  to  the  curing  of  tobacco.  T*orge  quuntitii 
of  tobacco  are  used  in  Poonu,  the  better  classes  who  do  not  sib'4 
chewing  tobacco.  Pooua-made  suuiris  st^iit  in  large  qiinutitive  to  il) 
partH  ra  India.  A  tobuceo  or  snuff  shop  ditleis  little  from  a  gry«r'* 
shop  except  that  tho  curing  and  dressing  of  the  tobacco  or  the  iMJUudii 
into  snun  in  carried  on  in  the  shop  ilaelf.  The  leading  tnbac 
dealers  art*  l.ingiiyat  Vjinis  and  BrAhnmns,  the  BrAhmium  4-fmliQii 
themselves  chieflv  to  ^nuff-making.  The  lyingiiyata  do  morobudini 
than  the  Brabmans  and  earn  £40  to  ISO  (lis.  400  -  800)  a  T««- 
The  Brdhman  snuft'-makers  make  t'ii)  to  140  (R8.200  -  400).  "  Ail 
daascs  take  snuU',  especiidly  Braluoous  and  elderly  women  ol 
c&fitcs. 

Poonu  bus  two  markets  for  the  sale  of  Btalioncry,  one   ib 
main  street  and  tlie  other  in  the  Bohori-oU  of  Aditvdr  main  at 
Tlieiiio  shops  sell  a  mixture  of  sintionerv,  jHxldlcry,  and  huherdi 
Tho  business  was  formerly  wholly  in  the  bunds  ol"  Bohoraa,  but 
a  number  of  Bnihrnans  have  opened  atationery  and  haberdashery  i 
as  being  ejwy  to  manage  and  requiring  little  training.    Stationers 
their  wares  in  cases,  cupboaida,  or  shelves,  or  hang  thera  from  tla 
sliop-roof.     They  make  £1  10*.  to  £5  (R».  10- &0)  a  month. 

In  the  main  street  of  Budhvar  ward  are  the  shops  of  Gandhis  whoKQ 
scented  oil,  incense,  perfumes,  and  preser\ed  fruit.  The  oils  are  k^ 
in  leather  jars  and  itold  in  small  ludian-made  glass  phiuls  shaped  li« 
wiuo  decanters.  Dry  perfumes  are  served  wrapped  in  paper,  sirf 
peaches  and  other  preserved  fruit  are  kept  in  lacquered  earthen  j»r- 
Gaudhis  make  liigh  profits  in  proportion  to  their  capital,  but  the 
business  is  small  and  is  c^"mtined  almost  entirely  tofeative  tiiuos.  Al 
twenty-six  Gftodliis  andto  Jt,:i  10».  to  £7  lUs.  (Rs.  25  -  75)  a  mout 


Deccaitl 


POONA 


The  Flower  Sellers,  for  which  Poona  is  famous,  have  two  repnlar 
xuitikeU.  In  an  open  verando  with  a  boiirded  Uoor  the  Phul-nullis, 
geiit^rally  the  men,  sit  with  baskets  of  flowers,  according  to  the  season, 
around  them  uud  n  wet  cloth  spread  iu  front  uf  Ihotn.  \Vith  a  neodlo 
■nd  thread  they  kw-'p  striuging  gurlaudB,  noaegays,  and  bouqut'ls, 
and  attend  to  customers  as  they  call.  In  the  ganlens  round  thf  city 
plot«  of  flowering  nlantit  are  regularly  grown  and  let  to  Miilis  for  the 
season's  flowers.  The  MiUi's  wife  and  children  pluck  the  flowers  in 
the  evening  before  they  are  fully  open  and  carry  them  homo  in 
basketa  covered  with  green  leaves,  generally  plantain  leaves  m 
plaintiun  leaves  keep  flowers  cooler  than  other  leaves.  Next 
morning  the  MAli  carric«  the  baskets  to  his  shop,  strings  them  into 
Hands  uud  wreaths,  unil  sells  them  to  customers.  The  Hnwer-man 
always  busy  at  festive  times.  Of  the  two  flowor  markets,  one  18 
Budhvar  ward  op|K>3ite  the  site  of  the  late  Uudhvar  pahieo,  the 
er  is  m  Votal  word  whieh  is  knonm  as  Flower  Square  or  ^tU 
luk.  About  twenty-three  M^lia  have  flower  shops  in  the  two 
rkots  and  cam  JE.I  to  CI  10s.  (Rs,  10-15)  a  month. 

The  Poonu  Cattle  Market  is  held  in  open  ground  at  Bh^mhur^a 

age  close  to  the  west  of  the  city.     It  is  hold  on  Woflnrsdav  and 

iuuday  afternoons.     The  animals  sold  arc  bullocks,  buHaloes,  cows, 

tes,  ahecp,  and  goala.   About  100  bullocks,  40  buflaloes,  2.^  ponies, 

d  90  goat^  are  brought  to  market  oa  each  market  day.     Bargains 

are  made  through  daldU  or  brokers. 

B  The  details  regarding  the  management  of  the  city  come  nnder 
Vbur  heads  civil,  criminal,  police,  and  muniei^xil.  The  civil  work  is 
managed  by  three  sub-judges,  aSraall  Cause  Court,  and  au  arbitration 
court.  Tho  criminal  work  is  managed  by  two  stipendiary  magis* 
tratcs,  one  of  tho  6rst  and  one  of  the  second  class,  and  three  honor- 
ary magistrates,  one  of  the  (irst  class  and  two  of  tho  thii-d  class,  who 
hold  Ihcir  courts  twice  a  week.  The  city  police  consists  of  ono 
iuBpector,   three   chief   constables,  forty-two   nead    constablce,   two 

fouuted  police  and  198  euustablcs.' 
Tho  Municipality  was  established  in  18o6-/J7  and  tho 
TOanugcment  of  its  nflitirs  entrusted  to  a  committee  of  thirty 
members,  nine  of  whom  were  ex-olfieio  Government  officials  and 
twenty-one  non-official  nominated  meml>ers.  In  1 874  the  number 
of  the  committee  was  raised  to  thirty-six  of  whom  nine  were 
ex-ofiicio  Government  uthcuila  and  twenty-seven  were  nominated 
znombcHL  In  April  1883  the  number  was  hxcd  at  twenty-eight 
members,  twelve  elected,  seven  noiuinuled,  ami  nineex-oflicio  (Jovem- 
ment  ofliuials  to  be  uUiioutely  n^luced  to  five,  when  the  committeo 
will  consist  of  twenty-four  memlKMs.  The  executive  udmiDistmtion 
is  entrusted  to  a  managing  committee  of  seven  elected  members.  Tho 
managing  body  elect  one  of  their  members  as  chairman  who  holds 
oflieo  for  one  year.  The  general  body  holds  four  quarterly  meetings 
and  the  managing  committee  meets  once  a  week.  The  municipalitr 
has  an  executive  salaried  stB.ff  of  four,  a  secretary,  an  engineer  with 
rteen  aubordinatos,  a  health  officer  with  nine  Bubordinates,  and  a 


Chapter  XIV. 
Places. 

Mkrketa.    ■ 

Floturf  fkltcr*. 


AiumaU, 


Maiiagcmeat.. 


MoaicipftUty. 


'  Detftila  *rc  giv«tt  libova  und«r  Justice  pp.  1 .40> 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XIV. 

Poos A. 

[Municipality. 

JIevtntt«, 

ISSS-I8SS, 


loiShl^ 


giiperint^ndent  of  octroi  witji  seventy  puhordinafpn.     The  monthly 
eHlablishmontchargcaomomittoubout  £2"Jt>(R8. 2'260).   The  folIi»wii 
tablu  shows  the  municipal  income^  its  sources^  and  iiicidoDco  from  11 

to  1883  :  PovtmCilyMunUipallirwenvt,  J866-I8S3. 


Bbm&ku. 


Tli(a>Tr>ncMabli»lMd. 
9 

IbyitrtifTuutml  mbM 

IiuUun  bote*  fmMim 

of 


«{ (0  Boom  but  iMpoad 


In  pUc 


cnMllntad 
pUcaoC 


Tho  1858-59  income  began  with  X'3800  (Ra.  28,000)  chiefly  from 
tolls.  In  18G0-G1  it  rose  to  £4.j05  (Ua  4o,050j  ehit-flv  from  a 
Ooverninent  coutributiou  of  £1'242  (Rs.  12,420).  In  lH(>6-67  a 
housu-tax  yielding  £2504  (Rs.  25,040)  was  imposed  aiid  the  income 
rose  to  £6G06  (Rs.  60,060).  In  1869-70  octroi  took  the  pluco  of  tolls 
and  the  income  rose  to  £12,98.3  (Rs.  1,29,830).  In  187.J-7H  a  walei^ 
rate  was  imposed  and  the  farming  system,  which  had  brought .  down 
octroi  from  £10,801  to  £7810  (Rs.  I,C8,O10-Rs.78,l0O)  in  I.S74-75, 
was  abolished.  The  water-rate  was  imposed  lo  meet  a  new  liabiUt)' 
of  £1000  (Rs.  10,000)  which  the  mimidpulity  iucurnxl  hy  eultriu)? 
into  a  contract  with  Government  for  water  from  tho  Mutha  cuiid 
which  had  just  been  0|xtned.  In  1876  the  proceeds  of  a  whoel-tai 
and  the  departmental  collection  of  octroi  Drought  up  the  income 
lo  £14,814  (Rs.  1,48,140).  In  1878-79  a  privy  ceaa  was  imposed 
and  a  poudrott©  manufacture  started  in  1879-)ii}.  From  £lfi.!Hil 
(Rb.  1,60,610)  in  1870-.S0  the  income  rose  to  £2:],:304  (Rs.  2,:W.01<') 
in  1882-83  the  chief  increase  being  from  octroi  and  p^)udr^.■tte.  tLe 
income  from  poudrette  alone  being  £4574  ( Rs.  45,740 )  as  the  demand 
for  manure  rose  greatly  with  the  increase  in  wet  cultivation  doD 
to  the  opening  of  tho  Mutha  canal.  Since  1882-83  the  priiv  uf 
molasses  has  fallen,  sugar  cultivation  has  decreased,  and  with  it  the 
demand  for  poudrotte. 

The  municipfdiiy  maintains  four  fire  engines,  contributes 
£500   ^Rs,  5000)  towards  the  cost  of  the  city  police  and  lights 
city  roads  at  a  yearly  ooBtof  £1000  (Ka.  10,000).  The  city  conserva 


I 
I 


ie  done  by  manual  lalmur.  The  etroota  are  daily  swept  bv  women 
sweepers  and  the  g:arba(re  and  house  refuse  nre  gathered  in  300 
diiiil-bins  placed  at  convenient  distances  along  the  etrceta.  From  rho 
bins  the  Hvveepings  are  partly  sold  to  potters  and  partly  curtc-il  to 
a  sti>re  huU"  a  mile  to  the  south  of  the  city,  where  they  are  pilwl  in 
hcai>8  and  burnt  to  ashes.  The  i>ottei-8  remove  the  rubbish  to  their 
kilns  on  their  own  donkeys  and  pay  the  municipality  £dOO  to  £600 
(Rs.  5000  -  fiOOO)  a  year.  The  ashes  prepared  at  the  store  are  earted 
to  the  poudrette  works.  The  munieipality  maintains  loO  road 
swoopcrs  and  twenly-five  dry  ruVihish  carts  for  road  sweepings  and 
garbage  whiih  they  curt  at  a  eost  of  £140  (Rs.  1400).  At  a  ye^xrly 
C06t  of  i;;JoOO  (lU.  ."io.OOOJ  the  municipality  employs  "iHO  scavengers 
to  collect  nighl«oil  from  "J^OO  private  privies  and  lifty-four  public 
latriuea  with  280  seats,  and  twenty-eight  iron  barrel  carts  to  removo 
tlie  nighteoil  to  the  poudrette  works.  The  nJghtaoU  and  ashca  aro 
mixed  in  open  be<la  at  the  works  aud  exposed  to  the  sun  to  be  dried. 
The  deposit  is  daily  raked  up  and  a  little  fresh  ashes  are  added  at 
each  raking.  When  dry,  the  mixture  becomes  inoffensive  to  smell 
or  sight  The  prowsxls  of  the  poudrette,  of  which  about  6000  tons 
are  yearly  tnmod  out,  amount  to  £3600  (Rs.  36,000)  against  a  total 
conservancy  charge  of  £5000  (Rs.  50,000). 

•  The  niumelpality  hns  moved  thirty-six  potters*  kilns  and  twenty- 
eight  tanneries  outside  municipal  limits,  and  has  placed  under  control 
dyers  butchers  and  others  who  practise  the  less  offensive  trades  and  has 
confined  them  to  particular  places.  Six  slaughter-houses  and  meat 
markets  have  I>een  built  in  oonvonient  placea  ;  three  burial  grounds 
are  providwl  on  thn*  sides  outside  municipal  limits,  and  two  burning 
grounds  have  been  built  on  the  MutTm  bank  one  for  Rnihmnns  near 
tho  Omkareshvnr  temple,  and  the  other  for  MarAthjls  and  others 
near  the  Lukdi  l*ul  to  the  south-west  of  the  city.  The  old  burning 
ground  was  near  the  mw.-ting  of  the  Mula-Muthu.  Within  tho  city 
are  seventy-two  partly  used  burial  grounds.  Most  of  them  arc  used 
by  Muhammodans,  hvc  or  six  by  low  caste  Uiadua,  and  two  by 
Christians.  It  is  hoped  that  these  burxid  grounds  may  be  closed  by 
degroos.  The  registration  of  births  and  deaths  has  been  made  com- 
pulsory, and  the  registers  showed  a  death-rate  in  l8J^2-83  of  twenty- 
four  to  the  thousand.  About  3000  children  are  ye-arly  vaccinated  by 
two  municijial  vaccinators. 

Two-thirtla  of  the  city,  including  tho  nine  wards  to  tho  west  of  the 
NAf,'jhari  stream,  have  uuder-grouud  sowers  into  which  house  and 
privy  drains  carry  the  aullage  and  liquid  diaehargfs.  The  sewers 
empty  into  an  interwpting  drain  2J  fiHit  bronil  and  4^  feet  deep 
arcnod  over  on  the  top.  The  inleitepting  drain  called  the  GAndha 
Nala  is  carried  along  the  river  bank  from  ono  end  to  the  other  of  the 
city  where  it  discharges  into  the  river.  One  sower  discharges  into 
the  N%jhari  streiira  itself.  The  sewers  ore  faulty  in  shape  and 
roatcrial  and  do  not  work  well.  They  are  either  mere  re<*tan- 
(5ular  cuts  or  channels  in  the  ground  varying  from  six  l«  eiglilcen 
mches  in  size,  lined  with  stone  without  eement,  and  covered 
with  loose  slabs  or  irregular  blocks  of  stone.  The  sewei-s  liave  often 
to  bo  opened  and  cleared  of  the    aoHd  deposit  which  continually 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places. 

Poos  J 
Munich 


Drainm 


DISTRICT'S. 


Chapter  XI7. 
_      Places. 
I      Poor  A. 

J^raimage, 


SoadM. 


Pa/o*  Supply. 


gathers  in  them  and  oozes  into  the  adjacent  ^ronnd.     Tho  eastern 
thiid  of  the  city  hoe  no  sowers.     A  new  drainage  scheme  tiedigned 
on  tho  latest  soieutific  priuciplcH  is  now  under  the  uomtidcratioa^^ 
tho  inuulcipulity. 

AVhere  there  are  no  Bcwors,  (h.o  sullagc  is  gathered   outai( 
house  in  apit,  and  removed  to  gardcua  outaldc  niimidpal  litnitA. 
eewors  were  built  with  thp  uquedueta  about  1 782  by  5I.4dhavr/iV 
seventh  Piwhwa  ( 1774  •  1795). 

The  nnturul  (Irainage  of  the  city  is  good  and  the  Burfooo  of  the 
etroeta  and  gullies  is  completely  washed  every  rainy  season.  This 
yearly  washing  adds  grcaily  to  tho  clcannesa  and  healthini» 
of  the  city,  llie  city  haa  a  fall  from  south  to  north  of  about 
seventy  fwt,  being  fifty  feet  a  m  ile.  The  we»tmost  part  slopes  west 
into  the  Anibil  Oiha  stream  which  runs  south-eut  to  uorth-west 
along  tho  western  Hmita  of  the  city.  In  the  heart  of  the  city  the 
N^gjhiiri  stream,  wliieh  rises  in  the  hills  1  \  miles  to  the  south  of  Uie 
citv,  runs  through  it  from  south  to  north,  and  drains  both  banks  for 
half  a  mile  on  either  side.  The  coatem  half  mile  of  the  city  draii 
into  the  Milnik  stivam  which  runs  south  to  north  and  forms 
eastern  boimdary  of  the  city. 

The  city  has  thirty-eight  miles  of  made  roads  fifteen  to  fortr  U 
wide,  and  iu:tteuu  miles  of  lanes  inid  alleys  vuryhtg  from  i?ix  to  hftc 
feet  wide.  The  roads  are  metalled.,  the  chief  i-ooda  yearly,  and 
others  as  they  wear  outoverv  second  third  or  fourth  vear.  'I'he  yearly 
cost  of  maintenance  is  ^2000  (Us.  20,000).  The  chief  alleys  an 
gravelled  every  year,  and  the  minor  lanes  every  second  year  at  a 
yearly  cost  of  j£200  (Us.  20110).  Tho  chief  streets  are  watered  from 
the  beginning  of  February  to  tho  end  of  June  at  a  yearly  cost  «ji 
iiaOO  (Rs.  3000).  AH  the  streets  and  lanes  are  lighted*  on  dark 
nights  at  a  cost  of  £1000  (Rs.  iU,000)  with  UOO  keroeine  lumx^  pi 
about  120  yards  apart. 

The  city  has  an  abundant  water-supply.  It  has  1200  wells, 
exwpt  some  in  gardens  unci  in  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  thongh  uwd 
more  or  less  for  wimluug  and  bathing,  all  are  brackish  and  unfit  for 
drinking.  The  Sluthu,  which  skirts  the  city  for  two  miles  on  its 
north  and  west  boundaries,  is  also  largely  used  for  washing  and  bath- 
ing and  aflbrds  almost  the  only  water  for  cattle.  Since  tho  opening 
of  the  Mutha  cuuul  along  the  high  ground  to  the  south  of  tho  city, 
the  Nilgjhari  stream  which  crosses  the  city,  and  the  MdQik  stream 
which  forma  its  eastern  boundary,  hold  water  throughout  the  year 
and  ai-f  largely  used  for  washing  and  bathing.  "Where  within  reach 
the  runnels  from  the  canal  are  also  used  for  washing  iuhI  bathing. 

The  drinking  water  comes  from  four  private  aque<luct«  and  from  the 
Mutho 
parts  of 
KyahAl, 

low-Uing  southern  and  northern  wards.     The  water  is  delivcretl  into 
dipping  wells,  and,  where  abundant,  is  used  for  bathing  and  wusbutg. 
The  city  baa  eighty-four  dipping  wells  and  seventy-five  stand-pi 
and    1150    houses   have  water  laid  on  to  them.     The  four   prim 
aqueducts  arc  tho  Kdtraj  with  u  daily  supply  of  650,000  gallons,  th» 


(larK 
)lace^^ 

,  ba" 


^4 

th^ 


I 


I 


Chandhnri  nqtioduct  of  50,000  gallone.  the  Nana  FadnavJs  aqunfliict 
of  1011,000  Kullous.  and  the  Raelia  aqueduct  of  50,(H)0  j;»llona.  The 
Muthu  luiml  ^ivL'B  u  auuply  of  H'WiOOO  galloiift,  mnkiiiw  a  total  rlaily 
supply  of  l,5UU,UO0  gallona  that  is  a  duiLy  averi^e  of  iifteen  gallons  o. 
head. 

The  Kiltraj  aqueduct  was  built  about  17A0  by  the  third  Ptshwa 
BihSji  Bajirav  (1T40-I7G1).  'Jhe  Bourix;  of  the  iiquodut;t  is  iu  two 
ponde  impounded  by  mai^oury  dams  iu  the  Ktitruj  valley  four  mtlua 
soatli  of  the  city.  The  two  puuds,  which  lie  one  below  the  other, 
the  upper  feeding  the  lower,  are  fed  bv  iho  drainage  of  the  valley 
throuu^h  sluices.  Th«  water  of  the  first  flo(xl«  is  carried  off  by 
divvrtuig  chunnnls  cut  along  the  pond  sides  and  only  the  water  of 
the  latter  raini*  in  tjiken.  The  supply  of  the  ponds  docs  not  wholly 
de{iend  on  the  impounded  water,  as  much  of  it  comes  from  springs  In 
tlie  pond  bods.  The  dprings  are  caught  in  a  masonry  duet  at  the 
l)ottom  of  the  lower  pond  and  let  into  the  channel  of  the  aquetluct. 
The  water  of  the  ponds  pusses  into  the  uquwlucl  by  six-inch  openings 
in  the  dam,  the  openiuKs  being  two  feet  apart  along  the  dam  fare. 
The  aqueduct  is  an  arched  masonry  work  about  2'  fi"  wide,  8ix  feet 
high,  and  over  four  miles  long.  It  is  large  enough  for  men  to  walk 
tlirough  and  work  in  when  removing  silt  or  making  repairs.  Tho 
line  oi'  the  duct  is  intercepted  at  about  every  100  yanl*  by  seventy 
■Wells  sunk  four  to  ten  feet  below  tho  level  of  the  bottom  of  the  duct, 
and  raised  a  few  feet  above  tho  surface  of  the  ground.  The  wcUa 
act  as  air  shafts  and  settling  ponds  where  the  silt  is  laid  and  the 
pure  water  allowed  to  pass  into  the  duct  In  every  fourth  or  fifth 
well,  the  outlet  of  the  duct  is  blocked  with  mueoary,  the  discharge 
of  the  water  being  regulated  through  holes  three  to  six  inches  in 
dJumetcr.  The  acjucduct  has  a  greatest  diseharge  of  a  water  volume 
of  a  sectional  area  of  about  14t  square  inches,  and  ordinarily  of  six 
to  7^  square  inches  or  three  gallons  a  second.  As  u  break  of  head 
occurs  at  each  intercepting  well  the  flow  of  water  is  small.  As 
TOurh  of  the  channel  is  cut  to  a  considerable  depth  below  the  groimd, 
it  taps  numerous  small  springs  along  its  course,  and  in  three  or  four 
places  has  water  let  into  it  from  independent  wells  by  it«  side.  As 
a  feeder  to  the  KAtraj  aqueduct  and  a  place  of  recreation  and  orna- 
ment, lUIaji  BAjirav  the  third  Feshwa  (1710- 17(t I)  built  in  1755 
the  Parvati  lake  at  the  south-west  comer  of  tho  city,  by  Bcoopiug 
out  and  enlarging  the  Ambil  Odha  stream  and  clearing  for  the  lake 
B  space  measuring  o50  yards  by  22-5  containing  tweuty-tive  acres.* 
The  Ambil  Oilha  stream  has  been  dammed  and  diverted,  and  sluict^a 
provided  in  the  dam  to  fill  the  lake  from  the  floods  of  the  stream. 
Three  smaller  lakes  are  formed  in  the  old  channel,  where  the  lotus 
plant  is  largely  grown  for  its  flowers.  The  suii)Ius  discharge  from 
tho  K^traj  aqueduct  finds  an  outlet  into  the  Parvati  lake  which  also 
Ber\-es  as  a  feeder  to  the  aqueduct  when  the  Efltraj  lake  or  aqueduct 
is  under  repair. 

The  Niiua  Faduavis  aqueduct   was  built   about  the  year  1790  by 
N&ua  Fudnavia.     It  is  a  euudl  work  and  supplies  only   two  dipping 


>  D«WU  on  gi^'ea  below  under  ParvsU  lAk«  (01). 


Chapter  XTT. 
Places. 

PmiNA. 
MnnicipiUity. 

AqtUitilCtt, 


lapter  XIV- 
■      FUces- 

H>I  luiiciimlit;. 

Mmtiia  CoAot 


i 


wells  and  *lio  ViHhrnmV»K  pnlatx-lW),  The  nqueduct  is  brought 
a.  wfU  in  Nuiho  Ainbeg:uon  villuge  six  milce  south  of  the  city, 
is  built  i]i  the  mudu  style  m  the  Entruj  aqueduct,  but  smiiUer, 
consisting  "f  nuic-inch  tiles  t'liibcHjJcd  in  niit&uury.  The  liustin  and 
Cliuudhnri  tiqu(>tluu(s  aru  built  like  the  fjdua  rudnuvis  aquedurt. 
Both  rine  from  Hprint^s  in  Eoudva  villuge  ecvcn  miles  guutb-wost  of 
the  eitv,  and  are  led  to  public  dipping  wclla  near  the  Kilstia  and 
Chaiidlinri  inanmans.  The  date  of  botn  is  8oni(>what  later  than  thai 
of  Knna's  duet.  The  munirijudity  niaintainri  only  the  Katraj 
aqueduct.  The  three  other  ducta  are  maintained  by  tlie  dceccndontA 
of  &'duu,  K&Btiiv,  and  Chaudhari. 

The'  Mutha  eauul  supplica  both  the  city  and  the  cantonment 
of  Poona  with  drinking  water.  There  are  two  distinct  avstems  of 
supply,  one  for  the  iiity  the  other  for  the  cantuuuieut.  Tlie  supply 
for  the  eitv  ia  tiUten  otf  one  mile  to  the  east  of  Parvati  hill,  atrainra 
through  hlt^r  beds  of  aand  and  charcoal  and  distributed,  in 
pipes  throughout  the  city. 


nlMlTI 


The  chief  part  of  the  cantonment  supply  of  drinking  wator  is  drnirfl 
from  the  can al  about  200  yards  east  of  St.  Mary's  church  (109). 
The  water-supply  urrnngements  include  four  parte:  ( 1 1  u  water  wberl 
which  furuishes  the  motive  power  ;  (2)  a  system  of  pumjis  by  whic^ 
the  water  from  the  canal  ia  pum]wd  into  the  ac^ttUiig  jxinda  and  the 
filt<^red  water  is  pumped  about  770  }"nrdB  south  into  the  middle,  and 
about  450  yanls  further  south  into  the  up[>or  sorvicc,  reaerxoirs: 
{'■i]  settling  ponds  and  filter  bedn  with  distributing  mains  :  sit:" 
middle  and  up]ier  servnoereservoirs  with  distributing  mains.  Th<  '  ■ 
wheel,  of  iibout  fifty  horse-power,  ia  of  the  form  known  us  Poncelot'* 
undershot  wheel.  It  ia  sixteen  feet  in  diameter  and  thirteen  feel  bnud. 
It  stauds  in  the  bed  of  the  canal  which  at  this  point  is  given,  a  drop  af 
2" 75  feet  to  obtain  tho  necessary  head  of  water.  The  pumps,  whieh 
consist  of  a  set  of  three  centrifugal  pumps  and  a  pair  of  thre**  throw 
fortH!  pumps  are  placed  in  a  corrugated  iron  shed  on  the  left  hand  nf 
the  canal  ;tbG  power  is  passed  from  thewheel  to  the  pumjw  bv  a  system 
of  smir  and  l»evelled  gearing  and  belting.  The  centrifugal  pui 
Bend  the  water  from  the  canal  into  the  settling  ponds  and  the  tiltci 
water  ivom  the  dispense  tisteni  into  tho  middle  service  reserTc 
Tho  force  pumps  arc  used  for  sending  tho  filtered  water  about  l^ 
yards  south  into  tlie  upjx^r  »er\'ieo  re8er\'oir  which  is  too  high  to 
reachcfl  by  the  centril'ugul  pumps.  In  the  shed  with  the  pumj 
horizontal  steam  engine  of  ubout  tw^euty-livc  nominal  hurai>-i 
is  uIko  fitted  up  which  can  be  geared  on  to  work  the  pumps  if 
uccidci»t.  happens  to  the  water  wheel  or  the  canal.  The  settling 
and  filter  beds  are  about  twenty  yards  from  the  canal  on  its 
bank.  They  consist  of  two  st'ttling  |>onda  built  of  rubble  ni&«oi 
each  100  feet  long  by  eighty  feet  brwid  and  cloven  feot  deep,  in^ 
which  the  water  from  tho  canal  is  forced  by  the  centrifugal  puml 
through  main  pipes  laid  nciosa  tho  canal.  The  filler  l>eds,  whi* 
are  on  the  north  or  canul  side  of  the  settling  i>onds,  ore  two  rubl 
xmuoury  cisterna  each  100  feel  luug  by  seventy  broad  and 


■  Contribotod  by  Mr.  W.  Clerke,  21Ioai.C.E 


I 

I 


» 


ilcop  to  Uie  top  of  the  filtering  motoriul,  a  four  foot  tbif^k  bccl  of  Hand 
ana  chnrroal.  The  wittor  in  led  from  the  seUViJijj^  ponds  by  an 
orraiigenient  of  pipes  and  valves  into  each  of  the  filter  bods  through 
D  seinicirnilur  luiud  or  cistern  the  lip  of  which  is  level  with  the 
lop  of  ike  tilter  hed.  The  wiitor  pu^wies  through  the  sand  tind 
cliurL-<Jul  uf  the  Hlter  bed  and  is  guthei-ed  in  poi-oua  pi|HJ  drains  and 
led  intolJie  di«pMi8(>  cislfini  (I00'x20')  which  lies  between  the  two 
filtisr  bods.  From  tlic  dit>{>ense  cistoni  the  Altered  water  is  drawn 
ofl'  by  two  mains,  one  of  which  convoys  water  for  distribution  to  the 
lower  part  of  tlio  eunionmont  and  the  other  carries  the  filtered  water 
to  the  pumps  by  wliich  it  is  pumped  about  770  yards  south  to  the  mid- 
dle aud  abuut  450  yards  further  Boutli  to  the  upper  service  reservoirs. 
The  middle  nervier  rc«ervoir  at  tlie  Vaiiavdi  Itnrracks  (116),  about 
770  yanis  Boutli  of  the  filter  beda^  is  built  of  rubble  masonry  jn  the 
form  of  a  rej^ulur  |)entogon  each  side  100  feet  long.  Its  flooring 
is  of  coneiT-tc  and  the  depth  of  water  is  ton  feet;  in  the  centre  ici  a 
masonry  pillur  from  which  wire  ropes  sti-et^h  to  tlio  sides,  and  over 
the  wire  ropes  in  laid  a  <;<)rrugat<.tl  inm  covering.  From  the  reservoir 
the  water  is  led  by  a  nine-inch  main  pipe  for<Ustribution  in  the  higher 
parte  of  tlie  cantonment  not  commandwl  by  thi-  dispnurfe  cistern.  The 
upper  8er\nco  reservoir  is  about  400  yards  further  stmth  near  l!m 
lililttary  Prison  (^},  and,  except  that  its  sides  arc  only  fifty  feet  long, 
it  is  iu  every  respect  like  the  middle  service  reservoir.  From  the  upper 
service  reservoir  the  water  is  led  by  a  sis-ineh  main  for  distribution 
in  the  Vanavdi  llarracks  and  in  a  few  parts  of  tlic  cuntonnienl 
wliieh  are  too  high  to  be  eommunded  by  the  miiidle  service  reservoir. 
In  addition  to  these  an'angcments  water  is  drawn  direct  from  the  canal 
near  the  end  of  East  Slroet  into  a  settling  pond  (I'^O'xOO'x  8") 
from  which  it  is  pawsed  through  a  tiller  and  drawn  oU"  by  u  twelve- 
inch  main  for  distribution  in  the  lower  jmrls  of  iheSadar  IJazar. 
The  daily  city  consumption  from  both  the  canal  and  the  arpieduins 
ifl  durinj'the  cold  wt  uthcr  {  KS.H4)  about  600,000  gallons  and  in  the 
hot  weather  about  000,000  gallons.  The  existing  arrangements  are 
capable  of  meeting  a  daily  demand  uf  about  1,(^00,000  galions.  Tlie 
zuunlcipality  pays  £1000  (Us.  10,000)  a  year  to  Government  for  the 
canal  water,  provideil  the  daily  quantity  druwu  docs  not  cxeeod 
750,000  gallons.  Excess  water  is  pai'l  for  at  4^(2.  (3  as.)  the 
tiiousand  gallons. 

Poona'  has  six  mcdioal  institutions  whero  medical  aid  is  given  free 
uf  charge.  Two  of  them  the  Civil  Uospitul  (lOl)  beyond  municipal 
limits  aud  the  Lunatic  A»ylum  are  Ouverumeut  institutions;  two 
are  nmnitu™]  dispensaries  in  tlio  ShnnvAr  and  Xana  wards ;  and 
two,  the  Khiin  lliihidur  I'estanji  Honibji  Charilablc  iJispeiicarv 
and  the  Sassoon  Infirm  Apylum  {'■'At)  are  works  of  private  ehnrity.  Of 
priviite  pruelitiouers  aci-ording  to  the  English  system  of  medieino 
three  medical  licentiates  have  diiJjKinsaries  and  several,  chiefly  retired 
Govcnmient  aorvunla,  give  medical  advice,  the  medicine  being 
i)btainf?d  from  thrco  (lisiiensing  shops,  two  in  Budhviir  and  one  in 
Aditvilr  word.  The  city  has  many  practitioners  of  native  medicine 
Rix  of  whom,  one  of  them  a  Musulman,  enjoy  largo  practice.  The  Civil 
Hospital  is  in  a  building  ueai-  the  railway  station  called  after  the  lato 


Chapter  XIY 
Places 

Muiiimp»lit^T 


Motlioal 
Iiistitiitiona, 


1  Comparo  above  Chapter  XII.  pp.  60-67. 


u  9QQ~i2 


[Bombay  Oatet 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XI 7. 

PlaoM. 
I       Poor  A. 

Iiwtitatiooa. 


EducatioDal 
Xnitituttoos. 


Mr.  Dftvid  Sossoon  who  contributed  largely  towards  its  construe 
It  has  a  8C)iior  and  a  junior  surf^'on,  a  resident  uj>olhect 
matron,  and  two  aseistaut  suxgeonB,  lecturers  to  veman 
nicdicul  claHHeo  attnched  to  tho  hospital  and  in  ehar^  of  i 
patientB.  The  daily  averaj^e  attendance  at  the  hospital  is 
whom  ninety-four  are  in-door  patients.  The  Civil  Surges 
in  charge  of  the  Lunatic  Asylum  which  is  in  a  0< 
bttilding  within  municipal  limits,  and  has  a  resident  hospitiil 
It  has  an  average  of  sixty  lunatics.  The  Khiin  liahadur  Pestnnji 
SorAbji  Charitable  DisiK-nsary,  endowed  by  the  gentleman  whoae 
name  it  bears,  is  maint^tined  by  Government  and  is  in  charge  of  u 
assistant  surgeon.  Tho  doily  attendance  averages  115.  The  two 
municipal  dispensaries  in  tho  Shanviir  and  KAna  wards  take  an 
in-patients.  The  daily  outdoor  attendance  is  120  iu  the  Shunvjlr  wanl 
and  eighty  in  tho  Nana  ward  dispensary.  The  Saaeoon  Intirm  Asylam 
(30),  started  by  the  late  Mr.  I)a\-id  Sassoon  and  managed  by  a  ctaa- 
□litlee,  has  sixty^five  inmates.  It  is  maintained  from  Ok&  interest  of 
»  fund  of  £5500  (Rs.  5-5,000)  mostly  contributed  by  Mr. 
and  a  yearly  municipal  contribution  of  i;l20  (Rs.  1200).* 

Pixraa  City  has  1 16  o«lucalional  institutions,  twenty-four  ol 
Government  and  ninety-four  private.  Of  tho  twnnty-four  Govertf 
ment  institutions  four  are  colleges  and  twenty  are  s^hoctla  C>f  the  fouJ 
oollegi'S  one  is  on  Arts  College  with  1  iU  pupils  and  a  daily  avent^ 
atlcudauce  of  122  :  one  is  a  Science  College  in  three  dirisions  with 
138  pupils  and  a  daily  attendance  of  11^  ;  and  two  are  vernacular 
Training  Colleges,  one  for  boys  with  127  pupils  and  a  <ljuly  average 
attendance  of  106,  and  the  other  for  girls  with  forty-six  pupils  and  a 
daily  avenigo  attendance  of  thirty-one.  Of  the  twenty  schools  one  ia 
a  High  (School  with  597  pupils  and  a  daily  average  attendance  of  .588; 
one  is  the  Iluir^mji  medical  school  with  sixty-two  pupils  and  a  dailv 
overage  attendance  of  fifly-nino  ;  one  is  a  femolepractisiug  school  wiw 
sixty-nine  pupils  and  a  diuly  average  att«nd:Oice  of  fifty-three  ;  one  it 
a  Marathi  proparatorj*  school  with  277  pupils  and  a  daily  aTcmgtf 
attendance  of  227  ;  five  are  vernacular  girl  schools  with  3((I  pupils  ntul 
a  daily  average  attendance  of  215;  two  arc  HinduntAni  schools  with 
tifty-tUrc*?  pupils  and  a  daily  avenigu  utlcudunL-c  of  thirty-»evcu  ;  once 
a  low  cusT*  primary  school  with  thirty-thi-cc  pupils  and  u  daily  avenigo 
attendance  of  twenty-two;  and  eight  are  ^farathi  schools  witli  I5K 
pupils  imd  a  daily  average  attendance  of  13<>6.  Of  the  ninoty-f 
private  institutions,  except  one  Arts  college  started  in  Januarj-  1 
ull  ore  schools,  eighty-five  of  lUem  K^ative  and  seven  Missionary, 
the  eighty-live  Native  schools  two  arc  High  schools,  one  tho  Nati 
Institution  with  197  pupils  and  a  doily  average  uttcudunce  of  I 
and  tho  other  the  New  English  School  with  1200  pupils 
a  daily  average  attendance  of  about  1000 ;  one  ia  a  high  sch 
for  native  girls  and  ladioe  with  about  seventj-  pupils  started 
January  1885;  one  is  a  drawing  or  Arts'  schotd  wilh  about 
pupils  and  a  daily  average  attendance  of  seven  :  fift*x?n  ore  '  ■ 
primary  Hchools  with  107!)  pupils  and  a  dally  uvcrogo  a  — 
of  MK2;  and  sixty-seven  are  purely  private  primary  schools  with 
3990  pupils  and  a  daily  average  attendance  of^3500.     t)f  the  seven 


1  a««  belaw  p.  ^-i. 


;an] 


POONA. 


331 


[Minion  bcIiooIb  five  belong  to  the  Free  Church  Mission  and  two 
to  the  Society  for  the  Propaj<titiou  of  the  Ooepcl.  Of  the  Free 
Church  MiKsiuu  schools  ouo  ia  a  high  achool  with  170  pupUa  and  u 
daily  uvurugo  uttend&iicc  uf  1-58 ;  ono  a  vernacular  echool  for  boys 
with  172  pupils  and  a  daily  averajre  attendance  of  106 ;  two  aro 
vcmarular  girls  schools  with  137  pupils  and  a  daily  average  attendance 
of  sovonty-eix  ;  and  one  is  an  orphanage  anglo-vcrnacular  school  with 
ten  pupils  and  a  daily  average  attendance  of  five.  Of  the  two  S.  1*.  G. 
MiBsioii  schools  one  is  a  vernacular  school  with  thirty-eight  pupik 
and  a  daily  average  attendunco  of  twenty-eight,  and  ono  an  industrial 
school  with  fourteen  pupiU  and  a  daily  averao^  attendance  of  eight.' 

A  museum  was  started  in  Poona  by  subscription  about  1875  but 
wns  abandoned  after  a  few  years.  The  present  museum  has  1050 
uriiclos  chiefly  sjxicimens  of  geology,  chemistry,  and  Indian  arta  and 
manufuclures.  Kxhibitiona  of  local  arts  and  maniifHctures  are  held 
every  second  year  and  the  surplus  proceeds  in  cash  and  articles  are 
transferred  to  the  museum.  The  municipality  contributes  £20 
(Rfl.  2U0)  a  year  towai-ds  its  maintenance. 

The  Native  General  Library,  rauintuiiied  by  private  subscriptions  and 
donations,  hud  about  100  subecribers  whose  monthly  subscriplions 
jMuouut  to  about  £6  (Rs.  60).  The  library  had  i3700  works  worth 
£2500  (I?«.  25,000),  which  were  burnt  in  the  BudhvAr  Palaoo  firo 
of  1879.  Subscriptions  have  been  raised  and  a  fund  formed  for  a 
new  building  to  which  the  municipality  has  largely  contribulo^L 
A  book  fund  has  been  started  to  wliicli  also  the  Miuiicipality  haa 
contributed  £50  {lis. 500).  Attached  to  the  library  is  a  reading 
room.     The  city  has  two  other  small  reading  roomSk 

Nino  newspapers  are  publifthed  in  Poona,  two  of  which  are  daily 
Knglish,  one  An glo-Ve macular  half-weekly,  and  six  weekly  ono 
3'jnglish  one  Anglo- Vernacular  and  four  Mariitbi. 

The  city  has,  within  municipal  limits,  forty  objects  chiefly  polaoes 
and  munstons  from  a  hundred  to  three  hundred  years  old. 

'TliP  Amharkhana.  literally  tlip  Elephant-carriage  house,  in  Kaaba 
ward,  originally  known  o«  I>al  Mahill  or  the  lied  Mansion,  was  built 
in  1636  to  the  south  of  Poona  fort  by  ShAh&ji  for  the  use  of  his  wife 
Jijibdi  uud  her  son  tShivAji  (1627-1680)  then  a  boy  of  twelve.  It  was 
Htrongly  built  and  hud  many  under-ground  rooms,  some  of  which 
remain.  Shivdji  and  bis  mother  lived  for  several  years  in  tliia  mansion 
under  the  care  of  Shiihaji's  manager  IMdAji  Koududcv  who  had 
cluirge  of  ShivAji's  educotion.  The  name  Amharkhana  or  Elephant- 
car  Uouse  was  given  to  the  palaco  under  the  PeshwAs  when  it  was 
turned  into  a  atorc-house  for  elephant  cars  or  ambdrU. 

AMKiTKsHVAR'sTFMrLK,  close  to  thc  Mutha  river  in  the  Shanvar 
Lwnrd  was  built  bv  Bhtubai  wife    of  Abiiji  IWrAmatikar  and    sister 
)I  IWjirav  BnlUf  thc  second  IVshwa  (1721-1740).     Tho  temple  is  a 
jlid  stone  building  raised  twelve  to  twenty  feet  to  keep  it  above  the 
river  floods.     It  is  reached  by  a  flight  of  steps  on   the  east.     The 


Chapter  Zl 
Flacet- 

PdOS*. 

E<luratintiftl 
IsAtitttttons. 


Mt 


Library.. 


No(ni[)«| 


Objects, 


AmfiariihdHa 


AmriU»h  mr'a 
Tertj*lt 


'  OaUilsftre  ^i%-«n  aliovi;  in  (*li*(iter  XL  pp.  M-(I1. 

*  Ckrtitrib;il«d  by  RAv  Sahcb  Narso  Kftmcnamlra.  Gudbole. 


Bombay  Ooietteer. 


japter  XIT 
PUoes- 

Pooka. 
Objecti. 

laaiKlOiltihar 

Thriltrr 


flomt 

iarpol 


u  liiiri  Mn\  a  bull  outf<i(le.     On  one  mile,  overltwUinn; 
Imll  which   \»  usttl  for  mocHngs^   The   temple  enjoy* 


I 


»brine  Uaa 
rivtr,  is  II  1 
monthly  grant  of  £1  10*.  (Us.  16)  from  the  Porvnti  tetnpln  ix-wiui*. 

The  Axaxdouhhav  or  GaiL'ty  TUeiitn;,iu  Butlhviir  wurcl,  n-uRhuill  lu 
18y.'i-(i'l  bynSon'ir  riauHMl  Krishiuisln'taon  of  Niir5yiuii*hot.  Thc^ile 
lH.'l()nj;«'*l  lo  the  manfiion  of  llio  preat  TfinilK.'kjir  hankt^r^.  TIk-  IuhI 
Ibu  Tiimln-kar  family  fnill*  d  (lown  the  house  und  eoM  the  niutcrial.H 
tlicBttc.  The  sitf  WU6  bought  by  Ibci^rotitiit  o\nicruiKl  tbt?  tboalivw: 
built  at  a  rout  of  £95U  (Its.  9.jI)0).  It  was  thtiirsl  tbcutro  in  P 
iind,  bcinjf  in  a  wntral  jjoRitioii,  Is  larpt-ly  uaed.  Public  iinx'tin)»»i 
also  occaaionally  held  in  it.  The  huildint^.  which  has  roonj  for 
people,  is  apprcmi-hM  by  a  narrow  pntb  from  tho  main  Hudhvdr  rowl 
and  baa  two  olhir  nppronchcs  from  a  fide  fllli.'y.  Tim  building  '* 
scpiarc  with  tt  shoot  iron  ruof  iTSling  on  awooden  ffuim;  work,  li 
«'onniBt8  of  a.  atujju  7ft2  equure  feel  in  arua  and  a  pit  fovcrinp  I*2H 
square  feet.  The  pit  holdft  150  rhairs  and  has  three  tiers  of  guUifrjj 
on  its  three  sides  each  of  which  holds  200  seats. 


TboA>iMAi.IIoMi:oTTiinjurpolinShanv:irwarfl  wasfonnded  in  1^5^ 

from  subscriptionB  raifH:d  b)  tlic  cliief  tily  uicn-hanta.     Tho  unroL>di 

ruuse  of  the  founding  of  the  home  was  a  jwlice  order  to  cat<-h  Mray 

und  1c ill  stray  Hogs.     The  Oujanili  iuhabitanls  of  the  city  form, 

fi?mmittee  and  took  charge  of  all«traycattleanddogs.iiiul  since  then 

home  bnsbooomea  pomianent  institution.  All  aninmln.healthy, 

djsenwd  or  old,  are  rceeived,  thoUfi:h  tho  rule  is  to  atttml  only 

dif*al)lid  und    unserviceable.     Kscept    to  the  ]»oor.  atlmi&ston  fc«« 

t  harped  at  Ihe  rate  of  £2  I  ih.  (Rs.  25}  ou  horses  and  Hit.  {Ha.  H)  on 

eowB  and  btiffaloes.     Itirds  are  taken  free  of  charge  but  ony  am< 

paid  on  their  aceount  is  accepted.     A\'hen  necessary  a  Mubaiu 

furrier  is  ealled  in  to  treat  siek  horbcs.   The  other  animals  are 

by  the  senauls  of  the  home,     lleultby  auimala  are  piven  g 

the  siek  aiX'  fed  un  pulse  und  otleake.     Healthy  animals  are 

work  for  the  home.     After  nnovery  aniund.Hure  given  free  of  e 

to  any  one  who  asks  for  them  and  is  able  to  keep  thiin.     The 

has  two  meadows  or  ktirmis  near  the  eity,  one  for  which  a  mjm 

£*26  (Rs.  *i(JO)  a  3'car  is  paid,  and  the  other  which  is  mortgaged  to 

home  for  £'250  {Ks.  2500)  the  home  getting  the  grasii  ns  inte 

The  avemgc  esiMnaos  nf  eutting,  currying,  and  stacking  the  pr 

each  fiehl  amount  to  £20  {lis.  200)   a  year.     The  produce  of  t 

two  mcadoM  B  F^uffices  for  the  wants  of  tho  home.     In    1870  the  1 

hiul  about  200  head  of  cattle  and  100  birds.     In  May,  when    most 

the  cattle  and  two  deer  were  away  at  tho  grazing  grounds,  the  h 

had  ten  horses,  one  fiilgdy,  a  black  buck,  and  an  antcl<>pe  m  u  sta 

about  twenty  [wafowla  in  a  square  roiled  off  at  the  end  of  the  stn 

ibreo  or  four  monkeys  with  nmning  chains  on  a  pole  under  u  large 

tree,  two  foxes,  a  hare,  two  rabbits,  and  a  number  of  pigeons, 

foT^'Is,  and  a  turkey.     Besides  those  the  home  had  one  or  two  cow; 

few  goats,  some  bullocks,  and  sheep,     tjince  1879  neither  the  num 

nOT  the  class  of  oiiimuls  bos  materially  chmigcd.    The  home  ts  man 

by  u  committ4?e  of  six  of  whom  in  1879  four  were  Hindus  and 

were   I'firsis.      The  stuil   includes  a    secretary  on    £5   (lis.  50|' 

month,  two  clerks   on  £1    I0«.  (lis.  15)   and  £1    (Rs.  10}  u  nn 

and    five    or    six    servants  eueh  on  12*.   (lie.   G)   a  mouth.     Two 

mcticngers  arc  kept  to  wutcVi  \\i«:  UeUla,  und  during  the  rains  twe 


-I)eccan.I 


POONA. 


I 


extra  men  uro  Gnj^Qwpd.  The  home  has  u  yearly  revcilUt!  of  about 
£loO  (lU.  loOO)  chiefly  from  ccswson  groceries  at  ii(/.  (!«.)«  bap,  on 
jewelry  sales  (it  J  per  wnt,  on  bills  of  cxehttnge  ot  ,^^  per  cent,  nnd 
on  grain  at  Jj  |x'r  et^nt.  The  arerage  yearly  cost  oi  the  home  m 
t  .t'f'lOO  (Ka.  nOOO).  Kxcrpt  in  very  good  seasona  the  sui-jilus 
penditure  of  £  1 00  [Rs.  loOO)  is  partly  met  by  a  yearly  contribution 
of  Jt70  (Rb.  700)  from  the  Bombay  Animnl  T[mne  and  tiie  rest  by 
local  yearly  subscriptions  amounting  to  i.80  (Us.  800).  The  home 
builduigs  eoudst  of  long  lines  of  roofed  stables  along  the  vrnlla  of  an 
jjytt'U  square  yard.  The  stablen  are  wide  and  miletl  oif,  and  the  uffico 
rooms  are  on  either  side  immediately  within  the  eutmucc  gate. 
tSerrunU  and  elerkit  live  on  the  premittes  in  simdl  out-houses. 

TheAnvABHi'SHAN  or Arj-a-omament  Theatre  in  Ganeah  ward,  wm 
originally  buijt  as  a  rest-house  on  the  borders  of  the  old  city  ncarDulya 
Miiruti's  temple.  The  (healre  is  close  to  and  on  the  city  side  of  the 
JS'iigjhriri  stream  wliieh  forms  its  eastern  boundaiy.  A  water  eistern  or 
dipping  well  was  also  built  near  the  rest-house  for  wayfarers.  The 
building  was  afterwards  used  by  the  PeshwAs  for  their  periodical 
dinners  to  large  gatherings  of  learned  Brahmons.  On  the  overthrow 
of  the  lost  Pcshwn  the  building  beeumo  the  property  of  the  state  and, 
Jietween  1818  and  1820,  Captain  KobertBon,  the  Collector  of  Poona, 
gave  it  aa  a  residence  to  his  ueeountunt  a  Mr.  Hou.ston.  Until  very 
latclv  the  building  was  occ*upie<l  by  Mr.  Houston's  widow,  w)io, 
in  rH74,  sold  it  for  £H)5  (R».  10,500)  and  a  further  sum  of  £700 
{\l».  7000)  was  «i)ent  in  turning  it  into  a  theatre.  The  front  of 
tho  building  is  in  three  compartments,  one  behind  the  other,  with,  an 
upper  tloor.  The  halls  fronting  the  road  are  now  used  for  a  seliuol. 
The  two  inner  eouiijurtiuents  form  tho  stago  with  dix'saing  and 
retiring  side-rooms.  At  the  hack  was  a  eonrtyard  with  oi)en  ground 
floor  halls  on  three  sides.  The  courtyard  has  been  covered  with  a 
high  tiled  roof  nnd  forms  the  pit,  while  two  storeys  have  been  added 
to  the  side  holla  and  they  have  been  tunietl  into  galleries.  The 
building  is  a  plain  wood  and  brick  structure  with  a  ground  area  of 
about  11,700  square  fet't.  It  holds  an  audience  of  1200  and  is  the 
lurgest  and  most  substantial  of  the  city  theatres. 

HKi.-RAti,  in  Rudhvrir  ward,  is  a  temple  of  Vishnu  built  by 
Xina  Fadnavis  (1764-  1800).  It  was  begun  in  1765  and  finished 
in  1709  at  a  cost  of  over  £'3500  (Its.  20,000).  Tho  site, 
originally  a  garden  knoM-n  as  Manis  Mrtlu,  was  used  by  the  Peehwiis 
for  stables.  Wdiia  Kadnavis  obtuined  the  site  for  his  temple,  anil,  in 
177it,  secured  the  grant  to  the  temple  of  the  four  villages  of  Vftgsai 
in  Poona,  Galegjion  in  Alimadnagar,  and  Pasami  and  Vancgaon  in 
Hdt^ra.  In  addition  to  these  four  villages  Ndna  Fadnavis  assigned 
to  tho  temple  some  lands  of  his  own.  The  ineorao  from  these 
endowments,  amounting  to  £500  (Rs.  3000)  a  year,  was  attached  by 
Ritjirilv  the  last  Peshwa  from  1804  to  lbl8,  and  the  management 
was  entrusted  to  one  Devoathale.  Mr.  Klphinstone  restored  tho 
projwrty  and  management  to  Nibia's  widow  Jiviibai  in  1818 
nnd  the  temple  is  now  managed  by  her  descendants.  The  temple 
.  is  a  small  vaulted  cut  stono  building  covering  not  more  than 
IlOti  square  feet  with  a  conical  spire  and  a  small  wooden  hall 
with  a  terraced  roof.  In  front  an  oijcu  yanl  of  about  2000  square 
feet  is  used  for  special  gatherings,  whou  the  yutd  \a  (:on«:t^  -<«SN^ 


Chapter  XI 
Places- 

Pooka. 
Objects. 


Ariffi/ih 


Thenlft 
t-5). 


lift  Bdd  TempU 


[  Bombay  Gft  let 


33  i 


DISTRICTS. 


japter  XIV 
PUcea- 

Pooka. 
Objocts. 


tv&m't  ItmpU 

(7). 


Jamatkhtinn 


Pahtee 


canvas.  On  tiio  othor  ude  of  the  yard  is  Gartid  od  a  small  m 
piutt'orm  under  a  valutcd  canopy.  On  each  side  of  the  temple 
two  omull  shrines  for  Shiv  ana  Ganpati.  The  oi>en  ground  roi 
the  temple  h  kid  out  in  gai-dcn  plots  for  growing  flowerinur  al 
andthebnail  or  tuhi  plant  for  the  worship  of  the  idol.  Att 
to  the  temples  are  houAp«  for  the  priest  and  the  manager.  Nini 
Fadnavis,  tho  founder  of  the  temple,  laid  down  strict  and  zninut«  mliA 
for  its  TOanuffcment,  and  everv  item  of  ordinary  and  extraordinarr 
expenditure  haa  been  tixcd.  llis  directions  have  been  followed  with 
the  greatest  strictueea. 

BhavAni's  Temple  in  Bhii>'ani  ward,wa8  built  abont  1760  by  paMic 
Bubecription  at  a  cost  of  about  £dOU  (Rs.  5000).  The  temple  has  tiu 
usual  solid  stone-built  idol  chamber  or  shrine  with  a  portico  and 
Bpiro  and  a  wooden  hall  or  oahhdmandap.  Attarhed  on  one  side  is 
a  rest-houfte.  Except  from  offerings  the  temple  has  rto  income.  ^1 
fair  is  held  in  the  >'uvrAtra  holidays  in  A*hvin  or  September  -  Octobefl 
Low  class  Hindus  revere  Bhav^ol  more  than  Brdhmans  do,  anil 
oSer  goats  and  sheep  iu  fulfilment  of  vows. 

The  BohobAs*  JamatkuAna  or  Meeting  House  in  AditvAr  ward 
was  built  about  1730  by  subscription  at  n  coat  of  £1600  (Us.  Ui.OOO), 
The  buildings,  which  have  ainw  from  time  to  lime  been  enlarged  and 
improved  at  a  great  cost,  are  large  and  fill  four  sides  of  u  s{}aciouf 
quadrangle.  The  courtyard  is  entered  by  a  massive  door  with  a  well 
curved  wooden  roof,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  yard  is  a  large  cistern  or 
hand  with  a  central  fountain.  On  the  left  is  a  largo  hall 
plain  square  wooden  pillars  used  for  dinners  on  public  fciist  di 
To  the  right  is  the  mosque,  a  flat  roofed  hall,  very  closely  hi 
with  lamps  and  chandeliers.  Above  the  mosque  the  building 
four  storeys  high,  with  steep  stairs  in  the  walls.  This  building  \ 
never  used  except  by  the  high  priest  or  mulla  of  the  Bohords  wlti 
ho  visits  Poona.^  On  the  roof  two  pavilions  witli  tiled  roofs 
command  ouu  of  the  liest  views  of  the  city.  The  upjier  floors, 
forming  (ho  residence  of  the  mulla  or  high  priest,  overhang  a  thorough* 
fai-e,  on  the  other  side  of  which  are  public  cisterns  fed  by  the  Kdtrsj 
water-channel. 

The  BvdiivAr  Falace  in  Budhv^r  ward,  which  was  burnt  down 
on  I3th  May  1879,  was  a  three-stoivyed  building  (150' X  140') 

one   large    and  one  small  court  or  chauk.     It  was  built  for  pul  

offiwa  by  Bajir4v  the  lust  Peshwa  about  1813.     The  woodwork  of  the 
jMilace  was  very  strong  und  the  benniN  were  brood  enough  for  a  man  to 
sleep  on  with  comfort.     The  large  court  was  a  handsome  qundningle   | 
surrounded  by  cloisters  of  curved  wooden  pillars.     From   1818  Uic 
Government  public  offioes  were  held   in  this  palace,  and  since  its 
destruction  the  municipality  have  laid  out  a  small  public  garden  on  tl^H 
site.  Attached tothc  palace  was  a  building  of  twoc/mri^orquorlrang^H 
with  one  upper  floor  throughout  and  a  second  floor  over  a  part  c^ed   ' 
the  Faraskhdna  where  tents  and    horse  and    elephant  gear 


lown 


>  Ileifl  geoenJIy  the  deputy  of  the  MulUS^oborobicf  PoatiO' whose huul-(|i„ 

arv  in  Surat.     Of   tho   ItohniiiB,   who  aconi  tu   l>e  nf  port  OujarAt   Ilin<lu  nn<I 

Arabic  origin  ami  lirlmiL-  to  \Xv!  lato^Ui  sect  of  t^liiu,  ta  occuuiit  tl  giveu  in   tic 
ruiHilativu  chapter,  l^iirt  t 


'    WUjE^ 


I 

I 


"kept.  It  escflpcd  the  fire  and  is  uaed  as  a  police  office  nnd  lock-up. 
Oovcrnmcnt  huvo  recently  f|;rtintc(l  the  palace  site  iind  tlie  Fiirasklidim 
to  tho  Ouccmi  Ediicution  Sociuty  for  llu-ir  Now  Kuglish  Sl-IiooI  und 
I'Vr<j:uHaou  OuUcjju  buildingu,  the  foumlutiou  stone  of  which  wjw  laid 
on  the  0th  of  March  188*5  by  HJA  Kxcellency  Sir  James  Fergusson, 
Bart.  KC.M.G.,  G.C.S.I.,  C.I.K. 

The  City  Jail  inShukravjSr  ward  was  the  head-quartere  of  Bdjintv 
Peshwa'a  artillery  and  was  in  charge  of  the  Pilnao  fumily  who  held 
tlie  horoditary  couunaiid  of  tho  artillery.  It  was  turned  into  a  Jail 
in  ISia.  Tho  building  was  surrounded  by  u  high  fortified  wall  and  a 
diic^H  which  in  now  filled.  Lines  of  cella,  un  the  umial  radiating  plan, 
with  n  ei-ntral  watch-tower  have  been  built  and  accommwUition 
provided  for  the  puard,  tho  hnspital,  the  offitw,  and  tho  jailor's 
rctiidouce,  the  lost  outside  the  entrance  gate.  Workshops  and  u 
garden  are  attached  to  the  jail.  The  female  prisoners  have  very 
recently  bfen  placed  in  an  isolated  ward.  Tho  water-supply  of  tho 
jail  ia  from  the  Kdtruj  aqueduct.  This  jail  will  shortly  be  uboUsh- 
od  and  the  prisoners  translerred  to  the  central  jail  at  Yemvdn. 

DuLYA  or  RocKiNO  Makuti's  Tkhfi.r  is  in  Gunesh  wartl  near  tho 
NAgjhari  stream  on  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  old  city.  Thia 
Kocking  Mai-uti  is  one  of  the  guardians  of  Poono,  who  gets  his 
Same  because  he  rocked  or  swayed  with  grief  while  tho  Mardthiiu 
were  being  destroyed  on  the  fatal  field  of  Panipul  (1761).^  Tho  first 
temple  of  Dulya  M^ruli  was  built  about  1680  by  Naro  Anant  N:itu 
who  alsobuiltSomeahvar's  temple  in  Aditvar  wArd,  The  building  was 
nipairod  and  enlarg(*d  about  1780  by  Kukhmubai  Johari  u  BrAlnnan 
lady.  A  second  temple  of  BAlilji  facing  Marnti's  wos  oddecl  about 
this  time  by  Muknu  a  BadhAi  or  cabinut  maker.  About  1830  at  a 
cost  of  £150  (Ra.  1500)  both  the  templea  were  renewed  and  joined 
^together  by  subscription  among  tho  people  of  Gunesh  ward.  The 
[Hnple  has  a  monthly  grant  of  8^.  (Ra.  4)  from  the  Parvati  temple 
itrvenuea  and  additional  contributions  are  yearly  raised  in  the 
ward  for  its  support.  The  temple  is  in  three  compartments,  tho  two 
shrines  joined  by  a  central  audience  hall  or  sahhdmanUap.  Tho 
»hritu:s  are  about  twenty  feet  square  and  arc  built  of  aoUd  cut  stono. 
Kach  has  one  cutrauce  door  and  paved  plutfonus  all  rouud  for  the 
circuit  or TJm^idAsAiJia.  The  roofs  are  vaulted  and  surmounted  with 
conical  spires  about  thirty  feet  high.  The  hall,  including  a  central 
nave  and  side  aisles,  is  a  wood  and  brick  structure  with  a  tiled  roof 
(35' x2'l')  and  galleriea  over  the  nave  for  women  to  hoar  readings 
from  holy  books  and  sermons  and  song  rccitala 

GANrATi's  TEapLE  in  Kasbu  ward  is  suid  to  luive  been  a  rude 
stone  enclosure,  first  built  by  cowherds  who  saw  a  largo  picoe  of  rock 
shapMl  like  Ganpati  aud  daubed  it  with  redload.  When,  about  1036, 
SliAhdji  built  a  palace  at  Poena,  his  wife  JijibAi  built  a  small  stone 
temple  to  Ganpati  cloee  to  the  east  of  the  site  of  the  AmbarkhAna 
]Miluce  (1).  The  touiplo  is  a  small  dark  room  covere<l  with  a  rotif 
which  Hheltcrs  barely  the  imago  and  the  worshipper.  Tho  god 
gradually  rose  in  public  esteem,  and  came  to  be  and  still  is  locally 
regarded*  as  one  of  the  town  guardians  whose  blesalnga  should  be 

>  The  uhiaf  approaches  to  all  vilUgaa  ood  towni  have  tomplua  of  Miiratj  to  gnAid 
tbo  towu  aguuisl  uvil. 


■    'Til 

Vtbo  tj 


Chapter 
Places- 

I'OOWA. 

ObjeeU. 


Citj/  Jait 


Dalyn  Afdrattt 


Temitiai 


IBomlwy  QtMtt 


sae 


PTSTHICTS. 


Chapter  XIV. 
Places. 

PlXlKA. 

Obj«oU, 

OanpiUi'f 
Trmpfe 


Okodtpir 

US). 


iiskLxl  on  uU  religious  and  Bociul  ceremonies  ami  colubrations.     A 

or  Kxbhamfnuiap  w:ia  lulded  lo  tbo   tcuiplti  by  ihu  dthjharett  or  1 
rJi^lit  HriUiinnn  fumiljes   of  Poona.^      Tho  hull  In  a  dark  diamt 
with  a  ainull  cntrani'c  at  one  end.     The  walla  and  roof  are  like  tbt 
of  llie  first  temple,  built  of  solid  stonu  plustorod  with  comont.     Tbe" 
Lukdc  fuinily  uddod  a  puvenicnt  all  round  the  temple  m\A  u  loui 
upper-storuywl  opcu  sliud  on  ouu  side  us  a  rest-house  or   jjIuit  fa 
cu»t49  dinners  and  gatherings.     Mr.  Ghijdnannlv  Saddabiv    Diks 
a  Dccean  Sardilr,  added  another  hall  in  continuation  of  the  oU 
The  new  hall  le  entirely  open,  rests  on  plain  wooden  pillars,  and  I 
tiled  roof.     In    1877  a    public    cistern  was  built    in    the     tcmt 
yard.    The  temple  enjoys  a  monthly  allowance  of  10*.  (Us.  5)  fr 
the   Purvuti    templu    reveuueH.     uud    the    expenses   of    tho  yea 
celebration   of  Clanputi's   festival  on  Oaneah   Ohaturlhi  the   brij 
fuurtli  of  nhUIrapad  in  August- September  ore  also  paid  from 
Parvati  grant. 

Ohodkpib  or  the  ITorse  Saint  in  Ndna  Peth  is  a  life-sixe  h<ii 
of  sawdust  and  paste  plastered  over  witb  fine  cluy.  A  Musulmdn  I 
or  Idhut  is  built  every  year  on  the  back  of  the  horse.  The  horw 
worshipj}ed  hy  low  vlnss  Hindus  when  in  trouble,  and  buhylpfts  waint 
and  mothers  with  sick  children  come  and  vow  offering»  nnd  pei 
Nana  Fadnavis  had  a  Muhamimulan  attendant  named  NnUiubl 
After  Nona's  deaths  to  preserve  his  master's  name  Nuthubbni  mule 
a  small  cluy  horse  which  still  remains  and  raised  a  bier  mllii 
NAna's  bier  in  NAna's  ward  outside  a  house  known  ua  VjlnavU  _ 
The  horse  gnidually  rose  in  public  favour,  and  subscriptions  cwiM 
in  and  a  site  for  the  Horse  Saint's  house  was  bought.  Nul  htibbdi  oftc^ 
wards  became  a  trooper  in  the  Southern  Munttha  Horso  aud  Muk 
was  his  regard  for  his  old  master  that  he  spent  all  his  yearly  earn- 
ings on  tho  yearly  bier.  On  Xttthubhii's  death,  the  people  of  "SiM 
ward,  with  one  Padvul  as  their  manager,  subscribed  to  nmirituin  tlii> 
boi*6e  his  house  and  his  yearly  mind-feast.  The  offerini>rs  at  lh« 
shrine  grew  so  large  that  no  subscriptions  were  ncc<lcd,  and  Padvsl 
remained  in  charge.  Tho  present  yearly  income  from  ottbritt| 
£150  (Es.  1500)  and  the  shrine  is  mutiaged  by  the  duSL*em 
of  Padvul.  Two  smuU  shops  have  been  built  facing  tho  horse,  wb( 
rents  go  towards  tho  maintenauco  of  tho  shrine.  TIio  present  shi 
which  is  culled  the  atrurlchdtin  or  spirits'  house,  a  plain  filed  sti 
ture  (50'  x  24'  x  20')  of  wood  imd  brick,  was  built  ubuut  1 K45. 

The  Ja.ua    MosyuK    in   AdilA-Ar    wai-d,   the  chief  ^luhiinn 
place  of  worship  in  the  city,   was  built  about  1839  by  public 
seriptiou  at  a  cost  of  about  £1600  (Rs.  15,000).  Since  then  from  tii 
to  time  additions  have  been  made.     The  mosque  consists  of  n  larj 
stone  hall  (60' x  t\0')  with  a  dome.     The  back  wall  has  a  niche  vitl 
step  against  it,  and  is  covered  with  texts  from  the  Kuran.     In  ft 
of  the  mosque  is  a  well  sanded  yard  with  a  fountain   in  the  midt 
On  one  side  is  a  washing  cistern  or  haud.     Attached  to  tho  mosque 
a  Persian  school,  a  rcst-liouse,  and  some  dwellings  whoeo  rents  go 
the  mosque  fund.    All  Muhammadan  social  or  religious  meetings 
held  in  this  mosque. 


'Tbo  Gnt  vight  Brekhnuin  (ntniliesin  P<K>nft  Ar«  BhAnuigo,  DliartnidliikAri,  Dbcrt. 
KalaogB,  tUiuulc.  KUnti^,  ThakAr,  uid  Vnidys. 


KottAl  CaivDi  in  BadhTtLr  ward,  in  tbo  middlo  of  tbo  main  street 
which  ruu«  all  round  it,  was  the  Peahvi-fis'  police  office.  It  is  a  oue- 
storuyud  houBC,  the  upper  storey  for  officvb  uud  the  ground  floor  for 
Oella.  The  building  wofi  »old  by  auction  for  £110  (Us.  1100)  aud 
is  now  matle  into  stalls  where  n  small  market  is  held,  and  fruit, 
▼egetables,  (^r^in*  statiunerv.and  groeerieJi  are  sold.  The  building  i» 
BOW  worth  uboiit  XatKlO  (fts.  30,0(»0). 

MoHoiiA  DAi>A*«  Mansion  in  Budhviir  ward  wofi  buUt  by  Moroba 
IMda  FiwJnavis,  eome  time  prime  minister  of  SaviSi  MAdhavrav  ( 1774- 
171)5)  the  seventh  IV-shwa.  It  is  u  spacious  nmiision  wilb  six  quad- 
riuigk's  or  ch<iaki>.  Opening  on  to  the  quadruuglts  ur  cfuinks  iu(4teud 
of  walls  is  ornamentid  wooden  trellia  wurk.  Two  of  thu  qimdruugles 
have  water  cistuma  und  until  lately  one  woe  covered  by  u  Iiigb 
wooden  canopy.  All  the  pillars  are  can'eil  in  the  c^'prt's.s  or  mn-u 
pattern,  the  intervening  spates  being  filled  by  cusped  jjanel  arches  of 
thick  wood.  The  mansion  has  throughout  a  wooden  ceiling,  and  nil 
the  roofs  are  t<>rraoed.  On  tho  third  floor  is  an  ivon,-  hall  or  AnHi- 
danti  dlvdnhhana,  with  ivory  lot  iuto  the  ceiling  and  other  parts 
of  the  room.     The  whole  mansion  is  stUl  in  order  and  woi-th  a  visit. 

NAoEsnvAR's  TfiMrLE  in  Somvir  ward  is  believed  to  be  the  oldest 
tempIeinFouua,thoughneithcr  it^date  nor  itefouuder'a  name  is  known. 
Ita  style  and  the  ornament  on  its  tower  seum.  to  show  that  it  belongs 
to  Muhammadan  timt's  perhaps  1o  about  the  end  of  the  sixleeutb  ei*n- 
tory.  The  tcmplo  proper  ia  a  amall  closi)  room  of  aoHd  stone,  with 
one  door  and  a  conical  tower  with  embot^st^l  stnne  figures.  The  Ihtg, 
which  is  said  to  be  a  natural  rock,  id  about  four  feet  below  tho 
outride  level.  Attached  to  the  temple  is  the  ball  or  Mihhdmundap 
open  on  three  sides,  a  maosivc  imposing  building  on  wooden  columns 
with  a  neatly  finished  wooden  ccifing.  A  large  space  round  the  ludl 
>a  enclosed  and  paved  uud  reat-houses  and  a  residence  for  the  temple 
priest  are  built  along  tho  walls.  The  terapl«  phoat  receives  a  monthly 
allowance  of  lU,  ^J.  (Ra.  OJ)  from  tho  Parvati  temple  revenues. 
Large  additions  and  changes,  inehiding  a  new  smaller  temple  of 
Vishnu,  were  made  about  1780  bj  one  ATia  Sholukar,  and  in  1878 
by  Mr.  Raghupotrdv  AurangfibJidkar  who  built  public  cisterns 
witbin  and  outside  of  the  temple  enclosure. 

The  NABP&TOI&  Truple  in  SoravAr  ward  was  built  by  Norpatgir 
Oosdvi  at  a  cost  of  £5000  (Rs.  50,000).    The  temple  has  a  cistern 

ri  a  fountain. 
Nabsoba's  Tbuplb  in  K^rkolpura  in  Saditshiv  ward,  in  tho  south* 
west  corner  of  the  city,  was  built  about  1788  by  one  Oanu  Joshi. 
The  temple  has  a  Bt<me  slirino  witli  a  spiro  and  a  wooduu  hall.  On 
the  doorway  is  a  drum-house  or  TUigdrktuina.  The  object  of  worship 
is  Narsinh  or  the  mon-Iion  the  fourth  form  of  Vishnu.  Tho  image 
has  a  liou*s  mouth  and  is  shown  tearing  in  pieces  the  demon 
Hiranya-Kosliipn  who  lies  in  its  lap.  This  form  of  Vishnu  is  seldom 
worfihippe<l.  The  temple  has  a  yeoi-ly  income  of  about  £40  (Us.  400) 
ohit-'Hv  from  otfurings.  Vows  of  walking  a  number  of  times  round 
the  shrine,  usually  a  hundred  thousand  tmiea,  are  made  by  women  to 
get  children  or  to  get  cured  of  evil  spirits  and  bodily  uilmuuts. 

I  The  Nbw  Markkt  is  a  large  central  vegetable  and  fruit  market 
Bsse— u 


Caupter  XIV 
Places. 
PuuNA.     I 

ObjocU.     " 

KoitiU  Cluimli 
('■5). 


Karpatgir  Temp 
{18) 


1 


(19). 


(SO). 


(Bombay  Qatet 


DISTRICTS. 


lapter  XIV. 
FUce«- 

ObJMti. 

yae  ifttrbet 

(*0). 


1 


Nivfltinffytt 
Ttmpk 


*yoMa  Smhora 
lla  Concaeao't 
Chnrth 


Cntidmhvar'B 
Ttnpk 


now  (August  1884)  being  built  by  the  Poona  Municipality  in 
hoart  of  the  city  on  a  site  of  ei^ht  acres  betwi-en  tlio  Fulsibdg  uul 
RAmeelivar  tcmpltw  in  Shukravar  ward.  The  main  biiJidinB  is  to 
be  an  Oflagonul  towor  in  the  middle,  forty  foot  arroiw,  with  raaiatiog 
linea.  The  central  tower  is  to  have  stolls  on  the  ground  and  upper 
6oor8  and  ita  height  to  the  piteU  of  the  roof  will  be  t'lgbty  feet.  A 
clock  tower  120  feet  high  is  to  be  attached  to  the  market.  Itii 
proposed  to  build  raiigea  of  stalls  round  the  main  building. 

The  site  has  hecu  bought  for  £5000  (Ra.  50,000)  oud  the  costo( 
the  main  building  is  estimated  at  £15,000  fRs.  1,50,OOU),  while  the 
extensions  are  estimattMl  to  co»it  about  £20.000  (Rs.  2,UO,U0O).  The 
whole  morket  when  finished  will  have  cost  £40.000  (Ra  4,00,000).  It 
will  be  a  hnnd&ome  and  substantial  building.  The  roof  is  to  b«  of 
machine  made  tiles,  supported  on  teokwood  frames  and  coat-iroa 
columns.  The  main  building  will  hold  about  '250  stalls,  and  tba 
extensions  about  3olP  more.  Water  is  buing  laid  on  the  building  in 
iron  pipes  fi*om  the  Khadakv^la  canaL  idj 

NivDCNaifA  Vithoba's  Templb  in  Nfina  ward  was  biult  hf  V 
Oiosix'i  and  rebuilt  about  1 830  by  a  Gujar^ti  banker  named  Purshottam 
Amhad^g  at  a  cost  of  £3000  (Ra.  30,000).  The  image  is  callsi 
Nivdtingya  because  it  was  found  among  prickly  pear  or  luWuiig 
bushes.  The  temple  is  very  spacious  and  includes  a  cut<stone  shrinft 
with  a  spire  and  a  wooden  hall.  Round  the  temple  is  a  garden  with 
a  large  public  water  cistern.  Along  the  enclosure  wall  ure  cloialim 
used  for  caste  dinners.  On  the  south  side  are  some  rooms  fitted  for 
dwellings  and  let  to  tenants.  On  the  north  is  the  residence  of  the 
priest.  Ch'cr  the  gateway  is  a  drum-house  or  naijdrfJidjuL  Oat 
the  enclosure  on  the  west  is  an  open  sjied  which  is  u»ed  a«a 
house  by  wandering  beggars.  On  the  south  are  ranges  of  Ahops  i 
houaes,  the  rent  of  which,  amounting  to  about  £60  (K«.  600)  a 
goes  to  the  temple. 

NossA  Seniiora  da  CoNCEiCAO*e  Chubch  in  JfAna  ward 
brick  building.  It  was  opened  on  the  Ivth  of  July  1^53  at  a 
about  £950  (Hs.  9500 ),  and  bus  room  for  about  600,  and  a  coogrcgatiafi 
of  about  1050  mostly  Portuguese  medical  practitioners,  clerlo^ 
ahupkeepora,  tailors^  and  house  servants.  The  church  haa  a  font,  a 
harmonmm,  and  three  altars,  a  high  altar  dedicated  to  the  Immacalats 
Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  and  two  side  altars  one 
dedicated  to  the  Sacred  Heart  of  Jesus  and  the  other  to  St,  Fruncw 
Xavier.  Attached  to  the  church  is  an  Anglo-Portuguese  day  school 
with  sixty  pupils. 

OmkAreshvar's  Temple,  on  the  bank  of  the  Mutha  in  Somi 
ward  to  the  north-west  of  the  city,  was  built  between  1740  and  17G0 
by  one  Krisbndji  Pant  ChitnVv  from  funds  raised  from  public  sub- 
scription. Bhiiu  Saheb  or  Sadrtshivniv  ChimnAji  contributotl  £1(K( 
(Ra.  1000)  a  month  towards  the  cost  for  about  six  years  while  the 
work  was  in  progress.  The  temple  faces  cast  and  is  reached  bv  a 
Large  and  imposing  gateway  in  the  middle  of  a  high  and  massive 
fortitied  wall  built  in  the  Saracenic  slylc.  Over  the  gateway  ia  a 
small  music  hull  or  naijarkhdnn.  The  gateway  leads  to  a  Urge 
paved  courtyard  with  side  ranges  of  brick-vaultwl  rooms,  some 
open   and  some  with  doora  in  which  live  religious    beggoM  «ad 


hu^ 


I 


ttBoeticB.  In  the  centre  of  the  courtyard  ia  the  main  temple  dodicated 
to  Omk^reahvar  MahMev  with  a  small  ahriut'  iu  front,  not  fur  from 
the  gateway,  containing  the  bull  Xandi  a  8i!ulod  life-size  stone 
6gure.  The  temple  has  a  main  ehaml)«»r  in  the  centre  vaultAxl  on 
the  top  in  which  is  set  the  ling  about  three  feet  under-ground.  Over 
the  vaulted  top  of  the  ebrine  rises  a  plain  conical  pinnacle.  Round 
the  main  chamber  is  a  space  covered  by  eight  small  brick  vaults. 
Two  flighta  of  eteps  or  ifhuts,  one  from  the  main  temple  and  the 
other  from  outside  the  main  gat«,  run  north  to  the  river  bod.  The 
BandhiuJc  between  those  two  fliffhta  or  ghiiis  ia  used  as  a  burning 
ground  for  Iti-^hmana.  The  temple  ia  held  in  great  veneration.  The 
levelo  of  the  difierent  temple  doorii  are  so  arranged  that  the  water 
of  the  river  when  in  flood  ju«t  enters  and  fills  the  courtyard  and 
the  shrine.  Unless  the  ling  is  flooded  once  at  least  in  the  year,  the 
rains  arc  regarded  as  scanty.  In  seasons  of  drought,  BrAhmana  are 
paid  to  carry  water  on  their  shoulders  and  fill  the  shrine,  when  it  is 
bc'lievwl  Shiv  will  send  torrents  of  rain.  The  horn  or  sacrificial 
oiFt-riugs  of  cooked  rice  and  clarified  butter  with  pieces  of  sacred 
wood  ai"e  o&red  once  every  year  at  the  temple  on  a  permanent  stone 
altar  sjiecially  built  for  the  purpose.  Attached  to  the  temple  on 
the  west  is  a  small  ganlon,  formed  by  reclaiming  ground  from  the 
jfver  bank  by  a  heavy  retaining  wall  of  stone  masonry.  The  temple 
expenses  are  met  from  the  income  of  the  garden  and  a  monthly  grant 
of  £2  10«.  (Rs.  25)  from  the  Parvati  temple  revenues.  The  cost  of 
the  yearly  sacrificial  offerings  or  horn  is  met  bv  a  yearly  Government 
grant  of  £100  (Rs.  lOOU).  The  size  and  solid  massiveness  of  this 
temple,  together  with  its  nearness  to  the  burning  ground,  make  tho 
muuo  Omkflreshvar  greatly  feared  by  the  people  of  Poona. 

Pandhbi  Kot  or  the  White  Fort',  also  called  Jtma  Kot  or  the  Old 
Fort,  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Barya  an  Arab  commandant  after 
Poona  was  made  a  Muaalman  military  station  in  the  fourteenth  century. 
The  fort  stretches  from  the  iJhiikta  or  younger  to  the  Thorla  or 
elder  Shaikh  SoUa^  along  tho  river  bunk  on  the  north,  and  from  the 
Thorla  Shaikh  Salla  to  the  Mandai  market  on  the  west.  From  Mandai 
it  ran  south  parallel  to  the  river  bank,  emd  a  lino  run  from  the  cause- 
way neor  the  Kumbhilr  gate  eastward  to  join  the  southern  boundary. 
A  vij»a/  tree  named  Balubu  which  ia  elill  fresh  is  said  to  date  from 
early  Mustdman  times.  On  the  break  up  of  the  Buhmani  kingdom 
near  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century  Poona  fell  with  most  other 
purls  of  Poouu  district  to  Ahmadnagar.  It  continued  under  Aliiuud- 
nagur  till  iu  IGtlU  Murar  Jagdevrtlv,  a  Bij^pur  minister,  is  said  to 
have  passed  a  plough  drawn  by  assee  over  the  fort  wall  and  to  have 
fixed  an  iron  rod  in  tho  ground  meaning  that  tho  town  was  never 
again  to  be  peopled.  About  1(J3G,  after  it  had  remained  desolate 
for  six  yeu-B,  Milhmud  Adil  Shdh  (1026-1656)  of  BijApur  rained 
ShAhAji  Bhouslu  to  tlie  command  of  12,000  troops  and  granted  him 
Poona  and  other  vUlages.  In  the  same  year  one  MAlthankar  whom 
Shulmji  had  appointed  his  deputy  at  Poonur  passed  a  golden  plough 
over  the  fort  wall,  removed  the  iron  bar,  and,  to  keep  otf  evil, 
performed  a  ithdnti  or  soothing  ceremony.  These  ceremonies  or© 
believed  to  mark  tho  beginning  of  good  luck  to  Poona. 

>  Sm  baknr  Shaikh  SkUa  (31). 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places. 

OVtjaot*. 

Omkdrrthvar'a 
TrmpU 


Pdmdhrii 
Juna  Ki 


(Bombay  Oaxet 


I 


Apter  XIV 

PUCGS 

Ohjootc. 
'droradM 

(«5). 


DISTEICI'S. 


Tn  VfUil  ward  is  a  (froup  of  four  temploe  to  the  twenty-f 
Jiun  aainll*AR.\PN,\TH,cloeot<i  each  othcr,two  of  them  in  one  oncl* 
The  oldest  of  PanisnAth's  toraplcsluy  in  KnlcvAvurto  the  noulh- 
and  ouUido  of  ihe  cily,  us  the  Peshwks  would  not  allow  a  Jain  lomple 
to  be  built  within  the  city.  About  1750  the  Jati  or  high  priest 
the  Jains  and  Hhankar^ii^rya  tho  Br&hmanical  pontiff  happened 
meet  in  Poona.  After  a  long  discuimion  it  was  agreed,  it  ia  said 
bribiniB;  the  ShunliiirAnhiirya.  that  a  Jain  t-emple  might  be  built  iu 
quarter  whero  lirjihmanft  did  not  live,  The  PeshwAa  ^mntcMl  ti 
site  of  the  present  main  temple,  where  two  buildinffs  one  for  Chidim- 
bari  or  Whitwlothcd  and  one  for  Di^^anibori  or  Sfcyelod  Jaina  were 
built  both  bv  public  subscription.  Of  the  two  sects  the  ChidAmharii 
or  whit«-roi>ed  are  the  stronger.  Both  worship  naked  imafrce  bet 
the  Chidjimbaris  dress  their  images  with  clothes,  flowers,  aud  oriMr 
ment«,  while  the  Dtj^amhoria  leave  tho  body  of  their  imago  naked 
and  lay  all  offerings  at  the  toefl  of  the  image's  feet.  The  first  tvu 
temples  were  enclosed  by  a  high  strong  wall  and  sti-ont*  gatewiya 
which  wore  kept  always  shut  that  the  noise  of  the  temples  ini^ht  not 
reach  BrAhman  ears.  No  spires  were  allowed  as  their  sight  wonM 
bavo  polluted  orthodox  Hindus.  The  t«mple  of  the  Ilunibad  or 
Digambari  sect  is  now  in  the  same  state  in  which  it  was  originaUf 
built:  but  the  t«mple  of  the  Chidambar!  sect,  which  is  dedicated  W 
Oodi  PArasnith,  proved  too  small,  and  the  form  of  the  temple,  whidi 
was  more  like  a  private  house  than  a  puhhe  place  of  worahip,  w« 
changed.  Encouraged  by  the  religious  freedom  they  hud  enjoyed 
since  the  Peshwa's  overthrow  in   1H18,  between  IS.'IO  and  18^J4 


1 


Joins  raised  subscriptions  and  built  a  temple  to  Rislmbhdcv  tho 
of  the  Tirthankara  at  a  cost  of  £300  (Rs.  3000).  Since  then  they 
hnvo  kept  adding  out-honscs  to  the  temple  from  year  to  year. 
The  buildings  as  they  now  stand  contain  a  chief  entrance  factng 
north  and  two  side  entraueea  facing  we«t.  one  of  them  leading  to  tlie 
Dt^anibari  temple.  Over  the  main  entrance  is  a  dntm-hoose  or 
nuffdH'/idna  aud  open  porlicotw  or  dfrdia  are  built  inside  tho  two  other 
entrances.  The  main  door  leads  to  a  long  line  of  up^per-storeyeJ 
rooms  on  the  left,  each  of  which  is  a  separate  temple.  Tho  origuul 
Chid.imbari  temple,  which  has  now  fallen  to  be  a  aecondury  tvmpK 
is  in  the  middle  of  these  rooms.  On  tho  right  is  the  wall  o£  tin 
Digambari  temple.  Fifty  yards  more  of  an  opon  paved  passage  ha 
to  tho  enclosure  of  the  main  temple  which  is  entered  by  a  door 
tho  north-oast  corner  leading  t(t  on  open  paved  couityard  in 
middle  of  which  is  ihe  main  temple.  The  image  chamber  or  sh 
is  a  solid  cut-stone  and  vaulted  room  about  fourteen  foot  square  mi 
contains  five  white  crosslegged  and  handfolded  marble  images 
in  u  row  against  the  back  wall,  the  chief  image  being  KishabhdoT 
first  Tirthankar.  Outside  the  image  chamber,  but  joined  with  it, 
an  octagonal  portico,  also  built  of  solid  stone  and  vaulted,  the  in 
of  the  vnult  lined  with  »niall  mirrors.  The  floor  is  of  whito  m 
with  a  tliick  black  marble  border.  The  octagon  baa  four  side  d 
one  leading  to  it  from  the  sabhamandap,  a  second  coated  with  b 
leading  to  the  shrtnc,  and  two  side  doors  which  open  on  the  coarty; 
Niches  are  made  in  the  remaining  four  sides  of  the  octagon,  the  two 
nearest  tho  shrine  having  small  images  and  the  other  two  having 


Decoanl 


POOKA. 


H  aholves.  Outside  of  thie  octagonal  portico  is  tho  wooden  hall  or  sabhd- 
m  mandap  (4O'x20')  with  a  cun-ed  wood  ceiling  and  built  on  a  high 
atooe  plinth.  At  the  far  end  of  the  hall  in  a  rnnalt  railed  space  are 
two  marble  elephants.  Over  the  shrine  doors  and  the  octagonal 
porlieo  are  rooms  with  more  images  reached  by  narrow  stone  steps 
built  round  the  sides  of  the  octagon.  Above  the  rooms  side  by  side 
are  the  three  eymboltcul  spires  of  a  Jtiin  temple.  Behind  the  temple 
courtyard  is  another  yard  with  arrangements  for  bathing  iueludiug 
warm  water,  for  no  worshipper  muv  tuuuh  the  idol  until  be  has 
washed  and  dressed  in  wet  eluthes.  The  Jains  have  a  curious  mode 
of  raising  money  for  the  maintenance  of  their  temples.  On  holidays 
and  great  day*  when  thn  community  meets  for  worship  they  put  to 
auction  the  right  of  applying  soflron  or  keshar  to  the  images  and  the 
highest  bidder  buys  the  right  of  first  applying  it.  In  this  way 
large  sums  arc  raised. 

The  second  temple  of  Adishrar  to  the  west  of  tho  first  was 
begun  in  18.51  and  finished  in  1854  nt  a  coet  of  £1400  (Es.  14,000). 
The  consecration  ceremony  on  the  8th  of  May  18-54  was  attended 
by  about  10,000  Shrdvaks.  It  is  a  two-storeyed  brick  and  Ujno 
buihling  carved  in  wood  on  the  exposed  parts  and  surmounted 
by  a  treble  spire.  Each  storey  has  four  rooms  one  behind  the 
other.     The  ground  floor  is  set  apart  for  daily   services  at  which  a 

Sriest  or  gurn  reads  and  exphiins  the  Jain  scriptures.  On  the  first 
oor  is  the  image  of  Adishvar,  and  on  the  second  floor  are  smallor 
images.  Tho  back  rooms  of  all  the  floors  are  used  as  dwellings  by 
tho  gunt  who  must  be  a  bachelor  or  Brahmachtiri.  The  temple  has 
been  and  is  being  added  to  from  year  to  year.  The  third  temple  is 
like  the  second  but  much  smaller.  All  four  temples  ai-e  gaudily 
painted  and  decorated  with  colounxl  chandeliers  of  various  shapes  ana 
quaint  glasses,  globes,  and  other  ornaments.  Each  is  managed  by 
a  firm  of  merchants  of  long  standing  and  established  reputation. 
The  monthly  cost  of  all  the  temples  amounts  to  about  £2-5  (Us.  260), 
The  jewels  and  the  gold  and  silver  coatings  of  the  chief  images  ore 
worth  about  £:iO0  (Ma.  yoOO)  and  the  cash  balances  in  hand  amount 
to  about  £500  (Its.  5lX)0).  The  Jain  holy  months  are  ChaUm  or 
March- April,  Shrdcan  or  July-August,  Kar'tik  or  October-November, 
and  rhahjun  or  Februory-March  when  fairs  are  held.  A  car  proces- 
sion lakes  place  on  the  full-moon  of  Kariik  or  October-November. 

Phadke's  Ma?istos.  in  AditvAr  ward,  was  built  between  1794  and 
1799  by  Haripttiil  Phatlkuthe  commander-in-chief  under  MAdhavrAv 
tho  ae\'cnth  Peshwa  [1774  - 1795).  Tho  mansion  is  now  more  like  a 
small  village  than  a  single  bouse  as  the  present  owner  has  turned  it 
into  small  rented  tenements  together  yielding  about  £150  (Rs.  1500) 
a  year.  The  first  floor  front  of  the  mansion  has  for  more  than  twenty 
years  held  t!io  Fi-ec  Church  Mission  Institution.  The  mansion  is  two- 
storeyed  with  many  halls  and  seven  quadrangles  or  chauks  two  of 
them  large.  It  is  built  of  massive  stone  and  timber  and  ia  said  to 
have  cost  about  £170,000  (Rs.  17,00,000).  Water  fiom  the  KAtraj 
aqueduct  is  laid  on  in  tho  back  quadrangle. 

Pf  ii.VNUUAKK,  Q  school  friend  of  JJAliii  ViahvanAth  the  first  Peshwa 
(1714-1720),  was  made  his  minister. and  was  granted  a  site  in  tho  fort 
for  a  house.     In  1740  his  heir  Muhdddji  Abkji  Purandhare  built  a 


Chapter  XIV 
Flaoes. 

POONA. 

Obj«oto. 
PArtumdiik 


Fhad3K*»  Vdd 


Purandh 


(Bombay  OtuVum- 


342 


DISTRICTS. 


Chaptar  XIV. 
FUces- 

TempU 


ISO). 


manfiian  in  tbo  fort  at  a  ooet  of  £5000  (Rs.  50,000)  vith  tvo  Wg» 
nnd  two  Hmiill  quulronglcB.  The  ilcsomdanta  of  the  PanuuUun 
family  (ttill  live  in  tho  maasion  which  is  now  the  only  important  boov 
in  the  old  fort     The  line  of  the  fort  wutla  mny  Atilf  be  trac«rl. 

RAmesiivah's  Tkmplk  in  Shukraviir  ward  was  built  by 
Faut  Anna  KiuUgiv^lo  the  founder  of  tho  ^rard  at  a 
£3500  (Re.  35,0(K}).  The  tcmplo  has  the  usual  shrine  nith  purtioa 
and  Bpirc  and  a  wooden  hull  or  tabhdmandap.  The  hall  was  enlarged 
anil  rebuilt  about  1870  by  a  rich  public  works  contractor.  In  1»74 
a  nitlway  contractor  rebuilt  the  doorway  aud  over  it  raised  a  miue 
ball  or  naff'irkhdna.  Tho  contrai'torB  paved  tho  wholo  endoan 
including  a  large  well  whose  top  they  covered  with  iron  raila  uiA 
beams  of  wood.  This  temple  is  held  in  great  veneration.  Its  gmt 
days  are  Shirratra  in  January-February  and  tlie  bright  half  ci-^/Hk 
OP  October-November. 

Ri.sTL\'s    Mansion  in    lUstia    ward  ia  one  of    the    largest  »■ 

maiuiiig  niausioue  in  the  east  of  the  city.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  Kigh 
thick  wull.  The  chief  entrance  is  by  a.  plain  but  hondaome  sqaiu«. 
gateway  with  masaive  woodwork  over  which  rises  a  two-«tore 
buililinf*.  Round  the  inside  of  the  enclosure  runs  u  row^  of  el 
originally  the  gtjibleft  of  R^stia'a  cavalry  retinue,  now  either  open  ot 
buut  in  and  let  as  rooms  to  poor  families.  In  the  centre  of  lb' 
enclosure  is  the  mansion  which  consisted  of  two  threc-8toreyt»d  biuW' 
ings  the  manmon  and  a  storo-house  or  kothi,  since  burnt,  witi 
plain  thick  walls,  built  round  two  rectangular  conrt-j'ords.  Ih 
mansion  with  two  quadrangles  remains  and  attached  to  it  it  ■ 
large  garden  and  a  Mah^ev  temple  to  which  a  temple  of  Rjlm  wu 
adckd  in  18S2  by  the  widow  of  the  last  Ristia.  The  templea  tn 
Btouc-built  shrines  and  open  jwrticos  surmounted  by  spires.  Tbs 
Rdstiis  were  the  hereditary  heads  of  the  Peshwa's  cavalry  and  bred 
at  Wdi  in  SAtAra.  The  mansion  was  built  between  1779  and  17  ' 
at  a  cost  of  £90,000  (Its.  9  Idkhg)  by  Anondrdv  Bhikiji  RiSstia 
the  reign  of  Madhavrav  tbo  seventh  Peahwa  (1774-1795).  Ai 
aqueduct  brought  from  a  spring  in  the  hills  of  Vilnavdi  Tillage  four 
miles  south-east  of  Poona  was  built  by  Anandrtlv  immcdiutelv  after 
wards  at  a  cost  of  £20,000  (Rs.  2  lakht)  to  supply  water' to 
mansion  and  public  cisterns  outside. 

The  Sassoon  Asyiaim,  or  Poor  House,  in  Ndrfynn  ward  on  tlw 
river  Mutha  above  the  Lakdi  bridge,  is  a  home  for  tho  aged,  infirm, 
and  diseased  poor  of  all  classes.  It  has  at  present  (1883)  aoout  aixtr* 
6vc  inmates.  The  asylum  was  established  in  18G5  from  funds  ttuetA 
by  a  public  subscription  amounting  to  £10,717  (Rs.  1,07,170),  Ibi 
greater  purl  of  which  was  given  by  the  lute  Mr.  David  Sassoon  whose 
name  the  asylum  bears.  £3457  [Rh.  34,570)  were  spent  on  buildion 
and  of  £7260  (Rs.  72,600)  which  were  deposited  in  the  Bombay  Bank 
only  £1301  (Rs.  13,010)  were  recovered  on  the  failure  of  the  banlcta 
18ti9-70.  Further  aubsoriptions  were  collected  and  tho  fund  *» 
raised  to  over  £5000  (Rs.  50,000)  which  is  now  invested  in  Govotd- 
ment  securities.  The  asylum  is  managed  bv  a  committee  of  lib 
members  of  whom  the  District  Collector  ia  the  President.  The  work- 
ing body   is  a  managing  committee  nominated  by  the  goncral  cam 


I 


I 


I 


I 


mittee  with  two  secretaries.  Tlie  Poona  Municipality  coulributes 
jEIO  (Ra.  100)  a  month  to  the  aaylum.  The  spacioua  site  of  the 
building  was  given  free  by  Goveniinent.  The  building  stands  on  u 
high  plinth  raised  above  the  flood  line  and  hiu  eleven  detjiched  wards, 
each  33'  x  IH',  with  a  cooking  and  dining  room  ( 1 23'  x  27'),  an  oftioe 
room  (43'x34'),  and  latrines  and  out-housee.  A  medical  attendant 
looks  after  the  health  of  the  inmates,  the  diseased  being  kept  in 
dilferent  wards  to  avoid  contagion.  Of  the  (ISti^i)  sixty-tivu  iumateu, 
seventeen  men  and  eleven  women  are  mmblo  to  earn  a  living  from 
old  age ;  six  meu  and  Bve  women  are  blind ;  and  twenty  men  and  six 
women  are  lepers. 

The  two  Shaikh  SallAs.  Thorla  or  the  elder  and  Duakta  or 
the  younger,  are  two  MusabnAn  shrines  or  dargtihg  on  the  river  bank 
in  Kasha  wai^.  They  stand  on  the  site  of  two  Hindu  temples  of 
Narayancshvar  and  I'unoshvar.  Awording  to  the  local  tradition,  in 
i290,  Syod  Ilisa  Mohidin  Khulal  and  four  other  Mu^almiin  ascetics 
oarae  from  Delhi,  desecrated  the  two  temples,  threw  away  the  lingg, 
and  turned  the  tempLcs  into  shrines  or  dar<idhs.  The  temple  of 
Puueshvar'  became  known  us  Shaikh  Salla-ud-diu's  or  the  younger 
Shaikh  Solla's  shrine  and  the  Naniyanctthvar  temple  as  Shailcli  llisa 
llohidin's  or  the  elder  Shaikh  Sidla's  shrine.  The  two  Poona  villages 
M  Yerandvunn  and  Kalii.'*.  whow*  revenues  had  been  enjoyed  by  the 
temples,  were  continued  to  the  shrines.  Acconling  to  another  story 
the  temple  priests  asked  the  BijApur  government  to  restore  them  the 
villages.  The  Bijdpur  authorities  refused  unless  the  Brdhmaus 
undertook  the  saints'  worship.  On  this  one  of  the  Brdhmau  priests 
embraced  laliim,  was  appoint4xl  mujdvar  or  mhiisti'ont  of  the  shrines, 
end  paased  down  the  otiice  to  his  family  by  whom  it  is  still  held. 

A  pointed  arched  stone  gateway  reached  by  a  flight  of  steps  leads 
to  a  large  enclosure,  whose  centre  is  shaded  by  a  ^'igorous  old 
tamarind  tree  under  whoso  branches  are  several  small  tombs.  To 
the  left  and  right  near  the  outer  gateway  are  rest-houses  with  strong 
plain  wooden  pillars  and  opposite  the  "door  is  another  higher  and 
more  modern  rest-house  all  built  of  wood.  Some  chumbenj  to  the 
right  have  a  row  of  pillars  with  outstanding  deep-cut  bi-ackcta 
stretching  from  theii'  capitals  to  the  roof.  In  this  row  of  buildings 
a  door,  whose  posts  urc  thickly  covered  with  old  horse  shoes,  opens 
into  an  inner  courtyard  with  several  tombs.  The  tombs  to  the  right 
are  of  little  size  or  interest.  But  opposite  the  door^vay  a  larger 
monument,  of  no  great  elegance,  with  some  open  trellis  windows, 
is  said  to  be  the  tomb  of  a  grandson  of  Aurangzeb  who  is  said  to 
have  been  buried  here  for  a  year  and  to  have  been  then  carrietl  to 
Aurangabad.  Further  to  the  loft  the  large  dome  with  the  gilt 
crescent  is  the  tomb  of  Shaikh  Salla,  and  still  further  to  the  left  is  a 
mosque  on  the  site  of  the  Punoshvar  temple,  whose  images  are  said 
to  be  buried  under  the  floor  of  the  mosque.  The  mosque  tK^rs  marks 
of  its  Hindu  origin  in  three  doorway  pillars,  two  of  which  are  old 
Hindu  work,  square  at  the  bottom,  then  roundc<l,  then  octagonal,  and 
again  square.     The  door  is  also  Hindu  with  u  (rauputi  niche  in  the 


Chapter  XIV. 

Flacas. 

Poona, 
ObjocU. 


Shaikh  Satid^ 
7'omha 
(31). 


'  Th»  PuoeshvM'  ling  it  sud  to  Iutq  boou  Ukea  to  tlie  foot  0(  PunuuUiiU'  fori 
whore  ft  tuaple  still  renuuni  which  wm  bnilt  for  it. 


Chapter  XIV. 
Places. 

POUXA. 
OkjooU. 


ThoHa  Shaikh 

Saihi'$  Tomb, 


Shmrdr  Paloft 


844 


DISTRICTS. 


C«CK 


liuteL  On  the  left  in  tm  opou  place  under  a  wooden  roof  arc  9va$ 
tombii.  Some  broken  pUItxra  ptaiuor  Uiim  Uiom:  ut  the*  doorway  lis 
8i:atU>red  umoug'  the  graves  on  the  left  Behind  thu  muaqut'  u  mght 
of  aUiim  led  from  Puneahvar*s  temple  to  tho  river  bed.  In  the  itoai 
courtyard  to  the  left  is  a  tiled  huilding  where  a  bier  or  tdhui  t»  Vagi 
and  where  congregations  arc  hold  for  prayer. 

The  Thorla  or  Eldhh  Shaikh  .SALU\'t!  Shrisb  on  the  site  of 
theNiu-dyauetdivar  tumplcr  and  containing  the  tomb  of  Shaikh  llima 
Mohidiu,  lies  on  the  Mulha  below  the  Mondoi  market.  Tbn 
tomb,  which  hoa  a  plain  doorway,  is  approached  by  a  flight  of  stepa 
Tho  Bpiicc  inside  is  very  uneven  and  la  now  u  regular  burial  grouM 
with  numerouB  graves  round  the  central  tomb  which  us  a  L-trcultf 
domcfl  room.  To  the  eaat  and  south-west  are  remains  of  old  rHft> 
hou8o«,  Outdidc  the  main  entrance  and  facing  the  river  aide  la  a  low 
building  of  plain  wood  work.  On  the  other  aide  are  the  reaideootwol 
the  tomb  ministrunt  or  mujdvar^  and  in  the  middle  an  open  ocmrtyi 
A  flight  of  steps  leads  down  tho  inner  cncloeurc  through  lui  arefa 
under  the  cncloiiurc  wall  to  the  river.  Tlie  ruins  of  the  urtg 
^firayuneshvar  temple  arc  still  scattered  about  to  the  auuth-wetloi 
Uisu  Muhidin's  tomb.  They  conaiat  chiefly  of  stuuu  columns  oad 
lintels,  some;  in  tlieir  places  and  others  strewn  over  the  ground.  Tht 
columns  and  lintels  and  the  fonn  of  tlie  old  temple  are  in  the  oUF 
Hindu  style.  The  villages  granted  to  the  tombs  are  now  encumbend 
and  not  in  the  hands  of  the  ministrant  family  who  are  badly  oUl 

The  SnANvAn  Pal.\ie  in  Shuuviir  ward,  probobly  ot  that  time 
(1730-  1M18)  the  tincBt  modera  palace  in  the  Deccan,  wua  the  chief 
residence  of  Ihe  later  Peahwiis.  It  was  so  destroyed  by  fire  in  3H27 
that  all  that  remains  is  the  fortified  enclosure  wall  about  200  yanls 
long  by  1 50  yards  brood  and  twenty  feet  high.  The  lower  tive  feet  of 
the  wall  are  built  of  solid  stone  and  the  upper  fifteen  feet  of  brick. 
The  wall  has  eight  bastions  and  five  gateways  in  the  Musalxo^n  styUv 
tho  gates  with  high  pointed  aruhcs.  (.>f  the  eight  bastions,  uU  of  whieli 
arc  of  stone  beluw  and  brick  ubuvc,  fuur  are  ut  the  comers  and  four 
in  the  middle  of  each  face  the  north  one  having  the  main  gateway. 
The  wall  has  five  gateways.  The  main  eutrauco  in  the  centre  of  tbt 
north  wall  is  called  the  Delhi  gate  as  it  facos  Delhi.  The  hi^ 
woodim  door  remains  thick-set  with  iron  spikes  to  ward  oflf  olcphanta 
Tho  gateway  is  flanked  by  large  twelve-sidi-d  cut-stone  bastions  wtti 
turretit.  Above  the  main  entrance  is  a  largo  hall  now  uaed  ut  I 
record  room.  Inside  the  cnclosui-e  are  lines  for  the  city  r««Qnt 
police  and  a  garden  and  parade  ground.  On  the  north  to  the  can 
of  the  main  entrance  is  a  smaller  gate  the  name  of  which  is  nd 
known.  Two  small  gates  in  the  eastern  wall  arc  culled  the  Gimesk 
and  J^unbhul  gates,  the  Ganesh  called  after  an  image  of  Ganpati  on  tme 
aide  of  it  and  tho  Jitmbhul  after  a  jambhul  or  Kugtinin  jambolona 
trco  which  grew  near  it.  Tho  fiftli  gate  is  in  the  Mouth  wall  at  tlie 
western  end.  It  is  called  the  SIu»tjini  gute  after  Must^ini  the  bt-uu- 
tiful  Mnhummodan  mistress  of  BdjirAv  the  second  Pcshwu  (1721-1740) 
who  used  to  pass  in  and  out  of  the  palace  by  this  gate,  Mnst^ 
was  brought  by  Chimnfiji  Apa  from  Upper  India  and  pre&eul«d  to 
the  Pcshwa.     iShe  was  a  noted  beauty  and  the  Peahwa  waa  oxtremelv 


Deccan] 


POONA. 


fond  of  her.     Ijarge  landed  property  and  buildings  were  granted  to 
her  and  a  garden  in  the  city  still  goc«  by  her  name. 

The  site  of  the  Shanvilr  palace  was  choeen  by  the  seeond  Peshwa 
Bfijiniv  BalJ^  (1721  -  1740),  who.  acuoixliiig  to  the  well  worn  story, 
when  ridinu:,  saw  a  hare  turn  un  a  dug  und  thought  that 
a  houae  built  on  that  Bito  would  never  be  tuken.  The  site, 
which  in  about  41^  acres,  watt  eleared  of  Koli  and  other  huts  and  the 
foundation  Btono  waa  laid  by  Pcshwti  HjijirAv  on  the  new  moon  of  the 
Mnsiilinin  month  of  linjab  in  1729.  Part  of  the  foundation-laying 
ceremony  is  said  to  have  been  the  burial  of  a  live  Mang.  Shdha. 
(1708-17-19)  of  SAtAra  told  the  Peshwa  not  to  put  the  main  entrance 
to  the  north  as  it  would  mean  a  war  with  Bt-Ihi,  the  Mogbal  L-a]]ital, 
of  whoso  ruler  Shdhu  alwavR  considerod  himself  a  vassal.  In  defer- 
ence to  Sh^u's  wishes  the  building  of  tlie  gate  was  stopped  and  it 
was  not  completed  till  afterSlifihu's  death  (1740)  by  the  third  Pesbwa 
BrfUji  Bdjir^v  (1740-1761).  The  palace  was  a  six-storeyed  building 
with  four  large  and  several  smaller  courts  or  chauks.  TLo  courts 
were  called  either  from  the  objects  for  which  they  were  set  apart  or 
the  persons  who  occupied  them.  One  was  called  Phaddeha  Chauk  or 
the  Granary  and  Stores  Court,  a  second  Trfk  Chauk  or  the  Dairy 
Court,  H  third  lyFudp.'ik  Chauk  or  the  Kitchen  Court,  a  fourth 
T'akvjinna  Chauk  or  the  Sweetmeat  Court,  and  two  others  SAvitribiii'a 
und  YuraunAbdi's  Chauks  after  two  ladies  of  the  Peshwa's  family. 
The  halls  or  divtinkhfinos  of  the  palace  hud  names  taken  either 
from  their  decorations  or  from  their  us^^-s.  One  wus  called  the  UukAk 
DivAnkluinu,  because  it  was  embellished  with  tinrs  and  decorations 
from  Gokilk  in  Bulgaum ;  another  the  Niich  Uivilnkhjina  where 
dancing  parties  were  given  ;  a  third  the.  Kucheri  DivjinkhAna  or 
audient'e  hall,  where  statesmen  and  strangers  were  received  ;  a  fourth 
the  Ilastidanti  Divdnkhana  or  ivory  hoU  because  of  un  ivory  ceiling 
and  other  decora)  ious:  the  tifth  the  Ganesh  Di^-AnkliAua  where 
Oaupati  was  yearly  worshipped  in  BKadrapad  or  August-iScptembor  ; 
a  sixth  the  Arse  Mahdl  because  its  wuUs  and  ceiling  were  covered 
with  mirrors;  and  a  seventh,  NiirrtyanrAv's  ^lahAl  l>ee4tusc  it  was 
specially  built  for  the  fifth  Peahwa  NArAyanrAv  (1772-1773).  These 
and  other  halls  were  in  the  form  of  a  standish  or  kaUimiliin  witli  a 
central  main  hall  with  square  coiUng,  and  side  compartments  with 
sloping  ceilings  like  the  aialca  of  a  church.  The  pillars  supporting 
the  main  halls  wero  of  wood  cut  in  the  cypress  or  vuru  pattern 
and  were  joined  together  on  the  top  by  thick  cusped  arches.  The 
ceilings  were  coven^  with  bf^ntinil  wooden  tracery  in  different 
patterns.  The  wood  work  was  painted  with  figures  of  trees  and  men 
or  scenes  from  the  PurAns  in  enamel  and  gold.  The  stone  work 
inside  the  courts  was  Ihi-oughout  Hnely  chiselled  and  polished. 
Most  of  the  important  courts  had  central  fountains.  ^  The 
height  of  the  paluee  is  not  known.  It  is  said  that  the  spire  of 
Ahmili  temple  twelve  miles  north  of  Poena  was  seen  from  the 
uppermost  terrace.  All  round  the  palaee  thick  iron  chains  were 
hung  on  the  walls  to  ward  oil'  lightning  and  other  evil  spirits.     A 

1  Theseventh  Peih«-&Mft<llt«vrivll.<l774- 1795)  threw  hinuiclffntmtbenpiwnntwt 
floor  ou  DDfl  of  the  fonnt&itifl,  broke  both  liia  legfi,  omt  dietl  after  two  dftyt'  illness. 

B  860-44 


Chapter  ZI 
Places. 

Objwtl. 

Shamwir  Pah 


(Bombay  GasettMr. 


3i6 


DISTRICTS. 


XIT. 


(SSI 


TempU 


Jofftn/iitiri't 

TemyU 

(SS). 


retintifl  of  BnUiinan  aervnnta  waft  maintained  itt  the  palace  at  a 
monthly  cost  of  £150  (Rs.  1-500).  From  a  ciBtom  in  the  palace 
wntcr  wus  ruised  to  the  dcventh  storey  and  carried  to  the  Mudpdk 
court,  Tdk  court,  oud  other  parte  of  the  poluce.  The  fountain  in 
Phad  court  was  famous  for  ita  aiae  and  beauty.  The  story  hn  told  thit, 
while  the  palace  wan  building,  no  ono  thought  of  the  watfr-mipply 
except  a  exilful  mason  who  stealthily  built  n  iluct  under  the  wall  and 
made  a  re«er\-oir  near  the  Qanesh  gale.  Wlien  the  piila<v  was 
Bnished  and  the  PesUwa  wad  arranging  to  bring  wntcr  from  the  Kiitnj 
aqueduct  into  the  palace  he  saw  no  way  except  by  pulling  down  a 
part  uf  the  enclosure  wall  with  the  building  on  it.  The  mason  Bhowed 
his  duet  and  was  rewarded  for  hia  foresight  by  the  grant  of  m  villagi 
near  Ahmadnagar  where  hia  descendanta  still  live.  In  1756  alone 
towers  were  built  over  the  gateways.  Tn  1783  the  Phad  court  waa 
rebuilt  under  the  Ruporintondenco  of  NAna  Fadnnvia.  In  1811  ui 
Asmani  Mnluil  or  Sky  Hall  built  by  IWjiriv  the  last  Peebwn  {l"^'- 
1817}  was  burnt  down.  In  18*27  on  Tburwlay  the  bright  sixth  of 
Phdlgnn  or  March-April  the  ])tdiice  cuught  6re,  and  cuutiuuod  burning 
about  u  fortnight.  In  spite  of  all  efforts,  almost  the  whole  r>t'  \hf 
palaoo  was  destroyed.  Among  the  parts  aaved  was  the  Mirror  liall 
which  has  since  been  removed.  The  palace  site  ie  now  a&od  for  the 
reserve  force  of  the  Poonaeity  police.  ' 

The  SiiDKRAVAR  pAi.A.cB  iu  ShttkniTir  ward  WBS  boill  bv  BAjirAv 
the  hist  Peshwa  in  1803-4.  It  waa  partly  burnt  in  1820'  and  tha 
ruins  were  sold  by  Government.  No  trace  but  the  bare  wills 
remains.  This  was  a  small  building  with  two  courts  and  two  npper 
atoreya.     It  was  BAjirav's  private  residence. 

Somusiivab's  Tkmfi.k  in  the  Aditv^r  ward  waa  built  by  Utixir 
yanriiv  NAtu  about  3«:J0.  It  has  become  a  great  resort  ^r  wan- 
dering Goaiivis.  The  temple  is  now  (August  1884)  being  rebuilt 
by  public  subscription  among  the  M^rwdri  shopkce[>era  in  tba 
KApadgonj  market  who  have  already  given  about  £3000  (Rs.  30,000). 
The  body  of  the  temjile  is  being  built  of  polished  trap  with  marbw 
columns  and  terraced  windows.  The  original  ininge  ehnniber  if 
preseiTod  and  is  being  Uncd  with  masonry.  The  hall  will  be 
built  of  car\'ed  wood.  A  public  cistern  has  been  built  in  tb» 
yard  and  a  small  garden  haa  been  made  at  the  back.  Along  the 
sides  arc  rest-housca  for  Gos^via.  The  doorway  with  a  small  drum- 
house  or  nagiirkhdna  over  it  has  been  retrcntly  rebuilt.  The  Ung 
of  this  Icmple  is  a  natural  knob  of  rock  like  the  OrakAreebTV 
liuij  and  is  held  in  high  venorntion.  The  great  day  of  the  tompio  ti 
MnhiiMkivrtitra  in  February-  .March.  The  temple  expenses  arc  mei 
by  subscriptions  among  the  traders  of  Kapadganj. 

JofJEsiiVARi  waa  one  of  the  oldest  guanliuns  of  tlie  t^ity  and  had  a 
temple  about  a  nule  to  the  north  of  the  town  when  it  conslKii^d  of 
about  a  dozen  huts.  The  gixldi^s,  who  is  now  ])aintod  red  and  called 
Tambdi  or  Red  Jogeshvnri,  is  formally  asked  to  all  raarriago  and 
other  important  family  ceremonies.  The  templo  is  very  plain  and 
built  of  solid  stone  with  a  shrine  and  u  small  hull  in  front.  On  t1i^_ 
aidea  are  platforms  with  images  of  Vithuba,  Muhddev,  and  Uaopat^H 
The  holy  days  of  the  temple  ore  the  Aorril/m  iu  September  •  October 


I 


Tt'i-sinAr,  Temtle  in  Budhvftr  ward,  woa  built  in  1761  by  order  of 
tlic  tliirU  IV'Bliwa  llal^iji  Biijiniv  (174U- 17G1).  Tliu  temple  Htund.<4  on 
the  she  of  a  garden  of  biu»il  or  iuhi.  Clut»c  to  the  f^rden  a  atroam  now 
dry  pn^ed  by  the  R*h1  Joji^shvuri's  temple.  A  trace  of  the  stream 
remuins  in  a  woman'H  tomb  behind  tho  Tulfti  Garden  whJi-h  muitt  once 
have  been  on  the  bonk  of  the  stream.  The  building  of  the  temple  was 
Buporinteudod  by  N&ro  Appdji  who  waa  also  made  tbo  temple  manager. 
The  TulsiUig  is  about  one  acre  in  area  and  is  entered  by  a  small  door. 
It  contains  tlirec  tGinples,  one  of  H^m  in  the  luiddJc,  of  Ganpati  on 
the  right  of  BAm,  and  of  Shiv  on  the  left.  R^m's  temple  ronsista  of  a 
outstone  and  vaulted  shrine  with  a  8pire  and  an  arcarled  portico  with 
amarble  6oor.  Ganpati'sand  Muhadev's  temples  are  also  of  outstone 
but  smaller  and  without  tho  portico.  In  front  of  tho  temple  a  yard 
laid  out  in  flower  bods  is  crossed  by  pared  footpaths  which  lead  to 
tlie  different  temples.  Behind  the  temples  are  two  detached  holla 
beyond  one  of  which  is  a  basil  pUlur.  Below  the  pillar  is  u  four^ 
armed  stone  image  of  Vishnu  lying  on  the  acrj)ent  Slicsh.  In  front 
of  R&m's  temple  is  a  third  large  hall  about  twenty  feet  high  with  a 
wood-carved  coiling  and  a  fountain.  R^m's  temple  has  throo  white 
marble  images  of  R^m  Sita  and  Lokshman.  In  front  of  RAm  in. 
a  small  stone  shrine  is  a  black-sloue  standing  imago  of  >idruti  with 
folded  hands.  Over  tho  north  and  south  gateways  are  two  drum- 
honsM  or  nngarkhdnnn  where  drums  are  beuteu  dully  ut  morning  even- 
ing and  midnight  and  in  addition  at  noon  and  aftt^moon  on  Saturdays, 
tho  day  on  which  Poona  passod  to  the  Peshwas.  Additions  ond 
alterations,  at  a  cost  of  about  £:iO(Kt  (Rs.  30,00il),  have  lately  been 
mode  to  the  temple  by  Mr.  Nandram  Ndik.  A  very  elegant  new 
conical  cement  spire  140  foet  high  and  ornamented  with  ngures  foliage 
and  niches  has  been  built  ;  ami  the  third  hull  or  i^ahhdmamiap 
(60'  X  40'  X  20')  has  been  rebuilt  of  massive  wood,  Tulaibig  is  the 
most  frequented  temple  in  Poona.  It  enjoys  a  grant  for  the  mainte- 
tumoe  of  the  drum-house  from  the  Pan'ati  temple  revenues  and  has 
ahopfl  and  houses  whose  rents  go  towards  its  expenses. 

The  temple  of  Vetal  or  the  Ghost  King  in  Vetill  ward,  is  an 
ordinary  looking  iind  populur  temple  with  a  shrine,  a  ehumber,  and 
an  outer  hall,  llound  the  outaido  of  the  temple  runs  on  open  air 
paasago  about  six  foot  wide,  an<l  round  the  outaidc  of  the  passage  is 
a  row  of  rough  undressed  stones  about  six  inchen  high  covered  with 
wliitewosh  and  tipped  with  redleod.  The  north  and  west  walls  of 
the  temple  are  also  marked  with  great  patches  of  redlead  and 
whitewash.  Near  the  entrance  door  is  a  small  altar  where  a  lamp 
burns  and  where  arc  impressions  of  Vetal^s  feet  and  a  small  >'andi  or 
bull.  Low  caste  people  do  not  go  further  ;  they  bow  beside  the  feet 
and  look  at  Vetal.  From  the  roof  of  the  shrine  or  chamber  at  the 
west  ond  of  tho  hall  hangs  a  bell,  which,  according  to  the  temple 
ministraut,  one  of  the  Peshwiis  presented  to  VctAl  in  fulfilment 
of  a  vow  tliut  he  would  offer  Vetdl  a  bell  if  tho  costing  of  a  certain 
cannon  waa  succcBsful.  The  god  is  a  red  block  about  three  foot  high 
and  tht^»  feet  round.  The  top  is  rouglUy  made  into  the  shape  of  a 
man's  face  with  large  eyes  and  a  black  moustache.  It  is  thickly 
eucruatcd  with  rcdl^.  On  tho  top  of  the  bead  is  a  small  wreath  oi 
chrysanthemums.     From  tho  roof  hongs  a  garUnd  of  bd  or  ^gle 


Chapter 
Places. 

Po05A. 

ObJMta. 
Tultibdg  Tempi 


(^». 


C  Bom  bay  GiUttMr 


DISTRICTS. 


knu  Uamtir 


'■^Aiim'*  Temple 


Palace 
{40). 


iiianuoltjs  and  ciiHtard  upplc  knives  and  mttri^ild  flowoi-ti,  and  uvroevl 
door  i»  n  siring  oV  dry  mango  leaves.     The  god  is   waflhcd  tTm 
day,  but  no  light  i»  burnt  near  him.    Friday  w  hia  big  day.    'Of 
gwl   16  a  pillar    of   ocmoiii  built  over  a  round   uiidro««ed   rtiar, 
which,  iibout  nincly  yoarstigo,  a  Muratbu  brought  from  the  villip 
of  BApguoii  in  the   Purandhar  sul>-diviHion.     His  great-grandson  i» 
the  prtint-nl  iniitiMrant  tir  ftujdri.      All  elaasea  o£  lluidus,  BrahmofB 
OS  well  UH  other  people,  worship  tliis  Vet^il.     VetAl  ia  worshipi 
the  Buuit'  wuy  00    Huhiroba  and  other   MarAtba   gods.     G< 
sucriHtxxl  lu  biia  iu  fultilinent  of  vows  :  cocks  are  i)otoffcrc<d. 
rhief  worabippors  arc  aihleU's  aud  Borccrcrs. 

ViMiM'  M\NDiK  or  Vishnu's  temple  in  GosAvijmra   in   Somi 
ward  is  one  of  three  charitable  works  built  in  1 H  HI  at  a  cost  «f  £  I  Jt.O 
(Us.  I.'W.OO(I)  hy  a  wealthy  Oosavi  named   Bava  Narpat^r  Gura' 
Kisaiigir  who  died  iu  1859.     To  remedy  the  deficient  wator-supply  of 
Goaivlpuru  Udva  Nurptitgir  laid  a  branch  from  the  K^tmj  aqueduct 
and  litiilt  publiccifiteniHrtliis  temple,  aud  a  rest-house.'     The  work  wm 
bugun  in  lH4(i  and  finished  in  1H;>0.     The  temple  consists  of  a  mnall 
solid  stone  ro(rtn  about  twenty  feet    aquare  with  a   vault   surm   i 
bv  a  eonical  tower.     The  objeets  of  worship  in  the  rotim  are   i; 
nl  Vishnu   and    Lokshmi.     The   tower   is   riehly   omamenteil    with     i 
fulinge,  niehes,  and  niythologiealligurea  in  stucco,     In  front  of  th^^ 
room  is  an  arched  stuue  portico.     T*>uchiug  the  portico  on  a  luw|^| 
Invel  is  a  large  wooden  hall  or  fabkn-mamlap  open  on  the  norlo^ni 
The   hall   has  a   central   nave   and   aisles.     To  the   north    of    the 
temple  is  a  paved   qumlrnngle  surroundcfl  by  open  wooden  pillared 
halls.     To    the   north   of    the   first   quadrangle   in   a   second    wttli 
rooms  and  hulls  on  the  sides.     The  first  quadrangle  ha*  a  neat  little 
fountain  and  outside  the  tciuplc  preniittes  arc  two  large  public  cistci 
Biiva  ?Iarputgir  Ims  endowed  the  tcmplu  cisterns  and  rcst-houso 
lirnds  yieioiug  £.50  (Us.  500)  a  year. 

VisnNt's  Tkmi'I.k  in  Sliuki-avrfr  wanl  was  built  by  Jivdjii 
Anna  Kh^SsgivAlo.  Behind  the  temple  is  a  wuter  eislom  or  haud 
which  BMhmans  alone  arc  allowed  to  draw  water.  Beyond 
cistcni  was  a  garden  belonging  to  Kh^sgiv^lc  with  a  dwcllil 
surrounded  bv  fountains.  The  garden,  dwelling,  aud  fountains  hm 
been  renioven  mid  the  site  taken  by  the  Poena  munieijMility  fur  the 
central  market.'  The  temple  is  in  two  parts,  a  shrine  and  a  portico, 
both  built  of  solid  stone  and  vaulted  with  a  spire.  In  front  is  an 
open  wooden  hall  or  snhhanmtuhp  witli  a  tiled  roof  where  Purins  are 
read  e^'cry  evening  1o  large  nimibers  of  [woplc.  ^t 

VisiiH.UinAr.  Palace  in  SikUIhIuv  wanl,  now  used  for  the  Govcra^P 
ment  High  School,  is  a  large  one-storeyed  mansion,  260  feet  long  and 
810  feet  broad.     Tlie   paliitte  bus  three    qmulrangles  or  chaufcs  each 
with  op<!>n  halls  on  all  sides  on  the  ground-floor  and  enclosed   rooms 
with  numerous  windows  on  the  upper  floor.     The  chief  supports 
the  ground-floor  arc  all  of  wood,  cut  sqiuiro  and  placed  on  stoi 
pedestals.     The  beams  and  girders  arc  also  of  wood,  cut  and  drc! 


at!4c 
tcrn^y 
>  ^^i^B 

[ipoil^l 
fnmi 


xims 

tto^H 

L-SS^H 


'  In  ivti'sril  lor  hi»  public  frpiril  Oovcrnnwnt  meacntcd  the  Bivjt  with  ii  gold 
l'i«ilct.  J  Kc«  aboTo  pp.  .137  338.  ~ 


^■^ 


\ 


I 
I 


uare.  The  tdlunms  of  the  upper  floor  ure  also  of  wood  cun*ed  ill 
tlie  cypresa  or  sunt  fonn.  The  columns  have  a  sqiiare  base  and  rounded 
top.  The  shuftu  arc  round  but  bulge  out  u  little  at  Btarting  and  taper 
at  the  bcud.  The  entablature  U  neai'ly  the  same  as  the  baae  invertod 
though  HHiallGr.  Above  the  iintnblaturc  the  column  runs  square  and 
JTCCcives  tiic  tiquAi'o  post  plate  and  over  it  the  beams.  The  space 
oen  the  post  phtto  and  the  entablature  is  filled  by  a  false  wooden 
h.  The  arch  ie  cuspod  and  horse-shoe  shaped,  the  centre  raiaod  in 
a  point  by  turniug  up  the  ends  of  the  two  uppermost  cusps  of  the 
arch.  The  Hhul'ls  arc  carved  with  the  stalk  and  leaves  of  creepers 
and  the  base  and  entablature  arc  enriched  with  foliage.  The  arches 
start  from  the  stem  which  carries  the  flower  and  friut  of  the  croopor. 
The  palace  roof  was  origmally  n  terrace,  but  it  bus  been  lately  made 
into  a  tiled  roof.  The  quadrangles  or  cluittks  are  well  paved  squares 
Viiih  ample  room  for  lectures  and  other  meetings.  The  hmdmnet 
quadrangle  contains  three  small  cisterns  placed  in  aline  in  the  centre 
and  fed  by  the  wat«r  of  the  Niina  Fadnavis  aqueduct.  Outside  the 
palace  is  a  large  public  cintern  called  Pushkami.  The  palace  was 
built  OS  a  residence  by  Bajirdv  the  la-st  Peahwa  botwecniI803  and 
1809  at  a  cost  of  £20,0-5 1  (Ks.  2,00,510).  The  aqueduct  and  cisterns 
cost  a  further  sum  of  £830  (Ks.  8500).  The  palace  was  furnished  at 
lU  cost  of  £1400  {Ua.  14,000),  and  an  estabUshment  at  a  monthly  r.o«t 
of  £40  (Us.  400)  was  kept  to  guard  it  and  attend  the  Peshwa  when 
he  lived  there. 

On  the  recommendation  of  Mr.  Chaplin,  Comuiissioner  of  the  Dcccan 
0818-1821),  Govcrament  set  apart  £2000  (Ils.20,000)  out  of  the 
shina  Funii,'  to  maintain  a  college  for  the  stu<lv  of  the  Vedas  and 
atraa.  The  eoUegc  or  PAthshdla  was  started  in  Inis  palace  in  1821. 
About  1 842  the  study  of  the  Vodae  was  slopped  and  classes  for  teaching 
English  were  substituted,  with  the  late  Major  Candy,  the  author  of 
the  Mariitlii  Dictionary,  as  the  head  of  the  college  staff.  The  study 
of  the  Sb^tras  was  stoppud  in  I85G  and  the  fii'st  Doccan  College  was 
formed  with  a  prepoiatory  school  atlaehcd.  In  course  of  time  (1808) 
the  very  handsome  Becwm  College  buildings  now  in  use  were 
completed.  The  preparatory  scliool  which  then  became  the  High 
School  has  since  remained  in  the  Vishr&mbig  palace.  In  May  1><79 
the  fi-out  quadrangle  of  the  palace  was  burnt  down  by  incendiaries. 
Public  subscriptions,  aidwl  by  municipal  contributions,  were  roiaed 
and  the  buildings  restored  somewhat  to  their  original  appeoraace.  It 
is  intended  to  make  the  restoration  coraplct*;. 

Besides  the  above  the  following  bujhiings  may  be  noted.  In 
AditvAr  ward,  Ghorpode's  mansion  with  a  large  public  ciatcni 
und  a  jalmnndir  or  wator-honse  that  is  a  house  built  on  pillars 
in  water.  In  BudhviSr  ward  Milnkeshvar's  palace  now  owned  by 
the  Kibo  banker  of  Indore,  and  Thatte'ti  temple  of  Ram  ;  in  Uani 
.ward]  lUjo  Bjigsher's  moeque:  in  Kasha  ward  2s'ana  Fudnavia 
'mansion  where  the  Peshwas'  records  are  kept  ;  in  JfiirtSyan  ward  the 
QiUkvitd's  mansion  the  Lakdi  bridge  and  Vithoba's  temple ;  in 
8hanv&r  ward  Appa  Balvaut  Mehandalc's  mansion^  Chandrachnd's 


Chapter_XIT. 
Flacea. 


bjecta^H 
rdmbJM 


Pooka. 

Obj 

VUA 
Pataee 

m 


ifUcfttanteit», 


I 


1  Uelails^of  Uic  Dakshiiiii  Fimil  urc  given  aIjovc  uudcr  IiutrucUoa  pp.48,  82-64. 


( Bombay  Oi 


ipterXIV. 

HiKtUatuoua. 


itootneaU 


hvisioHa. 


^Anpeet, 


DISTRICTS. 


Dianston,  Ouclre's  muneion  owned  by  the  Dowag<er  Rdni  of 
and  now  occnpied  by  the  New  KngUsh  School,  HorxhareBhTBr'i 
temple,  Halkur'e  muudiou,  JamUhandikor's  mutiHion,  SAof^liku''* 
mansion,  and  Shirkis'H  monHinn.  In  HhukravAr  wurd  Bara  Iminu' 
or  fh(?  Twelve  Sjiinta'  mosque,  BhAu  ManB^rdm'B  mansion  built  hv  i 
rich  contractor  BhAu  MunsArdm  in  1869,  and  Niaidi-dta  N^ik's  num- 
sion  built  in  1859  both  favourite  reeorta  of  Mardtha  chief  a  TisitiDi 
Foona  on  business  or  pleasure,  and  the  Pant  SaeUiv'a  nuinsioQ  : 
in  Vet^  ward  0haudhari*8  mimsion  now  in  ^MweeiMion  of  lidv 
Rhajckar,  and  the  8.  P.  G.  Miasion  houao  and  church. 

The  Cantonment,  tlie  eaat«m  section  of  Poona,  boe  an  area  d 
about  4-25  square  miles,  about  30,225  people,  and  during  the  fir? 
years  endioj^  1683,  an  average  yearly  cantonment  revenue  o( 
about  £0664  (Rs.  66,642}.'  It  is  a  rectaugulur  plot  of  land  aboct 
2'72  miles  frum  north  to  south  and  varying  from  ISH  to  I'GS  uQa 
from  east  to  west.  It  in  hounded  on  the  north  by  the  Peniuaab 
railway,  on  the  east  by  Bahiroba'a  stream,  on  the  south  by  a  liiw 
drawn  from  the  VilDavdi  Hay  stacks  post  the  back  uf  the  Military 
Prison  {^}  to  the  cemetery  on  the  Siitara  road  (59),  on  the  sontfa-we«t 
and  west  by  the  Uhav^ni  and  Ndua  wards  of  tho  city,  and  on  lla 
north-west  by  the  lino  of  the  Council  Uall  road  which  separates  it 
from  the  suburban  municipality.  < 

Almost  along  its  whole  len^h  to  the  Right  Flank  Lines  in  the 
extreme  sooth,  the  central  belt  of  tho  Military  cantonment^  wiih  as 
area  of  130  acres,  ia  kept  open  for  parade  and  other  military 
purposes.  Beyond  this  central  open  belt  to  the  north-east  are  th« 
Ghorpadi  Lines  and  Barracks,  to  the  south-ea^t  tho  V^nvdi  LiuWi 
to  the  south  the  Right  Flank  Lines  so  called  because  ihey  are  ot 
the  right  flank  of  the  cantonment,  to  the  south-west  tho  Xeatnl 
Lines  and  the  Petty  Staff  Lines,  to  the  west  the  Native  Infantry  lioft 
and  behind  them  the  Sodar  Bazar,  to  the  north-w»*t  tho  Ordnsna 
Lines  and  behind  lliem  the  Staff  Lines.  Beyond  the  natural  limia 
of  the  cantonment,  but  under  the  control  of  tho  CantonruMrt-i 
Jlugistmto,  iu  tho  extreme  north-east  on  the  right  bank  of  Bnhirobs'l 
Btrtam,  between  the  Peninsula  railway  aud  the  river,  are  tho  Natiw 
Cavalry  Lines. 

The  land  in  the  cantonment  forms  two  parts,  the  central  belt  moil 
of  it  of  poor  soil  and  rock,  bare  of  house?,  and  with  few  trees  excepi 
those  that  line  the  roads  which  cross  and  encircle  it;  and  the  crvidH 
and  lines  of  residences  chiefly  of  European  civil  and  military  officvn 
in  tho  Ghorpadi  lines  in  the  north-east,  in  the  Vanavdi  Lines  is 
the  south-east,  in  the  Right  Flank  Lines  in  the  aouth,  and  in  tbf 
Neutral,  Native  lofantry,  and  Staff  Lineu  in  the  west  and  north-west 
All  of  these  quarters  or  lines  are  well  provided  with  excellent  roid* 
some  of  which  have  road-siile  trees  and  riding  paths.  Most  of  Xit 
houses  are  in  enclosures  of  half  an  acreto  two  acres  fenced  with  hrici 
walls  or   low  CAOtus  hedges.     Maoy  of  the  encloaures  are  ban  ^ 


1  Tb«  datkibkre  :  K«.  21,635  in  1879-80,  IU.24,M0  in  1880-81,  Ra.  85.007  in  ISBlA 
R».  1,08,8M  iu  1882-S3.  and  Rb,  02,837  in  1883-84.  '       '* 


I 


( 


i 


"71=1 


Ghapl 
n 

JHM 


Ow 


JH 


aecAUl 


t 


POONA 


OS.  Others,  especially  daring  the  rains,  are  sbacly  gardens  well 
tucked  with  shrubs,  roses,  gcriiuiams,  &nd  fluwering  plants  and 
crcopf;rs.  With  a  few  exceptions  the  houses  are  ono-atoreyed 
'biiildiag:i4,  ud  plinthfl  two  to  five  feet  high  with  atone  and  cement 
walls  and  tiled  roofs.  A  few  are  owned  and  held  by  wealthy  Natives 
litit  most  are  owned  by  Natives  of  Poena  and  let  to  Europeans,  chiefly 
ivil  and  Military  officers  at  monthly  rents  of  £5  to  XI5  (Rs.  50 - 
160)  or  £80  to  £120  (its.  800-  1200)  for  the  rainy  season.  Each 
house  has  its  liuc  of  stables  and  servants'  quarters  generatly  of  brick, 
Besides  these  Hues  the  cantonment  limits  iuclude  twu  lines  of  email 
houses  with  small  front  gardens  and  paying  rents  nf  £2  10«.  to  £7 
10*.  (Ra. 25-75);a  month.  These  are  the  Ordnance  Lines  to  the 
north-east  of  the  Native  Infantry  Lines  and  the  Petty  Staff  Lines  to 
the  south-west  of  the  Neutral  Lines.  The  residents  of  those  lines 
are  chiefly  European  and  Eurasian  pensioners  aud  Grovernmont 
fic^rvants.  The  uiuo  lines  within  cautunmcnt  limits  have  4451  people 
of  whom  981  arc  Europeans  and  the  rest  (3470),  chiefly  their  servants, 
Coaueso,  Musalmans,  aud  Hindus. 

To  the  left  of  the  Native  Infantry  lines  is  the  Sadar  Bazftr  or 
chief  market  a  town  (1883)  of  2491  hooaea,  705  shops,  and  17,813 
people,  which  has  sprung  up  since  the  beginning  of  British  rule. 
The  main  thoroughfare  is  a  fine  broad  street  with  open  pavod  gutters, 
broad  footpaths  lighted  with  korosine  lampe,  aud  shops  shaded  by 
fine  trees. 

Some  of  the  houses  are  small  and  poor  with  low  front  walls.  Most 
are  two-storeyed  many  of  them  built  on  a  plinth,  with  a  receding 
,  ground  floor  and  pillars  at  the  edge  of  the  plinth  supporting  an 
overhanging  upper  storey  with  projecting  beams  generally  without 
carving.  In  other  houses  the  ground  floor  comes  to  the  edge  of  the 
plinth  and  in  the  apper  storey  is  an  overhanging  balcony.  Besides 
these  single  and  two-storeyed  houses  are  handsomer  buildings 
three  or  four-atorcva  high  with  fronts  of  rich  strong  wood  work 
with  fine  ronndod  pillars  and  deep  overhanging  balconies  and 
verandas  with  iron  railings. 

The  owners  of  the  Sodar  Bazir  houses  are  Hindu  traders  chiefly 
Gujardt  and  MArwdr  Vdnis,  Shimpis,  Telis,  and  Kdnidthis,  and  of  the 
poorer  dwellings  domestic  servants  to  Europeans.  Next  in  number 
to  the  Hindu  houseownors  come  Muhammodaus,  Mehmans,  Bohords, 
mutton  and  beef  butchers,  dealers  in  poultry,  Government  pensioners, 
and  domestic  servants  to  Europeans.  Pdrsis,  who  como  next  in 
number,  own  the  best  dwellings  and  are  the  chief  traders.  The 
Portugneso  who  are  chiefly  Government  clerks  own  some  well  built 
though  small  dwellings.  They  ore  principally  medical  practitioners 
druggists  and  sbopkeepors.  Goanese  and  Native  Christians  chiefly 
bakers  also  own  houses  and  live  in  them.  Monthly  house  rents  in 
the  Sadar  Bazar  vary  from  2».  (Ue.  I)  for  a  hut  to  £1  10«.  to  £2 
(Rs,15-20)  for  an  ordinary  dwelling.  Shop  rents  vary  for  small 
shops  from  lOs.  to  £1  IO9.  (Ra  5-15)  a  montlt  aod  for  large  shops 
rise  to  as  much  as  £5  (Rs.  60).  Single  lodgings  or  rooms  aro 
usnally  let  at  about  2s.  (Re.  1^  month.  During  the  pofit  few  years 
rents  have  risen  nnd'ore  now  (1885)  high. 


Chapter 
Places- 

FDOKA.  I 

Okntoiimenk 
Atpeei, 


Sadar  Bat 


Hotiaa, 


itpter  XIV. 

PlftfMB- 

POOHA. 

Cantonment, 
Sadar  Basdr. 

Shops. 


In  1883  tlio  Sadar  BassAr  had  705  shops  of  whicli  111  irert' 
fiTOCors,  fifty-five  Bohora  cloth  sellers,  forty-nino  miittcn  batchwi, 
forty-six  retail  country  liqaor  soUera,  forty -fivo  shroffs  or  money- 
lenders,  thirty-eight  beef  butchers,  thirty-five  vegetable  sellen, 
thirty-five  beteluul  sellers,  thirty-five  tAilors,  thirty  cloth  sellers, 
twenty-seven  goldsmiths,  twenty -four  fniit  sellers,  twenty-two 
wholesale  Europe  liquor  sellers,  eighteen  carpenters,  fifteen  retail 
bakers,  thirteen  palm-liquor  sellers,  thirteen  glass  baogle-sell 
twelve  wholesale  bakers,  twelve  fish  sellers,  nine  sodawater  « 
lemonade  sellers,  fivo  private  dispensaries,  fivo  bookbinders, 
perfume  sellers,  four  cigar  sellers,  tour  ironsmiths.four  watchmak 
three  salt-meat  sellers,  three  booksellers,  two  teut-mnkers,  two 
glaziers,  two  workers  in  tin,  two  photogi-aphei-a,  and  ono  ice-seller. 
Besides  the  five  private  dispensaries  which  wereowned  by  Portugaeao 
and  Hindus,  a  charitable  dispensary  for  medical  advice  and  trcatm 
is  maintained  at  the  cost  of  the  cantoument  fund.  As  regurds 
caste  or  race  of  the  different  classes  of  shopkeepers  the  photogrup) 
and  the  ice-maker  were  Pdrsia,  the  tailors  and  tent-makera  Marti 
and  Kamathi  Shimpis,  the  boot  and  shoe  makers  chiofiy  Pardeshi 
and  Telaugi  Mochis,  the  glaziers  and  carpenters  PArsi  Hi 
Musalmin  carpenters,  the  palm-liquor  sellers  PAnjia  M; 
and  KAmathis,  the  grocers  chiefly  Gujanlt  and  MArwAr  Vdnis 
cigar-sollersGoanesoand  Madras  Hindus,  the  AtArs  or  pcrfamo 
Aluhainmadaus,  the  wholesale  Europe  liquor  sellers  chiefly  PArsis, 
the  bakers  almost  all  Goauese,  the  goldsmiths  Pardusbi  Moralha 
GujarAti  and  TeUngi  goldsmiths,  the  sodawaterand  lemonade  aellos 
mostly  Hindus,  the  cloth-sellers  chiefly  ^fehmans  Gujarat  V; 
Shimpis,  the  beef  and  mutton  butchers  l^Inhammadans,  the 
sellers  Hindus  and  Muhammadans,  and  the  fish  sollers,  some  o 
import  fish  from  Bombay  iu  ice,  Parsis  and  Hindus.  lu 
to  these  705  ordinary  shops  are  eleven  large  shops,  one  a  branch' 
a  joint  stock  company,  six  owned  by  Europeans,  one  by  a  Htn 
two  by  Ptirsis,  and  one  by  aMuit^lnian.* 

During    the   south-west    nionsnon  that    is    between    June 
October  several  European  and  native  tailors,  milliners,  and  d 
makers  come  from  Bombay  to  Poena.     Of  liquor  shops  in  the 
Banlr  twenty-two  sell  wholesale  Europe  spirits  wine  aud   beer, 
forty-six  shops  retail  couuti-y  liquor  aud  thirteen  shops  retail  palm 
liquor  or   toddy.     Country  liquor  is  distilled  by  a  contractor 
distillery,  which  ia  under    Government     supervision,    about 
miles  oftst  of  the   cantonment.     Palm  liquor  is  bronsrht  from 
neighbourhood  of  Pooua  by  a  contractor  who  pays  Governmen; 


leao 

I 

raraeshi 

LnisT^H 
10  soUdm 


palm 

■I 


"  The  branch  of  tbo  joint  fttook  compauiy  is  Trencher  md  Co.'*  general  menihMto 
dtemisU  anJ  druuuistM ;  the  six  Kuropcan  own«d  abope  are  Uadham  Pile  and  Cotnpaav 
olothiera,  Mrs.  Utmt  and  Un.  Taylor  mniinora.  )lr.  J.  Farbetein  hair  ciitt«r, 
HandcB  and  Company  watohmakora,  PhillijM  and  Company  chemiBti,  awl  Wfttmt 
and  Conipnny  ^vnc-ral  rnvrcbants;  the  one  ITiudu-owitRd  shop  is  Mot^na  asd 
Balkrifthna  rbetmato  dnigglsta  comminiion  went^  aud  auctioneers ;  the  two  Pinl- 
cnrncd  ibopa  ar«  Cooper  and  Coiiii«uiy  bookicUcr*  and  «tation«l»,  and  Orr  and 
Uirjibb&i  aaddlcra  hoot  and  aliocuiaken  conuniMion  ageuta  and  aiiction«>cn  ;  and 
tho  une  Mtualmftn-owncd  id  Ladlu  Ibrahim  aud  CDmiuliy  ueneFal  merchant*  and 
aaoticoeen. 


BkcauI 


POONA. 


353 


I 


certnin  sum  for  tho  monopoly  of  the  sale  withtu  a  certain  aroa.  Tho 
country  spiritu  are  cLitifly  distilled  from  moka  or  Ba&sia  latifolia 
flowera  and  sugar.  The  tavern  keepers  are  Pirsis,  Hindus,  and 
soma  Mubamuiadana.     The  buBioesti  is  bri:ik.  and  lucrative. 

Except*  a  few  poor  European  pensioners  the  Sadar  Baz^ris  peopled 
by  Natives.  They  are  of  two  classes  oiiUiders  and  locals.  The 
outsider  classes  ai-e  chiefly  Parsis  from  Bombay,  Bohonls  from 
Oujarilt,  Mehmans  from  Cutch.  and  V^nis  fn:im  GujarAt  and  MArwdr. 
Tho  chitf  local  classes  are  BrAhnianSj  Buruds,  ChAmbhars, 
Kiiiutithifi,  Miilis,  Mardth^,  Mochis,  ShimpiSj  and  Sonars.  The 
ontsiders  aro  rich  and  prasperotts,  the  locals  are  chiefly  craftsmen 
who,  though  well-to-doj  have  not  risen  to  wealth. 

The  first  Pitrsia  who  settled  in  the  Sadar  Baz^  came  from  Simr 
in  East  Poona  in  1818  when  the  bnlk  of  the  British  troops  were  moved 
from  Sirur  to  Poona.  They  opened  fonr  Enrope  shops  in  thatched 
huts.  The  first  to  build  a  permanent  shop  was  one  Mr.  MotAbhai  and 
the  others  followed  his  example.  The  richest  of  them  was  Bejanji 
Canttwnvdift  the  maternal  grandfather  of  tho  present  mail  contractor 
Mr.  FrAmji  Ardosoor  who  built  a  large  shop  in  tho  .Sadar  BazAr  and 
at  Kirkee.  The  Parsis  now  form  a  prtisporous  commuuity.  They  live 
jn  Main  street  and  dual  chiefly  in  Europeau  liquor,  oilman's  stores, 
and  groceries.  Others  are  watchmakers,  carpenters,  bookbindersi 
coach- builders,  honse-painters,  hotel.keepers.and  clerks.  A  few  ar© 
men  of  property  who  live  on  the  rents  of  lands  and  honses.  The 
traders  order  almost  all  their  stores  from  England  and  the  continontof 
Enropo.  Their  chief  patrons  are  EuropeMns  and  Eurasians.  Bohortia, 
Khia  MnsalmAns  chiefly  of  Gujarat  origin,  came  to  the  Sadar  Bas&r 
soon  after  it  became  a  British  camp.  Thoy  are  said  to  have  began 
by  selling  raw  cotton.  They  now  deal  in  piece  goods,  oilman's  stores^ 
crockery ,  hardware,  and  glass.  They  never  sell  liquor  or  lend  money. 
The  Mehmans,  who  are  Sunni  MasalmAna  of  Catch,  settled  in  tho 
Badar  Bazar  in  1835.  They  had  traded  with  Kurope&ns  in  Cutch 
and,  finding  them  profitablo  patrons,  followed  them  to  Bombay  and 
from  Biimbay  to  Poona.  They  began  as  hawkers  selling  piece 
goods  muslins  and  woollens.  Ijatcr  on  they  dealt  in  oilman's  stores, 
and  thoy  now  sell  English  millinery,  harness  and  saddlery,  plated 
ware,  crockoir  and  glass,  piece  goods,  furniture,  and  horses  and 
carriages.  They  do  not  sell  liquor  or  lend  money.  Some  live  on 
incomes  drawn  from  land  and  house  property.  'Vhey  deal  direct 
with  England  and  the  coutiuent  of  Europe.  Vdnia  or  Banias  were 
the  first  settlers  iu  the  Sadar  Baz4r  and  are  now  the  largest  body  of 
traders.  They  are  of  three  classes,  Gujanit  Mjirwsr  and  LingAyat 
VAnis,  all  hardworking  and  moneymaking.  The  Lingdyats  have 
the  best  name  for  fair  dealing ;  the  Gujardtis  and  MArwAris  are 
hated  for  their  hard  greedy  ways.  Most  of  all  three  classes  deal  in 
grain  and  pulse.  Others  trado  in  piece-goods  both  European  and 
local,  and  a  fow  mostly  QujarAtis  do  nothing  but  lend  money. 
Borrowing  from  these  V&ais  leads  many  Eurasian  youths  to  ruin. 
Grain  dealerB  buy  wholesale  from  city  traders  and  sell  retail  in  the 


ChaptdT  ZI7. 
FLaoes. 

CAntoamont. 
Pollution. 


1  Contributed  bjp  Mr,  S.  K}-t«,  Police  Inapwtgr,  Poouk 


b966^»5 


LBombay  OuittMr. 


wpt«T  xnr. 

_       PImm. 

f  POOKX. 

Cuitoomflot, 
OuUidfrt. 


Local  CltuH*. 


DISTRICTS. 

ratifcoDinent.     Besides  dealing  in  grain  they  gencrslly  sell  te», 
engHT,  tobacco,  and  kerosine  oil  wlilch  they  hr'mf^   from  Bombajr. 
The  piece-goods  dealers  bring  most  of  their  goods  from   Rorob»r. 


»3P 


They  eell  to  Enropcans  and  Eurasians,  but  their  chief  co»t«j 
are  low  class  Hindus.  Liog&yat  and  Gujarat  V^nis  {^oe 
begin  lifo  by  ttikiug  scrrice  nitb  a  dealer  or  shopkeeper  of  % 
owu  clasa  Tlrey  save  and  lay  by  and  etnrt  on  their  own  account. 
A  MAr^vdri  generally  begins  by  carrying  a  sack  of  parched  graio 
which  he  barters  for  old  iron  and  broken  bangles.  He  U  a  great 
child-tempter  giving  children  parched  grain  and  somelimes  a 
copper  or  two  for  any  little  article  they  may  pilfer  from  their  parenb^ 
houses.  After  a  time  the  M<lrwiri  opens  a  small  shop  and  saTCfl  bj 
the  practice  of  the  strictest  thrift. 

Of    the    nine    local    cla&ees   Brdhmans,     most    of     whom 
Deshaiiths,  are  a  ijuiall  body.    Shrinking  from  risk  spoils  thctn 
traders.      Craft    and  thrift    are  their  two  leading  uioneymal ' 
traits.     Moat  are  clerks  in  Government  and  private  serWce.     Bumi 
or  bnmboo  workers,  who  live  chiefly  in  Main  sti-eet,  make  wicker 
and    basket   work   and   matting.     The   women   earn  as    moch  as 
the  men,  who,  though    orderly  and    hardworking,  are  gircD 
drink.     CbAmbhArs  or  Leather  workers  are  a  poor  Manithi-spet 
claea     They  make  cJi'ifhig  or  sandals,  and  Deccan   Bnlhman  si 
called /ud(i«.    Their  women  help  by  lining  the  upper  jmrt  of  lit 
shoes  mth  silk.     They  are  poor,  partly  because  they   have   a 
rule  B^iinRt    makirg  Guglish  boots  and  shoes.     K^tnatUiB 
class  of  Telngu-speiiking  craftsmen  and  labourers  who  live   chiefly 
near  Malcolm's  pond.     They  are  of  many  castes  but  the  largest 
class  are  Kanifithi  flower  gardeners  or  Phul  M^liii  who  do  not  grow 
fiowers  but  work  chiefly  aa  tuasons  and  contrnctora.      The  aieo 
though  active  and  clever  ore  often  careless  and  dissipatetl,  sometii 
kept  by  their  wives  who  are  excellent  workers.     A  few  KAmt 
have  risen  to  be  clerks.     2lklfilis,  who  belong  to  the  Phul   Jitdl 
flower  gardener  division,  do  nothing  but  grow  flowers.     Tliough 
they  are  frugal  and  live  within  their  means.     Maralluta  are  a  Ii 
but  poor  class.     Some  are  petty  shopkeepera  selling  mutton  liqaar,, 
and   hetelnut  and   tobacco.      Many  are  husbandmen  and    tn( 
gardenersj    and    this    section    has    greatly    prospered    since 
opening    of    the    Rhadakvdsla    eaual.     But    many,    perhaps   one^ 
half,    are    idle  and    debauched.      Mochis   or   i>hocmakers    are   of 
two    classes    MadiiiHis    and    Fardeshis.       The     MadrfLsis,    whoa* 
homo   tongue  ia  Tamil,  are  excellent  workmen  both  as  boot  and 
shoe  and  as  faaruesa  makers.      Chiefly  through  their  akill  Poena* 
made    European     hoots    are    in    demand    nil   over     the    Deccan 
and  in  Bombay.     They  are  highly  paid  and  might  have  constant 
employment,  but  they  are  idle  and  given  to  drink.     Most  of  tbem. 
always  spend  some  drunken  days  after  getting  their  wages.     They 
oat  flesh,  including  beef,    daily,  and  have  lately  taken  to  coffee 
drinking.     Pardeshi  Mochis  from  Bengal  speak  UindustAni  athome 
and  are  generally  single.     They  are  clever  workmen  making  bootn 
and  shoes  for  Mehmans,  who  send  them  to  Bombay  and  other   part-B 
of  the  Presidency.     They  eat  fleah  except  beef,  and  drink  liquor. 
Shimpis  or  Tailors  are  of  two  main  classes  N&mdevs  and  Jains,  and 


liqaor,! 

^1 


J 


Sicc&ji.) 


I 


POONA. 


among  Namdera  are  two  divisions  Uar^th&s  and  Tolangta.  Tbe 
N&mdevs  aud  Jains  are  bitter  rivals  uccordiu}^  to  the  Ni^mier 
saying  '  Spare  a  serpent,  not  a  Jain  SUimpi.'  Most  o£  them  live  in 
Main  street.  They  are  hardworking  and  careful  but  given  to  dnnk. 
Their  chief  business  is  selling  cloth  and  clothes.  Sondrs  or  gold 
and  silver  smiths,  some  of  whom  are  Pflncbdls  or  anti-Brdbmaa 
Sonars  and  others  ordinary  Moratha  Soo&rs,  live  chiefij  in  Main 
street.  They  have  good  omploymeot  both  from  Europeans  and 
Natives  aud  are  well-to-do. 

The  Cantonment  has  eight  principal  streets.  East,  Main,  Centre, 
Grain  Market,  West,  Sacbapir,  Ddddbb^t  Bhootce,  aud  ShoUpur 
and  Bhavani  Pcth  Roads.  Kast  street,  4200  feet  long,  contains  the 
principal  shops  for  the  snpply  of  Europe  goods  and  articles  of  dresa 
and  clothing.  Main  street,  4680  foot  long,  contains  847  boasea. 
The  larger  Bohords'  shops  and  tailoring  establishments  and  sellera 
of  Eoropo  spirits  wines  and  beers  are  established  in  this  street. 
Centre  street,  2280  feut  long,  contains  239  houses  with  shops  of' 
Vdni  grooers.  Grain  Market  street,  480  feet  long,  contains  twenty- 
eight  bouses  chiefly  occupied  by  grain  dealers.  West  street,  3420 
■  feet  long,  i-i  a  gi-eat  thoroughfare  to  the  west  of  the  Sadar  Bazdr 
H  running  from  north-west  to  T.lie  south  of  the  bazdr,  beginning  at  the 
Ktfamsetji  fountain  and  terminating  south  of  tbe  Malcolm  pond. 
VSachapir  street  1800  feet  long  and  containing  eighty-one  houses 
is  one  of  tbe  approaches  to  Poena  city  from  the  cantonment. 
Ddddbhdi  Bhooteo  street,  called  after  its  chief  resident  Mr.  Dadabhdi 
Bhoot«e,  is  1980  feet  long  and  contains  thirty-two  houties.  The 
large  Qavlivd<ia  in  the  old  Modikbdua  quarter  lies  to  the  north  of 
the  street.  Shulapur  road  2040  feet  long  has  the  Government 
Bakery  and  the  large  business  buildings  of  Messrs.  Morgan  and 
Balknshna,  auctioneers  and  merchants.  To  the  south  of  the  road 
near  Messrs.  Balkrishua's  premises  is  a  neat  row  of  buildings  used 

»as  residences  and  shops.  Bhavdui  Petb  road,  720  feet  long,  contains 
twcQty.six  houses  chiefly  occupied  by  Mdrwdr  moneylenders. 

The  management  of  the  cantonment  is  in  tbe  bands  of  a 
cantonment  committee  of  thirteen  members,  nine  official  and  fonr 
non-official,  under  tbe  presidency  of  tbe  Officer  Commanding  the 
Station  and  with  the  Cantonment  Magistrate  as  Secretary.'  Subject 
to  rules  passed  by  Government  this  committee  at  monthly  or  more 
frequent  meetings  fixes  the  strength  and  the  pay  of  tbe  cantonment 
staff.  Under  the  control  of  the  committee,  the  Cantonment 
Magistrate  as  executive  head  manages  the  conservancy  and 
Bauitution  of  the  cantonment  which  for  conservancy  pnrpoeos  ba^ 
been  divided  into  eleven  wards.  The  conservancy  staff  clean  private 
latrines  and  remove  nigbtsoil  from  private  houses  at  a  monthly 
charge  of  Qd.  to  Is.  (4-  8  as.)  from  each  honse.'     In  all  parts  of  the 


Cluiptsr 
PUoes. 

P005A. 
CaotOQDMtlt, 


SKrMto, 


Managtntnl. 


1  The  offlviftl  mambBn  are !  The  Collector  vaA  Dintrict  Mngistrat«,  the  DiviiiiuQftl 
Ciputy  Surgenn  U«aorftl,  the  Exocotivc  l^ujiiuiH^r,  three  officora  id  tiioiithly  rotatioa 
oonitiuui<)ing  ncgitnents  ftUtiuned  %X  Puoiu,  tho  Civil  8urgeuD,  the  ExccQtive 
Engineer  for  Irrii^Atiaa.  and  tite  dtDtonmcnt  M»giitrat«. 

k  The  strength  of  tho  conswuicy  stulTii  103  rotid  iweepen  »od  96  oightfoil-mepL 
lupervitoii  hy  tweU*e  •spervison  9r  mttkddami  sod  two  iaapecton. 


tptOT^XIV. 
FUoei> 
Pooka. 
Otttommwit 


iO), 

a 


cftntonment,  not  in  the  charge  of  regimental  or  other  spedal 
establishments,  the  cantonmont  conaervancy  staff  removo  all  fllth 
and  rnbbish  frum  the  public  roods  aud  streot«,  from  public  latrioca 
slanghter-houBL'S  and  other  plncea,  Irom  roccptacled  provided  for 
fitth  and  mbbifth,  and  from  public  and  private  preuu8e«  to  the 
committee  manure  yard  about  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Sholdpar 
bridgoand  north  of  the  Shol&pur  road  beyond  the  new  cemetery  (60). 
From  the  cantonment  fund  the  Sadar  Bantr  and  other  pnrtB  of 
cantonment  are  kept  clean.  The  Sadar  Baziir  streets  are  h'gh 
by  450  kerot^iue  lamps,  the  posts  made  of  iron  in  Bombay  and 
lanternn,  alao  of  iron,  in  Pouua.  The  streets  are  provided  with  surfa 
drains  which  are  twice  flushed  duily  to  carry  off  house  sullage,  the 
water  draining  into  the  Minik  watercourse  or  ndla.  Eight  large 
public  cisterns  for  free  drinking  water,  three  stand-pipes  two  at 
Ghorpadi  and  one  at  V^avdi,  and  large  sheds  of  fourteen  blocks 
containing  42S  stalls,  five  containing  114  stalls  in  Sholapur  BazAr 
and  nine  containing  l^<Si  stalls  in  Old  ModikhAna  near  Ddd^bhAi 
Bhootee  street  for  milch  cattle,  have  also  been  provided.  There  art 
two  slaughter  houses,  one  for  bullocks  and  cows,  tbo  other  for  sheep 
and  goats.  The  buildings  are  close  to  the  Government  slaughteries 
south  of  the  Military  Prison  (86)  on  the  road  to  Koudva  viliaga  Ilia 
daily  average  of  animaU  slaughtered  is,  in  the  fair  season,  aixty-fira 
sheep  and  goats  and  eighteen  cows  and  calves  ;  and  in  the  tnonsooD 
120  sheep  and  goats  and  eighteen  to  twenty  cows  and  calves.  In 
the  west  and  north-west  the  roads  arc  dnily  watered  during  the  dry 
months,  and  the  most  frequented  roads  arc,  in  dark  nights,  light«d 
by  45G  keroaiue  lamps.  In  1883-34  the  cantonment  had,  including  a 
balance  of  £6797  (Ra.  67,070).  an  income  of  £16,081  {Ra.  1,60,810). 
and  an  expenditure  of  £lo,907  (Rs.  1,59,070).  The  chief  aonrces  of 
income  are  octroi  duties  and  property  rates,  licenses,  and  fees  and 
passes ;  the  main  charges  are  under  conservancy,  poblio  works,  and 
lock-hospital. 

Tbo  normal  strength  of  the  Poona  garrison  is  4020  of  whom  1165 
are  Kuropeans  and  3455  Natives.  I'ho  aocommodation  for  troops 
in  Poona  provides  for  a  garrison  of  two  European  Infantry  Be^- 
mente,  one  Atountain  Battery,  one  Native  Cavalry  Regiment,  and 
three  Native  Infantry  Regiments.  Of  these  troops  the  two  European 
Infantry  Regiraentaare  in  the  Ghorpadi  and  ViSnavdi  Barrsicks,  details 
of  which  are  given  below  under  Objects  (70  &  116).  The  Mountain 
Battery  is  in  the  old  Horse  Artillery  Lines  about  half  a  mile 
south-cast  of  the  VAnavdi  Barracks.  The  Native  Cavalry  Regiment 
is  in  Iho  Native  Cavalry  Lines  about  three  quartern  of  a  mite  north- 
east of  the  cantonmont  (109).  The  three  Native  Infantry  Regiments 
are  in  the  right  tlank,  centre,  and  left  flank  Hues  between  tba 
Vinavdi  and  Ghorpadi  Euromfan  Barracks.  There  are  also,  bosidea 
Commissariat  buildings,  the  Transport  Lines  abont  throe  quarters 
of  a  mile  west  of  St.  Mary's  church  (109).  For  the  treatment  of 
European  troops  there  is  one  Station  Hospital  in  the  Vinavdi 
Lines  and  one  small  Staff  Hospital.  Each  of  the  Native  Regiments 
has  its  own  hospital.  There  is  also  a  first  claaa  Lock  Hospil 
with  a  medical  officer  in  charge  and  224  registered    prostitot 


I 

I 

I 

I 


Btccan-J 


POONA. 


The  Lock    hospital  rales  are  ia  force  within 

canton  raeat.^ 

The'  Poona  cantonment  dates  ft-om  the  battle  of  Kirkoo  and  the 
capture  of  Poona  city  on  the  oth  and  the  17th  of  November  1817. 
After  the  capture  of  the  city  the  troops  wore  encamped  in  tents  on 
the  spot  now  called  the  Ordnancti  Lines.  The  troops  were  attended 
by  VAni  grain  dealers  and  other  traders  whose  two  linos  of  thatched 
hais,  now  in  Main  and  T^but  streets,  were  the  beginning  of  the  Sadar 
Bazar.  As  has  been  noticed  under  population  the  next  additions 
were  PArsi  traders  from  Sirur  and  Bohora  Mtiualman  traders  from 
Poona  Boon  after  the  market  was  started^  and  Mehman  MuBalm^na 
from  Cutch  about  1835.  The  ShoUpitr  BazAr,  about  500  yards 
south-east  of  the  Sadar  h&z&r,  was  started  at  the  same  time  (1818) 
by  the  Madras  Pioneers  whose  camp  was  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Transport  Lines.  The  break  up  of  the  Queen's  Bazdr  on  the 
Bit«  of  the  Vduavdi  Ball  Alley  further  atrongthened  the  ShoUpur 
Bazar.  The  VanaTdi  Bazar  was  established  about  1S25  near  the  site 
uhostin  for  an  encampment  of  a  brigade  of  Artillery.  About  this  time 
Bishop  Hebor  mentions  the  cantonment  as  lying  on  raised  ground 
to  the  east  of  the  city.  The  streets  were  wide  and  the  cantoumest 
well  arranged  and  handsome.  There  was  a  good  station  library  for 
«  soldiers  and  another  for  ofiBcors,  regimontnt  Bohools,  and  a  spacious 
and  a  convenient  church  but  in  bad  architectural  taste.^  The 
Ghorpadi  Bazdr  was  started  in  1844  ou  the  spot  where  the  Ghorpadi 
hospital  stands.  It  was  afterwards  moved  east  to  its  present  site. 
Behind  the  Council  Hall  (u2),  on  the  site  afterwards  held  by  the 
Sappers  and  Miners,  a  native  cavalry  regiment  was  stationed  and 
a  bazar  sprang  up.  All  traces  were  cleared  away  in  1882  when  the 
Sappers  were  moved  to  New  Jh/insi  (89)  in  Kirkoc.  Barracks  were 
built  at  Ghorpadi  in  1812,  1849,  and  1880,  and  large  double 
storey ed  barracks  at  Vdnavdi  between  1801  aud  1872.*  The  firati 
houses  for  regimental  otDcers  were  built  on  the  site  of  the  present 
■  Native  Infantry  lines.  The  houses  at  first  were  temporary  thatched 
H  buildings  made  by  Pdrsis  and  other  traders  in  the  Sadar  Basfir. 
K  With  the  increaae  in  the  number  of  troops  rows  and  gronps  of 
residences  have  been  built  first  at  Vdnavdi,  then  at  the  Neutral 
Lines,  and  then  at  Ghorpadi.      From  the  growing  importance   of 

»  Poona  as  onoof  the  head-quarters  of  Government,  the  demand  of  civil 
and  mitttary  officers  for  houses  and  oHices  has  steadily  increased 
and  has  led  to  the  bnilding  of  the  staff  lines  to  the  north  of  the 
caolonment  in  the  directiou  of  the  railway  and  the  river. 
The  cantonment  of  Kirkee  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mutha,  about 
four  miles  north-west  of  the  Poona  Cantonment,  includes  an  area 
of  about  2709  acres.  It  is  bounded  roughly  on  the  north  and  east 
by  the  Mnla,  on  the  south  by  a  line  drawn  from  the  old  Government 
gardens  to  the  top  of  the  ridge  on  the  parade  ground,  and  on 
the  west  by  a  line  from  the  parade  ground  ridge  to  the  Mnla  river.  It 
is  a  flat  plain  except  close  to  the  river  where  it  is  scored  with  water 

1  BttOftcm's  Conip«tidiiim  of  Infomuttoo  regkrdiBg  Poona,  15.16,  22-2.1,  2f),4!). 
•Contril'utetl  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Fltuikett.  *  Nnrr^tiTe,  IL  806-209. 

*  Tbe  details  an  given  beloir  under  Objeoto  (TOiuid  116). 


I 


Chapter 
Places. 
Pooka. 
Cantonmsat. 
Mi 


KErlcM 

CauknuDcat 


KMdm 


4 


hApt«r  XIV-      coarses.    To  tho  north  and  west  ranch  of  the  land  !a  barren  ani 
fluceS'  rocky  growing  little  but  grass  »nd  a   few  slanted   trees.     To  the 

nurth-eaHt  are  patches  uf  rich  »uil  watered  by  a  ciuial  from  Lake 
FcMifA.  yjfp  gjjj  growing  rich  crops  of  sugarcane.     Much  of    the  sontb 

is  rloaely  covered  with  young  feaftA/i/  trees.     Mo»t  of  the  roads  are 
well  Bbaded.     There  is  only  one  Europe   shop,    and   the    hooseft^— 
are  almost  all  small,  with  large  trees  ronnd  tho  OQclosoreSj  withiii^| 
which  however  there  are  few  shrubs  or  flowers.  ^^ 

Kirkec  i.4  the  principu^l  Artillery  station  in  the  Bombay  Presidency 
and  is  the  bead-quurters  of  the  Butubay  Sappers  and  Uiners.  Ilia 
garrison  of  Kirkeo  lucliides  the  Bombay  Sappers  and  Miners,  one 
buttery  of  Royal  Horse  Artillery,  two  Field  Batteries,  one  company 
of  European  Infantry,  and  one  company  of  Native  Infantry,  The 
preseuoo  of  the  Powder  Works  (72)  and  the  Small  Arms  Aiumunitioa 
ractory  (104)  give  Kirkeo  n  special  military  imjiortaooo. 

The  Kirkoe  BasAr  was  established  in   1822   by  tho  4th  Light 
Dragoons  who  caroc  hero  from  Kaim  iu  Gujarat.   Kirkee  CaDtonuient 
has  thirty-three  bungalows  owned  by  P^reis  and  Hindus,  and  rented 
by  the  military  oflicera  Rtaiioned  at  Kirkee,  and  by  theBubordinales 
of  the  Gunpowder  and  Small  Arms  Ammunition  Factories.     In  the 
market  place  or  ba^ir  are  4C4  houses  generally  single  storeyed,  the 
walls  of  burnt  brick  or  stone,  and  the  roofs  of  4:J2  tiled  and   of  * 
thirty -two  thatched.     Besides  tho  troops  and  the  European  and  other^_ 
mechanics  employed  in  the  Small  Arms  and  Gunpowder  FactorieSH^f 
the  population  consists   of  servanU  of  officers  and  their  faroilies,^^ 
and   grasscuttcr.«4,  butcher.«t,  cowkeepera,  grainsellers,  woodsellersj 
petty  traders,  and  others  usually  found  in  a  large  regimental  bazar. 
The  cnntonment  has  one  palm  liquor,  one  country  spirit,  one  opinm^ 
and  two  European  liquor  shops. 

The  cantonment  has  one  Muhammadan  burying  ground,  and  a 
Hindu  burning  and  burying  ground  to  the  north  of  the  bax^r,  and 
two  Christian  gravovaras,  one,  now  closed,  at  the  corner  between  tho 
main  ruad  and  the  north  end  of  Uolkar's  Bridge  {75),  and  the  other, 
now  in  use,  to  the  right  of  the  road  from  Bolkar's  Bridge  to  the 
Gunpowder  Factory, 

ITie  income  of  tho  Kirkee  Cantonment  Funds  for  1883-84  was, 
including  a  balance  of  £424  (K-s.  4240),  £1337  (Hs.  13,370)  and 
the  expenditure  £1072  (Us.  10,720).  'J'he  chief  sources  of  income 
are  a  grazing  fund,  fees,  passes,  taxes,  and  licenses,  and  the 
chief  heads  of  expenditure  are  a  Lock  Hospital  and  conservancy. 
The  Cautonmeut  is  managed  by  a  committee  composed  of  the 
Commanding  Officer  at  Kirkee  as  the  permanent  President,  and  eight 
membt-rR.  the  Collector  and  District  Magistrate,  the  Senior  Regimental 
ORiccT.the  Senior MedicJil  Officer, theOfficer  Commanding  tho  Sappora 
and  Miners,  the  Executive  Engineer  Poona  and  Kirkee,  the  Medical 
Officer  in  charge  Kirkeo  Lock  Hospital,  the  Cantonment  Hngbtrate 
Poona  and  Kirkee,  and  tho  Station  Staff  Officer.  The  committee 
meets  monthly  for  the  traosaotion  of  business.  A  military  officer 
is  secretary  to  the  Kirkee  Cantonment  committee,  and  is  tho 
executive  head  of  the  eBtabliahmont  maintained  from  Cantonment 
funds.     The  Cantonment   Magistrate,  Poena,   has  charge    of    the 


Cecoan-l 


I 


I 


POONA. 


magisterial  work  of  the  cantonment.  All  criminal  coses  ariaing' 
at.  Kirkoc  are  oiMicr  sent  to  Poena  for  trial  or  are  tried  at  Kirkeo  by 
tlie  Cantonment  Magistrate,  Poona. 

The  New  .ThAnsi  lines  in  whict,  are  tlio  Sappers  anil  Miners,  bare 
lately  been  built  to  the  south-east  of  Kirkee.  The  bazAr  attaclied 
to  the  new  lines  is  small,  inclnding-  about  fourteen  houses  which 
are  chiefly  occupied  by  the  followers  and  petty  dealers  attachud  to 
the  corps.  For  cantonment  purposes  the  Hevr  JhAnsi  lines  are 
included  in  the  statiuu  of  Kirkee. 

The  Civil  Lines  or  Suburbau  Muuicipality.startedon  12thFehmary 
18H]>,  includes  an  ai'ea  of  about  one  and  three  quarters  of  a  square 
mile  lying^  to  the  north-west  of  the  Poona  cantonment.  This  area  is 
divided  by  the  railway  into  two  nearly  equal  sections.  The  south- 
railway  section  has  a  length  from  the  railway  sonth  to  the  Synagogue 
(liy)  of  about  1200  yards,  and  fi-om  about  the  same  breadth  in  the 
north,  from  the  west  end  of  the  railway  station  [97)  totheCouucilUall 
(52),  it  gradually  naiTows  to  about  300  yards  in  the  south.  Thunorth- 
raiUvay  section  ia  a  rectangular  bWk  alxmt  1200  yards  from  uorth  to 
south  from  the  railway  to  the  river,  and  about  1500  yards  from  east  to 
west  from  tlie  Koi>egaon  road  to  a  lino  running  from  the  east  end  of 
the  railway  station  to  the  n'Ter.  Most  of  the  north  section,  especially 
towards  the  river,  is  rich  black  soil  cropped  and  well  wooded.  It 
cont^iins  the  Bund  Gardens  (t?)  in  the  north  and  four  groups  of 
houses,  the  four  houses  or  ChAr  Bungalows  parallel  to  and  about  a 
hundred  yards  to  the  west  of  the  Koregaon  road ;  houses  on  both 
aides  of  the  Buud  Gardcu  road  which  crosscB  the  sectiou  from  its 
south-west  to  Its  noi-th-east  corner;  and  in  the  west  Sir  A.  Sasaoon's 
"bungalows  in  the  extreme  north-west  of  the  Civil  Lines,  that  run 
north  from  the  east  end  of  the  railway  station.  Except  in  the  west, 
whei'o  is  rich  cropped  land,  most  of  the  south-railway  section  is  like 
the  cantonment  of  poor  soil  and  the  style  of  houses  and  gardens  is 
much  the  same  as  in  the  west  parts  of  the  cantonment. 

For  conservancy  purposes  the  Suburban  ilunioipnlity  is  divided 
into  three  wards,  one,  including  the  parts  on  the  north  of  tho 
railway  line  up  to  the  river ;  the  second  tho  part  sonth  of  the  railway 
line  up  to  the  city  limits ;  and  tho  third  tho  parts  along  Kirkee  road 
from  tho  railway  overbridge  near  the  Sangam  (99)  to  the  Kirkee 
Cantonment  boundary  near  the  shop  of  Messra.  Curaetji  and  Sons. 

The  suburban  mnnicipol  limit  includes  184  houses,  135  of  them 
bungalows  with  a  total  population  of  2507  and  during  the  rains  of 
about  3000.  The  chief  residents  are  European  Government  officers 
and  some  Native  gentlemen.  Near  the  railway  station  are  eomo 
livery  stables,  a  mixed  shopkeeping  native  population  forming  the 
suburban  municipal  bazJlr.  The  lands  included  within  auburban 
limita  are  under  the  management  of  a  committeo  of  sixteen,  of 
whom,  besides  the  Collector  and  District  Magistrate  who  is  President, 
five  are  oflicial  and  t^ju  are  nou-official.  The  income,  which  is  drawn 
from  octroi,  house-tax,  conservancy-rale,  and  license  fees,  amounts 
to  about  £81)0  (R».  8000).  The  monthly  charges,  estimated  at  about 
£20  10s.  (Rs.  265),  are  chiefly  under  staff  and  conservancy.  At 
present  the  chief  conservancy  duties  are  sweeping  roads,  taking 
rubbish  from  houses  and  gardens,  and  carting  away  nighteoil 


k 


Chapt«r 
Pluaa^ 


POOM 


Suburtiui 

Municipaiitjr. 


IBembftj  OasettMri 


FUeu. 

POOM*. 

Suliiirbiui 
Municipality. 


ObJocU. 

Albtrt  Bdward 

InatitvU 


Band  Standt 


BapiUt  CKapel 
U4). 


DISTRICTS. 


Wilhin  BuborbAQ  limits  are  «xt«ea  objects  of  interest  of  wbirli 
ilBtails  art!  given  lut«r  vn.  Theete  are  tbo  Buad  Gardens  on  thi 
river  bank  about  a  luilc  uud  a  quarter  to  the  Dortb  of  the  poal-officej 
tbe  Collector's  Offico  aliout  a  qunrtcr  of  a  mile  west  of  tbe  posl' 
office ;  the  Boat-bouBe  of  tbe  Poods  Boat  Club  on  tbe  river  bsnfc 
west  of  tbe  Band  Gardens ;  tbe  FttsGerald  Bridge  across  tbe  Mali* 
Motba  at  tbe  east  end  of  tbe  Bnnd  Gardens  aboat  a  mile  and  ■ 
quarter  nortb  of  tbe  pout  office;  Gar  Pir's  tomb  about  l-^O  yanbi 
soutb  of  the  post  office;  a  graveyard  with  old  European  tomba 
(1819-1832)  about  200  yards  south  of  tbe  post  office  ;  tbe  JamMtjj 
Band  across  tbe  Mnla-MuLba  to  tbe  nortb  of  tbe  Bond  Gardens; 
the  Military  Accoants  Offices  about  100  yards  west  of  ibe  post  office  j 
tbe  Photoaincographic  Office  about  fifty  yards  west  of  the  poll 
office  ;  tbe  Poona  Hotel  about  150  yards  east  of  tbe  post  office;  thi 
Poet  Office  near  tbe  centre  of  tbesontb-railway  section  ;  the  Iiailm| 
Station  abont  650  yards  nortb-west  of  the  poet  office;  the  Boyil 
Family  llotel  close  to  the  railway  station ;  tbe  Sassoon  Hospit^ 
about  5UU  yards  wect  of  the  post  office;  St.  Paol's  Cbtiroh  abooi 
fifty  yards  south  of  the  post  office  ;  and  the  Synagogue  about  50(1 
yards  soutb  of  tbe  postoffice.  The'  following  are  the  accoooti^ 
alphabetically  arrang<>i],  of  the  chief  objects  of  interest  outside  Hi 
Poona  City  municipal  limits  : 

The  Ai.HBKT  Edwart)  IxanTuxB  is  in  East  Street  Sadar  Basir 
The  institute,  which  consists  of  a  rewling  room  and  a  Library  will 
sixty-one  members,  was  built  to  commemorate  the  visit  o£  His  Bonl 
HiffbnesB  tlio  Prince  of  Wales  to  Poona  in  November  1875.  "tU 
building  cost  about  £loOD  (Ks.  15,000)  and  was  opened  bv  ffil 
Excellency  Sir  Jaraes  Fergusson,  Bart.Govenior  of  Bombay,  on  tb| 
12th  of  September  1880.  The  institute  ia  open  daily  from  6  A.M.  ^ 
9  P.M.     The  library  contains  1000  volumes. 

The  Akhenai>,  with  a  notable  masonry  tower  about  1000 
south-east  of  the  post  office,  covers  an  area  of  about  160  yurds  bv  II 
on  the  liigh  ground  to  the  north  of  the  Club  of  Western  India  a{ 
the  north  of  the  Nutive  Infantry  lines.  Tbe  Arsenal  was  built  i] 
1823  and  various  additions  have  since  been  made.  The  cbargc  of  thl 
Oommisaary  of  Ordnance  at  Poona  has  been  reduced  from  an  Arsdul 
to  an  Ordnance  Dep6t  for  which  some  of  the  old  Arsenal  building 
are  now  used.  Others  of  the  buildings  are  nsed  by  a  branch  of  \ht 
Gun  Carriage  Factory,  The  buildings  reprewmt  a  value  of  £5634 
(Ua.  56,340)  on  the  books  of  the  Executive  Engineer  Poona  aaij 
Eirkee. 

There  are  two  Band  Stanm  or  places  where  military  bands  pUy 
One  of  these  is  in  the  Soldiers  Gardens,  to  the  east  of  the  Kaco  Cour« 
in  cantonment  limits,  the  other  is  at  the  Bund  Gardens  in  ^uburfaal 
municipal  limits. 

The  BAPTrsT  Chapel,  of  brick  and  mortar,  was  built  in  1868  tii 
cost  of  about  £2000  (Ra.  20,000)  most  of  which  was  contributed  q 
General  Havelock.     The  chapel  hiw  room  for  60f  e  and  moiniBI 


I 


aervicei  are  hold  on  Monday,  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Sunday 
and  an  evening  sen'icc  on  Sunday.  It  boa  a  bapti3try,  a  vestry,  a 
library,  and  a  school  in  tbe  city.  In  the  buginning  the  building 
vas  chiofly  uaod  for  Uavoloek's  men,  HighliLuders,  and  other 
Britieh  soldiers.  Of  Late  the  congregation  has  become  almost  entirely 
sativa 

BuiMBURDA  village,  with  about  3120  people,  lies  on  the  left 
bonk  of  a  the  Mutha,  l'H.'l  miles  west  ot  the  poet-office  and  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  north  of  Pooua  city,  with  which  it  is  joined  by  the 
Lukdi  bridgcund  a  cauHowayorrfAai'a?!.  A  large  cattle  market  is  held 
every  Wednesday  and  Sunday,  at  which  100  to  150  bullocks,  twenty 
to  thirty  cows,  ten  to  fifteen  buffalowi,  fifty  to  eighty  sheep,  and  as 
many  goat«,  are  usually  offered  for  sale.  From  Aakvin  or  October- 
November  to  iSnrgshirah  or  December-January  the  nombor  of 
cattle  is  larger,  being  at  the  highest  thrice  the  nomber  given  above. 
Largo  stores  of  grass,  mlllot  sttdks,  and  fuel  are  kept  in  the  villu^ 
for  the  use  of  Poona  city.  Witbin  the  village  limits  ore  eeveral 
Kuropcan  residences  and  the  old  rock -cut  temple  of  Fftuchdlcahvar 
of  which  details  are  given  unQlr  i'ftficti^llesDvar  (90).  In  1801 
Vithoji  Uolkar  was  captured  in  a  hoiES^fi^fSSRTturda  village,  and 
by  order  of  B^jirJiv  PcsUwa  to  please  Siudia,  was  drugged  to  death 
«t  the  foot  of  an  eicpbant  through  the  streets  of  Poona.  It  was 
Tashvantrav  Holkar's  rage  at  his  brother's  murder  that  led  to  the 
flight  of  Bajir^v  from  Poona  and  the  treaty  of  Bassein  (30th 
December  1802).' 

The  Botanical  Qakurns  about  half  a  mile  north  of  Government 
House  Qaneshkhind  and  .53  miles  north-west  of  the  poet  office,  arc 
under  the  management  of  a  euperintendent  who  is  under  tbe  control 
of  the  Collector  of  Poona  and  the  Commissioner  Central  Division. 
These  gardens  have  now  (July  1834)  been  transferred  to  the 
Soldiers'  Gardens  in  the  cost  oi  the  cantonment.  Details  of  their 
past  working  ore  given  in  the  AgricaUurol  chapter.' 

The  Bund  Gardens,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Mula-Mutha  river 
about  a  mile  and  a  quarter  north-east  of  the  railway  station, 
close  above  the  FitxGerald  bridge,  toko  their  name  from  the 
Jamsetji  Bund  or  Dum  which  there  stretches  across  the  river.  The 
gardens  measure  about  180  yards  from  cost  to  west  by  about  eighty 
yards  from  north  to  south.  They  were  opened  in  1869  when  the 
FitzGerald  bridge  was  finished  to  which  they  form  the  approach 
from  the  Pooqu  side.  They  were  designed  and  made  by  the 
late  Colonel  Sellou,  li.  K.  whose  tuste  and  skill  turned  an  unsightly 
plot  of  waste  iulo  a  pleasing  and  varied  garden.  The  grounds 
are  laid  out  in  terraces  to  which  flights  of  haudsome  cut-atone  steps 
lead,  the  lowest  terrace  overlooking  the  river  being  faced  by  a 
matwive  wall  about  thirty  foet  high.  In  tbe  centre  of  tbe  garden  is 
an  ornamental  marble  fountain,  and,  on  tbe  west,  near  the  carriage 
stand,  is  a  bandstand  whore  a  military  band  plays  two  or  three  timea 
a  week.     These  gardens  are  beautifully  planted  and  kept  in  careful 


Chapter 
Placee- 
Pooka. 
Objwta. 

Bhdmburda 

OS). 


Botanif. 


Rtiud  Oat 

U7). 


aS66-M 


Gnmt  Duff's  Muitiiis,  SH. 


•  Part  U.  pp.  77 -80. 


Dtcetm] 


POONA. 


308 


I 


These  are  furnished  and  cannot  be  engaged  for  more  than  fourteen 
days  in  ibe  season  (let  Juue-Slst  OcloWr)  or  a  mouth  at  other  timea 
of  the  year.  Behind  the  club  is  the  original  range  of  bed  rooms 
built  in  1H66  and  now  known  as  the  old  bed  rooms.  This 
range  contains  seven  sets  of  rooms  which  are  let  on  similar  terms 
to  the  new  bed  rooms.  Behind  the  chambers,  and  clo«e  to  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  club  enclosure,  is  a  covered  racket  court 
built  of  stone  in  1868.  Behind  the  line  of  main  buildings,  chambers, 
nnd  new  bedrooms,  the  north  and  south  ends  of  the  dub  enulosure 
are  occupied  by  sen-ants'  quarters,  stables,  and  other  outhouses.  The 
club  buililings  were  formerly  in  two  enclosures  and  were  bought 
from  their  former  owners  when  the  club  was  started  in  1866.  The 
bungalow,  which  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  club-house,  was  owned 
by  Mr.  Padamji  Pestanji  and  wus  lost  occupied  by  Colonel  D'Oyly 
Compton.  It  was  long  known  as  the  ShoUpur  or  Bhol^pur  thatcn. 
bungalow,  tradition  says  because  it  used  to  bo  thatched  in  a  fashioa 
common  at  f^holdpur  but  uacommon  at  Poona.  The  enclosure  in. 
which  the  chambers  and  now  bedrooms  stand  was  the  property  of 

JNandrjim  Niiik  a  wealthy  coulraclor  ami  house  proprietor.  At 
present  {July  1884)  large  odditlous  ore  being  made  to  the  club-house 
and  grounds. 
>  The  CoLLKcroa*fi  Office,  in  suburban  municipal  limits  about  700 
yards  south  of  tlie  railway  station  and  about  400  yards  west  of  the 
post  office,  includes  several  detached  buildings  in  one  enclosure. 
These  buildings  are  divided  into  seven  parts,  the  Collector's  office^ 
the  treasury,  the  bookbinders*  shed,  the  Registrar's  ol&ee,  the 
treasury  record  room,  the  stamp  paper  room,  and  the  treasury 
guard  room.  All  are  old  buildings  to  which  additions  have  been 
made  from  time  to  time.  A  witness  shed  and  record  room  were 
added  in  1881  at  a  cost  of  £648  (U9.6480).  Designs  have  been 
prepared  by  Colonel,  now  General,  St.  Clair  Wilkins,  R.  E.  for  a 
Collector's  office  agreeing  in  style  with  its  near  neighbour  the 
Sasaoon  Ilospilal. 

The  Poona  Coxvent,  near  the  centre  of  the  Sadar  Bazdr 
abont  550  yards  west  of  the  Club  of  AVestcm  India,  is  set  apart 
for  the  education  of  the  orphan  children  of  British  soldiers.  A  day 
school  for  girls  and  a  free  school  for  the  poor  complete  the 
establishment  which  is  managL-d  by  the  Religious  Ladies  of  Jesus 
and  Mary.  The  convent  is  a  pretty  little  cutstone  building  in  grave 
Gothic  style  with  a  roof  of  Mangalore  tiles.  It  was  buut  in  18G5 
from  public  subscriptions,  Government  doubling  the  amount 
subscribed.  The  entire  cost,  including  a  home  for  destitute  women 
added  in  1872,  waa  iJSOOO  (Rs.  80,000). 

The  CotxciL  IIai.i.,  a  large  two-storeyed  building  with  central 
tower,  is  on  the  west  border  of  cantonment  limits  about  half  a  mile 
south-east  of  tlie  railway  station  and  about  700  yards  north-east  of 
the  post  office.  It  was  originally  bought  by  Government  for 
JE5087  10*.  (Rs.  60,875),  ana  baa  been  almost  entirely  rebuilt 
and  greatly  enlarged.  It  is  a  double-storeyed  building  nearly 
rectangular  in  plan,  183'  by  53'  and  40'  to  the  top  of  the  walls. 
It  is  in  the  Venetian -Gothic  stylo  of  ornamental  coloured  brickwork. 
The  porch  ia  the  middle  of  tho  weet  face    ia  sunnouated  by  a 


Chapter  XIV. 
Flaoea. 

POOWA.. 

ObjeoU,  i 

Club  of  M 
lnd\a 
(4*). 


OonnrnJ 
{SSI. 


Councit  Bali 


(BomteyOi 


inpter  XI7- 
FUoes- 
Fdoita. 

Objeota. 
CnncU  /toil 


nDteean  Cotttffe 


Survpfan  Aut 
Oraveyard 


30i 


DISTRICTS. 


A 


tower  or  pampAnile  76'  high  trith  low-pitched  tiled  rool. 
originiU  building,  which  wu&bou|rht  by  Government  ob  a  CouncQHi 
is  flo  fiinall  a  port  of  the  present  ooU  that  the  pn'seut  baicUng  may 
loolced  on  on  new.  On  the  ground  floor  at  the  north  L>nd  and  etrelchJ 
above  the  fintt  floor  to  the  roof  is  the  Coonwl  UoU,  W)'  by  40'  and  * 
hi|;h.  Tt  iR  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  a  gallurv  six  f(.<ct  iri 
support^  on  light  iron  cnntale^Trs.  The  Council  Ylall  is  paim 
white  picked  out  with  gob!  and  the  planked  ceiling  is  treated  in  1 
same  wny.  At  the  south  end  aro  two  rooms,  each  t30'  by  SO*  with 
archway  between  and  enclosed  on  the  outside  by  n  i-loistor  12*  wi 
Thoae  are  osed  as  a  picture  gallery  and  contain  numerous  portn 
chiefly  of  Indian  Prince*  and  Chiefs.  Opposite  the  centre  is  an  enlra 
ball  17'  by  17'  beyond  which  is  the  staircase.  On  the  first  fit 
over  the  picture  rooms,  are  two  similar  rooms,  one  used  by 
Governor  and  the  other  by  his  I'rivate  Secretary.  Those,  like 
rooms  bolow  them,  are  surrounded  by  cloisters  with  ojien  sli 
multioned  windows.  The  hall  was  designed  and  built  by  Major,  i 
Colomil,  Molliss  then  Executive  Engineer,  Poona,  and  was  compU 
in  1870  at  a  coal  of  £12.294  (Rs.  1,22,940)  including  Bonic  bd 
(rathouBea,  oud  exclusive  of  the  cost  of  the  old  building. 

The  Dbcc AN  College  stands  on  rising  ground  about  half  nmilRb 
from  the  Uft  bunk  of  the  Sfntha  river,  293  miles  north  of  the  ] 
office  and  uI>out  five  miles  north-eust  of  Pooua  between  Poona 
Eirkee  cantonment.  It  was  completed  in  1868  at  a  coBt  of  i.'24, 
On.  {Rs.  2,45,903)  of  which  £12,500  (Rs.  1,25,000)  woro  contribii 
by  Sir  Jumsotji  JijibhAi  Bart.  It  is  in  the  Gothic  styls 
architecture,  dewgned  by  Captain,  now  General,  St.  C 
Wilkina,  R.  E.,  and  built  of  gray  trap  with  high-pitohed 
iron  roof.  It  is  a  double  storeyed  building,  two  winga  {t 
164'  by  26')  forming  with  the  main  buildinp  (242'  by  ^2^')  tl 
sides  of  a  quadrangle  to  which  tboro  is  a  vaulted  carriage  ontn 
beneath  the  tower  close  to  the  north-west  angle.  All  turtio  of 
inner  faces  are  arcaded  on  both  storeys,  the  arcades  being  10^'  w 
At  the  north-west  comer  of  the  main  bloi>k  is  a  masonry  tower 
feet  to  the  top  of  its  high  pitched  roof.  The  whole  of  both  wings 
occupied  by  quarters  for  the  students,  including  thirty-otie  ixm 
below  (euch  10' by  C)  and  twenty  rooms  above  (each  21' by  10^'}.  * 
main  buildin|i^  contains  in  its  lower  storey  twoclasfi  ruoms  20'  bv 
two  24J'  by  16J',  and  a  laboratory  24i'  by  34'.  In  the  ttf 
storey  arc  the  large  College  Hall  {70  by  25'  and  24' high)  uaedi 
library  as  well  as  on  public  occasions,  and  four  other  class  rooms  | 
of  204'  by  204'  and  two  of  21|'  by  20^'  bosides  the  Principul's  r< 
(164'  hy  ICJ')  under  the  tower,  'fhe out-buildings  include  o  bloci 
eight  rooms  with  a  cook-house  for  Hindu  students ;  a  block  of  tlj 
sets  of  two  rooms  each  with  cook-room  for  Dakshina  Fellowa';  ( 
a  PArsi  cook-house  and  wash-house. 

■     East  Street  has  an  Old  Etbopean  Ckmetert,  in  the  form  i 
trapesoid,  with  on  area  of   1*54  acres.     It  is  situated  betwoaa 
Main  Street  of  the  Sadar  Buzdr  and  East  Street,  the  hoaaeBin 
former  standing  close  to  the  compound  wall.    The  cemetery  ctntij 


D«OCftn.J 


POONA. 


365 


I 


231  THQAonry  monnmcnta  and  headstones,  many  of  which  aro  in 
pood  condition,  but  scvorul  are  falling  to  decay.  The  dates  on  the 
iniwriptions  ranjfe  from  1823  to  184G.  Two  tombs  bear  Ih©  date 
385o  and  one  iHoti.  A  Government  gardoner  under  the  orders  of 
the  Chapliiiu  of  St.  Paul's  church  looks  aSivr  this  cemetory  aud  the 
one  near  St.  Paul's  church  ;  and  the  compound  enclosure  la  kept  in 
good  condition  by  the  Public  Works  Department. 

About  200  yards  to  the  south  of  the  Collector's  ofHoe,  and  close 
to  the  north  of  the  Musalm:in  Girpir  graveyard,  in  a  sm.all 
enclosure  surrounded  with  a  brick  wall  and  conttiining  two  old 
tamarind  trees  and  some  young  7(imj»  and  Mellingtonias,  is  an  old 
>'i:h(M'Ean  Bi:bvixo  Gkou-vd  with  sevent«5n  tombs.  One  is  a  lieau- 
tifully  built  cut-stone  conopy  supported  by  pillars  on  a  cut-stone 
plinth.  The  reat,  some  of  stone  and  others  of  cement-covered  brick, 
are  plain  tombs  about  eight  feet  long  by  three  wide  and  three  or  four 
high.  The  lurgo  canopy  tomb  has  no  date  or  inscription.  It  ia 
aaid  to  mark  the  grave  of  a  French  officer  in  the  Peshwa'a  servico. 
But  as  the  last  Pcahwa  had  no  French  oQieers  thia  tradition  is  appa- 
Tcntlv  inaccurutc.'  The  inscriptions  on  the  other  tombs  vary  in 
dat«  'from  1819  lo  1822.* 

The  European  Graveyard  atGhorpadi  lies  about  300  yards  beyond 
IJie  north-cast  boundary  line  of  the  Cautoument,  and  is  intended  for 
the  interment  of  troopa  dying  while  quarteitMl  in  the  Ghorpadi 
Barracks.  It  is  a  square  piece  of  ground,  with  an  area  of  1-86  acres, 
aurrounded  by  a  masonry  enclosure  wall ;  one-half  of  the  cemetery 
is  allotod  for  the  Church  of  England  community,  and  the  other  half 
is  allfltt4>d  between  Roman  Catholics  and  Nonconformists.  There 
are  233  graves  in  the  Church  of  England  portion,  189  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  portion,  and  twenty  in  the  Nonconformists'  portion,  or  442 
in  all.  The  earliest  date  on  anv  of  the  tombs  is  1864.  The  cemetery- 
is  well  planted  with  trees  and  shrubs,  and  is  looked  after  by  the 
authorised  establishment. 

On  the  riglxt  hunk  of  ih.>  M-.i-  f-"—   *»™*  ♦«  -«»"  ««.^«  ™t««»  «f 

ERRATUM. 


Chapter  XI7. 
Places. 
Pooka. 
Objects. 


BvTopian 

Otirpir 
Qraveyard 


Europtan 
Ohorpiuii 
Bamirku 

\5G). 


Gknub-m,  Dkimhtmu] 
Bombay  Caaile,  Hlh  Juhj  1887. 

k.  In  Volume  XVIII.,  Part  III.,  Page  365  of  the  Bombay  Gazetteer,  onegrttV< 
I  has  been  described  through  uvcrsight  ns  two  distinct  cemetuiies,  (a)  us  th 
uropean  Sangam  Grave-yard,  (67)"  and  {b)  as  the  "European  Kirke 
tie-field  Grave-yard  (58)." 

2.     The  description  given  under  these  headiogs  relates  to  cue  and 
spot,  and  for  tlio  words  ^^  Near  the  Scintjam  is  another  cemetery"  in  tbej 
[of  the  page  may  be  read,  "  This  cemetery  is  al^io^. 


J.  Db  C.  ATKINS, 
Undcv  Sfttt^iW'?^  >^^'<AH^xw»«S 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XTV. 

FltOM- 

ObjocU. 

VnmfUffaU 

(St). 


™ 


lower  or  cnmpannfl  76'  high  with  Inw-pitched  filed  roof, 
original  building,  whieh  wa« bought  by  Oovi-mment  as  a  Cdum-il  llall, 
18  80  small  a  part  of  the  present  hall  that  the  prpsent  biiidin^^  may  be 
looked  on  ae  new.  On  the  ground  floor  at  the  north  end  and  strctcLiing 
above  the  first  6oor  to  tho  roof  is  the  Council  Tlall,  80'  by  40'  and  40' 
high.  It  IB  surrounded  on  three  Bides  by  a  gnllory  six  foet  wida 
oupported  on  light  iron  cantaloTers.  The  Council  Hall  La  painted 
white  picked  out  with  (fold  and  tlic  planked  coiling  if*  treated  in  the 
sumo  way.  At  the  south  end  are  two  rooms,  each  30'  by  20'  with  m 
archway  between  and  enclosed  on  the  outside  by  a  cloister  12'  wide. 
These  are  used  us  a  picture  guUery  and  contain  numerous  p)rtnuts 
rhieBv  of  Indian  Princes  andOhicfs.  Opposite  the  centre  is  an  entronue 
hall  17'  by  17'  beyond  which  is  the  t»tairca9e.  On  the  first  floor, 
over  the  picture  rooms,  are  two  similar  rooms,  one  uoed  by  th« 
Ooremor  and  the  other  by  bis  Private  Secretary.  Thooe,  like  the 
rooms  below  them,  are  surrounded  by  cloisters  with  open  stone 
muUioned  wiudows.  The  hall  was  designed  and  built  by  Major,  now 
Colonel,  Meliiss  then  Kxeiutive  Engineer,  Poona,  and  was  completed 
in  1870  at  a  cost  of  £12,294  (R«.  1,22,940)  including  some  wntll 
oathonsea,  and  exclusive  of  the  cost  of  the  old  building. 

The  Bepcan  Coi.i.eoe  stjinds  on  rising  ground  about  half  a  mile  bade 
from  the  loft  bank  of  the  Mutha  river,  2-iyS  miles  north  of  tho  poit' 
office  and  alxmt  fi\*e  miles  north-east  of  Poona  between  Poena  and 
Kirkee  cantonment.  It  wos  completed  in  18G8  at  a  cost  of  £24,596 
Qs.  <Rs.2,45,9«y)  of  which  £12,500  (lis.  1,25,000)  wero  contributed 
by  Sir  Jameetji  Jijibh^i  Bart.  It  is  in  tho  Gothic  style  of 
architecture,  designed  by  Captain,  now  Gencnd,  St. '  Clair 
Wilkine,  K.  E.,  and  built  of  gray  trap  with  high-pitched  red 
iron  roof.  It  is  a  double  storeyod  building,  two  wings  (each 
154'  bv  26)  forming  mth  the  main  building  (242' by  52J')  three 
■ides  of  0  quadrangle  to  which  there  is  a  vaulted  carriage  entrance 
beneath  the  tower  close  to  the  nortli-u-twt  onglc.  All  three  of  the 
inner  faces  are  arcaded  on  bot  1 1  sh.r.v..  the  arcades  being  lOi' w^dcL 


BflccanJ 


POONA. 


365 


I 


[231  masonry  monuments  and  headfltonps,  many  of  which  arc  in 
good  condition,  but  several  are  falling  to  decay.  Tho  dutcs  on  the 
inscriptionB  ranf;;**  from  1823  to  1846.  Two  tombs  bear  the  date 
185.5  and  one  1850.  A  Gavcmmcnt  gardener  under  tho  orders  of 
the  Ohaplain  of  St.  Paul's  church  looks  after  this  oemetery  and  the 
one  near  St.  Paul's  church  ;  and  tho  compound  enclosure  is  kept  in 
good  condition  by  tho  Public  Works  iJepartment. 

About  *2U0  yards  to  tlic  south  of  tho  Collector's  offico,  and  closo 
to  the  north  of  the  Muaalmdn  Gfirpir  graveyard,  in  a  small 
enclosure  surrounded  with  a  brick  wall  and  containing  two  old 
tamarind  trees  and  some  young  nfrnx  and  Mellingtomad,  is  an  old 
EvRorEAN  BvRTiNG  Ground  with  screuteen  tombs.  One  is  a  beau- 
tifully built  cut'Stouo  canupy  Bup]>ortcd  by  pillars  on  a  cut-stone 
plinth.  The  rest,  some  of  stone  and  others  of  cement-covered  brick, 
are  plain  tombs  about  eight  feet  long  by  three  wide  and  three  or  four 
high.  Tho  laree  canopy  tomb  has  no  date  or  inscription.  It  is 
said  to  mark  the  grave  of  a  French  officer  in  the  Peahwa's  sen-ieo. 
But  as  the  last  Peehwa  had  no  French  officers  this  tradition  is  appa- 
rently inarrunite.*  The  inscriptions  on  tho  other  tombs  vary  in 
date  from  181!)  to  1822.* 

TheEt'KOPKANGH.'iVEYABD  atOhorpodi  lies about 300  yardsbeyond 
^ho  north-oast  boundary  line  of  the  Cantonment,  and  is  intended  for 
tho  interment  of  troops  dying  while  quartered  in  the  Ghorpadi 
Barracks.  It  is  a  aquaro  pioco  of  ground,  with  an  area  of  1'86  acres, 
surrounded  by  a  masonry  enclosure  wall ;  one-half  of  the  oemeterv 
is  alloted  for  tho  Church  of  England  community,  and  the  other  half 
is  allotted  between  Komau  Catholics  and  >'onconformi9ts.  There 
are  233  graves  in  the  Church  of  England  portion,  189  in  the  Komun 
Catholic  portion,  and  twenty  in  the  Noueunformials'  portion,  or  442 
in  all.  The  earliest  date  on  any  of  the  tombs  is  1864.  The  cemetery 
is  well  planted  with  trees  and  shrubs,  and  is  looked  after  by  the 
Authorised  establishment. 

On  the  right  bank  of  the  Mula  from  300  to  400  yards  west  of 
'  The  Sangam  *  is  an  oblong  enclosure  twenty-four  yards  long  by 
twenty-one  wHde.     The  enclnsure  contains  twenty-one  tombs  one  of 

nem  high  and  surmounted   by  a  monumental  urn.     Kxcept  one 

Ifomb,  inscriptions  have  disappeared  from  all  and  cavities  remain  to 
mark  which  of  them  contained  inscription  atones.     Tho  tomb  with 

.  the  inscription  has  a  ca\'ity  for  an  inscription  stono  at  the  other  end 
of  the  grave,  which  shows  that  more  than  one  person  is  buried  in  tho 
same  pravc.  The  inscription  '  8aored  to  the  nu-niory  of  Mrs.  Caroline 
Lodwick  who  departed  this  life  Jaimary  2i^th  1819,  leaving  a  husband 

land  three  daughters  to  deplore  their  irreparable  loss.'^ 

JHear  the  '  Sangam  '  is  another  cemetery  known  as  the  "  Battlb 


'  According  to  Another  aconnot  (ChMAon  and  ^''oodball'fl  Uuc«Uany.  VIL  69)  the 
ntihia  of  a  \Atly  nntnod  Mrs.  Virgm,  vhcMc  tiiKtbaiiil,  whowu  D«pa^  Paynuater  of 
»  I'ootu  l^iviaion,  w«ct  to  Cnlcutta  to  brinff  her  «tatae  but  Dwer  rotuniwl  uor  sent 
w  ttatufi. 

'  Ouo  to   Cnptaia  John  Lvwtn  of  t)ie  Vorauk  AuxilUnr  Hono  u  dat«4t  lOtb  Anguitt 
Iftlfl,  another  to  C»ptain  Samuo]  Halifax,  Bombfty  Eoropran  R«git]ieut  and  Deputy 
LAdjataot  G«aeral,  is  dated  2Sth  JanoMy  1820.  *  Kr.  T.  M.  FUgat«. 


Chapter  XTV". 
Places.^ 

Objocta. 


B'iraiman 
Qravtf/ard 


(55). 


Europtaa 
Ghorpadi 
Barraeka 
Orattgard 
(56), 


Swvptffn  Kt 


(BombftT-  OtiettMt. 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  ZIT. 

,ObJMta. 

Ira  Road 
<jTatrwird 


Skofilpiir  fton'l 


SHrvpMH  Si. 
Onutyarit 


of  KiRKKE  Gbavetard"  whew  the  bodies  of  some  of  the 

tliitt  battle  worr  buried.     It  waa  origiuiilly  the  Residency 

tbc  old  KesidonrT  standing  wbera  the  Judge's  house  now  etandif 

The  El  ROFKAN  SatAra  Hmau  Gkavkyaru  lies  on  the  south>weit 
boundary  of  the  cuntoniuent  near  llie  lAi-h&a,  206  miles  from  Uw 
Poena  poet  offico.  It  is  an  irrcgiUarlv  shaped  piece  of  f»:round  wiii 
an  area  of  507  acres,  and  i«  surrounded  by  a  ma«onry  compound 
The  wmfU-rv  is  divided  into  three  portions,  one  for  the  Cbui 
Eujj;lnud  witli  an  area  of  ;i*09  aeres,  onr  for  the  Church  of  Se< 
»-itlj  un  area  of  0"74  ocre.  and  one  for  linman  Ciitholii.'s  with  an 
of  1-24  acres.  A  masonry  wall  divides  tho  Church  of  Ei 
from  other  portions;  and  the  Botuan  Catholic  and  Church  of  S 
portions  are  divided  from  each  other  by  a  range  of  boundani' 
There  are  about  2000  ffravea  in  tho  cemetery,  of  whii^h  1265 
the  Church  of  England  portion,  505  in  the  Komtm  C'jitholjc  pc 
and  250  in  the  Church  of  Scotland  portion.  Tho  datea  on  the 
range  from  IHJ.j  to  1883.  There  are  many  well  prown  trees  in 
cGmeterv  and  niuuerous  plants  and  shrubs,  which  arc  t^ikeo  owe  of 
by  tho  ^Gvemment  ifanleuer  under  the  Chaplain  of  Peon*.  Tb« 
pemetery  is  very  thickly  hUud  with  graves  in  several  parta  «nd  bil 
boon  closed.' 

Tho  Xkw  Poona  CEMRTKRYlies  about  a  quarter  of  n  mile  hflfll 
thcCuntonment  eastern  limits  on  theShulapur  road  and  :J'07  uitleaS|| 
the  Poona  post  office.  The  enclomire  wall  out-buildings  and  appro^ 
were  finished  in  ]«tf3,  and  £000  (Rs.  9000)  hare  been  spent  m  t^ 
planting  of  trees,  construction  of  roads  and  paths,  and  in  imprc 
the  wutci^supply  of  the  cemetery,  which  is  from  throe  dmw-l 
eaeh  providwl  with  a  Persian  wheel  for  raising  water.  The  coi 
has  only  one  entrance  gateway,  which  is  surmounted  by  a 
moulded  (rotbic  arch,  gabled  and  coped  with  cut-stooe.  A 
cut  and  appropriately  designed  cut-stono  cross  rests  on  the  ai 
tho  goblc,  and  adds  much  to  the  uppcuruncc  of  the  eatroQco. 
out-buildings^  consisttog  of  two  burial  sheds,  two  oluii 
rooms,  and  watchmen's  quarters,  arc  of  coursed  rubble  tnuaonrVf 
a  Mangalore  tiled  roof  coustructe<l  in  (Jolbic  pitch,  gabled  ut 
end  in  front  of  tbo  two  burial  sbedi^,  nnd  finished  with  orni 
eaves  and  large  hoards.  The  total  orca  of  tlie  cemot4?rv  ia 
acres,  which  will  afiurd  spoc«  for  521)1  gmvt^s.  One-hulf  of  tW 
cemetpry  is  allott4?d  for  the  Church  of  England  community  anf^ttl 
otbBr  half  di\-idcd  between  the  Roman  Catnolics  and  Prvsbyte^^l 
allowing  the  former  double  tbo  space  allotted  to  the  lultor.  ^9m 
portions  for  the  diSerent  denominations  are  merely  separated 
each  other  by  paths.* 

St.  Paul's  Chi;rch  Graveyabd  near  St.  PauVs  church,  is 
European  graveyard,  a  rectangular  plot  of  ground  with  an 
0890  superBcial  feet,  surrounded  by  a  good  masonry  wall  with  a: 
iron  gate.     The  cemetery  is  kept  very  clean  ;  but  oiJy  scvoi 
graves  are  at  present  vuiblo>  and  these  are  marked  by 

■Mr.  T.M.FUgnta.     >  BaiiMa'i  Compeodiufo,  M,    >  BenMa's  C<Miipondiain, 


Daccan. 


POONA. 


tombe,  on  four  of  which  only  inacriptiona  now  remain,  and  these 
boar  the  dutca  1819,  1820,  1821  and  \H'22.^ 

Poona  hna  two  FiKE  Tjjmfles.  One  of  these  in  the  north  of  NAna 
ward  in  the  west  of  the  city,  was  finished  on  the  6th  of  Atigust  1824 
by  Mr.  Sonibji  Uatanji  Pat^l  a  Sanliir  of  the  Decuin  and  waa 
rebuilt  in  1877  by  Khan  Bahtidiir  Dastur  Xasan-Anji  JAmaspji. 
The  second  fire  temple  is  in  the  Camp  cloee  to  the  office  of  the 
Poona  Observer  paper.  It  was  finished  on  the  ::^Wth  of  Xovember 
1844  by  Sir  Jamsetji  Jijibhiii.  To  the  east  of  the  temple,  in  tho 
centre  of  a  three-cornered  plot,  ia  a  fountain  called  the  Jamsctji 
Fountain. 


» 


Tho  FitzGerald  Bridob,  better  known  us  the  Bund  bridge  from  iu 
ition  on  the  Mula-itutha  liver,  cloae  below  the  Jumsetji  Bund  or 
is  a  haiid^ume  as  well  us  a  substantial  structure  eurryiu^  tho 
Pooua  aud  Ahmadnagai-  road  acruss  the  river.  It  consists  of  thirteen 
elliptical  arches  each  of  tiO'  span  with  a  rise  of  16^'  and  an  arching 
2'  9"  thick.  Tho  roadway,  which  is  28'  wide  including  a  6'  side 
walk,  is  carriiKl  at  a  height  of  48  above  the  deepest  jmrt  oi  the  river 
2>ed,  and  is  enclosed  by  handsome  open  work  cutatone  parapets  4'  high. 
^he  bridge  was  designed  and  built  by  Captain  R.  S.  Sellon,  R.  K. 
:ecutive  Engineer  Poona  District,  and  completed  in  1867  at  a  cost 
of  £24,180  (Rs.  2,41,800). 

The  Frke  Chdkcb  MisaioK  CatJRCH  is  a  plain  stone  and  brick  build- 
ing in  early  English  style  built  about  1870  at  a  coat  of  :£1500 
(Rs.  15,000).  Tho  church  has  room  for  a  congregation  of  180 
Europeans  Eurasians  and  Natives.  The  church  has  an  organ  and 
holds  serrioes  twice  a  week.  There  are  sixty  communicants  and 
flixty  adherents  and  a  Sunday  school  attached. 

To  the  east  of  tho  Ghorpudi  Lines,  in  a  grove  othubhul  trees,  on 
the  left  bank  of  Bahiroba's  stream,  is  a  small  enclosure  with  one  large 
and  flcverol  small  Christian  tombs.  Some  have  inscriptions  which 
the  weather  and  tho  rain-drip  from  the  trees  have  made  unreadable. 
Tho  only  name  that  can  bo  read  is  that  of  Madame  DuFrencijue, 
^rhaps  the  wife  of  the  Dud(f?)renec  whom  Grant  Duff  mentions  as 
a  general  in  Tukoji  Ilolkur's  army  iu  1794.'  The  other  tombs  are 
beUcved  to  belong  to  French  oflioera,  probably  of  Siudiu's  and 
Eolkor's  armies,  who  died  in  Poona  towards  the  close  of  the  last 
century.  A  tablet  iu  the  graveyard  bears  these  words,  '  Madame 
DuFrnncque.  OlHucrs  aud  others  buned  here  up  to  a.d.  1817.  Put 
in  order  187C.* 

On  the  south  of  the  roa<l  from  Poona  Cantonment  to  Parvati's 
temple,  close  to  the  west  of  Shankarseth's  bridge,  2*53  niiles  from 
the  Poona  post  office,  stand  four  tombs  supjKMScd  to  bo  of  French 
oflfitvra  in  Sindia's  or  Holkar's  ser^-ice  in  the  lattor  part  of  tho 
eighteenth  century.  On  one  of  the  tombs  is  an  upright  cross  backed 
by  a  stone  slab.  In  the  niches  formed  by  tho  arms  of  tho  cross 
with  tho  slab,  lamps  are  placed  by  the  neighbouring  cultivators  and 
by  the  K.C.  priests  of  Panch  Baud.  At  the  foot  of  another  tomb,  cou- 
eisting  of  a  moss  of  stono  about  eight  feet  long  and  two  feot  high. 


Chapter 
Places. 


/Vw  Chut 
MistioH  C'AhftA 


Frmeh  T<ymbt 


tS5). 


fVtnch  Tombs 


1  B«D8on'i  Compeodiuni,  43. 


*  Huithto,  498,  501, 


CIlAptOTXZT. 

PUOM- 

I'DOITA. 

Otijwto, 

OMMfMbut 
Cavm 


Odrptc 
Omtei/ard 


808 


DISTRICTS. 


■ome  Hindoii  mako  oSeriugs  to  Mori  tbc  cbolerk  ffodileM,    _ 
honour  thu  bluod  uf  a  goat  is  pourud  on  the  groana  before  Uw 
and  MiniUl  red  itooM  aro  projrped.  up  affunat  ita  aide*.     Of  ihi 
othur  IfunhH   only  one  ronuuna,  an  obouak  about  fifteen  feet 
On  iU  pedoetal  is  an  inscription  of  which  only  the  word  nuaui 
be  read . 

On  the  Boniliay  road,  from  no&riho  ftoat2i  ontrance  ioGororn 
HouBO,  Ouim&h^unjl,  whnrr  tJiere  u  a  modem  temple  to  CbAtani 
DeNi,  4-U.S  miles  from  ibt;  Poena  post  office,  the  Bh^roborda 
bend  to  the  west  and  eomo  back  in  a  horseshoe  cur\-e  to  a'&od 
aame  position  as  the  CLutarshingi  Hill.  At  this  point,  about  4 
foot  irom  the  foot  of  the  bill,  approailiwl  by  »  rough  path, 
email  rock  tcmplo  about  2U'  by  15'  and  10  high.  It  wa»  foi 
bon.>  mill  i-in|p(y,  but  an  aacotic  or  iJdva  has  lately  token 
quartura  in  the  cavo  and  made  a  ling  in  tho  centre  and  rudal; 
unagea  of  Vithoba  and  Laktshmi  in  tho  back  wall.  The  B&vu 
a  smjill  comer  of  the  euvc  which  he  haa  walled  off  About 
yards  to  the  wcst^  and  twenty  fcut  up  the  bill  aide,  are  two  celli 
about  forty  yards  further  and  a  littlt-  lower  is  a  dry  water  cat 
A  fiiir  IB  held  every  Friday  at  Chuturshijigi,  and  on  thut  day  a 
the  last  of  the  Nucrdtm  days  lu  September-Octobtif  people  co« 
the  temple  of  the  Devi  and  go  from  it  to  the  cave  and  breal 
ihoro.  The  Chief  of  Juth  ia  Roid  txi  have  consulted  this  BAra  i 
his  chance  of  regaining  the  management  of  his  eetaten,  an<] 
been  at  the  expense  of  digging  u  large  step-well  which  is 
unfinishud  and  of  building  a  wall  to  strengthen  the  platform  in  J 
of  the  L-uve  door. 

(JAKFiK,  or  the  Quartz  Saint  Graveyard,  ie  a  Musolxu^n  gravQ 
about  150  yards  south-east  of  the  Collector's^  oilioe  and  250  yards 
of  St.  Paul's  church.  It  is  acrass  the  road  from  the  small  Qi 
European  graveyard  (55).  In  the  Musulra^  G^lrpir  gravey 
is  a  mrge  plot  of  ground  with  several  old  tamarind  trees, 
poor  houses  belonging  to  the  guardians  or  mujai^ar^t  of  the  t^S 
many  groves.  It  is  entered  by  a  pour  gateway  in  tho  -west  ' 
PaesiBg  south  on  the  right  is  a  large  masonry  well  with  flights  of  i 
stops  said  to  have  been  built  by  a  R^ni  of  S^tara.  A  fevr  paoei 
the  south  in  the  open  air,  surrounded  by  an  open  ruined  trelUs  vf 
is  the  grare  of  the  Quartz  Saint,  who,  according  to  the  mjnist) 
was  one  of  the  6rst  Musalm^ns  to  settle  in  Poona  and  lived  a) 
time  (1200)  of  tho  two  Shaikh  SallAa.  The  saint's  grave  is  o  ri 
low  cairn  of  tho  handsome  blue  whitf*  and  pink  quartz  cry 
which  are  found  in  the  Sohy^ris.  When  the  saint  died  he 
onlers  that  no  masonry  tomb  should  be  built  over  him  ;  ho 
lie  in  the  open  air  under  a  pile  of  loose  quartz  stonea-  The 
worabipof  quartz,  perhaps  because  it  is  a  fire-holder,  su^gcets 
place  of  worship  is  older  than  tho  Musalmdus.^      The  hi 


'  The  object  of  worebip  in  one  of  |l 
Q4richa  MnliAilov.  Puwticrvd  (jDArtK  ot 
roaod dining  pltww  u  lucky  or  apirit-ft 
given  In  tb«  UiiArwAr  Suttiatical  A^Mxititi) 
qiurtx  powdor  cani(Mir«  tli«  cmiival  tiia* 
in  lavMrnry  sad  I>tuide«  in  ScotUnd  t 


lich  pc«p8  out  from  the  crystftls  is  oIm  curiously  like  a  ling.  The 
crowded  graves  in  the  ground  near  show  how  highly  the  saint 
is  respected.  A  few  paces  to  the  south  is  a  small  poor  mosque. 
Ahout  eighty  yards  to  the  east  of  the  mosque  Is  a  flat  stoue  tomb 
with  a  loose  headpiece.  On  the  flat  stone  the  following  inscription  is 
can'cd. : 

m  In  memory  of  Allali  Bakshvalad  Aisan  Oomeranu  Beeloob. 

H  for  m&ny  years  the  faithful  IMaad  and  leirutt  of  Sir  Bartl« 

m  Pror«,  K.CB-Oavemor  of  Bombay.    Bo  died  30th  July  1866 

I  and  wu  burtftd  here     May  Ood  be  merciful  to  him- 

Tormerly  GiSrpir  woa  important  enough  to  give  his  name  to  the  whole 
tract  in  the  neighbourhood  of  St.  Pnul's  church.  In  1803  General 
"Wellesley  chose  (iArpir  as  the  c-antonmont  of  the  British  force  which 
.was  left  to  guard  P(Mmu,  and  this  continued  the  cantonment  till  the 
final  breach  with  Bitjirav  Peshwa  in  1H17.  It  was  then  found  that 
the  hcdgeR  and  enchviures  that  ran  cloKe  to  the  lines  offered  easy  con- 
cealment either  for  the  Peshwa's  eutissnriea  who  wished  to  corrupt 
the  British  troops  or  for  such  of  the  troops  as  were  inclined  to  desert. 
The  bulk  of  the  force  was  accordingly  moved  to  Kirkeo,  a  few  days 
before  the  battle  of  Kirhcc  (ftth  \ovcmbcr  11517).  In  the  afternoon 
of  the  /ith  of  November,  before  the  Poshwa's  troops  began  to  move 
from  Poonu,  the  rest  of  the  troops  were  withdrawn  to  the   Songam 

rd  from  the  Sangum  to  Kirkee.' 
To  the  wcBt  of  the  reBcrvoir  that  lies  to  the  west  of  St.  Mary*s 
church  is  a  two-storeyed  huiUUng  of  cut-stone  with  ornamental  stone 
arches  and  pillars,  und,  in  the  west  wall,  an  overhanging  stone 
window  with  pillars  and  canopy.  It  was  the  gateway  of  the  toansion 
of  (ihilshiram  Kotval  (1742-1791).  All  traces  of  the  house  have 
been  removed  and  the  yard  is  used  as  a  commissariat  store. 

Ghiishir^m  was  a  Kanoj  BriUinian  of  Aurangubod  who  rose  to  be 
the  head  of  the  Poona  police  by  giving  his  daughter  lo  he  the  mistress 
of  NAna  Fadnavia.  Qhashiram  usnd  his  power  with  great  cruelty 
and  injustice.  On  one  occasion  (nOth  August  1701)  he  confined  a 
number  of  Telang  BrAhmans  in  a  cell  so  small  and  so  unwhole- 
some that  during  the  night  twentj--ono  of  the  prisoners  died  of 
suffocation.  Next  morning,  when  news  of  these  murders  got  abroad, 
the  city  roso  and  threatened  to  destroy  the  Peshwa's  palaoo  unless 
GhAahir&m  was  executed.  To  quiet  the  mob  the  Peshwa  gave  up 
Ghnshirdm  who  was  stoned  to  death  by  tlio  castefellows  of  the 
xnurdurcfl  mcn.^ 

%  The  QuoRPADi  Barracks  form  the  front  or  wcstmost  part  of  the 
%horpadi  lines  in  the  north-east  section  of  cantonment  limits.  They 
consist  of  a  number  of  single  atoreyed  buildings  with  room  for  6.'>2 
rank  und  filebcsidca  Serjeants.  I'hrcc  seta  of  barracks  have  been 
built  at  ditfui'CQt  dates.     The    oldest,  completed  in    1842,  includes 


Chaptsr  XIV. 

Flacss. 

Pooka. 

Object*. 

Odrpir 
Qrxioej/ard 


I 


Ghd'htrdn'a 
JUantion 


Ghorpiiili 

Barrockn 

{70). 


and  the  white  qnnrtu   ■tonei  found  in  grnwe  in  the  HcliHr1«)i  an<l  tho  Ide 

Abm  IMLm  Oonlon  Cununiux,  la  the  Ht>l>ri«iM,  45>46).     The  object  of  putting 

**  luul  fira-yiclding,  nml  tluTcfiir*"  Hittrit-»ciiriiig,  stunas  in  gravoe  aooins  ongiuAlly 

VII  been  to  overave  tlio  gho«t  of  tno  dreadod  dead,  aotl,  at  ■  later  itta^,  to  •care 

ita  front  tbe  bonea  of  tho  bclovud  dead. 

re  given  b«tli>w  niulur  Kirfcoe  B*ttle*field,  pp.  37tT-!l77- 
•ndu  I'aiiUieon.  37'i-373.     UotaiU  are  given  bvlow  in  the  Hiatory  o( 


IBomtiar 


370 


DISTBIOTS. 


tapt«r  XIV. 

Places. 

Objecu. 

Sarroek4 

\70h 


vOV€rK7ft€Kt 

{7ih 


t«rplveBe[>aratebuil(tmga,  each  coAtaiabgfl  bftrrackroom  <97'x94' 
12')  to  hold  twenty-two  men  with  u  serjuant's  quiirtt.-r»  nt  ibo 
eonsisritig  of  two  rooiiiB  eiii'h  ll^'xll^'.  Tht.- whulu  iii  Burroiinf 
by  ti  verandu  eijjht  tVi?t  wide,  open  but  protectinl  from  ruin 
wc'iither-boordH.  Al»out  the  nnme  date  (1842)  were  built 
PatcberricB  or  marriwl  men's  qiiurters  in  four  blocks  of  iweni 
quartere  each.  In  1849  a  second  net  of  twelve  block«  wae 
Kach  block  contained  a  barrack  room  (113'x24'x  18')  to  b< 
twenty-six  lut-u  with  a  Serjeant's  quarters  (I14'x24').  Surroundii 
the  whole  wuB  a  vcruudu,  \2'  G"  broad,  enclosed  on  tlic  wcftt  fi 
the  monsoon  by  a  dwuri"  wall  surmounted  by  vcueti»n»  oiitl  gli 
windows.  The  latent  set  of  barruckH,  whicli  wii»  ccnnplcU-d  in  II 
conBiHts  of  MX  blocks  each  containing  a  barrack  room  ( ICti'  x  25'  x  '2 
with  a  aerjcani'A  quarters  consisting  of  two  roomH  and  a  bath 
with  a  Bcparate  entrance,  at  the  end.  The  whole  is  Burrounded  bi 
veranda  12'  6"  broad  enclosed  on  the  west  by  stroTig  vonetii 
The  last  barracks  with  their  outhouses  arc  built  after  the  lat 
eanitury  rules.  The  pliutlis  are  high,  the  floors  are-  of  cut-»t< 
paving,  and  ventilutiou  is  secared  by  an  opening  olonp;  the  ridg« 
covered  inside  by  wire  guuKc  and  protected  outside  by  an  irou  »l 
The  barracks  have  clerestorv  wmdows  and  the  fanlights  over 
doors  revolve.  The  space  allowed  for  each  man  is  2400  e»ibic 
and  120  square  feet  of  floor  spair.  AVith  their  lufty  open 
planked  roof  and  numerous  glaztxl  doors  these  barrack  rooins  1< 
very  spacious  and  airy.  The  lavatories  and  latrines  are  in  detached 
buildiiigt^  and  have  all  the  latest  saniliiry  fittings.  The  barracks 
include  all  the  buildings  for  work  and  recreation  mentioned  in  tlic 
description  of  the  Vanavdi  Barracks  and  a  chapel  in  addition.*  The 
whole  barracks  have  hren  built  by  successive  Executive  Kngineen 
of  Poona  at  u  total  cost  of  i'K8,.'^7H  (R».fi,H.'l,780). 

Government  IlnrsK,  Oanf.siiki*ini>,  from  June  (ill  October 
residenoG  of  His  Excollcncy  the  Governor  of  Bumbay,  stuiids  4^ 
miles  north-west  of  I'oona  post  office  on  rising  land  in  tbe  cei 
of  a  bleak  rocky  plain  broken  towards  the  south  by  low  bure  hi 
Tlie  gixiunds  round  the  house  arc  wcU  clothed  with  trees  and  shi 
The  House  is  in  the  centre  of  612  acres  of  waving  land,  w\ 
have  been  laid  out  iu  roads  and  planted  with  trees  to  form  omumel 
grounds,  and  to  give  sites  for  the  Mubnidiury  buildings  and  bnusi^s: 
the  staff.  It  was  tn-gun  in  1^64  during  the  governorship  of  Sir 
Frere  and  was  fini-*hod  in  1871.  The  main  buildingia  in  the  Itj 
Gotliic  style  of  the  Int-fll  gray  trap  rock  and  was  built  by  Mr.  Hoi 
0.  E.  from  designs  by  Mr.  TiHibshawe.  Its  length  of  ;300  feet 
ning  north  and  south  is  broken  into  two  double-storey cd 
connected  by  a  lower  central  portion.  The  northern  and 
wing  tarries  a  tower  100  feet  high.  The  south  wing  and  cent 
contain  on  ibeir  ground  floors  the  public  rooms  consisting  of  a  Darbsr 
or  drawing  room  (HO' by  30'),  a  large  dining  room  (60'  by  30')  with 
arches  on  both  sides,  tlie  Irack  arcade  opening  into  a  largt 
consen'atory  hiiiiilsomelvdecorated  in  white  and  gold.  On  the  upp^r 
storey  are  bsd  rooms.  The  north  wing  contains  the  Governor's  otBue 
and  rooms  forming  his  private  rt'sidonce.     Resides  the  outbuildjnn 


>  S«e  below  VkiMrdi  Bsmolu  (110). 


iDeccauI 


POONA. 


871 


I 

9 

I 
I 


more  immediate  connection  with  llio  house  (which  corapritw  a  fine 
range  of  ^tublcb  mid  couch- huucK.'»)  the  grounds  eoDtuiii  fuur  Htull* 
bun^i^tUows,  u  guard  room  with  oniamt'iitul  fUK-k-towL-r,  and  vtTv 
complele  Kurupiyiu  lmiTuck«  fur  llie  Govt'rrior'n  band.  Ahout  a 
taUe  lo  the  west  are  lines  for  HLs  Ksccllency'e  Native  Cavalry  Itody- 
jgututl,  cunaUling  of  seventy  sabreA.  The  coat  of  tlie  main  building 
iwas  JClOa.'i'il  (Rs.  lU,t>2,'i7U)  and  of  the  whole  in  round  numbers 

The'  Gcs  POWDER  Factory  lies  4-88  miles  uorth-wcat  of  Poena  post 
office  uud  about  1 J  oiitus  uurlh  uf  Kirkcc.  The  factory  occupies  a  space 
of  about  100  acres  and,  in  oi-derto  guard  agamst  cumpk'te  destruction 
from  an  explusion,  the  buildings  used  tor  the  iLauufacture  and 
storage  uf  gunpowder  are  isolated.  Kur  the  same  reason  about  500 
acres  of  huid  round  the  factory  are  kept  private. 

The  factory  buildings  include  a  number  of  Ktore-rooms  to  hold  the 
ingretlients  from  which  gunpowder  is  made  and  store«  for  workinfj 
the  engines  and  other  machinery ;  a  largo  repairs  workshop  worked 
hy  on  eight  horsi-power  engine ;  a  building  with  machinery  for 
making  gunpowder  barrels  worked  by  a  twenty-five  horsepower 
engine;  a  number  of  bouses  for  the  various  processes  of  powder- 
makiug,  and,  attui-hed  lo  them,  engine  and  builor  houses  with  five 
engines  two  of  twenty-five  hor»i.'power,om.'of  twclvu  horsepower, one  of 
tight  horsepower,  and  one  of  «ix  hoi-aepower;  a  saltpetre  refinery;  a 
milphiir  refinery  ;  and  a  charcoul-bitrning  house.  Outside  the  factory 
near  the  Mula  river  is  a  twenty-five  horsepower  engine  for  pumping 
'vater  Into  the  factory  in  case  of  a  failure  of  the  regular  water- 
eupply  and  qiwrters  for  Europeans  and  Natives,  The  regular 
Tvater-supply  is  brought  by  pipes  from  the  PashAn  reservoir  near 
Gancshkhind.  The  water  is  stored  in  large  reservoirs  for  the  various 
eugiuos.  Stand-pijM^s  are  scattered  about  wLuaco  a  strong  head  of 
■water  may  be  drawn  in  case  of  fire. 

Five  varieties  of  powder  are  made  for  Government  Pebble  powder 
for  heavy  guns,  li.  I),  (i.  3-powder  for  medium  guns,  R.  L.  Q. 
2-powdor  for  field  guns,  R,  L.  (i.  2-powdor  for  Martini-Henry  rifles, 
«nd  U.  R  fi.  |x>w<1lt  for  Snider  rifles.  Powders  for  pistols  and 
Tuealeil  powder  for  laboratorv  purposes  are  also  mode.  Tue  monthly 
outturn  of  the  powders,  whirh  depend  on  the  length  of  time  they 
are  incorporated,  are  pebble,  R.  T*.  G.  3,  and  U.  L.  G.  '2  together 
about  4o,0u0  lbs.,  R.  F.  G.-2  15,000  lbs.,  and  R.  F.  G.  25,000  lbs  » 
Each  variety  is  made  for  a  special  purpose  and  has  certain  poeulia- 
ritics.  In  regulating  the  peculiarities,  the  ehief  object  aimed  at  Is  to 
obtain  a  powder  which  shulldrive  a  projectile  with  the  great^'St  rapidity 
without  straining  the  cannon  or  small  arm  for  which  the  powder  is 
iuteudc-d. 

^  Gunpowder  is  made  of  three  Ingredients,  saltpetre  sulphur  and 
chareoul,  in  the  projwrlion  of  sovcnty-Bve  parts  of  saltpetre,  ton  parts 
of  sulphur,  and  tittoon  ports  of  charcoal.    Saltpetre  cullctl  grougb  in  its 


Chaptsr  71 
Flaces. 

FoOCA. 

Objeota. 


Faetwrf 


{.rti- 


BtiiiittngaA 


Pimltr  r<iii'« 


I  Cuntribut«tl  by  Liciit-Coloiiel  WAfce,TLA. 

>  Tbe«e  povder  otiltiirna  t(>ve.  for  £1300  (Kb.  KVW3)  tli«  totil  iiicntlily  cost  of 
the  factory,  a  rute  of  ^bjal  <J(i.  ^tirt*.')  a  [HMiod  for  tli«  firit  three  vsnutie*  uf  pebbl«, 
K.  L  6.  3  Mi<I  R.  I.  ti  -2.,  of  2*.  2^J,  (V^,  M-S)  »  pound  for  H.  P.  0.  2.  iwd  d 
U  4<<.  (LOi.aj.)  R  pound  for  B.  F.  Q. 


(Bombay  OaxetU 


Clia.pter_XIV. 
FlMwa 
Pdoka. 

Ol^aotl. 


Ogmkhami 


37B 


DISTBICTS. 


M 


>aur  m 

m  ay 


crude  state,  is  broagrht  by  contract  from  Cawnpur  m  TTppor 
Beiitrcj  it  is  uacd  »allpctro  is  rcfiiwxl  lo  get  rid  of  imjniritiea  whi 
vmild  affiH^t  the  ki>opiiig  quolitioH  ul'  the  [rawdur^  and  (-spcciaUy 
ensure  freedom  from  purticlL-H  of  Ktono  or  grit  which  would  be 
element  of  danger  in  the  process  of  powder-making.  Sulphur  in 
crude  state  is  bought  by  euntraet  aud  comes  chiefly  from 
To  Ret  rid  of  stone  and  grit,  before  use,  sulphur  is  retu 
disliUetion.  Charcoal  is  obtained  by  burning  the  stalks  of  the 
iudicus  or  tur  plant.  The  wood  is  brought  ready  peeled  in 
contractors  who  get  it  from  the  fur  fieldti  of  the  Konkon  and  GujunS 
The  monthly  cstabliuhment  charges  of  the  fiielorv  amouufc: 
i:/)40  (Rn.  5400).  The  doily  hours  of  work  are  (>-30  a.>i.  t^| 
P.M.  and  two  hours  more  for  the  incorporating  mills.  ^B 

The  present  Poona  Gymkhasa   or  Rjjort  club  was  formed  in  Ij 

by  the  union  of  the  Badminton,  Lawn  Tonnis,  Croquet,  l*olo,  and  Q 

efubs    with    the    old    Gj^nkhana  which   had  prorideJ    for  crid 

pigeon-shooting  sky-racofi  and  sports.     The   union    of   theso  di 

WB6  agreed  to  at  a  meeting  held  in  1879  under  the  prceidoncy  ol  I 

Richard  Temple,  then    Governor.     The   managing    body    of    ! 

Gymkhana  includes  a  President  and  nine  members,  the  eecretnriM' 

Cricket,  Tenuis,  Budiiiintun.  Pigeon-shooting,  Golf,  Polo,  and  S 

Races,  a  General  Setretury  and  Treasurer,  and  twoother  ineinl>er8.  1 

badminton  and  luwn  tennis  courts  are  in  the  ojien  space  lo  the  son 

of  the  Council  Hall.     The  tennis  courts  ot-cupy  the  site  of  the 

croquet  grounds  the  last  of  which  was  turned  into  a  lawn  tcuiiia  ca 

in  1881.     The  courts,  of  which  there  are  scTOn,  are  formed  of  ala^ 

of  murtim  or  crumbled  trap  over  a  layer  of  road  metul   (ho   w% 

carefuUv  h-velh>d  und  kept  in  onler  by  constant  roIUiig  and  wat«>ri 

The  haumiiitou  euurl»  are  in  a  thatched  building  uear  the  Houtbem 

Lothian  Road  end  of  the  same  open  spai-e.     Till   1881    the   build 

was  in  the  form  of  a  cross  of  four  eq^ual  limbs  lying  north,    sot 

cast,  and  west,  each  lirah  forming  a  badminton  court  and    leaTin 

square  spaeo  in  the  centre  for  on-looknrs.     In  18H1  a  now  court 

formed  by  lengthening  the  northern  limb,  and  the  western  Limb  * 

turned  into  dressing  rooms.     Cricket  is  played  on  the  open  grtx 

to  tho  cast  of  the  Ordimnce  Lines.    The  cricket  ground  is  u  rcctangi 

space  of  about  200  yards  by  150  enclosed  by  posts  and   chains. 

the  middle  of   the   west   side   is   the   pavilion  including  a  oen 

room  with  dressing  rooms  at  the  south  end  and  the  buiTet,  atoro  r<] 

and   cook-room  at  the  north  end.     The  Gymkhana  race  conrMj 

which  the  winning  post  was  in  front  of  the  pavilion,  has   fallen 

disuse  and  Gymkhana  races  ore  now  run  on  the  regular  Kuoe  Col 

(95).     Pigeon -shooting  is  curried  <;    '     'V     |.    i  jigm^bel 

Ordnance  Linos  about  300  yunl^  n 

is  played  on  the  ground  boundtil  V 

Lines,  on  the  Korcgaon  rood,  utui  t 

is  partly  over  the  Polo  ground  lu 

atretohmg  to  the  Ghorpudi  Burroc) 


1  Otber  wooda  liKve  bMn  IriM  at  tlitf  Uw.. 
produce  mcb  gowl  chf  -"hL     A'«t* 

which  is  mach  >;roH'n  vUftUS  t 

uisof  ul  in  inAkiu^  cvta 


rOONA- 


373 


t  Gymnarivm,  which  is  one  of  tho  fincfitinthe  Bomhay Presidency, 

recn  St.    Andrew's  church  and  tho  Soldiera'  Institute  uboui  -1.50 

irds  cant  of  St.  Mary's  church.     It  was  hullt  by  UoTcrutnont  in 

1872  and  waa  opeuud  early  in  1873.     Tho  biiildtng  is  eighty  feet  long 

>y  fifty-two  wido  and  has  two  wings  (50'  by  30')  one  for  a  school  of 

iH  and  tho  other   a   recruits'   gymnastic  drill  room.     It  has  also 

Lre8fling  rooms  for  officers  and   men   and   an   office.     Tho  institution 

solely  for  the  use  of  Boldiers  and   military   officers.      The  staff 

icludcs,    besides   the   Inspector    of  Qymiiasiuma  in  the    Bombay 

'residency,  one  serjeant^major  as  chief  instructor,  and  two  assielant 

Instructors.     All  officers,  non-commissioned  officers,  and  men  sent 

Por  instruction  to  the  Poona  Central  Gymnaaium    have  to  pass  a 

igvmnustic  course.      TLo  ordJmiry  course    lasts  three  mouths  and  a 

special  gymmistic  inslruclor'a  course  lasts  eight  mouths.     The  chief 

joppUauces  iu  the  gymnasium   are  a  horizontal   bar,  parallel    burs, 

^vaulting   horse,    vaulting    boi',    bridge  ladder,  rope    ladder,  inclined 

Ider,  Iwlder   phmk,    trapezium,    shelf,    octagon,    prepared    wall, 

it,  jumping   stand,  row  of   rings,   pairs  of  rings,  slanting  pole^, 

jrtical  poles,  climbing  ropes,  vertical  rope*  and  poles,  horizontal 

ima,  turning  pole,  elastic  ladder,  and  dumb  and  bar  bolls.     Every 

[year  about  four  officers  and  700  non-commission cd  officers  and  men 

f  ftro  taught  gjTnnaatics,  and  ton  officers  and  twenty  non-com  missioned 

^officers    and    mun    are    taught    fencing.      The    voluutiu-y    yearly 

'ottendunce  averages  thirty  officers  and    11,504    non-com  miss  ioued 

^officers  and  men.     Men  attending  the  gymnasium  are  taught  to  swim 

fin  a  Bwimuiiug  bath  attached  to  the  gymnasium. 

H(ji.KAR*s  BaiiKiE,  408  feet  long  by  16'  3"  brood,  spans  the  Mutha 
between  Poona  and  Kirkee  east  of  the  Deccan  College,  .to  I  niilea  from 
the  Poona  post  office.  The  bridge  is  carried  by  nineteen  arches 
varying  in  span  from  12'  8'  to  22'  5'.  Tho  height  of  tho  roadway 
above  the  river  bed  is  thirty'throe  feet.  The  side  prot«ctious  of  the 
bridge  are  ufodem  and  consist  of  teak  railings  carried  on  corbcts 
uoinat  the  face  of  tho  spandrils  of  the  uruhcs  to  leave  the  full  width 
of  the  bridge  roadway  clear  for  traffic' 

About  sixty  yards  south-west  of  the  south  end  of  Holkar'a  Bridge, 
and  3*4a  miles  from  the  Poona  post  office,  in  an  oblong  enclosure 
(90'  by  70'),  is  a  temple  raised  to  Vithoji  IloUcar  and  his  wife  who 
committed  tati  tn  his  honour.  It  is  now  called  tho  temple  of  Mo- 
hddev.  It  is  an  oblong  courtyard  enclosed  by  a  nine  feet  wall  with 
a  shrine  (lo'by  lo'by  10')  at  the  south-west  end  of  the  courlyard. 
The  shrine  has  the  usual  anteroom  with  side  niches  and  a  recess 
containing  two  Itmjs  surmounted  by  a  cupula  about  nine  feet  high. 
In  front  of  the  shrine  is  a  low  stone  platform  with  a  small  stone 
bull  or  Nnndi  and  a  slab  carved  with  footprints.  Other  objects  in 
the  courtyard  are  a  small  basil  stand,  an  i£gle  marmelos  or  bet 
tree,  and  in  a  corner  the  pedestals  of  the  two  lut'js  which  are  in  the 
shrine  and  originally  stood  on  the  Nandi  platform.  The  temple 
was  built  by  one  of  the  Uolkars,  and  is  maintaiued  by  the  present 
Holkar. 


Chapter  TI7. 
Flacai. 

P<KUtA. 

Obja«ti^ 


notknr'$  Brtdgt 


Holkar*  1 


lColos«lDuc»t,B.C. 


REFERENCES 


!  100  Ai* K^JTA^bMMM  WtW ShM  i>M>  (W  Am  « •*■ 
•If     £_^  n       t     ^4b  *«rf  £m 

GA'  II       'II  r  i  I  r  ■  I       <  T]  I  •  r  1 1 J     n  r 

<«  "  J  ■ "  ■■  -  yv"^ "  -i^v-  ■  p. ..  - .  ■  ■ 


Ran  oTfte  Action 
GANESH  KHIND  ob  KIRKF:E, 

fbuffit  m  Ike  S*fiitwt6rtSf7. 
fyatklaeinmKimmanJtd  by 
L!  OolBuir. 


Arm)'  of  Oie  Peisbwai  Bi^  Rao. 


( i f      !      f 


««««iin»^*ph*4.  C<»>   Olf«,  hwi.  I8B0 


r  ■  ■  . 


POONA. 


376 


For  more  than  a  yeiir  the  rclutionB  between  the  Brirish 
jtoverumt'iit  and  tbe  Pesbwa  huti  been  atniimxl.  In  July  1816,  the 
aurdcr  of   Guugudhur    Shaatri,  the  Giiikwiir's  agent,  when  under 

|4ri(ifih  HiK><-iul  protection,  the  favour  ahown  by  the  Peshwu  to 
rrimbakji  Dengliii,  GangAdhar's  murderer,  the  Peshwa's  failure, 
n  spite  of  ample  means,  to  provide  his  contingent  of  troops,  and  hia 
mtriguos  with  Sindia,  Ilolkar,  the  K&ja  of  Nagpur,  and  the 
Pendhiiris.  determined  the  Marquie  of  Hastings,  then  Governor 
General,  to  make  wuvh  an  aji^recment  with  the  Peshwa  us  would 
prevent  bim  from  defeating  the  object  of  the  trejitr  of  Itossein  (Dec. 
31,  1H02).  In  April  1817.  before  ooucludiug  any  agreement,  tho 
Governor  General  insisted  that  tho  Peahwa  shuuld  promise  to  give 

Bnp  Trimbakii  Uenglia.  For  weeks  the  Peshwu  evaded  the  Kesideut's 
demand,  till,  on  the  8th  of  Mar,  Poena  was  flurroundod  by  British 
troops.  Then,  under  the  influence  of  Moro  Dikshit.  one  of  hia 
Br-Unnan  advifiers,  who  strongly  opposed  a  breach  with  tho  English, 
tiio  Peshwa  issued  a  proehmiation  otforing  a  reward  for  the  capture 
jf  Xrirubakji  Dcnglia,  and,  as  a  security  for  his  good  faith,  handed 
the  British  the  hill-furta  of  Puraudhar,  iSinbgad,  and  Riiygad. 
i'hc  new  treaty  was  then  considerc^l,  and,  in  June,  after  long 
^discussion,  the  Peshwa  agreed  1«  the  terms  which  had  beeu  drawn 
ip  by  Mr.  Elpbinatonc  according  to  the  Governor  Gcuerarn 
instructions.  Under  this  ti-eaty  the  rcshwa  admitte<l  ihatTrimbukji 
iyvas  GangJidhar'fl  murderer,  and  promised  to  show  him  uo  favour  and 
[to  do  bin  best  to  have  him  seized  and  handed  to  the  British.  He 
lengaged  to  have  no  dealings  with  any  court  except  through  the 
[British  Resident,  and,  instead  of  the  contingent  of  troops  which  he 
I  had  always  fulled  to  fumisli,  he  undertook  to  make  over  to  the  British, 
lands  yielding  revenue  enough  to  support  a  force  of  5000  cavalry 
3000  infantry  and  a  due  proportion  of  oixlnance.  This  treaty,  which 
fia  known  as  the  treaty  of  Poena,  was  concluded  on  tho  13th  of  Juim 
1 3  81 7.  In  uccordanix)  with  tho  treaty,  after  a  slight  delay,  the 
Peahwa 'a  ahare  of  Gujarat,  the  North  Konkan,  the  fort  of 
Ahmadnagar,  and  the  territories  of  DharwAr  and  Kushgal,  were 
,jnade  over  to  the  British,  the  strength  of  the  Peshwa's  cavalry  was 
reduced,  and,  except  a  battalion  about  500  strong  kept  in  the  Peshwa's 
[pay.  the  brigade  which  had  been  ruitwd  by  the  Peshwa  in  lSl'3  and 
drilled  and  olHcered  by  Englishmen  was  placed  under  British  control 
and  cullc<l  the  Poena  Auxiliary  Fort^.'  In  July  the  Peshwa  went 
on  a  pilgrimage  to  Pandhurpur  and  from  Pandharpur  to  Mahuli  the 
rBttcred  meeting  of  the  Vcnna  and  the  Krishna  near  SAbira.  At 
Mahuli  he  was  visited  by  SJr  John  Malcolm,  tho  Governor  Gcnorara 
Agent  for  the  Deccan.  The  Peshwa  compluinefl  of  the  harshnosa 
of  the  recent  treaty.  At  the  some  time  he  profeseod  so  warm  a  regard 
for  the  British,  and  so  fully  urlmitti.'d  hia  dependence  on  British 
support,    that  Sir  John  Mideoltn    was  satislicd   that  whatever  his 

I  feeling  might  be,  interest  would  force  him  to  remain  friendly.  He 
advised  the  Peshwa  to  show  his  goodwill  to  the  English  by  joining 
with  them  m  pultiug  down  the  Pendharis.  Nothing,  Biijiriivdeclurci, 

1  Thii  brigade  vmm  oliiolly  oon)p6iH?d  of  men  from  the  CompHtiy'*  districto  ja 
Hmiliist-ta.  On  eatering  tho  b*ttaU->n  tho  men  toc^  aa  oath  of  fnithfulnNa  to 
the  Pm1iw4,  but,  of  th«ir  ovm  ■ccord,  thejr  Added  tb«  proviao,  to  loaj[  aa  the  Peshwa 
■ontiooM  iu  idUiMoa  with  the  British  Clo^'erruDeat, 


Chaptf 


PortSA. 
Objects. 
KirUe  Bat 


[Bombftj  O 


Places. 

POOVA. 

Objoota. 

Kirhr  BittOe 
Piatd 


»7B 


DISTRICTS. 


would  give  him  more  pleasure  than  to  take  part  in  this  wc 
with  this  objei't,  Sir  John  Mulculni  uUowi^  him  tn  enlitft  frnsl 
Mr.  Klphin^tone  hml  no  ftuth  in  HAjirav's  pr<>miAeei,  and,  bv  \ 
of  two  friends,  Vai^hvantrav  Ohoq)ade  a  Mur&tha,  and  ^ 
N^tu  a  TtMhman,  was  kept  mfortnc<l  of  Biijir&r'a  plans. 
Ookhlc  was  niodo  chief  minister  and  nearly  a  miUion  aterl 
given  him  to  ensure  the  support  of  the  Maratha  chi 
nobles.  BhilH  and  KAmoehis  were  enlisted  and  special  luisBia 
sent  to  Nrigpur  and  to  the  camptj  of  llolkar  and  Sindia. 
0th  of  September  the  Governor  Ouncral,  informed  hy  Mr.  Klpl 
of  the  Pe«hwa's  desigiiB,  wrote  to  the  Directors  :  *  ^Ve  cani 
on  the  fidelity  of  tlie  Peehwa  except  when  it  ia  ensured 
immediate  sense  of  our  power.  The  persevering  perfidy 
attempts^  after  the  most  solemn  assurances  of  contrition  for  t 
and  of  scrupulous  good  faith  for  the  fature>  forbid  auy 


i 


him.'i 

On  his  return  to  Poona,  at  the  end  of  Soptembor,  the 
continued  to  push  on  his  preparations  for  war.  Hih  art 
strengthened,  his  forts  were  repaired  stored  and  g^arrifloii 
orders  were  issuefl  to  make  ready  his  fleet.  Of  two  part 
scheme  the  Pe«hwatook  personal  charge,  the  Resident's  mun 
the  bribery  of  the  British  troops.  Gokhle  opjwswl  Mr.  Klphi 
murder  and  the  attempt  was  put  off  till  the  arrival  of  Trinibakji 
and  his  Bhits.  Great  efforts  were  made  to  Khako  the  loyiut 
British  troops.  The  families  of  some  whose  homes  were  in  Ha 
were  seized  and  their  destruction  was  threatened  unless  the  nil 
over  to  the  Peshwa.  Large  snms  were  spent  in  briber" 
native  ofEwr  wus  ottered  £1000  (Rs.  10,000)  and  £5000  (Ra.* 
were  advanced  to  an  agent  in  the  hope  that  he  might  corrui 
of  the  British  officers.  At  their  last  meeting,  on  the  14lh  < 
the  l*eahwa  complained  to  Sir.  Klphinstone  of  his  loss  of  pow< 
still  professed  friendship  fur  the  British  and  promised  to  I 
troops  against  the  Pendhiijns  as  soon  as  the  Daaara  wna  ov< 
Dosara  Day,  l^th  October,  BAjirav  held  a  great  ^e^^ew.  He 
the  Resident  with  marked  discourtesv,  and  during  the  reWew 
a  body  of  horse  to  dash  down  on  the  British  force  as  if  to  al 
After  the  Davara,  instead  of  sending  his  troops  against  the  Pei 
he  kept  increasing  their  strength  by  summoning  fresh  partil 
all  aides. 

Mr.  Etphinstone  was  satisfieil  that  the  Peshwa  would 
before  many   days  wore  over.     Messages  were  sent  to  hi 
European   regiment   on  its  march  from    Bombay,   and   to  'i 
Smith,  who  was  at  Ahmadnagar,  to  keep  a   force   really   at 
Besides  Mr.  Elphinstone's  escort  of  two  companies  of  Bengal 
Infantry  at  the  Residency  and  the  Peshwa's  battalion'  of  tho 
Auxiliary    Force  luider  Major  Vnrd  at  Ddpu"    tho  Britifl 
consisteil  of  about  1200  mun  •'  'i  ami  i  Hi 

Matdvti  Infantry^  and  two  gui 


■  PeadhAri  and  MarAthii  W»r  rape 
'  Tbo  ilvtaiU  were  :  about  .'>00  iiifiui 

■  The    (ieUtila   wem  :  nocotid    l)Attah 
N.  I.,  ud  fint  batulion  VU.  R«(^.  N. 


leccanl 


POONA. 


377 


rtio  wore  camped  nt  Gdrpir  on  the  rijfht  bank  of  the  Muiho  river. 

?fai8   iioailion,    which    is   npar  Ihe   CoUertor'a   office    clo«e   to   the 

lorthrni  outHkiris  of   Pooiia,  hsul  bcrn  chofnen  in  1 803  by  the  I>ukc 

>£  Wellington  to  guard  the  town.     It  waa  well  suited  for  guarding 

*io  town,  but,  with  an  unfriendly  force   in  the  city,  the    position 

ras    far     from    safe.      Hlgh-hed^xl    ganlcna     coming     close    to 

10  lines  gave  aesailouta  ou   easy  apjiroach.    and  the  duMxHbcted  a 

fo    escape.     On     the     25th    and    two    following  days     bodies  of 

lorae  canifM'*!  round  the  British  lines,  a  strong  cor|>s  of  GoBavis 

look    a    ]>osition  on    the    Vanavdi    uplands  to  the  east,   and   the 

j^Vinchurkar'B  horse  with  some  infantry  and  guns  posted  themselves 

tlie  west  between  the  RcBidcncy  and  Bhiimburda  village.     The 

faratha  commanders  were  eager  for  on  imnicdiuto  attack.     On  the 

light    of  the  28th  their  guns  were    yokc-d,  their  horses  saddled, 

nd  thfir  infantry  ready  to  advance.     But  the   I'eshwa  wavered  and 

the  night  pa«(Msi  in  consultation.     Next  day  (29th)  Mr.  Ktphinstone 

sent  to  the  Peshwa  complaining  that  his  troops  were  pressing  on  the 

Iritish  lines  and  a-^king  him  to  order   them  to  irithdraw.      The 

lessage  caused  great  excitement.     Gokhle  was  for  instant   attack. 

tut  again  the  Peshwa  was  undecided.     The  work  of  winning  over 

the  British  troops  was  not  yet  completed  and  every  day  was  adding 

the  Mardthu  HtrenglU.     Another  night  pat^aod  iu  consultation  and 

lexl  afternoon.     A   lorced  march  of  about  thirty  miles  brought  the 

luro|M'aii  regiment    into  the  tiarpir    cantonment.     On    the  first  of 

^iNovemlK'r,  leaving  a  company  to  guard   GArpir  and  2.10  men  to 

strengthen  the  Resident's  escort.    Colonel  Burr's  force,  about  800 

"lurojiean  Infantry  and  1200  Native  Infantry  with  six  guns.'  crossed 

the  Mutha  and  marched  three  miles  north  to  Kirkee.     North  of 

'oona,   across  the  filuthu  river,  with  the  Bhilmburda  hills  on  the 

rest  and  the  ^lula   winding    along   the   north  aud  east,   stretchea 

hi  slightly  rolling  plain.     Kxcept  a  belt  of  arable   land   on  the    left 

>ttnk    of  the  Mutha  and  a  fringe  of  watered  and  fenced  gardens 

ilong  the    right   bank  of  the  Mula,  the  plain  is  bare  and  open. 

beyond  the  end  of  the  Bhdmburda  hills  a    low  ridge    stretching 

lorth-eost    rises   slightly  to  the  -village   of    Kirkee,     dri\-ing  the 

tula    north  in   a  deep    bend  that  half  surrounds  the  village.     The 

[camp  was  pitched  iu  the  low  land  to  the  east  of  the  vtUage,  the  left 

[resting  on  Uolkur's  Bridge  (75)  aud  tho  right  ou  the  rise  of  Kirkee 

pilluge,    the    site    of   tiio   Powder  Magazme.     This  rising  ground 

commands  the  plain,  which^  with  one  or  two  slight  dips  and  rises, 

Foils  south  to  the  line  of  the   Poona-Bombay  road.     Behind  the 

road  to  the  right  streteh  tho  Brtmburda  or  Ganeshkhind  hills,  and, 

tho  left,  beyond  the  Mutha  valley.  ri8e  the  sharp   temple-crowned 

3ak  of  Parva'ti  and  the  distant  Kiuhgad  liills.     About  u  mile  and  a 

ialf  west  of   the  Kirkee  cump,  ou  the   left   bunk    of   tho   Mula,  lay 

>Apuri,  the  head-quarters  of  Majur  Fortl's  battalion  ;  about  a  milo  to 

the  cast  wa^i  Holkar*s  Bridge  :  mid  nearly  three  miles  to  tbe  south, 

along  the  right  bunk  of  the  alula,  lay  the  Keaideacy  with  a  gorriaoa 


Chapter 
Flac«6. 

Pooka. 

Objectfl. 

Kirk^t  Ba 


J 


1  Tb«  dctiila  vcro  :  Tlic  Bombay  Kuropeaa  BcKJnitmt,  two  Iwttalioni  I.  K«mnient 
N.  I.,  two  Uittnlionti  VI.  Rv^iineiit  N.  I.,  kikI  uiib  tMttaiioii  VII.  hegiment  N.  I.  Of 
tlio  BIX  i^'iins  tn-u  %r«ro  iron  twelve -ponnilcn,  the  four  wera  uppanntly  ui-poiiud«n. 
t^  Blacker'B  MiUlUha  War  Memoir   64. 


B  8fl€-48 


[Bombay  Gi 


378 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XI7 
FUoM- 

POOK*. 
Objects. 
\iCirktt  Battle 


of  ftliout  400  men.  The  strmght  road  from  Kirlcee  to  the  Re*i 
pu«Hod  along  the  right  biiuk  ol"  iLe  rivyr,  but  there  was  a 
path  over  Uolkar'a  Britlge  aion|f  the  left  bunk  of  the  MuU  «nt 
across  u  ford  just  behind  the  Residency.  On  the  tirst  oucl  eecoud  d 
November  Colonel  Burr  prepared  a  post  ut  Kirke«  for  hia  «4on 
and  munition  and  Mr.  Klphinstone  examined  the  ground  near  Kirkifr 
fixed  a  ford  fur  the  passage  of  the  Diipuri  guns,  and  improwcd  m 
the  coinmaudiiig  officers  that  if  uiuUers  came  to  a  crisis,  the 
British  dt^tttehme^lB  shouhl  march  out,  join,  and  attack 
MordthKs.  The  withdrawal  of  the  BritiHh  from  GArpir  to 
grcutly  encouraged  the  ^^lar^ltliflM.  Uirpir  was  pluudere<1  ;  T 
nanl  Shaw,  an  officer  of  the  Bombay  onny,  on  hi«  way  to  Bom  ha; 
attaekedf  wounded,  and  r(>bbe<l  in  open  dav  by  one  of  Biji 
personal  followers  ;  the  niiuifiters  spoke  of  the  British  with  contempl, 
British  officers  were  iiiKulted,  and  MuriUba  troops  pnjjhwl  fo  "* 
close  to  the  BcBideiuy.  Mr.  Kljihintitouc  warned  the  1*( 
that  if  they  udvaucetl  furlher  the  Mariitha  troops  would  bo 
as  enemies,  and  ordered  the  light  battalion  and  the  auxiliary 
at  Simr  to  march  into  Poona.  On  hearing  that  the  Birtir  t 
had  been  sent  for,  the  Pcshwn  determined  to  wait  no  longer, 
ordered  the  Resideney  to  be  dcetroyetl  and  all  the  British  killd, 
except  Dr.  CoatH,  whose  medical  akill  hud  once  mived.  his  Uir' 
and  Major  yord,  the  commuudunt  of  the  subsitLury  foree,  if  h< 
agreed  to  stiUMl  neutral.  Mora  Dikxhit,  who  was  attached  to  Mokf 
Ford,  visited  him  and  tried  to  persuade  him  to  remain  neuti-al.  D«t 
Major  Ford  refused  to  desert  his  countrjinen  and  withdrew  fwn 
Poena  to  his  camp  at  DApxiri. 

On  tlio  morning  of  the  tifth,  the  din  of  preparation  rose  from  ik 
city,  the  Mariitha  troops  drew  closer  to  the  He»idcnoy,  ttTid  a  battalios 
took  ground  between  it  and  the  company  which  hud  been  left  M 
Garpir.  Mr.  Elphiustonu  sent  a  mcspiaj^  to  the  Pushwa  cjiiling  « 
him  to  keep  to  his  promise  imd  lead  his  troops  against  the  PendhArv- 
About  two  in  the  afternoon  one  Vithoji  Naik  GAikwAr  came  froo 
the  Peshwa.  He  told  Jlr.  KIphinstone  thai  his  master  had  hctid 
thai  the  Beeident  hod  sent  for  reinfoi-ccmcuts,  that  he  feared  that,  m 
had  liapjK'ned  in  June,  Poona  would  again  be  aurroundod  by  Britib 
troops,  and  that  if  Mr.  Klphinstone  did  not  send  away  the  Kuroptil 
regiment,  reduce  the  strength  of  the  native  brigade,  aud  move  tbo 
cantonment  to  a  place  to  be  named  by  him,  the  Peshwa  would  leat 
the  city.  Mr.  Klphinstone  replied  that  the  Peshwa  had  no  right  to 
demand  and  that  he  had  no  power  to  order  the  British  trooiw  to  1* 
moved.  Vithoji  Ndik  complained  aud  threatened  and  left  warning; 
Mr,  Elphinstone  that  if  he  did  uot  do  as  the  Peehwa  wiMhcd  eril 
would  come.  As  soon  as  Vithoji  left  Mr.  Elphinstone  eulk-d  in  the 
guard  from  Giirpir,  and  sent  Mr.  Grant,  afterwanlt*  Captain  Grant 
X)utr,  along  the  ridge  that  stretches  west  to  Bhamburdu  to  watch 
what  went  on  in  Ptiona.  Infantry  were  gathering  on  the  eilopetf  of 
the  BhAmburda  hills,  and  filling  the  space  between  the  Rcaidq 
and  Ganeshkhind,  and  south  towards  the  city,  where  it  was 
covered  with  corn,  the  lowland  was  full  of  horsemen.  On  Vith 
return  BdjirAv  was  seen  to  withdraw  to  Par\ati.  For  an  hour 
the  city  wa«   still.      Then,  about  three  o'clock,  in  spite  o{  llie 


<«of 


,i>flccan. 


POONA. 


:  ill-omenod  breakinff  of  tlio  staff  of  the  Golden  Streamer,   BAjir^v,      chapter 
LiSatittfied  of  Purvuti  a  favour,  gave  the  order  to  attack.     The  maeses  _, — 


fill. 

■^t 

Hlof  troops  in  front  of  tht;  town  bcgau  to  move,  and  with  tho  tramplitig 

I    *  and  neighing  of  horses,  the  rush  of  riders,  and  the  rumble  of  gun- 

I wheels,  endless  streams  of  horsemen  poured  from  every  outlet  of 
the  town.  From  the  fields  between  the  eity  and  the  Residency, 
Beared  hy  the  uproar,  uutelopes  bounded  away,  husbandmen  fled, 
and  bullocks  broke  from  their  yokes  and  galiupped  off.  The  moving 
wall  of  horsemen,  with  a  roar  like  that  of  the  Cambay  tide, 
Bwoeping  all  before  it,  cnitthed  the  hedges  and  the  standing  corn, 
and,  laying  every  bari'ier  low,  filled  the  valley  from  the  river  to  the 
hille.  To  defend  tho  Residency  against  such  a  host  was  hopelesw. 
Measenj^ers  were  sent  to  Colonel  Burr  at  Kirkce  and  to  Captain 
Ford  at  Dapuri  diix-cting  Ihom  to  move  out,  join  their  troops,  and 
advauoo  fo  meet  the  MardthiiH.  Hr.  Elphiuatoue  and  his  escort  of 
^  About  AOO  men  forded  the  Mula  behind  the  liesidcncv,  and,  passing 
■  along  the  left  bank  of  tho  river,  crosaed  again  by  rfolkar's  bridge. 
^  They  harl  hardly  left  the  Residency  when  the  Marjithfis  dashed  into 
the  enclosure,  tore  up  the  trees,  and  setting  tire  to  the  buildings, 
burnt  them  to  ashes,  destroying  Mr.  Elphinstone's  books  and  paj>ura 
aad  everything  he  hud  except  the  clothes  on  his  back. 

At  Kirkee,  Colonel  Burr,  leaving  his  camp  standing,  and  sending 
'part  of  the  second  battalion  of  tho  Sixth  Regiment  and  two  twolve- 
[  Jjounder  iron  guns  to  guard  tho  post  at  Kirkee,  marched  obout  a.  mile 
towanls  Poena.  Here  he  was  joined  by  the  Resident  with  liis 
■guard.  Tho  Bombay  European  Regiment,  the  liesident's  escort, 
and  a  detachment  of  tho  soeond  battalion  of  the  iSixth  Regiment 
■vero  placed  in  the  centre,  the  first  battalion  of  the  Seventh 
jimeut  with  two  guns  on  the  left,  and  the  second  battalion  of 
le  First  RegimeJit  with  two  guns  on  the  right.  It  was  now  about 
four  o'clock,  and  after  a  short  pause,  as  Major  Ford's  force  was 
seen  drawing  near,  Colonel  Burr  advanced  to  the  attack. 

kXhe  Mar&tluis  held  a  strong  position  about  a  mile  and  n  half  in 
front  of  the  British.  On  the  Mur^tha  left  the  Vinchurkar's  and 
MoropantV  horse  with  the  Golden  Streamer  held  the  base  of  the 
hill  in  front  of  Ganeahkhind,  a  line  of  infantry  and  fourteen  guns 
.  filled  the  centre,  and  on  their  right  towards  the  Residency  la}-  a 
large  body  of  infantry  and  cjivalry.  their  front  strengtheneii  by  a 
ri\Tilet  and  walled  gardens.  Behind,  back  to  the  bank  of  the  Mutha, 
the  plain  was  full  of  horsemen  line  after  line  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
Boe.  As  the  British  advauoed,  the  fire  of  their  right  infantry  caused 
much  loss  among  the  Mar^thn  skirmishers  and  damped  the  Mardthi^ia* 
spirit  as  they  hail  Ixdieved  that  the  British  sepoys  would  not  fight. 
At  Purvati  the  fainthearted  Peshwa^  seeing  the  ready  advance 
of  the  British,  lost  couragCj  and  sent  word  to  Ookhlo  that  he  was 
not  to  fire  the  first  gun.  OokMe,  as  ho  was  riding  up  and  down  the 
ranks  chiding  and  encoring  his  men,  caught  sight  of  the  Peshwa's 
messenger,  and,  knowing  what  message  bo  w(u  likely  to  bring, 
opened  a  battery  of  nine  gmis,  movcfl  a  strong  corj«  of  rocket  cumeis 

forward  heavy 


XIV. 

Flacee- 

POOKi. 

Object!. 

Kirk^f  Battk 
Field 

(SV). 


ight, 


PUE 


mass 


[Bombay  GuetMr 


DISTRICTS. 


^XIV. 
places- 

DbJKta. 

kkf  Battle 


odvant'ing  at  speefl,  Bwept  o\'er  the  plain  nearly  eurroundin^  the  smaD 
body  of  ISritish  troops.  Major  Ford  was  still  about  li>UUyBni*ti 
the  west  of  tbo  British  line,  when  Moro  Dik»hit  und  one  of  tiv 
Kdstirts,  at  the  head  of  a  lurjfc  body  of  horse^  oaj^or  tu  show  Ibd 
the  Peshwa's  uuHpieJouB  of  their  loyalty  were  uiifounde<),  ehor^ 
Ford's  battalion.  Ford  threw  bark  his  right  wmjr»  luid,  wailing  till  ilu 
enemy  were  rlosc  at  hand,  met  them  with  so  deadly  a  fire  tliai.  wiiii 
the  loss  of  their  leader  Moropant,  they  wheeled  to  the  U-ft  lod 
paB»ng  on  were  finally  seatteretl  by  the  heavy  iron  gima  posted  B 
Kirkee.  When  Ford  joined  the  main  line  two  guns  were  moved  fnw 
the  right  to  the  centre  and  the  light  company  of  the  Seventh  Refnincfil 
wua  sent  to  the  roar  to  keep  off' the  ilaratha  horse.  AK-un while,  is 
the  left,  3000  trnJncd  Arabs  and  GosdviB,  undt-r  a  Porlngueno 
De  Pinto,'  pasBing  from  the  onntro  of  the  ihlarfitha  line  oJo 
enclo8ureA  and  watewid  land  near  the  Mula,  reached  the  open  phuB, 
apparently  near  the  ntine<l  water-channel  behind  Rose  Hill  houie. 
and  formed  in  front  of  the  first  battalion  of  the  Sovonth  and  the 
second  battalion  of  the  Sixth  Regiments.  At  sight  of  their  red  call 
and  colours  the  Kuglish  sepoys  pushed  forward,  and,  in  tbar 
eagerness  to  close,  broke  from  the  line.  Gokhie  saw  the  diRi>rder,(U>d, 
raining  the  Golden  Streamer,  followed  by  several  of  his  highrf< 
officers  and  a  picked  body  of  6000  horse,  charged  from  the  rjrfil 
along  the  British  line.  Seeing  the  danger  Colonel  Burr  t€>uk  \a 
poet  with  the  colours  of  the  Seventh,  a  regiment  ho  had  fomud 
toid  led  for  years,  stopped  tho  pursuit  of  Do  Finto's  huttalion.  aaj 
called  on  his  men  to  keep  their  fire  and  show  themselves  worthy  « 
his  training.  As  he  passefl  along  the  line  Goklile's  hoi-se  was  wuundt^ 
and  he  was  fonxxl  to  retiro.  Cttlier  offirers  took  his  place  and  tlnj 
were  dashing  into  tho  broken  British  lino,  when,  close  in  fronts  lii# 
foremost  horses  floundered  in  a  deep  morass,  and  rolling  over  disotdent 
the  ranks  behind  and  offered  an  easy  aim  to  tlio  British  fiit 
About  300  horsemen  struggled  through  the  moraes  and  attaokad 
tho  British  flank,  but  were  forced  to  retire  before  some  coavpam 
of  Euiopeans  mIio  pushed  ou  to  support  the  Seventh  Regimcot.* 
As  the  British  line  udvaneed,  the  Har&tha  centre  and  left  withdntw, 
driving  off  their  guns.  The  strong  body  of  infantry  on  their  righi. 
sheltered  by  tho  stream  bed  and  garden  enclosures,  for  a  time  gSkd 
the  British  left  But  skirmishers  were  thrown  forward  and  they  wck 
forced  to  give  way.  Tho  English  now  held  the  MorAtha  poeitiob, 
and  OS  night  was  faUing  and  the  enemy  were  broken  and  t^euttered. 
pursuit  was  stayed  aud  the  British  troops  returned,  Colonel  Burr'* 
brigade  to  Kirkee  and  Major  Foixl'a  to  Dapuri,  reaching  theif 
camps  about  eight  at  night 


'  Aoooniting  to  Kme  Bccoanta  the  Pnrtugnese  tomb  to  tho  nortb  of  Gam'  t    " 
xnariu  De  Finto'i  giftve.  ThUaMmatolieauiijrt&kcuDe  finto  i»  tni'iitiom-H 
antl  MarAtha  Wan,  129]  nft«r  tlio  tattle  of  Kirki-e  »•  taking  cluii'^e  of    ]1„..,. ,    ,, 
Alorrisun,  two  Kiigjiflli  cornets,  who  were  cAptorvd  by  the  MarAtbAson    the  Bt>Miiu> 
road,     tioc  litilow,  Urtili.  '      , 

'Tho  accniiiit  in  Uic  \viit,  pcrhnpn,  rxrlatns  the  n|)|«ircrit  'lincrfimrcy  l^ctKntl^ 
nnttit  DufTV  IJWH)  Marithn  h(>n»«  (053)  nntl  Blocker'i  iMarttbn  Wnr  Mt  cioiV,  U.5)  SlUB 
n-«ulnte  Mnrithi«.  Neitlier  nUW-  liiieiv  of  tliU  monua.  It  waa  prolwitly  dae  to  tie  " 
T«r7  heavy  Iat«  raJiia.    Gnmt  LnifTi  ManlLhiU.  (w3. 


Beccan. 


POONA. 


381 


I 


The  Britisli  loss  waa  eighty-six  killed  and  wounded,  fifty  of  whom. 
Iwere  Hepoya  and  one,  Lieuttinant  Falconer^  a  Kuropeou  olficur.'  Of 
Ithe  MarAih^  500,  including  the  minister  Moro  Dikehit,  were  killed 
I  and  wounded. 

Two  thousand  eight  hundred  infantry,  several  of  them  disaffected 
[nnd  only  800  of  tkein  Kuropeans,  broken  into  two  bodies,  almost 
[without  cavalry,  and  with  only  seven  six-pounder  and  two  twelvo- 
(pouuder  guns,  lu  an  open  plain  covered  by  the  enemy's  horse,  hod 
ftnarchetl  against  and  scattered  an  army  of  20,000  cavalry  and  8000 
infantry  annoil  with  fourteen  guns. 

Of  the  British  troops  the  Mar^th^  of  Major  Ford's  subsidiary  force 
deserted,  and  part  of  his  newly  raised  horse  were  allowed  to  withdraw. 
But,  of  the  regular  sepoys,  in  spite  of  the  Peshwa's  bribes  and  threats, 
not  one  left  the  Uritish  colours.  Colonel  Burr,  the  commanding 
oihccr,  though  crippled  by  paralysis,  laid  his  plans  with  wise  care 
and  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight  remained  firm  aud  eool.*  The  victory 
Was  mainly  due  to  Mr.  Elphinslonc  who  had  sccurod  the  presence  of 
the  European  regiment,  freed  the  ti'oops  from  the  dangers  of  their 
former  cnmp,  planned  the  meeting  of  the  two  diWsions  of  the  force, 
insisted  on  an  advance  in  spito  of  the  openness  of  the  plain  and  tho 
^cloud  of  ^fur^tlia  horse,  and  throughout  the  day  inspirited  tho  troops 
'>y  his  brilliuut  gallantry. 

Vincent  de  Paul's  Roman  Cathomc  CiirKcn  building,  107'  6"  long 
fcy  42'  3''  broad,   is  120  yards  north-east    of  the  Kirkee  Artillery 
'Ifess  and  3*02  miles  from  the  Poona  post  office.     It  was  originally  a 
Protestant  church. 

Christ  CiiLitrH  in  the  Artillory  Linea  at  Kirkee  and  3"75  miles 
from  tho  Poona  post  office  is  1-50  feet  from  east  to  west  and  seventy- 
five  feet  broad  at  the  chanocl.  It  was  consecrated  by  Bishop  Corr 
in  1841  and  has  seats  for  600  persons.  A  brass  is  let  into  the 
floor  in  frout  of  the  west  entrance  and  over  it  are  two  regimental 
colours.     The  brass  bears  the  inscription  : 

In  commemoration  of  the  pa«t  history  of  the  33rd  ReKiment,  Bombay 
Nativfl  Light  InCanlry,  the  abore  coloora,  are,  by  permisaioB,  placed  In 
this  ohnrah,  1670- 

front  of  the  reading  desk  is  another  handsome  brass  to  the 
memory  of  Captain  Arthur  Carey,  of  the  Royal  Horse  Artillery. 
The  church  has  several  hundsomo  tablets  erected  by  regiments  to 
ofHoers  and  men  of  their  corps  who  died  during  Rer^'ice  in  India, 
There  is  a  tablet  to  throe  officers  of  tlio  Fourth  Queen's  Own  Light 


1  Th9  ilctaila  are  ;  Artillery,  two  laskars  wonnded  ;  Bomlwy  Eoropean  Beg^iment, 

one  prirato  kUlvd,  ono  wunndoit  ;  aecODd  battalion  Firat  Europtian  Itcj^mciit,  one 
priTftttf  killed,  one  I.ieuli<iiaiit  (Falciticr)  ilicl  of  liiii  wiiiiiidn,  unv  hamiUlar.  una  tutit^ 
Olio  watorn'An,  tivo  |iriv»t«3  Mouodcd ;  second  liattAlian  VI,  Native  Infantry,  kill««i 
louT  privatOft,  woiindfld  ten  privates  ;  first  battalion  VII.  Xitivo  Infantrj-,  killi'd  ooe 
hanUddr,  one  utiiJi.  one  ilrurnnicr,  niito  prjvntiw  ;  vmimlcil  oiio  hanthl'ir,  thit;e  mIUv, 
tliirtv-fonr  privates.  Major  Ford's  Battjilinn,  killed  one  private ;  wounded  lytiKJnm/Uliir. 
on«  hardifidr,  fiv«  priratoa.     Coloool  Bnrr,  Tcndhiri  and  MarAtha  War  Papcra,  ia.'>. 

3  Beniilea  t)dH  fon;<!,  the  Peitbvra  had  dOOO  borau  and  2000  foot  at  ParvatJ.  Qrailt 
IhiQ'H  MarAtliAH.  U.>4  not«  I. 

'  Two  of  C'alooel  Iturr's  attendants  were  ebot  by  hJH  side,  a  haU  graced  hi4  horae'v 
.liead  and  oiiothur  wout  through  bus  bat,     Qnut  DuGTs  Mariktbdv,  653  Dot«  2. 


Chaptor  HT- 

Flacu. 
Poona. 
ObjecU. 

/v« 


Kirkrt  Cnlholic 
CAwrrA 


Kirlye 

CArwt  ChurcA 

{Si). 


I 


Chapter^  XIV. 
FIbom. 

POOSA. 

Objects. 


l^ildi  Britlgt. 


DragoonB,  who  died  in  Sind  m  the  Afghiin  cunipiugn  of  1838, 
ono  to  thirty  oifiit'is  of  thu  14tli  Kinjf's  Light  Dro^oonis,  who  id 
between  IA4I  mid  \H:tO,  twonty-five  tjf  (hem  killed  in  Actio. 
A  tliinl  talilct  is  lo  ninety  non-roamisnioncd  otBeera  of  ihe  aa 
reKimonts,  who  died  or  wore  killed  during  the  same  caaipaim 
three  of  them  in  action  at  K^iunugar  la  the  Notth^M 
Province*.  There  ore  two  other  tahlclv  to  ofiicera  of  the 
regiments. 

Lakdi  Bkidue,     See  above  Bridges  (pp.  284-285). 

Lake  Fife'  can  be  moet  eiuulv  reached  by  thePoona  and  Si 
rofid.  The  dam,  whic!i  is  at  tlie  end  of  the  lake  nearest  1 
ia  about  ton  iDilc«  »mtth-wcst  of  St.  Mary's  church  (109>.  Be 
Porvati  hill  (UO)  and  Khndftkvrislu  village  the  road  thrice  cruwci 
Right  Bunk  Cumd.  On  noaring  Khadukvdala  the  greut  luasoDrvdn 
3687  feet  long  and  iiiucty'iiiue  feel  high,  riflos  above  thu  villagv  mi 
over  a  fine  grove  of  young  hnhhul  treeg  in  the  old  river  hod. 
lake  itself  doTB  not  show  till  the  dam  is  olmoet  reaohLxl,  when 
lowest  fttreleh.  about  two  miles  long  and  three  quiirlerf*  of 
broad,  comes  into  xiew.  I'rom  the  firet  streleh  the  lake 
about  eleven  miles  up  the  valley,  nowheru  broader  tbnn  t 
quuters  of  a  mile,  like  a  broad  river  mthcr  than  a  laka 
sailing  up  the  lake,  on  the  south,  beyond  a  level  belt  of 
land,  stands  thu  moss  of  Sinhgad,  its  lower  teak-clud  njinni 
ravines  rising  into  baro  slopes  with  patches  of  hill  tilUr, 
crowned  by  the  lofty  wall-like  scarp  of  tho  fort ;  to  the  wwi 
Tomu  tops  the  nearer  ridges ;  and  to  the  north  boro  olop 
with  n  few  stunted  teak  trees  lead  to  the  groups  of  rounded  hw 
of  which  Bhanbava  is  the  centre.  The  bonks  of  tlie  lake  ore 
No  weeds  or  ree<lfl  fringe  the  margin,  and,  except  a  patrii 
mangoes  and  bdhhuU  on  the  nouth  bank  near  the  dam,  tho  u 
elopes  are  treelees.  Pollowine  the  windings  of  the  lake, 
eight  miles  from  the  dam,  the  village  of  SiLngnm  and  a  Uni 
banian  tret^  murk  the  sjk)!  where  the  Mutha  from  tho  nMtt 
joins  the  lake  almost  at  right  angles.  AVTien  the  lokr  i* 
full  on  arm  stretches  about  three  quarters  of  a  inilo  up  tht 
Mutha,  and  the  main  body  passes  up  the  Mnsa  vnlUj 
narrowing  and  winding  betwccii  steep  lofty  banks.  Four  miW 
beyond  Skngniu,  at  the  village  of  Rurun,  on  tho  north  bank  J 
the  lake,  it*  the  meeting  of  two  streams  both  of  which  Ix-ar  the  rnv 
of  Musa.  AVhrn  full  the  lake  passes  a  little  more  than  a  nu!  [ 
the  northern  ^(utta  and  a  milp  up  the  soulhem  Musu.  Both  nf 
bronchos  are  very  narroiv  as,  at  its  greatest  iiuight,  the  lake  dt>c'» 
more  than  fill  the  river  beds.  About  the  end  of  May,  when  the 
is  at  il«  lowest,  its  water  does  not  pass  up  the  Mutha  and  not  m 
than  a  mile  and  a  half  up  theMtisa  boyond  Sfingrun.  From  Ninhgftd 
even  when  it  la  full  Lake  Fife  makes  little  show.  Tho  brond  low?r 
reach  near  the  dam  is  seen,  but  many  of  the  upper  windings  ore  ti  iddco 
by  spurs  of  the  bill  and  by  the  nigh  hanks  of  the  Uke.  Eitvpl 
a  few  watercourses  and  spits  of  soft  soil,  the  hard  bare  bonks  of 


n^^ 


1  Contribuua  hy  Mr.  J.  McL,  CampMI.  C.S, 


Lnke  FIfp  offer  neither  focxl  nor  cover  for  birds.  There  are  no  weeds 
ruRhea  or  oilier  Vi*uter  plants,  no  irtlunde,  and  no  part-sunk  trees  and 
biiflheK,  only  a  broiid  unbroken  expanse  of  deep  blue  water  washing 
0  clean,  bare,  and  hard  shore. 

Such'  a  lake  can  have  no  largo  number  either  of  resident  or  of 
migrant  birds.  During  the  hot  season,  until  the  end  of  September, 
hours  may  be  spent  on  the  lake  without  seeing  a  dozen  diliercnt 
kinds  of  birds,  and  even  during  the  cold  weather,  when  the  number 
of  kinds  grojilly  increases,  (Kinsidering  tho  vast  sheet  of  water  and 
the  wide  ranjje  of  bank,  the  number  of  birds  on  or  by  the  lake 
ifl  very  small.  The  few  moderately  large  flights  of  coots,  duck, 
ond  teal  that,  at  suitable  6cfl8one,  appear  on  the  lake  seem  to  resort 
to  it  only  as  a  safe  midday  resting  place  when  they  cannot  remain 
undisturbed  in  the  neighbouring  watercourses  and  other  feeding 
grounds.  Fifty-five  kinds  of  birds  have  been  noted ;  The  Bald 
Coot  Fulica  atra,  tho  Bln('kba<'ked  Goose  Sarkuihniii  metauonotue, 
the  W'histling  Teal  Deiidrocygna  jaranica,  tho  Ruddv  Shieldrake 
Ca»(irca  rutiia,  the  Shoveller  fiptituln  clypfata,  the  Spottedbilled 
Duck  AniiH  pfrcihrht/ncha,  the  Giidwull  (  hauUlasmnit  sfrepfntg,  the 
Pintail  Duck  Dafila  ncuta^  the  \Vigeon  Mafi'ca  pcndopej  the  common 
Teal  Q.mrq'ietiufn  crceca,  the  Bluowingod  Teal  t^tn-rqued^Ut  circt'a, 
the  UedheudodPoehunl /'ii/ri/w/ri/pWnfl,  and  tho  Tufted  Duck  JPiUi^ 
ffula  cristafa.  Occasionally  on  a  muddy  spit  or  bank  may  be  seen  a 
wnuU  group  of  Flamingos  P/icem'coptcriis  roncm,  some  Ki>oon bills 
PlntaUn.  h-ucorwiia  making  a  short  halt  in  their  migration,  somo 
Pelit-an  This  TrtiUolus  leucocrphalus,  and  Shell  Ibis  Anantomux  oncitann. 
The  mournful  whistle  or  the  sight  of  the  Curlew  Numenim  lincatus 
is  rare,  and,  though  so  numerous  by  other  iJcceun  lakes,  the  Demoi- 
iSello  Crane  A*rt/flff(  or  Anlhropoides  rirgoia  only  occasionally  seen. 
The  Black  and  the  White  Storks  Ckouia  nigra  and  C.  alba  are  rare 
visitants.  The  Night  Heron  Nycticorax  griifcui  is  not  common.  The 
"Whileneckcd  Stork  Mflnnope/nrffnii  episcopng,  the  Blue  Heron  Ardra 
cinfVia,  the  Jiarge  the  Smaller  and  the  Little  Egrets  ITtrotiiat  form 
IT,  inff.rmedia  and  H.  garzetta,  the  Cottle  Egret  liithu/cxtt  coroninndus, 
the  Pond  Heron  Ardeoh  grayxi^  the  Small  Swallow  Plover  Oinrfola 
iactea,  the  Indian  Hinged  Plover  jSgiatUia  curotn'cuit,  the  Redwattled 
Lapwing  J^ifAne/^Mir  indices,  the  YcUowwattled  Lapwing Xo^i/i^itrta 
malahnricaf  the  Littlo  Stint  Tringa  miuuta,  the  Spotted  Sandpiper 
the  Green  Sandpijwr  and  llie  Common  Sandpiper.  Aciitin  glareola 
A.  ochrophujt  and  A.  htipoh'iicus,,  the  Greenshunks  and  tho  Little 
Greenshanks  Toianm  gfotti*  and  T.  stagnatUis,  and  tho  Stilt 
Ilimaniojfus  eamlidtnf  are  all  fairly  common.  Here  and  there  may 
be  seen  clusters  of  the  Little  Cormorant  PhalaerocoraT pggnitFUS,  una 
I  more  rorelv  tho  Little  Grebe  Podi'ceps  minor  and  the  Indian 
snake-bird  Flotim  mt^lanogagtcr-  Throe  species  of  Kingfishers  Halcyon 
stHt/rnotistH,  Alcrdohengnlensin,  and  CergU  ntditi,  are  fairly  common, 
as  are  the  Small  Marsh  Tern  Hydrocht^iidon  hyhrida,  and  the  Blaek- 
bellied  Tern  Strrna  mcianogastra.  The  Gullbilled  Tern  Gehcheti- 
don  angtica  is  less  common.  Of  Snipe,  the  shores  of  the  loke  have 
practically  none  but  a  very  few  of  four  species,  tho  Pintoiled 
tho  Common,  and  the  Jack  Gailinago  siAenura,  6.  ^a//i»(i7ia,  and 


Chapter  XIV 
Places. 

ObJMti™ 
Lair  Fifit 


L 


1  Contnbut«a  by  Mi.  H.  Wcnd«D,  C.E. 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  ZIV- 

PooMi. 

OlijeoU. 

Lair  lye 


[Bombay 


t...,.tK^ 


IVtary  Aceoiatta 


G.mlUnula^  and  the  Pninted  Snipe  y?Aynf//<T(j  bcngnlef 
willi  a  few  fipectnicns  of  the  Phoawml-taiie*!  Jocuuu  ll>/ 
c/tiriirf/ttn,  the  AVuter  Hen  Qalliuuia  chhropuii,  niul  Ui-  VtLo.- 
bn>iiBt(!d  Water  Hen  Er^thrn  phauiaira^  frequent  tJio  reedy 
of  luunih  find  pool  vhii-h  lies  dcwc  bcluw  thv  grput  dntii. 
Iwlow  the  dam,  in  the  early  morning  and  evening  when  they 
fiijyhttonndfrom  their  feetiing  grounds  a  ivw  duck  and  teal,  und,V 
beating,  n  few  snipe  moy  be  miot.  At  sercral  points  along  tbeoaal 
betn'ccn  the  Luke  und  I'arvati  ore  murshy  patches  whicb  uccaaiaiuti; 
bold  8ni[>e  uud  teal.  Still  on  the  whole,  even  with  the  aid  of  a  bosl 
on  tliL'  hUce,  little  Hjwrl  ean  be  had  at  Lake  Fife. 

r»f  the  eighty-six  kinds  of  shore  and  water  birtla  wbicli  are 
to  frequpnt  the  Deccan  these  fifty-five  have  been  noted  at  Lake 
The  list  is  not  exhaustive  as  the  locality  has  not  been  closely  st 
The  knowledge  of  the  lake  is  also  incomplete. 

Twenty-one  species   of  fish  have  been  taken  and  noted, 
ore  Ambassis  nania  gtinde-chiri,  Qobius  gjuris  kharpa,  MastacemI 
arnuitus  r4/»/'nf  orbaw^  Ophioeephaliifi  striutustAtAAu,  ifplilocopl 
leiicopunctatus  maral,  5liieroue»  seeu^halu  and  M,  cnvasius  *i»j 
or  tthmtjai  and  Hbingti  or  shimjalu,  Riia  i>a\'inientulu  ghngra,  pjH.i 
tropius    taakree  rdiWi    or   rdyadi,    CiuHchrous    himuculatus 
"Wallago  attu  shivada  or  pari,  Diseognatbua  lamtu  matavya,  Cii 
fulimgoo  hit,  Kasbora  daniconius  dtiuaiau,  Barbus  sarniiti   kudai 
/«Vm/«, Barbusneiastichus  AAorfcAi,  Barbus malabaricus  kor/a,  Bb 
kolus  ktilis  or  fc/iolasht,  Borbus  ambassis  bhorii/gi,   Kuhtoe    >'ii 
pht'Ji,   Lepidocephaliehthy  theimulis    chikani,    ^'enuicboilua  aai 
mura,  Notoptcrus  kapirat  chulal  or  chambaree} 

Of  tliese  twenty-one  species  the  writer  has  taken   only  two 
rod  and  line^  the  pari  Wallago  attu  up  to  nineteen  pounda  in  wc 
and  thu  fish  he   supposes  to  bo  Barbus  malabaricus  tip    to  ti 
poonds.     The  best  way  of  fishing  is  troUine  from  a  bout    with  s| 
or  natural  bait  on  what  is  known  aa  the  Thames  snaptaL-kle,  nil 
least  forty  yards  of  line  out  and  with  a  sinker  between  the  trueo] 
running  line,     Thu  great  secret  is  to  liah  deep.     Tho  boat  oii 
lake  can  usually  bo  securud  through  the  courtesy  of  thn-Kxoci 
Engineer  for  irrigation  and  men  to  row  it  can  be  hired   in 
Tillage  of  Khadakvdalo. 

The  MiMTARY  AtvoiiNTs  Offices,  a  large  two-storeyed  stone  bi 
ing,  is  in  suburban  municipal  limits  about  GOO  yards  soutli-cast  oi 
railway  station.     The  original  main  block  of  this  building  woa 
by   a  Mr.  Mervilnji   Jamsctji   for  a  hotel,  but   in   18^35,  befc 
was  finished,  on  the  recommendatton  of  a  coinmiltec,  it  was 
for  Government  for    £35,000   (Us.   3,50,UOU).     It  stands    on 
Government  books  at  a  value  of  £4-3,12n  18«.  (Us.  4,31/299). 
this  building  are  the  offices  of  the  Controller  of  Military  Aocot 
the    Militaiy    Accountant    and     Compiler,    the     E.vumiuer 
iJeparlment,  tho  Kxaminer  Ordnance   Department,    tho    Ksi 
Medical  Department,  the  Examiner    Commissariat     Awniunt*, 
Judge  Advocate  General,  the  Commissary  General,  and  the   Milil 
Fund  Office. 


X  Some  of  tltoM  idoatificationi  kro  doubtful.  Mr.  B,  Wsndea,  C.  S. 


[Decoan-l 


POONA 


I 


The  MiMTAET  pRTsos  18  the  Central  Military  Prison  of  the 
ombuy  Pruaidency  for  offondura  among;  thp  Europenii  troops.  It 
a  group  of  auhrttantial  masonry  buildings  along  a  rocky  rtdgo  to 
■ho  aoutli  of  the  cantonment  and  near  the  Vanavdi  Barracks. 
xc^'pt  the  wardera'  quarters  all  the  buildings  arc  within  uu 
enclosure  700'  by  ll2o'  surrounded  by  a  fourteen  feet  miisonrv  wall, 
he  prifton  has  room  for  fifty  prisoners  in  two  blocka.  eueh  of 
onty-tive  sulilary  tvlla.  Two  more  blocks,  each  with  twenty-five 
Us,  were  built  in  lft8I.  The  ventilation  and  sanitary  nrrunKeinentft 
ou  the  most  8pprov(«l  modern  principles.  Besides  tlie  four 
locks,  with  twenty-five  cells  in  e-ach,  the  prison  buildings  include  a 
cookhotise,  a  work-shwl,  a  chapel  library  and  school,  a  hoHpilal  with 
oul-houses,  apothcean,''8  quarters,  a  guard-house,  and  a  lavatory  with 
a  detached  block  of  eight  quarters  for  warders.  The  prison  was  built 
by  Colonel  A.  U.  U.  Flncli,  U.K.  Executive  Euj^iu<,.t.r.  Piiomi,  and 
designed  by  him  chiefly  from  standard  plans.  It  was  completed  in 
I87B,  and  with  the  additiona  has  cost  £17,682  (R«.  1,76,820). 

Details   of  the    Mi:salm.\n   Gratbvakd   to  the    south    of    the 
Collector's  office  are  given  above  under  Gdrpir  the  Quartz  Saint  (08). 

The  Napier  Hotei,  on  Arsenal  Road  built  in  1808  is  now  the 
property  of  a  Joint  Stock  Limited  Liability  Company.  It  is  an 
ppL!r-»toreyed  building  in  four  blocks  wilh  large  porches  and  a 
arden  over  300  yards  long  with  four  fountains.  The  roof  ia  tlat 
»nd  the  tops  of  the  walls  are  cut  in  the  form  of  battlements.  The 
liotel  has  n)ora  for  fifty-five  to  sixty  visitors  with  a  drawing  room 
{42x30),  dining  room  (20'x50'),  billiard  room  (36x16),  and 
lorty-fivo  bed  rooms  some  of  them  double  rooms  for  familieSf 
including  a  sitting  room,  a  bed  room  (18' x  16'),  two  batb  rooms, 
and  a  dressing  room.     It  is  also  provided  with  large  stables. 

The  New  Jhassi  B.\rracks  iu  Kirkee,  3  27  miles  from  the  Poona 
st  office,  consist  of  sixteen  blocks  each  with  room   for  twenty* 
our  men.     Besides  the  barracks  the  buildings  contain  quartern  for 
sergeant-major,     conductor,     schoolmaster,    and     quartermaster 
orgeant,  married  men's  quarters  for  twelve,  a  school-room,  a  quarter- 
guard  8toro-room  and  lock-up,  work-shop,  pontoon   shod,  armourer's 
fihup,  solitary  cells,  and   latrines.     Attached  to  the  barracks  is  A 
'  ospitjil  with  eight  out-houses. 

Beyond  the  College  of  Science,  about  400  yards  south-east,  where 
the  Gnneshkhind  road  (crosses  the  railway,  1'95  miles  from  the  Puoua 
post-office,  is  a  knoll  toppwl  with  trees  and  white  Musalm^n  buildings. 
At  the  north  foot  of  this  rising  ground  a  path  to  the  riffht  leads  down  a 
cutting  between  side  walls  of  rottk,  six  to  eight  feet  high,  into  a  rectan- 
giilar  emdawire  wUich  has  been  cut  out  o^.the  rock.  In  the  centre  of  the 
enclosure,  part  of  the  rock  about  twelve  feet  high  has  been,  left,  and 
hewn  into  a  circular  porch  or  pavilion  wilh  a  bull  in  the  centre.  Four 
massive  square  central  pillars  support  the  roof.  But  several  of  an 
outer. circle  of  pillars  with  parts  of  the  roof  have  fallen.  From  the 
poruh  a  short  passage  leads  to  a  rock-hewn  temple  of  Mahddev.  It 
16  a  large  hull  with  little  ornament  and  several  rows  of  largo  squaro 
pillars.  In  a  shrine  opposite  the  door  is  a  iing  which  is  known  oa 
PAso^i^gsiiy^R.  The  walls  and  the  pillars  are  covered  wilh  modem 
paiuung^^^ne  Pindavs  and  of  some  of  the  wonders  worked  by 

b86«-49 


Chapter  XIV. 
Flaces- 

POOSA. 

Objects. 
MilUanf  Prbom 


SfneJhdnH 
Barraa 


PdHfKdtfAJiear 
TrmpU 


(8omb&7  Quflte 


DISTRICTS. 


XI 7. 

fA. 

SlB, 

ma 


MahAJfiV.    When  viaited  in  1 882  the  temple  was  inhnbitwl  by  ft 
of  Qoe&vis  or  BoirdgiB  irho  had  mitde  Bereral  biuoU   inudem  tluaft 
and  prcveuted  the  details  of  the  cavD  being  exammed. 

Pahvaii  Hill,  a  23  miles  from  the  Poonn  post  offiop,  ii  iW 
bold  temple-topped  rock  which,  with  bare  stony  sides  ri«»  2Ul 
feet  above  mpan  sctt  level  or  "201  feet  above  the  city  between  il  a^ 
the  lofty  line  of  the  Sinhgad  hilU.  It  is  about  500  yutxU  sotUli 
the  city  limits  and  bv  the  Sinhgad  road  3*23  xnUus  «ontb>i 
of  the  post  office,  ^p  the  east  face  of  tho  hill  rtuu  a  brarf 
povwl  stairway  with  steps  about  a  foot  high  luid  two  or  tlin 
feet  wide  and  on  tho  left  a  wowleii  mil.  At  the  foot  are  tvosmH 
stone  monuments,  one  a  pillar  about  a  foot  high  and  two  feel  TwaJ 
called  Nagoba  or  Father  Cobra.  At  the  top  ol*  the  pillar  a  fii  " 
of  hooded  snake-headfl  surrounds  a  central  cubru  wuose  head 
been  broken  off.  The  other  monument,  a  Bquare  stoue  pillar  ft' 
four  feet  high,  raised  to  mark  a  Sfldliu  or  holy-mun'a  grnve,  ha»  ^ 
eastern  faeo  ornamented  with  the  imnjfe  of  a  man  on  hor*.'li 
About  halfway  up  the  hill  a  little  allur  on  the  left  witli  8e\*enil 
prints  carved  near  it,  marts  the  spot  of  the  lost  widow-hunitn, 
Poona.  According  to  the  Brdhmans  of  the  bill  this  bucritiei> 
place  in  ^jj^_2.  The  woman's  name  waa  Parvati  and  her  hui 
was  iladhavrAv  one  of  the  temple  BrAhmans.  At  the  tup  of 
paved  stairway  tho  nortli-east  crest  of  the  hill  is  crowned  by  a 
building,  the  underpart  of  cut-stone,  and  tho  two  upper  ston^j'* 
plain  brick.  The  southom  crest  of  the  hill  is  crowntti  by  ii  long 
of  roofless  square- windowed  buildings  three  storeys  high,  the  nii 
a  palace  which  was  Iwgun  by  the  last  Peshwa  BtijirAv  { ITlill  -  iSl 
It  waa  never  finished  and  the  completed  parta  were  <li.>stro>'oil 
lightning,  it  is  said,  in  1816  the  year  bdore  the  battle  uf  Ki 
(oth  November  1817). 

On  entering  the  main  tompic,  on  the  north-east  corner  of  thehil 
the  right  IB  a  two-storeyed  brick  building,  the  ground  Hoor  with 
Njuure  teak  pillars  use*!  oa  u  rest-house  and  the  upper  floor  u8  a 
room  or  na<j<irbh<init.     The  gate  on  the  Itft  opens  on  on   tu, 
courtyard  surrounded  by  &  brick  and  cement  wall  about  six     _ 
high.     In  tliis  wall  are  a  row  of  rest  rooms,  largo   niches  or 
chambers  about  four  foet  deep  and  eight  long  with  pointed   an 
ceilings.     On  tho  top  of  the  wall,  with  a  brooS  puraiiet   on   the  mi** 
and  wcM  eidca,  runs  a  passuge  with  an  outer  battlemented  wall  ubcrat 
four  feet  high    provided   with   Iof,phole3.      In  tho   centre    of  lb» 
enclosure  is  the  chief  temnlH  of  Shiv.  a  nithor  handsome  building  ia 
the  oi-diuary  modem  Hindu  style  with  a  spire  and  giU  top,  on  apuDlll 
about  a  foot  above  the  general  level.     At  Cfwh  corner  of  tho  plinth  il 
a  small  dome<l  shrine,  to  tlte  Sun  in  the  south-east,  to  Giuiesn  in  tic 
south-west,  to  Parvati  or  l)evi  in  the  north-west,  and  to  Viahnti  in  the 
north-east     Cudor  a  stone  canopy  between  the  temple  and  tho  ctA 
ontrance  gate  aits  u  large  black  bull.     In  a  separate  enclosure  to  tlw 
west  of  the  znain  temple  is  a  smaller  temple  to  KdrtJk  SvAnii.     To 
the  south  is  a  third  temple  to  Vishnu.      All  three  are  in  mu<'b  thfl 
same  style,  in  no  way  different  from  ordiijary  modern  Hindu    ' 
architecture.     Round  the  southern  ani  south-west  crest  of    1 1 
ore  the  remains  of  Pcahwa  B^jirAy's  palace  which  seems  to  ha\ 
planned  to  surround  the  crest  of  the  southern  half  of  tho  hill 


Seccui-l 


POONA. 


387 


Icircle  of  btu1<liTig«,   three  atoreys  high  and  oue  room   deep.     The 
^Twlacc  •was  never  completed  and  what  was  finislied  waa  destroyed  by 
flightniug.  The  north  face  of  the  chief  temple  wall,  from  which  it  is  said 
[BAjirAv  watchetl  thp  battle  of  Kirkee  (5th  ^loveinber  181 7),  comniuuda 
Lb  complete  view  of  Poona  and  i1«   neighbourhood.'     To  the    uorth, 
poyond  the  bare  rocky  slopes  of  Parvati  hill,  dark-green  clusters  of 
lango  trees  and  golden-groen  patehes  of  sugarcane   are  broken  by 
lousQ  roofs  and  the   gray   slono  towers  of  Garden  Keueh.     To  the 
lorth-wc-st  are  the  trees  and  houses  of  BhAmburda   and  further  off 
the  bare  Gancshkhintl  upland.     To  the  north  wind  the  tree-fringed 
banks  of  the  llutha  and  the  Mula,  and,  from  the  woody  Kirkee  plain 
ifbeyond,  stand  out  the  Knglisli  and  the  Catholie  churches,  the  Artillery 
barracks,  and   the   Powder  "Works.      Beyond   Kirkoe  stretohes  a 
iro  plain   with    broken    irregular  hills    the    chief    peaks    being 
uhandcshvar  in  Khed  and   the    flnt-toppod  range  of  Cluiskamiln. 
[towards  the  north-east,  behind   Parvati  lake  with  its  rich  mangoes 
ad    cocoa-palms,  rows  of  roofs  stretch,  thit-k  and  brown,  shmled  by 
■ees.  and   here  and    there    broken    by   liigh   honac-topa  au<l   white 
tindu  npires.     The  railway  and  Wellesley  bridges  span  the  Mutho, 
md  acnws  the  Mula  stands  the  Dec-can  College,  and  still  further, 
the  border  of  the  bare  plain,  the  Yeravda  jail.     To  the  east, 
jyond  thick  house  roofe^  from  among  the  treefl  of  the  Civil  Lines 
id  Cantonment,  rise  the  towers  of  the  Sossoon  Hospital  and  the 
juncil  Hull,  the  itmI  tower  and  spire  of  the  Synagogue,  the  gray 
dfry  of  8t.  Paul's  and  the  Arstinal  water  tower,  and  the  white  spires 
St.  Mary's  and  St.  Patrick's  churches.      To  the   cast,  along  the 
ic  of  the  Uutha  eunal,  beyond  rich  orchards  and  sugarcane  fields, 
bare  stony  belt  leads  to  the   high  ground  on  which  stand  the 
^4nuvdi  European  Infantry  Barracks  and  the  Military  Prison.     To 
IC  Bouth-ea.it  and  south  the  woods  in  the  foreground  are  thinner  and 
lore  stunted  and  the  land  rises  in  a  bare  low  ridge  on  which,  among 
_  few  treew,  stand  the  Parai  Towers   of   Sileni:e.     To  the   south,  the 
ground,   without  houses  and  thinly  wooded,  rises  to   bare  uplands, 
and  behind  the  uplands  strelcht^  the  long  range  of  the  Sinhgad^ 
Bhuleshvar  hills  ending  wirstn'ards  in  the  bold  scarp  of  Sinhgod  fort. 
To  the  soutli-west,  green  with  tillage  and  timber,  lies  the  valley  of 
the    Mutha  with  the  waters  of  Lake  Fife  brightening  the  distance. 
Behind  the  lake  stands  Iho  lofty  crent  of  Torna  and  to  the  west  the 
bare  BhAmhnnla  hills  rise  to  the  central  peak  of  Bhiinbava 

Close  to  the  north  of  Parvoti  hill,  between  the  foot  of  the  hill  and 
the  bank  of  the  Rhudakvtola  canal,  on  the  northern  outskirts  of  Parvati 
village  is  one  of  the  circles  of  ni^e  stones  which,  o^*er  most  of  the 
Bonibiiy  Decoan,  are  set  up  in  honour  of  Vet^l,  the  Ghost  King  or 
Demon  Lord.  A  rec^tangular  space,  about  thirteen  yards  brotid  by 
sixteen  long,  is  marked  by  a  ring  of  undressed  stones  most  of  them 
roughly  conical.  They  vary  in  height  from  about  six  inches  to  a 
foot  and  are  three  to  four  feet  apart  All  are  coated  with  whitewash 
and  tipped  with  rcdlead.  In  the  middle  is  a  rough  plinth  about 
twelve  feet  square  and  two  feet  high,  and  in  the  middle  of  the  plinth 
are  two  undressed  stones  about  two  feet  high  and  between  two  and 

1  To  follow  th«  Iwltte  Bckju^v  mast  haw  aied  r  tele«eop«.  Parh»m  ho  iiMd  the  very 
tnlvaciite  prMenlvd  lo  him  from  tba  Rut  India  Coatpmy  by  Lord  ValenUft  ia  1803. 
Bm  ValaotU's  Tnreb.  11.  V2». 


Chapter 
Places. 

PeONA. 

Obj««t«. 

Farmti  HiU 

{90). 


Chftptar  ZIT- 
FUces- 

Pooka, 

Objoctc 

Purvati  HiU 


three  foet  round.  The  oentral  atoius  are  VetAl  niid  ^thnwobtt  wlw 
properly  thu  brolher  of  Vetal,  thoti;^Ii  tlic  l^arvati  jw-ople  •onm  * 
consider  them  the  same.  The  outside  rinp  of  Htones  are  VL-tArti  gmnit 
or  ftopoys.  Twice  a  month,  on  the  full-moon  tlaynnd  on  the  no-ntoc* 
day,  tho  TUlage  Mh6r  t^gipts  the  stones  with  whitewash  aad  ti^ 
them  with  rcaleoa.  On  Friday  evening  a  Tt-li  or  oilttmn  crmn-Jiiil 
ofiere  flowers  bot^d-luavee  and  a  eocoanut.  ^'o  jnfij^'til  '>*  "i:!)  rifioj 
except  on  oci-uaioual  pdul  iu  fuHIltUfut  of  a  vow.  The  atone  dwcUrari 
for  Velal  luid  this  cirelc  of  guards  are  said  to  have  been  pot 
the  Mh&rs  when  Parrati  village  was  founded.^ 


1  Thii  circle  ot  Vctil  xtoiKM  doca  not  dilTer  [nun  tlie  Vgl^  circle*  ^*^B** 
DaqpHi-yUUjfga.    Tho  circlfla  aro  OMionlly  ontmtU  of  tho  ti"-.-  -,-■■!  g^r 
oC  ooe  ot  t^itTuATly  or  tip|irc»od  cImmii.  thu  Mh4ni  nr  tin 
oirda  hit*  the  int«r««t  that  it  li>«  been  tigiir«d  in   C'-ol'>i  ' 
RjLOQK  of  SontUnd,  who  ma;tf«st«  a  c<>Dn«otion  tictwc^D  thoM.*  cin-lcH   (utd  tlw' 
circles   ftniwl  in  KngUnd.    w««t«>r»  Kuropc.  uiiil  other  paru  of  tt>"    woH-l. 
thev  Htx:tn  to  liaro  m>  direct  c(iiiti«^:ti<>n  It  niftjr  be  razscstcd  thtiT    : 
hiitli  cif  Indian  and  til   Ku^IikU  stonv  eiri^Ut,  ■«  vtu  m  tif  tb< 
burixl  iiiiiitiids,  in  thu  wtimi,    nnniely  bt  keep  off  ttvil,  thftt  is  t.  ■  >.    r>,<ii  ils. 
ooritrid  lUfnc  cr  monod.     A  ffuinlian   (.ircic  ia  equally  wiiiI^mI    whether  tk*i 
tu  iyf  Kiuu^led  in  a  ftbMie   in  wnii-}i  a  »}iiHt  nr  god  lires,   a  ttuiib  in  whiob  Uta| 
(aud  thv  spirit)  of  the  dc«d   ronuun,  or  a  at^mo  of  jiid^ent  or  kti  altar   a|ii> 
lA  Mhiuh  t>robably  in  must  ri»a  wcr«    al»i>  Bwlh-d'a    or  k"'"^!'"''   hfi;»«^. 
daring  his  cniwiting,  whni  he  ia  i«)it-iri.i]|y   njiMit  to  the  Attu-'ks  of    li 
otllicr  evil  tiitlaeiice*,  the   king  nit«  on  iht  tioly    i^r  jpiardtan-poMe>--<    . 
•ngifesta  thut  tbtt  uri^n  of  the  oM    Uritiah  jud){ni«ut  Bt'in<^  may  havu   ,,- 
pOMCaWKl  «c«Ik  fur  the  rKU-m  uf   thu   tritti.',      Iu  thin  c'oiirierti'ri  the  \aIiH 
dpclo  is  that  Jt  keeps  ffMh  tb(>  early  guardian  idoa.     Thf  otntre  stone   is^ 
bouae  ;  tlia  at^^aw  in  the  circle  nr«  tlm  hnunra  of  the  ^ikIb   waU:hnien.      Apt 
VetAl'a  Euarda  have  uu  nanioa.     The  only  one  of  VVtttl'ft  nonnla  who  !■  kntnvn 
In  the  Doccan.  ii  BhAneva  Blva      Wtencvrr  offonnjn  art-  miile  to  W4dl  ij 
of  a  vow  a  ctiUim  or  habii)le-btibbli>  tilliil  uitb  liriii)i  in  iitr<-ir4l  to   BhUiii 
taki'N  bia  nainB  from  bMng  or  heni])-W(it^r  of  wbii^h  h«  it  said  to  )>o    vt>r^    fd 
other  ^inrd"  acein  to  be  chosen    by  chance  oat  of  the  hoata  of    fihutti   ahO 
that  ia  ijlioets  and  apirits  of  uhoin  Vutill  is  thi*h>nt  and  leader.     The  fact  tliai 
•bowti  huhliii:;  a  c«nv.  rW  or  fW,  aa  a  ftc«ptre.   and  ihat   sometimea   k  c«tic,  « 
tho  exur<.-i«t  ft  great  spirit-acarer  or  Mwidord,  alantls  for  \'v\X\.  uin^ntt  *  cooi 
Iietween  the  wnrda  trt  and  Vctttl.     Twice  a  month  at   niidrdj^bt  un    th«    full 
and  on  the  no-moon,  hko  the   Kuriona  Hi-at  of  early  Koropc  (..i.nijvarp  Stallyl 
Grimm'aTflUtome  Uytholngj',  918  9C>0),  VrtA),  folluwctl  liy  rn>HdM  of  N|>irita  wtel 
a  lurch  ill  oi»€  hand  and  ik  weapon  in   tho   other,    paaacs   in  tlhoi<tly    *Lat4>, 
silver  and    gold,  with  richly  trapped  eluphnnla  boraca  and    rittera.       Lucky 
man  who  aeos  the  bust,    thon^^b  ha  |;vui)rally  fnlht   iu  a  pwoon,  and    atill  lnrl 
uuiii   who,  tniBling  to  aoine  apell,  walks  to   the  gotl'a  Utter  and    a*kii   b>» 
VaMi  is  human  in  shape,  a  niaii  of  n  tierce  and  cruel  couut>-iiu)rr\.      Ha 
pMO  dreas  and  holds  a  cane  in  bis  H^ht  hand  and  a  <-oDch  sbrll   id    liis   It 
Also  holds  in  hiB  hands  a  rosarj-  of  twenty-one   bca«h  of  the  •-  '    ■'    '    i.;|,( 
UnoeolattiB,  a  piece  of  burnt  cowiltuij/,  aihI  aomu  llowcrs  of  the  r>, . 
a  btuh  which  he  uaually  faatvus  to  bia  right  wrist  and  of  which  I  _  i.iuuk* 

tlietn. 

high  class  Htndas,  aa~a  rule,  bold  the  ordinary   VuUrivni^hrp  <tii.i-tc<Utali|«., 
exoeptstaalthily,  seldom  perforui  it.     The  lowcrorde™  believe  in  \  « trtl.  >*  or^ln 
and  pay  him  vnwt.     His  deT0t4>e«  aro  mainly  of  twu  classes  aorcfrtra  Rnt|    ^i 
VctAl  IS  the  sorcerers'  jfod,  bccniiae  aorcerem  wish   bini  to  give  thwu    aotne 
power  over  ajurita  :  be  ia  tbo  athlete's  K^d  apparently   bccansc  of  the  mXn 
activity  shown  bv  a  nuui  into  whom  Vetal  lias  cutortJ. 

That  both  in  the  Docwnn  and  in  the  Kookau  special  offerings  are  mad«  U> 
by  his  vularim  on  the  MaJtda/iienttra  Day,  that  ia  the  b^g  day  of  the  Rod  fthiv 
VetAl  like  MAniti.  whom  Hindua  admit  to  bo  an  incarnation  id  Sbiv  or  Mai 
U  specially  fund  of  rm  Calotropi*  gigantea  rtowcn  i  that  like  MahAdnr  he 
o*a«M  or  aahee  and  of  the  rtidfakA  or  U-ada  of  tlie  Eleovarpus  louceol 
UaUdev  he  is  tb«  kii^  of  spirit*  ;  and  the  b«li«(  of  wme  tLvukan  v 


In  the  Eonkan,  where  his  worship  is  more  general  among  the 

middle-clusttes  thau  in  the  Deccan,  Vutil'B  great  day  is  Mahaxhitrdfra 

iu  Fcbruarv  ;  in  the    Dt'c-*;u.n  special  nfferings  are  made   on  that  day 

also,   but    Iiis  ehipf   times  appear  to  be    Uoli    in   Sfaroh -April  and 

iJ)afiara   in  Sepk^niber-Octobcr,      At    theae  limee  Vetal's    etonc  is 

fwliilewoshcd  and  tipped   with  redlead,  nnd    flowers,  sandal   paste, 

Ik.  butter,  cakoR,  and  occasionally  flesh  are  laid  before  him.     The 

[otferiags  gcnerullr  go  to  a  Mhdr  or  M^iig  who  sits  in  the  circle. 

A  few  paces  to  the  south-east  of  VetAl  and  his  guard  is  a  round 
[stone  and  ct-raent  block  of  rough  masonry  about  three  feet  high  and 
\tax  feet  across  with  a  stone  iu  the  centre  likeafm^.  To  this  central 
tBtone^  durtug  tbe  time  of  the  PeshwiU  (17 14-1817),  tigers  usfd  to  be 

tied  and  b<>  baited  by  elcphtmts.     The  pillar  is  now  worshipped  as 

Viighoba  or  Father  Tiger. 

IPurvuti  Luke,  ucurly  rectangular  iu  form  about  550  yards  long  by 
^25  yards  broad  and  covering  an  orea  of  about  twenty-five  acres,  lies 
■about  half  a  imle  nortli-eust  oi  Parvati  Kill  and  to  the  south  of  the  city. 
The  lake  is  a  beautiful  piece  of  water  fringed  with  rich  ganleus  and 
stately   trees  and   with    a  woofJy   inland  in   the  centre.     The  cost  of 

I  making  tlie  l:iko  and  buihling  the  dam  is  said  to  have  boon  £l-lo7 
(Rs.  l.'i.O"")-  The  idea  of  making  Par\'ati  lake  seems  to  have  occurred 
after  the  building  of  the  Katruj  aquuluet  which  pusses  through  and 
along  the  east  of  the  lake.  The  slormwater  overflow  from  the 
•aqucfluet  used  to  drain  into  the  Ambil  Odba  stream,  whieh  passed 
through  the  present  lake  and  the  waste  of  so  much  good  water  (lerhaps 
I  originated  the  Parvati  bike  project.  The  bed  of  the  stream  was 
dainmorl  witli  masonry  shove  and  below  tlie  lake,  and  the  intercepting 
channel  below  the  lower  dam  was  again  dammed  in  throe  pluct-s  to 
form  smulier  pools  below.  These  smaller  pools  remain  but  are  out  of 
repair.  The  lake  is  still  tilled  during  the  rains  from  the  overflow  of 
the  Kdtraj  aqueduct.  Sluices,  which  are  still  worked,  hare  also  been 
made  in  the  head  dam  to  take  the  water  of  tJte  Ambit  Odha  stream. 
The  lake  was  a  pleasing  addition  to  the  Hirabjlg  or  Diamond  Garden 

» where  n:ildji  the  tliird  Peshwa  ( 1740- 17ti  I )  built  o  pleasure  house. 
A  neat  flight  of  steps  with  intercepting  puvwl  landings  lead  from  the 
pleasure  house  to  the  margin  of  the  lake.  The  luko  wus  begun  in 
1753  by  BiMji  (1710-  17GI )  the  third  Peshwo.  One  day,  according 
to  Uie  local  story,  when  on  his  M'uy  to  Pan'uti  temple,  RdMji,  who 
was  the  most  energetic  of  the  Peshwiis.  looked  at  the  works,  and, 
cnragwl  at  tht-ir  slow  progress,  got  down  from  bis  elephont  and  began 
to  pile  the  stones  with  his  own  handa  ITis  retinue  and  offici.'rs 
followed  his  example  and  the  dam  was  soon  made.  A  piece  of  raised 
ground  left  in  the  conlro  to  form  an  island  was  ufterwonls  turned  into 
^  a  garden  called  tlie  Sarusbtfg.     A  smuU  temple  of  Qonpati  was  built 


Chapter  XX7- 
Flaces. . 

Ubj«cts.n 

Parcati 

{00), 


Parvati 


that  he  ia  an  iDOAm&iioa  of  Mahi46T  tniggemt  that  VeUl  u  ui  e*rly  fArni  of  Mnhjlilev 
or  t)i«  great  fp^d. 

Int«rmediBt«  between  VoU)  and  Mahidor,  higher  io  phu<  thftn  VctA]  an<I  lover 
than  UahAdev,  comae  Uanpati  or  (.fAHMth,  who,  ax  bis  nanu'  Hhnwn,  likd  VcLAl  .-vml  like 
Ifalildov,  is  tlu  lonl  nf  spiriU.  Thoutfli  tlic  ideas  that  Hurrontxi  Vetdl  and  (iguipati 
ore  ru<lcr  anil  c«r1i<T  than  thooo  of  wkicli  Mah&>lcv  is  the  centre,  it  ia  worthy  u(  note 
that,  like  all  the  goiln  nf  mmivrn  HrAhmninsm,  all  three  phatce  hnro  n'Mrii  fnini  the 
early  dcatmctivi?  to  the  more  ninit«ni  gnunlian  stage.  Id  hie  character  of  suanliui, 
to  each  yhue  of  the  (ihoat  Lord,  one  of  the  chief  Ticalera  or  spirit-soarers  nu  beeu 
aAded,  the  caae  to  Votdl,  the  elephant  la  Qoaoeb,  and  the  ling  to  MahActev. 


I 


Chapter  XIV, 
PlacM. 

Oljocts. 

J*kot<Kii*(o.jrapMc 

Ofiirr 


Poom  Itokt 


PoMOfict 


Bacf  Connv 


some  tiiDo  after.     GBnpatrs  minstranl  Iiiib  b  monthly  sUoi 
£l  \0n.  (lis.  15)  from  the  P&rvati  temple  rc\'onue*. 

The  IMiotozini'Ojfrnpliie  Offiw  or  Oovcnimfnt  Map  offiw  u  wttkm 
Buhurlmit    muuii-tual    limits  ubout    tifty  Turdr*   to    ttit;    west   of  lU 
poftt  afficn.     It  fille  u  number  uf  dctaclj^d  buildings  somo  of  tbnn^ 
oldas  1831  ttml  Bomc  built  in  I8(i8und  chunpod  and  iinpruv.  •' 
Tho  building*  include  an  otKc.>(f)3'x  43'),  n  fuiiiiture  stor' 
nprintinaiprcM  house  (45'x2:i'j,adrufuinan'»  otfiep  {."i^'x  17  *.  i» 
dwelliuj^-houaes,  a  room  (75'x  16'),  a  btor«  rouin    (33' x  16),  and 
new  main  press  hotxse  (89'x3U'). 

Tho  Poomi  Hotel,  within  suhurbun  rauniripal  liin.itj»,  at  the  carvi 
of  tho  Ijotlnan  and  Bund  Gardens  rotids,  is  about  a  htindroil  Taril 
east  of  the  post  office  and  3t.  Tuurs  church.  Thi>  Imltd,  wbiA 
lKdonjf«  to  Mosurs.  Son'ibji  Juhiiiigir  and  Sous,  wa«  opened  i 
24lU  of  May  187.1  with  eight  bed  rooms.  It  hna  now  ( 1884) 
dining  room  (40'  by  'i'i'),  u  lart^e  drawing  room  (35*  bv  "'). 
Aprvonts'  rooms,  uud  stuhling  fur  fiftocn  horwii  und  eiirht  nt 
The  hotel  liaa  thirty  bed  ruums,  twelve  for  families  in  a  do 
uppiT-8tori»y«l  building  open  to  tho  weatorly  broczo  and  ci 
for  single  visitorB,  The  hotol  terms  aro  £10  (Hs.  100)  a  mon 
10k.  (Its.  0)  a  dny. 

The  Post  Office  in  suburban  rouniciiml  liniil«,  nearly  hiilf  a  nik 
Bouth-eost  of  tho  railway  station,  is  an  unpri'tondinR-  subAt^^udii 
atrui-'turo  do«ign**d  and  built  in  1M73-74  bv  Colonel  Kinrh  U  1L4 
a  cost  of  £1!>71  (Rs.  10,710).  The  post  office  inulmU-s  three 
(50'  by  20'), (57'  by  20'),  and  ( IG'  by  20),  and  quurttra  for  tht 
mualer. 

The  Poona  Race  Course,  un  oval  1  i  miles  and  31  yurtie  in  iti 
encircles  the  (icueral  Parade-ground,  near  the  centro  of    the  btjtj 
otwn  land  that  runs  down   thi>  cant«mniont  from  north    to 
The  (-our*'  Hob  brtwe*m  tho  JJu-tive  Infantry  lines   in    tlie  ww_ 
the  Soldiers*  Gordrns  in  the  ejist,  and  its  Muthern  tiul  pafises] 
to  the  Shobipur  road.     It  is  a  right-handed  course  with  u   ati 
run  in  of  ubout  a  quarter  of  a  niilo  from  south  to  north,    tho 
with  tho  Grand  Stand  and  small  Stewards  Stand  oppositu  Itoing 
the  norih-weat  coracr.     The  open  ground  in  the  centre  is   used 
general   parades  when  all  the  troops  of  tho   garrison   uro   callc 
on  tield   day*   The  whole  ground  fllopes  from    west    to  cnslJ 
Grand  Stand  in  the  high  ground  to  the  west  is  adntiruhly 
commanding  every  yard  ot  the  course  from  start   to    HiiishM 
the  present  building  is   of  no  use  except  as  a  place  from  whit 
view  the  racing  it  is  under  eon  side  ration  to  build  a  now  stiiud 
coffee,  refreshment,  dressing,  and  other  rooms.     The  course  has 
in  use  for    nearly  thirty  years.     It   has  lately    been    widened 
much  improvt-d  by  Colontd  Romett  and  is  in  excellent  order.     SiBH 
lost  yeor  (1883)  water  has  been  laid  on  all  round  by  pipes  ^^| 
the    Khndalo-dsla   canal.     About   one-third    of   the  width    nt  tH 
outer  side  of  the  course  is  regularly  used  for  traiuiug  alt   the  yw 
round.     The   rest  is  closed  by  ropes,  und  watered  ^vhen  nocvfl 
BO  as  to  raise  a  good  turf  by  the  time  of  the  Race  meeting   (w! 
always  takes  place  in  the  mouth  of  September)  to  which  horses  i 
iium  ttU  parU  of  India.    The  races  are  run  on  alt«nuite  dnrs 


BCCftH  I 


POONA. 


891 


mectinj?  lasts  ten  days  to  a  fortnight.     As  till  lately  thoro  were 

profossionol    book-makers  in   Indiu,  it  was   the  l-ubIoui  to  hold 

iries  in  the  evcuin^^  before  each  day*8  racing.     For  the  last  two 

profeeaional   bookmakers   from   England  have   atlendrd  the 

>na  und  other  Inrgf:  ini>etingEJ  in  India,  and  an  a  good  business  is 

)ne  it  in    probable   that  the  number  of   professional  bookmakers 

increnso.     'I'he  Poona  meeting  is  very   popular  and  the  entries 

the  Arab  raece  are  always  large.     The  two    prineipul  raees  are 

Derby,  for  whieh  in  tLe  lust  two  yeai"s  (1882-1^83)  thu  eutriea 

iv«  been  ihii-ty-tive  and  lifty-ouu  and  the  Governor's  Cup  for  which 
entries  have  been  fifty-two  and  eixty-siven.     The  races  are  run 

ider  the  Wealern  India  Turf  Club  nilea 

^  About  250  yards  above  its  meeting  with  the  Mula  the  Mutha  is 
^ossed  by  the  Peninsula  railway.  The  railway  bridge,  whieh  is 
^pout  100  yards  above  the  Wellesley  bridge  and'  is  parallel  to  it,  is 
^p2  feet  long  and  is  of  twenty-one  thirty-fcot  span  masonry  arches. 
Wt  is  built  of  rubble  masonry  with  coursed,  face  work  in  the  abutments 
•^ierB  and  wiiig^,  and  wilb  brick  work  iu  the  arches  with  stone  ashlar 
■nrch  quoins  ut  the  faces.' 

The  Raii.w.^v  SrATictN.half  a  mile  north-west  of  the  cantouroent 
\nd  950  yards  north  of  the  post-offiet^  is  one  of  the  most  important  on 

Great  Indian  Peninsula  llailway  line.  The  moitonry  buildings  of 
le  station  comprise  a  station  master's  office,  two  waiting  rooms,  a 
legrai'li  oftiee  with  fourteen  signallers,  a  booking  uflitv,  and  a 
rgo  third  class  waiting  room.  There  are  thirteen  Irallir  ami  Iwomo. 
fe  lines,  ten  of  them  sidings  measuring  2^  miles  and  three  liuee  one 

main  line,  another  the  platform  line,  and  the  third  un  alongside 

10.     There  ore  three  plutfoi-ms,  thq  passenger  platform  596'  long 

V  brond  and  2  ^'  high,  the  horse-loading  phitform  ;iU7'  long  20'  broad 

id  S'  high,  and  the  goiKls  plali'onn  G0&'  long  aud  3Jl'  high   with  a 

irjHng  bi-cadtli  of  20'  for  l02  feet  and  of  47'  for  the  remaining  o(i.'l. 

le  station  yard  with  a  greatest  length  of  H45  yords  and   a   greatest 

Qttilth    ijf   l.'i5  yards  covers  an  an>a  of  !>:^,f>5l  square  yards  and  is 

by  a  masonrj*  wall.     The  yard  has  four  gates  to  the  east,  two 

outrauccs  eot^h  13^'  wide  and  on  cither  side  of  these  two  small 

lies  each  5'  2*  wide,  and  on   the  south  one  main  entrance  21  feet 

ide  with  two  small  gatea  each  5*  2*  wide  on  either  side  of  it.     The 

itiim  has  four  sheds,  un  engine  shed,  a  goods  shed,  a  carriage  shed, 

id  a  store  shed.     The  engine  shed,  lOO  feet  long  :S!)  feel  broad  and 

feet  high,  opens  on  the  west  and  east.  It  is  built  of  wrought- 
m  sides  with  comigated  iron  covering  and  roof  of  wrought  iron 
ys  and  corrugated  iron  covering.  The  gables  are  of  brick-work. 
10  goods  she^l,  :)00  feet  long  25  feet  broad  and  12^  feet  high, 
on  tho  north  side  to  the  railways.  It  is  built  of  teak  posta 
id  has  a  teak  roof  with  double  tile  covering.  The  south  side  and 
ro  ends  are  enclosed  with  palisade  fencing  und  teak  boai'ding 
ith  gateways  at  every  alternate  bay.  The  carriage  shed,  200 
}t  long  39^  feet  brood  and  l<i^  foet  high,  with  its  east  and  west 
ids  open,  is  connected  with  the  main  lino  by  rails.  It  is  built  o£ 
Pebble  luoaoory,  teak  roof,  and    corrugated    iron   covering.    Tho 


Chapter  2XV. 
Placess>  ■ 


linitte/ty  Bridge 


d 


Railtrait  Station 

{97). 


(BoMtafi 


S»2 


DISTRICTS. 


{loou 


(tOI). 


store  Bbcd,  200  feet  long  25  feet  brood  and  ]G|  feet  high,  apermfi 
both  fuda,  IB  coQnei>tod  nith  the  inaiu  line  by    roiU  and  vilh 
outside  bv  rood.     It  is  built  of  rubble  masonry   with   doublc-tilJ 
t«nlc  roof/ 

Tbo  HovA!.  Famii-t  Hotki.  is  in  the  Oiril  Lines  near  the  nili 
station.  Tbe  hotel  was  started  in  ISiil  by  tLe  prestrot 
proprietor.  It  is  an  upper- storey ed  building  vith  room  fur  five  fun^ifi 
and  fourteen  sioglc  visitors,  and  bus  stoblin^^-  for  irixttfu  b(irv«  ibI 
four  curriiigeR,  and  nut-bouHes  The  hotel  bos  a  dmwin^  room  i%_ 
bv  22'),  a  oining^  room  (US'  by  22').  a  smoking^  room  ( :i2'  bv  13'i, 
biUioM  room  {W  by  20),  and  a  hull  (40*  by  2*2').  Tbo  cbargai 
104.  (lU.d)  a  day  and  £12  (lis.  120)  a  month. 

The  Banoam  or  Junction  at  the  meeting  of  the  ifutha  and  M« 
riTerB,   about   a   mile  west   of  the  post  office,   a    plcurtimt  huuK  <k 
thi>  high  river  bank  in  a  gunlen  wilh  fine  old  jnpal  tre«>«,  in  tb 
resident*  of  the   Judge  of  Poona  who  is  also  Agrnt  for  llie  Iv 
Sardfirs.     The  Sessions  Court-house  is  across  tbe  Oaucshkliind 
about  seventy  yards  to  the  south. 

On  the  right  bund  side  going  from  Poonn  to  Klrkco,  on  tht>  bulj 
of  the  small  slreara  that  runs  into  the  Mula  river  at  tbe  north  »J| 
of  Garden  Rea<:h,  in  a  small   sjutce  surrounded  by  nn  open  hami 
trellis  fence  about  three  feet  high,  are  two  plain    whitewashed  aw 
tombs.     The  larger  tomb  rises  in  pyramid  form  with  five  steps 
about  nine  inches  high  from  a  square  about  six  feet  at  the  \m 
eighteen   inches  at   the   top,  the  whole  surmounted    bv  a  ]il.*tin  •l" 
cr4)8fl  about  two  fppt  high.     There  is  another  small   erosis  at  thcT 
and  in  the  middle  of  tbe  face  of   ooch  step  a  stnull  nicbe  for 
lamp.     The  smaller  tomb  is  pbiin,  altar-shaped,  aud  about 
long.     It  has  a  cross  at  the  head  und  on  the  ground  is  a  ami 
slab  with  a  cross  cut  in  it.     The  crosses   on  the  tombs  arp 
hung  with  garlands  of  marigolds  and  cbryeanthemuma.     The  ' 
are   believed   to  murk   the   graves    uf   Portuguese     officers  in  tb 
Peshwa'a  army  who  were  slain  in  the  battle  of  Eirkee  (5tJi  Nnvciubrf 
1817})  but  no  certain  information  hps  been  obtained. 

The  Saksoon  HosPiTAi,   within  suburban  muniripul  limit 
450  yards  south  of  the  railway  station,  is  one  of  the  largeet 
soraest  buildings  in  or  near  Poona.     It  was  bcgiin  on   the  8 
October  lfiG.3  and  opened  on  the  7th  of  October  18G7.      It  wo* 
ala  cost  of  £31,006  (Rs.  3,10,060)  of  whiuh  £18,800  (Rs.  1,( 
were  contributed  by  the  late  Sfr.  David  Sassoon,  a  weulthv  tnei 
of  Bombay.     Tho  building  was  designed  by  Colonel   AVifkins.  I 
and  the  foundation  stone  was  laid  by  the  late  Sir  Burtle  Frerc, 
Governor  of  Bombay.    It  is  in  the  English-Gothic  style,  bid] 
tbe  local  gray  trap,  rectangular  in  plan,  227  feet  long'  bv  50  - 
wide,  its  longer  sides  facing  east  ana  west.   It  isdouble-atoreTed,' 
rO'Oms  baviiig  windows  ou  both  sides  opening  into  arcades,  bo  a 
afford  througli  ventilation  and  shade.     On  the  ground    floor,  in 
northern  half  of  the  building,  are  two  male  wards,  one  47^  feet  by  3! 
the  other  71  i'  X  23f,    and  in  the    sonthem  bali   \b  a  displfl 
22'x23V  and  two  male  wards  47'i  by  'Z'M'.    On  the  Brat  fl*^ 


'  BesBon's  Compeadlam,  6<7. 


rooma  of  the  same  size  as  those  on  the  ground  floor,  thone  to  the 
north  being  the  Native  female  ward  and  the  European  female 
ward,  and  to  the  south  one  European  male  and  one  Native  mule  ward. 
Over  the  porch  is  the  operating  room.  At  tho  south-west  anglo  a 
masonry  towor  with  a  clock  and  watcr-ciatom  rises  ninety-six  feet, 
ttbo^'o  wlucli  it  carries  a  steop-pitched  roof  twentv-four  foot  high. 
The  outbuildings  include,  besidtis  thuiic  for  cooking  and  servants 
separate  quarters  for  thitie  upotkucaries,  a  doad  house,  aud  au 
iniectious  ward.  A  building  to  be  used  for  a  lying-in  ward  haa 
bcou  lately  uomplct^Ki  (October  1883)  from  a'  sum  of  illOUt) 
(lU.lO.OuO)  left  under^he  will  of  Mr.  E.  DaWd  Sasaoon. 

The  SriKNCK  CoLi.EOK,  on  the  main  road  between  Poonaand  Kirkee, 
on  the  left  or  west  side  of  the  Slutha  river,  was  built  in  1869  at  a 
coat  of  £18,164  14*.  (Rs.  l,Hl,647|,  of  which  £5000  (Ra.  50,000) 
were  contributed  by  Sir  Cowasji  Jehi,ngir  Readj-money.  It  is  in 
the  SaracenioGothic  stylo  built  of  tho  local  grav  trap  and  covered 
with  a  low-pitched  tiled  roof.  In  plan  the  building  is  nearly  a 
square  (111  x  109')  and  it  may  be  best  described  as  a  large  control 
hall  (62^'  by  30'  and  42'  to  the  top  of  the  walls)  covered  by  an  open 
roof  curried  on  iron  arched  girderu,  aud  surrounded  on  three  sides 
by  doublo-storeyud  urcuded  curridora  8^'  wide,  round  which  central 
^hall  and  opening  into  whose  corridors  are  the  other  rooms  of  tho 
college.  The  north-west  corner  of  the  buildiug  rises  to  a  third 
fitorey  and  above  that  carries  a  square  tower  fi7'  from,  the  ground  to 
the  eaves  covered  by  u  low-pitchod  tiled  roof  with  overhongmg  eaves. 
Beneath  the  tower  flights  of  stairs  lead  to  the  upper  storeys.  The 
porch  is  in  the  centre  of  tho  north  face,  and  the  entrance  leads  Into 
u  vestibule  13'  by  20'  baling  arched  openings  into  the  centre  hall. 
On  each  side  of  the  vestibule  is  a  small  office  or  room,  and  a  passage 
loading  on  one  side  into  the  laboratory,  a  room  30'  by  20',  and 
on  the  other  to  the  stairs  leading  to  the  flrst  door.  To  the  east  of 
the  hall  is  a  lecture  room,  ol'  by  19',  protected  to  tho  cast  on  the 
outside  by  an  open  arcade,  and  another  lecture  room  29'  by  20' 
having  a  similar  arcade  on  its  southern  face.  To  the  west  of  tho 
central  hall  are  three  claaa  rooms  each  19'  by  19'.  On  the  tirat 
flour,  over  tho  vestibule,  ia  a  museum  49'  by  20',  aud  on  the  same  face 
a  lecture  room  20'  by  30'.  To  the  east  of  tho  central  hall  arc  two 
lecture  rooms  one  50'  by  19',  the  other  39^'  by  20*  both  eliaded  by 
outside  arcades.  To  the  west  ore  three  rooms  one  30'  by  20',  and  two 
19'  bv  14'.  On  tho  second  floor  are  the  qiiartors  of  the  Principal.  Tho 
builffing  was  designed  and  built  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Howard,  C.  E. 
Executive  Engineer  Poona  and  Kirkee,  and  completed  in  18(59. 
Attached  are  workshops  and  a  foundry  built  at  a  cost  of  £282 
(lU.  2t<20)  where  the  students  do  practical  work  under  carpenters 
suiiths  and  fitters. 

SiNDi  a's  Tomb  or  ehhalri  is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Bohiroba  stream 
in  the  south-east  comer  nf  Vinuvdi  village  three  niilce  south-east  of 
Poona.  The  chhatriy  literally  umbrella  or  pavilion,  consists  of  & 
•mull  hamlet  of  about  forty  houses  surrounded  by  a  fifteen  foot 
wall  which  nins  about  eighty  yards  north  to  south  and  lifty  yards  cast 
to  west.  Tho  chief  entrance  to  the  hamlet  is  on  the  south-west. 
Besides  the  houses  there  are  throe  shrines  inside  the   wall,  small 


k 


D  866-60 


Chapter  XI 7- 

Flues    I 

Pudna. 

Objtct*. 

Sas^ooa  HoapiitiL 


Sindia'a  Tomb 


[Bomt 


894 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XIT- 
Places. 

FOOHA. 

Object. 
Sindia'i  Tomb 


Smali  Arm« 

Factory 


tshrinea  of  M^ruti  and  MohiidcT,  and  Sindia'a  ehhairi  wHic] 
earth-filled  tomple  thirty  feet  high,  much  like  a  (rraae-eroini, 
piercod  by  stone  pillars.  Mahade\'*fl  temple  is  a  low  li 
(40'  by  2/)')  vriih  a  wooden  hall  and  a  ^mall  »hrine.  Behind  M 
temple  is  a  wrestling  pit.  Close  by  i«  o  stable  coutoiiiin^  I 
suered  to  Mah^cv  which  marches  before  the  temple  lil 
prucesfiiun  days.  The  stutf  of  the  two  temples,  tiiuiibcm^ 
twenty-tive  people,  are  maintained  by  the  present  Siudia.*  Tl 
belongs  to  Munadji  Sindia  who  died  ut  Vauardi  in  1794  a 
burnt  on  this  spot.'  About  1H30  Jankoji  Siudiu,  the  g^reat-gi 
of  Mabjldji,    began   to  build  a  large  monument   in  meTnory! 

great-grandfnthcr,  but  died  in  IH42  leaving  the  work  unl 
inoe  Jankoji's  deoth  the  tomb  has  enjoyed  a  vearly  allow 
j£350  (Rs.  3500)  most  of  whii^h  x»  di-itrihutixl  ainimg'  n 
beggars  on  tjie  aniUTorsary  ofMahddji  Siudiu 'e  death  w 
February.' 

*The  Small  Arms  Ammvmtion  FAcronv  Btanda  on 
Kirkce  village  whieh  was  bought  by  Government  for  buil 
fort,  the  tracings  ot  which  were  marked  about  1868  though  Wi 
not  yet  been  begun.'  The  factory  lies  within  the  limita 
proposed  fort,  and  consists  of  a  main  factory  (200'  by  100'}  witli 
other  buildings,  the  entire  premises  occupying  eight  acres 
enclosed  by  a  rubble  stone  wall.  The  main  factory  has  m  ] 
floor  and  a  double  roof  in  five  spans,  resting  on  iron  culunma 
feet  high  and  twenty  feet  apart  braced  together  by  lungitiidii 
cross  girders.  The  roof  is  of  corrugated  iron  without  and  lim 
wood  within.  Between  the  corrugated  iron  roof  and  the  wood 
is  an  air  spticc  1'  4"  brood,  and  a  Louvre  board  runs  along  the 
each  span  from  the  inside  of  the  factory  to  the  outfiido  air 
contrivance  gives  a  through  current  of  air  between  the  tTvo  re 
enaurea  perfect  ventilation  in  the  workshops.  Of  the  fiftcvi 
buildings,  nine  enclosing  79.'J0  square  feet  are  for  the  different  p3 
of  loading  and  filling  cartridges  ;  three  outhouses  and  tw( 
magazines  are  for  laboratory  work  for  making  fuzes,  friction 
rockets,  long  hights,  and  other  war  stores :  and  one  is  a  sioi 
(300'  X  25*).  All  the  buildings  are  connected  with  the  main 
hy  a  tramway  1'  (T  wide  with  tum-table«  in  front  of  eacl 
admitting  lorries,  thus  leaving  the  tram  line  clear  for  wagoiu  g 
other  departments. 

The  factory  makes  two  kinds  of  cartridges  Martini-Hoo 
Snider,  both  built  vurictiea  being  formed  of  a  number  of  pM 
together.  A  Martini-Henry  cartridge  case  is  composed  ofl 
parts,  an  anvil,  a  base  disc,  a  cap,  a  cap  chamber,  a  case  body,  ail 
and  an  outside  cup,  three  jute  wads,  a  paper  wad,  and  a  wax  I 
strengthening  coil,  and  a  bullet  480  grains  ±  2  grains.  Af 
case  has  been  put  together  and  the  base  disc  rivetted  to  the  ca 
by  piercing  and  bending  over  the  crown  of  the  cap  chamber  on 


1  Mr.  It.  A.  L.  Mooro.  C.S.  '  Gnat  DnFi  Mu&tbAa.  S02. 

•  Colonel  O.  P'U.  IjiTouohc.  •  Contritjutwi  by  Livut. -Colonel  ^S ^ 

*  A  ODnimitU<c  is  (July  l8tK)  sitttnt;  to  docitlo  oa  tha  site  aod  Buture  uf  a* 
ref ago  which  will  tirobkbly  b«  acw  tb«  fort  aito  uid  may  pcrhapa  mpei 
Ducftt,  R.K, 


iper  wod  to  form  the  rivet,  the  coso  is  charged  vith  oighty-fivo  groins 
of  H.  F.  G.2  powder.  The  charges  arc  thrown  charges  from  a  CaflBa's 
filliog  machine  and  the  limit  of  error  allowed  is  85  graius±2  grains. 
After  the  charge  hun  been  put  into  the  case  it  in  wadded  with  a  Holid 
wax  wad  15)0"  thick  and  on  the  top  of  this  wax  wud  two  jute  wuda  are 
phttXHl.  The  cartridge  ia  then  Rhuken  to  let  the  powder  down  into  the 
cane,  and  biiUotcd  with  a  bullet  weighing  480  grains  ±  2  grains.  The 
bullet  hue  a  diameter  of  •449'  to  •4-!>r*  and  a  length  varying  from 
1'''28  high  to  1  "'26  low.  The  bullet  is  secured  in  its  place  by  two 
eroovcB  made  outaido  on  the  neck  of  the  cartridge  which  press  the 
brase  of  the  case  into  corresponding  grooves  in  the  bullet.  The 
R.  F.  G.  2  powder  with  which  the  cartridge  is  charged  should  vary 
in  density  from.  1*72  to  V76.  It  should  contain  not  more  than  12 
or  less  thau  0'9  per  cent  of  moisture  :  and  8o  grains  of  it  &rcd  from 
a  Slartini-Ilenry  rifle  with  the  service  cartridge  should  give  the 
bull<>t  a  muzzle  velocity  of  1290  to  1340  foet  the  second.* 

The  Snider  cartridge  is  also  a  built  cartridge  composed  of  on 
aBvil,  base  disc,  cap,  cap  chamber,  inner  base  cup  and  outer  base  cup, 
case  body,  cotton-wool,  and  bullet.  After  the  parts  are  put  together 
the  case  is  charged  with  seventy  grains  of  U.  F.  (jr.  powder  with  a 
density  of  I'oS  to  1*02.  Half  a  grain  of  cotton-wool  is  placed  over 
the  powder  and  it  is  then  ready  to  receive  the  bullet,  weighing 
480  ±  2  grains,  with  a  diameter  of  '573"  to  •575"  and  l"-03  to  1"05 
long.  The  bullet  is  smeared  with  a  beeswax  lubrication  001'  thick 
and  fitted  with  a  clay  plug  to  expand  the  bullet  and  drive  the  lead 
into  the  grooves  of  the  ride  when  the  cai*t ridge  is  fired. 

The  factory  is  capable  of  turning  out  45,000  Snider  or  20,000 
Martini-IIenrv  curtridges  a  day.  From  want  of  room  and  supervision 
only  one  kind  of  ammunition  can  b«  made  at  a  time.  The  making 
of  breech-loading  ammunition  is  intricate  and  difficult.  To  make  one 
cartridge  requires  over  150  operations  and  the  limit  of  error  allowed 
in  the  diflereul  parts  averages  only  about  Tj^ijths  of  an  inch, 

I  The  machinery  ut«ed  is  chietly  for  puuchmg  and  stamping.  .  It  ia 
orkod  by  three  Lancashire  auuble-Hued  boilers  twenty  feet  long 
and  six  feet  in  diameter,  two  of  which  are  generally  used.  The 
average  daily  consumption  of  coal  is  about  1^  ton.  A  2^"  shafting, 
on  supports  6'  8"  apart,  is  carried  on  the  columns  and  brackets  from 
the  gii-ders.  The  shafting  which  makes  150  revolutions  in  a  minute 
is  driven  by  a  high  pressure  engine  of  twenty  horsepower  direct 
from  a  belt  from  the  flywheel  on  to  the  shafting.  The  shafting  ia 
lubricated  with  needle  lubrications  and  the  whole  is  driven  by  bands 
joining  one  line  of  ahofUng  with  another. 

The  foctory  establishment  consists  of  about  400  workmen  with  a 
superior  stoif  of  twenty.  The  superior  staff  includes  a  Superintendent, 
a  chief  and  an  assistant  engineer,  two  chief  and  five  assistant 
foremen,  and  ten  other  overseers  and  clerks.  The  number  of 
workmen  taken  and  paid  by  the  day   averages  4O0  and   sometimes 


CbApUrXIV. 

FOOITA.        M 

ObJBote.    " 
SnuiU  Amu 


1  The  velootty  of  the  powder   b  taken    with   ah  electric  iaatromenC.    Tn  cftim 
wentlier  the  Martuu-Honiy  cartridge  ■faoold  make  a  tigare  of  inarifc  at  000  yarda 
'  lO  Dieui  of  twenty  «hota  not  over  mte«a  inchoi. 


[ 


(BonteyO«Nll» 


ptttXlV. 
FUcei. 

Pooka, 
Object*. 


Oardcni 


('Off). 


U06\. 


litnf'a  Chapel 

urn- 


Maru'a  Church 


arum 


396 


DISTRICTS. 


rL&e*  10  H0(>.  Their  monthly  wages  vary  from  8b.  to  £6  (Ri-A-IIDl 
Tlic  ftkiUM  workmen  art?  Europeiins  bom  in  India,  EorwM, 
PorliiifucBO,  Hindus,  MunalmAns,  P/ir^ift,  an<i  Chinamen,  and  tie 
unskilled  lobourem  are  Mar&th&a  from  the  WUagva  ruund  Kiib» 
Where  poBsiblo  the  lnbouror«  ure  paid  by  pit?oo  work  a  ty^'innl" 
which  thiy  huve  a  greet  liking.  They  are  hardworking  and  m^ 
to  moke  money. 

The  S<u.DiKBs'  Gardens  cover  forty-one  acres  on  the  tft  tanif^' 
the  Miilhn  canul  and  of  the  Bahiroba  Htreum  in  Ghorpadi  Hbtiut  ^'4i 
yjinU  north  of  St,  Patrick's  church  on  the  east   horder  of  Pofflil 
cantonment.     It  wan  originally  intended  as  n  f^rdcn  to  be  votM 
by  the  garrison  troopR.    Thiit  idea  was  given  up  and  for  a  time^i* 
gardens  were  kept  by  the  eantonmont  authorities  and   then    '    ' 
and  given  for  tillage.    In  1878  the  gardens  were  revi%'od  and  iinj 
by  Sir  Richard  Temple,  then  Goveninr,  and  placed  in  charge  < 
Executive    Kngineer  Poona  and  Kirkee.     A    militury   band 
twice  a  week.       During  the  present  year  (1884),   bccauae  at] 
distance  from  Poona,  the  tmnsfer  of  the   Botanical    Gardens 
Ooneshkliind  to  the  Soldiers'  Gardens  has  been   sanctioned  and  i 
(September)  being  earricd  out. 

The  SoLuiKKs'  Institi'tb  and  Aasembly  Rooms,  near  theoentrFi'i 
the  cantoninent  about  HO  yards  north  of  the  Q\nnna8iiuai,  tonai.*  « 1 
a  permanent  building  tiled  and  in  good  repair.     'I'he  buildiDKCODtioii 


one  main  hall  (89' by  63'), one  exhibition  room  (70'  by  25'),  three  haf 
rooms  (each  20'  bv  t'C*),  one  store  room  (7' 6  by  10' 3*).  one  ofa 
room  (20'  by  T^j,  two  drawing  rooms  (each  17'6'  by  12'),  ami  t» 


bath  rooms  (each  5' 6'  by  5'G*).  During  the  rains  the  biul(iiii|[> 
uiied  for  the  Soldiers'  Annual  Industrial  Kxliibition.  At  other  tm 
it  is  available  for  theatricals, pcnnyreadings,  and  other  eutortoiniaefia 

St.  Andrkw*k  Church  in  the  VAnavdi  Lines,  set  opart  for  li> 
use  of  members  of  the  Katabliahed  Church  of  Scotland,  woe  buik  ^ 
Government  about  1861  and  has  room  for  about  500  people. 

St.  Anxf.*r  CiiAfKi,  in  the  Sholripur  Bu7^r  is  of  brick  ^ 
in  1871  at  a  cost  of  £700  (Rs.  7O0O).  The  chapel,  whirli » 
subordinate  to  the  city  Roman  Catholic  church  of  Noaax  8«ititf 
da  CouceicAO^  has  an  altar^  fourteen  stations  of  the  iray  of  the  erOL 
and  two  pictures  of  the  Sacred  Hearts  of  Jesus  and  Mary.  ^ 
chapel  hus  room  for  3o0  and  the  congregation,  consisting  mo«th< 
GottDcso  cooks  and  butlers,  numbers  about  22o.  A  maaa  ia  heldcrtP 
Sunday  and  ou  obligation  days. 

St.  Mahy's  Church,  within  cantonment  limits,  on  tho  hish  gr«i» 
in  the  south-east  comer  of  the  Native  Infantry  Linea,  is  a  \uf 
building  with  a  belfry.  It  is  118  foot  long  and  cightv-fi\*e  '  ^ 
broatl  at  the  rhanoel  with  room  for  about  900  pcopli*.  I 
consecrated  in  1835  by  Bishop  Qeber  who  desoribce  it  aa  s 

convenient  but  in  bad  architectural  taste.     In  the  interior  are , 

round  pillars,  two  shorter  round  pillars,  and  two  square  pillaxS 
tablets.  The  baptismal  font  id  in  the  south-west  corner  of  the  chari 
and  is  surrounded  by  handsome  sluincd-glaHs  windows.  The  ehurth  btf 
numeroustublct£,8umeof  them  belongingto  oIKeersof  distinction.  Htf* 
is  buried  Colonel  Morris,  C.B.,  famous  in  the  battle  of  Bulaklava  ( 1^' 


SCIUl.] 


I'OONA. 


397 


Chapter  XIT. 
Flaws. 

PoOItA.        ■ 
Object*.     " 
St.  .Vrtru'a 
C'AmrA 


^bo  died  in  1H08  ;  aud  Licuteuunt  C.  A.  Stuurt  of  the  Madras 
ly  who  fell  mortallv  wounded  on  the  28th  of  Junuary  1858 
phile  lending  the  men  of  the  4ih  Xizam's  Infnntrv  against  a  body 
in«urgent  Bliil*  strongly  posted  nt  Mandvar  m  the  M^legaon 
ib-di-iHsi'on  of  NAsik.^  There  are  also  tableta  to  five  officers  of 
27th  Bombay  Xative  Infantry  and  five  officers  of  the  8th 
oynl  Rcn-imont  of  Foot.  One  tablet  is  in  memory  of  Captain 
homae  Knmon  who  died  on  the  5th  of  November  1816  at 
&ndvi  in  Cutch.  The  *  Christian  Temple '  to  which  this  tablet  refers, 
designed  by  his  genius  and  built  by  his  hand,  is  not  St.  Mary's 
t  the  largo  church  id  Kuira  in  Qujar&t  in  whicii  the  t&blot  was 
igiuuUy  meant  to  have  been  placed.  Two  other  tablets  are  to 
liijuteuanl  J.  W.  McCui-muek  of  U.  M.'s  28th  Regiment  who,  on 
e  6lh  of  October  18-5i),  was  killed  at  the  sturmiug  of  Bet  in  west 
thiiiwir  with  four  non-Lommissioncd  officers  and  eight  men  ;  and 
to  Major  Henry  C.  Teesdalc  who  fell  in  front  of  the  colours  of  the 
5th  Regiment  of  Native  Infantry  when  commanding  it  at  the  battle 
Meeanee  in  Sind  on  the  17th  of  February  1843.  With  Major 
'eemiule  are  asHociated  the  names  of  T^ieutenant  C.  Ijodge  who  waa 
lUod  in  action  at  Kotru  in  Kachh  Oimd.'iva  in  BeliichistiSn  on  the 
Bt  of  December  1840,  of  Captain  C.  Rebenac,  of  Ensign  Browno 
ho  was  killed  by  accident  at  Karachi,  and  of  eighteen  other  officers 
the  same  regiment,  one  of  whom,  Colonel  Robertson,  waa  a 
.B.  and  A.D.O.  to  the  Queen.  Tho  church  also  contains  tablets 
Licuteuant  Muleolm  G.  Shaw  of  the  3rd  Light  Cavalry  who 
led  of  sunstroko  at  the  battle  of  Beawra,  and  to  Lieutenant 
uguatus  Charles  Frankland,  with  the  motto  *  Franke  liande, 
Vonkc  Myndc^  who  woh  killed  in  a  charge  at  the  buttle  of  KhushAb 
Persia  on  the  Sth  of  February  18/>7.  Another  tablet  is  to 
Japtains  Scton  and  I'eile  and  eightv-one  non-eommissioned  officers 
^Q  privates  of  the  Ist  Bombay  l^usiliers  who  died  of  cholera  at 
!ar&chi;  also,  on  the  same  tablet,  an  inscription  toCaptuin  RuwlinBon, 
ioutenant  A.r.  Uuut,  and  140  non-eommisaioned  officers  and  privates 
ho  diod  before  the  return  of  the  regiment  to  the  Presidency  ;  also, 
)u  the  Hiuue  tublct,  un  inscription  to  Lieutenant  W.  A.  Anderson 
ho  was  murdenil  ut  Mult-4n,  and  to  twenty-two  non-commissioned 
ifficers  and  privates  who  worc  killed  during  the  aiego  of  Mulldu. 

St.  Patrick's  Chubc'H  is  a  plastered  stone  building  built  by 
nglish  soldiers  at  a  cost  of  £18u0  (Rs.  18,000)  and  blessed  by  thd 
Kight  Reverend  Bishop  ITartmann  in  IKftfl.  The  cost  waa  abnost 
entirely  borne  by  Catholic  soldiers  especially  of  Uer  Majesty's  64th 
rd  and  8(ith  Regiments,  of  the  Bombay  Fusiliers,  and  of  tho' 
yal  Artillery.  The  church  has  room  for  700  people.  The  con- 
galion  consista  chiefly  of  Kuropuan  soldiers  serving  in  the  Poena 
rrison  and  their  families,  and  the  Native  Christians  of  the 
alive  regiments.  The  church  Las  a  font  enclosed  in  a  wooden 
and  a  narmonium. 

St.  Paul's  Church,  within  suburban  municipal  Umits  about  fifty    5/,  faurtChttreh 
{rords  south  of  the  post-office,  Is  a  plain  stone  building  with  belfry 


Church 


am 


{Uti. 


>  Dctaila  ar*  ^ron  ia  th«  KAiik  StatUtical  Aooonnt  p,  SOOl 


k 


Apter  XIV. 
FUcei- 


A,  Xuvier't 

Church 


Atnaooavt 


i 


908 


DISTRICTS. 


aod  flmnll  windows.  Tho  inaido  is  plain  but  it  has  four  band«K 
stoinod-frlatut  windows  over  iho  Conunanion  Table.  The  chsra 
wa«  built  by  tiuverumeul  after  the  ulyle  uf  the  Siunt«  CbapA 
in  Paris,  from  drawinps  by  the  Kcv.  iftr.  Gell,  B.A.,  and  cottf 
cmted  hy  Bitthup  Uaming  in  1A67.  It  is  iat^ndod  for  th)^  ^mi 
the  piTtl  and  militarv  ufficem  living  in  the  tStofi*  and  Cinl  Los 
and  lios  225  Beats  alf  of  which  are  free.  The  north  eeata  art  ki^l 
for  l(X'al  roaidonta  and  the  south  seatu  are  open  to  all.  The  wh»ik 
expcni»eB  of  tho  church  and  worship  arc  bomc  by  the  ofivriofxt 
thi!  congregation.  The  eommunion  is  celebrated  e^-ery  Sunday  laj 
at  all  other  feativala.  Morning  prayer  is  said  daily  throaghoiit  be 
year,  and  during  Advent  and  Lent  epecial  evcning^  serviveA  are  \idL 

St.Xavier'rCh\;bcu  in  Convent  Slreet^SsdarBux^r,  is  n  «ub«tantii) 
stone  building  in  the  Gothic  (<tvle  built  about  18G5  at  a  C(«t  i 
£]UUU  (Ra.  19,U0<)).  The  entrances  arc  ahelccrcd  by  small  6a(b 
arches.  The  nave  raoasures  70' 6' by  30' 6'  and  the  cdumoel  9(?  )• 
18'  ()".  The  church  has  a  steeple  seventy-one  feet  hig^h  with  two  bdk 
a  gallcrv  at  the  west  end  30'  6'  by  15'  for  bov»  and  sinirpm  wid  i 
harmoniUTn,a  smull  vestry  15'  I'i'ofFthcehnneel,  a  bapl  i 
at  the  aide  entrance,  throo  Gothic  altars  with  utatu^^  i 
and  a  large  stained  gloss  window  in  the  back  wall  of  the 
representing  in  panels  scenes  from  the  life  of  St.  France  1,.-. 
The  church  has  room  for  about  500  people^  the  coagn^itia 
consisting  of  about  40U  European  Eurasian  and  Portugueee  dob 
tradesmen,  and  pensioners.  The  church  has  a  reg^tilar  luomiogW 
evening  service  and  a  double  luoming  Berviee  on  Sundavs.  AttacM 
to  the  cliurch  is  tho  Poona  Conwnt  orphanage  and  day  school  &r 
girls  under  tho  lieligious  Nuns  of  Jesus  and  Mary,  'l^he  buiUiw 
consists  of  three  wings  in  two  storeys  joined  by  an  ang-uW  tower  ui 
a  apparate  day  school.  There  are  thirteen  inmates,  eighty  booidtrs 
fifty  day  scholars,  and  thirty  native  scholars.     r>pj>o«jte  the  ' 

is  St.  'V'iucent's  school  anA  parish  house.  The  buildingH 
Vincent's  inchide  two  dwellings  and  a  large  two-stf 
house  built  about  1S67  at  a  cost  of  i'4000  (Rs.  40,000),  i\ 
a  Govemmrnt  contribution  but  was  mostly  prox-idetl  by  the  Htnaa 
Catholic  Bishop  of  Bombay.  The  school  is  monoged  by  the  Falbefi* 
the  Society  of  Jesus  with  lay  teachers  and  has  2U0  pupils,  EuropcaH 
Eurasians,  Portuguese,  Pirsis,  and  a  few  Hindus  and  MusalmaaL 

Under  St.  Francis  Xavier's  church  is  a  small  chapel  in  the  Otfwl 
liines  for  a  Madras  Christiiin  community  of  over  400.  The  cbiP^ 
is  a  simple  iron  roofed  brick  building-  with  room  for  about  200  pMUt 
A  senice  is  held  on  Sundays.  Attached  to  the  chiipel  is  a  m^ 
school  with  thirty  boys  and  girls. 

Tho  Si  NAOtKiUK,  a  handsome  red-brick  building  with  a  lofty 
and  spire,  is  in  the  south-east  comer  of  suburban  municipal  Umifik,' 
about  450  yards  south  of  the  post-ofBoe.  It  was  built  in  1867  bf 
the  late  Mr.  David  Snssoon.  It  isolofty  church-like  structure  iotk 
iSngliah-Gothie  style,  built  of  red  brick  with  trap  stone  archvoA 
and  window  mullions.  The  body  of  the  interior  is  62'  by  ■^^'  ind 
30*  hitth  to  the  plonked  coiling  with  galleries  on  three  sides  9uppon«' 
on  pillars  which  arc  carried  thmm/h  to  the  ro<rf.     At    thev«i 


)eecftn.j 


POONA 


lend  is  an  ap»e  at  the  end  of  whicK  a  curtain  or  veil  hides  the  recess 
I  where  thft  holy  booka  nre  kept.  The  floor,  which  is  of  polished 
jatonc,  is  fi-ee  from  anything  but  a  few  chaira  and  movable  seuta. 
[At  about  one-third  of  the  length  from  the  apm,  and  in  front  of  it 
lis  a  raised  wooden  platform  surrounded  by  milings  on  which  the 
[officiating  prio»(s  stand.  The  windows  arc  in  small  panes  of  coloured 
[glass.  At  the  east  end  over  the  porch  a  red  brick-tower  90'  high 
'Ofuries  a  clock  and  Ijclla  and  is  Burmouuted  by  a  spiro. 

Among  u  few  trees,  on  a  low  bare  rid^  culled  the  Gul  Tekdi,  about 
half  a  mile  south-east  of  Parvati  hill,  are  two  PArsi  Towkk.s  ok 
SiLENLK,  about  half  a  mile  apart.  Of  the  two  towers  one,  enclosed 
by  a  wall,  was  built  by  Mr.  Sordbji  Ratanji  Patel  on  the  29th  of 
I  April  IvS2o.  Two  fire-places  or  »agriit  are  near  this  tower  and  a 
'  third  is  (July  1884)  being  built.  The  second  tower  was  built  by 
public  subscription  on  the  2Hth  of  April  1835  at  a  cost  of  about 
£507  (Rs.  .5U7o)  luid  was  enclosed  by  a  wall  in  1854.  A  road  has 
lately  been  made  between  the  public  road  leading  to  the  slaughter 
house  and  the  first  Tower.  There  is  no  mado  road  up  the  hill  to 
the  second  Tower. 

The  United  Service  Library  is  in  the  Native  Infantry  Lines  to 
the  north  of  St.  Mary's  church.  It  is  a  plaiu  building  with  five 
rooms  and  a  veranda  all  round.  Of  the  five  rooms  two  (75*  by  25 
and  25'  by  14)  are  large  and  the  other  three  are  side  rooms.  The 
Library  contains  about  Ul.OOCJ  works  and  is  especially  rich  in  worka 
on  India.  It.  takes  twenty  magazines  and  twenty-two  newspapera 
Beventoen  Knglinh  and  five  Angf^Indian.  It  is  open  to  offiocrs  of 
the  Civil  Alilitary  and  Ifaval  Services  and  in  July  1884  had  145 
subscribers  and  an  income  in  1883  of  £491  (Rs.  4010)  realised 
by  subscriptions  at  the  rate  of  £3  (Rs.  30)  a  year,  £\  16«.  (Rs.  18) 
a  half  year,  £1  2».  (Hs.  11)  a  quarter,  and  8«.  (Us.  4)  a  month.* 
In  1800  Poena  had  a  library  called  the  Poona  Station  Library  owned 
by  thirty-two  shareholders.  In  July  1800  Sir  W.  Mansfield  then 
commundcr-in-c-hief  proposed  to  establish  in  Poona  an  institution 
similar  to  the  Royal  United  Sen-ice  Institution,  London.  The  object 
oi  tho  new  institution  was  *  the  formation  of  a  library  containing 
historical  scientific  and  professional  works,  maps,  charts,  and  plans, 
the  delivery  of  lectures,  the  eollection  of  inventions  and  natural 
curiosities,  and,  if  possible,  the  publication  of  a  journal :  the  collection 
of  native  arms  and  a  museum  to  serve  as  a  central  depository 
for  objects  of  professional  and  general  information  and  for  trophies 
and  relics  connecte<l  with  Indian  hiatoiy".'  Tlie  proposal  found 
favour  and  the  institution  was  called  the  United  S<^>rvice  Institution 
of  Western  India.  Tho  shareholders  of  tho  Poono  Station  Library 
banded  over  their  building  and  library  of  about  2000  volumes  aa 
a  nucleus,  and  tho  institution,  whoso  funds  were  vested  in  trustees, 
became  the  property  of  tlie  station.  In  18C7,  after  seven  years* 
experience,  the  institution  was  not  found  to  work  well,  and  at  a 


Chaptsr 
Flacoi. 

PoORl.1 

ObjsotA 


Tov?en<^SHam 


("■*)- 


UmtrH  Sariee 
Lihrarg 


1  The  inoameortbe  library  from  Juiuaryto  Jntw  1884  wa*  Rs.24!H.  Tb«  incoroa 
for  1877  WM  Rs.  43tf4.  for  1878  Ri.  4033.  for  1879  Ri.  3800.  fur  1880  Rn.  3634.  tot 
ISSl  Ka.  4531,  sod  for  188S  Rs.  4730. 


H 


IBomtey 


DISTRICTS. 


rXlV. 
»■■ 

oto. 


■nnU 


t 

7). 


iae 


goncral   meeting  of  subscribers^  it  was  resolved  to   tuo  the  libi 
ouly  as  a  RoaHine   Room  and  to  change  tbo   nazoo  to  the  Vt 
ServiLv    Library  Foonu.     The  musoum  was  sold  by    auci 
committee  of  w!von  was  appointed  to  manage  the  library  _, 
it  to  thu  purpoiica  of  a  Reading  Room,  tho  footing;  on  whit 
works. ^ 

The  ViKAVpi  nARRACU-s,  also  known  as  the  Higbt  Plank  fiarrvb 
from  their  situation  to  the  right  or  south  of  the  inilitAry  cant 
mont,  stand  on  hi^h  ground.  Besides  tho  aergeante  aud  stuif 
European  regiment  tho  barracks  CAn  atx-ommodate  llX^G  rank 
file.  The  burrocks  consist  of  doable  storeyed  blocks  arriLUgrxi  a 
open  order,  bo  that  each  block  gets  a  share  of  the  breozn. 
tmie  to  time  older  buildings  have  been  pulled  don'ii  to  make 
for  the  prestTut  barnnJcs.  The  buitdingH  include  ui^bt  older  bl»>^ 
completed  iu  18GI  of  brick  uud  lime  plastered,  each  to  hold  ailj 
men  uud  two  sergeouta.  On  euch  floor  the  blocks  have  a  bamtt 
room  (lOn'by  2o'tiud  18' high)  uud  aergeunts*  quarters  of  two  rodof 
oach  12'  by  13'.  Both  flours  are  Burrounded  by  enclosed  vcfandii 
eleven  feet  wide  with  windows  ghized  and  veuetiaiicd.  To  thi* 
verandas  the  barrack  rooms  ojien  on  their  longer  aidefl  by  arched  vpts* 
ings  between  pillars  which  carry  tho  floor  or  roof  above.  Six 
blocks  were  completed  in  1872.  They  are  two-«torcycd  of 
masonry  surrounded  on  both  floors  by  open  verandas ;  the  |oi 
with  masonry  arches,  the  upper  with  posts.  Each  block  conti 
on  the  ground  floor  and  on  the  first  floor  two  burruck  rwrnu 
{t*7'  by  24'  end  lb'  high)  with  a  sergeant's  quarters  bctwcnm.  Tbt 
blocks  were  built  accoi'ding  to  tho  sanitary  regulations  nud  standard 
plans  iu  force  at  tho  time.  Except  tho  older  blocks,  which  ban 
wuahroonis  under  tho  same  roof  as  the  barrack  ruoma,  all 
cook-room»,  washrooms,  and  latrines  as  outbuildings.  There 
eight  staff  sergeants'  qiwrtcrs  and  the  patchorrics  or  married  mt 
quarters  hove  room  for  eighty  married  mon.  The  barracks  iniluci 
separate  buildings  forOuard-rooms,  Cells,  Hospital,  Female  IIoii]jitiJt 
Medical  StolFUuarterB,  Armourer's  Shop,  Workshop,  Store,  Caatefl^ 
Sergeants'  Mess,  and  a  Bull  Court  and  a  Skittle  Alley.  These  qui 
have  from  time  to  time  been  built  or  adapted  from  old  ones  ucconli 
to  standard  plans  and  regulations  in  force  at  the  time  by  8uc< 
Executive  Engineers  of  Poona.  The  total  cost  of  tho  hurmeks 
they  stand  is  £151,031  (Rb.15,10,310). 

The  AVei.lesi.ev  Bridge,  1*14  miles  west  of  tho  poet  offitf. 
crosses  tho  Mutho  river  close  above  its  meeting  with  the  ^(ula.  U 
leplaoea  a  wooden  bridge  which  was  built  in  1830  and  called  thi 
■Wellesley  bridge  in  honour  of  General  WellcBley's  conquest  of  tb 
Deccan  in  1803.  In  1^70,  as  it  had  become  unsafe  aud  wus  toa 
narrow  for  tho  tiiiflic,  the  old  bridge  was  pulled  down  and  tlw 
pi-esent  mosoury  bridge  bogun.  It  is  a  substantial  stone  structun 
of  stroug  coursed  masonry  and  consists  of  eight  segmental  uri^  ' 
52i' Bpau,  with  u  rise  of  13'  und  2^'  thickness  of  arch-ring,  cat; 


[Decoftnl 


I 


POONA 


roadway,  28'  wide  at  a  height  of  47'  above  the  deopest  part  of  Iho 
rivor  \hm\,  protected  on  both  aides  by  n  nnat  dreB9«Ni-8tone  paraj>et. 
~t  n-oa  deBigned  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  A.  U.  11.  Fiiuh,  R.E.  Exe- 
cutive Engineer  Poona,  and  built  under  his  suporintcndonco  by  Messrs. 
TVhilw  uiiil  Company  (joutmctors.  It  was  opvntid  for  traflic  in  1873 
,t  It,  ctistof  £11,092  "(Ra.  l,lU,y20).  A  tablet  on  tlic  bridge  bos  the 
following  iuBvription  : 

The  DriKinol  woodon  strQaturo,  named  In  booouroftho  viotoriM 
obMintdin th«  Dsooan  bj-  Major-Oenl.  Arttiur  WsllMley  (iLftorwftrds 
F-  H-thoDuko  of 'WollinKtoD.  R.Q  ),  const ruotod  by  Captain  Bob«rt 
Foster.  Bomt»r  S!iii^n««ri,  at  *oo«t  of  Ba-91,893,uid  opened  la  1S30 
bf  tbA  Honourable  IliAJur-0«nar»l  Sir  John  Haloolm,  O.C.B-.  Oover- 
nor  of  Bombay,  baring  becom*  dtcftrsd  and  unaafo  for  traffic,  w&9 
removed,  and  Che  preaonl  bridgo.  daiignad  and  oonatmoted  by  Oolo> 
nal  A.  tr.  H  Finch,  R,E  .  at  a  coat  of  B».L10,03S.  was  opened  to  the 
publio  in  May  1875  ;  Kin  Bxcclloncy  the  Honourable  Six  Philip 
Wodehou»e,K-C-B. I  Governor  and  President  tn  Counoll' 

The  Yerwua  Central  Jail,  Poona,  intended  for  the  oonfino- 
tuent  of  long-term  and  dangerous  urisouers,  as  well  as  for  relieving 
the  overcrowding  of  the  Hcveral  dititrict  jaiU  throughout  Ihti 
rziisiduucy,  ie  situated  three  and  a  quarter  muos  north  ot  the  poat 
office.  The  present  structure,  built  altogether  by  convict  labour 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Public  Works  Department,  woa  begun 
in  186G  and  finished  in  lH80,  previous  to  which,  and  wliiUt 
under  construction,  the  prisoners  were  located  in  temporary 
barracks  and  tents.  Tlio  outor  wall,  sixteen  feet  high  and  1^  miles 
all  round,  covers  an  area  of  tifly-niue  aca-s.  Within  this  enclosure 
arc  three  circles  or  iu  fact  jails  on  the  radiating  system,  hospital, 
barracks,  cook-house,  dye-house,  European  jail,  separate,  solitary, 
and  dark  cells,  store  rooms  and  ofHoea.  The  jail  has  oeeonunodatiou 
ior  1600  prifioners,  and  during  the  1876-77  famine  held  over  l&OO, 
the  worksliopa  being  then  temporarily  turned  into  dormitoriea. 

At  the  end  of  1HS;3,  911  prisoners  were  confined  in  the  jail,  the 
average  daily  number  during  the  year  being  lOlG  and  the  average 
yearly  cost  of  co<*b  prisoner  being  i'G  ii^t.  (Hs.OS).  The  prisouyrs 
ore  employed  extramurolly  on  the  several  gardens  iu  coimection 
with  the  jail,  and  hii-ed  nut  to  contraclora  for  unskilled  labour,  and 
intramurully  on  the  various  industries  carried  on  in  the  factory, 
chiefly  carpet-making,  coir-work,  cone-work,  carpentry,  french 
polishing,  and  printing.  The  foctory  work  is  well  known  for  its 
fluiwrior  quality  throughout  India  and  olso  in  Europe  and  America. 

The  ortieer  in  charge  is  styled  the  Superintendent,  but  perfonns 
also  the  duties  of  a  medical  officer,  the  apjioiutment  being  now 
invariably  held  by  a  medicjil  man  who  enjoys  a  monthly  salary  of 
£70  (Us.700)  rising  toi,"95  (R8.950).  The  jail  eatabE^ihrnent  consiots 
of  a  jailor,  a  deputy  jailor,  three  European  warders,  one  steward,  two 
clerks,  two  hospital  iwsistants,  and  sixty-four  wanlers  or  peons,  the 
yearly  cost  of  all, exclusive  of  Suiwrintondent,  being  £*2040(Rs.  20.400). 
In  additi(»i  to  the  above  establishment  a  militarj'  guard,  consisting 
of  one  jam£di&r  and  thirty-four  rank  and  iile,  is  always  present  at 
the  jail  to  assist  in  quclUug  emcutes. 

A  school,  insi>er.toii  yearly  by  the  educational  department,  is  kept 
at  the  juil,  one  or  two  educated  men  amongst  the   oouvicta  being 
appointed  teachers.     Urdu,  Mar^thi,  and    Kanarose  and   elementary 
aSflO-^t 


Chapter 
Places. 

Objecta. 


Ttravda  OnlrtU 
Jnil 


[BosibfLj  OtHtkr 


402 


DISTRICTS. 


kpt«r  XTV. 


excrcisefl  in  arithmetic  are  1aag:bt.  The  Foobb  MetccvDlopol 
Obncn-alorj-  isBiluiitfd  nt  Yernvda  in  charge  of  the  Superinlcncbil 
of  the  jail.  Tht^  jiiil  (>»tu1:iliKlinii>nt,  indumvo  uf  tlie  BupehDtefidifll, 
residu  in  quArtom  near  the  juil,  the  Europoatifi  oo  the  bouUi  oriNl 
eidc,  and  tho  notiTci  on  tho  north  or  rear  of  tho  jaU. 

The  luiinc  Poono,  as  ite  Sanskrit  form  Pnn vapur  or  CI^onBor  Aim, 
prohuhly  refers  tu  the  huly  meeting  of  the  Muthii  ojirl  tho  MaUrloa 
to  wliieh  it  is  built.    Ite  rclu^oaBpoHition,  niid  itn  ti-udc  ^ 
of  the  main  appruachee  to  the  Bor  ]>u8b,  murk  Poona  a^  ^       ><  u 

early  ftottlntnent  The  earlient  known  remttinii  in  the  neighbomfaW 
are  the  Shnir  cave  at  BhAmburda  about  one  mile  and  the  ceUi  iatti 
Guncfihkhind  lulls  about  two  milee  to  tho  nortlL-wecct  of  tlw  in 
The  Gune»hkhiud  eelle  are  plain  and  small  and  of  luicertaia  af ; 
the  Dhiimburdu  uivc  is  believed  tu  belong  to  the  sereath  or 
oentury.'  Ai-eonling  to  local  tmdition  in  a.  p.  613  (SM, 
Poona  was  a  hainlet  of  about  Hfleen  hniK  two  of  Drdhmona  all 
rest  of  fishermen  niid  mnsiriann.  At  eot^h  comer  to  ward  offt»1 
were  tho  temples  of  Bahiroba,  ilArnti,  N'ArA3-aneah\-ar  and  Pu 
and  a  Mhasoba>  of  which  the  Mbn^oba  and  the  MAruti  and 
temple  of  Puncehvar,  now  tho  ahrine  of  the  youngor  Shaikh 
remain.  To  the  east  of  Poona  were  (a.d.  61^)  two  email  v' 
Kas.^rli  and  KumbhArli  which  have  been  abdrtrbed  in  the  citv.^ 
A.n.  l'2f)0  (tS'ArtA-  1212)  Pixina  seeraa  to  liavo  bet^n  taken  bv  the 
of  Ala-iid-flin  theKhilji  emperor  of  Delhi  (12^)5-1315).  'f  he  mcnxR 
of  the  Musalman  conquest  Burvives  in  a  local  story  that  ni»a  Mohviis 
and  four  other  Musalman  aucetics  came  to  the  hamlet  and  turmtl  bi 
two  temiiles  of  Puneahvarand  NrtrAyaneBh\iir  into  the  two  Musalmk 
shrinoa  or  dargiihH  (81)  of  tho  elder  and  tho  vounger  Sbiift 
Sallas."  Under  the  Musalmdns,  oocordinf;  to  local  traditiDa,  a 
Arab  officer  and  a  small  force  wore  Btatioued  at  Poona.  Bam  d( 
Arab  commandunt  fortified  the  town  or  kasha  by  a  busticoJ 
mud  wall  with  three  loj'ge  gates,  the  KumbhiLrvoB  on  tho  north,  ib 
Ked^rvefl  on  the  east,  and  the  MAvalves  on  the  west.  The  nihtf'* 
thia  wall,  now  called  Pindhricha  Kot,  remain  and  the  part  uf  the  rilj 
within  its  limits  goes  hy  the  name  of  J  una  Kot  (21).  It  is  ei 
that  only  the  garrison  and  the  MusitlniAn  inhabitants  lived  within  iW 
wall.  The  hereditary  or  nth'iik  and  the  casual  or  ttpri  IlnKa. 
land-holders   traders    and   Br^hmana  lived   oataide    of    the 


1  Lord  VaI«ntiB'a{)80,l)<%Il<^ctioaof  Voaaa.  Bgatu  |TrftTe]s.II.  113}  ami  tlieuttM 
of  sgatea    a&i]    cliKlcedntiii^  whicli  m»y  atill  Iw  fuuml   ncnr  Uaiienhkhiud  tne/^ 
that  PiKimt  may   tw   Pti^lcmy's   (a.d.  1.V>)  PunuiU  iu  wLich  ore   htrrylM  to  tu** 
pwbftpa  ti.>  dittineuiab   it  (n<iQ  tlie  other  PutmaU  or   Punu&tu  whtrli  Mr.  Ric*  W , 
<)iBeoT«reili»  theMaiour.SlatP  |Iitd.  Ant.  XII.  l3;86wdrB8out)iern  imliA  bvDtft^ 
8(1],     It  IB  worthy  of  note  that  Pooo*  tppekra  u  Panxtu,  jiIimiHt    tliit  ^im'  "  *  I 
Ptol(?my,  in  tbu  map  of  Uie  aconnvto  KnsiiBh  travcUur  Fryer  {Iti73  -  Ili76).     Tbt'* 
hdtli  caie*  Reem*  to  rtipruseut  tli«  nosnlc  which  aurvivt-s  u  «  wttmltcr  turn  a  ^j 
sj>clliiig  Poon*.  ! 

■  Alt  IU6  itLoiio   or  gdtUiav  dagiid  which  still  remainfl  is  Boid  to  mark  the  honi#a  'j 
tliu  tlirei:  liaiiilc-tH.     A  |ir<<uf  tliKt  Piii>d»  includM  three  Bvparato  vilU^cn  r«mjuiiMaitt*  ' 
facrt  that  there  are  three  fiiiiiiltea  of  ^atit-enjoyiiif;  Mbirs.     Of  tb«;  ttiree  •'i^jX^*' 
%-illAgc  olficoa  ukU  thrfto  Bahirubte  or  village  {{tiftr<iiaii«  two  ehdrUu  and  two  Bah^cUi 
rvm&iQ, 

>  Thrae  ahrioca  are  duonbed  sbovo  pp.  343-344.     They  have  stiU  many  taHM'' 
their  Hindu  orijfiu.  *  ' 


Fta 


POONA 


*oona  proBpertyd  and  grew.     Four  new  wards  or  pet.kji  were  added, 
fo   to   the  south  Mohiynbnd  now  called  Bndhvfir  and  Bfalkapur 
low  culled  Aditviir.  one  to  the  cast  Astnpuro  now  called  Muugah*!ir 
hnd  one  tot  he  west  Murcbudiibud  now  culled  Shunvdr.  In  1-j')-j  king 
Bahddur  Nixini  II.  (loiHJ-IoDi))  ennobled  a  Mariitha  namwl  Maloji 
^JDhonsIa  the   grandfather  of  Shiviji  the   Great  uad  gave  him   the 
estates  of  Poona  and  Supa  with  the  forta  und  dUtncU  of   Hhirner 
^tod  CluUcan.     In  1620  iLe  town  suffered  much  from  tho  exactiona 
■   of  Siddhi  YAkutrdy  tho  Poona  commandant  of    the  Ahmodnogar 
j^jninistcr  MalJk  Ambar  {1607-1626}.  Many  people  left  and  ufew  years 
Hlaler  ( IG29  -  1G30) '   the  town  was  for  three  years  wasted  by  famine. 
Hin    ltj30    Murdr  Jagdevrav,  the  mioistcr  of  Mdhmud  the  seventh 
I^Sijopur  king  (l(>2ti- 1050),  while  eugugi^  in  the  pursuit  of  Shah^tji, 
m    burnt   Poona,  throw  do>^'n  the   walls,   passed  on  ass-drawn  plough 
along  the  foundations,  and  fixed  in  tho  ground  an  iron   rod  as  a  sign 
{that  the  place  was  ai'^oursed  and  desolate.     The  effect  of  the  curse 
did  not  h«t  long.      In  ItiJJo  the  same  JlAhmud  of  Bijiipur,  on  the 
;<x:ca8ion  uf  his   entering    the  BijApur   service,  confirmed   fihiihiiji 
Bhunsla  the  son  of  MAIoji  Bhonsla  and  the  father  of  Shivaji  in  his 
i  father's  estates  of  Poona  uud  Supa.      Shtihiiji  madi-  Poona  Uie  head- 
louarters  of  his  territory  and  appointed  a  ]5ecean  Brahman   named 
!  liidAy  Kondadev  to  manage  it  irum  Poona.    Under  DiUl&ji  the  place 
flourished.     The  land  rents  were  lowered  and  the  unsettle*!  hill  people 
were  employed  as  guards  and  messengers  and  to  destroy  tho  wolves 
by  which    the   country   round   Poona   was   then   overrun.-   DwlAji 
appointud  one  Malthankar  to  be  commandant  of  Poona.  To  remove 
Hur^r  Jugdevrav's  curse   (lO-iO)   MuUhutikur  pulk-d  out  the   iron 
rod,  passed  a  golden  plough   along  the  Uuo  of  the  fortifications, 
held  a  ahiinli  or  peacx^making  tu  drive  away  the  evil  .spirits,  and 
rebuilt   tho  wall.'    Settlers  were   granted    Imid   free  of  rent  for  five 
years  and  with  only  a  tnukha  rent  in  the  sixth  year.     At  the  same 
time  on  the  southern  limit  of  tho  town  DiVifiji  built  a  large  mansion 
called    the    Ldl    Mahdl   (I)*    or    Hod    Palaoe    for    Shdhaji'ft   wife 
Jiiibai  and   her  son  Shiv^Sji.  Jijibdi  also  built  tho  temple  of  (junpati 
which   is  now  called  tho   Kasba   Ganiiali   (12).     In  1G47  Daddji 
Kondadev  died   and    ShJvdji   took   charge   of  his  father's   Poona 
estates,  including  the  city.     In   1662,  to  punish  raids  on  Moghal 
territory     close     to    Aurongabad,     Sh^iato     Khdn     the     Moghal 
governor  advanced   from    Aarangabiid  with  a  great  force  towanls 
Poona  and  Chakan,  and  Shiviji,  who  was  in  Sup»,  retired  to  Sinhgad  ; 
*Supa  foil,  and  in  spite  of  much  annoyance  from  Shivaji's  horse,   th© 
Husahuaus  pressed  on  and  took  Poona.^     Shaiste  Khdji  took  Chdkaa 
fort,    eighteen    miles   north  of   Poona,  uud  several    other    Poona 
aironghulds,  and  in  1663  came  to  live  in  Poona  in  the  Ldl  Mahal, 
Shivd^ji's  home.^    In  spite  of  the  precaudona  which  had  been  taken. 


Chapter  Zl 
PUcei- 

POOKA. 


^  This  wu  the  1629-30  (ftiuin«.  Compkro  Klpbiusttnio'i  Biatory,  fi07  ;  BUiot  sad 
DowioD.  VU.  24-25. 

*  Kiut  In<lui  Papun,  IV.  420.  *  X.  V\  JmIii'i  MarAUii  Acciiant  ot  Poona,  8. 

*  Tbo   Lll  MnhAl  qdw  c&Mwl   AmtMu-khArui  (I)  <ui  tbo   Pushwn'*  elcpbout  caaopiiw 
«r  an)()drw  were  kept  tliuro,  it  itlll  in  repair.     See  above  p.  331 

*  KUiot  uiU  Dowaor.  VII .  201  ■■2&1. 

*  8h&iet«  Kbio  eettled  Uie  SUt«te|mni  Peth  now  called  jiangotviir  P«th.     Soc- 
aboTc  p.  374. 


[BtnteyOMMM 


404 


DISTRICTS. 


ipter  XIV. 
Flac«8- 

FOOITA. 

iriiCory. 


to  prevent  armed  ManlthAii  entering  Poona  ShivAji  dctensiDBl  H 
8urprifte  the  Mof^hals.     He  Bont  two  Bnlhtnons  in   MTsnce  to 
prt'ptfratious.     One  evening  in  April  a  iirtlu   K-foro  •unsr-t  ' 
wt  uut  frum  Sinhgad  wtlli    a  cotisidcrublu   budy   of    fi>o4 
Thew)  he  posted  in  small  parties  alun^  the   road  and   took 
to  I'uona  two  of  his  must  tnistud  men  T^^ji    Maluare  anl 
Kank   and   fifteen   Mdvlia.      The   BriLhiujuis    hod    won   ovi^r 
MarAthAs  in  ShlListe  Kh^n'aeraploy  who  arrHnpt^fl  that  two  parta 
Mardth^e  should  enter  the  town,  ono  ns  if  a  wi^tidtng^  party  tbe 
as  if  bringing  prisonern,  and  I  hut  Shiriiji  and  hia  tWL'ntV'fiva 
yam   in   with   them.     ShivAji's   party  passed    &tifi.-Iy,    put 
armoar^  and,  at  the  dead  of  night,  by  eccrot   ways  reaehixl  S 
KhAn'a  house  which  Shivdji  well  knew.     Thoy  entered   throo^  « 
LOok-huuau,  killed  the  cooks,  and  as  they   were  rutting  ihruoffh 
built-up  window,  thealarm   whs  raisc^i.     Three  of  the  M^vUit'rW 
theinHelses  into  Sh^ifito  Khiln'H  nwm,  but  two  feU   into  a  n«ti:^- 
wator  and  the  thtnl,  though  he  cut  otl'  Sh^iMte   Khiln's  thu 
killed  by  his  ^ix-ar.     Two  slave  girls  dragged   Shdiato  K 
place  of  Nifety.'      The  Munitb^  killed  many  of  his  l'oUowi*r»,  col 
pieeca  aomo  of  the  women,  and  cut  otf  the  head  of  on  old  moa 
they  look  for  Shaiste  Khan.     Tho  kettledrums  beat  an  al 
the     Manltbae    retired,    lighting  torches  and   burning  bo 
they  went  up  Sinhgad  in  derision  of   the  Moglialn.^      T^ter  in 
Bume  year  Sliivjiji  came  to  Poona  to  hear  a  kat/tn    or   ainig  lena* 
by  the  V&ni  auint  Tukfiram  and    narrowly  cscaxx-d    being  ttta 

iirisoner  by  the    gurrison   of  Ch/ikan.'    In  1tiG2,  Sh^Aji  mii) 
*oona  to  visit  Shivaji,  who  was  then  thirty-live    vcars  old  a>i  ; 
great  power.     Shiv^ji  omitted  no  meana  of  showing  fiis  futber  n-- 
lie  walked  several  milca  before  his  palanquin,  attended  hiiii  w 
Bcn-ant,  and  refused  to  be  seated  in  hi»  pre«enco.*     In    Ititio  the  p^ 
Moghal  Wccroy  Jaysing  came  to  I'oona,  arranged    ita   afiatn.  <tf 
spread  hie  forces  over  the   country.'     In    I6ti7,  after  hia  fojo* 
OSCftpc  from  Delhi,  Sluvdji  obtuined  from  Auraugzeb  the  title  uf  I 
androona  Chukan  and  Su{>u  were  reatorL-d  to  him.*      In  ltJ74 
transfer  of  Shivnii'e  hcwi-quarters  to  Raygad  bill  in  Kol&ba  rvd> 
the  importuueti  oi  Poona.     About   1675   Poona  appt^ars   o£  Pi 
in  Fryer's  map.'    In    1679   Puona  was  in  ehnrgo  of  >laro  Shsoi 
SftchlT  one  of  ShivAji's  eight  ministers.*    Shivaji  died  in  llW<>. 
1685  AurangEob  sent  a  nohin  named  Kaknd  Khiin  to  Ponna  nkoj 
remembered  as  having  introduced  ihe  unpopular  order  of  oblii 
people  to  recognize  Golak  or  bastard  Crdhmana  aa  familv  prie 
ttjKtdftffdg.     The  town  people  in  desjtair  arc  said  to  haveVppeaW* 
the  gods  but  the  gods  upheld  K^kad  EhAn  and  iho  busionU.*  I> 
1688,accordingto  local  triidition,Aurungzeb,  findingtbattheMufialiB^ 
words  were  deserted  and  overgrown  with  trees,  sent  one  MohanUll> 


1  Tliia  is  KhAfi  Kh&a'i  nooonnt  in  Elliulsiwl  DovrBno,  Til.  270-271.       At 
Oruit  Duff  (MarAUiia,  86)  ShAiito  Khaa's  tiagers  wpn  cnt  off  u  h«  wm 
liUB*«lf  oot  of  a  wiodw.  )  Klliot  ami  l>o«r&<in,  \TI.  '270-27I.  ^ 

•  <lr«nt  DnfTi  Manlthli,  80.      Acoording  to  the  M^u-AtliiU,   Sbivaji  cmned  bf  ^ 
h«lp  nl  VitholM  of  PontUiAqtur.  *  (Jrant  l>aff*«  ManUhi|&  b\ 

■  (inut  DadTi  MarkthAs,  VS.     •  Onmt  Dur»  MvaUiI*.  99, 99.    ^  Hww  AmobA* 

>  Martthi  Aeoooat,  li.  »  MwUlu  Auvvunt,  11. 


saettle  the  town.  l^^ohAnUl  died  while  attcmptinf?  to  rcfltore  the  town 
id  Aumngzeb  in  his  hunour  called  tho  town  Mohiyabad.  Abuut 
17U;i  Auranjjzeb  ent-omiK'd  with  his  army  for  u  iiiouth  in  a  jujube  or 
m  bor  grovo*  south  of  I'uouu  and  (k.'llled  a  uew  ward  L-alled  Muhiynbad 
^Plieur  the  grave  of  MohouUl,^  lu  17U7  Lodikhan,  commandant  of 
^BpooDu,  was  defeated  by  Dhiin^ji  Jadhav  tlie  general  of  T^rabai  the 
Bsunt  of  Shiihu.'  In  1708  Sh&hu  was  eHtablishMl  at  Siitilra, 
^■vhile  Poona  remained  under  the  Moghals,  Shahu  claiming  the 
w^ehaut/t  and  nanifishmuiihi  rights  over  it.  Shiihu's  rcpresontativu  at 
f  Poona  wa8  BdUiji  Vishvanilth,  afterwards  tlio  first  Pcshwa,  and  the 
,  Moglml  ofhcor  was  a  Manltha  named  Uatubhaji  ^iimhalkai'.  Under 
g  thin  double  government,  which  lasted  till  1720, 1'oona  sulTered  severely 
^  and  the  city  waa  once  plundered  by  the  Nimbdikiir'a  orders.^  In 
^P1720  the  double  guvemmeni  ceased  as,  under  the  Delhi  horae-nile 
^  grunU  Poona  became  one  of  Sh&hu's  «)Xteen  svartijya  districts.  In 
,.  1721  Balaji  dicnl  and  was  succeeded  as  Pcahwa  by  his  son  Bajirdv, 
,1     who  appomted  one  Bapuji  Shripat  to  bo  manager  or  subfieddr  of 

»  Poona.  Bnpuji  persuaded  many  merchants  to  settle  in  Poona.^  In 
1728  the  old  eity  wall  on.  the  river  bank  was  pulled  duwu  and  sites 
for  mansions  allowed  to  the  Puraudharo  and  Chitnis  families,  and, 
between  1729  nud  1736,  the  Shonvar  palace  (32)  was  built  near  tho 
Miivalvea.  In  1731  B^jir&v  remained  at  Poona  and  eni])loyed 
himself  in  improving  the  internal  management  of  Murdtha  affairs, 
k  lie  rontinued  at  Poona  Dabhade  Sen^poti's  practice  of  feeding  some 
V  thousands  of  Briihmana  for  several  days.  lie  also  gave  sums  of 
.  money  to  the  aasembU-d  religions  doctors  styled  ShAstris  and  Voidiks. 
L  The  festival  was  continued  by  his  Buc<.x;ssurs  and  waa  known  by  the 
Huuiue  of  dalrehina  or  money  gift^i.^  Of  minor  city  works  belonging 
Bto  the  time  of  Bajirav  Peshwa  (I720-174U)  the  chief  arc  the  temple 
Bof  Omk^rcshvar  (23)  begun  at  bis  private  expense  by  Bdjir^v's  brother 
BChimniiji  Appa,  tho  temple  of  Amrileshvar  (2)  built  by  hla  sister 
BjBhiubjii,  and  a  pigeon  house. 

B  In  1739  Captam  Gordon,  a  British  envoy  i<>  SAtAra,  perhaps 
the  fir«t  Kuropeam  who  visitoJ  ^oona,  found  the  distrTcts  round 
Piwna  Nourishing.  The  rent  of  laud  was  low  and  husbandmen 
Kwero  drawn  from  other  parts  of  the  country.  In  and  near  Poona 
Bwere  many  signs  of  prosperity.  The  crowded  streets  were  lined 
with  handsome  houses.  In  n  large  foundr-y  was  the  form  of  a  thirtecn- 
inch  mortur  and  considerable  progress  had  been  made  in  the  ort 
of  running  iron  for  shot  and  easting  shell  small  cohoms  and  great 
guns.  Weavers  wei-e  encouraged  and  the  produce  of  the  Poona  looms 
was  sent  to  varioua  parts  of  India  and  in  large  quantities  to  Bombay. 
Poona  was  emphatically  the  city  of  tho  Peshwoa,  rising  with  them 
and  growing  with  their  growth.'    In  1740  BAjinlv  was  succetKled  by 


Chapter 
FUcei 

PUOKA. 
liutorff. 


J739. 


1  Tbe  JQJab«  grov«  was  on  the  Bite  of  tho  prMwnt  Bha\-^i  wanl. 
'  MKrtthi  Artmant,  l.V  Accordtoc  to  K.b4Q  Khin  {KlUotaai  LHiWKin.  VII.S73]tb« 
Fotb  WM  callo'l  »fU-r  Muliiu  I-MuIk  the  grnnclson  of  Anraniirub  who  died  ftb  I'oooa. 

*  OrKDt  DiitTA  MnrAthds,  185.        *  Mnr&ilii  Account,  16.  8e«  Part  II.  t>.  241. 

•  Miinithi  Ai'ooiint,  IS, 

■  Oruit  lhitr»  MarAthAs,  225.     Detaila  are  given  above  pp.  48,  62.64. 
'  BomUy;QQartcrly  lUview,  IV.  9&. 


OottUyi 


406 


DISTEIOTS. 


ipterHV. 
FlEces- 

Uittory. 


his  Mm  BiU^ii  (1740-1761).  In  1741.  on  the  deoth  of  bn  nooi 
Chimniiji,  Balaji  Hjx;nt  nearly  a  vpar  in  iiuprovinje  the  civil 
trittioQ  of  I'lxiiDi.  From  thJH  till  i74o,  a  pcrioa  of  nstisual  iic«t|| 
Biiliiji  couHod  marked  improvement  in  the  country.*  Ip  1749  Sbilaj 
the  KAja  of  SAtjJrn  died.  Bpfore  his  death  BAlAji  had  oblalut^  a' 
cmpoyfring  Inm  io  maoago  the  MarAtha  empire.  In  I  TOO  he  c 
to  Pouuu  whith  waa  now  the  capjtiJ  of  the  Jtar^lha  empin?.'  Al 
this  time  (he  French  missionary  Tie ffl*nt holer  describes  P<jom 
the  <*upiial  of  ii  ilurilthu  prince  uf  the  Ilnihman  caAte.  The 
•wos  well  p<topled  and  lh<f  houses  were  built  mrtly  of  brick  and 
of  mud.  The  head  of  the  f^oveminent  lived  in  a  fortress  ram 
by  walls.'  In  17<^1  as  I)umRJi  OAikw&r  rcdfuaed  to  comply 
B&Uji's  dcTonnds  he  wee  surrounded  and  mode  prisoner  anakspta 
conmiemciit  in  Poona  city  till  1754.*  In  175G  Mr.  John  SpenorTtii 
Wr.  Thomjis  IJvfiuld,  mciubcra  ui'  the  Hoinbuy  Gounrll,  came  to  Pooca 
mid  liad^a  long  interview  with  Bdlaji  I'tsbw^a."  In  17.^7  Anqwii 
Du  Perron,  the  Fivnch  scholar  and  traveller,  mentiona  Poona  ulk 
union  of  four  or  five  villuges  in  a  plnin  with  a  common  market  tsi 
Bome  ono-storeyed  housoa.  It  vtoR  strictly  a  groat  camp  of  hnt«  oti 
was  the  actual  capital  of  the  MarAthiis  and  fairly  prospcroos.  ~ 
market  a  brood  street  crossed  tlio  town,  from  end  to  end.  In  it 
all  the  nierchuudise  uf  Asia  iiud  purl  of  the  ^ooflH  of  Europe 
the  English  sent  from  Bombay  four  or  five  days  <lietunt.  The 
were  used  by  the  MusalniAns  rather  than  by  the  JUarathis.] 
Hardth^  had  £cw  wonts.  A  piece  of  red  cloth  for  the  head, 
white  cloth  for  the  waist,  a  third  ns  a  scarf,  and  some  vonlB 
for  winter.  This  was  the  dress  of  the  richest.  Their  usual  fo" 
rice  and  pulse  mixed  with  butter.  If  the  Mar^thii«  won-  tiU-i 
Eiirojieuii  trade  with  India  would  perish.  But  the  softness  and  lul 
of  the  Sloors  more  than  makes  up  for  the  bare  fniTalitv  ot 
lluriilhiis.  In  the  market  were  many  runaway  Europeans, 
many  of  the  strecta  there  waa  not  one  house  worthy  of  notice 
much  6tublinj<  and  forage.*  In  17U1  Bdlllji  Peshwa  died  at  I*arvstii 
Poena  crushed  by  the  niin  of  P^put.^  In  Bdldji's  reign  the  F 
lake  waHniudc.thecity  walls  were  begun,  and  the  temples  of  "SAai 
and  Tulsibiifj  were  finished.*  In  1763  IS'izam  Ali  of  Ilaidar 
plundert^l  Poona  taking  much  property  and  destroying  uud  biinii^l 
all  houses  which  were  not  ransomed.*  In  1764  Peshwa  3H;ldluiTnil 
(I7B1  - 1 772)  (WHembled  a  large  army  at  Poona  to  act  against  llu^j 
Ali  of  Maisur  (17G3  -  1782)."  In  1768  Mr.  Mostyn  came  to  PcxaJ 
as  envoy  from  the  Bombay  Government  to  try  and 
asauranie  that  the  Pcahwa  should  not  join  in  uUiancc  with  -_ 
and  the  JNi^idm,  but  Madhavrav  refused  to  give  the  assurance 
told  Mr.  Moslj-n  that  he  would  be  guided  by  circtunstunoee.'^ 
In  1768  MAdhavrAv  surprised  Kagbundthrav's  army  near  D 


>  Gimob  I>ar«  M«riUiis,  SM.  >  Gnnt  DatTs  M»rAt))^,  270. 

'  UeKhption  Uistori<)ae  at  Ueoi^phiqao,  I.  484.    *  Gnmt  DutTa  MirdUii*.  274, 
•  Onuit  T)u(re  MardthAa,  3(M-^&.  *  Zend  AvesU,  I.  wx3.vii..«;iAixr' 

T  Ora;it  Hud'o  Mw^UiAa,  320.  "  Uuithi  DescnptioQ,  34  -  42 

*0nuitL>iiirsM«rith4»,  328:    KMtwtt^'i  KAuantdma,  TO;  WiILa' SouUi  (rfi»i»| 


461. 


>'  UrODt  Dure  MjtrdlhA^  390.  "  Scv  Fut  U.  p,  S&3L 


X>eccui-1 


POONA. 


in  Nt^fiik  and  confined  Iiitn  in  Poona  in  the  Penliwa's  palace.^  In 
17()!)  Jditoji  Uhoni^lu  of  iierur  wLu  Hup(>ort«xl  Kugliuuiilhruv  begun 
to  plundui'  Uic  oouutry  on  tJie  wuy  to  Pooua.  After  Poona  was 
destroyed  bv  KizAm  Ali  in  1 7f>3  MoiUiavniv  proposed  to  surround 
It  wilK  B  wuil.  Thia  design  waa  abandoned  on  the  ground  that  no 
fortified  plain  city  could  ever  be  a»  safe  oa  Sinhgad  and  Piu'andhar. 
On  Jiinnji's  approach  the  people  of  Poona  sent  off  their  property,  and 
as  no  slepB  were  taken  to  stop  the  plundering  Jlrtdhavrdv  wus  forced 
to  make  a  treaty  with  Janoji.'  In  1772  the  Court  of  I>irector8 
ordered  that  a  reai<lont  envoy  elionld  be  appointed  at  Poona  and 
^  Mr.  Mostyn  came  to  live  in  Poona  oe  British  envoy.'  Mddhavrdv 
Feehwa  died  on  the  18th  of  Nov.  1772  and  waa  Bucceedc<l  early  in 
Decpmlxfr  by  his  younger  brother  NArAyanriv  who  was  munlei-e^  on 

*the3(.tth  of  Aug.  1773.     That  moniing  a  tx>nimotion  broke  out  among 
the  Pcshwa's  regular  infantry  at  Poonn.  Towanlsnoon  Ihedwlurbonee 
BO  greatly  increased  that,  before  going  to  dine,  Narjlyuurav  told 
Uarijmut  Phadke  to  restore  order,  llaripuut  negleetodhisinstructions, 
and   in  the   afternoon   N&rayaur^v,  who  hod   retii*ed   to  rest,    waa 
awakened  by  a  tumult  in  the  pulauc  where  a  large  body  of  infantry, 
led  by  two   men  named   Sumersing  and  Muhammad  Tusuf,  wero 
'    demanding  arrears  of  pay.     Kharaksing.  who  commanded  the  pulaoo 
•  guard,  joined  the  rioters.     Insteml  of  enti?ring  by  the  open  main  gate, 
!    they  made  their  way  through  an  unfinished  door  on  the  east,  which, 
together  with  tho  wall  round  the  puiacc,  had  shortly  boforo  been 
pulled  down  to  make    ou  cntrauoo  distinct   from  the  entrnniM;  to 
'    RagUunathrAv'a   quarters.      On  starting  from    sleep   Ndniyanriv, 
I    closely  pursued  by  Suraersing,  ran  to  his  uncle's  room.     Ho  threw 
hini-'ielf   into  his   uncle's  arms,    and  called  on    him  to  save   him. 
HaghumithrAv  begged  Sumeraing  to  spare  his  life.     *  I   have    not 
cone  thus  far  to  ensure  my  own  destruction '  replied  Sumersiug ; 
'let  him  go,  or  you  shall  die  with  him.'     Raghunlithrdv  disengaged 
iuiseU  and   got  out  ou   the   tornioe.       NAniyanniv    attempted    to 
Uow    hiiu,    but   Tralia    PovAr,    ou    armed    Mardtha    servant   of 
^hunathrav's,  seized  him  bv  the  leg  and  pulled  him  down.      As 
ftroyanrftv  fell,  Chnpaji  Tilekar,  one  of  his   own  servants  i^amc  in, 
ind  though  unarmed  ruflhwl  to  his  master.      X.-irayaiirav   clasped 
his  anne  round  Clutpiiji's  neik,  and  SumersJng  and  Tralia  slow  them 
both  with  their  swords.      Mt^anwhilo  the  conspirators  secured  tho 
hole  of  the  outer  wall  of  the  palace.      The  tumult  passed  to  the 
ity,  armed  men  thronged  the  streets,  the  shops  were  shut,  and  tho 
ownsmen  ran  to  and  fro  in  consternation.     Sokhdram  B^pu  went  to 
e  police  superintendent's  ofliccand  there  heard  that  Kaghuniithrar 
liad  sent  assurances  to  the  people  thai  all  waa  quiet,      Sakhar.'im 
Bdpu  directed   IlariiNml  Phadke  to  writo  a  note  to  RaghimAthrAv. 
Raghunathrdv  answered  telling  him  that  some  soldiers  had  murdered 
his    nephew.       Iluripant    declared    that    Raghundthrdv    was    the 
murderer  and  Bed  to  Bdriimati,     UokhdrJim  Bapu  told  the  people  to 
go  to  their  homes  uud  that  no  one  would  harm  them.    Ou  that  night 
Bajaba  Purandhare  and  Maluji  Ghorpade  had  ou  interview    with 


1  Gzmnt  DaJTi  Mftrtfthte.  340.  *  Crant  PuITb  MftrAtlite,  341  -Ui. 

'  Gnat  Dari  Multhis,  371. 


IBomterOiMttM 


408 


DISTRICTS. 


)terXIV- 

PlftOM- 


Rapbunrfihriiv,  nnd  Trimbnlcriv  Mfima  bore  ofl'NArAynnnlv'iW 
antT burnt,  it.     Visitors  wort   rc-rcivud  at  the  palooc.      Mr.  ili*i 
thi>  Ku)^lJtiU  envoy,  uud  tlie  (litfereut  nguitt^,  paul   \\u±\t  nwpiKti^  W 
Itugliutuithr^r  remained  iu  uoafinement,  ilotuinod,    as  wjie  Hpd,  W 
the  cotiApirators^  an  aaecurity  for  tbe  payment   of    thvir   arnaa 
Kiighunjllbriiv  was  mispertod,   but  thore  was   no   proof.      He  « 
kiiuwu   to  have   lovt-d  his  nophow.  and   the   niiniatore  decided  t^ 
until  the  coutrary  was  proved,  UoghuniithrAv   shoulil    be   h«M  iiiS* 
pent  and   Ik  ui-ix.'plcd   aa  the  uew  iV^hwa.      KAin  Sh4i«tri  apprnid 
of  thia  deciniun.     At  tlw  same  timo  he  madu  oloae    inqairioa.     A^ 
aboat  six  weelca  be  found  a  paper  from  UuffhunAthn&v  to  SutDcmf 
giving  him  antbority  to  alay  Nilra\*nnnlv.  Rrim  Shflatri  ahomd  tii 
paper  to   UnghuuAthrfLv,   who  admitt*:'d  that  ho  hud  given 
but  perBisIwi    that    his  order  waa   to  seize  Xtiriyani-dv,   i; 
him.       Kxuminat  ion    of    the     paper     eon  Hrmed      Ha^huuatli 
etat«meiit  showing  that  the  word  dkardvc  aci/e   bod   beon  duir . 
to  tniinitM  kill.      This   chaiigt*,    it    was    gvuerally     bcliorrd,  «* 
the  work  of  AnandibfU  Hagbunathrav*g  wife.     It  woa  also  bi-Itf^ 
that  it  waa  under  her  ordera  that  the  aenront    Tralia  Povar  W 
tnken  ])ort  in  Nflr&ynnr&v's  murder.  When  Ra^himathMT  oaaita^ 
hia     share    in    N&r&j'anrfiv's     murder,    be    aaked     RAm    SU^ 
what  aitmcment  he  eould  make.     '  Tbe  sacrifice  of  your  life,*  \. 
replied    the  Shaalri,  *  is  the  only  atoneiueut/    The   Sh^tri  r 
to  stay  in  Poona  if  Raghundthntv  was  at  the  head   of  atfoin^  Wo 
the  city,  and  spent  the  reet  of  bis  life  in     retin  inent    near    Wa 
Meanwhile  the  arrears  of  pay  wore   diacbargod,  Unghun/ithra*  * 
released, uud  his  adopted  son  AraritrAv,utlended  by  HujiihuPuramiiir. 
wna  i*eut   to  Sutiira  to  bring  the  robes  of  office.     Knghiinathriv  « 

Jrocluinied    Pesbwa.       IXuidar    Ali    of    Muiisiir  aud    Xi/.nr 
[uidui'abud  lost  little  time  in  taking  odvuuluge  of  thf^  distil;  i  . 
poona.'     Raghun^lhrav  left  Poomi  resolved  to  oppose  Nir.am  Ahitf 
cripple  his  power.    Meanwhile  the  Poona  niinistera  sent  (Juu 
pregnant  wife  of  NArtiyanrAv  to  Purandbar  and  began  to 
ber  name.     Xegotiatioas  were  opened  with  Niz^m  Ali    and 
Hhonfila  both  of  whom  agreed   to  support  OangdbAi,   and  % 
spread    intrigue  in  Uagbuniithrdv'a    camp  was  organised. 
KitghuiifitbrAv  lu-ard   of  the  revolt  in  Poona,  he   be^an   to 
towards  the  city.     Hnripant  Phadke  t^ime  from  Poona  to  ine«t  bi 
tbe  head  of  a  divisiuo.     On  the  4th    of  March    177(    Itaffbuniitliri' 
met     and     defeated      the     ministers'      troona     near      PondhurTtf 
under  TrimbukrAv    Mama     The  news   of   tbis  defeat    filled  Va» 
with     alarm.       The      people     paekud    their     property    and    M 
for     safety    to    the     villages    and     hill     forts."       In'    177ti    d» 
impostor  Sadolm,  who  gave  bim»elf  out  as  SmlAahiv  CbiTna&ji  wfc* 
had     died    at    Piinipat,    was    earned    by    Angria   a      prisoner  * 
Poona,  where  he  wud  bound  to  the  foot  of  an  eU-phant  and    trum})U 
to  death.'      In    1777  an  ogontof  Franco  was  received  at  Poona 
distinction,,  and   the  British   envoy   Mr.   Mostvn  was    trea 
Btudi&d  coldness.      In    Mureh    1777  aeveral    f'rcnthmeu 


>annt  DoTs  llartthAJi,  3^8.  ^Orut  Dur^  Muitlite,  807.968L 

'  Omit  IhifTa  Mw&thds,  397  -31K). 


'held  to  Poona  and  early  in  May  1777  one  of  them  St.  Lubin  was 
received  in  }'oona  os  ou  ambaseadoi-  from  Franco.^  In  1781  on  the 
upproacU  of  (ieuemi  Goddard  Pooiia  houses  were  filled  with  etruw 
and  preparations  made  for  taking  the  people  to  SatAra.*  In  1780 
ut  Kiina  Fadnavis*  desire  Mr,  Charles  Jialet  was  ehospn  to  be  British 
resident  at  Poona,"  Abnnt  this  time  Major  Rennell  deseribes  Poona 
Oft  meanly  built,  not  large  and  defenceleas.  In  case  of  invasion 
the  officers  retired  to  Purandliar  ciffhteea  mile^  to  the  south-east 
where  the  Government  reeords  were  kept  and  where  many  of  tho 
chief  officers  usually  lived.  This  arranj;ement  in  UenneU's  opinion 
greatly  added  to  the  Btrt^ngth  of  th«  Peshwa  as  ho  was  free  from 
the  encmnhronce  of  a  f^reat  capital.^  On  the  1st  of  Juno  1790  a 
treaty  was  concluded  at  Poona  for  the  suppression  of  Tipii  between 
llr.  Mnlot  on  the  part  of  the  Corapuny  and  Ndna  Fodnavis  on  the 
part  of  tho  Peshwa  and  Kiziim  Ali.^  In  August  1791  there  was  a 
curious  outbreak  of  luwles^neas  at  Poona.  A  party  of  merry 
Briihuiaim  had  separated  rather  late  at  night.  Thirty-tour  of  thum 
reniainiiif*  in  the  streets  after  the  6ring  of  the  BhAmburda  gun,* 
wen>  t;iken  up  by  the  police  and  placed  in  confinement.  In  the 
nioniing  twenty-one  of  them  were  found  dead  and  the  rest  scarcely 
olive.  Tho  popular  elatuour  grew  great  against  the  police  superin- 
tendent or  kotcdl  one  Gbdshiram,  a  Kunoja  Brahman  of  Aurangabad 
whom  Kdna  Fiulna\-iB  had  raised  at  the  coat  of  his  daughter's 
honour.  Though  Gh^ahirAm  did  not  even  know  of  their  imprison- 
ment until  tlie  morning  when  the  catastrophe  ocrurred,  popular 
indignation  rose  to  such  a  pitch  that  Oh^tshiram  sought  refuge  in  the 
"^I'fthwa's  palace.  Tho  Peshwa,  yielding  to  his  fears,  gave  up  the 
ihappy    man    to    the    mob,    headed    by    a    number    of  Telang 

Ir^hmnns  the  caste  to  which  the  suflercrs  belonged.     Ghjishirani  waa 
rugged   with  every   species  of  indignity  to  his  own  mansion  and 

iservolr,   he  was  hound  with  a  cord  held  by  a  MhfLr,  and    he  waa 
(toned  to  death  by  the  Telang  Br.ihmana.' 
In   17f)'2  Captain  Moor  describes  the  neighbourhood  of  Poona  aa 

rell  watered  by  fivqucnt  streamlets  (June  3-8)  and  adorned  by 
)ves   and  gardens  of  which  the  cypress  woa  the  chief  ornament. 

'he  city  was  not  very  large,  not  covering  more   than  two  miles. 

[t  was  faii'lv  but  neither  elegantly  nor  handsomely   built.      Tho 

^fldxwft'a  palatn  was  handsome  but  hardly  grand   enough    for    a 
nndence.      Other  houses  were  more    elegant.     There  were 

irge  markets  and  a  long  street  of  Knglish  looking-glasws.  globe- 

impa,  and  other  iiacry.     La  the  Peshwa's  foundries  thirty-six  to 


Chapter  XV 
Places- 

FOOlfA. 
/Tutory. 


*  timot  Dob's  MtmithAs,  404.    Qraut  DnfTiinotefl  au  interefltbR  latter  rcgftrding 
St  I^Md  written  fmin  PnoriA  by  Mr.  Fumor  of  the  Bomlmy  Civil  8emce,  405  note  3. 
'  Pennant's  Viows  of  Hin<Iu8l4n.l.95.      *  Memoir.  134. 
^  ■  Grant  DuETa  MarltLibi,  468.  *  Grunt  DalT*  Marithifl.  484. 

^k  '  Th0  niidmbiinla  giin  wm  nlvAya  Bred  at  nine.  It  wns  a  gun  of  Urge  oultlm 
Bpid  gave  ■utticiint  'waruing  to  all  people  to  roUn  to  thoir  homes.  Aft«r  a  reaaon. 
•bic  time,  the  patmla  tonk  up  nnil  imiirisiiDH  every  individaa]  in  tbo  ttrceti  and 
took  him  l»<5fore  Iho  city  police  aupi-rinteD^tot  or  toteii(.  A  story  ia  told  of  a 
Peshwa  haviijB  bwD  tbna  taken  np  by  t)io  patrol.  Sometimt-s  thv  lirine  of  the  no 
waa  delayed  huf  an  hour  and  flomctiniGs  mi  hour  or  niorc.  M<ii>r'»  Ilitiitu  l'autheoii,378. 
'  Moot'b  Hinda  Pantheon,  373  :  tirant  Dnii'B  MarlthAi,  OCO.  Othor  accouiita  aenn 
to  abow  that  Gh^liinUn  had  groMly  iiiuuBvd  hio  power  and  dcaerred  hu  fate. 
II&06-02 


rBen%j>^ 


410 


DTSTRICTS. 


forty-two  pountler  piina  were  made.  The  police  was  aid  uk\ 
puiik-uliirlv  (.Hiiifnt.  On  the  north-west  n  briiljfo  hs'l  b*<^i  fctrtj 
BcriWH  thf  Muthu.     Jlut  a*  two  IVshwiig  who  v/t-rc  u:  n 

work  tlleU   it  wan   BlopiK-^l  as  unlucky.     ThL-rx*  was  u  .    .  InSfl 

further  up  in  bnd  repair.'      Sir  Charles   )[nlft*8   rG«df>Doe  st  ^] 
Sangam  wan  nm?  of  the  plpiutantt^iit  in  Indtn.       ITe  had  f«tnk 
lived  in  the  city  hut  was  iillnwed  to  move  to   the  point  ohtm 
meeting  of  tho  Alutha  and  the  Muhi,     Wlien  he  iiiiae  tl 
buru  except  a  ruiiuKl  temple.      lie  and   his  etaCT  at   ^v\ 
built  neat  huu»L'B   iind   hiitl  u   iK'uutilul   gardua    watered    fnioi 
rivprs   by     aqucKluL-ti*.      It   yielded   all    the     country    fruita, 
excellent  vines,  and  hud  thirty  apple  and  peach  tree*  wliieh 
to   be  a  great  udditi<m  to  the  fruits  of  the  l>ecran.      He  had  a  flol* 
forty  or  tifly  noble  PerBinn  und  Arab  hursea  oud  soveral  elepktftL' 
In  this  year  (1792)  Poonu  witncfwod   the  g^rnud  display  •<  tfc 
PeHhwu   being  robed   ufi  agent  of  the  Ktnjieror    uf    Dellti.     Mi 
Sindia,  who  whp  iiuprenic  at  the  liclhi  court,  emito  to  Ptxina  ut 
llth  of  June  willi  the  deeds  and  robes  of  th»    licretflitarr  office ' 
Vakii-i-Mitlltik  or  eliief  niiniftter,  whoso  hereditary  deputy  in  Ne 
India  wae  to  be  Sindio.     Sindia  pitched  his  camp  near  the  San 
the  place  neeigned  by  the  Peehwu  for  tho  residence    of  the  Unfc 
envov  and  his  suite.      Nina   Fudnuvie,  who  was  j»  ■  '  '■ifl 

did  all  he  enuld  to  prevent  the  I'eshwa  from  aceeptiii_  :  » 

iuftigiiia  brought  from  the  Kinj}eror.       But  Studiu  pereustt^tl  duiI 
Biija  of  Satjlra  gave  the  Peshwa  formal  leave  to  atvcpt  the  hoor 
On  the  21st  Sindio  paid  his  respects  to  the  Peshwa,   earrjTiig  wu 
him  DUTObcrless  rarities  from  North  India     Tho    following  mnraii 
was   fixed  for   the   ceix-mony   of  investing  the  youug-  prince  vt 
the  title   and  dignity  of  VtiJnt-i-MvtIok,    and  8india  B|Mired  no 
to  niakt.'  the  invent  ilure  imposing.     Poena  had  never    neen    so 
a  display.     A    large  suite  of  tents  waa  i>itched  nt  a  distance  tnm 
Sindia's  camp  and  tho  Peshwa  proceediHl  towards   thorn  with  ^ 
grandest  display.     At  tho  further  end  of  the  tenta  n  throne,  iw** 
to  represent  the  Delhi  thruue,  was  raised  and  on  it   were  diephji" 
the  imperial  decree  ur  farrmln^  the  khiint  or  the  dress  of  )nTi>«tit 
and  all  tho  chief   insignia.     On  u])proaching  the  throne   the   J'pd)» 
made  his  obeisimt*  thrice,  placed  lOl  gold  initfmrit  us  an  otSeriiigif 
natatf  and  took  his  seat  on  the  left  of  the  throne.      Sindia*a   Peran 
secretary  then  rea<l  the  imperial  funnaugf   and   amonpj  olherf,i 
edict  forhidding  the  slaughter  of  bullocks  und  cows.       The  Ft 
then  received  the  kkilat,  consisting  of    uiraj  articles   of  dms. 
superb  ornaments  of  jewels  and  feathere,  a  swoi-d  and   tshirM,  a  pd 
case,  a  seal  aud  inkstand,  and  two  royal  fans  of  i>ear,ock*s  tails* 
morckals  with  a  it'i//:!.*  a pdlkhi,*  ahorse  and  an   elephant   with  « 
other  elephants  bearing  the  imperial  standard,  two  cres'X.'nts.  ti 
stars,  and  the  orders  of  the  fish  and  of  the  sim.     The  Peshwa  f 
tired  to  an  adjoiulug  tent  and  returned  clothed  in  the  imperial  rob* 


>  N«mtiT«,78,»t3-3S5.  'Nurnttiv*,  S6.t-.'M4. 

'A  ndii-i  ia  a  mkIoii  obair  uriiboat  a  top  wd  having  four  pdim  two  behindaad  •■ 

before,  uvvvr  owd  but  by  einperum  or  pcrwtuiof  the  fiighwt  rmnk.  

*  A  pdtkht  ii  an  <^ii  bwlateaa  with  a  curved  foie  over  it. 


len  he  resumDd  his  seot ;  and  Sinditi  and  Ndna  Fadnavis  and  other 
beers  of  the  Peshwa  oSered  vazars  of  cun^ratuhition.      When  the 
*eshwa  rose  to  return  to  the  palace,  Sindia  and   Phadke  followed 
'  carrying  the  peac^ot^k  funs  and   fannins  him.      He  entered  Poona 
^wated  in  the  ruiliii ;  the  throng  of  people  aBacinblcd  to  sec  the  pro- 
cession was  very  great ;  the  pomp  and  grandeur  displayed  was  beyond 
'  anything  the  people  of  Poonu  hud  seen,  while  the  citing  of  thousands 
'  of  nmsital  iuutruuienlti,  the  HhuutH  of  the  populace,  the    volleys  of 
niubketry   and   salvos  uf  cannon  gave  to  the  ceremony  all  the   effect 
that   Sindia  desired.'       Two  years    later   (February    12thf    1794) 
Ma}tiVlji  Sindia,  after  a  sudden  illness  of  three  days^  died  at  Y^nardi. 
His  borly  waiibumod  and  over  the  oshes  was  built  a  tuiob  still  known 
as  Sindia' 8  Chhatri  (103).   In  1795  Mfidhavrdv  the  young  Peshwo 
vns  upbraided  by  Nana  Fudnuvis  for  keeping  a  private  correspond- 
ence witli  his  coubin  Bdjirdv,  afterwards  the  last  Peshwa  who  waa 
then   con&ufd   in  Junnar.     Ovem'helmed  with  auger  and  grief  ho 
for  days  refused  to  leave   liia  room.     At  the  Dumra  on  the  22nd  of 
Oetobcr   he   appeared  umong  his  troojjs  and  In  the  evening  received 
liefs  and  anibiissadors.     But  his  epirit  was  wounded  to  despair,  a 
ted    melancholy   stizcd  his  mind,    and   on   the  morning    of  the 
>th   of  October,   ho   throw   liimself  from  a   terrace  in  lus  palace, 
;tured  two  of  his  limbs,  and  waa  much  wounded  by   the  jet  of  a 
fountain  on  which  he  fell,     lie  livud  two  days  and  died  having  par- 
^cularly  desired  that  Diijirav  should  succeed  him.^    On  the  2(ith  of 
Lay    1706,    much    against    liis    will,    Cbimnaii    the    second  son   of 
taghumtthrav  and  brother  of  B5jirkv  waa  adopted  by  the  widow 
ttic  late  Peshwa  and  formally  installed  aa  Poehwa.*    On  the  4th  of 
Jecember    of  the    same    year    BAjirAv    was    installed  as    Peshwa 
limnnjt's  adoption  being  declared  illegal.* 

In  the  beginning  of  1797  a  desperate  afiray  took  place  in  the 
;ts  of  Poena  between  a  body  of  Arabs  and  a  partv  of  Klanitha 
)ldiers  in  which  upwanls  of  1 00  persons  were  killed  and  many 
liops  and  houses  were  plundered.'^  On  tlie  31st  of  December  N&na 
fadnavis,  wliilc  returning  a  formal  visit  to  Sindia,  was  seized  by 
tich«l  Filoze  a  Neapolitan  officer  of  Sindia's.  On  his  word  of 
jnour  Filozo  had  guaranteed  Nflna's  return  and  his  perfidy  excited 
■eat  indignation.  Several  persons  of  distinction  who  went  with 
lilna  were  also  seized  and  the  rest  of  bis  retinuu  of  about  1000  men 
rere  stripped,  maimed,  some  of  thc-m  killed,  uud  the  whole  dispersed. 
Parties  m  soldiers  were  sent  to  plunder  not  only  N^m's  house  but 
le  houses  of  all  his  adherents,  many  of  whom  barricaded  their  doora 
and  defended  themselves  from  the  rcKufs  and  windows.  The  city  waa 
as  if  taken  by  storm  and  firing  continued  the  whole  night  and 
next  day.  Tlie  roods  were  stopped  on  every  side ;  ull  waa  uproar, 
plunder,  and  bluoiisbcd  :  the  alurm  was  universal ;  friends  marched 
JLueether  in  groups  with  their  shields  un  their  anns  and  their  swords 
ax  hands.'    In  1798,^  with  the  consent  of  Bdjiniv  and   Sindia, 


Chapter  ZIT. 

FlacM. 

HUtorp. 


>  nraiit  TiaWn  MarAUiim,  4!>t>  -  SOO. 
*i;riiiit  Unri  Msr«tb&i,  WM. 
»  <inat  DulTa  Muith^,  530. 


>Ontiit  DuFx  MarlthAi.  S21. 
•Grant  Diiirs  MM^thAa,  S29. 
*  (Jnot  DnlTa  MiuritUs,  53S. 


chaptOTPy. 

FUcn- 

Pooka. 
BUtorp. 


412 


Sindia's  Div&n  and  father-in-law  SaHerdv  GhAtgv  ao  _ 
plundered  Poona,  thai  liis  name  ia  bUU  rcm<>nib{*red  vitk 
Oliiit(re*8  6rst  8tcp  was  to  rai«e  money  from  themanbenol 
party  wlio  wero  confin«Hl  in  ItAjiriv'ii  palnro.  These  men  of  p| 
and  bigli  n-putation  were  drugged  out  and  scmtrgc^  till  tM 
up  ibeir  prujx.Tty.  One  of  them,  a  reluliou  of  NAnn'a,  died  1 
u  liL'att-'d'  gnu.  These  cnirlties  were  not  coufincd  to  Ndn*'*  fj 
MtrrhantH,  bankers,  and  oU  in  ibc  city  who  vrerv  iRippos^d  tij 
wealth  were  wtxi-d  and  torturwl  witli  suvh  cruelty  that  wtiiI 
thom  died.  Tlmugh  th(j  plan  of  levyinjf  money  f' 
of  I'rjann  wa3  Itrtjirar'ft,  ho  nrver  mjpposed  that  thv  !- 
bo  foUocti.'d  with  such  crnu'lty.  liAjiniv  roinouetml^d  wilhi 
but  to  uo  purpose.'  In  the  same  year  tho  Pcshwa's  troopi, 
wcro  greatly  in  arrears,  raiflod  a  tumult  and  kirke<l  about  the; 
tho  turban  of  one  of  DHjiriiv's  favourites  who  tried  to  inti 
The  tumult  was  quelled  by  Ndropant  the  former  conunooll 
friend  of  Xana's.  This  was  followed  in  1 71*8  by  u  war  U 
the  widows  of  SfaliAdji  Sindia  who  wore  livitig  in  Poooa 
Though  DuulatrAv  Sindia,  the  nephew  of  Mah^ji,  bad  pnunu 
make  ample  provision  for  tbcm  they  found  no  proi'ieion  OM 
ercn  their  comforts  scrimped.  The  youngest  widow  wus  a  hi 
woman  and  the  others  discoTered  or  invented  a  criminal  inf 
between  her  and  Sindia.  The  lailies  ojH'uly  accused  Sind 
incest  and  Ohiitge,  wlio  was  aent  to  quiet  tlicir  i^omplaints, 
rofused  an  entrance,  forced  his  way  into  their  tonta  and  seiia 
flogged  lliem.  The  Sbenvi  Uriihmans.  who,  before  Gh&tge'si 
power,  were  the  Htrungeat  party  in  Sindia'e  anuv,  took  the  s 
the  widows  and  it  waa  arranged  that  they  should  be  sent  to  Bt^ 
pur.*  On  tlieir  way  to  BnrliAnpur  their  friends  learned  tlu 
widows  were  being  taken  not  to  Burhdnpur  but  to  Ahniod 
fort.  Under  Ibe  inBuence  of  Shcnvi  officers  a  Pathioi  i 
Muzaffar  Khjiin,  wbo  was  in  command  of  u  choice  body  of  o 
■isaiied  ibo  cecort  near  Koregaon,  afterwards  the  flccne  of  i 
ton's  celebrated  battle,  rescued  the  widowa,  and  carried  tlieni 
close  to  Sindia's  camp.  Gh^itge  persuaded  Sindia  to  let  hint) 
MuzafFnr.  Muzaffar  hud  warning  and  retired  with  tbu  widows 
sued  by  Ghtitge.  He  left  the  ladies  in  theeamp  of  AmritrAv  Bij 
brother  who  was  near  the  Bbima,  turned  on  (ih&t^,  defestec 
and  put  him  to  flight.  BdjirliT,  who  i^  suid  to  have  instinH 
whole,  unproved  of  his  brother's  kindness  to  the  widows  andi 
Colonel  Palmer  the  British  resident  to  mediate  between  thmj 
Sindia.  8iudia  refused  and  on  the  night  of  tho  7th  of  Juni 
GhAtge  with  five  battalions  of  regular  infantry  under  Du  ¥ 
Frenchman,  to  surpriso  jVinritrAv's  camp  and  acixo  the  | 
Ghdtge's  attempt  failed  and  he  had  to  retire  with  Ions,  Siudit 
promised  to  arrange  for  a  suitable  estuhlishineut  for  the  hidiei 
Amritrav  come  into  Poena  and  (-ain|)ed  cloae  to  Siudia.  It  xri 
Muharrum  time,  and  Ohdtge  under  pretence  of  keeping  otxlcr  btl 
two  brigades  of  infantry  and  Iwenty-five  guns  close  to  Amrii 


I  Gnuit  Dttfl**,  MiirMlxU.  fiXt 


.Deccan.l 


POOXA. 


ip,  Buddenly  opened  fire  on  it,  eharged  and  dispersed  Amritriv'a 
I,  and  pilltiged  hin  ciimp.  ThiH  imtni^  was  nntliing  lew  tlinn 
kD  attack  on  the  Peshwa  himsplf.  Ilolkar  came  and  sided  with  the 
'eahwu,  the  other  MarAtha  nobles  joined  his  standard,  and  the 
'esbwa  nugolJuted  im  alliance  ^vitb  ^izJlm  Ali.  Sindia  vrns  alarm- 
id  by  the  li-cuty  and  brought  Niiuu  Fmlna^is  from  Ahmaduugiir  and 
)rop<w<l  to  put  him  at  the  head  of  ufiuirs.  Meunwliilc  Gliilf^  had 
;n  aning  witb  such  cruelty  that  Sindia  felt  that  Ghdtge^s  dis- 
Fracoful  act*  were  alienating'  the  minds  of  all  hia  supporters.  He 
accordingly  gave  orders  for  OhAtge's  arrest  which  was  Bucc«68fuUy 
ettlcted.  Ub.itge's  arrest  roconcile<l  Sindiu  and  BiijirAv.  In  1799 
Sindia's  widows  fled  to  Kolhapur  with  the  Shenvi  Briihmans  from 
^iJiudia's  eainp.  Large  bodies  of  hortw  flocked  with  them  and  when 
iciently  strong  they  returned  to  the  northwai-d  and  not  oaly 
i8ult«d  Sindia  In  his  lines  but  stopped  the  rouds  ucur  Poona.  The 
mtry  was  wasted  by  awarras  of  horsemen.*  Early  in  1800  Ndna 
''odnavis  died  at  Poona.  This  event  sealwl  the  fate  of  the  Peshwa'a 
toTcmment.  Before  the  close  of  the  year  Yashvantrav  Holkarobliged 
liudia  to  leave  Poona,  but  before  ho  left  Poona  Sindia  forced  liAjii-Av 
give  him  bills  worth  X'47U,(K)0  (47  iakhA).  After  SiodJu  left 
'ooua  Bfijirdv  began  to  distress  and  pillage  all  who  had  opposed 
limaclf  or  his  father.  One  of  the  first  who  suflered  was  SHdhavriiv 
Lilstin,  whom  he  invited  to  visit  him,  and  whom  he  seized  and  hurried 
'  prison.  This  act  followed  by  others  like  it  caused  great  discontent 
the  citv.  Lawlessness  spread  and  the  country  was  filled  by 
ids  of  plundering  horsemen.  Among  the  prisoners  taken  in  one 
ray  wasA'ithoji  the  brother  of  YashvantrAv  liolkar,  whom  BajirAv 
n-dercd  to  be  tied  to  an  elephant's  foot  and  dragged  in  the  streeta  of 
■*oona  (April  1801). 

About  this  time  Colonel  Welsh  describes   Poona  as  about  three 

liles    long    and    two    broad    with    140,000    houses   and   600,000 

jople.     Ihc  streets  were  extremely  narrow   and  full   of  markets 

rith   innumerable   articles  of   merchandise,  the  produce  of   India 

/hiua   aud  Europe.    The  houses  some  three    or  four  storeys  high 

rero  built  without  much  regard  to  taste  or  s^'mmetry  though  being 

liveraitied  in  size  shape  and  colour  they  hud  a  pretty  appearance 

|from  a  distant*.     The  view  from   the  op|K>site  side  of  the  river  wae 

[most  imposing,  as  that   jiart  of  the  town  which  was  washed  by  the 

etream,  being  faced  with  stone  descending  in  many  parts  by  regular 

IfftepB  to  the  water's  edge  and  hoving  trees  intermingled  with  the 

[liouses,  presented  an  appearance  very  far  from  deapioible,  though  a 

'ptranger  set  down  in  the  sti-eets  could  hardly  ci-edit  the  assertion. 

The  fruit  markets  were  well  supplied  with  mut^k  and  water  melons, 

plantains,    figs,  dates,  raisins,  mangoes,   j>omegninut*!H,  woodapples, 

,ftlmondH,  and  a  great  variety  of  country  vegetables.     In  short  it 

appeared  a  place  of  great  wealth  in  which  centred  the  entire  trade  of 

thu  empire.^     Of  Poona  at  this  time  and  during  the  reign  of  Bdjirdv, 

Captain  Uoberteon  the  first  Collector  wrote  in   1825.     Poona  waa 

[then  u  gay  rich  and  busy  city.     The  wealthy  governors  and  revenue 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places' 

nutonf. 


Colonel  Wtttk, 

UfOI. 


>  nmnt  Diiri  TAMthta.  515. 

1  WiUh  quoted  iu  MuwuU'fl  Lt/o  of  WoUiiigtou  (183U).  L  t2£ 


officers  of  Gojarit  and  Kamitak,  wherever  they  made  their  mart 
apent  it  in  Poona  on  murriageA,  fea>«t8,  and  a  numcrouA  retinot  < 
lluriillia  wrvonU  uud  dujK-mUnl*.  Vust  weulth  flowed  into  P«« 
from  GthercttUfice,  lliu  illtri^lU-9  of  forL'ign  puwers,  and  the  dtdvaa 
shown  to  lh«  IV'hbwn  by  ihu  iliir.ithii  IciKlura.  The  city  wa»  bhpf 
with  banda  of  uriucd  men,  bumboine  horsed,  rich  paUuiqama,  ai 
Igorgeottfl  el^bunta,  messengers  ran  from  placv  to  plac«,  oil  vu  pi 
vith  sporlB^  danceA,  and  mernrnnaking.^  In  IHO;!  Ghiitf^  aunt  a 
X*uoiiu  und  modo  dem&uda  for  money  from  the  Pcehwa.  B«nnf 
oolltid  him  to  his  italuov,  but  Ghiitge^  mwiU'Oting  trciM-hurj-,  forcni  ka 
vay  out,  leiij>l  onahortw,  oscaptMi,  and  returned  to  Po4jiiu  withtlom 
thrfat4?ning  to  attack  tbu  citv-  The  liriti&fa  Iteaidunt  was  coUed  a 
to  settle  (ihitgii's  doim  una  I'uouu  was  suvctl  Further  loss  br  > 
urgent  mcAsage  from  Sindia  requiring  Ghiitge  in  Md]w«.  Meotiat 
YaahTontrAv  Uolkar,  who  was  burning  to  avense  hia  bmlJts 
Vithoji's  disgraceful  dootb,  was  marcliing  townrtU  Poona.  SkMt 
army  joiuud  the  IVshwa's  and  took  a  j>o«ition  close  tu  Poooa  ml 
the  preficnl  cuntoumfnt.  lMjir(iv  ordered  Yafthvantriv  to  retinW 
he  refused  to  obey.  On  the  morning  of  the  2iil\\  of  October  the  tat 
armies  met,  and,  after  a  well  cuutested  iight,  iho  batthr  ended  in  i 
complete  victory  for  Holkar.  B^jirav  making  sure  of  Wutorv  mae  If 
800  the  battle,  but  the  firing  frightened  him,  and  on  leaniing  the  fiK , 
of  the  buttle  ho  fled  to  Siuhgad.  For  some  days  aftt-r  his  i-idao 
Yoshvuutrriv  showed  great  moderation  at  Poona.  He  pluenl  gnu^ 
to  proteil  Ilie  eily,  treated  Bajirav's  dependants  with  kindneas,  ml 
mode  several  attempts  to  pei-suade  Bjijiniv  to  cutne  back. 
BAjiriv  fled  to  the  Konkau.  When  Uolkur  heard  of  B^jtriv's  _^ 
he  levied  a  contribution  from  the  people  of  Poona.  The  contribua 
was  arranged  by  two  of  Bajiiftv's  olHoers  and  it  was  carried  out  i£ 
orderly  manner.  But  it  was  followed  by  a  plunder  of  the  eitT  j 
complete  and  08  wirkcdly  cruel  as  Sindia's  plunder  in  I7i'8. 
loss  of  property  was  unusually  severe  as  guards  hud  been  net  to  prendj 

SKpplo  leaving  Poona.  Meantime  BtijirJiv  had  Bignecl  the  treaty  ' 
aasein  and  General  Wellesley  was  on  his  way  toretjstablish  Ui^iinri 
Poona.  Near  BArAmali,  on  the  lOth  of  April  1803,  General  Wellen^ 
learnt  that  Bujir4v*s  brother  Amritr^v  was  likely  to  bum  tho  otyi 
prevent  tbie  misfortune.  General  Wcllesley  pressed  on  and  o^ 
Bueh  speed  that,  though  kept  six  bours  in.  the  Littlo  Ror  pass,  W 
reaeheii  Pouua  ou  the  '20Xh  of  April  a  march  of  sixty  mUes  in  thtrtr-lTi 
hours.'  Of  the  state  of  money  matters  in  Poona  Qcnernl  WelJctkj 
wrote  :  *  I  have  drawn  in  favour  of  a  sdvk^  at  I'ooua  wi* 
promises  to  pay  one  Idkh  of  rupees  a  month.  However,  from  tbi 
Peshwa  down  to  tho  lowest  cooly  in  the  bax&r,  there  ia  uuC  « 
Marfitba  on  whom  it  is  possible  to  rely  that  he  will  perform  onf 
engagement  into  which  he  enters,  unless  urged  to  the  iMirformancr 
by  bw  fears.  I  doubt  therefore  this  sAvkAr.**  In  October  18U3 
the  English  traveller  Lord  Voleutia  deacribes  Poona  u  an  indi&RSi 


■  Capt.  Ilobertsaii,  Irt  Feb.  1825.  Bom.  R«v.  Rec  117  of  1825,  533-534. 
E  \N\aiti);icm'B  L>npatc)ii»,TI.  97.  OS  ;  Haxwolls  Ufs,  1, 101. 
•  WfiUio^toD'i  Deipatclm.  U.  102. 


DeccaoJ 


POONA. 


town,  with  several  largo  houses  built  with  square  blocks  of  granite 
to  about  fuurteuu  fwt  from  tUo  ground.  The  upjwr  part  was  a 
framework  of  limber  with  slight  walls  merely  to  keep  out  tho 
wet  and  air.  The  liiiip  brieks  and  tiles  were  so  bad  that  the  rain 
washed  away  any  buildiiif^  that  did  not  depend  on  timber  for  its 
rapport.  Timber  was  brought  in  abimdancc  from  tlie  hiUs  to  the 
west  and  wus  not  much  dearer  than  at  JNludros.  Holkor's  stay  did 
not  im^prove  the  town.  He  pulled  down  suvenil  large  houses  in 
search  of  treasure  and  it  was  said  that  he  found  much.  Lord 
iValentia  fordwl  the  river  both  going  and  returning  ;  the  foundations 
'«f  a  granit«  bridge  rose  above  the  water,  but  ihey  wore  laid  in 
misfortune  and  superstition  would  not  allow  their  completion.  A 
bridge  ot  boats  had  been  laid  across  by  General  Welleslcy  but  was 
not  kept  up.^ 

Lonl  Videntta  described  Colonel  Close's  residence  at  the  Sangatn 
OS  a  charming  simt,  adorned  with  r^-pretw  and  fruit  trees  and  witli  a 
liandsume  bungalow.^  "Wlien  (1792)  Sir  Charles  Malet  first  came 
as  Itesident  he  was  obliged  to  live  in  a  wi*etehed  liouso  in  the 
town,  and  during  the  summer  had  to  pil4.'h  his  tents  on  the  banks  of 
the  river.  Keiuonstrauccs  at  length  gained  him  leave  to  build  a 
temporary  house  in  the  Sangam  garden.  It  waa  burnt  down  and 
Sir  Charles  was  allowed  to  build  the  existing  bungalow.  Still  no 
fence  was  allowed  and  Colonel  Cloae  hail  great  dilHculty  in  getting 
leave  to  make  a  gateway  and  some  additional  buildings.  The  natives 
burnt  their  deiul  on  the  opposite  bank.  At  four  in  the  afternoon  of 
tlie  Mlh  of  October  a  deputation  from  the  Court,  tho  highest 
complimeuL  the  I'eshwa  could  pay,  came  to  the  opjwsite  side  uf  the 
river  from  tho  Sungam  and  Lord  Valcntia,  accompanied  by  Colonel 
Close  and  their  suites,  set  off.  At  starting  a  salute  was  6red.  Tho 
Peshwa's  minister  for  British  afiairs  and  the  under  minister, 
attended  by  a  large  body  of  horse  and  some  foot  soldiers,  led  the 
processiun,  and  were  joined  by  an  escort  of  Brili.>jh  iiiianlry.  In 
the  place  before  the  palace  were  drawn  out  the  Peshwa's  cavalry 
and  infantry  guard  and  liis  elephants,  by  no  means  a  splendid  body, 
kettledrums  were  beating,  the  servants  were  all  at  their  posts,  and 
the  crowd  was  considprablo.  Lord  Valentia  waited  a  few  seconds  at 
the  door  till  Safldshiv  Mdnkeshvar  the  minister  hod  come  near. 
'He  then  left  his  slippers,  and  with  Colonel  Close  supporting  his  left 
arm,  stepped  on  the  white  cloth  with  which  the  floor  wa«  covered. 
He  embi'aced  the  minister  and  presented  the  otHcere  of  liis  suite. 
The  Pcshwa  entered  the  room  and  stepped  on  his  cushion  or  ^titfi. 
Ijonl  Valentia  hastened  towards  him  supported  by  the  Colonel  on 
his  left  and  the  minister  on  his  right.  His  Highness  continued 
standing  and  slightly  embraced  Lord  Valentia  with  his  right  hand. 
Lonl  \'ttlentia  was  next  presented  to  the  Peshwa's  brother  who 
was  on  the  right  and  who  also  embraced  him.  Loixl  Valentia  then 
returned  and  prcaented  to  the  Peehwa  the  gentlemon  of  his  suite 
,who  were  also  embraced.  They  then  sat  down.  The  minister 
was  soxt  His   Highneea  on   the    left,   bat  r&ther  behind.   Lord 


Chapter 
Places. 

POOKJ 

lord  IWflrili^l 
J80S. 


'  Trsvob»  11.  ]23. 


■  Vsleatik*!  Tnvels.  II.  1I& 


[BODLter*^"*)"' 


416 


DISTRICTS. 


» 


tpler  XrV 
FUc«ft- 

POONA. 

BUbiry. 

VahaUki, 
190S. 


Voli'iitia  was  ncnr  to  him.     Next  to  T^rd   TnlentU  vai  C<M 
Clcmr  nml  then  the  other  European  gcDtlemen.     They  had  do  dn 
ur  cushiuns  and  were  not  ailovrcd  to  put  out  their  feet,  as  to  lilM 
the   hoIp  wua  iliBreiupcrlful.     Uis  Highne-M    trore   no  t-IipjiPTf.   Th 
ctiquotto  of  (he  Court  witit  t4ili^nL-c  and  whvii  nn  ythtnp;  wasBfuditnt 
u  low  whiB|K'r.     Lord  ValfutiaHiJoke  to  CuIodp-I  Cl^^•«^  whotrtndai^ 
it  to  the  minister,  the  miniKtcr  stretched   himself   nut  tovunlA  U> 
Highness  ou  his  knees  with  his  hjinds  closed    and  raised,  and.  ffli 
low  voice,  reported  what  Lord  Valontio   hml   saiiL     By  the  §■* 
ronveynnt'e    the  answer  was  returned.      Ij<ird    VaJentia  fintt  t*W 
after  11  is  Highiicas's  health  and  was  told  thai  he  was  well,  and  tU 
ho  hoped  Lord  Valentin  hud  arriv<><l  in  j»'<tofl  health.     I^nrd  Yaiualt 
then  t^cd  after  the  health  of  the  PcKhwu's  brother.  The  uic*«agtf " 
carried  across  the  room,  in  front  of  the  ctu^hion  by  Anandnv.   lU 
answer  was  complimeutary.  Thun  through  the  iniutster  His  Hi?*''' * 
expresseil  a  wish  that  the  party  might  retire  into  a  more  ;*i 
place  that  conversation  might  be  freer.     Jjonl    Volcntia  imnwti: 
arose  and  followed  the  IVmIiwu  into  a  very  small    room  fttteodt*  ' 
Colonel  Close,  the  minister  of  the  rtlate,  the  under  uiini^t^T.  an'i  '^ 
minister  of  Ihitisb  aflltirs.     His  Highnesa  si.vit<id   hiiiii4?lf  on  awn^ 
Turkey  carpet  in  the  corner  of  the  room.     He  placed  I^rd  Val'-'J 
next  him  on  his  left  and  the  real  formed  a  part   of  a  cin-lr-  \t:  '.''- 
of  him.     The  Poshwa  then  began  a  very  in  tore*  tin  jjf  conv.  --  ! 
which    he  considerably    relaxed   fn)m   his     etiquette,    s-iuiltd.  o 
frequently  spuke  imraidiately  from  himself  to    I.ortl    Valenkiw' 
Colonel  Close.     With  all  the  disiulvimtages  of   interpretation,  U* 
Valentia  could  perceive  that  the  Penhwa  gave  a  very  clc^^iisl  W, 
to  the  expressions  he  used.     Among  many  other   coinplimenti  "^ 
Peshwa  expi-e&aed  a  wish  to  give  Lord  Valentia  a  f^t*  at  his  com 
house.     To  this  Lord  Valentia  with  pleasure  agreed.      This  t^te 
been  previously  arranged  and  was  to  take  place  after  the  I'eshwi 
honoured  Loitl    Valentia    with   a  vi.sit.     Ou   political   eubjertt 
Feshwu  spoke  fullv  an<i  dearly  and  seemed   lutich    hotter  lufiv^! 
than  Lord  Valentin  harl  reason  to  expect.     After  .ibout   an  h 
party  i-eturned  to  the  DarbAr.     Lord  Valentia  was  so  extrvm 
with  his  position  that  it  was  with  some  dilficulty  he  could  rise 
a  few  minutes  was  obliged  to  rest  against  the  wall.      No  iron 
passed  after  the  Peshwu  was  seated  on  the  cushion.     Betel  leav 
placed  before  him  in  a  large  gold  plate  ;  on  the   top  ivas  a 
containing  u  parcel  of  the  same  :  attar,  rot^ewater,  tind   spices 
tlie   same  line.     Anandrav,  the  minister  for  British    ufliiirs, 
roaewaler,  aitor,  and  spices  to  Colonel  Close  ;  to    Lord    Valentia 
gave  attar  and  rosewater.     The  pjirty  then  rose,  and    Hia  High! 
with  hia  own  hand  pi-eaented  Lord  Valentia  with  tho  gold  Iwi  li 
with  the  betel  leaves.     The  guests  then  made  their  snlutMiions  td 
retired^  the  ministers  attending  them  to  thcdoor.     TUo  Pcshwu  npj^ 
bfothur  were   in  plain   while   muslin  dresses  without  u  single 
The  minister  had  some  handsome  flat  diamonds  in  hia  turban,  i 
hice  of  emeralds  and  largo  pearls,  and  earrings  of  gold  from  wlii 
hong  the  finest  pearls  Lord  Valentia  hod  ever  seen.     Thev 
perfectly  round  and  clear  and  were  as  large  as  the  pupil   of  the 
The  palace  was  a  fairly  houdsome  building  and  was  very  oletto. 


Bcan-l 


POONA. 


4\i 


urbar-room  was  largo,  and  was  supported  by  handsomely  can-ed 
ooden  pillars.  The  state  cuabion  wua  of  white  mualiu  richly 
broiderud  iii  guld  and  coloured  Bilk.  With  the  exception  of  a  few 
ho  curried  silver  sticks  the  Pcahwa'a  attrndonU  stood  round  outsido 
tiie  pillars.  Holkar  had  not  done  much  harm  to  tho  palace  but  ho 
carried  away  everything  movable,  including  a  email  armoury  and 
e  elephant  cars.  Lord  Valentin  thought  Poona  well  placed  and  that 
hen  it  had  enjoyed  a  little  wst,  it  would  bo  a  handsome  capital, 
the  16th,  to  receive  the  Peshwa,  Colonel  Close  pitched  a  large 
nt  in  front  of  his  house  ami  two  tents  joined  to  it  without  sidee  so 
at  they  formed  one  very  large  room.  The  state  cushion  was  sent 
■  forward  and  ploL'ed  in  the  centre  as  at  llie  Peshwa's  own  DarljAr. 
,  When  the  Peehwa  came  in  eight  Colonel  Close  mounted  an  elephant 
f  and  advanced  to  meet  him.  Lord  YalcntJa  wait«d  his  approach  at  the 
:  door  of  the  tent.  The  Peehwa  came  close  up,  but  did  not  dismount 
.  till  the  minister,  the  under  minietor,  and  the  minister  for  British  affiurs 
had  paid  tlicir  complimcuts  and  had  presented  to  Lord  V'olentia  the 
different  nobles  and  houourubles  who  alteuded  him.  They  made 
their  salutations  aud  passed  into  the  tent.  His  Highness  then 
descended  from  his  elephant  along  with  his  brother,  who  rode  behind 
him.  Lord  Valentia  maile  his  compliments  and  leaving  a  space  on 
his  right  hand  for  the  Peehwa  to  walk  in  moved  into  the  t«nt.  AH 
eented  themselves  as  at  the  Darb^r.  After  a  fnw  compliments 
and  while  the  dancing  frirls  were  singing  and  dancing,  betel 
leaf  and  altar  were  placed  on  the  ground  before  Ilis  Ilighncss 
and  he  ordered  them  to  be  given  to  the  fmnidrB  and  other 
altendantd.  Lord  Vulentia  then  aukcd  Uis  Uighncss  to  allow 
him  to  robe  the  Peshwa  and  his  brother.  The  Peshwa  granted 
leave  and  the  trays  were  brought  forward  aiid  laid  before 
them.  Lord  Valentia  rose  and  passing  in  front  of  the  state 
cunlnon  began  with  the  Peehwa's  brother.  A  jewelled  crtst  and 
other  ornaments  were  set  in  his  heiwldrcss  and  a  necklace  of  pearls 
with  a  pendiint  of  coloured  jewels  was  fastened  round  his  neck.  The 
Pefthwa'n  lu-address  and  his  neck  were  thou  adorned  with  jewels  and 
in  addition  his  wrists  wore  encircled  with  diamond  bracelets.  He  had  a 
telescope,  and  a  swectnieut  box,  ornamented  with  a  beautiful  picture 
of  the  goddess  Oanga.    Jiis  brother  had  a  sweetmeat  box  with  Indra 

?iiinted  ou  it.  The  figures  were  appropriate  to  their  character.  His 
li^hncas  was  much  attached  to  the  ladies.  His  brother  was  grave 
and  wremoniouB.  I.#ord  Valentia  then  gave  iK'tcl  leaves  and  attar; 
the  ailar  was  poured  into  liord  Vulentia'e  hands,  who  gently  rubbed 
it  down  both  the  shoulders  of  the  Peshwa ;  this  was  done  at  the 
Pcshwa's  request,  and  wqb  the  highest'  compliment.  His  Highness 
was  in  such  excellent  humour,  that,  though  it  was  a  public  visit  of 
oercmony,  he  frequently  smiled  and  addressed  himself  to  Lord 
Valentia  and  to  Colonel  Close.  The  ministers  did  not  receive  the 
attar  as  it  was  Lord  Voleutia's  wish  that  they  should  stay  after  the 
rest  were  gone.  There  was  great  jealousy  betivecn  the  ministers  and 
the  MAnkaris  so  that  to  have  made  the  ministers  presonts  in  the 
commny  of  the  Mdnkarie  would  have  been  an  insult  to  their  dignity. 
Lord  Valentia  mentioned  to  the  ministers  that  a  horse  and  elephant 
were  at  the  gate  os  presents  to  His  Highuess.  Theee  were  alwHys 
u  SCO— 53 


Chapter 
Places. 
PoonA.   I 

f/iMorif. 
I80S, 


tBoabiT  OMtbr 


418 


DISTRICTS. 


ft 


torZIT. 
PlacM. 

S'OOXA. 

UiMorg. 

VaUnlia, 
IBOS. 


giTen  on  state  occanana  but  witbuut  belnff  habited  ss  ims  the jptvte 

in  other  courts.    It  was  nearly  dork  before  the  Peshwm  left.  Ik 

iuiuiatt.-rH  stayed  a  short,  tiini^  and  received  prenentaacoordiDf  totbc 

rank,  tli«  jewels   bcinc  tie<l  by  Colonel  Cloee'^a  Native 

They  then  received  bet«r  leaf  and  n/f'ir- from  Lord  Valcntia'thaadial 

d<<part(^.     Tbi?  presonta  were  provided  by  the  Kost  India  C<nBpa<L 

HiH  HighncsB'  were  worth    about  £13U0  <Rt.   12.04)0),  the  litlicn 

altogetlier  nearly  £800  (Ra.  8000).     The  nacJi  ^rla  had  wngioM 

very  intcreating  Mar&thi  or  as  they  call  theni  Decc«ni  soogi,  vtiiiL 

Lord  VolontiuV  party  now  mude  them   repeat   us  a  relaxatioo  ba 

the  fatigue  of  a  state  visit,    l.onl  Voleniia  afterrarda  leanit  tb>ta 

this  day  there  was  a  great  religious  festival  at  nrhicb  Win  \U^sar» 

ought   X*>   have    assisted   and  that   he  waa    iiucd    several   hisoini 

rupees  for  his  absenec.     Thifl  provided  a  handaomo  f<^ast  for  ik 

BnVhnians.    At  night  Por>'Bti'8  temple  was  covered  with  lights.  Ch 

tlio  20lh  a  little   ai'ter  four,   Lord   Voleotiu    aot   off  with   the  usal 

retinue  to  pay  a  visit  to  the   Peshwu  at  bis    country  hou!*c  tb*  i'  "> 

Bilg-     Tho  road  was  for  a  cons idt? ruble    distance    coTcrwl  li 

Highness*  followers,  cliiofly  horitemen,  §o  that  it  was  rather  drt5(«i> 

to  get  to  the  gate*.     Fortunately  Lord  Vaicnlio  had  a  parlj  <i 

sepoys  from  the  linoe  who  joined  on  the  opposite    bank  of  the  mt'- 

ond  made  way  for  him.     The  Uira  Bag  was  prettily   placed  oo  tit 

bank  of  u  lai-gc  lake  perfectly  irregular  in  its  Bliiipe*.      In  the  cwiiii 

fif  the  lake  wua  a  small  isiuud  with  a  temple.      The  opposite  Uu 

rose    into  n  sugnrliNif  hill    wlio.'ip  lop  waa    capped   by  the  «li* 

buildings  of  l*ur\-ati'R  temple.     ITie  gftrflnn  house  was  tnsigaiSail 

and  Imd  nercv  been  finished.  The  garden  was  fine  and  was  oriunaii 

with  several  mango  ircee  and  a  great  number  of   eocoti  palzas. 

cushion  was  placed  iu  a  veranda  opening  on  a  hasin  of  water  *)>! 

fountains  and  covered  by  a  trellis  of  vines.     Lord  Vulentia 

His  IlighnesH  news  of   the   surremU'r  of  CIiAndor  fori  to  the 

annv  of  the  British  and  the    Pesliwa.     Ilia   Hif^liutBa  wa«  in 

spintH  and  observfd  that  bis  fatlirr  always  wished  for  the  frie 

01  the  English  but  that  it  had  rcmainc<)  for  him  to  reap  theblna 
of  it.     The  Peshwa  then  asked  Lord  Volenlia  if  he  would  pne 
for  him  au  Arab  mare  and  Colonel  close  assured  him  that  he  »sJ 
try  his  best.     The  ceremony  at  Lord  Valentiii's   entrance  w» 
aamo  oa  on  the  former  occasion  and  ho   woa  seatetl   in  a  ■ 
situation.     The  porty  soon  had  notice  to  move  upstairs  :  the  F 
puaaing  thixtugha  burk  door,  while  the  guests  mounted  by  a  e 
stoirciosc  to  u  platform  with  two   vei-andua  one   «t  oueh   end. 
tho  farther  veranda  a  wliite  cloth  was  spread  with  plantain  h 
one  for  each  of  the  English  c;entlemen  present.     On  each  loaf  w» 
Briihmon's  diuner,  rioo  plam  ond  sweet,  pastry  thin  na  paper 
rolled  up,  pastry  cakes,  bread  and  peas  pudding.     Along  oo« 
was  a  r<jw  of  sweets  like  puiuta  on  a  pallet ;  on  the  other  were 
different  kinds  of  curried  vegetables.     On  one  aide  of  the  leaf 
rice-milk,  clarified  butter,  and  some  other  liquids  in  small 
leaf  pons,  which  were  all  excellent  of  their  kind.     The  guu 
taken  tho  precaution  to  bring  spoons  knives  and  forks  whi^ 
used  actively  out  of  respect  to  thoir  host  who  soon  joined  th« 
by  seating  himself  on  the  cushiou  ft  little  on  ^e    outaide 


Dflccui. 


POONA. 


Veranda.    Wlien  the  g^uosts  hud  finished  tho  Pcshwa  retired  and 

tUc  guL'fita  HOon  foUowL-d.     After  the   guotits  had   seated  tliemselvc8 

below   betel  leaf  waa   laid  at   the    Pcshwa's  foet  and   Bcrved.    Lord 

Viilentia's  servant  had  placed  liimself  at    the  bottom  of  tho  line, 

■Bid    waft    consequently    served  first.     They  proceeded  upwards  till 

Bhey  reached  Lord  Valentia,  where  they  stopiied.     The  prcaeuts  were 

Khen   brought  in  aeain  beginning  with  Lonl    Valentia's    servant. 


'hey  consisted  of  a  pair  of  shuw 


iv!s,  ft  piece  of  brocade,  and  a  piece  of 
;20  (Rh.  200).     There  was  no  visiblo 


cloth:  the  whole  worth  about  £20  (Rh.  200) 
diil'urcncu  between  these  and  others  j>res(!uted  to  Messrs,  Young,  Sail, 
ilurmy,  and  Smith.  The  gentlemen  of  tho  establishment  were 
totally  overlooked.  Lord  Valentia'a  presents  were  then  brought 
forward  which  consisted  of  the  same  articles  and  a  piece  of  muslin. 
There  were  also  jewels  in  a  tray  :  these  were  put  on  by  the  minister 
which  hml  answered  every  purpose  of  a  turban,  the  shirpp.ch,  jiiitjar, 
and  tttrii  looking  better  on  a  native  dress.  All  the  presents  were  better 
than  had  cvt-r  been  given  on  a  former  occasion,  the  shawls  being  new 
aud  good  onea  for  this  part  of  India.  A  horse  and  elephant  were 
at  the  door.  The  horse  waa  a  fine  animal  aud  in  good  condition,  a 
most  unusual  circumstance  at  Poona.  The  attar  was  given  to  Lord 
Valentia  and  Colonel  Close  by  the  minister.  The  box  of  betel  leaf 
was  delivered  by  His  Highness  himself .  After  tliia  was  over  a  sword 
was  given  into  tho  Peshwa's  hands  and  by  him  presented  to  Lord 
Valentia.  It  waa  handsomely  mounted  in  green  and  gold  and  had  a 
Tery  fine  blade.  The  swoitl  waa  not  part  of  the  real  gifts  of  tho- 
ceremony  and  Lord  Valentia  therefore  valued  it  tho  more,  assurtxl  tho 
Pcshwa  that  he  woiUd  hand  it  down  to  his  eon  and  hia  son's  son,  and 
kept  it  by  him  instead  of  delivering  it  to  his  servants  as  he  had  dotie 
the  traya.  The  ntifh  girls  were  the  same  as  on  the  Peshwa's  visit  to 
Lorfi  \  alentia.  The  Peshwa's  own  dancing  girl  was  rather  old  but 
waa  said  to  have  a  fine  voice.  She  waft  too  busy  in  performing  beforu 
the  deities  during  that  seas^jn  of  festivity  the  OaKtira  to  attend  Lord 
Valentia  and  his  party.  A  few  compliments  passed  at  taking  leave 
and  the  Teahwa  paid  Lord  Valentia  the  unusual  compliment  of 
requeatingto  hear  of  hia  welfare.  Thcmiuist<;r  attended  the  party  as 
far  OS  the  end  of  the  enr])et  and  then  took  his  leave.  Lord  Valentia'a 
party  returned  through  the  town  which  was  much  larger  than  he  hod 
expected  and  tho  market  much  tiner.  There  were  several  large 
housi's,  three  storeys  high;  the  temples  were  inaiguilicant :  tho 
number  of  wretched  objects  was  small.' 

In  1805  Sir  Jamea  Mackintosh  the  Recorder  or  Chief  Justice 
of  Bombay  went  ou  a  visit  to  Poona.  Ho  found  the  chief  streets 
of  the  city  paved  with  stone  and  the  city  regarded  na  one  of  the 
best  built  uative  towns  in  India.  The  Peshwa'a  residence  the 
Saturday  Palace  or  Shanvar  V^ft  (32)  from  its  size  well  deserved 
the  uam'o  of  a  palace.^  On  the  1 0th  of  November  IH08  Sir  Jamea 
Mackintosh  paid  a  second  visit  to  Poona.  He  leamt  from  Colonel 
/lose   the   Resident    that   Poona  had  a  population   of    about   a 


|i  Tslenku'a  Travels,  n.  113-125.    Tbe  irr«t«lied  objwrU  referred  to  by  Lord 
ralealU  wero  the  poor  ramiao-strickea  poDple.  '  Muiluiitoth's  Lite,  1. 334. 


Lord  r«fcfi 


S!r  J.  UtactM 

t$0S-lS08. 


CbapUr  ZIT. 
FUcei. 

//iilory. 


i3ie. 


420 


DISTRICTS, 


hundred  thouiand.  Tho  polico  was  ontnisted  to  a  military  Bril 
of  the  family  of  Ookhic  who  hod  a  Inrgv  cstAbliahmrat  «iul  y 
duty  wiun  uitliLT  flo  euy  or  so  well  porfunnud  tlutt  notvitbittad 
the  fri'^uoiit  mefjiing  uf  armed  men  instances  i\i  disorder  were' 
In  1813  a  brigade  of  Brilitth  tri>0]>B  wii«  stntioiiod  at  I'ooe^ 
Oirpir  (f>rt),  tt  Hpot  orifpnully  choeHU  by  OfiKTul  WeUnl 
DVord  the  titj-.  In  18 1 6thc  unknown  nuthor  of  Fifteen  Teartin 
dctHrribed  Poonn  as  of  modem  build  4nd  not  of  any  ^reat  exld 
impoeing  in  appearance.  The  city  lay  iu  a  gunlcn-likt*  plui 
fine  mountain  MX-ncry  in  the  distance.  Covering  tho  city  vasi 
mouutiiin  rangf?  with  several  rumuntic  bill  fortn  in  sight  aad 
the  lity  walls  wiw  the  round  and  »leop  Purviiti  hill.  It  wa 
watered  by  the  Mula  and  Muthuwhiih  met  near  the  city,  Thci 
were  broaior  in  general  than  in  other  native  towns  and  shom 
wealth.  Tho  city  hud  aevtrul  temples  but  they  were  moiM 
not  held  in  great  veneration.  In  point  of  strvngtb  dii 
waa  not  worth  much  consideration,  but  if«  w<?alth  luid  its  Bn 
govemmeut  guv's  it  an  importance  omong  Muruthit  stataft.*! 
a  letter  to  Ludy  Keith  (^7th  Jfovember  I8IG)  Mr.  Klphii 
gives  a  livelier  pielure  of  the  sights  of  Poena,  or  mther  (I 
pait  of  Poona  close  to  the  Simgum.  I  am  writing,  he  M{ 
a  garden  of  treee  some  of  which  have  no  names  in  KngUil 
otliLTS  ore  among  the  rarest  in  your  green  houses.  My  rrt 
fiUed  with  the  smoke  of  incense  bunit  before  a  Hindu  « 
tell  yards  from  ray  bouse,  where  troops  of  women  comej 
musio  playing  before  them,  to  hang  gnrlonde,  to  »arri6te  i 
and  to  cut  oil'  their  own  hair,  whieh  they  have  vowi 
diWnity.  In  the  same  gar«len  there  is  a  very  ancient 
of  a  Muhamniadan  female  saint,  which  is  a  place  of  su' 
that  an  oath  taken  in  it  is  reckoned  sacred,  even  among  the  fij 
people.  I  have  just  heard  loud  lamentations  over  a  <lcad  bod^ 
I  now  ace  a  funeral  p)Tc  kindling  on  the  bonks  uf  a  river  i^ 
hand,  where  1  have  before  seen  tiie  living  consumed  with  the 
The  mourners  are  sitting  in  silence  on  the  ground  luokin"-  on 
be  time  to  gather  up  the  ashes  of  their  fneud.  Two  large  ^ 
arc  wallowing  in  the  water  at  no  great  dislonoe,  and  on  them 
crosses  the  river  are  bufBiloes,  camels,  horsemen  with  long] 
and  loose  drapery,  and  foot  passengers  male  and  femulo  in  d 
of  all  sorts  aud  colours.  At  thiit  moment  a  procession  is  paaM 
Muhammoilans  drenscd  like  Arabs,  performing  u  fruntio  done 
fiouri^hing  their  drawn  su'onls  in  honour  of  the  sons  of  J 
whoso  martvrdora  this  is  the  anniversary.  The  whole  town  is 
ing  with  tlruraming  trumpeting  and  shouting,  occasioned  ti 
same  festival,  ond  to  make  the  whole  still  more  unlilce  Knglan 
country  round  is  laid  waste  by  a  body  of  predatory  horse,  who 
made  an  inroad  from  beyond  the  Norbada,  and  have  drivi 
inhabitants  of  the  neighbouring  Wlluges  in  on  tho  capitaL"  0 
13th   of   June    ltil7    the   treaty   of   Poona   was   drawn   up  iJ 


>  life,  I.  460.  '  rift«vD  Voars  in  Tmti»,  UO  •  4AI 

*  CoieWgokt't  Klpkiustooc,  I.  343. 


POONA. 


Decoaa-l 

t 

lE'lpliii^^totK'  and  signod  by  Btijir^T  Pe8hwa.*  On  the  1 4th  of  October 
t  Wr.  KIi)hiiistonfi  and  Uttjirav  met  for  the  lust  time.    Bajirftv  spoke  of 
tht*  losa  lie  Hiifferod  under  the  treaty  of  Poona.     Mr.  Elpbinstono 
I  told  him  that  his  only  chance  of  reining  the  goodwill    of    the 
,  English  was  to  lose  no  time  in  sending  his   troops  north  to  aid  the 
1  Knglish  in  putting  down  the  PcndhAris.    Biijirdv  assured  him  that 
I  hi:4  troopit  would  start  as  soon  us  the  Dasara  was  over.     Dasara   Day 
fell  on  the    18lh  of  October.     It  was  the  finest  military  spectacle   in 
,  Poona  Hinee  the  accession  of  Bajiriv.     Every  day  of  the   week   after 
Viisara  (10th  -  2ijth)  berame  more  interesting.     By  night  and  day 
parties  of  anne<l  tnen  kept,  flocking  into  Poona  from  all  sides.     The 
I  British  troops  were  cantoned  to  the  north  of  the  town  in  n  poeition 
f  originally  chosen  by  General  Wellesley  for  the  protection  of  the  city. 
,  Gardens  and  enclosures  with  high  priekly-pear  hedges  run  in  many 
,  places    within  musket-shot  of   the  lines,  utfording  not  only  every 
,  lulvuntage  for  the  attack  of  the  Arabs  und  irregulars,  but,  in  case  of 
diwiflwtion  among  the  sepoys,  every  facility  to  desert.     Small  jMirtiea 
of  horse   eunie  out  and  enearaped  round   the  British  cantonment, 
and  in  a  few  days  more   were  augracnt<!d  to  large  bodies,  whilo  a 
strong  body  of  Qosavi  infantry  took  a  position  on  one  of  the  flanks. 
The   Sangam    being   at  some  distmice   from  the    cantonment   the 
Vin^'huikur's  horso  with  some  infantry  and  guns  cncam|x.-d  between 
the  lletfidcucy  and  the  village  of  Bhamburda.     Besides  tliesc  prepu- 
raliuns   uU   ixpurts   showed    that   an   attack  was  imiricdiate.     The 
Peuhwa  was  urged  to  strike  before  roinforcementa  cuuld  reach  Mr. 
Klpliinstono.   On  the  night  of  the  28th  October  the  gans  were  yoked, 
the  horses  saddled,  and  the  infantry  ready  to  surprise  the  British 
'  lines.     Xext  day  (29th  October)  Mr.  Klphinstone  complained  to  the 
Pesliwtt  of  the  crowding  of  the  Maratlia  troops  on  the  British  lines. 
'  At  four  in  ihe  aHenioou  of   the  IJOth  of  October  the  European  regi- 
ment, aft^^r  great  exerlions,  reached  the  cantonment.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  250  men  left  to  guard  the  residency,  'Mv.  Klphinstone,  on  the 
'  Iflt  of  Nov.,  moved  the  troops  to  a  gooti  position  at  Kirkeo  four  miles 
'  north  of  Poona.     The  British  cautoumeut  was  plundered  and  eveat4 
culminated  on  the  6th  of  November   IS17  in  the  battle  of  Kirkee 
when  2800  Bntieh  troops  signally  defeated  a  ftfaratha  host  of  33,000.* 
The  residency  was  sacked  and  burnt  on  this  day,  and  all  Mr.  Klphin- 
'  Btonc's    ])ru|jerty,  manuscripts,  and  oriental    curiosities,  valued    at 
upwards  uf  £«0tl0  (Ks.  80,000),  were  cither  plundered  or  consumed. 
'  P4iona  city,  left  with  only  u  small  garrison,  was  surrendered  on  the 
'  17th  of  November  and  the  British  flag  was    hoisted  on  the  palace 
under  a  royal  salute.*  The  greatest  cjire  was  taken  to  protect   the 
town  jX'^ople  and  order  and  peace  were  soon  established.*    But  many  of 


Chapter  XIT. 
Places. 


'  The  terms  of  the  treaty  of  Poonn  »re  given  in  Part  n.  p.  2B7, 

*  PctkiU  nf  Ui0  l>attl«  of  Kirkeo  uc  given  above  pp.  374  -  381. 
■  •  FiftTOB  Vear»  iu  India.  486- 

'  Many  oatngoouiacUi-u  llritiih  oEBcers  and  Mldisra  bad  raiac<l  indiguatton  to  the 
biglical  pitch  aiii)  Mr.  Elphiostone  toA  Gi-ooral  Smith  found  it  v«ry  dllBoiilfc, 
%Imoef  imuonible.  to   ut«  Puoum  from  thu  aack  for  whith  Uic-  suMicry  wen  ««g«r. 

lo  BrilitA  baalter  BuooasafaUy  aoUcited  prut^ctiuu  for  tlie  boukue  aud  anrduata. 


fBombtyi 


DISTRICTS. 


18X0. 


tlio  people  especially  jowoIIctb  and  pearl  merrt  ho  Kid 

Sinbsna,  stilTfrcd.'    l>eloil3  of  Artillery  and  1  .  one 

of  Light  Covulrv.  one  European  regiment,  aud  ihru-e  bat 
Bombay  Native  Infantrj',  were  placed  iu  Uio  city  ond  am 
Id  \6\^  Mr.  KlpbinHtone  detet-ted   a   conspimcy    in  Poona  in 
men  of  JecptTult*  i'ortuneB,   boido  of  them    Hrahmana,  to<dt 
Tlitj  object  of  Iho  conspiniry  was  to  murder  the  Kiiri>pcane  at 
and  Sfiti'tru,  to  f iii-priw)  the  chief  forts,  and  to  t  ■ "  i  of  the 

of  the  SatJint  HAja.     Mr.  Klphinatono  ini't  the  r. .  y  with 

titude  and  ordered  the  riii({l"-(wi<Ts  to  lie  blown  I'rom  ^iiiu  rem 
*  that  the  punishment  contained  two  vnluublu  elements  of 
panishmcnt.itwaspoinleBe  to  the  crimiual  and  terrible  tothe  beh' 
Captain  Robertson  the  first  Collector  of  Pooiia  writoa  '  the  fall 
PeshvB  vaa  a  great  los»  to  I'oona.  Into  thu  <*ity  had  flow^  lujR 
Bums  not  only  irom  the  tributary  states  but  hIho  from  the  surroundii 
districts.  Thoujtrh  BiVjirnv  hiinnelf  was  fond  of  hoarding  his  mowj. 
among  his  eourliers  and  his  luilitarj-  otfieers  thero  were  many  w 
received  largo  sums  iu  bnbes  and  freely  spent  what  thcv  made.  Tk« 
stoppai^  of  war  over  the  whole  of  India  closed  to  the  banken  thar 
favourite  and  most  profitable  investments  aud  there  were  no  otiwJ" 
channels  into  whit-h  their  wealth  eould  be  turned.  AVith  the  eml  i' 
the  gaieiy  and  richness  of  B.'iiir.'iv'B  court  the  demand  for  the  riA' 
ailks  and  1i<^i<iie8  of  gold,  whirh  had  vied  with  the  produce  of  i'aithia. 
ceasudj  and  the  dealers  and  weavers  were  impoverished.  The  pooftf 
of  the  mutaaddis  suffered  severely.  Some  moved  to  smaller  I 
where  living  was  cheaper,  others  took  to  husbandry  or  reti 
their  homes  in  the  Koukan,  others  entered  Govemnient  se 
about  twenty-five  of  them  were  employed  in  mimlatdrirs* 
and  at  the  civil  cmrt.  A  cniisidemhle  number  (nbtiut  (Jin,t  in 
of  whom  about  400  were  Musalmdns  aiirl  200  MardlLils,  rrn 
indolent  habits  who  refused  all  work  but  fighting  went  idly 
Poona,  and  lived  in  brothels  and  were  often  indebted  for  a  i 
the  keepers  of  brothels/  others  continued  to  hang  uboui  in  tha 
for  ycjirs,  hoping  for  military  service,  and  their  growing 
was  turned  to  distress  bv  the  high  prices  of  gmin  which  folio 
years  of  scanty  rainfall  endiu|^  in  1S25.  In  iS'Z^  inKtead  of  i  _ 
bustle  and  gaiety  the  city  preaented  the  taraeness  of  poverty  t' 
j>eople  led  ainilesa  idle  lives  without  emplnyiuent  an<l  witht* 
object.  Scarcely  a  horse  passed  along  thelistletw  streets  which 
empty  except  for  starving  tailors  and  better  fed  butter  dcMdora.* 

In   1820  according  to  ITomilton,   Poona   had    a    populaii 
150,000.     It  covered  probably  not  more  than  two  squartj  nulva, 


andeiunla  vera  alio  posted  st  the  chief  poUio  officer  and  the  PeahwVs  palac*.  S^'' 
triHiag  excuui^s  wvro  nimmitti^tl  in  the  suburbs,  but  tbu  city  aiitTered  no  islai}" 
■ad  tb«  loM  of  propvrtv  wm  iniignificant.  Coosidthiie  all  cireamatancoi  tk*  !■■ 
bearance  (*t  U»  troops  aeacrved  )>ii(b  praine.  Colebrouke  s  Klphiaatoov.  1.  4, 
<  tlrunt  Onira  Mnnitli.w.  65o  ;  Fiflcen  Ye«re  in  Indin.  490. 

*  BUcker'fl  MaiiVtba  Wu-.  315  •  16.         '  L'olebrooko's  Elphinitone,  U.  74  ,  TJ 

*  lUUi  October  1821  ;  Bant  India  P&i>em.   IV.  688,  AM. 

*  lat  Febnary  1925  ;  Bgm.  Oor.  iter.  11«<J.  117  of  1&29,  B33-fiH 


POONA. 


differently  built  and  wholly  open  and  defencelefts,  more  like  a  large 

llage  thiin  a  city.'     In  18^5  (27tli  June)   Bishop  Ileber  tlescribes 

oona  n»  hnug  in  the  centre  of  an   extensive  plain,  about  2U0U  feet 

.bove  the  syu,  surrounded  by  singularly  scarped  trap  hills  from  1500 

2000  foot  higher.     The  plain  was  very  bare  of  trees,  and  though 

ere  were  some  gardous  close  to  the  city,  they  were  not  sufficient  to 

ternipt  the  nakeduesa  of  iht;  picture,  any  mora  than  the  few  young 

troi^R  and  ornamental  shrubs  of  the  cantonment.     The  most  pleasing 

feature  was  the  small  insulated  hill  of  Parvati,     The  city  was  fur 

from  handsome  and  of  no  great  apparent  size,  though  it  was  said  to 

have  a  population  of  100,000.     It  was  without  walls  or  fort,  it   woa 

■irregularly  built  and  paved,  with  moon  bazars,  it  had  deep  ruinous 

etn-cta  interspersed  with  pijuil  trees  and  many  smuU  but  no  large  or 

striking  tiMuples.  and  as  few  traces  as  can  well  be  conceived  of  having 

been  BO  latoly  the  resilience  of  a  powerful  sovereign.     Bishop   Hcber 

found  the  chief  palace  large  witli  a  handsome  fpiadrangle  surrounded 

by  cloisters  of  carved  wooden  pillars.     Externally  it  was  mean,  aa 

were  also  the  smaller  residences  which  were  whimsically  known  by 

the  names  of  the  week.     The  ground  floor  of  the  chief  palace  was  used 

BB  a  prison,  and  the  upper  storey  as  a  dispcnaury  and  an  inaaao 

hospital.' 

In  1 832  the  French  traveller  and  botanLst  Jucqucniout,  a  sharp 
but  ill-tempered  observer,  doscnbed  i*oona  as  a  large  city  very  dirty 
mnd  ill- built.  NothinE^  bore  witness  to  its  former  grealuesB.  Of  the 
B0,0OU  inhabitants  onI\'  a  few  were  ^fusalm^ns.  There  were  very 
many  Br<ihmans,  ana  many  temples  but  none  remarkable.  The 
Brahmans  lived  almost  all  as  prie-sts  and  beggars,  very  few  went  into 
I  the  anny.  The  population  was  much  mixed  with  Konkanis 
'  Gujardtis  and  Deccanis,  and  there  were  MArwnri  merchants  and 
BolioriSs.  There  were  no  PrirsJs  in  the  city,  but  Pdrsis  hud  a  mono- 
poly of  tho  market  in  the  camp.  The  people  were  small  and  very 
black,  their  features  hud  none  of  the  classic  regularity  of  Hindustan, 
but  they  were  shrewd  and  sharp,  the  expression  hard  but  not   un- 

k pleasant.  The  lowest  cluascs  woi-e  a  narrow  girdle  and  a  black 
or  red  turban.  The  belter-uff  hod  a  waisteloth  or  on  open  shirt. 
£)ach  cajste  hatl  a  different  form  of  headdress  generally  ungraceful, 
boming  low  in  front  and  bc:hind  and  high  over  the  ear  so  as 
to  show  the  earrings.  Almost  all  women  wore  silver  tocrings 
and  had  their  arms  covered  with  silver,  copper,  ivory,  or 
lacquered  bracelets.     The  people  lived  on  rioo,  wheat,  and  the  flour 

iof  grains.  Wood  was  extremely  rare  and  dear  and  the  dung  of 
cows  as  well  as  of  horses  was  the  universal  fuel.  The  streets  were 
very  dirty,  and  in  the  momiug  were  thronged  with  men  and  women. 
On  Parvali,  near  the  temple,  were  the  ruins  of  the  Pcshwa's  palace, 
and  great  mango  groves  stretched  at  the  foot  of  Pan'ati  towards 
the  Mutha  and  surrounded  the  city  to  the  south.  But  the  trees  were 
wretchwl  and  vegetation  had  no  strength  except  on  the  river  side. 
From  the  hill  top  Poona  looked  a  mixture  of  huts  and  trees  such  aa 


I 

^ 


Chapter 
Places.   ■ 

Pooka,    f 

B'uhop  HebtTf 
183$, 


JtKtjHemtmtt 

18Sg. 


1  iLumIt<io'»  Doecdption  af  UiaduBtdo,  196.       ^  Jounul,  U.  306  •  S09. 


POOVA. 


ppft. 


foa. 


AU 


pipaU,  hortf  and  bdhkuUt  whii  a  f< 

wooden  bridgca,  one  baill  br  the  M«r4tlk4a  mad  ib  i 

liuring  tbo  fifty  resn  «noe  1832  Poana  baa  adij 
wrliaps  than  any  of  ihc  leading  tovna  at  tlda  pram 
Bombay.  No  notioM  or  details  rvgmrdini;  tlie  city  nanre 
but  f rum  what  i»  known  of  the  farmpr  cxHkditiaQ  cf  f 
prtibttbly  mada  no  rapid  piuurm*  hdore  1 850.  Ilvn^ 
luutioiea  Ifaexv  wvra  Mgni  ol  dialoTalty  oad  ardttion,  bd 
body  of  Enropoatt  troopm  prorentad  wr  ■tniBi|>l  ■&  i 
Sinoo  tb«  opening  of  tlw  rauway  in  1800  tli«  tnde  an 
ol  Poona  naa  rapidly  increaHO.  Tlie  nuJctng  of  tliel 
American  wsr^  and  the  building  of  tho  bamwka,  and  i 
loading  public  buildings  between  I860  and  1S70,  adiled 
to  the  vealUi  of  the  city.  Thia  waa  followed  by  a  timal 
which  was  at  ila  height  during  the  1^6-77  famnwr.  J 
tho  famine  many  claases  of  townqicopio  shared  in  tbe  p 
were  nude  in  toe  great  trade  in  grain.  In  1879  thejM 
Khadakv^dln  water  works  rapidly  rcator^  those  of  Wtk 
olniairii  who  hod  suffered  from  the  famine,  and  has  tunlH 
laHe  tracU  round  the  city  which  were  formerly  bare  waa 
(May  13)  Poonn  wtu  disturbed  br  the  burxxiug^  of  tj 
palace  and  the  atUMupt  to  bom  the  Vishrdmb&g  pwlaim 
ware  the  work  uf  iueoDdiariL'ii.  and  seem  to  hmre  been  pi 
wish  to  Lvuse  liwB  uitd  uiinovaitce  tu  Uoremmeat  and  to 
feoUngs  of  uneaaineai  which  the  f^ang  robberiea  cairrie^ 
openly  disloyal  Visuder  Halvant  PhadJce  bad  caused.  Si^ 
progress  of  the  city  has  been  steaily.  Tho  makiDg  4 
Doocaii  Uailway,  though  it  mav  deprive  Poena  of  aome  C{ 
brandies  of  trade,  will  do  niucU  to  eurich  it  oud  to  iner«tt| 
tancc  U!}  the  chitf  trade  centre  in  the  Bombay  Deccan.  * 
of  Poouu  is  sbown  in  the  increase  in  the  number  of  its  p 
total  in  185!  was  73,219.  By  187:^  this  had  risen  to  90 
9!),421  in  1881. 

Pur,  a  small  village  six  miles  south-west  of  S^vnd,  wi 
p4ipulution  of  5:}1.  has  two  temples  of  Kdlbhatniv  ant 
Chhviir  witli  a  yearly  fair  at  each.  The  fair  at  Kalbhair 
in  held  on  the  f  ulNmoon  of  Mngh  or  January-Kcbrnary  an 
^^rMancflhvar'H  temple  on  the  dark  thirteenth,  of  the  aan| 

Fur,  a  small  village  of  182  people,  pleasantly  sitnatei 
valley  surrounded  by  hills,  about   twelve  miles  west    of  J 
at  the   source  of   the    Kukdi^    a    ruined    Uemad 
Kukdeshvar  covered  by  a  tiled  roof.* 

Id  going  west  from  Junnar  to  Qhdtghar  np  the 
Kukdi,  a  pleasant  afternoon's  work  is  to  leave  horses 
at  tho  villttgo  of  Hirdij  and  to  pass  south  over  the  east  ^^ 


8t    of  J 

lpaii|i|j 

theS 
rscsH 


•  Voya««  Duu  1'  InJo,  111.  fio4. 

*  Tlw  witiqtiaruui    uirta    in    tlii* 

M«ia.  Bojr.  As.  Soc.  of  Urcst  D"*^ 


POONA 


scarped  head  of  Shambhu  hill,  about  three  mileB  south-weat  to 
^ukdesh\'ar  temple,  and  then,  about  four  miles  north-west  across  the 
rest  shoulder  of  Shambhu  hill,  over  the  low  plateaus  at  the  sidu  of  the 
lley  to  Gh^tghar.     The  country  throughout  ia  wild  and  pictureBquc. 
path  lie«  across  the  wooded  bunks  of  the  Kukdi  over  arising  j»round 
lirly  clothed  with  young  ain  and  otlier  forest  troett  between  the  two 
.   gnut  scarps  of  Shambhu  on  the  rif^ht  and  CbAvand  on  the  left,  into  the 
wild  valley  of  the  Kukdi  with  some  rice    fields,  but  chiefly  upland 

-  slopes  broken  with  trees  and  thickly  woocled  in  the  deeper  hollows, 
£  The  path  pjisses  west  with  the  mighty  crags  of  Shambhu  to  the  north, 
,  ■  the  lower  wooded  slopes  of  the  Sbiroli  or  Kuuibui  hills  to  the  south, 
^  and  the  st«ep  lofty  uidct)  of  Mehcudola  and  Shivdola  to  the  west  and 

-  norlh-woat.     Wear  the  head  of  the  valley,  which  haa  narrowed  into  a 
.  woody  glen,  close  to  the  right  or  south  bank  of  the  narrow  rocky  Kukdi 

the  old  temple  of  Kiikdeshvar.  It  h  hid  in  the  deep  whude  of  a 
jSch  grove  of  mango  and  kara7ij  trees.  The  spire  ie  gone  but  the  outer 
rills  whioh  had  fallen  or  been  overturned  have  been  roughly  put 
)gother,  probably  by  the  MarathiU,  and  are  sheltered  by  a  strong 
itched  roof.  Along  the  bank  of  the  stream  and  in  some  walls  to  the 
}t  are  many  stones,  some  of  them  fiuelv  curved,  and  further  down 
le  stream  is  a  small  ciBtern  cut  iu  the  rock.  The  temple  ia  in  the  old 
[indu  or  Ilem^lpaiiti  many-cornered  style,  later  than  the  Ambar- 
Uh  temple  near  Kalyiin  iu  ThAna,  varying  from  the  eleventh  to 
le  early  years  of  the  thirteenth  centur)*.  It  stands  on  a  modern 
linth  about  fifty-two  feet  east  and  west  by  thirty  feet  north  and 
3uth,  and  one  foot  four  inches  high.  The  veranda  or  passage 
between  the  walls  of  the  temple  and  the  edge  of  the  plinth  is  about 
six  feet  wide.  Tliu  temple  measures  about  forty  feet  luug  by 
eighteen  brood.  The  original  outline  of  the  shnne  and  the  hall  or 
man-lap  is  pi^Berved,  the  ftmr  lowest  feet  of  the  wall  all  round  the 
vhole  temple  having  escaped  overthrow  or  decay.  In  the  shrine, 
especially  in  the  south  face  to  the  top  of  the  present  building,  that  ia 
to  about  twelve  feet  from  the  ground,  the  stones  remain  in  their 
original  position.  In  the  north  face  of  the  hall,  above  the  line  of  four 
feet  from  the  ground,  the  stones  have  been  replaced  in  great  disorder, 
many  of  the  most  richly  curved  stones,  those  for  example  with  u  water 
pot  of  the  A-Aiy'rt-shape,  properly  beUuging  to  the  ruined  spiro.  The 
ehrinc  has  three  faces,  to  the  north,  the  cast,  and  the  south,  each 
face  about  four  feet  broad.  Between  these  facea  are  two  nuiin  comers 
to  the  north-oast  and  the  south-east  and  between  the  main  comers 
and  the  faces  is  a  single  minor  comer.  In  each  of  the  three  main 
faces  is  a  niche,  the  north  niche  containing  a  figure  of  the  skeleton 
goddces  Chiimunda  dancing  on  a  corpse,  and  tlio  cast  face  of  Shiv 
duucing  tlie  Taudav.  The  south  face  ia  at  present  (Dec.  1882) 
bidden  by  a  heap  of  wooden  rafters.  In  the  outer  face  of  the  south 
poHsage,  bebu'een  the  hall  and  the  shrine,  is  some  writing 
apparently  mason  marks,  consisting  of  a  few  letters  whose  form 
points  to  some  time  later  than  the  inscription  (a.i>.  1060)  in  the 
AmbarnAth  temple  near  Knlydn  in  Thina.  The  prancing  figure  in  the 
niche  in  the  south  face  of  the  hall  is  Vishnu  in  the  Varah  or  Boar 
form,  with  a  mace  in  his  right  hand  crushing  the  demon  Hiranydksb 
under  his  foot.  In  the  west  wall  are  two  niches.  The  niche  to 
N  B66-M 


Chapter  X] 
Places. 
Fob. 

Tempk. 


426 


DISTRICTS. 


Chaptar  ZIT. 

FlMM. 
VVK. 

JCukdtMluiar 
Tmftf, 


the  6outh  of  the  door  has  a  figure  of  Oanpati  und  thi 
north  of  the  door  is  empty.  Ou  tho  grouud  the  left  i 
bolow  bos  a  fi^re  covenfl  with  rodlL-od  of  Ilar-Oauri 
with  Pirrati  in  hid  lap.  In  the  north  wall  are  » 
goddc89oa  and  attendontrt,  but  tho  nicho  hoa  been  \*Mti 
taken  by  a  spiro  Mono  of  a  khuja-iknpcd  water 
marked  with  rt-iUood. 

In  the  norlb-west  comer  of  tho  plmth  of  the  ti 
broken  Bhrine  and  ou  cithor  Kidc  an?  two  terrific  akoleton  lilu 
Mnlps  and  fl]K>ar,  and  a  little*  to  the  wi'!«t  a  cobra  atone  a 
and  a  pillar  i.-nrvi-d  in  relief.  Tu  the  right  in  a  smul!  brok 
of  UituJrav  of  plain  but  well  dressod  maecfory.  Tho  lei 
h  in  ita  right  place,  but  the  right  figure  has  been  uiuveil 
tlic  temple  in  the  shrine  lies  a  stone  carved  in  the  loU| 
which  tho  people  worship.  Fucing  tho  temple  door  are  s 
probably  of  a  nionaatcry.  To  the  south  is  a  suu  autl  inoon  ( 
tho  aas  curse  but  no  writing.     To  the  east  are  miuiv  Hpire  M 

About  nix  feet  in  front  of  the  west  door  is  a  brulcon  bull 
carved  bell  necklace.  Tho  pjlu^ttrrs  and  jumbs  on  each  km 
west  door  are  in  their  original  plueea  and  the  door  is  in  U 
breadth  (2'  9"),  but  the  Untol  has  been  dianged  and  ti 
height  of  the  door  cannot  bo  fixed.  Tho  stono  w^itb  a  modi 
over  the  liutcl  is  altra  out  of  its  place. 

Inside  the  temple  is  iu  good  rcimir.  It  indudeB  a  hall  1 
by  13'  4"  broud,  a  pasHagu  to  the  sUrine  G'  long  by  7'  brtu 
shrine  (I'  0"  sqiuire.  The  roof  of  each  of  these  three  parts 
in  the  Ilemhdpanti  or  cross-comer  style.  The  roof  of  tbt 
tho  passage  is  supported  by  four  pillars  and  twelve  pilaati 
four  pillars  uphold  tho  hall  dome.  Oi  the  twelve  pilai 
uphold  the  dome  over  tho  passage  to  the  shrine,  four  an>  in 
vails  of  the  hall,  and  four  arc  iu  the  corners  of  the  hall.  A  ti 
has  been  set  In  the  luiddlc  of  tht*  hall  face  of  the  ehrine  ]>a#im) 
up  one  of  the  crosH  »labs  of  the  dome  which  is  badly  cruck 
hall  dome  \»  .i1>out  o  7"  square,  10'  2"  high  to  the  lop  of  th 
capitals  and  3'  8"  more  to  tho  centre  of  the  dome.  The  If 
of  the  dome  is  plain  except  the  central  stone  which  is  cam 
hanging  lotus  pattern.  The  ftur  pillars  which  aupport  I 
stand  5'  7"  apart.  In  tho  side  walls,  botweon  eoch  face  of 
are  two  central  mches  (3'  1"  by  6')  with  u  liguro  of  llur-Gut 
Shiv  with  Purviiti  on.  his  lap  in  the  south  niche,  a  four*hui 
in  the  uurth  niche,  and  piluaters  in  the  curucrs.  Standi] 
floor  in  the  north-east  comer  arc  three  fig^urcs  of  ITar-0 
one  of  Vishnu.  All  the  pillars  and  pilasters  are  richly  ca 
are  about  10'  2"  high  to  tho  top  of  the  heavy  bracket  capill 


1  Tlie  dcbuk  of  Ute  pUUn  kre  •  »qnftre  l)u»  1'  9^  and  4"  thiek,  •  rour> 
1'  Ity  limg,  with  facoa  about  1'  3"  braul;  wi  vi^ht-BKlpii  hand  4"  hroaj  ; 
fillet  S"  ;  an  oicht-aidsd  b«U  3^ ' ;  anothfir  rouud  fillet  2";  »  four-AM^ 
high  with  face*  1'  2(*  broAtl ;  an  ei^bt-siddl  hand  I'  liroaU  t  a  rminil  biui 
■bavo  thrw)  abarp  circles  ihe  two  lowest  liko  diacs,  and  tlic  tltinl  wit 
hangingomament  togetberaboat  I' bruad:  thcnaaciuaro  capital  of  4'; 
tita  aqaare  eapiuJ,  a  bracket  capital  with  fourseiiaiwte  t»eta  aljuut  I'  2* 
oarvvd  with  a  Bgan  leasiag  forward  and  bearing  the  twrt  on  its  Qf-st 


le  moulh  of  the  passage  in  the  eaat  end  of  the  hall  a  pillar  has 
midt-d  in  tht>  same  stylo  as  the  others,  probably  from  some 
otlior  part  of  the  builfling^to  support  the  lintel  of  the  passage  dome. 

*  The  passa^  which  is  six  feet  Iwig  by  7'  1"  brood  is  covered  by  u 

*  dome  wlucu  is  supported  by  four  pilutttcrs  in  the  sumc  style  us  the 
^all  pillars.  Thu  piluatora  arc  7'  3'  bigb,  the  height  of  the  baae  of 
■be  dome  where  the  corners  are  cut  off  is  8'  9",  and  the  centre  of  the 
^lollow  of  the  dome  12'.  The  inside  of  the  dome  rises  in  three 
'  rounded  bands,  like  three  bidls  one  within  the  other,  to  the  central 
'••■  Btone  which  is  carved  in  the  hanging  lotus  pattern.     The  side  walls 

of  the  passage  have  richly  carved  niches  3'  broad  by  6'  2'  high 
I  including  the  ornamental  hnish  above  the  niche,  the  right  hand  or 
r  south  niche  having  a  figure  of  Guapati,  and  the  north  oicho  a  Eguro 
I  of  Devi. 

f       Tn  the  cast  wall  is  the  doorway  to  the  shrine.     It  is  6'  broad 

>  including   Iho   oruamoutal  panels    on    each  aide,  and   7'  9"    high 

'  including  the  overhanging  eave  and  the    carved   work  above  the 

'  door.      Over  the  shrine    door  are  three  bands   of   carved  Bguree, 

each  about  a  foot  broad,  separated  by  narrow  belts   of  moulding. 

The  highest  band  of  figures  is  can*ed  in    the  eight-sided  belt  of 

stone  which   supports  the  dome.     They  are  standing  Yoginis  forty 

*  in  all  and  five  in  each  of  the  eight  faces.  Below,  over  the  door,  are 
nine  seated  figures  roprc-senling  the  navagrahatf  or  nine  plauetii : ' 
the  rest  of  the  figures  in  this  row  arc  four  augela^  two  on  either  end, 
bearing  garlands.  The  third  belt  has  figures  of  the  five  Devis." 
The  door  into  the  slirine  is  5'  2"  high  2'  8""  broad  and  2'  deep.  Two 
steps  lead  down  int«  the  ahrinc  which  is  6'  9"  square.  The  floor  is 
pavi'd  with  dressed  stonea.  In  the  centre  is  a  lin^  in  a  liinj-cn&c, 
and  leaning  :igain«t  rhe  ba«-k  wall  is  a  rude  copper  mask  of  a  man's 
faco  with  staring  eyps  and  curled  moustache,  which  is  put  over  the 
littf/.  The  temple  ministrant  is  a  Koli  aud  the  oUeriugs  are  flowers. 
A  tair  is  held  at  the  temple  on  Alahd^hivrdtra  in  Fcbruarj'-March. 
In  the  south-east  corner  is  an  opening  some  feet  from  the  floor 
through  which  wut^r  can  be  poured  till  the  god  is  flocdcd.  In  the 
uorlh  wall  is  a  channel  to  carry  off"  the  water.  There  is  a  shelf  in 
the  north  wall  about  five  feet  from  the  ground  and  a  small  niche  ia 
the  south  wall.  The  rest  of  tho  walls  are  of  dressed  stone,  plain 
except  comer  pilasters,  a  carved  outstanding  block  in  the  middle  of 
each  face  about  ten  feet  from  the  ground,  and  five  bands  of  shallow 
carding  under  the  beginning  of  the  dome.  The  dome  which  is  plain, 
except  a  slight  ornament  in  the  centre  stone,  begias  ten  feet  from 
the  ground  and  is  four  feet  deep. 

From  the  temple  the  puth  to  GhfUghar  leads  across  some  rice  fields 
to  the  right  of  the  village  of  Pur,  up  a  steep  woorlctl  pass,  over  the 
west  shoulder  of  Shambliu  with  fine  views  of  its  great  beetling  crags 
and  (if  the  huge  Si^rp  of  ChAvand  to  the  east.  From  the  crest 
of  the  shoulder  the  path  leads  through  pleasant  woods  with  fine 
views  across  the  valley  of  tho  north  Kukdi  to  tho  wild  row  of  peaks 


Chapter 
Flaces-   , 

PPR,        \ 

Ttmpk. 


'  The  nitie  plknebs  Are  Mecdiry,  Veniis,  Mart,  Jupiter,  Saturn,  tbo  Sao,  the  Moon* 
Ulha,  *ad  Kstu.  >The  other  raws  Jwv«  aagols  bearing  garUoils. 


(Bombty  Oazette«r, 


lapter  XIV 
Places. 

PVJI. 


trakdoab 

Fort. 


DtMcriplmt, 


DISTRICTS. 


wlucli  forms  tho  weetem  face  of  the  AnjaTla  hillfl.  In  front  the 
scarp  of  a  hill,  upparontly  with  no  more  murked  name  than  Pi 
runs  into  ihe  valley,  and  iK'Vond,  to  the  west,  are  the  gr«.»ut  roc 
aides  and  pointed  top  of  Jivdhan.  About  a  mile  and  a  hnli  fro' 
Gh&tghar  on  the  left,  cloee  to  the  jMitb,  in  a  (i({uare  maeonrr  enclosuro 
of  low  roofless  walls  of  earth  and  stone,  are  two  /tny-likc  stones 
known  as  Kalamja.  Ontside  of  the  square  walls  is  a  eirrlo  of  rough 
stoncSj  about  seventy-five  paces  round,  marked  with  re<U«>nd.  Some 
the  8tonc3  on  the  north  face  of  the  circle  are  larger  and  apparent 
older  than  tho  rest.  The  circle  is  interesting  from  it«  rosemblanee 
Velal's  guai-diun  and  other  rude  stone  circles.  The  chief  worship 
are  said  to  be  Kolia  of  the  neighbouring  village  of  I'&ngU. 

Pxirandhar,  IR"  17'  north  latitude  and  74**  2'  oast  longit 
256U  feet  above  the  Poona  plain  and  4472  feet  above  the  sen,  ia 
famous  fortified  hill  which  gives  Ms  name  to  a  sub-division  wh 
head-quarters  arc  at  Siisvad,  about  hix  miles  to  tho  north-east  of  t 
hill  fort.  It  is  tho  loftiest  peak  iu  a  range  of  hills  about  tweu 
jnilefi  suuth-east  of  I'oonu.  From  the  south  slopes  of  tho  Sioh 
Bhuleshwar  hilla  near  the  KtLtni^  pasa.  and  about  t«n  miles  south  of 
Poona^  a  spur  strikes  i<uuth-eaRt  and  riaes  into  a  group  of  five 
towering  p«!ak8,  Pumndliar,  Vajirgiul,  Herukn,  Bondalgad,  and 
Suryaparvat.  Purandhar  lies  about  t^venly  miles  soutn-<*aHt  of 
Poona  by  the  fijilfiLsypss,  and  about  twenty-6ve  miles  by  the  Devo 
pas^and  S^8VDd7^Tu^Hds\'ad  route  is  alone  fit  for  carriages.  From 
the  travellers'  bungalow  at  Kilsvad  a  very  fair  road  broken  ia.. 
nlacoB  by  stream  beds  leads  about  six  miles  south-west  to 
loot  of  Purandhar  hill.  From  tho  Peshwa's  mansion  at  SI 
Purandliur  nytpeurs  less  lofty  than  Vajirgad  which  stands  sligh 
in  advance  and  partly  hides  the  loftier  hill.  From  the  BA 
approach,  which  alone  shows  their  true  features,  the  hogbac 
Vujirgad  and  tho  saddlebuckud  Vurundhar  arc  Beparate,  except  for 
one  narrow  ridge.  Purandhar  is  the  larger,  higher,  and  more 
important  of  the  two  hills.  From  the  top  of  the  U^pdev  pass  a 
twelve-mile  long  road  leads  bv  tho  village  of  ChAmbli  to  Purandhar. 
As  they  are  n*!ared,  the  basalt  summit  wall  of  both  hills  is  Been  to 
bo  crowned  with  a  masonry  ruin  studded  here  and  there  with 
bastions.  Purandlinr,  the  larger  and  higher,  is  varied  b^  two  risinfi;*, 
on  the  higher  of  which,  the  loftiest  point  in  the  range,  is  a  MaluWlpr 
temple.  The  hill  on  which  this  tomplc  stands  is  part  of  the  up 
fort  of  Purandhar,  while  on  its  northern  faw.  300  feet  below 
temple  and  ujn^rds  of  1000  feet  above  the  plain,  runs  a  level  ten 
on  wliich  stands  the  military  cantonment,  flaukcil  on  the  east  by 
barracks  and  on  the  west  by  the  hospital.  The  northern  e*ige  of 
the  terrace  is  defended  by  a  low  wall  with  several  seniicirrulftr 
bastions  and  a  gate  tlankcd  by  two  towers.  This  is  calhKl  the 
M^chi  or  terrace  fort.  At  the  foot  of  the  bill  is  a  well  built  vvtSe^ 
house,  from  which  the  ascent  leads  by  an  easy  wide  road  with 
gradient  of  ono  in  eight.  Halfway  up  the  road  brunches  to 
right  and  left,  the  right  branch  leading  to  the  hospital  and  the  1 
to  the  store  gate  iu  the  centre  of  the  cantonment  and  to  the  ba 
From  the  loiddle  of  tho  cantonment  a  winding  road  830  yards  1  ^ 
runs  towards  the  upper  fort  and  ends  in  a  flight  of  rudo  atone  steps 


t  Deccan 


I'OONA 


wbicli  wind  between  a  looplioled  wall  of  masonry  and  the  basalt 
cliil'  un  which  Ihu  fori  standi.  A  sharp  turn  leude  suddenly  to  the 
Delhi  Gate  Hanked  by  twlid  bastion  towcre. 

Passing  left  from  the  Delhi  Gate  the  path  goes  along  a  narrow 

ridge   flanked    on    each    side   by   loopholod   walls.     It  is   in  somo 

places  only  eight  fett  wide,  and,  with  u  sheer  fall  on  either  Bide  of 

over  30U  fwt,  leads  to  the  Kaud  Kuda  or  Sli/  Semper  buxtion,  tho 

most  eastern  point  of  Punindhar,  eomniandiug  a  vi&w  of  Vajirgad  and 

the  Bottle  Hill,  and   across  tho  rich  Bhima  valley  to  the  distant 

MahiLdev  range.     Here  is  a  bungalow,  the  oldest  on  the  fort  built  by 

Colonel  Loe-son.     Near  the  bungalow  is  a  small  reservoir  and  postern 

gate  railed  Chor  Dindi  DarvAja  or  tho  Secret  Gate.     Going  back  to 

tho  Delhi  Gate  the  patli  leads  up  to  the  Gancsh  Uarviiiii  passiiig  by  a 

small  chamber  in  the  thickest  purl  of  the  right  hand  □linking,  where 

ShubAji    the    father  of  Sbivdji   was  cuuJined  in  ll>4!)  by  Miihmud 

( 1026  -  ItJoO)  the  seventh  Adil  Shdhi  king.     On  the  left  is  n  ruinous 

finiro  of  Gonesh  which  gives  its  name  to  tho  gate.    Through  a  third 

plain  gate  with  a  bastion  on  the  right  called  the  Bavta  Buruj  or 

Banner  Bastion,  the  way  leads  to  a  bombproof  building,  once  a  granary 

and  now  a  summer  residence  for  the  chaplain.     Hear  the  granary 

rises  a  solid  mass  of  masonry  the  site  of  a  palace  said  to  have  been 

*     built  by   iibSji  Purandhuro,  the  founder  of  the   great  Purundbare 

^.family  of  Desliastb   Brihinans  who  were  closely  allied  with    the 

■  Pcshwa's  family.     A  Utile  further  on  is  a  bungalow  called  the  Kagle's 

^  Kcst  and  slightly  behind  it  is  a  mosque  ;  the  path  continues  towards 

tho  west  with,  on  tho  left,  two  small  covewvl  cisttfrns  looking  like 

K  tombs  and  used  during  sieges  to  hold  oil  and  clarified   butt«r  for 

H  the  garrison,  while  on  the  right  is  a  building  used  as  a  bombproof 

Binagaxinc  under  the  shelter  of   one  of  tho  two  great  risings  which 

^inark  Purandhur.      This  rising  is  called  either  Love's  Seat  or  tho 

Kilja's    V^du  that  is    kuig's    palace    as   tShdhu  (1708  •  1749)   the 

grandson  of  Shiv^ji  begnu  to  build  a  palace  here.     A   little  further 

on  tho  left  is  a  beuutiful  reservoir  culled  the  Alhasoba  Tfiki.     It 

runs  a   little  under  the  rock  und  is  fed  with  springs  which  furnish 

drinking  water  for  the  bulk  of  tJu;  people  throughout  the  hot  season. 

A    little    beyond   the  cistern  are  two  rock-cut   chambers  used  as 

dungeons.     Above  runs  a  rough  pjith  to  the  spur  that  joins  the  iUja'a 

Vdda  eminence  with  its  temple-crowned  peak.     This  spur  ends  at  the 

foot  of  a  flight  of  lino  masonry  steps  arranged  in  »et«  of  five  with  a 

fine  stttne  wall  ou  either  side  of  them.     The  steps  lead  to  a  equally 

^  beautifully  built  platform  which  covers  thecmiucncc  and  from  which 

V  rises  a  temple  of  Moliddev  built  by  the  first  Purandhure.     Going 

~  bft(k  to  the  beguming  of  the  ascent  the  way  leads  post  ruins  of  Mh&rs' 

houses  to  the  Khadda  Darvdja  built  by  one  of  the  Peshwi&a  for  the 

temple  priest.      Slightly  in  advance  and  ending  a  spur  is  a  ruinous 

bastion  called  Fatteh  Bumj  or  A'ietory  Bastion.     From  this  bastion 

tho  garrison  arc  said  to  have  leaped  about   171)0  when  surprised  by 

Kolis  under  one  Kuroji  Naik.     Following  the  narrow  path  that  runs 

along  the  back  of  a  sjjur  on  the  extreme  aoulh-wcst  angle  of  the  fort, 

A  bastion  called  the  Konkani  Bastion  rises  30O  feet  sheer.     Near  this 

bastion  is  a  bombproof  chamber  able  to  hold  twenty  men,  from  which 

ciimiools  folded  in  country  blankets  with    their    heads    and  feet 


Chapter  XIT- 

Flacei- 

Pdhakukar 
FoiiT. 

Dtacrit 


Chapter  XIV. 
Places- 

PirHAM*nAn 
Fust 

Dttcriptiotu 


yuw. 


uncovered  use*!  to  be  burled  in  tho  liwielot  or  precipice-rolling  fo 
of  death.  Further  to  the  corth-wust  is  a  triple  boation  rudel 
Bhuped  like  uii  i^lcphaul's  huud  und  called  the  Hutti  Uustiun.  P 
this  bastion  tho  wuy  kads  by  two  deep  rock-t-ut  cistomB  to  tha 
Shcndi  Buruj  under  whirh  when  it  was  built  a  married 
wure  buried  alive.  According  to  two  eopperplat^ja  found  in  the  Inji 
Commifwion  ofBce  the  foundations  of  the  Shendi  Bunij  seve: 
times  gave  way  and  the  king  of  Bedar  dreamt  that  unless  a  Bra 
bom  son  ond  bis  wife  were  sacrificed  on  the  spot  i)ie  foundatioi 
would  never  be  sure.  Oa  uwuking  tho  king  sent  for  the  grautee 
Ssdji  Ji^k.  Chive  who  brought  oueNfitU  Ndik  and  bis  wife  Devki 
and  the  two  were  buried  ahve  on  the  dark  eighth  of  Anhvin  ot^| 
beptemlM^r-Oclolwr.  At  the  same  time  fifty  thousand  gold  brieka^l 
each  brick  weighing  about  twenty-four  rujxie  weights  or  UAiis,  w^ere 
put,  2d,000  each,  in  two  holes  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  tower 
foundation  each  hole  about  thirty  feet  square  and  twelve  foot  deep. 
The  work  was  then  finished,  the  king  came  to  see  tho  bastion, 
conferred  the  fort  on  Esiiji  Ndik  and  granted  two  viUagea  worth 
about  £304  (910  hunn)  to  the  father  of  the  buried  boy.* 

From  the  Shendi  bastion  the  way  leads  to  a  fine  reservoir  on  t 
right  called  Sakliari  TalAv  or  the  Sugar  Reservoir.  A  little  beyon 
the  I'eeervoJr  is  a  stone  wall  and  a  few  yardtt  further  is  a  good  stoi 
house  used  as  a  granary  and  said  to  have  been  built  by  Afadliuvrav  t 
fourth  T'eshwa  (1 761  -1772).  A  few  yards  further  on  comes  the  poini 
from  which  the  round  of  tho  fort  was  begun.  The  round  exten 
over  two  miles  and  passes  by  three  gateways  and  six  chief  bastions. 

From  this  point  the  way  loads  to  tho  temple  plaliorm,  the  high 
point  on  the  fort,  which  commands  a  varied  grand   and  widc«p 
view  over   crests  of  mountains,  huge  blocks  of  barren  rocks  and 
ddnso  forest,  clothed  ravines,    wide-spreading  plains  and   winding 
rivers.     To  the  north  the  eye  wanders  over  plains  and  a  mountain 
range  till  it  is  lost  in  a  distant  ridge  of  pule  blue  hills  eighty  miles 
off.     On  the  first  range   is  the  road  leading  to  tbe  B^pdev  puss  and 
the  temple  hill  of  NAnivanpur,  and  whore  tho  range  diijs  to  th 
right  of  this  temple  hill,  tlio  I)eva  pass  emerges,  with,  to  its  right,  th 
square  dismantled  fort  of  SfalhArgad*  built  by  the  Pause  family  th 
hereditary  commandants  of  tbe  i'eshwa's  artillery.     Still  more 
the  right  is  the  Lesser  Bor  pass  through  which  on  the    24th 
November  1817  General  Smith  passed  to  Pandharpur  in  pursuit 
BAjirdv  whoso  immense  army  had  been  routed  at  Kirkee  a  fortnight 
before.     Half  hidden  by  a  spur  from  the   Deva  pass,  a  little  to  the 
left  of  whci-e  it  emerges,  is  seen  the  palace  of  the  Jadhav  family.' 


•  The  two  gnuita  Imve  been  pjhtiMtieil  liy  CnpUiii  Mackintosh  in  Tnuis.  Bom. 
8oc.  I,  lyi -2RS.     They  were  (oiind  hy  C«pt.  JDorfs.  luim  CommiMioner  N 
Divisipn,  In  Iiis  oHice.     One  a  an  oriciiuU  pUU-  auil  ike  other  is  a  copy  of  ux  oHci 
pUtv  in  the  Mndnw  Muaeuin  uiJ  to  In^lan^  Ui  the  Kolis  of  Porandhar.     One  n[  tb 
i»  dated  tbe  Arab  year  5^  or  a.d.    1191   which  seeiua  to  at&mp  the  plaU  ■•  £alM 
Uierc  were  un  MusaIiuuii  kind's  at  Bi'Hl&r  in  I  Hll. 

'  I>etiulti  of  MalhArjftwl  aru  j;ivfn  :tlMivi:  p,  25S. 

'  Tliia  palace  ig  clearly  scea  frtm  the  road  from  which  it  Uw  aI>ont  two  mi)«. 
is  a  largo  muato  lOopbolM  baildiug  with  email  windows  and  narrow  drwra 
by  a  Kou-detachod  Ivopholed  wall. 


ad 

I 


u 


r 


I 


Deccao. 


POONA.. 


k 


Between  the  Deva  pass  and  Pnrandhar  ore  seen  the  villages  of 
N^rdyanpur  ChaiubLi  und  Kurait.  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Karha> 
where  it  meets  a  smuU  strcum,  lies,  embowered  among  the  boniboo 
mango  and  palm  grovea,  the  town  of  Stfavad  with  iXh  two  temples 
and  large  square  mansion  of  the  Purandhares,  all  three  built  at  an 
estimated  cost  of  £60,000  (Rh.  C  lakhg).  New  the  mansion  is 
Biijiriiv's  paW*  where  the  Amirs  of  Sind  were  confined,  now  a 
travellers'  bungalow.  Looking  nearly  east,  at  the  end  of  the 
Puraudbar  range  show  the  temples  of  Jcjuri,  and  not  far  from  the 
t^mpks,  elose  I*  the  Nira  bridge,  is  VAIho  village  the  trarlitiomd 
birthpla(»  of  Volmiki  the  reputed  Koli  author  of  the  KfimaVau. 
Behind  are  the  lihima  and  Nira  vallej'H  fringed  by  disLaut  hiUs. 
Turning  south  in  the  vall»^y  almost  bt>neath  Purandhar  the  windings 
of  the  Nira  sparkle  in  the  sun,  and  looking  over  Shii-val  and  beyond 
the  iltthAdcv  range,  in  the  distance  rise  VairAtgod  PAndavgud 
and  F&nchgani,  and  over  the  square  hill  fort  of  Ilohira  and  the 
Bori  Doru  ore  seen  Mount  Malcolm  and  the  Mah&bolcehvar  temple 
and  Riiircahvar.  To  the  west,  where  range  after  range  stretch  ua 
far  am  the  eyo  can  boc,  the  view  passes  over  town  uud  village,  valley 
hill  and  drUe,  to  the  peak  of  Geacrund  Puluk  Khind  and  still  further 
to  Sinhgad  standing  bold  against  the  sky.  North  of  Sinhgad  by 
the  Donio  K^trnj  and  B^pdev  pusses  the  circle  ends  in  the  temple 
hill  of  Ndniyanpur. 

Descending  to  the  terraeo  or  ]t[^hi,  through  the  triple  archway 
in  front  of  the  Delhi  Gate,  the  way  leads  by  a  throe-pillared  rock-cut 
cavc-chambcr  almost  beneath  the  banner  bastion.  By  the  chamber 
a  steep  winding  path  leads  duwu  about  2500  feet  to  the  cantonment. 
Following  a  roan  past  the  canteen  over  the  Bhuirav  Khind  spur, 
where  stood  a  gate  called  the  Bhairav  Darvdja  witli  the  ruins  of  a 
guard  room,  begins  a  four-mile  walk  that  encircles  the  fort  of 
Purandhar.  Following  this  path,  which  is  a  broad  well  metalled 
road  made  in  IBotJ,  a  little  on  its  h^ft  slope  ore  two  slaughter  houses, 
and  behind  them  the  gruveyai'd,  well  removed  from  the  camp 
huvuig  the  easteiii  end  of  the  upper  fort  between  it  and  the 
cantonment.  Contiuuiug  this  walk,  and  following  its  many  windings 
with  convenient  %'tuw  seats,  ou  the  right  rise  the  steep  southern 
slopes  of  the  upper  fort  crowned  with  frowning  walls  and  beetling 
bastions  and  covered  during  the  rains  with  wild  flowers  thick 
brushwood  and  the  lovely  arrowroot  plant. 

On  the  left,  looking  down  on  hdl  and  vale,  on  woody  ravines  and 
on  the  winding  Xira.  the  path  leads  to  a  southerly  spur  the  largest 
on  the  hiU  calk'd  Bunchika  Met  or  FilzClureuce  Point  oa  Lord 
Kdward  KitzClarunue  when  comimuidcr-in-clucf,  always  used  it  as  a 
drill  ground.  On  its  brood  tableland  is  a  small  unfinished  reservoir 
built  by  MtUlhavrav  the  fourth  Peshwa  (17B1-  1772).  Overhanging 
the  scarp  is  the  Fattch  or  Victory  Bastion.  Beyond,  the  road  posses 
more  to  tho  north  and  leads  to  a  second  plateau  with  three  small 

L springs  almost  under  tho  abrupt  scarp  which  is  crowned  by  the  most 
westerly  or  Konkaoi  bastion  from  which  prisoners  were  hurled. 
Here  lie  huge  strangely  balanced  mosses  of  basalt  fallen  from  the 
fort  sides.  From  Uus  tableland  runs  a  wide  south-westerly  spur 
or  point  called  Mesel  Met  or  Kerr's  Point.     The  point  is  slicltered 


I 


Chapter  ZI7. 

Places. 

P[TRATIl'tIA.R 

Foat. 

Vitw. 


[Bombiiy  QftiattMt, 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  ZIT. 
Places- 


^ 


RAIdtUAB 
FOHT. 

Dtserifttioit. 


BiHory. 


from  the  cost  and  is  open  to  the  wost  and  oommandB  rich  and  distant 
news  08  fur  as  the  MaLdbalcshvor  range.  The  road  now  turns  to  tho 
east  and  followti  tKo  wiudiiigs  of  tho  hill  passing'  two  westerly  spars. 
A  ruined  guto  called  the  Kunkuni  Darvaja  leuds  to  the  hospital  spur. 
Froui  this  spur  a  wall  rtHOH  till  it  mcet^  the  rock  on  which  the  upper 
fort  is  buill  und  forms  llie  we8t*^rn  hoiindary  of  the  lower  fort.  Aoovb 
the  wuU  frowns  the  Shendi  Bastion  and  beneath  it  are  three  caves,  two 
of  them  largc>  one  fifty  and  Iho  other  l(iU  feet  deep.  The  deeper  cave 
has  three  chambers.  The  hospital  spur  is  locally  known  as  Loj/an 
Mukh  or  Wedding  Face  and  the  hospital  on  it  stands  about  a  milo 
and  a  qonrler  from  the  rest-house  at  the  fuol  of  the  hill.  From  the 
hospital  tho  road  passes  through  the  cuntonmeut  which  stands  on  a 
narrow  terrace  on  the  north  face  JJOO  feet  below  the  upper  fort 
flanked  on  the  east  by  the  barracks  und  on  the  west  by  the  hospital. 
From  the  hospital  the  path  proceeds  with,  on  its  right,  a  tine  masonry 
reservoir  called  tho  Mukaroso  Taliiv  said  to  have  beon  built 
Mddhavrav  tho  fourth  Feshwa  (1701  -  1772),  and  above  it  a  larj 
roomy  bun^fidow.  From  the  reservoir  the  roud  pu^ttes  by  one 
two  bastiuns  on  the  left  with  scvcriU  guns.suid  to  have  been  tuken  by 
Shiviiji  from  the  Portuguese  and  continues  past  a  large  quarrv,  to  a 
point  where  the  road  divides  marked  by  n  small  stone  temple  built  by 
a  blacksmith  about  1790.  Taking  the  upper  road,  on  the  right  u 
ten  larg*  patcherriee,  and  on  the  left  four  sets  of  bachelors'  quarters. 

Below  these  buildiiij^s  is  the  Bjni  Gate,  the  only  gate  remaining 
tho  lower  fort  und  callwl  liini  as  tin,-  IJinivtila's  or  QuartormaH 
General's  house  formerly  stood  close  by  it,  where  now  stauds  a  la  , 
modern  bungalow.     Taking   the  upper  path  from  tho   patchcrri 
B  small  stone  temple  and  well  ai*c  found,  the  temple  built  by  N^i 
Fodnavis  over  the  siwt  where  tho  people  from  the  neight^ourin 
Tillages     brought     their    oilerings    to     celebrate     the    birthday 
MfUlIiavr^v  Feshwa.     Thu  bungalow  close  in  front  of  the  tt^miile 
built  on    the    site    of,    and    with    much  of  the  materials  of,    Jl 
Fadnavia*  palace.     Next  comes  a  fair  sized  bungalow  enclosed  wi 
a  stone  wall  and  facing  west.     This  bungalow  stands  on  tho  site 
HAdhavr&v  Pc«hwa's  paface,  and  below  it  are  two  temples  built 
Abdji  Purandlmrc.     The  road  then  passes  through  the  market  ani 
leads  up  to  the  east  end  of  the  terrace  on  which  stands  the  cantonment. 
Close  below  U  a  line  rescTvoir  callt'd  PadmAvati  or  Huzval  TulAv  the 
masonry  of  which  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Shiviji.     On  its  north 
bank  an  open  space  covered  with  mango  trees  is  tho  site  of  a  sm 
house  where  died  Ivord  FitJsClarencc,  coramondor-in-chicf  of  Bombs 
The  site  was  bought  by  his  widow  for  a  memorial  church.     T 
the  Bhairav  Ehind   spur,  seems  to  spiing  from  beneath  the 
bastion  of  the  upper  fort  and  ruiminc  north-east  to  end  its  sw 
in  the  rock  on  which  Vajirgad  Is  built.     On  lliis  the  highest 
driest    spur    are    the  barracks,   und   al   the  extreme  west  on 
"Wedding  Fai-e  spur,  facing  west  and  overlooking  a  broad  and  rich 
valley,  is  the  hospital. 

The  earliest  known  mention  of  Pnrandhar  is  in  the  reign  of  the 
first  Bahmani  king  AU-ud-din.  Ilasan    Gangu  (1347  - 12 
obtamed  poesessioa  ofalmost  the  whole  of  Maharashtra 


i 


POONA. 


urandhar  rang^e  to  the  EiTori  anil  fortified  Purandhar  fort  in  1350. 
bout  1384  the  fortificationn  were  repaired  and  ewm {circular  bofitiuns 
were  added  by  the  fifth  Bahmani  king  MAhmud  I.  (1378- 1S97). 
Purandhar  waa  among  the  Poona  forte  wliich  i'ell  to  Ahmad,  the 
founder  td  the  Xizdm  Sh.^hi  dynasty  after  his  success  at  Junnar  in 
1 4S(j  and  continued  in  the  hands  of  the  Niaim  Sh&his  for  more  than  s 
century.'  Under- the  early  rule  of  the  Bit^pur  and  Ahmadnagar 
kings  !Purandhar  was  among  the  forts  which  were  reserved  by  th« 
Government  and  never  entrusted  to  jdgirddrv  or  estate  holders.* 
The  fort  of  Purandhar  seems  to  have  passed  to  M^loji  the  grand- 
father  of  Shivaji  when  lUhndur  Nizf!m  Sb^  of  Ahmadnagar 
.  (lo96-  1509)  grunted  hira  Poena  and  Supa.^  It  remained  with 
,  Miloji's  son  Shah^Ji  till  in  1027  it  was  taken  by  tho  Mughala.  In 
.  1G\^7 ,  when  Sh^&ji  joined  ilie  service  of  the  Bijapur  kings,  chiefly 
j  through  his  help  Purandhar  was  won  from  the  Moglialtt.  Soon  after, 
I  the  transfer  of  Purandhar  to  Blj&pur  was  confirmed  in  a  treaty 
between  BijApiir  and  the  Moghals.  Though  it  pas8e<l  under  Btjapur 
the  fort  continued  to  be  commanded  by  a  Hindu.*  In  1647,  about 
the  time  of  Dadaji  Kondadev's  death,  the  commandant  of  Purandhar 
died.  As  the  families  were  friendly,  SliivSji  was  asked  to  settle  soma 
points  in  dispute  omong  the  commotidant's  three  sons.  Uo  went  to  the 
fort,  persuaded  the  younger  brothers  at  night  to  moke  their  elder 
brother  prisoner,  uud  during  the  disturbauue,  secretly  filled  the  fori 
vitb  his  M^vIIb  and  took  it  without  bloodshed,  keeping  the  brothers 
well  disposed  to  him  by  the  grant  of  lands  uud  villages.^  In  lti6o 
Bdju  Jaysing,  who  was  Rent  by  Aurangzeb  to  the  south  to  conduct 
the  war  against  Shivaji,  promptly  despatched  a  force  under  Dilawar 
Khiin  to  attack  Pui-audhar.  The  fort  was  resolutely  defended  by 
M&vlis  and  Iletkan's,  but,  after  a  long  siege,  they  lost  heart  ana 
sent  word  to  ShiySji  that  they  could  hold  out  no  longer.  They 
would  have  left  the  tort  but  Sliiviji  asked  thom  to  hold  it  until  he 
should  send  thom  word  to  retire.  Shivaji,  who  was  unable  to  make 
head  againHt  the  Moghals,  cumo  as  a  suppliant  to  Jaysing  and 
Dilavar  Khdn  and  handed  to  them  the  keys  both  of  l*urandhar 
and  of  Sinhgad.'^  After  its  capture  Purandhar  remained  in  the 
possession  of  the  Moghals,  till  iu  1(370,  soon  after  his  capture  of 
oinhgud,  it  was  scaled  and  token  for  Shivdji  by  Suryaji  the  brother  of 
TfLnaji  Milusre.'  In  ]705  Purandhar  fell  to  the  Emperor  Aurangzeb 
(ltJ58-1707).8  In  1 707,  after  thodeath  of  Auraugaeb,  Purandhar  was 
re-taken  by  Shonkraji  Nar^yan  Sachiv  an'  adherent  of  TiiralMi  the 
widow  of  l^jilram  ( 1 089-1 7tM)  |.*  In  tie  same  year,  on  being  restored 
to  liberty  by  the  Krapf^ror  BahAdur  Sh^ih  ( 1707-1 712),  Shithu  of  SitAra 
(1708-1740)  Shivdji's    grandson,    came  to  Poona    and  summoned 


>  Grant  Duff's  MarlthA*,  63  note  1. 
*  trbinpan}  Onuit  DutTa  Mttr&thiA,  S2,  M,  SflL 


■  Briggs'  P«ri>bt&,  Iir.  12a 

*  Qnot  Duff's  HanitiuU,  41. 
'  Orant  DafTs  MnrAthS*.  61. 

*  Detajlfl  of  the  riflce  uiil  of  Sliiviiji'B  visit  to  riirmiwlhu  are  given  nnder  Hiatory. 
Piurt  II.  2:11  ■  :>34.  '  Oritnt  Dufl'i.  MArltb&s,  109. 

*  Khiti  KliAi),  MooU  10)Abn-l  Labib  in  Elliot  and  Dowson,  VIT.  373  ;  Onuit  iKifTs 
Horlthii.  177.  *  Grant  DnT*  MunthAt,  ISO. 


a866-ftS 


Chapter  XIV- 
Places- 

PcRAiroUiA 
FOBT. 

Hidory. 


Chapter  ZIV- 
Places 

PUBANDHAR 
FOKT. 


ShonVrSji  NdrAyan  the  Pant  Sachiv  to  deliver  the  fort,  but  ShanVrf ji 
diH  not  obey.  Almut  1710  ChandniMm  Jadhav,  who  had  taken 
aervi(«  with  the  Nizdm,  drove  bonk  the  MarAthiefrom  the  Godavari 
to  the  Bhiina.  To  support  the  local  troope  Sli^hu  sent  BdUii 
VishvanAth  tho  founder  of  the  fiimilv  of  the  Poona  Pe«hw^.  lialaji 
joined  IlaibatrjVv  and  they  two  fell  boek  on  Purandhar.  A  battU 
was  fought  which  the  Maralhi^  claim  as  a  Tictory  but  which  ae^ns 
to  have  been  a  defeat  as  they  afterwards  retreated  to  the  Siilpa  pas*. 
In  1714  the  first  Pcehwa  Bdlaii  Vishvaniith  (1711-  1720)  suececdal 
in  procuriug  the  release  of  the  Paut  fSuchiv,  who  wua  eoufincd  at 
Hinganguou  about  forty  miles  east  of  Poona  by  Damuji  Thor;St  a 
partisan  of  Kolhjipur.  In  return  for  this  service  the  Punt  Sachiv's 
mother  pre.*-nted  ItHldji  with  all  the  Pant  Sachiv'a  rights  ia 
Purandhar  and  ^ave  him  the  fort  ae  a  place  of  safety  for  his  family 
whose  head-eiuarters  had  l>een  at  SAsvad.  This  transfer  was  confirmed 
by  Sh^hu.  In  17o0  Tiuffenthaler  notices  the  hilt  forts  of  Lohogad 
and  Purandhar.'  Tlie  fort  eontinued  in  the  posseseion  of  the  Peshwi 
till,  in  1 762.  RaghunAthrav,  the  uncle  of  the  fourth  Peahwa  >[ddhavrAV 
(17(Jl  - 1772),  bestowed  it  on  the  Purandharo  family.*  After  the 
murder  of  the  tifth  Peshwa  NrtrdyanrSv  (1772-73),  on  the  30(h  of 
January  1774,  his  pi-egnant  widow  liaugiibdi  was  curried  for  safety 
to  Purandhar  by  Xuua  Faduavisaud  lluripout  Phadke.  On  the  18th  « 
of  April  the  birth  of  a  sou  to  Uuugdbiii  at  Purandhar  woa  a  death- 
blow to  UaffhuniithrJiv'a  hopes  of  bet-oming  Peshwa.*  A  short  time 
afterwards  letters,  intercepted  by  Haripont  near  Burhdnpur,  Hhowcd 
that  a  plot  was  formed  by  Morobu,  BtijAba,  and  Bab&ji  N.iik  to  svite 
SakharAm  Biipu,  Nona,  Oungiibiii,  aud  the  infant  iliidhuvrAv,  all 
of  whom,  to  escape  the  chill  damps  of  Purandhar,  hod  come  to  live 
in  B&svud  during  the  rains.  They  heard  of  this  conspiracy  on  the 
30th  of  June,  and  at  once  Bed  to  the  fort.  In  1775  M^a  and 
tiakh^rfim  Uripu  returned  to  Purandhar  and  from  Purandhar  managed 
all  state  afiairs.*  After  much  discussion,^  on  the  Ist  of  May 
1776,  the  treaty  of  Puituidhar  was  settled  aud  sifted  by  Sakhardm 
B&pu  and  Xana  Fadnavis  on  behalf  of  the  Peshwa  and  by  Colonel 
TTpton  on  behalf  of  the  Bengal  GovemmenL  The  chief  prorisioiu 
of  the  treaty  wore  that  SAlsetto  or  t<»rritory  yielding  £30,fK)0 
(Ra.  3  Idkhx)  a  year,  and  Broach  and  territory  worth  £:3O,O00 
(Rs.  3 /dit^«)  more,  should  be  left  with  the  English  and  £ISO,000 
(lis.  12  lAkhs)  should  be  paid  to  them  on  account  of  war  expenses: 
that  the  treaty  with  Raghunfllhrav  should  be  annulled;  that  tbe 
English  should  return  to  garrison  and  Raghun^ktbr^v's  uriny  be 
disbanded  within  a  month  ;  and  that  Roghun^lhrdv  should  receive ^^| 
estabbshment  and  live  at  Kopargaon  on  the  Godavari."  In  l77aH 
fearing  the  growing  strength  of  his  cousin  Morobu,  Kdua  Fadnavi* 
retirod  to  Purondhoi*  and  agreed  to  bring  Roghuuithriv  to  Pooni, 


*  ItCBcnption  Hiitoriquo  ct  R«ograpliiqae  tj«  l'  Intle,  I.  484.    • 

>  Grant  DufTd  MarAUiAs,  ^Q.  >  Grant  DutTa  Mar&tbls,  MB. 

*  Grui.l  TiiiffB  MBrttbfo.  369. 

*  OcUils  of  the  dUcuuioD  are  gir«ti  aud«r  Hiatorjr.  Put  U.  SJ9-360. 

*  Gnot  DofTt  Miu-4tluU.  393-394. 


SIDE    VIEW    OF    RAJMACHI 


'C^ta/u 


J^-^^^^a*^ 


a    ahottt    2730  Feei    I 

b  _-...-_  ?J<0 •  lin^hta 

c 2/JO 1 


7S«4/    Stsa  YarOt  tf  ■ 


RAJMACHI 


Sfolf  2  }iuJtea-I  mic 
Fur; »         T  t         t         *         3         t  ,  o 

I 1 i 1 1 1 1 I ■ 


,Mb 


I*—- ,„c^„^,j   Q..^,  |jflr,j,,  Poc   188(1 


nccan- 1 


POONA 


iroviderl  no  harm  should  eomo  to  him  and  hia  property.  On  the  8th 
June  Ilaripant  Phadke  and  Mohiidji  Sindia  joined  Nina  at 
*urandhar,  and  by  a  bribe  of  £90,000  (Re.  9  I'iklis)  gained  Ilolkar  to 
TAno'a  side.  In  1 79G,  alarmed  at  the  threatened  attack  of  ttjindia  and 
is  minister  IJdloba  ou  Poona,  Nana  a^oin  fled  to  l*urandhar  fort^ 
1&17  Purandhar  waa  one  of  the  three  forU  which  Mr.  Elphinstone 
le  Kuglinh  KeHideiit  at  Poona  summoned  BajirAv  to  deliver  as  a 
)Ic-dge  that  Trimbakji  Denglia  would  be  eurreudercd.  It  waa 
»torod  to  B^jir&T  after  a  few  months.'  In  the  last  Mar&tha 
mr,  after  the  ciipture  of  Sinhgad,  Major  Eldridgc  with  four 
impanies  of  the  Bombay  European  Regiment  and  four  eompamea 
'  Rille8  raarchod  through  the  I'urandhar  pass  to  the  north  of  the 
>rtre88.  A  detachment  under  Major  Thatcher,  consisting  of  throe 
>mpanie8  of  the  liorabay  European  Regiment,  and  five  companies 
Madras  and  Bombay  Native  Infantry,  marched  on  the  8th  for 
le  south  end  of  the  fort.  The  head-quarters  and  the  rest  of  the 
ivision  eontiuued  the  march  during  the  9th,  10th,  and  llth,  and 
rived  by  way  of  Jejuri  in  a  position  three  miles  north  of  the  forta 
of  Purandhar  and  Vajirgad.  "NVithin  four  miles  of  the  camp  at  the 
Tillage  of  Sasvad  was  a  strong  stone  building  the  Peshwa'a  fortified 
palace,  in  which  a  paHy  of  200  men,  Arabs  Sidhis  and  Hindustanis, 
had  shut  themselves  with  small  guns  and  mailc  a  show  of  opposition. 
The  walls  were  bo  substantial  that  six-pounders  did  them  no  harm. 
Eigh teen-pounders  were  then  brought,  but,  though  these  also  seemod 
to  make  no  impression  on  the  walls,  they  had  sufficient  effect  on  the 
mind  of  the  garrison  to  induce  them  to  surrender  at  discretion.  The 
operations  against  the  forts  were  short.  On  the  1 4th  of  March  a 
mortar  battery  opcnod  on,  thcra  ;  and  on  the  15th  Vajirgad  admitted 
a  British  garrison.  As  this  place  commanded  Purandhar  the 
commandant  hud  to  accept  the  terms  given  to  the  garrison  of 
Vajirgad  :  and  the  British  colours  were  hoisted  on  the  ItJth.'  In 
,  18I.O,  during  R^ghoji  BhAngria's  disturbances,  troops  were  sent  to 
E^urandbar  in  case  the  insurgent^i  might  seize  the  fort.^ 

"  Ra'jma'ohi,  or  the  Royal  Terrace,  is  an  isolated  double-peaked 
fortified  hill  on  the  main  line  of  the  Sahyadria,  about  six  miles  as  the 
crow  fliea  and  ten  by  path  north  of  the  Bor  goas.  From  the  Ronkan, 
thickly  wooded  at  the  base,  its  sides  nse  about  2000  feet  in  steep 
rock  slopes  which,  as  thoy  near  the  crest  of  the  hill,  grow  gradually 
treeless  and  bare.  Above  the  crest,  from  the  flat  hill  top  rises  a 
rocky  neck  about  200  feot  high,  with,  at  either  end,  a  short  fortified 
tower-like  head,  the  inner  iihrivnrdhan  that  is  Luck's  Increase, 
high  and  pointed,  the  outer  Manranjan  that  is  the  Ileart-Oluddener, 
lower  and  flat-topped. 

A  tongue  of  land  about  300  yards  broad,  joins  the  RijmJichi 
terraoo  to  the  rough  plateau  that  runs  along  the  crest  of  tho 
Sahy^ris  north  from  Shanddla. 


Chapter 
Places. 

PUKAXUHAE 
FOBT. 

lliitorjf. 


{UjicXcbi 

FOHT. 


>  Onnt  DufTa  Mor&tiiAs,  033.  *  Ortot  I>uff'i  MarithAs,  634,  64& 

■  Blaoker'i  Martttu  War,  S4I-242.  Pendhah  uid  Msnktht  War  Papera.  209. 
*  Oompu*  Put  U.  p.  SOS. 


lapter  ZXV. 
Flaees- 

RajhAchi 

Fort. 

Dtteriftion. 


^ 

y 


Across  this  tongpac  of  land,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  foot  of  the 
central  hill  top,  runH  a  RtronK  Htone  wall,  aeventvun  feet  high  and 
eight  thick  with  a  parapet  loopnoled  for  musketry  and  at  inl^rmli 
with  bastionR  pierced  for  eannon.  "Within  this  line  of  wall  a  wido 
stretch  of  tilled  woodland  ensures  for  the  Earriaon  a  full  supply  ol 
|prain,  grass,  and  fuel.  From  this  upland,  at  a  nafe  distance  from 
the  neighbouring  heights,  the  central  hill  top  rises  three  to  four 
hundred  feet  high,  a  sheer  black  overhanging  cHff  crowned  by  t 
battlementcd  peak,  and  towards  the  west  strengthened  by  a  doubls 
line  of  encircling  walls.  On  the  crest  of  the  neck  that  joins  the 
two  peaks,  fronting  a  small  temple  of  Bhoirav,  stand  three  old  stone 
lamp  -  jjillurs  or  dipmdU  and  two  small  quaintly-carved  stone 
chargorn  re udy  widdk-d  and  bridled  for  the  god.  The  temple,  which 
is  little  more  than  a  hut,  has  thrw  pairs  of  small  bluck  stono  images 
of  Bhairuv  and  his  wife  Jogcshvari,  presented,  according  to  the  torn 
servant,  by  ShivAji,  8h^hu,  and  BiijirJiv  Pcahwti. 

Fi-om  either  end  of  the  neck  rise  the  steep  fortified  sides 
Bhrivardhan  and  Manruujan.  Blytvardhan,  the  eastern,  and  hightr 
fort,  less  sheer  to  the  south  than  to  the  north,  is  in  plaiTs  strengthened 
by  a  triple  line  of  wall.  On  the  south  side,  through  the  rained 
gateway,  is  reached  a  chamber  cut  in  the  rock  once  used  as  a  granary 
or  Htorehouse,  and  close  by  a  large  open  rock-cut  resen'oir.  On  the 
north,  in  a  narrow  ledge  of  the  steep  cliff,  hollowed  into  the  hill 
and  always  sheltered  from  the  sun,  is  a  cistern  with  an  unfailing 
supply  of  pure  water.  The  inner  fortification,  with  a  few  minM 
dwellings,  encloses  the  central  peak,  the  i/adhi  or  stronghold.' 
Muuronjan  the  outer  hill,  less  completely  protected  by  nature,  \» 
very  carefully  fortified  with  two  high  strong  lines  of  wall.  Of 
these  the  outer  line,  running  along  the  cresl  of  the  cliff,  encloset 
some  cisterns  and  reservoirs  of  cut- stone  ;  the  inner,  eucin-ling  the 
flat  hill  top,  has  within  it  the  powder  magaeine,  a  lung  low  tom&-lik« 
roofless  buUdiug  of  very  closely  fitting  cut-stone,  and  close  to  it  the 
ruins  of  the  captain's  house  and  a  cistern.  The  western  wall 
commands  the  mind-pleasing  or  man-ranjan  prospect  that  gives  the 
fort  its  name.  Below  lies  the  royal  terrace  wooded  and  stTcam- 
furrowed  to  the  north,  bare  and  well  tilled  1o  the  west,  and  to  the 
south  laid  out  in  fields  with  a  small  lake  and  a  shady  hamlet 
of  Koli  huts.  North  and  south,  beyond  the  plateau,  stretches  the 
main  line  of  the  Sahyadri  hills,  their  sides  rising  from  deep  cvergreeo 
forests  in  bare  black  clifiEs,  to  the  rough  thimy-woodod  part-tilled 
terrace  that  stretches  eastwards  into  the  Deccan  plain  and  along  the 
crest  of  the  Sohyddris,  which  is  broken  by  wild  rocky  pt^aks  and 
headlands  from  Ilurisbchandrogad  fifty  miles  to  the  north  to  Bhojya 
eighteen  miles  to  the  south.  Westwards  stretch  outlying  spurs  and 
ranges  with  deep  water-worn  valleys  and  steep  well-wooded  sides. 
Far  ofl'  to  the  right  rise  M&huli,  Ootauro,  TungAr,  and  the  Silaette 
hills ;  in  front,  beyond  the  long  flat  backs  of  MSther^n  and  Prabol, 
lie  the  harbour  island  and  city  of  Bombay ;  and  to  the  left  sweep* 


1  The  Mnitliniin  coll  it  the  Bll*  Killiv  or  upper  fort.  But  iialik* most  Dmcsa  Iiilk- 
forte  Bijmichi  wu  never  fatid  by  \IumIiii.'Ii>m  uud  is  tlirtiugbout  parely  Htoda  witk 
neitber  »  moa^e  nor  u  idj^t/t,  ono  or  other  of  which  ii  iousd  ia  meet  Decoui  for 


POONA. 


I 
I 


I 

I 
I 

\ 


long  range  of  hilU  that  by  NAgothna  and  Siigargad  passes  from 
Sahy^dris  to  the  extreme  west  of  Alibaig.' 
The  first  notice  of  R^jmilchi  is  in  164S  when  it  vros  token  by 
ShivAji.-'  In  171^)  the  fort  surrendered  to  Angria,^  and  was  ceded 
by  )um  in  1730  to  the  second  PcpIiwu  JJjijimv  (1731-1740).*  In 
1776  the  impostor  Sadoba,  a  Kanoja  UrtUiuiou  who  culled  himself 
Sadashivrav  Bhflu,  took  the  greater  part  of  the  Konkan  and  came  to 
iho  Bor  pass.  Here  he  wus  opposed  and  his  troops  checked  for  a 
time  but  he  headed  them  with  spirit  and  carried  the  pass  and 
Rijmiirhi  sent  him  offers  of  submission.  Pretended  overtures  of 
submission  were  made  to  him  by  the  Poona  ministers  by  which  he 
was  for  a  short  time  amused,  until  two  of  the  Peshwa's  officers 
suddenly  fell  on  him  in  the  neighbourhood  of  RAimAchi,  when  hie 
whole  force  fled  to  the  Konkan,  and  Sadobacscnpea  to  Bombay.'  In 
■the  Mariitho  war  of  l8lS  the  fort  surrendered  without  resiBtanoo.* 

Ra'jur,  ten  miles  west  of  Junnar,is  a  large  village  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  £ukdi,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  3037,  In  the  village, 
surrounded  by  throe  or  four  large  flat  stones  and  apparently  at  one 
end  of  a  rajsc-d  scut  or  puvemont,  about  six  inches  from  the  ground, 
is  a  stun  din  g-stono  or  vbhi  dftotid.  It  is  an  undressed  block  of 
stone  of  wliich  6'  6"  ore  above  ground  roughlv  square  with  faces 
\'arying  in  breadth  from  one  foot  to  one  foot  ani  a  quarter,  tlie  top  as 
if  half-sliced  away.  One  of  the  large  stones,  laid  on  small  rough  stones 
to  the  left  of  the  standing  stone,  measures  4'  7^"  long  by  l'  9"  brood 
and  9"  thick.  The  length  of  the  raised  pavement  in  front  of  the 
standing  stone  is  7'  10"  and  the  breadth  6'  10".  There  are  no  signs 
of  tools  and  no  letters.  The  people  say  it  has  been  there  since  the 
beginning  of  time  or  nitd'pnjtun.  It  is  not  worshipped  and  they  do 
not  know  who  set  it  up.  It  was  men  not  the  P&ndavs.  About  thirty 
yards  to  the  west  is  a  platform  with  largo  rough  stones.  A  httlo 
further  on  the  right,  buried  all  but  a  row  incnos,  is  a  Sati  stone, 
and  about  twenty  yards  further  west  a  second  standing  stone  roughly 
pointed  with  5'  2"  above  ground  and  faces  about  two  feet  hruad. 

About  a  hundred  yards  to  the  cast  of  the  village  are  the  remains  of 
three  Mu&dlman  buildings  of  dressed  stone.  The  first  on  the 
right  is  a  ruined  tomb  of  which  nothing  but  the  plinth  is  left.  The 
next  on  the  left  is  about  twenty  feet  aquaro  and  is  in  fair  repair 
except  that  the  dome  is  gone.  Inside  are  three  tombs  two  of  men 
and  one  of  a  woman.  There  is  an  inscription  over  the  north  door. 
A  few  paces  to  the  north-west  is  a  small  mosque  about  eighteen  feet 
by  sixteen,  with  plain  masonry  walls  and  a  brii^k  dome.  Over  the 
prayer  niche  is  an  inscription  of  two  lines.  There  were  comer 
minaret«  and  a  cornice  but  they  are  ruined.  On  the  top  of  a  mound, 
about   a  hundred  paoee  to  the  north  of  the  village,  to  the  west  is 


I  From  BAjniiclii,  u  the  crow  flion,  M&ltnii  is  alwnt  fortj-ni  ontlM  UkI  Ootann 
forty-Mvm  mile* ;  Bombay  thirty-cisht  loilea  :  Tnot^Ar,  KUnundarg,  mm!  Sahv 
Nftvithsr  hills  fonn  one  range  ext«D(Uog  from  forty-two  to  fifty-two  miles  lad 
HAnrgsd  is  tlurty-livo  miles. 

'^Orant  IhitTa  MsrithiU.  63.  *  Grant  l>aff*a  Mar&tfaU,  193. 

•  Grant  DnfTs  M«*tbi«,  2.11.  ■  Qruit  Puff's  M*rlth&s,  397- 

*  PonclhAri  ftitd  MviUw  War  P«|)en,  'J6^,  In  tttSM  |wp«li  tlw  tort  ia  mcatiooed 
as  Raiy,  Machw. 


Chapter  XIT< 
Flao«ft< 

Fort. 


iUjca, 


Chapt«  XIV. 

Places- 

BiJCR. 


irjAFDAOR. 


md  a 


a  ruinod  roofleea  temple  of  Mah^deT  with  low  wuUs.  In  the  east 
is  a  door  with  a  carved  threHhold  etone  apparently  belonging  1o « 
twelftli  or  thirteenth  centur}-  temple.  In  front  of  the  temple,  about 
twenty  feet  to  the  ea«t,  is  a  row  of  old  stonon.  On  the  left  is  a  defaced 
stone  with  the  remnins  of  an  open  hand  upheld  in  sign  of  blessing, 
a  proof  that  the  etone  is  a  Sati  stone.  The  next  i*  a  inufh  defaced 
cobra  stone  or  NAg  Rdj.  The  third  is  the  upper  part  of  a  broken 
Bttti  stone.  In  the  right  corner,  at  the  foot  of  the  stone,  is  the 
figure  of  a  dead  man  and  a  horse  in  the  panel  above.  Near  the  top 
0(1  the  stoue  is  on  open  right  hand.  The  fifth  and  sixth  stones  are 
two  battle  btones  too  worn  to  be  rend.  About  two  paces  to  the  esat 
arc  two  carved  stones.  On  the  stuue  to  the  right  in  the  lowest 
of  throe  panels  are  the  Sali  and  her  lord  both  lying  down.  In  the 
panel  above  is  the  woman  going  to  the  phice  of  sacrifice  seated  on  a 
horse  and  hohling  something  in  her  upstretchcd  hands.  In  the  top 
panel  a  man  and  woman  worship  what  seems  like  a  lijig  above  and  a 
bull  below. 

Approached  from  the  east  the  stone  hnildings  of  the  Musah 
tomb  and  mosque  are  notable,  and  behind  is  a  fine  view  of  the  gi 
square  Khoulders  of  Ch&vand  blocking  the  mouth  of  the  Kukdi  valley 
To  the  left  is  the  Kukdi  volley,  to  the  right  are  the  castellated  tops 
of  Sharabhu,  and  behind  and  over-topping  it  the  wild  shoulder  o^^ 
Karkumba.  ^M 

Ra'njangaon,  nine  miles  south-west  of  Sirur,  with  in  1881  ^^ 
population  of  1>392,  has  a  famous  temple  of  Qanputi.     Itdnjanguon  is 
said  to  bo  the  scene  of  one  of  the  eight  inoanifttionB  ot   Ganpati. 
The  temple  is  said  to  occupy  the  site  of  a  HemAdpanti  temple 
of  which  four  pillurs  remain,  two  of  them  at  the  entrance  to  tl 
enclosure.     The  present  shrine  is  said  to  have  been  built  about  2( 
years  ago  by  Chintdmaur^v  Mab&rij  the  second  of  the  Chinchi 
beva.     The  temple  consists  of  a  hall  or  mandnp  with  rows  of  wood< 
pillars  and  an  outer  and  inner  shrine.      The  outer  shrine  or  ani 
chamber  is  surmounted  by  a  small  opirc  and  the  inner  shrine  bv  a 
large  spire  both  rough  looking.     The  large  spire  rises  in  four  tier» 
the  lowest  tier  In-ing  the  widest.     Kuch  of  the  three  upper   tiers  ii^l 
ornamented  with  »  frieze.      A  small  pot  or  knlanh  fianlced  by  fou^H 
minarets  completes  the  spire.     In  front  of  the  hall  is  a  stone  rat, 
the  earner  of  Ganpati.     To  the  north  of  tho  tnmple  is  a   corridor 
with   fifteen  arches  in  front,  each  arched  compartment  roofed  by 
a  low  conical  vault.     The  arcade  is  the  gift  of  the  I'ov&r  family. 
flight  of  stepB  leads  to  the  flat  corridor   roof  which  is  a  favot 
nloce  of  resort  during  the  large  fair  on  Ganv-aficiuiturth!  in  Au( 
September  when  about  10(10  people  assemble.     On  the  extreme 
beyond  the  shrine  and  joined  to  it  is  a  tiny  shrine  of  Mah^ev.     The 
temple  enjoys  o   yearly   Government  cash    grant   of  about   dE161 
(Rs.  I6I0)  and  land  assessed  at  £^  10».  GU.  (Rs.  3'5i). 

In  1751  lUnjungaon  wos  plundered  bv  the  Moghals,^      In   1827 
Captain  Clunes  notiecti  Riinjuugaou  with   140  houses,  nine  8h< 
several  wcUs,  and  a  rest-house.' 


1  Onut  Xtatra  UariUuU,  276. 


2  Itinerary,  11. 


Beccan- 1 


POONA, 


[ 

H  Roti,  a  small  villafi;o  seven  miles  iiorth.-east  of  Supe,  with  in  1881 
B  a  paiiulution  of  229,  lius  a  tciupk'  of  Tukai  Dovi  built  by  the  Medho 
S:     funuly.     The  Wniplo  is  quudruu«^ulur   aud  built  of  cut-stouc.     lu 

i  honour  of  the  goddess  the  Mtdhc  family  give  a  large  feast  to  Brah- 
niann  twite  a  year,  one  on  the  full-moon  of  Ohaitra  or  March-April 
and  the  other  on  the  bright  eighth  of  Aahvin  or  Sopt.-Oct.  A  yearly 
fair  is  held  at  the  temple  on  the  bright  ninth  of  i^t'vjh  or  Jan.-Feb. 
Sa'kar  Pa'tha'r,  four  and  a  half  miles  south  of  Lonfivla  station^  is 
a  rai«?d  pluteuu,  :iUUO  feet  above  the  sea  or  about  500  feet  higher  than 
MrithcrAn  (24t>0|,  The  plateau  is  extensive*  and  fairlv  wooded  with 
good  building  sites  on  the  west  close  to  the  edge  of  the  Sahyddris, 
i  some  of  ihem  commanding  very  fine  views.  At  the  baek  and  to  the 
e  east  of  the  building  sites  is  a  nicclv  wooded  ridge.  The  neighbourhood 
■  has  beautiful  walks  and  rides  una  the  country  to  the  south,  along  the 
I  edge  of  the  Sohyudris,  is  mountainous  and  well  wooded  with  good  big 
»  game  Hhootiug.  The  water-j^upply  is  from  a  little  lake  on  the  plateau 
with  u  twenty-five  feel  high  dam  and  an  area  of  thre«  acres.  Allowing 
I  for  evaporation  and  other  losses  the  lake  it*  ealeulated  to  hold  about 
3.000,01)0  gallons  or  12,000  gallons  a  day  for  200  days.  In  1883,  in 
,  sanctioning  Sakar  Pdth^  us  a  health-resort,  Government  observed 
,  that  tlie  creation  of  a  now.  sanitarium  in  an  ueLvsAiblo  position  like 
^  Sakar  PAthAr,  near  the  lino  of  rail  and  connect*!*!  with  it  bv  a  road 
passable  for  wheeled  traffic,  with  a  good  climate,  fair  water-supply, 
and  fine  scenery,  would  be  a  great  aflvantage  to  dwellers  both  m 
Bombay  and  in  tho  Deecan.  I^eases  were  granted  on  the  same  terms 
as  the  Mathenin  and  Mahabaleslivar  leases.  No  applicant  is  to  bo 
allotted  more  than  one  site,  and  each  is  to  be  bound  to  build  u  house 
within  throe  yoara  or  to  forfeit  his  claim,  to  the  sito,' 

Sa'svad,  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Karha  about  sixteen  miles  south- 
east of  I'oona,  is  a  municipal  town,  the  head-quarters  of  tho  Furandhor 
sub-division,  with  iu  1S81  a  population  of  5684.  Saavad  stands  on 
the  old  Pooua-Siilfira  road  by  the  13dbdev  and  Diva  posses.  The 
1872  census  showed  G416  people  of  whom  G147  were  Hindus  and 
269  MusalmAns  ;  and  the  1881  census  showed  a  decrease  of  463  or 
6684,  of  whom  5435  were  Hindus  aud  24tl  MusaliuAus.  A  weekly 
market  is  held  on  Monday  when  the  chief  article  of  trade  is  grain 
from  the  villages  round.  Besides  the  sub-divisional  revenue  and 
polioe  ofBoes  Sdavad  has  a  municipality,  disiJcnAjxry,  poflt-othce,  two 
old  palaces,  a  mosque  built  entirely  of  llemadjianti  pillars  and 
stones,  and  a  temple.  The  municipality,  which  was  established 
in  1870,  had  in  1882-83  an  income  of  ;£271  (R8.2710)  and  an 
expenditure  of  £253  (Us.  2530).  In  1883  tlie  dispensatr  treated 
twenty  in-patients  and  5517  out-patients  at  a  cost  of  £70  12«. 
(Rs.706).  SAsvad  wns  the  original  Decean  home  of  the  Peshwa 
faoiily.*    Outside  of  the  town  and  across  the  river  is  the  old  PesbwAs* 

■  Two  olher  roada  loftd  toSftkar  PithAr  both  from  Pooaa  one  lifty-tbnw  mi1««  by 
r«ad,  BborkAB,  aaJ  JAmbhulna,  vuX  tbo  other  aboot  lorty-fivc  miles  by  the  Bombfty 
ro»d. 

*  Tlio  pUtesu  U  lai^e  finouoh  for  hoadreda  of  boiuea  tMaides  room  for  a  nwe- 
oouTM  and  aricbot  ground.    Sir.  J.  O.  Muono,  C.  S. 

*  GorerameDt  llcaolntJaa,  Kcvcnae  DeMrtmeat,  8009of  21it  November  1883. 
«  Orant  Duff'c  Marlthas,  144.    la  1713  BAUji,  Uic  first  Pnhwa,  fled  to  SAarad  Juid 

hei«  alio  bo  diod  ia  17:20.     Ditto,  189,  209. 


Chapter  ZIT. 
Pkcei., 

KOTI. 


SA.KAR 


8,lgvA1 


[Bombay  OutUeoj 


440 


DISTRICTS. 


Qiftptor  XIT- 

Pl&ces. 

SiS¥AC. 


niLL. 


guirxs. 


Binox. 


pftUce  wbioh  in  now  uaeA  aa  a  Gollector*B  bungalow  and  office, 
palace  bcarfl  marlu  of  Engliuh  shot.  A  large  temple  of  Songamenb 
with  Blopa  leading  to  the  river,  stands  on  a  Rmalldelta  of  land  at 
meeting  of  the  Karha  and  one  of  ite  feeders.  Round  the  chief  tern 
are  «nnil  Bhrines.  tombs,  and  gaU  stones.  Near  the  tomplc  is 
fortitJL-d  puhice  of  the  Punuidhare  BrAhraan  family,  who  were  cl 
allitxl  to  the  Potihwas  for  nearly  a  century.*  In  a  revenue  etatt-meat 
of  about  1 7i)U  Siiswer  appears  as  the  head  of  a  subdivision  in  the  Junnar 
sarJkdr  with  a  revenue  of  £17ti5  (Hs.  17,U50}.^  In  1818  the  polaoc 
for  ten  days  withstood  the  attack  of  General  Pritzler's  division. 

About  1440  the  Amirs  of  Siud  were  confined  in  Sdavad.  ThoogL 
prisoners  they  were  allowed  to  shoot  and  the  neighbourhood  oi 
odsvad  woa  thoroughly  cleared  of  wolves.'  In  1837  Snsvad  hod  t 
nursery  garden. 

Shainbhudev  Hill  is  a  detached  height  in  the  Bhima  valley 
within  the  ^•illogc  limits  of  Bibi  about  twelve  miles  north-west  of 
Khed.  The  hill  is  in  the  form  of  a  truncated  cone  and  is  orowBHl 
by  a  temple  of  Shambhu.  The  holiness  of  the  hill  has  left  its  sidM 
a  picturesque  contrast  to  the  surrounding  barren  heights.  Th» 
temple  is  built  within  a  quadrangle  and  has  luinutely  oamd 
wooden  brackets  over  the  pillars  at  the  entrance  to  the  hall  at 
mandap.  On  a  ledge  above  the  Hug  arc  some  wooden  figures  awl  i 
the  inside  of  the  temple  is  painted  by  a  Sou^  with  irc»coe«  one  of 
them  a  curious  n'prcswntatiun  of  a  railway  train  with  a  Raja  driver' 
Small  fairs  are  held  on  the  full-moou  of  Ckaitra  or  March-April  uia 
on  the  ilonduys  of  Shrdvan  or  July-August. 

Bhivne,  a  small  village  eight  miles  south  of  Kbadk&Li,  with  y 
1881  a  populutioii  of  861.  has  a  weekly  market  on  Tuesday. 

Sindo  hamlet,  dose  to  Bhimboli  in  Khcd,  seven  miles  west 
Chakun.  hus  within  its  limits  the  hill  of  IJhiimchandm  with 
old  Buddliist  1  ayes.  The  hill  rises  steep  from  the  plain  on  the  south 
and  west  auJ  lias  the  eaves  in  the  southern  scarp.  A  difficult  oUi " 
leads  to  a  cistern  on  the  right  which  the  >'illager8  call  Sita's  St 
A  Httlo  further,  after  rounding  a  jutting  neck,  c^omes  the  cL, 
cave  of  the  group  dedicated  to  Bh^mchandra  Miihiidcv.  The  cal 
is  small  and  faces  south-west,  and  hos  a  cistern  to  its  left.  Tltf 
entrance,  which  is  eight  foot  high  by  thirteen  wide  with  a  aauU 
arched  doorway  in  the  centre,  is  closed.  The  cave  is  nearly  sqati* 
(16'  X  14')  and  seven  feet  high  with  a  flat  roof.  Four  pillars,  two  i^ 
eitber  side,  diWdo  the  caTe  into  three  parts.  Each  of  tlie 
compartmenta  is  adorned  with  a  pilaster  much  like  the  pillars, 
each  has  a  niche  with  pillared  jambs  and  canopy.  In  the  mic 
arc  traces  of  a  ti*iyhoba  or  a  round  base  five  feet  in  diameter  wit 
a  square  mark  where  it  once  stood.  The  umbrcUu  is  cut  out  of 
roof.  The  pillars  are  massive  and  square  but  twice  chamfered 
halfway  up  so  as    to  bo  oetagouoL      The  capitals   have 

1  Oraai  Doff'B  Mftidth^,  186.  '  WuHog'*  Marttfait.  S40. 

■Marr»y'BBoub«7  UandlMok  (Now  Editiuu).  108. 

'  The  origin  of  ue  lUja-driver  railwmjr  truu  fresco  msy  l>e  the  Imot  tku 
Highnftu  Uollur,  Uua  former  owner  of  tlic  viUagn,  is  fond  of  eDgiiie-drivina.  Mr.  H.  E 
\Viiilar,C.8. 


rojcctiou  oil  all  four  sides.  In  an  inner  ehrine  of  the  temple  are 
ling  and  a  figure  of  Buddha  or  a  Tirthankar.  The  figure  ie  can-ed 
a  dptachwl  stone  and  may  once  have  omamontod  the  d'tghoba. 
n  elaborately  wulptured  door^'av  separates  the  inner  from  tho 
outer  care.  The  doorway  is  two  fe^?t  wide  by  four  feet  high  with 
carvinpa  chiefly  of  human  figures.  The  cave  has  no  horee-shoe  areh 
r  Buddtiist  rail  ornaments.  The  soft  rock  of  the  UiU  has  weathered 
iWuy  in  plaeetj,  and  the  screen  or  doorway  dividing  the  two  shrinca 
aa  been  cemented  bj'  the  Wllagers  to  keep  it  in  its  place.  Furtlier 
19  a  eell  or  cavern,  and  at  aorae  little  distance  in  tlie  middle  of  a 
.  ifficult  esearninent  i«  a  tyive,  at  the  end  of  which  is  a  winding 
cavernous  road,  low  and  narrow,  said  to  pass  several  miles  into  tho 
hill.  Higher  up  are  one  or  two  inaccessible  caved,  and  beyond  on 
the  west  is  another  small  cave.  The  minislrant  of  Bh^mohandra 
Mahidev  enjoys  land  in  Bhumboli  village.' 

P  Sinhgad  or  Kondhana  fort,  about  twelve  miles  south-west  of 
l*oona,  stands  on  one  of  the  highest  points  of  theSinhgad-BhuleshTar 
range  4322  feet  above  sea  level  and  about  2300  foot  above  the  Poona 
plain.  Not  far  to  the  east  of  Sinhgad  the  range  dindes  tho  maia 
^nge  running  cost  to  Bhuleahvar  and  a  branch  joined  to  Sinhgad  by 
h  high  narrow  ridge  running  south-east  to  Purandhur.  On  the  north 
d  south  Sinhgad  is  a  huge  rugged  mountain  with  a  very  steep 
cent  of  nearly  naif  a  mile.  From  the  slopes  rises  a  great  wall  oi 
lack  rtK-k  more  than  forty  feet  high,  crowned  by  tko  nearly  ruined 
fortilications  of  Sinhgad. 

The  fort  is  approached  irregularly  by  pathways  and  regularly  by 
rwo  gates.  The  pathways,  which  ai-e  almost  impassable  except  to 
ihc  lullmon  or  Mavlis,  are  bounded  bv  high  and  st«ep  ridges  oa 
he  east  and  south.  The  gates  are  on  the  north-east  and  south-east  ; 
3ie  north-east  or  Poona  gate  is  at  the  end  of  a  winding  ascent  up 
ihe  profile  of  a  steep  rocky  spur  ;  the  easier  KalyAn  or  Konkan  gate 
[tandft  at  the  end  ot  a  loss  dirticuU  aficftnt  guarded  hy  three  goteways 
Jl  atrongly  fortified  and  each  commanding  the  other.  The  ordinary 
ode  of  ascent  to  the  fort  is  by  sitting  on  a  board  hung  by  ropes  to 
o  bamboo  poles  and  with  a  smaller  board  for  a  foot  rest. 
The  fortifications,  which  consist  of  a  strong  atone  wall  Ranked  with 
wcrs,  enclose  a  nearly  triangular  space  about  two  miles  round, 
'hough  generally  triangular  the  summit  is  very  irregular  rising  ia 
Dauy  places  within  the  walls  into  low  rugged  eminences.'  The  north 
of  the  fort  is  naturally  very  strong  ;the  south  face,  which  was 
tasUy  taken  by  tho  English  in  1818,  is  the  weakest.  The  triangular 
tiateau  within  the  walls  is  used  as  a  health-resort  by  the  European 
esidents  of  Poona  in  April  and  May,  and  has  several  bungalows, 
'he  plateau  commands  a  splendid  view  on  all  sides. 

The  earliest  mention  of  tho  fort,  which  wos  known  as  KondhAna 
intil  in  lt>47  t!>hiviiji  changed  its  name  to  Sinhgad  or  the  Lion's  Fort, 
in  1340  when  the  DcUu  omperor  Muhammad  Tughlik  (1325  - 1351) 


Chapter  XIV. 
Places- 


■  Tlie  UU>  Mr.  G.  H.  John..  C.  8. 

■  Tbe  matMt  extont  of  the  Buinnit  from  «ut  to  weit  ij  aboot  3000  feet  maA 
boot  SdOO  ft«t  fntiii  iiortli  to  vonth.  lu  irrvgiilnr  ahupv,  which  oonfomu  to  th« 
irMtioD  of  the  ftcarped  side*  of  the  rock  oo  which  the  wuU  stand,  Jeprivm  it  uf  s 
ia^pmAl  proportion*!  to  thoao  (lintensiunB.     UUcker'a  Mu4tbA  Wu",  S40. 

■  see— 00 


SiKHOAS  Fort, 
Jk-icriptioit, 


Hilton/, 


[Bombay  Oazettetf* 


mpUr  XIV. 
Places- 

SnHQAD  FOBT. 


DISTRICTS. 


marcbetl  a^net  it.  Nig  Nfiik,  iUKoli  chieftain,  opposed  Mubumiiii 

with  grcut  bravery,  but  was  forced  to  take  refuge  within  the  wtiUs 

the  fort.     As  the  only  way  to  the  hill  lop  wa8  by  a  nurrow  rock-cot 

paBSage,  Muhammad,  uftor  i'ruitlet>s  uttLmpts  on  the  works,  blockaded 

the  fort.     At  the  end  of  eight  months,  aa  their  stores  failed  them, 

the  garrison  left  the  fort  and  Muhammad  returned  to  Daulutabad.' 

In  1486  Eondhsna  appears  among  thePoona  forts  which  fell  to  MuUk 

Ahmad,  the  founder  of  the  Ahmudnngar  djiiaaty  ( 1490-lt>08),  on  liU 

capture  of  Shi\*ner.'    In  ItiUy  Jijibni  the  mother  of  Shivaji  was  tnkcn 

prisoner  by  the  Musulmin  governor  of  Trimbok,  but  relcaaed  and 

conveved  tu  Koudhduu.^  As  regent  for  the  Ahraadnugur  king  Shdhiji 

held  Kondh^na  among  other  Poena  forta.*    When,  iu  1637,  Sh^ftji, 

pursued  by  the  Biiitpur  forces  from  Lohugad  to  Eondhana  and  from 

KondhfLua  io  the  Konkan,  agreed  to  enter  Bijdpur  aerviee,  ho  gave  up 

fire  Poena  forts  of  which  Kondlifina  seems  to  have  passed  to  Bijdpur 

and  the  other  four  to  the  Moghals.^   In  1647Shivaji  gained  Kondh;Uis 

by  a  large  bribe  to  its  Musulmdn  commandant  and  changed  its  name  to 

tSinbgad  or  the  Lion's  Den."      In  1U02  on  the  approach  of  a  ilogbal 

army  under  Shaiste  Khiiu,  Shivaji  lied  from  Supa  to  Sinhgad,  ooil 

from  Sinhgud  he  made  his  celebrated  surprise  on   Shdiste   Khiin'i 

residenue  iu  Foona.     He  sent   two  Itrdhmaus  in  advance  to  makt.- 

preparations.     One  evening   in  April  a  little  before  sunset  Shiviiji 

Bet  out  from    Siuhgad   with   a  considerable  body  of  foot  soldiers- 

These  he  posted  in  small  piirties  along  the  road,  and  took    with  him 

to  Poona  only  Yesaji  Kank,  Tfinaji  Slalusre,  and  twentv-five  Mflvlis. 

The  Bmhmans  had  won  over  some  of  the  Mar^lhAs  iu  Shaiste  Ehan't 

employ.     They  arranged  that  two  parties  of  Mardthas  should  enter 

the  town,  one  as  if  a  wedding  party,  the  other  as  if  bringing  prisoners, 

and  that  Shiviiji   and  his  twenty-five   J^Edvlis  should  pass  in  witli 

them.     Shivaji'fl  party  passed  in  safety,  put  on  their  armour,  and  M 

the  dead  of  night,  by   seei-ct  ways,  reached  the  KhAn's  houae.    Tho 

house  was  well  known  to   Shi\'iji   as  it   was   the    residence   of  hi* 

father's  manager   DAdAji   Kuudadcv.      They  eutcrcd  through  iJif 

cook-house,  killed  the  cooks,   and  as  they  were  cutting   through 

built-up  window    the   alarm   was   raised.      Three    of    the    Mi' 

entered  Shaiste  Khdn's  room,  but  two  fell  into  a  cistern  of  water, 

the  third,  though  lie  cut  off'  Shaiste  KhAn's  thumb,  waa  killed 

his   spear.       Two    slave   girls   dragged   Shdiste  Khdn  to  a  place 

safety.  The  ?itnrrfthfis  killed  many  of  his  followers,  cut  to  pieces  soiw 

of  the  women,  and  chopiJcd  off  the   head  of  an    old  man  whom  tbc.r 

took  for  Shaiste  Khdu.     The  kettledrums  beat  on  alunii,  uud  the 

Marflth&s  retired,  lighting  torchcB  and  burning  bon£rcs  as  they  woil 

up  Singhad  hill    ia  derision   of  the  Moghuls.'     ^ext   morning  I 

body  of  Moghul  horse  gallopiwd  towai'ds  the  fort.     An  unexpected 


Uie 

i 


'  Mftcklctoih  inTrftnttActionBRomba?  Gef^oplitcal  SoftJcty,!.  192  ;Brigsi'  ForukU. 
1.420.  >  HriKKH' Kon*htu,  III. 101.  >  Grant  DulT'tt  Mtrai^,49. 

*  ShAhijt  hell)  KuDittiini  Kod  I'araDdhar,  being  at  the  head  of  the  govemmBftt, 
under  the    Muhammadaii  govomm«aU,  tiwte  two  furta   wero  r«aerved  by  tbe 
and  never  cntniMlc-d  to X^tn/an.     Orant   nulTsMiuittliis,  ^  uotc  I. 

•Ellii.t(iHdlJow»on.  Vil.  50-W;  Urant  l>utl*a  ilarAtiUla,  S3. 

*  Griiiit  DuHa  MftTAthia,  60. 
Ellifrtand  Doirwm.  VII.  270-271  :ni«nt  DuBfn  Martthis.  M. 


POONA. 


■  Deccau  ] 

Pfirc   of   musketry    threw    them    into   confusion   and   they   retired 

».in  disorder.  A  party  of  ShivAji's  horse  fell  on  them  and  they 
took  to  liipiit,  the  tirst  time  that  Mo^hal  cavalry  wore  chased  by 
Maratha^.  A  tu.i.'oud  attempt  wus  mode  to  invest  Siuhgud,  but  the 
Biege  WU9  not  pressed.  For  some  lime  after  this  Siuhgud  eoutiuucd 
to  be  Shi vAji'e  head -quartorB.  lu  1G(>4,  hearing  of  hi«  father's  death, 
Shiv^ji  came  to  Sinhsiid  after  the  saek  of  Surut,  and  spent  some  davs 
in  performing  his  falher's  funeral  ritew.  To  Sinhgad  he  retumed  m 
November  1(504,  after  plundering  the  town  of  Ahmadnagar.  defeat- 
,,  ing  the  BijApur  troops  with  great  slaughter,  and  sacking  and 
j  burning  V'cngurla.*  In  April  lt>(3;j  u  fresh  Jfoghol  force  invested 
I  Puraudhar  and  blockaded  Sinhgad,*  where  were  .Shivdji's  wife  and 
—  liiu  mother's  relations.  Finding  theii-  rcacuo  imposaibie,  as  all  the 
B  roadd  were  blgckadcd,  Shiviiii  sued  for  forgiveness  from  the 
r  Mnghal  general  IHja  Jaysing.  Raja  Juyaing  accepted  his  offer  of 
j  submisftion,  the  siege  was  fltop}>ed,  7000  persons  men  women  and 
,  children  earae  out  ot  Sinhgad  fort,  and  the  Moghais  took  possession.* 
I  In  the  trejity  which  followed  Shivnji  gave  to  Jnysirg  twenty  of  his 
thirty-two  forts,  among  them  Purandhar  and  Sinhgnd  with  ull  their 
L    dependent  districts.     In    liHiG  Jaysing  placed  strong  garriaona  in 

■  Sinhgad,  IfOhogad,  and  Purandhar,  but  in  December  of  tlu*  same  year, 
,      after  his  escape  from  l>elhi,  SbivAji  regained  all  these  forts.     lu  16C7 

tShivaji  obtained  from  Aurangzeb  tlic  title  of  KAja  aud  his  father's 
K  distrietH  of  Poona,  CliAkan,  and  Sujm,  but  Siuhg:id  and  Purandhar 
V  were  kept  by  the  MoghaU.     ShivAji  resolyiMl  to  take  them,  and   hia 

capture  of  Sinhgad  in  1670  forms  one  of  the  most  daring  exploits 

I  in  Maritha  Iiistory. 
As  Sinhgad  was  commanded  by  a  celebrated  soldier  Ude  BAn  with 
tt  choice  Kujput  garriiiou,  it  wus  deemed  impregnable.  tSccurity  had 
matle  the  ^Hrrisou  somewhat  uegligeut,  and  SUi^-aji  formed  u  plan 
for  surprising  the  fort.  The  enterprise  was  entrusted  to  Tdu^ji 
Itlalusre  who  offered  lo  sui^nse  Sinhgad  if  he  was  allowed  to  take 
his  younger  brother  SuryAji  and  1000  picked  AfAvlis.  Aceonlingly, 
I  in  February  \^7i)f  a  thousiind  MAvlis  under  TitnAii  and  SuryAji  set  out 
from  Raygatl  in  KolAba,  and,  taking  different  paths,  met  near  Sinhgad 
on  the  night  of  the  dark  ninth  of  Miigh.  TAnuji  divided  his  men  into 
two  parlies.  One  party  under  his  brother  Suryaji  ho  left  at  a  little 
distance  with  orders  to  udvauee  if  uecesaary  :  the  other  party  under 
hia  own  command  lodged  themselves  undiscovered  at  the  foot  of 
Sinhgad  rock.  When  it  grew  dark,  ehonoiug  the  sheer  south- 
j  west  gorge  as  the  part  least  likely  to  be  guarded,  one  of  the 
JlAvlis  climbed  the  rock  and  mode  fast  a  rope  ladder  up  which  the 
rest  crept  one  by  one.  Each,  as  he  gained  the  top,  lay  down.*  In 
epito  of  their  euro,  before  300  of  them  had  reached  the  top,  some 
movement  alarmed  the  garrison.  One  of  them  drew  near,  but  was 
silently  slain  by  an  arrow.     Still  the  alarm  spread,  and  the  noise  of 


Chapter  XIT 
Places. 

SiKUOAD  roBT. 


\ 


>  Ornnt  nnfTti  Nfariih&s,  88.80 -W. 

*  (Jnuit  Dufl'a  Mar&lliAa.  9-2  ;  Elliot  ftud  DowBon,  VIL  272-273. 
■  Ellirtt  and  Dottsod,  VII.  273. 

*  Tho  uM  pcuulu  of  8iuli(fiul  fort  my  tbat  t}i«  ropo  wu  taken  by  ft  Urgfl  lizftnl  or 
ghor^<l,  who  «Im  drwsed  up  T^udii  wbo  made  fHi  tbe  iop«  sod  «iubleii  the  MivUi 
to  chmb  up.     Mr.  J.  MoL.  GunitbeU,  C.  S. 


[Bombay  Oaxett«ac 


Mpter  XIT- 
Places- 

dlimOAD  FOBT. 


DISTKICTS. 


voioofi  and  ol  o  mnning  to  arma  showed  Tdndji  that  a  rush  foi 
was  his  only  chuncc  of  surpriof.  The  Mdvlis  plied  their  arrows 
the  direetiuu  uf  iho  voices,  till  a  bluze  of  blue  lif;ht4  and  torch<« 
showed  the  Rajputa  armed  or  anuiuK  uud  difluovered  their  ussoilants. 
In  the  doapernte  fiyht  that  I'oUowed  TdnAji  fell.  The  MAvlis  loel 
heart  and  were  iH'aling  a  retreat  to  the  ladder  when  Suryfij:. 
TAuAji'a  brother*  roet  them  with  the  reserve.  He  rallied  them,  asked 
them  if  they  would  leave  their  loader's  body  to  be  tossed  into  a  pit 
by  Mhars,  told  them  the  ropes  were  broken,  and  there  waa  no 
retreat ;  now  was  the  time  to  prove  themselvoe  ShivAji's  M^vlia. 
They  turned  with  spirit  and,  shouting  their  war-cry,  '  Har  Har. 
MuJiadev,'  dashed  on  the  garrison,  and,  after  a  desperate  fight  in 
which  3U0  Mavlis  and  500  Rajputs  were  slain  or  disabled,  giuutd 
the  fort.  Besides  those  who  were  slain  or  wounded  in  the  fort, 
many  Rajputs  who  ventured  over  the  rre^t  of  the  rock  were  dashed 
to  pieces.'  A  thatched  house  tumeil  into  a  bonfire  flashed  the  newH 
to  ShivAji  in  Riiygad  fort  inKoljibn  about  thirty  miles  west  of  Singhsd. 
Contrary  to  his  tmstom,  Shivjiii  gave  each  of  the  aHAailanta  a  silvpr 
bracelet  and  honoured  their  lenders  with  rich  rewai^ds.  He  grieved 
over  Tdnaji  and  said,  plii)'ing  on  the  name  of  the  fort,  Singhad,  the 
liou*8  fort,  is  taken  but  the  Uon  is  slain  :  1  have  guinod  a  ifurt  and 
lost  Tinaji.  Sun.'^ji  was  made  commandant  of  Sinhgad,*  and  a  higb 
masonry  wall  was  built  uerees  the  top  of  the  gorge  which  the 
Mdvlis  hud  scalM.  In  IfiS-l  Aurang^eb  ordered  posts  or  thdnai 
to  be  placed  in  the  country  between  Junnar  and  SinhgattT  In 
February  1700  RAjArAm.  the  second  son  of  RhivAji.  t<H>k  shelter  b 
Sinbgad  and  died  a  month  later.  Hetween  1701  and  1703  AumngMb 
besieged  Siuhgad.  After  a  three  and  a  half  months'  uege  the  fort 
waa  bought  from  the  commandant  and  it«  name  changed  to 
BakshindAbaksh  or  God's  Gift.  In  1706^  aa  aoon  as  the  ^loghal 
troops  marched  from  Voona  to  Rijripur,  ShankrAii  NArAjan  Sachiv. 
chief  manager  of  the  country  round,  retook  Sinhgail  and  other  places. 
The  loss  of  Sinhgad  was  a  great  grief  to  Aurungzeb  and  uggruvatt-d 
the  illness  of  which  in  the  next  year  he  died.  He  wym  j^'lJfik'*'' 
KhAn  to  tfike  Sinhgad.  The  garrison  yielded  from  want  of  aappliee, 
but  as  soon  as  Zulfikar  retiri>d,  from  tlie  same  cause  the  hilJ  yn$ 
Bpeedily  retaken  by  ShonkrAji  NArAyan.^  In  1750  TArAbAi,  the  grand- 
mother and  keeper  of  the  prisoner  chief  of  SitAra.  on  pretence  of 
paying  her  devotions  ut  her  husband  RajArAm's  tomb  in  Sinhgud, 
endeavoured  to  persuade  the  Pant  Sachiv  to  declare  for  her  aa  head 
of  the  ilnratha  empire.*  In  1750  BalAji  Teshwa  arranged  that  the 
Pant  Sachiv  should  give  him  Sinhgad  in  exchange  for  the  forta  uf 
Tung  and  Tikona  in  the  Bhor  state.'*  On  has  defeat  by  TuahvuitriT 
Holkar  at  the  battle  of  Poona  on  the  2oth  of  October '  1802,  BAiirAt 
Peshwa  fled  to  Sinhgad.  FromSinhgad,  where  he  remained  three  days, 
BAjirAv  aent  an  engagement  to  Colonel,  aflerwords  Sir  Barrv,  Close 
the  British  Resident,  binding  himself  to  subsidise  six  battalious  of 


•  The  tombs  of  TinAji  uul  Udo  B4o  the  B«jpot  connnaniiaDt  Ha  150  yudi  apul 
iw»r  Uifi  north-wot  coraor  of  thf>  fort.     Uds  Bin  u  ravorod  u  k  uiot  ur  pir. 

•  Grant  JiaiT*  MarithJi.  108-109.  »  Grant  Boa's  MwatluU,  180- 181. 

•  Orwit  DoBTs  Mirtthta,  270.  »  Grant  Durs  MarAthte.  272. 


POONA. 

aepoys  and  to  cede  £250,00U  (Ra.  25  ldk}i8)  of  yearly  revenue  for 
lb  their  support.  Tn  May  1817  when  Mr.  ElphinBtone  found  IWjiniv 
If  levying  troop.s  ho  warned  him  of  his  danger  and  told  him  that  uiiless 
fc  Trirahftkji  Donglia,  the  murderer  of  Oangiidhar  Shdstri,  was  given  up 
Bt  or  driven  out  of  the  Peshwa'e  territory,  war  with  the  English  must 
Iff  follow.  Some  days  puased  without  any  answer  from  BajirAv  and 
,,  then  Mr.  Elpkiustono  formally  demanded  the  surrender  of  Irimhakji 
within  a  month  and  the  immediute  delivery  uf  Sinhgad,  Purandhar^ 
and  Rfiygad  aa  a  pledge  that  Trimbokji  would  bo  Hurnmdered.  On  the 
7th  of  May  Mr.  Klphmstone  threatened  to  surround  Poona  if  .Sinhgud 
and  the  other  two  forts  were  not  given  up  in  pledge  of  Trimbakji's 
Burrender,  and,  at  the  last  moment,  at  daybreak  on  the  Oth  of 
May,  when  troops  were  already  moWng  round  the  city,  BiljirAv 
issued  im  order  for  the  surrender  of  the  forte.  The  forta' remained 
in  Brilish  charge  till  August,  when,  as  the  Peahwa  agreed  to 
the  treaty  of  Poona  (13th  June  1817),  they  were  restored  to  htm.' 
AfUn-  the  battle  of  ICirkee  (Oth  No\*cmber),  the  MarAthis  placed 
Bome  guns  uniler  the  proteetion  of  Sinhgad,  but,  on  the  USth  of 
November,  a  detachment  nent  by  General  Smith  brought  away  fifteen 
of  them  without  loss.*  Singhud  reniainwl  with  the  Mardthas  till  the 
.2nd  of  March  1818  when  it  surrendered  to  General  Pritzler.  On  the 
14th  of  February  General  Pritzler  marched  from  tSaturu  and  came  by 
the  Nira  bridge  to  Sinhgad.  The  march  was  accomplished  without 
any  molestation  though  the  line  of  march  with  tlie  train  atoi-es  and 
provisions  Btrctched  foiu-  miles  and  the  tatter  jwrt  of  the  road  lay 
among  hills  with  numerous  ruvinea.  The  siege  of  Sinhgad  was 
begim  on  the  '24th  of  February.  The  head-quarU^rs  of  the  force  wero 
estublished  near  a  stream  about  two  and  a  half  miles  south-east  of 
the  fort,  probably  near  the  ^-illage  of  KalyAn.  As  one  of  the  avenues 
from  the  Puona  gate  on  the  east  communicated  with  the  northern 
volley,  six  companies  of  the  second  battalion  of  the  7lh  Bombay 
Jfativc  Infantry  and  a  body  of  auxiliary  horsi',  invested  it  on  that 
side  near  iJonje  viUage.  On  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  op^Misite  that 
extremity^  at  tlie  distance  of  800  yards,  a  post  and  battery  of  one 
eight-incn  mortar,  one  five  and  a  half  inch  howitzer,  and  two  six- 
pounders  were  established.  The  battery  opened  on  tlie  21st  On  the 
22nd  four  companies  of  tho  2nd  battalion  of  the  loth  Madras  Native 
Infantry  marched  for  Poona  and  were  replatt^l  by  the  remaining  four 
companies  of  the  3nd  battalion  of  the  7th  Bombay  Native  Infantry. 
The  mortar  batlfi-y,  which  opened  on  the  evening  of  the  22nd  and 
consisted  of  one  ten  and  three  eight-uich  mortars  and  three  five 
and  a  half  inch  howitzers,  was  placed  under  cover  of  a  hill  south- 
east of  the  fort.  On  the  24tli,  Captain  Davies  with  1800  Nizilm's 
reformed  horse  joined  Major  Shouldhain's  post  in  the  northern  val- 
ley from  which  two  six-poundera  were  onlered  to  Poono.  Opposito 
the  south-west  angle,  about  1000  yards  off  a  batten*  of  two  twelve- 
pounders  and  two  six-pounders  was  established  and  opened  on  the 
2oth  of  February.  To  the  right  of  this  buttery,  700  and  1000  yarda 
from  the  gate,  two  breaching  butteries,  each  of  two  cighteen-poouders, 


Chapter  XIV. 
PUc«s- 

SlKBUAD  FOBT 
Uistory, 


1  GrAiit  UqITb  MftrAthia,  r>&8,  634,  G46. 
3  Peiidhfeh  and  MarJItlu  War  Pkpen,  IS9. 


I  Bombay  Oaiett«r, 


lapter  XIV- 

Places. 

inoAD  FOBT. 


SlBOR. 


m»on 
gunM 


DISTRICTS. 

opened  on  the  28th  afjaiiist  that  jwint.  By  the  Ut  of  ^fan^h.  aftsi 
1417  Bhellfl  and  2281  eight-poiinder  shotB  had  been  tired,  Uii- 
garrison  of  120U  men,  700  of  them  GosAvis  and  400  Arabs,  hiingnui 
a  wliite  flag.  The  gurriiwn  were  allowed  to  march  out  on  the  2n(l  of 
March  with  their  pei-sonal  arms  and  private  property.  The  garn'oon 
enga»<ed  to  proceed  to  Elichpur  in  Jierar  accompanied  by  n  guard  fi 
Ihc  ItritiRh  Government,  and  to  biud  themselves  by  giving  hositai 
not  to  enter  into  tho  aoniee  of  any  native  state.*  Forty-two 
tft'entv-tive  wall  pieceH.  and  a  quantity  of  powder  and  shot  were  foi 
in  the  fort.  Prize  property  to  a  viist  amount,  coiiHiftting  of  jR'iirh 
and  diamonds  wiid  to  have  been  removed  there  for  safety  by  I'ooDa 
merchaDtfi,  was  found  in  Sinh^nd.  Many  of  the  soldiers  earned 
about  for  several  days  hats  full  of  pearls  jewele  ami  gold  ornaments 
for  sale  without  knowing  their  vulue  being  anxious  to  exchange 
them  fur  money  or  exeliuiige  bills  on  Bombay  ere  the  prize  ogent4 
flhould  diseuaa  the  plunder.-  Along  with  other  treosure  a  golden 
image  of  Ganeah  woa  found  lii<l(len  in  a  miisonry  pillar  in  Siohj^ad 
fort.  It  was  said  to  be  worth  i,';">0,OlJD  {Rk.  5  hikhf.)  and  a  ransom  «f 
£15,000  (Rs.  1.50,000)  was  offered  for  it.»  In  1818  Babiiji  I'ant 
Gokhlc,  one  of  the  murderors  of  tho  brothers  Veughan  at  Tulegaon. 
was  confined  bv  Mr.  Elpbinatone  in  Siubgud  where  ho  died  in  183'»-* 
In  1862  tho  fort  was  described  as  ruinous  with  crumbling  walls  ' 
and  gules  in  disrepair.  The  fort  was  able  to  hold  about  1000  nwn 
and  had  ample  water  with  supplies  from  the  neighlrauring  villogM 
of  Donjc  una  Peth  Shivapur.* 

Sirur  or  Ghodnadi,*  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ghod  about  forty 
miles  nortli-cast  of  Poona,  is  a  niuiiiapal  town,  the  headMjuarters  of  ibe 
Sinir  Hub-ilivision,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  632o,  Siiiir  is  in  the 
extreme  west  of  the  siib-dinsion  ond  displaced  Pdbal  in  l8f)7  on  iw 
transfer  from  the  .\hmadnng]ir  district.  Sirur  has  about  28r>  mnney- 
lenders  traders  and  shopkeeper^,  some  of  whom  are  rich.  THcy 
trade  in  cloth  and  grain.  At  the  weekly  market  on  Saturday  larp-' 
numbers  of  cattle  and  horses  art>  sold.  Besides  tho  roveuuo  niui 
police  offices  of  the  Sirur  sub-division  the  to%vu  haa  a  municipoUty, 
u  travellers'  bungalow,  and  a  post-office.  The  municipulity  wi^ 
eetablished  in  1808  and  in  1882-8;*  had  an  income  of  £678  ( lU'G7f01 
and  an  expenditure  of  £.^12  (Rs.5120).  As  early  as  the  beginning  of 
the  present  century  its  healthy  situation  on  the  Gho<l,  midway  on  the 
main  road  between  Poona  and  Abmadnagar,  marked  out  Sirur  as  t 


»  Blaoker'a  MArAtha  Wur,  239-241 ;  Pendfa^i  uid  MArtltw  War  PApen.  340. 

*  Fifteen  Veara  in  India,  490. 

■  Bombay    Cdiirier.  2)se    Mart-li    1818.     Thu  imut  »    probably    referred 
Panduranff  Uari  [jj.  4^>  uutc)  where  it  iR  utid  to  liave  hail  dianinn<lb  for  cyu  and 
studded  witJi  jewels  niid  valuMl  nt  £.'ilH)0  |K«.  SO,tXX>>.     So  in  July  lt>lS.  with  ji 
atid  uther  pro(»erty  of  IWjiiav  Pcsliwa.  a  gold   image  of  Vishnu  wiw  fou 
It  WM  maao  in  1707  and  weighetl  370  nip«ie«  weiglit.     It  wiu   taJten   by 


tb  M 

n<l  at  Ni 
Uajiriv  witfc 


him  in  itll  tiis  wiuidorini-a  Ju  a  atatc?  inlimijuiii.  It  came  to  N&sik  in  the  MarAlha  n' 
wliore  it  wim  <liaooirereirby  the  Britub  and  lent  to  Poono.  HigkfinlKithaui'a  Aautv 
Journnl  8<^]ctUoi«,  3$4-365. 

*  Grant  Uuirn  MartthAa.  654  note  2  :  Deccan  Scenca,  46. 
■GcveniDiDnt  Lii»ta  of  Civil  Forta  (1802). 

*  Glio<liiadi  is  the  local  name.     It  is  called  Siror  u  it  ti«  Wtttun  the  limiti 
8irur  nllago  two  miles  to  the  nortb-wc«t 


* 


POONA. 


Itable  site  for  a  cantonment.  The  slat  ion  is  about  1750  feet  above 
e  Bca,  mid  tkc  country  round  in  hilly  uud  uucultivatcU.  HilU 
in  a  suvcession  of  rangoa  one  ttbovc  the  other,  stretching  for  a 
,ong  diBtanoe  along  the  north  bank  of  tho  Ghod.  Along  the  eouth 
k,  where  the  station  stands,  the  country  is  more  regular  with 
occasional  hills  and  little  forest  land.  Sirur  was  occupied  in  ISOH. 
The  Gtiiliou  hua  a  good  supply  of  forage  and  is  barely  more  than 
ouo  march  (ihirty-aiue  inilce)  from  Poona.  Tho  garrison  of  Sirur 
consiBta  of  the  Poona  Auxiliaiy  Horse'  living  in  neat  regimental  lines. 
About  a  third  of  a  mile  from  tho  town,  a  mile  from  the  cantonment, 
ftnd  a  little  to  the  north-west  of  the  parade  ground,  is  the  graveyard 
ith  several  obelisks  and  monuments.  The  most  notable  monument 
Colonel  Wallace's  tomb,  a  6uted  column  about  fifteen  foet  high  on 
three-stepped  masonry  base.-  On  tho  pedestal  is  a  marble  tablet 
"th  these  words  : 

8ftcr«d  to  the  momory  of  Cot  William  Wftll&co  of  HU  KsJeBtys 
74th  Boirimeiit  of  Foot  ftndOomnuuiderof  the  Force  atibsiditiod  by 
HiflHiffhssmatho  Peshwn-  A.  man  roBpeotod  and  b«l0Tftd  for  his 
QiLUnJitry,  Devoted  Public  Zeal,  Ardent  Honourable  Beotitudo.and 
Moble  Candour.  He  died  at  Sirur  on  the  11th  of  Mar  1600  aged 
47  raara- 

This  seems  to  be  the  Colonel  "Wallace  of  whom,  os  Brigadier 
of  the  trenches  at  the  siege  of  Gfivilgad  (7th-  ISth  December  1803) 
in  the  Second   Mar^tha    War,   the  tollowing   story   is   told.     Some 

n«  had  to  be  taken  by  night  to  a  high  and  difficult  position  on 
hill.  The  officer  in  charge  cume  to  Colonel  Wallace  aud  reported 
that  it  was  impossible  to  take  the  guns.  Colonel  Wallace  called  for 
a  light  aud  diiiwiug  his  papers  out  of  his  pocket  said:  '  Impossible, 
it  can't  be  impoHsinle,  here  it  is  in  the  orders.'^  It  is  interesting 
tliat  a  man  of  so  admirable  a  spirit,  and,  as  his  epitaph  seems 
to  show,  of  BO  nbble  a  life  should  still  be  remembered  by  the  aged 
at  Sirur  as  Sat  Purufh  the  Iloly  Ifun,  and  that  his  tomb,  which 
ho  wisely  endowed,  should  still  be  worBhipped.  Colonel  Wallace  is 
tlic  guardian  of  Sirur.  Thursday  is  bifs  great  day  ond  Sunday  also 
is  lucky.  Vows  otferod  to  get  rid  of  barrcnueas  and  other  spirit-sent 
ailnitinlB  never  fail  and  newly  married  pairs  are  brought  to  Colonel 
Wallace,  as  they  arc  brought  to  Mdruti,  that  his  guardian  power  may 
drive  evil,  that  is  evil  apiiits,  from  them.  Except  Brahmans  and 
iris  all  Hindus  of  Sirur  and  tho  neighbouring  villages,  chiefly 
^this,  Kunbis,  Mdlie,  Mbars,  and  MAngs,  worsliip  at  Wallace's 
tomb.  People,  whose  ■w'ishee  have  been  fulfilled  or  who  have  boon 
freed  from  disousee,  offer  incense,  lay  flowers  before  the  tomb,  and 
distribute  cocoanuts,  sweetmeats^  or  coorso  sugar.  Sometimes 
Kdm^thia  and  other  flesh-caters  perform  a  ceremony  called  kand-uri, 
wheu  a  goat  is  killed  outside  of  the  graveyard  aud  the  body  brought 


Cbapt«r  Xl 
Flares. 

SiBOB. 


Coionrl  WaHof^g 
Tomb, 

-   (ISOSJ, 


'The  Poona  Horee  was  ruMd  in  1617.  Tlie  article  of  tbe  Bauein  treaty  of 
1602  whicb  ot>1ij-bil  tho  Peshwa  to  iiiuiiitAiu  u  uav.Ury  force  waa  aiiuuUcd  and  thia 
corps  was  suUtitutcd.    Onuit  DolTa  Mnn^tliAs,  5G6,  M6. 

1  Tha  detail*  are  :  A  muoary  buv  14'  2"  by  IS"  11"  with  three  Btcpa,  the  6nt 
It*  Chy  fl'IT.  tbe  secood  10*  fay  S",  aud  the  third  6*  by  64' eriiuu'o.  Tliocolurau  ig 
15'  4''  high,  9'  €"  round  the  miiMlo,  and  14'  round  tbe  base.  Tiie  American  Minion 
(lateohiat,  Sirur- 

■  Welsh's  Military  Reinioiaoenoei,  1. 196 ;  Colebrooke's  Elpbuiitooe,  1. 86  - 100. 


Chapter^XIV. 
PlaoQt. 

SlXDB. 


SVFS. 


Motqne, 


interiplions. 


DISTRICTS. 

in,  offf rp4  at  tlie  tomb,  and  eat^n  by  the  miDiatrant.  The 
Bulttbii,  wlio  is  the  son  nf  the  original  pensioner,  Colonel  Wb 
proom,  get*  the  offirings.  At  harvefll  time  the  villofferH  bring  him 
first  fruits  of  i;ruin  as  naivetlija  or  food  for  the  flaintlv  spirit.  Tl 
Colonel's  ghost  still  sometimes  walks  on  no-moon  and  on  fuU-int 
nijfhts.'  About  ton  yetirw  after  Colonel  Wallace  died  General  Smil 
tried  to  slop  the  yearly  endowment  of  I8«.  (lis.  9).  Colonel  Wallacftl 
ghoel  came  and  troubled  him,  and  Goucrul  Smith  gave  back 
Dulaba*8  father  the  18*.  (Ks.  9)  a  year  and  set  him  in  charge  erf 
whole  gravoviird.  Between  1840  and  1850  the  Rev.  Mr.  French 
trietl  to  stop  the  worship.  It  Btill  goes  on.  At  least  one  kaMtUri 
or  f^oat-offering  took  plaoe  in  1883  and  on  the  24th  of  June  18A1 
coeoanuts  hod  lately  been  ofiei-ed  at  the  tomb.* 

Blipe.  on  the  Ahmadnagar-Sfttdra  road  tliirty-six  miles  eouth-cast 
of  FoooQ,  is  the  heud-quarlors  of  the  Bhimthadj  sub-division,  with  in 
1872  a  popuktioa  of  4979  and  in  1881  of  4007.  Besides  the  sub- 
divisional  revenuo  and  police  olHecs  Supo  has  a  po«t-ofRtx%  a  Wednes- 
day market-,  a  mosque  and  a  Musalman  tomb,  and  a  temple. 

The  moscjue,  which  h  an  old  Heig^'^I?^"^'  t'l^nplo  of  MahfideT, 
is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Aurangeeb  (IG08-  1707).     It  is  on  s 

{linth  three  feet  high,  the  pillars  rising  nine  feet  from  the  pUo 
t  has  forty  pillars  sixteen  of  them  embedded  in  the  back  and  a 
walla  ond  twenty-four  open.     Some  of  them  are  earved  only  in  o« 


face  and  seem  to  have  been  pilastt>rs  in  the  Henifidpanti  temple 
I^ong  beam-like  stones  are  laid  on  the  pillar  capitals  and  the  squam 
thus  formed  are  domed  in  the  usual  cut^corncr  Uemf^ponti  stvle. 
The  Musalmdn  tomb,  which  is  outside  of  the  town,  belongs  to  Sdih 
Mansur,  an  Arab  who  in  said  to  have  come  to  Supe  about  1380  and 
to  have  buried  himself  alive.  Beside  the  tomb  is  a  mosque  and 
reet-hous©  wliich  is  locally  believed  to  have  been  btiiU  hy  the 
emperor  Akbar  {1556-1605).  lu  a  Sijuare  enclosure  raised  on  t 
plinth  of  squared  stones  opposite  to  the  gato  on  the  south  is  the 
tomb,  on  the  west  the  mo!-que  ond  another  buildinf;  said  to  be  a 
place  of  assembly  Hanking  the  mosque  on  the  east.  The  rest  of  the 
area  is  a  paved  court.  The  tomb  and  mosque  ore  whitewashed  and 
are  daubed  all  over  T^-ith  the  impression  of  an  open  h&nd  smeartd 
with  reddish  brown."  The  mosque  haa  four  small  inscriptions  in 
Persian  which  mar  be  translated : 


(1)  In  the  luiiaa  of  the  moat  Meroift.il  Ood.  HuhAismad,  HustOn, 
HiuMin.  AJi:  (2)  There  !■  no  Qod  but  One,  and  MuluunmMl  U  Hii 
Prophel  i  (3)  The  roundatlon  of  tha  shriiia  of  Huiaur,  Aruf  ^thc 
knowor  ofOad)  laid  in  the  yeu  H.  1108  {\.b.  IBH);  (4)  Thia  t«  tba 
shrine  of  lAtif  Bha'h. 


I 


I  It  U  Hud  tbftt  the  eau  Hith  which  he  rednced  eomc  of  the  ttroagMt  forta  in  Iki 
DeoQ&n  caneed  Colonol  Wallace  tu  Iw  rvgnrded  with  enat  awe  by  tbe  ptOflk 
M  one  with  ftunertintanl  powers.  Wheaever  a  public  e^aiuity  U  aboDt  to  om 
the  ghost  of  WalUc«  8*heb  it  Men  raatleos  auj  waadnriog  aboQb  the  liiniu  nf 
camp.  UnlftM  ceremoniM  are  perfoniiod  at  the  tomb  to  appaue  hii  ■pfril  and  al 
imiH-n'ling  duiger,  tlic  mont  dmadful  ooaaequeitcM  are  sdk  to  follow.  Life  in 
(1852).  2tjl!. 

■  Datoila  Bupplied  cfaioSy  by   Dolaba  through  the   Ainerician   MiarioD    Cateol 
Sintr. 

•Tho  hand  la  lucky  or  Bpirit-KarioR  both  nmong  Hiodua  and  Mosalmina.    TW 
Eindos  have  th*  aatVa  or  widow  Morificc'a  hand  on  her  torobatono,  and  Ln  Oaj^U 


Ssccau. 


POONA. 


44» 


k 


» 


A  large  ftur  is  held  at  tlie  dareiha  about  October.*  Supe  has 
another  tomb  of  a  Rr^lirann  who  was  converted  in  Aurangeeb'ii 
time.    The  temple  of  Tiikobiidov  was  built  by  one  Aunftjirdv  Marfithe. 

About  1C04  the  district  of  Supo  with  Poona  and  two  forts  were 
granted  as  an  estate  to  MilKni  BhanBlc  the  grandfather  of  Shinlti 
by  Murtaza  NizAm  Shih  11.(1599-1631)  of  Ahmadnagar.^  Mfiloji's 
son  ShAhiiji  appointed  BAji  Mobile,  the  brother  of  his  second  wife,  as 
manager  of  Supe.  During  his  father's  absence  in  the  Kanultak 
Sl^^i  tried  to  induce  ]Ioji  2^toliito  to  hand  him  over  the  revenues  of 
Supe.  Bdji,  who  held  300  hoi-se,  sent  civil  answers  to  Shi^-jiji,  but 
rehised  to  pay  the  revenue  without  the  knowledge  and  consent  of 
8hihAji.  SliivAji  biifHed  by  peaceful  means  resorted  to  arms.  Ho 
surrounded  Supe  at  dead  of  niglit  and  took  Bdji  prisoner.*  In  a 
revenue  statement  of  about  1790  Supa  appears  as  the  head  of  apargana 
in  thfl  Juucr  sarkdr  with  a  zx'veuue  of  £7582  (Rs.  73,820).^ 

Ta'kve  BudrukU,  a  small  market  village  on  the  Andra  a  feeder 
of  the  Indriyani,  four  miles  north-east  of  Khadkfila,  with  in  1881 
a  population  of  694,  has  a  temple  of  Vithoba  in  whoso  honour  a 
yearly  fair  or  yVira  attended  by  1000  people  is  held  on  the  tifth  of 
the  bright  half"  of  M'igft  or  January-rcbruary.  It  has  a  dry  weather 
Monday  market. 

Talegaon  Dalslia'd©  in  Maval  about  ten  milee  south-east  of 
Khadkala  and  about  twenty  miles  north-west  of  Poona  is  a  municipal 
town  with  a  railway  station,  and  had  in  1881  a  population  of  4900. 
Talegaon  is  a  half  alienated  village  belonging  to  the  Bttbhadc  family. 
It  has  a  large  pond  with  temples  and  tombs,  a  dispensary,  a  girls' 
school,  and  a  large  oil  industry.  The  1872  census  showed  a  popu- 
latioD  of  5040  of  whom  4585  were  Hindus,  450  Mu^alrodns,  and  five 
Christians.  The  1H81  census  showed  a  deercnae  of  140  or  4900,  of 
whom  4410  were  Hindus,  485  Mu«ilmana,  and  five  Christians.  The 
1883  railway  returns  showed  132,045  passcngci-s  and  13,0G0  tons  of 
goods.  The  municipality  was  established  in  ISiiCt  and  had  in  1882- 
83  an  income  of  i.245  (Rs.  2450)  and  an  expenditure  of  £139 
<K8. 1390).  The  dispensary  was  opened  in  1 876  and  in  1883  treated 
ten  in-patients  and  5CU9  out-patients  at  a  cost  of  £66  (Rs.  fitfU). 

To  the  south  of  the  town  is  a  reservoir  which  has  been  improved, 
and  built  round  by  successive  generations  of  Dabhades,  and  some  small 
temples  of  Mahadev  line  its  northern  banl^.  Tlie  water  in  this 
reservoir  and  also  in  existing  wells  is  unfit  to  drink.  Arrangementa 
have  therefore  been  made  for  building  a  reservoir  to  the  west  of  the 
town  which  will  provide  an  amplo  supply  of  pure  drinking  water.*  To 
the  north  of  the  town  in  a  thidc  grove  is  an  old  temple  of  Vaaeshvar 


Chapter  Z1 
Plac6e> 


TiKTI 
BCDROBII. 


TALIOAOn 


punt«d  in  red  on  the  town  g&t«B.  MunalniAiiB  t)otb  %hiiM  und  Sunnia  wonhip  ft 
haoil  or  jtanja.  Tbe  Suniua  say  it  repres«Dta  the  I'rophct  Mnluunmad  ftnd  tba 
foar  Kaliphu;  the  Shiin  uy  it  in  th«  Projihot  AH  aud  bis  foar  grflndsoos.  At  Muni- 
DiAti  wedaJngB  the  p&rtinD  guest*  tar  kbIuM  l>y  a  fd  h»ud  bvinft  slapped  on  tlMtf 
wbiteooatedehouldcrs.  In  B»n:luy  (May  1SS4)  it  Blultia'a  houH  during  tho  hcmw- 
vsnninjj  bud  the  whole  front  iiaiiil«<1  with  handa.  Aa  in  the  Jewish  Mtriarohal 
btiwiufc  and  Um  Chrtiiti.in  Inyine  oa  of  band*  the  bn«i»  of  ibe  bolioew  of  the  bam) 
M«ni  to  bo  tliat  it  in  Uie  outlet  Uimi;gh  h  liicb  the  Kpirit  of  bleesiDg  paxaea. 

L>  Grant  DufTa  Marithis,  41.  '  Uroiil  Dufla  Manktbto,  6U-61. 

'  WariugB  Marttli**.  MO.  *  Mr.  J.  U.  Moore.  C.  8. 


a  806-5- 


I  Bombay  QueUeer. 


ipte^XIV. 
Places- 


TKLUtAOS 


FMory. 


DISTRICTS. 

or  the  Forest  God.  In  front  is  the  bull  under  a  canopy  and  behind 
the  bull  IB  a  fiquure  cistern  with  flights  of  stops  leading  to  the  vater. 
The  temple  bus  a  batllemented  coniicu  with  three  biuoU  minar«te 
over  the  entrance.  The  dome  or  thikhar  over  the  shrine  reeemUu 
the  dome  of  Siddheshvar  temple  in  Khed  and  has  similar  mikc 
omomculs.  On  either  side  of  the  temple  in  endotied  spaces  are  lli£ 
tombs  or  chhafri*  f>i  the  Bjibh&de  family,  raised  platforms,  ciich 
supporting  a  tiny  shrine,  built  over  the  spots  where  tho  D&bb&dM 
were  burnt. 

The  DAbhAde  family  rose  to  importance  in  the  reign  of  the  first 
Peshwo  BfiUji  VishvanAth  ( 1714-1720).  It«  founder  was  Ehandert^^ 
Dabh^de  who  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  or  nendpati  in  17l4l^| 
In  1721  Khandt-rfiv  died  and  was  succeeded  in  his  command  1^^ 
his  son  Trimbakrav  Bitbh^de.^  Trimbakrdv  was  an  instrument  in  > 
the  hands  of  Nizam-ul-Mulk  who  was  always  ready  to  thwart  the 
aims  of  B*ljirAv  I.  (1721  -  1740).  BAjiniv  snft[)ected  this  and  wlien  h'? 
heard  of  DnbhddeV  preparations  against  the  Deccan  in  17^1,  aided  bv 
the  NizfSm,  he  marched  to  Gujar/tt  with  a  small  force,  met  and  Lillet 
Dabble  and  completely  routed  bis  force.  The  victory  led  to  s 
bitter  feud  between  Bajiriv  and  the  IMbli^de  family,  tor  several 
days  every  year  the  Dabluides  used  to  feed  a  thousand  Brahmansat 
Talegaon.  After  the  defeat  BAjiMv  continued  the  practice  at  Poona 
and  distributed  sums  of  money  to  learned  men.  This  was  thp 
origin  of  the  Dakshina  grant  which  has  been  continued  by  the  British 
Government  under  the  form  of  college  fellowehipa  and  encouragement 
of  vernacular  literature.*  Tn  1779  Talegaon  was  the  furthest  point 
reached  by  the  English  anny  which  came  to  restore  Raghun^thriT 
as  Peshwa  and  made  the  capitulation  of  Vadgaon  aboiU._thrce,  milca 
to  the  west.  On  the  9th  of  January  1779,  after  a  short  advance,  the 
Mar^tha  ai-my  I'Ctired  under  orders  from  Nana  Kadnavis,  and  aetfire 
to  the  village  of  Tulegaon.  The  English  feared  that  Poona  and 
Chinchvad  would  be  burnt  in  the  same  way,  and  instead  of  advancing 
to  Poonn  which  was  only  eighteen  miles  off,  in  spite  of  Raghunilthriir's 
advice,  they  determined  to  return  to  Bombay.  On  the  Ilth  of  Jaomur 
the  army  of  2600  British  troops  th_rew_tjieir  beavj'  guns  into  the 
large  Talegaon  pond,  and  buniiug  tlicir  stores  fcft  TaU-gaoii  at  dead 
of  night.*  In  1H17,  five  days  after  the  battle  of  Kirkee,  two  hrothcr* 
of  the  name  of  Voughan,  one  of  them  a  Major  in  the  Jftth  Madni 
Native  Infantry  ana  his  brother  in  the  Marine  service,  while  on  th«r 
way  from  Bombay  to  Poona,  were  seized  at  Talegaon  and,  in  spite  nf 
their  rcmonMtruncee  and  the  offer  of  a  ransom,  were  ban g<«a  tu  i 
tree  by  the  roadside  on  the  10th  of  November.  Thoir  graves  side 
by  siae  are  about  twenty  yards  off  the  road.*  About  this  tim* 
T^egaon  is  described  oh  a  town  with  a  remarkably  fine  pond  and  i 
mango  grove.  In  1837  Captain  Clunes  notices  Talegaon  with  1501) 
houses,  the  cliief  town  of  the  Bhabarry'a  (DAbhAdes).' 


>  Onint  DotT'a  Mxrtthia.  HH!-I97.  '  Unnt  Ours  Maritbia.  209. 

*  Grant  Dure  Marathas.  '221-225.  8ee  above  p|k.  4«,  60-62. 

*  (irniit  Dntfa  Maritliiks.  4I4-4IB. 
'  Fitc(^lKreiice'ii  JoQmey,  314.     It  is  uiJ  that  the  brotlion  wftro  fint  captand  •> 

Kirle,  tlriw^oil  alnuiot  nokcf)   t"  Tnlrgai'ii,   anil  onv  brulbcr  waa  oiade  to    haof  tlit 
other.     Fifu-en  Yv«n  in  lu<lia,  4SJ  ;  tiraat  Duff's  Morftthit,  dM. 

*  Itiuerary,  10, 


I 


iDkcau] 


I 


POONA 


Talegaon  Dhamdhere'  on  the  Vel  riTor  abont  twenty  mJleB 
aonth-wost  of  Sinir  is  a  municipal  and  market  town,  with  in  ISSI  a 
population  of  3620.  llio  weekly  market  is  held  on  Monday.  Besides 
the  muoicipality  the  town  has  a  sub-jndf^'s  court,  a  post-office,  and 
a  diapensary.  The  mnoictpnlity  wns  established  in  1855  and  in 
]S62.8:j  had  an  inconie  of  £70  (Ra.  700)  and  an  ezpenditnre  of 
£49  (Rs.  490).  The  diaponsary  dates  from  1S7(J.  In  18^3  it 
treated  four  in-patients  and  4724  out-pationts  at  a  cost  of  £o7 
(Rs.570). 

The  town  has  several  temples  the  chief  of  which  ore  five  of  Oanpati, 
Nith,  fjiddUeshvar,  Takleshrar,  and  Utiareshvar.  Oanpati'a  temple 
was  bnilt  by  a  memlier  of  the  Dhamdhere  family.  The  temple 
porch  is  entered  on  the  east  and  south  through  Inrgo  arched  open- 
ings and  has  a  vaulted  roof.  The  apiro  is  profusely  adorned  with 
qnaint  little  6|i;ures  in  nicbea.  NAtli'a  shrine,  dedicated  to  an  ascetic 
of  that  name,  is  builton  the  river  bank.  Ndth  is  said  to  have  lived  in 
SbivAJi's  time  and  to  have  been  a  friend  of  a  Muiialmdn  saint  Itnitk 
Bawa  whose  tomb  is  in  the  MasalmAn  graveyard  to  the  north- 
e.^st  of  the  town.*  A  fair,  atrended  by  abont  3000  people,  13  held  on 
Mtthtuhivrd'ra  in  February -March.  The  shrine  onjoys  rent-free  land 
assessed  at  £i  Ids.  [Ra.  49).  Siddheshvar's  is  a  laree  shrine  btiilt 
on  raised  g^-ound  and  enclosed  by  lofty  battlemented  walls.  High 
flights  of  steps  lead  on  the  east  and  west  into  the  temple 
enclosure.  The  temple  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  a  village 
acconntnut  of  Talegaon  who  rose  to  be  Sindia's  minister.  Taklesn- 
var's  temple  is  an  old  building  to  the  west  of  Gaupati's  shrine. 
The  temple  is  entered  through  a  curious  old  rest-hoaae  which  opens 
into  the  market  pla^e.  Uttareshvor's  temple  was  built  by  a  member 
of  a  family  called  the  Mahfljaus  about  200  years  ago.  To  the 
north  of  the  temple  is  a  6uc  well  and  an  old  lamp-pillar  outside  the 
enclosure.  Besides  these  five  shrines,  outside  the  towu  about  half  a 
mile  to  the  nortb.west,  is  a  templn  of  Bhairav,  a  quaint  old  structure 
enclosed  by  walls.  Its  hall  or  nianilip  is  divided  into  three  small 
aisles  by  two  rows  of  low  stone  pillars  snpporting  brick  arches.  In 
17ol  Talegaon  Dhamdhere  was  totally  destroyed  by  the  Moghals.* 

Theur,  a  small  village  of  1034  people  in  Haveli  about  thirteen 
miles  west  of  Poona,  has  a  temple  of  Ganpati,  the  chief  part  of  which 
was  built  by  Cliintiman.  the  second  ^ev  or  man-Ganpati  of  Chiuchvad, 
at  a  cost  of  £4000  (Ks.  40,000).  About  a  hundrfld  years  after,  nine 
Terandaa  or  galleries  were  added  to  the  main  building  at  a  cost  of 
£4000  (Rs.  40,000)  by  MadhavrAv  the  fourth  Peahwa  (1761-1772). 
The  temple  is  built  of  cnt-stone  and  consists  of  a  large  audience 
hall  or  mandijp  with  verandas  on  either  side.  The  ext«mBl  wooden 
posts  were  put  in  by  II«npnnt  Phadke  a  Mariltha  general. 
lliree  mora  verandas  were  added  to  the  south  of  the  temple  at  a 


^Titu  towD  tftlcM  lt«  rwnio  pmbably  u  it  uraji  a  eoovtnicDt  baltina  plmoo  or 
--jping  BTOand,  lai.  Tlie  t&te  Mr.  0.  H.  Johns,  C.  S.  It  it  called  DluRKlhtrB 
t«r  thft  DbuBdhera  family  who  live  in  it  to  dliUngniih  it  £rom  T»Iogs<ui  D&bbide 

)  Aeeording  to  ■  locaJ  itory  NAth  ud  Itnik  8]>ent  their  flpwrr  lime  in  pUjing  rarda. 
■Oimot  Duff**  M»rtt»i4«.  276. 


Chapter 
Talsqaon 

DHiiMIiH 


TemfAtt, 


THKtTK.J 


iBombay  QusttMi., 


ipter  XIV. 

Places 

Tmxn. 


trnu. 


DISTfilCTd. 


coat  of  £300  (Rs.  ;iO0O)  by  one  BachAiipant.  In  tlie  tempi 
enclosure  i^  a  small  shrine  of  Vishna  ami  a  rest -house  builc  b 
Oandojwnt  a  Mardtba  havildar.  Not  far  from  tlie  temple  and  in  the* 
same  enclosure  is  a  sucred  fig  troo  fur  n liicb  a  plinth  was  built  by 
RaradbAi  the  wi£e  of  MAdbavrAv  PesUwa.  The  t«mple  of  Gaupali 
enjoys  a  yearly  grant  of  £20S  16^.  (R8.208d)  paid  to  Uliri 
ChiDtAman  Ganpat  Vev  of  Chinchrad  who  tnanages  the  temple.  The 
temple  enjoys  two  other  minor  Government  grants  of  £185  6j. 
(Rs.  1855)  for  dmm-bcatiog  and  of  £1  1^.  (Ks.  16)  for  ligbtiug, 

Theur  was  a  favourite  it-sort  of  Mddhavrdv  the  fourth  Fesbwo 
who  died  here  on  the  muruiug  of  the  ISth  of  November  1772  in  ibu 
twenty-eighth  year  of  his  age.' 

Tula'pur  in  Hareli  nt  the  meeting  of  the  Bhima  and  the  IndnU 
yani  is  u  small  village  of  351  people  about  siifeen  miles  nortb-eost 
of  Pooua.  Tho  villrtge  wns  originally  called  Nagargaoo,  but  is  said 
to  have  beeu  called  Tulapuror  the  Weigliiog  Town  to  commemorate 
Sh^haji's  plan  of  weighing  an  elephant  of  the  Bijiipur  genera) 
Mor^rpaitt,  by  placing  him  in  a  boat,  marking  thedmnght  of  water, 
removing  the  elephant.,  replacing  his  weight  with  stones  and  weigh- 
ing them.^  In  Angast  16S9  Tulapar  was  the  site  of  Aurangaob's 
camp  where  Sambbiji  and  his  favourite  Kalusha  were  executed.* 

XTruli,  a  small  village  eighteen  miles  cast  of  Poonn,  with  in  1881 
a  populntifn  of  1 587,  has  a  station  on  the  Peninsula  railway  which  is 
at  present  the  nearest  station  to  the  famous  temple  of  Jejuri  twelve 
miles  to  the  south.  Tho  1880  railway  returns  showed  20.819  pas- 
sengfers  and  783  tons  of  goods.  In  1S17  Ojrnets  Hunter  and 
Morrison  twu  English  officers  on  the  Madras  establishment,  on  their 
way  from  Haidarabad  to  Pi>onB  with  a  small  escort,  were  caught  at 
0ruli.  On  being  waylaid  the  two  officers,  whose  escort  consisted 
of  one  havald&r  and  twelve  sepoys,  took  post  in  a  rost-boase  and 
made  a  breastwork  of  their  baggage.  They  defended  themselves 
with  courage  for  several  hours  and  did  not  surrender  till  their 
ammuuiliun  was  spent  aud  the  enemy  had  climbed  to  the  top  of  the 
building  and  was  firing  on  them  through  holes  in  the  roof.  It  is 
worthy  of  mention,  that,  though  before  the  attack  the  officers  were 
offered  a  safe  conduct  to  the  British  camp  at  Poena,  they  declined  to 
avail  themselves  of  an  advantage  in  which  their  followers  could  not 
share.*     From  Uiuli  the  two  officers  were  taken  to  Poena.     In  a 


1  Grant  I>«fl'B  Muttb&B,  .^'i2.  1 

'Oraiil  DutTs  Mar«tl>A«.  159  natc  1.  Comp«r«  FalkUnd'i  Chow  Chow,  L  307-30S. 
vhero  the  »aine  story  is  f{1v<m  o(  Aurangxeb  and  a  fi^rryntan. 

>  Grant  Duffa  MarithiU,  Ifi9  ■  IflO.   C"mpare  I**!!  U.  pp.  238  -  239. 

•  Bomhay  Courier,  16th  May  1SI8.  In  a  general ortler  by  the  CutnmaDder-tii-OliMf, 
dated  Siinaay,  llth  January  ISIS,  the  on{4nr«  of  thue  two  i)!!]!-^!^  b  thi)salliidt.-d  to: 
"  Thia  oocurrcncc.  while  it  cvinctra  what  may  bo  doii«,  «rcD  vith  a  liandful  d[  dia- 
ciplined  troops,  ovvr  a  niinieroua  irregnlar  en«iny,  ahowa  alw  tlit^  injury  tht:  iitihlic 
•ennce  may  kulTer  nt  any  critical  nvuincut  by  a  failure  of  ainrnimition.  tiia  Excel. 
lcoc>'  embracea  thia  opportunity  to  order  that  do  gnard  ihali  in  futnre  b«  detached 
trom  its  corpt  on  any  service  Iteyood  the  frontier  withoot  iu  full  amunnt  ol  apore 
ammanitiun,  thn  wiuit  uf  which  in  thv  inatancc  above  deacribcd  has  forced  tvo 
brave  ynung  olljccni  to  surrvoder  in  a  tltnatioo  where  p«rhapa  they  iiii^^ht  havr 
DiaLntaincd  thcmwlve.t  uiilil  rulievul.  The  1(hm  of  tho  enemy  wne  more  than  four  titoea 
the  originid  numlxjr  of  thia  aninll  l«rty  and  the  ComniaQder'in-Cbief  de>irea  that 
hia  approbation  may  be  expreaactl  to  tb«  sepoya  who  have  eorvived.    Uc  ha«  also  to 


POONA. 


463 


* 


> 


letter  dated  9tli  November  1817  ihey  stated  that  tliongh  rather 
roujfhly  used  at  first  they  had  beeu  well  treated  since  ihoir  arrival 
at  Poona.  Between  December  and  Jauuary  they  were  carried  ou  cots 
from  Poona  to  K^uj^ori  fort  about  eleven  milea  south-east  ot  Mah^d 
ID  KoUba.  At  first  they  wore  offered  nachU  bread  but  refased  it, 
Thoy  were  then  offered  rice  aud  refused  it  also,  when  they  wore 
allowed  wheat  bread  and  a  fowl  a  day.  Some  time  after  (hey  were 
observed  coming  down  the  hill  on  foul  under  a  stmug  guard.  When 
they  had  reached  the  bottom,  they  were  put  iut<j  littt^rs  and  carried  to 
a  fort  about  eight  milea  from  K^ngori,  probably  on  the  way  to  Vaaota 
fort  forty  miles  south-east  of  Satira.  At  Vasota  the  commandant 
fed  them  well,  bat  so  close  was  their  continemetit,  that,  till  a  shell 
barst  over  the  roof  of  their  prison  during  the  British  siege  of  the 
fort  in  April  1818,  they  had  no  idt-a  that  the  Kuglish  were  near,  uor 
till  the  commandaut  had  decided  to  surrender,  did  they  know  the 
name  of  the  furt  in  which  they  were  coufiued.  Before  the  British 
took  possession,  the  two  officers  were  allowed  to  show  themselv&t  on 
the  whIU,  and  wore  greeted  by  tbo  Europeans  of  the  mortar  battery 
with  three  cheera.' 

Vadgaon,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Ghod  thirteen  milea  north  of 
Khi^l,  IK  a  krge  village  with  in  ISMl  a  poputatlou  of  1140.  The 
village  lias  a  modem  temple  of  Riimchandra  enclosed  by  high  walla. 
The  roof  of  the  hall  or  mawlap  is  elaborately  painted  with  scenes 
from  the  Rdmdyan.  The  spire  is  conical  endiug  in  a  spike  and  round 
the  base  is  a  row  of  little  domes. 

VadgaOQ  in  Maval  three  miles  west  of  Talegaon  Dibble  and 
three  miles  east  of  Khadkfila,  is  a  large  village  witli  a  railway  station 
twenty-three  miles  north-west  of  Poona,  a  sub-judge's  court,  a  weekly 
market,  aud  a  population  in  1881  of  1348.  The  1880  railway 
returns  showed  6S41  passengers  aud  no  goods.  The  weekly  market 
is  held  on  Tuei>duy.  The  village  has  a  temple  of  Potobridev  with  a 
yearly  fair  attended  by  about  1000  ou  the  full-moon  of  Chaitra  or 
March-April.  The  temple  enjoys  a  grant  of  rent-free  laud  assessed 
at  £1  Is.  ([is.  10^).  Near  the  temple  is  a  smnll  pond.  Yadgnoa  is 
the  scene  of  tho  disgraceful  coiivcgtion  of  yadgaon  whore  in 
1778-7i>  the  commandt-rs  of  tho  Euglish  army,  which  had  beeu  sent 
to  restore  Ragliundt}ir:lv  to  the  Peahwaship,  agreed  to  give  up  to  the 
MarAthAs  alt  the  British  conquests  siuce  I77aaa  the  price  of  being 
allowed  to  retreat,*  ' 

Ya'pbgaon,  eight  miles  cast  of  Khcd,  with  in  1881  a  population 
of  1837,  ha^  a  weekly  market  ou  Tuesday. 

Va'de,  a  large  market  town  on  the  Bhiraa,  twelve  miles  north- 
west of  KUed,  with  in  1881  a  population  of  2768,  is  held  in  intimhy  the 
Dikshit  family,  and  is  connected  with  Khed  by  a  good  local  fund 
load,  it  had  a  municipality  which  at  the  request  of  the  townspeople 


Ctaaptsr  Zn^ 
Places  • 

Uacu. 


ViDoioir. 


VAl)«AOir. 


«zpreM  hiB  hope  that  Cometa  Hunter  uid  Horriaon  tufty,  at  no  dtatant  date,  be 
raetored  to  liberty  «nd  the  Bcrvlc«,  an  object  which  Uia  ExoeUenoy  will  not  fail  to 
endeavour  by  every  mvjitm  t')  aocitinpluili."  J/odcai  OovtriuHtnt  Gojiitte  (juoted  in 
the  Bambav  Coorici-  of  li>th  May  1818. 

■  BomUy  Tonrit^r,  ISth  April  181$  ;  CrAUt  Dufa  Mardthfta,  677  -  678, 
JJPetims  are  givca  mider  History,  i^art  II.  2(i3-2t>ti. 


iBomttay  Qasetteei 


ftpter  XIT 
FUcea- 

yiiMM. 


VirjLro*05  on 
KitlLS  Cavss, 


iSrira'i  TtmpU. 


JWU 

has! 


DISTRICTS. 

w&s  aboliahed  in  1S72.     The  only  object  of  interest  is  a  tample  of' 
Rdm  in  memory  of  whose  birtb  a  yearly   festival   takes   place  on 
Ram*H  Ninth  or  Itdmnavmi  in  Ohaitra  or  March- April.     The  tovro 
has  a  Saturday  market. 

Va'lhd  in  Puramlhar  about  fifteen  miles  south-east  of  S&svad 
a  large  market  towa  with  in  1881  a  popuUtton  of  3626.     V&Ihe 
s  po8t-ofBc0  and  a  weekly  market  held  on  Tuesday.     Accopding 
a  Afaratha  le^nd   VAthe  waa  the  residence  of  VAImiki  tho  author 
of  the  ItAmiiyan.     Y&lmiki   is   said  to  have  been   a  Koli  and  hia, 

jpular  designation  in  songs  and  folklore  ia  Villhya  Koli.' 

The  great  Veha'rgaon  or  Ka'rle  rock  toraplc  lies  within  the 
limits  of  Vehargaon  village,  about  two  miles  north  of  the  village  of 
Karlo  thirty-Hve  miles  north-west  of  Poona  and  abint-JOO  feet  above 
the  plain  or  one-third  of  tho  way  up  the  bill  sides  which  form  the 
north  wall  of  the  Indrf&yaui  valley.  From  the  open  ground  in  front 
of  the  temple  the  flat  rttre-lauds  of  the  ludrdyaui  valley  stretch  to  the 
south  and  eaut  sprinkled  with  trees  and  broken  by  deep  wooded 
knolls.  Across  the  ralley  rispsa  broken  row  of  steep  picturesque  hills, 
the  gaps  between  them  filled  by  the  peaks  of  moro  distnnt  ranges. 
The  rounded  hill  most  to  the  east  is  Kudava,  tho  pointed  peak  to  tlie 
west  of  it  Uadr^i,  then  a  pair  of  forts  the  flat  top  of  Yis^pnr  to  , 
the  east,  and  to  the  west  the  rounded  head  of  Tyihogad  with  the 
long  spur  of  the  Scorpion's  Stiug.  Then  a  gap  in  the  front  range 
ebows  the  distant  peak  of  Tung  and  further  west  stretches  the  flat 
plateau  of  Sdkarpdth^r  with  in  the  distance  the  lofty  rugged 
oatlino  of  tho  Morgiri  or  Jambhulni  hills- 

Tho  first  buildiug  at  tho  mouth  of  the  great  rock  temple  is  the  small 
atone  tomb  or  samddh  of  some  modern  ascetic.  Further  on  a  stone 
archway  with  a  music  room'  overhead  leads  on  the  right  to  Ekyira'a 
temple  a  small  homed  building  on  a  high  plinth  of  cut^tono.  An 
inscription  on  the  west  wall  states  that  it  was  built  iu  February 
1866  (M-aha-Shnd  5,  S.  178S).*  According  to  tho  local  story  an 
older  temple  stood  for  four  generations  on  the  same  site.  The 
people  know  that  the  worship  of  the  godiloss  dates  from  much, 
earlier  times.  They  do  not  know  whether  it  is  older  than  tha 
PAndavs  and  the  great  rock  temple.  At  the  top  of  the  stops  that 
lead  to  tho  plinth  stands  an  iron  arch  hung  with  a  row  of  ninebo1]s«^H 
Most  of  the  belU  are  of  WAti?o  make,  but  the  largest,  a  very  sweet- ^^ 
toned  hell,  is  English  and  bears  the  date  1857.  All  of  thom  have 
been  presented  to  Ekrira  by  Th^na  Kolis  and  Prabhus.^ 

>  ijnuit  Puff's  MorAtliAs,  11. 

'  Tho  mUfliciatiH  arc  I'oona  hftriwra  or  Nii4vi«  who  »t»t«  that  Ekvira'a  ahrino  -wi^ 
endowed  with  a  band  of  masiciaos  by  nne  of  the  Poahw^s  abuitt  four  generatioDB  uo. 
There  ar«  ele\'«a  men  two  of  tlioni  bnnilin>i«t«r3  or  yamtUktrit  among  whom  a  montnly 
allowaaoa  of  1*4  19«.  3rf.  (Ra.  49j)  ia  thikr«(l.  They  play  four  tiraesaduy. at  midnisht, 
daybreak,  noon,  and  aana«t.  The  ioatninienta  nro  two  bjg  braaa  drama  nllcd  nainaU 
or  na^fArdu  aod  tvro  amatl  iron  drums  or  jih,  two  brasa  trumpets,  a  bigger  hjma  and 
»  amaUcr  tur^,  and  a  braas  gong  atmck  by  a  wooden  mallet,  a  pair  of  oymbala  mada 
of  hi*t  or  Iwllmetal,  and  two  wtpodon  pipes  «r  nanaui. 

*  The  inacripttoD  roni  :  Sbri  Kkviri  BhavinJ'a  old  t«mple  bnilt  for  religions  aake  bv 
K&ga  Po«u  Varlikar  and  Ilarippa  Cbamivir,  Kajandir  of  Bombay,  in  conaaltatioa  with 
BibttTlv  Kolkami  on  Maha  SIhkI  Ath.  8.  ITDS  (PebniaryMarcb,  imG). 

*  The  largv  central  bell  boii  a  rr.ughly  cat  ioacription  stating  that  it  was  given  to 
6bri  Hhnv&rii  Devi  by  B&ndhaiL4i  .bviui  Padani  Eoli  and  Dboodo  Koli  Tbiakar  oa 
^haitra  H/ind  Aahtami  S.  1790  (April  1868). 


1 


Oecoaa  I 


POONA 


I 
I 


Tnmde  of  the  doonray,  the  main  Imll  of  the  temple  is  pared  with 
stone  and  has  a  domed  roof  fi-om  which  hnng  two  ruws  of  latiips 
and  gl«s9  colonred  balls.  On  the  wiilis  nre  some  modern  coloured 
paititiugs  of  Dfvi.  Opposite  theeatraiieu  is  the  shriuodiwr  with  an 
arched  blackxvood  frame  and  paiinelling  of  thin  open  braids  bars. 
Ineida  on  a  low  fotirfootod  brass  table  stand  tbo  brass  vei^acls  that  aro 
osed  in  the  temple  service  and  a  smAJ]  brass  pillar  on  which  a  lighted 
oil  saucer  bums  night  and  day.  Cut  in  the  rock  behind  the  worship 
vessels  is  the  inmge  of  Kkvira  a  human  face  so  distorted  by  layers 
of  redlead  that  the  cheek-bones  stand  out  almost  to  the  level  of  the 
nose-brid^  and  the  month  seems  sunk  like  the  toothless  jaws  of 
an  old  woman.  The  eyas,  which  aro  of  silver  the  white  covered 
with  whit«  enamel  or  min^  and  the  pupils  with  block  enamel,  have 
a  wild  inward  squint.  The  shoulders  are  draped  lu  a  robe  and 
bodice,  of  which  the  goddess  liaa  five  or  six  sets,  some  of  them  plain 
and  others  rich  with  gold  threaxl  and  silk.  She  has  also  earrings, 
silver  for  everr-day  wear  and  gold  for  high  days,  a  pearl  nosering, 
two  necklaces  of  gold  sequins,  and  two  masks  one  of  gold  the  other 
of  silver,  which  she  wears  during  her  grt^t  festival  time  in  March 
and  April  {nhaitra  thud  Aehtami  and  Pumima). 

The  temple  funds  are  taanagod  by  a  council  or  panch,  and  a 
minixtrant  or  pujdri.  A  KarhAda  Brahman,  with  a  yearly  salary  of 
£6  1 7*.  (Rs.  68^),  waits  on  the  goddess  for  two  hours  every  morniug. 
According  to  the  local  story  this  endowment  and  tbe  appointment 
of  miuistrant  wore  given  to  the  family  of  the  present  holder  by 
Kdgoi-dm  a  Brahman  of  Rahuri  who  repaired  the  temple  four  genera- 
tions ago.  Before  that  tho  office  of  ministnint  was  held  bra  family 
of  Gomvs.  At  present  the  service  is  divided  between  the  Br-iihraan 
and  tho  Guravs,  tho  Brahman  waiting  on  the  goddess  and  the  Guravs 
cleaning  the  temple  aud  performing  othermlnoroffices.  'llie  Guravs 
are  support^  by  the  cvery-day  offerings,  the  Deshmnkh  having  a 
right  to  all  offerings  made  during  the  great  month  of  Ohaitra  or 
March-April.  On  the  two  chief  April  days,  the  day  of  no-moon  and 
the  day  of  fnll-moon,  tho  templo  is  visited  from  5000  to  6000 
worshippers.  About  four-tifths  of  them  come  from  tho  Konkan, 
fishing  Kulis.  Prabhus,  Briibmans,  and  Sondrs.  Gkvira  is  the  Kolia' 
Ifut-ievi  or  family  goddess  and  ihey  come  in  parties,  each  family 
bringing  in  a  palanipiin  its  goddess,  a  silver  maslc  of  Ekvira.  Those 
who  have  made  vows  offer  cocks  and  goats  employing  a  Musalmlla 
Mula  to  cut  the  victims'  throats  outside  of  the  toniplo.  The  offerers 
eat  the  flesh  of  tho  victim  cxcpt  that  when  tho  victim  la  a  g(>at,  tho 
-pdlH  or  tho  denlimufilt  bas  a  claim  to  tho  head.  The  chief  interest 
of  this  small  temple  is  that,  an  the  name  Kkvira  is  apparently  the 
Dravidian  Akka  Aveyiir  or  the  worshipful  mother,  it  wonid  seem  to 
be  older  than  the  great  Bnddbist  temple,  perhaps  its  local  fame 
was  the  cause  wliy  this  hill  slope  was  chosen  as  tbe  site  of  the 
temple.^  Though  nil  local  romumbrance  of  Buddhism  is  buried 
under  the  Brabmunic  tales  abuut  the  IMndav  brothers  some  connec- 


Chapter  XI7 
Placei. 

VBHixOAOS  Ol 
KiHLS  Cl,VSS. 


■  Thi!  uninl  dcrik-Uiou  of  Elcvjra  is  thni  she  vu  m  callBd  b«GimM  sh*  woa  the 
motbcr  ff  the  one  hero  rHnhur&m.  In  connection  with  the  Drariduui  orig^  ol  tlin 
shnni  it  ia  uoticeabU  that  tho  usmM  of  tbi  lat«st  nboilden  of  th«  temple  ars 
briviUiau  ftppareutly  Butnl«y  K^mAtbu. 


rpt«  XIT. 
PUoee. 

XtninciACut  OR 
Kable  Catxh. 


IM  Vttaitt. 


tion  is  still  kept  between  Ekvira  and  the  old  Bnddhist  relic-sbniKr 
which  the  people  call  the  throne  of  king  Dharma  the  eldest  of  the 
Pdndav  broihers.  If  their  wish  is  granted,  people  promise  to  walk 
a  ceriain  number  of  times  round  Ekvira's  shrine.  iUit,  as  Kkvira'a 
image  is  cut  in  the  hill  side  thcj  cannot  walk  round  it.  So  on.  the 
March-April  high  dajs^  a  large  arched  wooden  frame  with  a 
revolving  paper  lantern  in  the  centre,  is  Ret  in  the  body  of  the  rock- 
temple  ail  or  seven  yards  in  front  of  the  relic-shrine.  Those  who 
have  made  a  vow  to  Efcvira  make  the  promised  number  of  circles 
round  the  relic-slirine  wliich  is  in  got^  repair  and  has  the  words 
Dharma  IMja  paiutcd  across  the  base  of  the  tee  that  crowns  the 
_dome. 

The  cavea  consist  of  a  large  chapel  or  cAatfya  cave  and  several 
dwelling  caves  or  vihdraa  some  of  them  mnoh  mined.  The  chapel 
cave  is,  without  exception,  the  largest  and  finest  of  its  class. 
The  cave  reseuiblL>B,  to  a  great  extent,  au  early  Christian  church  in 
its  nrrungemeut«,  consisting  u[  a  nave  and  side  aisles,  terminating 
in  an  apse  or  semi  dome,  round  which  the  aisle  is  carried.  The 
general  dimenRioua  of  the  interior  are  I  ■2-t  feet  3  inches  from  the 
entrance  to  the  back  wall  by  io  fc<,'t  6  inches  in  width.  The  side 
aisles,  however,  ai-e  very  mach  narrower  than  in  Christian  churches, 
the  central  one  being  25  feel  7  iuches,  so  that  the  others  are  only 
10  feet  wide  including  the  thickness  of  the  pillars. 

"Fifteen'  pillars  on  each  side  separKte  the  nave  from  the  aisles ; 
each  pillar  hit8atfln~^se,  an  octagonal  shaft,  and  a  richly-ornamented 
capital  on  which  kneel  two  elephants,  each  bearing  two  figares 
generally  a  man  and  a  womau,  but  sometimes  two  females/  all  very 
much  better  executed  thau  such  ornaments  usually  are.'  The  seven 
pilKirs  l>ehind  the  altar  are  plain  octagonal  piers  without  either  base 
or  capital,  and  the  four  under  the  entrance  gallery  differ  considerably 
from  those  at  the  sides.  The  scidp tares  on  the  capitals  supply  the 
place  usually  occupied  by  frieze  and  cornice  in  Grecian  architecture; 
and  in  other  examples  plain  painted  surfaces  occupy  the  same  space. 

*  Dr.  FarguMiin  in  fav*  Tenir>le«  of  Jn'lia.  2^16.     The  8th  pillnr  on  the  ri^ht  is 
16*tlded.  |i>vir>g.  in  Oimp  rfliin;  on  Itic  ixiitrai  north  face  k  KtnMll  rhnitya ;  on  the  right 
a  wTieftfon  a  support,  with  two  deer  At  tlic  fuoi :  and  oa  tbo  left,  Mljaceot  sida, 
snwll  reptitB«niUitinii  i<f  tlm  lir>n-[iniaf. 

*  On  the  si'lw  next  the  aisle*  are  hones  with  Miiglc  ridora  on  encb,  bat  M  it 
usually  the  c&ab  wJth  the  honti.  tbey  lu-e  badly  proportioned  and  iU  cxwcuted. 

*  Beginning  from  the  iunor  end  on  tlin  vwt,  that  is  nuxt  tho  itdghoha  thv  tiret  of  tJie 
right  row  of  pillars  has  on  the  east  end  a  rsm  with  fMt  likt  a  b(>rt«  and  a  tail  lika  a 
tiger  ;  the  s«vond  pillar  on  the  east  a  horse  with  dew  caps  and  an  ordinary  hone  ; 
the  third  pillsr  lias  a  bontc  oti  tho  oust  and  a  sphinx  on  the  west :  ihr  foiirih  a  hoi-H 
Mat  and  a  bull  we»t :  the  fifth  a  hone  east  and  a  horse  west ;  th*  sixth  a  horse  eaat 
and  a  tiiirsn  wfrst ;  the  Kvetith  a  horse  ea<t  and  a  bull  wcflt ;  the  ei^^hth  two  horses  ; 
the  ninth  a  h»r!tc  east  aiul  a  bnll  west ;  the  tenth  two  hordes  ;  the  eleventh  a  bull 
east  ami  a  horse  WvSt ;  the  twelfth  two  horses  ;  the  thitteentb  two  horma  ;  tha 
fourteenth  a  bull  cast  and  a  h<irse  west :  the  Rfleentli  both  elephants.  Over  the  wi 
aidK  of  the  fonrtccnth  pillar  n  woman's  tigtire  is  cut  betwaen  tbo  hones. 

Tbr  inside  licurcs  on  the  left  row  of  capitals  aie  <mi  the  fifteenth  or  next  the  door^ 
a  bull  west  and  a  horse  eaat :  on  the  fourteenth  a  l>ull  weiit  and  a  borso  east :  nn  the 
ibirtvcutb  a  bull  west  and  a  horfo  oast :  ou  tbe  twelftli  a  bnll  and  a  horse  ;  on  the 
clcvpiith  a  bull  i.ir  InilTalo  and  a  horKt!  ;  on  the  ti^iilb  a  hull  and  hnrKr  ;  on  the  tiintit 
a  bull  and  borvc  ;  on  Ibe  eighth  a  bull  and  hnrse  :  on  tbe  seventh  a  hull  and  b'  ne  { 
on  the  sixth  a  bell  and  horse  ;  on  the  fifth  a  bull  and  sphinx  ;  on  the  fourth  a  hall 
and  horse  :  on  tho  Uiird  a  hurse  and  bull  ;  nn  the  second  a  home  and  hull  :  and  oa 
tbfl  lirst  two  honea.  Oa  the  eaat  aide  of  the  aecood  pillar  are  a  coapW  of  daudqg 
male  and  female  flgnres. 


^    Deccaj]  I 

I  POONA. 

HAbore  this  springs  Uie  roof,  semicircular  in  general  section,  but 
Beomewbat  stilted  at  tHo  sides,  so  as  to  make  its  het^lit  pTeater  than 
'^tbe  soiiii-diametcr.  It  is  oruamented,  even  at  tins  day,  by  a  series 
of  woodun  ribs,  probably  cooval  with  the  excavutiou,  which  prove 
beyonJthe  shadnw  of  a  doubt  that  tho  roof  is  uot  a  cony  of  a 
masonry  arch,  but  of  some  sort  of  timber  construction  which  wo 
cannot  now  very  well  ondcrstand/' 

Immediately  under  tbo  semi-dome  of  the  apse  is  placed  the 
dd^hoha — in  this  instance  a_plniu  dome  on  a  two-storeyed  circular 
drum— airailor  to  tlio  Bedsa  rBHo-ahrino,  the  upper  margins  of  each 
sectTon  surronnded  by  the  rail  ornament,  and  just  under  the 
lower  of  these  are  a  series  of  holes  or  morticeSj  about  six  inches 
deep,  ft.»r  the  fastening^  of  a  covering  or  a  woodwork  frame,  which 
probably  supported  ornameutal  hanf:;ings.  It  is  sarmounted  by  a 
capital  of  the  usual  form,  very  liko  that  at  Bedsa,  and  on  this 
Btaoda  a  woo<ien  nmbrelln.  much  blackened  by  age  and  amoke,  but 
almost  entire.  The  canopy  is  circular,  carved  on  the  under  surface, 
and  droops  on  two  sides  only,  the  front  and  rear,  the  seven  central 
boards  being  u^  nearly  as  possible  in  ono  plane,  and  those  towards 
_  the  front  and  back  canted  each  a  little  more  than  its  neighbour. 
H  In  the  top  of  the  capital,  near  the  north-west  corner,  is  a  hole 
^  about  tenj^chos  deep,  covered  by  a  slab  about  ten  inches  square 
and  four  inches  thick,  doubtless  the  receptacle  for  the  relic,  which 
however  lias   been  removed.     Round  thVupper  edge  of  the  capita) 

tare  mortice  holes,  eight  in  number  or  three  to  each  face,  by  which 
some  coronal  or  other  oniameiit  was  attached. 
"Opposite  this,"  to  continue  Dr.   Fergusson^a  account,  "is  the 
entrance,  consisting  of  throo  doorways  nnder  a  gallery,  exactly 
^correepondiag  with  our  rood-loft,  one  lending  to  the  centre  and  one 
Bto  each  of  the  sidu  aiales  ;  and  over  the  gallery  the  whole  end  of  the 
K  liall  is  open  aa  iu  all  these  cfiaitya  halla,  forming  one  great  window, 
"  through  which  all  the  light  js  admitted.     This  great  window  ia 
formed  in  the  shape  of  a  hor»o.8boc,  and  exact! yVeaemblea  thoao 
nsed  as  omaraenta  on  tho  facade  of  this  cave,  as  well  as  on  those  of 
Hhdju,  Ikidua,  and  at  Koutldue,  and  which  are  met  with  everywhere 
at  this  age.     Within  tho  arch  is  a  framework   or_coiitcring  of  wood 
Htaudjtig  frgo.     This,  so  far  as  we  can  judge,  is,  like  the  ribs  of  the 
intarior,  coeval  with  the  building;  at  all  events,  if  it  has  been 
renewed,  it  is  au  exact  copy  of  tbo  original  form,  for  it  is  found 
rcpoAtedJn  stono  iu  all  the  niches  of  the  facade  over  the  doorways, 
and  generally  as  an  oruament  everywhere  and  with   the  Buddhist 
'railj'  copied  fn)ni  Silnclii,  forms  the  most  usual  ornament  uf  the 
style. 

"  The  presence  of  tho  woodwork  is  an  additional  proof,  if  any 
were  wanted,  that  there  were  no  arches  of  construction  in  any  of 
these  Buddhist  buildings.  There  neither  were  nor  are  any  in  any 
Indian  building  aut^^rior  to  tho  Muhainmadau  conquest^  and  very 
few.  indeed,  in  any  Hindu  building  afterwards. 

"The  outer  porch  is  considerably  wider  than  the  body  of  tho 
bailding,  being  62  feet  wide  by  15  feet  deep,  and  is  closed  iu 
front  by  a  scree u.  composed  of  two  stoat  octagonal  pillars,  without 
either  base  or  capital,  supportiug  what  is  uow~a  plain  mass  of  rock, 
bat  which  was  onga  orQamenteid  by_a  wooden  gallery,  forming  the 


I 


Chapter 
Places. 

VKOXSOAOir  OB 

KAuLBCArn. 

CavcDttaiit. 


Bombay  Qasetteer. 


Places. 

Vkhaiuia'>m  ok 
Karli  C'Avn. 

Can  DttaiU. 


BISTHICTS. 

principal  ornament  of  the  facade.  Above  ibis  a  Jwarf  colonnadt 
or  attic  of  fonr  colntnna  between  pilastera  admitted  light  t<7thtf 
groat  wiudow,  and  this  again  was  sarmountcd  by  a  wooden  cornire 
or  oriiauient  of  Houie  sort,  thongli  wc  cannot  now  restore  it^  since 
only  the  mortices  remain  that  attached." 

The  veranda  of  the  great  cathedral  cave  had  two  eight-aided 
pillars  and  two  pilasters.  Inside  of  this  on  eafil^  ^pd  waa  a  rail  and 
aEove  the  rail  three  elephanta.  Above  the  elephants  is  a  second 
railing  into  which  have  been  let  later  seated  CudiUma  of  about  tbo 
fifth  or  sixth  centory,  then  a  plain  belt  ofatuue  with  inscripticu?,' 
then  a  railing,  above  this  two  temple  doors  and  two  couples  men  and 
womet)  dancing,  those  on  the  right  specially  well  formed  and  carved. 
Above  the  dancing  conplca  is  a  plam  band,  then  a  rail,  then  two 
windows  and  two  doors,  again  a  mil,  then  two  windows  and  two 
doors,  again  a  rail,  and,  above  the  rail,  two  windows  and  two  doors, 
then  top  rail  and  rnof  smooth  and  well  dressed. 

In  the  back  wall  of  the  veranda  is  a  cejotmljuid  ^jrajjde-doors 
with  horseshoe  arches  over  each.  On  each  side  of  the  central 
doorway  are  a  peir  of  male  and  female  figures  naked  to  the  waist. 
The  couple  on  the  "visitor '^a  right  are  standing,  tile  woman  with  her 
left  leg  turned  behind  her  right  leg  and  her  hands  broken.  The 
man  has  his  li.ind  on  her  right  shoulder.  The  woman  has  ht-avy 
anklets  and  a  waistband  hanging  to  her  knee.  Her  right  arm  is 
broken  above  the  elbow ;  her  left  arm  is  passed  behind  the  man. 
The  woman  ]x&&  heavy  earrings.  Uer  hair  is  plain  and  drawn  far 
over  her  brow  and  there  a  is  large  round  brow-mark.  The  man  has 
his  hair  piled  in  ascetic  or  jatti  coils  rising  into  a  central  cockscomb. 
He  wears  heavy  earrings  and  a  waistband  hanging  to  hia  feet.  To 
the  visitor's  right  of  the  pair  is  a  Buddha  with  an  anreole  and  seated 
on  a  lotns  throne  supported  by  two  Kagaa.  Ou  eat-h  side  are 
small  Hgures.  Ou  each  side  of  Buddha  is  a  mace-bearer  and  a 
fly  whisk-bearer  and  abcive  thora  two  corner  figures.  To  the  right 
another  man  and  woman  much  like  the  other  pair. 

Below  the  original  rail  has  been  cut  into  a  group  of  fignres, 
''??-^^_  t??^£bipjf_gljd.dha  iu  the  centre,  two  side  supporters  and  two 
small  cherubs  in  the  corner  above:  Further  east,  at  the  end  of  the 
recess,  are  two  Gfrnreg.  The  man  on  the  right  has  a  big  turban, 
five  bracelets  on  the  right  hand,  and  his  legs  as  if  he  waa  walking. 
The  woman  has  many  bracelets  on  her  arm,  a  necklace  with  ^^ 
centra)  pendant  like  a  LingAyat  box,  double  anklets,  and  crosseijH 
Jegs  the  right  leg  in  front.  To  the  left  of  the  central  door  the  flrst^ 
figure  is  a  woman  who  stands  with  her  feet  cros.sed  and  her  arms 
thrown  up  clasped  palm  to  palm  over  her  head  with  long  gloves  up 
to  her  elbow.  Her  earrings  are  elaborate  and  her  necklace  falls  m 
a  stomacho.  The  man  on  the  visitor's  left  has  a  bnnch  in  liis  left 
band  held  over  his  shoulder.  He  has  three  plain  bracelets  and  his 
right  band  haugiug  by  hia  side  holds  his  waistband.  To  the  left 
in  a  square  frame  is  a  central  standing  l'adma;)dmi.  his  right 
hand  blessing  and  his  left  hand  liolding  a  lotus.  He  stands 
on  a  h.itus  throne  and  on  either  side  are  small  worshipping  fignres. 
On  each  aide  of  l^admapiiai  are  two  figures.     In  the  comers  above 


H 


« S«e  iwtow  p.  400. 


» 


i 


aro  two  small  seated  Bnddhaa  both  teaching.  Above  are  two 
Uiiddltas  with  «  mafc-bfurer  bylow.  To  the  k-ft  are  a  big  pair.  On 
ibe  Tisitor'a  right  ia  a  man  with  hia  left  hand  held  up  and  open, 
hia  Iiair  in  ihu  ascetic  rolls.  His  waislcloth  is  tied  in  a  brow  on 
his  left  hip.  His  right  hand  is  on  the  woman's  shoulder.  The 
woman,  who  is  naked  to  the  waist,  Gtanrh  loaning  a  little  to  the  left 
with  the  left  knee  bent  agaiust  the  right  kuee.  She  wears  a  plain 
fl;it  headdress  which  6ts  her  head  tightlyj  largo  earrings,  and  a  heavy 
necklace  that  fiilU  between  her  breasts.  Her  loft  hand  rests  on  her 
left  hip  and  her  right  hand  falls  by  her  side.  Her  lower  arm  la 
cohered  to  the  olbow  with  heavy  plain  bracelets. 

Below  this  belt  of  figures  is  the  Buddhist  rail,  part  of  which  about 
four  feet  broad  on  the  left,  has  been  cut  into  a  group  with  a  seated 
snako-rannpied  Buddha  in  the  centre.  Above  are  two  stn.ill  Hoating 
6gures  and  side  attendants  with  single  snake-canopy.  Above  the 
main  frieao  of  figures  is  a  belt  of  two  groups,  the  Duddha  to  the  left 
thinking,  the  Buddha  to  the  right  teaching,  and  with  flywhisk 
bearers  at  each  side.  The  left  or  thinking  Buddha  sits  under  an 
arch,  the  right  or  preaching  Buddha  has  a  great  aureole.  Above 
ia  a  plain  belt  of  rock  with  inscriptions'  and  above  that  a  rail.  Then 
there  is  the  great  oontrul  horseshoe  arch  with  the  side  space  filled 
with  cave  door  and  window  carvings. 

At  the  le^t  end  of  the  veranda  at  the  foot  is  a  Buddhist  rail, 
then  three  well-carved  broken  trunked  elephants  with  excollont 
ears  and  expressions.  Between  the  centre  and  the  west  elephant 
»  group  of  a  seated  teaching  Buddha  with  aide  Hywhisk  bearers  is 
carved  on  the  back  wall.  Above  tlio  throe  elephants  was 
originally  a  throe  feet  bruad  bell  uf  Buddhist  railing  cut  into  three 
groups  of  thinking  Buddhas  with  side  supporters.  The  back  wall 
of  the  vei'anda  has  at  the  foot  a  central  and  two  side  dnors  aud 
three  bands  of  Buddhist  railings,  one  close  to  the  ground,  a 
second  ou  a  level  with  the  top  of  the  doors,  and  the  third  on  a 
level  with  the  top  of  the  arch.  The  lowest  rail  was  the  biggest. 
Boiow  the  top  mil  was  a  plain  belt  of  rock.  The  spaco  between  the 
second  and  tno  third  railing  was  originally  plain.  The  lowest  rail 
was  given  by  two  men  and  there  is  an  inscription  above  it  to  say 
80.     On  the  loft  is  a  defaced  inscription.' 

On  each  side  of  each  of  the  doors  is  a  male  and  female  figore. 
On  the  visitor's  left  is  a  man  and  woman  iu  the  ^Atakarni  style  of 
dress  with  many  ornaments  and  a  broad  waislbelt.  Perhaps  fho 
iDscrtptioos  al>ovo  the  north  or  right  pair  and  above  the  pair  ou  the 
front  wall  are  of  about  the  same  time.' 

The  doorways  were  made  about  the  same  time.  The  images  cufc 
in  the  cenlranraiHug  are  of  the  fifth  or  sixth  century  and  below 
the  gfronp  is  a  toaching  Buddha  and  above  two  angels  bringing  a 
crown.  A  man  woi-ships  a  tope.  Below  are  two  deer.  At  the  lower 
right  corner  the  female  figure  with  the  high  headdress  is  probably 
the  woman  who  got  the  group  carved.  The  mortar  work  round 
the  central  door  is  Mariitha  made  by  a  landholder  named  Anna 
Goitrikar  about  1780. 


ChaptM^UV 
Flaeefl- 

VEdiltUAUS  OR 
KiRLK  Oatm. 

Cate 


'  Sec  below  pp.  4S0m,       '  See  twiotv  VI><  460-161-        '  ^^  ^1°^  PP'  ^90191. 


^ 


(Bombay  Oaiotten 


DISTRICTS. 


Chapter  XIV- 

PUoea 

VsninaAOK  OR 
KAiiM  Cavm. 

Cum  DtUiiU. 


riptton  f. 


ImeriptioH  S. 


BAG. 


At  tho  north  or  left  end  of  tho  ycrandn  at  the  foot  is  a  ruilin^, 
then  three  olepliantB  with  broken  tuak.s,  thuu  a  rail  which  baa  beeu  cut 
into  thj^e  groups  of  Biiddhaa.  Thu  luft  groun  ia  undtilahed.  Tho 
grr.ups  belong  to  tbe  Orc^t  Way  or  MahAran  sijleaiul  have,  inatead 
of  fl^'whtak  bearers,  Bodhiaattvae  probably  of  about  a.d.400-500 
Above  ia  the  origiual  iuscription  of  tho  maker  of  the  care.  Above 
this  is  a  l>and  of  rail  pattern,  Iheu  two  temple  doors  with  two  well 
canrod  groups  of  men  and  women.  Above  thta  all  the  work  is  ait  it 
was  originally  ont,  four  rows  of  church  frunts  each  separated  from 
the  uL'it  by  a  railing,  the  throe  topmost  without  figures.  Tho 
groups  of  dancing  men  aud  women  in  the  lower  friesca  arc  well 
carved. 

In  front  of  the  outer  acreon  standa  the  Lion-piUar,  a  plain 
slightly  tapering  eixteen-sideil  shaft,  Burnioanted  by  a'  capital  of 
the  aiinio  style  as  those  in  the  portico  atCodsa,  On  thia  stand  four 
liont).  their  hJudur  parts  joined,  but  tLorc  is  no  hole  or  mortice  to 
lead  us  to  suppose.-  that  any  embk-ni  in  metal  ur  wood  was  misu 
over  them.  Tbn  pillar  stood  on  a  raised  circular  basement  or  drum, 
carved  with  the  rail-pattern,   but  now   defaced.     There  are  indi 


tions  that  render  it  more  than   probable  thaA 
KgilAa  at  EInra.  there  was  a  corresiX'ndin_£ 
side,  the  hoi^a  of  which  is  covered   by  the  mo 


Kanberi  an 
posi 


iptioos. 

friptioH  I. 


at     

em  Ekvira  temple/ 
Tho  caji  of  tho  existing  pillar  is  connected  with  the  screcu-wall  by 
an  attachment  of  rock,  in  which  is  eut  a  largn  square  mortice ;  and 
over  tho  modem  temple,  on  the  south  side,  there  remains  two-thirda 
of  a  curreaponding  attachment  with  a  similar  mortice,  as  if  to  hold 
a  beam  horizoiita'lly  across  eighteen  inches  in  front  of  the  scroeu^H 
The  other  pillar  doubtless  supported  the  chakra  or  whoel  thdH 
omblomof  the  law. 

in  the  veranda  and  body  of  the  great  chapel   cave  are  nineteen 
inscripiioos. 

Un  the  left  end  of  tho  veranda  on  a  deep  flat  moulding  over  th( 
heads  of  thico  large  elephants  is  iuRcription  1  which  records  : 
"Setb  Bh\itiitf.fti*  flfftia  Yf^^y*nt^  has  eBtabliatiod  a  rook-nuuuUm 
the*  moat  «zo«Uent  in  JambudTipa." 

On  the  lion-pillar  or  Sinhastambha  on  tho  loft  of  the  ontr&n 

inscription  2  which  records  : 

"  From  Agimitranaks,  BOD  of  aoti,  a  Brent  wurlor.  a^l^aUia  (P).  ths 
8>f^  of  a  I  ion- pillar." 

Oa  tho  right  end  of  the  veranda  below  the  feet  of  the  elephants 
inBeription  3  which  records  : 

"Tho  rift  of,  SxBt,  two  eUph&nti,  and  abovo  and  below  tli«  •!•- 
phantu  a  (rail.piittenO  moutdios  br  the  vonerRbl*  reraraud 
(bhadnntA)  Indadora." 

Over  the  right-hand  side  door  is  inscription  4  which  records : 

"Th»  Rift  ofa  door  by  SUtadftta,  ajiuQumu:,  flrom  DbenukalubL 

has  two 

mscnpti 


la 


A   pillar  of  the  open   screen   in  front  of  the  veranda 
scriptions  5  and  6.     Tho  upper  imjcription  5  records  ; 


I 


Tb«  gift  ofBhA'TUa 
holder." 


poibor  of  JCaha'dovanakB,  a  houve- 


t  Veiayanil  !■  probkUy  IJkuviu  is  Kortb  Kioua. 
XV.  P»rt  U.  77,  3M. 


CotDpam  Bombay  Gazflttaer, 


Decua ) 


POONA 


iwid  the  lower  iDScription  G  rucunls  : 

**  Sa  milta,  «oD  of  VenuyaBa,  »  w^rgfintjii-  a  native  of  Dhenuka'kata, 
mada  Lho  doorwaT,  and above  tho  door." 

Inside,  on  Ibo  left  band  fourth  pillar  is  inscription  7  which  records : 

"Thoffift  of  a  pillar  bySlhadhaya.  a  Yavaoa.  from  Dhenukakata." 

On  the  left  or  worth  siJe  uf  tJio   navo   ou   thu  shaft  of  ihu  fifth 

pillar  ia  inscriptinn  8  wliicli  records  : 

^^  "The  Ktft  of  the  ooat  of  a  pillar  by  Sa'timitA,  from  Sana' rakn,  out  of 

^B  respDot  for  huimstornsl  anole  the  Bhndnntn  Diiamutar&7iv,   by  hia 

^V  (t.c,  tiic  nhMiMiu'*)  diaoiple   and    aJBtera  aoa   Satimita.  the  aon  of 

H  I!7nQda',witb  hia  mother  and  rather" 

™      Below  iDscriptioQ  8  in  clear-cut  lottors  is  inscription  9  which 
records : 

K  "The  giaofa  pillar  o(.ntalainereltoa,bj Satimita, from  Soparaka, 

H  alaler'a  aon  of  Bhadaata  Dhamularaya-" 

On  tlio  same  side  on  blio  shaft  uf  the  third  pillar  is  iuscriptioQ 

10  which  reconls : 
"  (The  ii:iftof)  of  Dhama,  a  Tirana  flrom  Ohenoka'kata." 

On  the  same  side  on  the  shaft  of  the  seventh  pillar  is  iascription 

1 1  which  records  : 

"Th*  cm  of  a  pillar  by  Blitadoranftkai  aoa  of  Uaabhadata  from 
Obamnka'^ta"  

On  the  inner  face  olthe  gallery  in  inscription  12  which  records: 

**(0)n)of  Aaa'dtianuta',  a  duo " 

Ontfido  on  the  npper  frieze  to  the  right  of  the  central  door  is 
'^ioicriptiou  13  which  locottla': 

"To  the  Porfoot  Uaabhftdata,  aon  of  Dtsika  and  aoti-tn-taw  of  the 
kins  Ehaharala  Khat^a  Nahapa'na.  lho  aivflr  of  800.000  cows- 
hartnR  Biven  aold,  and  boina  n  riaitor  to  tho  tirth  at  the  Banana'  \'  -    I 

rivor;  ttaa  siTer   of  Bixtoitu  villaites^to  goda  and  Bra  bmaoa  ;  at  the  ' ' 

holy  plaoo  Pabha  aa  tho  Rivor  of  oigbl  wives  to  Sra'hmans;  and  who 
oauBed  300.000  cows  to  be  siven  -,  and  who  at  Valuraka  save  tho 
v1Ub9€?  of  Knrajakato  the  Bangha  of  aacetlca  from  the  four  quarters 
raaidias  m  the  leaa,  all  dwelling  there  for  the  support  during  tho 
ralar  seaaon." 

To  the  left  of  the  central  door  and  over  the  soulptores  is  inscription 
14  which  records : 

►  "KinR   Vft'aithiputa.    the   iltustrioua  lord  <8a'misirt|  IPulumn'711 

in  the  year  soTonth  (7).  of  summor  tho  fiith  (&)  fortnight,  and  Unit 
I       (1)  daj-    On  that  day  Somudova,  n  great  warrior,  Lhe  boq  of  Vaalthl 
I     and  of  Hltadeva  the  son  of  KoincI,  a  BTSBTwarrlor  of  the  Okhala- 
ktros,  gave  a  TUlage  to  tho  Baogha  of  Valuraka    This  gift  la  for  the 
repairs  of  the  Valuraka  Lenaa. " 
Over  the  male  and  female  %ures  to  the  right  of  the  right  of  the 
right-hand  side  door  i»  iuscription  15  which  records: 

■  "  Olfl  of  a  pair  by  tho  Bhikahu  Bhadaeama" 

Over  another  pair  of  (Igtircs  on  the  inner  side  of  tlio  right  end 
of  the  outer  screen  or  front  of  the  veranda  is  inscription  10  which 

rOOOrda  :  ■.  q^  ^^  ^  ^^^  j^^  ^^^  Bblkshu  Bhadasama" 


Chapt«r_XI7. 
Flooet* 

VuiiRoaon  OB 
KiaLK  CAvas. 


tntcripUon 


InMri/i/ion  IS. 
lMcrii>tioH  IS. 


/aKTipfioAJ 


iHteriptionl 


'     >  CMopara  Bombay  GaeeU««r,  XVI.  SC0-S78. 

*  Valuraka  appears  to  be  the  ancioat  natne  of  the  monaatic   establiabmcDt  at 
lUrla. 


mm 


(Bombay  QaxBtteer. 


DISTRICTS. 


Places- 

fmianAOS  OR 
ElhLK  Cavki. 

/Hseri^itioH  IS. 


fnteriptioH  19. 


^riplion  SO 


To  tho  left  of  Ihe  central  door  on  a  piece  of  rail-pattern  carving 
below  the  scutptores  is  inscription  17  wliich  records  : 

" the  KiAof  ft  v*<li)uk  by  \b»  motberof.  .  .  ■  B«iiuui&'.'* 

Low  down  and  to  the  rig'hl  uf  thu  central  door  la  iuscriptiuQ  18 
which  records: 


"  The  gUi  of  K  »»^v^'  {y|j^.^^MM«*.^  by  tha  nun  Kodl  mother  at 
Obunikft.    Mndo  bjr  Hodika." 


I 


Just  orer  an  image  of  Buddha  inserted  at  a  later  ijate  between 
the  central  and  right-hand  door  isiasciiption  lit.  It  is  dated  the  i 
UMh  year  of  V^asislhiputra'ti  time,  and  records  a  benefacbiou  to  thafl 
■Bhikshns  by  the  tAlukdar  of  Mamala,  the  inodorp  Maval.'  ^^ 

On  the  north-weat  of  the  Li~n-pillar  are  some  eel  1 37  and  a  water- 
cistem,  into  which  a  dwjhvba  that  had  atood  on  the  roof  of  it  haaj 
fallen.     North  from  this  is  a  large  excavation,  more  than  100  feet  ii 
length,  but  very  irregular  :  it  apparently   consisted  of  jwo^or  tht 
viharaj,  in  which  all   the  dividiugwalUhave  l>een  deatroyed.     Al 
the  north  end  of  it  are  several  cells^  afill  nearly  enCire,  three  watet 
cisterns,  and  a  small  relic  shrine  or  ddghoba. 

Above  these  is  a  ^-r'/nira.  about  28  foot  by  27  and  8  feet  high 
with  four  colls  in  each  side  and  five  in  the  back,  six  of  them  witlkl 
benches  or  beds  of  stone  as  in  most  of  the  older  vihdras,  and  in  oua 
is  a  ladder   up  to  a  stair  leading  to  the  cave  abova     The  front  of 
this  cave,  however,  has  given  way.     Still  higher  in  the  rock,  and 
reached  by  a  stair  from  tho  preceding,  is  another  vihdraf  3t  feet  ^H 
inches  by  4S,  but  not  quite  rectangular,  and  8  foot  11  inches  high.^ 
It  has  three  coils  in  the  right  end  and  five  in  the  left,  with  six  in 
the  back.     Across  the  left  end  is  a  raised  platform  about  S|   feet 
broad  and  18  inches  high,  along  the   front  of  which  there  seems  to     : 
have  been  a  wooden  railing  or  screen.     On  the  east  and  sonth  wiillaM 
are  two  sculptures  of  Buddha,  evidently  of  much  later  workuiun:«hipV 
than  the  cave.    Tho  front  wiill  is  pioi-cod  with  four  opeuiuga,   and 
tho  veranda  40  feet   10   inches  long,   7   feet   wide,  and  12   foet 
3  inches  high,  has  a  low  screen-wall  in  front,  on  which  stand  fonr 
columns  between  pilasters.     Oatside  this  screen,  at  the  north  end, 
is  a  water-cistern,  and  along  tho  front  a  balcony. 

Further  north  {the  lower  part  of  the  staii- broken  away),  Is  another 
vihara  above  those  first  Tneutionod.  It  is  about  38}  feet  long  and 
17  feet  deep,  with  two  cells  in  each  end  and  four  in  the  back,  five 
of  them  with  stone-beds.  In  the  front  wall  are  a  door  and 
windows,  bnt  the  corridor  of  the  Toranda  has  given  way.  On 
oast  wall  of  this  cavo  is  inscription  20  which  records  : 

"To  the  perFaol!  The  kins  V;i|«ttl].lputa  tho  Utustrious  <«lrU 
PuIiiiiaTi,ln  thereBT  (of  his  relsn)  Iwdniy-four  (a4>.ln  the  third  (31 
fortnight  of  tho  winter  (hcmnuta)  mouthii,  tba  socond  (2)  d&y.  This 
m«ritorloiit  gift  of  a  niii«-c<U«d  muidUNi  by  tb«  (tTpft'iakft)  UymAn 
HirtBfiy^"*-  "o°  of8ebftph»ruiR,  a  ao»*«fcte*.  n^tira  of  Abiil*'m«.* 
for  the  po«BesBlon  of  the  SanghAof  theJgj^gnag^M  from  the  four 
quarters-  For  the  oontlnuonoe  ia  welfare  uonappineaa  of  fittber 
and  mother  and  all  people  and  Uring  things-  BttabUsbsd  In  the 
twentr-flrot  r«ar,  and  with  me  Budharakhlta  and  his  mother  an 


twoj 

thi 


■  ArchKalooioel  Survey  of  Wvatcm India  Ko.  10,  yp.  23-36. 
3  Probably  UbolUh  at  tho  head  of  the  Feruao  tiuli.     Cumpars  Bgmbay  QaaottaerJ 
XIU.  431  not«  H. 


I 


I 

I 

I 


Upa'slka'.    And  In  addition  tb«  morltorloui  gift 
bj  the  mother  ot  Budharskhita". 

In  a  receas  over  a  water-cistern  at  tbo  end  o£  the  next  cave  is 
inscriplion  21  wliich  cannot  bo  trauslattid.     The  gnnse  ruus: 

"In  the  flfth  ye«r  and  of  the  Hcmaativ-pakshii  (of  tome  king— 
poeslblT  Palam«.'ri>,  the  female  diBoipla'oT^ome)  Uhadontn,  gKvo  a 
Isna;  and  a  siHter's  daughter  a  Bra'vika'  (or  laic}— set*  a  cistern  for 
the  aangha  of  aaoetlos.  fWllh  tbo  donor  wraimlutlwr  oboim  of  reUUoiM  ant 
MyoyUCiwH.bntt-i-1  -  ■■ ''      ''      t.  i.mlp 'li^crpk.-]  

To  the  south  '  ,        1 V  L'  ihvvu   uro  also  a  number  of 

excavations,  tbo  first  Uuiug  au  uaftuiahed  hall  about  30^  feet  wide 
by  15^  feet  deep.  The  ncixt  ia  a  small  room  6  feet  by  7jand  b  feet 
high,  of  which  tb6  front  is  broken  away,  with  n  figure  of  Buddha  on 
the  back  wall.  Close  to  this  ia  a  water-cistern,  and  beyoud  it  a 
vihdra,  33  feet  3  inches  wide  by  32  feet^'OTnchpa  deep  and  9  feet  5 
iocfies  high  with  four  cells  (without  beds)  in  the  back,  three  in  the 
left  end  and  trvo  unfinished  oiies  m'the  right,  all  having  their  lluora 
about  a  foot  higher  than  that  of  the  ball.  In  the  middle  of  the  back 
wall  is  a  figure  of  Buddha,  seated  with  his  feet  resting  p'n  a  lotus, 
nnder  whit^  is  the  wheel  between  two  deer,  and  behind  this  are 
two  email  worshipping  figures.  On  each  .side  are  flywhisk  benrem  the 
one  on  his  right  hohling  a  lotus  stalk  in  his  left  hand,  and  over  their 
heads  are  vidytidharae  or  heavenly  choristers.  This  hall  bears  evident 
marks  on  thp  floor,  ceiling,  and  side  walls,  of  having  been  originally 
only  21  feet  6  inches  deep,  but  afterwards  enlai^vd. 

UTio  front  wall  is  pierced  by  a  door  and  two  windows,  and  the 
verouda,  25  feet  long  by  6  feet  4  inches  wide,  has  a  coll  at  the  north 
end  and  two  octagonal  pillars  between  pilasters  iu  front,  each  pillar 
bein^  connected  with  its  adjacent  pilaster  by  a  low  parap(»t  or  screen 
which  forms  the  Iwick  of  a  bench  on  the  inside,  and  is  divided  cut- 
aide  into  four  plmn  sunTi  panels,  .similar  to  several  at  l^Al  near  MohtUl 

in  KolAbu,  cave  ~VT."al~iX^"*"  ^^^  others.  To  the  eiitruuce  the 
approach  has  been  by  a  Bight  of  steps.  Beyond  this  is  a  small 
iiiifinished  room,  and  at  the  turn  of  the  hill,  facing  south,  is 
another,  8  feet  5  inches  by  9  feet  and  7  feet  high,  with  a  bench 
aloug  part  of  the  east  wall.  The  front  has  gone,  but  on  the  wuU 
ander  the  caves  is  a  fragment  of  an  inscription  (22)  which  records : 
"To  the  Ferfoot.    The  merllorioua  xift  of  the  aacetio  Bgdharakhlta." 

A  little  to  the  east,  and  about  5  feet  above  the  footpath,  la 
another  cave,  H  feet  5  inches  by  13  feet  -1  inches  and  65  fc«t 
high,  with  a  cell  in  the  left  wall  having  a  bench  or  bed.  Beyond  this 
18  a  small  wator-cistem.  "  - 

From  the  right  side  of  the  great  cavo  a  rough  jMith  clambers 
abont  two  hundred  feet  up  a  bare  rocky  face  to  the  Hat  top  of  the 
spur.  This,  which,  except  a  very  old  and  gnarled  umhar  tree  at 
<  the  end,  is  bare  and  l>aked,  has  the  remains  of  three  buildings  and 
>ward8  the  west  a  slight  hollow  with  the  earth-filled  mouth  of  an 
>Id  water  cistern.  The  building  most  to  the  cud  of  the  spur  seems 
to  have  been  square  about  17 'x  14'  and  of  brick.  It  was  probably 
cither  a  rest-house  or  a  temple.  About  thirty  yards  to  the  north, 
along  the  bare  top  of  the  spnr,  the  ground  rises  abont  550  feet 
above  the  Kllrle  bungalow  into  a  mound  of  rough  undressed  atones 
brick  and  earth  39'  north  and  south  about  all  earth  and  stone 


Chapter 
Places 

VkKAROAOK  01 

Karlb  Cavbs, 
ItacrifMhn  SI. 


fnsn-ipti 


Ha 


(Bombfty 


46i 


DISTRICTS. 


kpter  XIT. 

FUcei. 

TiuiftnAOX  Ok 
LrlkCavis. 


ViB. 


TlVAT. 


oxcept  on  tho  west  or  wenther  side.     Tim  stones  are  not  dressed  bal 
flat  and  like  big  bricks.     The  oarth  or  clay  is  vnry  stifl*.     Tho  hmgl 
is  about  nine  feet  abore  the  ground  that  slopes  to   the   west, 
few  yards   further  north   is    tho    site   of    another  brick  building 
probably  a  sfupa  moat  of  which  has  been  removed.     The  top  of  the 
m<)undis550feotabovethe  KArle  bungalow.     About  fiftyyards further 
north  is  a  flat  rock  which  wa*  perhnps  ronghly  carved  into  a  seat. 

In  tho  hilU  near  Karle  arc  a  number  of  coHa  niul  rock  cisterns. 
Thus  in  tho  hiil  above  Dev^d  a  little  to  tho  aooth-woat  of  Karle  is 
a  half  finished  pihira  or  dwelling^  cavo  with  two  rong-hly  be\m 
square  pillars  in  front  with  bracket  capitals  and  in  tho  back  of  the 
care  a  door  has  been  begun  as  if  for  a  shrino.  In  tho  rising  ground 
to  the  east  of  the  village  U  a  rock-out  pond  and  some  cuttinga  aa 
if  intended  as  the  beginning  of  a  small  cave  and  cistern. 

Again,  on  the  south  side  of  the  village  of  Sheletana  is  a  large 
covorod  rock  cistern.  originaHy  with  six  openings,  and  high  up  the 
bill  to  the  north  is  a  largo  cavern  under  a  waterfall.  In  the  north 
side  is  a  round  hole  which  has  been  fitted  with  a  cover,  and  was 
perhaps  intended  for  storing  grain.  Beside  this  is  a  ainall  circular 
chamber  which  may  bavo  contained  a  stnictnral  relic-shriue  or 
ddfflioba.     The  roof    of  the  cave  has  fallen  in,  and  thero  has  been 


a  great  flaw  in  the  rock,  which  perhaps  led  to  the  cave  never  being 
finished.     At  Tinkve  still  further  east  ar 


i 


are  two  roi^k  cisteras,  an< 
above  Volak  in  the  face  of  the  scarp  is  a  small  round  coll  as  if  for 
relic- shrine  and  near  it  a  cave  without  front,  a  slightly  arched  roc 
and   a  coll  at  the  back,  with  a   round    hole  near    the    entrant 
ptissibly  a    place    fnr   holding  stores.     A    flaw   in    tho    rock  has 
destroyed  tlio  back  of  this    excavation.     At    Ayara    to  tho  cast  of 
Bh&ja  and  in  several  places  to  the  north-east  of  £&r!o  there  are 
_also  excavations  mostly  single  cells  for  hermits.* 

Vir,  about  eight  miles  south  west  of  Jpjuri  in  Purandhar,  is  a  lai 
village  with  in  1881  apopulation  of  2715.  At  Virare  tho  hfudworj 
of  the  Nira  canal-  aud  it  has  a  temple  of  Mha3koba,a  modern  Kuiii 
god,  which  enjoys  about  four  acres  of  rent-free   land   assessed  a| 
£3  10*.  (Rs.  35).     A  yearly  fair,    tasting  for  nearly  a   fortnight  au( 
attended  by  8000  to    10,000  pentons,  is  held  at  the  temple  on  tho 
full-moon  of  Mdgh  or  Febniaiy  March.     The  temple  devotees,  wb^H 
ore  called  Virs  or  heroes, perform  a  aword  dauce  before  tho  god  an^fl 
iu  their  enthusiasm  often  wound  themselves  and  each  other.    Abont 
1834  an  excited  Dhangarput  the  hilt  of  bis  sword  on  the  ground  audits 
pointto  his  navel,  and,  falling  on  tt^  gashed  his  bowels  so  that  hedit^d.' 

Yovat,  on  the  Peninsula  railway  twenty-six  miles  east  of  Poena, 
with  in  18B1  a  population  of  1589,  has  a  station  with  to  its  south 
a  ti-avclicrs'  bungalow.  The  1S80  railway  retunaa  showed  12,01'i 
passengers  aud  no  gjods.  The  Khadakvilsia  canal  flows  close  U 
Vevat  and  there  is  also  a  large  storage  pond  called  Matolm  whtot 
irrigates  a  considerable  extent  of  land  and  is  fed  by  the  canal  in  tl 
neighbourhood.* 

*Cftv«  Tcidpld  of  India.  S42. 

'  DsUila  of  the  Kim  euid  aro  ffivea  under  A^eultar*,  Pnr^IT.  pp.  90  -94. 

■  Oriental  CbrittUo  SpecUtor,  VUL  UtiSl).  133.  *  Mr.  J.  G.  Moore,  C'.S. 


APPENDIX. 


GUNPOWDER  FACTORY. 

BK  following  details  on  thi;  inRTwlients  manufacture  and  examination 
^nnd  proof  of  Gunpow.'d«r  have    I>oon    contributed    hy    Lieiite nan t- Colonel 
Wake,  a  A.  : 

The  ivttining  of  saltpetro  is  iMtsed   upon  tho  fact  that  saltpetre  ia  far 
more  soluMo  in  hot  than  in  cold  water,  while  the  chief  valine  iupuriliefi 
r  found  in  grough  saltpetre  are  almost  equally  soluble  in  eilher.     Water  at 
fS12*  holds  about  sev^n  times  as  mueh  nitrate  of  potash  or  puru  saltpetre 
'  in  solution  as  wator  at  70".     If,  ther<-fore,  a  saturated  nolution  of  saltpetre 
be  tiiadi'  at  a  t<Mnpcrature  of  212',  and  the  chlorides  of  eodium  and  pot- 
aBaium   are    contained  in  the  liquor,   as  tho  solution   cools   to  70',   six- 
sevenths  of  the  nitre  containMl   in   it  wilt  be  deposited  in  the   form   of 
,crptal»,  whiuh  can  easily  be  removed,  whereas  the  foreign  salts  will    still 
^remain  in  solution. 

Two  large  refining  coppora,  each  capable  of  holding  about  500  gallons 
are  cJtnrgeti  vrith  saltpetre  and  water  in  proportions  so  tliat  when  boiled 
the  whole  of  the  saltpetre  may  be  dissolved.  The  boiling  is  performed 
by  steam  forced  into  the  coppers  through  a  perforated  pipe  nmning  round 
the  interior  of  tho  coppers  near  tho  bottom.  In  the  process  of  boiling 
a  good  deaJ  of  scum  in  fonnd  on  the  siiKace  of  the  liquid  which  is  skim- 
med off  from  Itnic  to  time.  To  assist  it  in  fonuing,  a  little  glue  is  thrown 
in  when  the  water  begins  to  boil.  By  tlie  time  the  scum  lias  been  cWarwl 
oSy  the  solution  will  be  ready  for  filtering,  when  a  valve  near  the  bottom 
^of  each  copiKT  Is  opened  which  allows  the  liquid  to  run  out  Through 
ithis  val7e  it  passes  to  a  range  of  canvas  filter  bags  or  dauldjt  which  catch 
II  insoluble  impurities.  Up  to  thin  point  the  liquid  is  kept  as  hot  as 
iible,  to  carry  as  much  of  tho  pure  saltpetre  in  solution  through  the 
filters  as  practicable.  Care  is  alt^o  t»ken  that  tlie  solution  is  not  too  thick 
or  it  will  not  run  easily  through  the  tilt«™.  To  ensure  this  the  specific 
gravity  of  tin'  solution  should  be  about  149.  The  solution  now  free  from 
all  its  insoluble  impurities  runs  from  tho  filters  into  large  flat  ooppor 
ooolers  called  crystallixing  pans. 

The  crystallizing  cisterns,  or  coolers,  are  each  twelve  feet  square  and 
about  eleven  inches  deep,  and  the  solution  from  five  to  six  inohes  deep. 
The  liquid  is  kept  in  agitation  with  a  long  handled  wooden  hoe,  and  as  it 
cooU  fiiit'  crvRtaU  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  cistern.  If  not  k«pt  in  agitation, 
large  cri-staJs  would  form,  which  would  enclose  tho  liquid  containing 
the  impurities  still  in  solution.  The  crystals  are  from  time  to  time  drawn 
up  to  one  side  of  the  cistern,  the  bottom  of  which  is  raised  so  as  to  form 
an  inclinfxl  plane  tx>  receive  it  From  this  the  liquor  drains  off,  and  the 
crystals  looking  almost  Hko  snow,  and  technically  called  flour,  are  then 
raked  into  the  washing  cisterns.  Tlic  solution  in  the  crystallizing  cistern 
ia  not  stirred,  nor  are  the  crj-stals  rtrmovod,  after  the  temperatnm  falls 
Itelow  100°,  oe  tlic  crystals  are  then  deposited  so  slowly,  but  it  is  left  to 
cool,  when  large  crystals  form  which  are  tretttcd  as  rough  nitre. 

■  866-1^9 


AppmOiX' 

Oc:frowi>Ka 

Factory. 
(p.  371). 
8iUtp«tr* 
Refiulng. 


5o/a£MW. 


CryitaltidTiff. 


DISTRICTS. 


Appondiz- 


WiuAiitg. 


H   Facto&t. 
Saltpttre. 


^1 


Tlie  wosliing  cistemii  are  al>out  six  feet  long,  four  tf^t  wide,  and 
ftiet  &ix  iuclti;s  dt^p.  and  an*  fitted  with  a  £abo  bottom  of  wood  pi 
with  lioleti.  Ill  frtmt  Ivlow  the  fuIiM*  l.-ottoin  is  a  pluf;  hole.  The  cistern 
being  now  nearly  full  of  lialtpf'tre.  distilled  water  is  poured  from  a  rose 
above  each  oistem  enough  to  cover  the  Baltpctre,  and  is  allowed  to  stand 
in  tbe  cistern  from  lialf  an  hour  to  one  hour,  &ft<:-r  which  it  is  run  olf 
from  a  tap  at  the  bottom.  This  is  repeat«d  by  another  washing,  but 
now  the  water  b  not  run  off  till  next  morning.  If  not  enough,  a  third 
washing  i»  souetimos  given.  The  saltpetre  is  now  ready  and  placed  ia 
the  store  bins.     A  Bolution  of  the  saltpetre  ehould  now  be  t^ted  as  follows : 

(a)  With  blue  and  red  litmus  puper  for  acids  or  alkalies  ;  (&)  with  a  few 
drops  of  the  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  for  the  presence  of  chluridea, 
a  milky  appearanoe  indicating  the  formation  of  the  insoluble  chloride  vi 
silver,  tltis  is  a  ver)-  dt-licute  U.'st ;  and  (r)  with  a  solution  of  chtondu 
of  barium  for  the  presence  of  Buipliatos,  which  would  give  the  iiuMiluble 
sulphate  of  baryta.  The  refining  operation  over,  there  remains  saltpetre  in 
the  cr}'st*l  lining  coolers,  whicli  lias  fonued  into  large  crystals  since  the 
stirring  of  the  liquid  ceased,  and  which  contains  impurities.  This  is  used  as 
groDgh  in  the  next  day's  reftning.  There  is  also  a  large  quantity  of  liquid, 
more  or  less  impure,  containing  Haltpetrc,  both  in  the  crystallizing  coolers 
and  in  the  tank  into  which  the  water  used  from  the  washing  vats  h 
been  drained. 

In  other  Uunpowder  factories  the  collection  of  the  saltpetre  in  this 
liquor  forms  on  imporuuit  and  cxpensire  pait  in  the  process  of  retining, 
and  is  effected  by  boiUng  dowu  tlie  liquid  (amounting  to  from  600  to  8uO 
gallons)  to  about  a  quarter  of  its  original  built,  when  the  remainder  is 
run  through  filters  into  pans  and  collected.  When  it  has  crystallixed  the 
saltpetre  so  collected  is  used  an  gruugh  during  the  next  day's  refining. 

Hie  boiling  down  of  such  a  large  quantity  of  liquid  consumes  a  gr«at 
deal  of  fuel,  and  adds  much  to  the  expense  of  refining.  To  avoid  this, 
od^-antago  luts  been  taken  here  of  the  dry  climato  of  the  Beccan,  and 
the  whole  process  of  evaporation  is  carried  on  witliout  eipeuse  by  pouring 
the  water  into  a  largo  ouipty  masonry  reservoir  (which  it  covers  to  the 
depth  of  about  an  inch^  and  letting  it  evaporate  of  itself,  This  it  d 
in  from  twenty-four  to  fcirty-eight  hours  according  to  the  time  of  t 
year  ;  the  8alti>etre  contauaed  in  it  forming  in  cr)-stals  during  the  proc43SB 
and  being  afterwards  collected  and  used  as  grough  on  the  np.Tt  day's 
refining.  Tliis  plan  is  not  practicable  in  tlie  rains,  but  enough  saltpetre 
can  be  refinctl  during  the  dry  uiontlis  to  last  through  the  monsoon 
evaporation  oan  again  lie  carried  on. 

The  extraction  of  saltpetre  £n»n  powder  sweepings  and  from  dam 
powder  is  n  process  which  has  to  bo  carried  out  in  alt  ( Jnnpowdor  facton 
As  usually  effected  it  is  a  very  dirty  troublesome  and  expensi 
operation.  The  salti>etre  contained  in  condemned  gunpowder,  ai 
also  in  the  sweepings  from  the  factory,  is  extracteil  by  boiling  with 
water  in  coppers  holduog  about  400  gallons  each,  and  filtering  the  solution 
first  through  coarso  oanvos  and  a  second  time  through  dauias.  The  liquor 
ooutnining  the  saltpetre  is  then  evaporated  down,  filuirt^  and  crystallized 
in  pans  as  before.  The  charcoal  and  sulphur  left  in  both  sets  of  filters  is 
again  boiled  before  being  thrown  away.  About  94  per  cent,  of 
saltpetre  contained  in  powder  can  l»e  recovered  by  extraction  against 
value  of  which  must  bo  set  the  cost  of  hibour  and  fuel.  At  this 
however  the  operation  is  very  simple  and  iucxpensivo.  The  pi__ 
consists  of  putting  the  powder  sweepings  or  damaged  powder  into  lai^ 


^ 


POONA. 


467 


I 


\ 


porous  eartlienware  vessels  which  are  then  filled  up  with  cold  water. 
This  water  iiltm-s  through  thi;  V(Msels  into  copper  troughs  in  a  few  hours, 
taking  with  it  an  rouch  saltpetre  as  cold  water  can  hold  in  solution.  A 
fresh  (|uantity  of  water  is  poured  into  the  vesselH  every  morning  for  about 
a  week,  hy  wlijoh  titno  nearly  all  the  saltpetre  has  beea  extracted.  About 
two  per  cent,  of  the  saltpetre  reuiaiiuf  unextrectcd  with  the  sulphur  and 
durooal  iu  the  vooseU.  All  the  water  is  then  poured  into  the  reservoir 
to  evaporate  and  within  tweuty-feur  hours  the  crystals  of  saltpctra  can 
be  collected  and  are  afterwards  used  em  grough  saltpetre. 

As  a  general  rule  the  wood  should  be  cut  when  the  sap  is  up,  as  it  can 
be  then  inont  easily  stripped  of  its  bark,  but  in  tim  case  of  Cujanus 
indicus  or  iuy  wood  it  is  cut  when  Uic  crop  is  ripe  and  has  to  be  soaked 
in  water  before  the  bark  comes  ofi*  easily.  The  wood  yields  about  one- 
fourth  its  weiglit  of  cliarcoaL  Being  cut  into  lengths  of  tliree  feet,  the 
wood  is  packed  into  iron  cylindritwJ  cases  called  slips,  which  are  three 
feet  six  inches  long  and  two  feet  four  inches  in  diameter,  cai'e  being 
token  tlmt  the  wood  is  as  much  the  sane  size  as  possible.  The  lid  is 
&sten>Kl  on,  two  opeiiiugs  Wing  loft  in  the  slip  at  the  bottom  of  al>out 
four  inches  in  diameter.  The  slips  are  then  plactid  in  horizontal  cylinders 
or  retorts,  the  end  witli  openings  (one  below  and  the  other  above)  first. 
The  retorts,  which  have  openings  at  the  far  end  to  correspond  with  those 
iu  tlie  slips,  are  closetl  by  tight-titting  iron  doors.  The  retorts  are  built 
into  the  wall,  with  furnaces  so  arranged  underneath  o^  to  admit  of  thu 
mocurate  regulatinn  of  heat  throughout  the  operation  of  charring.  Tliis 
occupies  aljout  four  hours  for  R.  F.  0-,  eight  hours  for  R.  F.  G.  2,  and  two 
or  three  hours  for  cunnon  iwwdcrs.  Tin-  llamas  surround  the  retorts,  the 
heat  acting  as  nearly  as  possible  on  tlie  whole  surface  of  the  cylinder. 
The  gases  nom  the  wood  pass  out  from  tlie  upper  hole  in  the  slip,  and  the 
tar  through  the  lower  hoU-  (both  holes  corresponding  with  holes  in  the 
retort)  into  pipes  commonieating  with  the  furnace  in  which  they  are 
burnt,  11ii!j  iiaves  a  conaiderable  amount  of  fuel.  When  the  wood  has 
been  sufficiently  charred,  which  is  known  by  the  Wolet  colour  of  the 
Bame  from  the  burning  gas,  indicating  the  fonnation  of  carbonic  oxide, 
tlie  slip  is  withdrawn  by  tackling  placed  in  a  large  iron  case  or  cooler, 
oovered  wit^  a  close-htting  lid,  and  allowed  to  remain  until  all  the  fire  is 
extinguished,  which  takes  about  four  hours  ;  and  tlie  charcoal  is  then 
enptiod  into  suialU>r  coolera  and  sent  to  store.  Tlie  charcoal  is  carefully 
looked  over  and  picked  by  hand,  to  see  that  it  is  all  projterly  and  evenly 
burnt,  and  that  no  rivets  from  the  slips  liave  broken  off.  It  is  thon  kept 
from  ten  days  to  a  fortnight  in  store,  before  Ijeing  ground,  to  obviate  the 
danger  of  spontAiieous  combustion,  to  which  charcoal  is  liable  when 
ground  directly  aft«r  burning.  This  arises  from  the  heat  gouerattd  by 
the  very  rnpid  absorption  and  condensation  of  oxygen  froui  the  air  by  the 
finely  powdered  substance.  The  charcoal  for  cannon  powders  is  burnt  a 
short  time  at  a  high  temperature  and  is  called  Black  coal.  That  for  small 
arms  is  burnt  for  a  longer  time  at  a  low  temperature  and  is  called  red 
cool.  "  Black  coal ''  ^ould  bo  jet  black  in  colour,  its  fracture  should 
ahow  a  clear  velvet-like  surface,  it  should  be  light  and  sonorous  when 
dropped  on  a  hard  surface,  and  bo  soft  as  not  to  scrotch  polished  copper. 
Slack-burnt  charcoal,  that  is  charcoal  prepared  at  a  very  low  tempera- 
ture, is  at  once  known  by  its  reddish  brown  colour,  especially  when 
ground ;  this  colour  Is  distinctly  perceptible  in  the  U.  F-  G.  2  powder  up  to 
thfl  glazing  process.  Charcoal  burnt  at  a  very  high  temperature  is  known 
\iy  its  hardness  metallic  ring  and  greater  density. 


Appendix. 


G  TN  row  t^Elt 
FACTQEr. 


Cbi 


(Bombay  Gstftttter. 


DISTRICTS. 


Appendix. 

^P  .<crOWDZR 

u^ur  Rafiniog. 


The  Sulphur  usod  in  Uie  ppoocas  of  refining   is  of  the  beat  quality,     I( 
nuder^Tjea  ^  rough  purificfltion  bpfore  importation,  leaving  about  three  to^ 
(our  per  cent  of  earthy  impurities  which  have  to  be  got  rid  of  by  a  second ' 
distillation.     The  rpfining  apparatus  is  very  ftimplo.     A  largo  ii-on  melting  ■ 
pot  or  retort  is  set  in  brickwork,  about  three  feet  above  the  floor,  with  k 
furnace  underneath  ;  this  retort  lias   a  heavy  movable  lid,  which  U  lut<^ 
into  the  pot  witli  clay,  and  in  the  lid  is  a  four-inch  opening,  cIosmI  by  an 
iron  conical  plug  that  can  bt>  removed  at  pkoaure.     From  tho  molting  pot, 
lead  two  pipes,  at  right  angles  to  one  auoUier,  one  liftceu-uich   to  a  large 
einrular  dome,  and   the  other  five-inch  to  an   iron  receiving  pot.  placed 
below  the  level  of  the  melting  pot.    The  latter  pipe  has  an  iron  casing  or 
jacket  round  it,  through  whicli  cold  water  is  allowed  to  circulate.     The 
communication  of  the«e  pipes  with  the  melting  pot  can  be  shut  off  or 
opened  as  required  by  valves  worked  from  without. 

The  process  of  rc&uing  consists  of  meltiug  the  grougli  sulphur  in  the 
oielting  pot  and  allowing  it  to  distil  over  into  the  receiving  pot,  and  is 
carried  out  at  other  factories  in  the  following  way  : 

About  54  cwts.  of  grough  sulphur   is   placed   in  the  i>ot  eoch  muruii 
Tho  fire  be'ing  lighted,  the  conical  cast-iron  plug  is  left  out  of  the  hole 
the  lid  of  the  pot,  the  pajisagi?  into  the  dome  is  opened,  and   that  into  the 
receiving  pot  closed      Tlie  heat  is  maintained  for  three  honrs,   till   the 
sulphur  is  of  a  proper  temperature  for  distillation.     The  vapour  which 
first  rises  from  the  pot   is  of  a  pale  yellow   colour,  and  a&  much  of  it  as 
pas&eK  into  the  dome  falls  down  condensed  BS  tlowers  of  sulphur.      But  at 
the  end  of  three  hours  the  vai>our  becomes  of  a  deep    reddish    browi 
colour,  showing  that  the  t^'inperature  oT  the  melted  sulphur  has  reaclie 
the  proper  point.     The  plug  must  then  be  inserted  in  the  lid,  the  con 
municatjon  to  the  dome  closed,  and  that  leading  to  the  receiving 
opened,  allowing  tlie  heavy  vu|>uur  to  pass  through   the  pii>e  surruuudf 
with  the  water  jacket,  by  means  of  which   a   constant  cirvulatiou  of  c< 
water  is  kept  up  round  it     lu  this  way  tho  sulphur  vapour  is  condense* 
and  runs  down  into  the  receiving  j>ut  us  a  clear  orange  liquid  n^^inblii 
treacle  in  colour  and  consistency.     When  nearly  all  has  passed  over  into" 
tiio  receiving  [wt,   which  can  be  known  by  tic  jacket  getting  cold,  thc^ 
pipe  communicating  with  the  receiving  pot  in  again  closed,  and   the  Ih  "~ 
sulphur  left  ahout  an   hour  to  get  sufficiently  cool  {not  Wlow   220*') 
ladle  out  into  the  moulds  (wtx>den  tubes  saturated  witli   water  to  keep 
sulphur  out  of  the  cnieks)  ;  at  the  same  time  the  furnace  doors  are  thro' 
bode,  and  the  communication  with   tiie  dome  i-e-opened,   so  that  the  re^t 
of  the  vapour  may  pass  into  it  :  the  impurities  all  remain  at  the  botton^^ 
of  the  melting  pot,  and  are  thrown  away.     Tlie  (lowers  of  sulphur  tbn^f 
obtained,  being  unfit  for  tlie  mauufai-ture  of  gunpowder,  are  treated  V^^ 
grough  sulphur,     llie  crysteJUne  sulphur,  after  being  allowed  to  cool  in 
the  moulds,  is  broken  up  and  put  into  bam>ls  n-ady  to  be  ground. 

Refined  sulphur  may  l>e    tested    as  follows  :  (a)  by    burning  a  «i 
quantity  on  porcelain,  when  the  amount  of  residue  should  not  exceed 
per  cent ;  (6)  hy  boiling  a  little  with   water,  uiul  Ufsting  with  blue  litinn 
paper,  whicb  it  should  only  very  feebly  redden.     In  tlii.t  factory  the  aboi 
plan  is  deviated  from  considerably.     The  amount  of  sulphur  charge   p\ 
into  the  melting  pot  elsewhere  is  liniit4'd  to  oj  cwt«.  because  the   sulplu 
in  the  course  of  meltiug  reaches  a  tempprature  at   which  it  cati-'hcs  lii 
and,  if  the  quantity  of  the  charge  exceeds  about  5|  cwts.  the  ilamta  gi 
very  violent  and  rush  out  of  the  top  of  the  pot  in  a  series  of  putTs  li 
tho  steam  escaping  from  n  locomotive.     The  vialcuce  of  these  puft's  will  at 
times  amount  to  an  explosion  of  sufficient  strength  to  blon-  off  tl 


the 

1 


DeccftiL) 


POOKA. 


46U 


the  pot  and  miftht  do  ooiuidenble  damage.  Tlut  flaming  gradtialty  £es. 
out  beforv  the  vhargv  i£  ready  for  difitUling.  It  wu  found  here  thai-  the 
ttamiog  stag?  could  not  take  place  when  thn  melting  pot  was  full  of 
Bolphur  vapour,  the  air  tiooessarjr  to  support  combustion  being  thereby 
excluded.  On  this  idea  ofiemtiotts  are  now  begun  on  the  tir^  day  alwajs 
oa  the  UAual  plan,  hut  a.t  rooii  as  tJie  f)n>oes8  has  once  pOMi'd  the  flaming 
■tage  and  the  pot  is  full  of  sulphur  fumes  to  odd  as  tnut^h  sulphur  to  the 
diarge  as  the  pot  will  hold.  Ity  k-avui^  a  little  tmlphur  in  the  pot  at  the 
md  of  each  day's  work  and  ket^ping  it  wann  all  night  th*>  pot  in  full  of 
fames  next  day  aad  cau  be  tilled  up  at  once.  The  advantage  of  tliis  plaii 
is  iliat,  whereas  iii  other  ketones  only  5^  cw-te.  can  be  rvtintiil  at  one 
operation,  14  c^vts.  can  be  refined  here,  and  tlie  expenditure  of  fuel  for 
the  Urge  quantity  is  the  same  as  thai  retjuired  for  the  smaller  quantity. 

The  inanufacturu  of  gunpowder  from  the  prepared  ingredienta  in- 
volves nine  processes  with  slight  \'ariataons  in  the  case  of  some  of  the 
Tery  different  natures  of  powder  now  being  made.  The  first  process  is 
uiixiiig  tJie  iiigntlients,  which  ts  a  preparatoi'y  o|K>rutiou  to  the  second 
process  of  incorporation  or  grinding  together  of  the  mixed  ingredients 
whereby  the  explosiveuess  of  the  powder  Is  given.  The  third  operation 
is  breaking  down  the  nnllcake  which  is  an  intermediate  operation  to 
prepare  the  powder  for  pressing  a'liicb  is  the  fourth  process  and  ooii»ista 
of  Uie  pressing  of  the  powder  into  its  diuired  state  of  unifonn  consistency 
or  density  as  well  as  to  make  it  of  a  convenient  hardnc«s  to  cut  into 
grain.  IIim  tifth  process  is  granulating  or  ooruing  that  is  tho  bn«king  up 
of  the  powder  into  the  requisite  Bize  of  grain.  The  sixth  process  is 
dusting  Hint  is  getting  rid  of  the  dust  amongst  the  grain,  as  tlie  presence 
of  dust  would  interfere  with  the  next  operation  of  glazing  that  is  giving 
a  sniDOth  surface  and  polish  to  Uu*  grain.  The  eighth  process  is  sto\'in^ 
or  drying  that  is  getting  rid  of  the  superfluous  inoisturc  in  the  i>owdi-r, 
whereby,  as  also  by  glazing,  the  keiiping  qualilii-s  of  the  i«iwd«r  arf  given. 
The  ninth  or  last  process  is  tinishing  or  aeparatuig,  that  is  a  final  sifting 
of  the  yiowder. 

(I }  The  ingredients  are  brought  into  tho  mixing  houso  and  are  very 
accurately  weighed  out  in  separate  scalos,  in  mill  charges  (in  their  proper 
proportions  to  100  U»8.)  with  an  extra  amount  of  saltijotre  according  to 
the  moisture  contained  in  it.  The  largest  charge  authorized  for  the  in- 
corpomting  mills  for  smull  arm  j)owder«  is  50  lbs.  ;  for  cannon  powders, 
the  materials  of  which  are  not  so  violent  in  their  action,  and  tho  charges 
worked  with  a  greater  percentage  of  moisture,  the  weight  is  60  lbs. 

Aft<T  weighing  tho  charge  is  placed  in  the  mixing  machine  which  con- 
sists of  a  cylindi-icjd  gnnmetal  or  copper  drum,  about  2'  9'  in  diameter 
and  l**  6"  wide,  with  an  axle  passinf;  through  its  centre,  on  which  there 
are  eight  rows  of  gun-metal  tlycrs  like  forks.  Tlie  machinery  is  so 
arranged  that  the  dyers  and  drum  ruvolve  in  opposite  directions,  the 
drum  making  in  a  minute  about  forty  revolutions  and  tl>e  flvt^rs  eighty. 
The  ingredients  are  mixed  for  about  five  minutes  ;  tho  machine  tlien 
empties  itself  into  a  box,  and  the  composition  is  passed  through  an  eight- 
mesh  copper-wire  hand  sieve  over  a  hopper,  in  orcfer  to  catch  any  *iplmti'r 
of  wood,  small  copper  nail,  or  other  foreign  suljstanoe  which  may  have 
got  into  the  SAlt['etre  during  the  process  of  refining  ;  it  runs  into  a  hag 
placed  below  the  hopper,  and  is  tied  up  ready  for  the  incor|>oratijig  mills. 
In  this  state  it  is  called  a  "  grocn"  charge. 

(2)  llie  incorporating  mill  consists  of  a  circular  iron  bed  about  seven  feet 
in  diameter  whereon  two  iron  rollers  revolve.  Tliese  are  about  six  feet 
in  diameter  witJi  nlges  fifteen  inches  wide  weighing  each  about  four  tons. 


AppMdil' 

(fuNrnwucit 
FAcroar. 


Procewaiol 

Gunpowder 
Miuiulsctarflb 


U). 


Siicing^ 


liuorpmratioti 


4 


"KW* 


Appendix- 


Gd:<powdkii 


,  Drtnehing 
tppanitu$. 


atUake. 


[Bombaj  aaze(t««r« 


DISTRICTS. 


b^ 


«). 


Thny  make  eight  or  nine  revolutions  round  the  bed  each  minute.  Tlie 
l>ed  hail  a  rim  on  the  oataide,  called  the  curb,  and  on  the  inside  an  edge 
formed  by  the  chfcse  or  socket  through  which  tlie  rertical  «haft  pusses. 
The  nioncra  arc  not  equidistant  from  the  centre  of  the  shaft ;  one  works 
Uh.*  part  of  thf  iliargo  nearest  the  ccntro  of  tlie  >jcd,  tJio  other  the  out«r 
part,  hut  their  paths  overlap  ;  two  plough-i  of  wood,  covered  with  leather, 
attached  to  the  cross-bead  by  arms  or  hracketa,  one  working  next  Uio 
vcrticitl  sliaft,  the  other  next  to  the  curb,  throw  the  compo&ibion  under  , 
the  ninnerB,  an  it  works  away  from  tbe-m,  ^1 

The  green  charge  is  brought  in  its  bag  and  spread  evenly  on  the  bed  of™ 
the  mill  by  moans  of  a  wooden  mke,  the  mill  bed  having  boon  previously 
utoistaiied  with  water.     Each  charge  is  worked  about  3^  boiirft  for  K.  F.  U. 
powder  and  blz  hours  for  K.  F.  G.  2  ;  cannon  powders  require  less  milling. 

The  charge  when  placed  on  the  bed  of  the  mill  contains  about  twe 
pints  of  wat<;r  (the  uioiEiture  of  tlie  saltpetre)  and  a  further  quantity 
from  two  to  fifteen  pinti:  including  that  (irnt  passed  in  the  mill  bed  (*: 
distilled  water)  is  added  from  time  to  time,  according  to  the  state  of  tb( 
atmosphere,  to  facilitate  the  incorporation  and  reduce  the  oflect  of  an 
explosion.  If  too  wot,  the  runners  would  lick  up  the  compnaition  from 
the  bed.  During  the  lime  of  working  the  charge,  the  miltman  enters  the 
mill  occAsionally.  takes  a  wooden  shover  and  pushe*  the  outside  of  tha^ 
charge  into  the  middle  of  the  path  of  the  runners  so  that  every  poriioi^P 
may  be  regularly  incorporated.  The  action  of  the  runners  is  a  combination 
of  rolling  and  twisting,  and  has  on  a  large  scale  somewhat  the  effect  of  a 
pestle  and  mortar,  crushing  rubbing  and  mixing,  thus  gi\*ing  the  charge  a. 
most  intimate  union. 

Each  mill  has  a  flat  wooden  lever  board  or  shatter,  directly  ovyr  its 
bed,  in  gear  with  a  cistern  of  water,  and  so  arranged  that  when  tlie  shuttle ^ 
is  in  the  least  degree  raised  on  ita  pivot  by   an  explosion,  the  cistern  i^| 
upset  into  the  bed,  and  the  charge  drowned.     A  horiwntiJ  shaft  connecte' 
all  the  shutten  in  a  group  of  milu,  so  that  the  explosion  of  one  mill  drowns 
all  the  remainder.     The  cistern  can  also  be  pulled  over  by  hand. 

When  the  cliai^,  which  in  this  state  is  oa.lIed  nuU-oake,  ia  ready  to  be 
taken  off  the  mill,  it  should  be  uniform  in  colour,  not  having  any  specks 
of  either  saltpetre  or  sulphur  visible  to  the  eye.  and  of  a  grayish  or 
brownish  colour,  according  to  the  charcoal  used.  \^1ien  a  small  piece  is 
broken  in  the  hand  and  tlirown  on  to  the  rim  or  curb  of  the  mill  a 
portion  of  dust  should  rise.  The  incorporation  should  be  carefully 
attended  to  by  experienoed  men  as  the  strength  and  general  characteris- 
tics of  the  poM-der  depend  more  upon  this  process  than  on  any  of  the 
othora  The  milU-ake  is  carefully  tested  every  day  to  ascertain  whether 
it  contains  the  proper  amount  of  moisture;  this  should  be  IJ  to  3  per 
cent  for  small  ami  powders,  and  3  to  4  per  cent  for  the  larger  descrip- 
tions of  gunpowder. 

(3)  The  mill-cake  on  being  taken  off  the  bed  of  the  mill  is  placed  in 
wooden  tubs  and  moved  to  small  magazines,  from  whence  it  is  taken  to  the 
breaking-down  house.  The  object  of  this  process  is  to  reduce  the  cake,  which 
is  now  partly  in  lumps  and  partly  in  powder,  Co  a  untfonu  meal,  in  order 
that  it  may  be  in  a  convenient  form  for  loading  the  preiw-box.  fireakiug 
down  is  done  by  hand,  the  press  cake  being  boEiten  by  wooden  mallets  on  a 
tray  till  it  is  reduced  to  m^,  when  it  is  ready  for  the  press. 

(4)  The  press-lwx  is  a  very  strong  oak  box,  with  gunmetal  frame,  2'  6' 
square  and  2'  9*  deep,  so  coustructed  that  three  of  the  sides  can  turn 


Oeccan J 


POONA. 


4n 


book  oa  liiiige.1,  or  form  a  ccmpa(.-t  solid  box  when  Rcrcwed  Urmly 
together,  lieing  laid  on  it»  sidR,  the  retJ  top  temporarilj  cloBed  by  means 
of  a  board,  and  the  ap|>ermost  side  alone  open,  a  number  o£  copper  or 
guniuetfU  plates,  2'  5j*  square,  are  placed  vertically  into  this  box,  and 
kept  apart  at  a  distance  (depending  on  the  description  of  powder  required) 
by  two  gunnietaJ  racks,  with  correspondtng  grooves,  which  can  be 
removed  when  no  longer  required.  In  pressuig  tho  tliioker  slabs  for 
pebble  powder  whicli  have  to  be  afterwardx  cut  into  cakes,  the  prpiss-box 
IB  divided  vt:rtioalIy  by  a  partition  into  two  part«,  ft  corrraponding  divi- 
iiion  being  made  in  tho  fixed  pr«is  block. 

A)H>ut  SOO  Iba.  of  meal  is  put  into  the  press-box,  while  the  plates  ara 
in  a  vertical   position,   and  rammed  evenly  down  by  means  of  wooden 
laths.     When  full,  the  racks  are  withdrawn,  the  plates  being  only  separat* 
ed  by  the  meal  between  tliem  ;  the  present  upper  aide  is  firmly   screwed 
down  with  short  guninctal  screws,  and  tho  box  turned  over,  ku  that  the 
plates  are  now  horizontal  ,  the  temporary  lid  is  taken  off,  and  the  block 
run  forward  into  position  al»ove  the  Ixjx,     The  pumps,  which  work  the 
hydraulic  prcws  iu  a  separato  house,  are  now  set  in  motion  au<l   tho  box  i« 
fusmI  until  the  necessary  amount  nf  compresaion    lias  V)een   given,  accord- 
ing  to   the   density    required.     For   this   purfKwe   the  block    is  allowed 
Bo  enter  tlie  box  a  cei'tain  distance,  wlucii  is  meosureil  by  a  scale  marked 
on  tho  block.     Thi.^  mode  of  regulating  tbo  pressure  gives  more  reliable 
Its  than  trusting  to  the  indicator   gauge  of  the   hydraulic   rum,  for 
reason  tltat  the  elasticity  or  resistance  to  pressure  of  the  meal   varies 
idarably   with  the  amount  of  moisture  present  ui  it  and  tho  state 
of  tlie  atmoBphere.     To  get  uniform  deuKity  ci|ual  quantities  of  meal,  con- 
taining equal  amounts  of  moistore,  have  to  be  compressed  at  the  same  rate 
into  the  aame  space.     In  practice,  hawe\*er,  the  moisture  in   the  meal  will 
vary   sliglitly,   whatever  care  bo  taken,  and  even  if  the  mill-cake  were 
always  taken  off  the  bed  perfectly  uniform  in  this  respect,  tlie  hygrometric 
of  the  atmosphere  would  cause  a  diBereuce  by  the  time  it  came  to 
preu.     Moreov(.'r,    it   is   found  tliat  atmospheric   conditions  liavti  an 
iuencA  upon  the  manner  in  which  powder  meal  can  be  comprefiaed,  even 
apart  from  the  actual  percentage  of  moisture  eoutaiucd  in  it,  so  that  the 
exact  distance  Uie  prew  Muck  is  allowed  to  enter  the  )>ox  Ua&  to  bo  varied 
with  the  season,  and  even  the  prevailing  state  of  the  weather. 

After  the  required  pressure  has  been  given  a  valve  is  opened  to  let  out 
the  wat«r  from  the  cylinder  of  the  press,  and  the  press-box  desoends  till  it 
ia  free  of  tho  block.  The  latter  is  then  pushed  bock  and  the  box  is  turned 
over  on  its  side  to  be  unloaded.  The  three  movable  sides  being  unscrewed 
and  laid  back  tlio  press  cake  is  taken  out,  in  layers  of  nearly  J  an  inch  thick 
for  the  smaller  powderK,  after  which  it  is  broken  down  into  coarse  grain 
between  metal  rollers.  For  pebble  powder  the  layers  or  slabs  ore  |  of  an 
inch  thick  and  ai-e  kept  intact  for  the  next  operation. 

(5)  The  granulating  or  coming  machine  consists  of  two  parts.  One  is  a 
iKines  of  three  pairs  of  metal  rollers  so  arranged  one  l*encntii  the  other  as 
to  gradually  break  down  the  coarse  grain  received  from  the  press  house  to 
the  required  size  for  the  description  of  powder  being  mode.  The  top  jwiir 
of  rollers  aro  placed  undor  a  hopper  so  that  all  the  powder  poured  into  the 
hopper  passes  between  them.  From  this  pair  (which  are  not  set  very  close 
together)  the  powder  is  convoyed  doa'n  an  inclined  plane  to  the  second 
pair,  which  are  set  rather  closer  together,  and  so  on  to  the  third  pair,  which 
are  set  so  close  as  to  give  tho  exact  amount  of  crushing  required.  The 
Mooud  part  of  the  machine  consists  of  a  set  of  sieves  on  a  square  frame, 
HHUeb  is  violently  shaken  laterally.     The  grain  which  has  passed  the  third 


App«; 


OUKPOWIIlIt 

Kactorv. 


Qranulaibig 
orCormmg 

(6) 


OkatM 

(7). 


•f 


Separating 


DISTRICTS. 


iBombay  GaxviUMT. 


I 


pair  i>f  rollers  is  throftii  on  this  &une  and  Calli  on  the  top  Aleve.  An 
groin  which  ta  too  Urge  does  not  pass  this  stuvo  and  is  shaken  into 
rpcpptiu'tt'  ploei'd  lo  rect-ivo  it,  while  all  the  rest  foils  ihrouKh  the  sievp 
uikI  IK  eati«;hL  on  one  below,  which  ia  of  rather  tintr  ineAli  rutaiiiing  all 
the  trrain  uf  tliu  pro{H>r  Hue.  This  is  shaken  into  another  receptAcit^ 
plat'vd  tar  it.  while  ihe  grain  that  is  too  line  passes  the  lower  sieve.-  to  atliird 
rce(<ptar.t<>.  Thn  proper  sixe  grain,  then  called  foul  grain,  pofiftps  on  to  the 
next  operation,  wlule  all  that  ta  too  big  or  too  small  is  called  daat  and  sent 
back  to  the  inoorporating  milln,  where  it  i.t  milled  about  forty  luiimtn 
provions  to  being  mixed  with  green  chargoa  and  sent  to  the  pr»ui 
again.  Id  this  and  in  all  subsequent  ojwration^  a  (juaittity  of  dust 
aceumulates  which  is  all  eent  Iwuik  to  the  inoorporating  milU  to  b«<  tnnN'd 
in  the  some  manner. 

Pebble  powder  is  granDlated,  or  cut,  in  a  special  nioehine,  which  cu 
the  pre.sfi-cakH  timt  into  strips,  and  then  again,  cmssways,  into  cuIn*s  of 
length  of  edge.  This  is  done  by  two  sets  of  phospher  bronze  roUt^rx, 
which  liave  straight  cutting  edges  arranged  along  their  surfaces,  and  which 
are  set  at  right  angles  to  each  other  ;  an  ingenious  arrangement  causing 
the  long  strifts  cut  by  the  lirst  pair  to  ti-avel  endwa^-s  to  the  second  pair  to 
be  cut  into  cubes. 

(6)  Dusting  ia  performed  in  horiaontal  or   slope  reels.     ThesA  are  large 
cylindrical  sieves  about  eight  feot  long  by  two  f*w>t  in  diameter,  whirii 
rerolve.  vrith  about  forty  revolutions  a  minute^  inside  wooden  cupboards. 
In  the  case  of  horizontal  reels,  the  foul  grain  from  the  granulating  mar.liine 
is  put  inside  iheui,  and  run  for  some  time  to  get  rid  of  the  dust.     This 
falls  through  the  sieve  to  the  bottom  of  the  cupl>oard,  whence  it  goes  liock 
to  the  Incorporating   mills  as  "dust."     When  tlie  powder  that  remains  in 
the  sieve  is  fairly  fr«i  from  dust,  one  end  of  the  reel  is  lowenj^I  and  opened 
to  allow  the  powder  to  be  run  out  into  tuba.     A  slope  reel  has  one  <-nd 
permaneutly   lower   llian   tlie  other,  and  open  ;  the  powder  is  poun.*!  in  nt      i 
the  upper  end  from  a  hopper,  and,  as  the  reel  re\-olve«,  gradually  travels  tofl 
the  lower  cud,   whence   it   falls  out   into   tubs   placed    for   its   receptiom^H 
Horizontal  reels  are  generally  used  for  the  double  purpose  of  getting  rid  of 
dust,  and  rubbing  the  ndges  off  the  grain,  as  also  sometimes  for  polishing  i^ 
while  slope  reels  are  only  used  for  getting  rid  of  dusL     The  horixontaJ  reol^f 
are  very   little  used   in  this  factory.     For  prbhlc  powder,  a  peculiar  alope^' 
rftftl  witfi  a  copper  wire  mesh  of  suitable  sizp  is  placed    in  coimection   with 
the   cubeM^utting  machine,  eo  tliat  all  the  cubes  pass  through  it  beforaj 
niiuitng  into  tJie  tulis  placed  for  their  reception. 

(7)  (Mazing  is  performed  in  large  wooden    barrets  which    revolve   on 
horizontal  axis.     In  these  barrels  about  400  lbs.  of  powder  are  placed,  and' 
the  barrels  are  made  to  revolve  for  several  hours  at  nit<«  vaiying  acconliug 
to  circQinatauccs  from  14  to  35  revolutions  a  minute. 

(8)  Powders  that  require  8to\-iug  are  placed  in  a  drying  stove,  which  i^| 
merely  a  room  heated  by  steam  pipes,  Htted  with  a  numlter  of  shelves,  on^^ 
which  are  placed  shallow  trays  with  canvas  bottoms,  tilled  witJi  a  layer  of 
powder.  The  powder  is  thus  placed  to  expose  it  as  much  as  possible  to^ 
the  heat  of  the  room.  Powders  of  diflerent  descriptions  require  differenkS 
degrees  of  heat,  and  tliat  the  operation  he  more  or  less  prolonged  according  ' 
to  the  bIko  of  grain. 

(9)  To  finish  the  powder  there  is  yet  another  final  operation  for  all  powders] 
smaller  than  pebble  powder,  immely,  separatuig.     This  is  merely  possintfj 
the  powder  through  a  larao  Kie\"o  shaken  by  macliiner}-  (somewhat  on  i " 
same  principle  as  tnose  in  tiie  granulating  house)  to  get  rid  of  any  dust  oi 
broken  grain  which  may  have  accumulate)  during  the  glazing  and  diying. 


J 


■--     71 


DMCftftl 


POONA. 


473 


1ft 

I  1 


Hr  the  g)»ieiul  prinuiples  on  wliicli  Uie  difleront  processes  of  powder- 
making  are  worked  hare  been  deocribed,  uid  only  here  and  there  has  any 
meutioD  been  made  of  the  variations  in  uanDfacturi>  necessary  to  produce 
ditferont  descriptions  of  gunpowder,  it  rcniHiuB  tiierofore  to  explain  how 
che  procesiKii  cAn  be  varied  to  produce  the  ditTerenoefi  nei^eiiAary  to  make 
suitable  powders  for  special  purpocas.  Ajt  regards  the  ingredients  themselvB*, 
tlieir  proportions  are  not  allowed  to  he  altered  ;  and  with  this  pruliibitton 
it  if)  impossible  to  effect  any  difTerences  in  tlie  finiiilit^d  gunpowder  as  far 
aa  saltpetre  and  sulphur  are  mnremed.  With  the  charcoal  it  is  not  ao, 
lor  by  using  dillerent  sorts  of  wood,  as  also  by  varying  the  Intensity  of  the 

at  which  liie  wocid  in  burned,  very  great  effect  is  produced  on  the 
h  of  the  powder.  In  consequence  cf  this  the  qnality  of  the  oharcoal 
i*  of  great  importance. 

After  the  ingredients  arc  mixed,  the  tirst  place  where  the  powder  cau  be 
Turied  is  tbp  incorporating  mill,  when?  the  d^iree  of  explosivi«ne_w  of  the 
powder  cau  be  regulated  by  the  amount  of  milling  given  to  tiie  charge,  as 
also  by  the  amount  of  moisture.  Next  the  nuicknoss  of  biiniing  can  be 
%-uried  by  the  amount  of  density  given  by  the  hydraulic  press.  The  next 
prtKT»s,  the  cutting  into  grain,  depends  chiefly  on  the  state  of  the  powder  on 
leaving  the  press.  If  it  is  right  in  density  and  moistuiv,  it  will  cut  into 
good  tirm  grain  ;  while  if  it  is  too  hard  or  soft.,  too  dry  or  wet,  it  will 
crumble,  or  clog,  or  cut  Into  tlaky  grain.  In  tlie  after  processes  of  dusting 
and  glazing  some  altenttion  can  be  made  in  the  powder,  chiefly  by  ^-arylng 
tiie  length  of  glazing  and  tliu  pace  at  which  tlie  glazing  barrets  revolve. 
The  chief  characteristics  of  the  powder  however  have  been  given  to  it  by 
tiie  time  it  bos  left  the  press. 

After  a  convenient  quantity  of  gunpowder  has  Iwen  made-,  generally 
amounting  to  between  ten  and  tifteeii  thousand  llie,,  it  is  proved  as  described 
bolow.  If  it  passes  the  proof  it  is  put  into  Itarrols  of  a  capacity  of  fifty 
era  hundred  pounds,  and  delivered  to  the  Ordnance  Authorites  for  use  in 
Ctoverument  service.     If  it  does  not  pass,  it  is  modiiied  by  mixing,   or 

■Vorked  as  the  c&ae  may  require.  ^ 


The  testii  to  which  powder  is  subjected  are  intended  to  ascertain  nine 
points.  The  first  point  is  that  the  jtowder  should  have  a  proper  colour,  a 
proper  amount  of  glaze,  a  snthciently  hard  and  crisp  texture,  and  fitxHlom 
from  dust.  These  points  can  l>o  judged  by  the  hand  and  eye  alone,  and 
requirt*  a  certain  amount  of  experionee  iu  the  examiner.  The  cleanness 
of  the  powder  can  be  easily  tested,  by  pouring  a  quantity  from  a  bowl 
held  two  or  tliree  feet  above  the  barrel  in  a  good  light.  If  there  be  any 
Ioo«A  dust  it  will  be  readily  det«ct4Hi 

The  second  point  to  test  is  whether  it  is  properly  incorporated.  This 
is  tested  by  flashing ;  that  is,  burning  a  small  quantity  on  a  glass, 
porcelain,  or  copper  plate.  Tlic  powder  is  put  in  a  small  copper-cylinder, 
like  a  hkrge  thimble,  which  is  then  inverted  on  the  Bashing  plate.  This 
provides  for  the  partictos  of  powder  Iwing  arranged  in  pretty  nearly  the 
same  way  each  time,  which  is  very  important-  If  the  powder  has  been 
thoroughly  incorporated,  it  will  (Isish  or  pufl^  off  when  touched  with  a  hot 
iron,  with  but  fyw  lights  or  simrks,  and  leaving  only  some  smoke  marks  on 
the  plate.  A  badly  incorporated  powder  wUI  give  rise  to  a  qoantity  of 
sparks,  and  also  leave  specks  of  undecoroposed  saltpetre  and  sulphur 
fonni&g  a  flirty  residue.  Although  a  very  badly  woriced  powder  oould  be 
at  once  detected,  yet,  as  a  comparative  test,  flailing  needs  an  experienced 
9J9  to  form  an  accurate  judgrannt.  Powder  onoe  injured  by  damp  will 
flash  very  badly,  no  matter  how  carefully  it  may  have  been  incorporated. 
This  arises  from  a  partial  solution  of  the  saltpetrCL 

•  866-60 


A^peidix. 

Odspuwdw 
Factokv. 

Coiu^ludiiig 
Reniarki  oti 
Msnufsctur 


m 


Exuninstktn 
siul  Proof  ot 
Ouspowdor. 


Lppendix 


IncrowDKA 


ifptthtn. 


I  Bombay  Oaxetteer. 


DISTRICTS. 


The  third  point  to  tost  is  the  size,  shape,  and  proportion  of  the  gnunb 
The  shape  can  be  judged  by  tlie  eye  alone,  aud  the  sise  of  groin,  in  larg« 
Uniform  powdprs  cut  by  machinery,  is  usually  tested  in  the  same  way 
or  by  actual  measurement :  but  a  granulated  powder  can  usually  be  readily 
sifted  un  the  two  sieves  which  detitie  its  highest  and  lowest  limit  of  size  ; 
it  niuat  all  pass  tlie  one  and  be  retained  on  the  other.  Kor  exaupht,  the 
Martini-Henry  (K.  F.  O.')  powder  must  po^  Uirough  a  ueve  of  twelve 
meahes  to  the  inch,  and  be  retained  on  one  of  twenty  oipahes.  This 
sifting,  however,  oonveys  no  idea  of  the  proportions  of  riifterent  sized 
grains  contained  in  the  powder.  For  instance,  a  sample  of  K.  F.  G.' 
powder  consists  entirely  of  grains  just  small  enough  to  pass  the  twelve- 
mesh  sieve,  or  just  large  enough  to  be  retained  on  the  twenty  meah  ;  and 
these  two  powders  would  give  very  different  results.  To  obviate  this,  one 
pound  is  sifted  on  three  sieves,  a  tweUcmesh,  a  sixteeu-meah,  aud 
twenty-mesh,  and  the  limits  allowed  arc  at>  follow  : 

Faas  12-mesh  to  16  mesh  13  on. 

„    16      „        20    „  « 3     .. 

»    20       „       1     .. 


I 


16  0Z8. 
This  is  ascertained  to  three  pi 


allowed 


The  fourth  point  to  tut  Is  density, 
of  decimals  by  the  mercurial  d<*n!iimeter.     It  must,  for  each  deeeription  of 
powder,  lie  between  certain  limits  aa  shown  in  the  table  below.     Bii 
densiDjeter  consists  of  an  apparatus  by   which  the  air  can  be  exi 
.from  a  removable  glass  globe,  fitted  with  stop  cocks,  and  mercury 
to  Hll  it.     The  process  of  taking  the  den&ity  of  gunpowder  is  as  follows. 
The  air  being  exliausted,   the  globe  is  tilled  with  mercury,  removed  from 
the  machine,  and  accurately  weighed.     The  globe  is  then  emptied,  and 
100  grammes  of  gunpowder  being  introduced  into  it,  it  is  attachc<I  to  the 
machine,  the  air  exhausted,  and  the  remainder  of  the  globe  tilled  with 
mercury  under  precisely  the  same  conditions  as  before  ;  its  weight  now 
represents  the  weight  of  the  globe  full  of  mercury,  plus  the  weight  of 
gunpowder,   and   minus  tlie    weight  of    the   mercury    displaced  by 
powder.    Thus  if 

S  =  Specific  gra\-ity  of  mercury  at  the  time  of  experiment, 
W=  Weight  of  globe  full  of  niercur)-  alone,  and 
W=. Weight  of  globe  tilled  with  powder  and  mercury. 
Density  of  the  gunpowder- ~^^~;; 

The  fifth   point  to  asoertain  is  moisture.     The  powder  must  cont 
percentage  of  inoistare  l>ptween   limits  laid  down  for  each  descri] 
The  amount  of  moisture  is  ascertained  by  drying  a  carefully   weighed 
sample  in  a  water  oven  until  there  is  no  further  loss  of  weight;  from   the, 
weight  lost,  the  perc^intage  of  moisture  can  be  calcolated. 

The  Bixth  point  to  ascertain  is  firing  proof  for  muzzle  velocity  ant 
pressure  in  bore  of  gun.  Each  gunpowder  is  tested  with  the  arm  in  which 
it  is  intended  to  m  used  and  must  give  an  initio)  %'etocity  between 
limits  laid  down  ;  the  velocities  are  taken  with  the  LeBoulenge  electric 
chronograph.  The  particulars  for  each  nature  of  powder  are  given  in  thaS 
(ahlo  below.  ^M 

Cannon  powders  must,  in  addition,  give  a  pressure  in  the  bore,  as 
measured  by  crusher  gauges  inserted  in  tlie  proof  gun,  not  cxeceduig  a 
certain  amount  the  square  inch.  A  crusher  gauge  is  a  small  cylinder  of 
copper  half  an  inch  in  length  and  one-twelfth  of  a  square  inch  in  sectional] 


id" 


D«eeuL-l 


FOONA. 


476 


area,  which  is  so  placed  in  a  hole  in  the  gun  as  to  be  oontpressed  by  the 
violence  of  the  explosion  on  thogun  being  discharged.  From  the  amount  of 
uoiuprosiiion  the  amount  of  pressure  per  square  inch  on  the  interior  of  the 

bore  can  W  calculatonl. 

The  wiventh  point  to  ascertain  is  if  the  proportions  of  the  ingredients 
are  correct.  This  is  ascertained  by  a  chemical  analysis.  8ee  belov 
chemical  test  of  i>owder. 

The  eighth  point  to  oitcortain  is  tiie  power  of  the  powder  to  withstand 
absorption  of  moisture.  This  consists  in  subjet:ting  dried  samples  of 
gunpowder  in  a  box,  kept  at  a  uniform  temperature,  the  air  inside  which 
is  charged  witli  moisture  to  a  known  degree,  by  means  of  a  certain 
quantity  of  a  saturated  solution  of  saltpetre.  The  samples  ore  weighed 
at  regular  intervals  to  ascertain  the  rapidity  with  which  the  moisture  is 
absorbed  by  the  powder. 

The  following  table  gives  the  densttics  and  muzzle  velocities,  &c.,  for 
8er\ico  (Rifle)  Powders : 


Valod^. 

PrcHura- 

DeDtlljr- 

Mnpfa] 
Teat. 

Mo  Won. 

Staaot 
OnOn. 

Projiortionol 

Ormln. 

PrfMo*. 

Koi  Inn  UiAn 

Not      ox- 

Shoulct 

Mot       to 

Ttie  povilcr  Is 

Tht  lompa  ta  ba  of 

IbiO  f««t. 

<«HItiK 

not    1» 

oonlAici 

not     to    h« 

taUty  ufiUnrtu  aUa 

iS  tons. 

17S. 

mora 
Una  l-S 

pcaaaad     In 
ioiMAni 

and  iihaM  rarjinr 
In  nuQibcr  from  I 
to  Tin  a  lb  Thav 
aboold  ba  eublciU 

thsa  re 

eubea      but 

per  cent. 

anuiuhtod 
iram     pr«M 

wltfa          ronndtd 

«%aa. 

cake         U" 

Ulefc. 

fAU*. 

Not  km  UiMi 

Not      «a- 

Kot    kM 

Hurt  not 

Kot  more 

Mtut        paaa 

Tha   luB^  abould 

1«W  tect. 

r««i)lnK 

ttlMI 

abtorb 

Uun  1'3 

thrrasti      ] 

bo    Gubtcnl      with 

•X  ton*. 

ITB. 

aor  laai 

Inch     niMb 

roundad         adga* 

tbknl-B 

tbM)  lil 

riav*  andbti 

<!«•■  and  (laiad 

par  fltnt 
In       •» 

retalaediNia. 

nad  alioald   oob- 

1  )nc4i  naih 

bwWMIbtlbt 

boon. 

ri«*«. 

|LUO». 

HotlMl   UlAO 

No*     ut- 

Not     Urn 

Uiat  not 

Sot    Ina 

Hurt         (MM 

A    potiloo    at    tba 

IMOtMt. 

oerilm 

Uian 

*bnt 

Uwn      1 

llirongfa  a  I- 

poinlar  not  «««o«d> 
fniE  f,  pan  of  tl)« 
•rlxfU   inu*l    paai 

IS  torn. 

I -71). 

mora 

UorinniTl 

meah     aioTr 

tinn     1 

than  li    and    ht    r»- 

r^Si* 

Mfccnt.      Ulent  or  ai    Uirai>KbUi>S>akeab| 

■lava     elaaa    uid 

liours. 

Blued. 

B.1.0*. 

Kollen  ItUTi 

Not      01- 

Not     IBM 

Voot  not 

Not    laM 

UtM        paM 

Sanw  aa  tot  R.   J. 

ino  or  mora 

co«dinii 

Uuto 

nbaorb 

ttian 

tliroasb     * 

0'. 

tUut       lUt 

letoM. 

Itb. 

mora 

!■«■  DOI 

alava    «l    ] 

IML 

Uwn  It 
per  eeiA 
la       t4 

taora 
tban  M 

maafwi      to 
Uu      linear 

{Mreaoi 

ln«ti  nad  b« 

booit. 

retslnedoaa 

ft.^0. 

MotkM  Umu 

Koftend- 

Kot     cx- 

MnM  not 

Moat  iHia   A 

WlDtM*<ft«doBft4- 

Uttnarniiora 

ud. 

abMrb 

■taT*     ol    i 

loaah  6-inoab  and 

Una         lis 

imomm 

B-innh  aiavf  %ow 

Iwt 

iMittaU 

UtactM 

Iha  f  D(4i  and 

nrtaiattthadUlar- 

lUTOi 

iwr  out 
In        M 

ant  MM*  of  gntn 

on  ena  of  ij 

an  praaant  tn  ttia 

hodia 

■•aba*     lo 
ttetndi. 

tHtpl*  mitat  ba  r- 
Ulnad  on  s  e-inaab 
do**  and  tba  n 
nainhiB  4tik  oo  • 

- 

/ 

B-maabslen 

Appendix. 

GysfowDsa 
Factobt. 


■ 


476 


DISTRICTS. 


[Bombay  Gaxetteer. 


Appwdix 

GovrowDBR 
Factory. 


Chetnioal 
Anftlyiiiof 
OoBpovdar. 


B.r.0'. 


R.r.  G. 


Valodfy. 


3Sa 


Hurt  not  be 
IcM       thftn 

1260  DOT 

mora     than 
12B0fMt. 


Pnwura. 


Deult]'. 


Hurt  not 
«xce«d 
1-76  nor 
be     lew 
t)ULnl72 


Miut  not 
exceed 
1*03  nor 
be     I 
then 
VtH, 


Hygro- 
•oopic 
Teet 


Sbould 
not 

abaorb 
mora 
thM2  76 

Kr  cent 
M 
boon. 


Sbould 
nut 
»beorb 
mora 
then  9-6 
per  cent 
In       M 
houn. 


Mofrtare. 


Huit  not 
oontktn 
Iceathan 
Ofl  nor 
more 
than  1% 
percent. 


Slzeol 


To  be  from  ^ 
to  iV  of  an 
inch. 


Unat  peaa 
aleve  of  IS 
meabee  to 
the  inch  and 
be  retained 
on  one  of  SO 
meahea.  A 
imall  qoan 
iltymaTpMia 
the  lower 
aieve. 


Proportion  of 
Grain. 


The  whole  mvnt  pva 
through  a  ll-meBh 
sieve.  Oat  of  IB 
pert*,  13  ahould  be 
retained  on  a  16- 
meeh  aleve  ;  of  the 
remainder  not  leea 
than  Spartaabonlu 
be  retsuied  on  a  SO- 
neah  eteve  and  one 
part  may  be  al-' 
lowed  to  peaa 
20-meah  ale^  e. 


The  whole  nnat  pan 
a  12-me«h  neve. 
Out  of  10  parte  not 
leae  than  to  must 
be  retained  on  N  I$- 
meeh  aleve  and  of 
the  remainder  not 
leaa  thao  4  ports 
must  be  retained 
on  a20-meihele*e. 


Moittitre. — About  eighty  grains  of  the  cruBhed  powder  are  weighed  in 
a  pair  of  watch  glaasea  with  ground  edges  &o  as  to  fit  closely  over  each 
other.  The  watch  glass  containing  the  powder  without  its  cover  is  then 
placed  in  a  dessiccator  over  oil  of  vitriol,  and  the  loss  of  weight  is  noted 
ev«7  twenty-four  hours  until  a  constant  weight  is  obtained. 

Sulphur. — From  ten  to  twelve  grains  are  oxidised  completely  by 
digestion  at  a  gentle  heat  with  strong  nitric  acid  and  chlorate  of  potash. 
The  excess  of  nitric  acid  is  then  driven  off  by  evaporation  to  dryness, 
and  the  residue  dissolved  in  watm*.  To  the  solution  chloride  of  barium 
is  added,  and  the  precipitated  sulphate  of  baryta  completely  washed  by 
repeated  boiling  with  nnall  quantities  of  water. 

StUtptln  or  Nitre. — About  eighty  grains  are  treated  witii  boiling  water, 
and  the  diasolved  nitre,  after  Mtration  from  the  sulphur  and  charcoal,  is 
evaporated  to  dryness  and  weighed. 

Charcoal.~ThB  quantity  of  this  ingredient  is  represented  by  the  amount 
required  to  make  up  a  hundred  parts  after  deducting  the  percentage  of 
sulphur  and  nitre  found. 

Grood  powder  consists  in  a  hundred  parte  of  the  dry  powder  of  seventy- 
five  parts  of  mtre,.  t«n  parts  of  sulphur,  and  fifteen  parts  of  charcoal.  The 
moisture  should  be  I'OO  per  cent,  of  the  powder  in  its  ordinary  condition. 


INDEX. 


A. 

AbUxi :  rerenne,  43. 

AditrAr :  Pooiui  w»rd,  detaUs  of,  274,  277  -  278. 
Aflx  Bigh  :  Jnnnv  garden.  152  - 153. 
Agatet :  near  Poooa,  402  note  1. 
Ahiie :  village,  102. 

Alandi :  village,  temples,  fair,  municipality,  bis< 
tory,  102  - 104. 

Albert  £dward  Institate  :  Poona,  360. 

AIb  :  market  tovn.  fair,  104. 

Ambarkhibia  :  Poona  city  object,  331, 

Amb^aon :  nllagee,  102. 

AmriteihTar  :  Poona  city  temple,  331. 

Amr&TSti :  tee  Medad. 

Anandodbhav  :  Poona  theatre.  332. 

Ane :  village,  104. 

Animal  Home  :  Poona,  332  -  333. 

AqQeduCtS  :  Poona,  327  -  328. 

Arbitration  Coort :  Poona,  29  •  30. 

Anenal :  Poona,  360. 

ArticleB  of  Trade:  Poona  city,   details  of,    302- 

313. 
Aryabhnshan  :  Poona  theatre,  333. 
Assessed  Taxes :  43. 
Avsari  BndmUi :  town,  temple,  104  - 105. 

Balance  Slieets :  4i  •  45. 

Band  Stands :  Poona,  360, 

Baptist  Chapel :  Poona,  360. 

B&pn  Gokhle  :   MarAtka  general  (1807  -  1818),  37, 

376,  379,  380. 
Birri^nati :  town  details,  105. 
Barja  :  Poona  Arab  comauwdaDt  (a.d.  1350),  272, 

379. 
Bedsa ;  caTce.  inscriptions,  105  - 108. 
Belb&g :  Poona  city  temple,  333  -  334. 
Bellu  !  village,  Hem&dpanti  well,  1Q9. 
Bh^a  :  oavee,  inscriptions,  109  - 1 14. 
Bhilinburda :  village,  36I, 

Bbatti  &ate  Bridge :  Poona,  285. 

Bhar&ni:  Poona  wu^,  details  of,  274,  276. 

BhaTAni's  Temple :  Poona  city,  334. 

BhaTSari:  village,  rude  stone  dnoloearea,  114-119. 


Bh^an:  village,  119. 

Bhim&shanJcar  :  holy  village,  VahAdev  tempi 
Portagaose  bell,  legends,  119-121. 

Bhimthadi :  sab-division  [^details,  boaudarie 
area,  aspect,  water,  climate,  stock,  crops,  peopl 
cultivators,  communicationa,  74  -  78. 

BhuIeshTar  :  tempIe'of,;258. 

Births  and  Deaths :  (1866  ■  1883),  72-74. 

Boriby&l :  railway  station,  121. 

Botanical  Gardens :  Poona,^36l. 

Bridges  =  Poona,  284:-  285. 

Buddhist  Caves  :  see  Caves. 

Budhri^  :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  281  -  282 

Badhvir  Palace :  Poona  dty,  334  -  335. 

Bond  (Hrdens :  Poona,  361 .  362. 

Bnrnd  Bridge  :  Poona,  285. 

0. 

Cantonment :  R.irkee,  357  -  359 ;  Poona,  positio 
divisionB,  aspect,  sadar  bttz&r,  aspect,  populatio 
streets,  management,  garrison,  history,  350  -  35 

Captain  Moor  (1792) :  description  of  Jejari,  13: 

of  Poona,  409  -  410. 

Cat  Plague :  ( 1883),  7 1  -  72.  3^ 

Catholic  Church :  Kirkee,  381.  / 

Caves  :  Bedsa,  105-108 ;  Bhtija,  109-114/  Ginxi 
129-130;  Junnar,  163-216;  Lohogad,  jtel;  G 
neshkhind    and  P^cb&leshvar,   368,    385*38( 
Sinde,  440-441  ;  Vehirgaon,  454-464. 
Cemetery  :  see  Graveyards.  "^f^^i-^JLi^ 

Ch&kan :  town,  fort,  hiatory,  121  - 123. 
Ch&udkhed:  viUage,  123. 
Ch&skam&n  :  town,  temple,  123  - 124. 
Chatarshingi :  hill  temple,  fair,  362: 

Ch&vand :  fort,  history,  124  - 125. 

Chincbvad  :  town,  railway  station,    DeT  £uiil; 

temples,  125-127. 
Christ  Church  :  Kirkee,  381. 
Civil  Courts  =  Poona  (1884),  24  -  25. 
Civil  Suits  :  Poona  (1870  - 1882),  85  -  86i 
Climate :  Poona,  66. 

Club  of  Western  India :  Poena,  362  -  36a. 
Collector's  Office  :    Poona,  362. 
Colonel  Welsh :  dewtriptton  ot  Foooa  (1801),  413 
Convent :  Poena,  362. 


INDEX. 


__10il  Hall  ;  roona,  363  ■  364. 
Conrta  =  Poona,  urUlratiou.  20  ■  30  ;  civil,  24  •  25 ; 

crimiDtl.  31  ;  ftmall  caubv*,  27  •  S9> 
Crafti :  Poona  city,  R3^ 

Ciima  ud  Police :  Poom  OS74  •  id92),  33. 
^mittal  JuUoe  ■  Poi>u  (18831*31. 

■p 

ri^iji  EondadeT  =  91»iI»Aji'ii  numiger  of  Poon* 

(iii-i:.).  40.1. 
Di^Ji  fi&moshi :  a  noted  dacoit    (1773).  86  uid 

note*  I  aud  'J. 
D4holi  :  rillage.  teiiiids,  fair,  127. 
DaksUua  ;  diBtributioo  of  0797),  48  note  1,  40S  j 

fund  ( I8SS),  49  -  49  ;  prize  comraittei!,  62  •  64. 
Daniell  ;    Major,    PoUoB    ttapetfd  Undent    Poona, 

(1679),  36 -.19. 
D&pori  :  villapp.  hutigalow^  gftrdeu,  127  •  128. 
Diruvdla'8  Bridge  :  Poona,  S85. 
Deccan  College :  M.  M  -  &7, 364. 
Deccan  Education  Society ;  iJO,  335. 
Dehn  =  village,    birthplace  of  Tukirim,   tomplfl^ 

faim,  129. 

Dev  Family ;  chinciirad.  rtory  vi,  lar.  I2tt. 

Dhimankhed  =  ^UUgc,  temple,  fair*,  129. 
Shond  :  town,  railway  sUttoii,  trade,  teinplw,120. 
DikB&l :  riUatCO.  nilvay  rtatioD.  129. 
DiSeaaSB  :  Poona,  66. 

Dispensaries  ■  b7  •  08. 

Distillery  -■  Mandhave,  42. 

Dnyiueehvar:      Bribman      aaint    (1272-1300), 

toiiil*  and  t«oipla  U  Alandi,  (air,  life,   102,  103- 

104. 
DraiDagO  :  Poona  city,  325  ■  326. 
in  ■  intoxicating,  43. 

lya  lUrnti'a  Temple  =  Poona  city,  885. 

E. 
lacation  :  rew-ipta  and  charges,  44.  Soe  lutme- 

tion. 

Qcational  Institntions :  Poona  uity,  66-60. 

3:iy -331. 

Ephinstone  ■-  Mr.  MounUtoart,  deacriptiou  of 
Pooaa  (1816),  138.230,  236.  246,  376-3W,  420. 
421,  422. 

Engineering  College  :  mo  Scienee  College. 

Kzciae  ■  njHtem,  rtivenuo,  41  -43. 

Biporta  ■•  Poona  city  (1881  - 1854),  208  -  204- 

F- 

yUgate  ;  TUr.  T.  M.,  3«5  noU  3.  366  noU  1. 
Kre  Temples  :  i'ooan,  367- 
PitiGeriild  Bridge  ■  Poona,  367. 
Plying  Arch  Mosque;  Junnar,  162-163. 
Forest :  receipt*  and  chargM,  43. 
■orreit ;  Pwleawr  G.  W.,  *00  note  1, 


t 


Free  Chtirch  Kisrion  Cliiirch  ■  P<»na,  867. 
French  Tombs  =  Poona,  367. 
Fryer;  EnglUb   traveUer  (1673)  at  Junnar, 
330. 

O. 

Oambhimith  :  rock  temple  of.  240  •  241. 
Oanesh  :  goldeo  buag«  of,  446  and  note  3 ;  nama  ol 
a  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  278. 

OaneshUkind  Caves :  Poona,  368. 
Qanesh  Lena  Caves  :  Junnar,  204-216. 

Qangib4i  :  N4riyiuirilv  Paahwa'swiJow  |1773]l 

408, 
Ganj  :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  279. 
Ganpatt's  Temple  :  Poona  city.  335  -  336. 
Qarodi  Hill :  cavea,  inacripti'in»,  1'29- 130. 
Q&rpir  -    Kuropean   gr«veyard,    362 ;    Mu 

graveyard,  3<W  -  369. 
Garrison  ;  Poona.  .156. 
Ohasheti's  Bridge  :  Poona,  2SS. 
Ghiallir&m  :  licad  of  the   Poona  polic«  1 1' 

tiot«  1 .  369,  400  ;  Potuia  inanaion  of,  369. 
Ohode  :  town,  mosque,  1.10. 
Ghodopir :  object  of  intercflt,  Pooda  city,  3^ 
Ghodnadi  =  >««  siriir. 
Ghorpade  :  Poona  ward,  dotaila  of,  274,  27 
Gborpadi  Barracks  ^  Poona,  360-370. 

Ghotavde:  village,  131. 

Gordon  :  Captain  [17.19),  405. 

Gosdvis  :  Poona,  301  -  302. 

Goaivi  Bridge  :  Poona.  285. 

Governmont  Honse.  Ganeshkhind :  Poooa, 

371. 
Grab  am  :  monument  at  KhandAlaof,  236  and 

2. 
Graveyards:  Poon». 364 - 360. 
Gunpowder  Factory  :  Poona,  buildings,  j 

v»ri^tio8,  ingiwlivuta,  371-372,  465-476. 
Gymkhana  =  Tooua,  372. 
Gymnasium  •  Poona,  373. 

H. 

Hadiar  '  fort,  history,  131. 
HalUkbor's  Bridge  :  Poona,  286. 
Hari  Kak&ji:  Koli  dacoit  (1879),  38. 
Haveli  ■  enb-divisioa    detada,    boundariea, 

aspect,  water,  climate,  stock,  crops,  people,  com- 

municatigna,  78-281. 
Heber  :  Bisbo]),  at  Poona  (lfi2.<;i,  2.1  note  1,  423. 
Hem&dpanti  Remains :  109,  l4SamtnQt«  1,  21S, 

2.'i9,  .143.  402.  425-427,  439,  448. 
High  School :  Poona,  55. 
Hingne  Khurd  :  village,  temple,  fair,  191, 
Hivre  Budrtlkh:   WUage,  temple,  fair,  132 
HoUutrlfi  Bri^e ;  Poona,  373, 


I 


nUcar's  Temple  :  P<»u&,  373. 
'  Hospitals  and  IHspensariei :  G6  •  68. 
Honses  :  Jtmiuu-,  M2  ■  143  :  roQtia.  285- 287- 

I  I- 

Importg  :  Poena  city  (I3SI  -  1SS4},  302  -  303. 

IndApnr  ■-  aub-ilivisicn  detaiU,  boaDdfthw.  area, 
oapect,  water,  cliuiat«,  Block,  crops,  people,  col* 
tivAtors,  cuiiiinauicatiiMU,  S2-$4  ;  town  ileUils, 
history,  132. 

Indori:  viUngc.  102, 

Indigenous  ScfaooU :  Poona  (1S42. 1»47),  .11. 

Instrnction :  «ehnoU.  staff,  cost,  rcftdera  ukd 
writvn  (iJiSI),  pnpils  liy  race,  •chiwl  nttnms, 
to«n  vchools,  cuHoges,  private  Bchoulii,  Oeccan 
Education  Soriety,  WUaj^e  nchoolH,  libiraiiM, 
Dakahina  Pru»  Committ**,  SircajaDik  Saliha, 
TaktrittTottejak  .SaUia,  nemipapen,  44 '60. 

J. 

JacquemODt :  French  traroUer  (1832)  id  Pwna, 
423   424. 

JalU :  P.>oiia.  39  -  40.  33.1,  401  -  402. 

J&ma  Kosque  :  Poona  city,  336. 

JamitkhfLna  -.  BuhonU'  mtmtiQg  baiue,  334. 

Jamsetji  Bund  :  Poona,  374. 

J«jari :  holy   village,    Khandoba's  tcnipl«ii.  fain, 

pilgKms,  priesM,  trade,  hiatory,  132  - 139. 
Jews' GraTeyard ;  Poona,  374. 

J^ibji  :  Sluvaji  »  mother  (1627),  225. 

JiTdhan:  (ort,  hiatory,  139  -  14<J. 

Johns  :  the  ]at«  Mr.  (i.  H.,  102  nuU  1. 

Jona  Sot :  see  PiUidhri. 

Jumar  :  HubdivLaiun  detaila,  bomidarie*,  area, 
aapect,  wat^r,  climate,  cultivators,  cr<>p«,  stock. 
p»opte,  cominuoioatioiks,  traSto,  64  -  80  ;  towu 
details,  ili»<.T]ptioD,  bills,  flub-iliviaitms,  pwi|>l*9, 
houses,  sbopD,  trhdo,  capital,  crafts,  mnoicipality, 
water-supply,  140.  14ti  ;  dlijccU,  ^ate)•.  old  wells, 
tvmplM,  MusalmAn  reiiiJuriA,  nivr^'lisjit's  tomb> 
Aflx  B4gh,  142- 152  i  Shivner  faiU,  fort  details, 
upper  hill,  vi«w,  flpng  ar«h  mosriTie,  153-  KKi; 
Buddhist  Caves :  Manmoha  (I.-XLV.),  iihinti- 
sbankar  group  (I.-X.)  iiutcriptions  1 .  3,  Ambika 
groap  (XI.- XXIX.),  i[iscnptioi]84>I8  ;  BhutUng 
groap  (XXX. -XLT.)  iiMoription  19,  IG3-lft4! 
SHIv>sn  (I.  ■  L.)  East  face  group  (L  -XXSVII.) 
inscriptio&B  20  -  2t> ;  West  face  gniup  (XXXVIII.. 
XUUJi  Sonth  [&cegroup(XLlV.<I.)ii)si:ri[itioii* 
27-20,  184  301  ;  TnjA  (L-XI.),  201  -  2M  : 
Oavksh  Lena  (I.-XXVI,),  inscription  30-35. 
S04-216;  trips,  Kukdt  valley,  Hiaa.  pMs,  iit- 
Bcription  (b.c.IOO),  statues  (b.<^.I(K*),  pass  details, 
216-221 ;  history,  Fryer  ll«73).  224-231. 
Jttttiee  :  rocvipls  and  ohargea  43 ;  early  Uindni 


Muialmis,  l-l;  Mar.Uha,  G-IS:  Britisli,  IS 
24;oivil  courta  (18S-I),  civil  suits  (1870-I8S2 
small  cause  oourta,  arbitration  court,  regisiratio] 
criminal  justice,  police  (1^2),  ofreiioes  (187 
I8S2),  village  polico,  predatory  tribes,  Rimosh 
and  Kotis  (1627  •  1870).  JmIs.  25  -  40. 


232. 

dp 


wcnpHui 

3 


Kadus  :  market  town,8brii)cs,  Tatr,  231 -23S. 

Kilamb  :  village,  232. 

Zalas  :  villAge,  232. 

Kards  '.  market 'town,  trade  centre,  232. 

KAxle  :  railway  sUtiou,  232.  See  Vebirgaoa.] 

Eaaba  :  Pouna  ward,  details  of,  274,  274 

Eavte  •■  market  village,  232. 

Kedgfaon  ■  village,  railway  station,  242  -  243^H 

Eendur  ;  market  town,  tomb,  fair,  232.         ^| 

Khadkala  :  sub-divisional  bend-iiuarters,  rallm 
Btfaioii,  232-233. 

Ebmdila  •■  town,    railway   station,    desoriptioi 
houscfl,    stock,    people,     trade,    Mr.    Gi 
munuinunt,  trips,  233  •  241. 

Shed  :  8ul>-<Iiviiiou  details,  baonilaries, 
peot,  climate,  water,  crops,  stuck,  people,  cult 
vators,  commnnieatio^^  89-92;  town  detail 
DilAvarkhiiu's  tomb.  t<implea,  fair*.  241-242. 

Kikvi  :  market  %-illAge,  243  -  214.  ^M 

Kirkee  Barracks  :  Poona,  374.  ^| 

Kirkee  Battlefield :  description  of  battle  {1817 

374-3'iil,   421.  ^^ 

Kirkee  Cantonment :  357  -  M9.  ^M 

Kolis :  predatory  tribe,  33  •  39.  ^" 

Kondhana  :  see  Sinbgad. 

KotT&l  ChArdi:   old  police  office,  Poona  dtj 

337. 
Eoarigad  :  fort,  <letaits,  history,  243-244. 
Koregaon  ;  village,  battle  (18181,  obelisk,  inwril 

tii.u.  244-247. 
EndkdeshTar  ;  temple,  deaoription  of,  434-tt^ 
Kukdi  Valley :  Jimuiu-.  216  -  217. 
Karkomb  :  village,  temples,  247. 


4 


Lake  Fife  :  Poona,  descriptinn,  birds,  fish,  SM 

.134. 
Lakdi  Pul :  Poona  bridge,  284. 

Laud  Bevenue :  41. 

Libraries  ;  «'>l  ■  62 ;  Pwoa  city,  33U 

Local  Panda;  45-46. 

Lohogad  :  f'>rt  details,  description,  hulory,  243 

256. 
Lonivla  =  railway  ataUon,  t»wn  detail.  25(;. 
Loni  :  villtge,  railway  sUtion,  2M. 


I 


INDEX. 


481 


,t :  native  jnry  Byatem,  19,  20- 

old  Poona  fort,  272-273,  339. 
[ :  Poona  animal  home,  332  •  333. 
tl  Temples  :  Poona  city,  340-341.' 
;  village,  temple,  fair,  i^. 
dge  :  Poona,  285. 

village,  temple,  fair,  265. 
lill :  Poona,  description,  temples,  view, 
Qe  circles,  386  -  389. 
jake  :  Poona,  389  -  390.  406. 
k^illage,  temple,  fair,  reservoir,  265-266. 
lilway  station,  temple,  266. 
^ty  divisional  head-quarters,  266. 
age,  2<i(>. 

Vada  :  Poona  mansion,  341. 
lOgrapMc  Office  ■  Poona,  390. 
g  ;  Poona  Hower  sellers,  293. 
Lndi  :  market  town,  266. 
ouua    (1882),    31  -  32,    33  ;   receipta   and 

44. 

ity :  position,  geology,  aapect,  river 
klula,  roads,  drives,  260-269;  city  de- 
,  ward  details,  270  -  282  ;  streets,  bridges, 
population  details,  283-301  ;  trade,  im- 
d  exports  (1881  - 1884),  details  of  articles, 
larkc'tit,  302-322  ;  management,  munici- 
revcuue  (1858  - 1883),  drainage,  roads, 
ppty  from  at^ueducts  and  the  Mutba 
meiUcal  and  educational  institutions, 
,  lilirary,  newspapers,  323-331  jObjectsof 

(1-40),  miscellaneous  objects,  331 -349  ; 
A  EST,  cUvisiuns,  aspect,  aadar  hazdr, 
iliops,  population,  streets,  management, 

history,  350-357  ;  Kirkeb  Cantonment, 
L.v  MuMcii-ALiry,  358-360;   Objects  of 

outaidti    tho  city    (41-118),    360-401; 
102-424. 
.tel :  390. 

a  :  Poona  city,  details  of,  287  -  302. 
!ipta  and  charges,  43  -  44. 
a :  Poona,  300. 

■at3  Cj-USewiy  :  Poona,  2  84. 
chools  :  Poona  city,  58-60. 
Llllittse  :  Dakahina,  62  -  64. 
OrfcS  :  receipts  and  charges,  43. 
.ge   in  Junuar,    Hemidpanti    temple  of 
ivar,  424  -  428. 

^e  in  SAsvad,  temples,  fairs,  424. 
\X  1  aub-divison  details,  boundaries,  area, 
i-ater,  climate,  crops,  people,  cultivators, 
ications,    94-98;   fort   details,   forti&ca- 
ildings,  history,  428  -  435. 
ire's  VMa  =  Poona  mansion,  341  •  342. 

R. 

rse  :  Poona,  390  ■  391. 
;-61 


Railway  Bridge :  Poona.  3fll. 
Bailway  Station  :  Foono,  391  -  392. 

B^m&chi  :  fort  details,  history,  435-437. 
B4jur:  village,   old  stones,   Musalm&n    nnuuni, 

437 -438. 
R&meshvar  :  Poona  temple,  342. 
B&m  Sh&stri :  a  Br&hman  law-adviser  (1773),  8, 

408. 
R&mosllis :  predatory  tribe,  34  -  39. 
B^angaon :  village,  Oanpati's  temple,  438. 
Bd.Btia :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  275. 
B&Stia's  V&da  :  Poona  mansion,  342. 
Begistration :  30  •  31  ;  receipts  and  charges,  44. 
BoadB  :  Poona  city.  269,  326. 
Boti  :  village,  temple,  fair,  439. 
Boyal  Family  Hotel  =  Poona,  392. 


S. 


Sad&flhiv  =  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  280  -  281. 
Sad&shirr&v  Bh&a :  B&Uji  BAjiriv's  (1740  - 1761) 

cousin,  .138. 
S&kir  P&th^r  :  health  resort,  439. 
Sangam  :  the,  Poona,  392. 
Sanskrit  College ;  Poena  city  (1821  - 1861),  49,61. 
Santa  Cmz  :  Poona  tombs,  392. 

Sarjer^T  Gh&t^e  :  plunder  of  Poona  by  (1798),  41S- 

413. 
Sirvajanik  Sabha:  Poona  political  aaaociation, 

64. 
Sassoon  :  Mf.  David,  342,  39S. 
SasSOOn  Asylnm  :  Poona,  342  •  343. 
Sassoon  Hospital  :  Poona,  392  -  393. 
SiSTad  :  town,  dutails,  439  -  440. 

Saad&gar  Gambaz  :  merchant's  tomb  at  Jauwr, 

150- 132. 
Science  College :  Poona,  57-58,  393. 
Shaikhsall^S  *■  tombs  of  MusalmAn  saints,  Poona 

city.  339,  343  -  344. 
Sh&istekh&n  :  Moghal  governor  (1662  •  1664),  122, 

403  -  404. 
Shambhudev  Hill :  temple,  fair,  440. 
Shanvdr  :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  279-280. 
Shanvdr  V&da  :  Poona  palace,  344-346. 
Shivne  :  market  village,  440. 
Shivner  ■  Junnar  hiil-iort,  details,  hill  top,  upper 

hill,     Musalnuln     remains,      view^     flying- arch 

mosque,  153 -163;  caves  (I. -L.),  184-201. 
ShQkraT&r  :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  282-283. 
Shnkravir  V&da  =  Poona  mansion,  346. 
Sinde  '■  village,  caves,  440-441. 
Sindia'B  Tomb  :  at  VHnavdl.  393-394. 
Sinhgad  :  fort,  details,  history,  441  -446. 
Biror:  sub-division  details,  boundaries,  area,  h- 

pect,  water,  climate,  crops,  stock,,  people,  cnlti- 

vators,  communioatioEf,    8  - 101 ;  town  detaUi, 


482 


INDEX. 


Colonel  Wallace*!  Tomb  <1809),    iDBoriptioi^  446- 
448. 

Small  Amu  and  Ammiinitlon  Factory :  Kir- 

kee,  baUdiDgi,  Martini-Henrr  and   Snider  car- 
tridge*, machinery,  eatabliBhmeDt,  894  -  396. 
Small  Cause  Conrtl  :  Poona  city  and  cantonment, 
27-29. 

X  Soldiera'  Oardeiu  :  Poena,  396. 

Boldien'  InatitiLte :  Poona,  396. 
I  SomestaTar  :  Poona  temple,  346. 

Somvir  :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274  -275. 
]  Son&ri  :  lee  Malhirgad. 

]  St.  Andrew*!  Church  :  Poona,  396. 

St  Anne'B  Chapel :  Poona,  396. 
1  StXary'sChnrch:  Poona,  396 -397. 

St.  Patrick's  Church  =  Poona,  397. 
]  St  Paul's  Church  :  Poona,  397-3ti8. 

3  St.  Xavier's  Church :  Poona,  398. 

]   statues  :  NAua  Pasa  (B.C.100),  221. 

]  Suh- DtvisionS  :  details  of,  Poona  district,  7S  - 101  ; 

]       Poona  city,  273  -  283. 

Snhurbau  Municipality :  Poona,  359-360. 

]  Supe  :  town,  moaqne,  inacriptions,  448-449. 

;    8ynagO(fUe :  JewUb.  Poona,  398  -  399.  | 

T. 

T4kT6  Badrukh :   market,  village,   temple,  fair, 

449. 
Talegaon   D&bhAde :   town,   reservoir,    temples, 

449-450. 

T^egiiou  Dhamdhere :  town,  tomp^^s,  451. 

T&mbdi  Jogeshvari  :  Poona  temple,  346. 
Titf  a  Kakiji  :  Koli  dacoit  (1879),  38. 
Thettr  :  village,  451-452. 
Towers  of  Silence  :  Fi^ni,  Poona,  399. 
Traiuiuff  School  •  Poona,  56  -  56. 
TnUr&m  :  VAoi  aaint  (1608- 1649),  404. 
Tul4par:  village,  biatory,  452. 
Tulja  Caves:  Jonnor,  201  -204. 
TuUhihig  :  Poona  city  temple,  347. 

U. 

United  Service  Lihrary :  Poona,  399-400. 

Umli:  railway  atation,  hiatory  (1818),  452-463. 

V. 
Vaccination :  60. 

Tide  :  market  town,  temple,  453-454. 


j   Tadgaon  :  village  U  Ebed,  temple,  45aL 
Tadgaon:  village  in   MAval,   conventioa    (1774. 

453. 
Vaidyas  :  native  physicians,  69-71. 
Tak^ttvottCfjak  Sahha:       Poona      elocatiai 

society,  64-65. 
Talentia :  Lord,  at  Poona  (1803).  414  -  419. 
V&lhe  :  village,   sappoeed  birthplace  of  the  port 

Valmiki,  454. 

T&navdi  BarrackB :  Poona,  400. 

T&phgaon :  market  village,  453. 

T&fludev   Balvant  Phadke :  gang  robbeiy  d 

(1870),  38,  424. 
Tedic  Sacrifices  :  performance  of  (H.c.100),  230. 
Vedishri  ;  Deccan  king  (b.c.100),  220. 
Teh&rgaon:  village,    cave    details,   inscription^ 

454  -  mi.  See  Kdrle. 
Vet&l :  Poona  ward,  details  of,  274,  278-279L 
Vetil  Circle  :  near  Parvati  hill,  388  and  note  1. 
VetAl  Temple  :  Poona  city,  347-348. 
Tillf^  Schools:  61. 
Vir  :  village,  temple,  fair,  454. 
Tis&pur:  fort,  details,  history,  254-256. 
Vishnu's  Temples :  Poona  city,  348. 
Tishr&mbdg  Palace :  Poona  city,  348,  349. 
Vithoji  Holkar  :  murder  of  (1802).  15  note  2, 413. 

W. 

Wali  Bdwa  :  Mnsalmdn  saint,  232. 
Wards  :  Poona  city,  details  of,  273  -  283. 
Water  Supply  :  Poona,  aqueducts,  Mutha  Canal, 

326  -  329. 
Weavers  =  Poona,  296-297. 
Wellesley  -.  General,  at  Poona  (1803),  414. 
Weliesley  Bridge  :  Poona,  284,  400-401. 
Wise  :  Major,  39- 
Wojhdr  :  see  Ojhiir. 

Y. 

Yashvantr&T  Holkar :  plunder  of  Poona  {\S02] 

by,  414. 
Yeravda  CentralJail :  Poona,  40, 401  -  402. 
Yevat :  village,  temple,  fair,  454. 

z. 

ZulflkfUr  Kh&n  ■     Moghol  general  (1706),  444. 


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