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GENERA

OF .

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

| . (

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES

• •

FOlf*ND WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF .THE UNITED STATES.

EXTRACTED FROM THE ANNALS OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL

HISTORY OF

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The Genera of North American Birds, and a Synopsis
of the Species found within the territory of the United
States./; systematically' arranged in Orders and Families .
By Charles L. Bonaparte. Read January 24, 1826.

It was the author’s intention to ha rred the publica-
tion of the present Synopsis, as announced in the preface to
the continuation of Wilson’s Ornithology, until the appear-
ance of the concluding volume of that work ; when it might,
with the attention which time would enable him to bestow
upon it, be made more worthy of meeting the public eye. It
having been suggested, however, that even in its present state,
its publication might facilitate the study of the branch of
Natural History to which it relates; and moreover, thinkl ig
that it might contribute to the perfection of the future edition,
he begs leave to submit it for the consideration of the Lyceum.

No species has been admitted to a place in the following
Synopsis, that is not described in the standard work of Wil-
son, and adopted in our observations on the Nomenclature of *
his Ornithology ; or that has not been since discovered or
ascertained by us to be actually an inhabitant of the United
States. The latter will appear in our Natural History of
the birds not given by that justly admired author. All other
species stated to inhabit the United States, on whatever
authority, we regard as apocryphal ; and we have no hesita-
tion in declaring, that the discoverer of a bird not noticed
here, will render an important service to science by publishing
an account of it.

The classification here adopted is that of a general system,
the analysis of which we hope to publish shortly : although
not entirely new, it in many respects deserves that title.
The introduction of new appellations has indeed been avoided
throughout, even when they would have been more appro-

Synopsis of the Birds

priate ; for there can hardly be any new division proposed,
for which a suitable name may not be found among the great
number which already encumber the science. The names
have, therefore, been selected from various authors, though
the groups they represent do not in all cases exactly corres-
pond.

We have endeavoured to dispose the species as nearly as
possible in a natural series. We are, however, fully aware
that organized beings cannot be arranged in a regular and
continuous line, but that their relations with each other would
be more accurately represented by lines radiating from differ-
ent centres, uniting and crossing in various directions.

Notwithstanding this general intricacy of affinities, there
’we, however, several genera, families, and especially orders,
that will admit of a disposition in a regular series, and yet
remain in strict conformity to nature. It is obvious, for in-
stance, that the An seres must terminate the series of the feath-
ered tribes (as the Cete that of the pilose), that the Grall®
should immediately precede them (occupying the relative
position of the Bellu®), then the Gallin®, (which may be
compared to Pecora) and still ascending in the natural series,
w~e arrive at the families of the Passerigalli and Columbini,
which form an excellent link between Gallin® andPASSERES,
and thus connect our two subclasses.

I have separated the feathered tribes into two subclasses,
represented by a character draw n from the relative insertion
or absence of the hind toe. These divisions seem to be more
consonant to nature, than those of land and wrater birds, the
characters of which are not sufficiently precise, and are sub-
ject to many exceptions.

The only material change resulting from the adoption of
these divisions, is the separation of the Gallin® from the arti-
ficial situation they formerly held in the more numerous sub-
class, in order to place them in our second division ; and who
will deny that Gallin® is more intimately allied to Grall®

of the United States .

and Anseres, than IoPasseres and Accipitres, notwithstand-
ing the beautiful series of links by which they are connected
with the latter ?

Our first subclass is monogamous, whereas the second is
chiefly polygamous. The first feed their young, which are
born naked and with the eyes closed, and from their feeble and
helpless nature are confined to the nest ; while the offspring
of the second division, are able to run from the nest as soon
as hatched. This contrast proves the superiority of organi-
zation in the former ; since it is well known, that those beings,
which are most elevated in the scale of nature, require the
greatest degree of parental care in their infancy.

The characters of the Orders, and of North American
Families, are given in detail ; and none are in any case again
repeated under the Genera.

In the short specific phrases, we have endeavoured to in-
clude such essential and differential characters, as will clearly
designate each species, not only from those of this country,
but from all others known. Synonyms from all the princi-
pal authors were added, to enable the student to refer with
readiness to all that has been published relative to the birds
of this country ; but as they would have occupied too much
space in the valuable pages of the Annals of the Lyceum,
they are for the present omitted ; especially as many of the
most important may be found in our Observations on the No-
menclature of Wilson's Ornithology. We have, therefore,
only subjoined to each species, the name of the author whose
appellation we adopt, together with a reference to the Ame-
rican Ornithology ; and a select synonym only in those
cases where we have unfortunately been compelled to give a
new name to a species already known.

An analytical table, constructed without reference to foreign
genera, is prefixed to the synopsis in order to facilitate the
search after the genus to which any North American bird may
belong.

Synopsis of the Birds

The following is a list of the publications we have consult-
ed, with the abbreviations under which they are quoted.

L.— -Linne, Sy sterna Naturae. Editio duodecima Vin~
dobonae. 1767.

Briss. — Brisson, Ornithologia sive Synopsis methodica
Avium. Parisiis. 1760.

Gm. — -Gmelin, Linne Systema Naturae. Editio decima**
tertia. Leipsic. 1788.

Lath.— Latham, Index Ornithologicus, sive Systema Orni-
thologiae. Londini. 1790. and Supplement 1801.

111. llligeri Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et

Avium. Berolini. 1811.

Cuv.- — -Cuvier, Regne Animal. Paris. 1817.

/ Vieillot, Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux de FAme«
\rique Septentrionale (incomplete work). Paris.

Vieill.

1807, & the different articles on birds in the
Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle of De-
ter ville. Paris. 1816—1819.

f Temminck, Manuel d’Ornithologie. Paris. 1S20.
Temm r^emmmc^i et Laugier, Nouveau Recueil de
* } Planches coloriees d’Oiseaux. Paris 1820—25,
l (to pi. 360.)

Ranz. — Ranzani, Elementi di Zoologia. Bologna. 1821—
23.*

Latr. — Latreille, Families Naturelles du Regne Animal.
Paris. 1825.

In addition to the above mentioned authors a few others
will be occasionally quoted, as Savigny, Meyer, Lacepede,

* In this judicious compilation, the new zoological modifications are
ably and critically discussed. Every good Italian must be grateful to Mr*
Ranzani for his successful prosecution of this patriotic and arduous enter-

prise. which has long been a desideratum.

of the United States. 11

View of the Natural Families of the System adopted in the
classification of the North American Birds •

Birds are vertebrated, warm-blooded, oviparous animals,
formed for flying ; breathing by lungs : lungs undivided,
attached to the ribs, covered by a membrane perforated with
large holes ; heart bilocular and biauricular ; a corneous
edentate bill ; skin feathered ; two wings and two feet.

In the present state of the science, they form the second
class of the first type of the animal kingdom.

SUBCLASS L

Hind toe articulated on the same plane with the fore toes,
and bearing on the ground its whole length ; formed for
grasping .

ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.

Feet ambulatory : bill hooked, with a cere : nails retractile.
1. Vulturini- Head naked.

% Rapaces. Head feathered.

* Diurni. Eyes lateral. ** Nocturni. Eyes in front.

ORDER II. PASSERES.

Feet ambulatory, gressorial, or scansoriah
TRIBE I. SCAJYSORES. Toes two before, and two behind,
§ Anterior toes divided, or united only at base.

3. Psittacini. Bill hooked, with a cere : none of the toes

versatile.

4. Frugivori. Outer hind toe versatile, connected with the

fore toes by a membrane.

5. Amphiboli. Outer hind toe versatile, free.

* Bill ciliated. ** Bill not ciliated.

6. Sagittilingues, Bill straight ; none of the toes versatile.

12 Synopsis of the Birds

§§ Anterior toes united to the first joint or beyond,

7. Syndactyli. Bill straight, entire.

S. Serrate Bill exceedingly large, curved, serrate.

TRIBE II AMBULATORES. Toes three before, one behind,
§ Feet gressorial.

9. DENTXROSTRES. Bill cultrate : tibise feathered.

10. ANGULIROSTRES. Bill subquadrangular, acuminate : tibiae
half naked.

§§ Feet ambulatory.

11. GREGARII. Bill robust, conic-acuminate, or cultrate,
forming a sinus in the front feathers.

* Bill conic-acuminate. ** Bill cultrate.

12. Sericati. Bill short, depressed : gape very wide : wings
and feet moderate.

13. ChELIDONES. Bill very short, depressed, slender : gape
very wide : wings very long : feet remarkably short.

14. Canori. Bill moderate, more or less subulate : outer
toe united at base to the middle one.

* Bill depressed. ** Bill robust, convex, compressed.
Bill subcultrate. **** Bill subulate.

15. Tenuirostres. Bill elongated, slender: tongue not
extensible. * Anerpontes. ** Epopsides.

16. Anthomyzi. Bill elongated, very slender: tongue
extensible.

17. jEgithali. Bill short, hard, conic-subulate : hind toe
and nail largest.

18. Passerine Bill short, robust, conic.

19. Columbine Bill vaulted: nostrils covered by a turgid
membrane.

20. Passerigalli. Bill vaulted, no turgid membrane.

of the United States .

SUBCLASS II.

Hind toe articulated higher on the tarsus than the fore
toes, incapable of grasping , or wanting.

ORDER III. GALLING.

Tarsi rounded, robust, rather short ; tibiae wholly feathered:
bill short, vaulted.

21 . Gallic acei. Fore toes connected at base by a membrane.

* Tarsi naked. ** Tarsi feathered.

22. Crypturi. Toes not connected by a membrane.

* Four toed. ** Three toed.

ORDER IV. GRALLiE.

Tarsi rounded, slender, elongated ; tibiae almost always
partly naked : bill generally elongated.

23. Struthiones. Feet two or three toed; toes divided:
no quill feathers.

24. Pressirostres. Bill moderate, rather robust : hind toe
wanting or very short.

25. Alectrides. Bill short, stout, subvaulted : toes four,
some or all connected.

* Hind toe not touching the ground.

** Hind toe bearing on the ground.

26. Herodii. Bill elongated, stout, robust.

* Hind toe touching the ground only at tip.

** Hind toe bearing on the ground with several joints.

27. Falcate Bill very long, arcuated : face naked : hind
toe bearing on the ground nearly its whole length.

28. Limicol#:. Bill elongated, slender : hind toe hardly
touching the ground, or wanting.

29. Macrodactyli. Bill short or moderate : toes divided,
very long: hind toe bearing on the first joint.

* Toes simple. ** Toes pinnated,

VOL. II.

Synopsis of the Birds .

30. Pinxatipedes. Bill straight, slender : toes lobated
31 o II yg rob ATiE. Bill elongated : toes semipalmated,

ORDER V. ANSERES.

Tarsi compressed, abbreviated : tibiae almost always partly
naked : toes palmated.

32. Longipenjntes. Toes palmated; hind toe free, or wanting:
bill toothless : wings long, acute.

* Nostrils immarginate. ** Nostrils tubular.

33. Lameixosodentati. Toes palmated; hind toe free:
bill toothed.

34. Stecanopodes. Toes four, all connected by a broad
membrane.

* Bill entire. ** Bill serrated.

35. Lobipedes. Toes lobated.

36. Pygopodes Toes palmated ; hind toe free or wanting :
bill toothless : wings short, rounded.

* Four toed. ** Three toed.

37. Impennes. Toes palmated; hind toe free, directed
forward : no quills nor tail

of the United States.

ANALYTICAL TABLE
OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

ORDER ACCIPITRES.

Family Vulturinl
Genus L Cathartes.

Family Rapaces.

2. Falco. Eyes lateral : cere obvious.

3. Strix. Eyes in front : cere concealed.

ORDER PASSERES.

TRIBE I. SCANSORES.

Family Psittacini.

4. PsiTTACUS.

Family Amphiboij.

5. Coccyzus.

Family Sagittilingues.

0. Picus.

TRIBE II. AMBULATORES.

§ Feet gressorial.

Family ANGULIROSTRES.

7. Alcedo.

§§ Feet ambulatory.

Family Gregarii.

3. Sturnus. Bill straight, depressed, obtuse ; edges
vertical.

9. Icterus. Bill straight, compressed, acute ; edges
inflexed.

10. Quiscalus. Bill cultrate, bare.

1 1 . Corvus. Bill cultrate, covered at base with seta-

ceous incumbent feathers.

Synopsis of the Birds

Family Sericati.

Genus 12. Bombycilla.

Family Chelidones.

13. Caprimulgus. Fore toes connected by a mem"

brane ; hind toe versatile : tail of ten feathers.

14. Cypselus. Toes divided; hind toe versatile : tail

of ten feathers.

15. Hirundo. Hind toe not versatile : tail of twelve

feathers.

Family Canori.

16. Muscicapa. Bill depressed, notched, with basal

bristles.

17. Icteria. Bill robust, compressed, curved, entire.

18. Vireo. Bill compressed, notched, with basal

bristles.

19. Lanius. Bill curved, with a sharp tooth each side

near the tip.

20. Myiothera. Bill, at base higher than broad, notch-

ed : tarsi elongated.

21. Turdus. Bill rounded-cultrate, at base broader

than high.

22. Sylvia. Bill subulate, at base higher than broad.

23. Saxicola. Bill deeply cleft, subulate, at base

broader than high and carinated.

24. Anthus. Bill subulate, notched: hind nail long,

straightish : two of the scapularies as long as
the primaries.

25. Regulus Bill short, subulate, notched, covered at

base by a small, rigid, decompound, incuni"
bent feather.

26. Troglodytes Bill rather elongated, very slender,

curved, entire.

Family Tenuirostres-

27. Certhia. Bill curved : tail feathers rigid, pointed .

Genus 28.

29.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

of the United States .

Sitta. Bill conic-subulate.

Family Anthomyzr

Trochilus.

Family iEGiTHALT.

Parus.

Family Passerine

Alauda. Bill conic-attenuated, entire : hind nail
long, straightish.

Embertza. Upper mandible coarctate, narrower
than the lower.

Tanagra Bill at base trigonal and somewhat
depressed, slightly curved at tip : outer toe
united at base to the middle one.

Fringilla Bill perfectly conic, acute ; upper man-
dible wider than the lower.

Pyrrhula. Bill conic-convex, turgid ; upper
mandible much curved at tip.

Loxia. Mandibles crossing each other.

Family Columbint.

COLUMBA.

ORDER GALLINiE.

Family Gallinacei.

Meleagris. Bill with a cere-like membrane : tarsi
naked.

Perdix. Bill bare: tarsi naked.

Tetrao Bill covered at base with feathers : tarsi
feathered.

ORDER GRALLiE.

Family Pressirostres.

Charadrius Bill short, rounded, obtuse, some
what turgid at tip : hind toe wanting or ex-
ceedingly small.

Synopsis of the Birds

Genus 42. Strepsilas Bill oblong-conic : hind toe touching
the ground at tip.

43. Rematopus. Bill rather long, compressed at tip :

hind toe wanting.

Family Herodii.

44. Grus Hind toe touching the ground only at tip.

45. Ardea Hind toe bearing on the ground with

several joints.

Family Falcati.

46. Tantalus Upper mandible not furrowed, notched.

47. Ibis. Upper mandible furrowed, entire.

Family Ltmicol^:.

48. Numenius Bill very long, arcuated.

49. Tringa. Bill moderate, straight or slightly curv-

ed ; point depressed, soft and obtuse.

50. Totanus. Bill moderate, straight or slightly re-

curved ; point compressed, solid and sharp.

51. Himantopus. Legs extremely long, slender, flexi-

ble ; toes three.

52. Limosa. Bill very long, slightly recurved, soft,

and obtuse at tip.

53. Scolopax Bill long, straight, compressed, soil,

elevated at base : point obtuse.

Family Macrodactyli.

54. Rallus. Toes simple : forehead feathered.

55. Gallinula Toes simple : forehead bald.

56. Fulica. Toes pinnated : forehead bald.

Family Pinn atipedes.

57. Phalaropus.

Family Hygrobat^s.

58. Recurvirostra. Bill subulate, recurved.

59. Platalea. Bill flattened and orbicular at the point.

60. Pfkenicopterus. Bill large, toothed, bent as if

broken.

of the United States < 19

Z . V ''.s« • • ’■ y * * ' r 1 - • •" "

ORDER ANSERES.

Family Longipennes.

* Nostrils immarginate.

Genus 61. Rhincops Lower mandible much longer than the
upper, truncated.

62. Sterna Bill subulate, straightish, compressed,

acute.

63. Larus. Upper mandible hooked, without a cere :

lower gibbous below the point.

64. Lestris. Upper mandible hooked, covered at

base by a cere : lower gibbous below the point
** Nostrils tubular.

65. Procellaria Hind toe only a sharp nail.

66. Diomedea Feet three-toed ; no hind nail.

Family Lamellosodentati.

67. Anas. Bill depressed, obtuse; teeth lamelliform.

68. Mergus. Bill slender, hooked ; teeth subulate.

Family Steganopodes.

* Bill entire.

69. Pelecanus. Bill much depressed.

70. Phalacrocorax. Bill compressed, hooked, not

seamed above : tibise wholly feathered.

71. Tachypetes. Bill compressed, hooked, seamed

above: tibise wholly feathered.

** Bill serrated.

72. Sul a. Bill stout, straight, compressed ; face

naked.

73. Phaeton. Bill cultrate : face feathered.

74. Plotus. Bill subulate : face naked.

Synopsis of the Birds

Family Lobipedes.

Genus 75. Podoa. Bill serrated.

76. Podiceps Bill entire.

Family Pygopodes.

* Feet four-toed.

77. COLYMBUS.

** Feet three-toed.

78. Uria. Bill nearly straight, pointed : nostrils half

closed by a feathered membrane.

79. Mormon Bill curved, exceedingly compressed,

higher than long : nostrils half closed by a
naked membrane.

80. Alca. Bill curved, exceedingly compressed,

longer than high : nostrils half closed by a
feathered membrane*

THE GENERA

°F

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS,

AND |

A SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES,

ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.

Accipitres, L. Gm. Lath. Cuv . Vieill. Raptatores , 11L
Rapaces , Temm. Ranz. Latr.

Bill short, robust, compressed ; upper mandible hooked,
covered at base with a cere ; lower shorter, generally obtuse :
nostrils patulous, situated in the cere : tongue generally
fleshy, thick, obtuse. Feet strong, muscular; tibiae fleshy,
wholly feathered ; tarsi rounded, generally short or moder-
ate ; toes, three before and one behind, divided, or connected
at base by a membrane ; sole rough ; nails strong, compres-
sed, incurved, acute, retractile. Neck short : body thick and
heavy. Tail of twelve or fourteen feathers.

Female larger and more powerful. Young at first covered
with down. Moult annually.

Rapacious : hunting quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes,
and insects, or feeding on dead bodies. Patient of hunger,
and hardly experiencing thirst. Vision acute. Monogamous :
nestling in high trees, rocks, and buildings ; laying about four
eggs ; female only incubating. Flesh not esteemed as food.
Analogous to Ferae in Mammalia.

Vol. II. 3

Synopsis of the Birds
FAMILY I. VULTURINI.

V ulturiniy III. Vieill. Latr. Jlccipitres diurni , Cuv.

Rapaces diurni , Ranz.

Head and part of the neck naked, former often carun di-
late ; generally a collar of feathers round the neck. Eyes
not sunk deep. Crop prominent, naked or woolly. Feet
naked ; tarsus shorter than the middle toe ; outer toes connect-
ed at base by a membrane ; nails not much incurved, rather
obtuse, hardly retractile. Wings elongated, subacuminate.

Young with the head entirely covered with down.

Gregarious ; cowardly ; voracious ; feed on carcasses and
filth, very serviceable in hot climates, and protected by law
in the cities of the southern states : sometimes prey upon
small living animals, reptiles, and birds’ eggs. Diffuse a
disagreeable odour. Lay but two eggs. Disgorge food from
the crop to feed their young.

1. CATHARTES.

Vultur , L . Briss. Gm. Lath. Cuv. Sarcoramphus , Bumeril .

Neophron , Savigny. Cathartes , 111. Town. Ranz.

Vultur, Gypagus , Catharista , Vieill.

Bill elongated, straight at base ; upper mandible covered
to the middle by the cere ; nostrils medial, approximate, oval,
pervious, naked ; tongue canaliculate, edges serrate. Head
elongated, depressed, rugose. Tarsus rather slender ; lateral
toes equal; middle one much the longest; inner free; hind
toe shortest. First primary rather short; third and fourth
longest.

Inhabit both continents.

SUBGENUS CATHARTES.

Bill robust : tail of twelve feathers. Peculiar to America.

1. Cathartes californianus, Raoz. Blackish; feathers of the
collar and breast lanceolate ; wings reaching much beyond
the tail.

Vultur californianus , Lath. Cathartes vulturinus , Temm .

of the United States .

Inhabits the territory of the United States beyond the
Rocky Mountains ; and California.

2. Cathartes Gtryphus, Temm. Black ; wings varied with
white, not reaching beyond the tail ; head carunculated.

Female destitute of the caruncle. Young entirely brown.

Vultur gryphus , L. Gypagus griffus , Vieill.

Inhabits the south-western territory of the United States -
Mexico, and especially the Andes of Chili and Peru.

3. Cathartes papa, 111. Reddish-white ; wings and tail
black; nostrils carunculated.

Young dark bluish ; belly and sides of the rump whitish.

Vultur papa, L. Gypagus papa, Vieill.

Inhabits the warmest parts of America : appears occasion-
ally in Florida during summer.

4. Cathartes aura, 111. Black ; neck feathered equally all
round ; wings not reaching beyond the tail ; tail rounded ;
nostrils oval.

Young brown ; wing-coverts and secondaries spotted with
white.

Turkey Buzzard or Turkey Vulture, Vultur aura , Wils .-
dm. Orn. ix. p. 95. pi. 75. fig. l.

Inhabits throughout the Union, the West Indies and South
America; most numerous in the southern states ; breeds and
winters in New-Jersey ; not farther north.

5. Cathartes jota, Nob. Black ; neck more feathered above
than below ; wings not reaching beyond the tail ; tail slightly
emarginate ; nostrils linear-oval.

Young entirely brown.

Black Vulture or Carrion Crow, Vultur atratus, Wils. dm.,
Orn. ix. p. 104 .pi. 75* fig. 2. Vultur jota, Molina.

Inhabits the continent of America as far north as North
Carolina. Forms the transition from the American, to the
European subgenus, Percnopterus.

Synopsis of the Birds

FAMILY II, RAPACES.

JVocturni , Accipitrini , 111 . Accipitres diurni , Accipitres 'woe-
turni, Cur, Vulturini, Accipitrini , (Egolii, Gypa'eti , VieilL
Rapaces diurni , Rapaces nocturni , Ranz*

Vulturini , Accipitrini , (Egolii , jLatfr.

Head thickly covered with feathers. Tarsus longer than
the middle toe ; nails strong, sharp, much incurved, very re-
tractile. Tail of twelve feathers.

Solitary, or in pairs during the breeding season only. Feed
on living animals, unless compelled by hunger ; seize their
prey and carry it in their talons. Lay the food before their
young. Expel them from the nest when full-fledged.

2. FALCO.

Falco, L . Gm. LcufA. ///. Cw. Temm. Ram*

Aquila , Accipiter, Briss. Aquila , Falco, Rrehm. Daptrius}
Ibycter , Polyborus, Aquila , Haliaetos , Pandion , Circaetos,
Circus , Buteo, Milvus , Elanus (since Elanoides), letinia, Falco »
Tinnunculus (since united to Falco), Physeta (since Herpe -
iotheres,) Harpy ia, Spiza'etos , Asturina, Sparvius, VieilL

Bill robust ; cere short, coloured, obvious ; lower mandi-
ble obliquely rounded at tip : nostrils situated at the edge of
the cere. Eyes lateral, sunk deep in the head. Feet strong ;
farsus of middling length.

Female differing often in colour, and much larger than
the male. Young more variegated by spots and lines than
the adults : vary greatly from age, and do not receive their
perfect plumage until the third or fourth year.

Diurnal. Fly high and soar beyond the reach of vision.
Obtain their prey by violence, pouncing upon it sometimes
from a great height.

§ 1. Bill elongated , straight at base .

Aquila, Briss . Brehm . Aigles proprement dits , Temm .

Bill with ap obtuse lobe each side : head feathers long,

of the United States . So

acuminated. Female similar in colour, though larger than
the male.

SUBGENUS 1. AQXJILA,

Aquila , JBriss. Meyer . Cuv. Vieill .

Bill very robust, angular above ; cere subhispid ; nostrils
rounded-elliptical, transverse. Feet very robust ; tarsi feather-
ed to the toes ; middle toe considerably longest, connected at
base by a membrane with the outer; nails large, very sharp
and incurved, the middle one pectinated on the inner side.
Wings elongated ; first primary very short ; fourth longest.

The most powerful of the genus, surpassing all others in
courage and strength, carrying off even large animals. In-
habit mountainous districts. Sight keen. Sense of smelling
imperfect.

6. Falco fulvus, L. Dusky; cere and toes yellow; tail
rounded, reaching beyond the wings ; three scales only on
the last joint of each toe.

Adult : tail fasciated with blackish.

Young : tail white at base, blackish towards the tip.

Ring-tailed Eagle, Falco fulvus , Wils . Am. Orn . vii.

13 •pi. 55 .fig. l. young.

Inhabits the north, or on the highest mountains of both con-
tinents : rare in America.

SUBGENUS II. HAUAETOS.

Halia'etos 9 Savigny. Cuv. Vieill.

Bill very robust, convex above ; cere subhispid ; nostrils
lunulated, transverse. Tarsi half feathered, scutellate ; toes
divided to the base ; outer subversatile ; nails subequal, be-
neath canaliculated ; the middle one with a deep channel,
and the inner side pectinated. Wings elongated ; first pri-
mary very short ; fourth longest.

Chiefly piscivorous ; keep generally near the sea-shores,
lakes and rivers : their great size and strength enable them
to vanquish large animals, birds, and mammalia: participa-

26 Synopsis of the Birds

ting in the habits of the true Eagles : connecting Aquila to
Pandion.

7. Falco leucocephalus, L. Brown ; head and tail white;
tail reaching beyond the wings ; bill, feet, and irides, pale
yellow.

Young spotted irregularly with darker and paler brown ;
bill black ; irides light brown.

Bald Eagle , Falco leucocephalus , Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p .
89* pi. 36. adult , and Sea Eagle , Falco ossifragus vii. p.
pi. 55. fig. 2. young.

Inhabits the northern regions of both continents, chiefly near
the sea and other waters ; much more frequent in America.

SUBGENUS III PANDION .

Pandion , Savigny . Cuv. Vieill.

Bill rounded above ; cere hispid ; nostrils lunulated, oblique,
membranaceous on the superior margin. Tarsi naked, reticu-
lated, scales rough ; toes divided to the base, the outer ver-
satile ; nails equal, rounded beneath, the middle one not pec-
tinated. Wings elongated ; first primary equal to the third ;
second longest.

Cowardly : piscivorous : live near waters, from which,
when frozen, they retire to a warmer climate : may be trained
to fish for man. Seize their prey in their claws at the sur-
face of the water, or plunge for it : seldom hunt birds. In
consequence of their true Falcon-like wings, sail beautifully,
and with much ease in the air.

8. Falco halite-tits, L. Blackish, white beneath ; cere and
feet bluish.

Fish Hawk , Falco halicetus , Wils. Am. Orn. v. p . 13. pi.
5- fig- 1-

Inhabits almost every part of the globe near waters ; much
more common in North America than in Europe.

of the United States .

§ 2. Bill curved from the base .

Accipiter Briss. Falco , Brehm.

* Bill with a sharp tooth each side .

SUBGENUS IV. FALCO.

Falco , Bechstein. Falco , Hierofalco , Cuv.

Faucons pro prement dits, Temm. Falco , Tinnunculus , Vieill.

Bill short, curved from the base ; lateral tooth closing into
an emargination of the lower mandible ; cere very short,
naked : nostrils rounded, with a central tubercle. Feet strong;
tarsi moderate ; toes strong, elongated, the anterior connected
at base by a membrane ; nails long, sharp, incurved. Wings
elongated; first and third primaries equal, second longest;
first and second with an abrupt emargination on the inner
web near the extremity.

Female about a third larger, differing in colour from the
adult male.

Bold : feed chiefly on small birds ; seize their prey on the
wing : flight vigorous : readily tamed, hence called noble !

f Wings reaching to the tip of the tail : tarsi reticulated .

9. Falco peregrinus, Gm. Blackish ; beneath white, spotted
with blackish ; cheeks with a dilated black spot ; middle toe
as long as the tarsus ; inner web of the first primary only,
abruptly narrowed at tip.

Greatfooted Hawk , Falco peregrinus , Wils . Am. Orn. ix.
p. 120. pi* 76.

Inhabits the northern portion of both continents ; but more
common in Europe.

ff Wings not reaching to the tip of the tail : tarsi scutellated .

10. Falco sparverius, L. Rufous, beneath paler, spotted
with black ; seven black spots around the head.

Male : upper part of the head, crown excepted, and wing-
coverts slate-blue ; tail with a single subterminal band.

Female and Young more fasciated and spotted; wing-
coverts rufous ; tail fasciated.

Synopsis of the Birds

American Sparroiv-Hawk, Falco sparverias , Wils . Jim*
Qrn . w. j?. 117. p?. 16. fig . i. female , «meZ iv. p, 57. jpZ« 32.
%*. 2. wraZe.

Inhabits throughout North and South America, except in
high northern latitudes : wintering in the southern states.

11. Falco columbarius, L. Dusky; beneath whitish, with
blackish stripes ; tail with four narrow white bands.

j Pigeon HawJc, Falco columbarius , Wils . A m. Orn, ii. p°
107 .pi l '* fig* 3.

Inhabits the south of the United States ; extending its mi-
grations as far north as Hudson’s Bay.

’** Bill with an obtuse lobe each side .

SUBGENUS V. ASTUR.

Astur , Bechst . Cuv. Dwdalion , Savigny. Autours , Temm>

Accipiter, ( afterwards Sparvius), Vieill,

Bill strong ; lobe of the upper mandible well defined :
nostrils rounded or somewhat oval and oblique. Tarsi rather
elongated, scutellated ; middle toe much longer than the
lateral ; outer connected at base by a membrane, shorter than
the inner : nails long, much incurved, very acute. Wings
short ; first primary considerably shorter than the second ;
fourth longest.

Female similar in colour, but a full third larger than the male.

Bold ; sanguinary; skimming the earth with great rapidity
of flight ; seize their prey upon the wing, but never falling
upon it from on high, nor soaring into the elevated regions
of the atmosphere; and only describing wide circles in the air
in the season of their loves.

f Tarsi rather short and robust, {Astur es, auct.)

12. Falco palumbarius, L. Blackish ; eyebrows whitish ; tail
fasciated with paler 5 cere livid yellow.

of the United States ,

Young dusky brown skirted with ferruginous; beneath
white lineated with brown ; tail with four blackish bands^
tipped with white ; length more than one foot and a half.

Ash-coloured or Black-capped Hawk , Falco atricapillus
Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 80. pi. 5 . fig. 3. very old ; and Young
Goshawk , Falco palumbarius, nob. Am. Orn. 2. pi. io. fig .
1. young .

Inhabits the north of both continents ; more rare in Ame-
rica.

13. Falco pennsylvanicus, Wils. Dark brow n ; head streak™
ed with whitish ; beneath white thickly spotted on the breast
with brown arrow heads ; tail short, black, with two bars of
white and tipped with whitish ; cere and feet yellow.

Broad-winged Hawk , Falco pennsylvanicus , (F. latissimus
in Mr. Ord’s reprint) Wils . Am. Orn. vi. p. 92. pi. 54. fig . "
l. male.

Inhabits the United States, exceedingly rare.

f f Tarsi long , slender , smooth.

Accipitres , Sparvii , Eperviers , auct.

14. Falco velox, Wils. (l .) Slate colour, beneath white, barred
with ferruginous ; tail with four broad bands of black,
and tipped with whitish ; cere dull green ; irides and feet
orange.

Young dark brown skirted with ferruginous ; beneath white
with oblong ferruginous spots ; length about one foot.

Slate-coloured Hawk , Falco pennsylvanicus, W ls. Am. Orn „
vi. p. 13. pi. 46. fig. : adult male; and Sharp-shinned Hawk3
Falco velox , Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. lie. pi. 45. fig. i. young
female.

Inhabits all parts of North America : common in New-
Jersey and Pennsylvania, though rare in the time of Wilson,
Vol. II. 4

Synopsis of the Birds

SUBMENUS VI. ICT1NIA.

Ictinia , Vieill. Milans , Temrn. Buteo, Cuv.

Bill short, narrowed above ; tipper mandible angularly
lobed ; lower distinctly notched; cere glabrous: nostrils
rounded. Tarsi short, slender, scutellated, feathered for a short
space ; outer toe connected at base by a membrane ; nails
short, not very acute. Wings greatly elongated ; reaching
much beyond the tail ; third primary longest. Tail even.

Bold : feed on small birds, reptiles, &tc. but chiefly on
insects. Sail in easy circles at a considerable height in the
air. Intermediate between Falco and Milvus, somewhat
allied to Buteo.

15. Falco plumbeus, Gra. Blackish-ash; head, neck, and
beneath, considerably paler ; tail black ; cere black ; feet
and irides red.

Young bluish-black ; head and beneath whitish, spotted
with bluish-brown ; tail with three white bands beneath; cere
yellowish.

Mississippi Kite, Falco mississipiensis , Wils . Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 80 .pi. "25. fig. l. adult male.

Inhabits the Southern States, South America, and Mexico ;
common on the Mississippi near Natchez.

SUBGENUS VII. ELANUS.

Elanus , Savigny, Cuv. Leach. Milans , Bechst .

Elanoides , Vieill . Milans, Temm.

Bill f<1of middling strength, cleft beyond the eyes, much
compressed, rounded above ; lobe of the upper mandible ob-
tuse ; cere villous: nostrils oval. Tarsi short, thick, reticu-
lated, half feathered in front ; toes cleft to the base ; nails
large, acute. Wings greatly elongated : first and third pri-
maries subequal ; first and second strongly, emarginate within,
the latter longest.

Timorous, with a comparatively small and weak bill,

of the United States . 31

though not so much so as the true kites (Milvus.) Like
these, excel in flight, describing graceful circles in the air
with a broad expanse of wing. Seldom attempt to take their
prey flying, but pounce upon it while it is at rest. Feed on
small birds, insects, and particularly reptiles, contenting
themselves with dead animal substances.

16. Falco melanopterus, Daudin, Bluish-gray, beneath
white ; wing-coverts black ; tail even.

Black-winged Hawk , Falco melanopterus , nob. Am. Orn .
ii. pi. adult female.

Inhabits the southern states ; also Africa and South Ame-
rica, the south-western part of Asia, the island of Java, and
probably India.

17. Falco furcatus, L. White ; back, wings and tail, glos-
sy black ; tail deeply forked.

Swallow-tailed Hawk , Falco furcatus , Wils Am. Orn. vi.
p. 70. pi. 51. Jig. 2. adult male.

Inhabits common during summer in the southern states ;
Mexico and South America ; exceedingly rare, and only
astray in Pennsylvania and farther north.

SUBGEJVUS VIII. BUTEO.

Buteo, Bechst. Cuv. Vieill. Buses , Temm.

Bill short, moderately compressed, rather weak ; upper
mandible rounded above, terminating in a long hook, lobe
obtuse ; sides of the lower mandible bent inwards ; cere short ;
nostrils rather large, nearly round ; lores almost covered by
short bristles : head rather large ; neck thick and short ;
body thick. Tarsus short, thick, scutellated, partially or
entirely feathered ; outer toes connected at base by a mem-
brane ; nails acute, rather weak, those of the inner and hind
toe nearly equal and largest. Wings elongated ; four first
primaries abruptly attenuated at tip on the inner web ; the
first very short, the fourth longest. Tail moderate, even.

Female larger, but similar in colour. Young widely dif-

Synopsis of the Birds

ferent from the adults. By their large head, heavy body,
humble flight, and inferior boldness, they in a slight degree
resemble Owls. Feed on young rabbits, mice, rats, reptiles,
insects, and small birds, which they watch for from their
perch, as they cannot successfully chase them on the wing,
f Tarsi feathered to the toes.

10. Falco lagopus, L. Varied with pale ochre and blackish ;
a blackish belt on the belly ; tail white, black towards the
tip, at tip pure white.

Rough-legged Falcon , Falco lagopus , Wils. Am. Orn . ii\
p. 59. pi. 33. fig. 1.

Inhabits the northern parts of both continents : in Penn-
sylvania only during winter.

19. Falco sancti-johannis, Gm. Black ; white round the
eye ; tail rounded, with narrow bands of pure white, and
tipped with dull white.

Young varied with white, brown, and ferruginous.

Black Hawk , Falco niger, ( Falco sancti-johannis ? in Mr .
Ord's reprint) Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 82 .pi. 53. fig. l. adult .
Id. variety vi. p. 84. pi. 55. fig. 2. young.

Inhabits North America : winters in Pennsylvania, rare,
f f Tarsi partly feathered .

20. ‘ Falco borealis. Gm. (2.) Dusky ; beneath whitish, with
blackish hastate spots.

Adult, tail ferruginous, w ith a black subterminal band.

Young, tail dusky, with several narrow blackish bands.

Bed-tailed Hawk , Falco borealis , Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 75,
pi. 52. fig. t. adult ; and American Buzzard , or White-breasted
Hawk , Falco leverianus , vi. p. 78. pL 52. fig. 2. young.

Inhabits throughout North America ; common ; resident.

SUBGENUS IX. CIRCUS.

Circus , Bechst. Lacepede. Vieill. Busards , Temm .

Bill much compressed, terminating in a long and acute

of the United States .

hook ; lobe strongly marked ; edges of the lower mandible
indexed ; cere not much extended, more or less pilose ; nos-
trils oblong, transverse, covered in part by the hair ; lores
pilose: head depressed: body slender. Tarsus elongated,
slender, scutellated, feathered for a short space : toes rather
long, slender ; outer toes connected at base : nails subequal,
slender, much incurved, extremely sharp. Wings elonga-
ted ; first primary shorter than the fifth ; third and fourth
longest. Tail long, nearly even.

Female and young differing considerably in colour from
the male ; often with a kind of collar of small rigid feathers
surrounding the face, as in Owls. Plumage changing extra-
ordinarily from age.

Bold : somewhat agile ; flight graceful ; in these respects
superior to the Buteones, but inferior to the true Falcons.
Do not chase well on the wing. Feed on mice, reptiles,
fishes, young birds, and insects. Dwell near marshes and
ponds. Build amongst marsh plants.

21. Falco hyemalis, Gm. No collar round the face; wings
when closed reaching but little beyond the middle of the tail.

Adult brown skirted with ferruginous ; head, neck, tail
coverts and beneath, white, spotted with brown ; tail barred
alternately with dark and light brown.

Young brown and ferruginous ; beneath rusty, varied
with black and white ; wings and tail black, the former spot-
ted, the latter crossed by five bands, and tipped with white.

Winter Falcon , Falco hyemalis , Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p. 73.
pi. 35. fig. 1. adult male ; and Red-shouldered Haivlc , Falco
lineatus , Id. vi. p. 86. pi. 53. fig. 3. young male.

Inhabits North America : rather common in Pennsyl-
vania during winter.

22. Falco cyaneus,L. A collar round the face; wings

Synopsis of the Birds

reaching to three fourths the length of the tail, which is two
and a half inches longer ; third and fourth primaries equal.*
Adult male bluish grey ; rump, inner web of the quill
feathers, and beneath pure white ; primaries black at the end.

Female and young chocolate brown; rump white; be-
neath rusty ; wings and tail on the under side, and two mid-
dle tail feathers also above, banded with black and white ;
lateral with blackish and rusty.

Marsh Hawk , Falco uliginosus, Wils. Am. Orn . vi. p. 67.
pi. 51. fig. l. young female ; and nob. Am. Orn. ii. pi. n.
Jig. i. adult male .

Inhabits both continents. The young only are common in
Pennsylvania and the northern parts of this continent, whence
they migrate in winter to the south.

3. STRIX.

Strix, L. Briss. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Vieill. Temm . Ranz .

Asio, Briss. Surnia , Bubo , Strix , Dumeril.

Noctua, Scops, Bubo, Syrnium, Strix , Savigny.

Bill very short , cleft to the eyes, compressed, much curved ;
upper mandible rounded above, dilated on the margins, entire,
terminating in an acute hook ; cere small, soft, concealed
by incumbent setaceous feathers ; lower mandible notched,
obtuse : nostrils perforated on the anterior edge of the cere,
rounded, open, concealed by the porrect bristles : tongue
thick, fleshy, somewhat canaliculated, papillous at base, emar-
ginate at tip : eyes very large, directed forwards, with a nic-
titating membrane ; orbits large, surrounded by long, slen-
der, radiating feathers anteriorly almost covering the bill,
and posteriorly concealing the ears : head large ; face large,
surrounded by a collar of small rigid elevated feathers : body
generally thick, short, and heavy. Tarsi generally short

* By these characters, ornithologists will perceive that F. uliginosus,
Wils. is the young of F. cyaneus, and not of F. cineraceus.

of the United States .

and covered with feathers ; toes entirely divided ; the outer
versatile ; hind toe shortest ; nails strong, very sharp, re-
markably retractile. Wings ample, subacute ; first primary
short, second a little shorter than the third which is longest :
first three primaries generally with loose recurved barbs on
the outer edge.

Young with a darker face, so as to appear masked ; but
after the first moult re'sembling the adults.

Solitary : nocturnal : hunt during the evening and nighty
. (with the exception of a few species which are diurnal) and
see well in fhe dark. Eyes resplendent, pupil very large,
contractile ; dazzled by the light of day ; moving awkwardly
when exposed to it : hearing acute : feathers soft and loose ;
fly short distances without noise, and pounce upon their
prey unexpectedly ; feed on small birds, mice, bats, and in-
sects, chiefly nocturnal lepidoptera ; swallow their prey alive,
and cast up the indigestible portions in small pellets; voice
disagreeable, and believed by the superstitious to be of bad
augury ; breed in fissures of rocks, or in holes of old trees.
Eggs from two to six. Analogous to the mammiferous genus
Felis.

Spread all over the globe. 4

§ 1. Bill curved from the base.

' SUBGENUS I. SURNIA

Surni , Dum'ril. JYoctua , Scops , Syrnium , Cuv.

Opening of the ears oval and of moderate size, not oper-
culated ; disk of slender feathers, rather small and not re-
markably distinct.

Approaching nearer to Falco than any other subgenus,
f Head without tufts of feathers ( JYoctua , Cuv.)

Feathered to the claws; quill feathers with the outer webs
not recurved or loose at their tips. Tail reaching beyond
the wings. The North American species are all diurnal.

23. Strtx funerea, Gm. Blackish-brown, thickly spotted

Synopsis of the Birds

with white; benfeath barred with white and brown; tail with
several narrow white bands, cuneiform, reaching three inches
beyond the wings; feet thickly covered with long feathers:
bill yellow.

Hawk Owl , Strix hudsonia, Wils. Am. Orn . vi. p. 64. pi. 50*

fig- 6.

Inhabits the north of both continents : extremely rare, and
only in cold winters as far south as Pennsylvania.

*24. Strix ntctea, L. White, more or less spotted and barred
with dusky according to sex and age ; tail rounded, reach- ‘
ing but little beyond the wings ; feet thickly covered w ith
long feathers ; bill black.

Snow Owl , Strix nyctea , Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p. 53. pi. 32*
fig . l. male.

Inhabits the north of both continents, whence it descends
during winter to the more temperate regions, farther to the
south in America than in Europe ; not uncommon.

25. Strix cunicularia, Molin*. (3.) Cinnamon-grey spotted
with whitish ; beneath white, spotted with cinnamon-brown ;
tail even, reaching but little beyond the wings > feet covered
with short scattered bristles.

Burroicing Owl , Strix cunicularia , nob. Am. Orn. i. p. 68 .
pi.'/, fig- 2-

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains ; common : found alsb
in South America

ff Head with erectile tufts of feathers (Scops, Bubo , Cuv.)

Nocturnal.

26. Strix asio. L. Dark brown (young tawny red) mottled
with black, pale browm and ash ; wings spotted with w hite ;
beneath w7hite, mottled with black and brown ; tail even*
reaching to the tip of the wings ; feet thickly covered with
short feathers nearly to the claws.

Mottled Owl, Strix ncevia, Wils . Am. Orn . Hi. p. 16. pi. 19*
fig. i. adult, and Red Owl , Strix asio, id. v. p. 83. pi. 42,
fig. l' young.

of the United States. o7

Inhabits North, and probably South America, as we
strongly suspect Strix choliba, Vieill., a species taken from
D’Azara, to be the present. Common in Pennsylvania and
New Jersey in the autumn : retiring to the north in summer.

SUBGENUS II. ULULA.

Bubo , Syrnium , Sav ., Otas , Ulula, Bubo Syrnium Cuv.

Conch of the ear ve*ry large, extended semicircularly from
the bill to the top of the head, with a membranaceous oper-
culum ; disk of ^lender feathers well marked and perfect ;
feet thickly covered to the clawswith short feathers. Nocturnal.

. f Head tufted. (Bubo, Otus , Cuv.)

27. Strix virginiana, Gm (4.) Mottled ; primaries and tail
feathers banded with black and dusky;* auricular conch re-
stricted ; wings not reaching to the tip of the tail : very
large.

Great horned Owl , Strix virginiana , fVils. Am. Orn. vi .
p. S~2.pl. 50. Jig. I-

Inhabits more or less common throughout America, prin-
cipally in deep swampy woods : connects admirably the two
subgenera Surnia and Ulula.

28. Strix otus, L. Mottled ; primaries banded with ferru-
ginous ; tufts long; wings reaching beyond the tail.

Long-eared Owl , Strix otus , Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 73.
pi. SI .fig. 3.

Inhabits both continents ; common in Pennsylvania, es-
pecially in the autumn : resident.

29. Strix brachyotos, Gm. Whitish-ferruginous, spotted with
dark brown ; tufts short, inconspicuous ; wings reaching to
the tip of the tail.

Female more intensely ferruginous.

* But not with ferruginous as in S. bubo of Europe.

Vol, II, 5

Synopsis of the Birds

Short-eared Owl , Striae hrachyotos , Mils. Am. Orn . it*,
j?. 64. pi. 33. jig. 3.

Inhabits the north of both continents ; in winter as far
south as Pennsylvania ; breeds to the north.

ff Head not tufted fUlula , Cuv.)

30. Strix nebulosa, L. Pale brown with transverse whitish
spots ; beneath whitish, neck and breast with transverse bars,
belly and vent with longitudinal streaks,' of brown ; tail reach-
ing beyond the wings ; bill yellow.

Barred Owl , Striae nebulosa , Wits. Am. Orn. iv. p. 61.
pi. 33. fig. 2.

Inhabits the north of both continents, extending farther to
the south in this : common in Pennsylvania and New Jersey,
especially during winter.

31. Strtx acadica, Gm. (5.) Dark brown, spotted with white ;
beneath whitish spotted with reddish-brown ; tail short,
reaching about to the tip of the wings : very small.

Little Owl, Strix passerina, Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p. 61.
pi. 34. Jig. 2.

Inhabits the north of both continents, but more common in
America, in the northern and middle states : resident in Penn-
sylvania and New-Jersey ; more frequent towards the sea.

§ 2. Bill straight at base.

SUBGETWS II L STRIX.

Strix, Savigny. Cuv.

Auricular conch as large as in the preceding, with a still
larger operculum ; disk much dilated ; bill elongated, curved
only at tip ; tarsus thickly feathered ; toes covered by scat-
tered bristles ; head not tufted. Nocturnal.

32. Strix flammea, L. Yellowish-tawny, with small spots
of white ; beneath whitish with blackish points ; wings reach-
ing two inches beyond the tail ; bill whitish.

White or Barn Oivl, Strix flammea, Wils. Am. Orn. vi .
p. 57. pL 60- fig. 2,

of the United /States.

Inhabits the north of both continents, but far less frequent
in America ; seldom observed in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, except in remarkably cold winters. (6.)

ORDER If. PASSERES.

Passeres , Piece, Accipitres , L • Gm. Passeres , Piece, Columbce ,

Lath.

Scansores , Amhulatores, Rasores , III.

Passereaux , Grimpeurs , Gallinaces , Cmu. Sylvicolce , Vieill.
Omnivores , Insectivores, Granivores, Zygodactyli, Anisodac-
tyliy Alcyones, Chelidones , Columhce , Temtn.

Passeri, Rampicanti , Galline , Ranz. Passeres , Scansores,

Passerigalliy Lair.

Bill generally short or of middling length, subconic.
Feet short or moderate ; tibiae fleshy, wholly feathered (Al~
cedo, Merops, Grallaria excepted) ; tarsi rounded ; toes four,
very rarely three, entirely cleft, (Caprimulgus, Musophaga,
Penelope excepted) disposed 2 — 2, 3 — 1, 2 — 1 ; hind toe
articulated with the tarsus on a level with the rest, bearing
on the ground its whole length ; nails usually slender, com-
pressed, somewhat retractile, incurved, acute. Neck short or
moderate : body slender, compressed. Tail mostly of twelve
feathers, rarely of eight, ten, or fourteen.

Female generally smaller.

Feed on insects, seeds, fruits and berries, some large spe-
cies also on eggs, small birds and fishes. Monogamous:
both sexes construct the nest, sit on the eggs, and rear the
young ; the male feeds his mate while sitting : nests of
some species constructed with great art : eggs generally
about five, but vary from two to more than twelve. Young
feed from the mouth of the parent, only leave the nest when
able to fly, and are afterwards fed until able to provide
for themselves. Many species possess great powers of voice,
and excel all other birds in singing.

Synopsis of the Birds

TRIBE I SCANSOR ES.

Zygodactyly Vieill. Order Scansores , 111. Cuv. Ranz . 1 Lair,

Order Zygodactyli, Temm.

Toes two before and two behind ; inner hind toe rarely
wanting.

FAMILY III. PSITTACINI.

Psittacini , 111. Vieill. Latr. Antilambani , Ranz.

Order Brehensores. Blainville.

Bill short, large, extremely hard and robust, very high,
somewhat compressed, convex above and below, with a cere at
base ; both mandibles moveable ; upper curved from the
base, hooked at tip, margins angular ; lower shorter, recurved
at tip, truncate : nostrils basal, orbicular, perforated in the
cere, open : tongue fleshy, thick, entire, rounded at tip,
sometimes penicillated. Feet short, robust; tarsus naked,
reticulated, shorter than the outer toe ; fore toes united at
base, opposable to the hind ones ; outer hind toe not versa-
tile; sole broad and flat; nails incurved, rather large and
acute. Wings large; three outer primaries subequal. Tail
of twelve feathers, more or less rounded.

Female generally similar to the male. Young differing
greatly from the adult, and changing repeatedly before at-
taining their full plumage. Colours brilliant.

Dwell in forests; noisy, more particularly at the rising and
setting of the sun. Climb by means of the bill and feet ; and in
some species with the assistance of the tail. From the con-
formation of the feet they supply the place of hands. Feed
on fruits and seeds, breaking the hardest pericarps with their
powerful bill. Build in cavities of trees ; some in the bifur-
cation of large limbs ; lay from two to four eggs twice a
year. Macerate the food for their young. Easily tamed ;
omnivorous in captivity ; some learn with facility to ar-
ticulate many words. Analogous to the mammiferous family
Bimia? : oughtperhaps to be placed at the head of the feathered

of the United States.

tribe, as the most perfect and intelligent ; seem, however, to
form the link between Passeres and Accipitres, as the Co-
lumbini between Passeres and Gallinae : certainly as ordi-
nately distinct as that group of birds.

Abound in the warm climates of both continents. No spe-
cies found in Europe; one in the United States.

4. PSITTACUS.

Psittacus , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Psittacus ,
Pezoporus , III. Psittacus , Macrocercus, Plyctolophus, ( since
Cacatua) Vieill. Solenoglossu* , Psittacus , Pezoporus , Ranz.

SUBGETfUS PSITTACUS .

Psittacus , Vieill.

Upper mandible furnished internally with a transverse pro-
cess near the tip.

33. Psittacus c arolinensis, L* Green ; head and neck yellow ;
forehead and cheeks orange ; tail elongated, cuneiform.

Young destitute of the yellow colour.

Carolina Parrot , Psittacus carolinensis , Wils. Am. Orn. in.
p. S9.pl. 26. Jig. 1.

Inhabits the southern and western states : gregarious :
common.

FAMILY IV. AM Phil BOLI.

Amphiboly Serrati , III. Barbati , Imberbi , Vieill. Pogo~
noforiy Agenii , Ranz. Pogonorynchi, Cuculidvs , Latr.

Bill of middling length and strength, slightly curved at
tip: tongue short, simple. Feet short or moderate ; tarsi
annulated ; fore toes entirely cleft ; outer hind toe versatile.
Tail of from eight to twelve feathers.

5. COCCYZUS.

Cuculus , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv . Couas , Le Vaillant.

Coccyzus , VieilL Temm . Ranz. Cuv. (as a subg.)

Bill glabrous, rather robust, long, compressed, carinated

Synopsis of the Birds

above and beneath ; margins entire ; both mandibles curved
from the base ; upper a little longer : nostrils basal, lateral,
oval, half closed by a naked membrane : tongue short, narrow,
acute. Feet slender; tarsus naked, much longer than the
longest toe ; nails short, but little incurved. Wings short,
rounded ; spurious feather short; third, fourth and fifth pri-
maries longest. Tail moderate or elongated, rounded or
cuneiform, of ten feathers.

Inhabit the warmest parts of both continents : none in
Europe : two in North America during summer. Replace
here Cuculus of the old continent, from which they differ,
especially in habits. Build a nest in hollow trees, and breed
up their young ; reside in dense forests ; seldom alight on the
ground; feed on insects and berries.

34. Coccyzus americanus, Nob. Greenish-drab, beneath white;
inner vanes of the primaries reddish-cinnamon ; lower man-
dible and eyelids yellow.

Yellow-hilled Cuckoo , Cuculus carolinensis , Wils . Am. Dm.
iv. p. 13. pi. 2S.fg. l.

Cuculus americanus , L. Coccyzus pyropterus, Vieill.

Inhabits common in the United States where it breeds :
winters in tropical America.

35. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus, Nob. Greenish-drab, beneath
white ; no cinnamon colour on the wings ; bill entirely black;
eyelids red, naked.

Black-hilled Cuckoo , Cuculus erythrophthalmus , Wils. Am.
Orn. iv. p. 16. pi. 23. fig. 2.

Inhabits common in the United States where it breeds :
winters in tropical America. (7.)

FAMILY V. 8AGITTILINGUES.

Sagittilingues , III. Macroglossi , Vieill. Beloglossi , Ranz .
Proglossiy Latr. Second family of the Zygodactyli, Temm.

Bill straight, seldom a little curved at tip. conic-elongated,

of the United Stales.

acute | margins entire : tongue extremely long, extensible,
lumbriciform. Feet short, robust; tarsus annulated; fore
toes united at base ; hind toes divided ; outer not versatile ;
inner rarely wanting. Tail of from ten to twelve feathers.

Reside chiefly in forests and orchards : climb upwards
with great facility : feed on insects, especially such as lie
concealed under the bark of trees ; obtain these by means of
their tongue, which is acute and hard at tip, and covered by
a glutinous secretion. Build in the cavities of trees ; breed
once a year ; eggs 3 — 8 ; young taught to climb at first : not
easily domesticated.

6. PICUS.

Picus , L. Briss . Gm. Lath. III. Cuv . Vieill. Temrn. Ranz.

Picus , Picoides , Lacepede.

Bill robust, straight, pyramidal-polyedral, cuneate at tip ;
mandibles subequal, upper rather longer : nostrils basal,
oval, open, partly covered by setaceous incumbent feathers :
tongue mucronate at tip, with retrorse bristles. Inner hind
toe shortest, rarely rudimentary or wanting ; nails arcuated,
acute. Wings moderate; spurious feather short; third and
fourth primaries longest. Tail cuneiform, of twelve feathers,
very rigid and acute ; outer feather very short, sometimes
obsolete or totally wanting.

Female resembling the male, though easily distinguished.
Young sometimes very different.

Live in woods ; solitary, timid, and laborious : smaller
American species far less shy than those of Europe. Climb
with admirable agility on the trunks of trees, their sharp nails
enabling them to adhere to the bark, and the rigid tail serving
for a support : seldom walk on the ground or stand on the
branches of trees. Excavate dead trees, but seldom living ones.
Hearing acute, directing them to the position of their prey be-
neath the bark, consisting principally of larvae which they ex-
tract by cutting through the bark with repeated blows of the
bill producing a stridulous sound, startling in the silence of

Synopsis of the Birds

forests. Hunger sometimes compels them to eat fruits, which
a few species prefer. The more powerful prepare for their
nests by perforating the wood, but the weaker are content
with ready made holes.

Inhabit almost every country of the globe.

* Feet four toed .
f Bill somewhat curved .

36. Picus auratus, L. Brownish, barred with black ; be**
neath yellowish-white, spotted with black : a black crescent on
the breast ; a red occipital band ; wings and tail beneath,
and shafts of all the larger feathers golden yellow.

Male, mustaches black. Female, no mustaches.

Young dirty gray, without the red band a d black crescent.

Gold-winged Woodpecker , Picus auratus , Wils . Am. Orn .
i. p. 45. pi. 3. fig . 1 . male .

Inhabits common in all North America, where it breeds
and is resident, though partially migrating ; most numerous
in spring and autumn. Alights on branches, but climbs well.

ff Bill straight .
a. Crested.

37. Picus principalis, L. Black ; crest red and black ;
secondaries, rump, and a stripe each side, white ; bill white.

Female and young, crest totally black.

Ivory-billed Woodpecker , Picus principalis, Wils. Am. Orn.
iv. p. 20. pi. 29. fig • i . male.

Inhabits the southern states and Mexico : common, resi-
dent.

38. Picus pileatus, L. Brownish-black ; crest red ; chin,
a stripe each side of the neck, base of the quill feathers, and
under-wing coverts, white ; bill black.

Male, mustaches red. Female and young, mustchoes
dusky.

of the United States.

Pileatcd Woodpecker , Picus pileatus , Wils. Am. Orn. iv.
p. 27. pi. 29. fig. 2. male.

Inhabits North America from Canada to Mexico : more
common in the north.

b. Not crested.

39. Picus erythrocephalus, L. Head, neck, and throat crim-
son ; back, wings and tail, black ; secondaries, rump and all
beneath, white.

Young varied with blackish and dull gray ; no red ; be-
neath whitish ; rump, secondaries, and margins of the prima-
ries white.

R d-headed Woodpecker , Picus erythrocephalus , Wils. Am.
Orn. i.p. 142. pi 9* fig* 1. adult

Inhabits all North America ; much more numerous during
summer in the middle states.

40. Picus carolinus, L. Striped with black and white ;
head and neck above red ; cheeks beneath parts pale buff-
ash ; belly tinged with red.

Female and young, fore part of the head destitute of red ;
but little red on the belly.

Red-bellied Woodpecker , Picus carolinus , Wils. Am. Orn.
i. p. ) 13. pi. 7. fig. 2. male.

Inhabits throughout North America.

41. Picus varius, L. Varied with black and white; back
spotted with yellow; crown and throat red; breast and belly

Female, throat and occiput whitish.

Young varied with dull gray, black and white; a broad
white band across the wings ; belly yellowish.

Yellow-bellied Woodpecker , Picus varius , Wils. Am. Orn .
i.p. 147. pi. 9. fig. 2. male ; and nob. Am. Orn. i. p. 75. pi.
a. fig . l. 2. young in different states.

Inhabits all North America in plenty, from near the pole
to the equator : migratory in unfavourable seasons.

Vol. II. (5

Synopsis of the Birds

42. Picus villosus, L. Varied with black and white; be-
neath white ; back with long, slender, loose feathers; outer
tail feathers totally white.

Male, a red occipital band. Female, occipital band black.

Hairy Woodpecker , Picus villosus , Wils. Am. Orn . i. p. 150»
pi 9. fig. 3. male.

Inhabits all North America from Georgia to near the
Arctic circle : common.

43. Picus pubescens, L. Varied with black and white ; be-
neath white ; back with long, slender, loose feathers ; outer
tail feathers white, with four black spots.

Male, a red occipital band. Female, occipital band black.

Downy Woodpecker , Picus pubescens , Wils Am. Orn. i.
p. 153. pi. 9. fig. 4. male.

Inhabits throughout North America; common. The small-
est of the North American species.

44. Picus querulus, Wils. Varied with black and white;
back barred with white ; beneath white ; outer tail feathers
white spotted with black.

Male, a short red line each side of the head.

Female, destitute of the red line.

Red-cockaded Woodpecker , Picus querulus, Wils. Am. Orn.
ii. p. 103 .pi 1 5. fig. l. male.

Inhabits to the southward of Virginia: common.

45. Picus torquatus, Wils. Black glossed with green ; front,
chin and cheeks, dark red ; collar round the neck, and breast
silvery white ; belly glossy vermilion.

Lewis ’ Woodpecker , Picus torquatus, Wils. Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 31. pi Z0. fig- 3.

Inhabits west of the Mississippi : common.

** Three-toed 2 — 1.

46. Picus tridactyl us, L. Varied with black and white ;
neck before and breast, pure white ; tarsus feathered.

Male, top of the head golden-yellow.

Female, top of the head silvery white, with fine black lines.

of the United States .

Picus hirsutus Vieill. Ois. pi. 124. adult male .

Inhabits high northern latitudes of both continents ; rarely
seen in the United States. Unlike other northern birds, not
extending so far south in America as in Europe. (8)

TRIBE II. AMBULA TORES.

Anisodactyli , Vieill. Order Amhulatores , 111. Order Pas-
seres, Cuv. Ranz. Orders Omnivore*, Insectivcres, Grani -
cores, Anisodactyli, Alcyohes, Chelidones, Columbce, Temm .
Orders Passeres, P assert:; alii, Latr.

Toes 3 — 1, none of the anterior versatile: very rarely
2—1, the inner wanting.

FAMILY VI. ANGULIROSTRES.

Anguliro sires, III. Syndactyli, Cuv . Latr. ( not III. nor
Ranz.) Pelmatodes , Vieill. Ranz . Order Alcyones, Temm .

Bill elongated, acute, angulated : tongue short, simple.
Feet very short; tibiae partly naked; tarsi reticulated;
middle toe united to the outer, at least to the second joint,
and to the inner to the first ; the latter rarely wanting.

Female and young hardly differing from the adult male.

Reside near water. Fly remarkably well ; rest on trees
or on stones, hardly ever on the ground ; feet too short for
walking or leaping. Feed on insects which they take on the
wing, or on fishes, which they seize near the surface of the
water. Breed in holes on the banks of streams: eggs nume-
rous. Voice harsh. Not easily tamed.

7. ALCEDO.

Alcedo, L. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Vieill . Ranz.

Ispida, Briss. Alcedo, Ceix , Lacep. Alcedo, Dacelo , Leach.
Temm.

Bill elongated, cleft to the eyes, robust, straight, tetra-
gonal, compressed, acute ; margins finely crenate-fimbriate ;
upper mandible but little longer than the lower, carinate,

Synopsis of the Birds

rarely somewhat curved at tip ; lower nearly straight, a
little recurved at tip : nostrils basal, approximated, oblong,
oblique, more than half closed by a naked membrane : tongue
very short, flesh}', depressed, narrowed and acute at tip.
Feet robust; tarsus one half shorter than the middle toe,
which is nearly equal to the outer ; inner considerably short-
er than the middle one, rarely wanting ; hind toe wide at
base, nearly equal to the inner : nails incurved, compress-
ed, channelled beneath, that of the middle toe largest and di-
lated interiorly. Wings rather short ; first and second prima-
ries a little shorter than the third, which is longest.

Body thick, compact ; head large, elongated : plumage
close, glossy. Moult annually.

Solitary. Abstemious : feed on insects, Crustacea, mollusca,
and principally small fishes, which they watch for from a
perch, catch with admirable dexterity and swallow entire,
afterwards casting up the scales and other indigestible parts
in the form of pellets. Fly with celerity short distances,
skimming the surface of the water or land.

Spread all over the globe, abounding most in warm cli-
mates ; one species in Europe, and one in the United States.

47. Alcedo alcyon, L. Crested ; bluish-slate ; breast with a
ferruginous band ; spot before and behind the eyes, a large
collar round the neck, and the vent, white.

Belted Kingfisher, Alcedo Alcyon, Wils . Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 59. pi- 23. fig. 1.

Inhabits common from Hudson's Bay to the equator, and
probably still farther south : migrating in cold and temperate
regions.

FAMILY VII. GREGARII.

Gregarii, Coraces , III. Conirostres, Cuv. Latr . Textores ,
Leimonites , Coraces , Carunculati, Paradisei, Vieill. Ifanti,
Metrioramfi, Plereoramfi, Rnnz. Order Omnivores, Temm.

Bile moderate, hard, robust, straight, acuminate, acute^
forming a sinus in the frontal feathers or cultrate ; edges

of the United States . 4$

sharp : nostrils basal, partly covered : tongue not elongated
nor extensible, bifid or emarginate at tip. Feet robust ;
tarsi annulated, naked, inner toe free ; hind toe more or less
elongated, thick ; nails compressed, acute. Wings moderate,
or but little elongated ; primaries acute at tip.

Omnivorous. Gregarious, at least for a part of the year ;
live in forests, but chiefly meadows and fields ; alight equally
on trees and on the ground. Build in trees, some also on
cliflfs and in houses. Flesh generally hard, unpalatable. Voice
harsh and unpleasant. Plumage of several eminently dis-
tinguished by colour and texture. For the most part easily
tamed and taught to articulate words.

GREGARII

Bill conic-elongated, entire, forming a sinus in the front
feathers. Outer and middle toes united at base. Tail of
twelve feathers.

8. STURNUS.

Sturnus , L. Briss. Cm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm.

Sturnus, Sturnella , VieiU. Sturnus , Amhlyramphus , Leach.

Bill conic-subulate, depressed, rather obtuse at tip; mar-
gins vertical ; upper mandible somewhat rounded above ;
lower a little shorter, narrow, compressed : hardly ascending,
nostrils oval-elongated, half closed by an arched membrane :
tongue cartilaginous, depressed, narrowed, acute and bifid at
tip. Tarsus subequal to the middle toe ; outer hardly longer
than the inner; hind toe stoutest: hind nail longest and largest.

Female hardly distinct. Young differing from the adult.
Colours more brilliant in spring, though the moult is annual.

Feed chiefly on insects which they seek in fields and mea-
dows, principally on the ground: some species follow the path
of oxen and sheep with this view, and often alight on their
backs. Build in holes of trees, houses, &c. and the Ameri-
can species in tufts of grass.

Synopsis of the Birds

Found in all parts of the globe : not numerous in species r
arranged in several families by different authors.

SUBGET/US STURNELLA.

Sturnella , Vieill. Sturnus , Alauda , Auct. Cassicus , Baud.

Frontal sinus deep, rounded. Hind toe as long as the
middle one, much longer and stouter than the lateral. Wings
rather short, somewhat rounded ; no spurious feather; first
and fifth primaries subequal ; second, third, and fourth
longest : two of the secondaries much elongated.

Peculiar to America. Connecting Sturnus with Icterus
by the subgenus Cassicus : somewhat allied to Alauda (family
Passerini.)

48. Sturnus uudovicianus, L. Beneath, and line over the eye
yellow ; a black pectoral crescent ; four lateral tail feathers
white.

Meadow Lark , Alauda magna , PVils. Am. Orn. Hi. p. 20 .
pi 19 .fig. 2.

Inhabits meadows and fields throughout the Union : com-
mon.

9. ICTERUS.

Icterus , Briss. Baud. Temm. Ranz. Oriolus, Tanagra.
L. Gm. Lath. Xanthornus, Pallas. Xanthornus, Icterus ,
Lacep. Oriolus , Cassicus , III. Cassicus , Cuv. Pendulinus ,
Yphantes , Agelaius , Cassicus, Passerina, Vieill.

Bill conic-subulate, compressed, rarely a little curved,
rounded above, very acute ; margins indexed, those of the
lower mandible angular near the base : nostrils oval, covered
by a membrane : tongue cartilaginous, acute and bifid at tip.
Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe ; inner toe but
little shorter than the outer, and nearly equal to the hind one ;
middle toe longest ; hind nail twice as large as the others.
Wings sub-acuminate; first primary but little shorter than the
third and fourth, which are longest.

of the United State#*

Female differing widely from the male, and often much
smaller. Young very like the female. Generally moult once
a year, but the colours more brilliant in spring ; in winter the
plumage of the male is somewhat like that of the female.

Gregarious. Omnivorous. Build in trees. Walk rather
quick, with the body almost erect. Flight vigorous. Flesh
not esteemed.

Numerous in species, and exclusively American : some
short, thick-billed species approaching the genus Fringilla,
(family Passerini) others with slender bills are allied to
Dacnis, subgenus of Sylvia, (family Canori) whilst others
again are related to Quiscalus, to Sturnus, he.

SUBGENUS II. ICTERUS.

Xanthornus , Cuv. Genera Pendulinus , Yphantes , VieilL

Bill comparatively slender, slightly bent towards the tip ;
frontal sinus acute, not deep.

Female about equal in size to the male.

Not constantly gregarious: frequent the woods. Feed
chiefly on insects and berries. Solitary when breeding.
Build pensile nests, admirably constructed. Allied to the
subgenus Dacnis.

49. Icterus Baltimore, Daud. Tail nearly even.

Male orange ; head, neck above, back, wings and tail,
black; lateral tail feathers widely orange at tip.

Female and young, the orange pale ; the black dull and
pale, and mottled with dull orange ; tail orange.

Baltimore Oriole , Oriolus baltimore , Wils. Am. Orn. ?
p. 23. pi. l. fig. 3. male ; and vi. p. 88. pi. 53. fig. 4. female.

Inhabits all parts of the United States in summer : rather
common : winters in tropical America.

50. Icterus spurius, Nob. Tail cuneiform.

Male, chesnut ; head and neck, back, wings and tail, black.

Female and young of one year, olive-green, beneath yel-
low ; wings and tail dusky.

Synopsis of the Birds

Young male over one year, the same, with the throat black.

Orchard Oriole , Oriolus mutatus , Wils . Am. Orn. i. p . 64.
j>7. 4. jfig. i. female , ^g. 2. wa/e years o/e?, j/ig. 3. ma?e
^ree years old. fig. 4. ae?a/£ male. Oriolus spurius , L.

Inhabits all parts of the union in summer : rather common.

SUBGENUS III XANTHORNUS.

Xanthornus , Cuv . Genus Agelaius , Vieill.

Bill robust, straight ; sinus angle acute, not deep.

Female half the size of the male.

Constantly gregarious: avoid woods, living chiefly in mea-
dows. Feed principally on insects and seeds. Build in
society ; nests not constructed with much art.

51. Icterus ph(eniceus, Daud. Black ; lesser wing-coverts red.

Young and autumnal male, feathers skirted with rufous.

Female and very young, blackish varied with whitish.

Red -winged Starling, Sturnus prcedatorius, Wils. Am.
Orn. iv.p. 30. pi. 30. fig. i. male in summer dress fig. : female.

Inhabits the whole of North America in very numerous
flocks : departing from the northern states in winter.

52. Icterus xanthocephalus, Nob. Black ; head, neck and
breast yellow-orange ; a white spot on the wing.

Female and young dark brown; wings immaculate;
throat whitish ; a rounded yellow patch on the breast.

Ydlow-headtd Troopial, Icterus icterocephalvs JVob. Am.
Orn. i. p. 26. pi. 4. fig . l. male. fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the western territory of the United States, Mexico,
and South America : common.

SUBGENUS IV EMBERIZOIDES.

Passerina, Vieill. Fringilla, Emberiza, Sturnus , Oriolus ,
Tanagra, fyc. auct.

Bill short, thick, conic, not much acuminated, straight ;
frontal sinus acute, not deep.

Intimately allied to Fringilla; though still more closely
related to the preceding subgenus.

of the United States . 53

53. Icterus pecoris. Temm. Glossy black ; head and neck
deep silky drab.

Female sooty-brown, beneath pale.

Young similar, the breast spotted.

Cow Bunting, Emberiza pecoris, Wils . Am. Orn . ii. p. 145-
pi, is .fig. 1. male, fig, 2. female, fig. 3. young .

Inhabits in summer, Canada and the northern states, in
winter the southern and Mexico : found also in South Amf
rica : common : migrating in large flocks. The only spe-
cies known, that, like the European Cuckoo, deposits its eggs
in the nests of other birds : like the European Starling
it follows cattle and alights on their backs. Intimately allied
to the preceding subgenus, to which it may with propriety
be united.

54. Icterus agripennis, Nob. Tail feathers very acute.

Adult male in spring dress, black ; hind head cream

colour ; scapulars, rump, and tail coverts, white.

Female, young, and male, in summer, autumn, and winter
dress, varied with brownish-black and reddish-olive ; beneath
dull yellow'.

Bice Bunting , Emberiza onjzivora , Wils. Am. Orn. ii.
p* 48. pi. 12. fig. i. male in spring dress, fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the whole United States during summer : com-
mon : wintering in tropical America. Breeds north of the
fortieth parallel.

Anomalous : strictly intermediate between Fringilla (Fa-
mily Passerini) and Icterus, (Family Gregarii) : particularly
related to the acute-tailed North American Fringillae. Toes
very long, and tail, formed like that of the Woodpecker,
often used in the same manner for the purpose of climbing
on the reeds and rice.

CORACES.

Bill cultrate, edges sharp. Outer toe free, or hardly united
at base to the middle one.

Yon. Ik

Synopsis of the Birds
10. QUISCALUS.

Gracula , Oriolus , Turdus, Corvus , L. Gm. Lath. Pica?
Icterus , Briss. Icterus , ///. Temm. Rons. Quiscalus , Fen-
duiinus, Agelaius, Vieill. Sturnus, Daud. Cassicus ( Icterus) ,
Floceus , Cwv. Chalcophanes ! Temm.

Bill bare, compressed from the base, entire ; edges angu-
lar, very sharp, hardly indexed : upper mandible prolonged
vd an acute angle on the front, curved from the middle, pro-
jecting considerably over the lower, with an osseous carina
within : nostrils oval, half closed by a membrane : tongue car-
tilaginous, flattened, lacerated on the sides, bifid at tip.
Tarsus a little longer than the middle toe ; lateral toes sub-
equal, the inner free, the outer united at base with the mid-
dle one. Wings moderate : first primary equal to the fifth,
and but little shorter than the second, third, and fourth,
which are longest. Tail of twelve feathers, more or less
rounded.

Male glossy black, immaculate ; female (one species ex-
cepted) brownish, beneath whitish-brown. Young differing
from the adult. Moult annually, but by the tips of the
feathers wearing off, one species undergoes a change.

Gregarious in large flocks ; retire in winter to hot cli-
mates. Build socially in trees ; lay about five eggs. Flesh
unpalatable.

55. Quiscalus major, Vieill. Glossy-black ; tail cuneiform,
reaching beyond the wings nearly five inches ; osseous carina
small : length sixteen inches.

Female light brown, beneath and eye-brows whitish :
length twelve and a half inches.

Great Crow-Blackbird , Quiscalus major , nob . Am. Orn.

p* 35. pi. 4 jig. i male. Jig. female.

Inhabits the southern states, principally on the sea coast,
Mexico, and the West Indies : common.

56. Quiscalus versicolor, Vieill. Glossy-black ; tail cunei-

of the United States .

form, reaching beyond the wings nearly three inches ; osseous
carina large: length eleven and a half inches.

Female similar to the male, but less brilliant : length
eleven inches.

Purple GraJde , Gracula quiscala , Wils. Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 44. pi. 21. Jig. 4. male and Common Crow- Blackbird 3
Quiscalus versicolor , nob. Am. Orn . veil i. p. 42. pi. 5. Jig- 1.
female.

Inhabits throughout the United States ; wintering in the
south : common.

57. Quiscalus ferrtjgineus, nob. Glossy-black, more or less
skirted with ferruginous ; tail nearly even : length nine inches.

Female nearly equal to the male; head, neck and breast,
ferruginous-brown; belly and rump ash.

Rusty Grakle, Gracula ferruginea, Wils. Am. Orn. vol. in.
p. 41. pi. 21. fig. a. male in spring.

Inhabits throughout the United States, winters in the
south : extends its migrations as far north even as to the
Arctic circle : rather less common than the preceding. (9.)

11. CORVUS.

Corvus , L. Gm. Lath. Cuv. 111. Temm. Ranz.

Corvus , Pica , Garrulus , Briss. Vieill.

Bill covered at base with setaceous incumbent porrect
feathers, straight, convex, cultrate-compressed; upper mandible
curved at tip ; lower somewhat shorter, carinated on the sides,
little ascending at tip : nostrils basal, patulous, covered by
the incumbent feathers : tongue short, cartilaginous, acute
and bifid at tip. Tarsus hardly longer than the middle toe ;
toes separated almost to the base, middle one longest, inner
shorter than the outer, and subequal in length to the hind toe ;
nails moderate, acute, beneath canaliculate, and sharp edged ;
hind one generally longer. Wings subelongated, acute;
first primary short ; third or fourth longest. Tail of twelve
feathers.

Synopsis of the Birds

Female hardly distinct in colour from the male. Young
somewhat different from the adult before the first year. Moult
annually. Very shy, suspicious, avoid snares ; sense of
smelling acute.

Live in forests and fields, generally in scattered flocks.
Several migrate. The larger species occasionally prey on
small birds, and are very fond of eggs. Build in high trees,
rocks, or fissures of old edifices. Lay only once in the
year ; eggs 3 — 8. Easily tamed, susceptible of attachment ;
capable of articulating words ; purloin and conceal small
articles not useful to themselves.

Spread all over the globe.

SUBGENUS /. CORVUS.

Corvus, Briss. Vieill.

Bill thick, robust. Head feathers not erectile. Tail mo-
derate. even, or slightly rounded. Colours black, not varie-
gated.

Walk gravely. Flight elevated, long sustained.

58. Corvus corax. L. Black ; back glossed with bluish-
purple ; tail much rounded, reaching two inches beyond
the wings; third primary longest: length twenty-six inches.

Raven , Corvus corax , Wils . Am. Orn. ix. p. 113. pi. 75 >

fig- 3-

Inhabits almost every part of the globe : rare in Pennsyl-
vania, but numerous in the interior of the United States, and
to the north near the lakes.

59. Corvus corone, L . Purplish-black, glossy ; tail slightly
rounded, reaching but little beyond the wings; tail-feathers
acute ; fourth primary longest ; first equal to the ninth :
length eighteen and a half inches.

Crow, Corvus corone , Wils . Am. Orn . iv . p . 79. pL 36.
fig -3-

Inhabits both continents, very common : more frequent in
the northern and middle states than in the southern.

of the United States .

f||

60. Corvus osstfragus, Wils. Glossy-black ; chin naked ; tail
slightly rounded, reaching more than one inch beyond the
wings ; fourth primary longest ; first much shorter than the
ninth : length sixteen inches.

Fish Crow , Corvus osstfragus, Wils . Am. Orn . v. p, 27.
pi 37. fig. 2.

Inhabits the sea coast, pond and river shores of the
southern, western, and middle states, during summer : rather
rare.

61. Corvus columbianus, Wils. Light silky drab ; wings and
tail glossy black ; secondaries white at tip ; outer tail feath-
ers white.

Clark's Crow , Corvus columbianus, Wils. Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 29. pi. 20. fig. 2.

Inhabits the shores of the Oregan : common.

SUBGENUS II. PICA.

Pica , Briss. Vieill.

Head feathers not erectile. Tail very long, cuneiform.
Colours generally black and white, sometimes variegated.

Advance by small leaps. Flight generally low, not pro-
tracted.

62. Corvus pica, L. Glossy-black ; belly, primaries on the
inner web, and scapulars, white ; tail about ten inches long.

Magpie, Corvus pica, Wils. Am. Orn. iv.p. 15.pl. 35. fig. 2.

Inhabits both continents, but much more limited in its
range in America, being confined to the northern and western
regions. (10.)

SUBGENUS III. GARRULUS.

Garrulus, Briss. Fieill.

Bill rather short, straight; upper mandible somewhat in-
flected at tip ; lower navicular. Head feathers erectile.
Wings not reaching to the tip of the tail. Colours brilliant,
more or less of blue.

Synopsis of the Birds

Garrulous, noisy, inquisitive. Advance by leaps. Flight
generally neither protracted nor elevated.

63. Corvus crist atus, L Crested, blue ; beneath whitish
with a black collar ; wing-coverts transversely lineated with
black ; tail cuneiform.

Blue Jay , Corvus cristatus , Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 11 .pi. l.

fig- 1-

Inhabits every part of North America, more abundant in
the northern and middle states ; during winter only in the
southern.

64. Corvus floridanus, Bartrara. Not crested ; bright azure;
back brownish; beneath whitish-grey; tail subcuneiform.

Florida Jay , Corvus floridanus, nob. Am. Orn.pl. 13. fig l.
Garrulus cyaneus and ccerulescens , Vieill.

Inhabits Florida and the neighbouring states to Kentucky.

65. Corvus canadensis. L. Blackish-plumbeous ; hind head
black ; forehead, collar, beneath, and tip of the tail brownish-
white.

Canada Jay , Corvus canadensis, Wils. Am. Orn. Hi. p. 33.
pi. 21 .fig. 1.

Inhabits the colder parts of North America. Rare in the
United States, appearing during winter in the northern sec-
tion only.

FAMILY VIII. SERICATL

Sericctii, Coraces , III. Dentirostres, Cuv. Baccivori,
Myiotheres, Vieill. Furistomi, Ranz. Latirostres, Fair.
Orders Insectivores , Omnivores, Temm.

Bill short, robust, dilated, depressed nearly to the tip ;
upper mandible curved, almost always notched ; gape large.
Feet of middling length, somewhat robust; tarsi annulated,
naked ; hind toe somewhat broad and flat, nails incurved,
well proportioned to the toes. Wings moderate, not acute
Tail of twelve feathers.

of the United States .

Gregarious ; very sociable ; feed on insects and berries.
Build without much art. Voice weak and but little modulated.

Form a singular but well defined link between Coraces and
Chelidones.

12. BOMB YC ILL A.

Ampelis , L. Gm. Lath. Tardus, Briss. Corvus , 111.

Bombycivora , {subgen.) Cuv . Temm. Bombyciphora , Meyer •
Bomb .cilia, Vieill. Ranz. Nob. obs.

Bill trigonal at base, somewhat compressed towards the
tip, notched : upper mandible with an obtuse ridge, curved
and acute at tip ; lower hardly shorter, compressed, somewhat
swelling out at base, recurved, notched, and rather acute at
tip ; nostrils basal, oval, patulous, covered by small incumbent
setaceous feathers : tongue cartilaginous, broad at tip, lace-
rated. Tarsus almost equal to the middle toe, which is
united at base to the shorter outer toe ; inner free, shorter
than the outer, almost equal to the hind toe, but more
slender ; nails acute, middle one almost equal to the hind
nail, but more slender at tip. Wings with spurious feather
extremely short ; first and second primaries longest.

Female similar to the male, crested; adults with small
red oblong appendages, like red sealing wax, at the tip of the
secondaries. Plumage of a very fine silky and glossy tex-
ture, lying extremely close. Moult annually.

Live in numerous flocks. Wandering: perform great
journeys; not shy, simple, and easily tamed. Feed chiefly
on juicy fruits. Build in trees ; lay twice a year ; eggs
about 5.

Composed of but two species, one American, and the
other European and Asiatic.

66. Bombycilla carolinensis, Briss. Drab ; chin, frontlet and
line over the eye, black ; belly yellow ; vent white ; wings
and tail blackish, the latter tipped with yellow.

Cedar Bird, Ampelis american a, Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 107.
pi. 7. fig. i. Bombycilla cedronm , Vieill .

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits all North America ; more common in the northern,
and middle states; in winter also in the southern, Mexico,
and even Cayenne.

FAMILY IX. CHELIDONES.

Hiantes , III. Fissirostres , Cuv. Chelidones , Vieill. Ranz.
Latirostres, Latr. Order Chelidones, Temm .

Bill very small, much depressed, very wide at base ; up-
per mandible incurved, compressed at tip : gape very large.
Feet very short and slender; tarsi annulated; toes short ;
nails short, arcuated, more or less slender and acute. Wings
greatly elongated, very acute.

Female and young generally differ but little from the
adult male. Moult annually.

Feed exclusively on insects, which they swallow flying.
Migrate to tropical countries in winter. Flight very rapid
and protracted : hardly walk. Vision acute, diurnal or noc-
turnal. Voice destitute of harmony or modulation.

NOCTURNAL.

Head very large ; eyes and ears very large. Middle toe
nail pectinated on the inner side. Plumage loose, soft, and
light.

13. CAPRIMULGUS.

Caprimulgus , L. Briss . (hi. Lath. Cuv . III. Temm. Ranz .
Caprimulgus, Nyctibius, Vieill .

Bill extremely short, feeble, cleft beyond the eyes ; upper
mandible almost always surrounded by divergent bristles,
somewhat hooked at tip ; lower somewhat recurved at tip ;
margins vertical or turned outwards: nostrils basal, wide,
partly closed by a feathered membrane, leaving generally a
tubular opening : tongue very small, cartilaginous, more or
less acute, narrow, entire. Tarsi partly feathered; fore
toes connected to the first joint by a small membrane ;
middle toe generally much longer than the lateral and pos-

of the United States .

terior, the latter slender, versatile : nails very short, canalicu-
lated beneath. First primary shorter than the second and
third, which are longest. Tail of ten feathers.

Female easily distinguished from the male. Young similar
to the adult. Moult once or twice in the year. Plumage
dull, generally consisting of a mixture of gray, reddish-
brown and blackish, with some white spots.

Solitary; shy; live in forests; abrupt in their motions;
fly rapidly about in the twilight and in the night, when their
vision is more acute ; conceal themselves in the day, except
in cloudy weather ; flight silent, owing to the softness of
the feathers. Hunt insects, principally nocturnal lepidop-
tera, with a patulous mouth. In the breeding season rustle
their wings like the doves ; remarkably constant. Lay
one or two large eggs on the ground without any nest, rarely
in a hollow tree or cleft rock. Voice unpleasant, monoto-
nous. Sometimes when flying utter a noise, probably pro-
duced by the air rushing into their open mouth, and circula-
ting in the body.

Inhabit all parts of the globe, but chiefly America. Analo-
gous to Strix.

67. Caprimulgus carolinensis, Gm. Bristles shorter than the

bill ; tail rounded, reaching an inch beyond the wings ; three
outer tail feathers white on the inner web at tip : length twelve
inches. ►

Female, with the tip of the three outer tail feathers dark
ochreous.

Chuck- will s-widow, Caprimulgus carolinensis , Wils, Am,
Orn. vi. p. 95. ph 54. fig, 2.

Inhabits the southern states during summer : rather com-
mon.

68. Caprimulgus vociferus, Wils. Bristles much longer than
the bill ; tail much rounded, reaching one half beyond the
wings ; primaries mottled.

Vol. II.

Synopsis of the Birds

Male, three outer tail feathers pure white at tip.

Female, tip of the outer tail feathers ochreous.

Whip-poor-wdl , Caprimulgus vociferus , Wils. Am . Orn.
p. ni.pl. 41. l. male, 2. female, 3. young recently hatched „
C. virginianus, VieilL necauct.

Inhabits the United States during summer : far less com-
mon than the following in the middle and northern states.

69. Caprimulgus virginianus, Briss. Bill without bristles ;
tail forked, not reaching to the tips of the wings; primaries
plain blackish, with a white spot.

Male, triangular spot on the throat, and band on the taily
white.

Night-Hawk , Caprimulgus americanus , Wils Am. Orn. v .
p. 65.pl. AO. fig. 1. male. 2. female. C. popetue, Vieill.

Inhabits the United States during summer, common in
the middle states.

DIURNAL.

Eyes and ears moderate. Plumage close and compact.
Middle toe nail not pectinated.

14. CYPSELUS.

Hirundo L. Briss. Cm. Lath. Cuv. Hirundo, Cypselus,
111. Vieill. Ranz . Apus , Scopoli. Cuv. ( subg .) JVlicropus ?
Wolf. Meyer. Brachypus, Meyer. Cypsetus , Temm.

Bill extremely short, triangular, cleft to the eyes ; upper
mandible slightly notched near the tip, which is rather
obtuse; lower somewhat shorter, and a little recurved at tip:
nostrils lateral, approximate, large, partly covered by a
feathered membrane, leaving a small tubular aperture : tongue
short, wide, cartilaginous, bifid at tip. Feet remarkably
short ; toes divided ; hind toe versatile, generally directed
forward; middle toe a little longer than the lateral sube-
quai ones ; hind toe shortest : nails very retractile, beneath
canalicuLated ; the middle one largest; hind nail smallest.

of the United States.

Wings extremely long ; first primary a little shorter than
the second, which is longest Tail of ten feathers.

F emale and young hardly differing from the adult male.
Moult annually.

Build in clefts of high rocks and buildings ; nests con-
structed of small twigs, agglutinated together by a viscous
substance secreted in the mouth. Flight horizontal and very
rapid ; rise from the ground with difficulty on account of
their very short feet: cling firmly by their claws.

Spread all over the globe.

70. Cypselus pelasgius, Temm. Deep sooty-brown ; chin and
line over the eye dull whitish ; wings extending one and a
half inches beyond the tail ; tail even, feathers mucronate.

Chimney Swallow , Hirundo pelasgia , fVils. Jim. Orn . v.
p. 48- pl - 39- fig- l.

Inhabits chimneys in all the United States during summer :
common : does not extend very far north.

15. HIRUNDO.

Hirundo , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Vieill. Temm.
Ranz.

Bill triangular, cleft nearly to the eyes, with a few scat-
tered bristles at the base ; upper mandible notched ; lower
shorter, a little narrower, acute, and nearly straight to the
tip : nostrils basal, oblong, posteriorly closed by a mem-
brane, and covered by the frontlet feathers : tongue short,
cartilaginous, bifid at tip. Tarsus short, slender ; middle
toe longer than the subequal lateral ones, united with
the outer to the first articulation ; inner toe free, generally
longer than the hind toe, which is not versatile : middle toe
nail largest. First primary longest. Tail of twelve feathers,
almost always forked.

Female and young often resemble the adult male. Moult
annually.

Synopsis of the Birds

Social : assemble in large flocks to migrate ; live gene-
rally in families, constructing their nests together, and often
assist each other in the work. Some build in hollow trees,
chimneys, and even on the ground ; nest artfully constructed,
composed of materials that harden by drying, and lined
within with feathers and other soft substances : rear usually
several broods in a year ; both sexes nurse the young. Fre-
quent watery places in pursuit of winged insects, which they
take with agility. Skim over the water, drink and wash
themselves without alighting. Ascend to the elevated regions
of the atmosphere in fair weather; before rain fly moderately
highland .after skim the earth.

Inhabit every part of the globe.

71. Hirundo purpurea, L. Bluish-purple, glossy; wings
and forked tail blackish.

Female and young bluish-brown ; belly whitish.

Purple Martin, Hirundo purpurea, Wils. Am. Orn. v.p. 58.
pi. 39* fig- 1* male: 2. female.

Inhabits the whole continent of America: common during
summer throughout the United States.

72. Hirundo rufa, Gra. Above and band on the breast steel-
blue ; front and beneath rufous; tail forked ; a white spot
on the lateral feathers, outer ones much narrowed and elon-
gated.

Barn Swallow, Hirundo americana, Wils. Am. Orn. v.
p. 34. pi. 38. fig. i. male. 2 female.

Inhabits the United States during summer : common.

73. Hirundo fulva, Vieill. Blue-black, beneath brownish-
white ; throat, front and rump ferruginous ; tail even.

Fulvous or Cliff Swallow , Hirundo fulva , Nob. Am. Orn. i.
p. 63. pi. 7. fig. 1.

Inhabits during summer the western parts of the United
States, advancing every year more to the eastward : very

)

of the United States . 65

numerous near the Rocky Mountains, and extending far to
the north.

74. Hirundo bicolor, Vieill. Dark greenish-blue, beneath
white; tail forked ; tarsi naked.

Green-blue, or White-bellied Swallow, Hirundo viridis,
Wils.Am. Orn. v. p. 44. pi. 38

Inhabits the United States during summer: less common
than the Hirundo rufa.

75. Hirundo riparia, L. Above, and band on the breast,
cinereous-brown ; beneath white ; tail forked ; tarsi naked,
w ith a few tufts of downy feathers behind.

Bank Swallow, or Sand Martin, Hirundo riparia. Wils.
Am. Orn. v.p. 46. pi. 38. fig. 4.

Inhabits both continents on high sandy banks, in large
communities: during summer only in the United States:
common.

FAMILY X. CANORI.

Dentirostres, Cuv. Latr. Myi otheres , Colluriones , Canori ,
Canori, 111. Ancrpontes, Vieill. Piezoramfi , B afioramfi,
Metrioramfi , Collurioni, Ranz. Order Insectivores, Temm.
Oscines, Brehm.

Bill short, or moderate ; upper mandible almost always
notched and curved near the tip. Tarsi annulated, naked;
middle toe united at base to the outer. Wings moderate.
Tail of twelve feathers.

Insectivorous : some feed also on berries. Build their
nests in woods and thickets; breed several times a year;
eggs rather numerous. Generally excel in song. Flesh
palatable.

16. MUSCICAPA.

Muscicapa, Lanius, L. Gm. Lath. Muscicapa, Briss. III.
Muscicapa , Tyrannus, Muscivora, Lacep. Cuv. Muscipeta ,
Cuv. Muscicapa, Muscipeta. Temm Ranz. Muscicapa .
Tyrannus, Alecturus ? Platyrynchos, Vieill.

Synopsis of the Birds

Bill moderate, robust, sub-trigonal, depressed, with e1on°
gated bristles at base; upper mandible inflected at tip,
notched; lower shorter, somewhat flattened beneath, straight,
or a little recurved at tip : nostrils basal, lateral, rounded,
patulous, partly covered by the bristles : tongue depressed,
ciliated at tip. Feet rather short, slender; tarsus equal, or
rather longer than the middle toe ; inner toe free, or united
only at base : nails acute, moderate ; hind nail more incurved
than the others, larger than that of the middle toe. Wings
rather long, subacute, the spurious feather short or wanting;
second and third, or third and fourth primaries longest.
Tail rather long.

Young differ from the adult only during the first year.
Some moult once, others twice a year ; after the second
moult the male assumes the humble dress of the female.
Females of those that moult once a year, similar to their males.

Taciturn ; solitary ; untameable. Perch on the highest
branches of trees, whence they watch for insects ; pursuing
chiefly diptera, and taking them on the wing with great agility;
seldom descend to the ground. Build in woods. Widely
distributed over the globe : abounding most where insects
are most numerous, and, by preventing their excessive in-
crease, may be considered as benefactors of man. Migratory
in temperate and cold regions.

* Larger species. (Tyranni of authors.)

Bold ; attacking and driving victoriously from their nests
the most powerful birds of prey.

76. Muscicapa tyrannus, Briss. Blackish, beneath whitish;
tail even, black, tipped with white.

Adult, a fulvous spot on the crown. Young without the spot.

Tyrant Flycatcher , or King Bird , Muscicapa tyrannus ,
Wils. Am. Orn. ii . p. 67. pi. 13. fig. l.

Inhabits during summer throughout the United States :

common.

of the United States .

77. Muscicapa crinita, L. Greenish ; throat ash ; belly yel-
low ; wing and tail feathers ferruginous on the inner webs.

Great-crested, F'y catcher, Muscicapa crinita, Wils. Am .
Orn. ii. p. 75. pi- 13. fig. 2.

Inhabits throughout the United States during summer:
rather common.

78. Muscicapa verticalis, Nob. Head and throat ash; a
small orange spot on the crown ; belly yellow ; tail blackish,
exterior feather white on the outer web.

Arkansaiv Flycatcher Muscicapa verticalis , JYob. Am. Orn .
i.p. t8. pi. 2. fig. 2. Tyrannus verticalis, Say.

Inhabits the Arkansaw region near the Rocky Mountains,
during summer.

79. Muscicapa savana, Nob. Cinereous ; head black ; a ful-
vous spot on the crown ; beneath white ; tail ten inches long,
extremely forked, black.

Fork-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa savana, Nob. Am. Orn .
i. p. i. pi. i. fig. i.

Muscicapa tyrannus, L. Tyrannus savana, Vieill.

Inhabits South America : an accidental visiter in the United
States.

80. Muscicapa forficata, Gm. Light cinereous ; beneath
white ; axillary feathers scarlet ; tail greatly elongated, ex-
tremely forked, black ; outer feathers chiefly rosaceous.

Swallow-tailed Flycatcher, Muscicapa forficata , Nob. Am*
Orn. i.p. 15. pi. 2. fig. 1.

Inhabits the trans-Mississippi territories, south-western
states, and Mexico.

** Smaller species ( Muscicapce , Muscivorce , and Muscipetct

of authors.)

81. Muscicapa saya. Nob. Dull cinnamon-brown ; belly ru-
fescent ; tail nearly even ; first primary longer than the sixth.

Say's Flycatcher , Muscicapa saya , Nob. Am. Orn. i. p. 20.
pi. %. fig. %.

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains.

82. Muscicapa fusca, Gm. Dark olive-brown, head blackish ;
beneath pale ochreous ; bill entirely black-; tail emarginate,
exterior feather whitish on the outer web.

Pewit Flycatcher , Muscicapa nunciola , Wils . Am. Orn. ii.
p. 78.pl. 13. Jig. 4.

Inhabits during summer the northern and middle states,
a few wintering in the southern : common.

83. Muscicapa firejvs, L. Brownish-olive, beneath pale
ochreous; bill black, beneath yellow; tail emarginate ;
second primary longest.

Wood Pewee Flycatcher , Muscicapa rapux , Wils. Am. Orn .
ii. p. 8i. pi. 13. fg. 5.

Inhabits every part of the United States in summer :
common.

84. Muscicapa acadica, Gm. Olive-green, beneath yellowish
white ; bill black, flesh colour beneath ; tail slightly round-
ed ; third primary longest.

Small green- crested Flycatcher , Muscicapa querula , Wils.
Am. Orn. ii. p. 77. pi. 13. fig- 3.

Inhabits all the United States during summer: rather rare.

85. Muscicapa ruticilla, L. Black; belly white; sides of
the breast, base of the primaries and tail feathers, the two
middle ones excepted, orange.

Female, young, and autumnal male, greenish-olive; head
cinereous ; beneath whitish ; sides of the breast, and base of
the tail feathers, yellow.

American Redstart , Muscicapa ruticilla Wils. Am. Orn. i.
p. 103. pi 6. fig. 6. adult male , v. p. 119. pL 45. fig. 2. young.

Inhabits all the United States during summer. Common.

17. ICTERIA.

Muscicapa , Gm. Lath. Turdus , Briss. Ampelis , Sparr-
man . Tanagra , Desmarest. Pipra Wils . Icteria , Vieill .

of the United States.

Bill robust, elongated, convex, curved, compressed, en-
tire, pointed, with divergent bristles at base ; mandibles sub-
equal, edges somewhat indexed : nostrils rounded, obvious,
half covered by an arched membrane : tongue cartilaginous,
slightly bifid at tip. Inner toe free. First primary a
little shorter than the second, third, and fourth, which are
longest.

Female similar to the male in colour.

Feed on insects and berries. Conceal themselves in thick
bushy places. Alight on the ground, but always near their
hiding places, to which they retire as soon as observed.
Song greatly varied. Flight irregular.

Peculiar to America; composed of but one species. Inter-
mediate between Muscicapa and Tanagra, but well placed
between Turdus and Vireo.

36. Icteria viridis, Nob. Greenisli-oli ve ; throat and breast
yellow; belly and line encircling the eyes, white.

Yellow-breasted Chat, Pipra polyglotta , Wils , Am. Orn.
i. p. 90. pi. 6. Jig. 2.

Muscicapa viridis, Gin. Icteria dumicola , Vicill.

Inhabits during summer all parts of the United States:
common : winters in tropical America.

18. VIREO.

Muscicapa, Tanagra, L. Gm. Lath. Muscicapa, Briss.
Temm. Uireo, Muscicapa, Sylvia, Vieill.

Bill rather short, a little compressed, with bristles at
base ; upper mandible curved at tip, strongly notched ; lower
shorter, recurved at tip : nostrils basal, rounded : tongue car-
tilaginous, bifid at tip. Tarsus longer than the middle toe.
Wings subacute; second or third primary longest.

Female differing but little from the male. More or less
tinged with green.

Usually insectivorous, but sometimes feeding on berries.
Live chiefly on trees, and rarely alight on the ground.

Vol. ]T, 9

TO Synopsis of the Birds

Migrate in winter to tropical climates. The greater number
sing sweetly.

Peculiar to America. Closely allied to Tamnophilus on
one side, to Muscicapa on another, Sylvia on a third, and
Tanagra on a fourth, thus uniting the two families Canori
and Passerini. Some of the species correspond to Tamno-
philus, in the form of the bill and feet, and differ only in that
of the wings.

87. Vireo flavifrons, Vieili. Yellow-olive ; throat, breast,
frontlet and line round the eye yellow ; belly white ; wings
bifasciate with white, and with the tail blackish.

Yellow-throated Flycatcher , Muscicapa sylvicola , Wits. Am .
Orn. ii. p. 117. pi. i.fig. 3.

Inhabits forests during summer: rather common.

88. Vireo solitaries, Vieili. Olive-green; head bluish-gray;
line round the eye white ; breast pale cinereous ; belly white,
yellow each side ; wings bifasciate with white, and with the
tail blackish.

Solitary Flycatcher , Muscicapa solitaria , Wils. Am. Orn .
ii* P- 143. pi. 17. fig. 6.

Inhabits the southern and middle states during summer :
very rare.

89. Vireo noveboracensis, Nob. Yellow-olive; beneath white,
sides yellow ; line round the eye, and spot near the nostrils,
rich yellow ; wings bifasciate with pale yellow, and with the
tail blackish ; irides white.

White-eyed Flycatcher , Muscicapa cantatrix, Wils . Am .
Orn. ii. p* 1 66.pl. 18. fig. 6.

Muscicapa noveboracensis , Gm. Vireo musicus , Vieili.

Inhabits the United States during summer, proceeding
gradually from the south to the north as the season advances :
common.

90. Vireo gilvus, Nob. Pale-green olive ; head slightly in-

of the United States. ? i

dining to ash ; line over the eye and all beneath, white ;
wings dusky, without bands; bill short ; irides brown.

Warbling Flycatcher , Muscicapa melodic/, Wils. Am. Orn.
v. p. 85* pi'- 42. fig. 2. Muscicapa ( since Sylvia) gilva , Vieill .

Inhabits during summer throughout the union : not very
common.

91. Vireo olivaceus, Nob. Yellow-olive ; crown ash, with
a black lateral line ; line over the eye ; and all beneath
white ; wings without bands ; bill elongated ; irides red.

Red-eyed Flycatcher , Muscicapa olivacea, Wils. Am. Orn .
ii. p. 55. pi. 12. fig. 3. Muscicapa olivacea , L.

Inhabits every part of the United States during the warm
and temperate season: common. Forms the link between
Vireo and Sylvia.

19. LAN1US.

Lanius , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv. Vieill. Temm. Ranz.

Bill moderate, robust, straight, much compressed, base
with rigid, porrect bristles : upper mandible rounded above,
hooked at tip, acute, with an acute tooth each side near the
tip ; lower shorter, acute, notched and toothed near the tip ;
nostrils basal, lateral, half closed by a vaulted membrane :
tongue short, triangular, lacerated at tip. Feet robust;
tarsus longer than the middle toe, lateral ones nearly equal ;
inner free; hind toe wide, at base beneath flattened, more
robust than the others, a little shorter than the lateral : nails
moderate, compressed, acute ; that of the hind toe largest.
Wings moderate ; spurious feather very short ; second and
third primary longest. Tail of twelve feathers.

Female and young of the American species hardly differ
from the adult males. Some species moult once, others twice
in the year.

Distrustful: courageous: sanguinary. Feed on insects
and small birds : take their stand on high limbs whence they
watch for prey ; hold it while feeding in one foot* standing

Synopsis of the Birds

on the other. Attack the most powerful of the feathered
tribe, which they drive from their nests. Live in families.
Build in trees and bushes ; lay 5 — 7 eggs. Flight short,
rapid and irregular : wag the tail. Voice loud, stridulous :
imitate the song of other birds.

Found in all parts of the globe, except South America.
Resemble the Accipitres, especially in habits; notwithstand-
ing allied to Corvus, but much more closely to Turdus,
Myiothera, and other small, feeble birds.

92. Lanius septentrionalis, Gm. (li.) Light slate ; beneath
white, undulated with brown ; frontlet whitish; wings and tail
black ; tail feathers, excepting the two middle ones, partly
white ; third primary longest ; fourth equal to the second.*

Great American Shrike or Butcher bird , Lanius excubitor ,
Wils. Am. Orn . i. p. 74. pL 5. fig- 1. Lanius borealis , Vieill.

Inhabits north of both continents : in winter only in Penn-
sylvania : rather rare.

93. Lanius ludovicianus, L Dark slate; beneath white;
frontlet black ; wings and tail black ; tail feathers, four mid-
dle ones excepted, partly white ; second primary longest ;
first and fifth equal. f

Logger-head Shrike , Lanius carolinensis , Wils . Am. Orn .
Hi. p. bl.pl. •Jig* 8. Lanius ardosiaceus , Vieill.

Inhabits the southern states.

20. MYIOTHERA,

Turdus , Lanius , L. Gm. Lath. Briss.

Myiothera , III . Cuv. Temm. Ranz. Myrmecophaga , Lacep .
Myrmoihera, Tamnophilus , Vieill.

In Lanius excubitor of Europe, the second is longest, and the fourth
considerably shorter.

f In Lanius excubitor, and Lanius septentrionalis, the first primary is
equal to the sixth.

of the United States .

Bill moderate or elongated, much compressed, higher
than wide at base, straight or slightly curved ; upper mandible
a little vaulted, notched and curved at tip; lower a little shorter,
straight, notched, ascending at tip, acute : nostrils basal,
oval, half closed by a membrane : tongue short, generally
somewhat bristled at tip. Tarsus rather slender, very long
or moderate ; lateral toes subequal, shorter than the middle
one, which is united at base with the inner, and to the outer
as far as the first articulation ; hind toe a little longer and
more robust than the inner : nails moderate, incurved, acute ;
the hind one largest. Wings short, rounded; first primary
shortest; the following gradually longer to the fourth or
fifth, which is longest. Tail very short and even, or mode-
rate and much rounded.

Female larger than the male, and, with the young differing
considerably in colour from the adult male.

Live generally in families or small troops, different species
in company, in dry uninhabited countries, principally dense
forests. Feed exclusively on insects, especially ants. Run
swiftly on the ground, and leap with agility ; seldom alight ’
ing, and then on the lowest branches of trees. Flight low
and short. Voice harsh and peculiar. Flesh oily and un-
palatable. Tropical ; chiefly American. Allied to Turdus
by Pitta on one side, to Lanius by Tamnophilus on another,
and to Troglodytes on a third.

94. Myiothera obsoleta, Nob. Dusky-brownish, undulated
with pale ; beneath whitish, marked with brown ; tail two
inches long, rounded, ferruginous- yellow at tip ; bill very
slender, slightly curved, one inch long ; tarsus seven-eighths
of an inch.

Rocky Mountain Ant-catcher , Myiothera obsoleta, Nob . Am .
Orn. i. p. 6. pi. i .fig 2. Troglodytes obsoleta, Say.

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains. Placed on the ex-
treme limits of the genus, near Troglodytes.

Synopsis of the Bints

21 . TURDUS.

Turdus , L, Briss. Gm. Lath. Cuv. Vieill. Temm. Rang.

Bill moderate, much compressed except at base, rounded-
cultrate, furnished with bristles; upper mandible slightly
curved, generally notched; lower shorter, straight, almost
rounded: nostrils basal, rounded, half closed by a naked mem-
brane; tongue depressed, cartilaginous, fimbriated, emarginate
at tip. Feet rather robust; tarsus longer than the middle
toe ; inner toe free, hardly longer than the hind one, which
is as robust as the middle toe : nails moderate, compressed,
incurved, acute ; the posterior hardly larger than the middle
one. Wings short or moderate; spurious feather short; first
and second primaries, second and third, sometimes third,
fourth, and fifth, longest; secondaries somewhat rounded at
tip ; scapulars hardly longer than the secondaries.

Female and young generally differ little from the male.
Young more spotted. Moult annually.

Gay. Solitary ; several, however, migrate in flocks. Feed
on insects and berries. Some eminently distinguished for
their admirable song and delicious flesh.

F ound in all countries and climates. Allied to the Family
Gregarii by Sturnus, and more particularly by Acridotheres.
but evidently belonging to this family ; closely related to
Sylvia, Myiothera, Pitta and Saxicola.

SYLVAN I.

Live and build in woods, thickets and orchards ; eggs
4 — 6. Migrate in flocks. Feed principally on berries, ex-
cept when bringing up their young.

95. Turdus polyglottos, L. Cinereous ; beneath and eye-
brows whitish ; tips of the coverts, primaries at base, and
lateral tail feathers, white ; tail cuneiform.

Mocking Bird , Turdus polyglottus , Wits* Am* Orn« il
V. 13. pi 10. jig* !

of the United States. To

Inhabits America from New-England to Brazil : rare, and
migratory north of the Delaware : common, and resident
south.

95. Turdus felivox, Vieill. Deep slate, beneath paler ; vent
rufous ; crown and tail black, the latter rounded.

Cat Bird , Turdus lividus , Wils. Am. Orn . ii. p. 90. pi. 20.
fig. 3. Muscicapa carolinensis, L.

Inhabits during summer throughout North America : very
common.

97. Turdus migratorius, L* Dark ash ; beneath rufous 5
head and tail black, two lateral feathers white at the inner tip.

Robin , Turdus migratorius , Wils . Am. Orn. i. p. 35. pi. 2.

fig ■

Inhabits all North America : extremely common the latter
part of autumn, when it arrives from the north in large
flocks : a few winter in Pennsylvania.

98. Turdus rufus, L. Reddish-brown ; beneath whitish,
spotted with black ; tail very long, rounded ; wings bifasciate
with whitish ; bill long, entire.

Ferruginous Thrush , Turdus rufus , Wils. Am. Orn . iu
p. 83. pi. 14 -fig. l.

Inhabits throughout North America in summer : common :
a few resident in the southern states.

99. Turdus mustelinus, Gm. Brown-fulvous, inclining to
reddish on the head, and to olive on the rump and tail ; be-
neath white, spotted with blackish ; tail short, slightly emar-
ginate ; bill moderate.

Wood Thrush , Turdus melodus, Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 35.
fi. 2. fig. 1.

Inhabits all North America in summer: common: none
wintering within the boundaries of the United States.

100. Turdus minor, Gm. Olive-brown, inclining to reddish
on the tail ; beneath whitish, spotted with duskv on the

TO Synopsis of the Birds

breast and under the wings; tail short, emarginate : bill
short.

Hermit Thrush , Turdus solitarius , Wils. Am. Orn. v.p. 95.
pi. 43. fig. 2.

Inhabits all North America in summer : common : resident
in the southern states.

101. Turdus wilsonii, Nob. Tawny-brown; beneath white,
with brown spots on the throat; tail short, nearly even, the
feathers pointed ; bill short.

Tawny Thrush , Turdus mustelinus , Wils . Am. Orn. v.
p. 98. pi. 43. fig. 3.

Inhabits all North America, remaining but a few days in
Pennsylvania and New Jersey : rather common : breeding
in the north : wintering in the south.

Q.2. SYLVIA.

Motacilla , L. Gm. 111. Ficedula, Briss. Sylvia, Scopoli.
Lath. Temm. Ranz. Sylvia, Dacnis, (subgenus of Cassicus )
Cuv. Sylvia, Mniotilta, Vieill.

Bill slender, straight, subulate, higher than wide at base,
furnished with bristles ; lower mandible straight : nostrils
basal, lateral, oval, half closed by a membrane : tongue
cartilaginous : lacerated at tip. Feet slender ; tarsus longer
than the middle toe ; inner toe free ; hind toe moderate ; nails
moderate, compressed, incurved, acute ; the posterior shorter
than the toe. Wings moderate or short; spurious feather
generally short ; first and second primaries, second and third,
or third and fourth, longest ; scapulars considerably shorter
than the quill feathers.

FeiMAle generally distinguished by a less vivid plumage.
Young generally similar to the parents after the first moult.
Moult once, some species twice, in the year.

Sprightly. Inhabit forests : migrate from south to north
in spring. Feed on insects which they generally take on the

of the United States.

branches of trees, or pick off from the leaves ; seek for worms
on the ground ; sometimes eat berries. Many sing delight-
fully.

Spread all over the globe. By some species united to
Turdus, Muscicapa and Saxicola, and, by the subgenus Dac-
nis, connected with Icterus (Family Gregarii), by Regulus to
Parus (Family iEgithali), by Troglodytes to Myiothera and
even Certhia (Family Tenuirostres), by Anthus to Alauda
(Passerini), to which Family it is also connected by some
slender-billed Tanagra?. Some species are so closely allied
to Vireo, Muscicapa, Turdus, Saxicola, &lc. that they might
be placed with almost equal propriety in either.

SUBGENUS I. SYLVIA.

Upper mandible slightly curved and notched near the tip.

102. Sylvia aurocapilla, Nob. Olivaceous ; crown brownish-
orange, margined each side by a black line ; beneath white,
breast spotted with blackish.

Golden-crowned Thrush , Turdus aurocapillus , Wils. Am.
Orn. ii. p. 88. pi. 14. fig. 2. Motacilla aurocapilla , L.

Inhabits all the United States during summer, in woods :
winters in Mexico and the West Indies : breeds in Pennsyl-
vania : rather common.

103. Sylvia noveboracensis, Lath. Olive-brown ; beneath and
line over the eye yellowish-white ; breast spotted with black-
ish.

Water Thrush , Turdus aquaticus , Wils. Am. Orn. iii.p. 66.

pi. 23. fig. 5.

Inhabits ail parts of the United States during summer :
common in Louisiana, Tennessee, &c. ; rather rare in Penn-
sylvania and New-Jersey, where it appears but a few days in
May, on its way north, and on its return in August.

104. Sylvia coron at a, Lath. Slate, streaked with black;

VOL. II.

Synopsis of the Birds

beneath white, breast spotted with black ; crown, sides of
the breast, and rump yellow ; wings bifasciate with white, and
with the tail, black ; three lateral tail feathers spotted with
white.

Winter plumage brownish-olive ; beneath dirty white; yel-
low of the breast and crown obsolete.

Young, without black or yellow.

Yellow-rump Warbler , Sylvia coronata , Wils. Am. Orn. ii .
p. 138* pi. \i.fig. 4. summer plumage •, and v . p . 121 .pi. 45. fig. 2-
winter plumage.

Inhabits all the United States during summer ; common :
passes through Pennsylvania in the spring whilst in full plu-
mage, and returns in flocks in the autumn in its humble
dress : winters in the southern states : breeds in the north
and in the mountains.

105. Sylvia palmarum, Lath. Brown-olive ; crown rufous ;
line over the eye, and all beneath, rich yellow; breast streak-
ed ; two lateral tail feathers white on the inner tip.

Winter plumage considerably duller ; rufous of the crown
obsolete ; beneath yellowish-white.

Palm Warbler , Sylvia palmarum, Nob. Am. Orn. ii. pi. io
fig . 2. adult male in summer dress, never noticed, before.

Inhabits Florida and the West Indies : common : resident :
rare and transitory visitant in the middle and northern states,
where it is only observed in early spring.

106. Sylvia maculosa, Lath. Crown ash ; rump and be-
neath rich yellow ; breast spotted with black ; wings bifas-
ciate with white, and with the tail, black ; lateral tail feathers
white on the middle of their inner vanes.

Black and Yellow Warbler, Sylvia magnolia, Wils. Am.
Orn. in. p. 63- pi. 23. fig. 2. adult male.

Inhabits all the United States during summer : rare : re-

of the United States •

mains only a few days in Pennsylvania, on its way to and
from its breeding places.

107. Sylvia maritima, Wils. Yellow-olive, streaked with
black; crown and line through the eyes black; cheeks and
beneath yellow ; breast spotted with black ; wings with a
broad white band ; three lateral tail feathers with a spot of
white.

Female dull-olive ; beneath whitish spotted with dusky.

Cape May Warbler , Sylvia maritima , Wils. Am. Orn. vi.
p. 99. pi. 51. fig. 8. male ; and Nob. Am. Orn. i. p. 32. pi. 3.
fig. 3. female.

Inhabits Pennsylvania and New Jersey, a few days only in
the spring and autumn ; very rare.

108. Sylvia pardalina. Nob. Cinereous-brown ; crown dap-
pled with black ; beneath and line over the eyes yellow ;
breast spotted with black ; tail immaculate.

Canada Flycatcher , Muscicapa canadensis , Wils. Am. Orn.
Hi. p. ioo* pi. 26. fig. 2. male.

Inhabits throughout the United States during summer :
rare, especially in the Atlantic States ; seen in Pennsylva-
nia but a few days in spring and autumn : breeds to the
north.

109. Sylvia mitrata, Lath. Yellow-olive; head and neck
black; forehead and cheeks, and body beneath, yellow ; three
lateral tail feathers white on one half of their inner webs.

Hooded Flycatcher , Muscicapa cucullata , Wils. Am. Orn.
Hi. p. 190. pi. 26. fig. 3. male.

Inhabits the United States during summer only : rare north
of Maryland ; common to the south.

110. Sylvia pensilis, Lath. Light slate ; frontlet, ear-feath-
ers, lores and above the eyes black ; throat and breast yel-
low ; belly and line over the eye white ; wings and tail black
varied with white.

Synopsis of the Birds

Yellow-throated Warbler , Sylvia flavicollis , Wils. Am.
Orn. ii. p. 54. pi. 12. 6.

Inhabits the northern parts of the United States during
summer : extremely rare as far north as Pennsylvania : win-
ters in the West Indies.

111. Sylvia virens. Lath. Yellowish-green ; front, cheeks,
sides of the neck, and line over the eye, yellow ; beneath
white ; throat black ; wings bifasciate with white, and with
the tail, dusky ; three lateral tail feathers marked with white.

Black-throated green Warbler , Sylvia virens , Wils . Am.
Orn. ii. p. 127. pi. 17 .fig. 3.

Inhabits the United States during summer; in Pennsyl-
vania a few days only in the spring on their way northward,
and in the autumn on their return ; rather rare.

112. Sylvia blackburnije, Lath. Head striped with black
and orange ; throat and breast orange, bounded by black
spots ; wings with a large white spot ; three lateral tail
feathers white on the inner web.

Blackburnian Warbler , Sylvia Blackburnice, Wils. Am.
Orn. Hi. p. 64. pi. 28. fig. 3.

Inhabits the United States during summer ; for a few days
only in the spring and autumn in Pennsylvania: rare.

113. Sylvia icterocephala, Lath. Crown yellow; beneath
white ; sides, from the bill, chesnut ; wings bifasciate with
yellow ; three lateral tail feathers marked with white.

Female destitute of chesnut on the sides.

Chesnut-sided Warbler , Sylvia Pennsylvania, Wils. Am.
Orn. i. p. 99. pi. 14. fig. 5.

Inhabits the United States during summer ; a few days
only in Pennsylvania in spring and autumn : rare.

114. Sylvia castane a, Wils. Forehead and cheeks black;
crown, throat, and sides under the wings, chesnut; wings
bifasciate with white ; three lateral tail feathers marked with
white.

of the United States .

Bay-breasted Warbler , Sylvia castanea, Wils. Jim . Onz.

ii. p. 97. /?/. 14. fig. 4.

Inhabits the United States in summer; in Pennsylvania a
few days only in spring and autumn: rare.

115. Sylvia striata. Lath. Crown black; cheeks and be-
neath white ; wings bifasciate with white, and with the tail
blackish ; three lateral tail feathers marked internally with
white.

Female and young dull yellow-olive, streaked with black
and slate ; beneath white ; cheeks and sides of the breast
tinged with yellow.

Black-poll Warbler , Sylvia striata , Wils. Am. Orn. iv .
p. 40. pi. 30 .fig. 3. male ; and vi. p. 101. pi. 54. fig. 4. female.

Inhabits the United States during summer : rather common.

116. Sylvia v aria, Lath. Varied with black and white;
crown striped with black ; belly pure white.

Male, throat black.

Female and young, throat greyish-white.

Black and white Creeper , Certhia maculata , Wils . Am.
Orn. Hi. p. n3.pl. 19. fig. 3.

Inhabits the United States during summer : common.

Forms an immediate link (without Troglodytes) with
Certhia, of which it has some of the characters, and all the
habits. The genus Mniotilta of Vieillot is formed for its re-
ception.

117. Sylvia pinus, Lath. Olive-green; beneath yellow ; vent
white ; wings bifasciate with white, and with the tail, brown;
three lateral tail feathers with a broad white spot near the
tip ; lores not black.

Female brown, tinged with olive-green on the back ;
beneath pale yellowish.

Pine creeping Warbler , Sylvia pinus, Wils. Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 25. pi. 19. jig. 4.

Inhabits pine wnods of the southern states, common, resi-
dent ; and New Jersey in summer, rare.

Synopsis of the Birds

Resembles Certhia in habits. Misled by Edwards, authors
have confounded it with Sylvia solitaria, Wils. from which
their description is taken.

118. Sylvia parus, Wils. Black, with a few yellow-olive
9treaks ; head above yellow, dotted with black ; line over the
eye, sides of the neck, and breast yellow ; belly paler, streak-
ed with dusky; wings bifasciate with white, and with the tail
black ; three lateral tail feathers white on their inner vanes.

Hemlock Warbler , Sylvia parus, Wils . Am. Orn. v. p. 114.
pi. 44. fig. 3. male.

Inhabits the great pine swamps of Pennsylvania during
summer : rare.

119. Sylvia tigrina, Lath. Yellow-olive ; front, cheeks, chin,
and sides of the neck, yellow ; breast and belly pale yellow,
streaked with dusky ; wings bifasciate with white, and with
the rounded tail black ; two lateral tail feathers white on
the inner vane from the middle.

Blue mountain Warbler , Sylvia montana , Wils. Am. Orn.
v. p. 113. pi. 41. fig. 2. male.

Inhabits the United States during summer : rare.

120. Sylvia rara, Wils. Verditer-green ; lores, line over
the eye, and all beneath pale cream colour ; wings bi-
fasciate with white, and with the emarginated tail, brownish-
black ; three lateral tail feathers with white on the outer
vanes.

Blue-green Warbler , Sylvia rara , Wils. Am. Orn . in.
p. H9. pi- 27. fig. 2.

Inhabits in April on the banks of Cumberland River :
very rare.

121. Sylvia discolor, Vieill. Olive; beneath yellow; spot-
ted with black ; wings bifasciate with yellow, and, with the
tail, brownish-black ; three lateral tail feathers broadly spot-
ted with white.

Male, a black crescent under the eye.

of the United States »

Female, less spotted, and without the crescent.

Prairie Warbler , Sylvia minuta , Wils. Am. Orn. in. p* 87,
pi 25. Jig. 4.

Inhabits the southern parts of the United States, particu-
larly the borders of Kentucky : rare : winters in the West
Indies.

122. Sylvia estiva, Lath. Greenish-yellow ; forehead and
beneath, yellow ; . breast and sides streaked with dark red;
lateral tail feathers interiorly yellow.

Young greenish above ; throat white.

Blue-eyed Y llow Warbler , Sylvia citrinella , Wils. Am.
Orn . ii. p. in. pi. is .fig. 6.

Inhabits North America as high as the Arctic circle during
summer : very common.

123. Sylvia petechia, Lath. Yellow-olive, streaked with
dusky ; beneath and line over the eye yellow ; breast streaked
with dull red ; crown reddish ; wings and tail blackish, edged
with olive.

Female, young, and adult male in winter, destitute of the
red cap.

Yellow Red-poll Warbler , Sylvia petechia , Wils. Am. Orn.
iv. p. 19 .pi 28 -fig' 4. adult male in spring.

Inhabits the United States during summer : resident in the
most southern states : rare. Specifically distinct from the
preceding ?

124. Sylvia Americana, Lath. Bluish ; inter-scapulars yel-
low-olive ; throat yellow ; belly white ; wings bifasciate
with white ; lateral tail feathers marked interiorly with white.

Male, front yellow, with a black crescent; breast tinged
with orange.

Female, no crescent nor orange on the breast.

Young brownish-gray; beneath dirty whitish.

Blue Yellow-back Warbler , Sylvia pusilla, Wils. Am. Orn .
iv. p. 17. pi. 28 .fig. 3.

Inhabits the United States during summer : common.

Synopsis of the Birds

125. Sylvia canadensis, Lath. Slate colour; beneath white ;
cheeks and throat black ; a white spot on the wings ; three
lateral tail feathers with white on the inner web.

Black-throated blue Warbler , Sylvia canadensis , Wils. Jim.
Orn. ii.p. 115 .pi. 15 .fig. 7.

Inhabits North America : transient visitors from the south,
where they winter, to the north where they breed : rather
rare.

126. Sylvia agilis, Wils. Yellow-olive ; beneath yellow;
throat pale ash.

Female, throat dull buff.

Connecticut Warbler , Sylvia agilis, Wils. Am. Orn. ,v.
p. 64 .pi. 39. fig. 4.

A spring visitant in Pennsylvania, New-York, and New-
England : rare.

127. Sylvia Formosa, Wils. Olive-green ; beneath, and line
over the eye, yellow ; crown deep black, spotted behind
with light ash ; lores, and spot curving down the neck, black.

Female destitute of the curved spot.

Kentucky Warbler , Sylvia formosa, Wils. Am. Orn. Hi.
p. 35.pl- 25* fig- 3.

Inhabits the south-western part of the union, from Ken-
tucky to New Orleans, during summer : common.

128. Sylvia autumnalis, Wils. Olive-green ; back streaked
with dusky ; beneath, and cheeks dull yellowish ; belly white ;
wings bifasciate with white, and with the tail blackish, each
feather edged with white ; three lateral tail feathers white near
the tip.

Autumnal Warbler , Sylvia autumnalis , Wils. Am. Orn. iii .
p. 65- pi- 23 .fig. 4-

Passes through Pennsylvania in the spring : rare : more
common on its return in October.

129. Sylvia trichas, Lath. Green-olive; beneath yellow;
front and wide patch through the eye black, bounded above
by bluish-white.

of the United States .

Female and young dull olive ; beneath dull yellow.

Maryland Yellow-throat , Sylvia marylandica, Wils , Am .
Ora. i. p . 88. j?/. 6- fig* 1. male; and ii. p. 163. pi. 18.
fig . 4. female,

inhabits the United States during summer : very common :
winters in the southern states.

130. Sylvia Philadelphia, Wils. Deep greenish-olive ; head
slate ; breast with a crescent of alternate white and black
lines ; belly yellow.

Mourning Warbler , Sylvia Philadelphia , Wils. Am. Orn.
ii.p. 101 .pi. 14. fig» 6.

Found but once in Pennsylvania during summer. An acci-
dental variety of the preceding ?

131. Sylvia sphagnosa. Nob. Deep green-olive ; beneath pale
ochreous ; wings with a triangular spot of yellowish-white ;
three lateral tail feathers with a whitish spot on the inner
vanes.

Pine swamp Warbler , Sylvia pusilla (leucoptera ), Wils.
Am. Orn. v. p. ioo. pi. 43 .fig- 4.

Inhabits pine and hemlock swamps in summer; not un-
common.

132. Sylvia azure a, Stephens. Verditer-blue ; beneath and
line over the eye white ; wings bifasciate with white, and, with
the tail, black ; tail feathers with a white spot.

Ccerulean Warbler , Sylvia cccrulea , Wils. Am. Orn. ii.
p. 141. pi. n. fig. 5. male; and Nob. Am. Orn. ii. pi. u.fig.
2. female.

Inhabits the northern and middle states in summer : rare
in the Atlantic states : common in the western.

133. Sylvia cjerulea, Lath. Bluish-gray ; beneath bluish-
white ; tail longer than the body, rounded, black ; outer
tail feathers nearly all white, two next tipt with white.

Blue-gray Flycatcher , Muscicapa ccerulea , Wils. Am. Orn .
ii. p. 164. pi. 18 .fig. 5.

VOL. II.

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits the United States in summer : rather common :
somewhat rare north of Pennsylvania. Allied to Muscicapa.

134. Sylvia minuta, Nob. Dull yellow-olive ; beneath pale
yellow ; wings and tail dusky-brown ; wing-coverts tipt with
white ; two lateral tail feathers with a white spot on the inner
vane.

Small-lieaded Flycatcher , Muscicapa minuta , Wils . Am*
Orn. vi. p. 62. pi. so. fig . 5. ( not his Sylvia minuta.)

Inhabits the southern and middle states in summer : ex-
ceedingly rare in Pennsylvania, less so in New Jersey.

Perhaps not of this genus, but still less a Muscicapa.

135. Sylvia wilsonii, Nob. Olive-green; crown black ; front,
line over the eye and all beneath, yellow.

Female dull yellow-olive.

Green Black-capt Flycatcher , Muscicapa pusilla , Wils. Am.
Orn . Hi. p. 103. pi. 26. fig. 4.

Inhabits the swamps of the southern parts of the United
States during summer : rarely in the lower parts of Delaware
and New Jersey.

SUBGENUS II. DJCNIS.

Dacnis (of Cassicus ), Cuv. Pit-pits , Vieill.

Bill thick at base, rounded, pointed, quite straight, entire.

Active, industrious ; creeping and hanging by the claws ;
partaking much of the character of Parus in their habits,
voice and action. The stout billed species pass insensi-
bly to the slender billed Icteri and Tanagrae.

136. Sylvia vermivora, Lath. Bright olive; head striped
with black and buff; beneath dirty buff; bill long, stout.

Worm-eating Warbler , Sylvia vermivora , Wils. Am. Orn *
Hi. p. 74. pi. 24. fig. 4.

Inhabits the southern states in summer ; extending its mi-
grations to the middle states ; rare in Pennsylvania.

137. Sylvia protonotarius, Lath. Yellow ; back and small

of the United States .

wing-coverts olive ; wings, rump, and tail-coverts lead-blue ;
lateral tail feathers with a spot of white; bill long, stout.

Prothonotary Warbler , Sylvia protonotarius, Wils . Am .
Orn. Hi. p. 72 . pi. 24. fig. 3.

Inhabits the southern states in summer ; common : extreme-
ly rare in Pennsylvania.

138. Sylvia solitaria, Wils. Olive-green ; forehead, and
all beneath, yellow ; lores black ; wings bifasciate with
whitish, and with the tail slate ; three lateral tail feathers
white on the inner web.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler , Sylvia solitaria, Wils . Am.
Orn. ii. p. 109. pi. 15* fig* 4.

Inhabits the United States in summer : rather rare.

Erroneously described for the Sylvia pinus by authors.

139. Sylvia chrysoptera, Lath. Dark slate; crown and wing-
c-overts golden-yellow ; beneath white ; throat and band
through the eye black.

Female olive ; front and wing-coverts yellow ; breast and
over the eye, dusky. „

Golden-winged Warbler, Sylvia chrypsoptera , Wils. Am.
Orn. ii. p. 113. pi. 15. fig. 5. male ; and Nob. Am. Orn. p. 12.
pi. 1 .fig. 3. female.

Inhabits the United States during summer : appear in
Pennsylvania a few days in spring and autumn : rare.

140. Sylvia peregrina, Wils. (12) Yellow olive, bluish on the
head ; line over the eye pale yellow ; beneath whitish ; wings
without bands ; bill very short.

Tennessee Warbler, Sylvia peregrina, Wils . Am. Orn. in.
p. 83. pi. 25. fig. 2.

Inhabits Tennessee during summer : rare.

141. Sylvia rubricapilla, Wils. Greenish-olive ; head and
neck light ash ; crown dotted with deep chesnut ; beneath
yellow ; belly white ; wings without bands.

Synopsis of the Birds

Nashville Warbler, Sylvia ruficapilla ( rubricapilla ), Wils .
Jim . Orn . Mi. p. 120. jt?/. W.fig. 3.

Inhabits Tennesse, and the neighbouring states, in sum-
mer ; rare : occasionally visits Pennsylvania in the spring.

142. Sylvia celata, Say. Greenish-olive ; crown with a
fulvous spot ; beneath olive-yellow ; vent yellow ; wings
without bands.

Orange-crowned Warbler , Sylvia celata , Nob. Jim . Orn.

i . p. 45. pl* 5. ^ . 2.

Inhabits Missouri in summer : rather common.

23: SAXICOLA.

Motacilla , L. Gm. Cuv. 111. Ficedula , Briss. Sylvia
Lath. Saxicola, Bechst. Temm. Ranz. (Enanthe , Vieill.
Vitiflora , Stephens.

Bill short, straight, slender, subulate, wider than high at
base, cleft nearly to the eyes, furnished with bristles at
base ; edges indexed ; upper mandible carinated, curved at
tip, notched, somewhat obtuse ; lower shorter, straight, en-
tire, acute : nostrils basal, lateral, oval, partly closed by a
membrane : tongue cartilaginous, emarginate at tip. Tar-
sus rather long and slender ; toes moderate ; inner free ; hind
toe a little shorter than the inner, but more robust; hind
nail stoutest, shorter than the toe, arcuated. Wings rather
long ; second and third primaries longest.

Female generally resembling the young, and differing con-
siderably from the male. Moult annuaily, but from the wear-
ing away of their feathers, their spring dress is brighter than
that of autumn.

Timid ; restless. Reside in open and principally stony
countries; live in families or small flocks. Feed chiefly on
insects, which they take with great agility of wing. Build
on the ground amongst stones, grass, or in holes in fences and
trees ; egg s 4 — 5, bluish. Some are always on the ground^

of the United States .

running in pursuit of flying insects ; others alight on small
bushes, tops of trees, fences, &c. seldom on lower branches.
Tail continually in motion.

Hitherto considered as peculiar to the old continent. In
form of bill and activity in catching insects allied to Mus-
cicapa ; closely related to Sylvia, the American species par-
ticularly ; and comes also very near to that section of Turdus
called Saxicolae.

143. Saxicola sialis, Nob. Blue ; beneath ferruginous ; belly
white.

Female considerably duller.

Young, dusky, spotted with white ; beneath dull whitish-
gray, varied with dusky; wings and tail bluish.

Blue bird , Sylvia sialis . Wils. Am. Orn. i. p . 56. pL 3 fig.
3. adult male. Motacilla sialis , L. (Enanthe sialis , Vieill .

Inhabits North America during spring, summer, and
autumn, as well as the West Indies, Mexico, and South Ame-
rica, where it winters : very common : a few resident in the
southern states.

24. ANTF1US.

Alauda , L. Gm. Lath. III. Motacilla , Cuv.

Anthus , Bechst. Temm. Vieill. Ranz.

Bill straight, slender, subulate, destitute of bristles ; edges
somewhat indexed in the middle ; upper mandible carinated
at base, then rounded, notched and declining at tip ; lower
shorter, quite straight : nostrils basal, lateral, oval, half
closed by a membrane : tongue cartilaginous, bifid at tip.
Feet slender; tarsus longer than the middle toe; inner toe
free ; hind toe shortest, nail almost always long, straightish.
Wings moderate; no spurious feather; first, second and
third primaries longest ; secondaries emorginate at tip ; two
of the scapulars nearly equal to the longest primaries.
Tail elongated, emarginated.

Synopsis of the Birds

Female and young generally much like the adult male,
which assumes somewhat more brilliant colours only during
a few days of the breeding season. Moult annually.

Frequent open fields, cultivated grounds, &c. near the wa-
ter ; the greater part of the species never alight on trees.
Feed exclusively on insects. Build on the ground. Move the
tail vertically like the Motacillae. Sing when rising on the
wing like the Alaudae.

Species few, but spread all over the globe. Closely allied
to Motacilla in form and habits ; to Alauda in colour and
structure of the hind nail ; exactly intermediate between the
two ; thus connecting the two families Canori and Passerini,
though remotely distinct from the latter.

144. Anthus spinoletta, Nob. Beneath, and line over the eye,
pale rufous ; breast spotted with black ; tail feathers black-
ish, the outer half white, the second white at tip ; hind nail
long, arcuated.

Brown Lark , Alauda rufa , Wils. Am. Orn. v. p. 89 .pi. 42.
fig 4. Alauda spinoletta , L. Anthus aquaticus , Bechst .

Inhabits the north of both continents ; during winter only
in the United States : not very frequent in Pennsylvania.

25. REGULUS.

Motacilla , L. Gm. 111. Cuv . Parus , Briss. Sylvia, Lath.
Team. Ranz. Regains, Ray, Vieill. Boie. Brehm.

Bill short, straight, very slender, subulate, compressed
from the base, narrowed in the middle, with bristles at base ;
edges somewhat indexed ; upper mandible finely notched,
and a little curved at tip : nostrils basal, oval, half closed
by a membrane, covered by two small, porrect, rigid, decom-
pound feathers : tongue cartilaginous, bristly at tip. Feet
slender ; tarsus longer than the middle toe ; lateral toes
subequal ; inner free ; hind toe stoutest, with a larger and
thicker nail. Wings short, rather acute ; spurious feather

of the United States .

very short ; third and fourth primaries longest ; first and
seventh equal. Tail emarginate.

Female differs but little from the male; young considera-
bly duller. Moult annually. Feathers long and setaceous;
those of the head when separated, discovering a bright spot
on the crown.

Delight in cold weather, though chiefly insectivorous.
Agile ; take their prey on the wing, or on trees, hanging
to the extremities of flexible branches in search of small
insects in the flowers, and on the leaves. Nest constructed
with great art, and affixed to pensile branches ; lay once or
twice a year ; eggs numerous, sometimes twelve..

Inhabit the north of both continents ; very small, in Eu-
rope the smallest of all birds. Intermediate between Sylvia
and Parus ; closely allied to both.

145. Regulus calendula, Stephens. Olivaceous ; beneath
whitish ; crown Vermillion, not margined with black.

Ruby-crowned Wren , Sylvia calendula , Wils. Am. Orn . i.
p. 83. pi. 5 fig. 3. Regulus rubineus Vieill.

Inhabits North America except in winter ; extending its
migrations to Greenland; seldom observed in the middle
states during summer, as it breeds far to the north ; passing
north in spring ; common on its return in autumn.

146. Regulus cristatus, Vieill. Olivaceous ; beneath whitish;
crown orange, margined with black ; cheeks pale grayish ;
bill slender from the base.

Female, crown lemon-yellow.

Golden-crested Wren , Sylvia regulus , Wils. Am. Orn. it
p. 126. pi. 8. fig • 2. male ; and Golden-crowned Gold-crest ,
Regulus cristatus, Nob . Am. Orn. i. p. 22. pi. 2 .fig. 4. female.

Widely extended in both continents ; in Pennsylvania
observed in April, autumn, and early winter only : breeds
in the north : common.

Synopsis of the Birds
26. TROGLODYTES.

Motacilla , L . Gm. Cuv. Ill . Sylvia , jLafA. Temm . Ram
Troglodytes , Th yothorus, Vieill.

Bill very slender, subulate, somewhat arched and elon-
gated, acute, compressed, entire ; mandibles equal: nostrils
basal, oval, half closed by a membrane, obvious : tongue
cartilaginous, slender, terminated by two or three small,
rigid bristles. Feet slender; tarsus longer than the middle
toe; inner toe free; posterior with a larger nail. Wings
short, concave, rounded, with a spurious feather ; third, fourth,
and fifth primaries longest.

Female and young hardly differ in plumage from the adult
male. Moult annually. Plumage dull, thick, and long.
Body rounded.

Active and eccentric in their movements : tail constantly
erected. Fond of prying into caves and dark places : hide
in thickets and brambles. Feed exclusively on insects, which
they seek among dead branches, wood-piles, &lc. Nest con-
structed with much art ; eggs rather numerous.

SUBGENUS I. TROGLODYTES.

Troglodytes , Vieill .

Bill slender from the base. Hind toe equal to the inner.
Spurious feather moderate.

Almost domestic, building on or near houses. Sing agree-
ably.

Found in both continents.

147. Troglodytes jidon, Vieill. Brown, banded with black ;
beneath dull grayish, with obsolete bands ; tail long, rounded.

House Wren , Sylvia domes! ica, Wils . Am. Orn. i. p. 129.
pi. K.fig. 3. Sylvia farva? Lath . (13.)

Inhabits throughout the Union during summer: common.

of the United States .

148. Troglodytes europ^us, Leach. Brown, banded with
black ; beneath dull rufous-grayish with obsolete bands ; tail
very short.

Winter Wren , Sylvia troglodytes , Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 139.
pi. a. fig. 6 Troglodytes hy emails , Vieill. (14.)

Inhabits both continents ; in America less common, and
retiring to the north in summer.

SUBGENUS II. THRYOTHORUS.

Thryothorus , Vieill.

Bill rather thick at base. Hind toe slender, longer than
the inner. Spurious feather elongated, broad.

Keep chiefly in watery places, amongst reeds and aquatic
plants, which they grasp, ascending the stem by hops. Voice
unpleasant, harsh.

Peculiar to America. Closely allied to Certhia and other
Tenuirostres.

149. Troglodytes ludovicianus, Nob. Reddish-brown ; wings
and tail barred with black ; beneath light rusty ; a yellowish-
white stripe over the eye.

Great Caroline Wren , Certhia Caroliniana , Wils. Am.
Orn. ii.p. 61. pi. \2.fig.5. Sylvia ludoviciana , sp. 150. Lath .

Inhabits the southern stages; common; resident: only a
summer visitant in the middle states ; rare in Pennsylvania,
more common in New Jersey.

150. Troglodytes palustris, Nob. Dark-brown; crown black;
neck and back, black, streaked with white ; a white stripe
over the eye ; beneath silvery-whitish ; vent tinged with
brown.

Marsh Wren, Certhia palustris, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 58.
pi. 12 .fig. 4. Thryothorus arundineus, Vieill.

Inhabits reeds and other aquatic plants during summer;
common ; winters south of the United States.

VOL. II,

Synopsis of the Birds

FAMILY XI. TENUIROSTRES.

Tenuirostres, Pygarrhici , Gregarii, 111. Tenuirostres ,

Conirostres , Cuv. Latr . Anerpontes , Epopsides , VieilL

Anerponti , Epopsipi, Ranz. Order Anisodactyli , Temm „

Bill elongated, or moderate, subarched, subulate-filiform,
entire, acute, or cuneate at tip : tongue short, not extensible.
Feet moderate ; tarsus annulated, naked ; hind toe generally
longer and more robust than the others ; outer flattened, united
at base to the middle one: nails long, incurved. Wings
moderate, never acute.

Solitary. Feed on insects, which the greatest part pick
out from holes and fissures of trees. Build generally in hol-
low trees, or cleft rocks, hardly constructing a nest. Some
climb on a vertical surface with admirable facility, by means
of their robust, acute nails. Incapable of being domesticated,
though quite familiar when at liberty, permitting a very near
approach. Voice unpleasant.

Allied to the Sagittilingues by the genera Sitta, Dendro-
colaptes, and even Certhia ; and to the iEgithali by the genus
Sitta ; but, as a whole, connects admirably the Canori and the
Anthomyzi.

27. CERTHIA.

Certhia , L. Gm. Lath. Briss . 111. Cuv. Temm . VieilL
Ranz.

Bill shorter than the head, arched, entire, compressed-
trigonate, extremely slender, acute : nostrils basal, placed in
grooves, half closed by a small membrane : tongue cartilagi-
nous, acute and horny at tip. Feet slender; tarsus longer
than the middle toe ; inner free and somewhat shorter than
the outer ; hind toe more robust and longer than the others :
nails slender, elongated, incurved, compressed, very acute;
that of the hind toe largest. Wings short ; spurious feather
short ; third and fourth primaries longest ; first shorter than

of the United States .

the seveuth. Tail cuneiform, composed of twelve feathers,
elastic, rigid and acuminate.

Female and young hardly differing from the male. Moult
annually.

Solitary, or in families or small flocks ; frequenting woods
and orchards. Climb upwards and downwards on the trees,
the rigid tail serving as a support. Feed exclusively on in-
sects, their larvae and eggs, which they seek for in the crevices
and mosses of the bark. Lay twice a year in hollow trees;
eggs from three to nine.

Species few, but widely disseminated. Closely allied to
the following family, species of which formed part of it
as constituted by Linne, &c. Intimately allied to the Canori
by some North American species of the genus Troglodytes.

151. Certhia familiaris, L. Dark-cinereous, varied with
whitish, brown and fuscous; beneath white ; rump and tail
rusty-brown.

Brown Creeper , Certhia familiaris , Wils. Jim. Orn. «.
p. 122 .pi. 8. fig. 1.

Inhabits the north of both continents ; more common in
Europe and in the western and northern states, than in Penn-
sylvania, which it visits only in the autumn and winter.

28. SITTA.

Sitta , L.Briss. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm . Ranz.

Sitta , JYeops , Uieill.

Bill moderate, very hard, conic-subulate, subrounded, a
little compressed, straight, cuneate at tip ; edges sharp ;
mandibles equal, lower generally recurved from the middle :
nostrils basal, orbicular, open, half closed by a membrane,
usually covered by setaceous incumbent feathers : tongue
short, cartilaginous, depressed and wide at base, emarginate-
lacerated and horny at tip. Feet robust; hind toe stout,
elongated, with a very robust, aduncate, acute nail. Wings

Synopsis of the Birds

moderate ; spurious feather short ; second, third and fourth
primaries longest. Tail rather short, of twelve feathers
broad aud rounded at tip.

Sexes similar : young differing but little from the adult.
Moult once a year.

Participate in the habits of the Pici, of the Certhise, and of
the Pari. Dwell in woods : climb the trunk and branches of
trees, both ascending and descending. Feed principally on
insects and larvae, which they extract from trees in the man-
ner of the Woodpeckers ; when pressed by hunger perforate
nuts and fruits with their bill. Build in hollow trees ; egg s
numerous.

Inhabit all cold and temperate countries. Closely related
to Parus, from which the Anthomyzi ought not to separate
them.*

152. Sitta carolinensis, Briss. Plumbeous ; head and neck
above black ; beneath pure while ; vent light ferruginous ;
lateral tail feathers black and white.

Young, head plumbeous.

White breasted black-capped Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis ,
M ils Am. Om. i. p. 40. pi. 2. fig. 3.

Inhabits throughout North America : common : resident.

153. Sitta canadensis, L. Plumbeous; head and neck above,
and line through the eye, black ; beneath rusty ; lateral tail
feathers black and white.

Young, head plumbeous.

White-breasted black-capped Nuthatch , Wils . Am. Orn. i.
p. 40. pi. 2. Jig. 4.

^Authors disagree respecting the collocation of this genus. Cuvier
and Uliger, attending only to the character of the bill, place it near Stur-
nus ; but almost all other authors, with much more propriety, arrange it
with Dendrocolaptes and Certhia, between which genera its natural sta-
tion seems to be.

of the United States .

Inhabits throughout the union : less common than the pre-
ceding species : migratory.

154. Sitta pusilla, Lath. Plumbeous; head and neck
above light brown ; beneath dull white ; lateral tail feathers
black, tipped with slate, and crossed with a streak of white.

Brown-headed JVuthatch, Sitta pusilla Wils. Am. Orn . ii.
p. 105. pi. IB. fig. 2.

Inhabits the southern states : rather common : resident.

FAMILY XII. ANTHOMYZI.

Anthomyzi , Vieill. Ranz. Suspensi , Tenuirostres, 111 »

Tenuirostres , Cuv. Latr. Order Ams ‘dactyli, Temm.

Bill elongated or moderate, slender, entire, very acute, or
tubulous at tip : tongue long, slender, fibrous, extensible.
Feet short, or moderate, slender; tarsus annulated, naked,
or half feathered ; hind toe slender, shorter than the inner ;
the latter united at base to the middle one. Tail of ten or
twelve feathers.

Moult semi-annually. Plumage generally brilliant.

Feed chiefly on the nectar of flowers, which they suck by
means of their long and extensible tongue; some species
also partly on insects. Some construct their nest with much
art, and lay several times a year. Generally no voice.
Difficult to domesticate.

29. TBOCHILUS.

Trochilus , L. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Vieill . Ranz.
Polytmus , Mellisuga , Briss. Trochilus , Orthorhyncus , Lacep.
Dum. Dumont.

Bill elongated, incurved, recurved or straight, (3 subg.)
slender, rounded, depressed at base where it is as wide as the
front, acute at tip ; edges of the upper mandible covering
the lower, the bill thus forming a tube ; mouth very small :
nostrils basal, linear, covered behind by a turgid membrane :
tongue greatly elongated, very extensible, entire at base,

Synopsis of the Birds

divided into two filaments from the middle to the tip. Feet
very short ; tarsus slender, shorter than the middle toe, gene-
rally more or less feathered ; fore toes almost entirely divided;
hind toe somewhat larger than the middle one : nails short,
much incurved and retractile, compressed, acute ; hind one
often shorter than the others. Wings very long, acute ; first
primary falcate, longest, the others regularly decreasing.
Tail almost always composed of ten feathers.

Differ considerably in appearance according to age, sex,
and season. Colours exceedingly brilliant, like those of
metals and precious stones.

Solitary. Flight extremely rapid; whilst feeding remain
stationary in the air, by means of the horizontal motion of
their wings. Produce a humming sound in flight. Walk
with difficulty ; alight and sleep only on large limbs. Nest
attached to a branch or a leaf, hemispherical or conic, lined
with down, and covered externally with lichen ; eggs two,
whitish.

Peculiar to America ; almost exclusively tropical.

SUBGENUS MELLISUGA.

Mellisuga , Briss . Orthorhyncus , Lacepede.

Bill straight.

155. Trochilus colubris, L. Golden-green ; tail forked,
black ; three outer tail feathers ferruginous-white at tip.

Male, throat ruby. Female and young, throat whitish.

Humming-bird, Trochilus calnbris, Wils. Am, Orn. ii. p. 26.
pi. 10. fig. 3. male. fig. a* female.

Inhabits the United States in summer ; winters in Mexico,
the West Indies and South America : common.

FAMILY XIII. iEGITHALI.

Passerini, Canori, III. Dentirostres, Conirostres , Cuv.Latr.

JEgithali, Antriades , Vieill . Egitali, Ranz.

Orders Granivores , Insectivores , Temm.

of the United States *

Bill short, rather robust, straight, compressed, conic-
subulate : nostrils basal, half closed by a membrane, and
covered by small incumbent feathers. Feet rather robust;
tarsus annulated, naked ; outer toes united at least to the
base ; hind toe and nail largest. Tail of twelve feathers.

Lively and active ; live in woods and on trees ; suspend
themselves by the claws to the underside of the branches,
some climbing up and down. Feed chiefly on insects, and
sometimes on fruits. Breed usually in holes of trees ; very
few build skilfully ; eggs numerous. Voice unpleasant.

Remotely distinct from the Anthomyzi. But these being
taken out of the linear series, connects beautifully the Tenui-
rostres, by Sitta, to the Passerini.

30. PARUS.

Varus , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Vieill . Temm. Ranz.

Varus , JBgithalus , Mystacinus , Boie .

Bill short, straight, robust, conic-subulate, compressed,
entire, acute, with bristles at base ; upper mandible longer,
rounded above, slightly curved : nostrils basal, small, round-
ed, concealed by the small incumbent frontlet feathers: tongue
truncated and quadrifid at tip, or entire and acute. Feet
rather robust ; tarsus a little longer than the middle toe ; late-
ral toes subequal ; inner free ; outer hardly united at base
to the middle one; hind toe more robust : nails rather large,
much compressed and acute; hind one largest. Wings
moderate ; spurious feather short or moderate; second, third,
fourth and fifth primaries, subequal and longest.

Female and young generally differing but little from the
adult male. Moult annually. Plumage long, slender.

-F amiliar ; agile ; inquiet ; leaping irregularly from branch
to branch, from which they often suspend themselves.
Live in families, in woods and orchards, sitting on trees or
marsh weeds. Feed on grains, fruits, insects and their
larvae, in search of which they sometimes injure the buds
of trees ; perforate seed vessels to obtain the grain ; some

100

Synopsis of the Birds

feed also on flesh, often perforating the skulls of sickly
birds, even of their own species, and eat the brain. Pugnacious;
attacking much larger birds, and often killing weaker ones ;
defend their young courageously. Breed once a year; eggs
numerous, in some species eighteen or twenty. Voice un-
pleasant, garrulous. Flesh bitter, unpalatable. Easily tamed,
and fed with cheese and nuts in the aviary.

Inhabit all climates, except South America.

156. Parus bicolor, L Crested ; plumbeous ; beneath whitish;
flanks tinged with dull reddish-orange.

Crested Titmouse , Parus bicolor, Wils. Am. Orn i. p. 137.

pi. 8. fig. 5.

Inhabits North America as far north as Creenland : rather
rare in Pennsylvania ; more common in northern regions.

157. Parus articapillus, l. Not crested ; plumbeous ;
crown, cervix and throat black ; cheeks and beneath whitish ;
tail two inches long.

Young, crown dirty brownish.

Black-capt Titmouse , Paries atricapillus, Wils . Am. Orn.
i. p. 134. pi. 8 .fig. 4.

Inhabits the continent of North America ; more common
in the northern regions : common. Exceedingly allied to
Parus palustris of Europe.

FAMILY XIV. PASSERINI.

Passerini, III. Conirostres, Dentirostres, Cuv. Latr.
Granivores, Pericalles, Canori, Vieill. Conoramfi, Ranz.
Order Granivores , Temm.

Bill short, robust, conic, slightly curved at tip; edges
generally entire: nostrils basal. Feet moderate; tarsus
rather slender, annulated, naked; inner toe free; outer free,
or united at base only : nails moderate, compressed, incurved,
acute. Wings rather short. Tail of twelve feathers.

of the United States .

Moult annually. Some have rich colouring in the spring,
and assume the humble dress of the female in aututnn.

Granivorqus ; separating the grain from its envelope :
some feed occasionally on insects, and nourish their young
with them. Few build very skilful nests. Generally migra-
tory in the temperate climates of North America and Eu-
rope : some migrate in large flocks in autumn. Many sing
well. Flesh generally palatable.

Allied to the iEgithali by the genus Parus ; but much
more intimately to the Gregarii, which exhibit an insensible
passage, by the short thick-billed Jcteri, to Fringilla.* in-
timately related also to the Canori by Alauda, which is
,so closely allied to Anthus, that no natural series ought to
separate them.

31. ALAUDA.

Alauda , L. Briss. Gm. Bath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz .

Bill rather short, somewhat robust, straight, conic-attenu-
ated, acute, with bristles at base ; upper mandible convex,
entire ; lower hardly shorter, compressed : nostrils basal,
oval, with an arched membrane, covered by the porrect fea-
thers of the frontlet : tongue cartilaginous, bifid. Tarsus
not very slender, longer than the middle toe ; toes free 5 hind
toe thickest, and nearly equal to the outer : hind nail nearly
straight, acuminate, generally longer than the toe. Wings
moderate ; spurious feather very short ; second and third
primages longest ; first and fourth subequal $ secondaries
cmarginate at tip ; two of the scapulars nearly as long as
the primaries. Tail generally emarginate.

'* The African genus Ploceus is another link between the two %nilips,
as it may be placed with equal propriety in either, though, on account of
its habits, we, with Vieillot, place it in Gregarii.

Vol.H. 13

10 2

Synopsis of the Bird#

Female and young hardly different from the adult male.
Moult annually. Feathers of the head more or less erectile.

Live in flocks ; build and dwell almost exclusively on the
ground ; eggs, 4—6. Feed on seeds, herbs, rarely on insects :
fond of dusting themselves. Fly well : run rapidly : tail
motionless. Suspend themselves aloft in the air, singing
sweetly. Flesh excellent.

Widely spread over the globe.

158. Alauda alpestris,L. Reddish-drab ; beneath whitish ;
a broad patch on the breast and under each eye, and lateral
tail feathers, black ; two outer exteriorly white.

Shore Lark , Alauda alpestris, Wils. Am . Orn. i. p. 85. pk 5.

fig- 4-

Inhabits the north of both continents ; much more com-
mon and migrating farther south in America : only a winter
visitant in the southern and middle states.

32. EMBERIZA.

Emberiza , L. Briss . Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm . Ranz.

Emberiza , Passerina, Vieill.

Bill short, robust, conic, somewhat compressed, entire ; mar-
gins narrowed in, and near the base, a little angular ; upper
mandible rounded above, acute, smaller and narrower than
the lower ; palate with a longitudinal bony tubercle ; lower
mandible rounded beneath, very acute : nostrils basal, small,
rounded, open, partly covered by the frontal feathers : tongue
thick, divided at tip. Tarsus about equal to the middle toe ;
lateral toes equal ; outer united at base to the middle one ; hind
toe hardly thicker than the fore toes and as long as the late-
ral. Wings moderate ; first primary almost equal to the
second and third, which are longest. Tail even or emar-
ginate.

Female differ from the male. Young resemble the female,
but darker and more deeply spotted. European and North
American species moult annually.

103

of the United States .

Live in pairs or in small families. Feed on farinaceous
seeds and sometimes insects, which they kill with their bill
previously to swallowing them. Build in low bushes and
grass ; breed several times a year ; eggs, 4—6. Song
limited.

Widely spread in temperate countries.

SUBGENUS PLECTROPHANES.

Genus Plectrophanes , Meyer.

Hind nail long and almost straight. Palatine tubercle ob-
tuse, not very conspicuous. First and second primaries
longest.

Though moulting but once a year, differ much in plumage
from season, owing to the tips of the feathers wearing away.

Live in open countries, plains, mountains, and desert re-
gions, never in forests or thickets. Run rapidly. Resemble
Alauda by the hind nail and habits : connect Emberiza with
Fringilla, by Spiza. ?

159. Emberiza nivalis, L. Primaries white, six outer ones
exteriorly black ; tail black, three lateral feathers white at
base.

Male in full dress, head, neck, and beneath white.

Female, young, and male in winter dress, the white parts
tinged with rufous.

Snow-bunting , Emberiza nivalis , Wils. Am. Orn. Hi. p. 36.
pi. 21. fig. 2. female in winter dress .

Inhabits northern regions of both continents, to the pole ;
breeds in the arctic circle ; rare, and wintering only in the
middle states.

33. TANAGRA.

Tanagraf L. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv. Temm. Ranz. Tangara ,
Briss. JYemosia, Tanagra , Saltator , Ramphocelns , Pyranga ?
Tachyphonus , VieilL

104

Synopsis of the Birds

Bill short, robust, hard, conic-compressed, trigonate and
somewhat depressed at base ; upper mandible obtusely ca-
rinated, curved and notched at tip, longer and wider,
dnd overhanging the lower; lower somewhat turgid to-
wards the middle, with the edges indexed : nostrils basal,
lateral, rounded, open, partly covered by the frontlet
feathers: tongue short, cartilaginous, acute, bifid at tip.
Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe ; inner rather
shorter than the outer, which is united at base to the middle
one ; hind toe robust, equal in length to the inner ; hind nail
largest. Wi moderate ; three first primaries subequal,
longest.

Female and young differ extremely from the male, in
full plumage, which is subject to extraordinary changes,
recording to the season. Moult semi-annually : colours very
brilliant.

Active: incautious. Solitary or in families: reside
in woods and dry places. Feed indifferently on seeds,
berries, and insects, which latter they take on the wing,
Or seek carefully among the branches of trees. Build on
trees of middling height. Abrupt in their motions : seldom
descending to the ground, and then proceeding by hops :
flight brisk. Voice not modulated, unpleasant.

Peculiar to America ; chiefly between the tropics.

By the relations of some of the species, passes into many
other genera, such as Fringilla, Muscicapa, Lanius, Icterus,
Quiscalus, Vireo, and even Sylvia ; and may be divided into
six subgenera or sections, of which but one is found, during
summer, within the limits of the United States.

SUBGENUS PYRANGA.

Tangaras Cardinals , Cuv. — Genus Pyranga, Vieill.

Upper mandible with an obtuse tooth each side, near the
middle.

of the United States .

105

160^ Tanagra rubra, L. Red; wings and emarginate tail
black ; base of the plumage ash, then white.

Female, young and autumnal male, green ; beneath yel-
low ; wings and tail blackish.

Scarlet Tanager , Tanagra rubra , Wils . Am. Orn. ii. p.
42. pi, li .fig. 3. male, fig. 4. female.

Inhabits, during summer, all North America, where it
breeds ; winters in tropical America.

161. Tanagra estiva, Gm. Red; inner vanes and tips of
the quill feathers dusky ; tail even.

Female, young, and autumnal male, yellow-olive.

Summ Red-bird, Tanagra cestiva, Wils. Am. Orn. i . p.
95 .pi. 6. fig. 3. male, fig. 4. female.

Inhabits the southern and middle states during summer:
rare in the latter ; common in the southern and south-western,
Mexico, &c.

162. Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Greenish-yellow; anterior
part of the head light scarlet ; back, wings, and tail, black ;
wings bifasciate with yellow.

Louisiana Tanager, Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Am. Orn .
Hi, p 3 27. pi. 20. fig. 1.

Inhabits territories beyond the Mississippi, in the exten-
sive plains of Missouri, between the Osage and Mandan
nations.

34. FRINGILLA.

Fringilla, Loxia, Emberiza, L. Gm. Lath. Fringilla. Ilh
Cuv. TemmjRanz . Carduelis, Passer, Coccothraustes, Hor-
tulanus, Briss. Coccothraustes, Fringilla, Linaria, Passe-
rina, Arremon, Pipilo, Vieill.

Bill short, robust, conic on all sides, usually entire ; -up-
per mandible wider than the lower, somewhat turgid, a lit-
tle inclined at tip ; edges of the lower angular towards the
base : nostrils basal, rounded, open, covered by the frontlet

Synopsis of the Birds

106

leathers : tongue thick, cylindrical, acute, compressed and
bifid at tip. Feet moderate; tarsus shorter than the mid-
dle toe ; toes free; lateral toes subequal ; hind toe hardly
shorter than the inner; hind nail largest. Wings rather
short ; first and second primaries but little shorter than the
third or fourth, which is longest.

Female differ from the male principally in the breeding
dress. Young, after the first season, resemble the adult. Eu-
ropean and North American species chiefly moult once a
year.

Live in woods, bushes, and orchards; alighting generally
on the branches of trees, sometimes on the ground ; travel in
flocks. Breed in trees and thickets ; have several broods
annually. Many excel in song : easily tamed and kept in
cages. Flesh good.

Spread all over the earth.

I divide them into four subgenera, which, however, pass
insensibly into each other.

§ 1. Palate rather prominent , sometimes with the rudiment of
a tubercle .

SUBGENUS. 1. SPIZA.

Spiza , JYob. Obs. Nom. Wils. Orn.

Genera Passerina, Fringilla, Emberiza, Vieill.

Edges of the lower mandible narrowed in.

Connects Fringilla with Emberiza, especiallyPlectrophanes,
by the greater part of the species, and with Tanagra by a few,
which might perhaps constitute a subgenus by themselves,
f Species forming the passage to Tanagra. Bill subincurved.

163. Fringilla am<ena, Nob. Verdigris-blue; beneath white ;
breast pale ferruginous ; wings bifasciate with white ; bill
notched.

Lazuli Finch , Fringilla amcena , JYob. Am. Orn. i. p. 61.
pi. 6. fig. 4. Emberiza amcena , Say.

of the United States .

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains, in summer: rare.

164. Fringilla cfanea, Wils. Blue ; wings and tail-feathers
black, edged with blue.

Female, light flaxen, beneath and cheeks clay colour.

Young and autumnal male, like the female, but more or
less tinged with bluish.

Indigo-bird , Fringilla cyanea , Wits. Am. Orn. i, p. 100.
pi, 6. fig, 5. male ; and JYob. Am. Orn.ii.pl. n. fig. 3. female*

Inhabits all the United States during summer ; common :
winters in Mexico.

165. Fringilla ciris, Teram. Red ; head and neck above
purplish-blue ; back yellowish-green ; wings dusky red ;
lesser coverts purple ; greater, and tail, green.

Female and young of the first season (the latter changes
gradually until the fourth or fifth year), green-olive; beneath
naples yellow.

P ainted Bunting Emberiza ciris , Wils. Am. Orn. iii,p. 68.
pi. 24. fig. l. male , fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the southern parts of the United States during
summer; common in Louisiana and Georgia ; rare in North
Carolina.

ff Species forming the passage to Emberiza.

166. Fringilla Americana, Nob. Breast, line over the eye
and tit the lower angle of the bill, yellow ; chin white ; throat
with a black patch.

Female, without the black patch.

Black-throated Bunting , Emberiza americana , Wils. Am.
Orn. i. p. 54. pi. s- fig • 2.

Emberiza americana and Fringilla jlavicollis, Gm. Lath.

Inhabits the United States in summer : common.

167. Fringilla leucophrys, Temm. Head white, line sur-
rounding the crown and through each eye black ; beneath
pale ash ; vent pale ochreous.

White-crowned Buntings Emberiza leucophrys , Wils. Am.

Orn. iv.p. 49. pi. 31 .fig. 4.

108

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits the northern and middle states during winter : rare :
common at Hudson’s Bay.

168. Fringilla grammaca, Say. Head striped with black and
white ; tail rounded, lateral feathers partly white.

Lark Finch , Fringilla grammaca , JYob. Am. Orn. i. p.
47. pi. 5. fig. 2.

Inhabits the western regions between the Mississippi and
the Rocky Mountains ; and Mexico.

169. Frtngilla pensylvanica, Lath. (15.) Head striped with
black and white ; a yellow line from the eye to the nostrils ;
cheeks and breast cinereous ; throat and belly white.

White-throated Sparrow , Fringilla albicollis , Wils. Am.
Orn. in. p. 51. pi. 22. fig. 2.

Inhabits the middle and southern states in winter ; more fre-
quent to the north : common.

170. Fringilla graminea, Gm. Breast and flanks spotted
with brown ; lesser wing-coverts bright bay ; tw o outer tail
feathers partly white.

Bay-winged Bunting , Fmberiza graminea , Wils. Am. Orn .
iv. p. si.pl. 31. fig. 5.

Inhabits throughout the Union ; wintering in the southern
states ; common.

171. Fringilla melodia, Wils. Crown dark chesnut, diyided
by a dirty white line ; breast and flanks spotted with blackish ;
tail rounded; first primary shorter than the second.

Song Sparrow, Fringilla melodia, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 25.
pi. 16. fig. 4. Fringilla fasciata^ Gm. (16.)

Inhabits throughout the Union ; common : the greater part
resident in the middle states ; only during winter in the
southern states.

172. Fringilla savanna, Wils. Eye-brow7s and auriculars yel-
low ; breast and flanks spotted with blackish ; tailemarginate ;
first primary equal to the second.

109

of the United States .

Savannah Finch , Fringilla savanna , Wits. Am. Orn. iv.
p. 72. p/. 34. fig . 4. male ; and Hi. p. 55. 22. /g. 3.

female .

Inhabits near the Atlantic coast from Savannah to New-
York : common : resident.

173. Fringilla hyemalis, L. nec auct. Blackish ; belly, and
lateral tail feathers, white ; bill whitish.

Snow-bird , Fringilla nivalis (hudsonia), Wils. Am. Orn.
H- p. 129. pi. 16. fig. 6.

Inhabits throughout the Union, during winter ; very com-
mon : retiring north in summer.

147. Fringilla passerina, Wils. Breast pale ochre ; line
from the nostrils over the eye, shoulder, and lesser coverts,
yellow ; tail feathers subacute, outer partly whitish.

Yellow-winged Sparrow , Fringilla passerina , Wils. Am.
Orn. Hi. p. 76. pi. 24. fig. 5. Fringilla savanarum? Gm .
Lath. Fringilla caudacuta 9 9 Lath.

Inhabits during summer in the middle and northern states :
rather rare. *

175. Fringilla canadensis, Lath. Crown reddish-chesnut ;
stripe over the eye, sides of the neck, chin and breast, pale
ash ; wings bifasciate with white 5 bill black, lower man-
dible yellow.

Tree Sparrow , Fringilla arbor ea, Wils. Am. Orn. ii.p. 12s.
pi. 16. fig. 3. Fringilla monticola , Gm.

Inhabits arctic America, wintering throughout the Union :
common.

167. Fringilla socialis, Wils. Frontlet black ; crown ches-
nut; chin and line over the eye, whitish ; breast and sides of
the neck, pale ash ; bill entirely black.

Chipping Sparrow , Fringilla socialis , Wils. Am. Orn. ii9
p. 127. pi. 16 fig. 5.

Inhabits the middle and northern states ; passes to the
southern in winter.

VOL. II.

110

Synopsis of the Birds

177. Fringilla pusilla, Wils, Crown deep chesnut, with a
drab streak ; cheeks, line over the eye, throat and breast^
brownish clay ; bill reddish-cinnamon.

Field Sparrow, Fringilla pusilla, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p> 121.
pi. 1 a. fig. 2.

Inhabits, during summer, the middle and northern states ;
winters in the southern : common.

168. Fringilla palustris, Wils. Front black ; crown bay ; a
whitish spot between the eye and nostril ; sides of the neck,
and breast, dark ash ; tail emarginate, lobes rounded ; bill
dusky, lower mandible bluish.

Swamp Sparrow , Fringilla palustris , Wils . Am. Orn . UL
p • 49. pi. 22. fig. 1. adult male.

Inhabits swamps and river shores ; during summer in the
northern and middle states ; winters in the southern : common,

179. Fringilla caudacuta, Wils. nec Lath. Two stripes of
brownish-orange each side of the head ; breast pale buff
with small black spots ; tail cuneiform, feathers acute.

Sharp-tailed Finch , Fringilla caudacuta , Wils . Am. Orn .
iti. p. 70. pi. 34. fig. 3. Oriolus caudacutus, Gm. Lath .

Inhabits the sea-coast from New-York to Georgia ; not rare,

180. Fringilla maritima, Wils. Streak over the eye, and
edge of the shoulder, yellow ; breast cinereous ; tail cunei-
form ; bill elongated.

Se.a-side Finch , Fringilla maritima , Wils. Am. Orn. iv. p.
68. pi- 34 .fig. 2.

Inhabits marshy grounds on the Atlantic coast ; rather
common. The last three species, but especially the two
latter, have a peculiar form and general habit, which might
entitle them to a separate subgenus or section.

of the United States*

111

§ 2. Palate scooped and grooved .

SUBGENUS II. CARDUELIS.

Oarduelis , Linaria Cuv . Section Longicones , Temm .

Genus ( arduelis , jBnss. Genera Fringilla , Linaria , UieilL

Bill subelongated, narrower than the head, straight, com-
pressed : both mandibles acute.

181. Fringilla tristis, L. Wings black, varied with white •
tail feathers black, interiorly white at tip.

Male, in summer dress, yellow ; crown black.

Female, young, and autumnal male, brown-olive ; beneath
yellowish-white.

Yellow-bird or Goldfinch , Fringilla tristis , JFiZs. Onz.
i. p. 20 pl- l. 2. adult male in summer dress ; and JVob<
Am. Orn . i. jp. 57. p/. o.^. 4. female.

Inhabits the United States, Mexico, and South America,
extending northward to the Arctic regions ; generally leaves
the northern and middle states during winter : common.

182. Fringilla psaltria, Say. Olivaceous; beneath wholly
yellow ; crown, wings and tail, black ; wings varied with
white ; three outer tail feathers white on the middle of the
inner web.

Arkansaw Siskin, Fringilla psaltria, JYob. Am. Orn. i. p.
54. pi. 6. fig. 3. male.

Inhabits Missouri and Arkansaw.

183. Fringilla pinus, Wils. Flaxen, streaked with black ;
wings bifasciate with cream colour; shafts of the wing
feathers rich yellow ; lateral tail feathers yellow at base.

Pine Finch , Fringilla pinus , Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 133.
pi. 57. fig. 1. winter plumage.

Inhabits the northern regions ; a visitant in the middle
and southern states, during winter : rare.

112

Synopsis of the Birds

184. Fringilla linaria, L. Dusky-gray ; beneath whitish ;
frontlet and chin black ; head, neck, and rump (in perfect
males), tinged with crimson ; wing and tail feathers blackish,
margined with whitish.

Lesser Red-poll , Fringilla linaria , Wils . Am. Orn. iv. p.
42. pi. 30. fig. 4. male ; and ix. p. i £6.

Inhabits the north of both continents ; visiting the tempe-
rate climates in winter ; rare in Pennsylvania, but in some
years appearing in large flocks.

SUBGENUS III. FRINGILLA.

Pyrgita, Fringilla , Vidua, Cuv. Genus Passer, Briss.

GenusFringilla, Vieill. Sections Brevicones,Laticones, Temm ,

Bill short, narrower than the head, perfectly conic.

185. Fringilla iliaca, Merrem. Mottled with reddish-brown
and cinereous ; beneath white, with large reddish-brown
blotches ; tail bright ferruginous.

Fox-coloured Sparrow, Fringilla rufa (ferruginea), Wils.
Am. Orn. Hi. p. 53. pi. 22. fig. 4.

Inhabits the northern regions; visiting the middle and
Southern states in winter : common.

186. Fringilla erythrophthalma, L. Black; belly white;
flanks and vent bay ; tail rounded, three outer feathers partly
white ; bill black.

Female, reddish-brown where the male is black.

Towhe Bunting, Emberiza erythrophthalma, Wils. Am.
Orn. ii. p . 35. pi. 10. fig. 5. male; and vi. p. 90. pi. 53. fig.
5. female.

Inhabits throughout the Union during summer ; wintering
also in the southern states : common. Somewhat anoma-
lous, (17.*)

of the United States*

ivs

SUBGENUS IV. COCCOTHRAUSTES.

Coccothraustes , Cuv. Loxia, L. Gm. Lath . Genus Coe -
sothraustes , Mj. Vieill. Section Laticones , Temm.

Bill very robust, at base as wide as the front, slightly curved
at tip, more or less turgid on the sides.

187. Fringilla cardinalis, Nob, Crested, red, beneath
brighter ; capistrum and throat black ; bill red.

Female and young, drab ; beneath reddish-drab ; tip of
the crest, wings and tail, red ; capistrum and chin, light ash.

Cardinal Grosbeak , Loxia cardinalis , fVils. Am. Orn. ii.
p. 38. pl» 11. fig . l. male , fig . 2. female.

Inhabits from New-England to Carthagena, and in the
West Indies ; more numerous east of the Alleghanies : com-
mon and resident in the southern states, and in the lower parts
of Pennsylvania.

188. Fringilla vesperttna, Cooper. Front and line over the
eye, yellow ; crown, wings and tail, black ; secondaries and
inner great coverts, white ; bill yellow.

Evening Grosbeak , Fringilla vespertina, Nob. Am. Orn . ii.

pi. 14. fig. 1.

Inhabits the North-western Territory and Canada.

189. Fringilla ludoviciana, Nob. Black ; breast and inferior
wing-coverts rosaceous ; belly, band on the wing, base of
the primaries, and three outer tail-feathers partly, white ; bill
white.

Female and young, varied with pale flaxen, dark olive,
and whitish ; no rose colour, and less white on the wings.

Rose-breasted Grosbeak , Loxia rosea ( ludoviciana ), Wils.
Am. Orn. ii. p. 135. pi. 17 .fig. 1. male ; and Nob. Am. Orn.
ii. p. 14. fig. 2. female .

114

Synopsis of the Birds

Loxia ludoviciana,L.Gm.Lath. Fringilla punicea,Gm. Lath •

Inhabits the northern states, and occasionally in winter,
the middle : rare.

190. Fringilla cjerulea, Nob. Blue; lores, frontlet, wings
and tail, black ; wings skirted with chesnut ; bill bluish.

Blue Grosbeak , Loxia ccerulea , fVils. Am. Orn . Hi. p. 78*

pi- 24. fig. 6.

Inhabits America from Brazil to Virginia ; visits Pennsyl-
vania occasionally in summer: rare.

191. Fringilla purpurea, Gm. Rosaceous; back streaked
with dusky ; belly white ; tail emarginate.

Female and young, brown-olive, streaked with dusky;
no rosaceous ; beneath whitish, streaked with olive-brown.

Autumnal male, the same as the female, but the rump
strongly tinged with yellow.

Purple Finch , Fringilla purpurea , Wils . Am. Orn. i. p ,
119. pi. 7. fig. 4. adult male in full plumage; and v. p. 87. pi.
42. fig. 3. male in winter plumage.

Inhabits the United States, during winter ; breeds in the
North of America, whence they arrive in Pennsylvania in large
flocks, in the autumn, and return from the south in April :
rather rare. Hardly belonging to the present subgenus, but
rather to Fringilla ; placed here however on account of its
close affinity to the following species of Pyrrhula.

35. PYRRHULA.

Loxia, L. Gm. Lath. Fringilla , 111. Meyer [subg. Pyrrhula).
Pyrrhula , Br.iss . Temm. Ranz. Fringilla ( subg . Pyrrhula ),
Corythus , Cuv. Pyrrhula , Strobilophaga , Vieill.

Bill very short, robust, conic-convex, turgid ; upper man-
dible rather rounded above, dilated each side so as to cover

of the United States .

115

the margins of the lower, acute and much incurved at tip ;
palate smooth and scooped ; lower mandible shorter, straight,
rather obtuse : nostrils basal, lateral, small, rounded, en-
tirely or partially covered by the incumbent feathers of the
frontlet : tongue thick, somewhat fleshy, rather obtuse,
entire. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe, which is
united at base to the outer ; lateral toes subequal ; inner
hardly longer than the hind one, which is strongest : hind
nail largest. Wings rather short, acute ; first primary equal
to the fifth ; second, third, and fourth longest. Tail hardly
emarginate.

Female differs considerably from the male. Generally
moult twice a year.

Live in forests. Feed on seeds, drupes, nuts, which they
break, as well as on buds and germs of trees. Build in trees,
thickets : lay 4 — 5 eggs.

Spread all over the globe.

So closely allied to Fringilla by intermediate species, that
it ought perhaps only to be considered as a subgenus.

193. Pyrrhula frontalis, Nob. Dusky-brownish ; head, neck,
breast and rump, vivid crimson ; belly whitish, streaked with
dusky ; tail nearly even.

Female dusky-brown, feathers edged with whitish ; no
crimson ; beneath whitish, streaked with du*sky.

Crimson-necked Bull-finch , Pyrrhula frontalis , Nob. Am.
Orn. i. p. 49. pi. 6. fig. i. male , fig. 2. female.

Fringilla frontalis , Say. nec Lath.

Inhabits during summer near the Rocky Mountains.
Most closely allied to the preceding as a species, though
generically distinct.

193. Pyrrhula enucleator, Teram. Wings bifasciate with
white, and with the tail, black, the feathers edged with
whitish.

116 Synopsis of the Birds

Adult male, head, neck, and beneath, orange.

Young male, the same parts and the rump, red.

Female, top of the head and rump, brownish-orange ;
beneath cinereous, slightly tinged with orange.

Pine Grosbeak , Loxia enucleator , Wils . dim, Orn. i. p,
SO. pi, 5. fig. 2. young male about one year old .

Inhabits the cold regions of both continents, whence it
occasionally visits temperate climates in winter : very rare
in Pennsylvania. Forms the link between Pyrrhula and
Loxia, to the species of which it is closely allied by its habits,
and by its unusual change of plumage.

36. LOXIA.

Loxia , Briss . L . Gm. Lath. III. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz.

Crucirostra, Baud, Meyer. Nilson.

Curvirostra , Scopoli. Dumeril, Wilson. Brehm,

Bill robust, convex, mandibles crossing each other and
compressed towards the tip : nostrils basal, small, rounded,
covered by the small, incumbent frontlet feathers : tongue
cartilaginous, short, entire, acute at tip. Tarsus subequal
to the middle toe ; toes divided ; lateral subequal, considerably
shorter than the middle one : hind nail largest, much incurv-
ed. Wings moderate, acute; first and second primaries
longest. Tail emarginate.

Female and young differ considerably from the adult
male, and from each other ; the young also, according to
age, and the adult, to season; although they moult but
once a year.

Habits similar to those of the Fringillae and Pyrrhulae.
Keep principally in pine forests. Feed on nuts, and seeds of
trees of the pine family, from the cones of which their singu-
lar bill is well formed for extracting them. According
tp authors, build and reproduce during winter in our

117

of the United States .

temperate climates ; return to the arctic regions on the ap-
proach of summer ; migrating at irregular periods, and then
appearing in great numbers in certain countries. Agile ; not
timorous ; easily tamed at all ages.

Confined to northern regions.

194. Loxia curvirostra, L. Wings without bands ; bill as
long as the middle toe ; point of the lower mandible crossing
the top of the bill.

Adult male greenish yellow ; rump yellow.

Female and young before the first moult, greenish; rump
3Tellowish ; beneath whitish, streaked with dusky.

Young male after the first moult, red.

American Crossbill , Curvirostra americana , Wits. Am, Orn .
iv. p. 44. pi. 31. fig. l. young male ! fig. 2. adult male ?

Inhabits the high northern latitudes of both continents ;
migrates during winter to the northern and middle states,
where a few breed : rather common, (is.)

195. Loxia leucoptera, Gm. Wings bifasciate with white.

Different states as in the preceding.

White-winged Cross-bill , Curvirostra leucoptera , Wils . Am.
Orn. iv. p. 48. pi. 41 • fig. 4. young male ; and Nob. Am. Orn.
ii. pi. 14. fig . 3. female.

Inhabits the northern parts of America ; migrating in win-
ter to the temperate regions of the northern and middle
states : rare.

FAMILY XV. COLUMBINI.

Order Columbce , Lath. Temm. Order Giratores , Blain-
ville. Order Columbini , Stephens. Pigeons (. Family of Gal -
linne), Cuv. Columbini , III. Vieill. Lair. Giranti , Ranz.

Bill short, straight, compressed; upper mandible vault-
ed, more or less attenuated in the middle, turgid and curved
at tip, dilated so as to cover the lower, with a soft, fleshy,
Vol. II. 15

118

Synopsis of the Birds

protuberant membrane, at base : nostrils medial, longitudinal
perforated in the membrane anteriorly : tongue rather shorty
acute, entire. Feet short, rather robust ; tarsi reticulated t,
toes divided ; hind toe twice as long as the inner : nails in-
curved, acute. Wings moderate. Tail of twelve or
fourteen feathers.

Female generally similar to the male. Young differ con-
siderably before the first moult. Moult annually. Feathers
strong.

Live in high trees in woods, or on high buildings, generally
in societies. Feed on seeds, principally cereal and legumin-
ous, sometimes on fruit : retain the aliment in the crop,
where it is prepared for digestion. The greater part build in
elevated situations ; nest loose, flat, formed of small twigs,
and wide enough to contain both sexes; lay generally tw©
eggs, several times in the year. Feed their young by regur-
gitating into the mouth the grains macerated in their crop.
Pair for life, but congregate in flocks in the autumn. Make
a rustling with their wings in the breeding season : male ad-
dresses his mate by uttering a peculiar note, by billing, and
by various evolutions. Drink at one draught, immerging the
bill. No song; voice merely a simple cooing.

Inhabit all climates ; species far more numerous in hot
countries. Almost equally related to Passeres and Gallinse

37. COLUMBA.

Coin mho, L. Briss . Gm . Lath . 111. Cuv . Temm. Columba .
Lophyrus, Vieill. Columba , Vmago , Goiira , Stephens
RanzanL

SUBGENUS I. COLUMBA.

Genus Columba , Stephens. Ranz .

» Bill moderately robust, straight, turgid at tip. Tarsi

119

of the United States .

rather short. Wings long, acute ; first primary somewhat
shorter than the second, which is longest.

Live in wooded countries. Build in high trees or in hol-
low trunks : nest composed of sticks, dried leaves, feathers,
&c. Live in pairs constantly : lay two eggs on which both
sexes sit, and afterwards nurse the young. Flight rapid, ac-
companied with noise.

f Tail short , even , of twelve feathers.

196. Columba fasciata, Say. Purplish-cinereous ; a white
band on the nucha ; tail with a blackish band ngar the mid-
dle ; bill yellow, black at tip.

Band-tail Pigeon , Columba fasciata , Nob. Am. Orn. i.
p. 77. pi 8. fig . 3.

Inhabits the Rocky Mountains near the Arkansaw river.

197. Columba leucocephala, L. Slate-blue ; crown white;
bill red, whitish at tip.

White-crowned Pigeon , Columba leucocephala , Nob. Am.
Orn. ii. pi. 15. fig. l. female.

Inhabits the West Indies and Mexico, and the Bahama
Islands ; an early spring visitor in Florida, where it breeds ;
common on the Florida keys.

198. Columba zenaida, Nob. Brownish-ash ; beneath vina-
ceous ; an amethystine spot under each ear ; tail with a black
band ; three lateral feathers pearl-grey at tip.

Zenaida Dove , Columba zenaida, Nob. Am. Orn. ii. pi. 15S
fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the Florida keys early in the spring : rare. (19.)
f f Tail long , cuneiform .

199. Columba carolinensis, L. Forehead and breast vina-'
ceous ; a black spot under each ear ; tail of fourteen feathers ;
four lateral black near the tip, and white at tip.

Carolina Pigeon , or Turtle Dove, Columba carolinensis .
Wils.Am. Orn . v. p. 91 .pi. 43- fig* l*

120

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits the United States during summer ; common ; win-
tering chiefly in the southern states.

200. Columba migratoria, L. Bluish-slate ; belly white ;
throat, breast and sides, vinaceous ; tail black, of twelve

gathers ; five lateral whitish.

Female paler ; breast cinereous-brown.

Young dull dirty gray, spotted with whitish.

Passenger Pigeon , Columba migratoria , Wils Am. Orn . v.
p. 102. pL 44. fig. i .male.

Inhabits North America east of the Rocky Mountains, ex-
ceedingly numerous : less abundant in the Atlantic states.

SUBGEItUS II. GOVRA.

Genus Goiira , Stephens. Ranz. Columba , Lophyrus, VieilL

Columbi-Gallince , he Vaill. Cuv. Temm.

Bill slender, flexible, hardly turgid at tip ; upper mandible
furrowed on the sides : nostrils small, orbicular, situated in
the furrow. Tarsi rather long. Wings short, rounded, con-
cave ; first primary shorter than the fifth ; third longest.
Tail of twelve feathers.

In structure and habits approach nearer to the Gallinse
than their congeners. The greater number of species keep
generally on the ground, where they build. The young of
some species are said to run from the nest as soon as hatched,
and not to require the care of the parents.

201. Columba passerina, L. Scapulars with dark spots ; tail
rounded, lateral feathers black, tipped ' and edged with
white ; bill black at tip, and with the feet, yellow.

Ground Dove , Columba passerina , Wils. Am. Orn . vi. p.
15. pl» 46. fig. 2. male, fig. 3. female.

Inhabits the southern states, during summer ; found also in
Mexico and the West Indies : numerous.

of the United States .

121

ORDER III. GALLINiE.

Gallina , L. Gm. Cm?. Temm. Ranz.

Rasores , J/Z. Gallinacei , Vieill. Latr.

Bill short, hard, convex ; upper mandible vaulted, curved,
the margins projecting over the lower : nostrils lateral, half
covered by an arched, cartilaginous, membrane. Head small :
neck rather short, thick : body massive, but slightly com-
pressed. Feet stout, covered by a rough coriaceous skin ;
tibiae fleshy, wholly feathered ; tarsus short or moderate,
rounded ; toes thick, moderate, scabrous beneath, three be-
fore and generally one behind, articulated with the tarsus
higher than the rest, hardly touching the ground at tip ; sole
callous : nails moderate, somewhat obtuse, convex, but little
incurved, not in the least retractile. Wings generally short,
rounded, concave ; quills stiff and curved. Tail of from
ten to eighteen feathers, very rarely wanting.

Female smaller, differing considerably from the male ; in
most species much less brilliant in plumage. Young at first co-
vered with thick down, gradually replaced by feathers. Moult
generally but once in the year. Contains the most beautiful
of birds.

Keeping on the ground : scratching the earth: dusting
themselves. Granivorous : searching for corn and other
seeds, and feeding sometimes on garden vegetables, berries,
buds of trees, and insects : macerate their food in their mus-
cular crop ; aiding digestion by means of small stones, &c.
Chiefly polygamous : females alone attending to the nest, in-
cubation, and education, the males of most species hardly
assisting : nest on the ground, inartificially composed of a few
straws : lay several times in the year; eggs numerous : chicks

122

Synopsis of the Birds

running about as soon as hatched and picking up the
food indicated by the mother, and remaining under her charge
until autumn, or even the following spring. Run swiftly :
take wing with difficulty; flight low, whirring, limited : but
very few undertake long periodical journeys. Voice unplea-
sant, crowing, cackling, or whistling. Flesh edible, gustful
food ; in domesticity, poultry ; when wild, game. Analogous
to Pecora among Mammalia.

FAMILY XYI. GALLINACEI.

Gallinacei , III. Nudipedes , Plumipedes , Vieill .

Razzolanti, Rnnz. Tetradactyli , Latr.

Bill thick : nostrils basal. Fore goes connected at base
by a membrane. Neither hind toe, nor tail ever wanting.

38. MELEAGRIS.

Meleagris, L. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Vieill. Temm. Ranz .

Gallopavoi Briss . Cynchramus , Moehring.

Bill entire, covered at base by a naked, cerelike membrane
prolonged into a pendulous, fleshy, conic, erectile, hairy,
caruncle : nostrils oblique, situated in the cere : tongue fleshy,
entire. Head very small, naked, carunculate, as well as half
of the neck : throat with a longitudinal, carunculous appen-
dage : a pendulous bristly tuft on the inferior portion of the
neck. Feet somewhat elongated. Tarsus naked, clypeate, fur-
nished with an obtuse spur in the male ; toes scutellated ; hind
toe half as long as the lateral equal ones ; middle toe much
the longest : sole granulated : nails oblong, wide, obtuse
rounded above, perfectly plane beneath. Wings not
reaching beyond the origin of the tail ; first primary shortest;

123

of the United States .

second and ninth subequal ; fourth and fifth longest. Tail
of from fourteen to eighteen wide feathers, capable of being
Vertically expanded.

Female considerably smaller and widely different from the
male. Young, at first, similar to the female, destitute of the
bristly tuft. Feathers very long, truncated. Colours vary-
ing in richness according to the incidence of light.

Gregarious ; forming large flocks. Live generally in fo-
rests, roosting on the branches of large trees : noisy at the
dawn of day. Feed principally on maize and acorns, also
on other vegetable, and even animal, substances. Courting
their mates by strutting, puffing, wheeling, &c. ; very pug-
nacious in the breeding season. Easily secured and domes-
ticated. Flesh exceedingly good and much esteemed.

Peculiar to North America; composed of but two species.

202. Meleagrts gallopavo, L. Primaries dull blackish,
banded with white ; tail of eighteen feathers, ferruginous,
skirted with black, and with a black subterminal band.

Male varying from black to refulgent coppery.

Female and young, dusky-gray, with but few metallic re-
flections.

Wild Turkey , Meleagris gallopavo , Nob. Am. Orn. i. p
79. pl> 9. male and female.

Inhabits all North America to the Rocky Mountains : com
mon in the western and southern states; nearly destroyed in
the eastern and northern : domesticated throughout the
world, producing endless varieties.

39. PERDIX.

Perdix , Briss. Lath . 111. Vieill. Temm.

Tetrao , L. Gm. Cuv. Perdix , Coturnix , Ranx.

Bill entire, bare : membrane of the nostrils naked :
tongue, fleshy, entire, acute. Head wholly feathered ; often
a naked space round the eye. Feet naked ; tarsus clypeate-

124 Synopsis of the Birds

scutellate ; toes scutellated ; hind toe less than half as long
as the inner : nails somewhat compressed, incurved, and
acute. Tail short, rounded, deflexed, of from twelve to
eighteen close feathers.

Female but very little smaller and not greatly differing
from the male, yet easily distinguished. Young, after the first
year, similar to the adult. Moult annually.

Reside in fields among high grasses, stubble, he. Not
avoiding the proximity of man ; attracted by cultivation,

Found all over the world : abounding most in warm and
temperate climates, and much pursued as game every where.
Composed of four subgenera.

SUBGENUS ORTYX.

Ortyx , Stephens. Colins , Buff. Cuv. Temm. Vieill.

Bill short, thick, higher than wide ; upper mandible curved
from the base : no naked skin round the eye. Tarsi desti-
tute of spur or tubercle in both sexes. Wings rounded ;
third and fourth primaries longest. Tail of twelve feathers,
longer than the coverts.

Alight on bushes, hiding and roosting in trees. Monoga-
mous : male keeping watch while the female sits, and guiding
the chicks carefully, warning them of danger by a cry. Gre-
garious until the time of pairing.

Peculiar to America, where the other three subgenera have
no representatives.

203. Perdix virginiana, Lath. Crestless ; cinnamon-brown
varied with black and white ; throat white banded with black ;
bill black ; feet ash.

Female and young, stripe over the eye and throat, yellowish.

Quail, or Partridge , Perdix virginiana , Wils. Am. Orn. vi.
p. 21. pi. 47. fig. 2. male.

Inhabits common throughout North America as far as the
Rocky Mountains.

of the United States .

125

204. Perdix californica, Lath. Crested ; cinereous-brown,
varied with yellowish ; throat black, bounded with white.

Female lighter, destitute of black.

Tetrao californicus , Nat. Misc. tab . 345.

Inhabits, common beyond the Rocky Mountains, especi-
ally the shores of the Oregon, and California.

40. TETRAO.

Tetrao , L. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Ranz.

Lagojpus,Briss. Ur og alius, Scopoli. Tetrao, Lagopus, Vieill.

Bill entire, feathered at base; upper mandible curved
from the base ; membrane covering the nostrils feathered :
tongue short, fleshy, acuminate, acute : eye-brows naked,
reddish, papillous. Feet moderate ; tarsus feathered, spur-
less in both sexes ; toes scutellate ; hind toe half as long as
the inner ; nails incurved, acute, generally somewhat flat and
obtuse. Wings short, rounded, concave ; first primary shorter
than the sixth ; third and fourth longest. Tail moderate, of
sixteen or eighteen broad close feathers.

Female of the larger species widely different from the
male, these being glossy blackish, whilst the former are va-
ried with black and rufous : those of the smaller mottled
species differing but little in plumage. Young of the first
year similar to the female, moulting twice before they attain
their full plumage. Moult twice in the year ; some changing
very remarkably at different seasons.

Wild ; shy, almost untameable. Live in families : dwell
in forests, barren countries, far from man and cultivation :
alight on trees. Feed almost exclusively on berries, buds,
and leaves. Polygamous : male abandoning the female as
soon as fecundated, and leaving to her the whole care of the
progeny: eggs from eight to fourteen. Voice sonorous.
Flesh delicious.

Vol. IT.

126 Synopsis of the Birds

Confined to the cold and temperate climates of the northern
hemisphere.

SUB GENUS I. BO NASI A.

Tetrao , Vieill , Coqs de hruybes , Cuv. Bonasa , Stephens .

Lower portion of the tarsus, and toes naked. Not varying
much with the seasons.

Live in dense forests of different kinds of trees.

205. Tetrao tjmbellus, L. Crested ; mottled ; tail elongated,
rounded, of eighteen feathers, ferruginous, varied with black,
and with a black subterminal band ; toes pectinated.

Male, sides of the neck with a ruff of large black feathers.

Female and young, ruff smaller, dark brown.

Ruffed Grous , Tetrao umbellus , Wils. Jim. Orn. ,vi. p.
45 . pl» 49. male. * *

Inhabits common throughout the Union, Canada, and
higher northern latitudes, in woody countries, especially
mountainous pine districts.

SUBGENUS II. TETRAO.

Tetrao , Vieill. Coqs de bruyires , Cuv.

Tetrao , Bonasa , Stephens.

Tarsus wholly feathered, toes naked. Not varying much
with the seasons.

H v '

Found in temperate regions, at even a comparatively low
latitude, and in level as well as mountainous districts.

206. Tetrao cupido, L. Subcrested, mottled; tail short,
much rounded, of eighteen plain dusky feathers ; toes not
pectinated.

Male, neck furnished with wing-like appendages, covering
two loose, orange, skinny bags, capable of being inflated.

Female and young, destitute of the cervical appendages
and skinny bags.

of the United States . 127

Pinnated Grous, Tetrao cupido, Wils. Am. Orn. Hi. p. 104.
pi. 21. fig. l. male.

Inhabits desert open plains in particular districts of the
Union, avoiding immense intermediate regions. Found in
Maine, New-Jersey, Long-Island, Pennsylvania, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Indiana : very common beyond the Mississippi,
Missouri, and even on the Oregon.

207. Tetrao obscurus, Say. Slightly crested ; tail rounded,
blackish, with a broad terminal band of whitish-gray, dotted
with black ; middle tail feathers mottled, lateral ones plain ;
toes not pectinated.

Male unknown.; probably glossy black ?

Female and young, black brown, varied with ochraceous
and white.

Dusky Grous , Tetrao ohscurus, Say , in Long's Exp. ii.p. 14.

Inhabits the territory of the United States near the Rocky
Mountains.

203. Tetrao canadensis, L. Subcrested; blackish; breast,
superior and inferior tail coverts, banded with white ; tail
moderate, slightly rounded, of sixteen plain black feathers ;
toes not pectinated.

Male blackish, barred with gray-brown : throat black.

Female and young, much lighter and more varied ; throat
rufous.

Tetrao canadensis , L. (Buff. pi. enl . 131.) male.

Tetrao canace , L. (Buff. pi. enl. m. ) female .

Inhabits the western wilds of the United States beyond
the Mississippi, and the north-western part of Maine and
Michigan : more common in Canada, at Hudson’s Bay, and
other high northern latitudes.

209. Tetrao phasianellus, L. Subcrested; mottled; tail
short, cuneiform, of eighteen feathers ; two middle ones much
the longest; toes strongly pectinated.

128 Synopsis of the Birds of the United States .

Male, breast chocolate-brown.

Female and young, breast of the same colour with the
rest of the body.

Tetrao phasianellus , Say , in Long’s exp. (20.)

Long-tailed Grous, Edwards , tab. 117.

Inhabits the western wilds of the United States beyond the
Mississippi : very common at Hudson’s Bay and in other
high latitudes.

The Genera of North American Birds, and a Synopsis
of the Species found within the territory of the United
States ; systematically arranged in Orders and Families .
By Charles Lucian Bonaparte. Read January 24, 1826.

(Continued from page 128. )

~ ORDER IV. GRALLiE.

Grallce, L. Cuv . Lair, Grallce , Gallince , Gm. Grallce ,
Gallince , Struthiones , Pinnatipedes , Palmipedes, Lath. Cur-
sores, Grallatores, 111. Grallatores, Vieill . Alectorides, Cur-
sores, Grallatores , Pinnatipedes, Temm . Grallce , Ratitce ,
Ranz. Grallatores, Rasores, Vigors.

Bill generally elongated, sub-cylindrical. Feet elonga-
ted or moderate, covered by a tender, coriaceous skin ; tibiae
but partially fleshy, partly naked (subgenera Rusticola and
Ardeola excepted*) ; tarsi generally slender, rounded, naked,
reticulated or annulated ; toes disposed 2-0, 3-0, 3-1, either
divided, or connected at base by a membrane : nails in no de-
gree retractile. Neck generally long; body compressed;
skin very thin. Wings generally long, though occasionally
too short for flight ; scapulars elongated. Tail short, of from
ten to twenty feathers, very rarely wanting.

Female generally similar to the male in plumage. Young
generally differing for a time from the adult, with the joints
thicker. Some moult twice a year, changing their plumage
periodically. But few distinguished by brilliant colors.

* Even in these the character is somewhat preserved by the articulation
being exposed.

Vol. n.

294

Synopsis of the Birds

Sad, shy, canning. Live on the ground, especially
along waters, and in marshy places, wading by means of their
long legs. Mostly semi nocturnal. Feed on insects and
worms, which they seek in the mud ; the larger species also
on fishes, and reptiles ; a few on weeds and seeds. In breeding
various, but only once in the year : the polygamous species
build on the ground, and often leave the hatching of their
eggs in part to the sun ; their young running about as soon as
hatched, and searching for food under the eye of the
mother only : while the monogamous build generally on
high trees, and feed their young in the nest until full-fledged.
Flight swift, long sustained, the feet stretched out behind.
Migrate in large flocks periodically to great distances, cros-
sing seas in search of warmer climates, even different species
together, but the young and adult always separately; the
latter departing first, and arriving last. Voice harsh, loud,
tuneless. Flesh sapid ; some species ranked among the most
valuable game. Analogous to Belluae.*

FAMILY XVII. PRESSIROSTRES.

Pressirostres , Longirostres , Cuv. Latr. Campestres , Litto -
rales, Limicolce, 111. Pedionomi , JEgialites , Helionomi ,
Vieill. Tachidromi, Limose , Ranz . Char adria dee, , Vigors.

Bill short or moderate, compressed. Neck moderate.
Feet rather short; toes short, 3—0, 3—1 ; hind toe when
present articulated higher on the tarsus than the rest, very
short : nails small. Wings moderate or long.

Prefer dry places, sandy beaches, he. Run and fly swiftly.
Feed principally on insects, mollusca, and other marine ani-
mals. Monogamous : lay on the ground : both sexes sit
alternately on the eggs : young leave the nest as soon as
hatched.

^ We think them analogous to Belluse, though Linne states them to be
analogous to his Bruta.

of the United States .

42. CHARADRIUS.

Charadrius , Tringa , JC. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv . Pluvialis ,
Vanellus, Briss . Charadrius , V anellus , Temm . Vieill. Ranz .«

Bill shorter than the head, rather slender, straight, cylin-
drical, depressed at base, obtuse, and somewhat turgid at tip;
upper mandible longitudinally furrowed on two-thirds of its
length ; lower shorter : nostrils lateral, concave, linear, half
covered by a prominent membrane : tongue lanceolate, entire,
somewhat cylindrical at tip. Head and eyes large : front
prominent. F ket 3, or 4-toed, with the hind toe exceedingly
small, and elevated from the ground : naked part of the tibia
moderate : tarsus clypeate-scutellate ; toes scutellate, mar-
gined by a narrow membrane ; outer toes connected at base
by a small membrane : nails compressed, curved, acute.
Wings elongated, subacute, tuberculated ; first primary long-
est Tail more or less rounded, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male in most species. Young dif-
fer somewhat from the adult. Moult generally twice in the
year, changing somewhat in color. Some foreign species dis-
tinguished by spurred wings, and fleshy appendages on the
head or bill.

Gregarious : keep in meadows, or on the sea shore. Stir-
ring the soil with their feet, to put in motion worms and
aquatic insects, their exclusive food. Lay in the sand about
four large eggs.

Inhabit throughout the world ; traversing temperate coun-
tries in the spring and autumn.

SUBGENUS I. CHARADRIUS.

Charadrius , L. Gm. Lath. Ill . Cuv . Temm. Vieill. Ranz.
Pluvialis , Briss.

Feet three toed ; no rudiment of hind toe.

f All the toes connected at base by a membrane „

290

Synopsis of the Birds

216. * Charadrius semipalmatus, Nob. Brownish-ash ; front,
collar, and beneath, white ; frontlet, and a broad ring around
the base of the neck, black ; bill and feet orange, the former
black at tip.

Adult, sincipital band and auriculars, black.

Young and autumnal, neck-ring dusky ; bill wholly black-
ish.

Ring Plover , Charadrius ( Tringa !) hiaiicula , Wils. Am.
Orn. vii. p. 65. pi. 59. fig . 3. adult in spring dress ; and Semi -
palmated Plover , Charadrius semipalmatus , Nob. Am. Orn.
young.

Inhabits common all along the sea coast of the union : re-
tiring to high northern latitudes during summer to breed.

f f Inner toe cltft.

217. Charadrius melodus, Ord. Whitish-ash ; front, collar
and beneath, white ; no black on the frontlet ; a narrow black
ring around the base of the neck ; bill and feet orange, the
former black at tip.

Adult, a black sincipital band.

Young and autumnal, no neck-ring; no sincipital band ;
bill entirely blackish.

Ringed Plover , Charadrius hiaticula , Wils. Am. Orn. v.
p. 30. pi. 37. fig. 3. adult in spring dress; and Piping Plover,
Charadrius melodus, Nob. Am. Orn. autumnal.

Inhabits common all along the eastern sea coast of North
America; not migrating as far to the north as the preceding
species, and remaining throughout the summer in the tem-
perate regions; departing sooner for the south.

218. Charadrius wilsonius, Ord. Olive-ash ; front, collar

* The discovery since the publication of the former part of this paper, of
six species to be added to the first three orders, making- the entire number
belonging to them 215, renders it necessary to number the first species in
this order 216.

297

of the United States .

and beneath, white ; frontlet, and a broad ring around the
base of the neck, black ; bill black ; feet flesh color.

Adult, a black sincipital band.

Young, sincipital band; frontlet and neck-ring, dusky.
Wilson’s Plover , Charadrius wilsonius , Wils. Am. Orn. ix,
p. 77. pi. 73. fig. 5.

Inhabits the sea shores of the southern and middle states
during summer.

219. Charadrius vociferus L. Olive-ash ; rump orange ;
front, collar and beneath, white ; a broad neck ring and pec-
toral belt, black ; tail cuneiform.

Kildeer Plover , Charadrius vociferus , Wils. Am. Orn . vii.
p. 73. pi. 59. fig. 6.

Inhabits common throughout the union ; more numerous
during winter in the southern states, though resident in the
middle ones.

220. Charadrius pluvi alis, L M >ttled with black and golden-
yellow ; long axillary feathers dingy white.

Summer plumage, beneath black : winter, beneath whitish.
Moulting and young duller; beneath varied witli black and
whitish.

Golden Plver , Charadrius plvvinlis, Wils. Am. Orn. vii.
p. 71. pi. 59. fig. 5 winter plumage ; and JVob. Am. Orn. sum-
mer dress.

Inhabits throughout the world ; retiring in the summer to
the north to breed.

SUBGENUS U. SqUATAROLA.

Squatarola, Cuv. Tringa , L. Gm. Lath. III. Vanelluss
Briss. Temm. Vieill. Ranz.

Feet four-toed ; hind toe exceedingly small.

Connects our genus Charadrius with our genus Vanellus,
which has no representative in the United States, and of
which authors make it a section.

298 Synopsis of the Birds

221. Charadrius helveticus Nob. Mottled; long axillary
feathers black.

Summer plumage, mottled with black and white ; beneath
black : winter, mottled with black and yellow ; beneath
whitish. Moulting and young, beneath varied with black and
whitish.

Black-bellied Plover Charadrius apricarius , Wils . Am.
Orn . vii. p. 41. pi. 59. fig. 4. summer dress ; and Swiss Plover ,
Charadrius helveticus , Nob. Am. Orn. winter plumage. Tringa
Helvetica, L. Vanellus helveticus , Briss.

Inhabits the north of both continents.

43. STREPSILAS.

Tringa, L. Gm. Lath. Arenaria , Briss. Vieill. Strep -
silas , 111. Temm. Ranz. Scolopax ( subgenus Strepsilas) Cuv.
Morinella , Meyer.

Bill shorter than the head, robust, hard, straight, conic-
attenuated, compressed, slightly flattened above, truncated
at the point ; upper mandible straight, slightly recurved
from the middle ; lower somewhat recurved at tip : nostrils
placed in a short furrow, basal, lateral, oblong-linear, half
covered by a membrane, pervious : tongue short, compres-
sed, canaliculate, acute. Feet rather short, four-toed; a
very small part of the tibia bare ; tarsus not longer than the
middle toe, rather robust, scutellated ; toes with a narrow
margin, divided to the origin ; hind toe touching the ground
at tip : nails curved, acute ; middle one dilated on the inner
margin. Wings long, acuminate, tuberculated ; first primary
longest. Tail rather short, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young differing from the
adult, and changing repeatedly until the third year. Moult
semi-annually.

Solitary : follow the retreating waves : dextrously turn
over heavy stones with their bills, and examine carefully
every recess in search of their favourite food, marine insects,

299

of the United States .

mollusca, &c. Male and female remarkably faithful to each
other. Lay in sand holes or in the grass ; eggs about four.
Flight very swift.

Inhabit both continents : composed of but one species.

222. Stuepsilas interpres, 111. Throat, rump, and base of
the tail, white ; bill black ; feet red.

Adult, varied with black, white and ferruginous; breast
black ; belly white.

Young, cinereous-brown varied with white ; breast whitish.

Turn-stone , Tringa interpres , Wils. Am . Orn. vii. p. 32.
pi. 57 .fig. \ . adult .

Inhabits all parts of the world.

44. HjEMATOPUS.

Hrematopus , L . Cm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Vieill . Ranz .
Ostralega , Briss.

Bill longer than the head, robust, straight, cuneate, and
much compressed at tip ; upper mandible flattened above
to the middle : nostrils basal, lateral, placed in a short fur-
row, linear, pervious : tongue short, entire : eyelids naked.
Feet moderate, three-toed ; bare space of the tibia mode-
rate ; tarsus somewhat longer than the middle toe, robust, re-
ticulated ; toes short, thick, scutulate, (covered with scales)
scabrous beneath, colligated, bordered by a rough warty
edge; outer toes connected at base by a membrane; the
inner membrane rudimental : nails short, tile-shaped, curved,
acute. Wings sub-elongated, acute ; first primary longest.
Tail slightly rounded, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young differing but little
from the adult, at first covered with grayish down. Moult
twice in the year, the plumage changing slightly, but con-
stantly. Color black, or blackish, with more or less of
white.

Shy : solitary, or in small parties. Live on sea shores,
rocks, sandy beaches, &c. Running in and following the

300

Synopsis of the Birds

retreating surf in search of food ; probing the mud with their
strong and well adapted bill ; breaking thin shells, and dex-
trously removing the animal from hard ones. Laying a
few eggs amongst the grass in salt marshes, or in dry sand.
Flight swift, vigorous, long continued ; collect in large flocks
to migrate. Voice loud and shrill.

Found in all quarters of the globe; composed of but three
species.

223. FL&matopus ostralegus L. Blackish; rump, band on
the wing, base of the quills and tail feathers, and from the
breast beneath, white ; bill and feet red.

Summer plumage, glossy black : winter, a white crescent on
the throat.

Young, back and wings sooty-brownish ; bill and feet
dusky.

Pied Oyster- catcher , Hcematopus ostralegus , Wils.Am . Orn.
viii. />. ] . pi. 64 •fig* 2. summer dress.

Inhabits the north of both continents.

FAMILY XVIIi. HERODII.

Herodii , III. Cultirostres , Cuv. Latr . Herodiones , La-
tirostres, A rophoni, Vieill . Erodie , Latirostre , Ranz.
Gruidce , Ardeidce , I igors .

Bill longer than the head, very robust, generally sharp,
edges cutting. Neck elongated. Feet elongated, four-toed;
tarsus longer than the middle toe, reticulated ; toes 3 — -1, and
naih, long. Wings moderate, obtuse. Tail of ten or twelve
feathers.

Female differing but little, if any, from the male. Young
differing much from the adult until the third year.

Gait slow, grave. Flight slow, though light, and elevated.
Monogamous : build in trees, thickets, aquatic grasses, some-
times on edifices : female only sits on the eggs, whilst the
male watches, and supplies her with food ; both sexes nurse
and rear the young, which only leave the nest when full-
fledged. Flesh unpalatable.

of the United States .

301

45. GRUS.

Ardea, L. Gm. Lath. Gras , Pallas. 111. Cuv. Temm. Ram .
Balearica , Ciconia , Briss. Grus , Anthropoides, Vieill.

Bill not much cleft, straight, compressed, attenuated at
the point, somewhat obtuse at tip ; mandibles subequal, mar-
gins vertical, upper convex with a wide furrow on each side
at base, obliterated before the middle : nostrils placed in the
furrow, medial, concave, elliptical, pervious, posteriorly closed
by a membrane ; tongue fleshy, broad, acute : ophthalmic
region and lora feathered : head generally bald, verrucose,
sometimes crested: body cylindrical. Feet long, stout;
naked space above the tarsus extensive ; tarsus more than
twice the length of the middle toe ; toes moderate, scutellated,
submargined ; outer connected at base by a rudimental mem-
brane ; inner free; hind toe shorter than a phalanx of the
middle one, articulated high on the tarsus, elevated from the
ground: nails short, tile-shaped-falculate, obtuse ; middle nail
with its cutting edge entire ; hind one longest : sole reticula-
ted. Wings moderate ; first and fifth primaries subequal ;
second, third and fourth, longest ; secondaries broader and
wider than the primaries ; tertials arched, or much elongated.
Tail short, of twelve feathers.

Female hardly differing from the male. Young very dif-
ferent from the adult. Moult annually.

Habits terrestrial. Live in fields, marshes, and salt mea-
dows, which they leave at night to rest on adjacent trees.
Food chiefly vegetable, pick up the seeds in ploughed and
newly planted grounds ; feed also on insects, worms, small
reptiles, spawn and small fishes, which they seek in marshy
grounds. Build in bushes, in Europe also on the roofs of
houses ; in marshes on clods and tufts, nest raised to the
height of their body with grasses and reeds, lining the tops

Vol. II. 38

302

Synopsis of the Birds

with soft substances ; lay but two eggs, which each sex
cover alternately standing, the other at the same time watch-
ing ; taking great care of their young. Migrate in flocks :
notwithstanding their size, undertake periodically more won-
derful and hazardous journeys than any other bird : ascend-
ing out of sight, moving in an isosceles triangle, especially
at night, and performing evolutions suited to the state of
the wind, or attacks of rapacious birds. The shrill voice of
the leader, re-echoed by the whole flock, indicates their unseen
passage. Flight high and silent in fine, low and noisy in
stormy weather. Take wing with difficulty. Vigilant : a
sentinel watching whilst the whole troop sleeps standing upon
one leg, with the head under the wing, and giving alarm
at the slightest approach of danger. Venerated, even in some
civilized countries.

Inhabit both continents. Analogous, perhaps even some-
what allied to the Gallinae : closely related to the genus
Psophia, by the subgenus Anthropoides, and might, perhaps,
be placed in the family Alectorides, thus rendering the
character of both families (Alectorides and Herodii) more
precise.

224. Gnus Americana, Temm. White; primaries black, with
black shafts ; whole crown and cheeks bald.

Young tawny.

Hooping Crane , Ardea americana , Wils . Am. Orn. vii . p. 20.
pL 64 .fig. 3. adult male.

Inhabits throughout North America and the West Indies ;
probably also the north of Asia.

225. Grus canadensis, Temm. Cinereous ; wings varied
with testaceous; primaries brown, with white shafts ; anterior
portion of the head bald.

Brown Crane , Grus canadensis, JVob. Am. Orn. iii. adult
male . Grusfusca, Vieill . Ardea canadensis, L .

of the United Stntes . SOS

Inhabits throughout North America : rarely seen in the
middle states.

46. ARDEA.

Ardea, L. Gm. Lath . III. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Eanz.

Ardea , Herodias , Botaurus , JYycticorax , Ardeola , Bois.

Bill long, cleft beneath the eyes, straight, compressed-
cultrate, acuminate, acute; mandibles subequal, generally
serrated in a slight degree near the extremity ; the upper slight-
ly furrowed on each side at base, notched ; ridge rounded,
somewhat distinct at base, curved gradually at the point :
nostrils placed in the furrow, basal, linear, longitudinal,
covered behind by a membrane : tongue moderate, membra-
nous, oblong, plain, acute : lora and orbits naked. Body
much compressed. Feet long, slender; tarsus but little
longer than the middle toe, generally clypeate, superior scales
scutelliform, rarely sculellate; toes scutellated, elongated,
slender, slightly margined, flattened beneath ; outer connected
at base by a membrane; inner nearly free; hind toe articu-
lated internally on a level with the rest, at least half as long
as the middle one, resting on the ground, connected at base
with the inner : nails long, slender, acute; middle one serrated
internally ; hind nail largest, much curved, very acute.
Wings moderate, obtuse, tuberculated ; first primary subequal
to the second and third, which are longest. Tail short, round-
ed, of ten or twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young different from the
adult, obtaining their full plumage only after the third year.
Moult annually. Varying greatly in size in the different spe-
cies. Adult more ornamented by long slender feathers, lost
in moulting, and not renewed for some time. Down silky.

Dull : sitting on trees near the water, or inhabiting mo-
rasses. Feed exclusively on animals, especially fishes and
reptiles. Build socially in high trees; eggs about four.

304

Synopsis of the Birds

Fly gracefully with the neck bent backwards, and the head
resting against the back.

Inhabit throughout the world.

SUBGENUS I. ARDEA.

Herons pr opr ement dits , Bvff. Vieill. Temm. Herons vrais,
Aigrettes , Cuv. Ardea, Stephens .

Bill much longer than the head, at base as broad or
broader than high, quite straight. Neck very long, slender,
beneath with slender, elongated, pendent plumes : body thin-
flanked. Legs very long ; naked space above the tarsus
extensive.

Diurnal. Feed principally on fishes. The largest of the
genus.

226. Ardea iierodias, L. Crested ; bluish-ash ; thighs fer-
ruginous ; middle toe much shorter than the tarsus.

Adult, crown black and white, with two long tapering black
feathers ; back with long, narrow, white, tapering plumes.

Young, crown dark slate ; no long feathers on the back.

Great Heron, Ardea herodias, Wils. Am. Orn . viii. p . 28.
pi. 65. fg. 2. adult.

Inhabits common, and resident in the union: rare, and mi-
gratory in the North-eastern states.

227. Ardea alba, L. Slightly crested ; snowy white ; bill
yellow; legs black, very long, slender, naked for four inches
above the'tarsus.

Adult, back with long flowing plumes stiff and falling,
reaching beyond the tail.

Young and moulting destitute of the dorsal train.

Great White Heron, Ardea egretta, Wils. Am. Orn. vii.
p. 106. pi. 61. fig. 1.

Inhabits the northern hemisphere.

228. Ardea pealii, Nob. Crested ; snowy white ; bill flesh-
color, the point and legs black ; toes beneath yellow ; tarsus
more than five inches long.

305

of the United States .

Adult, crest and neck-fringe large, of compact pointed
feathers ; back with long, straight, filiform plumes, reaching
beyond the tail.

Young destitute of these ornaments.

Peale’s Egret Heron , Jlrdea pealii, Nob. Am. Orn. adult.

Inhabits Florida, and probably the analogous climates of
America. Closely allied to the following, and perhaps still
more so to the European Ardea garzetta ! Intermediate be-
tween those two so closely related species! (21.)

229. Ardea candidissima, Gm. Crested ; snowy white ; bill
and legs black ; toes yellow ; tarsus less than four inches long.

Adult, crest and neck-fringe large, of loose flowing feathers;
back with long, silky, recurved plumes, hardly reaching be-
yond the tail.

Young but slightly crested, destitute of the dorsal train.

Snowy Heron , Ardea candidissima , Wils. Am. Orn. vii .
p. 120. pi . 62. fig. 4. adult.

Inhabits both Americas ; said to be found also in* Asia,
which is doubtful.

230. Ardea ludoviciana, Wils. nec auct. Crested ; bluish-
slate ; back, rump and beneath, white ; neck feathers pur-
plish ; back with long, capillary, purplish plumes.

Young destitute of the ornamental feathers.

Louisiana Heron , Ardea ludoviciana , Wils. Am. Orn. viii.
p. 13 .pi. 64. fg. 1. adult.

Inhabits during the fine season, the south and south-western
states ; probably also all the warmer portion of America.

SUBGENUS II. EOTAURUS.

Bihoreau et Butor, Ternm. Butors , Bihoreaux , Cm.
Herons-Bihoreaux , Herons-Butors , Herons-Crabiers, Vieill.
Botaurus, Nycticorax , Stephens.

Bill hardly longer than the head, much compressed, higher
than broad ; upper mandible somewhat curved. Legs com-
paratively short ; naked space of the tibiae restricted. Neck

$06

Synopsis of the Birds

rather short, thick, densely covered with long, broad, loose,
erectile feathers, merely downy above. Body plump.

Chiefly nocturnal. Keep in marshes, sedgy places. Feed
principally on reptiles, insects, worms, and spawn; seldom
on fishes. When excited erect their neck feathers.

f Adult with long , narrow , tapering , occipital feathers,

231. Ardea violacea, L. Crested; ash, beneath paler ; up-
per parts streaked with black, with long, loosety-webbed
tapering feathers ; crown, and spot on each cheek white;
two occipital feathers.

Yellow-crowned Heron , Ardea violacea , Wils, Am, Orn
mii, p, 26. pi, 65. fig, l. adult.

Inhabits common in the southern and south-western states,
and the West Indies ; extending its migrations occasionally
to the middle ones.

232. Ardea pnycticorax, L. Whitish ; crown and back green-
ish-black ; rump, wings and tail, pale ash ; three whitish
occipital feathers.

Young, brown streaked with reddish-white; beneath white,
streaked with duskv ; wing and tail feathers plain dusky, the
former with a spot of white at tip : no occipital feathers.

Night Heron , or Qua bird , Ardea nycticorax , Wils. Am.
Orn. vii. p. ill- pi. 51 • fig. 2. adult, fig. 3. young.

Inhabits both continents : common in Pennsylvania and
New-Jersey : leaves the northern and middle states during
winter.

233. Ardea ccerulea, L. Crested; bluish-slate; feathers of
the back and breast, slender and elongated ; head and neck
purplish-brown ; three occipital feathers.

Young not crested, head and neck of the same color with
the body.

Blue Crane , or Heron, Ardea ccerulea, Wils. Am. Orn. vii .
p. 117. j pi 62. fig. 3. adult.

307

of the United States .

Inhabits common in the south and south-western states :
wintering in tropical America : migrates in spring throughout
the union ; rare in the middle, and especially the northern
states.

ff JVo long occipital feathers.

224. Ardea minor, Wils. Yellowish-ferruginous, mottled and
sprinkled with deep brown ; throat white, streaked with
brownish ; crow n, a wide patch each side of the neck, and
quill feathers, plain black.

Young, colors less decided.

American Bittern , Ardea minor , Wils. Am. Orn. vii . p. 35 .
pi. 65. fig. 3. adult.

Inhabits throughout North America, leaving cold regions
during winter. Closely allied to Ardea stellaris of Europe.

235. Ardea vtrescens, L. Crested ; glossy green ; neck and
breast dark vinaceous ; a line from the chin down the throat,
white streaked with blackish.

Adult, back with long tapering pointed feathers.

Young much less brilliant, destitute of the dorsal train.

Green Heron , Ardea virescens , Wils. Am. Orn. vii. p. 97.
pi. 61 .fig. 1.

Inhabits throughout North America during the fine season z
common: some wintering in the southern states. Found also
in the Island of Java I

SUBGEJVUS III. ARDEOLA.

Bill longer than the head, higher than broad at base;
upper mandible nearly straight. Neck elongated, rather
slender, thickly covered with long, broad, loose, erectile
feathers, merely downy alone : body slender, much compres-
sed. Legs comparatively short: tibiae wholly feathered:
membrane uniting the toes merely rudimental.

Female somew'hat differing from the male. Young differ-
ing from both. Smallest of the genus.

308

Synopsis of the Birds

Chiefly nocturnal. Live and build in marshy grounds,
hiding closely amongst the reeds, and running a great way
in them rather than take flight. Feed on small fishes, rep-
tiles, spawn, but especially aquatic insects.

236. Ardea exilis, Gm. Chesnut, beneath whitish ; neck
above rufous ; sides and wing coverts, cream ; crown,
primaries, tail, and tuft each side of the breast, black. Length
less than twelve inches.

Least Bittern, Ardea exilis, Wils. viii. p. 37. pi. 65 • fig* 4.

Inhabits the United States and West Indies : rather rare,
and found in summer only, in the northern and middle states.
The smallest of the genus : closely related to A. minuta of
Europe, from which it is hardly distinguished but by its
inferior size.

47. ARAMUS.

Scolopax, L. JYumenius, Briss. Scolopax, Ardea, Gm.
Ardea, Numenius, Lath. Rallus. Ill ? JVoh. Jour. Acad. Phil.
Grus ! Cuv. Aramus, Vieill. Temm. Ranz.

Bill much longer than the head, cleft beneath the eyes?
compressed, straight, curved and somewhat turgid at tip,
entire ; upper mandible slightly furrowed ; lower turgid
towards the middle, angular beneath, acute : nostrils in wide
orifices, rather distant from the base, lateral, longitudi-
nal, linear, pervious : tongue short, narrow, acute. Head
wholly feathered; lora naked. Feet elongated; naked
space above the tarsus extensive ; toes entirely divided ; fore
toes elongated, slender, smooth beneath ; hind toe articulated
posteriorly with the tarsus, half the length of the inner,
bearing on the ground with several joints : nails long, slen-
der, compressed, curved, acute, middle one dilated and entire
on the inner edge, the posterior longest and stoutest. Wings
moderate ; first primary rather short, falciform ; third long-
est. Tail short, rounded, of twelve feathers.

of the United States .

309

Female similar to the male. Young but little distinguished
from the parents. Moult annually.

Solitary : quiet : shy. Live in arid, desert plains, care-
fully concealed, and starting rapidly to a great elevation, as
soon as aware of being discovered. Alight on trees : walk
with great agility, moving the tail when frightened. Feed
prineipaliy on frogs and insects. Build in the grass. Voice
loud, shrdL

Peculiar to the warmer parts of America. Composed of
but ojie well ascertained species. Almost intermediate be-
tween Ardea and Numenius : closely related to Rallus. (Fami-
ly Macrodactyli) with which it has been classed by Illiger and
myself.

237. Aramus scolopaceus, Vieill. Brown, glossed with green;
feathers longitudinally white in the middle ; rump, quills, and
tail feathers, immaculate.

Scolopaceous Courlan, Aramus scolopaceus , JYoh. Am*
Orn. in.

Inhabits Florida, and other warm parts of America : visits
occasionally the shores of the middle states. Common in
the island of Cuba.

FAMILY XIX. FALCATL

Filcati , III . Falcirostres , Vieill . Ranz.

Cultrirostres , Longirostres , Cuv. Latr. Ardeidce, Vigors .

Bill very long, stout at base, subulate, falcate, cylindri-
cal at lip; edges much bent in, sharp. Face naked ; throat
dilatable. Neck elongated. Feet elongated, 4-toed ; naked
space of the tibia extensive ; tarsus reticulated ; toes elonga-
ted, bordered with a narrow membrane, connecting the fore
toes at base ; hind toe articulated with the tarsus lowr
down, half as long as the middle one, bearing almost its whole
length on the ground. Wings moderate, obtuse, tubercula-
ted. Tail short, of twelve feathers.

Vol. 11. 39

<310

Synopsis of the Birds

Female much smaller, but similar in color to the male.
Young differing greatly from the adult until the third year.
Moult annually.

Dull, stupid, fearless, easily approached and shot. Fre-
quent inundated plates, the shores of lakes and rivers Feed
on small fishes, repiiles, mollusca, and insects : when satia-
ted, retire to the highest trees, where they stand erect, resting
their heavy bill on the breast. Monogamous : build on high
trees ; lay two or three eggs : female only incubating, but
is fed by the male, and both feed their young, which leave
the nest only when able to flutter. Walk slowly, often sinking
deeply in the mud, while watching for their prey. Flight
heavy, but high and protracted.

Intermediate between the two families Limicolae and Hero-
dii, but much more closely related to the latter : connecting
them admirably.

48. TANTALUS.

Tantalus , L, Gm . Lath. 111. Cuv. Fieill. Temm.

JS/umenius , Briss .

Bill stout, as wTide as the face at base, compressed, atten-
uated, curved only towards the point ; upper mandible not
furrowed, trigonal at base, then cylindrical, notched ; edges
approaching each other so closely as to form a narrow' chan-
nel; lower mandible not channelled: nostrils basal, approxi-
mated, longitudinal, elliptic, open, pervious : tongue very
short, deep in the throat. Head naked, verrucose, cheeks
with scattered feathers. Tarsus twice as long as the middle
toe : nails short, somewhat flattened, rather obtuse. First
and second primaries subequal and longest.

Composed of but four species, one in each division of the
globe except Europe.

238. Tantalus loculator, L. White, face and head bluish;
quills and tail glossy black.

of the United States . 311

Young, blackish; head and neck yellowish-white; belly
cinereous.

Wood [bis, Tantalus loculator , Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 39*
pi . 68 fig. i.

Inhabits America from Carolina to Brazil : in the United
States during summer only.

49. IBIS.

Tantalus , L. Gm. Lath . JYumenius , Briss. Falcinellus ,
Bechst. Meyer. Ibis , Lacep. III. Cuv. Vieill. Temm.

Bill slender, thicker at base, tetragonal-cylindrical, arcua-
ted, depressed, obtuse at tip; upper mandible deeply furrow-
ed its whole length, entire; lower deeply channelled beneath:
nostrils in the furrow, basal, lateral, longitudinal, linear, half
closed by a membrane : tongue very short, deep in the throat,
triangular, thick, smooth, cartilaginous, fimbriated at base.
Face and throat naked. Tarsus longer than the middle
toe : nails short, somewhat curved, rather obtuse, middle one
often pectinated. First primary hardly shorter than the
second and third, which are longest.

Feed exclusively on insects, worms, mollusca, and also
vegetable substances. Migrate periodically, and to wonder-
ful distances ; the migration of some species being limited only
by the boundaries of our globe.

Inhabit all quarters of the world. Venerated by the an-
cient Egyptians.

239. Ibis rubra, Vieill. Scarlet, richer and brighter accord-
ing to age; outer quill-feathers blue-black at tip; face
reddish.

Young cinereous, back and wings blackish ; rump and be-
neath white.

Scarlet Ibis , Tantalus ruber , Wils. Am. Orn. viii . p. 41.
pi. 66* fig- 2. adult. Tantalus fuscus, L. young. (22)

Inhabits the warmer parts of America : during summer
only, the southern extremity of the union : rare.

312

Synopsis of the Birds

240. Ibis alba, Vieill. White, old bird tinged with rose
color; outer quill-feathers blue-black at tip: face reddish.

White Ibis , Tantalus albus , Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 4S°

pi. 66 .fig. 3.

Inhabits as the preceding: common in Florida on the sea
shore during summer.

241. Ibis falclnellus, Vieill. Purplish-chesnut ; top of the
head, middle of the back, wings and tail, metallic green ;
face blackish.

Young, head and neck feathers streaked with blackish, and
margined with whitish ; back and scapulars, brownish-cine-
reous ; beneath blackish-cinereous ; wings and tail duller.

Glossy Ibis , Ibis falcinellus , JYob. Am. Orn. Hi. adulto
Tantalus meocicanus , Ord , J. Sc. Phil.

Inhabits warm and temperate shore? throughout the globe :
a rare visitant of the United States.

FAMILY XX. LIMICOL/E.

Limicolce , I ittorales , Til. Longir><stres , Cuv. Latr. He -
lionomi , JRgialites , Vieill. Limicole , Tachidrome , Itanz.
Scolopacidce, Char adriadce, Vigors.

Bill generally long, slender, feeble, soft, cylindrical,
mostly obtuse at the point. Face feathered. Neck mode-
rate. Feet moderate or elongated, tender ; naked space of
the tibiae more or less extensive ; tarsus reticulated ; hind toe
slender, short, articulated high on the tarsus, hardly touch-
ing the ground at tip, sometimes wanting. Wings elonga-
ted, falciform, acute, tuberculated. Tail rather short.

Female larger, similar to the male in color. Young dif-
fering more or less from the adult. Moult twice in the
year.

Live in marshes, muddy places, and around water : never
alighting on trees. Run swiftly. Feed on insects, worms,

of the United States .

313

mollusca, and other marine animals, which they seek in the
mud ; feeling and taking their prey without seeing it, by
means of their sensible bill.* Monogamous; breed on the
ground in marshy grasses, or in the saud ; lay generally four
pyriform eggs ; both sexes incubating, and attending the
young : young leave the nest, run about, and pick up their food
as soon as hatched. Flesh esculent.

50. NUMENIUS.

JYumenius , Briss. Lath, Cuv. III. Vieill . Temm. Ranz .
Scolopaoc, ,L. Gm. Tantalus , Lacep.

Bill very long, slender, almost cylindrical, slightly com-
pressed, arcuated, entire ; upper mandible longer, furrowed
for three fourths of its length, dilated, and rounded towards
tip ; nostrils in the furrow, basal, lateral, longitudinal, oblong :
tongue very short, acute. Feet rather elongated, slender,
4-toed; naked space of the tibia moderate ; tarsus half longer
than the middle toe ; toes short, stout, bordered, somewhat
rough beneath ; fore toes connected at base by a short mem-
brane to the first articulation ; hind toe a little longer than
a phalanx of the middle one, bearing on the ground at tip ;
nails compressed, curved, acute, the cutting edge of the mid-
dle one entire. First primary longest. Tail somewhat
rounded, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male both in size and color. Young
differing but little from the adult, but well distinguished by
their much shorter and straighter bill. Moult annually,
late in the season. Colors dull, a mixture of grayish-brown,
rusty, white and blackish, hardly varying in the different
species.

* In these birds the bill is wholly or partially covered with a nervous and
sensitive skin.

314

Synopsis of the Birds

Extremely shy, wary and cunning. Solitary, except when
migrating, then uniting in large flocks. Live in the neigh-
bourhood of salt water and marshes, during summer advan-
cing inland. Feed on worms, insects, small fishes and mol-
lusca, which ?hey seek in the sand or in the mud Ne tie
on tufts in prairies and marshes. Flight high, rapid, and
protracted. Voice loud, whistling.

Spread all over the globe : three species in Europe : three
in North America.

242. Numenius longirostris, Wils. Crown blackish, with
whitish streaks, no medial line; rump uniform with the rest;
long axillary feathers rusty ; bill very long, much arcuated.

Long-billed Curlew, Numenius longir ostris', Wils. viii. p. 23.
pi <34- Jig. 4.

Inhabits throughout North America : common in spring
and autumn in the middle states.

243. Numenius hudsonicus, Lath. Crown deep brown, with a
whitish medial line; rump uniform with the rest; long axil-
lary feathers banded with black and rusty ; bill short, much
arcuated.

Esquimaux Curlew , Scolopax borealis , Wils . vii. p. 22.
pi. 66 .fin. 1.

Inhabits throughout North America: breeding to the
north, wintering to the south : common on their double pas-
sage in the middle states.

244. Numenius borealis, Lath, nec Ord. Crown blackish,
streaked with whitish, no medial line; rump uniform with
the rest; long axillary feathers banded with black and rusty ;
bill very short, but little arcuated.

Esquimaux Curlew , Numenius borealis , Nob« Jim. Orn. in.

Numenius brcvirostris , Temm.pl. col. 381. (24)

Inhabits throughout North and South America : rare in the
United States, found at Hudson’s Bay, in the western territory,
Brazil, Paraguay, &c.

&f the United States.

315

51. TRINGA.

Tringa , Charadrius , Scolopax , L . Gm. Tringa , Chara -
dm**, Nvmenius , La/A. Tringa , Arenaria , Ems. Actitis ,
Calidris , ///.* Calidris , Ptiidna, Machetes , Arenaria , Cuv.
Tringa, Arenaria , Fieill. Tringa, Calidris, Temm . Ran&.

Bill, moderate, slender, sub cylindrical, straight, or slight-
ly curved, soft and flexible its whole length, compressed at
base, point smooth, depressed, somewhat dilated, obtuse :
both mandibles furrowed each side their whole length ;
lower a little shorter : nostrils in the furrows, basal, linear,
pervious, covered by a membrane : tongue moderate, slender,
subfiliform, canaliculated above, entire, acute. Feet 3 or
4-toed ; tarsus slender ; fore toes rather elongated, slender,
generally divided ; hind toe extremely short, slender, much
elevated, hardly touching the ground at tip, or wanting : nails
curved, acute. Wings moderate ; first primary longest. Tail
rather short, of twelve feathers.

Female similar in color to the male, somewhat larger.
Young differ from the adult. Moult twice a year, changing
greatly the color of their plumage. Colors a mixture of
white and cinereous, changing in summer to* rufous and
black.

Live in flocks, often composed of different species, on sandy
beaches, muddy shores, preferring salt water. Migrate
according to season along shores and rivers. Feed on in-
sects, mollusca, and other small animals, which they seek in
soft ground by inserting their flexible bill. Breed socially
among the grass near water.

* Illiger, however, does not quote under his genus Actitis a single

typical Tringa ; he probably never examined one, as they do not possess
the character he assigns to the group “ pedes colligati.”

316

Synopsis of the Birds

Spread all over the world, even some of the species.
Wantonly multiplied by superficial observers; most difficult
to distinguish correctly by brief descriptions.

SUBGENUS I. \HEMIPALAMA.

Hemipalama , Nob . Cbs. Nom. Mils. Orn .

Feet 4-toed ; anterior connected at base by a membrane.

Peculiar to America. Connects admirably the two allied
genera Numenius and Tringa. Well marked, but perhaps
artificial.

245 Tringa himantopus, Nob. Bill much longer than the
head, sub-arched ; tarsus longer than the bill ; rump white,
banded with black ; middle tail feathers longest.

Long-legged Sandpiper , Tringa himantopus , Nob. Am.
Orn. Hi.

Inhabits the middle states in summer and autumn.

Anomalous: closely related to. Numenius, and as to natu-
ral affinity, still more so to Totanus ! Ought not to be
separated from T. subarquata, Tenim. by the straight-billed
T. semipalmata, Wds. with which it claims no alliance,
except on account of its semipalmated feet.

246. Tringa semipalmata, Wils. Bill shorter than the head,
straight ; feet moderate ; rump blackish ; middle tail feathers
longest.

Semipalmated Sandpiper , Tringa semipalmata , Wils . vii.
p. 131. pi. 63 .fig. 4.

Inhabits common throughout the United States. Except
by its feet, closely related to T. pusilla, minuta, &c.

SUBGENUS II. TRINGA.

Calidris, Pelidna , Cuv.

Feet 4-toed ; anterior cleft to the base.

Spread all over the world. Connected much more with
the preceding by the European subgenus Machetes, Cuv. in

317

of the United States.

Cuv. in which the outer toe is connected by a membrane
as in the typical Totani.

247 Tri\ga suBAaqu^T\, Ternm. Bill much longer than the
head, subarched ; rump white ; middle tail leathers longest,
lateral while internally 5 tarsus shorter than the bill, one inch
and a quarter long.

Summer plumage varied with black and rufous, beneath
rufous: winter, cinereous, beneath white.

Cape Curfew, Numemus africanus , Lath. Meyer and Wolf
Ois. d'Allem. livr. xix. pi. 4. fig. 1. adult in full dress, fig. 2.
young.

Inhabits throughout the world ; extremely rare, and merely
a transient visitor in the United States.

248. Tringa alphva, L. Bill longer than the head, slightly
curved at the point, entirely black ; rump blackish ; middle
tail feathers longest; tarsus little more than one inch long.

Summer plumage varied with black and rufous, beneath
black and white : winter, ashy brown, beneath white.

Red-hacked Sandpiper , Tringa alpina , IV Us. Am. Orn .
vii. p. 25. pi. jig* 2. summer dress ; and the Purre , Tringa
cinclus , Wils. Am Orn. vii. p. 39. pi. w.fig. 3. winter dress.

Inhabits both continents : very common throughout the
United Sates and Europe.

249. Tringa schinzii, Brehm. Bill hardly longer than the
bead, hardly curved, entirely black ; rump blackish ; mid-
dle tail feathers longest; tarsus three quarters of an inch
long.

Summer plumage varied with blackish and dull rufous ;
beneath black and white : winter, ashy brown, beneath white.

Schinz's Sandpiper , Tringa Schinzii , Nob. Am. Orn 3.
Pelidna cinclus , var. Say in Long's expedition.

Inhabits both continents ; found from beyond the Missis-
Vol. II. 40

Synopsis of the Birds

sippi to the Atlantic shores ; rather common in the autumn
on the coast of New Jersey. Exceedingly allied to the pre-
ceding ; hardly distinguished but by its inferior size, and
shorter bill and tarsi.

250. Tringa pectoralis, Nob. Bill shorter than the head,
compressed and reddish-yellow at base ; rump black; mid-
dle tail feathers longest ; feet greenish-yellow, tarsus one inch
long.

Summer plumage varied with black and rufous, beneath
white ; breast cinereous, strongly lineated w ith blackish.
Winter, cinereous-brown, beneath white.

Pectoral Sandpiper , Tringa pecto rails, Nob. Jim. Orn .
in. Pelidna pectoralis, Say in Long’s, e p.

Inhabits throughout the United States and West Indies :
common beyond the Mississippi ; often met with on the coasts
of New-Jersey in the latter end of summer.

£51. Tringa pi.atyrhinca, Temm. Bill longer than the head,
slightly curved at the point, much depressed and reddish at
base ; rump black ; middle tail feathers longest ; feet green-
ish-ash ; tarsus less than one inch long.

Summer plumage varied with blac k and rufous; beneath
pure white : w inter, cinereous, beneath w hite.

Numenius pygmceus, Lath nec Bechst. Naum Nog. t. 10.
fig. 22. adult in summer plumage.

Inhabits both continents: extremely rare in the United
States.

252. Tringa maritima, Brunn. B‘dl longer than the head,
hardly curved at the point, compressed and reddish at base ;
rump black ; middle tail feathers longest ; feet yellow; naked
space above the tarsus very small.

Summer dress purplish-black varied with white and rufous,
beneath whitish with blackish spots: winter, blackish, beneath
whitish streaked with dusky.

of the United States .

319

Purple Sandpiper , Tringa maritima , On. 3.

Inhabits both continents on rocky shores only, hardly
ever seen on the eastern coasts of the union ; common at
Hudson’s Bay, in England, &c. found in Holland only where
artificial moles have been formed, making its appearance as
they are built.

253. Tringa temminckit, Leisler. Bill shorter than the head,
nearly straight ; rump blackish; tail graduated, the outer
feathers pure white.

Summer plumage black, varied with rufous, beneath white :
winter, cinereous-brown, beneath white.

Tringa pusilla , Beckst. nec auct. Temm. PL Col. 41. fig 1.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, whence it migrates periodically
to temperate climates : exceedingly rare in the United States.

254. Tringa minuta, Leisl. Bill shorter than the head,
straight ; rump blackish ; middle and outer tail feathers
longest, lateral, dark cinereous, edged with white ; tarsus
longer than the bill, ten lines long.

Summer plumage blackish varied with rufous, beneath
white : winter, cinereous, beneath white.

Tringa minuta , Temm . Naum. Vog. t. 2! . fig. 30.

Inhabits throughout the world : rare in the United States :
common in Switzerland, Italy'.

255. Tringa pusilla, VVils. Bill shorter than the head,
straight ; rump blackish ; middle tail feathers longest, lateral
equal, dark cinereous, edged with white; tarsus equal to the
bill eight lines long.

Summer plumage blackish varied with rufous, beneath
white : winter, cinereous, beneath white.

Little Sandpiper , Tringa pusilla , fVils. Am. Orn. v.
p. 32. pL 37. fig. 4.

Inhabits in great numbers the shores of North and South
America : not found in Europe. Hardly differing from the
preceding, but by its shorter tarsi.

Synopsis of the Birds

320

256. Tringa tslandica, L. Bill hardly longer than the head,
straight; rump white, varied with black ; tail perfectly even.

Summer plumage black varied with rusty, beneath rusty:
winter, light ash, beneath white.

Young, dark ash, varied with black and white, beneath
white.

Red-breasted Sandpiper , Tringa rufa , Wils. Am. On. vii.
p . 43. pi. 57. fig . 5. summer dress ; and ash-colored Sand-
piper, Trmga cinerea , Wils. Am. Orn . vii. p. 36. pl> 57 • fig* 2.
winter dress.

inhabits both continents : common during spring and
autumn in the middle states.

SUBGENUS III. CALIDRIS.

Tringa , Charadrius , Gm. Charadrius , hath. Armaria ,
Briss. Cuv. Vieill. Calidris, III. Temm. Rariz.

Feet 3-toed ; toes cleft from the base ; no rudiment of
hind toe.

Keeping almost exclusively on sandy beaches ; closely
follow ing the flux and reflux of the surf, to pick up the small
animals left on the sand.

Cosmopolite. Formed of but a single species, which can-
not be separated from the Tringae in a natural arrangement,
though authors, taking no other characters in consideration,
but the want of hind toe, place it artificially even in a
distinct Family or Order !

257. Tringa arenaria, L. Bill shorter than the head,
straight ; rump ash ; middle tail feathers longest.

Summer plumage varied with black, white. and rufous,
beneath white : winter, light ash, sic.es of the head, and all
beneath white.

Ruddy Plover. Charadrius rubidus , Wils. Am. Orn. vii.
p. 129 .pi. 63. fig. 3. summer dress. Sanderling Plover , Chara-

of the United States. 321

drius calidris , Wils. Am. Orn. mi. p. 68. pi' 5 4. winter
dress .

Inhabits all over the globe : migrating periodically along
the coasts of the middle states.

52. HIMANTOPUS.

Himantopus, Briss. III. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz. Chnra-
drius , L. Gm. Lath. Macrotarsus , Lacepede , Recurvirostra,
Wilson.

Bill long, very slender, smooth, subulate, cylindrical,
'somewhat recurved from the middle, rather depressed at base,
compressed and acute at the point, both mandibles furrowed
on each side half their length : nostrils in the furrows,
basal, linear, pervious : tongue short, slender, acuminate.
Head small; eyes very small: neck long. Feet 3 toed;
tibiae disproportionately long, thin, flexible, almost entirely
naked ; tarsus thrice as long as the middle toe, very slender
and flexible, somewhat compressed ; toes rather short, narrow,
flattened beneath, edged by a narrow membrane ; middle toe
longest, connected to the outer by a broad membrane, as far
as the first joint, and to the inner by a very small one: nails
very small, hardly compressed, rounded above, curved,
and rather acute at tip. Wings very long, extremely acute;
quills stiff ; first primary much the longest. Tail short,
even, of twelve feathers.

Flmale hardly differing from the male. Young somewhat
different from the adult. Moult twice in the year.

Live in small flocks, near waters, preferring salt marshes
and sea-pools. Feed on insects, moilusca, &c. which they
catch both in the air and mud. Breed socially, raising
their nest as it becomes advisable; lay four or six eggs,
which they hatch standing. Fly with great rapidity and
steadiness, their stiffly protruded legs making up for the de-
ficiency of their tail as a rudder. Walk with difficulty on
hard ground, bending their body, on account of their weak

Synopsis of the Birds

legs ; at ease only on sinking soil, for which their feet
are admirably calculated : wade deeply in the mud and water,
swimming occasionally when losing their depth.

Spread all over the globe. Formed of but two well ascer-
tained species, one of which is reckoned as cosmopolite,
though we cannot trace it in America, Ought not to separate
Tringa from Totanus : somewhat anomalous in their most
natural family : forms, in our system, a small solitary collate-
ral branch, to which might be joined the genus Recurvi-
rostra.

258. Himantopus nigricollis, Vieill. White, neck above,
scapulars and wings black.*

Long-legged Avocet , Recurvirostra himantopus, Wils. vii.
p. 48 .pi. 55. Jig. I.

Inhabits North and South America : not rare during sum-
mer in the northern and middle states.

53. TOTANUS.

Tringa, Scolopax, L. Gm. Lath. Wils. Tringa , Briss.
Chevaliers, Buffon. Actitis, III. Totanus , Bechst . Cuv. Temm.
Vieill. Banz.

Bill moderate, slender, sub-cylindrical, straight, or a little
recurved, much compressed its whole length, flexible at base,
narrow, hard, smooth, acute, and a little curved at the point ;
both mandibles furrowed each side to the middle ; lower
shorter, somew hat recurved at tip : nostrils in the furrows,
basal, lateral, linear, pervious : tongue moderate, filiform,
acute. Feet 4-toed; tarsus long, slender; toes slender,
smooth beneath; outer connected at base by a membrane;
hind toe short, slender, much elevated, touching the ground

* Himantopus melanopterus , Meyer . {alhi collis, Vieill.) White, scapulars
and wings black.

32S

of the United States .

at tip : nails compressed, curved, acute. Wings moderate;
first primary longest. Tail generally short, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male, somewhat larger. Young
differ but little from the adult in winter plumage. Moult
twice in the year, changing somewhat.

Live in flocks, some species solitary, in damp meadows,
near water, preferring river shores and fresh water marshes;
wade deeply. Migrate according to season. Feed on in-
sects, mollusca, which they seek on hard ground, among
gravel, or in hard bottomed rivulets, by means of their solid
and less sensible bill. Breed socially among the grass near
water.

Spread all over the globe, many of the species themselves.
Resembling each other closely, very difficult to distinguish
without a thorough acquaintance. Closely allied to the genus
Scolopax, by its subgenus Macrorampbus, to Lirnosa by our
subgenus Glottis, and especially to Tringa by Machetes :
well distinguished, however, by the union of the two charac-
ters of the feet and bill.

SUBGENUS /. CATOPTROPHORUS.

Part of Chevaliers proprement dits: Temm, Part of Glot-
tis, Nilsson,

Bill straight, stout, solid almost its whole length, furrows
only at the base, those of the lower mandible obliterated.
Fore toes all connected at base by a membrane.

Female conspicuously larger.

Not only wade, but swim occasionally.

259. Totanus semipalmatus, Temm. Rump white; lower wing
coverts, black ; quills white, for two thirds of their length
from the base.

Summer plumage brownish, varied with blackish and
whitish, beneath white, spotted with blackish : winter, light
ash, beneath white.

324

Synopsis of the Birds

Semipalmated Snipe , Scolopax semipalmata , Wils. Jim*
Orn. vii. p. 27. pi* 56. fig. s* summer dress *

Inhabits throughout North America ; an accidental visi-
tant on the western European shores.* common during sum-
mer in the middle states, where it breeds in great numbers.*

SUBGENUS II. TOT ANUS.

Bill straight, slender, hard, furrowed and flexible nearly
to the middle. Inner toe cleft.

More allied to Tringa, (especially Machetes,) by their
more sensible bill.

260. Totanus melanoleucus, Vieill. Ashy brown, spotted
with black and white ; rump white ; tail white, barred with
brown ; feet yellow ; bill entirely blackish, slightly recurved.
Length fourteen and a half inches.

Tell tale Gudwit, or Snipe, Scol pax vocifera, Wils. vii .
p. 57. fig* 5. summer dress.

Inhabits throughout North America in suitable places:
common from April to November in the middle states,
where it breeds.

261. Tot anus flavipes, Vieill. Ashy-brown, spotted with
black and white; rump white; tail white, barred with brown;
feet yellow, bill entirely black, straight. Length ten inches.

Yellow shanks Snipe, Scolopax jlavipes, Wils. vii * p. 55*
pi* 58 *fig* 4. summer dress.

* Following- the mania of the day, we have formed a new subgenus for
the reception of this bird, which deserves the distinction quite as well, and
better than a great many others. We adopt Glottis,* Nilsson, for those
with stout but recurved bills, and inner toe cleft. None are found in the
United States, and but one in Europe.

325

of the United States .

Inhabits throughout North America : very common during
summer and autumn in the middle states. Hardly differing
from the preceding but by its smaller size : exceedingly like
several European Totani, from each and all of which, how-
ever, the above phrase distinguishes it.

262. Totanus bartramius, Temm. Rump black ; tail very
long, tapering, reaching much beyond the wings 1 Bill very
short.

Bartram’s Sandpiper, Tringa bartramia, Wils. Am. Orn .
vii. p. 63. pi. 59. fig. 2.

Inhabits North and South America : an accidental visitant
in northern and western Europe : common during summer,
on the plains near the sea coast of New-Jersey and Long
Island, and in great numbers on the extensive prairies beyond
the Mississippi.

263. Totanus chloropygius, Vieill. Brown-olive, spotted with
white ; rump, and middle tail feathers uniform with the rest ;
tail white, barred with broad, regular, blackish bands; quills
and their shafts entirely black.

Solitary Sandpiper , Tringa solitaria , Wils . Am. Orn. mi.
p. 53. pi. 58 .fig. 3.

Inhabits the United States, during summer in the mountains
where it breeds ; during winter in the plains and shores :
not rare, but by no means numerous in autumn in the mid-
dle states. Solitary. Allied to T. Glareola of Europe, but
totally distinct.

264. Totanus macularius, Temm. Olive-brown, waved with
blackish ; rump and tail olive-brown ; three outer tail feathers
white, barred with black ; quills black, with a white spot on
the inner web.

Adult, beneath white, with roundish black spots ; bill
orange beneath.

Young, beneath pure white ; wing coverts undulated with
rufous lines ; bill wholly blackish,

Vol. II. 41

32 G

Synopsis of the Birds

Spotted Sandpiper , Tringa macularia , Wils. Am. Orn*
vii. p. 60. pl> 59. jfig. 1. adult ; Totanus macularius, JYob*
Am . Ora. m. young .

Inhabits throughout North America : though an arctic
bird, merely an accidental visitant in the north of Europe 1
very common during the fair season in the middle states where
it breeds. Solitary.

This beautiful species, together with its close relative
T. hypoleucos of Europe, has the bill furrowed, soft, and
flexible to the point, hard merely at the tip, and therefore,
almost as sensible as that of the Tringse, to which they form
the passage : they might constitute a section or subgenus,
under the name of Tringoides.

54. LIMOSA.

Scolopaoc, L. Gm . Lath. Limosa , Briss. Cuv. Leislcr .
Temm. Ranz. Actitis , III. Limicola, Vieill.

Bill very long, straight, a little recurved from the mid-
dle, sub-cylindrical, rather slender, thick at base, very
soft and flexible its whole length, at the point smooth, much
depressed, dilated, turgid and obtuse ; both mandibles deeply
furrowed on each side nearly their whole length ; lower
shorter ; the upper ending in an internal knob : nostrils in
the furrows, basal, lateral, covered by a membrane, linear,
open, pervious : tongue moderate, filiform, acute. Head
large; eyes very large, central. Neck moderate, stout:
body inclined, compressed. Feet long, slender, 4-toed;
naked space of the tibia extensive ; fore toes somewhat sca-
brous beneath ; middle one longest, connected to the outer
at base by a membrane ; inner free, hardly shorter than the
outer ; hind toe short, slender, touching the ground at tip :
nails falculate, the middle one with a projecting ridge, hol-
lowed out beneath on the inner side. Wings long, extremely
acute; quills stiff; first primary longest. Tail moderate, of
twelve feathers.

327

of the United States .

Female larger ; colors somewhat duller. Young hardly
differing from the adult in winter plumage. Moult twice in
the year, changing greatly their plumage, the female later
than the male, hence said to differ. Larger than the allied
genera, except Numenius.

Timid, melancholy, shy, suspicious, watchful. Migrate
according to season. Live in docks, keeping constantly in
moist grounds, morasses near water, preferring salt marshes,
rarely found far from the sea ; affecting muddy places above
all things. Chiefly nocturnal, hiding and keeping quiet
during day-time among grasses, reeds, and going out in the
morning and evening only. Feeding at twilight and by
moonshine on insects, he. which they seek in the softest mud:
thrust their bill into it continually in search of small ani-
mals and vegetables. Sight weak and short, supplied by
their exquisitely sensible bill, which being furnished with
nerves to the tip, is capable of tasting whatever it seizes.
Like the gallinaceous birds, assist digestion by taking sand and
small stones into their gizzard for trituration. Breed socially
in damp meadows ; lay on the ground among grass, bushes.
Voice hoarse, shrill, compared to that of a goat. Escaping
rapidly among reeds and swampy grounds when perceived.

Spread all over the cold and temperate regions of the globe.
Formed of but three well established species, two of which
are found in Europe, and two also in the United States.
More closely allied to Tetanus by its European subgenus
Glottis, Nob.

265. Limosa ^gocephala, Nob. Bill straightish; rump and
tail black ; base of the quills and tail feathers white ; middle
nail long, serrated.

Summer plumage, black varied with rufous ; beneath ru-
fous, varied with blackish : winter, ashy-brown, beneath white-
ish ; tail tipped with white.

Black-tailed Godwit , Limosa cegocephala , Nob . Am. Orn,

328

Synopsis of the Birds

in . La Barge commune , Buff. pi. enl. 874. Limosa mela-
nura , Leisl. Temm. Scolopax limosa , and S. cegocephala . L •

Inhabits both continents : common at Hudson’s Bay, and
in high northern American latitudes ; a transient visiter du-
ring spring and autumn in the middle states : extremely
common in the Netherlands.

266. Limosa fedoa, Vieill.* Bill recurved ; rump uniform
with the rest ; tail brownish, banded with black ; middle
nail short, entire.

Summer plumage, black varied with rufous, beneath rusty :
winter, cinereous, beneath whitish.

Great Marbled Godwit, Scolopax fedoa, Wils. Jim. Orn.vii .
p. 30. pi. 56. fig. 4. female .

Inhabits throughout North America ; a transient visiter in
spring and autumn in the middle states : not very common.

55. SCOLOPAX.

Scolopax , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. Guv. 111. Temm. Ranz.
Rusticola , Scolopax, Vieill. Scolopax, Gallinago, Macro-
ramphus , Steph.

Bill long, slender, straight, sub-cylindrical, compressed,
soft and flexible its whole length, point depressed, dilated,
tumid, obtuse, wrinkled after death :f both mandibles furrow-
ed to the middle; upper terminated by an internal knob;
lower shorter, canaliculated, truncated: nostrils in the furrows,
basal, marginal, linear, pervious, covered by a membrane:
tongue moderate, filiform, acute. Head large, compressed,

* Limosa rufa , Briss. Bill recurved ; rump white ; tail banded with
black, middle nail short, entire.

Summer dress, black varied with rufous, head and beneath rufous, the
former streaked with brown : winter, cinereous, beneath pure white.

La Barge rousse , Buff, pi, enl. 900. summer dress.

Inhabits the north of the old continent : common in northern and wes-
tern Europe.

f Owing to the desiccation of their exquisite nervous apparatus.

oj the United States .

329

somewhat angular, low forward, high behind ; eyes very
large, placed high and far back. Neck moderate, stout. Body
compressed, very fleshy. Feet moderate, slender, 4-toed;
naked space on the tibia small : tarsus rather shorter than
the middle toe ; anterior toes rather long, slender, scabrous
beneath ; middle toe longest ; inner free ; hind toe short,
slender, touching the ground at tip : nails falculate. Wings
moderate ; first and second primaries subequal, longest.
Tail short, rounded, of from twelve to sixteen feathers.

Female similar to the male, a little larger. Moult twice a
year.

Stupid. Live in swampy woods, forests, or in open marsh-
es and morasses. Feed exclusively on insects and other 'small
animals, which they seek in the mud and slime, and turning
over decayed leaves. Breed on the ground ; eggs about
four. Nocturnal, go about in the morning and evening.
When pursued keep close to the ground, and by hiding their
head in their feathers, think to avoid their numerous enemies;
when close chased, start on the wing with great rapidity.
Flesh exquisite.

Spread all over the world. Composed of three subgenera.

SUBGENUS I. MACRORAMPHUS.

Becassine- Chevalier, Temm. Macroramphus, Leach .

Scolopax , Vieill.

Feet elongated ; tibiae partly naked ; outer toe connected
by a membrane to the middle as far as the first joint ; hind
nail projecting over the toe, acute. Tail of twelve feathers.

Vary according to age and season.

Gregarious ; keep and fly in flocks. Inhabit open marshy
grounds in the neighbourhood of the sea ; not hiding in the
grass. Flight high, and rapid.

Formed of a single species, of which seven or eight nomi-
nal have been made. More related in form, colors, changes

330

Synopsis of the Birds

and habits, to the other genera of the family. Connects
Scolopax with Totanus and Limpsa.

267. Scolopax grisea, Gm. Rump white ; tail banded with
black and white ; shaft of the first primary white.

Summer dress, black varied with reddish and cinereous;
eyebrows and breast reddish : winter, cinereous, beneath white.

Red-breasted Snipe, Scolopax noveboracensis , Wils. Am.
Orn. vii.p. 48. pi. 58 .fig. 2. summer dress .

Inhabits throughout North America : very common in the
middle stales at its double passage : an accidental and very
rare visitant in the north of Europe.

SUB GENUS II. SCOLOPAX.

Becassine, Temm. Scolopax, Vieill. Gallinago, Steph.

Feet moderate ; tibia partly naked ; all the toes cleft ; hind
nail projecting over the toe, acute. Tail of from twelve to
sixteen feathers. Young similar to the adult: do not change
in moulting.

Colors a mixture of black, white, rufous, and cinereous.

Solitary. Live in open marshes, on the borders of rivers,
fresh water pools, in damp, and sometimes even dry prairies;
always hiding in the grass, not perceived until started. Flight
high, very rapid, and irregular.

Spread all over the globe, even some of the few species of
which it is formed.

268. Scolopax wilsonii, Temm. (24.) Tail rounded, of six-
teen feathers, all barred with black at tip, the lateral half as
broad as the middle ones.

Snipe , Scolopax gallinago, Wils. Am. Orn. vi. p. 18 .pi. 47.

fig- 2-

Inhabits North and South America : very common during
autumn in the middle states, where a few breed. Resembling
excessively S. gallinago, and S. Brehmii of the old conti-
nent : perhaps they form but a single species.

331

of the United States .

SUBGENUS III. RUST1C0LA.

Becasse proprement dite. Temm. Rusticola , Vieill.

Scolopaoc , Steph.

Feet short ; tibia wholly feathered ; toes cleft from the
very base ; hind nail not projecting beyond the toe, obtuse.
Three first primaries very narrow, linear, subequal ; fourth
and fifth longest. Tail of twelve feathers.

Female conspicuously larger, with a much longer bill.
Young similar to the adult. Do not change in moulting.

Colors a mixture of black, rufous, and cinereous.

Solitary. Live in forests, wooded swamps and thickets,
fond of Indian corn fields, seldom seen in open grounds.
Carefully watch their young, even carrying them from danger
on their back.

Flight low, slow, direct. Cosmopolite. But two species,
one in each continent.

269. Scolopax minor, Gm.* Hind head black, with three
yellowish bands, beneath plain yellowish-rusty ; quills plain
dusky.

Woodcock , Scolopax minor, Wils. vi.p. 40* pi. .fig. 2.

Inhabits throughout temperate America, wintering between
the tropics : very common during the fair season in the mid-
dle states where they breed, and a few appear to winter.

FAMILY XXL MACRODACTYLI.

Macrodactyli , Lobipedes, III. Macrodactyli, Cuv . Lair.

Macrodactyli, Macroniches, Pinnatipedes , Vieill.

Macrodattili, Pinnatipedi, Ranz. Rallidce, Vigors.

Bill short or moderate, hard, thick at base, straight, com-
pressed, entire, curved at the point, sharp on the edges. Head

* Scolopax rusticola , L. Head transversely banded ; beneath rusty,
undulated with blackish ; quills banded with black and rufous.

La Becasse, Buff. pi. enl. 835.

Inhabits throughout the old continent : breeding in arctic regions.

332

Synopsis of the Birds

small : neck well proportioned : body slender, much compres-
sed. Feet moderate, rather robust, 4-toed; naked space of
the tibia rather small ; tarsus not longer than the middle toe,
reticulated ; toes three before, one behind, very long, slender,
divided, edged by a decurrent membrane ; hind toe rather
long, articulated almost on a level with the others, bearing on
the ground good part of its length : nails slender, compressed,
acute. Wings rather short, wide, somewhat rounded, con-
cave, tuberculated ; third or fourth primary longest. Tail
short, of twelve feathers.

Female smaller, differing but little from the male. Young
differing often from the parents. Moult once or twice in the
year, without changing their colors.

Solitary. Keep mostly near or in water ; moving nimbly
on marshy weeds. Fond of concealment. Feed on small
animals, and on seeds and other vegetable substances. Mono-
gamous : lay once or twice in the year: both sexes sit in
turn : eggs rounded, from five to sixteen. Young run about
under the parental care, and provide for themselves as soon
as hatched. Run swiftly. Fly slowly, at short distances,
the feet hanging down. Prefer running to flying. When
hard pushed, stop short and squat down, resorting to wing
only at extremity. Flight only rapid when elevated. Voice
hoarse. Flesh sapid.

56. RALLUS.

Rallus , L . Cuv . Vieill. Radius , Porpkyrio , Briss . Radius 9
Parra , Fulica , Gm. Rallus , Gallinula , Lath. Temm. Ranz .
Rallus , Crex. 111. Rallus , Ortygometra, Zapornia , Leach.

Bill varying in length, thick at base, generally straight,
compressed ; upper mandible furrowed each side, somewhat
vaulted and curved at tip, base extending upwards between
the feathers of the front ; nostrils in the furrows, medial3
oblong or longitudinal, open and pervious beneath, covered
at base by a membrane : tongue moderate, narrow, com"

333

of the United States .

pressed, entire, acute, fibrous at tip. Forehead feathered.
Body very compressed. Naked space on the tibia small ;
tarsus subequal to the middle toe, somewhat compressed ;
toes entirely divided ; decurrent membrane very narrow ; hind
toe equal to a phalanx of the middle one, inserted a little
higher than the others : nails short, compressed, curved,
acute. First primary shorter than the fifth; second, third and
fourth longest. Tail very short, feathers flaccid, not appear-
ing beyond the coverts.

Female generally similar to the male. Young differing
much from the adult. Moult twice in the year.

Timid : shy: solitary. Most of the species live and breed in
marshes, among weeds, thickets, preferring the neighbourhood
of stagnant w;aters, where the grass is very high ; not entering
much in the water: swim but rarely, and never from choice.
Avoid above all, sands and exposed shores. Notwithstand-
ing their apparently limited flight, undertake great periodical
journeys. Walk with agility and grace, raising their head,
elevating their feet, and jerking their tail. Alight sometimes
on low branches, never on trees, unless to escape a close
chase. Lives nocturnal : hide closely during day time in the
thickest grasses, and seek their food in the morning and even-
ing, or by moonlight.

Inhabit throughout the world. Closely related to Fulica,
Gallinula, but especially Porphyrio ; distinguished from all
by their feathered front.

SUBGENUS I. RALLUS.

Rallus , Briss. Lath . 111. Temm. Ranz.

Bill longer than the head, slender, straight, subequal
throughout, compressed at base, cylindrical and obtuse at
the point; upper mandible furrowed beyond the middle;
nostrils more basal, linear.

270. Rallus crepitans, Gm. Black, skirted with browm, be-
neath rufous ; throat white : wing coverts chesnut : first
Vol. II. 42

334 Synopsis of the Birds

primary edged externally with pale rusty. Length fourteen
inches.

Young, greenish-ash, beneath whitish.

Clapper rail , Rallus crepitans , Wils. Am. Orn. vii. p. 1 12.
pi. 62. fig. 2. adult.

Inhabits all along the Atlantic coasts of the Union : com-
mon from spring to autumn in the middle states, where it
breeds; a few wintering in the southern.

271. Rallus virginianus, L. Black, skirted with brown, be-
neath rufous ; throat white ; wing coverts chesnut ; first pri-
mary entirely black. Length ten inches.

Female and young much paler.

Virginia Rail , Rallus virginianus , Wils. Am. Orn. vii.
p. 109. pi. 62 fig. 2*

Inhabits throughout North America; extending its migra-
tions far to the north : rare, and during the fair season only,
in the middle states, where it breeds; wintering to the south.

SUBGENUS II. CREX.

Crex , Bechst . 111. Porphyrio , Briss.

Gallinula, Lath. Temm. Ranz. Crex , Gallinula , Meyer.

Bill shorter than the head, robust, much higher than wide
at base, tapering, compressed, and acute at the point ; upper
mandible furrowed at base only, a little curved at tip ; lower
navicular; nostrils exactly medial, oblong.

Apparently well defined, but not so in nature, as the spe-
cies pass from one form to the other by insensible degrees :
may be separated from Rallus, but not united to Gallinula,
from which it differs in form and habit, the latter being more
closely allied to Fulica, where Linne placed it.

272. Rallus carolinus, L. Olive-browm, skirted with black ;
back and wings streaked with white lengthwise ; beneath slate
color; first primary edged externally with pure white.

Male, throat black.

Female and young, throat white.

of the United States, 335

Rail, Rallus carolinus , ( virginianus ) Wils, Am. Orn. hi,
p. £4. pi, 43, fig, 2, male.

Inhabits at proper seasons throughout North, and in South
America : very common during summer and part of the
autumn in the middle states : wintering in tropical America.

273. Rallus noveboracensis, Nob. Black, skirted with rusty,
all over with transverse white lines ; beneath yellowish-rusty ;
lower wing coverts pure white.

Female and young duller, less lineated.

Y ell ow -breasted Rail, Rallus noveboracensis, JSTob. Am,
Orn. Hi. pi. 24. Fulica noveboracensis, Gm. Gallinula nove-
boracensis, Lath. Rallus ruficollis, Vieill. Gal. des Ois ,
pi. 2 66. bad fig. Perdix hudsonica? Lath.

Inhabits throughout North America : rare : found in the
neighbourhood of New-York, the western states, and on the
remotest limits of the North-western territories.

57. GALLINULA.

Gallinula, Briss. Lath. Cuv. Temm. Ranz. Fulica, L.
Gm. Crex, III. Hydrogallina, Lacepede. Gallinula , Par -
phyrio, Vieill.

Bill shorter than the head, rather stout, much higher than
wide, tapering, compressed, straight, convex at the point ; both
mandibles furrowed ; upper covering the margins of the lower,
inclined at the point, the base spreading into a naked mem-
brane covering the forehead ; lower navicular ; nostrils in the
furrow, medial, lateral, oblong, pervious, half closed by a
turgid membrane : tongue moderate, compressed, entire.
Anterior toes extremely long, flattened beneath, bordered
by a narrow membrane ; hind toe bearing on the ground
with several joints : nails compressed, subarched, rather
acute. Wings concave, rounded ; first primary shorter than
the fifth ; second and third longest. Tail short, hardly ap-
pearing from under the coverts.

336

Synopsis of the Birds

Female scarcely differing from the male. Young very di£*
ferent from the adult. Moult annually.

Live near fresh water, preferring rivers and springs, in
which they swim easily, striking the water continually with
their tail ,* diving when frightened, but not after food. Feed
on small fishes, mollusca^insects, vegetables. Build in marshes,
always in the same spot, attaching their nests to aquatic
plants ; nest formed of coarse materials in great abundance ;
careful parents. Run rapidly: fly badly. Do not under-
take other journeys than from mountainous districts to the
plain, thus obtaining a change of season. Hide mostly during
day time among grass and roots ; seen sporting on the water
towards evening.

Spread all over the temperate and hot climates of the world,
even the same species in both continents, though in restricted
and northern latitudes ! Formed of but three well ascertained
species, two of which North American.

274. Gallinula martinica, Gmel. Lower wing-coverts blue ;
all the under tail-coverts pure w hite : no colored circle around
the tibia.

Adult, purple, back and tail green, sides of the neck and
wings blue.

Young varied with dull purplish and dusky, beneath with
black and white.

Purple Gallinulc , Gallinula porphyrio , Wils. Am. Orn.
ix. p. 67. pi. 73. fig. 2.

Inhabits during summer only the most southern states where
it breeds; wintering in tropical America. Resembling much
by its brilliant colors, the species of the connecting genus
Porphyrio ; hence placed in it by Vieillot.

275. Gallinula chloropus, Lath. Lower wing-coverts slate
color; lateral under tail-coverts only white ; a red circle
around the tibia.

Adult, dark slate, tinged with olivaceous on the back.

337

of the United States .

Young, brownish-olive, beneath whitish.

Common Gallinule, Gallinula chloropus, Nob. Am. Orn.
iii.pl . adult.

Inhabits throughout the year in the southern states only :
common in Europe, and found with little or no variations in
all warm and temperate climates ! A most singular fact,
which would lead to the belief of the existence of as many
species. Corresponds exactly with my European, and espe-
cially Java specimens.

58. FULICA.

Fulica , L. Briss. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm.. Vieill. Ranz*
Bill shorter than the head, stout, nearly straight, conico-
convex, compressed, higher than broad at base, tapering,
acute at tip ; mandibles equal ; upper covering the margins
of the lower, furrowed each side at base, subvaulted, the base
running far up, and spreading out into a naked membrane
covering the forehead, sometimes furnished with crest-like
appendages ; lower mandible navicular : nostrils in the fur-
row, medial, lateral, concave, oblong, pervious, half closed
by a turgid membrane : tongue compressed, entire. Feet
placed far back, moderate ; naked crural space small ; tarsus
shorter than the middle toe, compressed, rounded before,
somewhat sharp behind ; anterior toes very long, slender,
nearly divided, edged on both sides by a broad scalloped
membrane ; hind toe equal to a phalanx of the middle one,
bearing on the ground nearly its whole length, edged on the
inner side by an entire membrane : nails short, compressed,
curved, very acute. Wings moderate, rounded, concave ;
first primary equal to the fifth ; second and third longest.
Tail short, narrow, of twelve or fourteen feathers.

Female hardly differing from the male. Young but little
dissimilar to the adult. Old birds exhibiting striking differ-
ences in the form and color of the frontal disk. Moult twice

338

Synopsis of the Birds

a year, but do not change their colors. Plumage thick and
close, impermeable. Colors blackish.

Aquatic. Live in fresh as well as salt water, but always
near the shore. Among the best of swimmers and divers;
swim on the surface, or beneath, quite as well and better
than many of the web-footed tribes, keeping longer under
water than most of them. Nocturnal: old birds never seen
in day time: young less shy, playful, easily approached, fix-
ing the gunner, and by diving at the flash, avoid the shot ;
diving also for their food. Feed on small fishes, insects,
mollusca, aquatic plants. Copulate in the water: breed in
marshes, among the grass ; nest large, composed of aquatic
weeds; eggs numerous, large; both sexes incubate, and
take care of the young; young taking the water as soon as
hatched. Walk with difficulty, and hardly ever but from one
pond to another, taking wing if the distance is at all con-
siderable. Rise on the water, spreading the wings, flutter-
ing and running along the surface. Seldom seen on the
ground, where they are so awkward as to suffer themselves
to be caught. Take wing with difficulty, and during day
time, only in great emergencies, even in preference burrow-
ing into the mud. Flight when raised, rapid. Flesh black,
unpalatable.

Spread all over the world. Species few ; one in Europe;
one closely allied in North America ; one in Africa, two or
three in South America. Nearly related to Gallinula, cer-
tainly of this family : artificially, but most unnaturally, united
to any other bird.

276. Fulica Americana, Gm. Slate color, under tail coverts
and exterior lining of the wings pure white ; tail of fourteen
feathers.

Adult, head and neck deep black ; membrane white.*

* As soon as the bird is dead, the membrane becomes tinged with reddish
or dark chesnut in the European, as well as the American species.

339

of the United States.

Young, head and neck brownish-black, beneath paler, and
somewhat mixed with white. ^

Common Coot , Fnlica atra , WUs. ix. p. 61. pi. 13»fg. 1*

Inhabits throughout North America : wintering and breed-
ing in the south, retiring to the north during summer : not
rare in autumn in the middle states.

FAMILY XXII. PINNATIPEDES.

Order Pinnatipedes , Lath . Temm. Lohipedes , 111. Lon -
girostres , Cuv. Pinnatipedes , Vieill. Ranz. Pterodactyli ,
{Pinnidactyli ) Lair. Scolopacidce , Vigors.

Bill moderate, slender, straight, sub-cylindrical; both
mandibles furrowed each side nearly their whole length ;
upper one somewhat curved at the point; lower hardly
shorter, quite straight, point subulate : nostrils in the fur-
row, basal, lateral, longitudinal, linear, half covered by a
membrane. Head small, wholly feathered, compressed,
rounded above ; eyes small ; neck well proportioned ; body
roundish. Feet moderate, 4-toed ; naked space on the tibia
rather extensive ; tarsus as long as the middle toe, moderate,
robust, somewhat compressed, reticulated ; toes moderate,
rather slender; three anterior bordered by a festooned or
lobed membrane ; outer connected at base to the middle one ;
hind toe short, bordered only internally with a small, entire
membrane, articulated rather high and internally, touching the
ground at tip : nails short, curved, acute. Wings long, fal-
ciform, acute ; first and second primaries subequal, longest.
Tail short, of twelve feathers, under coverts extending to
its tip.

Female differing a little from the male, larger; handsomer
in full plumage. Young very different from the adult,
and varying much according to age. Moult twice in the
year, changing their colors wonderfully. Plumage close,
thick, abundantly furnished with down, impermeable. Colors

340 Synopsis of the Birds

Colors in summer brownish and reddish, changing in winter
to gray and white.

Essentially aquatic. Not shy. Live in small flocks on
sea coasts, and rarely fresh-water lakes, venturing far at sea.
Feed on aquatic insects and other small animals, which they
seek in lakes or the sea. Strictly monogamous : copulate in
the water : build on shore, among grass : eggs 4 — 6 : both
sexes incubate and attend the young ; young leave the nest,
run about and swim as soon as hatched. Flight rapid, ele-
gant. Hardly ever seen on dry ground. Smallest of swim-
mers : swim expertly, resisting the heaviest waves, never
diving. Flesh oily, unpalatable.

Inhabit Arctic seas, whence they migrate in the autumn and
winter, to the temperate regions of both continents. Formed
of but one genus; only three species, all found in North
America, though two only in Europe; very much embroiled,
and of which several nominal have been formed ; each fully
deserves to constitute a subgenus. Placed by authors in dif-
ferent families and even orders. In form and habits different
from all, and deserving a separate station. Connects the
Family Limicolse, with the Order Anseres.

59. PHALAROPUS.

Phalaropus, Briss. Lath, 111. Temm. Ranz. Tringa ,
L. Gin . Phalaropus , Lobipes , Cuv. Phalaropus , Crymophi -
lus, Vieill.

SUBGEM7S I. PHALAROPUS.

Phalaropus , Cuv . nec Vieill. Crymophilus , Vieill.

Bill moderate, stout, much depressed throughout, some-
what trigonal at base, point dilated, rounded, curved : nostrils
not quite basal, subovate : tongue short, broad, fleshy, ob-
tuse at tip. Tarsi short, robust, but little compressed; ante-
rior toes shortish ; middle one connected with the outer to

341

of the United States .

the second joint, with the inner to the first ; edging membrane
broad, deeply scalloped ; hind toe very short, the nail only
touching the ground. Wings moderate. Tail rather long,
much rounded. General form robust.

Resembling Tringa, especially Hemipalama. Formed of
but one species.

277. Phalaropus fulicarius, Nob. Blackish varied with
rusty, beneath rufous.

Winter dress cinereous, beneath white.

Young, ashy-brown, varied with yellowish-rufous, beneath
white.

Red Phalarope , Phalaropus hyperboreus , TVils. Am. Orn.
ix. p. 75. pi. 73. fig. 4.

Inhabits the north of both continents : rare, and accidental,
and during winter only, in the United States ; extending its
migrations to Florida : common in high northern American
and Asiatic latitudes, where it breeds.

SVBGENUS II. LOBIPES.

Uobipes , Cuv. Phalaropus , Vieill. nee Cuv.

Bill moderate, slender, smooth, cylindrical throughout,
a little stoutish at base, subulate to the tip, point narrow,
sharp ; upper mandible slightly curved upon the lower at
tip, not exactly meeting, as in some Totani : nostrils not
quite basal, linear : tongue filiform, acute. Tarsi rather long,
moderately compressed ; toes somewhat elongated ; middle
one connected with the inner to the first, and with the outer to
the second joint ; edging membrane broad, deeply scalloped ;
hind toe very short, the nail only touching the ground. Wings
elongated. Tail rather short. General form slender.

Swim more expertly, taking the wrater even far at sea.

Resembling Totanus, especially its subgenus Catoptropho-
rus. But one species.

Vol. II.

342

Synopsis of the Birds

278. Phalaropus hyperboreus, Lath. Black varied with ru-
fous, beneath white ; sides of the neck bright rufous.

Winter plumage, cinereous, beneath white.

Young, brownish varied with pale rufous, beneath white.

Hyperborean Phalarope , Phalaropus hyperboreus , Nob,
Am. Orn . in. Tringa lobata , and lyperborea , L .

Inhabits the north of both continents : exceedingly rare
and accidental in the United States, very common in the
northern British Islands.

SUBGEJSUS in. HOLO-PODIUS.

Phalaropus , Vieill, Lobipes , Nob. Obs. Jardine and

Selby lllus. of Orn.

Bill long, very slender, smooth, flexible, cylindrical and of
equal breadth throughout, subulate to the tip, point narrow,
sharp, slightly curved : nostrils quite basal, linear-elongated ;
tongue filiform, acute. Tarsi elongated, much compressed ;
toes elongated ; outer connected as far as the first joint only
to the middle one; inner almost divided; edging membrane
narrow, sub-entire ; hind toe long, resting on the ground.
Wings elongated. Tail moderate. General form slender.

Resembling greatly the subgenus Totanus.

279. Phalaropus wilsonii, Sabine. Bluish-gray, beneath
white ; a chesnut patch, and a black band each side of the
neck.

Summer plumage unknown.

Young, ashy-brown, varied with white and rufous, beneath
white ; sides of the neck tinged with rufous, no black line.

Gray Phalarope , Phalaropus lobatus , Wils. ix. p. 72.
pi. 73. fig* 2. and Wilson's Phalarope , Phalaropus wilsonii ,
Nob. Am. Orn. iiu adult and young. Lobipes incanus ,
lllus. of Orn. pi. is. young (25).

Inhabits the north of America, extending its winter migra-

of the United States* 343

lions to the coast of Mexico :* rare and accidental in the
United States.

Differs more essentially from the two others, than they do
between themselves.

FAMILY XXIII. HYGROBATiE.

Palmipedes pedihus longioribus , Lath. Hygrobatce , 111 .
Cultrirostres , Longirostres , Phcenicojpteres , Cuv. Palmipedes ,
Latirostres , Vieill. Igrobate , Latirostre , Ranz. Pterodac -

, (Pinnidactyli,) Cultrirostres , Pyxidirostres , Latr. Jlr-
deidce , Scolopacidce , Vigors.

Bill longer than the head, singularly shaped : nostrils
basal, longitudinal, narrow. Head small ; neck more or less
elongated, slender : body somewhat compressed. F eet long,
4-toed ; naked space of the tibia longer than the middle toe 5
tarsus much longer than the middle toe, reticulated ; fore toes
palmated, membrane emarginated ; hind toe free. Wings
moderate, tuberculated ; first or second primary longest.
Tail short, of twelve or sixteen feathers.

Essentially waders. Live on the sea shore. Run rapidly
even in the water: swimming occasionally, but never from
choice, nor after food. Undertake great periodical journeys.
Monogamous: breed on shores or inundated places, some on
trees by the sea : eggs few. Voice shrill, acute. Flesh not
good.

Spread all over the world. Connects the Order Grallae
with that of Anseres, certainly belonging to the former.
Perhaps artificial : formed of three very different genera, each
of which may constitute a family, or be distributed among the
others ; the common character of the palmated feet, being
considered as one of analogy simply.

* Erroneously given as African, and South American.

344

Synopsis of the Birds

60. RECURVIROSTRA.

Recurvirostra, L. Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz*
Avocetta , Briss. Scopoli.

Bill very long, weak, slender, smooth, much depressed
throughout, flexible and recurved from the middle, subulate,
acuminate, and almost membranaceous at the point, slightly
curved at tip ; margins internally canaliculated ; mandibles
subequal, furrowed each side at base : nostrils in the furrow,
basal, linear, elongated, open : tongue short, entire. Head
small : eyes moderate : neck slender, not much elongated :
body slender. Tarsus one third longer than the middle toe,
slender, compressed ; anterior toes moderate, slender ; webs
deeply indented ; hind toe exceedingly short, articulated high
upon the tarsus, entirely raised from the ground : nails short,
but little curved, not very acute. Wings long, acute :
quills twenty-six ; first primary longest. Tail of twelve
feathers.

Female similar to the male, smaller. Young differing but
little from the adult. Moult but once a year, in the autumn ;
acquiring, however, in spring, many additional feathers.
Plumage rather thick and close, abuvidantly furnished with
down. Colors white and black, often with reddish tints.

Remarkably shy. Helpless : justly timorous. Noisy.
Live by pairs or small parties in inundated marshes, almost
always half leg deep in water. Run rapidly in or out of the
water, and swim with agility. Feed on small insects and
spawn, which they catch by beating the water, their bill per-
mitting them only to seek in liquid mud or water. Breed in
small cavities lined with a few weeds, or on the bare sand :
eggs 2 — 4, pyriform : both sexes incubate, folding their long-
legs to the body. Young run about and provide for them-
selves as soon as hatched, hiding carefully, and attentively
protected by the parents. Flight rapid, long sustained.

345

of the United States.

Traced all over the world. Formed of four species, one
in each quarter of the globe. In form and especially habits,
closely allied to the Family of the Limicolae, in which it may
be placed with propriety, in the small collateral branch of its
near relation Himantopus. Also much allied to the Phala-
ropes ! They would form a very natural small family, to
which might be united Himantopus, the family of Limicolse
remaining then perfectly natural and uninterrupted.

280. Recurvirostra Americana, L. White, tail tinged with
cinereous ; back and wings black ; whole head and neck
pale rufous.

American Avocet, Recurvirostra americana , Wils. vii. p. 12 6.
pi. 63. fig. 2.

Inhabits during summer the United States, where it breeds :
not very common : winters in tropical America.

61. PLATALEA.

Platalea , L. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz.
Platen , Briss .

Bill very long, large, flexible, straight, much flattened
throughout, dilated and orbicular at the point, covered by a
skin wrinkled, knotted, and scaly at base; both mandibles fur-
nished internally with dense symmetrical striae, and a channel
denticulated on its borders ; upper deeply furrowed each side
from the base round the end, terminated by a hooked nail :
nostrils in the furrow, basal, approximated, oblong, open,
margined by a membrane : tongue very short, slender, trian-
gular, acute. Head moderate, more or less naked ; bare
skin of the throat dilatable ; eyes moderate, placed high near
the base of the bill ; orbits naked : neck rather long and slen-
der : body rather plump. Tarsus but little longer than the
middle toe, robust ; fore toes long, webs very deeply indented;
hind toe elongated, articulated nearly on a level with the
rest, bearing on the ground nearly its whole length ; nails

346

Synopsis of the Birds

short, convex, curved, acute. Wings moderate, ample ; first
primary a little shorter than the second, second longest*
Tail of twelve feathers.

Female scarcely differing from the male. Young very dif-
ferent from the adult, and changing repeatedly for several
years, the bill also developed by degrees. Moult simple,
annual. Colors in large masses.

Noisy. Live in small flocks in woody marshes, principal-
ly near the mouths of rivers. Alight on trees. Wade slowly
deep into the water, but never beyond their depth. Flight
easy, slow, elevated. Feed on small fishes, reptiles, spawn,
mollusca, and vegetables, probing the mud with their sensi-
ble bill : produce a clattering noise by striking their power-
less mandibles rapidly together, thus frightening other birds
out of their prey. Build generally on trees near the sea side,
or on bushes, &c. Eggs from 2 to 4. Female only incu-
bates, but is fed by the male, who shares the parental duties.
Young fed by the parents, remaining in the nest until full-
fledged.

Spread throughout warm and temperate climates. F ormed
of four species, one in Europe, one in America. Allied in
form and habits, to the Family Herodii, where, according to
nature, it should be placed.

281. Platalea ajaja, L. Whole head bald.

Adult, red. Middle aged, rose color. Young, white
Chick, blackish-chesnut.

Roseate Spoonbill, Platalea ajaja, Wils. Am. Orn. vii.
p. 123. pL 63* fg» l. middle age.

Inhabits during summer only, the most southern states t
rare : common throughout tropical America.

of the United States.

34 1

62. PHCENICOPTERUS.

Phcenicopterus, L. Briss . Gm . Lath. Ill . Cuv . <Temm .
Vieill. Ranz.

Bill longer than the head, large, higher than wide, light
and hollow, furnished at base with a membrane, suddenly
bent downward in the middle : upper mandible furrowed each
side, convex, high and trigonale at base, beyond the bend
very thin and almost plane, narrow, curved, and rather obtuse
at tip ; lower wider, oval, forming a broad deep channel, at
base not so high as the upper, very deep at the bend ; mar-
gins of both wide, finely toothed, those of the upper densely
striated internally; palate carinated : nostrils in the furrow,
somewhat distant from the base, approximated, narrow, lon-
gitudinal, pervious, furnished above with an extensible mem-
brane.: tongue thick, fleshy, covered by recurved, hooked
papillae, glandular at base, cartilaginous and acute at tip.
Head small, near the bill naked ; eyes large : neck exceed-
ingly long, very slender : body rounded. Feet very slen-
der ; naked space of the tibia twice, tarsus thrice, as long
as the middle toe ; tarsus hardly compressed, reticulated ;
anterior toes moderate; webs almost entire; hind toe ex-
ceedingly short, articulated high upon the tarsus, touching the
ground at tip : nails short, laminar, the middle tile-shaped.
Wings moderate, quills forty ; first and second primaries
subequal, longest. Tail short, of sixteen feathers.

Female smaller, and a little paler than the male. Young
differing greatly from the adult, and changing their plumage
repeatedly. Moult simple, annual. Colors red, at first white
and rose.

Living and migrating in large flocks, frequenting desert sea
shores and salt marshes. Extremely shy and watchful : es-
tablish sentinels to give warning of danger by a loud sound,
and lead their flight. When flying form a triangle, a line
when alighting, and especially when fishing. Solitary only

348

Synopsis of the Birds

when advancing inland, where they appear astray. Feed
on mollusca, spawn, insects, which they fish up by means of
their long neck, turning their bill upside down to take advan-
tage of its peculiar form. Breed socially in inundated
marshes : raising the nest to the height of their body, by
heaping up the mud with their feet into a hillock concave at
top, where they lay and hatch, standing, often in the water :
eggs two or three, elongated. Young run swiftly as soon as
hatched. Sleep standing on one leg, the neck folded back
upon the body, and the head under one wing. In walking
assist themselves by placing their upper mandible to the
ground. Run swiftly. Never swim from choice. Hearing
and smell very acute. Voice trumpet-like.

Spread all over the warm countries of the globe, visiting
occasionally the temperate shores. Formed of four species,
one of which visits Europe, and one also, North America.
May be forced into Herodii in an arbitrary system. By the
bill and toes, (not however, like Phalaropus, or even Recur-
virostra, by the texture of the plumage,) approaches the
Family Lamellosodentati.

282. Phoenicopterus ruber, L. Red, quills black.

Young, grayish-white.

Red Flamingo , Phcenicopterus ruler , Wils . Am. Orn. viii.
p. 45. pi. 66. fig. 4. adult ; and JYoh. Am. Orn. Hi. young.

Inhabits tropical America ; migrating in summer to the
southern, and accidentally to the middle states : rare.*

* Phcenicopterus antiquorum, Temm. Rose color; wings red; quills
black.

Young, whitish, with strongly marked long brownish blotches.

Le Phcenicoptere , Buffon PL enl. 63. adult.

Inhabits the warm regions of the old continent : migrating in summer to
southern, and accidentally to central Europe : rare.

of the United States »

349

ORDER V. ANSERES.

Jlnseres, L. Gm. Pinnatipedes , Palmipedes , Lath . Temm.

Grallatores, Natatores , III. Vigors. Palmipedes, Cuv .

JYatatores, Vieill. Ranz . Xa/r.

Rill generally short, or moderate. Feet placed more or
less back, short, covered by a tender coriaceous skin ; tibiae
but partially fleshy, naked for a small space, (genera Phala-
crocorax, Tachypetes, Aptenodytes excepted,) tarsi much
shorter than the neck, compressed, naked, (half feathered
before in Tachypetes only,) reticulated ; toes four, or three,
palmated or lobated, disposed 3—1, 3—0, 4 — 0 ; hind toe
when present, articulated internally : nails short, in no degree
retractile. Body boat-shaped. Tail of from twelve to
twenty feathers, or wanting.

Female smaller. Young differing greatly from the adult.
Moult generally twice a year. Plumage thick and close,
abundantly furnished with down, oily, impermeable : rump
having a glandulous apparatus, whence the oil spreads.

Aquatic. Live near water, preferring salt ; admirable
swimmers. Feed on fishes, insects, mollusca, some on vege-
tables, diving for their submerged food. Monogamous,
though in breeding and rearing various. Nest generally on
the ground, often in the cavities of rocks, and even on trees.

Divided into five Families, very natural both as to form
and habits.

FAMILY XXIV. LONGIPENNES.

Longipennes, Cuv. Lair. Longipennes, Tuhinares , V agi-
nati, 111. Pelagii , Siphorini, Coleoramphi, Vieill. Pelagii,
Siforinii , Chionis , Ranz. Idrochelidones, Goldfuss. Laridce,
Rallidce. Vigors.

VOL. II.

350

Synopsis of the Birds

Bill rather longer than the head, hard, straight, or only
Curved at the point, compressed, rarely cylindrical, acute }
margins entire, sharp ; lower mandible more or less navicu-
lar, ascending at tip : tongue short, fleshy. Head and neck
moderate. Feet almost central; tibia free, not drawn up
into the belly, anterior toes moderate, connected by a mem-
brane, sometimes entire, sometimes indented ; hind toe small,
free, simple, raised from the ground, touching it only at tip,
or wanting : nails curved, acute. Wings very long, acute •
two first primaries longest. Tail rather long, of twelve
feathers.

Female hardly smaller, similar in color to the male.
Young differing much from the adult, and changing gradual-
ly with age.

Aerial : excel in flight. Fly constantly on or about waters,
in which all can swim, but the greater part merely sit motion-
less, resting occasionally on the beach, or on bare poles, never
on trees. Unite in flocks, and undertake periodical journies ;
decoyed in great numbers around a wounded bird of their
kind, or any thing resembling it. Somewhat rapacious: food
exclusively animal, fishes, mollusca, eggs, and young water-
birds ; seldom attacking living animals out of their favourite
element. Lay without much preparation in the clefts of
rocks, among the grass, or on sandy beaches, in holes dug
with their feet : eggs from one to four, generally two : sit
only during night and stormy weather ; both sexes incubate
and feed the young ; young only leave the nest when full-
fledged. Voice harsh, screaming. Flesh tough, bad tasted.

Intermediate between the waders, and the diving aquatic birds.

Bill of one piece. Nostrils immarginate. Feet 4-toed.

Longipennes , III. Pelagii , Vieill. Ranz. Lari, Qken .
Lari , Sternce, Boie.

of the United States .

351

63. RHINCOPS.

Rhincops , L. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv . Vieill. Temm. Ranz .

Rigcopsalia} Barrere , Brisson . Pkalacrocoraoc, Moehring .

Bill longer than the head, straight, almost tetragonal at
base, then exceedingly compressed ; upper mandible much
shorter than the lower, somewhat curved from the base to the
point, rather acute at tip, grooved so as to receive the
edge of the lower ; edges much bent in forming a narrow
channel ; lower mandible narrower, truncated at tip, lineated
obliquely on the sides, with the edges distinct only at base,
being so well united as to appear a mere blade, fitting into
the channel of the upper : nostrils basal, marginal, concave,
oblong, longitudinal, open, pervious : tongue very short,
narrow, acute. Feet moderate, slender; tarsus somewhat
longer than the middle toe ; middle toe longest ; inner short-
er than the outer ; webs emarginate ; lateral toes bordered
exteriorly with a narrow membrane ; hind toe shorter than a
phalanx of the middle one, articulated rather high on the
tarsus, touching the ground at tip : nails rather elongated,
curved, acute ; the middle nail twice as long as the lateral ;
hind nail much the smallest. Wings extremely long, folding
across each other, falcate upwards ; first primary longest,
and with the second much longer than the others. Tail of
moderate length, forked.

Female similar to the male. Young differing from the
adult. Moult twice in the year, but without much changing
their appearance.

Keep in small parties near the shores, seldom venturing far
at sea. Resting on shores and in marshes : walk awkwardly :
seldom alight, hardly ever on the water ; never swim. Flight
slow, flapping when looking after food, swift and tortuous
when it is discovered. Feed on small fishes, and other marine
animals, skim the water, ploughing it with their lower man-
dible, the upper being kept out until the prey is felt by

Synopsis of the Birds

362

the lower. Breed socially on the rocks, or on sandy beaches,
without any preparation ; lay but once a year ; eggs 3, oval.
Voice strong, harsh, screaming.

Chiefly tropical : found in all longitudes. Composed of
but three species.

283. Rhincops nigra, L. Black ; beneath white ; bill and
feet red, the former black at the point.

Black Skimmer , or Shearwater , Rhincops nigra , Wils. Am.
Orn. p. S9.pl. so. fig. 4.

Inhabits the tropical coasts of America : migrating during
summer to the coasts of the United States, where it breeds i
not rare in New-Jersey.

64. STERNA.

Sterna , L. Gm. Briss. Lath. III. Cuv. Vieill. Temm. Ranz .

Sterna , Thalasseus , Sternula , Hydrochelydon , Boie.

Bill longer than the head, robust, straight, compressed,
more or less subulate, acute ; edges sharp, bent in for a
space beyond the middle ; upper mandible more or less
curved at the point, never hooked; lower equal to the upper
slightly angular beneath : gape wide : nostrils somewhat dis-
tant from the base, lateral, longitudinal, linear, pervious :
tongue moderate, slender, cleft and acute at tip. Head
and neck moderate : body elongated, slender, compressed.
Feet small; naked space on the tibia well marked; tarsus
shorter than the middle toe : anterior toes slender : the
webs more or less indented ; lateral toes margined exteriorly
with a narrow membrane ; outer toes longer than the inner ;
the middle one longest; hind toe shorter than a phalanx of
the middle toe, touching the ground merely at tip; anterior
nails curved, acute ; middle one thrice as long as the lateral ;
hind nail extremely short. Wings very long, when folded,
crossing each other, extremely falcate, acuminate ; first pri*
mary longest. Tail rather long, generally forked.

353

of the United States .

Sexes perfectly similar in color. Female a little smaller.
Young differing from the adult, but only before their first or
second moult. Moult twice in the year, changing the colors
of the head only. Plumage silky. Colors white, with bluish
tints, with some black; or black with some white. Young
skirted with blackish, ferruginous, he.

Live in small flocks near water, especially on the sea. Fly
almost continual!}7 high in the air, playing in different direc-
tions, or skim the surface of the water, alighting occasionally
on the beach, on rocks, or naked poles, but hardly ever on
the water : swim awkwardly, and never from choice. Feed on
living animals, principally fishes, which they catch by turning
rapidly near the surface of the water, or by flying at a mode-
rate height, and darting headlong upon their prey as soon as
discovered ; the larger and more powerful species prey also
on the young of water birds and their eggs : some do not
avoid swallowing insects as they fly along, and the weaker
pecies feed entirely upon them. Lay socially on the ground,
sandy beaches, or on rocks, without the least preparation :
eggs few, 2 — 4 ; sedulously protect their offspring. Voice
sharp, shrill, often repeated, especially in fine weather, when
soaring.

Widely spread over the waters of the globe. Closely
allied to the following genus, into which they pass insensibly.
Analogous to the Swallows.

* White , hack wings and tail , pearl-gray.

284. Sterna cayana, Lath- Bill elongated, stout, orange ;
quill shafts white ; tail not much forked ; tarsus one inch
and a quarter long, black ; webs entire.

Summer plumage, whole crown black : winter, hind head
only marked with black.

Cayenne Tern , Sterna cayana , JYoh. Am. Orn in. pi.

Inhabits the tropical seas of America : common on the
coasts of the southern states.

354

Synopsis of the Birds

285. Sterna aranea, Wils. Bill very short, stout, black;
quill shafts white ; tail slightly forked ; tarsus one inch and
a half long, black, equal to the middle toe ; webs deeply in-
dented ; hind nail straight.

Summer plumage, crown deep black : winter, crown white,
a black spot each side of the eye.

Marsh Tern , Sterna aranea , Wils . Am. Orn. viii. p. 143.
pi. 72. fig. 6.

Inhabits both continents, and is found in both hemispheres:
not rare during summer on the coasts of New-Jersey, where
it breeds.

286. Sterna hirundo, L. Bill long, slender, red tipped with
black ; crown black ; quill shafts white ; outer vane of the
first primary bluish-white ; tail greatly forked ; tarsus red,
nearly one inch long ; webs entire.

Adult, both in summer and winter, crown black.

Young dingy white, varied with gray, brown and rufous;
hind head only marked with black.

Great Tern , Sterna hirundo , Wils. Am. Orn . vii. p . 76.
CO .jig. 1.

Inhabits both continents : common during summer on the
coasts of the northern and middle states, where it breeds.

287. Sterna arcttca, Temm.* Bill moderate, very slender,
red to the tip ; crown black ; quill shafts white ; outer vane
of the first primary black; tail greatly forked; tarsus three
quarters of an inch.

* The back and wings are still paler than S. Hirundo, (and by no means
darker, as Temm. states) in our specimens. It may be somewhat doubtful,
whether this species is Sterna Arctica, Temm. (macroura of Germ. Orn.)
as it does not well agree with their description ; it coincides better with
S. argentata, Brehm. but not precisely even with that ; we, however, think
them all one and the same.

355

of the United States .

Adult, both in summer and winter, crown black.

Young as the preceding.

Arctic Tern, Sterna arctica, Nob. Am. Orn. iv. pi. Sterna
argentata , Brehm.

Inhabits the north of both continents : not rare in autumn
on the coasts of New-Jersey.

288. Sterna minuta, L. Bill long, slender, orange, black at
tip ; crown black ; front white ; quill shafts black ; tail great-
ly forked ; tarsus half an inch long ; webs entire.

Young somewhat dingy and spotted; black of the head
obsolete.

Lesser Tern , Sterna minuta, Wils. Am. Orn. vii. p. go.
pi. 60. fig. 2.

Inhabits the north of both continents, extending widely •
common during summer on the coasts of the northern and
middle states, where it breeds. Closely resembling Sterna
argentea, P. Max. Neuv. from which our phrase distin-
guishes it.

** Black, or blackish.

289. Sterna nigra, L. Bill slender, black ; tail slightly
forked ; tarsus five eighths of an inch ; webs deeply indented.

Summer plumage, wholly blackish-cinereous : winter,
plumbeous, head and neck deep black ; front, throat and
vent, white.

Young white; hind head blackish; back, wings and tail,
brownish, skirted with dingy-whitish.

Short-tailed Tern, Sterna jplumbea, Wils. Am Orn. vii .
p. S2.pL 60* fig. 3- young ; and Black Tern , Sterna nigra,
Nob. Am. Orn. iv. pi. adult.

Inhabits both continents : common during autumn on the
coasts of New-Jersey.

290. Sterna fuliginosa, Gm. Bill black ; front, exterior
edge of the outer tail feathers and all beneath, white ; tail
deeply forked ; webs entire.

356 Synopsis of the Birds

Sooty Tern , Sterna fuliginosa, Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 145*
pi- 72. fig. 7.

Inhabits the tropical seas : common during summer on the
southern and south-eastern coasts of the United States.

291. Sterna stolida, L. Bill black ; crown whitish ; tail
rounded ; webs entire.

Noddy , Sterna stolida , Nob. Am. Orn. iv. Hirondelle
de mer brune de la Louisiane. Buff. pi. enl. 997.

Inhabits all parts of the tropical seas, migrating occasion-
ally to the North American coasts : not very rare.

65. LARUS.

Larus , L.Briss. Gm.Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz.

Larus, Gavia , Xema , Boie.

Bill moderate, robust, hard, straight, compressed, naked
at base, edges bent inward, sharp ; upper mandible rounded
above, curved at the point, sharpish ; lower somewhat shorter,
gibbous and angular beneath the point, obliquely truncated
at tip : nostrils medial, lateral, longitudinal, linear, wider and
rounded anteriorly, open, pervious : tongue acute, hardly cleft
at tip. Head rather large; eyes moderate ; neck moderate,
stout; body plump, compressed. Feet moderate, rather slen-
der; tarsus nearly equal to the middle toe; webs entire; lateral
toes margined exteriorly with a narrow membrane; middle toe
longest, but of moderate length ; outer longer than the inner;
hind toe very small, articulated high and posteriorly with the
tarsus, raised from the ground : nails small, curved, rather
acute, dilated interiorly into an edge ; middle twice as large
as the others ; hind nail sometimes wanting. Wings long,
acute; quills stiff; first and second primaries subequal, long-
est. Tail almost always even, of twelve feathers.

Female somewhat smaller, but perfectly similar in color
to the male. Young for several years, the larger species
four or five, very different from the adult. Moult twice a

of the United States.

357

year, changing the colors of the head only ; the young moult-
ing continually. Plumage silky, elastic, plentifully supplied
with down. Colors, including the tail, always pure white,
with a distinct mantle ; mantle white, pearl-gray, or deep
slate-black. Young mottled with dull gray and various tints
of brownish, confusedly spotted, passing by infinite gradations;
bill, feet and iris, dark ; light in the adult.

Timid : cowardly except in defending their young. Very
numerous, covering whole shores. Keep generally in large
flocks, the young and old separate, the larger species on the
sea, the smaller along rivers and lakes. Alight on rocks,
beaches, or on the water. Walk tolerably well : swim with
ease ; incapable of diving. Keeping much upon the wing ;
flight rapid, straight, equal, long sustained, even against the
strongest gales. Contract their neck and draw one foot up
when resting. Voracious: espying and fighting against
their own species for prey ; attacking each other without
any apparent reason. Fall on and devour the wounded.
Patient of hunger. Feed on every kind of animal food, dead
or alive, fresh or putrid. Great purgators — sea Vultures;
the larger species prey on eggs and young birds ; but all prin-
cipally on fishes, of which they follow the shoals, catching
them with great agility on the surface of the sea, by darting
like an arrow, and submerging their head ; digesting scales,
feathers, and even putrid matter ; when irritated disgorge their
undigested food. Breed once a year only, principally in desert
places, Arctic islands, on naked rocks, or on marshy weeds,
with little preparation : eggs from 2 to 4, generally 3. Young
leaving the nest soon after exclusion, but hiding carefully,
and fed for several weeks by their parents. Clamorous :
voice loud, shrill, often repeated while flying. Flesh tough,
bad tasted. Feathers valuable.

Spread all over the world. Species numerous, resembling
each other greatly in all their different states of plumage.

Vol. II. 45

358 Synopsis of the Birds

292. Larus minutus, Pallas. Mantle pearl-gray ; quills white
at the point, shafts blackish ; tarsus one inch long ; hind toe
very small, nail straight, hardly apparent.

Summer plumage, a black hood : winter, no hood.

Young spotted with cinereous and blackish, tail some-
what forked, with a black subterminal band.

Little Gull , Latham . Larus minutus , Gm. Lath . Sabine »
Naum. Vog. t. 3 . f. 72. adult in full dress .

Inhabits the north of both continents : very seldom seen in
the United States, common in Asia and eastern Europe.

293. Larus capistratus, Temm- Mantle pearl-gray; quills
black at the point, outer white, internally pale ash ; shafts
white ; bill very slender ; tarsus less than one inch and a half y
tail sub-emarginate.

Summer plumage, head only with a light-brown hood:
winter, no hood.

Young spotted with grayish and blackish ; tail with a black
subterminal band.

Brown-masked Gull , Larus capistratus , Nob. Am. Orn *
iv. pi.

Inhabits the north of both continents : not very rare during
autumn on the Delaware, and especially the Chesapeake £
found as far inland as Trenton : very rare on the coasts of
Europe. Together with the preceding, unite the genera
Larus and Sterna. Closely allied, and extremely similar to
Larus ridibundus of Europe, hardly distinguished but by its
smaller size, and its still more slender, Tern-like bill.*

* Larus ridibundus , L. Mantle pearl-gray ; quills black at the point ;
outer white ; internally blackish ; shafts white ; bill slender ; tarsus on®
inch and three quarters ; tail slightly rounded.

Summer plumage, head and part of the neck, with a dark brown hood ;
winter, no hood.

Young spotted with brownish and yellowish, tail with a black subtermi-
nal band.

359

of the United States .

294. Larus atricilla, L. Mantle dark bluish-ash j quills
entirely black ; bill robust, and with the feet dark red ; tarsus
nearly two inches.

Summer plumage, a dark plumbeous hood on the head and
neck, descending lower before : winter, no hood.

Young brownish skirted with whitish and rusty ; tail with
a black subterminal band.

Blade-headed Gull , Larus ridibundus , Wils . Am. Om . icc.
JJ. 89. pi. 74. fig. 4.

Inhabits both continents, found throughout North America,
very common during summer and autumn on the coasts of
New-Jersey, where it breeds : found also on the south-wes-
tern coasts of Europe.

295. Larus tridactylus, L. Mantle blue-gray ; quills black
at the point ; hind toe obsolete, destitute of nail.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter,
head and neck bluish-gray ; fine black lines before the eye.

Young dingy, spotted ; tail with a black subterminal band.

Kittiivake Gull , Latham. Wilson’s list. Buff. pi. enl. 387.

Inhabits the north of both continents.

296. Larus canus, L* Mantle bluish-gray ; quills black at
the point, reaching much beyond the tail ; shafts black ;
bill small ; feet bluish ; tarsus little more than two inches.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter, head
and neck with blackish spots.

Young brownish-cinereous, varied with rusty.

Common Gull , Lath. Wilson’s list. Buff. pi. enl. 977.

Inhabits both continents : common : numerous during
winter in the middle states.

Buff. pi. enl. 970. summer dress , 969 winter dress.

Inhabits throughout Europe and northern Africa : very common at
Rome. Said to be found also in North America, by respectable authorities;
Rever ascertained by us.

360

Synopsis of the Birds

29 7. Larus eburneus, Gm. Pure white ; bill stout 5 feet
black ; naked space above the tarsus very small; webs some-
what indented; tarsus one inch and a half; first primary
longest.

Young dingy cinereous, somewhat mottled.

Ivory Gull, Lath. Buff. pi. enl. 994.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, whence it migrates occasionally
to the temperate regions of both continents. Forms another
transition to Sterna, by its feet and wings.

298. Larus fuscus, L. Mantle slate black ; quills almost
entirely black, reaching two inches beyond the tail ; bill short,
not stout ; feet yellow ; tarsus two and a half inches.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter, head
and neck streaked with light browrn.

Young, blackish cinereous, mottled with yellowish-rusty.

Silvery gull, Lath. Meyer Vog. Deutsch. ii. pi. 18.

Inhabits both continents: very common during winter near
Philadelphia and New-York.

299. Larus argentatoides, Brehm. Back and wings bluish-
gray; quills black at the point, tipped with white, reaching
but little beyond the tail ; shafts black ; first primary broadly
white at tip ; second w ith a round white spot besides ; tar-
sus less than tw o and a half inches ; nostrils oval. Length
twenty inches.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter, head
and neck streaked with brown.

Young, dirty mottled, varied with rusty.

Not noticed m my Catalogue. Somewhat doubtful whether it
is Brehm' s species.

Inhabits both continents : common near New-York and
Philadelphia. We have shot it also on the southern coasts
of England.

300. Larus argentatus, Brunn. Mantle bluish-gray; quills

301

of the United States.

black at the point, tipped with white, reaching much beyond
the tail ; shafts black ; first primary only, with a white spot
besides the narrow tip;* tarsus nearly three inches; nostrils
linear. Length two feet.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white: winter, head
and neck with brown lines.

Young blackish cinereous, mottled with yellowish-rusty.

Herring Gull , Lalh. Wilson's list. Buff. pi. enl. 25S*
Larus argenteus . Maegillivray ; (who, however , evidently con-
siders this and the preceding but one species.) Larus ar-
gentatus, and Larus argenteus , Brehm, (which I do not think
distinct.)

Inhabits both continents : not uncommon near New- York
and Philadelphia, as well as in Italy.

301. Larus leucopterus, Faber. Mantle pale bluish-ash $
quills grayish-white, white at the point, reaching to the
tip of the tail ; shafts pure white ; tarsus two inches.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter, head
and neck streaked with brown.

Young dingy, mottled.

Larus glaucoides, Temm. Larus argentatus , Capt . Sabine.
Larus arcticus, Maegillivray. Omitted in my catalogue.
Never figured.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, whence it migrates in winter to
the boreal regions of both continents, advancing farther south
in America : not rare in the northern and middle stales.

302. Larus glaucus, Brunn. Mantle bluish-gray ; quills
grayish-white, white at the point ; shafts white, tinged with

* Though I have found them constant in all the Italian, English, and
North American specimens of both species that I have examined, I cannot
give these markings as sure tests of the two species, which, however,
are certainly distinct, and though closely allied, may at once be distin-
guished by the size.

362 Synopsis of the Birds

ash • tarsus three inches ; tail reaching two inches beyond
the wings.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter, head
and neck with brown streaks.

Young dingy, mottled.

Glaucous Gull , Lath . Naum . Vog. pi. 35.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of both continents : exceeding-
ly rare in the United States.

303. Larus marinus, L. Back and wings slate-black 5 quills
black at the point, tipped with white ; shafts black ; wings
not reaching beyond the tail ; tarsus three inches.

Summer plumage, head and neck pure white : winter, head
and neck with brownish streaks.

Young dingy, mottled.

Black-backed Gull, Lath. Wilson's list. Buff.pl. enl. 990.
and 266. young.

Inhabits both continents : not uncommon during winter
In the middle states.

Bill of several pieces. Nostrils immarginate. Feet 4-toed.

Longipennes , 111. Pclagii, Vieill . Ranz . Lari , Boie.

66. LESTRIS.

Larus , L. Gm. Lath. Buphaga , Moehring. Catharracta ,
Brunn. Stercorarius, Briss. Vieill. Lestris , III. Cuv . Temm .
Labbes , Buff.

Bill moderate, robust, hard, cylindrical, compressed,
hooked at tip, edges sharp ; upper mandible with the ridge
and tip distinct, covered beyond the nostrils by a cere ; lower
of one piece, shorter, angular beneath, obtuse at tip : nostrils
subterminal, lateral, oblique, linear, wider before, pervious,

of the United States .

363

closed posteriorly by the cere : tongue canaliculated, acute,
slightly bifid at tip. Head large ; eyes large : neck rather
stout: body rather plump. Feet slender; naked space of
the tibia moderate ; tarsus equal to the middle toe, scaly
behind; webs full, entire; lateral toes edged exteriorly with
a narrow membrane ; middle toe longest ; inner shorter than
the outer ; hind toe very small, placed almost on a level with
the anterior, resting on the ground : nails strong, much in-
curved, very acute. Wings moderate, acute ; quills strong ;
first primary longest. Tail slightly rounded, of twelve
feathers, two middle feathers elongated.

Female similar to the male. Young differing from the
adult, and changing repeatedly. Moult twice in the year
without changing their colors. Colors dark brown, with
some white or light tints on the neck and beneath. Young
more spotted, and with the middle tail feathers hardly longer.
Adult eminently distinguished by having these feathers much
the longest.

Bold : fierce : indefatigable. Tyrants of the sea. Soli-
tary, seldom several in one neighbourhood. Extremely
voracious : feed on fishes, which are caught by other birds.
Great enemies to the Terns, Gulls, and even the gigantic
Albatros, on which they prey ; attacking them on the wing,
and beating them until they drop their prey, or even forcing
them to disgorge their food, which they seize in the air with
great agility before it reaches the water, the Gulls only escape
by settling in the sea. Never diving, only procure themselves
floating objects ; feed also on mollusca, eggs, and young
water birds. Breed socially in Arctic marshes, on rocks, or
among sands : build in tufts with grass : eggs one or two :
courageous in behalf of their young ; attacking man himself
in their defence. Walk erect. Flight peculiar, irregular,
rapid, describing short curves, and occasionally tumbling
over.

Inhabit the Arctic seas all around the globe, migrating but

364

Synopsis of the Birds

iittle to southern regions. Formed of but our four spe
cies. Though united with Larus by authors, very distinct
from them in nature, and perhaps claiming less alliance with
them than with Procellaria and Diomedea. Somewhat analo-
gous to the Eagles.

304. Lestris catarractes, 111. Bill short, very stout, much
curved; middle tail feathers equally broad throughout; tarsus
two inches and three quarters long, moderately rough.

Adult dark brown, neck and beneath grayish rufous.

Young wholly brownish varied with rusty.

Skua Gull, ( Wilson's list?) Lath. Penn. Brit. Zool . t. L.

fig- 6-

Inhabits the most northern parts of both continents, migra-
ting occasionally during winter to the temperate regions.

305. Lestris pomarina, Temm. Bill short, much curved ;
long tail feathers equally broad throughout ; tarsus little
more than two inches long, exceedingly rough.

Adult dark brown, beneath white ; feathers of the neck
above long, slender, pointed, glossy yellow.

Young wholly brownish, varied with rufous.

Larus parasiticus, Meyer. Vog. Deut. ii.pl . 21.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, whence it migrates in winter to
more genial regions : very rare and accidental in the United
States.

306. Lestris buffonii, Boie. Bill one inch and a quarter from
the front, straight, notched; middle tail feathers gradually
tapering, narrow for several inches, ending in a point; tarsus
one inch and a half long, almost smooth.

Adult brown, neck and beneath wdiite, the former tinged
with yellow.

Young wholly brownish.

Arctic Bird, Edward's Glean, pi. 148. Buff. pi. enl. 762.
Lestris crepidata , Brchm . Not noticed in my Catalogue.

of the United States .

365

Inhabits the Arctic seas, migrating during the winter to
the temperate shores of North America and Europe : very
rare and accidental in the United States, where the young
only have been observed.

307. Lestris parasitica, Boie. Bill one inch and a half long,
straight, broad at base, entire ; middle tail feathers very long,
still wide one inch and a half from the tip, abruptly narrow-
ing, slender and acute at the point ; tarsus one inch and three
eighths long, protuberances obsolete.

Adult blackish-brown, neck and beneath white, the former
tinged with yellow.

Young wholly brownish.

Arctic Gull , Lath. Die Polm'eue , Lepechin’s Reise.
Th. 3. S. 224. t. 11.

Inhabits the Arctic seas, migrating during winter on the
temperate shores of North America and Europe. Rare, and
the young only occasionally seen near the United States.

Bill of several pieces. Nostrils tubular. Feet 3-toed,
or in place of the hind toe, a sharp nail.

Tubinares , III. Syphorini, Vieill. Ranz . Procellarice ,

Boie , Syphonorhini , Blainville.

* A sharp hind nail.

Procellaria , auct. Procellaria, Pachyptila , 111. Temm.

Ranz.

67. THALASSIDROMA.*

Procellaria , L. Briss . Gm. Lath. 111. Cuv. Vieill. Ranz.

* This genus and Puffinus are not mentioned in our Analytical Table, as
we considered them subgenera of Procellaria, but have since decided to
adopt them as genera. See note (26.)

Vol. II. 46

366

Synopsis of the Birds

Thalassidroma , Vigors. Hydrohates , Boie *

Petrel-Hirondelle , Temm .

Bill shorter than the head, slender, feeble, attenuated, ex-
tremely compressed, hooked at the point, acute ; edges sharp,
greatly approximated ; upper mandible slightly seamed
each side : lower shorter, hardly angular beneath, more or
less curved and acute at tip, end hardly distinct : nostrils
contained in a single tube on the top of the bill : tongue
moderate, depressed, entire, slender, acuminate, acute. Head
small, rounded above ; eyes large ; neck short : body slender.
Feet long, slender ; naked space of the tibia extensive; tarsus
longer than the middle toe, slender, perfectly smooth ; toes
rather short, slender; middle toe subequal to the outer;
inner shortest ; the lateral margined exteriorly by a narrow
membrane ; webs small, somewhat indented ; hind toe merely
a slender, acute nail : nails small, rounded above, in one
species quite flat and laminar, but generally curved, com-
pressed, and acute. Wings long, acuminate ; first primary
shorter than the third ;* second longest. Tail emarginate,
or slightly forked, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young hardly differing from
the adult. Moult twice a year without changing their colors.
Colors black, with more or less of white, especially on the
rump. Species very small : the smallest of web-footed birds.

Serni-nocturnal : wandering. Seen all over the ocean at
wonderful distances from land, principally at twilight, or
ill stormy weather ; hiding from the sun in clefts of rocks, or
in the burrows of quadrupeds. Feed on small marine ani-
mals and seeds of sea-weeds ; very fond of greasy substan-

* The character assigned by Mr. Vigors, of the first primary being
longer than the fourth, though perfectly correct as to P. pelagica, cannot
stand as generic, since in P. Leachii, it is shorter. We have not been
able to verify the character on P. Wilsonii, the specimens we examined for
that purpose being in moult.

367

of the United States .

ces, for which, more than for protection, they follow vessels
under way, playing in their wake, where they pick up the
animals put in motion, and the floating weeds. Breed soci-
ally in holes and cavities of rocks overhanging the sea : lay
one or two eggs. Feed their young by regurgitation. Rest
easily on the water, suspending their light bodies on the top
of the waves with extended wings, riding on them, touching
with their feet. Flight rapid, irregular, always low and
skimming the water in day time. Voice chattering : silent
during the day ; clamorous at night.

Spread in all latitudes and longitudes. A small and ex-
ceedingly natural genus, formed of but five well, ascertained
species, so closely allied to each other, as to be generally
confounded. Resembling the Swallows.

Differs from Procellaria, as Lestris from Larus.

308. Thalassidroma wilsonh, Nob. Deep sooty black ; upper
tail coverts wholly white ; tail even, the wings reaching a lit-
tle beyond its tip ; tube of the nostrils recurved ; tarsus one
inch and a half long ; a yellow spot on the webs.

Stormy Petrel , Procellaria pelagica, Wils. Am, Orn . vii,
p. 90.pL 60. Procellaria wilsonii , JVoh, J . Ac. Ph. vi. p. 231,
pi. 9. lower figure.

Inhabits throughout the tropical and temperate Atlantic
Ocean, not extending far to the north ; more common on the
coasts of the southern states and on the banks : found also
on the coasts of Africa, and even those of Spain, thus entitled
to a place in European Ornithology.

309. Thalassidroma leachii, Nob. Brownish-black ; upper
tail-coverts white, with dusky shafts ; tail forked, the wings
not reaching beyond the tip ; tube of the nostrils straight ;
tarsus one inch long.

Procellaria Leachii , Temm. Nob. J. Ac. Ph. vi. p. 229.
pi. 9, upper figure. Fork-tail Petrel ? Procellaria furcata9
Lath . (27.)

368

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits throughout the Atlantic Ocean : not rare on the
banks of Newfoundland, and in the northern British islands,

68. PROCELL ARIA .

Procellaria , L. Gm. Lath . Briss. Ill . Cuv. Vieill. Ranz.

Procellaria, Boie . (as restricted.) Petrel propr. dit , Temm.

Bill as long as the head, robust, broad, hard, sub-cylin-
drical, depressed at base, compressed and suddenly swelled
towards the point, edges sharp : upper mandible deeply
seamed each side, strongly hooked and acute at tip ; lower
shorter, narrower, ascending, angular beneath, truncated
at tip, with the end very distinct: nostrils united in a com-
mon tube on the top of the bill : tongue moderate, entire,
conic. Head large, somewhat rounded above ; eyes rather
large ; neck short, thick : body rounded, plump. Feet
stout, moderate ; naked space of the tibia much restricted ;
tarsus shorter than the middle toe ; toes very long ; middle
one subequal to the outer; inner shortest; the lateral edged
exteriorly by a narrow membrane; webs full, entire, large;
hind toe merely a thick and obtuse nail : nails large, curved,
compressed, acute, channelled beneath, middle one largest,
dilated internally into a sharp edge. Wings very long,
acute; quills numerous ; first primary longest. Tail of four-
teen feathers, rounded or cuneiform.

Female similar to the male. Young differing but little
from the adult. Moult twice a year without changing their
colors. Species large. Prevailing color white.

Diurnal. Keep generally far at sea among rocks and ice-
bergs, seldom approaching the shore. Venturing farther
than any other bird, regardless of heavy seas and gales:
most active and numerous when a storm is approaching.
Fly, rest, and even walk on the waves. Flight with the wings
expanded, motionless. Feed on fishes, the flesh of dead ceta-
cea, mollusca, and other marine animals, and even vegeta-
bles. Breed in great companies in the clefts of Arctic rocks.

of the United States.

309

or in holes in the earth, where they also retire during bad
weather; lay but one very large egg. Feed their young by
regurgitating into their bill their half digested and oily ma-
rine food. Defend their offspring boldly, and blind their
enemies by spurting in their face an oily, acrimonious liquor.
Voice hoarse, stridulous, singular when subterranean.

Found in all latitudes. Formed of but few species, one
only in our hemisphere. Allied to the larger Gulls.

310. Procellaria glacialis, L. White ; back and wings
bluish-gray ; tail cuneiform ; bill and feet yellow.

Summer plumage, a blackish spot before the eye.

Young pale-cinereous, varied with brown; bill and feet
yellowish-gray.

Fulmar Petrel , Lath. Penn . hr it. zool. p. 145. t. M.fig. 1.

Petrel de VIsle de St. Kilda , Buff. pi. enl. 59.

Inhabits in great numbers the Arctic seas ; very rare and
accidental on the temperate coasts of North America and
Europe.

69. PUFFINUS.

Puffinus, Briss. Cuv. JBoie. Brehm. JVectris, Forsi. Petrel -
Puffin, Temm. Procellaria , L. Gm. Lath . 111. Temm.
Vieill. Ranz.

Bill longer than the head, slender, robust, hard, much com-
pressed at the point ; both mandibles much curved and acute
at tip ; upper seamed each side, turgid at the point ; lower
somewhat shorter, angular beneath, with the end very distinct :
nostrils basal, opening in two tubes, approximated and dor-
sal : tongue moderate, entire, conic. Head small, narrowed
behind ; eyes very large : body compressed. Feet mode-
rate, stout, large ; naked space of the tibia extensive ; tarsus
equal to the middle toe ; toes long ; middle one subequal to
the outer ; inner shortest ; the lateral margined exteriorly

370

Synopsis of the Birds

by a narrow membrane ; webs full, entire ; bind toe merely
a sharp nail: nails long, compressed, curved, acute. Wings
long, slender, rather acute ; first primary longest. Tail
moderate, rounded, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young but little different
from the adult. Moult twice a year without changing their
colors. Colors more or less grayish. Species of middling
size.

Chiefly nocturnal : chasing at twilight, or in stormy days,
and hiding from the sun in clefts of rocks, or in the bur-
rows of small quadrupeds, which they dislodge. Much
more aquatic than any bird of their family ; combine the
powers of flying and diving. Keep on the wing for several
days, and dive even for their food, escaping from danger by
either means. Constantly at sea, residing among breakers,
hardly ever seen on shore. Feed almost exclusively on fishes.
Breed socially : dig with their sharp nails deep holes in the
ground, where they lay but one egg. Young born with long
down. Furnish the wretched inhabitants of the Frozen
Zone with food and clothing.

Spread all over the world. A natural genus, eminently
distinguished by its power of diving, much less allied than it
appears to Procellaria. Forms the link between the Longi-
pennes, and the diving web-footed birds.

311. Puffinus cinereus, Cuv. Bill more than two inches
long, depressed at base, compressed where the point swells ;
tail cuneiform ; tarsus two inches long.

Adult light cinereous, wings and tail blackish-ash ; be-
neath white ; bill and feet yellowish.

Young slate-color, beneath varied with cinereous ; bill
blackish.

Cinereous Petrel , Lath. LePuffinjBuff.pl. enl . 962. young.
Shear-water Petrel oj Wilson's list ? Procellaria pvffinus and
cinerea, L.

371

of the United States.

Inhabits the sea throughout the globe: common between
the banks of Newfoundland and the United States, in the
Mediterranean, &c.

312. Puffinus anglorum, Ray. Bill one inch and three quar-
ters long, very slender ; tail rounded, the wings reaching
somewhat beyond its tip ; tarsus little more than one inch
and three quarters long.

Adult glossy black, beneath pure white ; bill blackish.

Shear-water Petrel , Penn, nee Lath. Manks Puffin ,
Edwards, t. 359. Procellaria anglorum , Temm. Meyer.
Omitted in my catalogue.

Inhabits the Arctic seas of both continents : rare and acci-
dental in the United States, very common in the northern
British islands.

313. Puffinus obscurus, Cuv. Bill one inch and a quarter
long, very slender ; tail rounded, the wings reaching to its
tip ; tarsus little more than one inch long.

Adult glossy brownish-black, beneath white : bill blackish.

Dusky Petrel, Lath. Penn. St. degli Ucc. V. pi. 538.

Inhabits throughout the temperate and warm seas, never to
the north : very rare and accidental in the middle states and
Europe. Not easy to distinguish from the preceding.

** No hind nail.

Diomedea, Haladroma , 111. Temm. Ranz.

70. DIOMEDEA.

Diomedea, L. Briss. Gm . Lath. 111. Cuv . Vieilh Temm.
Ranz.

Bill longer than the head, very* robust, hard, compres-
sed, straight, suddenly curved at the point ; edges cutting ;
upper mandible deeply seamed each side, strongly hooked
at lip, palate vrith two or three raised, cutting, serrated

372

Synopsis of the Birds

processes ; lower mandible smooth, end distinct, compressed
and truncated at tip, internally on each side with a ser-
rated, sharp process : nostrils in the furrow, distant from the
base, separate, covered on the sides, open before ; tubes very
short, subconical, wider before than behind, lying on the
sides of the bill ; tongue very short, fleshy, truncated at tip.
Head large ; eyes large, near the top : neck short, stout :
body massive. Feet short, robust : tarsus one fourth shorter
than the middle toe ; toes very long ; the middle one sub-
equal to the outer ; inner shortest ; the lateral edged ex-
teriorly by a narrow membrane ; webs full, entire ; no rudi-
ment of hind toe nor nail: nails short, obtuse. Wings very
long, very narrow : quills short ; secondaries hardly reach-
ing beyond their coverts. Tail moderate, rounded, of four-
teen feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young differing much from
the adult. Moult twice a year, without changing their colors.
The largest of marine birds.

Notwithstanding their strength and gigantic stature, very
cowardly ; escape from the attacks of other birds, even
considerably weaker, by descending rapidly and settling in
the sea ; even the Gulls in small parties incessantly attack
and harass them. Voracious beyond conception. Feed on
fishes, especially of the flying kind, on mollusca, and above
all, gelatinous animals. Gorging themselves to such a degree
as to be often unable either to fly or swim, being sometimes
seen with large fishes partly hanging out of their mouth,
partly swallowed, in which state their feathered enemies
compel them to disgorge their food, and they may be caught
by hand. Build with clay a rounded nest two or three feet
high : eggs very large, numerous for the family. Fly skim-
ming the water, soaring to the high regions of the atmosphere
during strong gales and stormy weather only. Venturing
great distances from land, occasionally compelled to seek re-
pose, and even to sleep on the sea, or on the rigging of vessels.

373

of the United States .

Voice harsh, somewhat resembling the braying of an ass.
Flesh tough, badly tasted, hardly palatable even to starving
men. Eggs eatable.

Spread throughout both hemispheres, but especially the
southern. Formed of but four well ascertained species,
only one of which is seen on the Atlantic. Remarkably allied
to the larger species of the genus Larus.

314. Dtomedea exulans, L. Whitish ; back and wings linea-
ted with black ; quills black, shafts yellow ; tail plumbeous,
rounded.

Young dusky; head, wings and tail, blackish ; round the
eye white.

Albatros of Wilson's list . Wandering Albatros , Lath. ad.

Sooty , or Brown Albatros , Lath, young. Buff. pi. enl. 237*

Inhabits the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans : rare and acci-
dental on the coasts of the middle states : common at the
Cape of Good Hope and in South America.

FAMILY XXY. LAMELLOSODENTATI.

Lamellosodentati, 111. Serrirostres , Dumeril. Lamelliros -
ires , Cuv. Latr. Anseridce, Goldfuss. Dermorhynchi, V ieill.
Ranz. Anates, Oken. Cygni, Anseres , A nates, Mergi , Boie.
Colymbini alati , Blainville. Anatidoe , Leach Vigors.

Bill moderate, stout, straight, covered with a soft mem-
branous skin, rounded above, depressed, rounded and obtuse
at the point, unguiculated at tip, margins denticulated ;
nostrils distinct, a little distant from the base, superficial,
oblong, half closed by a flat membrane ; tongue thick, fleshy.
Head small; neck various: body plump. Feet 4-toed,
nearly central, drawn up into the belly, turned outward,
short ; tibia almost entirely feathered ; tarsus short ; toes dis-r
posed 3 — 1, anterior palmated ; webs full, entire; hind toe
free, short, nails curved, compressed, acute. Wings mode-
rate, acute ; quills strong, stiff ; first primary subequal to the
Vol. II. 47

374

Synopsis of the Birds

second, which is generally longest. Tail short, of from
twelve to twenty feathers.

Female smaller, in many species differing greatly, and far
less brilliant than the male. Young very different from the
adult, resembling the female, sometimes not getting their full
dress until the second or third year.

Gregarious, except in breeding time, when they pair, and
then prefer fresh water; during winter and autumn affecting
the sea coasts. Feed on fishes, reptiles, mollusca, insects,
some species also on vegetable substances, especially seeds,
getting their food from the shore or from under water, by
means of their sensible bill. Monogamous : build on the
ground: eggs numerous, of one color. Female only incu-
bating. Young leave the nest, swim, and provide for them-
selves as soon as hatched, the parents merely leading and pro-
tecting them. Walk in a vacillating and embarrassed man-
ner. Swim with great facility and much grace, some with
agility above or beneath the surface, many plunging merely
their head under water, when searching for prey, while others
submerge their entire body, and continue under for a long
period. Flight rapid, sustained for several days at a time.
The greater part easily tamed. Highly useful to man : flesh
and eggs excellent : down employed for several uses ; feathers
most valuable of all, best for graphic purposes.

A. Bill stout, depressed, obtuse.

71. ANSER.

Anser , Briss. Bechst. Meyer. 111. Vieill. Brekm. Anser,
Cygnus, Cuv. Anas , L. Gm. Lath. Temm. Ranz. Oie,
Temm. Plectropterus , Cygnus , Anser , Chenalopex, Bernicla ,
Cheniscus, of modern English authors. Tadorna , Bernicla ,
Cheu9 Anser , Boie.

Bill short or moderate, stout, at base higher than broad,
somewhat conic, cylindrical, depressed towards the point.

375

of the United States .

narrowed and rounded at tip, end of both mandibles distinct;
upper mandible not covering the margins of the lower,
ridge broad, elevated ; nail sub-orbicular, curved, obtuse ;
lower plane ; marginal teeth short, conic, acute : nostrils
medial, lateral, longitudinal, large, elliptic, open, pervious,
covered by a membrane ; tongue thick, fleshy, fimbriated on
the sides. Head small, lora feathered ; neck moderate: body
cylindrical. Feet central, stout; tarsi rather longer than
the middle toe; toes moderate; webs full, entire; hind toe
equal to a phalanx of the middle, simple, touching the ground
at tip ; middle toe longest ; outer longer than the inner : nails
falculate, the middle dilated into a sharp edge. Wings
moderate, acute, sometimes spurred ; quills strong, primaries
much longer than the secondaries ; first and second, or second
only, longest. Tail of numerous feathers, rounded.

Female similar to the male. Young of some species dif-
fering extremely from the adult, and changing repeatedly.
Moult annual, but protracted. Plumage moderately thick.
Colors dull, more or less of light, or very dark, cinereous.
Size large. Trachea simple.

Habits terrestrial : keep in flocks, mostly in marshes and
low grounds, and migrate according to season, from cold to
temperate regions. Shy : cunning : vigilant : when sleeping
or feeding, establishing sentinels to give warning of any dan-
ger. Altogether diurnal. Retiring at night to the water :
very clamorous when uniting: go to pasture by day ; feed
principally on vegetables, which they nibble off, on roots and
seeds ; some also on fishes, reptiles, and small aquatic ani-
mals : commit great devastation in corn-fields, by cutting or
rooting up the young plants. Disposed to polygamy. Build
on the ground. Walk with less awkwardness than the allied
genera. Swim but little, and deeper in the water, neither
their body, feet, nor plumage being calculated for it : hardly
ever dive, and never by choice. Flight exceedingly high,

376

Synopsis of the Birds

slow, but long sustained ; fly either in straight or convergent
lines. Sight and hearing excellent.

Spread all over the world, but much more numerous in
cold and temperate countries, to and from which they migrate.
Species numerous.

315. Anser hyperboreus, Pallas. Bill rising high upon the
forehead ; sides of the bill with longitudinal furrows and den-
ticulations ; tail of sixteen feathers.

Adult white, quills black at the point: bill and feet red.

Young purplish-brown; wing-coverts and rump, bluish-ash;
more or less white according to age.

Snow Goose , Anas hyperborea , Wils. Am. Orn. viii.p. 76.
pi. 68. Jig. 5. adult male ; and p . 89. pi. Q9.fig. 5- young.
Anser niveus. Briss. Anas hyperborea and ccerulescens , L.

Inhabits within the Arctic circle ; migrating during winter
to the more temperate regions of both continents : not uncom-
mon during winter in the middle states.

316. Anser albifrons, Bechst. Brownish, beneath white varied
with black ; frontlet and throat white, margined with black-
ish; bill and feet orange; nails whitish.

White-fronted Goose , Lath. Laughing Goose , Edward's
Glean . t. 153. Anas albifrons , Gm.

Inhabits the Arctic regions, migrating during winter to
the temperate climes of both continents : rare and accidental
in the middle states, as well as in Italy.

317. Anser segetum, Meyer. Dark cinereous, beneath whitish;
rump blackish ; folded wings reaching beyond the tail bill
long, depressed, black and orange, nail black, tail of eigh-
teen feathers.

Bean Goose, Latham. L'oie sauvage , Buff. pi. enl. 985.
Anas segetum , Gm. Anser sylvestris , Briss.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of both continents, migrating
periodically to more genial climates : hardly ever seen even

377

in the northern states or Canada, which is rather extraordi-
nary, as in the old continent, it migrates much farther south.*

318. Anser canadensis, Vieill. Dark ash ; head, neck and
tail black ; cheeks and throat white ; bill and feet black ;
tail of eighteen feathers.

Canada Goose , Anas canadensis , Wils. Am. Orn. viii .
p. 52. pi. Cil.Jig . 4. Bernicla canadensis , Boie.

Inhabits North America : common during winter in the
middle states : domesticated in both continents, and produ-
cing mongrels with Anser cinereus.

319. Anser leucopsis, Bechst. Dark cinereous ; neck and
tail black ; face, and beneath from the breast, white ; bill
and feet black.

Bernicla or Clakis , Lath. La Bernache, Buffon , pi. enl.
885. Anas leucopsis , Temm. Anas erythopus , L.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, migrating during winter to more

* 1. Anser cinereus, Meyer. Light cinereous, beneath whitish ; rump
cinereous ; wings not reaching to the tip of the tail ; bill stout, orange,
nail whitish ; feet yellowish.

Gray-lag Goose , Latham. Oca paglielana, Stor. degli uccelli. v. pi. 559.
Anas anser, L. Temm.

Inhabits the cold and temperate regions of eastern Europe and Asia :
not uncommon during winter iu Italy: never observed wild in America:
domesticated throughout the world.

2. Anser rufescens , Brehm. Dark cinereous, beneath whitish, strongly
tinged with rusty ; wings not reaching to the tip of the tail ; bill short,
stoutish, hardly depressed, black and orange.

Inhabits the Arctic regions : common in Iceland: strays accidentally to
the north of Europe.

3. Anser medius, Temm. Dark cinereous, beneath whitish; rump black-
ish; wings when closed reaching to the tip of the tail ; bill and feet yellow.
Length less than two feet.

Anser cineraceus ? Brehm. Anser medius , Meyer. Never figured.

Inhabits the Arctic regions : migrating accidentally to the north of
Europe. All these species are probably accidental visitants of the United
States; we therefore mention them in notes.

378 Synopsis of the Birds

temperate regions : very rare and accidental in the United
States.

320. Anser bernicla, Nob. Blackish-ash ; head neck and
breast, black ; a white patch each side of the neck ; beneath
whitish ; bill and feet black ; tail of sixteen feathers.

The Brant , Anas hernicla , tVils. Am. Orn . viii. p. 131 •
pi. 72. fig. 1. Anser torquatus , Frisch Vieill.

Inhabits the Arctic regions, migratory in both continents :
very common and numerous in the middle states at its double
passage, when great havoc is made among them.

72. CYGNUS.

Anas , L. Gm. Lath. III. Temm. Ranz . Anser , Briss .
Cygnus , Bechst . Cuv. Vieill. Brehm Stephens Boie. Cygne,
Temm.

Bill at base higher than broad, gibbous, subcylindric
above, of equal breadth throughout, obtuse ; teeth lamelli-
form ; upper mandible unguiculated and curved at tip ;
lower shorter, narrower, covered by the margins of the
upper, flattened : nostrils medial, oval, open, pervious, cover-
ed by a membrane : tongue thick, fleshy, broad, fimbriated on
the sides, obtuse. Head small, lora naked : neck exceed-
ingly long, much longer than the body, slender ; body much
compressed, elegantly shaped. Felt placed far back, very
short, stout, large ; tarsus shorter than the middle toe ; mid-
dle toe longest, outer longer than the inner, webs full, entire,
very broad ; hind toe equal to a phalanx of the middle, sim-
ple, touching the ground merely at tip. Wings very long,
when folded, the primaries hardly reach beyond the seconda-
ries ; first and fourth primaries equal ; second and third
longest. Tail cuneiform, of numerous feathers.

Female somewhat smaller, perfectly similar to the male.
Young differing from the adult for two or three years. Moult
simple, annual, but protracted. Plumage excessively close

of the United States.

379

and thick, very soft and light. Colors uniform. Size very
large ; largest of the Order.

Habits aquatic. Live on fresh water, rivers or ponds: ad-
mirably built for swimming, surpassing all other birds in grace
and elegance on the water: often in swimming spread out their
wings as if sailing. Feed in the water, reaching to the bottom
in shallow places, by means of their long neck : from their
conformation and the lightness of their plumage, unable to sink
their body. Food chiefly vegetable, also reptiles, especially
frogs, and small aquatic animals, which they seek in the mud
under water, hardly ever preying on fishes, which they even
protect ; hence, and for their beauty and elegance, kept on fish
ponds as ornaments. Strictly monogamous: unlike all other
birds, copulate standing and facing each other in the water :
build on ground in the vicinity of, or surrounded by water : nest
composed of marsh plants in large quantity. Male protect-
ing the female while sitting, and partaking the parental cares.
When resting, place one foot on the back. Walk awkwardly.
Flight very heavy ; when elevated, rapid and protracted.

Inhabit all over the globe. Four species only, though
others have been injudiciously added : one in North, one in
South America, one in New Holland, and two in Europe,
of which one is identical with the North American. Connects
Anser with Anas, perhaps more closely allied to the latter.

321. Cygnus musicus, Bechst. White, top of the head yel-
lowish ; bill black, without protuberance ; bare space round
the eye yellow.

Young light cinereous, bare space round the eye flesh-
color.

Whistling Swan , Lath. Cigno salvatico, St. degli ucc. ii.
pi. 554. Anas cygnus , L. Lath . Swan of Wilson's list. C.
melanorhyncus , Meyer.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, whence it migrates in both con-
tinents : very numerous in winter in Chesapeake Bay; a rare

380

Synopsis of the Birds

and accidental visitant in Italy. Trachea forming two cir-
cumvolutions before entering the sternum.*

73. ANAS.

Anas , L. Gm . Briss . Bath. III. Cuv. Vieill. Temm. Bans .
Anas , Brehm. Nob. Obs. and Cat. of birds of the U. S.
Tadorna, Cairina , Anas, Rhynchaspis, Dafila, Mareca, Quer-
quedula, Steph.

Bill broader than high at base, more or less broader at
tip than at base, somewhat flattened, much depressed towards
the point, obtuse, marginal teeth lamelliform, weak ; upper
mandible convex, curved and unguiculated at tip, nail slen-
der ; lower narrower, flat, entirely covered by the margins
of the upper : nostrils basal, approximated, oval, small, open,
pervious, covered by a membrane : tongue fleshy, thick,
broad, fimbriated on the sides, obtuse. Head small ; neck
slender, subequal to the body : body much compressed, slen-
der. Feet nearly central, rather small and feeble ; tarsi sub-

* 2. Cygnus olor, Vieill. White ; bill red margined with black ; bare
space round the eye, and a fleshy knob on the forehead, black.

Young dark cinereous.

Mute Swan , Lath . Cigno reale, St. degh. ucc. v. pi. 554. Cygnus gib-
bus, Beehst. Anas olor , Gm.

Inhabits the eastern part of Europe, and Asia: never observed wild in
America. Domesticated throughout the world. Trachea without cir-
cumvolutions.

3. Cygnus nigricollis, Steph. White, head and neck black, bill red.
Black-necked Swan, Lath. Anas nigricollis et melanocephala , Gm.

Mot figured. Scudder's Museum, Mew - York.

Inhabits South America: common at the Falkland Islands, and the
Straits of Magellan.

4. Cygnus atratus, Steph. Black, quill feathers white, bill red.

Black Swan , Lath. Anas atrata, Lath. Anas plutonia , Shaw Mat.

Misc. pi. 108. Philadelphia and Mew- York Museums.

Inhabits Australia.

of the United States.

381

equal to the middle toe, not extremely compressed ; tibia
smooth ; toes moderate, middle longest, inner shortest ; webs
full, entire, blit not very large ; hind toe equal to a phalanx
of the middle, simple, touching the ground at tip. Wings
moderate, acute; primaries elongated, first and second, or
second only, longest. Tail of from fourteen to twenty
feathers.

Female very different from the male in full plumage.
Young generally more or less resembling the female. Moult
twice in the year, the female partially, the male completely,
assuming in summer the humble dress of the female. Plu-
mage thicker than in the Geese, but not so thick as in the
Swans and Fuligulfe. A mirror or speculum on the wing in
most species. Colors of the female dull, grayish. Trachea
swelling at the bifurcation into cartilaginous capsules.

Migrate in large flocks : in autumn and winter keep in fresh
water and rivers, affecting green shores and sedgy places, es-
pecially shallow water, where they can reach the bottom with
their bill, without diving. Somewhat nocturnal : feed and
travel by night. Food chiefly vegetable, plants and seeds,
but also aquatic animals. Disposed to polygamy : build in
the grass, more or less near water, some in hollow trees :
nest lined with down : eggs numerous. Female alone incu-
bates, without any assistance from the male, and covers the
eggs with the lining of the nest and other materials when
obliged to leave them. The male does not trouble himself
about the young. Walk comparatively well, but not so well
as the Geese, with the body poised, and the feet close
together. While swimming raise the tail and stretch their
body. Avoid deep water : dive only when compelled by
necessity, or in the breeding season. Flight comparatively
light, often high, whistling.

Spread all over the globe : species numerous, more so in
temperate regions. We divide them into four subgenera, two
only of which are found in the United States,

Ygl. If. 48

382

Synopsis of the Birds

SUBGENUS I. RHYNCHASPIS.

'Rhynchaspis , Leach. Steph .* Spatula , Boie. Les Sou-
chets, Cuv .

Bill long, without fleshy protuberance ; upper mandible
serni-cylindric, broad and sub-orbicular at the end, nail small,
much incurved ; lamelliform teeth very long, fine and slender..
Head wholly feathered.

Female differing greatly from the male.

Feed chiefly on small aquatic animals, which they obtain
by sifting the mud between their teeth. Bill very sensible,
as appears by the desiccation of the nervous apparatus.

322. Anas clypeata, L. Mirror green, margined above with
white, below black ; wing-coverts light bluish.

Male brown ; head and neck green; belly chesnut.

Female and young wholly brownish, varied with yellowish
and blackish.

Shoveller , Anas clypeata , Wils . Am. Orn. viii. p. 65. pi* 67°

fig- 1

Inhabits the north of both continents, extending its periodi-
cal migrations far to the south : not uncommon during winter
throughout the United States and Mexico.

SUBGENUS II. ANAS.

Anas , Dafila , Mareca , Querquedula, Steph.

Bill moderate, subequal in breadth throughout, without
fleshy protuberance ; teeth small, comparatively coarse.
Head wholly feathered.

* Stephens, however, in his genus Rhynchaspis , includes species belong-
ing to our genus Fuligula , as well as to our Anas. According to his sys-
tem they even belong to different stirpes , and the common character being
one of analogy simply, he must form a new genus, for which names enough
may be found. Spatula might be applied to the present, Rhynchaspis to
the latter.

of the United States.

383

Female very different from the male.

Feed on tender aquatic plants, chiefly seeds and grains, also
on spawn, fry, and other aquatic animals.

323. Anas boschas, L. Mirror violet, bounded with black and
white ; rump blackish, tail of twenty feathers.

Male, head and neck green ; a white collar ; middle tail-
feathers recurved.

Female and young wholly brownish, varied with yellowish
and blackish.

The Mallard , Anas boschas , Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 112.
pi. 70. fig. 7.

Inhabits the north of both continents, advancing far to the
south in its periodical journeys : common during winter
throughout the United States where a few breed.

324. Anas strepera, L. Mirror white, bordered by black
and chesnut ; feet orange, webs blackish ; tail of sixteen
feathers.

Male blackish waved with white ; rump black.

Female duller, rump uniform with the rest.

The Gadwall , Anas strepera , Wils , Am. Orn. viii. p. i£0.
pi. 71 .fig. 1.

Inhabits the north of both continents, whence it migrates in
winter : rather rare in the United States.

325. Anas acuta, L. Mirror green, margined with black
and white, above with rusty ; tail very long, cuneiform,
acute, of sixteen feathers ; bill very long, linear, slate color.

Male light ash, a white stripe each side of the neck; two
middle tail feathers greatly elongated, tapering ; vent black.

Female dusky, speckled with white; speculum and vent
uniform with the rest; middle tail feathers not elongated.

Pintail Dusk , Anas acuta , Wils. Am Orn. viii. p. 72.
pi, 6%. jig. 2.

Inhabits the north of both continents, migrating far to the

384 Synopsis of the Birds

south : very common in the United States and Italy during
winter.

326. Anas Americana, Gm. Mirror green, surrounded by
black ; wing-coverts white ; tail cuneiform, of sixteen feathers.

Male, black waved with reddish ; head and neck yellowish-
white ; crown cream color ; a green band each side of the
neck ; breast vinaceous ; throat whitish.

Female, dark brown, whole head and neck yellowish-
white, sprinkled with black.

American Widgeon , Anas americana , Wils. Am. Orn. viii.
p. 86. pi. G9.Jig. 4.

Inhabits throughout North America and the West Indies :
common during winter in the middle states, breeding to the
north, Hudson’s Bay, but not extending so far north as
the preceding species. Closely allied to the European wid-
geon, Anas penelope, of the old continent.*

327. Anas obscura, Gm. Mirror violet blue, margined with
black ; under wing coverts pure white ; tail of sixteen
feathers.

Male and female, blackish brown mixed with paler; nearly
alike, female only more brownish.

Dusky Duck, Anas obscura, Wils . Am. Orn. viii. p. 141.
pi. 72. fig. 5.

Inhabits throughout temperate America, where it breeds :

* Anas penelope, L. Mirror green, surrounded by black; wing-coverts
white.

Male, black waved with white ; head and neck reddish-chesnut ; crown
cream color, no green band ; breast vinaceous ; throat black.

Female, dark brown ; whole head and neck reddish, sprinkled with
black.

Wigeon , Whcwer or Whim , Lath. Le Canard Siffleur, Buff. pi. enl. 825.

Inhabits the north of the old continent, not extending to the Arctic cir-
cle ; common during winter in Italy ; a few breed in temperate Europe,
especially to the east.

385

of the United States.

very common from Florida to Canada ; not farther north ;
partially migrating, more numerous during winter in the
middle and southern states.

328. Anas sponsa, L. Metallic, throat white ; a pendent
crest; mirror purplish-blue, tipped with white; under wing-
coverts white, spotted with black ; tail of fourteen feathers.
Bill small, tapering.

Male, head and crest golden green, with two white stripes ;
breast and sides of the rump, dark chesnut.

Female, head and crest brownish ; a white space round
the eye. •

Summer Duck , or Wood Duck , Anas sponsa , Wils. Am.
Orn. viii. p. 97. pi* 78» fig. 3.

Inhabits throughout North America, Mexico, and the West
Indies, not extending far to the north : common during sum-
mer in the northern and middle states, where it breeds : mi-
gratory : a few' resident in the southern. Builds on trees.

329. Anas discors, L. Mirror green, bordered above with a
single white band ; wing coverts light-blue ; quill shafts
dusky ; tail of fourteen feathers.

Male, head and neck purple-green ; crown black ; a white
crescent each side of the head before the eye.

Female, head and neck wholly dusky.

Blue-winged Teal , Anas discors , Wils. Am. Orn. mi. p. 74.
pi. 68. fig. 4.

Inhabits throughout North America, Mexico, and the West
Indies, breeding to the north, wintering to the south : com-
mon in the middle states at their double passage in spring
and autumn : very numerous during winter in the southern
states : do not extend far north. Closely allied to Anas quer-
quedula of the old world.*

* Anas querquedula , L. Mirror ashy-green, bordered with two white
bands, one above, the other below ; wing-coverts bluish-ash : quill shafts
pure white ; tail of fourteen feathers.

386

Synopsis of the Birds

330. Anas crecca, L. Mirror rich green, black on the sides* *
margined with white and rufous ; wing coverts brownish-ash *
tail of sixteen feathers.

Male, head and neck glossy chesnut ; a green band each
side of the head ; throat black.

Female wholly dusky, skirted with whitish ; throat white.

Green-winged Teal , Anas crecca , fVils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 101.
pi. 70. fig. 4.

Inhabits the north of both continents, migrating periodi-
cally far to the south : very common during winter through-
out the United States and Italy.

74. FULIGULA.

Anas , L. Gm. Lath. 111. Vieill. Ranz. Anas , Anser ,
Briss. Fuligula, Nob. Orn. Rom. (ined.) Nom. Wils. Orn.
Cat. of birds U. S. Specchio Comp. Rom. Ph. ( as a sub-
genus.) Platypus , Brehm. Hydrobates, Temm .* Harelda ,
Clangula , Fuligula, Oidemia , Biziura , Somateria , Rhyn-
chaspis, Stephfi Nyroca , Ania , <^c. of other English authors.

Male, head and neck reddish-brown, sprinkled with white ; crown black-
ish ; a white line above the eye.

Female, wholly dusky, skirted with whitish ; blue of the wings, and
green of the mirror, obsolete.

Garganey , and Summer Teal , Lath. La Sarcelle d'Ete, Buff pi- enl. 946.

Inhabits the north of the old continent, not extending to the Arctic cir-
cle ; common in temperate Europe, where it breeds.

* This name has been applied by Vieillot to the genus Cinclus of authors,
and by Boie to Mr. Vigors’ Thalassidroma, and is too closely resembling
the Family name Hygrobatm of llliger, having precisely the same mean-
ing and derivation. The name of Platypus is also preoccupied in Zoology,
having been applied to a genus of minor animals. My name of Fuligula
has, moreover, the priority, as a subgenus, over any other ; and as we have
since ascertained, has the advantage of having been used by Ray.

f In this genus are placed birds with and without the hind toe mem-
brane, and of more or less aquatic form and habits.

of the United States. 381?

Macreuses , Garrots, Eiders , Millouins , Cmil Clangula, Me-
lanilta , Somateria , Aythya , Boie.

Bill broader than high at base, not of equal breadth
throughout, somewhat flattened, much depressed towards
the point, obtuse; upper mandible convex, curved and un-
guiculated at tip, nail slender ; lower narrower, flat : nostrils
basal or medial, oval, open, pervious, covered by a mem-
brane ; tongue fleshy, thick, broad, fimbriated on the sides,
obtuse. Head thick, wholly feathered ; neck stout, much
shorter than the body : body plumpish. Feet placed very
far back, large and stout ; tibia partly covered by the skin
of the belly, furnished before with an acute prominence; tarsi
much shorter than the middle toe, extremely compressed ;
toes rather long, middle one longest ; inner shorter than the
outer ; webs full, entire, very broad ; hind toe equal to a
phalanx of the middle one, furnished with a membrane, touch-
ing the ground at tip. Wings shortish ; quills very stiff ;
first and second primaries subequal. Tail stiff, of from
twelve to eighteen feathers.

Female very different from the male. Male hardly chang-
ing from season. Young similar to the female, not assuming
their adult dress before the second or third year. Moult
twice a year without changing their colors. Plumage short,
not so light, but closer and thicker than in the preceding
genus. Capsule of the windpipe of the male much larger.

Migrate in large flocks. Found mostly in the north, affect-
ing in autumn and winter, the sea shore and brackish water ;
fond of deep water, enjoying even the most boisterous sea.
Swim and dive with great agility, and make long distances
under water, diving for food or in sport. Somewhat noctur-
nal; feed and travel by night. Food chiefly animal, espe-
cially mollusca, also a few vegetables, after which they dive.
Strictly monogamous : build chiefly on fresh water : nest
downy within : eggs numerous. Female only sits, and
leads her young to the water as soon as hatched, after food.

388

Synopsis of ihe Birds

Hardly able to walk, standing with the body erect, the
feet wide apart, and turned out : run rather rapidly, but
awkwardly, appearing to fall at every step. Swim very deep
in the water. Flight heavy, rapid, whistling.

Spread all over the globe ; chiefly Arctic. Species nume-
rous. Deserve generic separation, as is proved by their
form, habits, and especially their skeleton, the best test of
genera. We divide the North American species into five
subgenera.

SUBGENUS I. SOMATERIA.

Les Eiders , Cuv. Anser , Briss. Somateria, Leach,.
Boie. Steph.

Bill small, elevated at base, extending up the forehead,
and divided by a triangular projection of feathers, towards the
point narrow and blunt: nostrils medial. Secondaries gene-
rally curved outwards, overlapping the primaries. Tail of
fourteen feathers.*

Plumage remarkably thick and close : down of an exqui-
site softness, valuable. Size large.

Exclusively pelagic : breeding near the sea : eggs com-
paratively few. Connects this genus with Anser.

» 331. Fuligula mollissima, Nob. Branches of the bill narrow,

linear : no mirror.

Male black, head and back white ; crown black.

Female, wholly reddish-drab, spotted with black ; two
white bands across the wings.

* It is lamentable to find authors generally attribute twelve feathers to
the tail of all the Geese, Ducks, &c. We have made use of this charac-
ter in our specific phrases, more to excite inquiry on that point than for
any thing else, for we are well aware that the number is variable in some
cases, and for that reason left out by authors : we think, however, that in
most cases the character is excellent, and at all events, we have constantly
given it as additional.

389

of the United States .

Eider DucJc, Anas mollissima , Wils. Am, Orn . viii. p . 122.
pi. 72. fig. 2. male, and p. 125. pi. 7\. fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the extreme north of both continents : an occasion-
al winter visitant in the middle states, breeding sometimes
in the most northern part of the union : very common in
Iceland.

332. Fultgui.a spectabilis, Nob. Branches of the bill broad,

circular. No mirror. •

Male black ; head and back white, crown light ashy-blue ;
an arrow-shaped black mark on the throat.

Female, reddish-drab spotted with black; a single white
band across the wings.

King Duck , Lath. Gray-headed Duck , Edw. pi. 154.
Anas spectabilis , L.

Inhabits the extreme north of both continents : an acciden-
tal visitant during winter in the northern states : common in
the northern British Islands.

SUBGENUS II. OIDEMIA.

Macreuses, Cuv. Melanilta , Boie. Oidemia , Fleming .
Oidemia , Biziura, Leach. Oidemia , Biziura , Steph.

Bill broad, gibbous above the nostrils ; margins dilated,
lamelliform teeth coarse. Nostrils sub-medial, large, eleva-
ted. Tail of fourteen feathers.

Colors black. Female brown.

Live chiefly near the edge of the surf.

333. Fuligula perspiciglata, Nob. No mirror ; feet red ;
bill with a prominence each side.

Male glossy black ; crown and hind neck marked with white.

Female wholly sooty-brown, near the bill and auriculars,
whitish.

Black , or Surf Duck , Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 49. pi. 67 .fig. 2.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of America, whence it migrates
periodically in great numbers, all along the coasts of the

Vol. II. 49

390

Synopsis of the Birds

union : very common throughout the winter, from Canada to
Florida: an accidental visitor in north-western Europe.

334. Fuligula nigra, Nob. No mirror; feet dusky; bill
protuberant at base ; tail cuneiform.

Male glossy black ; a large red knob at the base of the bill.

Female sooty-brown, beneath grayish-white.

Scoter Duck, Anas nigra , Wils . Am. Orn. viii. p . 135°
pi. 72. fig. 2. •

Inhabits the north of both continents, whence it migrates
in winter to temperate climates : very rare in the middle
states as well as in Italy : very common in northern Asia and
eastern Europe.

335. Fuligula fusca, Nob. Mirror white ; feet red.

Male black, a white spot under the eye.

Female blackish-brown.

Velvet Duck , Anas fusca , Wils . Am. Orn. viii . p. 137.

Inhabits the north of both continents, migrating during
winter to temperate climates: not uncommon in the middle
states; rare in Italy : very common in Siberia.

'y • ■ / •' • /

SUB GENUS III. OXYURA.

Bhynchaspis, Oidemia , Steph. Macreuses, Cuv.

Bill broad at tip, nail very small. Wings very short, corn
cave. Tail long, cuneiform, of eighteen narrow pointed,
rigid, canaliculate feathers.

Plumage remarkably thick, compact, and beneath silvery.

336. Fuligula rubida, Nob. No mirror ; bill plane at base ;
nostrils small, linear ; tail-feathers canaliculated at tip only.

Male reddish-brown ; crown and neck above, black ; cheeks
and throat white.

Female blackish, finety mixed with whitish ; crown black-
ish : sides of the head and throat whitish.

Buddy Duck , Anas rubida , Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 137.
pi. 71 .fig. 5° male. p. 130 .fig. q. young male. female Wils .

391

of the United States.

Inhabits throughout North America, breeding in the north,
wintering in the south : not uncommon during spring and
autumn in the middle states. Closely allied to F. leuco-
cephala, of the old continent, and apparently also to A. ja-
maicensis, Lath, with which it is perhaps identical.*

SUBGENUS IV. FULIGULA.

Les Millouins, Cuv. Fuligula , Leach. Steph . JVyrqca5
Flem. Aythya , Boie.

Bill long, broad, flat, hardly gibbous at base, somewhat
dilated at the end. Nostrils basal, suboval. Tail short, of
fourteen feathers.

Trachea dilating to the left into a partly membranous cap-
sule, sustained by an osseous frame, and osseous ramifications.

337. Fuligula labradora Nob. Mirror broadly white ; bill
soft and membranous at tip, orange and cerelike at base.

Male black ; head, neck, breast, scapulars, wing-coverts
and secondaries, white ; crown, and a collar round the neck,
black.

Female ashy-gray.

Pied Duck , Anas labradora , Wils. Am. Orn . viii. p. 91.
pi. 6 9. fig. 6. male.

Inhabits the north of America, where it breeds, not extend-

* Fuligula leucocephala , Nob. No mirror ; bill gibbous and with two
ridges, with a channel between, at base ; nostrils large, subrounded, pro-
jecting ; tail-feathers canaliculated throughout.

Male reddish-brown; top of the head and neck above, black ; front, nape,
cheeks and throat, white.

Female finely mixed with blackish, whitish, and rusty ; crown wholly
blackish ; sides of the head and throat white.

White-headed Duck , Lath. Anatra dHnverno , St. degli Ucc. v. pi. 057.
male. Anas mersa et leucocephala , Gm.

Inhabits northern Asia and eastern Europe : an accidental winter visi-
tant in Italy, and even the northern coasts of Africa.

392 Synopsis of the Birds

in g to the Arctic circle : very rare during winter in the mid-
dle states.

338. Fuligxjla vallisneuia, Steph. Mirror gray; bill straight,
more than two and a half inches long, sides parallel.

Male white, waved with black ; head tinged with black
anteriorly, and with the neck glossy chesnut ; a black pec-
toral belt.

Female dull whitish, waved with black ; head, neck and
breast, brownish.

Canvas-hacked Duck , Anas valisneria , Wils. Am. Orn . viii.
p. 103. pi. 70. fig. 5.

Inhabits North America, not extending to the Arctic circle:
common during winter in the middle states: breeds to the
north. Flesh exquisite, and in high repute, while feeding on
certain vegetables, in peculiar districts.

339. Fuligula ferina, Steph. Mirror gray ; bill rather re-
curved, little more than two inches long, dilated at tip.

Male ash, thickly waved with black lines ; head and ante-
rior part of the neck only, wholly chesnut ; a broad black
pectoral belt.

Female wholly brown of various tints.

Red-headed Duck, Anas ferina, Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. no.
pi. 70. fig. 6.

Inhabits the north of both continents, spreading widely in
its hybernal migrations : common during winter in the mid-
dle states, and also in Italy.

340. Fuligula marila, Steph. Mirror white; bill very broad;
no crest.

Male glossy black, scapulars waved with w'hite.

Female brown, near the bill whitish.

Scaup Duck, Anas marila, Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 84.
pi. 69- fig* 8.

Inhabits the north of both continents, whence it migrates
in winter to temperate climates : very common throughout

of the United Slates. 393

the winter in the middle states : very numerous in several
parts of Europe.

341. Fuligula rufitorques, Nob. Mirror bluish-ash 5 chin
white ; a bluish-white band across the bill ; no crest.

Male black, belly white, sides waved with gray ; a chesnut
collar.

Female glossy brownish, face and belly white.

Tufted Duck, Anas fuligula , Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 60.
pi. 67 .fig. 5. Anas rvjitorques , Nob .

Inhabits North America, where it is widely spread : not
uncommon in autumn and early spring in the middle states.
Resembling Fuligula cristata, of the old continent.*

SUBGENUS V. CLANGULA.

Carrots, Cuv . Clangula , Boie. Clangula, Harelda,

Leach. Steph.

Bill short, narrow, elevated, somewhat attenuated at the
end. Nostrils basal, suboval. Tail long, mostly of sixteen
feathers.

Live in extreme northern latitudes.

342. Fuligula clangula, Nob. Mirror white ; under wing-
coverts black ; tail rounded, of sixteen rounded feathers.

Male white 5 back wings and tail black, head tumid, pur-
plish-green, a white spot each side of the head.

* Fuligula cristata , Steph. Mirror white ; bill much wider at tip than
at base; crested.

Male glossy black, belly white ; head with a large flowing crest.

Female similar to the male, colors brownish-black ; crest shorter.

Young destitute of the crest, brown tinged with rusty ; round the eyes
whitish.

Anas fuligula , et scandiaca , Gm. Anas cristata, Ray. Tufted Duck ,
Lath. Le Morillon , Ruff. pi. enl. 1001. adult male.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of the old continent, whence it spreads
widely in Europe, Asia, and the north of Africa : never found as yet in
America, which is extraordinary for an Arctic bird.

394

Synopsis of the Birds

Female cinereous, beneath white; head wholly drab.

Golden eye , Jlnas clangula , Wils. Jim. Orn . viii. p. 62.
pi. 67. fig- 6.

Inhabits the north of both continents, extending far south in
its migrations : common during winter in the middle states,
and in Italy.

343. Fuligula albeola, Nob. Mirror white ; under wing-
coverts white ; tail rounded, of sixteen rounded feathers.

Male varied with black and white; head tumid, purplish-
green ; a large white space on the top of the head from each
eye.

Female wholly sooty black, a white spot each side of the
head.

Bvffel-headed Buck , Anas albeola , Wils. Am. Orn . viii .
p . 51. pi. 67- 2. male. fig. 3. female.

Inhabits North America, not extending to the Arctic circle:
very common during winter throughout the union ; breeding
to the north.

344. Fuligula stelleri, Nob. Mirror metallic black, mar-
gined with white; bill blackish-green; tail cuneiform, of
twelve feathers.

Male white, beneath rusty ; forehead and band on the hind
head greenish ; orbits, throat, collar, and back black.

Female reddish-brown, skirted with ash.

Western Duck , Lath. Anas dispar and Stelleri , Gm,
Platypus Stelleri , Brehm. Steller’s And , Swensk , Zool. ii.
fasc . ii. pi. 62. Omitted in my catalogue.

Inhabits the western coast of North America, and the op-
posite shores of Kamtschatka ; very common at Oonalashka:
strays accidentally in northern and eastern Europe, and most
probably also in Atlantic America. Allied to the subgenus
Oidemia.

345. Fuligula histrionica, Nob. Mirror blue-black ; space

395

of the United States.

before the eye and auriculars, white ; tail cuneiform of four-
teen pointed feathers ; bill very slender, nail curved.

Male bluish-slate, varied with black and white; eyebrows
and flanks rufous.

Female uniform slatish-brown, belly whitish.

Harlequin Duck , Anas histrionica , Wils. Am. Orn. viii.
pi. 139. pi. 72. fig. 4-

Inhabits the Arctic regions of both continents, extending
but little to temperate countries : rare and accidental during
winter in the middle states.

346. Fuligula glacialis, Nob. Mirror brown, subuniform
with the wing ; a whitish space around the eye ; tail cunei-
form, of fourteen pointed feathers.

Male varied w7ith black and white ; middle tail feathers
greatly elongated.

Female sooty brown, beneath white ; crown blackish.

Long-tailed Duck , Anas glacialis, Wils. Am. Orn. viii .
p. 93. pi. 70. fig. l. male. p . 96. pi. 70 fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of both continents, whence it
migrates periodically in winter : very common all along the
coasts of the union : found in temperate Europe, but rare
and accidental.

75. MERGUS.

Mergus, L . Gm . Lath. 111. Cuv. Temm. Vieill. Ranz .
Merganser , Briss. Mergus, Merganser, Steph.

Bill moderate, straight, somewhat cylindrical, depressed
and broader than high at base, narrow, subulate, and somewhat
compressed at the point ; edges serrated, teeth inclined back-
ward, subulate, acute ; upper mandible hooked and unguicu-
lated at tip ; lower shorter, narrower, quite straight, obtuse :
nostrils submedial, lateral, longitudinal, very small, elliptic,
open, pervious, covered by a membrane: tongue thick, fleshy,
almost subulate, furnished above with hard, recurved papillae.
Head moderate, somewhat compressed ; neck well proper-

S96

Synopsis of Birds

tioned ; body large, hardly compressed. Feet placed far
back, turned outward, robust ; tibia much drawn up into the
belly ; tarsus one third shorter than the middle toe, much
compressed ; outer toe longest ; inner shortest ; webs full,
entire ; hind toe equal to a phalanx of the middle one, touch-
ing the ground onty at tip, furnished with a broad membrane :
nails falculate. Wings moderate, very acute ; quills stiff;
first and second primaries subequal, longest. Tail short,
rounded, of from sixteen to twenty feathers.

Female and young differing greatly from the adult male.
Moult annually, the adult male in spring, the female and
young in autumn ? Plumage extremely thick and compact.
Trachea of the male with two large expansions.

Wild : untameable. Live on waters. Migrate according
to season, from cold to temperate countries. Keep in flocks,
the adult males generally by themselves, leaving the young
with the females. Extremely voracious : great destroyers of
fish. Feed almost exclusively on fishes, of which they swal-
low surprising large ones, also on reptiles and insects. Build
among grass near fresli water, rarely on bushes, or in hollow
trees ; nest lined with down ; eggs from eight to fourteen.
The male keeps near the nest while the female alone incu-
bates : young led to the ^ater after food as soon as hatched,
by the mother only, the father showing great unconcern.
Swim deep in the water, the body submerged, the head only
out: dive by plunging, very deeply, and keep under water as
long as they can go without breathing ; reappearing at great
distances, moving with great speed under the surface. Walk
very awkwardly, in an erect posture. Fly very well, rapidly,
and for a long time. Flesh tough, bad tasted.

Inhabit Arctic regions whence they migrate periodically.
Formed of but five species, wantonly multiplied : all the
European, and one besides, found in North America, the other
is South American. Connects its own F amily with that of the
Pygopodes, which it resembles closely in habits.

of the United States .

397

347. Mergus merganser, L. Mirror white uninterrupted;
bill and feet red ; nostrils medial.

Male black, neck and beneath white ; head tufted, purplish-
green.

Female cinereous, beneath white; head rufous.

Goosander , Mergus merganser , Wils . Am . Orn. viii. p . 68.
jpZ. 68. fig. 2. female.

Inhabits the north of both continents, whence it spreads far
to the south during winter : not uncommon all along the
coasts and rivers of the union, as well as in several parts of

348. Mergus serrator, L. Mirror white, crossed with black ;
bill and feet red ; nostrils basal ; a long slender pendent crest.

Male black, neck and beneath white ; head and crest pur-
plish-green.

Female cinereous, head rufous.

Red-breasted Merganser , Mergus serrator , Wils. Am. Orn .
viii. p. 91. pi. 69. fig. 2. male.

Inhabits the north of both continents, visiting during winter
the temperate climes of North America and Europe : com-
mon in spring and autumn in the middle states.

349. Mergus cucullatus, L. Mirror white, crossed W’ith
black ; bill blackish-red ; feet flesh color ; a large circular
crest.

Male black, beneath white ; crest black, white on each side.

Female sooty brown, beneath white; crest wholly rusty-
cinereous.

Hooded Merganser , Mergus cucullatus , Wils . Am. Orn.
viii. p. 79. pi. 69. fig. l. male.

Inhabits North America, breeding in the north, winter-
ing in the south : common in spring and autumn in the mid-
dle states.

350. Mergus albellus, L. Mirror black, crossed with white :
bill and feet bluish.

VOL. II.

398

Synopsis of the Birds

Male white, varied with black ; crown white.

Female cinereous, beneath white ; crown reddish-brown^

Smew, or White Nun , Mergus albellus} Wils . Am. Oru
mii. p. 126. pi. 71. fig. 4. male.

Inhabits the north of both continents : very rare in the
middle states : common in the northern, and in most parts of
Europe.

FAMILY XXYI. STEGANOPODES,

Steganopodes , Lobipedes , III. Finnipedes , Dumeril. To-
tipalmes, Cuv. Syndactyli, Urinatores, Vieill. Pelecanidi,
Goldfuss . Pelecani , Oken , Boie. Cryptorini , Blainville .
Unodactyli, Latr. Steganopodi , Podoa , Ranz. Pelecanidce,
Rallidce , Vigors. Steganopodes, Lobipedes, JVob. View of
the Families. (23.)

Bill longer than the head : nostrils linear, often incon-
spicuous : tongue very short. Skin of the throat generally
naked, dilatable. Feet nearly central, short, robust, 4-toed ;
tibia half, or entirely feathered ; (in one genus tarsus also
half feathered ;) a great portion of the tibia drawn up into
the belly ; toes long, all four connected by a broad mem-
brane, in one genus only, deeply scalloped ; hind toe articu-
lated with the tarsus internally, almost on a level with the
others, directed forward : nails robust, curved, acute. Wings
long ; one of the first two primaries longest. Tail of twelve*
fourteen, or twenty feathers.

Female smaller, similar to the male. Young differing
greatly from the adult, and changing repeatedly. Moult once
or twice in the year, scarcely changing the colors of their
plumage.

Walk awkwardly. Rest on the branches of trees, which*
as well as other objects, they are capable of grasping, though
they may be styled web-footed by eminence. Dive with
great agility, several also under water : the long-winged

399

of the United States .

species hardly ever walk or swim. Excel in flight, some spe-
cies flying continually day and night for several days, without
resting. Feed chiefly on fishes : voracious : great consumers.
Breed on trees or rocks, very few on the ground : eggs few :
both sexes incubate, nurse, and feed by regurgitation, the
young, which only leave the nest when full-fledged. Flesh
black, oily, bad tasted. Some species may be trained to fish
for man.

Traced in all latitudes and longitudes. More closely re-
lated to the Longipennes, than to any other Family : ought
siot to be separated from them by the Lamellosodentati, nor
ought they to separate these from the Pygopodes.

A. Bill seamed above.

76. PELECANUS.

Pelecanus , L. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv . Temm. Vieill. Ranz.
Onocrotalus , Briss. Scopoli .

Bill very long, broad, stout, straight, much depressed ;
upper mandible convex at base, then plane, seamed on each
side, ridge distinct, ending in a compressed, robust, and
strongly hooked nail ; lower broader, formed of two flexible
cartilaginous branches united at tip, supporting a naked
membrane, capable of forming by distention a pouch of great
size, extending beyond the throat ; edges of the upper man-
dible plane internally, separated from the palate by two lon-
gitudinal, approximated, sharp processes, palate carinated ;
lower edges sharp : nostrils in the furrow, basal, linear, lon-
gitudinal, hardly distinguishable : tongue cartilaginous, very
small, obtuse and arcuated at tip. Head moderate, face and
cheeks naked ; eyes rather large ; neck long, stoutish : body
massive. Feet nearly central, short, robust; tibia naked
below ; tarsi shorter than the second toe, stout, naked ;
middle toe longest, one third longer than the outer ; hind toe
shortest, hardly half as long as the middle one ; connecting

400

Synopsis of the Birds

membrane broad, full, entire : nails falculate ; the middle one
with its edge entire or pectinated. Wings moderate, ample;
second primary longest; secondaries reaching to the prima-
ries. Tail rounded, of twenty feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young differing greatly from
the adult for a long period. Moult annually. Plumage short,
very thick and close. Colors white or cinereous. Size ex-
ceedingly large ; largest of the Family.

Live near w ater, either fresh or salt. Fly for long periods,
reaching the highest regions of the atmosphere. Swim and
dive admirably. Alight on the branches of trees, grasping
firmly. Feed on fishes, which they catch with great adroit-
ness, and keep in their gular pouch, emptying it by degrees
as the digestion proceeds. Exceedingly voracious : consu-
ming at a single meal more than six men. Rise sometimes
to a great height, sometimes skimming the surface of the
water, or balancing at a moderate elevation, and pouncing
headlong with a loud noise and great agitation of the water :
fishing in the morning and evening until their large bag is
quite full, then retiring to a large rock or tree, to eat and di-
gest at ease : when wishing to disgorge a fish, press their bag
against their breast, hence fabulously said to feed their young
by tearing their own body. Often uniting in great numbers
to chase more successfully, encircling and beating a large
piece of water, employing different stratagems to frighten the
fish into a restricted space, where they seize them. Breed
on rocks near water, nest flat on the ground, deep, lined with
soft weeds : eggs from two to four. Affectionate parents.
Sight keen, discerning their prey from a great elevation.
Voice hoarse, powerful.

Spread all over the warm and temperate regions of the
globe, even one of the species. Formed of five species.

351. Pelecanus onocrotalus, L. Middle nail entire; prima-
ries black ; first much longer than the fifth.

Adult white tinged with rose color ; a slender crest.

401

of the United States .

Young whitish-gray ; back and wings dark cinereous.

The Pelican , Edw. Glean, jpl. 92. adult. Le Pelican ,
Buff. pi. enl . 87. adult. Le Pelican des Philippines, Bvff.pl .
ew/. 965. young. P. onocrotalus, roseus, manillen sis, philipp en-
sis, auct.

Inhabits throughout the world : rare and accidental on the
coasts of the middle states.

352. Pelecanus fuscus, L. Middle nail serrated internally :
primaries black, shafts white; first equal to the fifth.

Adult blackish-ash, back and wings hoary; crown yel-
lowish ; neck deep chesnut, margined each side with white.

Young wholly brownish.

Brown Pelican, Pelecanus fuscus , JYob. Am. Orn. v. pi.
P. fuscus, Vieill. Gal. des Oiseaux pi. 276* Pelican brun
d'Amerique, Buff. pi. enl. 957. P. fuscus, carolinensis, tra -
chyrhyncos or erythrorhyncos, auct.

Inhabits the southern states, the West Indies, Mexico, and
South America : common in the southern states, where it
breeds.

77. PHALACROCORAX.

Pelecanus, L. Gm. Lath. Phalacrocorax, Briss. Cuv. Du-
meril. Dumont. Banz. Halieus, 111. Olcen. Carbo, Lacep.
Meyer. Temm . Brehm. Hydrocorax, Vieill.

Bill moderate, robust, thick, straight, compressed ; upper
mandible seamed and rounded above, with the ridge distinct,
unguiculated and hooked at the point, rather obtuse ; lower
somewhat shorter, truncated at tip, osseous throughout, fur-
nished at base with a small naked coriaceous membrane pro-
duced on the throat : nostrils in the furrows, basal, lateral,
linear, hardly visible: tongue cartilaginous, very short, carina-
ted above, papillous beneath, obtuse. Hind head very protu-
berant ; face and small pouch naked ; neck rather short, of
moderate strength : body compressed. Feet short, robust,

402

Synopsis of (he Birds

somewhat turned outward ; tibia much drawn up into the
belly, wholly feathered ; tarsus naked, one third shorter than
the outer toe, much compressed, carinated before and behind ;
outer toe longest, edged externally by a small membrane ;
connecting membrane broad, full, entire; hind toe half as
long as the middle : nails moderate, curved, broad, bluntish ;
middle nail serrated on the inner edge, equal to the others.
Wings moderate, slender ; quills stiff ; second and third pri-
maries longest. Tail rounded, of twelve or fourteen rigid
feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young, especially yearling,
differing greatly from the adult. Moult twice in the year,
acquiring additional ornaments in winter. Plumage very
thick and close. Colors black.

Keep in families near water. Fly well and rapidly. Alight
on branches, or sit for hours on high rocks, with their wings
spread open. Walk in an erect posture, awkwardly, resting
on their rigid tail. Swim admirably, deep in the water, ge-
nerally their head only appearing. Dive after their prey :
remain long, and advance rapidly under water, pursuing their
prey with the aid of their wings. Feed almost exclusively on
fishes. Retire from the water with their prey in their bill ;
in order to swallow it head foremost, toss it up in the air,
catching it as it falls. Build on high trees or rocks, or even
on the ground among reeds : nest made with little ar.t, and of
coarse materials ; eggs three or four, whitish. May be trained
to fish for man.

Spread all over the world. Species rather numerous,
about fifteen.

353. Phalacrocorax cared, Dumont. Bill four inches long ;
tail moderate, rounded, of fourteen feathers.

Adult glossy black ; a white collar on the throat ; in win-
ter, a golden green crest ; head, neck and thighs with long,
slender, silky, white feathers.

Young blackish, beneath mixed with whitish.

403

of the United States ,

Pelecanus carlo , L . Carbo cormoranus , Temm. Le Cor-
moran, Buff. pi. enl. 927. adult in full dress. Corvorant of
IVilson’s list.

Inhabits the north of both continents : rare and migratory
in the United States.

354. Phalacrocorax graculus, Dumont. Bill three and a half
inches long ; tail very long, conic, of twelve feathers.

Adult greenish-black ; a few scattered white streaks on the
neck ; in winter bronzed, a golden-green crest ; head, neck
and thighs, with short small white feathers.

Young blackish, more or less mixed with whitish beneath.

Pelecanus graculus, L. Carbo graculus, Temm. Fou
brun de Cayenne, Buff. pi. enl. 974. young. Pelecanus parvus,
Gm . Lath, young.

Inhabits both continents and both hemispheres : not un-
common in spring and autumn in the middle states : very com-
mon in Florida, where it breeds ! though very abundant in
the Arctic and Antarctic circles.

355. Phalacrocorax cristatus, Dumont. Bill very slender,
three and a half inches long ; tail very short, rounded, of
twelve feathers.

Adult bright golden-green, without white feathers : in win-
ter a broad, long, golden tuft on the top of the head, and
a slender crest behind.

Young blackish, beneath more or less whitish.

Crested Shag, Lath. Pelecanus cristatus, Gm. Carlo
cristatus, Temm . pi. col. 322. adult in full dress. Carlo Ira -
chyurus, Brehm.

Inhabits the north of both continents : rather rare, and
during winter only, in the United States.

356. Phalacrocorax pygmjeus, Dumont. Bill one inch and &
half long, shorter than the head ; tail long, cuneiform, of
twelve feathers : scapulars long, subulate.

Adult black, slightly glossed with green ; eyebrows dotted

404

Synopsis of the Birds

with white ; orbits and pouch black : even in winter no crest,
head, neck and thighs, finely streaked with white.

Young blackish, beneath whitish ; orbits and pouch yel-
lowish.

Dwarf Shag , Lath . Pelecanus pygmceus , Pallas , Reise. it.
p. 7l2.jp/. G . Carbo pygmceus, Temm,

Inhabits the north of both continents ? common in northern
Asia, and eastern Europe.

357. Phalacrocorax africanus, Dumont. Bill two inches
ong, longer than the head ; tail long, rounded, of twelve
feathers ; scapulars long, subulate ; size very small.

Adult black, slightly glossed with green ; throat white.

Young blackish, beneath whitish.

African Shag. Pelecanus africanus , Gm. Lath. Not in
my Catalogue.

Inhabits both continents :* not found in Europe.

78. TACHYPETES.

Pelecanus , L. Gm. Lath. Scopoli. Sula, Briss. Fregata ,
Lacep. Cuv. Dumeril. Halieus , 111. Often. Tachypetes , Vieill.
Temm. Ranz.

Bill longer than the head, robust, dilated and entire on
the margins ; both mandibles strongly hooked and acuminate
at the point $ upper unguiculated, very acute, depressed at

* We are somewhat doubtful, whether this and the preceding species
are entitled to a place in this Synopsis, particularly P. pygmaeus, of which
we have seen but one specimen said to be American, and there is reason
to doubt, whether that was really killed in the United States. We have
less reason for suspecting the nativity of P. africanus, having seen several
reported American, specimens. At all events, in such a case as this, as it
is not introducing a nominal species, we have preferred abundance to de-
ficiency. A species of this genus which we are not prepared to exem-
plify, perhaps the P. brasilianus, inhabits the United States.

405

of the United States .

base, ridge deeply grooved each side, edges dilated, sharp,
entire : nostrils in the farrows, basal, linear, obsolete :
tongue very short, lanceolate : gape very wide : orbits and
lores naked : throat dilatable, pouch large. Head moderate ;
eyes large : neck moderate : body compressed, elongated.
Feet very short, drawn up into the belly; tibiae wholly
feathered ; tarsus one third shorter than the outer toe, much
compressed, carinated before and behind, half feathered ; toes
long, semipalmated, the connecting membrane being deeply
indented ; second much the longest ; outer longer, but
subequal to the inner, edged exteriorly by a small mem-
brane ; hind toe half as long as the middle; nails large,
curved, acute : middle serrated on the inner edge, twice as
large as the others. Wings extremely long, very narrow ;
first primary longest, the others decreasing successively very
much. Tail deeply forked, of twelve flaccid feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young differing from the
adult, and changing repeatedly. Moult twice a year, chang-
ing somewhat in color. Plumage not water proof. Colors
black.

Tyrants of the ocean. Associate in small flocks. Keep
constantly on the wing, flying swiftly against the strongest
gales, and rising above the clouds. Easily distinguished at
a distance. Traversing rapidly vast spaces, and appearing
farthest at sea, though hardly able to rest on the water
on account of the nature of their plumage. Never dive
nor swim. Resting only on trees, or on high rocks : unable
to rise, and easily caught when on the ground. Following
large voracious fishes in pursuit of small ones, in order to
catch the latter as they leap out of water, often seizing the
pursuer himself. Prey also on the Pelicans, but especially
on the Gulls and Boobies, which they compel, always keep-
ing above them, to drop the fruits of their industry, or even
to disgorge what they had swallowed, seizing it before it
reaches the water. Flight very rapid. Sight very keen.
Vol.IL 51

406

Synopsis of the Birds

Pouncing from the sky on flying fishes, and never missing
in the air ; unable to fish in water, from which they could
not rise again ; skim the surface, or lie suspended with their
wings raised over their back. Breed on trees on desert
shores, or on elevated rocks : eggs one or two.

Chiefly tropical. Formed of but two species, of which
one is even doubtful. Analogous in form and habits to the
Accipitres, especially the Eagles, which they replace on the
sea.*

358. Tachypetes aquilus, Yieill. Purplish-black : orbits
black ; shaft of the outer tail feather white beneath.

Adult, summer plumage ? head white.

Young, part of the breast and belly white.

Frigate , Tachypetes aquilus , Nob. Am. Orn. v. Grande
Fregate de Cayenne , Buff. pi. enl. 961. Pelecanus aquilus ,
leucocephalus, et palmerstoni , Gm . Lath . Tachypetes aquila ,
Vieill. Gal. des Ois. pi. 274.

Inhabits the tropical seas, spreading somewhat in each
temperate zone : not uncommon during summer on the
coasts of the United States, as far north as South Carolina.
The changes of plumage in this species, are not yet wel|
known.

79. SULA.

Sula, Briss . Cuv. Temm. JRanz. Pelecanus , L . Gm. Lath.
Dysporus , III. Morus, (since Sula) Vieill.

Bill longer than the head, cleft beyond the eyes, robust,
straight, conic-elongated, very stout at base, compressed,
mandibles subequal ; upper seamed each side, ridge distinct,

* This analogjr, observed by Linne, as is evident from his specific name,
has lately been mistaken for affinity.

of the United States .

407

rounded, slightly curved at the point, edges obliquely serra-
ted : nostrils in the furrows, basal, linear, much elongated ,
hardly distinguishable : tongue very short, oval : gape wide.
Head rather small ; eyes rather large ; lores and orbits
naked, pouch small ; neck rather short and robust ; body
rather large. Feet short, robust, drawn up into the belly ;
tarsi naked, one third shorter than the outer toe, rounded be-
fore, carinated behind ; outer toe somewhat longest, bor-
dered exteriorly by a small membrane ; hind toe one third the
length of the outer ; connecting membrane broad, full entire ;
nails moderate, curved, rather acute ; middle serrated on its
inner edge ; hind nail merely rudimental, rounded, not pro-
jecting beyond the toe. Wings long, acute, tuberculated ;
first and second primaries longest. Tail cuneiform, of
twelve rigid feathers.

Female similar to the male, smaller. Young very differ-
ent from the adult, and changing repeatedly for several years,
even increasing in size. Moult annually. Plumage thick
and close. Colors white or dusky.

Cowardly and stupid to excess : though strong and well
armed, neither resist or try to escape danger : suffer them-
selves to be taken or killed, and permit the Frigate or Les-
tris, to deprive them of their prey, disgorging when hard
pushed what they have swallowed. Live on rocks near
the sea, constantly flying about, usually not far from the
shore, though not certain indications of land. Fly with the
neck stretched out, and the tail spread. Hardly ever swim,
never dive. Walk awkwardly, standing erect, and supported
by their rigid tail : cannot take a start from the ground,
hence alight on elevated points. Fish by hovering with still,
expanded wings, falling on their prey while at the surface of
the water. Resort in great numbers to desert islands, where
they breed in society. Build on trees, rocks, or even on
the ground ; eggs one, or two at most. Young for a long
time covered with very soft, pure, white down.

408

Synopsis of the Birds

Spread all over the warm and temperate regions of the
globe, some species even ; others migrating in summer very
far north. Species extremely few : two in the United States.
Closely related in form and habits to the Family Longi-
pennes, especially to the larger, stout-billed Sternse. Con-
necting the Longipennes and Steganopodes.

359. Sula bassana, Lacep. White, crown yellowish , quill-
feathers black ; shafts inferiorly white ; face bluish.

Young blackish brown, spotted with white, beneath brown-
ish-cinereous.

Gannet of Wilson's list . Felecanus bassanus . L . Peleca-
nus maculahis , Gm. young . Sula alba, Temm. Le Fou de
Bassan, Buff. pi. enl. 278. ctd. Lefou tacliete de Cayenne
Buff. pi. enl. 986. young.

Inhabits both continents : common during summer on the
coasts of the United States, especially the southern.

360. Sula fusca, Briss. Blackish-brown, beneath white ;
primaries black ; face red.

Young spotted with white and brown.

Booby , Catesby Car. i. pi. 87. Sula fusca, Vieill. GaL
des Ois. pi. 277. Felecanus sula, L. Buff.pl. enl. 973. Sula ,
et Sula fusca, Briss. Omitted in my Catalogue.

Inhabits sea coasts throughout the warm parts of the globe *
common in summer on the coasts of the southern states.

B. Upper mandible of one piece.

80. PHAETON.

Phaeton, L. Gm. Lath. III. Cuv. Temm . Vieill. Ranz .
hepturus, Briss.

Bill as long as the head, stout, somewhat robust, hard,
much compressed, convex above, straight and acute at tip ;
mandibles equal ; upper slightly curved towards the point,
margins dilated and sharp at base, then compressed, and
finely serrated obliquely : nostrils basal, lateral, longitudinal.

409

of the United States .

concave, narrow, pervious, half closed by a membrane :
tongue very short. Head and throat wholly feathered, the
former depressed, moderate ; eyes rather large ; neck shortj
thick ; body moderate, rather plump. Feet very short ; tarsi
naked, shorter than the second toe : exterior elongated, mid-
dle longest ; outer edged exteriorly by a small membrane ;
hind toe one third the length of the middle one : connecting
membrane broad, full, entire : nails moderately curved, acute ;
middle with the inner edge entire. Wings long, tubercula-
ted ; first primary longest. Tail short, of twelve or fourteen
feathers ; middle one very narrow, much elongated.

Female similar in color to the male, but much smaller.
Young differ greatly from the adult, changing repeatedly.
Moult twice a year. Plumage thick and close. Colors white.

Keep in families, chiefly in remote aud desert islands, ap-
pearing at wonderful distances from the land. Excel in flight,
able to rest for a long time, and even sleep on the water.
Never dive, even partially. Hardly able to walk, alighting
on trees, or rocks, occasionally on the rigging of vessels.
Feed chiefly on the flying fishes abounding between the
tropics : seize them by skimming the surface of the water.
Build in hollow trees, or on inaccessible cliffs : eggs two :
young at first covered with very fine soft white down.
Sight keen. Remarkable in their appearance : sure indi-
cations of the torrid zone, not, however, of the proximity of
land.

Tropical, spread all around the globe. Composed of but
three species, multiplied, owing to their changes. Related
to the Family Longipennes, especially the genus Sterna.

361. Phaeton ^thereus, L. White varied with black; bill
red ; tail cuneiform, of fourteen feathers.

Adult somewhat tinged with rose ; long tail feathers red.

Tropic bird of Wilson’s list . Buff. pi. enl. 979. ad. Id. 998.
young . Phaeton phcenicurus , Vieill. Gal . des Ois. pi. 279. ad .

410

Synopsis of the Birds

Inhabits the tropical seas : common during summer on the
coasts of the southern states.

81. PLOTUS.

Plotus, L. Gm. Lath . Ill . Cuv. i Vieill. Temm. Ranz .
Anhinga , Briss . Forster . Ptinx , Moehring. Merganser , Bar -
rere Klein.

Bill longer than the head, very slender, straight, conic-
elongated, acuminate, much compressed, very acute, mandi-
bles equal ; edges finely serrated obliquely at the point ;
upper mandible perfectly straight throughout, margins dila-
ted at base, compressed and bent in towards the point ; lower
hardly shorter, somewhat obtusely angular beneath : nostrils
in a slight obliterated furrow, basal, longitudinal, linear,
scarcely apparent : tongue very short, involved in the mem-
brane of the mouth. Head small, elongated, cylindrical ;
face and throat naked ; eyes moderate : neck very long and
slender, bent in the middle : body massive. Feet short,
stout, drawn up into the belly ; tarsus half shorter than the
middle toe, robust, naked ; outer toe somewhat longest ; hind
toe half as long as the outer : connecting membrane broad,
full, entire : nails robust, curved, very acute, the middle pec-
tinated on the inner edge. Wings moderate, tuberculated $
first primary equal to the fourth ; second and third longest.
Tail long, spreading, of twelve feathers ; feathers broad,
rounded, rigid, deeply striated, and appearing figured.

Female similar to the male. Young differing much from
the adult, and changing repeatedly. Moult twice in the year,
acquiring additional ornamental feathers in the spring. Plu-
mage very soft, close, and downy. Colors black.

Exceedingly aquatic. Extremely shy and vigilant. Live
in families, keeping in fresh water, far from the sea. Never
walk nor remain on the wing, resting only on trees, whence
they plunge directly into their favorite element : swim very
deep, their head only appearing above water, and even that

411

of the United States „

is withdrawn at the least appearance of danger. Neck kept
constantly vibrating, in flight stretched forward. When alarm-
ed, drop from the limbs where they sit in company, silently
sliding into the water, re-appearing at a distance, their slender
neck and small head being easily mistaken for a snake. Feed
on fishes, which they catch dexterously, darting at them with
their sharp bill and long neck, swallowing small ones entire,
and retiring to a rock to tear the larger in pieces with their
claws. Build in trees, nest constructed with sticks: eggs
few in number.

Confined to the warm parts of both continents. Species
only two.

362. Plotus anhinga, L. Black, varied with hoary : scapu-
lars short, lanceolate ; naked space on the throat extensive,
black.

Adult, belly black ; in spring, hind head with long, slen-
der, black feathers.

Young, neck and beneath whitish.

Black-bellied Darter , Plotus melanogaster , Wils. ix.p. 79.
pi. 74 .fig. 1. adult, and p. 82. pl> 74. fig . 2. young . P. me-
lanogaster, Uieill. Gal. des Ois. pi. 278. ad. bad figure .
Buff.pl. enl. 960. ad.pl. enl. 959. young.

Inhabits during summer the rivers of the southern states :
also Mexico and South America : common throughout the
year in Florida.*

* Plotus Vaillantii , Temm. Black varied wih hoary; crown .rufous,
scapulars long, subulate ; naked space of the throat very small, yellow.

Adult, beneath black ; in breeding season, sides of the neck with long,
slender, white feathers.

Young, beneath pale rufous.

Plotus Vaillantii , Temm. pi. col. 380. ad. in full dress. Buff. pL
enl. 106. bad figure.

Inhabits eastern and southern Africa, India, and Oceania.

412

Synopsis of the Birds

82. HELIORNIS*

Flotus , Gm. Lath . Grebe-Foulques, Buff. Colymbus ,
Lacepede. Heliornis , Bonaterre . Vieill. Podoa , I//. Temm .
Ranz. JYob. Jin. Table.

Bill moderate, straight, cylindric-compressed, subulate,
somewhat curved and notched at tip, acute ; edges sharp,
entire ; mandibles equal ; upper slightly furrowed each side
nearly its whole length, depressed above, margins dilated
at base ; lower straight, angular beneath : nostrils in the
furrow, medial, lateral, longitudinal, concave, oblong, cover-
ed by a membrane, open in the middle, pervious. Head
small, entirely feathered ; eyes moderate ; neck moderate,
slender: body elongated. Feet short; tibiae almost
entirely feathered ; tarsi somewhat rounded : anterior toes
long, rather slender ; hind toe short, touching the ground at
lip only ; connecting membrane much indented, very deeply
scalloped, merely bordering the anterior toes ; hind toe not
only free, but simple : nails short, compressed, curved, acute.
Wings moderate, acute, sub-tuberculated ; second and third
primaries longest. Tail spreading, of twelve feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young differing somewhat
from the adult. Moult twice a year, hardly changing the
colors of their plumage. Plumage very thick, close, and
downy. Colors brownish.

Very active. Keep on rivers and creeks, fly well : swim
and dive admirably : walk very awkwardly, hardly ever rest-
ing but on their favourite element. Feed on fishes and
aquatic animals, but especially winged insects, which they
seize in the air with great dexterity. Breed on the ground
in marshes, near water. Often expanding their wings and tail.

* Having ascertained the priority of this name, we make it a duty to
adopt it in preference to that given by Illiger.

of the United States .

413

Confined to warm portions of America and Africa. Formed
of but two species, differing from each other as the subgenus
Holopodius from the other Phalaropodes. Anomalous: buffet-
led about in different Families, and even Orders. Whatever be
its artificial character, its natural station is undoubtedly next
to Plotus, as is evident from its form, habits, and especially
its skeleton. The digital membrane is so deeply indented,
as to give rise to some doubt whether it exists ; but the cha-
racter, though almost obsolete, is still preserved.

363. Heliornis surtnamensis, Vieill. Brown, beneath whitish ;
sides of the neck striped with black and white ; bill and feet
dusky, the latter barred with black, toes semipalmated ; tail
rounded, feathers broad.

Surinam Darter , Plotus surinamensis, Lath. Podoa suri-
namensis , 111. Le Grebe-Foulque , Buff. jpl. cnl . 893.

Inhabits the warmest parts of America : an accidental visi-
tant in summer in the middle states/4

FAMILY XXVII. PYGOPODES.

Pygopodes, III. Goldfuss. Brevipennes , Dumeril. Bra -
chypteres, Cuv. Latr. Urinatores, Brachypteri , Vieill.
Urice , Olcen. Colymbini subalati , Blainville. Colymbi, Alcce,
Fraterculce , Boie. Marangoni , Ditichi, Ranz. Colymbidce ,
Alcadee, Vigors. Pygopodes , Lobipedes , Nob. An. Tab.
Fam.

Bill short or moderate, more or less compressed, straight,
or curved towards the point, acute ; margins entire, bent in ;
nostrils basal, lateral, narrow, pervious, half closed by a

* Heliornis senegalensis , Vieill. Brown, beneath while ; sides of the
neck and back speckled with black ; bill and feet red ; outer toes con-
nected at base only ; inner cleft ! tail cuneiform, feathers narrow.
Heliornis senegalensis , Vieill. Gal. des. Ois. pi. 280.

Inhabits Africa, particularly Senegal.

Vol. JL • * 52

414

Synopsis of the Birds

membrane. Head small, oblong, depressed above, more or
less attenuated before ; base of the bill more or less feathered :
neck of moderate length and strength ; body thick, more or
less depressed. Feet placed very far back, turned outward,
a great portion of the tibia enveloped in the skin of the belly ;
tarsus shorter than the middle toe, extremely compressed ;
toes three or four, disposed 3 — 0, 3 — 1 ; three anterior long,
slender, either wholly palmated, or lobated ; hind toe free,
short or wanting : nails moderate, curved, acute, depressed.
Wings short ; first, or first second and third primaries long-
est. Tail very short, of from twelve to twenty feathers, or
wanting, and in its place a tuft of downy feathers.

Female smaller, similar in color to the male. Young dif-
fering much from the adult, and changing for several years.
Moult twice a year, almost always changing their colors, and
in full plumage, sometimes displaying ornamental feathers.
Plumage excessively close, often smooth and silvery : down
soft, shining, impermeable. Colors generally dull, dark
above, beneath white.

Eminently aquatic. Keep almost always in the water,
diving and swimming below the surface with unrivalled agili-
ty, spreading their wings and using them as fins. Hardly
ever walk, and then with the greatest difficulty and awkward-
ness, the body erect, and resting on the tarsus as well as the
toes, almost falling at every step, and when down unable to
rise. Flight limited, wings in some totally unfit for it. Feed on
fishes, reptiles, insects, and rarely, aquatic plants. Breed in
the clefts of rocks, or among water plants near the shore,
some in society. Monogamous : eggs very few, mostly one,
rarely two. Both sexes sit, and feed the young for some time.
Flesh dry, hard, oily, bad tasted, though relished by the
Arctic tribes, to whom they are highly useful, supplying them
with food and clothing, dresses being made of their skins.
Eggs good ; young edible.

Spread all over the globe, but chiefly Arctic. Formed of

of the United States .

415

our seven genera. Related by some links to the Longipen-
nes, by Mergus to the Lamellosodentati, and by Alca impen-
nis to the Impennes, which return into the Steganopodes.

A. Feet 4-toed.

Urinatores, Vieill. Colymbi , Boie. Marangoni , Ranz.
Colymbidce , Vigors.

* Toes lobated.

83. PODICEPS.

Colymbus, L . Gm . Briss . 1ZZ. Ranz. Podiceps, Temm.
Vieill .

Bill moderate, rather slender, robust, hard, straight, com-
pressed, conic-elongated, acute, entire ; upper mandible
deeply and broadly furrowed each side at base, somewhat
curved at tip ; low£r navicular ; edges bent in : nostrils in
the furrows, basal, lateral, concave, oblong, pervious, poste-
riorly half closed by a membrane : tongue moderate, acute,
slightly emarginate at tip. Head small, oblong ; lores naked;
eyes near the bill ; neck rather long, slender : body boat-
shaped, back elevated. Feet turned outward, placed ex-
tremely far back ; tibia almost hidden in the belly ; tarsus
shorter than the outer toe, exceedingly compressed, carinated
before and behind, posterior carina doubly serrated ; anterior
toes greatly depressed, connected at base by a membrane
forming a broad lobe all around each toe, outer toe longest,
lobe of the middle toe broad, subequal, thrice as broad as
that of the lateral ; hind toe compressed, articulated inter-
nally with the tarsus, equal to a phalanx of the fore toe,
edged with a very narrow membrane, internally with a broad
rounded one : nails much depressed, quite plane, broad ob-
tuse, not reaching beyond the lobes ; middle one largest,
slightly pectinated ; hind nails very small. Wings short,
narrow ; three outer primaries subequal, longest. Tail
wanting, in its place a small tuft of short downy feathers.

416

Synopsis of the Birds

Female similar to the male. Young extremely different
from the adult, not assuming their full dress before the second
year of their life. Adult generally greatly distinguished by
crest and ruffs. Moult in spring and autumn, changing
greatly th.eir colors, and periodically losing their ornaments.
Plumage remarkably thick, compact and silky, beneath glos-
sy. Colors blackish above, beneath silvery white.

Exclusively aquatic. Live, sleep and breed on the water r
keep chiefly on fresh water, very active, swim and dive
admirably, springing in the water, moving rapidly on or
below the surface ; when submerged the neck is stretched,
the body elongated, and the wings brought close to it, in
order to offer the least resistance, paddling with great speed,
the feet moving laterally ; descending to great depths in pur-
suit of fish ; owing to which they are often caught in fisher-
men’s nets. Migrate by water : when cast on shore, move
their feet and wings unsuccessfully for a long time ; never come
willingly to land, except to breed : hardly able to walk,
standing erect on account of the position of their legs. Flight
limited, when elevated, sufficiently rapid. Feed on fishes^
reptiles, insects, and occasionally on water plants. Breed in
submerged marshes, fixing their nest to reeds and marsh plants
near fresh wTater, often afloat : nest composed of dry grass,
lined with down from their own bodies : eggs 3 — 6, which
they cover until down and abandon reluctantly. Young
covered with soft down, beautifully spotted, led by both parents
into the water, and soon able to provide for themselves. The
mother swims with her young on her back, and keeps them
under her wing when diving.

Spread all over the world, but chiefly Arctic, most of the
species retiring in summer to cold regions to breed.

f Bill slender from the base, subcylindric, point straight,
subulate. Nostrils elongated.

417

of the United States .

364. Podiceps cristatus, Lath. Bill longer than the head,
from the front to the tip two inches, reddish, white at the
point neck beneath, front, and secondaries, white.

Adult in full plumage, neck and breast white ; sides of the
head reddish, a flat occipital tuft and a broad ruff on each
side of the neck, black.

Young dull, obscurely spotted, destitute of the ornamental
feathers.

Crested Grebe of Wilson’s list. Buff. pi. enl. 400. adult.
Id. 944. and 941. young in different stages. Colymbus podi-
ceps, cristatus et urinator , auct.

Inhabits the north of both continents : rare in the middle
states, and only during winter : common in the interior and
on the lakes.

365. Podiceps rubricollis, Lath. Bill as long as the head,
from the front to the tip one inch and a half, yellow, point
black ; neck beneath reddish ; front black ; secondaries
white.

Adult, cheeks and throat ash-color ; neck and beneath ru-
fous; crown, and neck above narrowly, black; a short oc-
cipital black crest; no ruff.

Young much duller and spotted ; no occipital crest ; cheeks
and throat white, the former striped with black.

Red-necked Grebe , Lath. Colymbus rubricollis , subcrista-
tus et parotis , auct. Buff. pi. enl. 931.

Inhabits the north of both continents : rare, and during
winter only in the middle states : very common in Arctic
America.

3G6. Podiceps cornutus, Lath. Bill shorter than the head,
one inch long from the front, compressed throughout ; secon-
daries white ; twelve outer primaries entirely brown.

Adult blackish, beneath white ; neck and breast rufous ; a
broad black ruff round the neck ; a long tuft of reddish
feathers behind each eye above.

418

Synopsis of the Birds

Young pure white beneath, nearly meeting on the back of
the neck ; no ornamental feathers.

Horned Grebe , or Dobchick , Edw. Glean, pi. 1 45. adult.
Black and white Dobchick , Id. pi. 96. fig. l young. Buff. pi.
cnl. 404. fig. 2 • adult. 942. young . Colymbus , or Podiceys
cornutus , caspicus, nigricans , et obscurus, auct.

Inhabits the north of both continents : common during win-
ter, the young especially, in the middle states.*

ff Bill very stout, especially at base, much compressed,
curved at the point. Nostrils rounded.

S67. Podiceps carolinensis, Lath. Bill much shorter than the
head, three quarters of an inch long from the front, much
compressed throughout, hooked at tip ; neck beneath dusky ;
all the quills brown.

Adult, none of the quills white, feathers of the hind neck
elongated, throat black ; bill with a black band.

Young ferruginous on the sides; throat white ; bill with-
out a band.

Pied-bill Dobchick , Catesb. Car. i. pi. 91. adult. Buff.pl.
enl. 943. young. Colymbus podiceps, ludovicianus , Gm. Little
Grebe of Wilson’s list.

Inhabits the whole continent of America, not extending as

* Podiceps auritus Lath. Bill shorter than the head, five eighths of an
nch long from the front, depressed at base, recurved at the point, black;
secondaries white ; inner primaries white on the inner vane.

Adult blackish, beneath white ; neck and breast black ; crest and ruff
very short, black ; a long slender tuft of reddish feathers behind each eye
and beneath, covering the ears.

Young pure white beneath, this color extending but little on the occi-
put ; no ornaments.

Eared Dobchick , Edw. Glean, pi. 9 S.jig. 2. Colymbus auritus, Gm.

Inhabits the north of the old continent, and possibly of America : com-
mon in eastern Europe, found in Italy.

419

of the United States .

far to the north ; common from Canada to Louisiana, migra-
ting in the middle states. Resembles Podiceps minor of the
old continent, with which it has been confounded, but is well
distinguished by the bill.

** Toes palmated.

84. COLYMBUS.

Colymbas , L. Gm. Lath. Temm. Vieill. Urinator, Lacep.
Mergus , Briss. Eudytes , 111. Ranz.

Bill longer than the head, stout, robust, straight, nearly
cylindric, compressed, point subulate, acute ; edges bent in,
sharp, entire 5 upper mandible somewhat rounded above,
slightly curved at the point ; lower hardly shorter, quite
straight, navicular : nostrils basal, lateral, concave, longitu-
dinal, oblong, pervious, half covered by a membrane : tongue
lanceolate, fimbriated backwards at base. Head rather large,
narrowed before, the feathers advancing between the nostrils ;
lores feathered ; eyes small, placed near the bill : neck mode-
rate, rather stout : body massive, somewhat depressed. Feet
large, placed very far back ; tibia almost entirely drawn up
into the belly ; tarsus shorter than the outer toe, exceedingly
compressed, sharp on both sides, posterior edge simple, en-
tire ; anterior toes long, wholly palmated ; outer longest ;
inner shorter than the middle one ; hind toe small, touching
the ground merely at tip, connected to the outer by a very
small rudimental membrane, bordering the inner toe inter-
nally at base ; nails short, compressed, but somewhat flat-
tened, not reaching beyond the web ; middle nail longest,
hind nail small, acuminate. Wings moderate ; quills stiff .
first and second primaries longest. Tail very short, rounded,
of eighteen or twenty feathers.

Female similar to the male. Young very different from
the adult until the third or fourth year. Moult twice in the
year without changing their colors. Plumage very thick and

420 Synopsis of the Birds

glossy. Colors above remarkably bright for this Family,
beneath white.

Live by pairs or small parties : keep during winter at sea,
in summer on fresh water. Travel principally by water, very
seldom employing the power of flying, which they possess in
no inconsiderable degree : fly only in breeding time, or when
leading their young to the sea, then high and rapidly. . Dive
to the bottom of the deepest rivers with noise, and motion of
their wings, but not springing in the water, in paddling move
their feet diagonally : dive instantaneously at the flash of a
gun, and avoid the shot. When compelled to walk, use their
wings against the ground. Feed principally on fishes, which
they catch under water and devour on the surface ; also on
small aquatic animals and plants. Breed near fresh water,
generally in some islet : nest of dry aquatic weeds : eggs
2 — 4, elongated. Young follow the mother, plunging into
water when the nest is disturbed. Voice shrill, acute, terrific.

Inhabit the northern hemisphere, retiring in summer to the
highest northern latitudes. Species five, wantonly multiplied.

368. Colymbus glacialts, L. Bill more than four and a
quarter inches long; upper mandible straight; lower wider
in the middle, channelled beneath, recurved : tail of twenty
feathers.

Adult black, speckled with white, beneath white ; head
and neck glossy black ; an interrupted collar and gular band,
white.

Young wholly brownish, beneath white.

Great JVorthe?'n Diver or Loon , Colymbus glacialis , Wils.
Am. Orn. ix. pi. 74. fig. 3.

Inhabits the north of both continents : common of all ages,
during winter, in the middle states.

369. Colymbus arcticus, L. Bill more than three and a half
inches long ; upper mandible slightly curved ; lower not
wider in the middle than at base, not channelled beneath ;
tail of eighteen feathers.

of the United States .

421

Adult black, slightly marked with white, back unspotted ;
beneath white ; head brownish gray ; neck beneath glossy
black ; a stripe each side of the neck marked with white.

Young ashy-brown, beneath white.

Black-throated Diver, Edw. Glean . pi. 1 46- adult. Buff,
pi. enl. 914. young.

Inhabits the arctic parts of both continents : very rare and
accidental during winter in the middle states : common in
Arctic America, as well as in some northern parts of Europe.

370. Colymbus septentrional is, L, Bill three inches long,
slightly recurved ; edges much bent in ; lower mandible
channelled ; tail of twenty feathers.

Adult blackish, beneath white, head and neck glossy cine-
reous ; neck beneath with a long reddish stripe.

Young ashy-brown, spotted with white, beneath white.

Red-throated Diver, Edw. Glean, pi. 97. adult. Buff. pi.
enl. 308. adult. 992. young. Colymbus septentrionalis, striatus,
stellatus, et borealis, auct. C. septentrionalis, Vieill. Gal.
des Ois. 282. adult.

Inhabits the north of both continents: the young only com-
mon during winter in the middle states, as well as in Italy.

B. Feet 3-toed.

Brachypteri, Vieill. Alcce, Fraterculce, Boie. Ditichi ,
Ranz . Alcadce, Vigors.

85. URIA.

Alca, Colymbus, L. Gm. Uria , Briss. 111. Temm. Ranz.
Uria , Alca, Lath. Cephus , Pallas. Uria, Cephas , Cuv. Uria,
Cephas, Mergulus, Boie. Uria, Mergulus, Vieill. Brehm.

Bill moderate, slender, robust, smooth, straight, compres-
sed, acute, base feathered ; upper mandible convex, some-
what curved at the point, notched ; lower hardly shorter,
slightly navicular ; edges of both bent in, sharp : nostrils in

Vol. II. 53

422

Synopsis of the Birds

a slight rudimental furrow, sub-basal, lateral, concave, lon-
gitudinal, linear, pervious, covered partially by the feathers
of the front advancing far on the bill : tongue moderate,
linear, acute, entire. Head oblong, depressed, narrowed be-
fore, rounded posteriorly ; eyes small : neck short, moderately
robust : body stout, elongated. Feet placed very far back ;
lower extremity only of the tibia apparent ; tarsus one-fourth
shorter than the middle toe, slender, compressed, carinated
anteriorly : middle toe longest; inner by one third shortest,
subequal to the tarsus ; webs not very broad : nails compres-
sed, moderately curved, acute ; middle one larger, dilated
internally into a sharp edge. Wings short, narrow, acute;
first primary longest. Tail very short, rounded, of twelve
feathers.

Female smaller, similar to the male. Young differing from
the adult, but almost similar to their winter dress. Moult
twice a year, changing the colors of their plumage. Colors
black and white.

Keep always near the sea, leaving it only when breeding, not
found on fresh water except when straying inland. Walk with
difficulty, and only when obliged to cross the ice, in an erect
posture. Flight short, though rapid, just skimming the sur-
face of the water: reaching the top of high rocks by jump-
ing and fluttering from point to point. Swim and dive ad-
mirably, even beneath the ice, driving their submarine prey
by employing their wings as fins, appearing to fly under
water. Feed principally on fishes. Breed socially in the
clefts of perpendicular rocks: lay without the least preparation
on the naked rock, one or two eggs at most, disproportion-
ately large, and with a very hard shell : feed their young
with fishes, which they carry to them in their bill. Eggs,
feathers, and flesh of the young, sought after.

Inhabit the Arctic seas, whence they migrate in summer to
the temperate coasts all round the globe. Our five species
are the only well ascertained of the genus.

of the United States.

423

SUBGENUS /. UR1A.

Colymbus , L. Gm. Alca , Uria , Guv. Vieill. Boie.

Bill longer than the head, straight, compressed, subulate,
perfectly smooth. Nostrils linear.

* Lower mandible straight along its edge to a small
notch at tip.

Cephas ? Cuv. Genus Grylle ? Leach ?

Colors black, changing greatly in moulting. Not adult
before the fourth year. Eggs one or*two.

371. Uria grylle, Lath. A large white space on the mid-
dle of the wings ; feet red.

Summer plumage entirely black, wing coverts white; win-
ter, black, cheeks and beneath white.

Black Guillemot , Edw . pi. 50. back fig. summer dr. Spot-
ted Greenland Dove , Id. 1. c. front fig. moulting ind. Uria
grylle , balthica, grylloides, lacteola , auct. Uria grylle, Vieill.
Gal. des Ois. pi. 294. ad.

Inhabits the north of both continents : not uncommon
during winter along the coasts of the United States.

372. Uria marmorata, Lath. Brown, undulated with ches-
nut ; beneath dusky, spotted with white ; feet orange; bill
black, one inch long.

Marbled Guillemot , Lath. Syn. vi. p. 336. pi. 96. Young
of Uria grylle , Vieill.

Inhabits the north-western coasts of America, and the oppo-
site shore of Asia.

** Both mandibles curved at the point.

Uria , Leach ?

Colors beneath white at all times ; the throat only chang-
ing from black to white in moulting. Young obtain the adult
plumage in the second year : lay but one egg.

424

Sy nopsis of the Birds

373. Uria troile, Lath. Blackish, beneath white ; seconda-
ries white at tip ; feet dusky ; bill longer than the head, much
compressed throughout, upper mandible four times as long as
broad.

Adult, a black stripe behind the eyes ; summer plumage,
whole head jet black.

Young duller, no black stripe behind the eye.

Lesser and Foolish Guillemot , Lath . Buff. pi. enl. 903.
summer dress. Foolish Guillemot , Edw. Glean, pi. 359. fig* l.
summer dress. Uria lomvia , Brunn. Colymbus troile , L.

Inhabits the Arctic regions of both continents : common
during winter on the coasts of the United States.

374. Uria brunn ichii, Sabine. Sooty-blackish, beneath white ;
secondaries white at tip ; feet greenish ; bill as long as the
head, dilated and broad at base, upper mandible three times
as long as broad.

Summer plumage, whole head black.

Uria francsii , Leach. Uria troile , Brunn. nec auct.

Inhabits the Arctic seas of both continents : not uncommon
during winter on the coasts of the northern and middle states :
very numerous in Davis’ Straits, Baffin’s Bay, &c.

SUBGENUS II. ME RG ULUS.

Mergulus , Ray Vieill. Boie. Brehm. Uria, Lath. Alca,
L. Gm. Cephas, Cuv

Bill very short, a little curved, conic-convex, hardly com-
pressed, nearly as broad as high : both mandibles notched ;
upper slightly sulcated : nostrils rounded ; tongue thick,
entire : smallest of the Order.

11 We now adopt the generally received and older name Mergulus, and
reject Cephus, which we had heretofore used, principally because Cuvier,
who instituted that subgenus, has made an inextricable confusion, by giving
as the type Uria grylle, though he probably intended for it this bird.

425

of the United States .

Feed on small Crustacea, which they collect under their
tongue. Breed socially : eggs but one, bluish-white. Flight
rapid, long sustained : travel as much in the air as in the
water : walk better than the other species.

Form the passage to the genus Phaleris, by Phaleris cris-
tatella.

375. Uria alle, Temm. Black, beneath and tips of the
secondaries white, under the wings black ; bill and feet black ;
bill very short, half as long as the head, a little curved.

Summer plumage, whole head black.

Little Auk , Alca alle , Wils . Am. Orn. ix. p. 94. pi, 74.
fig. 5. Buff. pi. enl. 917. winter dress. Uria minor , Briss.
Mergulus alle. Vieill. Gal. des Ois . 295. adult.

Inhabits the north of both continents, migrating in winter
to the coasts of the United States and Europe.

86. PHALERIS.

Alcaf L. Gm . Lath. Vieill . Mormon , Fratercula, Cuv.

Phaleris , Temm. Ranz .

Bill shorter than the head, dilated on the margins, almost
quadrangular, notched near the tip ; upper mandible depres-
sed on the sides, convex above ; curved at the point ; lower
somewhat compressed, angular beneath, truncated at tip :
nostrils medial, marginal, linear, pervious, half closed by a
naked membrane : tongue thick, entire. Head small, capis-
trum advancing but little on the base of the bill : eyes small :
neck short, stout, body massive. Feet placed very far
back : tibiae almost entirely drawn up into the belly ; tarsus
shorter than the middle toe, slender, compressed, sharply
carinated on both sides ; toes long, very slender, middle toe
longest ; inner shortest : webs full, entire : nails much in-
curved, very acute ; middle one longer, dilated internally.
Wings short, acute ; first primary longest. Tail of fourteen
feathers, of which the middle and outer are shortest.

426

Synopsis of the Birds

Female similar to the male. Young differing from the
adult. Moult twice in the year, undergoing little or no
change of color.

Reside throughout the year in Arctic regions, very con-
fined in their migrations. Live socially at sea, swimming
among the ice with much grace and dexterity, retiring at
night to the clefts of rocks, or to burrows dug with their bill
and feet. Feed on Crustacea, mollusca, and other small ma-
rine animals. Lay without any preparation, in holes of rocks,
or in their burrows, a single egg. Exceedingly stupid : easily
killed or taken. Eggs and skin useful to the Arctic tribes.

Inhabit the Polar seas between Asia and x\merica. Formed
of three species, of which one is not well determined.

376. Phaleris psittacula, Temm. Black ; belly white ; a
line behind the eyes, and a spot above, white ; ridge of the
bill compressed.

Adult, bill red.

Young, bill yellowish-dusky.

Alca psittacula et tetracula , Lath . Perroquet, and Dusky
Auk, Syn. v. 95. fig. 2. and 3. the head .

Inhabits the north-western coasts of America, and the op-
posite ones of Asia : common in Kamtschatka.*

* Phaleris cristatella , Temm. Blackish, beneath lighter, tinged with
bluish on the breast, and yellowish on the vent ; a frontal tuft of six or
eight feathers curling over the bill ; sides of the head ornamented with long,
slender, white feathers ; ridge of the bill hardly compressed, lower mandi-
ble with a groove each side from the throat.

Young black, beneath white ; no tuft.

Alca cristatella , et pygmcea , Lath. Crested , or Flat-billed Auk , Lath.
Syn. iii.pl. 95. Jig. 4. the head. Phaleris cristatella , Temm. pi. col. 200.
adult. Alca cristatella , Vieill. Gal. Ois. pi. 297. adult.

Inhabits the seas of Japan, and the north-eastern coast of Asia, especial-
ly Kamtschatka. Visits also in all probability, the opposite western shores
of North America. Allied to our last Uria. Alca antiqua of Lath, is most
probably a third North American species of Phaleris.

of the United States.

427

87. CERORHINCA.

Phaleris, Nob. Suppl. Am. Gen. in Zool. Journal. (29)

Bill shorter than the head, much compressed throughout,
much longer than high ; perfectly smooth, base not much
feathered, covered by a callous membrane, surmounted by a
long, obtuse, horn-like process, (rising perpendicularly on
the base of the bill) ; both mandibles curved and slightly
notched at tip ; lower strongly angular beneath, not trunca-
ted, acute, from the angle to the base each side inferiorly
a very deep, linear, inconspicuous groove ; edges sharp, those
of the upper mandible much dilated, of the lower remarkably
bent in at base : nostrils situated beneath the callous cere,
marginal, long, linear, pervious, very apparent, half closed
by the membrane ; tongue short, slender, depressed and bifid
at tip ? Head globular, orbits feathered ; eyes small ; neck
short, stout: body plump. Feet placed exceedingly far
back ; tibia almost entirely drawn in ; tarsus moderately com-
pressed, one-third shorter than the middle toe, very rough
behind ; toes long, slender, smooth beneath ; middle longest ;
inner one third shortest, equal to the tarsus : webs moderately
broad, entire : nails compressed, curved, acute ; middle one
largest, dilated internally into a sharp edge. Wings short,
slender, rather acute ; quills blunt, first a little the longest,
secondaries much abbreviated. Tail very short, slightly
rounded, of fourteen feathers, much rounded at tip.

Changes and habits most probably similar to those of the
allied genera.

Inhabits the sea between America and Asia, hitherto only
obtained from the western coast of North America. Well en-
titled to generic distinction. Not more allied to any other
genus of Pygopodes than they are to each other, intermedi-
ate between Phaleris and Mormon, but more closely related
to the latter by the sheath covering the bill, which differs in
form only, and the great depression of that member.

42S

Synopsis of Birds

377. Cerorhinca occidejntalis, Nob. Blackish, belly whitish;
a few slender, elongated, white feathers at the corners of the
eyes and mouth : bill yellow.

P holer is cerorhinca , Nob. 1. c. Id. Am. Orn. iv. pi. Not
mentioned in my catalogue.

Inhabits the western coasts of North America.

88. MORMON.

Alca , L . Gm. Lath. Spheniscus , Moehring. Fratercula,
Briss. Cuv. Mormon , 111. Temm. Ranz. Larva , ( since Fra -
tcrcula), Vieill.

Bill shorter than the head, exceedingly compressed, higher
than long, at base as high as the head, obliquely sulcated on
the sides, covered at base by a wrinkled, callous membrane ;
both mandibles much curved and notched ; upper with the
base on a level with the crown, ridge sharp, higher than the
front ; lower a little shorter, obtuse : angles of the mouth
margined with an extensible membrane : nostrils placed near
the callous cere, marginal, long, linear, obsolete, almost en-
tirely closed by a naked membrane : tongue short, compres-
sed, very acute. Head globular ; orbits naked ; eyes small ;
neck short, thick: body plump. Feet placed exceedingly
far back ; thighs almost entirely drawn in ; tarsus one third
shorter than the middle toe, rather slender, carinated above
and behind ; toes slender ; middle somewhat longest ; inner
one third shorter than the outer: webs moderately broad,
slightly indented, projecting a little beyond the toes : nails
compressed, much curved, very acute, middle one largest,
the inner most incurved. Wings short, slender, acute. Tail
short, of sixteen feathers, the middle and outer shortest.

Female similar to the male. Young differing but little
from the adult, except by their small and smoother bill.
Moult twice a year, colors of their plumage changing but

of the United States,

429

little. Chick at first covered with a very long down, much
longer than that of the adult.

Live socially in Arctic seas, whence they migrate parti-
ally in winter : keeping near the shores and retiring at
night, and in stormy weather, to clefts or burrows. Swim
and dive admirably, to great depths : walk better than the
allied species. Flight short, skimming the water, assisting
it by striking the surface with their feet, rarely a little eleva-
ted. Feed on Crustacea, mollusca, and other small marine
animals, with a few sea-weeds, cutting their food with their
bill before swallowing it. Build in great numbers on cliffs,
generally digging burrows with their bill and claws in the
earth collected in the cavities of rocks ; lay a single hard-
shelled egg, of greatly disproportioned size. Very affection-
ate parents, fighting boldly in defence of their young. Seen
flying among the rocks only when carrying them food in
their bill.

Confined to the most northern latitudes throughout the
globe. Species well ascertained, only our three.

378. Mormon cirrhatus, Temm. Blackish, quill shafts white ;
eye-brows white, posteriorly cirrhated ; bill moderately com-
pressed, furnished at base with an osseous sheath, upper man-
dible only grooved.

Young, bill smooth, no ornaments.

Tufted Auk, Alca cirrhata , Lath. Buff. pi. enl. 761. Fra-
tercula cirrhata , Vieill . Gal. 296. adult . Omitted in my
Catalogue.

Inhabits the sea between North America and Kamtschatka,
often seen on the western coasts of the United States in winter.
Appears to come nearest to Cerorhinca, by the sheath of its
bill only differing in shape from that of that singular bird.

379. Mormon glacialis, Leach- Black, beneath white, a broad
black collar ; bill exceedingly high, moderately compressed,
both mandibles with at most two grooves before the nostrils,
lower extremely curved.

Vol. IL

430

Synopsis of the Birds

Young, bill much smaller, hardly grooved.

Puffin of Wilson's list 9 Mormon glacialis, Leach. Never
figured. Omitted in my Catalogue.

Inhabits the Arctic parts of both continents : not uncom-
mon in winter on the coasts of the United States : a rare and
accidental winter visitant in northern Europe.

S80. Mormon arcticus, 111. Black, beneath white ; a broad
collar round the neck black ; bill red, exceedingly compres-
sed, both mandibles with at least three lateral grooves before
the nostrils, lower but little curved.

Young, bill yellowish-dusky, smooth.

Puffin of Wilson's list ? Buff. pi. enl. 275* adult. Alca
arctica , L. A. lahradora , et deleata , auct. Mormon fra-
tercula, Temm.

Inhabits the north of both continents, migrating in winter
to the temperate shores of the United States and Europe.

89.* ALCA.

Alca, L. Gm. Briss. Lath. III. Cuv . Temm. Vieill. Ranz .
Chenalopex, Mo e bring. Torda, Dumeril. Penguin , Lacep «,

Bill shorter than the head, robust, cultrate-compressed?
broad at base, higher in the middle, feathered to the nostrils,
hence much compressed, swoln, grooved and plaited on the
sides, hooked at the point ; margins angular; upper mandi-
ble convex, strongly curved from the middle, hooked and
acute at tip ; lower gibbous below the point, shorter, oblique-
ly truncated ; thick feathers of the face advancing on both
mandibles to the middle : nostrils medial, marginal, short,,
linear, pervious, half closed by the feathered membrane, not
perceptible : tongue thick, oblong, entire, acute. Head

* Having1 decided to adopt Garrulus as an independent genus, composed
of Garrulus acid Pica, subgenera of Corvus, the total number of our NortK
American genera is carried to ninety.

431

of the United States .

moderate, depressed, narrow before, rounded behind ; eyes
small : neck short, thick : body massive. Tibije much drawn
in ; tarsus one third shorter than the middle toe, moderately
robust, carinated on both sides ; toes rather stout, middle
slightly longest ; inner shortest : webs not very broad, entire :
nails moderately curved, acute, middle largest, dilated slight-
ly into an edge. Wings short, acute; quills acute; first
primary longest ; secondaries much abbreviated. Tail or
twelve or sixteen acute feathers.

Female perfectly similar to the male. Young well distin-
guished from the adult by their small and nearly smooth bill.
Moult twice in the year, changing the colors of their heado
Feathers short.

Live at sea among the ice, not far from shore : those that
can, fly rapidly, though short distances : throwing themselves
into the sea instantaneously without alighting on the surface.
Walk with extreme awkwardness, and bearing much upon the
tarsus, so that the species that cannot fly, must either swim of
crawl. Feed on fishes and smaller marine animals, wThich they
catch by diving : swim and dive admirably well. Breed soci-
ally in caves and clefts of rocks, where they also retire at
night : lay but a single egg, disproportionately large. Young
abundantly fed by the parents, even for some time after leav-
ing the nest.

Arctic : formed of two w7idely different species, one of
which does not leave the polar circle.

381. Alca torda, L. Black, beneath white ; wings capable
of flight, when folded reaching to the rump ; tail moderate,
cuneiform, of twelve feathers.

Adult, bill with three or four lateral grooves : summer plu-
mage, whole head black : a white line from the bill to the eye.

Young, bill smooth.

Razor-bill of Wilson's list . Buff. pi. enl. 1003. summer dr.
1004. winter plumage. Alca pica and torda , L . A. balthica?
uni-sulcata, et minor , auct.

432

Synopsis of the* Birds

Inhabits the north of both continents : common in winter
along the coasts of the United States : found occasionally on
those of Italy. Forms the transition from the genus Uria?
especially Uria troile, which it closely resembles in plumage.*

* Alca impennis , L. Black, beneath white; wings extremely short,
useless for flight : tail rounded, very short, of sixteen feathers.

Adult, billsulcate; summer plumage, whole head and throat black; a.
large white spot each side of the bill.

Young, bill smooth ; no white spot on the front.

Great Auk , Edw. pi. 147. Buff. pi. enl. 367.

Inhabits the Arctic seas of both continents, where it is almost constantly
resident. Connects the Family Pygopodes, with the last of all, that of
Impennes, having no representative in our hemisphere.

433

APPENDIX

To the “ Genera of North American Birds , and Synopsis
of the Species found in the United States

Note 1. Faico velox. We have in another place quoted as
doubtful synonymes of this species, Faico dubius, and Faico obscu-
rus of authors, but have not restored to the species its old name,
finding it next to impossible to arrive at any certainty relative to
these meagre indications. Since this note was first written, how-
ever, we have had sufficient proofs to warrant us in asserting that
Faico obscurus is <c a young female” of F. columbarius ; and that
Faico dubius is undoubtedly Wilson’s supposed new species. Faico
fuscus of authors is another and still prior name for the same, and
we shall therefore adopt it.

We have also a new species to be added to the same section.
These discoveries render it necessary to replace this part of the
Synopsis with the following.

13 bis. Falco cooperii, Nob. Tail rounded, with four black-
ish bands, and tipped with white; wings reaching to the second
band ; second quill subequal to the sixth, third to the fifth.
Length eighteen inches or more.

Adult unknown. Young dusky-brown, skirted with ferru-
ginous ; beneath white, with oblanceolate dusky-brown spots.

Cooper's Hawk, Faico cooperii, Nob. Am. Orn. ii. pi. io.
fig- 1- young.

Inhabits North America : appearing in autumn and the
beginning of winter in the middle states.

14. Falco fuscus, Gm. Tail even, with four blackish bands,

434

and tipped with white ; wings reaching to the second band ;
second quill much shorter than the sixth ; third than the fifth.
Length about one foot.

Adult, slate-color, beneath white, barred with ferruginous.

Young, dark brown, skirted with ferruginous ; beneath
white, with oblong ferruginous spots.

Falco pensylvanicus, and Falco velox , Wilson . Falco
dubius , Gm. Lath. Dubious Falcon , Penn . Arct. Zool.
Lath. Syn. Falco fuscus, (Miller. III. pi. is?) Gm. Lath .
American Brown Hawk , Lath. Syn.

Note 2. Falco borealis. It will be proper to remark, that this
species is almost as much an Astur of the first section as a Buteo.
Falco hyemalis on the contrary, is decidedly a typical Buteo : the
very young of these two species are so similar, that they can only
be distinguished by the slight differences of the bill and claws, and
by the length of the primaries, the fourth being the longest in F.
borealis , while it is the fifth in F. hyemalis. To one or other of
these species, in their various states, most probably to the former,
must be referred Buteo ferruginicaudus , B. fuscus , and B. galli-
nivorus , of Vieill. Ois. d' Amerique. This conjecture is founded
on the examination of a fine series of specimens, of Falco borealis
in my collection, of all ages, and exhibiting all the gradations of
color. The changes of F. hyemalis are not yet satisfactorily ex-
plained, and we would direct the attention of American Ornitholo-
gists to the subject.

The Broad-winged Hawk of Wilson, Falco pensylvanicus , of
which we lately examined several specimens, is erroneously referred
to Astur ; it is a typical Buteo. The young wants the white on
the tail, that part being obsoletely banded with black and dusky,
the inferior parts are pure 'white, with rare blackish oblanceolate
spots. It may at once be known from the two other Buteones , by
its much smaller size, and wider, though more obscure tail-bands.
The female is, however, even more than is usual, larger than the
male. The adult is clouded beneath ; tail barred with white.

Falco melanopterus. We are now of opinion, that the bird
described by us under this name, is a distinct species peculiar to
America, and may be characterised as follows.

435

16. Falco dispar, Temm. Bluish-gray, beneath while ; wing-
coverts black ; tail even, outer feather shortest.

White-tailed Hawk , Falco dispar, Nob . Am. Orn . ii. pi. ll«
Jig. 2 adult female. Milan a queue irreguliere , F. dispar ,
Temm. pi. col. young.

Inhabits the southern states, Mexico, and South America.*

Note 3. Strix cunicularia. We may now dismiss any doubt
as to the identity of the North and South American, as well as the
West Indian Burrowing Owl. They all belong to one and the same
species, and there will be no need of my proposed conditional
name, hypudcea. So different from our bird is Temminck’s plate
of his Strix grallaria , that when he stated his bird to be the S. cu-
nicularia of the systems, that I had almost taken it for granted, that
my name was to be adopted. The difference, however, is owing
to the inaccuracy of the French plate, for I have identified the spe-
cimens. This owl is well described by d’Azzara, who gives an ex-
cellent account of its habits.

Note 4. Strix Virginian a. Cuvier errs in arranging this bird
in his subgenus Otus , of which the auricular conch is semicircularly
extended from the bill to the top of the head, and furnished with a
large membranous operculum. In the character of the ear, the
S. virginiana corresponds with S. bubo of Europe, and this learned
naturalist ought, therefore, to have referred our species to his sub-
genus j Bubo. In these two closely allied species, we begin to ob-
serve the enlarged opening of the ears, so conspicuous in the fol-
lowing subgenus, Ulula. They are perfectly intermediate between
our two subgenera Surnia and Ulula , and with the Syrnia of
Savigny, might indeed form a separate subgenus.

Since writing the above, having ascertained the existence in this

* Falco melanopterus , Dand. Bluish-gray, beneath white, wing-coverts
black ; tail even, outer feather longest.

Black-winged Hawk , Lath. Le Blac , Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afrique , adult
and young.

Inhabits the whole continent of Africa, widely spread in the hot climates
of Asia, found in Java, New Holland, &c.

436

country, of another species of the same group, we think proper to
introduce it regularly into the Fauna of the United States.

SUBGENUS I. bis. BUBO.

Bubo , Syrnium, Sav. Cuv.

Conch of the ear moderate, oval, with a membranous oper-
culum. Feet thickly covered to the claws with short feathers.

* Head tufted. (Bubo, Cuv.)

Disk of feathers not well marked.

27. Strix virginiana, Gm.

** Head not tufted. (Syrnium, Cuv.)

Disk of feathers perfect and well marked.

27. bis. Strix cinerea, Gm. Dark brown mottled with whit-
ish ; face white, with black concentric circles ; tail reaching
beyond the wings ; both fasciated, the bands mottled ; bill
yellowish-white ; irides yellow.

Cinereous Oivl, Strix cinerea, JYob. Am. Orn. pi. 23. jig. 2.
Strix lapponica ? Retz ? Temm ?

Inhabits Arctic America : an accidental winter visitant of
the north-western territory : common throughout the year at
Hudson’s Bay : found in winter at Fort William on Lake
Superior. Length more than two feet. The largest Ameri-
can species.

Note 6. Strix acadica. On a recent examination of this bird,
I ascertained that the auricular conch and its operculum, are as
large as in any of the genus, by which it may at once be known
from S. passerina. We cannot sufficiently regret, that authors
should be so unanimous in neglecting this important character of
the ears in owls. Owing to this neglect, we are unable, even at the
present moment, to decide whether our S. acadica is the S. aca'
dica , or S. Tengmalmi of Temm. and other modern authors.

Note 6. Strix flammea. S. bubo, and S. plialcenoides of
Baud, are also indicated by Say in Long’s Ex. and several other
species are stated to inhabit North America. We have also heard
Mr. Audubon mention a small species with a deeply forked tail !

437

Note 7. Coccyzits erythroptiialmits. We strongly suspect
C. cinereus , Vieill. taken from D’Azzara, to be no other than
Wilson’s C. erythropthalmus : according to the same author, Cu-
culus seniculus is also a summer visitant of the southern states.

Note 8. Picus tridactylus. Misled by Temminck and all
other authors, we have fallen into several errors regarding this spe-
cies. Having lately carefully studied it, we are now enabled to
characterize it accurately in all its states.

46. Picus tridactylus, L. Bill very broad, depressed ; tar-
sus feathered above ; sides of the head striped with black and
white.

Male glossy black, beneath white ; top of the head yellow.

Female glossy black, beneath white ) crown wholly black.

Young, black lineated with white ; crown finely streaked
with white.

Northern three-toed Woodpecker , Ficus tridactylus , Nob .
Am. Orn. ii. pi. 14. fig. 2.

Inhabits the north of both continents.

Note 9. Quiscalus ferrugineus. Oriolus niger , Black Oriole ,
Gm. Lath, quoted by Wilson, and at first by myself in my Observa-
tions, under the above species, is a different bird, inhabiting the
West Indies and South America. It forms a fourth well ascer-
tained species of this genus. In the general system, its place is
between Q. versicolor and Q. ferrugineus , arid as it may easily be
mistaken, I shall characterise it.

Quiscalus baritus, Nob. Glossy black ; tail much rounded,
reaching beyond the wings more than two inches ; osseous carina
small : length ten inches.

Female but little smaller, dull brownish ; beneath and eyebrows,
whitish.

Synonyms. Gracula barita , L. (Gm ? applies to the present as
well as to Q. versicolor ,) not of Lath. Icterus niger , Briss . Quis-
calus baritus , Vieill ? Agelaius niger , Vieill. Oriolus niger , Gm.
Lath. Oriolus oryzivorus ? Gm. Lath. Troupiale noir de St.
Domingue , Buff. pi. enl. 534. Black Oriole , Penn. Lath, Syn .
Rice Oriole ? Lath . syn. Ploceus oryzivorus , or niger ■> Cuv .
Vol. IL 55

438

Inhabits the West Indies and South America.

Note 10. Corvus pica. A second North American magpie is
described by Mr. Sabine, in the Zoo]. App. to Franklin Ex. under
the name of C. hudsonius , but it has not yet been found within the
limits of the U. S.

The following species of the subgenus Garrulus , (which we
shall hereafter adopt as a genus), and the Bomby cilia garrula
have lately been discovered to inhabit the United States.

63. bis. Corvus stelleri, Gm- Crested ; blue ; head and
neck blackish ; secondaries and tail-feathers slightly banded
with black, tail rounded.

Corvus stelleri , Gm. Lath . Nob. Am. Orn. ii. pi. IS. Jig* i.

Inhabits the western coasts of North America, especially
the shores of the Oregan, and Nootka Sound. Found also in
Mexico.

65. bis. Bombycilla garrula, Vieill. Drab; throat, frontlets
and line over the eye, black ; belly cinereous, vent rufous ;
wings and tail blackish, the latter tipped with yellow.

Bombycilla garrula , Nob . Am. Cm. in. pi. 16. jig. 2.
Ampelis garrulus , L.

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains : for a long time well
known in the north of Europe and Asia.

Note 11. Lanius septentrionalis. Being now convinced that
Lanius borealis , Vieill. is identical with L. septentrionalis, Gm.
Lath, we accordingly restore the original name to this species. Syn.
Northern Shrike, Lath. Synops. Great Shrike, Penn. Arct. Zool.

After Myiothera , p. 74. introduce the following genus.

20. bis. CINCLUS.

Sturnus , L. Gm. Tringa ! Briss. Motacilla , Scopoli. Tur -
dusf Lath. Cinclus , Bechst . 111. Cuv. Ternm . Ranz. Hydro -
bata , Vieill.

Bill moderate, slender, straight, compressed-subulate,
feathered at the base ; edges sharp, slightly incurved ; tipper

439

mandible curved at tip, slightly notched, somewhat obtuse ;
lower slightly recurved at the point : nostrils basal, lateral,
concave, longitudinal, covered by a membrane : tongue carti-
laginous, bifid at tip. Tarsi longer than the middle toe,
smooth ; heel naked ; inner toe free, hardly longer than the
hind one : lateral toes equal. Wings short, rounded ; spu-
rious feather very short ; third and fourth primaries longest.
Tail short.

Female hardly differing in plumage from the male : young
more tinged with reddish. Moult annually. Plumage water
proof.

Solitary. Frequent brooks and clear streams, diving, and
walking on the gravelly bottom beneath the surface of the
water, which appears to be their favourite element. Feed on
aquatic insects, and small Crustacea. Build in the vicinity of
rivulets, hiding the nest carefully. Flight rapid, straight,
skimming the surface of the water. Voice feeble, shrill.

Inhabit the north of both continents. Composed of but two
intimately allied species, both probably Asiatic, though one
is found in Europe, and the other in North America. Re-
motely allied to the order Grallae by their habits, and naked
heel ; but belonging decidedly to this Family (Canori).

94. bis. Cinclus pallasii, Temm. Wholly dark cinereous.

Cinclus Pallasii, Nob . Am. Orn. iii.pl. 1 6- fig- !•

Cinclus mexicanus , Swainson in Phil. Mag. new series.

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains, and in Mexico : also
probably north-eastern Asia.

Note 12. Sylvia peregrina. I can hardly doubt of the iden-
tity of this and S. bicolor of Vieill. pi. 90. bis. They differ only in
one being described as blue, and the other as green, which colors
sometimes interchange according to the incidence of light. If I
am right, V’s name of course must be adopted.

Note 13. Since this part of the Synopsis was printed, we have
determined by comparison, the identity of Troglodytes cedon and

440

Sylvia furva. The species ought therefore to be called Troglody-
tes furvus (_ fulvus ?)

Note 14. Troglodytes europacus. We have not been able to
detect any distinctive mark between the European and American
Wren, although their habits are different. If they should prove dis-
tinct, the appropriate name Tr. kyemalis , Vieill. must prevail.

Page 103. Emberiza. Add the following species.

SUBQEIVUS PLECTROPHANES.

158. bis. Emberiza lapponica, Nilss. Quills black ; two outer
tail-feathers brownish-black, with a white spot at tip ; hind
nail very long, straight.

Male in full plumage, head and breast black ; beneath
white, neck above bright rufous.

Male in winter, female and young, blackish skirted with
rufous, beneath white.

J apland Longspur, Emberiza lapponica , Nob . ii. pi. 13.
Jig. 2. male. Jig. young female. Fringilla lapponicaf L .
Emberiza calcarata , Temm.

Inhabits the northern regions of both continents, breeding
within the Arctic circle, descending in severe winters in large
flocks to the most northern parts of the United States.

159. Emberiza nivalis, L. Quills white, the six exterior
widely black at the point ; tail black, three outer feathers
white at base ; hind nail curved.

Note 15. Fringilla pensylvanica. This species and the fob
lowing, approach very near the subgenus Fringilla. The truth is,
that this and Spiza, like many others, pass insensibly into each
other.

Note 16. If this synonym be correct, the ungrammatical name
melodia , must give place to that of fasciata.

Note 17. Fringilla erytiiropthalma. This somewhat anom-
alous species, forms the type of Vieillot’s genus Pipilo. Several

441

species allied to it, have very recently been discovered in Mexico :
they form a small, very natural group, which it is but just to adopt
at least as a subgenus, under the name of Pipilo.

Note 18. Loxia curvirostra. Another species, which from
its close resemblance to this, may perhaps have been mistaken for
it, probably inhabits America. It is somewhat larger, and may be
distinguished by the following phrase.

Loxia pytiopsittacus , Bechst. Wings without bands ; bill shorter
than the middle toe, very stout, very much incurved, point of the
upper mandible not crossing the top of the bill.

Inhabits the Arctic circle, descending in winter to more temper-
ate countries : said by authors to be found in America.

Note 19. Columba zenaida. Another species of Pigeon, pro-
bably Columba rufina , Temm. inhabits the keys of East Florida ac-
cording to Mr. Peale, Who was unable to procure it, though it is
well known to the wreckers. Other West Indian Pigeons most
probably resort there either periodically or accidentally.

Note 20. Tetrao phasianellus. Other species of grouse,
which inhabit high northern latitudes, may hereafter be found to
stray occasionally to the extreme northern parts of the U. S.

Since this was written, having detected several errors in our ac»
count of this genus, owing principally to the bad state of the speci-
mens we first examined, and having, moreover, a stately new species
to add, we give the following amended version of this part of the
Synopsis, page 126.

SUBGENUS /. BONASIA .

(Add to the characters,) Tail elongated, rounded. Adorned
with crests and ruffs. Female similar to the male. Flesh
white.

205. Tetrao umbellus, L. Mottled ; tail of eighteen mot-
tled feathers, all ferruginous, and with a black subterminal
band.

Male, a ruff of large black feathers on the sides of the neck-
Female and young, ruff smaller, dark brown.

442

SUBGENUS II. TETRAO.

Flesh black.

206. Tetrao cupido, L. Mottled ; tail rather short, much
rounded, of eighteen plain dusky feathers ; primaries spotted
with white outside.

Male, neck furnished with wing-like appendages, &c.

£06. bis. Tetrao urophasianus, Nob. Tail cuneiform, of twen-
ty narrow, tapering, acute feathers.

Male black.

Female and young mottled.

Cock of the plains , Tetrao urophasianus , Nob. Am. Orn .
Hi. pi. 2i . fig. 2.

Inhabits the extensive plains near the sources of the Mis-
souri. The largest of North American Grouse. Size of
T. urogallus, which replaces it in Europe.

207. Tetrao obscurus, Sa}r. Tail slightly rounded, of twenty
broad, rounded, blackish feathers; primaries unspotted.

Male black. Female and young dusky, somewhat mottled.

Dusky Grous , Tetrao obscurus , Nob. Am. Orn. iii.pl. is.
female.

Inhabits near the Rocky Mountains. Size of T. tetrix of
Europe, of which it is the analogue.

208. Tetrao canadensis, L. Tail moderate, rounded, of six-
teen black, rounded feathers ; breast, flanks, and tail-coverts
spotted with white.

Male black, waved with gray ; throat and breast deep
black.

Female mottled ; throat and breast banded with black and
rufous.

Spotted Grous, Tetrao canadensis , Nob. Am. Orn. in.
pi. 22. male. pi. 23. fig. l. female .

Inhabits the north of America, extending to the Rocky
Mountains : found in Maine, Michigan, and New-York.

443

209. Tetrao phasianellus. Mottled ; tail short, cuneiform,
of eighteen narrow, square feathers, the two middle much the
longest, the outer white at the point.

Female similar to the male. Winter plumage, much darker
and more glossy.

Sharp-tailed Grous , Tetrao phasianellus, JVoh. Jim. Orn .
Hi. pi. 29.

Inhabits the high northern regions of America, as well as
the high range of the Rocky Mountains.

Note 21. Ardea pealii. We think proper to give the equiva-
lent phrase for the European Little Egret.

Ardea garzetta , L. Crested ; snowy white ; bill very slender,
four inches long, and with the legs, black ; toes yellowish ; tarsus
less than four inches long.

Adult, crest small, of but two or three slender, elongated feath-
ers ; a large neck-fringe of compact, subulate feathers ; back with
long flowing silky plumes.

Young and moulting hardly crested, and without the dorsal train.

Little Egret , Lath. Sgarza minor e bianca , St. degli uccelli. iv.
pi, 423. and 424.

Inhabits Asia, and eastern, as well as southern Europe.

Note 22. Tantalus fuscus. It is now well ascertained that
there is an Ibis fusca, distinct from the young of I. rubra , but we
have not been able to trace it in the United States.

Note 23. (24. by mistake.) Numenius bremrostris , Temm. In
stating that this new species of Lichtenstein differs essentially from
Latham’s N. borealis , Temminck, who, like all modern writers,
appears to be very little acquainted with the North American Nume-
nii, must have had in view our N. hudsonicus , Lath. ( Scolopax
borealis , Gm.) These two birds have always been confounded or
mistaken for each other, and even by Latham himself, through in-
advertence, as is proved by the name he has selected from Gmelin,
and above all by its synonymy.

The fact is, that the North American Numenii have never been
properly understood ; but we hope that the phrases we have
given will settle them as three distinct species ; and as they are

444

besides, even at the present advanced state of the science, con-
founded with the European, of which there are also three species,
which, contrary to the generally received opinion, are all and each
distinct from the American, (though two only are reckoned by the
best authorities, one of which is even referred to an American,) we
take this opportunity of giving phrases also for the European spe-
cies, thus carrying to six instead of three, the number of European
and North American Numenii. For a detailed description and ac-
count of each species, and the extrication of the almost endless
confusion reigning throughout the works of preceding authors, see
our “ Monography of the genus Numenius,” (ined.) and our “ Ob-
servations Nom. Wils. Orn.”

European Numenii.

1. Numenius arquata , Lath. Crown deep brown, with whitish
streaks, no medial line ; rump white ; long axillary feathers pure
white ; bill long, not much arcuated.

Le Courlis , Buff on pi. enl. 818.

Inhabits common throughout Europe, Asia, and northern Africa:
abounding most to the north, from western Iceland to eastern
Kamtschatka : found in England at all times, in Italy only a winter
visitant. Analogous to N. longirostris.

2. Numenius jjhceopus, Lath. Crown deep brown, with a whitish
medial line ; rump white ; long axillary feathers banded with black
and white ; bill short, much arcuated.

Le Corlieu , Buff. pi. enl. 842.

Inhabits throughout the old continent, New Holland, and the ad-
jacent islands : breeds within the Arctic circle : we have ourselves
identified specimens from Java. Rare in the vicinity of Rome.
Analogous to N. hudsonicus.

3. Numenius tenuirostris , Vieill. Crown brown, streaked with
whitish ; rump and ground color of the tail, pure white ; long axil-
lary feathers pure white ; bill short, slender, not much arcuated.

Never figured.

I was the first to discover this species in Europe ; and following
the practice of modern ornithologists , ought to have considered it as
new : but on referring to the pages of Vieillot , in the second edition

445

of the new Diet,, of Nat. His. I found the indication of an Egyptian
species , which agreed very well with my Italian specimens , and
thought better to adopt his appropriate name , than to coin a new one.

Inhabits Italy during winter : never observed elsewhere but in
Egypt. In the neighbourhood of Rome it is the mCrst common
species, (the arquata is also common, but the phceopus extremely
rare.) From the circumstance of its being entirely a winter bird, I
am led to suppose that it may be found all over Europe, where it
may have been taken for the young of N. arquata , which it resem-
bles greatly ; but its pure white tail-feathers, and its beautiful arrow-
shaped spots (instead of streaks) on the breast, together with its
diminutive size, and shorter and smaller tarsi and toes, will always
distinguish it. It comes to us in September and October, and departs
in April. It is observed in large flocks in the damp meadows bor-
dering on the Tyber, where they sometimes sit the whole day facing
the wind. They sing loudly and incessantly, are very suspicious,
and keep sentinels to warn them of danger. They are caught in
great numbers in nets, being decoyed by imitating their whistle, or
by showiag them a living, or even a stuffed specimen, of their own
species, or of the Vanellus cristatus. Analogous to N. borealis;
but the similarity is not quite so striking as that of the others.

It is remarkable that all the European species of the genus Nur
menius, have white rumps and white under wing-coverts, whilst
each and all the American have the former uniform with the rest,
and the latter rusty.

Note 24. Scolopax wilsonii. I was the first to perceive that
this species was distinct from S. gallinago , (See “ Observations on
the Nom. of Wils. Orn. sp. 204.”) and intended to distinguish
it by the very equitable name it now bears, but waited until it
could be proved distinct from S. Brehmii, another European spe-
cies. This was first done by Temminck. Our right, therefore, to
impose a name on the species, cannot justly be disputed.

Temminck is, however, mistaken when, judging from dried skins,
he states that the American snipe is by an inch shorter than both
the above mentioned European, for it is generally as large, and
often larger.

Note 25. That the authors of the “ Illustrations of Ornithology,”
Vol. II. 56

446

should not have recognised in their Lobipes incanus , the young of a
well known species, and should have given in that state a sixth spe-
cific name to a bird only discovered a few years ago, is not much
to be wondered at ; but what is not a little extraordinary, is that
they, who are so justly scrupulous about priority, should adopt for
Phalaropus wilsonii, Sabine, the much posterior name of Temm.
posterior even to that of Vieillot, thus slighting over one of the
few and best positive zoological labours of their countrymen, even
after it had been sanctioned by others.

Note 26. The abolition of one Family, the addition of seven
genera, and other important modifications of the Order Ansekes,
render it necessary to give the following improved edition of that
part of our Analytical Table.

ORDER V. ANSERES.

Tarsi compressed, abbreviated : tibia almost always partly
naked : toes palmated.

32. Loncipennes. Hind toe free, or wanting : margins of
the bill entire : wings long, acute.

* Bill of one piece, nostrils simple.

** Upper mandible seamed, nostrils simple.

*** Both mandibles seamed : nostrils tubular.

33. Lamellosodentati. Hind toe free : margins of the
bill denticulated.

* Teeth lamelliform. ** Teeth conic.

34. Steganopodes. Toes four, all connected by a broad
membrane.

* Bill seamed. ** Bill not seamed.

35. Pygopodes. Hind toe free or wanting : margins of the
bill entire, wings short, rounded.

* Four-toed. ** Three-toed.

36. Impennes. Hind toe free, directed forwards : no quills
nor tail.

447

ORDER ANSERES.

Family Longipennes.

* Bill of one piece : nostrils immarginate : 4-toed.

64. Rhincops. Lower mandible much longer than the
upper, truncated.

65. Sterna. Bill subulate, straightish, compressed, acute.

66. Larus. Upper mandible hooked.

Upper mand. seamed : nostrils immarginate : 4-toed.

67. Lestris. Upper mandible hooked, covered at base
with a cere.

*** Both mandibles seamed : nostrils tubular : 4-toed.
A. Hind toe only a sharp nail.

68. Thalassidroma. Bill weak, both mandibles curved ;
nostrils united in a common tube; second and third
primaries longest.

69. Procellaria. Bill robust, lower mandible trunca-
ted ; nostrils in a single tube : first primary longest.
Tail of fourteen feathers.

70. Puffinus. Both mandibles strongly curved : opening
of the nostrils distinct.

B. No hind nail.

71. Diomedea.

Family Lamellosodentat

72. Anser. Bill higher than broad, stout, conic ; teeth
short, conic-acute; lora feathered.

73. Cygnus. Bill at base higher than broad, depressed ;
teeth laminar ; lora naked.

448

74. Anas. Bill broader than high, depressed ; teeth
long, lamelliform; hind toe simple.

75. Fuligula. Bill broader than high, depressed; teeth
lamelliform ; hind toe lobated.

76. Mergus. Bill slender, hooked ; teeth subulate.

Family Steganopodes.

* Bill seamed above.

77. Pelecanus. Bill much depressed ; edges entire.

78. Phalacrocorax. Bill cylindrical, hooked; edges
entire, feet entirely palmated ; outer toe longest ; tail
rounded.

79. Tachypetes. Bill cylindrical, both mandibles hook-
ed, edges entire ; feet semipalmated ; middle toe much
the longest ; tarsi feathered ; tail forked.

80. Sula. Bill stout, straight, compressed ; edges serrated.

** Bill not seamed.

81. Phaeton. Bill cultrate; edges serrated; face
feathered.

82. Plotus. Bill subulate ; edges serrated ; face naked.

83. Heliornis. Bill subulate ; edges entire ; face
feathered. Toes lobated, lobes scalloped, connecting
membrane rudimentary.

Family Pygopodes.

* Four-toed.

84. Podiceps. Toes lobated : lora naked ; no tail.

85. Colymbus. Toes palmated : lora feathered.

** Three-toed.

86. Uria. Bill nearly straight, pointed : nostrils half
closed by a feathered membrane.

449

87. Phaleris. Bill very short, curved, sub-quadrangu-
lar : nostrils pervious, half closed by a naked mem-
brane.

88. Cerorhinca. Bill curved, compressed, longer than
high, surmounted at base by a long obtuse process :
nostrils pervious, not feathered.

89. Mormon. Bill curved, exceedingly compressed, high-
er than long : nostrils half closed by a naked mem-
brane.

90. Alca. Bill curved, exceedingly compressed : nostrils

half closed by a feathered membrane.

Note 27. Thalassidroma. We shall here add the specific
phrases of the two other species of this genus with which we are
acquainted, and which we have ourselves distinguished from those
in the text.

3. Thalassidroma pelagica , Vigors. Sooty-black ; upper tail-
coverts white with black tips ; tail even, the wings reaching a little
beyond it ; tube of the nostrils straightish ; tarsus seven-eighths of
an inch long.

Procellaria pelagica , Temm. Nob. Jour. Ac. Phil. iv. p. 227.
pi viii..

Inhabits the coasts of Europe, principally those of Great Britain
and its northern isles : found also in the Mediterranean.

4. Thalassidroma oceanica , Nob. Brownish-black ; upper tail-
coverts wholly white ; tail slightly emarginate, the wings reaching
more than an inch beyond it ; tube of the nostrils recurved ; tarsus
nearly one inch and three quarters long.

Stormy petrel. Lath. Synop. Le Petrel ou oiseau tempete , Buff,
pi. enl. 993. Procellaria oceanica , Nob. Zool. Jour. Lond. iv. p. 7.

Inhabits the South Seas : common near the Cape of Good Hope,
and the island of Tristan d’Acunha.

In the Turin Museum, superintended by the learned Bonelli, I
had the good fortune to find a second specimen of this interesting
species, which was obtained near the island Tristan da Acunha.
The following observations were made at the time.

f 9 K

V fU w

450

Length eight and a half inches (French) ; tarsus eighteen lines*
Bill ten lines, with the nasal tube recurved : feet remarkably broad,
without yellow spots: tail perfectly even. The colors are the same as
in the other specimens on which I established the species ; there is
no white on the wings, but theiower parts from the breast, including
the flanks, are pure white, (the other, if I recollect right, though
we remarked that even in that state, it had more white than any
other, was merely varied with white), with the exception of the tips
of the lower coverts and femorals : a few white feathers appear also
on the throat, the bottom of the plumage of which, as well as that
of the breast is, moreover, pure white, leading us to suspect that
those parts may become entirely white according to season. The
outer tail feather is also white at base, as well as the shaft : the
same thing is observed in Thalassidroma pelagica, but the shaft is
black even in the white. The principal and most remarkable cha-
racter, however, of this species, a character which I also observed
in the other specimen, but did not notice, fearing it to be artificial,
is the following :

The nails are plane, (quite flat) dilated and rounded at tip, quite
different from those of the other species, though a slight tendency to
that form is observable in Th. wilsonii , and somewhat resembling
those of the species of the genus Podiceps.

Shall we place in a separate group an account of this remarkable
anomaly, a bird which in all other respects is a decided Thalassi-
droma ? According to Temm. this species is the Procellaria ma-
rina, (verbal communication) but judging from Vieillot’s plate and
description in the Gal. des Ois. pi. 292. even making allowance for
the white, we cannot admit such an identity, though the birds are
certainly much alike.

Note 28. Our 35th Family (Lobipedes) must be abolished. Of
the two genera which composed it, the first, Podoa, belongs de-
cidedly to the Steganopodes ; and the other, Podiceps , no less cer-
tainly to the Pygopodes , and in a natural arrangement should not
be separated from Colymbus , any more than Podoa from Plotus.
Our apology for proposing this artificial group, may be found in the
remains of a prejudice in favour of the long since established Order
of Pinnatipedes. Latham was the first to force into that most un-
natural assemblage, the three genera Podiceps , Fulica , and Pha-

•13353

451

laropus ; andTemminck made it still more heterogeneous, by adding
the genus Podoa. No four genera are in fact, less allied as a group
than these, and when in our arrangement we restored to their true
situation, Fulica and Phalaropus , it was through prejudice only
that we left Podiceps and Podoa together in the same F amily.

Note 29. Cerorhinca. The new species which forms the type
of this genus, was first announced by us in the Journal here cited,
and we then referred it to the genus Phaleris , under the name of
P. cerorhynca , suggesting, however, that it might form a group by
itself, and upon further consideration, we have decided to propose
it as such.

The total number of our North American genera, has been
increased from eighty, to ninety. The genera added are, Garrulus ,
Cinclus , Aramus , T halas sidi'oma, Pujfinus , Anser , Cygnus ,
Fuligula , Phaleris , Cerorhinca.

The six species of birds referred to in the note, p. 296. to be
added to the first three Orders, are Strix cinerea , Corms stelleriy
Bomby cilia garrula , Cinclus pallasii , Emheriza lapponica, and
Tetrao urophasianus. To these must now be added, Falco
cooperii, so that the total number of United States species com-
prised in our Synopsis and Appendix, amounts to 382.

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Full text of "The genera of North American birds, and a synopsis of the species found within the territory of the United States"

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