The geological and natural history survey of Minnesota : the twelfth annual report for the year 1883

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‘THE TWELFTH ANNUAIAREPORT,

FOR THE YEAR 1883.

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N. iH. WINCHELL, STATE GEOLOGIST,

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MINNEAPOLIS : PN Ta UN,4 j Bs,
JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON, ae
STATE PRINTERS. ‘We
1884. Basie Vi IAD :

Je DIONE a SS

THe UNIVERSITY oF MINNESOTA,

Mrinneapouis, Minn., Decemper 1, 1883.

To the President of the University :

_ Dear Srr:—I herewith tender the twelfth annual report on the
progress of the gevlogical and natural history survey of the state.
I include herewith a copy of the first annual report for reprint, that
report being in constant demand, and out of print now for several

years.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant.
N. H. WINCHELL,

State geologist and curator of the general museum.

THE BOARD OF REGENTS

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA,

HENRY H. SIBLEY, President, - - - St. Paul.
THOMAS 8S. BUCKHAM, - - - - Faribault.
GREENLEAF CLARK, - - - - St. Paul.
JOHN S. PILLSBURY, - - - - Minneapolis.
KNUTE NELSON, - - - - - Alexandria.
CUSHMAN K. DAVIS, - - - - St. Paul.
JOHN B. GILFILLAN, Secretary, - - Minneapolis.
EX-OFFIGIO.
LUCIUS F. HUBBARD, Governor, - - . - Red Wing.
D. L. KIEHLE, Superintendent of public instruction, - Minneapolis.

WM. W. FOLWELL, President of the University,
Corresponding Secretary, - - - - - Minneapolis.

REPORT.

i

SUMMARY STATEMENT.

The greater portion of the time during the year has been given
both by Mr. Upham and myself to the final revision of manuscript
for the printers, and the reading of proofs, the preparation of maps,
plates and other illustrations, and the proofs of the same, intended
for the final report. At the present time the following county
maps have been drawn, lithographed and printed, showing the
geology and surface features, and the lines of equal elevation above
the sea, viz: Houston, Winona, Fillmore, Olmsted, Mower,
Dodge, Freeborn, Waseca, Steele, Blue Harth, Faribault, Waton-
wan, Martin, Cottonwood, Jackson, Murray, Nobles, Pipestone,
Rock, Lincoln, Lyon, Yellow Medicine, Redwood. Brown, Nicollet,
Le Sueur, Wabasha, Scott, Carver, Wright, Lac qui Parle and
_ Big Stone. The counties of Goodhue, Rice and Dakota, and several
others, are in course of preparation, and sufficient examination has
been made in nearly all the state as far north as. Brainerd, for
mapping and reporting in the same manner. In the northern half
of the state, -also, much information has been obtained. Considera-
ble more work, however, must be done in that. portion north of the
parallel uf Brainerd. where the difficulties of travel increase, and at
the same time the geology becomes more difficult and more interest-
ing. Should the survey continue according to the present design,

6 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the system of mapping, and of description now being carried on,
could be extended over the rest of the state with the present force
in about two years. But as the printing of work already prepared,
and the preparation of maps and manuscript for future publication,
require much time, the completion of the survey cannot be looked
for before the close of the fourth year from this date. In addition
to this, other matters demanded by the law of the survey are very
important, but have been kept in abeyance pending the completion
of the strictly geological portion. This will require further time
and other workmen. It is to be hoped that the regents will always
be able to make an annual increment to the scientific knowledge
of the state, in some of the departments of investigation covered by
the law of the survey, and that the annual reports will successively
become more and more valuable as they become more numerous.

Dr. P. L. Hatch, who has charge of the investigations in the
ornithology of the state, has signified his intention to render his
final report on the same by or before the spring of 1885.

Mr. C. L. Herrick has been given the mammalogy of the
state, with a view to the collection of skins and skeletons for the
museum, and the preparation ofa final report on the same for pub-
lication in about two years.

The only field-work done in 1883,. was that performed by myself
in Dakota and Rice counties, including, however, further sup-
plementary observations in Mower and Olmsted counties, and a
visit to some of the localities of red quartzyte in the southwestern
part of the state.

Additional cases will soon be placed in the south room of the
museum, intended for the reception of the collections of Dr. H. C,
Hovey, representing the stalactitic deposits of caves. This valua-
ble collection has kindly been loaned to the University, on deposit,
with the only condition that it shall be well kept.

Further additions have been made to the specimens belonging to
the general museum, through the agency of the survey, and by
donation by the following individuals: W. H. Scofield, of Cannon
Falls, and James B. Alexander, of Minneapolis, and by several
others,

These are all enumerated in the accompanying list of accessions.
Exchanges have been made with A. 8. Tiffany, of Davenport, Lowa,
and John Eyerman, of Carbondale, Pennsylvania.

The final paper of Mr. Herrick on a portion of the Crustacea of
Minnesota is presented in this report, illustrated by a number of
octavo plates.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1

The intent of the circular issued in 1876* respecting the botany
of the state has been kept in mind. Several correspondents have
contributed both information for a catalogue of the species of
the state, and specimens for the University herbarium. During the
past two years Mr. Upham has been engaged, casually, in the
preparation of such a catalogue. There has been considerable
request for a more complete listing, and a more full account of the
distribution of the plants of the state, than that of Dr. I. A. Lap-
ham, published by the Minnesota Horticultural Society in 1875.
The very complete catalogue, prepared by Mr. Upham, is herewith
transmitted as a part of this report. It includes and classifies all
reliable information on the botany of the state that is now in the
possession of the survey, and will serve as a more useful euide to
students and others in the future study of species and their distri-
bution in Minnesota, than anything hitherto published.

*See the fifth annual report, p. 64.

1:

PALASONTOLOGY.

(a)
A NEW TRILOBITE.

In the registration of specimens lying in the university building in 1873, a lot
of miscellaneous rocks, minerals and fossils was found that had been presented
by the late Dr. Stoneman, of Minneapolis. The fossils and rocks were evidently
from the Trenton at Minneapolis; but as there were no certain records respect-
ing them, they were all entered in the register, and finally published, with the
note “records doubtful.’ (Fifth annual report, p. 207.) A slab of fossiliferous
limestone (Mus. reg. number 90) was thus referred to the Trenton. In the sixth
annual report a fossil trilobite, contained on this limestone, was reported after a
casual examination as Asaphus extans, of Hall (Joc. cit. p. 161), with the remark
that it ‘‘ has a tuberculated surface instead of lamellose.’’

In March, 1879, at the request of Lieut. A. W. Vogdes this specimen was sent
to him, and he kindly returned the specimen with the following description, as
a new species, naming it in honor of Dr. Stoneman.

Bathyurus Stonemanii, Vogdes.

Description —The pygidium is semi-elliptical, strongly convex,
and the width a little greater than the length. The anterior mar-
gins are rounded, and the outer margins bordered by a well-defined
convex limb. The axis is greatly elevated above the sides, and
tapers toward the posterior margin, terminating on the limb. The
axis is marked with six rings, the first three being well-defined,
and the others not so prominently marked. The dorsal furrows
are deep and well-defined. The lateral lobes are convex and have
five pl@urw, each being separated by deep furrows. The pleure
are bent downward and backward, and arise from the second, third,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 9

fourth and fifth axial rings. They all terminate upon the inside
_ furrow which outlines the limb. The points of termination of the
anterior pleurz are on a line with the fifth axial rmg. The entire
pygidium is bordered by a convex limb which runs from the fulcral
‘points around it. This limb has an inside furrow which runs be-
tween the termination of the axis and the limb, and also an exte-
rior furrow.

The surface of the upper dorsal shell is tuberculated.

Locality and geological position. The Trenton group, probably
at Minneapolis, Minn. Presented to the general museum by
Dr. Stoneman.

This species approaches B. senectus, Billings, which has six
axial rings and four pleuree. Our species is, however, much larger,
and has a greater member of pleure. The inside marginal furrow
in the former species does not extend all around the pygidium, but
ends abruptly at the end of the axis. Bullings’ species comes from
the Potsdam group, and ours from a different geological position.
Our species has certain affinities with B. extans, Hall. The most
prominent points of difference between the former and that described
by Prof. Hall is that the axis is more elevated, and does not term-
inate so abruptly behind in B. Stonemanii. The second dorsal
surface of B. extans is marked with fine imbricating lamellose striz,
whereas our species is tuberculated.

There are three species of this genus described, which appear in
the Trenton group; viz. B. extans, H.; B. longispinus, Walcott;
and B. spiniger, H. Of all the species, with the exception of the
last named, the pygidium is known, and differs from our species.
The only part of B. spiniger, H. known to us is the glabella, which
is tuberculated; and there is. reason to suppose that our species may
be the missing part of B. spiniger; but it is doubtful.

The geological range of the genus is from the Potsdam to the
Brenton group.

(b)
THE AGE OF THE SANDROCK AT AUSTIN, MOWER COUNTY.
On page 360, of the first volume of the final report of the survey, the age of

_ the sandrock at Austin is considered, and Prof. H. S. Williams is referred to as

authority for identification of some fossils from that rock. In justice to Prof.
_ Williams the full text of his communication. relating to these fragmentary fossils
is herewith given. If the horizon of the Austin rock be in the Marcellus, shale,
the overlying limestones appearing in the Cedar valley near the state boundary,
and further south, probably all fall into the Hamilton epoch.

10 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Letter of professor H. S. Williams.

Irwaca, N. Y. Sept. 14, 1888.
My dear professor:

I have examined the fossils which you sent me and enquire par-
ticularly about in your letter received a few days ago. The fossils
are in very imperfect condition; and the identification cannot be
regarded as anything more than strongly probable.

I find in the lot, No. 2699, from Gregson’s mill, these species.

J. Productella truncata, Hall.

2. A minute lamellibranch, like a small Aviculopecten.

3. A minute brachiopod; oval, the smooth surface resembling
a dorsal valve of Amboceelia, or (?) a Nucleospira.

The second lot, No. 2698, Cedar valley, Mower county, resembles
lithologically the first, but the fossils are distinct. They are:

1. Numerous cavities of Aulopora, or some allied form.

2. A small shell like Atrypa reticularis.

3. A small shell like Atrypa aspera.

4, Cyrtina, like C. Dalmani, but may be C, Hamiltonensis.

5. Several lenticular-shaped shells which are probably Nucleo-
spira.

6. A minute terebratuloid shell of Rensselzria type.

7. Trace of a crinoid stem.

8. Trace of a minute Orthoceras, or (?) Coleolus.

You ask my opinion of the horizon. The material is very unsatis-
factory for basing a judgment on; but if the two lots are from the
same horizon, it is safe to say that it is lower Devonian.

Taking the fauna of No. 2698 alone, I see nothing to prevent its
being Upper Silurian.

If the two lots are from the same rock, I should think from study
of the fossils that the horizon is not higher than the base of the
Hamilton period, nor lower than the Lower Helderberg; and my
opinion is that the fauna belongs to an horizon near the base of
the Hamilton, either below it or in an equivalent position to the
New York Marcellus. The only really satisfactory fossil is the
Productella truncata; and if the brachiopods of No. 2698 came
from a stratum under that containing No. 2699, the No. 2698 lot.
might occur anywhere from the Hamilton down to the Lower Hel-
derberg.

Nucleospira, Rensseleria type of terebratuloids, Cyrtinas and
Atrypas are genera passing from Upper Silurian throvgh lower

ry

STATE GEOLOGIST. it

and middle Devonian, and generally do not mark any narrow geol-
ogical horizon.

From their association, and the fact that they are all minute
specimens, I should conclude that it was a sparse fauna in unfavor-
able conditions of life, which might have lived anywhere along the
Upper Silurian or lower Devonian. But the Productellas are
peculiar to Devonian and above.

Have you not found any more fossils? I should think a careful
search might bring out specimens that could be determined accur-
ately; and it would be interesting to have the means of determining
the species.

I wish [ could speak more definitely; but this is the best I can
do with the specimens. Possibly this with the stratigraphical
study may enable you to fix the horizon.

With sincere regard,
. Henry S. WILtiams.

(c)

CRETACEOUS LEAVES. PRELIMINARY STATEMENT OF DR. LEO
LESQUEREUX.

The Cretaceous leaves that have been obtained in the state from the Creta-
ceous strata at various times and places, have been submitted to Mr. Lesque-
reux for determination and description. His final report will appear sub-
sequently, but the following is the result of a preliminary examination of a lot
of specimens sent.

Dr. Lesquereux’ preliminary report.

The content of the lot, received Jan. 14th, 1884, is as follows:

No. 2143. From the north side of the Minnesota river,
eight miles below New Ulm, represents 4 smal}
undeterminable fragments of leaves, without
trace of nervation.

No. 2148 (A) is apparently a Proteoides.

No. 3808 and 5163. Ficus, sp. nov. No. 5163 is not marked in

| the list; it is labelled Austin.

Mo. 3911... Laurus Nebrascensis, Lesq., 1 leaf on three
pieces.

No. 3912.

No. 5155 (A).

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Salix protecfolia, Lesq.

The above three Nos. are from the north
side of the Cottonwood river in Brown county.
Populus litigiosa, Heer, and Cinnamomum
Scheuchzeri, Heer, on the reverse.

No. 5155 (B), 5155 (H), 5157 (B). Magnolia alternans, Heer,

No. 5155 (C).
No. 5155 (D).

No. 5155 (F).

No. 5155 (G, K).
No. 5155 (1).

No. 5155 (L, M, 0).
No. 5155 (P).

No. 5155 (Q & S).
No. 5155 (E, N, R).
No. 5156.

No. 5157 (C).

No. 5157 (A).

No. 5158.

No. 5159.

No. 5160.
No. 5161.

No. 115.

Populus elegans, Lesq.

“ Lancastriensis, Lesq., (probably equi-
valent to P. cordifolia, Newby).
Protophyllum crednerioides, Lesq.?, a fragment;
base of leaf destroyed.
Populites cyclophyllus, Lesq.
2 fragments of superposed leaves, the lower
only distinet, Cinnamomum Scheuchzeri, Heer.
Populus litigiosa, Heer, 3 specimens.
Populus cyclophylla, Lesq, a deformed plicate
leaf.
2 fragments of the same leaf, Platanus prime-
va, Lesq., with a leaf of Persea?, not yet satis-
factorily determined, upon 5155 (S).
3 undeterminable fragments.
Cissus, sp. nova; name not yet fixed.
Salix protecefolia, Lesq., with a branch of Pla-
tanus on the reverse.
Andromeda Parlatorii, Heer.
Laurus, sp. nov., not yet named.
Fragment of undeterminable leaf, areolated by
maceration, Ficus? ?.
Leaf of Pinus, sp. nov., not yet named.
No vegetable remains, but shell or some animal
organism. The osseous plate marked by stricz
is 2 mm. thick. I have seen along the banks
of the Cottonwood river, above the Cretaceous
sandstone bearing leaves, large fragments of
shells as thick as the plate upon 5161.
Sequoia, sp. nov., a specimen which I have al-
ready seen here. It bears the label Austin,
Minn.

As far as I can see now, the specimens remarked above, 36 in
number, represent 16 species, of which 4arenew ones. Of the spe-
cies, 10 have been recognized in the Dakota group of Kansas and
Nebraska, and two in the same Cretaceous formation of Colorado.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 13

The specimens No. 5155 A, down to the end -of the list except
No. 115, are all from the Cottonwood river, about 3 miles south
of New Ulm. They have one species in common with those of the
north side of the same river in Brown county, where-from 3 speci-
mens only are sent.

The whole lot is valuable and interesting. One quarto plate would
suffice for the figures of the more interesting species and best spe-
cimens. L. LesQquEREvUX.

Columbus, O., Jan. 17th, 1884.

III.

THE COMPARATIVE STRENGTH OF MINNESOTA
AND NEW ENGLAND GRANITES.!

By N. H. WINCHELL.

Having had occasion recently to investigate the qualities of some
of the building-stones of the state of Minnesota, I found it neees-
sary to subject them to the usual test of crushing, in the form of
two-inch cubes, to learn their strength under pressure.

Samples were obtained and dressed to the required size by Mr.
William Keating, at the marble shops of Messrs. Sullivan and
Farnham, in this city. About one hundred of such cubes were
formed, embracing sandstones, limestones, granites and trap rocks.
It is intended in this paper to show the remarkable, and unexpected
strength exhibited by the crystalline rocks of the state, and espe-
cially their superiority in that respect over the granites of New
England.

The samples as prepared were carefully chosen to avoid flaws and
imperfections due to weathering. They were dressed by hand with
hammer and chisel on all six sides, so as to measure two inches on
all their edges, the sides all being exact squares. They were sent
to Gen. Gillmore, at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, where they
were subjected tothe test for crushing-strength in the same manner
as many other granites that have been tested and reported by him
in his reports to the chief of engineers, from other portions of the
United States and particularly from New England. The tests were
applied by Mr. James Cocroft, under the direction of Gen. Q. A.

1 Read at the Minneapolis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. August, 1885.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 15

Gillmore. The samples were crushed between steel plates, one of
each stone in the direction of the schistose structure, and another
in the direction across it, the former being designated as on edge
and the latter as on bed, with the following results:—

Strength in pounds

Kind of stone. Location of quarry. Position. ——_—_
‘ per square

of sample. ineh:
Dark trap rock, Taylor’s Falls. On bed 105,000 26,250
massive melaphyr. Chisago Co. On edge 105,000 26,250
Dark trap rock, Tischer’s creek. On bed 105,000 26,250
from a dyke. Near Duluth, St. Louis Co, On edge 105,000 26,250
Gray gabbro, Rice’s Point. On bed 109,000 27,250
massive, fine. Duluth, St. Louis Co. On edge 105,000 26,250
Red, fine syenite. Beaver Bay. On bed 106,000 26,500
Lake Co. On edge 103,000 25,750
Red, quartzose Watab. On bed see pales 0
Ee See Oma sti | sey 103,c00 | 25,750
Red, quartzose ~ East St. Cloud. On bed |: 112,000 28,000
syenite. ~ Sherburne Co, On edge 105,000 26,250
: Pipestone City. On bed 111,000 27,750
Red quartzyte. Pipestone Co. On edge | 108,000 27,000
Massive, gray East St. Cloud. On bed 105,000 26,250
syenite, quartzose, Sherburne Co. On edge 103,000 25,750
Fine-grained East St. Cloud, On bed 112,000 28,000
gray syenite. Sherburne Co. On edge 105,000 26,250
Fine-grained Crebap ly imperfect sample). On bed 86,000 21,500
gray syenite. auk Rapids. On edge 100,000 25,200
Average Of 20 Samples..........00--secceeceos 104,800 26,200

In order to make a fair comparison, the resultant average strength
of the Minnesota samples, crushed between steel plates, should be
referred to wooden cushions. Gen. Gillmore’s experiments indicate
that granite has a greater crushing strength between steel plates
than between cushions of wood, amounting to eleven per cent. of
its strength between steel. Making such allowance, the average of
the Minnesota granites becomes:— |

Average strength of 20 samples of Minnesota granites, unpolished,
crushed between wooden cushions. 2-inch cubes. Pounds, per 2-
inch cube, 93,272; per square inch, 23,318.

This result is obtained by including the strength of the samples
both on edge and on bed, in one calculation.

The following table shows the same data for 20 New England
granites, reported by Gen. Gillmore, the most of them being on bed,
or undesignated as to whether on bed or on edge. In selecting
these, I have chosen the stronger of the New England granites
from general Gillmore’s table, and in all cases except one (in which

16 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the strength on edge is reported greater than on bed) I have chosen
the strength on bed, when known. I have avoided every possible
error that might be made in favor of the Minnesota granites, and
allowed several points that count in favor of the New England
granites.

TABLE

showing the compressive strength of New England granites in 2-inch
cubes, as reported by Gen. Gillmore (Report of the Chief of En-
gineers, 1875, Part II). In unpolished cubes, on wooden cushion-
blocks.

SS — ee a

a Strength in pounds

Position. |-—-——_-—— —

per square:
of sample. inch.
Blue. Staten I., New York. On bed 89,250 22,315
ana eaten Bienes POX TSlAMG MG) — 000 Ri Megesedibis ee) 59,500 14,875
OPE 82555. Sek Dix Island, Me. shiek clase wea 60,000 15,000
Dark. QUINCY MASSE) pair) Al lea omtsien, ate 71,000 17,750
Light. CONT CNS IMTS 5: 2) Se pie aalisesee eters share 59,000 14,750
Flagging. NWOrbnVIVeruN Y. 7°" * SENEPR ee 53,700 13,425
aie shieas Aeatee ee Cape Ann, Mass. On bed 59,750 14,937
Porter’s rock. Mystic river, Conn. On bed 72,500 18,125
Gray. Stony creek, Conn. On bed 60,000 15,000
Gray. Fall River, Mass. On bed 63,750 15,937
Bluish gray. Keene, N. H. On bed 41,000 10,250
Bluish gray. _Keene, N. H. On bed 51,500 12,875
Bho ter es One Millstone Pt., Conn. sfawie «jets yetsdnt 64,750 16,187
We sla’sae ae Greenwich, Conn. labribsebs don 45,200 11,300
Nianticriver.. New London, Conn. "© |) 2k sdeausee 50,000 12,500
Niantic river.. New London, Conn. On edge 56,700 14,175
sae’ FORO UE Re Saiela Vinal Haven, Me. Vase kcwnee 52,600 13,150
Spo FTIR eh Vinal Haven, Me. pe he eee Gy, 16,750
BS TO GS Fhe Westerly, R. I. On bed 58,750 14,687
CO RR et Westerly, 8.1. On edge 59,750 14,937
Averare Of 20'PTANITES, 26.0 cc cew votvens wietesrien 59,785 14,946

We find here that the

Average strength of 20 New England granites, unpolished, crushed
between wooden cushions in 2-inch cubes, is, in pounds, per 2-inch
cube, 59,785; per square inch, 14,946.

This shows that the average strength of the Minnesota granites
is fifty-six per cent of the strength of the New England granites
greater than that of the New England granites.

This anomalous result was so striking that I called general Gill-
more’s attention to it. The strength of the Minnesota 2-inch
cubes was so great that it exceeded the highest registration of the
gauge in use, and the samples were not reported aé first, but were
retained for crushing on a more powerful machine at Boston. It
occurred to me that possibly there had been a gradual deterioration
in the machine, or in the gauge, so that the registration was uni-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 17

formly too high, and this impression was strengthened by compar-
ing the results with the results reported in 1875, for some other
stones. One of the limestones reported in 1875 was from the same
place (Lemont, Ill.) as one of those I had included in my series,
the same being used largely in this city. While at that time the
strength of this stone did not reach beyond 14.000 pounds per
square inch, the samples I had sent was not crushed because it ex-
ceeded 100,000 pounds, the limit of the gauge. Again, one of the
granites sent in my series, had been reported in 1875. I refer to
that from St. Cloud. The gabbro from Duluth had also been re-
ported. Neither of these then reached beyond 19.000 pounds per
square inch, but now one is reported at about 26.000 pounds, and
the other about 27.000.

I called Gen. Gillmore’s attention to these discrepances in order
that if any error had been committed it might be detected by a re-
testing of his gauge, and the proper correction applied before the
results were published. Subsequently Mr. Cocroft wrote me that
he had the hydrostatic press taken apart and refitted, and the old
gauge tested by its maker, who formed a variation of only 200
pounds in 100,000 pounds. On reporting this to general Gillmore,
Mr. Cocroft was authorized to have a new gauge made, which
should register 175.000 pounds. This new register was used in
testing the refractory 2-inch cubes from Minnesota; hence their
actual strength is as certainly ascertained as is possible with the
apparatus employed.

Now, in discussing this curious anomaly, in order to reach an
explanation of it, we are driven to one of three conclusions.

1. Hither the cubes used were too large, or,

2. The methods are defective, or,

3. Minnesota granites are actually stronger than those of New
England.

(1) Were the cubes too large? I show here several surplus
cubes of the same size and style, made at the same time and by the
same man, with the same instruments. These are exactly two
inches on aside, measured with any ordinary standard. It is
evident the great excess of strength shown by the Minnesota cubes
cannot be due to their greater size, since the cubes would require
to have been very noticeably and remarkable greater than two
inches, and they would have been condemned.

(2). Are the methods defective? It would be sufficient, perhaps,
to answer that the tests were made with the exactness and well-
known integrity of the United States Engineers, under the direc-

2

i8 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

tion of general Q. A. Gillmore whose previous experiments and
publications have made him one of the best authorities in the United
States, if not in the world; and that in consequence of this phen-
omenon he had special trials made, and new instruments prepared,
yet with the final results stated above. It must be admitted that
previous tests, made at the same place (Fort Wadsworth, Staten I.),
on the stones at Duluth, Saint Cloud and Lemont, giving less com-
pressive strength to those stones than now reported, throws a
shadow of doubt on the correctness of the methods employed. . It
may be possible to explain those three cases in some way satisfac-
torily, by referring them to imperfections in the cubes. It is cer-
tainly not possible to allow them to establish a rule, in the face of
twenty other samples which contradict them.

(3). Are the granites of Minnesota stronger than those of New
England? We must either allow this, or, on account of the care-
fulness of the late tests of Minnesota granites, we must impugn all
the results and reasoning published heretofore by general Gillmore
on the granites of New England. Allowing this, we may speculate
as to its possible cause. it

It had occurred to me prior to this investigation, from other con-
siderations, that perhaps the last glacial movements in Minnesota
were of a later date than those described in New England. The
evident freshness of the drift in Minnesota, in its pose, and espe-
cially of the till, compared with that of southern New England,
and southeastern New York, seems to indicate the same differences
as to time, of deposit. as can be inferred between the northern and
the southern portions of the state of Ohio!, or the same portions of
the state of Minnesota. Of course, the continuous tracing of the
same lines of morainic accumulations from east to west will finally
determine the eastern analogues of our Leaf Hills and Kettle mor-
aines, and will give a definitive answer to this hypothesis. In the
mean time, and before that is accomplished, we may perhaps account
for the greater strength of Minnesota crystalline rocks by suppos-
ing them less changed superficially by the process of decay, the
lateness of the glaciation to which they have been subjected having
left them comparatively fresh through the recent removal of a con-
siderable thickness.

1 Geological survey of Ohio. Report on Delaware county.

ea }

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25

STATE GHOLOGIST.

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CRUSTACEA. |

THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA.

N. H. WINCHELL, STATE GEOLOGIST.

oe a REE OR T

ON THE

CRUSTACEA OF MINNESOTA

INCLUDED IN THE ORDERS

CLADOCERA AND COPEPODA,

Together with a synopsis of the described species in North America, and keys
to the known species of the more important genera.

By @. L. HERRICK, Assistant in Zoology.

MINNEAPOLIS :
JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON.
1884.

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pp presenting what may be denominated a final report of the work

done in this state upon the group of crustacea best repre-
sented, and, all things considered, most important, the author must
admit that the term “final” refers only to his own opportunities
and the limitation of time imposed by circumstances.

While a comparatively large proportion of all the species exist-
ing within our limits have been examined during the progress of
these investigations, there undoubtedly remain many additional
and curious forms to reward the search of the student. A great
variation in the degree of completeness with which the different
genera and species have been treated will be observed, due in part
to the circumstances under which they were studied, and frequently
to the poverty of material. The entomostracean fauna is quite
different at different seasons, and a complete knowledge of even
our local fauna requires a long period of observation. Even the
dead of winter is a favorable time to study some groups. The late
autumn is, perhaps, the most favorable opportunity; for then, in
one group, the sexual activities are just at their height, and both
sexes may be studied. A number of cladocera are restricted to this
season. There are a number (how large it is not yet possible to
tell) of species in both groups which are to be sought by night
though no phosphorescent species are yet known. Our larger,
and, especially, deeper lakes have a quite different fauna from the
shallow pools and rivers. In general, the flowing waters are poor
in entomostraca. The cladocera or shelled entomostraca, have here
received a large share of attention, and more particularly the Lyn-
ceidze, which are the most minute of arthropods. This study has
been rewarded with an unexpectedly large number of forms, and a
particularly large number of species identical with those of Europe
and elsewhere. Prof. Birge is the only American writer who
has attempted this group, and his valuable work has made us
familiar with the more striking new species. A few new species
are included in our list and several varieties hardly yet known in
Hurope. The remarkable Monospilius is among these. This ani-
mal has but a single larval eye in the middle of its forehead, and

+ TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

wears its old covering over the newly-formed shell till the latter
is a curious patchwork mass. The attempt has been made to in-
corporate a brief description of all American species with those
found in Minnesota, and also to frame keys for the larger genera,
so that the place of a species among its congeners may, at least
approximately be found. The difficulty of framing such keys is
very great ; for few authors have em/ployed the same distinctions
in their descriptions, and it is necessary to select points sharply
distinctive and conspicuous from the often meagre remainder after
striking off scattering particulars. In some eases this difficulty
has been greatly enhanced by the possibility that some of the
species should be considered synonyms or varietal forms. The
tendency to combine questionable forms thus produced it was
necessary to offset by what may seem a too great conservatism,
Faulty, however, as these keys may be, it is hoped that they will
serve a good purpose in the extent which they cover. While the
limits of this work preclude much more than a systematic outline,
opportunity is taken here and there to admit a word on the
anatomy or development. Such allusions must be considered
simply accidental, for a complete treatment of these subjects would
require large volumes, and the material will be long in gathering.
A larger proportion of the rare males of the cladocera are here
referred to than in any previous work of equal extent. The genus
Cyclops, one. of the bugbears to fresh-water carcinologists, is per-
haps somewhat summarily treated. The excuse must be the con-
dition of the synonomy. However, most of the combinations made
were the result of careful study of large series from different locali-
ties. The sketches illustrating this paper are photo-printed from
the writer's own drawings, and, without the elegance of litho-
graphs, serve the purpose of explaining points of structure which
cannot be communicated verbally. I am indebted to Prof. A. S.
Forbes for very timely aid in bibliography, without which the
paper could not have been completed. To Dr. Lindthal, through
my friend Mr. Oestlund, I am indebted for a like service. But my
obligation is deepest to Prof. Rudolph Leuckart of Leipzig, who
kindly afforded access to almost a complete set of works on Kuro-
pean entomostraca. Prof. C. W. Hall has collected at much
expenditure of time and labor a set of specimens from different
parts of the state which he kindly placed in my hands, thus en-
abling me to observe the great similarity of widely-separated
faune. Mr. Lieberg also sent specimens of Diaptomus stagnalis
from saline pools in Dakota.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 5

INTRODUCTORY.

‘““Evading e’en the microscopic eye,

Full nature swarms with life ; one wondrous mass
Waiting the vital breath, when Parent Heaven
Shall bid the spirit blow. The hoary fen,

In putrid streams, emits the living cloud

Of pestilence. Through subterranean cells,
Where searching sunbeams scarce can find a way,
Earth animated heaves. The flowery leaf

‘Wants not its soft inhabitants. Secure

Within its winding citadel, the stone

Holds multitudes. * * where the pool

Stands mantled o’er with green, invisible

Amid the floating verdure, millions stray.

* * Nor is the stream

Of purest crystal, nor the lucid air,

Though one transparent vacancy it seems,

Void of their unseen people.””—Cowper.

To the poet only, and the man of science, is it given to meet °
these “unseen people” on those familiar terms which warrants the
use of the word intimacy; yet may not we who, like Sam Weller,
find our “vision limited,’’ because we have only eyes, avail our-
selves of the kind introduction these people give us, and shake
hands, as it were, though perhaps a little stiffly, with our neigh-
bors, the unseen pepe

Whether we like it or not—Cowper bareMies we shall not—
these people, in one way or another, touch us constantly, and like
diminutive sprites are ever active in hatching mischief or doing
their little favors to humanity. Happily most of these are amiable
goblins, and are tireless in endeavors to secure us against our
insidious enemies of their own ilk. With your permission we will
draw the curtain which separates us from the naiades of our pools *
and streams.

The numbers of living forms to be found in any pool is a con-
stant surprise even to the student of this subject, and the variety
and unique character of the animals, particularly, cause a constant
flow of wonder and admiration. Confining ourselves to the crus-

6 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

tacean forms which are, perhaps, most typical, abundant and
interesting of the smaller animals of fresh waters, it is to be re-
marked that they are of a practical value to an extent which can
hardly be correlated with their seeming insignificance. :

To understand this fact it is first necessary to recollect that
water in some form is an indispensable vehicle for the nidus of
disease germs as well as of all life; desiccation means death. The
abundantly-watered portion of our country must become per-
meated with the pestilential hordes ingendered in its fens did not
this army of devouring animalcule destroy the decaying matters
accumulating in the waters.

Their importance depends largely on their minute size and un-
paralleled numbers. The majority of non-carnivorous crustaceans
are so constituted that their diet is nearly confined to such floating
particles of matter as are present in the water, in a state of more
or less fine comminution; for, nearly without prehensile organs,
these animals, by means of a valvular or, at most, ladle-like labrum.
dip from the current of water kept flowing by the constant
motion of the branchial feet, such fragments as the snail and
scavenger-fish have disdained. All is fish which enters the net.
Think of it, poor dyspeptic, a constant supply of food of every
variety and no question asked for stomach’s sake! Bits of decay-
ing alge or the broken fragments of a disintegrated mosquito, all
alike acceptable and unhesitatingly assimilated.

Nor is the sanitary aspect the only one in which the entomost-
raca, as our minute crustacea are collectively called, command
attention; they are valuable also as a food supply.

Now, does some one jump at the conclusion that the water we
drink is filled with aliment in such pleasant form as that repre-
sented above—that Dr. Tanner after all lived on a watery solution
of entomostraca? Too fast, my friend—food for fishes, but not
therefore an insignificant element in our cuisine economy; for it
has recently been shown by Prof. Forbes of Illinois, that some of
our best fresh-water food fishes are almost dependent on some one
or more species of entomostraca, Darwin shows that cats regulate
the clover crop of England via field-mice and humble-bees, but it
is not half as far from our “bugs” to the price of trout and white-
fish.

Still we are not prepared to be surprised at this, for have we not
long understood that whales go fishing, with their whalebone nets,
for little mollusks not big enough to excite the cupidity of the

catorial small boy?

STATE GEOLOGIST. 7

The fact is, that the principle laid down by the Deacon (of
venerable memory) that “the weakest pint must stand the strain,”
maintains in nature aside from the nature of ‘‘shays.” The minutest
forms are in some sense the most important, for they are the links
which stand nearest the rock, and it they be loosened the depen-
dent series falls.

_The animals of the above group are, it is likely, the best criteria
by which to judge of the purity of natural waters if their distribu-
tion were correctly understood. The presence of some species in
great numbers is sufficient evidence of organic impurity. A criti-
cal study of the contents of samples of such waters will enable us
to determine their character almost as well as by analysis. The
following list of the animal life visible in a quart of filthy pond-
water, taken by simple dipping, will perhaps be suggestive on this
point:

EVA TATULUMD ULE DR talaiare ss chloe sieta seme a lnie e cie aie hip iois ele bh lee sieicle’e cabdiatnls sietn s+ lole/al=hu oibts 6
OCHO DAMA e aiate a «to ielals| ois. -'ese(0}s ole) ais) sleivies-isicle SHADE ON SOM aS Ite JOBE, sab pane bore 1400
SimMocephalus.......essesereee EIU at eeeie rah iet efeorcaehcrraic noel Wale whey Ninva vie evar eioieia (eral aiaysleieiatsierejs 56
TRUS a 2 oe SAY clare apn alcteleh waielels sielells wlele.e alee Nau Sslcle be je cise coh eens sieletel 50
GACTO IS Been ieete si ciais sleyale ol isierase -inje ateteiswinleleln elescle wre), Pcichyeseaiciaiase sin'<ia ple‘shelajevele'nisjcle.ee 30
SGHEEATIS .466 donGoode saae 8050 Cone eaeb ose code Good o nn Codatd Guba doegdcdmoonnade 120
MO FAMOUS ACE Ai cestietn ae < slealeniatere stele: «elie lefetere,, a1e o'e\eii-felele «\slereels aleinye'sie 1662
APCRRATUTS OM ete one ayes tal eicletovs tel etr ele elelfole Aiciisiaia = WW lelefelele 0 alt iovelelel ere vis folela a)=\n\ofors efele crate iela/aininie 35
PANES CRNA CELA) UIRCLCTUIU EL) s\alete miele ian leis ale lofe)= e ele\sicls/«\q [cles sielerein sie 2 cle = aie els/c\e\e a)=/*/~/0\0) 1
“WGIRTIGR en dob SG RESO ONBES FOU CES HOBBS OS TE NAGAIEGRG TAR IEGINCS JESU AAE ak amerr i scien 5
Insecta—
(Gagosian CANES yesds bod ddod9d00 HEOe 0805 beod sonGuL OS vebonooraosudeor 8
ID AHA MOINES) aade oon sndcoodenebS odoobnsoe dad p 4 cd0endgoneosboUDNosBe 11
PETETUUTIECT ONS AS Ne ee eee etscioaiae oh Rech ie esis s lclae ciate ala Stafcls ciuie Geico tio ew 10
BUN Ma Se Aer teys is sesiclaiayes ciebeisicnepeveie: stave clos isielelaltaiedolajsiel op sisi sis Oipeiaioto ajplelale/slawlniniele’ sve 35
ERO GALLO Ree ee tetas A eae TORE Sie ci cfaectecetumaiels /ectele sohitols bie:aiuteitVafuinterele 1767

The above are simply the animal forms visible to the (trained)
unassisted eye; the truly microscopic forms number vastly more.

But each gathering includes specimens of carnivorous entomost-
raca as well, and these are not less interesting and bizarre than the
cladocera.
- The common cyclops, busy picking the bones of a luckless pol-
liwog (must we say purwiggy2), is not less benevolent than the
animate filters mentioned above. The amount of such material
that they will dispose of in a short period of time is truly astonish-
ing. It is the province of the following chapters to describe
briefly such of these animals as fall in the two groups Cladocera
and Copepoda and have been noticed in America.

8 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CHAPTER I.

vO

THE ENEMIES OF ENTOMOSTRACA.

First among these rank the young of various fishes which prey
upon, and find their entire support in, these minute animals. This
subject has been fully treated by Forbes, Ryder and others.

The enemy next most dreaded by entomostraca is, perhaps, the
“spectre animalcule” or the larva of the little frost-gnat, corethra.
It is no unusual thing to see a corethra carefully gorging itself
with a fat cyclops, suddenly seized by the protractile jaws of the
dragon-fly Jarva, shaken for a minute and then engulfed in the
tomb-like cavernous mouth below. Nor is the road to the
stomach of the dragon-fly always so circuitous. Water-tigers also,
with other larva, prey upon these unfortunates. The hydra con-
siders them a dainty morsel, and at once paralyzes them by the
touch of his nematocystiferous arms; in other words, by the pois-
onous barbs coiled in concealment in the cells of the tentacles.

If the animal flys from these ubiquitous enemies he almost cer-
tainly is betrayed by carnivorous plants which abound in all our
waters. Forbes says: ‘‘In ten bladders of Utricularis vulgaris, taken
at random, I found 93 animals, either entire or in recognizable
fragments, and representing at least 28 species. Seventy-six of
the animals found were entomostraca, and belonged to 20 species.”
“Just one-third of all the animals found in these bladders belonged
to the single species Acroperus leucocephalus, Koch.”

But among the ranks of enemies must be included certain para-
sites, both external and internal, of which a variety are known.
A few of the most remarkable of these will be mentioned. I may
be permitted to quote from an article in the American Naturalist,
April, 1883:

“We have discussed the relation of the minute fresh-water crus-
tacea to sanitary science in a paragraph in a recent article in the
Naturalist, but it remains to touch upon another phase of the
subject. It may be thought unnecessary to trouble ourselves

STATE GEOLOGIST. 9

about the pathological conditions prevailing among such lowly
animals, but it can be shown that these same causes of disease may
not be unimportant in connection with human diseases.

Tt is a fact constantly receiving new exemplification, that the
parasites infesting small animals, particularly water animals, are
frequently but the immature forms of parasites of animals higher
in the scale. These alternating generations are exceedingly diffi-
cult to study, so that while all stages may be separately known,
only a fortunate combination of circumstances or patient accumu-
lation of facts can connect the individual factors into the complete
eyclus.

Thus, for example, Prof. Leuckart has but recently worked out
the full life-history of Distomum hepaticum, although the adult
has been a stoek example in helminthological study in the labor- ©
atory for years.

The importance of such parasites, even in a commercial view,
needs but a reference to trichinosis to illustrate. I am not aware
that endo-parasites are known in entomostraca except in the case
of cyclops. Embryos of Cucullanus elegans, a nematoid worm,
enter the body cavity of cyclops and undergo two moults and then
are transferred to the intestinal canal of food fishes.!

A similar parasite of cyclops is Filaria medinensis.?

The cladocera are generally quite free from parasites, but I have
found in several instances young nematoids in the blood sinus in
front of the heart in Daphnia schefferi. These worms subsist
upon the nutriment in the blood which constantly bathes the
animal. True cysts could not be formed in the cobweb-like tis-
sues of the hosts. This is, so far as I can learn, the first publica-
tion of entozoa from cladocera, and the parasites are figured in
Plate T, Fig. 15. The animals were from ‘Schimels Teich,’ Leipzig.

While collecting copepods near Tuscaloosa, Ala., I gathered a
number of specimens of Cyclops tenuicornis, and nearly all were
unusually pale and feeble. Qn examination they proved to be in-
fested with a worm of the sub-order Distomez. This sub-order
‘includes many distressing parasites and forms which are adapted
to be widely distributed by a long period of adolescence, and the
number of stages passed through before maturity is attained.”

“The larve live frequently in mollusca, and in maturity
inhabit the intestine of vertebrates.

Upon examination, the cyclops individuals collected were nearly

iClaus. Kleines Lehrbuch d. Zoologie, p. 368. : ; i °
2Fedschenko. Ueber d. Bau. u. d. Entwicklung d. Filaria medinensis, Moscow.

10 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

all found affected, some having as many as five parasites of various
sizes about the alimentary canal, in the common vascular cavity
which corresponds to the entire arterial and venous system of the
more highly organized Calanide. The Cercerian or tailed stage
was not found. Were the life-history known it would probably
appear that the larval stage is passed within some young mollusks,
and that the adult infests some vertebrate, probably fish, and
would thus be perhaps transferred either in food or drink to
the human system.

It is worthy of notice that the host was soon destroyed by the
parasite, the post-imago or coronatus form being absent; most
of the individuals thus infested possessed abnormally persistent
larval characters in antenne, etc.” (See also below on Lagenella
mobilis).

The external parasites are more numerous but, in the main, less
dangerous. Among these are a variety of alge, and colonies of Vor-
ticellee and related animals. There is almost always a colony of
Acineta near the anus of Cyclops phaleratus. Rarely Stentor is
found upon the body of Cyclops.

The most remarkable ectoparasite among the protozoa is the
remarkable louse-like ciliate protozoan, to be described beyond,
found as a parasite of Diaptomus pallidus.

Finally, certain of the rotifera are very constant enemies of the
entomostraca, one species making its diet almost exclusively of
Chydorus sphericus and stowing them away with remarkable
facility with its forceps-like jaws.

A New Speciss oF CORETHRA.

(Plate V. Figs. 1-4 )

The Corethra plumicornis as knoyyn in the larval form is one
of the most abundant of the inhabitants of our inland waters, and
its form and habits are sufficiently well known. (See Types of
Animal Life by the author for description and figures.)

A second, and presumably new, species was found in a night
gathering from Lake of the Isles near Minneapolis. In motion it
differed so entirely, though indescribably, that the eye recognized
it at once as new. The few specimens then obtained were all that
have been seen, but I will here give a brief description of the larva
and pupa in hope that the imago may finally be encountered.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 11

The form is more slender than ‘in C. plumicornis. The tracheal
vessels are of a different form and color, and the viscera have ob-
vious differences. Most conspicuous variations, however, are seen
in the shape of the head, which is slender and attenuated toward
the insertion of the antenne. The antenne are shortish and have
a spine outwardly. The cuticular appendages have an unusual
form as has the labrum. The anterior part of the head is
spiny. The armature of the end of the abdomen is peculiar.

The posterior rudimentary appendages are of a different form,
and the claws are replaced by club-shaped bodies. A curious ap-
pendage below is indicated in the name. The pupa has an extra-
ordinarily elongate abdomen which terminates in two paddle-like
appendages loosely ciliated outwardly. This species may be called

Corethra appendiculata, sp. n.

A New Ectoparasitic Protozoan.

(Plate V. Figs. 12-13.)

——EE

The very strange monocellular animal referred to was found scur-
rying over the body of Diaptomus pallidus in a manner like that
of a louse scrambling over a bare spot upon its host. The body is

-disc-shaped and about .04 mm. in diameter. The lower or ciliated
side is flat and circular. The upper or aboral portion is convex
with an annular depression of greater or less regularity about half
way from the center tothe margin. The lower side has a chitinous

barred ring, corresponding to the depression above, containing
about 25 radially arranged bars, each of which, apparently, forms
the support for a long cilium which with the others forms a circlet
extending beyond the margin. These cilia are used as feet and by
them the animal is able to move in any direction, apparently with
none of the uncertainty of motion usual to ciliate infusoria. The
protoplasm is granular and contains one or more contractile vesicles,
one of which appeared very regularly in the center of the chitinous

_ ring before mentioned. These animals can also swim freely, but

after a short excursion usually came quickly back, and after
shuffling or sliding over the smooth surface of the crustacean as-
sumed a position of repose. The generic affinites of this protozoan

12 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

are uncertain (Chiledontide?); the specific name may, perhaps, be
safely applied as follows:

pedicularis, sp. n.

Cragin notices the occurrence in American species of Cyclops of
Lagenella mobilis, Rehberg. This gregarine (?) was found by him
at Cambridge, inhabiting in large numbers the digestive tract of
species of Cyclops, and has since then been observed in Minnesota.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 13

CHAPTER IL.

—

ORDER CLADOCELA.

This very extensive group contains a variety of types, but there
are sufficiently evident connecting links uniting the extremes of
structure. The Gymnomera which, following the usual custom,
we include here, stand distinct from the other groups, yet have suf-
ficiently evident cladoceran affinities. It is very unfortunate for
etiological speculation that this the only truly marine group
should stand thus isolated from its fellows. Azcording to the no-
tions at present prevailing, the Phyllopods stand nearest the primi-
tive type of crustacea. There are unmistakable hints at an early
origin for that group, and not less evident are certain analogies
with both Cladocera and Copepoda.

There has, however, recently been made an attempt to derive the
Phyllopods from an original cladoceran stem with, as we think,
somewhat unsatisfactory results. Do we not the rather see in both
groups two like phases which may be looked upon as incidental and
comparatively trivial. Theshelled and theshell-less phasis appears
in both. The most closely shelled Phyllopod is unmistakably nearer
Branchipus even than any of the Cladocera. It would seem that
the brief and imperfect embryonic nauplius condition of the latter
sufficiently indicated their later origin. Again no fanciful analogy
can unite the Ostracoda with the Lynceide. We know of no
recent discoveries casting discredit on the remark of Balfour: ‘the
independent origin of the Ostracoda from the main crustacean
stem seems probable.”

Prof. Packard says:'

“We imagine that when a permaneut body of fresh water became
established, as, for example, in perhaps early Silurian times, the
marine forms carried into it in the egg-condition, possibly by birds

1A Monograph of the Phyllopod Crustacea,” etc., XIIth Annual Rep. U.S. Geol.
and Geog. Surv. Terr.

14 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

[sic?] or by high winds, hatched young, which under favorable con-
ditions, changed into Sida, Moina, and Daphnia-like forms. The
Cladocera are, then, probably the more generalized forms, from
which the Phyllopods, at this time and probably ever since Devo-
nian times, par excellence a fresh-water assemblage of forms, took
their origin.” Whatever affinity there may be between the shelled
Phyllopods and the Cladocera, it would seem that the evidence is
conclusive that the latter group is not the direct continuation
of the line of development inaugurated by an ostracode ancestor.
As shown beyond, the present centre of the group seems near Moina
with indications of a divergence from this rather generalized type,
especially of degradation and heteronomy on the side of the
Lynceids.

It seems at the present time that more might be accomplished
for ztiology by a careful study of such groups as the present, in
which are a variety of closely allied forms than by the attempt to
join widely separated groups. When we shall have siezed upon
the latest eddies and mapped their direction, it may become possible
to combine the indications in such a way that lines of divergence
thus traced accurately through some small part of their course
may be produced backward to their intersection, This then is
our present duty—the accurate mapping of minute districts and the
careful noting of any moving straws, competent to indicate move-
ments in the vast complex of vitalized nature. We conceive the
cladocera to have had a comparatively recent origin, and to express
the culmination and retrograde development of a plan of structure
first differentiated after the appearance of clear bodies of fresh
water. All the species save a very few are confined to inland
waters. Accepting the above mentioned theory, the Sidide will
occupy the first place as departing least from the type from which
the whole group sprang, while it is connected by the genus
Daphnella with the Daphnidea. The Daphnide, beginning with
Moina, find their ultimate development in some monstrous forms
of the genus Daphnia, but pass into the Lyncodaphnide by way
of Macrothrix. The links uniting all these minor groups are very
obvious.

Our own ideas of the relationships among the Calytomerous
Cladocera are expressed in the accompanying table. This table is
to be considered a projection of a portion of a genealogical tree,
seen from below, in which the genus Moina forms the arbitrarily
chosen fixed point. The heavy dotted line is imagined as directed
downward vertically. That branch rising toward the top of the

STATE GEOLOGIST. A5

page is growing obliquely upward. The Daphnidz are represented
as expanding upon the same plane as Moina, and the Lyncodaph-
nide extend diagonally downward, producing the Lynceid branch
The Bosminide spring from the stem at a lower point. These
relations are made obvious by the figure giving a view of the ideal
tree as seen from the side.*

Limnosida
‘S
\.
Si Si _-latona
Holopedidae ae SD pps
Biases os beet
net ‘77 Daphnella
~ ~ x
<s IDI DA>
Simogephalus
I ae
oe aa —7-—--—--MOINA-~--Ceriodaphnia see Daphnia
vo < LYNCODAPHNIDA > x onakiny York
Z H x

'
Yy -~
ve le Macrothrix ~ :
Rosini Streblocercus y ‘ se Lyncodaphnia
L 4 Mle $b se j

Lathonura Prepanothrit =~ SE Tae pee is Miocryptus
ania

1

“
Acantholeberis <LY NC EI DA»
1

! Vande ii
Eurycercus tues

Camptocercus______ “ ps

= Sar itilyas a

Alonopsis-- eS ea ess i
(Alona) +7 ‘

Lynceus ‘ i
(Pledconush, Graptolebris
ra ‘

Chydoriis Se
‘\Monospilus

FIG. 1.—TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATIONS OF THE

CLADOCERA CALYPTOMERA.

*NOTE.—To adapt the diagram to the theory that the Lynceide are the progenitors
of Cladocera, it is only necessary to revolve the imaginary line to the right, till it
coincides with the axis of that family. The question mark may be understood to
indicate that the source of the pivetal group, Moina, is uncertain. The author must
confess that his inclination is toward a belief that the line culminating in the Daph-
nidz diverged from a group of organisms resembling Phyllopoda, more definitely,
resembling Limnetes. There is a very remarkable resemblance between the larva
of Limnetes and Bosmina. The lateral spines of the former are, as will be shown
true homologues of the antennules of Bosmina. The later origin of the Phyllopoda
in their present form may be well admitted.

1Entomostraca, seu Insecta testacea, que in aquis Danie et Norwegiz reperit
descripsit, ete. Otho Friedric Mueller, 1785.

2Monoe. qui se trouvent aux Envir. de Geneve.

16 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The Cladocera or Daphnoidea are characterized by the more or
less leaf-like feet, and the lamina of thin chitine which encloses the
greater part of the body, or at least forms a sac for the protection
of the eggs. This so-called shell springs as a fold from the maxil-
lary segment and is the most conspicuous and variously formed,
while really least important, of the structural peculiarities.

All Cladocera begin life with a single median eye, but some lose
it during later life. In one case it remains the only visual organ.

The outer covering is in most cases changed by frequent moults.
The period of the moult is one of the most precarious in the life
history of the animal.

Although figures and brief descriptions of animals belonging to
this group are to be found in the works of Swammerdam, Leewen-
hoek, Trembley and other of the older authors, Mueller! was the
first to preduce a systematic work upon these in common with
other minute fresh-water crustacea. He may be called the father
of the study of micro-crustacea. Jurine,? an eminent Swiss natur-
alist, was the next to contribute important discoveries relating to
these interesting animals, though Ramdohr had given anatomical
details of several species. Gruisthuisen, a little later gives farther
details of Daphnia sima (Simocephalus). The work of Milne
Edwards gives a resume of what was known regarding these ani-
mals in that period. Soon afterwards the work of Baird became
the beginning of a new era, and the study of the minute crustacea
sprang into importance at once. The Scandinavian peninsula
being the birth-place of the science, it is proper that the most
exhaustive work on the group should be performed there.

The most important of the later writers are Leydig, Schoedler,
Fischer, Lilljeborg, P. E. Mueller, Sars, Weismann, Claus and
Kurz.

The complete bibliography of the subject up to Mueller’s time is
found in Baird’s British Entomostraca; the greater part of the
later bibliography is to be found in P. EK. Mueller’s Danmark’s
Cladocera. A few only of the more important works are here
mentioned.

Koch, C. L., Deutchlands Crustaceen, etc.

Schoedler, J. H., Ueber Acanthocercus rigidus, etc.

Dana, J. D., Crustacea of the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition.

Lievin, Die Branchiopoden der Danziger-Gegend.

Fischer, Leb., Ueber die in der Umgegend von St. Petersburg vorkommenden Crus-
taceen, etc., 1851.

Lilljeborg, W., De Crustaceis ex ordinibus tribus, (or) Om de inom Skane forekom-
mande Crustaceer af ordningarne Cludocere, Ostracoda och Cope-
poda.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 17

This valua’le work is particularly good on the Cladocera, but is

unfortunately without Latin descriptions; so that the Swedish

text is a hindrance to its usefulness. It is chiefly of historic value
now. Large 8vo; Lund, 1855.

Schoedler, J. E., Die Branchipoden der Umgegend von Berlin, 1858.
Smitt, F. A., Sur les Ephippes des Daphnes.
Lubbock, J., An account of the two methods of reproduction in Daphnia, etc.
Leydig, Fr., Naturgeschichte der Daphniden.
The most magnificent work published.
Lilijeborg, W., Leptodora hyalina, 1861.
Sars, G. O., Om Crustacea Cladocera, iagttagne iOmegnen af Christiania, 1862.

This valuable work is difficult of access, printed on thin paper and
without illustrations. A second paper by the same author in 1863
is mentioned, but I have never seen it.

Schoedler, J. H., Neue Beitrage zur Naturgeschicte der Cladoceren, 1863.

One of the most important works on the Lynceide. The author
is rather too credulous and inclined to form new species.

Klunzinger, Einiges zur Anatomie der Daphniden nebst kurzen Bemerkungen ueber
die Susswasserfauna der Umgegend Cairo’s.
Sars, G. O., Norges Ferskvandskrebsdyr Cladocera ctenopoda, 1865.

The best work on the Sidide, etc.
Mueller, P. H., Danmark’s Cladocera.

One of the most useful books on the subject. Especially good
on Lynceidz and Bosminide.

Plateau, Felix, Recherches sur les Crustaces d’eau douce, etc., 1867-69.

Mueller, P. H., Note sur les Cladoceres des Grands Lacs de la Suisse.

Weismann, A., Bau und Lebenserscheinungen Leptodora hyalina.

Sars, G. O., Om en dimorph Udvikling Samt Generationsvexel hos Leptodora, 1873.

Claus, C., Zur kennt. d Organ. u. d. feineren Baues der Daphniden.

Claus, C., Zur kennt. des Baues, ete., der Polyphemiden.

Gruber and Weismann, Ueber einige neue oder unvollkomen gekannte Daphniden.

Weismann, Thierleben im Bodensee, 1877.

Lutz, A., Untersuchungen ueber Cladoceren der umgebung von Bern.

Claus, C., Die Schalendruse der Daphniden, 1874.

Spangenberg, Fr., Ueber Bau und Entwicklung der Daphniden.

Lilijeborg, W., Crust, Suececorum Ordin. Branchiop. et Subord. Phyllop., 1877.

Pavesi, P., Nuova Serei di recherche delia fauna pelagica nei laghi [taliani, 1877-1879.

Grobben, C., Zur Entwicklungsgeschicte d. Moina rectirostris, 1789.

Weismann, Beitrage zur Naturgsch. der Daphnoiden, Leipzig, 1876-79. (Valuable on
the physiology).

The American literature may be catalogued in a few lines. The
first descriptions and figures with which I am familiar are those in
the Rep. of the U. 8. Fish Commission, 1874, where S. I. Smith notes
Daphnia galeata, D. pellucida and D. pulex; also a species of Bos-
mina, Eurycercus lamellatus and Leptodora hyalina.

A. E. Birge was the first to systematically study Cladocera in
America, and his ‘** Notes on Cladocera” furnished a basis upon

2

18 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

which to build. A few notes were published by the writer a little
later.

A few additional notes and descriptions of new species were
published in the eleventh annual report of the Minnesota geol.
and nat. hist. survey.

Prof. Birge published other notes in the Medical Journal and
Examiner of Chicago, which I have not seen.

Prof. Forbes of Normal, Ill., in an article in the American
Naturalist, July, 1882, adds a number of facts and one new species.

In addition to the above, a figure of Sida was printed in one
of Hayden’s Survey Reports, and some account of the Cladocera
of lake Michigan was given by B. W. Thomas, I believe, in one of
the official reports of the Chicago Water Commission.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE CLADOCERA.
SUB-ORDER I,—CALYPTOMERA (membrane-clothed).

Body enclosed in a bivalve shell. Mandibles truncate below. Maxillz distinct,
spiny. Thoracic ganglia discrete.
Tribe [.—CTENOPODA.
Feet six, similar, foliaceous, all distinctly branchiate.
Fam. 1.—SIDIDE.
Swimming antenne with two unequal rami, intestine simple.
Fam. 2.—HoLoPEeDIDA,
Swimming antennze simple, elongate cylindrical (in the male prehensile),
intestine with two lateral dilations.
Trise I].—ANOMOPODA.
Feet five (or six) pairs, the anterior pair more or less prehensile and destitute
of branchiz.
Fam. 1.—DarHNip&.
Rami of antenne three and four-jointed, five pairs of feet, the last with
a curved appendage guarding branchial sac; antennules of female
short, one-jointed.
Fam. 2.—BosMINID&.
Six pairs of feet, antennules elongated, many-jointed.
‘Fam. 3.—LYNCODAPHNIDA.
Antennules of female elongated, but one-jointed; intestine simple or
convolute.
Fam. 4.-- LYNCEID.

Antenne with both rami three-jointed, intestine convolute, with ab-
dominal but no anterior ceca.

SUB-ORDER IL—_GYMNOMERA (destitute of covering).

Body without or nearly destitute of bivalve shell ; feet not branchiate, spiny. An-
terior thoracie ganglia in one mass.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 19

Fam. 1.—PoLyPHEMIDZ.

Abdomen curved, terminating in two long stylets.
Fam. 2.—LEPTODORIDZ.

Abdomen straight, ending in short claws.

FAMILY SIDIDA.

Head separated from the body by a depression, without promin-
ent fornices (or spreading shields) over the base of the antenne.
First pair of antenne, or antennules, as we shall uniformly call
them, one-jointed, usually rather small in the female, but extend-
ing into a very strong flagellum in the male. Antenne long,
biramose, with unequal branches. Mandibles truncate at the end.
Maxille armed with large spines. The form is usually elongate,
and the abdomen often extends beyond the edge of the shell
behind. The male openings are usually in the end of long ap-
pendages which depend from the base of the post-abdomen. This
interesting family is represented in America so far by four species,
one of which constitutes a new genus. Others will undoubtedly
be found upon a careful study of the fauna of the great lakes
Most of the species prefer the clearer and colder water of large
lakes. The processes of development, as traced by the writer, vary
very little from the method exhibited by Moina. The ephippial
condition, however, is not found in these animals which are less
subject to destructive influences of the climate. They do, how-
ever, produce so-called winter eggs which are laid in October and
are distinguished from the summer eggs, which hatch in the brood
cavity, by a brown color and the presence of fatty spheres. These
eggs are produced in large numbers in distinction from most other
Cladocera in which the winter eggs are very few. These eggs are
permitted to settle to the bottom and there develop at the proper
time. Sida crystallina is often found in immense numbers in large
lakes which contain abundant plant growth. The size, and especi-
ally the reproduction activity, is very dependent on the environ-
ment, and hence little success is obtained in preservation in
aquaria. Some of the genera are nocturnal and should be sought
at the surface on quiet evenings.

I1.—GENUs SripA. Straus.
(Plate N. Figs. 12-14.)

Body elongate, hyaline. Head small, quadrate. Fornices ab-
sent. Antennules of female small, truncate; of male, with a long

20 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

flagellum. Second antenne with the rami two and three-jointed.
Male with the sexual openings just behind the last pair of feet.
It is the upper or longer branch of the antennz which in Sida is
three-jointed, while the reverse is the case in the next genus.
The only species, according to P. E. Mueller, is the ubiquitous 8S.
crystallina. The 8S. elongata of Sars is distinguished by the
smaller head and its concave lower margin and more elongate
shell. The terminal joint of the longer ramus has one less seta
than S. crystallina, while the post-abdomen has more numerous
spines. We incline to believe it a valid variety at least. The
bibliography below is extracted from a previous report:
Daphne crystallina, MUELLER.
Daphnia crystallina, LATREILLE, Bosc.
Sida crystallina, STRAUS, Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Sida crystallina, M. EDWARDS, Hist. Nat. Crust.
Monoculus crystallinus, GMELIN, MANUEL, FABRICIUS.
Monoculus elongatus, DE GEER, Mem. servir. Hist. Ins.
Sida crystallina, L1Rv1n, Branch. d, Danziger Geg.
BAIRD, Brit. Entom.
LILLJEBORG, De crust. ex ord. trib.
FISCHER.
SCHOEDLER, Die Branch. d. Umg. v. Berlin.
Neue. Beitr.
LrypiG, Naturg, d. Daph.
Saks, Norges Ferskv—Krebsdyr.
Sida elongata, SARS, He ae Ge
Sida erystallina, P. E. MUELLER, Danmark’s Cladocera.
KuRzZ, Dodekas Neuer Cladoceren.
BIRGE, Notes on Cladocera.
HERRICK, Microsc. Entom.
Lutz, Untersuch, u. d. Cladoceren d. Umg. v. Bern., 1878.
WEISMANN:
GROBBEN, Entwicklung. Moina.
HERRICK, Crustacea of Minnesota.

u1.—GENuUs Psrupo-stipa. Herrick. (Genus n.)

Similar to Sida. Antennules of the female, with a long flagel-
lum, like that of the male of Sida, sensory sete lateral. Body
elongate, head short, extending into a sharp beak. The post-
abdomen is armed with groups of sharp spines or bristles. Most
characteristic, however, is the fact that the antennary joint, which
in Sida is two-jointed, in this species is tri-articulate, and the two-

jointed ramus has a great number of setze (16-17).
&

Sp. 1. Pseudo-sida bidentata, Herrick. (Sp. n.)

(Plate K. Fig. 9.)

Post-abdomen armed with 12-14 clusters of spinules in a trans-
verse row; the terminal claw armed with two long basal spines,
and with numbers of fine teeth on the inside. The two-jointed

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1

ramus of the antennz has six setz on the basal, and ten or eleven
on the terminal joint, while the three-jointed ramus has a short
terminal joint bearing three spines. The valves are marked with
sparse spines on the lower margin. In most respects this species
is like Sida, which it resembles in size. In the form of the female
antennee it is like Latona which it also somewhat resemblesin the
number of joints of the antenne and the numerous sete they bear.
It is certainly an interesting transition form, Found only in
swamps bordering Mobile bay, Ala., but whether in brackish or
fresh water my notes do not inform me. Sida ecrystallina lives far:
out in the bay, and Daphnella is found in pools along shore.

mi.—GeENus LimnosipA. Sars.

(Plate N. Fig. 9.)

Head crested; eye in a conical prominence. Shell elongated,
produced above in an acute angle. Antennules small, truncate in
the female; in the male of enormous size; antenne very long.
Post-abdomen smooth; terminal claw spiny.

The one species, L. frontosa, Sars, is not yet known in America.

Iv.—GeENus DAPHNELLA. Baird.

Neither beak nor fornices present. Antennules of female small,
truncate; those of male long, flagellate. Antennz with two-and
three-jointed rami. Male with a hook on the first foot, and large
copulatory organs attached to the base of the post-abdomen.

Sp. 1. Daphnella brachyura, Lievin ;

Sida brachyura, LIEVIN, Branch. d Danziger Geg.
Daphnella wingii, BAIRD, Brit. Entom.
Sida brachyura, LILLJEBORG, De crust. ex ord. trib.
Diaphanosoma brandtianum, FISCHER. Erganzig. Berichtig.
Daphnella brandtiana, SARS, Norges Ferskv.—Krebsdyr.
Daphnella brachyura, P. E. MUELLER, Danmark’s Cladocera.
* Daphnella brachyura, Lurz, Untersuchung u. die Cladoceren d. Umg. v. Bern.
Sida brachyura, PAVESTI, Nuova serie di recerche della fauna pelagica nei laghi
Italiani (L. Trasimene).
Daphnella brachyura, HERRICK, Notes on Crustacea of Minnesota.
(Compare also D, expinosa, BIRGE, Notes on Cladocera p. 3.)

The species of Daphnella found about Minneapolis, occasionally
abundant, seems not to differ in any important character from
European types of D. brachyura, although I formerly regarded it
as distinct (D. winchelli, Microscopic Entom., Addenda).

Head less than 3 the body (about .27 mm., while the body is
-6 mm. long); eye about + head; antennz when reflexed extend a
little beyond % the length of body. Male, .7 mm. long; antenne

22 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

reflexed, reaching base of shell; anterior antenne extremely long;
copulating organs reaching nearly to end of claws. Having care-
fully compared our specimens with the descriptions and figures
given by Birge for his D. expinosa, the evidence seems to indicate
not only that they are identical, but both are really D. brachyura.
The distinctive characters of D. expinosa are a greater indentation
between head and body, absence of caudal teeth, greater length of
male appendages, and the opening of the vasg deferentia below the
“instep’”’ of these appendages.

The absence of teeth upon the post-abdomen is of even generic
importance according to Sars, who gives it in his synopsis of
genera as typical for Daphnella, In our specimens the claws are
at least pectinate if not serrate, while the appendages of the male
reach generally nearly to the middle of the claws. The relative
Jength of these appendages and the antennz of the male is variable.

Sp. 2. Daphnella brandtiana, Fischer.

Head as long as half the body, antenne when reflexed reaching
beyond the posterior margin of the valves. Length 0.8mm. Of
the validity of this species we can form no conclusion. It is
usually considered a variety or phase of the above.

v.—Genus Latona, Straus.
(Plate N. Fig. 8.)

Body elongate, broad; head large and square, appendaged below
with triangular lamine; fornices present. Antennules rather
large. The larger ramus of the antenne is two-jointed and has an
expanded process at the base. The lower posterior angle of the
shell has a peculiar diverging set of sete. The shell is often orna-
mented with numerous flecks of bright color. There is a copula-
tory apparatus in the male.

Latona setifera, Mueller,

Is the only species, and is not yet recognized in Minnesota, but
was found by Prof. Birge in lake Michigan. |

FAMILY HOLOPEDIDA.
Genus Hotopepium, Zaddach.

(Plate N. Fig. 11.)

The peculiar animal bearing the name Holopedium gibberum
has the brood cavity greatly elevated, and the whole upper part of

STATE GEOLOGIST. 23

the animal is covered by a jelly-like mass secreted as a protection
er float. The antenne are simple in the female and extend
through aslitin this covering. In the male they are prehensile
and have rudimentary inner rami. It would be difficult to recog-
nize the affinity of the female with its monstrous form were it not
for the male and particularly the development history. Found in
this state probably only in lake Superior. Forbes mentions it from
lake Michigan.

FAMILY DAPHNIDA.

The family Daphnidz contains the genera Moina, Ceriodaphnia,
Scapholeberis, Simocephalus and Daphnia, which melude the com-
monest, as well as some of the largest, Cladocera. The genera may
be distinguished by the following table:

I. Head rounded, not beaked; antennules long in both sexes, shell

not covering the end of the abdomen...............----.2ee0-e- Moina.
II. Head rounded; antennules rather short; shell enclosing whole
HOC Merrit cittncielieVamninickcis eee eisiaine oeiclate ein bine lv aeteleretieisisit.e slofe's oe Ceriodaphnia.

Ill. Head somewhat beaked below, shell angled below or extending
in long spines from the lower angle, pigment fleck roundish...Scapholeberis.
IV. Head beaked below; shell rounded below, with a blunt spine

above ; pigment fleck elongate.............-.-scceceee sete eees ees Simocephatus.
V. Head beaked below ; shell extending ina sharp spine atthe upper
posterior angle ; pigment fleck small..................0eceeeeeee> Daphnia.

Tue CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF THE DAPHNIDA.

In the Daphnide, and, indeed, the Cladocera in general, we meet
an instance of great development of surfaces at the expense of
solidity of form and compactness of organs. The whole body is
composed of an aggregate of laminz, and the appendages all ap-
proximate more or less toward this fundamental modification,
Thus, for example, the head is aleaf-like body with a laminate shield
above and a pair of flat organs beneath. Theabdomen terminates in
a knife-like post-abdomen, while the thorax, with its narrow form,
foliaceous feet and, far more, the enormous development of the
outer wall to enclose, more or less fully, the entire body, is the
typical illustration of this fact. Necessarily this structural modi-
fication exerts a formative influence on the internal organs which
are all more or less influenced by it; and this is peculiarly the case
with the more external and, in general, the paired organs. Thus

e “shell glands,” so called, which in Copepoda are generally
coiled tubes, become here greatly flattened organs closely united
with the shell. The physiological result of this modification is the

24 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

sensitiveness to changes in the environment, which is universal
among the Daphnidw. The compact Copepoda survive the vicissi-
tudes of confinement with comparative immuity, but the first taint
in the water destroys the delicate organism of Daphnia. The cause
for this may be found in the exposure of the most vital and delicate
parts of the organism to the influences of the surrounding aqueous
medium. In particular the circulatory and respiratory systems,
which here are not easily to be distinguished one from the other,
constitute a relatively very large area of close contact with the
water. It thus happens that the central organs are influenced in
a very short time by whatever deleterious substances may be dis-
seminated in the water.

Notwithstanding this lack of centralization, the structure of
these animals is of a very considerable degree of complexity and,
presenting so many instructive modifications under circumstances
so favorable for study, has been very thoroughly investigated. The
very transparency which has made it possible to clear up many
questionable points in crustaceology from the lessons learned in
Daphnia, has rendered the investigation of certain sets of organs
extremely difficult, and among these may be mentioned the circula-
tory system. The circulation of the nutritive fluid and the gen-
eral facts connected with the heart were indeed early understood;
but there remains many a detail and some important relations
which are as yet either imperfectly known or entirely misunder-
stood. The following notes are offered as a contribution to the, as
yet incomplete, knowledge of the circulatory apparatus.

The observations were confined for the most part to Daphnia
scheffert and Simocephalus vetulus, with occasional comparisons
with Hurycercus, Pleuroxis, Pasithea and others. It is greatly
to be desired that the study might be carried to the Sididez,
in which the larger size and superior transparency would doubt-
less reward the search with several, as yet doubtful details.
The circulation of the nutritive fluid in the Daphnide, then, is
somewhat complicated, but may be divided into a superficial and a
deep system. It must be remarked that this distinction is arbitrary
and only used for its convenience. The one extends over the entire
inner surface of the carapace, while the latter is in close relation
with the vegetative organs, and extends into the branchial vessels
of the feet. The nutritive fluid which is normally colorless and
supplied with corpuscles of organized nutriment, (it seems doubt-
ful if they should be called blood corpuscles) is confined for the
most, if not its entire, course within membranous walls of connec-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 95

tive tissue which, however, instead of assuming a definite form as
“blood vessels,” for the most part conform to the contour furnished
by the firmer organs.

This membrane which is frequently folded upon itself and invests
the body walls and the inner organs, is in some places free, and may
be seen as a pulsating, swinging film, or, more frequently, it can
only be detected as a swaying line (seen in optical sections), thus
giving rise to the misapprehension that one is dealing with a thread,
or as moving grains, in which case the film isitself invisible but its
presence is indicated by the attached grains of protoplasm. About
the heart the free swaying portions of this membranous layer are
sO numerous as to render it almost impossible to distinguish the
essential from the accidental appearances.

This membrane must serve the most various purposes; aside from
the mere retention and direction of the blood currents, it is often
transformed into a branchial surface. At definite points it becomes
the bearer of the cells which were above mentioned as grains of
protoplasm. These are most numerous in young and well-fed ani-
mals, and in particular in gravid females, while, on the contrary,
mature males and females after the escape of the young, are nearly
devoid of such bodies. These are most numerous in angles of the
membrane, particularly about the heart, shell glands, ovaries,
intestine and the branchial spaces in the feet.

These cells vary in size from that of the blood corpuscles to
larger cells with nuclei of comparatively very large size. It
would be too much to say that such cells are developing blood
corpuscles; but that they are reservoirs of nutriment which serve
to supply the increased demand upon the blood in exigencies of
the existence of the animal, cannot be doubted. It is a well known
fact that the number of bluod corpuscles, so called, likewise varies,
and apparently under the same conditions. It seems altogether
_ probable that the two facts may be considered as supplementary,
z. é@. that the same process of depauperating of the blood, which
deprives it of its corpuscles in an earlier stage, lays waste those
supplies laid up in the cells referred to (whether by their actual
separation as blood corpuscles or simply desolving of the contained
material is of little importance). These cells also are thus paralel-
lized with the “oil globules” of Copepoda. In such copepods as
Cyclops and Canthocumptus, which appear to have no differen-
tiated heart, there are always present drops of colored fluid, which
are most numerous in well-fed and pregnant specimens. These

26 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

drops occupy the same relative position as the blood globules of
other Crustacea, 7. e., they lie within a very thin membrane cor-
responding to the vascular walls of other animals. This mem-
brane, in general, invests the alimentary canal, as can be very
readily seen in the abdomen, where it encloses a considerable space
about the intestine, which is filled with fluid, investing more or
less completely the muscles and other organs. As there is no
rapid circulation of blood, these ‘oil drops” are comparatively
stationary, and yet are moved slowly by the constant contraction
of the walls of the alimentary canal which, in the anterior part, or
stomach, are thick and glandular, while in the abdomen they seem
to be more fitted for respiratory function.

The above arrangement in Cyclops is correlated with its com-
pact habit and thick carapace, and forms a simple starting-point
for the study of the circulatory system in arthropods. It seems
that the walls of the membranous blood cavity are themselves also,
in places, furnished with muscles, so that the fluid is not depend-
ent entirely on the vermiform or the peristaltic motions of the
intestine for its escape from stagnation. If this be correct, we
here have an indication of the origin of the central organ of the
circulatory system.

But to return to Daphnia, the heart lies in the dorsal region
over the intestine upon which it may be said to ride, as it were
astride, though as we shall see, it is separated from the intestine
by other organs. In Hurycercus this is most evident, as here the
heart is more obviously biturcate.

The heart and circulation in Daphnia has been described
more or less at length by many authors, in particular Claus
(Zur Kenntniss der Daphniden und verwanter Cladoceren.
Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Zool. Bd. xxvii.) and Gruithuisen (the work
of this author I have not seen), while Weismann (Ueber Bau
und Lebenserscheinungen von Leptodora hyalina, 1874) describes
the heart of Leptodora, and Claus (Zur Kenntniss des Baues und
der Organ. der Polyphemiden), that of the Polyphemide. Other
authors, except G. O. Sars, who elucidates some points in the
circulation of blood in Sida, seem to have added little or nothing
to our knowledge of this interesting subject.

As already often described, the heart occupies a place in a
definite space—the pericardial chamber—the summit of which is
the dorsal shield which, we believe, should |e distinguished from
the remainder of the so-called cephalic shield. (It is usual to
describe the shell of Daphnia as consisting of a bivalve posterior

STATE GEOLOGIST. OF

portion or ormostegite, and a simple anterior cephalostegite; but it
seems much more proper to consider that portion of the shell
_which covers the pericardial space, and is the point of attachment
of the powerful muscles of the abdomen and of the membranous
walls of the pericardium, as a distinct portion of the carapace, as it
often evidently appears through the presence of a distinct suture,
or, in its absence, through the peculiar sculpture of the shell. In
such case it might also be proper to distinguish two regions on the
lateral appendages of this dorsal shield, an upper and a lower,
separated by the more or less obvious line, extending from the
union of the lateral lines of the dorsal and cephalic shield in
nearly a straight line toward the posterior portion of the shell,
and indicating the insertion of the muscles which move the feet
and post-abdomen. The lateral walls of the pericardial space
are the shell-walls themselves, and the floor is formed by a mem-
brane supported on, and investing in part, the strong muscles
which connect the abdomen with the upper anterior part of the
dorsal plate. Thus a-space is left between the pericardium and the
intestine which is occupied by a special blood sinus leading toward
the posterior and lower part of the abdomen. ‘The posterior wall of
the space is formed by a-chitinous partition which bounds the
brood space, or its homologue, and is connected by chitinous
processes (stutzbalken) with the outer skeleton. The anterior, on
the other hand, is only bounded by the supporting ligaments of
the abdomen above described and membranous partitions. As
usually described, the heart lies suspended in the cavity thus de-
fined, by slender muscular threads, more or less like those of the
heart of Corethra larve and the like; and such seems to be the
ease at first, but a more careful study shows that this is far from
correct. On the contrary, the chief supports of the heart are
membranes which, seen in cross-section with the attached grains
or blood globules, assume the appearance of exceedingly slender
structureless threads. The action of re-agents indicates that these
supposed threads are not muscles, but composed of connective
tissue; while by changing the focus the sharpness of the line is
frequently not altered, but zts relative position is changed,—a simple
test which often serves to dispel an illusion of this sort. That
there are some threads of the character above mentioned is not to
be doubted, as in connection with the valves of the heart; but the
proper support of the heart is found in the membranes which
invest it in part, and are reflected upon the walls of the shell and,
anteriorly, of the intestine. It is not yet possible to fully describe

28 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the insertion of these tissues, as there is so large a number, especi-
ally about the anterior opening, where they lie in all directions
and at all angles, and are so transparent, that only their vertical
sections appear as dark lines. Thus the same membrane appears
and disappears, only to re-appear in a different position where it
might be readily taken for a distinct membrane. In general,
however, I hope to make no serious error in the following sum-
mary. Before going into detail, however, it will be necessary to
consider the intimate structure of the heart, as well as its general
shape and position.

The general shape is that of au irregular oval with the greatest
convexity posterior (Daphnia, etc.), or it may be strongly bifid and
thus somewhat Y-shaped (Hurycercus, etc.). Itis held in position
in the pericardial cavity by the membranes above alluded to, to
which it is attached at definite points, the principal of which are two
slight enlargements on the lower posterior portion, which are in part
opposed to each other and also to a superior posterior point of
insertion. All three of these points are thus keld in relation with
the shell with which the attached membrane is connected on either
side below and above. The membrane then extends part way along
the heart wall towards the anterior and is then reflected to the
shell wall. The result of this is that the pericardial space is an
angular cavity opening in front. It would seem as though the
membrane attaching the heart were identical with that lining the
cavity itself. The heart proper is obviously composed of series of
muscular elements, which are considered as simple cells by Claus, ~
and which in young individuals show very destinct nuclei of compar-
atively large size. These are arranged like the meridian lines of a
globe uniting above and below, thus forming the most effective
apparatus possible for contracting the heart. In the smaller
Daphnide, as stated by Claus, there seems to be but a single layer
of muscular rays, but in D. schefferi and Simocephalus I have
repeatedly satisfied myself that some of the longitudinal rays
sink below the others and form a series of longitudinal muscles,
as stated by earlier writers. These are furnished with a nucleus
which is frequently more or less external, appearing like a spheri-
cal appendage. In Leptodora Weismann has shown the heart to
consist primarily of a membrane of connective tissue, upon which
the muscular fibres or cells sit in somewhat the same position as
in Daphnia, except that there is not the same regularity in the
arrangement. There are many considerations which would lead
us to expect the same structure in Daphnia, though it is not yet

STATE GEOLOGIST. 99

demonstrated; and the structure of the anterior opening seems to
point in the same direction. At any rate there is a close connec-
tion between the muscular and connective parts of the heart. We
have, then, in the heart of Daphnia a highly developed apparatus
for closing it, but apparently none for its opening. This certainly
is not accomplished by the few fibers which connect the heart
with the shell, the very contractility of which is doubtful.
Nay, more, these are insufficient even to hold it in its place in the
eavity. Still less can we assume that the heart, from any inherent
power, can open itself. This must be explained by the operation
of two factors which are interdependent, 7. e., the elasticity of the
supporting membranes and the unequal pressure of the blood in
different parts of the body. 1. The membranes which support
the heart are attached not at right angles, but, on the contrary, in
a direction more nearly parallel to the walls of the heart, and thus
whatever elasticity they possess is greatly increased; and the
diminishing of the size of the heart draws these membranes out
of their position at the expense of their elasticity, which tends
to restore them to their original position when the pressure is
removed, in the same way a drum-head returns after a blow to its
normal position. This factor is, however, only operative so long
as the whole system of membranes to which these belong is dis-
tended with fluid. If this blood cavity be punctured, the fluid
flows out and the heart shrivels. It may continue to beat for
some time, but it will be seen that the effort consists simply in
a vigorous contraction which is followed by no perceptible enlarge-
ment. 2%. After the systcle the blood of the heart is forced toward
the head, whence it is prevented from re-entering the pericardial
space directly by the valves and the membrane enclosing the
arterial blood. The pressure is therefore increased in all parts
of the system, except the pericardial chamber where it is greatly
diminished. The membranes supporting the heart are thus un-
usually tense, and the muscular effort having ceased, the wails of
the heart are distended, and blood flows in in the direction of the
least resistance through the two lateral openings or ventral valves
of the heart. The contraction of the heart during the systole is
not simultaneous in different parts, but begins by the contraction
of the posterior part where, being nearly free, the motion is more
marked.. At the close of the systole the heart is irregularly con-
tracted, the points of attachment above described being more dis-
tended than the remaining portions. The anterior of the heart is
rendered very difficult to study by the fact that its opening is

30 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

covered by the muscles of the mandibles and obscured by the
many supporting and vibrating membranes alluded to.

It is, however, suspended by two folds of membrane which I have
been inclined at times to believe blood-vessels through appearances
resulting from the confused currents flowing about them. The
upper margin is also attached by a pair of cords directly to the
superior part of the shell. The anterior opening or arterial valve
is most perplexing, and the foliowing description which applies
only to Daphnia schefferi must be subject to some doubt. It ap-
pears however that it has been in a measure misunderstood by pre-
vious writers, and namely by Claus, who compares it with that of
Leptodora, which if correctly described by Weismann, is not at all
identical in form, but quite comparable with one of the sides or lips
of the venous opening. It does not seem to be connected by a
thread, as stated for Leptodora, with the aortal bulb, for in reality
there is no aortal bulb; the heart simply is connected with the
system of membranes which more or less inclose the system. The
floor of the so-called aortal space is a membrane which separates the
outflowing stream from a current which flows toward the abdomen
and passes directly under the arterial opening, so that it appears as
though there was a stream entering the heart from before as well
as at the sides; the arterial opening being nearer the dorsal part of
the heart than is naturally expected, and the slight enlargements
at the attachment of the supporting membrane favoring the im-
pression that there is here a veritable opening. The out-flowing
blood stream is bounded at first by the membrane above mentioned,
which is farther on reflexed onto the shell and intestine so that
the streams in the head flowing just under the shell are separated
from the deep dorsal stream flowing from the heart.* This main
current passes to the region of the eye between the horns of the
cca of the alimentary canal, and thence beneath the stomach, and
here divides, part becoming external and a deeper part passing un-
der the intestine, thence in front of the heart, flows into the deep
sinus which, as before said, passes beneath this organ. Other por-
tions of the returaing stream flow around the angle of the union
of the head and body and constitute a stream just above the feet
in which the current flows vigorously.

Yet other portions flow into the region of the shell-gland and
are united with blood which here passes through the numerous
sinuses described by Claus as surréunding this organ (Die Schalen-

*In Pasithea rectirostris this septum is easily seen as a swaying membrane, which near
the eye is reflexed to the top of the shell.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 3L

druse der Daphnien) and thence flows into the abdomen, uniting
with the other two streams. A part also of the current in the head
flows into the antennz where it follows a deep course through the
basal joint in which the corpuscles may be seen to emerge to the
surface from two points where are spaces between the powerful
muscles, the first being near the base and the second near the ex-
tremity of this joint, and then to return and join the superficial
current.

The corpuscles appear to enter the rami very rarely if at all.
That part of the superficial stream which reaches the interior of
_ the pericardial chamber passes between the muscles of antenne
and jaws and seems to find its way into the great current beneath
the heart, though I have also thought to have seen it flow directly
into the pericardial space as the lateral superficial streams do.
That part of the superficial stream which reaches the posterior
margin of the shell returns through a canal formed by the walls
of the shell and the brood-space,between the“stutzbalken’’of which
the blood corpuscles can be seen to glide more rapidly than in the
free lateral spaces. ;

Lastly,it only remains to follow the fortune of the strong stream |
flowing along the neutral surface of the abdomen. The strong
current flowing beneath the heart enters a broad sinus which lies
over the intestine and extends for over a third of its length, where
its walls unite with the surface of the intestine above and thus
open downward on either side.

The stream thus directed flows toward the openings of the base of
the feet. The structure of the branchiz has not yet been clearly
described. Instead of nearly spherical or oval chambers they.
are really tubes which connect, on one hand with the opening
above, and below with the general cavity of the limb, whence the
blood returns to the abdomen. The current is very rapid through
these tubes. The blood having been returned to the ab-
~domen, courses in the well known manner through the post-ab-
domen and flows over the intestine, thence over the back-flowing
stream to the posterior lower opening of the pericardial chamber.

The study of the actions of the heart is rendered more difficult
by the fact that in order to secure the greatest possible transpar-
ency, the living animal must be covered and a little pressure ap-
plied, which is frequently attended with abnormal variations of the
circulation. In particular if the usual exit of the blood be stopped
by the ceca of the intestine, as is frequently the case, the opera-
tion of the heart may be reversed, when a vigorous stream may be

32 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

seen to enter the arterial opening and emerge from the ventricles.
This process would be impossible if the anterior valve were as de-
scribed by Claus and Weismann; while being really more like the
venous valves, it is easily and frequently permitted. The current
of the blood in this case stagnates except near the heart.

The rapidity of the pulsations of the heart varies with age and
condition of rest or motion.

In D. scheefferi this variation may range from about 150 per
minute to perhaps 250, 200 being probably a fair «average. In a
young Simocephalus I have observed a heart beat 300 times in a
minute. Again, in aspecimen of D. Schefferi at rest the heart
was beating 170, but during the spasmodic motion of feet and an-
tenn the pulse rose to over 200.

1.—Genus Morna. Baird.

The systematic position of this genus has been the theme of
some discussion. it being claimed, with good reason, that there are
many resemblances to the Lyncodaphnide (P. E. Mueller considers
it a transition to the Bosminide and lyncodaphnids); on the other
hand, Leydig and Kurz regard it more closely allied to the Sidide,
with equally good reason. The long antenne, long narrow anten-
nules and many peculiarities in form, etc., suggest the macrothroid
crustaceans; the extended abdomen and especially the location of
the male seminal opening are like Daphnella, which Moina resem-
bles in motion and habit very strikingly. The absence of the pig-
ment fleck is no more a characteristic of the Sididez than of other
groups. After all has been said, the immediate affinities of the
genus are acknowledged to be with the Daphnide.

The true place of the genus, as it appears to the writer, was
hinted at by Birge (Notes on Cladocera). Moina seems to be the
pivotal point of the Cladocera, at least of the families above men-
tioned. Without going into: phylogenetic speculation, it is sug-
gestive that this genus can and does by preference live in very im-
pure water and may therefore have had an early origin. From
Moina diverges the stem of the Daphnide by way of Ceriodaphnia,
Simocephalus and Daphnia. These two latter genera are intimately
connected by Simocephalus daphnoides, Herrick. Scapholeberis
is connected with Ceriodaphnia through S. angulata, Herrick.
The Sididz seem to diverge by the way of Daphnella, through
which by means of Pseudo-sida the genus Sida is reached, and final-
ly Limnosida, Latona and Holopedium. The relationships of the
curious Polyphemide are less evident.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 88

The Lyncodaphnide make an easy transition to the Lynceids
proper, while the Bosminide are still quite isolated, but are sug-
_ gested by Macrothrix pauper. The fact that Moina stands thus
related to radiating groups is simply suggestive, but it is sugges-
tive of its possible antiquity and synthetic character.

The three species of this genus stand very poorly distinguished
from one another and their specific validity may be doubted. |

The most exhaustive study of the embryology of the Cladocera
was based on Moina. (Grobben, Entwick d. Moina, etc.)

The genus is characterized by Weismann and Gruber! about as
follows: : i

Head prone; separated by a depression from the thorax; fornices
obscure; rostrum none; pigment fleck absent; antennules of the
female large, moveable; furnished with a sensitive seta near the
middle, flagelliform; antennules of the male very large, hooked at
the end. The setz of the antenne are all ciliate; the tri-articu-
late ramus with five setz; posterior margin of the valves thicker
in the median line; caudal setz very large, about twice in the
length of the animal; anus above the claws; feet of the first pair of
the male with a strong hook.

Weismann has shown that both summer and winter eggs origi-
nate from groups of four cells, one of which only is transformed
into the egg, the remaining three serving simply as a supply of
nourishment for the egg, which absorbs it directly. Both eggs and
nutrient cells develop from the epithelium of the termination of
the ovary. The summer eggs have less yolk than the winter brood,
and the yolkis bluish in the summer eggs and deep red in the
winter eggs of Moina rectirostris; while in M. paradoxa the sum-
mer eggs have yellow and the winter set snow-white yolk. There
are never more than two winter-eggs in any of the Daphnide, but
there are as many as twenty summer eggs in some cases in Moina.
In M. rectirostris only one winter egg is produced, which is one of
the best distinctions of the species, as this is, perhaps, the only case.
(Naturgeschichte der Daphnoiden, Weismann.) The first genera-
tion, springing from the winter eggs (impregnated eggs), is com—
posed solely of females which reproduce parthenogenetically; the
second brood contains sexual males and females, thus completing
the cyclus.

1 Ueber einege neue oder unvolkommen gekannte Daphniden, Freiburg, 1877.

3

34 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 1. Moina rectirostris, Mueller.

(Plate A. Figs. 2, 5, 810, 11.)

A. Var. vera.

Daphnia rectirostris, O F. MUELLER, LATREILLE, BOSC, DESMAREST,SCHRANK,LEYDIG.
Monoculus rectirostris, GMELIN, FABRICIUS, MANUEL, JURINE.

Pasithea rectirostris, KOCH.

Moin rectirostris, BAIRD, WEISMANN, KURZ, BIRGE.

B. Vir. brachiatus.

Monoculus brachiatus. JURINE.

Daprnia br-wchiala, DESMAREST, EDWARDS, LEYDIG.

Moina brace ata, BAIRD, WEISMANN.
C. Both varieties.
Moina brachiata. P. E. MUELLER. LILLJEBORG.

The only tangible difference between the two forms thus united
is the fact that M. rectirostris produces but a single winter ovum
and hence has a one-chambered ephippium, while M. brachiata has
a two-chambered ephippium.

The 1: separated trom the thorax by a marked depression; there
is adeep depression above the eye; the margins of the shell have few
bristles. The post-abdomen,which extends far beyond the edge of the
valves, bears about eleven hairy spines on either side, the lower
spine being two-cleft at the end; the base of the claws bears a
comb of small teeth, and the posterior margins are bristled. The
ephippium is oval; and the single cavity in M. rectirostris has
its longer axis horizontal, while the two cavities of M. brachiata are
vertical. The depression above the eye is deeper in the males, in
which sex also the antenne are longer and bent at the middle.
‘The seminal bodies are stellate. Length 1,2 mm. The form is
‘subject to the greatest variation due to the varying number of sum-
mer eggs. Birge finds this species abundant. I have found both
‘this and the following species in various parts of the Mississippi
walley trom Mobile to the upper river region.

Sp. 2.—Moina paradoxa, We'smann.
(Plate A. Figs. 1, 3, 6, 7, 9.)

The species differs in a few very insignificant points from the
previous one. The head is short and nearly evenly convex
above, with uo deep depression above the eye; teeth of terminal
claws reduced to bristles which are only a little longer than the
series extending down the claw as in the above species; the first

——

1Gruber and Weism inn, ueber einige neue oder unvollkmmen gekannte Daphniden

Freiburg, 1877

STATE GEOLOGIST. 35

foot of the male is furnished with a long bristle; the lower shell
margins are more bristly than in the previous forms; the ephip-
pium has two cavities, while the seminal bodies are crescent-shaped.

Sp. 3.—Moina micrura, Kurz.

This form may be of specific value, but it is not sufficiently dis-
tinguished to make this certain. As described by Kurz, it seems to
be smaller (1 mm.) and most to resemble M. paradoxa, which was
not at that time described. The post-abdomen is short and has few

-{6) spines, while the terminal claws are short and smooth; the
head has a sinus above the eyes; the eyes are smaller, with numer-
ous lenses; the antennules are shorter (?) than in M. rectirostris;
the mandibles are partly exposed, while the shell margin overlying
is notched. Males and ephippial females were not observed. Not
distinguished in America.

11.—GENUS CeRIODAPHNIA, Dana.

The genus Ceriodaphnia is the successor to Moina, which some
Species greatly resemble; the post-abdomen, however, is shorter
and has a habitus resembling Daphnia; the antennz are smaller,
and the shell is thick and coarsely reticulated.

Ceriodaphnia has the same general mode of life as Moina, living
an muddy pools in late summer and bearing numerous broods
which often greatly extend the brood cavity. The antennules are
shorter but have asimilar form; the male antennze show a _ transi-
tion in the various species from forms adapted for prehension to
such as are found in Daphnia. The brood cavity is closed by two
ridges on the abdomen instead of one, as in Moina, or three, as in
Daphnia.

The ephippium contains but a single ovum. In general, the
form is oval or quadrate, angled but not spined posteriorly; head
separated from the body by a deep depression; pigment fleck pres-
ent; beak absent; antennules moveable, rather short; antennze with
_ the three-jointed ramus with five sete; first foot of the male with

a hook or flagellum.

The members of this genus are danger signals from a hygienic
point of view, for they frequent water containing decaying matter;
as many as 1,400 were counted in asingle quart of such water.
The genus is particularly perpiexing, as the varieties named seem
to be hardly entitled to specific rank and are so similar as to re-
quire great care to properly distinguish.

36 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The following artificial key, it is believed, will assist in placing
the specimens which may be obtained in America. There seems
no reason to doubt that our fauna is very similar to that of north
Europe. Of the twelve species here enumerated at least one-third
nay be synomyms and others of the remainder are with difficulty
distinguished.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENUS CERIODAPHNIA.

A. Shell irregularly striate.
1. C. megops, Sars.
2. C. cristata, Birge.
B. Shell with hexagonal meshes.
a. Shell with doubly contoured markings.
(aa) Head broad, short.
8. C. pulchella, Sars.
(bb) Head narrowed, depressed.
4, C. rotunda, Straus, (antennules normal.)
5. C. alabamensis, Herrick, (antennules elongate.)
b. Shell simply marked.
(ec) Claws with teeth,
6. C. reticulata, Jurine.
[7]. C. dentata, Birge.
(dd) Claws without teeth.
1. Antenne very long.
8 C. punctata, P. E. Mueller.
ir. Antenne normal or short.
* Post-abdomen broad,
9. C. laticaudatus, P. E. Mueller. 1mm, long.
[10]. C. consors, Birge. 0.5 mm. long.
** Post-abdomen narrow.
+ Head not angled behind the eye.
. C. quadrangula, Mueller.
+t Head abruptly augled behind the eye.
12. C. scitula, Herrick,

C. Sheil reticulate with rectangular meshes,

13, C. nitida, Schoedler.
[14]. C. textilis, Dana.

Sp.1. Ceriodaphnia megops, Sars.

(Plate A. Figs. 16, 20.)

Ceriodaphnia megops, SARS, P, E. MUELLER, Kunz. (The earlier synonymy is‘doubtful
See note, page 26, Schoedler’s Neue Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte
der Cladoceren.

STATE GEOLOGIST. on

This species is one of the largest and most readily distinguished
as wellas rarest of the genus. Very characteristic is the fine an-
astomosing striation which breaks up into reticulation only near
the shell margins. This species seems to form the transition
toward Simocephalus with Scapholeberis, which, however,
diverges along its own peculiar track. The length is sometimes 1
mm. The head is obscurely angulated in front of the antennules,
which are large. The antennules of the male are long
and have a hooked set at the end.

Typical C. megops has not yet been found in America, but the
following form takes its place.

Sp. 2 Ceriodaphnia.cristata, Birge.

The description given by Birge would apply in almost every par-
ticular to C. megops, though he seemed to overlook the close con-
formity. The size is much less (0.7 mm.), and the post-abdomen
seems more abruptly truncate; moreover the number of anal spines
is less. The crest upon the dorsal margin may be the effect of
prominences such as are described by P. EK. Mueller; at any rate, in
view of the fact that but few specimens were discovered, the sug-
gestion lies near that C. cristata is the young or, at least, a reduced
form of C. megops.

Found at Southampton, Mass.

Sp 3.--Ceriodaphnia pulchella, Sars,
(Plate A, Figs. 14, 19,)

Ceriodaphnia pulchella, SARS, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.

Very much like C. reticulata, but smaller. Head large, turgid,
and angled in front of the antennules, forming almost a right an-
gle; fornices moderate; antennules rather large; shell oval, reticu-
lated with double contour lines; post-abdomen of medium size,
narrowed toward the end, slightly truncate, with about nine spines;
terminal claws short, smooth. The flagellum of the male antennz
is but slightly hooked,0.5—0.6 mm. long. This species is not cer-
tainly identified from America, though a form with smooth claws
and small fornices occurs with C. dentata in some places. |

Sp.4. Ceriodaphnia rotunda, Straus.

(Plate BL. Fig. 1, Plate A. Figs. 13 and 23.)

Daphnia rotunda, STRAUS, BAIRD.
Ceriodaphnia rotunda, SCHOEDLER, SARS, P. E, MUELLER, KURZ.

38 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

As said by Kurz, this species is not easily mistaken; the small
head (only paralleled by the following), the very evident reticula-
tions and the broad abdomen give it a peculiar habitus which is
unmistakable. P

Head depressed, small, spiny below, not a gulated; fornices
prominent, thorned; body rotund, almost spined above; shell doubly
reticulate; post-abdomen broad, with seven or eight anal spines;
claws large, smooth. The male antennules are little larger than
those of the female. I have not yet seen this species in America.

Sp. 5. Ceriodaphnia alabamensis, Herrick,

(Plate B. Fig, 2.)

(American Naturalist, May 1883. Plate v, Figs. 11, 12.)

This species was seen but once and is insufficiently known. The
body is elongate, quadrate, the shell reticulated with double con-
toar lines,the bead very small and produced downward below the eye.
which is very small, the antennules are longer than in any other
species, obviously two-jointed, with a lateral seta; the antenne
are very long; post-abdomen long and rather narrow, with the
margins nearly parallel, truncate at the end, with over nine anal
spines; claws smooth, abruptly truncate. My drawing represents a
daphnia-like set of processes for closing the brood cavity. Length
1 mm. (?)

Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Sp.6 Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Jurine,

Monoculus reticulatus, JURINE.

Daphnia reticulata, BAIRD, LEYDIG.

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, SCHOEDLER.

Ceriodaphnia reticulata, SARS, P. E, MUELLER, KURZ, HERRICK.

Head long, obscurely angled in front of the antennules; fornices
very prominent; antennules small; post-abdomen of moderate size,
rounded at the end, slightly tapering; about eight long anal teeth:
terminal claws with a series of sharp spines at the base. The re-
ticulations are sharp but simple. The flagellum of the male an-
tennule is either straight or moderately curved. Kurz says that.
some varieties have the fornices blunt while others are sharp. I[
have seen only the blunt form which is then much like the next.

Sp. 7. Ceriodaphnia dentata, Birge.

This form differs from the above only in having the inside of the
claws fringed with ntinute bristles (sometimes absent), the angle

STATE GEOLOGIST. 39

of the head being more marked and the fornices less prominent. It
is difficult to say whether our Minnesota specimens most resemble
this or the typical C. reticulata of Europe. They seem intermedi-
-ate, some having fornices with an abrupt angle. It may be in-
structive to quote Kurz on the European C. reticulata—“Hxamples
occur 0.8-0.9 mm. long, others on the contrary only 0.5-0.6 mm.
long and combining with the smaller size some differential char-
acters. In the larger variety I found the fornix obtuse, while in
the smaller it extends in a snarp thorn directed upward and out-
ward. In this small sub-species the secondary teeth of the claws
of the post-abdomen seemed to be absent, though in C. reticulata
3-5 are constantly present.”

Sp. 8. Cerivdaphnia punctata, P. E. Mueller.
(Plate A. Figs. 1-3.)

Head depressed, rounded at the end, not angulated, ornamented
with minute spines within the hexagonal areas. Fornices slightly
prominent, either smooth or spiny; antennules very long; shell
rotund, reticulated; post-abdomen of medium size, width nearly
uniform, truncate below at an obtuse angle; anal spines large, in-
creasing toward the end; clawssmooth. Length 0.7—0.9 mm.

Found as yet only in Scandinavia.

Sp. 9. Ceriodaphnia laticaudata, P. E. Mueller.

(Plate A. Fig. 22.)

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, SARS, (fide MUEL?.ER,)

Head small, depressed, rounded at the end, not angulated; forni-
ces prominent; shell roundish, or sub-quadrangular, moderately
reticulated; antennules rather large; post-abdomnen broad, nar-
rowed from the middle to the end; the nine or ten small anal spines
nearly equal; claws large and smooth. In P. E. Mueller’s time
males unknown. Length 1mm. Specimens 0.6 mm. long from
Minnesota agree in most respects, but the reticulation is very
marked and irregular and the terminal claws are pectinate. This
torm constitutes a transition to the next.

A species related to C. Jaticaudata, but only half the size, was
found in Clarke’s lake. a small but very deep pool, containing a
fauna like that of the great lakes. The appearance is like the
small form alluded to under that species, but the claws are smooth,
the head is slender and strongly angled behind the eyes, and the
autennules are of rather large size. The fornices are not very

40 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

prominent. The shell is large-reticulate and the abdomen is large
and obliquely truncate, the anal teeth being very large and strongly
curved. The only individuals seen were ephippial females measur-
ing 55 mm. This may be.

Sp. 10. Ceriodaphnia consors, Birge.

This species differs from C. laticaudata in one or two points,
being about one-half the size and having fewer caudal teeth. Birge
says the abdomen is broad and obliquely truncate. The difference
between being obliquely truncate and narrowed at the end in some
circumstances disappears, so that really this species seems quite
close to laticaudata.

Found in Madison, Wis.

Sp. 11. Ceriodaphnia quadravgula, Mueller.

(Plate A. Figs, 17-18,)

Daphnia quadrangula, O. F. MUELLER.
Daphnia reticulata, BAIRD.
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, P. E. MUELLER.

Head depressed, rounded at the end, only slightly angled; forni-
ces prominent, antennules large; post-abdomen narrow, of equal
width for the lower half, rounded at the end, with about eight
small spines; claws smooth, length about 0.6 mm. This species
resembles a smooth-clawed D. reticulata.

Sp. 12. Ceriodaphnia scitula, (Sp. n.)

(Plate B. Figs. 5-7.)

One of the most abundant species of Ceriodaphnia in Minnesota
is alarge form much resembling C. quadrangula. The post-ab-
domen is exactly as in C. reticulata or C. dentata, which latter it
resembles in having a sharp angulation in front of the antennules.
The shell is oblong and heavily marked with minute, regular hex-
agonal lining; the upper angle israther sharp. The head is closely
appressed, the fornices are prominent and abruptly truncate at the
tip, the eye is small, the pigment fleck also small; antennules short.
The post-abdomer is of :moderate size, narrowed toward the end
and armed with about ten powerful curved spines; the terminal
claw itself is large and curved, armed only with fine spines extend-
ing down the entire inner side. The size is 0.8—1.C mm.; color
pinkish, opaque; antenne, especially, often bright pink. Male 0.6

STATE GEOLOGIST. 41

mm., flagellum of the male antennz long; sensory filaments Jateral,
also one anterior, lateral flagellum.
Distinguished from C. quadrangula by the prominent fornices,
large anal spines, small reticulations, form of head and larger size.
A small variety resembling the above very closely is the com-
monest form in our larger lakes; the reticulation is commonly
larger but less distinct, the head is depressed and narrowed, with a
sinuous upper outline. The fornices are prominent and the form
of the post-abdomen is exactly as in the last. The spines of the
post-abdomen are very long and seated on small eminences. The
length hardly exceeds .55 mm. The claw is densely ciliated, but
‘not spined; these smaller forms have but few eggs (two). The
young have athorn on the angle of the fornices. Plate J. Fig. 1
represents the ephippial female of this species. There seems no
reason to doubt that this is only avariety of C. scitula. The small
form of C. reticulata mentioned by Kurz might be referred here,
while the larger form with less prominent fornices is not so diffier-
ent from the American C. dentata.

Sp. 13. Ceriodaphnia nitida, Schcedler,

Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, LEYDIG.
This species seems to be characterized by the quadrangular form
of the meshes of the shell-markings and the presence of teeth
upon the claws.

Sp. 14. Ceriodaphnia textilis, Dana.

This species is not sufficiently fully figured to allow of a sug-
gestion as to its affinities.

Daphnia rotundata, Say, is very probably a member of this
genus, though the description is hardly intelligible. “Body
rounded behind; upper antennze three-branched, a small spine

above at the joints; lower five-branched; color white. Length 0.5.” ..

It is probable that we should read ‘upper branch of antenne with
three setz’’, etc., in which case we may identify the above with
Chydorus or the like.

111.—-GENUS SCAPHOLEBERIS.

The genus Scapholeberis stands rather closely related to Cerio-
daphnia, from which it is at once distinguished by the angled or
spined lower posterior angle of the shell. The head is rather

42 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

clumsy, and the continuation of the fornices runs toward the apex
of theincurved beak, which commonly lies within the valves of the
shell. The lower anterior angle has a prominence and there is a
basin-shaped area inclosing the base of the antenna, part of which
lies on the shell and part on the head. This area is more strongly
lined or reticulated than the rest of the shell. The lower margin
is straight and terminates, in most forms, in along scythe-shaped
spine which is directed backward. The shell itself is usually indis-
tinctly reticulate or unmarked, and commonly is deep colored. The
post-abdomen is very like Ceriodaphnia or more as in Simocephalus;
the anal spines are fewand the older specimens have more than the
young; the place at which additional spines are to appear is:
marked by prominences. The eye is of moderate size, the pig-
ment fleck rather small and the antennules short and hidden by the:
beak. The antenna are of small size and generally dark colored.
The ephippium contains but one egg; the males do not have al-
tered antenne or feet. The sexual periods fall in early summer
and in autumn, according to Weismann; the males appear but
sparingly. The species 5. mucronata is very abundant every-
where, while the others are less frequently seen.

Sp. 1. Secapholeberis mucronata, Mueller.

(Plate J. Fig. 5.)

Daphnia mucronata, MUELLER, LEIVIN, LILLJEBORG, FISCHER, LEYDIG, BAIRD,
HERRICK.

Scapholeberis mucronata, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ, WEISMANN, BIKkGE,
HERRICK.

This wel!-known species with rather short spines below is found
abundantly everywhere. In this country at least it is character-
ized by a dark color. The head is large, rounded in front of the
large eye, serrate below and extending posteriorly into a roundish
beak, back of which are the short antennules. The fornices are
very short and rounded; a line connects the fornices with the beak
by a sudden deflection downward ; it sets off the area which . forms.
a part of the basin of the antenne. A second line springing from
just above the termination of the fornices passes over the eye by a
broad curve. The post-abdomen is truncate and bears beside the
terminal claws four or more spines which rapidly decrease in siz».
The claws are minutely spined; the spines on the shell are of vari-
abl; length, but do not exceed one-fourth the length of the re-
mainder of the lower margin. This species ranges over all Europe
and eastern United States.

Length 0.6 mm.—0.8 mm.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 43.

Sp. 2. Seapholeberis cornuta, Schceiler.

(Plate T. Fig. 6.)

Monoculus bispinosus, DEGEER.
Daphnia mucronata, var. acute rostrata. BAIRD.
Scapholeberis mucronata, var. fronie cornuta, P. E. MUELLER.

This species differs from the above only in having a sharp curved
horn on the head in front of the eye. The use of this appendage
can only be conjectured; but it may be that, like the curved beak ~
of Ripophilus, it serves to clear away rubbish in the filth in which
these animals frequently live. This form, be it variety or species,,
is not known in America.

Sp. 3. Scapholeberis armata, (Herrick.)

(Plate B. Figs. 10-11.)

Scapholeberis mucronata, var. armata, HERRICK.

A very beautiful and unique species, which possesses the extreme
development of the peculiarities ot the genus. The head isshaped:
very much as in the previous species, the fornix is squarish, the
basin for the antenne is small. The upper lines from the fornix
meet behind the eye; the form of the shell is as in the above, but.
the spines upon the lower margin are longer. ‘The scythe-like
spine-on the lower angles of the valves is extremely long, falling
little short, in extreme cases, of being as long as the entire lower
margin, in others about one-half as long. There are the usual
lines parallel to the lower edge of the shell. The specimens hav-
ing the longest spines were found in fresh water about Mobile,
Ala., but the species occurs in Minnesota and intermediate points,,
though speringly. 7

Sp.4: Seapholeberis nasuta, Birge.

Form much as in the last, head shorter, “prolonged into a
rather sharp beak, at whose apex the continuations of the fornices.
unite. The beak does not project downward asin 8. mucronata,
but backward, and in its natural position lies between the valves.”
The usual reticulated and lined areas are present and the balance of
the shell is covered with ‘small pointed projections.” ‘The anten-
nules are much larger than in 8. mucronata, though they do not
project beyond the rostrum.” The pigment fleck is long and
large; the post-abdomen is much as in the preceding species; the
terminal claws have several fine teeth. The males have the open-

44 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ing of the vas deferens close behind the terminal claws; mucro
short and blunt, length 1 mm. This species is very near the next,
but differs in several particulars. It forms the transition to the
next, which is the extreme of the genus ina direction converse to
that pursued by the S. armata.

Sp. 5. Scapholeberis angulata, Herrick.

(Plate B. Fig. 9, Plate T. Fig. 7.)

American Naturalist, 1883.

Form as in the above, but comparatively larger; valves quadran-
gular, anterior margin strongly arched; head short, only slightly
concave below the eyes; the beak is as in 8. nasuta, but seems to
be directed more nearly directly downward than in that spacies.
The antennules are long and resemble those of Simocephalus, The
pigment fleck is square and rather large; the antenne are of the
usual size. The reticulated areas are as in the other species. The
post-abdomen is more as in Daphnia, not so squarely truncate and
with five to seven large teeth; the first foot has one elongated
jointed seta; the posterior angle of the shell has no spine, at most
there is a somewhat prominent acute angle, the inner shell layer
is armed at this point with some elongated teeth as in the corres-
ponding situation in Simocephalus. On the whole, there is a
similiarity to that genus in this as well as in the previous species.
S. nasuta has a short spine and elongated pigment fleck; the pres-
ent species has a squarish but rather large fleck and no spine; the
post-abdomen has a greater number of spiues than any other
species. South of Tennessee river, in Alabama and Mississippi.

The species of this genus are predominatingly American, four
out of the five being found in the United States; the fifth, more-
over, is more often regarded a variety of one of the others; in fact,
the absence of S. cornuta from America is one of the most impor-
tant supports of the specific independence of the two forms. All
the species delight in disporting themselves near the surface in
sunny weather.

1v.—GENUS SIMOCEPHALUS.

Although a very well circumscribed group, this genus passes
into the next rather directly by means of S. macrothroides. The
connection on the other hand seems to be by the way of Scaphole-
beris, though there is a rather broad separation between even
Scapholeberis angulata and any known Simocephalus. The en-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 45

larged spines near the angle of the shell and the form of the an-
tennules as well as some other points, show a transition through
that species toward the present genus. The general form is quad-
rate with the lower posterior margin sinuate; in young specimens
the shell is nearly a perfect rectangle. The upper margin is pro-
duced more or less at the point of union with the free posterior
margin and the shell is either arched or very abruptly angled
above the prominence in old females. The head is produced into
a projection at the eye while the beak proper is between the ante-
rior margins of the valves; the pigment fleck is rather large and
variously shaped. The fornices are larger than in Scapholeberis
and extend to the front of the head over the eyes; the antennules
_ have a lateral flagellum which is large and lance-shaped. The
post-abdomen varies very little in shape; it is truncate and exca-
vated below and very broad. The anal teeth are few, large,curved,
pectinate; the claws are straightish and pectinate or spined; the
labrum is shaped as in Daphnia; the anterior part of the stomach
has the usual ceca.

The members of this genus are among the most abundant and
conspicuous of the family and are more persistent during the
changing seasons than any other form. 8. vetulus, the common-
est species, stands in the centre of the genus, while two extremes
are expressed by the other members of the group.

The winter or sexually produced eggs are lodged in
an ephippium or saddle-like modification of the shelJ, which is.
finely reticulate; while the shell is usually marked by fine?anasta-
mosing lines which, in some species, show clearly their derivation
from a rather fine hexagonal marking.

The sexual: periods, when males are produced, occur in autumn
and spring. The males have few distinguishing characteristics,
the form being that of the young female.

The opening of the vasa differentia is back of the anus, hence
these ducts cross the course of the intestine. They have ejacula-
tory muscles about the lower part. The smaller species are fre-
quently deeply colored with pink, purple and brown fatty deposits.
and the markings are more conspicuous than in the American
Kurycercus, which is itself often brightly spotted with blue or pur-
ple. The aspect in the water is between that of Kurycercus and
Daphnia.

The first mention made of any member of this genus in America is
Say’s description, repeated in Dekay’s Crustacea of New York, of
Daphnia angulata. This description which follows is quite suffi-

46 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

cient to identify the genus, and indeed to indicate that either S.
americanus or a related form is intended, but it is hardly compe-
tent to alter names the significance of which is quite clear.

“Sides striate with numerous parallel minute oblique lines; hind
edge of the body with a prominent angle in the middle, Antenne
with four filaments on the upper and five or the lower branch.
Color white or red. Length 0.1; stagnant water in the forests of
the Southern States.”

Sp. 1. Simocephalus vetulus, Mueller.

Daphnia vetula, BAIRD, HERRICK.

Daphnia simat MUELLER, LATREILLE, BOSC, RAMDOHR, GRUITHUISEN, DESMAREST
LAMARCK, M. EDWARDS, KOCH, GMELIN, MANUEL, JURIN#E, LIL-
LJZBORG, LEYDIG.

Simocephalus vetulus, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ, WEISMANN, CLAUS, DuTz,
BIRGE.

This commonest and one of the largest species is apparently dis-
tributed over the northern hemisphere and abounds in all the
more shallow lakes. ‘The head is rounded in front and is not an-
gled between the prominence of the eye and the beak. The body
is very large and not abruptly angled above, the spine of the shell
being inconspicuous and high, so that the free posterior
edges of the shell lack little of equalling the greatest hight of
the shell. Theshell is covered with minute dense striations which
spring from the free edges. The pigment fleck is elongated in old
specimens and the upper angle follows up beside the suture sepa-
rating the antennary basin from the rest of the shell of the head.
The antennules are ornamented with minute spines. At the lower
angle of the shell are three curved spines which differ from the
preceding filaments. The number of eggs which are produced
at unce is truly immense. Under favorable circumstances this
species reaches a large size, falling little if any short of 3mm. 5.
vetulus lives, by preference, among the leaves of aquatic vegeta-
tion. With us this species seems to live in the smaller pools as
well as in lakes of some size. J am not able to see any difference
in this respect between the various species.

Sp. 2. Simocephalus serrulatus, Kcch.
Daphnia serrulata, KocH, LLEVIN, FISCHER, LILLJEBORG.
Simocephalus serrulatus, LEYDIG, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.
Head narrow, extending anteriorly into a sharp spiny angle in
front of the eye. Dorsal line of the shell abruptly angled or
curved posteriorly, projecting to form a broad obtuse spine behind;

STATE GEOLOGIST. 47

this spine is serrate with sharp teeth and lies somewhat above the
middle of the hight of the animal, so that the free posterior mar-
gins of the shell fall much short of reaching the greatest hight
of the shell. Post-abdomen of the usual form, with the claws
armed with two series of spines or bristles, the outer being much
the larger; anal teeth curved or angled, dentate; pigment fleck tri-
angular orrhomboidal. Length 2.0 mm.,2.5 mm.

I am not sure that the three following species are more tkan
varieties; the first in particular is very close to the European type.

Sp. 3.—Simocephalus congener, Birge.

My own observations of this form made throughout the Missis-
Sippi valley are not in complete accord with the description of
Birge, but it seems improbable that there is any mistake in the
identification. The very generally distributed form on which this
species rests 1s subject to marked variations within certain limits.
This species differs from S. serrulatus in the following points.
The head, although prominent and spiny near the eye, is not an-
gled between this prominence and the beak; in fact, it is either
straight or simply curved. The pigment fleck is usually rhom-
boidal and only occasionally oval, triangular or irregular. In
other respects the agreement is rather close; the terminal claws
have two series of spines, one of which is larger (not, as said by
Birge, equal); the outer series is not so much larger as in S. rostra-
tus, but not nearly as inconspicuous as in 8. vetulus. The termi-
nal claws are rather evenly curved. This species is frequently col-
-ored with pink or brown markings. In old females the back is
squarely augled above, forming a pocket for the eggs. The size
- falls short of that of the last species. I have found this species from
the gulf of Mexico to Minnesota.

Sp. 4.—Simocephalus rostratus, (Sp. n.)

This form is of the size and color of S. americanus, and approaches
nearest to Schodler’s 8S. expinosus in general characters. The back
is arched above but not abruptly angled; the spine is as in S. amer-
icanus but not so low. The free posterior shell margins are some-
what shorter than the greatest hight of the shell. The head is
produced below the eyes in an angle like a right angle, which is
not spiay. The lower margin of the head is exeavated to form a
right angle, and in front of the smooth antennules forms a very
“prominent beak, beyond which the antennules reach but a short

48 TWELFIH ANNUAL REPORT.

distance. The terminal claws of the post-abdomen are straightish
and are more heavily spined than in the preceding; the anal spines.
are doubly curved or geniculate. The pigment fleck is rhomboid
or pentagonal; the antennules are smooth. The abdominal pro-
cesses differ somewhat from the previous species, in which the second
one is rounded above, for in this it is squarely truncate. This
species was found only in shallew pools at Ocean Springs, Missis-
sippi, and was very carefully compared with S. americanus which
is also found there.

Sp. 5. Simocephalus exspinosus, Koch.

Head extending into an obtuse angle at the eye, pigment fleck
rhomboidal. Shell without a spine; maximum hight of the shell
greater than that of the free posterior margin. Caudal claws with
an unequal series of spines; anal spines evenly curved. There is
little to distinguish the above from this species save the geniculate
anal spines and the presence of a blunt spine on the shell.

Var. congener, Schoedler,

has the lower outline of the head sinuate instead of angled.

Sp. 6. Simocephalus daphnoides, Herrick.

American Naturalist, 1883.

A curious transition form, found only south of the Tennessee
river, was described in the American Naturalist in May, 1883, under
this name. By an oversight a comparison made with 8. americanus
appeared as though made with §. vetulus. The general shape is
oval; the greatest hight of the valves lies near the middle and not.
posterior to it as in all the other species. The head is short, de-
pressed, rounded in front; the beak is wanting; the lower margin
of the head is straight. The pigment fleck is small, oval or irreg-
ular; the fornices are small and short. The antennules are smooth.

The post-abdomen is narrow, shaped more as in Daphnia; the
terminal claws are straightish and fringed part way with spines;
the anal spines are slightly curved. The processes of the abdomen
are long, asin Daphnia. The shell is covered by the characteristic
striations and extends into a blunt spine. In every detail, almost,
there is an approach toward the genius Daphnia, while the general
result is sufficiently like Simocephalus, The lower angle of the
shell is not armed with the peculiar curved spines as in all the other

STATE GEOLOGIST. 49

species. This species begomes over 1-10 inch long. In such old
individuals the spine is nearly midway of the hight.

One could wish a trifle closer link to Scapholeberis than that furn-
ished by 8. angulata; but. on the whole, the’position of this genus
can not well be called in question. America has four species out
of the six known and but one of these certainly identical with the
European, though others are probably too closely related.

Norse.—On p. 47 read S. Americanus, Birge, not S. Congener.

v. Genus DapxHntia.

Long considered the type of the family, this genus is most fre-
quently seen, or, at least, is more conspicuous than any other
group. It has already been pointed out that the forms here
united are the extreme development ofa diverging line. Simoceph-
alus is the link connecting it with the typical forms of the fam-
ily. As might be expected, this genus presents more puzzling
problems than any of the others. It contains more peculiarities
of structure and diversities of habit and development than any
other of the genera. Here the sexual differences are most inter-
esting. The young are hatched with a pendant appendage at-
tached to the upper posterior angle of the shell, which soon be-
comes the rigid spine characteristic of the younger stages and
_ males of the genus. The females almost immediately after birth
commence the production of eggs by an asexual process. Groups of
epithelial cells containing four each are formed and one of the
cells of each group develops at the expense of the others, forming
the egg. Many such eggs are laid simultaneously and deposited in
the cavity between the shell and the dorsal part of the animal.
The eggs are prevented from escaping by means of three long pro-
cesses, of which the first is much the larger and curves forward.
At stated periods in spring and autumn the males appear; the fe-
males of the generation in which occur the males have a tendency
to produce eggs of a different sort charged with a different mis-
sion, At the same time the upper portion of the shell (that sur-
rounding the brood cavity) becomes finely reticulated and pigment
is deposited between its layers. This ephippium, as it is called, in
_ allusion to its saddle-like form, is the case in which the winter egg
is to pass the period of cold or drought which is to follow. The
method: of the formation of the ephippium is obscure and, in
spite of the investigations of Lubbock and Smitt, considerable re-
mains to be learned with reference to this interesting modification

of the shell. Some rather careful study has been devoted to this
4

50° TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

subject by the writer, but it was unfortunately interrupted before
completion. The most promising method of persuing the investi-
gation is that of sectioning ephippial females in various stages
with the microtome. A preparation of soap was employed with
partial success as a medium for embedding, and figures of some of
the many sections made are drawn on plate P. Figure 10 is a ver-
tical section through the middle of an ephippium which has been
cast off. The outer and inner shell layers are distinct and one of
the eggs is divided in the middle. No pigment or protecting ma-
terial was deposited in this case, which is the simplest possible.
Fig. 9 represents a section just back of the head; it passes diagon-
ally, severing the heart longitudinally (h). The intestine (a), the
ovaries (g), the mandible (m), the labrum (1), and certain suspen-
sorial muscles (?) are seen in situ. Only a portion of the ephip-
pium is cut and the double layers enclose a large mass of protec-
tive matter. Fig. 8 is a vertical section through the middle of the
animal, and the usual form of the ephippium is seen with its large
amount of protective matter obscuring all else. Fig. 7 is a longi-
tudinal section of an ephippium similar to that seenin Fig. 10. It
is hoped to present at some more appropriate time a fuller account
of the formation and process of moulting this saddle.

DEVELOPMENT OF DAPHNIA.

Although the careful researches of Claus and Grobben have ad-
ded much to our otherwise rather meager knowledge of the develop-
ment of the cladocera, there still remain many interesting points,
particularly with reference to the individual species, which merit
careful study.

Ihe following observations relate to the single species (D.
scheefferi) which was available during a short stay in Leipzig:

The winter eggs of D. schefferi are two in number and are
lodged in the well known manner in an ephippium.

The shape of these eggs is sharply ovoid, there being no distin-
guishable difference between the two ends. The position in the
ephippium is not, as might be expected, with the longer diameter
paralled to the axis of the body, but the posterior end is slightly
elevated. This is undoubtedly due to frequent elevation of the
abdomen between the valves during the extrusion of the eggs.

The color is dark green and the only protection as the egg leaves
the ovary is a thick, tough shell which is at first so soft as to be
susceptible to pressure. It is thus reticulated, apparently through

the simple pressure of the walls of the ephippium.

STATE GEOLOGIST. ob

The length is 0.438 mm.; width .33 mm. in the average, though
eggs were occasionally found of an elongated form, measuring .48,
.381 mm. The contents of the egg consist of spheres of greenish
plasma of various sizes and fat or oil drops. These oil globules are
not very numerous as compared with those of the summer eggs,
and likewise never attain the dominant size seen in the latter.
The various forms assumed by the plasma balls are perplexing but
frequently result from the action of external agents. The cleavage
stage was not seen, and if actual segmentation takes place, it
must be inconspicuous as would be expected from the large quan-
tity of yolk present. The differentiation of the blastoderm occurs
very early, perhaps in the ovary itself, and the result is a tolerably
uniform layer of prismatic cells. The egg now comes to a period
of repose after the blastoderm has produced a second external
envelope apparently by simple secretion.

This envelope consists of a fine structureless membrane. The
ege, under ordinary circumstances, remains dormant during the
winter in this most favorable stage. The reason for which is evi-
dently the fact that the differentiation has proceeded to the extent
of producing the greatest number of. protective layers without
materially increasing the complexity, and thus the sensitiveness, of
the organism. Under favorable circumstances the development
proceeds farther and near one pole appears a slight indenture of
the surface which grows deeper aud seems to form a true invagina-
tion. This blastopore, if such it really be, remains for some time,
generally till the two ‘‘ scheitel ” plates appear. These ‘‘scheitel-
platte” are formed by a simultaneous thickening and lengthening
of the cells of limited areas on opposite sides of the egg, near the
opposite pole from that occupied by the blastopore. The ‘‘scheitel-
platte” are situated at right angles to a plane perpendicular to the
blastopore. The nuclei of the cells of the “scheitelplatte’” are
nearly .0208 mm. in diameter, while those of the other blastoderm
cells are about half that size.

The egg remains a long time in this stage, while the following
stages are passed through quite rapidly till the embryo assumes its
nauplius form. The remainder of the development agrees, so far
as seen, quite fully with that of the summer eggs, to which we will
now return.

The summer eggs vary greatly in size and number, but are
nearly as large as the winter eggs. The number is sometimes re-
duced to two or three or rises to as many as fifteen or even more.
In color the eggs also vary from green to brown. The fresh egg

52 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

consists, as the winter egg, of two sorts of yolk spheres. The
plasma or formative yolk contains colored globules of rather small
size, distributed throughout the whole of the mass quite uniformly.
The food yolk or oil globules assort themselves in two sizes; first,
a few (generally three) very large oil drops, which persist through-
out the ealier stages of the embryo; second, smaller globules of ap-
parently the same character, which are quite numerous and form a
very considerable part of the contents of the egg, In an egg of
about .85 mm. in diameter, the largest of the smaller size of oil
drops measured .029 mm. while the larger three exceeded .060 mm.
The oil drops are distinguishable by their light refractive
power, pellucidity and the intense dark brown or black color assum-
ed when treated with osmic acid. The latter reagent affects the
formative yolk but slightly. It will be seen that though the sum-
mer egg is nearly as large as the ‘dauerei” in some cases,
yet the relative amount of formative yolk is more diverse than at
first appears.

The great similarity between the two sorts of eggs in Daphnia
schaefferi is throughout striking as compared with Moina, the only
one of the Daphnide the development of which is fully studied.
In the summer eggs I have not been able to see the complete seg-
mentation described for Moina. The following stages are much
as described by Grobben. An invagination occurs anda median
swelling appears on the ventral aspect of the egg.

Labrum and second antennez bud out and are soon followed by
the antennz, mandibles and two pairs of maxilla, after which the
five pairs of feet soon appear. In an early stage there is present a
basal palpus to the second antenne, a fact not before observed, and
this persists as the small two-bristled wart found on the basal joint
of the antenna. [tis a conspicuous object in the embryo and is
thus a true embryonic organ.

The eyes of the embryo appear as two separate pigmented flecks
which approximate and are covered with an oval refractive body,
which later is penetrated by the pigment and divides to form the
small lenses. Soon after this the shell grows over the eye as de-
scribed for Moina.

The first indication of the shell appears as two folds of the max-
illary region of the back, being thickest laterally. These grow
forward and backward to form the cephalie and body shield. At
a little later stage there appears a very interesting modification of
the shell which stands in close relation to the growth of the brood
sac. A slight protuberance appears on the margin of the shell in

STATE GEOLOGIST. 53

the median dorsal line and extends: toward the abdomen. It
grows much more rapidly than the other parts of the shell and, in
a later stage, forms a comparatively enormous tail, which curves
under the animal between the shell valves which now extend be-
yond the body. This “tail” extends well along the ventral mar-
gin of the shell and reminds, by its position, of the tail of a fright-
ened dog. The true tail, or post-abdomen, is, in the meanwhile,
well developed and is constantly kicking the useless protuberence
of the shell upwards. As the animal leaves the egg this projec-
tion becomes straightened as in the young D. pulex, finally be-
eoming the still considerable spine, though it is proportionately
much shorter than in the embryo. The spine becomes shorter
with successive moults and the mature form has only a slight
rounded knob in place of a spine more than half the length of
the body.

The use of the long spine in the young Daphnia is a matter of
interest. Its length agrees pretty well with that of the brood
cavity and it seems possible that it serves to prevent the shell
from bending abruptly down when it is only partially removed
during the moult and thus breaking off and so leaving ‘a portion
of the clothing of the brood-cavity therein to become a source of
irritation. ‘This is more necessary for the young since the brood
avity is narrow and the shell weak, so that while the outer shell
is removed like a glove from the finger, it can not be pulled up-
ward or downward, but directiy backwards. It is well known that
male Daphniz often have the spine, while the females may have
none, and here again it is possible that the narrower cavity over
the abdomen requires this assistance, while this is not the case
with the females.

The shell gland is early formed and the branchial lamelle of the
feet appear almost simultaneously with the feet themselves as
distinct lobes. The branchial chamber is not a simple chamber, but
is essentially a curved tube as can be very well seen in the last foot
of the adult. This tube doubles upon itself and crosses in the
manner of a loop and a constant stream flows rapidly through it.

The nervous system is, at first, paired from beginning to end
and first unites anteriorly, the ocular ganglia fuse after the union
of the two pigment flecks in the compound eye, then the cephalic
ganglion is formed by the union of the two precesophagal ganglia,
the commissures passing about the cesophagus. I have not been
able to determine if the subcesophagal ganglia become fused.
From the anterior ganglia spring the nerves to the autenne and

54 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

jaws, which latter are the larger in the embryo, being exceedingly
large nerves.

This key contains the majority of the genus, but falls short of -
completeness. The following species are uncertain. W.Schman-
_kewitsch described as new D. degenerata and D. rudis, from salt
or brackish waters. These he regards as degenerate forms produced
by the inferior aeration of dense waters. The author does not
appear to recognize the modern distinctions of genera so that, not.
having seen the work, even the generic position can not be defi-
nitely stated. His investigations seem to show that the proximity
of salt waters influence the form of the body, or, perhaps, that.
there is a constant interchange between the sub-marine and fresh-
water species. Daphnia brevicauda, Chambers, is an incorrectly
figured and described Simocephalus.

Key To THE Genus DAPHNIA.

Section 1. Pigment fleck present.

A. Head short, equally rounded.
1. D. psitiacea, Baird.
B. Head not regularly rounded, more or less beaked.
(a) Claws spiny.
I, Abdomen broad, series of anal spines nearly equal, neither head nor back
Keeled.
+ Amarked sinuosity in the posterior outline of post-abdomen.
2. D. schefferi, Baird.
D. ovata, Sars.
D. pennata, Mueller.
++ No well marked depression.
3. D. pulex, Mueller.
4. D. schedleri, Sars.
D. hastata, Sars.
D, obtusa, Kurz.
11. Abdomen narrow, shell keeled somewhat dorsally.
5. D. minnehaha, sp. n.
6. D. carinata, Sars.
(b) Claws nearly or quite smooth.
I. Head not crested.
7. D. longispina, Leydig.
8. D. rosea, Sars.
9. D. similis, Claus
' D. lacustris, Sars,
D. cavitrons, Sars.
10. D. hyalina. Leydig.
11. D. dubia, Herrick.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 55d

D. pellucida, P. E. Mueller.
D. galeata, Sars,
12, (2) D. levis, Birge.
Section 1. Pigment fleck absent.

A. Head but slightly crested.
1. D. longiremis, Sars.
B. Head strongly crested.
2. D. cristata, Sars.
3. D. cucullata, Sars.
D. apicata, Kurz.
4, D. kalbergensis, Schoedler.
D. cederstromii, Schoedler.
D. retrocurva, Forbes,
D. vitrea, Kurz.
5. D. magniceps, sp. n.

SEcTION |.

A. Head short, evenly curved.

Sp. 1. Daphnia psittacea, Baird.

Mentioned by SCHOEDLER, FRIC and KURZ.

This species is at once recognized by the head, which is very
short and evenly curved, or nearly so, from the heart to the beak.
The shell js high, oval, with a rather short spine. The fornices
are wide and angled behind: the antennules are longer than in
most species; the post-abdomen is very large, but narrows toward
the end and has comparatively few anal teeth, which are of une-
qual size. This is one of the largest of the genus. Not yet
found in America.

B. Head more or less concave below, at least not evenly arched.

Sp. 2, Daphnia scheefferi, Baird.

(Plate M. Figs. 14.)

Daphnia pennata, MUELLER.

Daphnia pulex, STRAUS, KOCH, (fide P. E. MUELLER.)
Daphnia magna, LILLJEBORG, LEYDIG, ete.

Daphnia scheffert, SCHOEDLER, KURZ.

The largest species of the genus, is of an elongated oval and
ventricose form. The spine is entirely absent in old females and of
only moderate length in the young. The antennules of the male
are long and have a very long flagellum. The post-abdomen is
narrowed suddenly below the anus so that the spines consist of
two sets; the terminal claws are spiny at the base. Although

56 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

very similar to D. pulex, it may be recognized at once by the con-
cavity of the dorsal margin of the post-abdomen. The plate will
make any detailed description superfluous, A common species in
Europe, but not yet found in America.

Daphnia ovata, Sars, seems probably this species, but Sars was
troubled by Straus’ mistaken reference.

Daphnia pennata of Sars may alco be this species or, more prob-
ably, D. pulex. The Latin discription given by Sars is appended
for convenience of reterence.

Daphnia pennaita, Sars.

“Antecedenti (D. pulex) simillima, caput autem a latere visum latius, rostro breviore,
supra visum testa cetera parum angustius fere cordiforme, antice acuminatum. Pro-
cessus anteriores duo disjuncti. Margo posterior postabdominis in medio sinulo parvo
et infra hune utrinque aculeis 16-18 armatus. Color ut in antecedente. Longit.2344mm.’”°

Daphnia ovata, Sars.

“Caput alatere visum ante oculum fere angulatum,margine inferiore leviter concavo
in rostrum longum apicem versus attenuatum, extremitate tenuissima exeunte, spura
visum ut in D. pennata cordiforme. Testa cetera a latere visa ovata, margine superi-
ore et inferiore in femina adulta fere zeques arcuatis, postice in medio spinam formans
brevissimam vel omnino obsoletam. Processus anteriores duo abdominis disjuncti-
Margo posterior postabdeminis in medio sinuatus, utrinque aculeis 20-22 armatus. Color
albido—flavescens vel-virescens. Longit. circit 3mm.”

Sp. 3. Daphnia pulex, Mueller

.

This commonest of our Daphnids is apparently cireumpolar in
distribution. I have found it in Alabama near the Gulf and it also
occurs near lake Superior.

Oval, either elongate or short, spine springing from the upper
angle of shell or in some cases near the middle. The spine is rather
long in young individuais but becomes very narrow in: older ones
or entirely disappears. The abdominal processes are long, not
coalescent, or slightly united at the base. The head is concave be-
low and extends into a prominent beak. This species is either very
variable or several species are frequently united under the
term. Two types have been recognized in America. One, abun-
dant in spring in smaller ponds in Minnesota, is rather short,
arched above, and in old females with the spine situated near the
middle of the posterior margin. This form is quite typical for the
species and occurs from April to mid-summer. Another variety was
found in Alabamain late autumn, and similar animals in mid-winter
in lake Calhoun, Minnesota. This type has a much more elongate
body, the very slender but rather short spine springs from the upper

STATE GEOLOGIST. 57

margin of the shell or is quite wanting. This longer form has the beak
slightly arched so as to resemble a “‘Roman nose.” ‘The anal spines
are less numerous (10-14 while typical D. pulex has nearly 20).
The young of this form, which may be ealled

Daphnia pulex, var. nasutus, (Var. n.)

(Plate N. Figs. 1-4.)
vary much among themselves but, in general, resemble the young
of the European form.

Daphnia pulex has been mentioned by a number of authors in
America, Smith, Birge, Chambers and Herrick having noted its
occurrence in various parts of the United States. D. obtusa, Kurz,
is apparently only the spineless condition of the above or a related
species. No Daphnia is without the spine through life; such a
form would constitute a new genus at once.

Sp. 4. D. schoedleri, Sars.

Seems to resemble D. pulex very closely but differs in having
the lower margin of the head nearly straight, terminating in a short
straight beak. The spine springs from the middle of the posterior
margin. The anal spines are 14-16 in number. Length 2.33 mm.

This name is applied by Sars to Schoedler’s D. longispina which
is not D. longispina of Leydig.

Sars’ D. hastata is so insufficiently defined that it will probably
be necessary to drop it from the list.

Sp. 5. Daphnia minnehaha, (Sp. n )

(Plate K, Figs. 1, 2; Plate L, Figs. J, 2.)

This species, which occurs in small pools in autumn (affluents of
Minnehaha creek, etc.,) closely corresponds apparently to Sars’
Daphnia carinata but differs in numerous points. It, in fact, is more
nearly related to D. pulex than the group under which that species
is placed.

The form is oval, arched above, narrowed posteriosly, terminat-
ing in a rather short spine which curves lightly upwards. In males
and young females the spine springs from the upper angle, but in old
females having many summer eggs the spine is nearly median-
The head is depressed, strongly arched and keeled slightly above
the eye, which occupies the extreme end of the forehead. The keel
of the head extends into a slight angle over the heart and continues

58 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

down the back. In young females and in males the slight angle
is replaced by a strong knife-like projection which extends into
from 1 to 4 sharp teeth, the anterior tooth being directed forward.
The males, in particular, have this feature emphasized. D. long-.
ispina has a somewhat similar projection but the more nearly re-
lated forms seem not to show this peculiarity, The beak is slightly
curved and the lower margin of the head is slightly sinuate. The
shell has the usual square reticulations and is usually very trans-
parent but in peaty waters becomes brownish. The size is small
but variable; 1.8 mm. is acommon measurement. The post-abdo-
men is narrow, the claws are armed with four or more teeth and a
series of lateral bristles. The anal spines are eleven or more in
full grown females and decrease only moderately upward. The
processes of the abdomen are distinct. The males are smaller and
strongly carinated above and of the same form as young females

The antennules are.rather long, with a short lateral and a long
terminal flagellum, which latter is more than twice the length of
sensory setz which are partially lateral. The first foot has a strong
claw and a long flagellum, while the second feet have a small spiny
hook. There is a single abdominal process which is not hairy as
in D. pulex.

Sp. 6. Daphnia carinata, Sars.

Very similar to the last but, according to Sars, the claw has no
well marked teeth, ashort flagellum on the male antenna, and the
abdominal processes are united at the base (which may indeed be
sometimes the case in the above.)

D. cavifrons, Sars, has a prominence on the forehead and the lower
margin of the head is strongly concave, otherwise hardly destin-
guishable save by the absence of the keel above.

Sp. 7. Daphnia longispina, Mueller.

D. longispina, O. F. MUFLLER. BATRD, LEYDIG, SARS, P. E, MUELLER, KURZ, WEIS-
MANN, etc.

Oval, elongate; head large, rounded in front, lower margin some-
what concave; rostrum long. Spine very long, springing from the
middle of the posterior margin. Post-abdomen attenuated toward
the end. Terminal claws smooth or simply cilate, spines few.
The abdominal processes are united at the basea very little, Flag-
ellum of the male antennule hardly longer than the sensory sete.
The young have three teeth above as in D. minnehaha. There is

STATE GEOLOGIST. 59

a great deal of diversity of opinion as to the vaiue of this name.
Not that there is any doubt of the existence of a widely distributed
form which in general is that intended by Leydig and others, but
the variation is so great that the possibility remains that more
‘than one species is included under the one title.
P. E. Mueller recognizes two varieties depending chiefly upon
the length of the spine.
D. lacustris, Sars, is nearly related, if not a variety of the above.

Sp. 8. Daphnia rosea, Sars.

(Plate K. Figs, 10-12.)

Tn form very like D. longispina, this species, which is the only
representative of this smooth-clawed, unkeeled group yet found in
America,might perhaps be appropriately re-united with that species,
but, as there seems little doubt of the identification with Sars’ va-
riety, as above, I prefer to use his name.

Body oval, moderately ventricose; head of moderate size, lower
margin nearly straight; eye situated in the anterior prominence.
The beak is not very prominent. The upper outline of the head
is slightly concave above the eye or rather less convex. The head
is separated from the body by a marked depression. The spine of
the shell springs from the upper angle or is quite wanting. The
post-abdomen is of moderate size, somewhat narrowed toward the
end. The claws are smooth, the anal spines nearly equal, straight,
about 14 in number. The abdominal processes are not coalesced
or but slightlyso. Length 1.50 mm. to 2.0 mm. The species was
coilected sparingly in a large gathering of D. pulex from a small
lake in early spring.

The size and conformation of the abdominal processes is very
variable and the long and very slender spine is frequently absent.

Sp. 9. Daphnia similis, Claus.

The description of this species, which was bred in confinement
from eggs brought in mud from Jerusalem, I am, unfortunately,
unable to quote. Judging however, from the figures which alone I
now have access to, it belongs in the group of D. longispina, though
in many particulars it resembles D. scheefferi. The form is elon-
gate, the spiue short and springing from the upper margin. The
antennule of the female is very large and flagellate, while that of the
male is like that of D. schefferi. The flagellum and hook of the
first foot of male are rather small.

60 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

We now come to a group of related species which are most dif-
ficult to cireumscribe on account of their extreme variability. Ac-
cording to the view of Lutz they would all fall into the old D.
hyalina of Leydig. More probably, however, some of these forms
are of nearly or quite specific value.

Sp. 10. Daphnia hyalina, Leydig?

(Plate L, Figs. 3, 5.)
Daphnia longispina, HERRICK.

I have elsewhere given a brief account of the post-embryonic de-
velopment of a species which agrees best with Leydig’s figures of
D. hyalina.

The lower outline of the head is nearly straight, the eye being
always approximated toward it. In young specimens the head is
sharp in front and crested. The lower margin of the head appears
very long and the beak turns backward. The spine:is very long in
young forms but is short in old females. The male resembles very
much the young female. The post-abdomen is narrowed toward
the end, the terminal claws are smooth, the anal teeth few and the
abdominal processes united. Our specimens are from Paducah, Ky.,
south of the Ohio river.

Ido not know how to distinguish D. levis, Birge, from D. hyalina,
save that the abdominal processes are said to be distinct. Both
forms were observed in the above mentioned gathering. If, how-
ever, Birge’s figures are characteristic, he had a different variety
before him from ours; it seems somewhat like D. galeata.

D, pellucida, P. HE. Mueller, differs from D. hyalina in the pre-
sence of aseries of small teeth on the caudal claws, and a more
strongly curved beak.

It is just now brought to my attention that P. E. Mueller, in a
late work, identifies D. pellucida with D. hyalina, though he still
holds D. galeata distinct.

Daphnia galeata, Sars.

(Plate T. Figs. 7, 8.)

According to P. EK. Mueller, this species differs from D. pellucida
in the absence of teeth on the caudal claw, and, in one variety, by
the acuminate head, which seems the only form for which the name
is distinctive. Kurz found ouly the var. frons rotundata. Accord-
ing to Forbes, both varieties, the first of which he identifies with
D. pellucida, vecur in lake Michigan.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 61

S. I. Smith finds both in lake Superior, and seems to have no
doubt of their distinctness. One of the forms which | have seen
differs a little from either of the above, and had a different habitat.
Kurz has described the male, which has avery short flagellum upon
the antennule. A single source for D. galeata was found ina small
pool known as Clarke’s lake. This is the more remarkable, as this
species, which is almost confined to larger bodies of water, is found
nowhere else in the vicinage of Minneapolis, while this minute
lake, though as deep, perhaps, as any of the largest in the county
(say 40 feet), contains a number of forms known otherwise only in
the Great Lakes. Kurz’s remarks on the specimens collected by
him apply equally to these. Were the claws dentate, the animal
would pass as D. pellucida. The young have no horn on the head.
The spine of the shell is nearly as long as the whole animal in the
young. The male of our form is 1.2 mm, long, excluding the
spine which measures 47 mm. The flagellum is a very little
longer than the sensory sete, and there is a very minute lateral
flagellum. A peculiarity of this species is the scattered thorny
armature of the spine of the shell. There is but little change in
the form of head with age. The form of the last feet is peculiar.
The ephippium occupies comparatively a small part of the valves
and the spine becomes very short and quite smooth. ‘The sexual
period occurs in September and October. hie

The above statements regarding D. galeata require a modifica-
tion, for in another deep lake the writer has since secured the
typical crested D. galeata with even a higher crest than that figured
by P. E. Mueller. The head ends in a sharp angle. The single
female seen was in company with the rounded variety and numbers
of D. kalbergensis, which it resembles in many respects. Our
fauna therefore is quite complete in these remarkable forms.

(See Plate U. Fig. 6.)
Sp. 11. Daphnia dubia, Herrick.

( Plate L. Figs. 7, 8.)

American Naturalist, 1883.

The life history of this form is insufficiently known, but there
seems no reason for doubting that it constitutes a new and easily
recognizable species. It is nearly related to D. hyalina, but the
head is strongly crested all round and the eye is withdrawn, in
young as well as old specimens, toward the middle of the head.
This peculiarity is shared in this degree by no other Daphnia

62 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The form is as in D. pellucida, but the spine is more slender and
directed upward. ‘The head is shaped much as in D. vitrea in
the young, but is much less prominent. The older form has a
shorter and more slender spine (none were seen in the ultimate or
spineless stage). The head is more evenly rounded, but still well
crested. The abdomen is very slender and the anal teeth diminish
rapidly in size from below upward. ‘he claws are very short and
armed down the whole length with fine bristles. The abdominal
processes are well united at the base in old specimens, so that the
second seems a small process of the first. The shell is very trans-
parent and the spine is longer than in any other Daphnid.
In a young specimen the spine was 1. mm., the body 0.7 mm., and
the head 0.4 mm. In this specimen the spine was slightly curved,
the head elongate with a slight ridge in front. Another individual
had the spine 1.1 mm. long, while the remainder of the animal was
1.3mm. This specimen also had a knife-like hyaline ridge on the
crest, which was obliquely truncate in front; it also had numerous
summer embryos in the brood sac. The spine was perfectly straight
and but slightly inclined upward. Older individuals have a rounded
crest as figured and no ridge. The spine is relatively somewhat
shorter but much more slender. The characters which most clearly
distinguish this species are the well crested head, which in young
as well as sometimes older specimens has a median hyaline ridge,
the withdrawal of the eye from the margin and the very long spine.
It resembles D. galeata in earlier stages. It is very much like D.
levis or,in other words, is in the group of D. hyalina; out the study
of a considerable number of specimens from different localities con-
vinces me that it can not be united with that species in any of its
varieties. This species has only been found in autumn, Sept.—
Nov., lake St. Croix and Richfield in Hennepin county.

Section II.

Pigment fleck wanting. Head crested. The small, hyaline spe-
cies constituting this section, elevated by Schcedler to the rank of
a genus ( Hyalodaphnia ) and by Sars to that of a subgenus (Cepha-
loxus), are chiefly residents of the deeper parts of our larger lakes.
These forms, from their rarity, have been little studied and it is
uncertain how far the assumed specific distinctions are valid.

Two species are known in America and they are not confined to
large lakes.

ga

STATE GEOLOGIST. 63

Sp. 1. Daphnia longiremis, Sars.

Hyaline, compressed, seen from the side, rounded, lower margin
strongly arched; spine long, straight, oblique. Head rounded,
lower margin nearly straight, ending ina beak directed downward,
acute anteriorly. Eye small. Antenne very long. Length 1 mm.

The abdomen is said to be similar to that of D. longispina. From
the brief description given by Sars it would appear that this spe-
cies is characterized by a rounded and uncrested or slightly crested
head. Though imperfectly described, it is here mentioned to direct
attention toward any such species as may be found in America.

Sp. 2. Daphnia cristata, Sars,

Compressed, long. Head acute in front, strongly crested, lower
margin nearly straight. Dorsal line of body little curved, spine
long in the young, strongly curved. Head of male smaller, flagel-
lum of antennule twice as long as the set; first foot well clawed.
Length of female 1.33 mm.

Sp. 3. Daphnia cucullata, Sars.

D. berolinensis, SCHOEDLER.

Very like the above, but the margin of head is not straight be-
low, is, however, extremely variable and ends in asharpangle. The
eye lies nearly midway between the heart and the end of the head
and near the lower margin. The two anterior processes of the
abdomen are united for most of their length. The flagellum of the
male antenna is about as long as the terminal sete.

D. apicata, Kurz, seems to be a large variety lacking the sharp
spine of the head. Jn the main it agrees quite well. Although the
post-abdomen is broader than figured by Mueller, the number of
teeth corresponds with Sars’ description.

Sp. 4. Daphnia Kalbergensis, Schoedler.

(Plate U. Figs. 1—3).

Form oval, spine long. Head high, compressed, enormously
elongated, beak obtuse. Eye smail. Abdominal processes not
united. Caudal claws ornamented with small sete. Antenne of
male with ashort flagellum. Length of head nearly eau to that of
body exclusive of spine.

D. vitrea of Kurz seems not improbably a neal form of the

above though the crest is lower, the size is less and the post-abdo-

64 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

men is more slender and has fewer teeth; the differences are, how-
ever, hardly specific.

I am not convinced that either D. cederstromii, Schoedler, or D.
retrocurva, Forbes, are really distinct species, although the latter,
with its more strongly crested head, is said also to have a series of
teeth on the terminal claw. Perhaps it forms with D. cederstro-
mii the fifth and extreme phase of this group.

Since writing the above account of Daphnia kalbergensis this
truly monstrous species has come to light in the vicinity of Min-
neapolis. The opportunity is thus afforded to verify the suspicion
expressed above that a number of species must be united under this
name. P. E. Mueller gives the following measurements for D. kal-
bergensis: head 0.9—1.0mm.,body 1.0—1.1mm., spine 0.7—0.75 mm.
Kurz for his D. vitrea gives a length of 0.85 mm. plus 0.25 mm., the
length of the spine. Judging from his figure, the head would not
measure over 0.35 mm.

Forbes says of his D. retrocurva that the head is two thirds as
long as the body. |

Our specimens measured as follows:

No. 1. 1.6mm, head somewhat more than half the body and al-
most exactly like D. vitrea in form.

No. 2. Head 0.6 mm., body 0.9 mm., spine 0.5 mm.; about 9 anal
spines. Head in this case moderately curved upward.

No. 3. Head 0.95 mm., body 0.95 or less, spine 0.5 mm.; or the
head as long as or, indeed, considerably longer than the body and
directed upward.

The males have the crest much lower, the spine longer, and the
form of antennules figured by P. EH. Mueller. In the older females
the beak is elevated above the antennules, as remarked by Forbes,
but in smaller individuals there is very little difference between
our specimens and Mueller’s figures.

The claws of the post-abdomen have, besides the row of fine teeth
mentioned by Mueller, a cluster of sharp teeth just at the basa.

Found, together with typical D. galeata and the rounded form, in
a small deep lake or expansion of a creek not far from Medicine
lake, Hennepin county, Minn.

Sp.5. Daphnia magniceps, (Sp. n.)

(Plate U. Fig. 15).
The peculiar form figured in the Tenth annual of this survey
seems indubitably new and is distinguished by the peculiar shovel-
shaped head, which is scarcely crested but is broadest beyond the

———, os . S

STATE GEOLOGIST. 65

middle. The spine is long, the claws smooth, the abdominal pro-

cesses united and the shell transparent. The eye is near the end

of the rounded head and is large; the pigment fleck was apparently |

absent. Found with Daphnia minnehaha in a shallow swampy
pool in autumn.

Faminty BosmMINniIp&.

The sole genus of the family, Bosmina, contains over’a dozen
nominal species which are among the most difficult to define of
any cladocerans. The number is here reduced to nine and the
probable position of the rejected species is indicated. This is not
done because the author presumes upon the slender material at
hand to revise the genus; but simply from the fact that the descrip-
tions of the earlier writers do not permit a proper discrimination;
so that this necessity is entailed upon any one who would give a
birds-eye view of the members of the genus. The B. diaphana is
founded upon a different twist in the antennules and no hesitancy
is felt in uniting it with Sars’ B. lilljeborgii. The other species,
B. brevirostris and B. nitida, are omitted simply because there
seems to be no way of separating them satisfactorily from B. mari-

tima, and B. obtusirostris respectively. Three species have been

found in Minnesota, but practically no attention has been given to
the genus here.

Bosmina macrorhyucha found in Egypt is not here included, its
description being inaccessible to me.

B. levis, Leydig, seems simply a smooth condition of other spe-

cies. Whether B. curvirostris, Leydig, is or is not valid must, so far

as I am concerned, remain at. present doubtful.
GENus BosmiIna.

A. Shell extending into a spine behind.
(a) Antenne curved outward.
1. Bosmina cornuta, Jurine.
(b) Antenne not curved outward,
I. Shell reticulated, at least in part.
+ Flagellum midway between eye and the sensory sete of antenne,
2. Bosmina longirostris, Mueller.
+t Flagellum nearer eye.
3. Bosmina maritima, P. E. Mueller.
4. Bosmina longispina, Leydig. (B, brevirostris ?)
il. Sheil striate.
+ Antennules long.

66 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

5. Bosmina striata, Herrick.
++ Antennules short. ~
* Rostrum long.

6, Bosmina lacustris, Sars,
** Rostrum short.

7. Bosmina obtusirostris, Sars. (B. nitida, Sars?)
B. Shell not spined behind.

(a) Shell strongly arched above.
8. Bosmina lilljeborgii, Sars, (B. diaphana ?)

(b) Shelf moderately curved above.

9. Bosmina microps, P. E. Mueller,

Concerning the identification of Bosmina longispina, Leydig,
with B. brevirostris, P. EK. Mueller, it must be said that the bow is
drawn at a venture, for Mueller, in his paper on the Cladocera of
Swiss Lakes, in a fit of absent-mindedness refers to B. lacustris, P.
E. Mueller, citing p. 149 of Danmark’s Cladocera. On the page in
question are descriptions of B. maritima and B. brevirostris of which
the latter is probably the one meant. Sars’ B. lacustris seems quite
different, being strongly marked by longitudinal lines, while Leydig
says of B. lonyispina “shell striped and small reticulate,” and P. E.
Mueller says in B. brevirostris the shell is “utydeligt reticuleret”
i.e. indistinctly reticulate.

The three species so far identified in America are B. ioneieouial
of which a figure is given (plate J, fig. 2,) B. cornuta and B. striata,
which may possibly be yet identified with one of the European spe-
cies, though it seems improbabie. I have also seen a species like
Leydig’s B. levis, but considered it a smooth variety of B. longi-
rostris.

FAMILY LYNCODAPHNIDA, Sars, 1861; Herrick, 1881.

This is a rather small family with seven genera of minute ani-
mals which are abundant only in summer. Many and, indeed,
most of the species are among the rarer of fresh-water crustaceans _
of this group, and a few are among the rarities which only now and
then reward the collector. This family undoubtedly is the link
connecting the Daphnidz with the Lynceide, relationships to which __
are expressed by Macrothrix, on the one hand, and Lyncodaphnia,
on the other.

The rank of this group as a family must be, of course, a matter
largely of opinion. Sars was the first to adopt this view, sustained —
by certain curious transition forms leading toward Lynceide. Later or.
writers seem never to have found these genera and the group was —

STATE GEOLOGIST. 67

s

again included with the Daphnide. The writer, upon the dis-

covery of the Lyncodaphnia, was forced to regard this group as of
equivalent grade with the above mentioned families and again pro-
posed the family name Lyncodaphnide. !

The genus Ilyocryptus is a little one side the normal course of
the family and seems related to the lynceid genus Leydigia.

The waters of the northern United States are very rich in
members of this family.

The aberrant family Bosminide finds its only connection with
other Cladocera through this group by means of the remarkable
Macrothrix (?) pauper; and here it is only vaguely hinted at in the
elongated antennules and angled lower margin of shell, as well as
the presence of certain bodies near the base of the antennules. It
has been affirmed that none of the Lyncodaphnide have an ephip-
pium, i. e. the saddie-shaped thickening of the shell walls to in-
elude and protect the winter eggs; but I liave discovered it in the
ease of Macrothrix tenuicornis, Kurz, and presume it may occur
exceptionally in others. Kurz says that Ilyocryptus has no moult
proper, but this probably refers only to the European I. sordidus.
The American species differs from the generic description given by
Kurz, and may be different in this respect also.

In this family the regularity in the dispusition of the setz on
the antenne is broken and the fringing of these hairs serves the
purpose of specific distinction. The antennules are always long

_ and frequently differ considerably in the sexes. The pigment fleck
is always present (Kurz is in error in denying its existence in La-
_thonura). In many forms there is no free posterior margin of the
valves, while the lower is generally thickly beset with movable ,
spines. ‘lhe Lyncodaphnide will be distinguished from Cerio-
daphnia, which they resemble, by their motion, which is asuccession
of quick bounds, while the broader Ceriodaphniz hobble along as
though heavily weighted by the enormous mass of eggs with which
they are generally laden. The abdomen is usually short and the
anus is behind the terminal claws, but in Ilyocryptus the claws are
long and spined at the base. Inthe American I. spinifer the anal
Opening is elevated to a point nearly underneath the stylets, and
there is a rudimentary anal cecum as in Lynceids.
_ The males have the opening of the vasa deterentia in front of
the claws, which may be absent; the antennules are also modified,
oeing longer and curved. In Lathonura the abdomen is elongated

1 Notes on Some Minnesota Cladocera, 1881.

68 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

posteriorly till it begins to suggest a transition to Polyphemus.
The known genera and their distribution is as indicated below.

Half of the known species are found in America; one sixth being
peculiar to it.

Total
number | Europ- Also | Onlyin} Total
GENERA. of ean. Amer- {America} Amer- |
specles. ican. ican.
Oe ME ACTOUUMIN . fee icles azine seieeeeiet a 3 2 1 3
Big MTAUIONMUNAs appre be heise wae ne Ceeenioes 1 1 1 wee 1
Sa) DTEpanotayixs di... 5h oste te Be aces 1 UM PENBAS SAAR ce Hh ore
A MUNG ULORELCUS sarc «one ceiewe enced 1 Lis) > octets ppl otelslekestere tl an
DaPACADLNOLGHELIS#. «chin «ck pee nertecetien 1 Deel jeioe ston he saci eee
GH JOTVOSUS He ot esse cals sates securiiced 1 1 1 1
Gee YNCOGABUDIGN? 6a sie sac va nprertene 7 as ISAs ied Se oe asers Ba 1 1
See VOCKVIDUUS Saeed afore oe ei the ale 3 i a SAE 1 1

HOPI Gin tert y Lente, 13 ai ok wae 3 7

1. GrNus Macroturix, Baird.

Body oval, pointed behind; head broad; antenne of first pair
long, nearly straight, beset with spines, olfactory threads terminal ;
swimming antenne large and powerful, propelling the animal
by bounds; three-jointed ramus with a greatly elongated seta which
is thorned and jointed; labrum with the basal joint enlarged,
resembling that of Lynceids; first foot with a hook in both sexes;

last foot with a long process (respiratory body); abdomen short;

claws short; caudal stylets often with a bush of hairs at tip. The
intestine is straight and without ceca in front or behind.

The first one to observe a member of this genus, apparently, was
O. F. Mueller whose Daphnia curvirostris is usually referred to
Macrothrix laticornis.

The name Hchinisca was proposed by Lievin, but Macrothrix was
applied by Baird in 1843. Four species are known, three of which
occur in America and without doubt the fourth will ultimately be
found. No males of this genus were known till 1877 when the
male of M. laticornis was described and figured.1 Nearly two years
later the male of M. rosea was described from Wisconsin by HE. A.
Birge. Descriptions of the male of Lathonura are also given in
both the above mentioned sources.

Sp. 1. Macrothrix laticornis, Jurine.

(Plate C. Figs. 7, 8 and 9.)

Daphnia curvirostris(?), MUELLER.

Monoculus laticornis, JURINE.

Lynceus laticornis, DESMAREST.

1 Gruber und Weismann, Ueber einige neue oder unvollkommen gek annte Daph
niden. Freiburg.

}
:
“

ee ee, ee

a apne

“STATE GEOLOGIST. 69

Macrothri« laticornis, BAIRD, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

Acanthocercus curvirosiris (?), SCHOEDLER, prichs: Archiv, 1846.

Daphnia curvirostris, FISCHER.

EU laticornis, LILLJEBORG, LEYDIG, BAIRD, P, E. MUELLER, FRIC, KURZ,
SARS, LUTZ, CLAUS (Die Schalendruse d. Daphnien), NORMAN

i and BRADY (Monogr. Brit. Entom.), GRUBER and WEISMANN,

WEISMANN, (Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte d. Daph.)

This is the commonest European species and is the type of the
genus, showing its rather conservative position by the broad tip of
the antenna which is a feature exhibited by embryos and young of
other species. The shell has a warty surface and is toothed above,
while the lower margins are fringed with long unequal spines in
groups of threes or fours.

The form is roundish with a blunt posterior angle, the ventral
margin being regularly curved. The antennules are short and en-
larged at the end. The form is an irregular pentagon; a pair of
slender spines sits at the angle near the base.

The swimming antennz with the seta on the first joint of 3-
jointed ramus very long. Post-abdomen truncate at the end, short,
posterior margin beset with series of bristles.

Length of male 0.5—0.6 mm., of female 0.4 mm.

This is the smallest of the genus and will undoubtedly be found
in America.

Sp. 2. Macrothrix rosea, Jurine.

(Plate C. Figs. 5,6, 11, and 18.)

Monoculus roseus, JURINE.

Lynceus roseus, DESMAREST.

Daphnia rosea, M. EDWARDS, JURRELL,

Echinisca rosea, LIEVIN.

Macrothriz rosea, BAIRD, LILLJEBORG, P. E. MUELLER, BIRGE.

The body is sub-oval, terminating behind in an acute angle; the
lower margin is less conspicuously spined than the last or the
following; the antennz are but slightly dilated at the end and
nearly straight. The longest seta of the antenne is longer than
in the last, reaching beyond the tips of the terminal setze; abdo-
‘men more slender, sinuate in front, beset with short hairs.

Length 0.6 mm, male0.8mm. The male has no claws on the end
of the post-abdomen, and the antennules are curved and elongated.
Figures 5 and 13 are copied from Birge.

TO TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 3. Macrothrix tenuicornis, Kurz.

(Plate C. Figs. 1, 1a, 2, 8, and 12.)
(See Notes on Cladocera of Minnesota, p. 245.)

The body is oval, produced posteriorly inja sharp point; the ab-
domen is strongly arched, while the upper outlinefof the head is a
regular curve or slightly extended in front fof the eye; the anten-
nules are long, nearly straight and a very little narrowed toward
the end, just in front of which is a series of short teeth; there is no
lateral spine, but a strong terminal one in addition to the sensory
filaments; the pigment spot is large, the eye small and the lobus
opticus well separated from the ganglion; the antenne have a very
powerful basal joint; the elongated seta is very:,stout and densely
spiny, with a tooth at its flexure; two of the terminal sete are
spiny, for the basal half; the valves are beset with veryflong spines
in sets of three each, all having different positions; the abdomen is
nearly as in M. rosea, but the posterior margin has a series of long
sharp teeth; the mandibles are nearly completely exposed by the
arched anterior margin of the valves.

The labrum, in this species, is an odd link between that of the
Daphnide and Lynceide. The basal segment is greatly enlarged
and is sub-triangular in outline, with a movable lip attached to the
inner free face; the typical daphnoid structure is preserved, but the
enlarged salient angle of the basal portion shows how the transi-—
tion to the great triangular labrum of Alona, ete., is made. In
young specimens the head is proportionately larger, the antennules
are broader at the tip, and the dorsal outline is fless convex; the
marginal spines of the valves are also proportionally larger, as are-
the appendages of the first and last pairs of feet. This is one of the
largest species of the genus, 0.75 mm. being the length. This
is very close to M. rosea but seems distinct.

This form is quite common about Minneapolis, Minn., but is not
yet noted elsewhere in America.

Sp.4. Macrothrix pauper, Herrick.

(Plate C. Fig. 4.)

This species is described from a single specimen{from L. Minne- |
tonka, and I can add nothing to the very;meager_notice given ~
then. !

1 Notes on some Minnesota Cladocera. 1881. C. L. Herrick.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 71

The body is broad and very narrow, the lower outline is angled

and nearly unarmed; the pigment fleck and eye are small and ap-

proximated; antennules very long and curved backward and out-

ward; abdomen short, ciliate below; claws short, ciliated. This

female had a full complement of eggs but the antenne resemble

those of a male. This is unusually interesting and should be redis-

covered and studied; for there seems to be some affinity between
this species and Bosmina, and it is probable that it requires to be
distinguished generically from Macrothrix.

u. GeNus LatHonura, Lilljeborg.

The form is oval; the head is curved more than in Macrothrix

and the shell is more obtuse behind, sinuate below where it is beset

with short spines anteriorly; first antenne long, straight; second
antennze with five setze on each ramus; only four pairs of feet ap-
parent; abdomen short, prolonged upward to the insertion of the
caudal stylets; male similar but smaller.

Spi. Lathonura rectirostris, O. F. Mueller.

(Plate D.)

Laphnia rectirostris, 0. F. MUELLER.

Pasithea rectirostris, KOCH, Deutsehland’s Krust., ete.

Daphnia brachyura, ZADDACH, Syn. Crust. prussicorum. LIEVIN, Die Branch. a.
Danziger Gegend.

_ Daphnia mystacina, FISCHER, St. Petersb. Branchivp,

Lathonura rectirostris, LILLJEBORG, De Crust. ex ord. trib.

Pasithea rectrirostris, LEYDIG, Naturg. d. Daph.

Lathonura rectirostris, NORMAN and BRADY, Monogr. Brit. Ent.; P. E. MUELLER,
Danmark’s Cladocera,

Lathonura spinosa, SCHOEDLER, Branchiop. da. Umg. v. Berlin.

Pasithea rectirostris, GRUBER and WBHISMANN, Ueber einige neue od. unvollk. ge-

; kannte Daph.

Lathonura rectirostris, BIRGE, Notes on Cladocera. H@RRICK, Notes on Minnesota

Cladocera. “s

The only species of the genus is distributed probably over the
entire northern temperate zone. It has been found in America at
Cambridge, Mass., and in the vicinity of Minneapolis, at both of

-. which places it is very rare.

:

¥

‘The form is a rather quadrangular ova!, the head being strongly
arched to the beak which is much farther posterior than in Macro-
thrix, in this respect resembling the Daphnidae; the eye occupies
the center of the lower part of the head margin, and is of moderate
size; the pigment fleck is near the base of the antennules and well
removed from the eye; the antenne are straight and long, with a

72 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

sensory bristle near the base in front and two bristles a third from
the end; the second antennez are furnished with a powerful basal
joint, while each of the main subdivisions of the rami has its bristle,
' which are nearly equal; two of the terminal sete are toothed for
the basal half and pectinate distally, but the others are feathered
throughout; the four-jointed ramus has a spine on the second joint
and a longer one at the end, and all the joints of both rami are orna-
mented with triple series of spines; the maxille are three-spined at
the end and are in almost constant motion; the first pairs of feet
have curious comb-like bunches on some of the setze; the abdomen
is very short and terminates in inconspicuous teeth, the posterior
part of the abdomen being ornamented with teeth flattened longi-
tudinally so as to look like spines from the side; the last foot is
simple but bears a large appendage; the posterior third of the shell
is fringed by extremely minute spines, but anteriorly by lanceolate
stiff spines flattened longitudinally like the spines of the abdomen;
the caudal setae are seated on a high prominence of the abdomen,
and are fringed along their whole lexgth, not merely at the end.
The female is 1 mm. long, the male 0.5—0.6 mm.,in which sex the
antennules have more numerous lateral bristles, the first foot has
a claw and the back is less elevated. The semen bodies are irre-
gularly round with small nuclei.

Im. GENUS STREBLOCERCUS, Sars.

In form like Macrothrix laticornis, head terminating in a long
rostrum bearing the long, twisted antennules. Antennules very
large, curved backward and outward. Head not separated by a
destinct depression from the body, very high, slightly arched above,
abrubtly curved below with spines upon the margins. The anten-
ne are large; four-jointed ramus much the longer, with four setz.
Labrum with a large process. Post-abdomen as in Macrothrix lati-
cornis. Hye near the beak ; pigment fleck small, below it at the
base of the antennules. enste .23 mm. §. minutus is the only
species.

Our Macrothrix pauper seems a near approach to this genus;
both have a strong spine or claw on the first foot which projects
beyond the shell, but there are many differences. M. pauper is
1 mm. long.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 3) ies

tv. Gsnus DREPANOTHRIX, Sars.

The head not separated from the valves by a depression; fornices

- moderate; rostrum rather acute, distant from the anterior edge of

the valves. The form is subrotund; reticulate, with the margins of
shell fringed below by long movable spines; pigment fleck present;

‘swimming antenne with three ciliated sete on the 4-jointed ra-

mus, the 3-jointed ramus with its basal joint armed with an un-
jointed, strong, spinous seta and four ciliated setee on the remain-
ing joints. The post-abdomen is broad. The male has longer an-
tenn and a hook on the first foot.

Sp. 1. Drepanothrix dentata, Euren.

(Plate C. Fig. 14.)
Acantholeberis dentata, EUREN.
Drepatothria setigera, SARS,
Drepanothrix hamata, SARS.

This animal is only 0.5 mm. in length. The antennules are
laterally curved in the middle and ornamented with notches on the
margins; the pigment fleck is quadrate and rather large; the post-
abdomen is truncate at the end, convex behind and ornamented
with a series of small spines. Only found in Scandinavia as yet.

vy. Genus ACANTHOLEBERIS, Lilljeborg.

Head separated by a depression from the body, with fornices

above the base of the swimming antenne; rostrum erect, rather

acute; shell oblong, truncate behind, ciliate below with long sete;
macula present; antennules rather long, movable, sensory setz
terminal, bifid at the apex.

The tri-articulate ramus has a long spiny seta on the basal joint;
feet six pairs; no abdominal process; post-abdomen wide, large; in-
testine without cca.

Sp. 1. Acantholeberis curvirostris, Mueller.

Daphnia curvirostris, 0. F. MUELLER.
Acanthocercus rigidus, SCHOEDLER, LIEVIN.
Acantholeberis curvirostris, LILLJEBORG, P. E. MUELLER.
This species of a genus approximating the Lynceids has not yet
been found in America but is to be expected.
The abdomen is rounded toward the end and spiny posteriorly;
the terminal claws are furnished with two strong teeth at the base,

74 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

followed by a series of fringing bristles. The length, according to
Mueller, is 1.5 mm. This isa rare form in Europe.

vi. GENusS OFryoxus, Sars.

The single species constituting this genus seems to have been
seen by no writer save Sars, At the time my previous paper on
Cladocera was published, Sars’ description seemed not to apply to
the form called Lyncodaphnia. Since then several stages in the
growth of Lyncodaphnia have been encountered, which so far agree
with what is said of Ofryoxus gracilis that it is doubted if the two
forms are not identical.

vo. Genus Lyncopapunta, Herrick.

(Plate B. Figs. 12, 15; Plate Bi, Figs. 1, 3.)

Body elongated, somewhat rectangular as seen from the side,
greatest width and hight of shell a Jittle posterior to the heart;
head separated by a depression from the body, truncate below;
antenne and antennules much as in Macrothrix; 4-jointed ramus
of antenne with no lateral sete; eye small, pigment fleck present;
intestine twice convoluted, expanded posteriorly, with anterior but
no posterior ceca, opening near the * heel” of the post-abdomen:
post-abdomen large, triangular; terminal claws long, rather straight,
with two accessory spines at the base.

The species upon which this genus was foindeds 1 occurs in
August and September in the larger lakes of Minnesota.

Lyncodaphnia is, as was suggested, a curious transition form
linking the Daphnide with the Lynceide.

, A farther study of the genus shows that, in some respects, it is
more closely allied to both groups than before suspected. The habit
and appearance in the water reminds us of Simocephalus, a re-

semblance which an occasional spot of pink or blue color hightens. ~
L. macrothroides not only has the disc-like last foot colored but

the swimming antenne are banded with purple as in Simocepha-
lus rostratus, Her., and 8. americanus, Birge. The intestine has
anterior czeca, which is not the case in lynceids nor, indeed, in
other Lyncodaphnide.

The four-jointed ramus of the antennze approaches Lynceide in
the absence of a lateral seta, but the other ramus is as in Macro-
thrix. The convolution of the intestine, the form of the post-
abdomen and the situation of the anus, are all of a strictly lynceid

1 Notes on Minnesota Cladocera, p. 247.

2. Sakae aa

STATE GEOLOGIST. 15

type; moreover the flattened appendage of the last foot is like that
of Hurycercus.
_ . Hien in the form of the shell there is a combination of charac-
_ ters; the anterior part of the shell has the form peculiar to Lynco-
daphnide; but posteriorly it again expands and becomes truncate be-
hind; the form in the adult is not unlike that of some Lynceide,
but the young has a long spine posteriorly exactly like the spine
of Daphnia. The latter fact is very instructive, for it indicates that
— the theory proposed (Am. Naturalist, 1882, p. 815) to explain the
- origin of this appendage is probably the correct one. Professor
Leuckart suggested that this spine was a balancing rod intended
to keep the proper equipoise over the center of gravity; but it is
difficult to see why these long-bodied forms, in which the greater
part of the weight lies “‘abaft” of the pivota] point—the base of the
antenne—should be thus provided while the shorter forms are not.
We conceive that it is an apparatus for effecting the moult of the
inner lining of the brood cavity of long-bodied and tender-shelled
-animals such as Daphniaand the present genus. The great develop-
ment of the head in the crested Daphnide may undoubtedly be ex-
plained upon Prof. Leuckart’s theory.

Sp. 1. Lyncodaphnia macrothroides, Herrick.

(Perhaps = Ofryoxus gracilis, Sars. )
Notes on Cladocera of Minn., p. 247.

Sub-rectangular, greatly elongated, truncate behind, with a

_ slight spine above; head and eye small, fornix moderate, beak
. _ truncate; antennules rather long, slightly curved, tapering a little
toward the end, whence spriug three lanceolate spines and several
sensory filaments, five stout spines behind, above the middle, and
several more slender ones; swimming antenne very long, terminal
sete: smooth to the joint; labrum as in Daphnia; mandible attached

_ behind a salient angle of the front margin of the shell; no ab-
_ dominal processes; post-abdomen broad above, triangular; terminal
_ ¢elaws pectinate, furnished with one very large toothed accessory
spine and a smaller one; the first foot has a hook; the last foot
consists of a large oval plate which bears posteriorly the ordinary
branchial coil, here shaped like a thumb and forefinger. The young

is of a different shape and bears along spine. The male is unknown.

76 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

vin. GENus ILyockYPTUS.

Form compact, short; head short, triangular, with large fornices
forming a roof over the head; the posterior margin of shell nearly as
long as the inferior; lower angle a broad curve; antennules two-
jointed, basal joint very short, second joint straight, rather long;
setze terminal, but one seta near the base; the four-jointed ramus

of the antenna with but three (terminal) sete; six pairs of feet, last

pair rudimentary; tail large, as in Lyncodaphnia, anus elevated;
intestine straight, without czeca, but an expansion near the rectum
sometimes simulates one; the margin of the shell is bordered with
long spines, which may be branched or simply pectinate. There is
often, perhaps generally, a failure to entirely remove the moulted
shell; when this occurs, the newly-formed shell from each moult
remains under the older ones till the animal seems to be wearing
six or more overcoats, and the spaces so formed become filled with
alge and filth till the animal is no longer able toswim. P. EH.

Mueller and Kurz, who seem to have seen cnly I. sordidus agree | |

that Ilyoeryptus can not swim, but poles along in the mud on the

bottom by means of antennz and abdomen; our I. spinifer, on the

other hand, swims freely till loaded up with old clothes and filth.
This genus is also closely allied with the Lynceide.

Sp. 1. Ilyocryptus sordidus, Lievin.

(Plate C. Figs, 15, 16, 17.)
Acanthocercus sordidus, LIEVIN, LEYDIG.

llyocryptus sordidus, SARS, NORMANN, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.
Body higher than long; head small, terminating anteriorly in
almost a right angle; posterior part of the shell margins covered
with branching, thorny spines; antennules cylindrical; antennae
short: four-jointed rami with no lateral setae; post-abdomen large,
broad; terminal claws with two spines at the base; anus in the
middle of the posterior margin, which is very heavily armed with

spines; a hairy abdominal process is present according to Kurz.
There are no anterior ceca (my statement that P. EH. Mueller

described such czeca was an error;see Notes on Cladocera of Minn.,
p. 246).

at

STATE GEOLOGIST. LG

; Sp. 2. Ilyocryptus spinifer, Herrick.
: (Plate C. Figs. 18—19.)

Usually longer than high; head rounded, almost exactly like I.
sordidus, but the form of the post-abdomen differs a little in the

higher situation of the anus and the great elongation of four or
_ five of the lower spines of the posterior margins; the margins of

the shell are beset with pectinate setze which do not branch. The
nearest approach to branching setz yet seen are figured on plate C,
fig. 18a; this consists in the outgrowth of a spine from near the
base, and such setze are found only on part of the posterior margin.
It seems that our form is rather close to I. sordidus though
clearly distinct.
This species occurs in many of our lakes, and is found most fre-

quent in late summer.

Sp, 3. Ilyocryptus acutifrons, Sars.

This species is only mentioned in the appendix to the paper of
Sars on the Cladocera from the vicinity of Christiania. The follow-
ing is a condensation of the description.

Head large, acute in front. Shell truncate behind, with shorter
setze behind than below. Antennules shorter and thicker than in
I. sordidus. Antenne long and robust. Abdomen with a short,
obtuse process. Post-abdomen shorter than in I. sordidus, posterior
margin continuous, anus terminal; caudal claws straight, very long,
with two minute basal spines. Figment fleck almost touching the
eye. Length less than in I. sordidus.

This species seems in some respects more like a true lyncodaph-
nid than either of the other species. It is doubtful if it belongs
here.

FAMILY LYNCEID Ai.

Number - safe
(0) a n ota
GENERA. known | Europ- gaboun America| Amer-
species,| ©. rae aro nilivs ican.
MIE RBNMITV COL CUS : :2).,..iic eee cieieees ea Meeae 1 1 Nira Svesntnitatessteliai= 1
Ae ACTODECLUS® cso ccc esas ve nsiediecec vee: 2 2 AD Dee? aes ctaie 1
3. Camptocercus ...........-....-608- 6 5 1 1 2
AMEAIONODSIS): . ceicicscs soca ce se t's 3 2 1 1 2
Lam LY oe ses Sie Sis clave-n cro ecase oeceialgjae 2 2 Di iin Its ware ath 2
6. Graptoleberis.............-......: 2 2 PY LEPS | olkttareroreists 1
Mam OLEPICOCENCUS) <. os .ja'e cs ces oes fale iL} ERAS Ooee eR OGaCot 1 1
EMEA OM Dirercie nti cslcic.esicisicie/eles cic egeisie He 21 14 6 7 13
SHEP ANON ANS shes soi elke ek ciluoke » 5 5 Ute (alee Seine 2
LOM MEME MLORUS cic peer cece siiececvcee cots “14 8 1 6 7
11. Harporhynchus.................... 1 Ph tre | Ae ane Le brent eal ala ees ee
ONY CONUS 21 .)5 os siciste.esie/ cs. sctewcls cise cia 8(?) 6(?) Ble iipdbada dood 3 A
13. Anehistropus.................+e0-+- 1 i lhcanl?"| RRR Nend a a oeintineie 1 (?)
14. Monospilus............-........008- 1 1 ceaRiaa onenee ype 1
PALE DEVI Sie rere cterat at isitiiwisiaie cove pistaveieiste/envsievere 68 50 20 16 37

78 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Out of the fourteen genera, two (or perhaps only one) are not
yet known from America, while one is restricted to it. The Amer-
ican species, 45 per cent of which are new, aggregate 72 per cent
of the European. 54 per cent of all the known species are Amer-
ican, and most of these have been found within a range of ten miles
of Minneapolis. It is probable that the number of species peculiar
to America is too high proportionately rather than the reverse, and
the comparatively high per cent of new species is due to an actual
larger fauna in the New World, while many Old World species
remain to be identified. A few of the European species are very
likely synonyms, permitting farther reduction.

This family, which is numerically the largest among the Clado-
cera, is, in the main, well limited, though there are transitions to-
ward the Lyncodaphnide, which are quite direct. The genera

Lyncodaphnia, Ofryoxus and [lyocryptus lead toward the Lynceide.

unmistakably. Most of the members of this family are smal], com-

paratively few exceeding one millimeter in length. The head is.
covered with an arched shield, which frequently passes with no in-

dentation into the shell of the body. This head-covering generally
extends forward and downward to form more or less of a sharp
angle in front, while in several generait is simply rounded in front.
It, in either case, arches over the more fleshy lower side of the head

from which hang the two short antennules and the labrum, while |
the strong two-branched antenne spring from well up under its —

posterior expansion. The rounded sides of this shield, which pro-
tect the insertion of the antennz, are called the fornices. Above
the insertion of antennules is a dark fleck lying near or on the
lower angle of the brain; this is the larval or nauplius eye, which
is the first to appear in all these small crustacea. This macula
nigra is not infrequently as large as the eye itself, * or even larger,
and in one genus it is the only visual organ. The antennules
are small and bear on the end several sensory filaments as well as
a lateral flagellum. The antennules of the male differ very little
from those of the female. The labrum is furnished with a process,
which is triangular or semicircular and is usually larger than the
terminal portion. The mandibles are as in Daphnide but usually
shorter. Maxille are often conspicuous, but the first pair of feet
serve, by a slight alteration at the base, the same purpose. There
is rarely an indication of the sixth pair of feet, and the antenne
have both rami three-jointed. The terminal part of the body, or

* The name “Lynceus” is derived from that of the son of Aphareus who was famous

for the sharpness of his vision.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 79

_ post-abdomen, is usually enlarged, and the anal opening is near its

base; the armature is usually considerable. The form of the post-
abdomen is one of the best criteria for distinguishing genera and
Species—a process often attended with much difficully.

The shell is of various forms, frequently beautifully sculptured.
The number of eggs produced at one time is limited, and the winter
eggs are very often laid in the brood-cavity with no preparation of
the shell previous to it, in other words, the ephippium may be ab-
sent. On the other hand, sometimes the shell is considerably modi-
fied, and generally there is a deposit of dark pigment in the upper
part of the shell. The males are very rare and until recently few
were known. The diligence of Kurz has added a great many, and

we now have a fair idea of the sexual variations. These consist
usually in a narrower body and shorter beak, in a strong hook of
chitin on the first foot and certain modifications of the post-abdo-
-men. The hook mentioned is simply an enlargement of one of the
terminal bristles of the foot, and serves to fasten the animal to the
shell of the female. In one American species of Pleuroxus we find
an approach to this structure in the female—an interesting example
of inheritance of sexual peculiarities across the sexes. The altera-
tions in the form of the post-abdomen consist in a narrowing or
excavation of that organ to permit its introduction into the brood-
cavity, and in some forms (Chydorus) this change can only be
understood by observing the form of the shell of the female about
to produce winter eggs. In general, as in other Cladocera, males
are found only at the period when the females are sexually perfect.
The ordinary method of reproduction is by virgin-bearing or par.

_ thenogenesis. In some cases it would seem from Weismann’s ob-

servations that the sexual method occurs only incidentally. The
orifice of the male organs is between, or anterior to, the terminal
claws of the post-abdomen (Kurycercus alone excepted). The males
are usually but not always smaller. Plate El gives views of typical
Lynceide. Fig. 1 is particularly instructive, for in it the details
which can be usually made out in the living object are represented.
The following points may be especially noticed. The large size of
‘the pigment fleck, the large antennules (A’), the keel of the labrum
_ {Lb.), the peculiar modification of the first pair of feet to assist the
__ maxillze (not shown) which are exceedingly small, the largely de-
veloped anal gland (A. g.), the form and muscular mechanism of
the abdomen, which, however, is better illustrated by fig. 10 of the
_ same plate. Fig. 1 contains an embryo seen from the side with the
Ay partially developed limb. Fig. 3 shows the appearance of a differ-

80 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ent embryo from below and in an earlier stage. Fig. 2 illustrates
the relation of the brain to the eye and the very small optic gang-
lion. Fig. 9 of plate G gives details of the feet in another species, —
and the modifications seen in the male of the same species are sufii-
ciently shown in fig. 1 of the same plate, which also well illustrates
the various sculpture of the shell displayed by this group. Figures
4 and 9 of plate F show curious modifications of the post-abdomen
of the male, and fig. 7 exhibits the structural peculiarity of sexually
perfect females which is correlated with it or, perhaps we may say,
occasions it.

SUB-FAMILY 1—EURYCERCIN &.

A single species constitutes the sub-family, and it will be necess-
ary to point out only those points which are distinctive.
The Eurycercine differ from the true Lynceidz and approach the
Lyncodaphnide in having the digestive tract not coiled, with two
ceca in front and the anus at the end of the post-abdomen. Many
eggs are produced at once. The male opening is at the base of the
abdomen, as in Sidide. The general habitus is, however, lynceid.
The males appear in autumn or when, by the gradual drying up of |
the water or other causes, the continued existence of the animals is.

threatened.

1. GeNus Eurycercus, Baird.
Characters of the sub-family.

Eurycercus lamellatus, 0. F. Mueller.

(Plate H, Figs. 5-6.)
Lynceus lamellatus, MUELLER, EDWARDS, KOCH, ZADDACH, LIEVIN, LEYDIG, ZENKER
Eurycercus lamellatus, BAIRD, LILLJEBORG, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ, BIRGE,
HERRICK.
Eurycercus laticaudatus, FISCHER, SCHOEDLER.

A gigantic lynceid, reaching the dimension of 3mm. The figure
of the male given will sufficiently illustrate the general form. ‘The
abdomen is broad and armed behind witk a dense row of saw-teeth.
The eye is larger than the rather small pigment fleck, and the in-
testine is bent upon itself but not coiled. The last foot is found in
few other Lynceide. Acroperus has the same, and Pleuroxus uni- —
dens also has a rudimentary sixth foot.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 81

SUB-FAMILY IIl—LYNCEIN Ai.

Intestine coiled; anus near the end of the post-abdomen; open-
ing of vas deferens nearly terminal. There are no anterior ceca
but usually a single anal diverticle of the intestine. Rarely or never
more than two embryos produced at once.

SERrEs A.

Head or dorsal line keeled or ridged ; abdomen long; shell marked with diagonal
striz. This section is proposed for the old genera Camptocereus, Acroperus and Alo-
nopsis, which seem to form a natural group though passing directly into Al :na.

u.—GeENus Camprocercus (>Camptocercus, Baird).

This easily recognizable genus contains two groups, each with
several nominal species, which are distinguished mainly by the
width of the post-abdomen. In both the shell is elongated, more
or less quadrangular, longitudinally striate, armed behind with one
to four minute teeth. The head and back are keeled and the former
strongly arched. The antennules rarely extend beyond the beak
and are commonly curved laterally. The eye is proportionately
small. The post-abdomen is long and furnished with a lateral row
of scales. The terminal claws have a single basal spine and are
serrate. There is an ephippium, and the male opening is in front
of the terminal claws.

Sus-Genus 1.—Acroperus, Baird.

Post-abdomen broad, margins parallel; anal teeth very minute
lateral scales large and usurping their place. Aatenne with eight
setee (53). Three species are described, one of which is very abund-
ant in Minnesota.

Sp. 1. Acroperus leucocephalus, Koch.

(Plate E, Fig. 5. Platel, Fig, 9.)

Iyneceus leucocephalus, KOCH, FISCHER.

Acroperus harp#, BAIRD.

Acroperus leucocephalus, SCOHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ

Acroperus sp., HERRICK.

Acroperus striatus, JURINE, M. EDWARDS, LIEVIN, LILLJEBORG, LEYDIG, ete., seems
to belong here, but I am able to add nothirg to the eluci-
dation of the puzzle.

Body rounded above, angled behind; head podes tely arched and

earinated. Lower margin of the shell pectinate, terminating in
6

82 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

two teeth. The antenne are long and when reflexed the sete
reach nearly to the posterior margin of the shell. The posterior
angle is not always as prominent as shown in fig. 5,

Sp. 2. Acroperus angustatus, Sars.

(Plate I. Fig. 10.) |

Acroperus angustatus, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.

This species is distinguished from the former by the head, which
is higher and very strongly arched. The dorsal contour is nearly
straight. The antenne are shorter. The form of the post-abdomen
of the male is less different from that of the female than in the
above. The length of both species is about 0.7 mm.

The American form figured in fig. 5 of plate E differs from both
the above slightly. The head is carinated and incurved almost as
in C. angustatus; the antenne fall a little short of reaching the
posterior margin of the too low and oblong shell; there is an ob-
vious depression between the head and body. However, in the main
there is close agreement with C. leucocephalus, to which it has been
previously referred. There is always a rudiment of an additional
pair of feet.

A. cavirostris, P. EK. Mueller, is not known in the female sex.
The male has a twisted caudal claw.

SuB-GENUS 2.—CAMPTOCERCUS, Baird.

Although the general form is similar to the last section, the body
is usualiy longer; the post-abdomen narrows toward the end; the
anal teeth exceed the lateral row; the antennz have usually but
seven setae (7).

The species enumerated are so closely related as almost to baffle
definition.

Key TO THE SUB-GENUS CAMPTOCERCUS (verus).
Beak pointed.

(a) Head depressed.
I. Pigment fleck larger than the eye.
1. OC. biserratus, SCHOEDLER.
II. Pigment fleck smaller than the eye.
2. C. macrurus, O. F. MUELLER.
(b) Head direeted forward.
3. C. rectirostris, SCHOEDLER.

Beak truncate below.
4. C. latirostris, KURZ.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 83

Beak cleft below or with a forward projection.
(a) Antennules shorter than the beak.
5. C. lilljeborgii, SCHOEDLER.
(b) Antennules longer than the beak.
6. C. rotundus, HERRICK.

Sp.1. Camptocerecus biserratus, Schoedler.

(Plate I. Fig. 4.)

Is very nearly related to the next, from which it is distinguished
chiefly by the fact that the pigment fleck is larger than the eye.
Schoedler overlooked the fact that in C. macrurus there is a lateral
line of scales on the abdomen, and relied upon that character to
distinguish this form. (Schoedler says that the pigment fleck in C.
macrurus is smaller than the eye, P. E. Mueller says they are nearly
equal, while in our specimens they are much smaller or nearly
equal.) If much variability is found, Schoedler’s species seems to rest
on aslender basis. The basal spine of the claw, however, seems to
be peculiar in sitting on a distinct prominence.

Sp. 2. Camptocercus macrurus, Mueller.

(Plate KE. Fig. 10.)
Lynceus macrurus, LILLJEBORG, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ, BIRGE, HERRICK.

This universally distributed species occurs in our larger bodies
of water and is not rare, though hardly abundant,

The body is long and nearly rectangular; the head strongly
arched and keeled. The keel of the head is extended down the
whole dorsal line. The dorsal line is moderately curved, while the
shell is but slightly excavated below. The head extends into a
blunt beak looking downward; the direction of the head is some-
what variable (from vertical to an angle of about 30°). The eye is
much larger than the pigment fleck; the antennules are shorter
than the beak, and have one elongated terminal seta. The post-
abdomen is very long and has numerous anal teeth as well as a
lateral row of scales. The basal spine of the claws is large and ser-
rate, the claw itself being nearly straight and armed with an in-
creasing series of spines to beyond the middle. The lateral scales
of the post-abdomen are inconspicuous. The shell gland is long.
The antennules reach to almost the end of the beak, are curved and
bear a lateral flagellum. The first foot of the female has a sort of
hook (branchial sac?). The labrum is armed with teeth on the
posterior face of the triangular process. The intestine is very

trongly, almost twice coiled. The lower margins of the valves are

84 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

feebly spined for three-fourths their length, and armed with from
one to four teeth at the angle. Length 0.8 mm. to 1.0 mm.

Sp. 3s. Camptocercus rectirostris, Schoedier.
(Plate I. Figs. 1—3.)

Camptocercus rectirostris, SSOHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLEB, KURZ.

Distinguished from the above, which it closely resembles, by the
form of the head, which is less rounded and directed anteriorly. It
hardly exceeds half the hight of the body. The beak is sharp. I
am not sure that Weismann’s figures (I. ¢., plate XI, figures 13 and
14) really belong to this species, for the drawing of the post-abdo-
me‘ does not agree with that of P. E. Mueller fully. Outline copies.
of the former are given in plate I, figs. 1 and 2. The male hasa
hook upon the first foot. Not yet recognized in America.

Sp. 4. Camptocercus latirostris, Kurz.

(Plate I. Figs. 5—6.)

C. lilljeborgii, P. E. MUELLER (?).

Closely allied to the next, but distinguished by the position of
the head, which is a little less depressed, and, especially, by the
truncate beak. The dorsal margin is convex and crested; the lower
outline is also convex. The claws are toothed more as in C. macru-
rus than the following. The basal spine springs from the claw
itself and not from the post-abdomen as in the next. Length 0.9
mm. to 1.0 mm.

Sp. 5. Camptocercus lilljeborgii, Schoedler.

(Plate I. Figs. 7—8.)

Head depressed, rounded in front: beak divided at the end by the
extension of the fornices. The terminal claws are pectinate for
their entire length, and the basal spine is seated on the end of the
post-abdomen. ‘This species, in the main, closely resembles C.
macrurus.

Sp. 6. Camptocercus rotundus, Herrick.

The second of the two species found in America is this short,
strongly carinated form, which is known from a single gathering.
It differs from all the above species, with which it agrees pretty
well in shape, by its more eompact form; high dorsal keel (which
extends the entire length of the body); the long antennules, which
extend far below the beak; and the somewhat pointed beak. The

STATE GEOLOGIST. 85

head is much as in the last, but it is not certain that the beak is
cleft, although it has a peculiar form (not indicated in the figure)
near the end. The lengthis0.7 mm. The terminal setz of the
antennules are very unequal; but in most points, as in the armature
of the post-abdomen, the details resemble C. macrurus.

111.—GENUS ALONOPSIS, Sars.

This curious genus includes three species of small lynceids,
which exhibit a combination of characters. The form of the beak
and head is like that of Pleuroxus, which the form and sculpture of
the shell otherwise resembles. The back is extended more or less
in a knife-like ridge above, thus resembling Acroperus, aresemblance
hightened by the excavated lower margin. The form of the post-
abdomen approaches that of Acroperus, but in that genus it is of
about equal width throughout and in this it rapidly narrows. The
internal organs and feet are of the typical lynceid form, while the
antenne aré as in Pleuroxus.

The type of the genus, A. elongata, is apparently much closer to
Acroperus than the two species which have been identified in
America.

Shell sub-rectangular, high, produced into a ridge above; lower
margin convex anteriorly, concave behind; beak rather long; an-
tennules slender; antenne with eight sete; abdomen long, nar-
rowed toward end, in¢éised at the extremity; claw rather large, with
median spines and a basal thorn; third foot with a long bristle.
Male smaller, without the carina above; orifice of sexual organs in
front of the claw, which is removed from theanterior margin. The
young are more elongate and (sometimes) have hexagonal reticula-
tions instead of the usual strong diagonal striz. Motion slow.

Sp. 1. Alonopsis elongata, Sars.

Lynceus macrurus, LIEVIN.

Lynceus macrurus, ZENKER, LEYDIG.
Alona elongata, SARS.

Acroperus intermedius, SCHOEDLER.
Alonopsis elongata, P. E. MUELLER.

The shell is wide, the upper margin forming an even curve:
manifestly angled behind; ventral margin nearly straight, ciliated
throughout, with a single tooth behind. Fornices large; head nar-
row, not carinate. Post-abdomen compressed, truncate at the end,
armed with a series of marginal spines and of lateral scales; caudal
claws large, with a single spine at the base and two median spines
followed by a series of minute setz.

86 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

This form I have never seen, and it seems somewhat doubtful that
the following really belong with it.

Sp. 2. Alonopsis latissima, Kurz.
(Plate E, Fig, 8. Plate G, Figs, 1 and 9.)

Body very high, compressed, with a high dorsal keel or ridge;
the upper outline strongly and evenly arched, terminating be-
hind in no angle; lower margin almost angled at the anterior third,
rounded behind, fringed with long bristles anteriorly, with short
ones posteriorly. Head very narrow; beak extremely long; fornices
small; antennules nearly as long as the beak, straight and narrow;
pigment fleck smaller than the eye. The abdomen is long, some-
what narrowed toward the end, where it is deeply cleft; the terminal
claw is furnished with a large and small basal spine, while there is
an increasing series of spines extending to the middle.

The elongated spine of the third foot is pectinate and reaches
nearly to the posterior margin of the shell. ‘The shell is marked
by few strong striz which are diagonal except anteriorly where are
a few parallel to the front margin. The male is small and lacks
the crest on the back, while the lower margin is straight; the an-
tennz are longer than the beak and differ somewhat from those of
the female. The first foot has a claw. The post-abdomen lacks
the anal teeth. Kurz gives the size as 0.5 mm.

The American form varies between 0.45 mm. and 0.55 mm., and
seems to have a higher dorsal keel and longer beak. Kurz speaks
of but a single accessory spine on the terminal claws; there is, how-
ever, a Second very minute spine or cluster of hairs in this as well
as the following.

Found in the same gathering with the following near Minnea-
polis (marshy off-set from Bassett’s creek near Oak Lake Addition).*

*NOTE TO ALONOPSIS LATISSIMA, (See Fig.1, Plate G.) Since writing the above the
males of our American form have been found ; they are shaped as the females, with a.
high dorsal keel ; the post-abdomen is rounded,with transverse series of small bristles ;
the claw has a minute median spine, and the porus genitalis is anterior and elevated.

Sp. 3. Alonopsis media, LBirge.
(Plate E. Fig. 9.)

I give Birge’s description verbatim:

“Rostrum prolonged, and shell sharp, somewhat quadrangular in
shape, marked by strie. The dorsal margin is convex, the hinder
margin nearly straight. Its lower angle is rounded and without
teeth. The lower margin is concave and has long plumose sete.

OL

STATE GEOLOGIST. 87

The front margin is strongly convex. The post-abdomen is long
and slender, resembling that of Camptocereus, and is notched at
the distal extremity; it has two rows of fine teeth and some fine
‘scales above them. The terminal claws are long, slender, with a
basal spine, a spine in the middle, and are serrated. The antennules
are long and slender, but do not reach to the end of the rostrum.
They have each a flagellum and sense hairs. The antenne are
small and have eight (#7) sete and two (Sr) spines. The labrum
resembles that of A. leucocephalus, but is slightly prolonged at the
apex. The intestine, cecum and color resemble those of Acrope-
rus. There is a trace of a keel present on the back.”

The specimens seen in Minnesota resemble this species very
nearly, apparently, but there are some differences. The terminal
claw of the post-abdomen has an increasing series of spines to the
middle; there seems to be no lateral row of scales beside the anal
teeth; the abdomen is rather broad at the base and narrows toward
the end. The shell is not square behind. The lower margin has a
few long hairs anteriorly which are followed by a series of teeth,
and in the concave part a somewhat longer set to a point just be-
fore the lower curved angle.

The pigment fleck is nearly or quite as large as theeye. The
antennule is shorter than the beak (which is almost as in Pleuroxus
hastatus), and has a flagellum about midway; at its base it is nar-
rowed and inserted on a prominence.

The embryo still in the brood sac had a more elongate form and
hexagonal reticulations upon the shell, while the antennules were
longer than the very long beak, and the pigment fleck was smaller
than the eye. Length of female 0.52 mm. The color is darker,
and the striz more numerous, than in A. latissima.

Series B.

This section includes forms with (usually) no keel above, or, if
. keeled, the post-abdomen is not long. The majority are highly
arched dorsally, and have comparatively short post-abdomen and
‘pointed beak. The antenne are usually feeble and the motion slow.

A. Post-abdomen nearly round in outline, armed with very long stout spines, terminal
claw with one minute basal spine or none; greatest hight of shell about equal to
the posterior margin.

1. Genus Leydigia. :

B. Greatest hight of shell moderately exceeding that of posterior margin ; post-abdo-
men more or less triangular, armed with bristles; shell marked with hexagonal
meshes.

(a) Head nearly horizontal, blunt ; post-abdomen prominent in the anal region.
2. Genus Graptoleberis.

$8 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

(b) Head depressed, acute ; post-abdomen excised near the anus.
8. Genus Crepidocercus.
©. Post-abdomen more or less quadrangular, armed with one or two rows of small
teeth on either side behind ; terminal claws with one or two basal spines ; hight of
posterior shell margin usually less than the greatest hight of shell.
4. Genus Lynceus.

D. Greatest hight of shell little less than that of posterior shell margin; post-abdo-
men terete ; terminal claws very minute.
5. Genus Phrixura,
BE. Greatest hight of shell more than double that of posterior margin.
(a) Eye aud first foot normal.
6. Genus Chydorus.
(b) First foot with a claw which extends beyond the shell.
% Genus Anchistropus.

(ce) Eye absent, only pigment fleck used for vision.
8. Genus Monospilus.

1v.—Genvs Leypietra, Kurz.

In this genus, both the known species of which are found in
America, the posterior part of the shell and body is emphasized at
the expense of the anterior. The curved posterior margin is equal
to the greatest hight of the shell. The head and anterior part of
the body are of the form characteristic of Alona; indeed, the whole
body is in plan like Alona, but in the back part the organs are all
enlarged. The general form of the body and abdomen recalls
Ilyocryptus; the post-abdomen, in particular is very like that genus.
The last two pairs of feet are much enlarged. The shell is usually
irregularly marked with longitudinal strie; the lower. margin
is covered with long spine-like sete. The post-abdomen is armed
with several sets of long spines and aggregations of bristles and
small spines; it is almost round and enormously enlarged. The
intestine is coiled and expanded at the end, but the anal cecum is
rudimentary. The antenne are heavily spined and have eight setz;
the labrum is more or less hairy. The male has a strong hook on
the first foot, and between the terminal claws of the abdomen is a
peculiar intromittent organ.

Sp.1. Leydigia quadrangularis, Leydig.

(Plate H. Fig. 4.)

Lynceus quadrangularis, LEYDIG, FRIC.
Alona leydigii, SSCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER.
Leydigia quadrangularis, KURZ.

The shell is comparable to that of Alona quadrangularis, but
higher behind; the markings are not very distinct; shell trans-

parent. The head is very small; the eye smaller than or of about
the size of the pigment fleck. The post-abdomen is very broad, the

STATE GEOLOGIST. 89

posterior margin nearly the segment ofacircle, armed with numer-
ous very long unequal spines which extend only about half the
hight, being replaced by short close hairs; the anal opening is very
high; the terminal claws are long, straightish, and have a small
thorn near the base.

The males are smaller than the females, and the abdomen is less
broad; the antennules are longer than the beak and furnished with
a flagellum. The sexual period occurs in September or irregularly.
This species has only been encountered once, during September, in
Poplar river, Cullman county, Alabaina.

Sp.2. Leydigia acanthocercoides, Fischer.

Lynceus acanthocercoides. FISCHER, LEYDIG.
Burycercue acanthocercoides, SCOHOEDLER.
Alona acanthocercoides, P. E, MUELLER.
Leydigia acanthocercoides, KURZ.

Leydigia quadrangularis, HERRICK.

This species, reported in a previous paper, is, as was said, nearest
like L. acanthocercoides; and I am now able to verify the very in-
conspicuous differences upon which the two are separated. Our
specimens of the L. quadrangularis have the pigment fleck fully as
large as the eye, Kurz to the contrary notwithstanding, and the
claw of the post-abdomen is present, while in the present species
the pigment fleck is much larger and furnished with lenses; the
spine of the claw is wanting; the labrum is densely hairy; the abdo-
men is narrower, and the shell higher. The shell is very obviously
striped in the posterior portion. The anus is higher than in the
previous species. In other respects the two seem alike.

v.—GENUS GRAPTOLEBERIS, Sars.

A genus containing two closely allied species, having some affinities
with Alonella. The shell is entirely reticulated, and there is a sort
of erest along the back; while, on the other hand, the head is flat-
tened and rounded in front. There can hardly be said to be a beak.
Seen from above, the animal resembles some species of Alonella,
but the head is larger proportionally and more horizontal. The
lower posterior angle is spined. The antennz have seven sete and
are very long, in this respect resembling Camptocercus. The dorsal
contour is not greatly arched... The post-abdomen has short claws
.and anal bristles, but no teeth.

90 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp.1. Graptoleberis testudinaria, Fischer.

Lynceus testudinarius, LEYDIG, LILLJEBORG.

Lynceus reticulatus, FRIC.
Alona testudinaria, SCHOEDLER. ‘ .
Graptoleberis testudinaria, KURZ.

Graptoleberis inermis, BIRGE.

Form trapezoidal; lower margin straight, armed behind with two
teeth, thickly beset with long hairs in front; the dorsal margin is
not greatly elevated, rounded at the posterior angle, forming a.
slight “thump” where it unites with the head shield. The head and
shell are reticulated with hexagonal or quadrangular markings.
The shell gapes below and rises to a sharp ridge above. The an-
tenne have long rami, the antennules being hardly longer than
the fornices. The eye is large; the pigment fleck is small. The
post-abdomen is narrowed toward the end, rounded in front; the
terminal claws are small and have two basal teeth. The dorsal
margin of the post-abdomen is covered with tufts of hairs. The
winter eggs have no ephippium. Length 0.55 mm.to0.7mm. The
male is smaller and has a lower dorsal keel; the post-abdomen is
excavated behind.

The only differences between the Minnesota specimens and the
typical European form seemed to be the absence ofthe very minute
spines on the front of the terminal claws. The eye and pigment.
fleck are of about the proportions figured by Kurz. Birge’s figure
of the post-abdomen does not agree with his description fully. Our
Minnesota specimens have an obvious but not high keel. ©

Sp. 2. Graptoleberis reticulata, Baird.

Alona reticulata, BAIRD, P. E, MUELLER.
Lynceus reticulatus, LILLJEBORG, LEYDIG.
Alona esocirostris, SCHOEDLER.
Graptoleberis reticulata, SARS, KURZ.

Shell almost rectangular, reticulate, ventral margin straight,
ciliate anteriorly, with two teeth behind. Pigment fleck smaller
than the eye. Post-abdomen short, narrowed towards the end,
dorsally covered with clusters of spines; caudal claws with a minute
tooth at the base. Length 0.4 mm. to 0.5 mm.

The pigment fleck is nearer the end of the beak than the eye, dig
is smaller than in the previous species, but, on the whole, there is.
perhaps, too great similarity.

STATE GEOLOGIST. ; OF

vi.-—-GENuUS CREPIDOCERCUS, Birge.

The characters of this group place it rather near Alonella or be-
tween that and Pleuroxus. Form sub-quadrate with rounded
angles; dorsal line uniformly arched, terminating in a sharp angle
behind; lower margin convex, armed behind with a single spine as
in Pleuroxus unidens, and along the entire length with loose setz.
Beak of moderate length, acute. Post-abdomen deeply incised in
the anal region; lower posterior margin straight, rounded at the
apex; ventral margin straight or concave; claws with asingle basal '
spine and a few teeth. The post-abdomen is shoe-shaped and
armed with transverse rows of sete.

The antenne are large, having eight sete and the usual spines.
Shell smooth or reticulate.

Sp. J. Crepidocercus setiger, Birge.

(Plate F. Fig. 13.)

Length 0.4 mm. to 0.6mm. Minnesota specimens measured 0 5:
mm. This, the only species of the genus, is but rarely encounter-
ed, and is so peculiar as to be easily recognized when seen. Alona
intermedia has a post-abdomen with clusters of bristles, but in
Crepidocercus the post-abdomen is more as in species of Graptoleberis.
than any other genus. The markings upon the shell are very
indistinct.

vu.—Genus Lyncezvs, O. F. Mueller.

The perplexing inter-relations between the three genera Alona,
Alonella and Pleuroxus give rise to the utmost confusion. No two.
authors are agreed as to their respective limits, and the points given
by Kurz, who has carefully gone over the ground, are obviously
insufficient. Although there may be practical benefits to be derived
from the continuance of the nomenclature in use for groups which
in the general view can be distinguished, the value from a theoreti-
eal standpoint is reduced to a minimum.

The genus Camptocercus (including here Acroperus, which differs
solely in the form of the abdomen, as a sub-genus) passes through
Alonopsis into the group represented by Alona. Leydigia, although
very near such forms as Alona quadrangulata, may be conveniently |
distinguished as a transition to species like Ilyocryptus.

92 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Phrixura, Graptoleberis and Crepidocercus, each containing few
“species vrhich can be readily recognized, fill a place in the system;
but it is practically impossible to distinguish Alona from Pleurox us
without instituting the very indefinite genus Alonella to contain a
‘variety of small intermediate forms. Percantha, Rhypophilus,
Harporhynchus and Pleuroxus seem to be pretty generally regarded
-as constituting a single group which may be recognized by the
long rostrum, high shell and greater development of the antenna
bristles. Alona, on the other hand, with its broader fornices, shorter
beak, fairly developed antenne, and more rectangular shell, is, per-
haps, the pivotal point of the group. According to this view, then,
the old name Lynceus is revived for the aggregate; and the other
names are retained, in part, as titles of largely conventional groups

or sub-genera, thus:

Genus LYNCEUS.

Sub-genus ALONA.
Section A. Alona vera.
Section B, Alonella.
Sub-genus PLEUROXUS.
Section A. Plewroxus verus.
Section B. Leptorhynchus. 1
Characters of Percantha and Rhypophilus are combined in the
species P. procurvus, Birge, so that one must be dropped or new
diagnoses formulated. I am not sure that the same species is not
at first Pleuroxus verus? and only later assumes the form known
as Rhypophilus. So with Percantha the amount of serrature of

the posterior margin is in part a question of age.

Sus-GENUS ALONA.

This group contains two sections which resemble each other in
form and, in general, in detail; but it is exceedingly difficult to
formulate a diagnosis that shall strictly limit it. The form is
generally sub-quadrangular with rounded corners; the terminal
claw is armed with but a single spine at the base; the beak is rather
short; and the prevailing marking consists of longitudinal lines.

Section A. Alona (vera). Baird.

This genus contains a large number of minute animals which
are widely distributed.

1 Instead of Harporhynchus, a name preoccupied in zoology.

2 Embryos of P. procurvus have the part which is to be curved forward attenuated —

‘before leaving the breod-cavity, however.

la

STATE GEOLOGIST. ( 93:

The authors who have done the most to elucidate this genus are
Schoedler, P. E. Mueller, and Kurz. Birge has contributed most
largely, thus far, to the knowledge of American species, which are,
for the most part, identical or very close to the Kuropean. No
other genus is so difficult among the Lynceide, for the most minute
differences are relied upon to distinguish species. The: species of
this genus are not greatly altered by the production of the winter
eggs. The males are frequently but little smaller than the opposite
sex, and are recognized by the altered form of the post-abdomen
and the presence of a hook on the first foot. The form is more
perfectly rectangular than in the next section; the shell is only
exceptionally reticulated and very rarely tuberculate, occasionally
smooth. The lower angle of the shell is not armed with spines,
but is generally rounded. There is only one basal spine upon the
claw of the post-abdomen, which usually bears a row of scales beside.
the anal spines. The antenne have eight, sete. The claw of the
male post-abdomen is removed from the lower angle.

About twenty species are known, all of which that seemed recog-
nizably defined have been included in the following key, which is
believed to be more nearly natural in its arrangement than that of
Kurz, which would separate the European and American represen-
tatives of the A. parvula group. Many more forms remain to re-
ward the labor of American students. Those mentioned from
Minnesota could probably all be found by a few days search in one-
locality.

Kery To Section A, ALONA.

A. Shell reticulate.
(a) Reticulations horizontal.
1. A. guttata, Sars.
(b) Reticulations oblique.
2. A. angulata, Birge.

B. Shell lined, smooth or tuberculate.
(a) Over 0.5 mm. in length.
I. Shell densely striate.
3. A. sanguinea, P. E. Mueller.
II. Shell normally, evidently striate.
* Post-abdomen narrowed at the end.
+ Armed with elongate teeth below.
4, A. tenuicaudis, Sars.
+t Teeth of post-abdomen nearly equal.
5. A. lineata. Fischer. (Shell arched.)

94 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

6. A. modesta, Herrick. (Shell straight above.)
** Post-abdomen not narrowed.
+ Antenne with seven setz.
(?)7. A. costata, Sars.
tt Antenne with eight setz.
8. A. quadrangularts, Mueller.
III. Shell faintly, irregularly striped; eye of same size as pigment fleck.
9. A. oblonga, P. E. Mueller.
IV. Shell smooth.
10. A. affinis, Leydig,
(b) Under 0.5 mm. in length.
I. Post-abdomen armed with a row of hairs terminating in large teeth.
11. A. dentata, P. E. Mueller. ,
II. (One or) two rows of teeth present.
* Shell densely and evenly striate.
12. A. elegans, Kurz.
** Shell not densely lined.
+ Shell smooth or lined longitudinally.
+ Teeth of post-abdomen unequal, the lower ones enlarged.
13. A. porrecta, Birge.
tt Teeth nearly equal.
§ Form elongated ; abdomen with a lateral line of spiny scales.
14. A. spinifera, Schoedler.
§§ Form squarish ; abdomen with a lateral line of simple spines or brisiles, or
neither.
15. A. parvula, Kurz.
16. A. glacialis, Birge.
ttt Clusters of bristles, not spines, on the posterior edge of the post-abdomen.
17. <A. intermedia, Sars.
++ Shell smooth or tuberculate.
18,19. <A. tuberculata, Kurz, Herrick.

Sp.1. Alona guttata, Sars.

.

A small species of sub-quadrangular form. The beak is very shoré;
the eye small, but larger than the minute pigment fleck. The shell
is short, with a rounded posterior angle and marked by hexagonal
or rectangular meshes running about parallel with the lower margin.
The post-abdomen is of moderate size, rounded at the apex, with a
series of stout teeth behind; the terminal claw has a minute basal
spine. P. KE. Mueller, in Danmark’s Cladocera, confused this with
A. intermedia, which he described under this. The post-abdomen
in that species is larger, less rounded behind, and armed with
clusters of spines instead of teeth. The length is about 0.8 mm.
in both.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 95

Sp. 2. Alona angulata, Birge.

Dorsal margin considerably arched, terminating in a more or
less obvious angle at the hinder corner; the hinder edge is convex,
asis also the front margin; the ventral margin bears plumose setz.
Beak pointed, extending nearly to level of ventral margin of the
valves. Fornices broad, Shell obviously striated diagonally and
less obviously marked by cross lines. Post-abdom2n broad, trun-
cate; about twelve anal teeth, with a series of scales and hairs back
of them. The pigment fleck is much smaller than the eye. Male
smaller; beak shorter; post-abdomen with a lateral row of hairs;
anterior feet hooked; sculpture less distinct. [Birge.] Length of
female 0.4 mm; male 0.85 mm.

Sp. 3. Alona sanguinea, P. E. Mueller.
(Plate I. Fig. 20.)

Body nearly rectangular; ventral margin nearly straight, with
short setze; posterior angle rounded, unarmed. Beak short; pig-
‘ment fleck much larger than the eye. Post-abdomen large, the
end truncate, broadened; posterior margin rounded, with a series
of spines and a lateral row of scales; terminal claw with a small
spine. The shell is ornamented with fine, close, longitudinal
striations. Length 0.9mm. Alona elegans is very near to this
and should have followed. In August, 1878, I took an Alona
marked as in A. sanguinea and agreeing with Mueller’s description
in all points which can be verified in the drawing. The small size
of the eye is remarkable forso large an animal. [have never again
seen this species; it seems to be very rare here and in Europe.

Sp.4. Alona tenuicaudis, Sars.

(Plate I. Fig. 11.)

Alona tenuicaudis, SARS, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.
Alona camptocercoides, SCHOEDLER.

Form nearly rectangular; ventral margin rounded, with long
.setze, posterior angle rounded. Beak short, pigment fleck smaller
than the eye. Post-abdomen with sides parallel, long, incised
below; lower angle armed with about six strong teeth, remainder
of the series small; a lateral line of scales present; claws with a
strong basal spine. The shell is striate with longitudinal lines.
Length 0.5 mm.

One of the most easily recognized species; not identified in
America.

96 - TWELFIH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 5. Alona lineata, Fischer.

Lynceus lineatus, FISCHER, LEYDIG.
Alona lineata, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.
Alona rectangularis, SARS.

The upper margin is rounded, the lower one somewhat sinuate,
with sete of moderate length. The beak is tolerably long, reach-
ing nearly to the level of the lower margin of the shell; the pig-
ment fleck is less than the eye, to which it is much nearer than to
the end of the beak. Post-abdomen short, broad and tapering
toward the end, truncate, armed with about ten large teeth;
caudal claws with a small basal tooth. Sheli marked with distinct
lines running horizontally. The ephippial females are recognized
by a deep color and the greater elevation of the back. Length
0.5 mm., 0.6mm. The male has a weak hook on the first foot, and
the post-abdomen is narrowed toward the end; the terminal claw
has no spine.

The Minnesota representative of this widely distributed species
differs in some respects. The lower margin is nearly straightfand
rather sparsely hairy; the beak is blunt, but, on account of the
spreading of the extremely wide fornices, does not appear so except
under pressure.

The beak reaches nearly to the lower shell margin. The
antennules are narrow, one or more of the setz being elongated-
The dorsal margin is either nearly straight or strongly arched
behind; in either case the greatest hight of the shell is back of the
middle. The pigment fleck is large. The post-abdomen is just as
in A. lineata, but the lateral row seems to be of spines rather than
fringed scales. The shell is marked by rather evident or indistinet
lines. The form agrees pretty well with Schoedler’s figure, except
that the posterior shell margin is much higher. The antenne
have eight sete, but the last one is very weak. The terminal
setee seem sometimes to be spined, as figured by Schoedler, but in
some specimens they are perfectly smooth. There is a circlet of
spines on the.second joint of the setose ramus. There is a hair on
the inner aspect of the protuberance of the labrum. The eye is
somewhat nearer the pigment fleck than is the end of the beak.
If it is desirable to apply a new name to a form at least so near the
European A. lineata, it may bear the name first given it in my
note-book.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 97

? Sp. 6 Alona modesta. (Sp.n.)

(Plate H, Fig. 3; and Plate Q, Fig. 4.)

The length varies between 0.41 mm. and 0.55 mm. The smaller
forms have the back most rounded, while a specimen 0.55° mm.
long will appear very like A. quadrangularis. Males are elongate;
hook of first foot strong, accompanied by a heavy growth of small
spines; terminal claw of abdomen with a minute spine.

? Sp. 7. Alona costata, Sars.

Founded practically upon the absence of the eighth seta of the
antennz. ‘The description given by Sars will not render it recog-
nizable so that there is no occasion to repeat it here. In all the
species of this section the eighth seta is small and may be absent.

Sp. 8, Alona quadrangularis, Mueller.

(Plate EK. Figs. 1—2.)

Alona suleata, SCHOEDLER.

Alona quadrangularis, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ, HERRICK. ‘The further synonomy of
the species may well be doubtful, for there are species so
closely allied as to render a strict determination difficult.

Lynceus quadrangularis, 0. F. MUELLER, is the name employed, and is thought to be

identical with the Alona quadraugularis of Baird.

Shell quadrangular, highest behind; lower margin straight;
posterior margin curved; lower angle rounded, striped with rather
evident lines which are parallel and straight. The beak is quite
long; the pigment fleck is smaller than theeye. The post-abdomen
is broadest near the end, where it is strongly rounded; the numer-
ous anal spines are strong and emarginated, supported by a lateral
series of scales; the terminal claw and its basal spine (in American
forms) are denticulate (Kurz says smooth in European specimens).
The feet are of the typical Alona form (see plate H, fig.1). The
sheil gland is rather conspicuous; no true ephippium. The abdo-
men of the male lacks the spines, but is otherwise similar. Length
0.6 mm. to 0.7mm. Less abundant in Minnesota than the next.
Both this and the following species were recognized in 1878, but
were thought to be the same species. (See Microscopic Entomostra-
ca, p. 109.)

Sp. 9. Alona oblonga, P.E. Mueller.

Alona oblonga, KURZ, BIRGE. :

. Alona quadrangularis, LILLJEBORG.

Differs from A, quadrangularis in the following points:—the

greatest hight of the shell is anterior to the middle; the lines are

7

98 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

less evident, and all confined to the lower part of the shell, while
the centre of the valves is marked with very minute striz; the
pigment fleck equals the eye; and the post-abdomen is of about the
same width throughout and hardly as round below. This and the
preceeding species have a well marked keel on the process of the
labrum. The size is greater, this being one of the largest and most
abundant, as well as one of the most striking species. It, perhaps,
should rank as a well marked and permanent variety of the above.
Length 0.9—1.0 mm. The abdomen of the male is narrowed at
the end and lacks the teeth. Lakes about Minneapolis.

(A small form of A. quadrangularis in lake Calhoun had the eye
and pigment fleck equal and the terminal claw smooth.)

Sp. 10. Alona affinis, Leydig.
(Plate F. Fig. 14.)

Lynceus affiinis, LEYDIG.
Alona affinis, SCOHOEDLER.

Form sub-quadrangular; hight about once and one-half in length;
the dorsal outline forming a regular and low curve from end of head
to upper posterior margin; lower outline very slightly sinuate,
anterior one not at all: posterior angles rounded; head nearly hori-
zontal; eye of moderate size; pigment fleck considerably smaller;
antennules rather large, with unequal sensory hairs at the end, one
spine just above the end in front and a bunch of minute hairs near
the base behind; antennz comparatively large, basal joint spiny,
outer ramus with three setz, two of which have thorns at their
middle, also a terminal spine; inner branch with two of the termi- —
nal sete thorned and the upper lateral seta reduced. The post-
abdomen is very broad and short, expanded below and rounded at
the end; the terminal claws are straightish, denticulate, and the
spine at the base is also dentate; there is a series of heavy spines
on the upper margin of the post-abdomen, accompanied by a series
of scales on the side. The shell is unornamented and fringed below
with short bristles. Length 0.9 mm., or more. This fine species
is recognized by its smooth shell, the horizontal position of the
head, and the form of the post-abdomen; it belongs among the
largest of the genus. Lakes near Minneapolis, not rare.

Birge quotes A. spinifera from Wisconsin. In all probability
that species is the younger stage of the above.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 99

Sp.11. Alona dentata, P. E. Mueller.

(Plate I. Figs. 12—13.)

Form sub-rectangular, somewhat arched above, obscurely longi-
tudinally striated; lower angle obtuse, margined below with short
setze. Post-abdomen small, slender, armed with a lateral line of
scales and two strong teeth at the lower angle; claw with a minute
basal spine. The form of the post-abdomen is identical with “Har-
porhynchus” faleatus, Sars, which this species also resembles in
having the pigment fleck larger than the eye, and in general form
and the character of the striation. The beak, however, is very
short. In size P. KE. Mueller says it is among the smallest of the
genus.

Sp.12 Alona elegans, Kurz.

(Plate I. Fig. 14.)

Form rectangular; back slightly elevated, posterior margin high,
lower margin straight. Shell covered with minute striations spring-
ing from the region of the attachment of the head shield. Head
rather large, pigment fleck smaller than the eye. The antenne
have eight sete and a circlet of spines on the second joint of the
inner ramus, and a single thorn on its first joint. The post-abdo-
men is short and broad, rounded at the end, and is armed with
about ten anal teeth and a lateral row of scales. Length 0.4 mm.-
0.5 mm.

Sp.13. Alona porrecta, Birge.

Sub-rectangular ; ventral line nearly straight; valves marked by
longitudinal striz; beak short. Post-abdomen truncate, with about
twelve teeth, three or four of which at the end are larger, and a
row of hairs above the teeth. Malesimilar. Length 0.34 mm.
Distinguishable from the following small species in the armature
of the post-abdomen.

Sp. 14. Alona spinifera, Schoedler.

If not the young of A. affinis, this little species mimics it very
closely. The head is less horizontal and more acute than in that
species, otherwise almost identical excepting in size which is about
one-third. The sensory setz of the antennules are said to be nearer
equal. Found by Birge in Massachusetts and Wisconsin, but not
yet encountered in Minnesota.

100 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp.15. Alona parvula, Kurz.

The body is sub-quadrangular, arched above; ventral margin
straight, rounded behind. Shell marked by longitudinal, feeble
and irregular lines. The post-abdomen is narrower toward the end,
with eight or more teeth; the row of scales is absent; at the end it
is sharply truncate and incised; the claws have short basal spines.
Hardly to be distinguished from the next.

(18) Alona parvula, var. tuberculata, Kurz.

Alona tuberculata, KURZ.
Alona verrucosa, LUTZ.

The species described by Kurz in 1874, and more at length by
Lutz under a different name in 1878, appears to be simply a tuber-
culate variety of the above. Observations upon the American re-
presentatives of the two forms indicate a close relationship between
them. The shell is covered with rows of tubercles (or depressions?)
which vary in number greatly.

Sp.16. Alona glacialis, Birge.

(Plate G. Figs. 2, 3 and 8.)

I do not know how to distinguish this certainly from A. par-
-vula. It, however, seems to have the lower angle of the post-abdo-
men less squarely truncate and the incision less obvious. Birge
says that the abdomen is rounded. I have found specimens which
apparently belong here, with the post-abdomen rather sharply
angled and deeply incised; there were about fourteen teeth with a
row of hairs in front. The form is hardly to be distinguished from
another variety which has a shorter post-abdomen, rounded below,
and with only about seven or eight teeth and with a smooth shell.
This form passes directly into a tuberculate variety, having the
post-abdomen similar but the shell covered with numerous rows of
tubercles. Sometimes a transition from a lined shell toa tuber-
culate shell is seen (as in plate G, fig. 14). Alonatuberculata, Kurz,
is said to have a truncate and incised post-abdomen with no lateral
row of hairs. Birge thinks these identical; if so, our form referred
to A. glacialis is identical with A. parvula, There is also a form
found with the above in which no markings are visible and the
shell is considerably arched; these were, however, nearly all ephip-
pial females or approaching that period.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 101

(19.) Alona glacialis (?), var. tuberculata, (Var. n.)

(Plate G. Figs. 4—7 and 14),

will, then, be our tuberculated Alona with a lateral row of scales
and a series of fine spines along the anus.

Alona gilacialis (?), var. leevis, (var. n.)

is the smooth form*with higher dorsal margin.

The antenne of the two last have spines at the end of the rami
of the antenne, a circlet of spines on the outside of the second joint
of the setose ramus, and a spine on the basal joint of the other
ramus; two of the setze at the end of the setose ramus have spines
at the angles. The males found among the above small forms have
the same characters as var. levis and the abdomen is rounded at
the end; the claw is situated in the middle of the lower margin, in
front being the opening of the porws genitalis and behind a cluster
of hairs; the spines are absent, but there is a lateral row of long
bristles. A strong hook is found on the first foot. Length 0.8 mm

Sp. 17. Alona intermedia, Sars.

(Plate I. Fig. 15.)

Alona guttata, P. E. MUELLER.

Form sub-rectangular, rounded below; beak short; shell marked
by longitudinal lines, which may be broken into indistinct rec-
tangular meshes. Post-abdomen short and wide, rounded at the
end, ornamented by clusters of minute spines behind as well as a
lateral row of scales. About 0.38 mm. long.

Section B. ALoNELUA, Sars.

In this group are included small species with a combination of
characters, forming the link between Alona and Pleuroxus. An
obvious character is the fact that the shell is usually partly marked
by oblique striz, which run in two directions: first, a set extending
forward and upward from the lower posterior angle of the valves;
second, a set springing from the.anterior and lower angle, running
across the others. At the central part where these two series in-
tersect, they each become zigzag; the result is a series of hexagonal
markings, which may extend to the middle of the lower margin.
The beak is short and the fornices broad; the shell is more or

less rectangular, but somewhat elevated in the middle above.

102 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

There are usually but seven setz on the antenne, or the eighth
is a minute hair; on the ramus having the lateral sete one of the
terminal sete is frequently reduced. In many cases the whole
shell is marked by minute striz in addition to the proper markings,
but this is also found in some species of the true Pleuroxus. Kurz
gives, as a character of Alonella, the presence of but a single basal
spine to the claw of the post-abdomen; but P. E. Mueller figures
two spines on the claws of one of his species (A. exigua), and
Schoedler figures eight setze on the antenna of A. excisa, American
specimens of A. excisa and of A. pygmza both certainly have a
very minute eighth seta. There remains, therefore, positively no
point which can be relied upon to distinguish these little lynceids
from Pleuroxus vr Alona. Perhaps, however, these species, as a
group, may be recognized by what has already been said. Three
species are found in Minnesota.

A. Rostrum, long, bent backwards.
1. A. rostrata, Koch.

B. Rostrum short.
I. Lower posterior angle toothed.
(a) Shell more or less reticulate.
* Reticulated areas minutely striate.
2. A. pulchella, Herrick.
3. A. excisa, Fischer,
** Reticulated areas smooth.
+ Head depressed.
4, A. ewigua, Lilljeborg.
+t Head horizontal.
(?)5. .A. grisea, Fischer,
(b) Shell marked by lines running diagonally upward and backward.
6. A. pygmeea, Sars.
II. Lower posterior angle smooth, shell longitudinally striate.
7. A. striata, Schoedler.

Sp.1. Alonella rostrata, Koch.

Lynceus rostratus, KOCH, LILLJEBORG, SCHOEDLER.
Alonella rostrata, SARS, KURZ,
Alona rostrata, P. E. MUELLER.

Body long, rapidly narrowed behind; dorsal line strongly arched
in front toward the depressed head; the lower margin straight, with
0—3 small teeth at the angle. The fornices are broad, but the beak
is sharp; the pigment fleck is but little smaller than the eye, to
which it is three times nearer than to the beak. The post-abdo-
men is long, very much as in A. excisa, but longer. Length 0.4—

STATE GEOLOGIST. 103

0.5mm. Schoedler says the lower margin is concave and the angle
unarmed, a condition not inconsistent with specific identity, as can
_be seen in many other species. The shell seems to be variably
marked, but most conspicuous are the diagonal, curved striz.
Schoedler compares the sculpture to P. exiguus; Kurz, however,
leaves the impression that only slight reticulation is present in the
female.

The male has the post-abdomen narrowed, ornamented with
clusters of hairs behind, and the small claws have no basal spine,
while the genital opening is in front of the claws.

Sp. 2. Alonella pulchella. (Sp. n.)

(Plate Q. Figs. 1—3.)

A minute form very recently obtained is described under the
above name. Although closely allied to A. exigua, this species is
more like Graptoleberis than any other member of the genus. It
is the smallest of the lynceids, excepting A. pygmza. The shell
is high and rather strongly arched; the posterior margin is short
and armed with four teeth below, which point in different directions
as in Graptoleberis. The head. is short and the antennules long.
The pigment fleck is of moderate size, but smaller than the eye.
The post-abdomen is short, rounded below, and armed with sharp
and small anal teeth, besides which is an inconspicuous row of
minute setz. The claw is very small, and has a single very minute
tooth. The shell is marked by reticulations, which below are
regular hexagons but apove pass into elongated meshes, and finally
on the beak and head become longitudinal striations. The areas
are lined as in A. excisa. ‘hus this species combines the form of
abdomen of A. exigua with the teeth of Graptoleberis and the
markings of A. excisa.

Length hardly 0.27 mm. Motion active. The specimen figured
contained a single large ovum. The head may possibly have been
somewhat protruded by pressure. Habitat, vicinity of Minneapolis.

Sp. 3s. Alonella excisa, Fischer.

(Plate E, Fig. 6; and Plate G, Figs. 10. 11.)

Lynceus excisus, FISCHER.
Pleuroxus excisus, SCHOEDLER.
Alonella excisa, KURZ.
2 Pleuroxus insculptus, BIRGE.
This species is closely allied to Alonella exigua; yet that species

shows appreciable differences, (which can hardly be claimed, per-

104 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

haps, for Pleuroxus insculptus.) The various authors who have
written of this lynceid have all laid emphasis upon the sculpture of
the shell, almost to the exclusion of other points in the description.
Prof. Birge has found a quite different form, apparently, which has
the same peculiar markings; and even the common Alona oblonga
has a part of the valves covered by minute striations. Schoedler’s
figure of this species is unrecognizable; but, as identified by Kurz,
the species seems undoubtedly the same that is common in shallow
pools in Minnesota, during autumn, and probably also in Massa-
chusetts.

The variations to which this species is subject are considera-
able and may account for the marked disagreement in the
accounts of our difterent authors. Schoedler gives his specimens
a length of .20-.25 mm., while Kurz says .35 mm. Birge gives
.27 for the length of Pleuroxus insculptus, and our specimens
varied in the same gathering between .24 mm. and .40 mm.
Schoedler figures three teeth at the lower posterior angle; Kurz
says “several (4); Birge describes one or two, and Minnesota
specimens show gradual transitions from an inconspicuous angle
to three or perhaps four teeth. These teeth are the extensions of
some of the strong ridges or crenulations which mark the shell.
P. E. Mueller’s figures of the shell and abdomen of P. exigua
would apply to our species perfectly, save the absence of minute
striations; Kurz’s statements with reference to the differences bet-
tween these two forms seem to agree only in part with those of
Schoedler. I must here express my suspicion that the Pieuroxus.
aculeatus, P. exiguus and P. excisus all belong under this species.
Ihave seen a small form which lacked the fine striations; and there
appeared to me to be, at times, a slight indication of a second series
of hairs upon the post-abdomen.

The form is oblong, truncate behind, variously arched above, but
usually with a rather low, evenly curved dorsal contour; the lower
shel] margin is either nearly straight or convex in front and con-
cave along the posterior third, and is heavily beset with very long
pectinate bristles. ‘The head is moderately depressed, with a very
broad, blunt and short beak (in some positions this beak seems
acute, but it is an optical delusion); the fornices are very broad,
covering the antennules completely; seen from above the head is
broad and truncate in front; the eye is larger than ‘the large pig-
ment fleck, which is nearer it than the end of the beak. The
antenne have eight set, the last of which is minute; the five -

»

STATE GEOLOGIST. 105

pined ramus has a strong thorn on the end, and the inner terminal
seta is reduced. The post-abdomen is rather broad and truncate
or somewhat rounded below; its length is very variable, being
short in small individuals; its form is subject to concomitant
variations. The seven to eleven anal spines extend 1n a series of
minute bristles above the anus. ‘The lower posterior angle of the
shell bears one to four teeth; the marking consists of wavy ridges
and striz, producing, by the crossing of two sets springing from
the two lower angles, a reticulation covering more of less of the
entire shell. The head-shield and the spaces between these mark-
ings are densely striated. Color yellowish, often opaque. Length
‘0.24.-0.40 mm. At times abundant. Birge alone has seen the
males; his description agrees with Kurz’s account of the male of
A. exigua, save that the former speaks of spines, and the latter of
thorns, along the post-abdomen.

Sp. 4. Alonella exigua, Lilljeborg.

Lyneeus exiguus, LILLJIEBORG, LEYDIG, FRIC.
A lonella exigua, SARS, KURZ.

Plewroxus exiguus, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER.
2 Lynceus aculeatus, FISCHER.

Aside from the differences in the male sex as above indicated,
this form is said to have a convex lower margin, a rounded post-,
abdomen, and the pigment fleck nearer the end of the beak than
the eye, The absence of the fine striation, finally, is the most
marked characteristic. Length 0.30-0.838 mm. Not identified in
America.

(?) Sp. 5. Alonella grisea, Fischer.

This species is included here on the authority of Kurz. The
-shell may or may not be toothed at the lower corner, and is partly
lined and partly reticulate; but the only character which at all
separates this species from the above seems to be the position and
form of the head, which is said to be blunt and nearly horizontal,
as in Camptocercus rectirostris. Is this a-transition to Graptole-
‘beris?

4

Sp.6. Alonella pygmeea, Sars.

(Plate H. Fig. 7.)
Alona pygmceda, SARS.
Pleuroxus transversus, SCHOEDLER.
Alona transversa, P. E. MUELLER.
Lyuceus nanus, ERIC.
_ Alonella pygmceda, KURZ.

206 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The form.is rotund, much like species of Chydorus in the highly
arched dorsal outline; the beak is rather short and depressed; the-
lower outline of the valves is very convex in front, and barely
sinuate behind, where it terminates in a minute spine. The shell.
is marked, as in no other lynceid, by lines running diagonally
backward, and only on the lower part reticulated, if at all.

The post-abdomen is short, broad and rounded below; the claw
has a single basal spine. Length 0.20 mm.—0.28 mm. This is the
smallest member of the Cladocera. In form it so nearly resembles.
Chydorus that upon first sight the writer took it for a member of
that genus. Our one specimen measured 0.25 mm. The shell is.
marked by plications rather than striz, which arch over the back.

Sp. 7. Alonella straiat, Schoedler.

This species is said to resemble A. exigua in habit and sculpture-
of shell; the form is quadrangular and not greatly elevated in the
middle; the lower margin is nearly straight and fringed with
bristles; the posterior angle is rounded and unarmed. The anten-
nules with their setze extend beyond the beak; the pigment fleck is.
smaller than the eye and half way to the beak. The post-abdomen
is long and narrowed toward the end; there are seven or eight anal-
spines, and two spines on the terminal claw, Length about 0.5 mm.

SUB-GENUS PLEUROXUS.
Section A. Plewroxvus (verus), Baird.

This group of lynceids is most obviously defined by the long
“beak”, formed by the extension of the chitinous covering of the-
head. (There is rarely a beak in the sense of that word as applied
in the case of Scapholeberis or Daphnia, but the antennules, are-
simply attached to low prominences on the under side of a broad
shield-like projection of the shell.) This beak-like projection is.
acute and often long and either curved backward or even bent for-
ward. The fornices, or lateral projection. of the head-shield, are
narrow. The form varies much, but is almost always very strongly
convex above, and the posterior margin is thus only a fraction of
the whole hight of the animal. In some American species the body
is very much elongate, and these also depart from the characteristic
habitus of the genus in having strong longitudinal striz# instead of
reticulations. The lower posterior shell angle has teeth which, in
a few cases, extend across the entire posterior margin. The post—

STATE GEOLOGIST. 107

abdomen is slender, usually truncate and armed behind with asingle
set of sharp teeth on either side; the terminal claw has usually two
spines and may be serrate.

The male has a shorter beak, the post-abdomen is more or less
modified, and the first foot has a powerful hook. The winter eggs
frequently have a true ephippium; and sometimes this structure is
like that of Chydorus, toward which the round forms of this genus
seem to lead. There are upwards of a dozen valid species, several of
which are American.

Key 10 Section A, PLEUROXUS VERUS.

§ Beak not curved fcrward.
A. Shell reticulate.
(a) Post-abdomen very narrow.
1, P.hastatus, Sars,
2. P. stramineus, Birge.
(b) Post-abdomen not very slender.
* Terminal claws with two spines.
3. P. trigonellus, O. F. Mueller. (?)
2. P. ornatus, Scheedler.
** Terminal claws with a single spine.
4. P. acutirostris, Birge.
B. Skell smooth, except upon the front margin.
d. P. adunctus, Jurine.
C. Shell striped,
(a) Shell very long and low.
* With one toeth below.
10. P. wnidens, Birge.
** Without a tooth ; female with a hook upon the first foot.
8. P.hamatus, Birge.
*** Without a tooth on the shell or claw on the foot.
9. P. affiinis, Herrick.
(b) Shell high.
* Lower angle spined.
+ Antenne with eight sete, anterior margin of valves toothed. °
7. P.denticulatus, Birge.
+t Antennce with seven setz.
6. P. bairdii, Schoedler.
** Whole posterior margin of shell spined (Pereantha.)
li. P. truncata, O. F. Mueller.

S$ Beak procurved (Rhypophilus.)
A. Shell reticulate.
* Faintly and regularly.
138. P. glaber, Schoedler.
** Strongly and irregularly.

108 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

14. P. personatus, Leydig.
B. Shell striped.
* Posterior margin toothed.
12. P. procurvus, Birge.
** Only lower angle toothed.
15. P. uncinatus, Baird.

_Sp. Ll. Pleuroxus hastatus, Sars.

(Plate I. Fig. 16.)
Pleuroxus levis, SARS.
Pleuroxvus hastatus, P. E. MUELLER.

Form somewhat oval, dorsal line strongly curved, posterior mar-
gin short, with a tooth below; head short, beak very long, straight-
ish; shell obscurely reticulate. Post-abdomen very long, narrow,
with small teeth; claw with two basal spines. Color corneous.
The sculpture consists of faint reticulations. The ephippium forms
a truncation of the upper part of the shell. Length 0.50—0.55 mm.
The male has a shorter beak; the first foot has a weak hook, and
the spermatozoa are spherical.

? Sp. 2. Pleuroxus stramineus, Birge.

This form is the American representative of the preceeding, if
not identical with it. Birge mentions minute striz in the meshes.
P. stramineus is said to be lower than P. hastatus, while its beak is
shorter. Undoubted specimens of P. denticulatus exhibit the same
differences, an increase in the convexity of the shell accompanying
an increase in the length of beak. The form of the abdomen ap-
pears nearly identical, if we compare P. HE. Mueller’s plate IV, fig.
18, with the outline given by Birge at plate II, fig. 11. The color
in both is deep, especially during the period when the winter egg is
forming, The direction of the reticulations is said to differ, but
P. E. Mueller’s figure does not furnish positive evidence of this.
Length C.6 mm.

Sp. 3. Pleuroxus trigonellus, 0. F. Mueller.

Lynceus trigonellus, 0. F. MUELLER, LIEVIN, LILLJEBORG, LEYDIG, FRIC.
Pleurozus trigonellus, SCOHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ.
? Pleuroxus ornatus, SCHOEDLER,

Dorsal line strongly arched; the beak rather long, straightish;
pigment fleck smaller than the eye. Shell faintly reticulate, the
markings consisting of transparent ridges. Post-abdomen widest
in the middle, attenuated slightly toward the end, which is truncate;
claw large, with one long and one very small basal spine. The anal

STATE GEOLOGIST. 109:

margin of the post-abdomen has a series of small spines, and the
lower shell-margin is hairy. The post-abdomen of the male is
somewhat as in Crepidocercus, and densely hairy; the first foot has
a moderate hook.

To judge from Kurz’s statements, P: ornatus, Schoedler, is not.
specifically distinct. Not yet identified in America.

Sp. 4. Pleuroxus acutirostris, Birge.

This form, with Harporhynchus, imitates in some respects the
Alonelle, from which they differ in having the beak elongated and
recurved. Birge’s description does not state what the form of the
fornices is, but he intimates that the general resemblances are with
Pleuroxus. The general shape is as in P. hamatus.

“The post-abdomen is broad, compressed, truncated, with numer-.
ous fine caudal teeth. The terminal claws have only one basal
spine.’ ‘The valves are reticulated asin P. [ Alonella] insculptus,.
although not so plainly.” Length 0.85 mm. Southampton, Mass..

Sp. 5. Pleuroxus adunctus, Jurine.

Monoculus adunctus, JURINE.
Plewroxus adunctus, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER, KURZ,

Very like P. trigonellus, but with the back more strongly arched,
The anterior part of the shell is striped. The beak is shorter than
in P. trigonellus, but no other permanent differences are discover-
able. The temptation to believe this a mere varietal form of P.
trigonellus is great. Indeed, four species (the two here noted, P.
bairdii and P. denticulatus, Birge,) are very nearly related. The
ephippium, where known, is marked by minute punciation and a
darker color.

Sp. 6. Pleuroxus bairdii, Schoedler.

Pleurocus trigonellus, BAIRD.
Pleuroxus bairdti, KURZ. }

This form, so far as can be gathered from Baird’s brief descrip--
tion and figures, differs from the others in having the shell marked
by straight parallel lines running diagonally backward and upward,
and in lacking one of the terminal bristles on the 5-setose ramus of
the antennz. The first is a possible but unusual structure, while
the second might result from an overlooking of the very small seta _
which fills this place in the other forms. Baird himself did not.
distinguish it from P. trigonellus.

110 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 7, Pleuroxus denticulatus, Birge.
(Plate G. Figs. 12—13.)

Resembling very closely P. adunctus, which, however, has a
broader post-abdomen than the ordinary P. denticulatus. The
posterior angle of the shell is armed with from one to four (gener-
ally three) teeth. The beak is very long.

The character most emphasized by Birge is a series of teeth along
the anterior margin of the valves. The same thing is found in P.
procurvus, as I have repeatedly satisfied myself. In certain posi-
tions these teeth do not show, or the smaller teeth on the lower
margin only appear. P. adunctus, as figured by Schoedler, has
similar teeth on the lower margin, and very likely has them anteri-
orly. The edges of the valves are heavily fringed with pectinate
sete. The male has a shorter beak and the post-abdomen simply
rounded without the peculiar modification seen in P. adunctus.

There seem to be two varieties in Minnesota both of which have
the characteristic irregular striations of the shell, which radiate from
an irregularly marked or unmarked area in the center toward the
edges; both have the toothed posterior angle and the serrated post-
erior angle and the serrated anterior margin. But the common
form is much longer, with the dorsal margin less convex and the
beak shorter. The robust form has a larger pigment fleck, while
the post-abdomen is shorter and more robust, resembling more
nearly Schoedler’s figures of the abdomen of P. adunctus. There is
another variation or abnormality, in which the lower margin is
quite concave. The resemblance to P. procurvus is remarkable in
some phases.

I have collected this species in Blount springs, Ala., in the St.
Croix river, and at various intermediate points, as well as very often
in Minnesota.

Sp.8. Pleuroxus hamatus, Birge.
(Plate H, Fig. 1.)

This species is smaller than those of the preceding group and
forms a transition to the two next to be described in the greater
elongation of the shell, which is, however, higher and more strongly
arched. The head and beak are much as in P. denticulatus. The
lower margin is concave posterior to the middle and slightly convex
at the posterior angle, which is unarmed. The lower margin is
hairy. The markings are as in P. denticulatus, but, in addition,

STATE GEOLOGIST. bial,

‘there is a set of horizontal striz all over the shell. The post-abdo-
amen is widest in the middle and almost exactly as in P. denticula-
tus. The first foot bears a claw such as ordinarily distinguishes
the males.

The only specimens which I have seen were from the Tennessee
river, near Waterloo, and near Decatur, in Alabama. My notes
contain no reference to the minute striations, which could perhaps
be hardly seen with the instrument employed. The process of the
labrum is long and rather acute, the beak moderate, and the pig-
ment fleck very large. The markings on the anterior of the valves
are irregular and are inter-connected by,cross lines or anastomoses.
Ova two. (The genus Anchistropus has a hook upon the first foot,
but is like Chydorus.)

Sp. 9. Pleuroxus affinis. (Sp. n.)
(Plate H. Fig. 2.)

A small species with elongated shell and longitudinal striz, form-
ing a link between the preceding and the next, to which it is
closely related. Shell broadest in front, upper contour nearly
straight; anterior part of the lower margin evenly arched, posterior
margin rather low. Head very short; beak very long, narrow and
‘somewhat incurved; antennules and antennz very small; eye evi-
dently larger than the pigment fleck. The post-abdomen is as in
P. denticulatus, or a little longer proportionately. The markings,
so far as observed, consist of diagonal, faint, numerous and parallel
lines posteriorly, and others springing from the anterior margin.
There is no tooth behind; the teeth on the post-abdomen are small
and not numerous. .The upper margin of the shell is not sharp but
rounded. Thus this pretty and unique form is clearly distinguished
from all its allies althongh unfortunately only this very imperfect
description and schematic figure can be given. Found in Weakly
pond, Culbert county, near Florence, Alabama, where with an
Alona, Chydorus sphericus and Scapholeberis, it formed the clado-
eran fauna of the pool.

Sp. 10. Pleuroxus unidens, Birge.
(Plate F. Fig. 15).

An extreme among these elongated species, the length of body fall-
ing little short of double the hight. The dorsal line is very flat
and slightiy but evenly arched; the lower margin is evenly convex

112 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

or nearly straight, covered by long pectinate bristles. The head is
short, and the beak is long and sharp; the antennules are of moder-
ate size, with a lateral seta one-fourth from the end; pigment fleck
less than the eye; antenne rather long, with strong thorns on the
terminal joints. The post-abdomen is long, as in P. hastatus, sides.
nearly parallel; anal teeth sharp, small and numerous; claws pec-
tinate, with two strong basal spines. The shell is strongly striate
with longitudinal striz, which are parallel with the different mar-
gins. Birgesays that there is areticulated area, The lower angle
is rounded, and anterior to it is asmall tooth directed backward.
This species is distributed throughout the Mississippi valley. I
have notes of it from Swan lake, near Decatur, Alabama. It is
often rather abundant about Minneapolis, but is thought by Birge
to be absent from the eastern states. Almost all the specimens [I
have seen are very dark, often brown, so as to appear to the eye
like dark specks as they swim about. The length varies from 0.55
mm. to 0.85 mm. About 0.60 mm. is a common size, according to
my observation. Birge mentions a rudimentary sixth foot in this.
species. This organ is found in Kurycercus and other lynceids,
according to Schoedler.

Sp.11. Pleuroxus truncata, O. F. Mueller.

Lynceus truncatus, MUELLER, KOCH, ZADDACH, LIEVIN, FISCHER, LILLJEBORG, LEY-
DIG, FRIC.

Percantha truncata, BAIRD, SCHOEDLER, KURZ.

Pleuroxus truncatus, P. E. MUELLER.

Percantha brevirostris, SCHOEDLER.

This species is widely distributed in Europe, but is replaced im
America by the following. The shell is high, the dorsal contour
arched; beak rather long and straight; lower margin slightly con-
vex, setose; posterior margin straight, armed with very strong teeth
entirely across it; the anterior margin also is dentate, as in the next.
The valves are covered with strong striz, springing from the an-
terio-central part and radiating toward the free margins. The post-
abdomen is of moderate size and in form much as in the next. The
ephippium causes aconsiderably change in form and coloration. In
the male the beak is shorter, and the abdomen has finer teeth. The
first foot has an extraordinarily large hook. The length is about
0.5 mm. to 0.6mm. Percantha brevirostris,Schoedler, differs in the
length of the beak only.

STATE GEOLOGIST. dike

Sp. 12. Pleuroxus procurvus, Birge.

(Plate E. Figs. 3, 4.)

In size and general appearance this most interesting species is
similar to the above, and, especially, to P. denticulatus. The gen-
eral form and even the details of structure agree almost to identify
with the latter. The structure of the posterior margin is like Per-
cantha, while the rostrum is bent abruptly upwards as in Rhypo-
philus. In small individuals the length is greater proportionally.
The lower margin is slightly convex or nearly straight, and fringed
by bristles which are stronlgy pectinate; the anterior and lower
margins are tuothed as in Percantha. The shell gland is more as
in the Daphnidz than most lynceids. The number of posterior
teeth is variable. The ephippium is as in P. denticulatus. Length
0.40 mm. to 0.50 mm. Not rare, but less common than P. denticu-
latus. The male post-abdomen is like that of P. denticulatus; the
rostrum is as in the female.

Of the species following it may suffice to say that they are corpu-
lent, filth-loving representatives of P. trigonellus, P. adunctus and
P. bairdii, respectively, which have turned up their noses at a super-
ficial existence and buried themselves in the mire and debris at the
bottom of the pools. It might be fanciful to assume that the curved
snout is used for “rooting,” but the fact that these “Schmutz-
peterchen” lynceids would find a long straight beak in the way is
suggestive.

Sp. 13. Pleuroxus (Rypophilus) glaber, Schoedler.

Pleuroxus personatus, P. E. MUELLER.

The shell is high and squarish, the fornices narrow, the beak
slightly pro-curved, the lower margin nearly straight, with two or
more teeth at the posterior angle. The antenne have seven set
only. The male is almost exactly as that of P. trigonellus. Length
0.55 mm. to 0.65 mm.; male 0.5 mm.

Sp. 14. Pleuroxus (Rypophilus) personatus, Leydig.

That this species is really distinct is by no means certain; how-
ever, it is stated that the shell is less regularly aud more markedly
reticulated, and the markings lack the elevations described under
P. trigonollus, which are present in the previous species. It lives
in filth and covers itself with it.

S &

114 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 15. Pleuroxus (Rypophilus) uncinatus, Baird,

The shell is ridged with lines running upward and backward, as
in P. bairdii; the lower angle of the shell has three teeth, and the
beak is more horizontal than in the above. In size and characters
this is almost identical with P. bairdii, with which it occurs in
England.

This completes the list of swine-like members of the genus; these
well deserve to be studied from a morphological stand-point.

Pleroxus nasutus, Gay, is a poorly described form from Chili, re-
sembling, according to Schoedler, P. ornatus = trigonellus.

A species of Percantha (Lynceus armatus, Gay) is found in Chili.

NOTE TO PLEUROXUS.—The two species P. unidens and P. affinis are quite diverse
from the type of the genus and approach in some respects to Leptorhynchus. P. affinis,
particularly, has a recurved beak. I amin doubt about P. hamatus and P. acutirostris,
which is said to be reticulated ; but it seems likely that the species above mentioned
stand in closest relation to Leptorhynchus,

Section B. Leptorhynchus, Herrick. +

The species for which Sars formed the genus Harporhynchus is
of Alona-like habit, but has a beak which exceeds that of any known
Pleuroxus in length, being simulated in this respect by the Amer-
ican P. acutirostris, which is, however, in other respects more nearly
allied to Pleuroxus.

Leptorhynchus falcatus, Sars.

Harporhynchus fatcatus, SARS.
Alona falcata, SARS, P. E. MUELLER.

Body oblong, arched above; ventral margin nearly straight, setose,
with a spine at the posterior angle; beak strongly curved, folded
laterally; pigment spot larger than the eye. The post-abdomen is
wide, sides nearly parallel, armed with a few strong teeth below
and a lateral line of spines; caudal claw with a single small basal
spine.

vulr.—GeENus Purixura, P. E. Mueller.

Oblong, wide; posterior shell-margin little less than whole hight.
Post-abdomen terete, obtuse at the end, which is armed with a
cluster of spines of which the terminal ones are similar to the others.

1 Harporhynchus is preoccupied in ornithology.

a

STATE GEOLOGIST. 115

Sp.1. Phrixura rectirostris, P.E. Mueller.

(Plate I. Fig. 18.)

Beak acute; shell striated longitudinally, slightly arched above;
ventral margin rounded, with a round and unspined angle behind.
Length 0.5 mm. Not yet encountered in Minnesota.

Ix.—Genus CuHyporus, Leach.

This genus, if it be really of generic value, contains minute
rotund animals which appear in the water like animate pin-heads
of small size. Their motion is arolling, wavering hobble; and they
live by preference upon vegetation, or in slime at the bottom of
pools. Occasionally they may be seen in sunshiny weather, dis-
porting themselves near the surface in immense numbers. There
are two common species, and six more which are more rare or in
part not valid.

The sexual period occurs at two different aad (i. e., May—
June, and December), but in probability is not confined to any
periods. The males, which only rarely are found even in these
periods, have the abdomen narrowed or excavated to accomodate it
to the peculiar alteration of the brood-cavity which takes place in
the sexually mature female. The connection takes place by the
insertion of the abdomen within this chamber, which is facilitated
by the reduced size of the abdomen. The modification of the shell
of the brood-cavity above referred to consists in the thickening of
the wall posteriorly, which may or may not result in the deforming
of the shell, as shown in plate F, fig. 7, taken from Kurz. This
may be termed an ephippium, although it differs somewhat from
the modified shell so called in Daphnia. The male element consists
of nearly round nucleated cells, and the opening of the vas deferens
is anterior to the terminal claws. The members of this genus are
among the most minute forms of the family or the entire group.
Concisely put, the characters are as follows:

Form globose, not obviously truncate behind; head terminating
in a Sharp, long, curved beak, which lies close upon the anterior
margins ot the valves; antennz short; eye larger than the pigment
fleck; abdomen flattened, excavated in the male; intestine with nc
anterior czeca, doubly convoluted, with ananal cecum. Three spe-
cies found in Minnesota.

116 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 1. Chydorus sphezericus, Mueller.

(Plate F. Figs. 4, 7, 8 and 10.)

Lynceus spheericus, 0. F. MUELLER, M. EDWARDS, KOCH, ZADDACH. LIEVEN, FISCHER
LILLJEBORG, LEYDIG, TOTH, ZENKER, FRIC.
Monoculus spheericus, JURINE.

Chydorus muelleri, LEACH.

Chydorus spheericus, BAIRD, SCHOEDLER, P. E. MUELLER. LUTZ, KURZ, BIRGE.

Form nearly spherical, as seen from above broadly oval; in young
specimens truncate behind; antennules of moderate size, in the male
very large, with curved flagellum near the middle of anterior mar-
gin; pigment fleck often nearly as large as eye; beak of moderate
length, blunt in the male; first foot strongly hooked in the male;
post-zbdomen short, broad, rounded at the end, armed with 8—9
sharp teeth; shell reticulated with polygonal meshes. Color light,
unspotted. Length 0.50 mm.

This species occurs in Spring earlier than most forms, adh is
ranked as the most abundant of the micro-crustacea, being found
over the whole cireumpolar lend-area. The ephippium for the
winter egg was observed by Kurz, but the period at which it is
formed seems variable.

C. spheericus of a previous report seems to have been the follow-
ing species which is more common in Minnesota in the clearer
lakes. A small form in our large lakes measures 0.3 mm.; it may
be distinct.

Sp.2. Chydorus globosus, Baird.

(Plate F. Figs. 1, 2,3 and 9.)
Chydorus globosus, BAIRD, LILLJEBORG, SCHOEDLER, LEYDIG, P. E, MUELLER, FRIC,
KURZ, BIRGE.

Form globose, very broad; oate ail very large with a strong
lateral seta on a small elevation; swimming antenne exceedingly
small; the shell gland is well developed; the pigment fleck is much
smaller than the eye; beak very long and incurved; post-abdomen
rather long, more slender than the last, broader near the end which
is truncate, bearing about 20 spines on the margin near which is a
lateral series of minute bristles; the terminal claws are straightish,
spined along the basal half, and have an accessory spine; the shell
is very indistinctly reticulated and spotted; color dark; length 0.7-
0.8 mm.; male 0.55 mm. The males have the abdomen very nar-
row for the entire length.

This species is considered rare elsewhere, but is not infrequent in
August near Minneapolis.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 117

Sp. 3. Chydorus ovalis, Kurz.
(Plate F. Fig. 11.)

Form oval, nearly twice as long as high; beak long; antennules
two-thirds as long as the beak, with two elongated sensory filaments
‘above the others; pigment fleck nearly as large as the eye; antennz
small; shell margins heavily fringed antericrly; post-abdomen of
moderate size, rounded at the end, with about 8 teeth near the end;
shell smooth. Length 0.4 mm.

This species is rather near C. sphericus, differing in having the
shell smooth, antennz shorter, and beak longer. This species is
not yet known in America.

Sp. 4. Chydorus czelatus, S -hoedler.

(Plate F. Fig. 12.)
Chydorus adunctus, SCHOEDLER.

This small species is about 0.4 mm. long, and resembles the young
of C. globosus in form, from which as well as from all known spe-
cies it is distinguished by the markings of the shell, which consist
of series of rounded elevations (or depressions?) arranged parallel
to the lower margins of the shell and head. The description is very
incomplete, aud the only other author who appears to have seen
the animal is Kurz, who adds that the sensory filaments of the an-
tennz are unequal in hight, and that the so called elevations are
really depressions. A form with a few depressicns about the edge
and characters of this specizs was once seen in the vicinity of Min-
neapolis.

Sp. 5. Chydorus nitidus, Schoedler.

(Plate F. Figs. 5, 6.)

Shell smooth and regularly punctate; the head resembles C. sphe-
ricus, but the pigment fleck is much smaller than the eye, to which
it is much nearer than to the end of the beak; the post-abdomen is
broader near the end, and bears a row of 10—12 teeth on either side.

(?) Sp. 6. Chydorus latus, Sars.

Very possibly a variety of C. globosus, from which it differs in
the shorter beak and greater size. Length 0.66 mm.

2158 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 7. Chydorus piger, Sars.

Sub-rotund, prominent above, sinuate behind; lower and poster-
ior margins rounded, lower margin ciliated. Head movably united
to the body; beak long, separated by an indentation from the head
shield. The shell is broad, as seen from above. Shell punctate .
anteriorly and marked below by indistinct oblique striz. Anten-
nules with seven setz and two smali thorns on the end of each
ramus. Post-abdomen truncate; the terminal claws with a minute
tooth at the base; posterior margin sinuated, rounded below and
there densely armec with minute teeth. Abdominal setz long and
flexible. Pigment fleck of medium size, much nearer to the eye
than to the beak. Length about 0.33 mm.

(?) Chydorus latifrons, Dana. (U.S, Exploring Expedition, Rep. on Crust.,
? vol. II, p. 1274.)

Very tumid; in side view rotund, head not separate, very short-
beaked; beak slender and close to the body, acute; in upper view
animal very broad, truncate anteriorly, the front thereby nearly
as broad as the body; behind low, triangular and obtuse. Feejee
islands.

(?) Chydorus albicans, Gay,

from Chili, is imperfectly described; but it is interesting to note the
occurrence of this genus there.

x.—GeENUus ANCHISTROPTS, Sars, (?)

Very similarjin form to Chydorus; valves gaping below anteri-
orly; antennules small; process of labrum rounded. Post-abdomen
attenuated toward the end, densely covered with fine teeth; terminal
claws denticulate. First foot with a powerful claw, protruding
beyond the shell. Kye very large. Shell indistinctly reticulate.
Sars says of his Anchistropus emarginatus that on cursory inspec-
tion it would be taken for the young of Chydorus globosus. He
found but few specimens, about 0.35 mm. long. The suggestion is
still possible that the young males cf some Chydorus are here mis-
taken for a new genus. The males of Chydorus globosus were not
known till 1878, and their early form is still unknown. The young
females have a tolerably strong claw, though it isnot much curved.
I have ouce found a peculiar lynceid measuring 0.46 mm., with

STATE GEOLOGIST. 119

unevenly but distinctly reticulate shell, slender abdomen, and a
strong claw which was dentate. ‘There were several young (more

than two), and the shell in these was more regularly reticulate. All’

efforts to find a second specimen failed, and the one seen was some-

what mutilated; hence I am unable to determine its real position. -

x1.—GENus Monospitus, Sars.

Head separated by a depression trom the body; shell high, com-
pressed, posterior margin somewhat less than the greatest hight of
the shell. Post-abdomen broad, ornamented with lateral and post-
erlor spines; claws large, with a single basal tooth. The compound
eye is absent, its place being taken by the pigment fleck, which is
the functional eye. !

Monospilus dispar, Sars.

(Plate I. Fig. 21.)

Lynceus tenuirostris, FISCHER, Abh. ueber einige neue Daph. und Lynceide. p. 427;
tab. III, figs. 9—10 (fide Sars).

Monospilus dispar, SARS, Crust. Cladoe. iOmgn. af Christiania, p. 165.

Monospilus dispar, MUELLER, Danmark’s Clad., p. 196.

Shell roundish; ventral margin setose; posterior angle rounded,
marked above with numerous impressions. Antennules small; an-
tennz long. with seven setz. Post-abdomen short and broad, bear-
ing a series of spines along the excavated posterior margin, and
ornamented on the sides with clusters of bristles. The shell in old
individuals is not moulted but remains as in Ilyocryptus, covering
the greater part of the new shell. The figure shows an old indivi-
dual with its successive coverings still clinging to it. Like Ilyo-

1 So much interest attaches to this species that we reproduce the Latin description of
Sars. ‘‘ Testa in adultibus valvulis composita pluribus, altera alteri imposita, a latere visa
lata, latitudine maxima in parte antica sita; margine superiore antice valde prominente,
posteriore et inferiore ciliato rotundatis. Caput mobile, perparvum et valde depressum,
supine impressione parva sed distincta, a testa cetera disjunctum, deorsum in rostrum rec-
tum et breve apice obtuso exiens. Animal supra visum sat compressum, latitudine maxima
eapite majore ante medium sita. Pars superior teste et capitis impressionibus numerosis
rotundatis notata. Antennz 1-mi paris minutz structura ut in ceteris Lynceidis; 2-di paris
sat long, ramo altero setas 4 ef aculeum unum apicalem, altero setas 3 et aculeos duos,
quoruz: alter longus articulo primo ejusdem rami adfixus est, gerunte. Postabdomen breve
et latum, apicem versus truncatum ; margine posteriore supra obtuse angulato, ad angulum
inferiorem rotundatum seriebus duabus aculeorum inque lateribus setis vel spinulis brevi-
- bus numerosis preeditum ; ungues terminales ad basin aculeo longo armati. Intestinum, ut
in ceteris Lynceidis, in thorace laquem fere duplicem format. Macula nigra unica minima
prope basin antennarum 2-di paris; macul infra oculari in ceteris Lynceidis simillima, in
capite conspicitur, que, quum oculus verus compositus in omnibus ceteris Crustaceis
Cladodoceris distinctus omnino absit, organum quamquam rudimentare visus habenda est.
Animal parum pellucidum, colore fulvescente. Longit. parum supralzmm” .

~

120 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

cryptus, this animal passes its life in filth at the bottom of pools,
_ and rarely emerges to the light of day. What little visual function
there may be is vested in the larval organ.

The specimen from which the drawing was made measured 0.45
mm. The first glance at this rarest ofall entomostraca affords proof
of its unique character. The strongly arched shell is so compressed
as to bear little resemblance to Chydorus. The dorsal line passes
with little angle into the high posterior margin. There is a rounded
angle below, armed with two teeth—the shortened representatives
of the fringing spines of the straight lower margin. The head is
depressed and very short, but the narrow beak is produced to below
the margin of the valves. It is rounded so as to resemble, as seen
in front, a duck’s bill. The fornices are narrow and flare so that
the eye is left partly exposed upon the side. The antennules are
not long but slender. The labrum has a very large lamella, which
is crenulate in front and acute below, the labrum proper being large.
The systematic position of this genus is a matter of considerable
interest, for it is the only member of the whole order in which the
larval eye is the only one developed, and the first thought would
be that this must be a primitive synthetic type, in other words,
historically the oldest of Cladocera. Closer study does not warrant
the theory. There is much to indicate that, though essentially lyn-
ceid, it stands in close connection with the higher members of the
family and perhaps has more than asuperficial resemblance to such
degraded lyncodaphnids as Ilyocryptus. All things considered,
however, our diagram stands with this genus as adegraded offshoot
of the more typical stem of Lynceide.

SUB-ORDER IL—GYMNOMERA.

This group is easily recognized by the almost entire absence of
the shell, which forms so conspicuous a part in the greater number
of the Cladocera. Here it serves simply to form a pouch or brood-
sac for carrying the eggs and embryos. The feet are nearly terete
and prehensile, with but slight-indications of branchial appendages.

FAMILY POLYPHEMIDA.
Feet five pairs. Antenne with the rami three- or four-jointed.

1.—Genus PotypHemus, De Geer.

Head very large, separated by a depression from the compact

rien

STATE GEOLOGIST. 121

body; shell covering but a part of the dorsal region. Feet all with
an internal dentate, and an external lamellate appendage. Caudal
seta upon a long process of the post-abdomen.

Sp. 1. Polyphemus pediculus, Linn.

(Plate B* . Figs. 4—6.)

Monoculus pediculus, LINNEZUS, 1746. GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat. FABRICIUS, Ent. Syst.,
etc. SULZER, Insecten. MANUEL, Encyclop. Meth.
Monoculus pediculus ramosus, DE GEER, Mem. pour serv. a l’Hist. des Ins.
Polyphemus oculus, MUELLER, Zool. Dan. Prod. et Entomost. CUVIER, Tab. element
‘ LATREILLE, Hist. Nat. Crust., ete. LEACH, Edin. Encyc.
Polyphemus stagnorum, LEACH, Dict. Sc, Nat, LATREILLE, Cuv. Rig. An. DEMA-
REST, Cons. Gen. Crust.
Polyphemus pediculus, StRAUS, Mem. Mus. d’Hist., etc. M. EDWARDS, Hist. Nat. Crust.
Monoculus polyphemus, JURINE, Hist. Nat. Monoc.
Cephaloculus stagnorum, LAMARCK, Hist. An. Vert. Bosc, Man. d’Hist. Nat. Crust.
Monoculus oculus, GMELIN, Linn. Syst: Nat.
Scalicerus pediculus, KocH, Deutsch. Crust.
Polyphemus pediculus, BAIRD, Brit. Entom.
Polyphemus oculus, LIEVIN, Branch. d. Danz.
Polyphemus stagnorum, FISCHER, Ueber die ind. Umg. von St. Petersburg, vorkom.
Crust.
Polyphemus pediculus, LILLJEBORG, De Crust. ex ord. trib.
Polyphemus oculus, LEYDIG, Naturg. d. Daph.
Polyphemus pediculus, SCHOEDLER, Neue Beitr. zur Naturg. d. Cladoceren.
Polyphemus kochii, s ‘“ * rf
Polyphemus oculus, he “ Bs 5
Polyphemus pediculus, P. E. MUELLER, Danmark’s Cladocera. KURZ, Dodekas neuer
Cladoceren. WEISMANN, Beitr. zur Naturg. der Daphnoiden.
BIRGE, Notes on Cladocera.
Polyphemus occidentalis,t HERRICK.

There are two well-marked varieties of this species: one is found
commonly in the clear lakes; the other, which [ have only once
seen, was found in a very shallow weedy marsh. The difference in
size is quite remarkable. Our ordinary form measures less than 1
mm. The larger form, including the stylets, is 16 mm. The
ordinary variety, although highly colored, is yet transparent, while
the large variety is deep red and quite opaque. The relationship
between the two forms is quite like that maintaining between
Diaptomus stagnalis and D. sanguineus. Some slight structural
differences are observable between the two varieties, as in the form
of the antennules, yet quite insignificant when compared with the

striking difference in size and coloration. Number two may be
called

1 Polyphemus occidentalis, Dekay = Limulus.

.

122 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 2. Polyphemus stagnalis. (Sp. n.)

In order to make the relation clear between these forms, I add
measurements of this species, following each with the correspond-
ing measurement of P. pediculus in parenthesis; animals of the
same age, as far as possible, being chosen. Head (capsule of eye)
0.3 mm. (0.2 mm.); head and thorax 0.7 mm. (0.45 mm.); abdomen
0.7 mm. (0.56 mm.); caudal stylet 0.86 mm. (0 26 mm.); caudal
filaments 0.36 mm. (0.8 mm.). Whole length of antenne 0.54 mm.
(0.42 mm.); first, second and third joints of the 3-jointed ramus 0.08,

0.06 and 0.10 mm., respectively. The formation of the resting eggs -

or ‘‘dauer-ei” seems to go on at the same time with the partheno-
genetic reproduction.

1.—GzENus BytHoTrEePHEs, Leydig.

Much like Polyphemus, but the external appendage of the feet is
rudimentary, and the abdomen extends out into a most enormous
spine. The single species is that described by Leydig as B. longi-
manus, which was found in the stomach of Coregonus wartmanni.
B. cederstromii, of Schoedler and P. E. Mueller, the latter author
now identifies with the above, and concludes that the supposed
differences arose from “l’etat de maceration des examplaires exa-
mines.” (Les Cladoceres des Grands Lacs de la Suisse, p. 11.)
This species may be looked for in the depths of the Great Lakes.
(See plate U, fig. 10.)

11.—GeENus Popon.
Iv.—GeEnus EvapNn.
These are compact. oval forms confined to the sea. See Claus,

Zur Kenntniss des Baues der Polyphemiden, Vienna, 1877, for the
best account of the anatomy.

FAMILY LEPTODORIDA.

Feet six pairs. Antenne with both rami four-jointed. Body

elongated, not curved; shell very much reduced.

i a

STATE GEOLOGIST. ; 123

Leptodora hyalina, Lilljeborg,
(Plate N. Figs. 6, 7),

the only species, is found rarely in the larger lakes of Hurope and
_ America.

See Bau und Lebenserscheinung von Leptodora hyalina, Weis-
mann, 1874; also, Om en dimorph Udvikling samt Generationsvexel
hos Leptodora, G. O. Sars, 1873; also, Bidrag til Cladocerenes For-
plantningshistorie, P. H. Mueller.

The work of Sars is particularly valuable, showing that the young
produced from the winter eggs pass through a metamorphosis not
experienced by the summer or parthenogenetic brood. P. E. Muel-
ler mentions the pathological condition induced by the plants of
the Saprolegnia.

124 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CHAPTER III.

ORDER COPEPODA.

This extensive order contains minute and predominatingly pre-
daceous animals which constitute no inconsiderable part of the
fauna of fresh and salt waters. They serve a beneficent purpose
both as scavengers and as providing food-supply for the fry of fishes
and other aquatic animals.

Copepods are never enclosed in a bivalved shell but ordinarily
exhibit a more or less elongated cylindrical form composed of two
obvious sub-divisions. There are a few species which, by the great
prolongation and expansion of some of the tergites or dorsal shields,
seem to simulate shelled crustacea. The anterior part of the body,
or cephalothorax, is composed of ten somites which are frequently
considerably united or fused. Five of these segments constitute
the head and bear respectively the following appendages: first, a
pair of several- to many-jointed antennz which are never prim-
arily sensory in function, although they usually are provided with
sense hairs or other like organs; second, a pair of two-brancned an-
tennules, which sometimes become almost simple or prehensile;
third, a pair of mandibles in the form of masticatory or piercing
organs, these being usually provided with a palpus; fourth, a pair
of maxille of various form and function; fifth, a pair of maxillipeds
which not infrequently subdivide in later life to form what appear
to be two distinct pairs.

The five thoracic segments have each a pair of swimming feet
consisting typically of a two-jointed base and two like, three-jointed
rami. The symmetry is frequently broken by the retardation of the
development of the inner ramus, while the fifth pair of feet may
become rudimentary and in various ways subserve the organs of
sex. The five abdominal segments are nearly devoid of appendages
and are continued posteriorly by two caudal stylets which bear
strong set constituting, in many forms, a tail-fin or spring.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 125

All copepods, even such as are, in later life, parasitic, begin their
existence as free-swiming nauplii, such as are represented on plate
S, fig. 13, and plate K, fig. 8.

Though the vast majority of genera and species are marine, it
would seem that fresh-water copepods make up in the number of
individuals what they lack in variety.

As we are dealing primarily with the fresh-water species, no
lengthy description of the group is here necessary.

The earlier history of our knowledge of the animals of this order
is given by Baird. According to this authority, the first to mention
any fresh-water species of this group was Stephan Blankaart* in his-
Schou-burg der Rupsen, Wormen, Ma’den, en vliegende Diekens tot
Amsterdam. Leeuwenhoek adds numerous interesting details and
is accredited by Hoek with being to first to discover the relation
between the remarkably diverse stages which occur in the history
of the cyclops. However, itis evident that he had a very incomplete
knowledge of the. metamophoses.

De Geer gives rather characteristic figures of acyclops in Memoi-
res pour servir a Histoire des Insectes, vol. vii, 1778.

Mueller, in his great work on Entomostraca, adds new facts,
defines species and forms the genus Cyclops.

fiamdohr in 1805 gave sundry additions to the knowledge of
these animals in his Beitraege zur Naturgeschichte einiger Deutschen
Monoculus-arten. In this work the post-embryonic history is quite
fully outlined.

Jurine, in his classic work Histoire des Monocles qui se trouvent
aux Envirous de Geneve, 1820, crystallized what previous authors
as well as his own original experiments had brought to light of the
anatomy and biology of these animals.

Ferussac (Memoire sur deux novelles espices d’Entomostraces)
redescribes known species.

Gunner, Stroem, and Viviana, seem to have had little effect on
the knowledge of the group, though they wrote prior to Juriue.

A recent author attempts to revive the names of Jurine, though
hitherto it has been thought hazardous to attempt a specific identifi-
cation.

The German author, C. L. Koch, who only incidentally studied
this group, distinguished more or less perfectly, a variety of species
which have been reinstated in our literature by Rehberg. Although

1 Latinized Stephanus Blanchardus. Hoek recognized Cyclops brevicaudatus or C.
bicuspidatus as the one described, chiefly through knowledge of the present inhabitants of
the locality.

126 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

this proceeding seems quite unjust to the careful authors whose
descriptions are recognizable.in themselves, the law of priority must
probably prevail. Koch’s Deutschlands Krustaceen appeared in 1838.

Baird’s British Entomostraca, without greatly extending our
knowledge of this order, put in readable form and made available to
English readers what was known, and added interesting facts. He
distinguished two families of Copepoda, (1.) Cyclopide, (2.) Diap-
tomide. The first included the genera (1.) Cyclops, (2.) Canthocamp-
tus, (3.) Arpacticns, (4.) Alteutha; and the second the general (1.)
Diaptomus, (2.) Temora, (8.) Anomlocera.

Fischer, who contributed not a little to our knowledge of the
distribution of fresh-water Cladocera, was the next to describe valid
species. He described the species found near Moscow and St. Peters-
burg, Russia.

Ouchakoff is likewise a Russian author, but his wii are quite
unlnown to me.

The justly famous Swedish naturalist, W. Lilljeborg, who has
left his mark on so many branches of natural science, has not
neglected the microscopic crustacea of his fatherland. Om de inom
Skaane foerekommande Crustaceer af ordningarne Cladocera, Ostra-
coda och Copepoda is the somewhat formidable title of his work,
published in 1855. He recognized the following genera of Cope-
poda: Diaptomus, Temora, Dias, Ichtyophorba, Tisbe, Tachidius,
Harpacticus, Canthocamptus, and Cyclops. A species each of Diap-
tomus and Canthocamptus is described, and two species of Cyclops.
(It would seem from authors’ quotations that other species are de-
scribed in an appendix, but the copy I have seen lacks this.) The
author who has done most for micro-carcinology in general is Carl
Claus, of Vienna. His principal works are:

1. “Das Genus Cyclops,” etc. In Wiegmann’s Archiv fuer Natur- —

geschichte. 1857.

2. “ Weitere Mittheilungen ueber die einheimischen Cyclopiden.”

The same, 1857.

3, Die Freilebenden Copepoden, 1863.

The later work especially is indispensable to the student of Co-
pepoda, though in reality it is more important in respect to marine
Copepoda.

In the meantime a work appeared in Norwegian, with Latin de-
scriptions, from the pen of G. O, Sars. This has been largely over-
looked. It is, unfortunately, unaccompanied by plates, but the de-
scriptions bear the stamp of the naturalist.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 127

A little later a second brief contribution from this author was
published, but I have not seen it.

Sir John Lubbock in 1863 describes species of fresh-water cope-
pods, but the publication seems no longer necessary.

Heller, in Tyrol, Fic, in Bohemia, and Uljanin, in Asia, have
studied the copepod fauna.

A Russian paper by Poggenpol and Uljanin is quoted as “A
Catalogue of the Copepoda, Cladocera and Ostracoda of the vicinity
of Moscow,” by Rehberg, and as from the Protokolle der kais.-na-
turw. anthropol. und ethnogr. Ges. in Moskau, but by Cragin who
publishes a translation apparently of the same paper, in part, as
from the “ Bulletin of the Friends of Natural History.”

Hoek, in the Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeni-
ging (Magazine of the Zoological Society of the Netherlands) 1875,
and later in German in the Niederlaendisches Archiv fuer Zoologie,
gaye excellent figures and descriptions of some species which Claus
had too hastily treated.

In 1878 A. Gruber gave descriptions of ‘‘ Two fresh-water Cala-
nide.”’

In the same year the first volume of Brady’s fine “British Cope-
oda” appeared. A purely technical work and briefly written, it is
yet very comprehensive and in the main reliable. This is a worthy
successor of the Ray Society’s earliest publication on entomostraca
—Baird’s great work.

In the sixth vol. of the Abhandlungen d. naturwissenschaftlichen
Vereine zu Bremen, Herman Rehberg gives a systematic review of
synonomy, and in the revision unites several species in a manner
that the present writer had independently been driven to do. Itis
probably impossible either to substantiate or positively deny some
of this writer’s identifications of the species of the older authors.

This paper also contains an observation of a hermaphroditic cy-
clops, which it is interesting to compare with similar anomalies,
described by Kurz in Cladocera.

In the vii Band of the same periodical, Rehberg adds to and
modifies some of the views expressed above. In the same number
is a description of a new species of Temora by Poppe. (The same
species occurs in the semi-saline waters of the Gulf of Mexico, and
had well-nigh gone into print under a new name when this was
seen.)

In the above review we have noticed only the more important
foreign works on the Copepoda and those including fresh-water
forms. Dana's magnificent Crustacea of the Wilkes’ Exploring

C3

128 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Expedition is not included because it is essentially restricted to the
marine species, the few descriptions of fresh-water species, being
quite valueless. Among important contributors to the exclusively
marine Copepoda, are Boek (Oversigt over Norges Copepoder and Nye
Slegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder), Brady and Robertson,
Lubbock and Claus.

The history of the American literature can be quickly traced.

Say described imperfectly an American species of Cyclops in 1818.
Haldeman describes in vol. viii, of the Proc. of Phila. Academy of
Science, p. 331, Cyclops setosa (which may be C. serrulatus). Pick-
ering very imperfectly described a new genus of copepods from lake
Ontario in Dekay'’s Zoology of New York. This genus is, most
likely, Epischura of Forbes and, in strictness, ought to rank it. In
1877 appeared “A List of Illinois Crustacea,” by Prof. Forbes, in
which two species of Copepoda were described which may rank as
the first descriptions at all adequately framed of American members
of the order. In the annual report of the Minnesota state geologist
for 1878, a brief article by C. L. Herrick outlined, in the light only
of the then English literature, the micro-erustacea of Minnesota.
No attempt was made to treat the Copepoda, but two species of
Diaptomus are indicated which will prove valid. Occasional papers
in the American Naturalist and elsewhere follow till, in July and
August of 1882, Prof. Forbes added two new genera and several
species of Copepods, constituting by far the most considerable addi-
tion to the subject yet- produced.

In the report of the state geologist of Minn. for 1881, C. L. Herrick
makes a considerable addition tu the knowledge of American Cyclo-
pide, enumerating ten species, of which six seemed new. This
writer also describes a new genus and several new species of Cala-
nidze, some of which unfortunately are identical with those described
by Forbes and published about simultaneously.

Several articles in the Naturalist bring the bibliogiagliaet up to
May, 1883, when fF’. W. Cragin published in the Trans. Kansas
Academy of Science, “A Contribution to the History of the Fresh-
water Copepoda.” In this paper ten species of Cyclops are described
or mentioned. The author ignored previous American literature
and thus adds somewhat tosynonomy. The plates are lithographic,
and are carefully, if not artistically, prepared. A valuable feature
is the translation of the descriptions of Poggenpol’s species from
the Russian.

These papers, together with the outline presented beyond, it is
hoped, will form a basis for future work.

@

STATE GEOLOGIST. 129

Since writing the above, it is brought to my notice that in April,
1881, V. T. Chambers gave some account of a species of the Han-
pacticidee referred by kim to Tachidius, This species is particularly
interesting on account of ity novel habitat. Tachidius (?) fonticola,
Cham., is found in the saline waters of Big Bone Springs, Ky., and
thus is very distant from any marine congeners. It is perhaps
doubtful if the generic reference can be sustained, but the species is
worthy of further study. The Diaptomus described by the same
author is hardly recognizable.

FAMILY CALANIDAL.

This group is pre-eminently marine and contains diverse and
graceful forms mostly with very elongated bodies and antenne.
Of the six genera here enumerated as more or less habituated to
the use of fresh water, two are found as yet only in America
and one is confined to Hurope.

Heterocope, namely, is very near Epischura, both being restrict-
ed to fresh water. Diaptomus and Osphranticum are likewise only
accidentally found in the seas, though their nearest allies are marine.
The genus Limnocalanus is as yet found in America only in the
Great Lakes.

In the distribution of genera we here follow Brady, whose defini-
tion of the family Calanide, including Calanide and Pontellide of
authors, we quote: ‘‘ Body elongated; composed of from ten to
twelve [obvious] segments. Abdomen nearly cylindrical, much
narrower than the cephalothorax and prolonged at the posterior
extremity into two more or less cylindrical caudal branches
[stylets]. First segment of thorax often anchylosed with the heal;
fourth and fifth segments also often coalescent. Head only rarely
divided into two segments. Anterior antenne very long and com-
posed of twenty-four or twenty-five joints; that of the right side in
the male often modified for grasping [geniculate]. Posterior
antenne large, composed of a basal joint, from which spring usually
two branches, the primary branch consisting of two, the secondary
of several joints. Mandibles strongly toothed at the apex, palp
(usually) two-branched. Maxille strong, and provided with a
many-lobed paip. Foot-jaws strongly developed: first pair very
broad; the basal joints having on the inner margin wart-like pro-
cesses, from which spring long ciliated bristles; the distal extremity
divided into three short joints which are thickly beset with strong

5

130 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

and long, ciliated setz; second pair longer and more slender, basal
portion forming two long oval joints; apical portion usually 4-6-
jointed. First four pairs of feet 2-branched, the outer branches
always three-jointed. Fifth pair either like the foregoing, ory much
modified, unlike on the two sides, and in the male forming clasp-
ing organs. A heart is present. Eyes either median and stalked
or paired (lateral) and sessile; in the latter case being often coales-
cent and composed of several lenses. Sexual organs in the female
symmetrical, in the male asymmetrical. Ovisac single, borne in
front of [below] the abdomen.

1.—GeNus HeETEROCOPE, Sars.

Cephalothorax 7-jointed; abdomen of female three-jointed; caudal
stylets short, with three large setze and other small spines. Anten-
ne long, slender, 25-jointed; right male antenna geniculate, the
six joints preceding the nineteenth swollen slightly, the previous
ones coalescent; external ramus of the antennules 7-jointed; labrum
tri-lobate; feet of the four anterior pairs with the inner rami one-
jointed; fifth feet of female with a single ramus, three-jointed, with
a terminal spine. The right foot of the male is gheliform,
four-jointed, second joint extending into a long cylindrical process,
the terminal joint with two apical claws.

The writer is familiar with but three species—H. appendiculata,
Sars, H. saliens, Lilljeborg, (= H. robusta, Sars,) and H. alpina,
Sars. None of these have as yet been positively identified in
America* and their place seems supplied by the following genus.

1.—Gernus EpiscHura, Forbes.

(= Scopiphora, Pickering ?)

Undoubtedly the most remarkable of fresh water copepods are
the two American species of this genus. It is not yet certain that
the second species may not be a young stage of the first but it seems
quite improbable.

Related with Heterocope, Sars. The antenne are 25-jointed,
the right of the male being geniculate. The thorax is 6-jointed,
the last two segments being partially coalesced. The abdomen is
five-jointed in the male and four-jointed in the female, one branch- —
ed, in the male modified for prehension. Abdomen of male with a

*Heterocope is said by Patten (Cragen) to be common at Watertown, Conn.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 131

prehensile appendage on the left side, often more or less distorted.
Inner rami of swimming feet one-jointed. Caudal stylets with
three long sete. The first mention of an animal of this genus
seems to be Pickering’s description of Scopiphora vagans from deep
water in lake Ontario. It seems almost certain that the species so
imperfectly described in Dekay’s Crustacea of New York, is none
other than a species of Epischura, but [ hesitate to substitute for
a name accompanied by good descriptions and figures, and one
which has already been incorporated, to some extent, into our
literature, one which is founded on a description so imperfect and
general that one incidental character alone enables one to guess its
application. The following is Pickering’s description:

“Body small, eye single, near the anterior margin of the shield.
Antenne large, and as ong as in the preceding genus [Cyclops],
and has the same motions in the water. Abdomen terminating
in two styles, each with three sete; last or three last joints. Ova-
ries none; legs spiny.”

What is meant by the “brush” fails to appear, unless the speci-
mens were ornamented with some parasitic plants or animals.
The three setz of the caudal stylets and long antenne will place
this form in no American genus save Epischura. But even this
statement of Pickering may be held doubtful.

Sp.1. Epischura lacustris, Forbes.

(Plate Q. Fig. 15.)

“The scond segment of the abdomen of the male is twice as long
as the first, and produced to the right as a large, elongate, trian-
gular process, somewhat hooked backwards at the tip, The third
segment is similarly produced, but rounded and expanded at the
tip, which is roughened before and behind.

From the right side of the fourth segment arises a stout process
bearing at its apex a hatchet-shaped plate with seven broad obtuse
serratures on its anterior margin. This process is roughened be-
hind, where it is opposed to the concave side of the left ramus of
the furca. From the same side of the fifth segment, a short flat-
tened plate, of a spatulate or paddle-like form, extends forward
above or beyond the toothed process just mentioned.

The antenne are 25-jointed, and reach to the second segment of
the abdomen, There are especially prominent sensory hairs on the

132 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

first and third joints, borne at the tips of long spines. The anten-
nules are short, the ramus apparently but three-jointed, the short,
median joints common in this appendage being only obscurely in-
dicated. The mandible has but seven teeth, the first simple and
acute, separated from the second by an interval about equal to the
second and third, the second to the sixth bifid, the seventh entire
and acute. The usual plumose bristle is replaced by a sharp,
simple spine.

The outer ramus of the fourth pair of legs has two teeth at the
outer tip of each of the two basal joints. The terminal joint of
this ramus is armed as follows: a short simple spine at middle of
outer margin and another at the distal outer angle; a single and
long terminal seta, strongly and sharply toothed externally and
plumose within, and four long plumose setz attached to the inner
margin.

The left leg of the fifth pair in the male, viewed from behind, has
the basal joint very large, broader than long, with the inner inferior
angle produced downwards as a long, stout, curved process or arm
as long as the two remaining joints. The second joint is trapezoid-
al, shortest within. The third joint is about half as wide at base
as the first, is straight without, with a sharp, small tooth at its
distal third, and bifid at tip. On the inner margin this joint is at
first dilated a little, and then deeply excavated to the narrow tip,
to receive the lower end of the left leg, the lower two-thirds of this
margin forming the segment of a circle. -

The right leg is two-jointed, the first joint twice as broad, enlarg-
ed at the lower end, forming an auriculate expansion at its inner
inferior angle. The second joint is conical in outline and about
two-thirds as long as the first.

The terminal bristles of the rami are very broad and strong in the
female, the outer one especially having an extraordinary size and
thickness. There is also at the outer angle of each ramus a short,
stout spine, that on the left ramus being inflated like the outer
bristle. Length .065 in.

The legs of the fifth pair in the female are , these Seieied and
similar, the basal joint short and broad, the second two and one-
half times as long as wide. The leg terminates by four diverging
teeth, preceded by two others, one on each side.

Taken in the towing net abundantly in October, 1881, at Grand
Traverse bay; also obtained rarely by Mr. B. W. Thomas, from the
city water of Chicago.”

Occurring in Minnesota, probably in lake Superior.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 133

Sp. 2. Epischura fluviatilis, Herrick.

(PlateQ. Figs. 14 and 16.)

Similar to the above but smaller (.04 in.) The females are very
similar, though the fifth feet are more elongate and differently
spined. The abdomen is perfectly straight and the three caudal
setze are of nearly equal size, The claw is armed with eight teeth,
all but the first.of which are emarginate. The abdomen of the
male is straight, but has a strong process on the left side which
bears a movable claw Jaterally and a smal] second segment which
terminates in two small spines. The fifth foot of the male is
peculiar; the inner ramus (or the left foot) lamelliform, one-jointed,
with two opposable claws; the right branch is simple and 3-jointed,
in form like that of the female. Here we have the most marked
difference between the two species. Found in Mulberry creek,
Cullman county, Alabama. Although a considerable number were
examined no oviferous females were found, while the males contain-
ed the spermatophores and can hardly be thought immature, and,
as it is in the male that the most marked differences appear, the
two species seem certainly distinct.

11.—GeEnus Temora, Baird.

(Plate H. Figs. 8—16.)

This genus contains several marine forms and two which are
found also in streams opening into the sea. The species seem to
be as follows: T. velox, Lilljeborg, T. longicornis, Mueller, (—T.
finmarchia, Baird, = Diaptomus longicaudatus, Lubbock), T.
armata, Claus, T. inermis, Boeck, and T. affinis, Poppe. T.
celausii, Hoeck, is said by Puppe to be certainly identical with T.
velox. Hoevck’s figures are incomparably better than any of the
preceding, but he seems to have been misled by errors in Lilljeborg.
The species described by me before the Academy of Sciences of
Minnesota (but still unpublished) as T. gracilis, from the brackish
waters bordering the gulf of Mexico, agrees very closely with T.
affinis, Poppe. (Abhandlungen v. naturw, Vereine z. Bremen,
1880, p. 55.) This name must therefore take precedence. This
species has been found in the Rhine and rivers flowing into the
gulf of Mexico, as well as in the marine or brackish waters into
which these rivers flow. The occurrence of the genusin American
fresh waters, justifies its mention here.

134 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

1v.—GeENus OSPHRANTICUM, Forbes.

(=Potamoichetor, Herrick.)

First reported as Potamoichetor before the Minnesota Academy
of Sciences in 1879, but owing to a disastrous fire, publication was
prevented. Priority probably belongs to Forbes’ name, since,
although first printed in the tenth annual of this survey, the edition
was not distributed till after the August issu@ of the American
Naturalist of 1882, containing the description above alluded to.
Forbes says this genus has antenne 23-jointed; all the specimens we
have gathered from Minnesota to Alabama had 24-jointed anten-
ne. The original description of “Potamoichetor” is appended.

“Cephalothorax six-jointed, distal segments evident; abdomen,
in the male, five-jointed, in the female four-joited; antenne
twenty-four-jointed, the right geniculated as in Centropages
(= Ichthyophorbia); first pair of feet with the rami both three-
jointed, like the following; feet of the fifth pair, in the female, like
the preceding, but with a spine of the joint preceding the terminal
one enlarged and divaricated somewhat as in Centropages; in the
male, the right with a two-jointed outer ramus, the terminal joint
of which is spined and bears near its base a blunt expansion of its
inner margin; outer ramus of left foot three-jointed, armed with
unequal spines; inner branches smaller, similar, three-jointed; the
terminal joint bearing curved spines; ovary and testes as in Diap-
tomus, with which the mouth parts agree in the main; eyes me-
dian, confluent.”

Our own experience is that the single species of this genus
prefers estuaries of running water. Forbes, however, has taken it
from swamps and wayside pools.

Sp.1. Osphranticum labronectum, Forbes.

(Plate Q2. Figs. 1—8 and 18—14.)

Potamoichetor fucosus, HERRICK, Cyclopid of Minnesota, etc., p. 224.

‘Rather slender, and in size, as well as general appearance, re-
sembling the smaller forms of Diaptomus; antenne rather stout,
reaching but little beyond the feet, appendaged as in Diaptomus;
in the male strongly geniculated, but somewhat variously so; the
six joints preceding the terminal four are thickened; those preced-
ing the joint or hinge are arcuate on the distal margins; the secondary
antenne are about as in Diaptomus; mandibular palp two-branched,
the outer three-jointed, the inner two-jointed; the terminal joint of

STATE GEOLOGIST. 135

the shorter branch bearing seven sete, of the other four, the proxi-
mal joint of the former with three stout spines; the maxille nearly
like Diaptomus; the processes have respectively the following
numbers of setz: the basal plate eight, the small processes at base
of posterior branchial appendage one, the appendage itself twelve,
terminal portion three groups, first containing nine, the second
three, and the third four or five, the upper of the anterior processes
two, and the lower three; fifth feet nearly like the others in size;
the right in the male having the outer branch but two-jointed by
the coalescence of the two outer to form an arcuate and deformed
appendage, armed at the end with three stout equal spines; corres-
ponding branch of left foot three-jointed; the terminal joint bearing
three unequal spines, each of the preceding joints only one; inner
branches similar, three-jointed; terminal joint being short and armed
with three short lanceolate setz and three longer ones, two of which
are curved so as to be slightly prehensile; fifth foot of female with
both rami three-jointed; inner ramus much smaller; antepenult
segment of the outer ramus extending into a large lanceolate pro-
cess; ova-sac long-ellipsoidal or spherical, reaching nearly to the end
of the caudal setz.”

v.—GENUS Draptomus, Westwood.

The most widely distributed and well-known of fresh water Cala-
nide, inhabiting in various species the smallest as well as the largest
bodies of standing or sluggishly-flowing fresh water. Apparently
a recently formed group whose nearest known ally is the curious
Pseudo-diaptomus, found in the gulf of Mexico. The animals of
this genus are apparently very susceptible to the influences of the
environment, and are consequently extremely variable not only in
color but in minor structural points. In America there is a curious
fact, which is susceptible of different explanations, one of which
was given in the American Naturalist at various times during the
year past. The species or varieties fall in pairs, one of which is
smaller and less highly differentiated, while the other is greatly en-
larged and has the peculiarities emphasized. These sets occur in
open and shallow water respectively. The large varieties are, as
the rule, restricted te such shallow weedy pools as dry up during
summer and freeze solid in winter. The forms intermingle slightly,
but there are seasonal differences of greater or less extent.

The body is composed of an elongated thorax, with which the
head is united, forming a six-jointed cephalothorax. Theabdomen

136 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

is five-jointed, though in the female these joints are so united as to
cause the abdomen to appear three-jointed. The antenne are
twenty-five-jointed, and the right male limb is modified by a coal-
escing of some of the terminal joints, a thickening of others and
the development of certain spines, hooks, and knife-like ridges to
form a prehensile organ. The first pair of feet has two-jointed
inner rami. The remainder have both rami three-jointed, save the
last. This fifth foot is differently formed in the sexes, the inner
branch of the fifth foot being one or two-jointed. Terminal joint of
the outer ramus of this limb in the female very small or apparently
absent, second joint produced to form a stout curved claw. The left
foot is reduced in the male, serving, in some species, to affix the sper-
matophore to the body of the female, while the abdomen is held by
the right foot. The last segment of the thorax has one or two sharp
spines below. The spermatophore, or sperm case, is a long tube
with coagulating expansive lining, which forces out its contents on
exposure to the water. The colors are frequently brilliant.

Three or four species of this genus are known in Europe, the
first being Diaptomus castor which seems universally distributed.
It can hardly be doubted that the six forms mentioned below belong
among the varieties of this species; yet these forms can be disting-
uished very well, and are deserving of distinct names. Two other
forms are nearest D. gracilis of Sars, but sufficiently distinct. These
stand related as do the pairs of the other section, and can not be
readily distinguished.

The following is the most convenient arrangement of the genus
I have been able to devise.

Kry To THE GENUS DIAPTOMUS.

I. Form robust; right antenna of the male with a hook, much -

swollen anterior to the geniculating joint.

A. Head not greatly dilated.
* Last segment of thorax prolonged into a sharp-spined angle or tooth.
+ With but one tooth (?).
1. D. castor, Jurine.
+t With two teeth.
} Length under 5 mm,
§ Inner rami of fifth feet in the female 1-jointed.
2. D. sanguineus, Forbes.
4. D. armatus, Herrick.
§§ Inner rami 2-jointed.
3. D. minnetonka, Herrick.
tt Length over 3 mm.

STATE GEOLOGIST. . lat

5. D. stagnalis, Forbes.
** Last segment of the thorax more or less united with the previous one, bearing very

small spines.
6. D. longicornis, Herrick.

(a) Length under 2 mm.
var. leptopus, Forbes.

(b) Length over 2 mm.
var. similis, Herrick.

B. Head enlarged.

7. D. laticeps, Sars.

II. Form slender, elongate; head divided into two portions; antenne
long, slightly altered in the male.

A. Antenna of male with a hook.
8. D. gracilis, Sars.
B. Antenna of male without a hook.
9. D. pallidus, Herrick.
(a) Antennze much longer than the body, inner rami of fifth pair of feet in the male
1-jointed. ;
var. pallidus, Herrick.
(b) Antennz little longer than the body, inner ramus of fifth feet bi-articulate.
var. sicilis, Forbes. !

Sp. 1. Diaptomus eastor, Jurine. [Sars.]

“Corporis forma sat robusta. Cephalothorax in femina postice parum antice vero magis
attenuatus, angulis laminarum segmenti ultimi obtusis. Segmentum 1-mum abdominale
absque mucrone laterali. Rami caudales brevissimi segmento antecedente vix longiores
setis crassis et brevibus. Antennz 1-mi paris mediocris longitudinis reflexee segmentum
3-tium abdominale vix superantes, animali natante leviter arcuate adque latera vergentes ;
articulus ultimus [?] antennz dextrze maris in hamulum exiens acuminatum, Ramus an-
tennarum 2-di paris exterior interiore parum modo longior, articulo ultimo quam antece-
dentibus 5 junctis breviore. Articulus ultimus pedum 5-ti paris in femina perrudimentaris
tuberculum solum minimum aculeo uno parvo instructum formans; unguis intus curvatus
maximus validusque ; appendix interna indistincte bi-articulata longitudinem articuli 3-ti-
superans; unguis terminalis pedis dextri maris longissimus leviterque arcuatus. Saccus
oviferus parva et multa continet ova colore castaneo. Color animalis variat ex fulvo, cz#-
ruleo vel rubro. Longit. fem. interdum fere3mm. Habitat in aquis stagnantibus.”’

-The description quoted above from Sars does not agree with
Claus’ or Brady’s account of the same species. From what Brady
says of the English Diaptomi one would conclude that the same
variations occur there as here. D. westwoodii, which he unites
with D. castor, is certainly as different from that species as our D.
stagnalis is from D. sanguineus. An actual comparison of specimens

will be necessary to clearly define the relation of the American and
European species.

138 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Sp. 2. Diaptomus sanguineus, Forbes.
I 9

(Plate Q, Fig. 12.)

A species found with us in stagnating pools in early spring,
frequently following D. stagnalis and giving place to D. leptopus.
It prefers pools less foul than those affected by the latter, though
not rarely found with it temporarily. The species is quite variable,
and the variations are in directions suggestive of other species.
Measurements taken of specimens from a gathering from two
pools, one being more stagnant than the other, showed the follow-
ing results:—males from the less stagnant 1.7 mm.; males from the
other pool 2.0 mm.; a difference of 0.8 mm. (Males of D. stagnalis
from the latter gathering measured 3.4 mm., while the females of
that species vary between 3.8—3.9 mm.) Females measure about
1.8 mm. on an average, of which 1.3 mm. is the length of the thorax.
Such individuals have antenne 1.7 mm. long. The greatest width
is anterior.to the middle, being about 0.5 mm.

This species differs from D. stagnalis of which, in most respects,

is a miniature, by the long antennz, short abdomen and
peculiar armature of the fifth feet.

In the female the fifth foot is about 0.5 mm. long, and the outer
ramus has two small spines on the terminal joint, while the seg-
ment before the last hasa powerful toothed claw. The inner ramus
is not evidently two-jointed. The first abdominal segment is
spurred on either side. The last thoracic segment extends into a
strong angle which bears a heavy spine terminally, and a smaller
spine dorsally. On the dorsal median line is a protuberance or
“hump” on this segment. In the male the outer ramus of the right
foot of fifth pair is long, and terminates in a powerful curved,
toothed claw. The inner ramus is small and narrowed toward the
end; on the outside of the segment from which it springs is a blunt
spine, which is nearly as large as the ramus itself, and has been
mistaken for it. The left foot is very fleshy and its inner ramys
very rudimentary. The color is brilliant red or purple but variable.
Found in the southern states in autumn.

Sp. 3. Diaptomus minnetonka, (Sp. n.)
(Plate Q. Figs. 8—10.)

A small species, smaller than either D. longicornis or D. sangui-
neus, was gathered in a pool bordering lake Minnetonka, which ~
contained also D. longicornis. It unites the charazteristics of both

STATE GEOLOGIST. 139

species. The antenne reach beyond the stylets, the color is dark,
the margins of the last segment of the thorax is rather strongly
_ spined, very much as in D. sanguineus. The fifth feet of the female ©
resemble very much those of D. leptopus, but the first segment of
the abdomen has a strong spine. The fifth foot of male resembles
that of D. sanguineus more than that of leptopus, This species
was seen but once, and no measurements can be given save that of
the male which was 1.4 mm.

Sp. 4. Diaptomus armatus, Herrick,

Is founded upon an imperfectly known form in which the an-
tenn do not reach the end of the abdomen; the thickened part of
the male antenne short; the antenna armed as in D. sanguineus;
the terminal claw of the fifth foot of the male with a tooth near
the base; the claw being nearly as long as the ramus.

Sp. 5. Diaptomus stagnalis, Forbes.

(Plate Q. Figs. 11 and 13.)
D. giganteus, HERRICK.

The largest species of the genus and, not improbably, too close
to D. westwoodii, Lubbock. The general characters are like those
of D. sanguineus, but the form is much more robust and the anten-
nz only moderately exceed the thorax. The proportions may be
gathered from the measurements given, In the female the length
of thorax is 2.5 mm.; abdomen 1.2 mm.; antennz 2.3 mm.; stylets
0.1 mm. The caudal stylets are as broad as long, or nearly so. The
last thoracic segment extends into an irregular process 0.1 mm.
long, bearing a spine dorsally. The first abdominal segment is
spurred on either side. The fifth feet in the female have two-jointed
inner rami. The terminal segment of the outer ramus is more than
ordinarily distinct, while the claw is biserrate. The right foot of
the fifth pair in the male is very long, its claw being strongly tooth-
ed. On the inside of the second joint from the base is a disc-like ap-
pendage peculiar to this species. The left foot is short. The longer
ramus is three-jointed, but the terminal joint is a mere curved spine,
opposing a spine from the penultimate segment, which is covered
with minute spines or teeth. The basal joint of the ramus has a brist-
ly protuberance distally. The inner ramus is marked with oblique
ridges. The right antenna has a powerful hooked spine on the
antepenult segment, the two segments beyond which coalesce in -

140 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

maturity as in the other related species. For measurements see
above. Color deep opaque red or purple. Appearing in early spring
as soon as the ice is melted from the pools which it inhabits. In
the south it occurs in autumn. The name above given seems to
have the priority, although this species was figured and described
at about the same time in the annual of this survey.

Sp. 6. Diaptomus longicornis, Herrick

This name was applied somewhat loosely, the description given
being incomplete, but re-examination of types shows it to belong
unquestionably to the form since described as D. leptopus. in our
state we have found another variety, in general, almost identical
with the type specimens, but nearly twice as large. It is now
proposed to extend the significance of this name so as to include
both varieties, which will undoubtedly be found connected by
intermediate forms, thus retaining the name given by Forbes for
the variety to which it in particular applies.

(a) var, leptopus, Forbes.

This species is the commonest member of the genus in small
lakes and clear pools. It is tolerably constant in coloration, but
varies somewhat in size, The original description is insufficient to
identify the species definitely, but taken in connection with the
figure and the measurement, could hardly be refered to either of
the other American forms. This species is characterized by the
very compact thorax, the margin of the last segment of which has
two very minute spines; and by the form of the fifth feet. The
antenne reach nearly to the end of the caudal setw, while in the
next they fall short of the length of the stylets. The outer spines
of the swimming feet are denticulate on the outer margin and setose
within. The fifth feet of the female are compact, the inner ramus
is more or less obviously two-jointed; the third joint of the outer
ramus is almost obsolete and has two short spines; the claw of
xecond joint is strongly denticulate. The male fifth foot has a
rather Jong inner ramus which is very imperfectly two-jointed; the
left foot is rather long; the claw of the right foot is armed with
crenulate teeth. Length 1.5—1.7 mm., without sete. The body,
which is broadest anterior to the middle, is bluish; the tips of the
anteune are deep purple. The eggs are not as numerous as in the
next.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 141

(b) var. similis, (Var. n.)
(Plate Q. Figs. 5—7.)

This form is twice as large as D. leptopus, but otherwise scarcely
distinguishable. It occurs in autumn (and spring?) in shallow
pools, which can but be frozen solid. The following differences
are the only points yet noticed. Females of both of the species
were placed side by side upon a slide and examined. D. leptopus
measured 2.4 mm., exclusive of caudal setze; the antennz reached
hardly to the base of the stylets; the eggs measured 0.12 mm., while
those of D. longicornis measured 0.8 mm.; the egg-sac measured
0.8 mm., while that of longicornis was0.5 mm. A few other minute
differences were noticed, but the general form and color was iden-
tical. The peculiar doubling of the edge of the last segment is
characteristic of these two forms; each has a small spine on either
side of the abdomen. The base of the inner ramus of left foot of
fifth pair of the male has a double series of spines.

Sp. ¢. Diaptomus laticeps, Sars.

“Cephalothorax autice dilatatus, latidudine maxima in parte antica capitis sita,
postice sensim attenuatus, segmento ultimo femine ad latera parum extante angulis
lateralibus acuminatis. Segmentum 1-mum abdominale femine antice latum mucrone
brevi laterali armatum, postice sensim attenuatum. Rami caudales sat magni seg-
menta antecentia 2 juncta longitudine equantes setis brevissimis et robustis instructi.
Antenne 1-mi paris femine longitudinem corporis equantes, animali natante recte et
quam in D. gracili adhue magis postice vergentes ; articulus antepenuitimus antennse
dextre maris hamulo armatus. Ramus exterior antennarum 2-di paris interiore multo
longior articulo ultimo longitudinem articulorum anticedentium 5 equante. Pedum
5-ti paris feminz articulus ultimus parvus, cylindricus, non vero tam rudimentaris
quam in D. castore, aculeo uno brevi apicali instructus ; appendix interna ne tertiam
quidem lengitudinis articuli 3-ti partem zquans et uniarticulata ; pedis dextri maris
articulus 3-tius extrorsum aculeo forti armatus, ungue terminali valde flexuoso et sub-
sigmoides ; sinister aculeis duobus rectis terminatus. Saccus oviferus sat multa conti-
netova. Color pleurumque lete cruleus, interdum pallidier, albescens. Longit.
femine circit. 14% mm.”

Sp. 8. Diaptomus gracilis, Sars.

“Corpus quam in D. castore gracilius, cephalothorace et antice et postice attenuato,
latitudine maxima in medio sita. Anyuli laminarum segmenti ultimi thoracalis femi-
nz in mucrones tenues et acuminatos producti, et mucrone simili sat magno segmen-
tum 1-mum abdominale utrinque armatus est. Rami abdominales breves setis in fe-
mina valde divergentibus. Antennz 1-mi paris femine perlonge et tenues, longitudi-
nem totius animalis longe superantes, animali natanti rect et aliquantum postice ver-
gentes ; articulus antepenultimus antenne dextre maris hamulo longior, articulo ultimo
rami dimidium longitudinem zquante. Pedum 5-ti paris femine articulus ultimus di-
stinctus, quadratus aculeis duobus apicalibus quorum interior apicem fere unguis arti-
euli penultimi attingit instructus ; appendix interna articulo 3-tio brevior ; unguis ter-
minalis pedis dextri maris apicem versus valde curvatus. Saccus oviferus semper ova
continet paucissima et magna regulariterque distributa. Animal pleurumque pelluci-

142 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

dum colore albido, interdum vero facia transversa lata coloris fusci saturati in medio
cephalothorace ornatum. Longit. feminz parum supra 1 mm.”

The two forms following are sufficiently distinct fro: the above
and form a closer link with the marine Calanide. It is douotful if
any absolute line of demarkation exists between these varieties,
although they are here distinguished.

Sp. 9. Diaptomus pallidus, Herrick.
(Plate Q. Fig. 17.)

Length 1.20 mm.; length of antenne 1.35 mm. Colorless. Head
separated by a suture into two parts; form very slender. Antennz
with elongated sets, which are very plumose. The right male an-
tenna has no hook. The inner rami of the fifth feet are one-jointed
in both sexes. Left foot of the fifth pair of the male of peculiar
form (see plate Q, fig. 17, for an extreme instance). Entire Missis-
sippi valley.

var. Sicilis, Forbes.

(Plate Q. Fig. 18.)

Like the above, but larger. Length 145 mm. Length of an-
tenne 1.5mm. Inner ramus of male feet of fifth pair two-jointed,
those of the female one-jointed. The form of feet varies a little
from the above. This species has been but once encountered in
Minnesota, the previous species occurring abundantly in our larger
lakes.

D. kentuckyensis, Chambers, is referable to one of the above species, probably D.
longicornis.

For a full account of synonymy see Rehberg, Beitrag z. Kenn. d. freileb. Suesswasser
Copepoden, p. 552.

vi.—GeENus LIMNOCALANUS, Sars.

Cephalothorax 6-jointed, slender; abdomen in the female 3-
jointed, in the male 5-jointed. Antenne shorter than the body,
25-jointed. Caudal stylets long. Feet of the four anterior pairs
with both rami 3-jointed; external ramus of the fifth foot in the
female 3-jointed, second joint produced into a spine; inner rami
3-jointed in both sexes and like those of the previous pairs; external
rami 2-jointed in the male, the right and left dissimilar.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 143

Sp.1. Limnocalanus macrurus, Sars.

A species similar to L. macrurus has been found in lake Michigan,
and probably occurs also in this state in lake Superior. We can
do no better than quote Sars’ description.

“Corpus gracile et angustatum. Cephalothorax supra visus elongato ovatus, latitu-
dine maxima in medio sita antice et postice equaliter attenuatus. Caput annulum
unicum preebens, a latere visum parte antica altiore et convexa sinu distincto a poster-
iore disjuncta, margine antico oblique descendente. Segmentum ultimum thoracis par-
yum neque ad latera extansin femina et mare simile. Abdomen sub-cylindricum thor-
ace longius. Rami caudales valde elongati et angustati tertium longitudinis abdominis
partem superantes, supra et ad latera spinulis vel pilis brevibus obsiti, intus ciliati,
setis 5 majoribus uniarticulatis et ciliatis, quarum 2-da ab interiore numerata omnium
longissima cetereeque extus graduatim longitundine decrescentes, exteriore ceteris
minore absque apice sat remota ; seta adest preterea alia intus adfixa ut in generibus
antecedentibus tenuissima et simplex. Frons a latere visa obtuse acuminata appendic-
ibus tentaculiformibus duabus perbrevibus instructa. Autennc 1-mi paris reflexz seg-
mentum penultimum abdominis minime attingentes, articulo ultimo setis 5, quarum
posteriores 2 longissime, instructo, articulis antecedentibus 3 setz simili postice ver-
gente preeditis ; dextra maris articulatione inter articulum 18-mum et 19-mum geniculans.
Antennarum 2-di paris ramus exterior interiore et longior et latior, 7-articulatus, arti-
cule 2-do ompium maximo, sequentibus 4 minimis junctis articulo ultimo brevioribus
setisque longissimis instructis. Mandibulz ad extremitatem inferiorem in dentes ex-
euntes 9, quorum exteriores 2 ceteris majores, interiores 2 tenues et setiferes sunt ; pal-
pus longus et angustatus 3-articulatus, articulis ultimis 2 brevissimis, ramo exteriore,
vel appendice branchiale, parvo. Maxillz 1-mi paris eadem fere structura ac in Diap-

‘tomo. Maxille 2-di paris validissime 8-arliculate, articulis ultimis 5 in ungues exeun-
tibus longissimos et fortissimos margine altero sparsim pilosos, ad apicem faleatum
vero nudos vel aculeis persubtile et dense ovsitos ; 3-tii paris [Maxillipedes] valde elon-
gate et angustatz antice vergentes articulis 7 setis pleurumque longis preeditis compo-
sitze. Pedes omnes biramosi natatorii, ultimo pari in mare bi-articu!atus in pede dex-
tro et sinistro dissimilis, articulo ultimo in illo brevi et robusto ad apicem quasi trun-

' secato dentibusque 3 parvis et obtusis armato intus vero in aculeum magaum et validum
exeurrente. in hoe valde elongato extus et ad apicem aculeato intus vero nudo. Oculus
unicus propius marginem inferiorem capitis situs. Animal quamquam pellucidissimus
et fere omnino hyalinum, facile tamen accumulatione in thorace sat magna liquoris
oleosi lzete fulvo-rubide colorati se prodit, Longit. circit. 244mm.”

FAMILY CYCLOPID AL.

Contains five genera, viz: Thorellia, Cyclops, Oithona, Lopho-
phorus and Cyclopina; passing, by the genera Misophria and Pseu-
do-cyclops, into the Calanide or marine copepods. The affinities of
these little known genera need further study, as they are very in-
teresting, the question being still open in how far the cyclopoid
forms are altered by adaptation to saline habitat, if such an adapta-
tion takes place at all.

Cephalothorax ovate and usually much more robust than the
abdomen; anterior antennz seldom longer than the cephalothorax,
those of the male alike on hoth sides and modified for the purpose
of clasping; posterior antenne unbranched (i. e. palpus wanting);

a
144 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

palps of mandibles and maxillz usually well-developed; foot-jaws
mostly less developed than in Calanide; first four pairs of feet as
in Calanide, fifth pair rudimentary, alike in both sexes, and usually
one- or two-jointed; ovisacs two.

The circulatory system of this family is partly lacunal and has
been thought to be entirely so in the genus Cyclops. closer obser-
vation, however, shows that there is something like an imperfect
central organ at the point occupied by the heart of higher Cope-
pods. This was figured in my previous report, plate V, fig. 1, but
no mention was made of the discovery. It has since been verified,
The apparatus referred to is a modification of that described under
Canthocamptus. In the second thoracic segment there is a set of
swaying membranes which constitute a valvular apparatus, chiefly
moved by the action of the stomach.

Genus CyYcLops.

The sole representative of the genera of the Cyclopide here treated
is the best known of the Copepoda. Every one is familiar with the
“common cyclops,” but few realize how many are the species in-
cluded under this name. An attempt is here made to enable the
student to recognize the more obvious distinctions upon which the
genus is subdivided and to identify such of the species as seem valid
and at the same time recognizable without recondite study of devel-
opment. Without attempting a complete elucidation of the syn-
onymy, which is practically an impossibility, a proximate classifica
tion of all the species known to me is attempted. Thirty suffici-
ently well marked species are enumerated, and the position of a
number more is indicated.

Antenne 18-j ointed.

Sp.1. Cyclops elongatus, Claus.

This species, cited hitherto, apparently, by but one other author
than Claus, is distinguished from the C. pulchellus group by the
18-jointed antennz, which are hardly longer than the first thoracic
segment. The caudal stylets are longer than the two preceeding ab-
dominal segments, and bear rather short sete. C. elongatus has
been found by Cragin near Cambridge. That this species, found
thus far by but a single author in Europe, appearsin America, may
serve as a warning not to decide too hastily from its habitat that a
copepod is new.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 145

Antenne 17-jointed.
1.—FirtH Foot 1-JoINnTED.
Sp. 2. Cyclops ater, Herrick.

(Plate Q?. Figs. 9—i2.)

This is our most striking species and loves the clearer flowing
waters. The thorax is broadly oval and, usually, of a deep color.
Antenne as long as the cephalothorax (1.2 mm.), slender, and
tapering toward the end; formula! —=~——-~—-~~ ~~ 2 x ~—~—-;
last three joints rather short, the last joint furnished with an
unserrated knife-like ridge as in O. tenuicorni8; maxillipedes
rather large; fifth foot one-jointed, armed with three subequal
spines; abdomen rather short, last segment especially short;
stylets of moderate length; sets rather short, internal seta much
longer than the outer, lateral seta near the end of the stylet;
eggs pale. Color deep blue or gray. Length 2.1mm. The young
can be recognized without a glass by the band of deep color which
crosses the thorax in the middle.

Collected near Minneapolis, in ‘‘ Mud lake” and Bassett’s creek.

This species has been collected in different parts of the Mississippi
valley from Alabama to Minnesota, but is nowhere very abundant,
being but rather more so southwardly.

u.—FirtH Foor 2-soINTED.
A.—First joint of fifth foot very broad.

Sp. 3. Cyclops viridis, Jurine. (Rehberg.)

(var. a.)
C. vulgaris, KOCH, FISCHER, SARS.
C. brevicornis, CLAUS, LUBBOCK, HELLER, FRIC, HOEK.
C. viridis, CRAGIN.
(var. b.)
C. gigas, CLAUS, SARS, FRIC, BRADY.
C. ingens, HERRICK.

The American form is usually somewhat different from the C.
gigas, but the stage prior to maturity is like that figured by Brady.
Observations made over a considerable territory and for a period of
several years led me to the conclusion expressed by Rehberg (Ab-

1 The accent marks are used to signify that joints represented by them (counting
from base) are either long —, short ~ or medium ~,

10

146 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

hand]. naturwiss. Vereine zu Bremen. Bd. vii, 1. Heft. p. 62)
that C. gigas is but a greatly enlarged form of C. brevicornis. See
also American Naturalist, May, 1883, p. 499, where I have expressed
a similar opinion regarding the American form.

A part of the original description of C. ingens is here given.

Thorax large; abdomen rather slender; stylets slender, with the
lateral seta well towards the end; second and third sete alone long,
weakly pectinate; last joint but one of abdomen sometimes toothed
along the distal, under margin; jaws with large teeth; antenne very
short, not reaching to the base of the first cephalothoracic segment;
formula -<~ —x~—~v~~~~~~~x=™%; fifth foot two-jointed, the
proximal joint very broad with a strong spine; second joint cylindri-
cal with a long seta and a very short spine near the end; oper-
culum vulve somewhat heart-shaped; egg-sacs oval-elongated,
reaching beyond the end of abdomen; ne 4 mm., ince
stylets and sete.

Sp. 4. Cyclops leuckartii, Claus.

? C. crassus, FISCHER.

Is said to be elongated and slender; the antennez are nearly as
long as the first three segments. The fifth foot is like the smaller
forms of the above, but the second joint has only one spine. The
proportions of the caudal sete are very much as in the above.

Rehberg denies that Sars’ identification of this species so briefly
described by Claus is correct; his description is therefore copied.
Sars refers also with a query to C. obsoletus, Kuch.

“Cephalothorax ovatus antice sat attenuatus, fronte leviter truncata, segmento ulti-
mo parvo vixque ad latera exstante. Segmentum abdominale 1-mum sub-cylindricum
autice quam postice parum latius. Rami caudalis brevisculi longitudinem segmentorum
antecedentium duorum non attingentes setis apicalibus sat longis, externa furce
longitudinem zequante dimidiamque interni, intermediarum interiore altera aliquanto
longiore longitudinem abdominis fere zquante ; seta marginis exterioris ab apice sat
remota. Antennz 1-mi paris 17-articulatz, longze et apicem versus attenuate,
reflexee segmentum 4-tum corporis fere attingentes;, 2-di paris quam in speciebus
ceteris longiores. Maxillarum 2-di paris margo posticus subtillssime crenulatus. Pedes
5-ti paris bi-articulati, articulo ultimo bisetoso. Rami pedum natatoriorum omnes 3-ar-
ticulati ; articulus rami exterioris intus setis 3, extus aculeis 2 instructus. Lamina par-
tes basales pedum 4-ti paris conjugens utrinque in processum acuminatum exit. Rami
interioris articulus ultimus insolito modo in longitudinem extensus in pedibus 4-ti paris
aculeis apicalibns 2 subzequalibus armatus, Saccioviferi rotunda to-ovati ab abdomine
sat exstantes. Longit. parum supra 1mm.”

Sp. 5. Cyclops lacustris, Sars.

Cephalothorax sub-ovate, truncate in front. Abdomen nearly

STATE GEOLOGIST. 147

of equal width; caudal stylets longer than the last two seg-
ments of the abdomen terminal; sete of moderate size, inner
three times as long as outer, internal pair nearly equal. Antenne
as long as first two segments. The inner ramus of fourth foot has
the exterior thorn very small. The second joint of the fifth foot is
small and the external thorn very small. Length 1.5 mm.

Not seen in America.

B.—First joint of fifth foot of moderate size.

(a) Terminal segment of fifth foot with one long seta anda
short thorn.

These small species pass into the above group and constitute one
of the most difficult groups of the genus. The distinctions offered
~ are very small and specific variation considerable.

Sp. 6. Cyclops strenuus, Fischer.

2 C. pictus, KOCH.
C. brevicaudatus, CLAUS, LUBBOCK, HELLER, FRIC.
C. strenuus, SARS, BRADY.

Antenne reaching about to the end of the third segment; caudal
stylets slender, three times as long as the last segment; the outer of
the caudal sete shortest. The third seta is over once and one half
the length of the stylet.

Sp. 7. Cyclops lucidulus, Koch.

C. lucidulus saRs.
C. furcifer, CLAUS.
C. vernalis, FISCHER.

This species is given on the authority of Rehberg. Claus con-
sidered C. furcifer a large variety of the above species.

The antenne are as long as the first segment; the fifth foot is
peculiar in form, with the second joint armed with a spine and a
- hook; length 1.3 mm.

Neither this nor the previous species is known in. America.*

Sp. 8. Cyclops robustus, Sars.

Antenne shorter than first segment, thick. Body depressed,
first segment broad and rounded anteriorly, the others spreading;
caudal stylets nearly parallel, long; inner median seta much the

*C. palchellus, Brady is not C. pu'chellus, Koch, and may be the above species.

148 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

longer, external setze very short. Terminal joint of outer rant
with three spines externally and four sete internally. Length 1.3
mm. I know nothing of this species save the description of Sars,
a part of which is quoted above.

Sp. 9.. Cyclops pareus, Herrick.
(Plate R. Fig. 22.)

Cyclops parcus, HERRICK, Crustacea of Minnesota, p. 229; Plate VI., Figs. 12—15.

In form and general appearance greatly resembling Cyclops
thomasi, which it nearly equals in size. The chief differences are
found in the length of the caudal stylets and antenne and in the
form of the fifth foot. The antenne are shorter than, or about as
long as, the first thoracic segment. The formula expressing the
length of the joints corresponds with that for C. thomasi. The
antennules are shortish, The labrum is rather narrow, projecting
below into obtuse angles, the middle of the lower face being occu-
pied with nine rather small teeth. The terminal joint of the larger
branch of the maxilliped bears four hairs. The second joint has a
moderately large dactyl, the movable finger of which is small and
sparsely spiny, the immovable finger is ornamented by an oblique
series of blunt prominences and a small seta at its base. The first
pair of feet has two terminal and two interior setz and two exter-
nal spines on the ultimate joint of the outer ramus, while the cor-
responding joint of the inner ramus bears one inner seta and large
spine and three outer sete. The fourth foot has, in the first case,
two outer spines, a terminal spine and seta and three internal setz,
and, in the second, one external seta, two subequal terminal spines
and two internal sete. The fifth foot is two-jointed, bearing on
the short basal joint a moderate seta and on the larger second joint:
a considerable seta and a small oval spine on its side. The caudal
stylets are short and the lateral seta is near the end (about 1-5).
The outer seta is but three-fourths the length of the inner. The
inner of the median sete is considerably longer than the outer.
The shape of the operculum of the female is very characteristic, it
being nearly oval. The last two joints of the thorax are acute.
The entire length is about 1.5 mm.

Sp. 10. Cyclops brevispinosus. (Sp. n.)

(Plate S. Figs. 7—11.)

The form for which this name is proposed takes the place of the

SE ——— =

STATE GEOLOGIST. 149

above in the larger lakes. It appears to be but a modified condi-
tion of the above species, from which it differs in its slender form
and especially in the very slender caudal stylets. The outer caudal
seta is reduced to a short ciliate thorn. The fourth foot is also
modified by the great enlargement of the spines and the reduction
of the setee. The number of the setz is the same, but they are
differently disposed. The form of the operculum vulve is also
shghtly different.

(?) Sp. 11. Cyclops uniangulatus, Cragin.

Cyclops uniangulatus, CRAGIN. A Contribution to the History of Fresh-water Cope-
poda, p. 6.

Cragin was not conversant with the description of C. parcus, with
which his description agrees save in one point. It differs from C.
parcus in having three inner sete on the terminal joint of the outer
ramus of the first foot. It would be officious to suggest a possible
oversight here, but C. parcus has only two in type specimens
(though in all this group the corresponding ramus of the second
foot has three sete), so that at present the two must be kept dis-
tinct.

Sp. 12. Cyclops scutifer, Sars.

Not having identified this and the following species it will be
best to quote the descriptions.

C. strenuo affinis. Cephalothorax sat elongatus, segmentis ultimis duobus in femina
ad latere valde prominentibus inque processos exeuntibus laminares et hyalinos utrin-
‘que inter se contiguos, quare thoracis pars posterior tamquam ¢clypeo fornicato quad-
rangulari obtecta esse videtur. Segmentum 1-mum abdominale ad basin valde dilata-
tum latitudine quam ad marginem posteriorem duplo majore. Rami caudales segmen-
tes antecedentibus duobus junctis parum longiores, introrsum ciliati, setis apicalibus
brevissimis, intermediarum interiore ceteris multo longiore. Antenne 1-mi paris 17-
alticulate, reflexze segmentum 2-dum corporis superantes setis plurumque longis obsi-
te. Pedum structura eidem in C. strenuo similis. Articulus scilicet ultimus rami exter-
loris pedum natatoriorum setis 5 instructus in paribus anterioribus duobus 8, in sequen-
tibus duobus 2 modo aculeis marginis exterioriis armatus; aculeorum apicalium
rami interiores pedum 4-ti paris exterior brevis et rudimentaris. Pedum 5-ti paris arti-
culus ultimus sat magnus articulo basali parum minor extrorsum sparsim pilosus in-
trorsum aculeo armatus ciliato setaque longa terminali. Sacci oviferi parvi globosi
abdomen magna ex parte obtegentes. Longit. circit. 114mm.

Sp.13. Cyclops abyssorum, Sars.

C. strenuo et scutifero sat affinis. Cephalothorax ovatus antice obtuse truncatus, seg-
mentis parum ad latera extantibus. Rami caudales longi et tenues satisque divergen-
tes, longitudinem segmentorum antecedentium 3 superantes, setis apicalibus lengioribus
intermediarum interiore duplam longitudinem furez superante, exteriore quam illa
parum breviore. Antenne 1-mi paris 17-articulatz longe et fere rect distincte postici

150 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

vergentes, reflex segmentum 3-tium corporis fere attingentes. Pedum natatoriorum
structura fere eadem ac in speciebus antecedentibus ; aculeorum apicalium rami interi-
oris pedum 4-ti paris exterior dimidiam fere interioris attingens longitudine. Pedum
5-ti paris articulus basalis minimus ultimo multo brevior parumque latior. Sacci ovi-
feri mediocres rotundato-ovales abdominique appressi. Longit. circit. 2mm.

(b) Terminal segment of fifth foot with two rather long sete.

* External and internal caudal sete not extremely short. ©

Sp. 14. Cyclops oithonoides, Sars.

(Plate S. Figs. 2—6.)
? C. hyalinus, REHBERG.
? C. tenuissimus, HERRICK.

This most interesting species occurs under peculiar circumstances.
It is perhaps the rarest member of the genus and seems, beyond a
doubt, nocturnal in its habits. It was first found by Sars in saline
water and named, on account of its slender form, from the marine
Oithona. <A similar species which, though about half as large, is ©
hardly distinct, was found by Rehberg near Bremen. Rehberg men-
tions particularly that it was found oftener at night than during
the day. In America a similar species was described from near
Paducah, Ky., under the name C. tenuissimus; but the possibility of
identity with the Scandinavian species seemed excluded by the
habita’. A gathering taken at night from one of the lakes near
Minneapolis contained a few specimens of similar characters, and
there no longer seems to be a doubt of the identity or very close
relation between these forms.

The antennz are longer than described for C. tenuissimus, nearly
equalling the thorax. The last joint of the antenne is short, but
the toothed character was not noted. The fifth feet are small, the
spines are very long and slender, The margins of the abdominal
segments are irregularly toothed. The species will be confused
with no other. It is marked with blue in spots. Length 0. 5—1.
mm.

Sp. 15. Cyclops simplex, Poggenpol.
Cyclops Leeuwenhoekii, HOEK (fide Rehberg).

This species is of more compact form than the last, which it re-
sembles in the form of the caudal stylets and the fifth foot. The
antenne are nearly as long as the thorax, the last two joints being
elongate and having a knife-like ridge which has at the end teeth
like those figured in C. tenuissimus. Length 1.—2. mm.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 151

** The two median sete much longer than the external.

The species of this section are the most perplexing of the genus.
The best that I can now do is to indicate the relations of the nom-
inal species and express the conviction that most are of varietal
value simply.

Sp. 16. Cyclops pulchellus, Koch.

C. bicuspidatus, CLAUS.
+ Terminal joint of outer ramus of feet with two spines outwardly.
16a. C. thomasi, Forbes.
16b. C navus, Herrick.
+} With three spines.
16¢. C.bisclosus, Rehberg.
= C. bicuspidatus, Sars.
= (?) C. insectus, Forbes.
There are at least three well marked varieties in America, which
may probably rank as species and have been ranked as such by
Forbes. I give verbatim Forbes’ description.

(16a) Cyclops thomasi, Forbes.

(Plate U. Figs. 4, 5, 7 and 8.)

“Hlongate, slender, broadest in front and tapering backward,
antenne 17-jointed, reaching the middle of the third segment.

The first abdominal segment in the female is broad in front and
slightly emarginate on each side before the anterior angles, and the
last segment has a terminal circlet of small spines. The rami of
the fureca are more than half as long as the abdomen, and each bears
two short rows of transverse spinules outside, one at the anterior
the other at the posterior third. With the latter a spine occurs
about as long as the outer terminal seta. The inner seta at the tip
of the ramus is about half the length of the fturea, the outer still
shorter. The inner median seta is as long as the abdomen and
furca, and the outer about half as long.

In the outer ramus of the first pair of legs the terminal joint
has one spine and two sete at the tip, one spine on the outer mar-
gin and two sete within.

In the second, third and fourth pairs the last joint has one spine
and one seta at tip. two spines externally and two sete within.
The inner rami of the second and third pairs terminate in one spine
and one seta, that of the fourth pair in two spines, the inner of
which is only half as long as the other.

The legs of the fifth pair are two-jointed, with the basal joint

152 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

quadrate, broad, and bearing one long spine. The second joint is
narrow and longer, parallel and truncate, with one terminal spine
about equal to the preceding, and one about half that length.

From C., bicuspidatus, Claus, this species may be distinguished
by the armature of the outer ramus of the first pair of legs, and
from C. bisetosus, Rehberg, by the armature of the outer rami of
the other legs.

It shares with Diaptomus sicilis the responsibility of affording
to the young white-fish their earliest food.”

(16¢) Cyclops insectus, Forbes.

(Plate U. Fig. 9.)

“Closely allied to the preceding, but more robust in all its parts,
and with the second cephalothoracic segment widest. The abdo-.
minal segments are all bordered with spinules posteriorly. The
two median caudal setz are much more nearly equal than in tho-
masi, the outer and the inner are very short, but longer than in
that species. The inner in our specimens is longer than the outer
—the reverse being the case in bicuspidatus as described by Claus.

“The legs are armed nearly as in thomasi, but the last joint of
the outer ramus of the first pair has two spines externally besides
the one at the tip, and the terminal spines on the last segment of
the inner ramus of the fourth pair of legs are about equal.”

Both forms probably occur in Minnesota, though the second has
been seen but once, and the identification lacks confirmation. The
differences between the two are almost exactly those prevailing
between C. bicuspidatus (= pulchellus) and C. bisetosus, Reh., if
I correctly understand Sars. Claus’ description does not agree
with that of Sars. Further study of the European types will be
necessary before a satisfactory settlement can be reached.

(16 b) Cyclops navus, Herrick.

Cyclops navus, HERRICK, Copepoda of Minnesota, p. 279.

This name, proposed at nearly the same time as C. thomasi, ap-
plies to a very closely related form which I can but regard as a
variety of that species. It seems constant in its differential char-
racters in given localities, but we are now familiar enough with
the fact that changed conditions in the water occasion changes in
forms in the copepods.

This form inhabits shallow pools. It is larger than C. thomasi,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 153

has much shorter stylets and differently proportioned antenne, etc.

Length 1.5 mm. Thorax 0.9 mm.; abdomen 0.6 mm.; stylets
‘0.14 mm.; last two abdominal segments 0.16 mm.; antenne 0.7 mm.;
first segment of body 0.5 mm. The basai segment of the antenne
is long and ornamented with several transverse series of spines, the
last two segments are equal and longer than the preceding. The
armature of the first and fourth feet is identical with C. thomasi, as is
the form of the female openings and the fifth feet. The form of
the first feet, caudal stylets and other details were correctly figured
on plate V of the Cyclopide of Minnesota.

Specimens of Cyclops pulchellus (thomasi) were obtained from a
-eistern which is supplied solely by rain-water. The eggs must have
been introduced in ice which had been placed in the cistern at least
a year previously. ‘The cistern is entirely dark, so that these ani-
mals must have been deprived of light for many generations. The
general color was of course very white; the eye spots were pale, but
present with some pigment and the lenses. No noticeable altera-
tion in form had resulted.

(c) Terminal segment of fifth foot with three sete.

Sp.17. Cyclops tenuicornis, Claus.

(Plate R. Fig. 16.)

war.a. Knife-like ridge upon the antennz smooth.
C. albidus, JURINE,
CO. quadricornis, var. b, BAIRD.
tenuicornis, SARS ,LUBBOCK, HELLER, ERIC, ULJANIN, HOEK, BRADY, HERRICK.
clausii, POGGENPOL.
annulicor nis, SARS.
b. Knife-like ridge of antennz toothed.
obesicornis, TEMPLETON.
signatus, KOCH, SARS, ULJANIN, BRADY.
coronatus, CLAUS, LUBBOCK, HELLER, FRIC, HOEK
signatus, var. fasciacornis, CRAGIN.

e
aaaasasa

Cyclops tenuicornis, as thus comprehended, is widely distributed
and variable. European specimens in our collection have longer
stylets, but seem otherwise identical. The nearest relation is C.
ater, which is easily distinguished by the compact oval form of the
thorax and the one-jointed fifth foot. In the stage previous to
maturity the ‘‘signatus” form has no teeth upon the ridge of the
last segment of the antenna; it is then similar to the C. tenuicornis.
Cephalothorax broad; abdomen rather slender; antenne reaching
about to base of thorax, attenuated at the end; terminal joint with
a knife-like ridge; formula—~~~—x~—~-~~~~~~-—~—-; fifth
foot composed of a long basal joint bearing a long spine and a ter-

154 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

minal three-spined division; caudal stylets twice as long as last ab-
dominal segment; sete all nearly terminal, inner one long. Length
2.5 mm.

Common in America, England, continental Europe, etc. C. clau-
sii, Poggenpol, is known to me only from the citations of Rehberg
and the translation given by Cragin, hence I can not judge authori—
tatively of its validity. Certain points in the translation are obvi-
ously erroneous, as where the larger branch of the fifth foot is spoken,
of. No distinctions sufficiently clear to enable us to separate it.
from C, tenuicornis can be gathered. .

11.—FirtaH Foor 3-soINnTeED.

(See Cyclops modestus.)
Antenne 16-jointed.

There are a few forms which, although they might more properly
be ranked with the previous section, seem rarely or never to acquire:
more than sixteen joints.

Sp. 18. Cyclops languidus, Sars.

Thorax attenuated posteriorly, caudal stylets exceeding in length
the two preceding segments, internal seta short, half as long as the
outer, the inner of the median setze as long as theabdomen. Both
rami of the first foot and the inner of the second are two-jointed..
Second joint of the fifth feet sub-linear, armed with a seta anda
spine. The fact that some of the feet have two-jointed rami sug-
gests a young stage of some other forms.

This species has not been seen in America.

Sp. 19. Cyclops modestus, Heriick.

(Plate R. Figs. 1—5.)
American Naturalist, 1883, p. 500 (May).

This small species, 1.0 mm. long, was first recognized in Cullmaw
county, Alabama, but occurs also in our lakes. The color varies, but
very characteristic is the peculiar shining or glaucous surface of the
strongly arched thoracic shield and the evenly curved segments of
the abdomen. The antenne reach but little beyond the very long
first segment; they are usually 16-jointed, but [ have notes of a
similar form in which the antennez are 17-jointed, The feet are-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 155

all 3-jointed and are peculiar in their armature. The fifth foot is
obscurely 8-jointed, the second joint bearing a short spine and the
terminal joint two spines of varying length. The stylets are once
and a half as long as the last segment and are peculiarly excavated
for more than the lower third, from the point where the lateral
Spine is situated. The outer terminal seta is short, the others being
sub-equal and also short. The opening of the spermatheca is elong-
ated, oval. The antenna of the male is divisible into five regions,
the third being formed by the thickening and coalescing of four or
more segments.

Antenne 14-jointed.
Sp. 20. Cyclops insignis, Claus.

The two forms here belonging might be considered atavic varie-
ties of Cyclops pulchellus. Brady’s figures and description of his
C. insignis (= C. lubbockii) agree almost exactly with what Reh-
berg says of Cyclops helgolandicus (Abh. v. naturw. Vereine zu
Bremen, vii. 1. pp. 62—64). Rehberg regards that species as an
atavie sub-species or variety of C. pulchellus. With C. insignis, -
‘Claus, the case seems to be different. The occurrence ofthisspecies -
is not conditioned by marine influence. I found it abundant about
Leipzig, Saxony. The differences between it and the C. insignis of
Brady are, as the latter says, very slight. Figs. 11--14 of plate T
ure drawn from Leipzig specimens, from osmic acid preparations.
The first foot, outer ramus, has three external spines on the distal
segment, two sete at the end, and three within; the inner ramus
has cone internal seta, a spine and a seta terminally, and three ex-
ternal sete on the distal segment. The outer terminal segment of
the fourth foot is like the first; the inner one has only two external
sete. The external sete of the caudal stylets exceed half the length
of the stylet and are pectinate. The fifth foot has a short basal —
joint armed with a single seta, the second joint being slender and
armed with two unequal sete. The gathering above mentioned,
taken near Leipzig, Dec., 1881, contained scarcely a female among
scores of males in various stages of development. This is so con-
trary to what is expected that, notwithstanding the apparently
good characters on which the species is founded, an uncertainly
exists in the mind of the writer as to the permanent adult charac-
ters of this species.

156 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Antenne 12-jointed.
1.—Frirta Foor 2-soINTED.
A.—Terminal segment of fifth foot with a seta and a small spine.
Sp. 21. Cyclops capillatus, Sars.

‘‘Cephalothorax sub-ovate; anteriorly uniformly rounded; seg-
‘ments projecting somewnat laterally, the last being scarcely wider
than the first abdominal segment. Abdomen attenuated posteriorly;
caudal rami almost as long as the last three abdominal segments,
hardly divergent, the external and internal apical sete short and
nearly equal; the interior of the median sete as long as the abdo-
men; lateral seta about in the middle of the stylet. Antenne of
the first pair robust, slightly exceeding the first sezment of the
body when reflexed, with the twelve joints densely covered with long
and divergent hairs. The last joint of the outer rami of swimming
feet are elongated and armed externally with three spines, internally
with four sete; the intericr apical spine of the interior rami of the
fourth pair of feet longer than the exterior. Feet of the fifth pair
large, with a large and thick basal segment and a small oval second
joint bearing one long seta and a short spine. Ova-sacs small, nar-
row and divergent. Eye very small. Length nearly 2 mm.”

Very close to C. viridisin many points. Found only in Scan-
dinavia.

Sp. 22. Cyclops crassicaudis, Sars.

Cephalothorax elongate-ovate; sezments produced laterally, espe-
-cially the last, which extends into a somewhat procurved process.
Abdomen short and thick, first segment somewhat excavated; caudal
rami equalling the last two segments of the abdomen, External
apical seta longer than the internal, both short; median sete long.
Antenne of the first pair 12-jointed, scarcely longer than the first
segment. Swimming feet short and thick, spines and sete short;
the interior apical spine of the last joint of the inner ramus of the
fourth foot almost twice as long as the exterior spine. ‘Terminal
joint of the fifth foot small, armed with a spine and a seta; seta of
the basal segment short. Ova-sacs oval, somewhat divergent.
Length 0.75 mm.

Found only in Scandinavia.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 157

t.—F irra Foot 1-JorntTep.
Sp. 23. Cyclops varicans, Sars.

“Cephalothorax ovate, attenuated about equally in front and be-
hind, with the last segment wider than the abdominal segments,
produced laterally and bearing a long seta. Abdomen elongate;
caudal rami scarcely as long as last two segments; the internal
apical seta twice as long as the outer; median pair elongated, the-
internal one as long as the abdomen. Antenne 12-jointed, robust,
shorter than the first thoracicsegment. , , Bothramiofswimming
feet two-jointed. , , Feét of fifth pairrudimentary, with a single
linear segment bearing a long spine. Ova-sacs long, divergent.
Length 1 mm.”

Very possibly the young of some species not now identifiable.
Only mentioned by Sars. (Compare C. diaphanus below.)

Sp. 24. Cyclops serrulatus, Fischer.

(Plate O. Figs. 17—19.)
? Cyclops agilis, KOCH (fide Rehberg).
Cyclops serrulatus, LILLJEBORG, CLAUS, SARS, LUBBOCK, HELLER, FRIC, HOEK, BRADY..
Cyclops longicornis, VERNET.
Cyclops pectinifer, CRAGIN.

Although Rehberg positively asserts that Koch’s name applies to
the present species, none of the numerous authors who have men--
tioned this most widely distributed form have employed any other
than the familiar designation, and the practical advantage to be
derived from its use seems to outweigh a quibble of doubtful
synonymy.

Cephalothorax oval, compact; abdomen slender and short, sud-
denly enlarged previous to its union with the thorax; antenne
slender, reaching nearly, but not quite to the last thoracic segment;
the last three joints are attenuated and furnish the most evident
character of the species; formula —- ~~ —-~~ <—~—-—--; during
life the antennz tend to assume the form of a rude Z, the proximal
four joints forming the base; antennules small, reaching about to
the sixth joint of antennz; jaws small with large teeth; the single
segment of the fifth foot with three equal spines; egg-sacs oval, as
long as the abdomen; eggs few, dark; caudal stylets very long and
slender, spined along the outer margin; lateral sete small and ap-
proximated to the upper one; outer terminal seta short, spine-like,.
in life set nearly at right angles to the others, spined or beaded on

158 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

one margin and bristled on the other; the next seta is as long as
the abdomen, being somewhat exceeded by the following one; inner
seta as long as the outer, but feeble; upper seta nearly as long, ap-
proximated; length less than 1 mm.

A well marked variety of the above occurs in America, which
might rank as a species, were it not probable that it is simply a
post-imago form occurring only under favoring circumstances. This
variety has no connection with Brady’s var. montanus.

Cyclops serrulatus, var. elegans. (Var. n.)

Distinguished from the type by the grater size, and the elonga-
tion of antenne and caudal stylets. We will first of all give the
measurements which afford a criterion for judging of the form and
- proportions.

Total length 1.34 mm.; thorax 0.76 mm.; abdomen 0.40 mm.;
stylets 0.18 mm.; greatest width 0.42 mm.; inner median caudal
setu 0.60 mm.; outer median seta 0.56 mm.; inner seta 0.08 mm.
The first segment of the thorax is long proportionally (0.40 mm.)
The antenne are very long, reaching to the base of the third seg-
ment (.68 mm.). The egg-sacs are elongate-oval, being more slender
even than in typical C. serrulatus; in the animal measured they
were 0.50 mm. long, by 0.19 mm. wide. The caudal stylets are
slightly shorter than the last two segments of the abdomen. The
antennules are very short, and each joint has its series of fine teeth.
The free lower margins of the thorax are ornamented with series
of prominenc@s, while the last segment is extended into a blunt
angle bearing long teeth. The last segment of the abdomen is
spiny-margined and is ornamented with a double row of spines at
the anus. The armature of the stylets as well as that of the feet is
identical with that in typical C. serrulatus. The last two joints of
the antennz measure 0.1 mm. each, while the two previous measure
unitedly 0.12 mm. The color is not opaque as in the smaller form
usually. Brady’s var. montanus has shorter stylets than the type,
but seems nearest the small dark form found in peaty waters in
America. Cyclops pectinifer, Cragin, has no distinctive points, it
being typical C. serrulatus.

Sp. 25. Cyclops macrurus, Sars.

Cyclops macrurus, BRADY.
Closely allied with C. serrulatus. Cephalothorax ovate, rounded

5 | i eal

STATE GEOLOGIST. 159

anteriorly; last segment fringed at the angles with numerous fine
hairs. Antenne much shorter than in C, serrulatus, about as long
as the first thoracic segment, otherwise similar. Abdomen attenu-
ated, penultimate segment margined posteriorly with spine-like
‘sete, the other segments pectinated. Caudal stylets very long and
slender, about equal in length to the three segments preceding,
bearing a group of four to five spines on the outside near the end,
‘otherwise unarmed. Length 1.3 mm.

Here is the natural place for C. spinulosus, of Claus, but there is
‘strong reason to suspect the validity of the species so very imper-
feetly characterized.

Sp. 26. Cyclops fluviatilis, Herrick.

(Plate Q°. Figs. 1—9.)

‘Cyclops magnoctavus, CRAGIN.

This small species with twelve-jointed antenne and conspicuous
coloration is widely distributed through the Mississippi valley. The
original description is appended.

“Body elongated; thorax very long; abdomen slender; stylets
about as long or longer than last abdominal segment; sete all very
short, not [always| pectinate; lateral and dorsal sete very small;
outer one spine-like, short and stout; two median setz short; inner
‘one very small and inconspicuous; antenne reaching nearly to the
base of abdomen [or beyond]; formula -~~—=——--——~~— ; the
three joints following the six basal are much elongated, while the
terminal ones are but moderately so, a character which is peculiar
to this species; terminal segment slightly but evidently hinged and,
together with pair preceding, somewhat curved; feet with the ter-
minal spines strongly toothed; fifth foot very small, one-jointed,
bearing three small sete; operculum vulve heart-shaped; egg-sacs
sub-quadrangular; eggs large; abdomen in the young much
elongated. Color deep indigo. Length 0.7 mm.”

The first foot has upon the last joint of outer ramus three ex-
ternal spines, two apical setze and three internal sete; the outer
branch of fourth foot has three external spines, apically aspine and
seta and internally four sete.

Males of this species are slender, measuring about 0.75 mm.; the
abdomen being 0.28 mm., stylets 0.6 mm., first thoracic segment
().28 mm., and the longest caudal seta 0.24 mm. The antenne are

long and much modified so as to resemble superficially the antennz
of Diaptomus.

160 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Antenne 11-jointed.
Sp. 27. Cyclops diaphanus, Fischer.

(Plate R. Fig. 12.)

? Cyclops bicolor, SARS.

? Cyclops minutus, CLAUS, HELLER.

If not the young of other species, this is a widely distributed
form, being known from Russia, Norway, continental Kurope,
Madeira, and America. The synonyms above given are upon the
authority of Rehberg.

The followmg description applies to our American form found
always in connection with C. thomasi, C. parcus, or C. navus.

Very small, measuring 0.81 mm., setz not included. The thorax
is 0.56 mm., the abdomen .31 mm,, the stylets .06 mm., the longest
caudal seta 0.4 mm., outer median seta .36 mm., the first thoracic
segment 0.3 mm., and the egg-sacs sometimes 0.4 mm. The thorax
is oval, the first segment being quite large, as in larval cyclops.
The antenne rarely reach the end of the first sezment and are
either 11-jointed or obscurely 12-jointed; their formula is
—~—~er-—- =~. The first joint is very large.

The second antenne are of rather small size; the maxillipeds are
armed as in ©. navus. The feet have usually but 2-jointed rami,
but in large individuals some of the rami are obscurely 3-jointed.
The first foot has the terminal joint of the outer ramus armed with
three exterior spines, two terminal setz and three interior sets;
the inner branch has one internal spine, a terminal spine and seta
and three external sete. The fourth foot has the terminal joint of
the outer ramus with two external spines, a terminal spine and seta
and four internal sets; the inner ramus has one internal spine,
two unequal spines and three internal sete. There is also a series
of teeth at the place where the middle joint should appear. The
fifth foot consists of a broad, basal segment nearly fused with the
abdemen and bearing laterally a long spine; the terminal segment
is terete and small, having a single terminal spine. The caudal
stylets are but little longer than the last abdominal segment, which
bears teeth below; the sides are parallel, and the lateral seta is =
from base. The median setz are long and toward the end show
false jointing. The inner seta is longer than the outer which is,
however, heavier. HKggs eight to twenty, in narrow elongate sacs.
Not uncommon, everywhere.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 161

Sp. 28. Cyclops phaleratus, Koch.
(Plate R. Figs. 6—10.)

BE sccspotice, FISCHER, CLAUS, LUBBOCK, FRIC.

C. phaleratus, KOCH, SARS, ULJANIN, BRADY, REHBERG.
(var. b.)

C. affinis, SARS.

C. pygmeeus, REHBERG.

C. adolescens, HERRICK.(—C. perarmatus, CRAGIN.)

?C. lascivus, POGGENPOL.

That the two varieties here united are very closely allied must
be admitted; that they are merely age forms is possible. Claus in
figure 2 of his plate II (Freilebenden Copepoden) figures some
other species than the one described as C. canthocarpoides, as can
be gathered from the elongated stylets and the eight-jointed an-
tenne. Our Minnesota specimens combine the eleven-jointed an-
tennz of C. affinis with the short stylets and peculiar form of the
fifth feet of the first mentioned. Rarely one is found with ten-
jointed antennz and at the same time sexually mature. The char-
acteristic oblique lines of spines at the base of the stylets may be
absent. Rehberg’s figures of C. pygmzeus agree very well with our
species, but he has decided that it is not specifically distinct from
C. affinis.

It appears to me undesirable to institute a new species for the
American form, neither is it possible to sufficiently identify it with
any of the above.

I here append a brief description of Cyclops adolescens, Herrick
(=C. perarmatus, Cragin,) for comparison with the description of
C. affinis as transcribed below. Thorax oval, broad, acute anterior-
ly ; last segment large and separated by a constriction from the
anterior ones. The head is beaked below; first throacic segment
large and long (.36 mm.): last thoracic segment wide, united
closely with the first abdominal segment, armed with series of
teeth. Abdomen short, especially the last segment, which is
toothed behind; stylets very short. The antennze are much
shorter than the first segment, eleven-jointed. The maxillipeds
are very small. All the feet are armed with a row of very large
teeth or lanceolate spines down oneside; fifth foot one-jointed, with
three spines, the outer being smooth, the others spiny; egg-sacs
variable, narrow, appressed; eggs large, color usually dark. The
animal moves like Canthocamptus, and is able to progress out of
water better than other species. The following measurements will
give an idea of the proportions: Length 1.26 mm.; thorax, 0.76

11

162 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

mm.; abdomen, 0.44 mm.; stylets, .06 mm.; longest seta, 0.34 mm.;
antenne, 0.28 mm.; width of thorax, 0.44 mm.

Cyclops affinis, Sars.

“Antecedenti [C. phalerate] simillimus. Corpus autem minus robustum colore cos-
ruleo vel potius glauco sat saturato insigne. Segmentum ultimum thoracicum admar-
ginem posteriorem extrosum pilis vel spinulis subtilissimis peetenatim exornatum.
Rami caudales quam in ©. phalerato aliquanto longiores, setarum apicalium interna
quam externa multo breviore, intermediarum interiore altera fere triplo longiore long-
itudinemque abdominis superante, in medio aculeata dein vero subtile ciliata. An-
tenn 1-mi paris segmento 1-mo corporis multo breviores, tenues, articulis 11 compo-
site. Pedes 5-ti paris distincti, uniarticulati, setis 3, quarum interior ceteris multo
major et ciliata, instructi. Sacci oviferi parvi abdomini appressi. Longit. circit. %
mm.”

Cyclops ornatus, Poggenpol (—C. clausii, Heller, fide Reh berg,) is
almost certainly, in our judgment, a young or atavic condition.

C. helleri, Brady, though not identical, is no more worthy a spe-
cific name. Ifevery form with eleven-jointed antennz and egg-
sacs be worthy a distinct name, it will be possible to duplicate all
the seventeen-jointed forms. Fortunately, however, many species
agree together in this condition, so that the number of spurious
species derived from this source is rather small ; among these is to
be reckoned C. nanus, Sars, which is obviously very near the pul-

Chellus group.
Antennz 1@-jojinted.

No valid species have permanently 10-jointed antenne. C. pha-
leratus is frequently found with 10-jointed antenne. OC. kauf-
manniis without much doubt an immature form.

Antenne S8-jointed.

Sp. 29. Cyclops fimbriatus, Fischer (fide Rehberg.)

(Plate R. Fig. 11.) -

crassicornis, SARS, BRADY, HERRICK.
. gredleri, HELLER.

. pauper, FRIC.

. poppei, REHBERG.

(? OC. magniceps, LILLJEBORG.)

Our American species corresponds to that described by Rehberg
as a new species. The differences mentioned in the previous report
(see Cyclopide of Minnesota, p. 233) are just those which have
led Rehberg to establish the C. poppei, which, by the way, was

aaaa

STATE GEOLOGIST. 163

found with the type. I see no reason, especiaily in view of the
latter fact, to regard it as even a well marked variety.

C. crassicornis is widely distributed in America as well as Europe,
but is never very common. The color is-always reddish.

Antennze 6-jointed.
Sp 30. Cyclops zequoreus, Fischer.

A brackish-water species, .85 mm. long, which in a number of
characters departs from the type of the genus. Those who have
the opportunity to search the brackish pools along our coast would
do science a service by looking for this imteresting species.

Norr.—Cycilops navicularis, Say, {s perhaps O. virfdis of this report. O. setosus, Hat-
aeman, (Phila. Acad. Sci., Vol. VIII, p. 331) is referred in my notes to C. serrulatus, I do
not now know with how much reason.

The reader is referred also to Cyclops latissimue, Poggenpol, as quoted by Cragin-
which, although belonging to the section having s¢yenteen-jointed antennsz, and hav-
ing feet like C. tenuicornis, is said to have a disc-like body, long-jointed antennules
with no armature, and the basal joint of the abdomen very long.

Oyelops ornatus is quoted by Cragin, but we are left in doubt as to the number of seg-
ments in the antenne, a point quite essential to th e definition of species.

(See under C. phaleratus.)

Cyclope longicaudatus and C. igneuz are thought to be simply prematurely gravid
young of known species.

(See Gragin, 1. ¢., (pp. 12—13.)

Cyclops fischeri of the same author agrees with C. equoreus in having six-jointed an,
tenne, but in nothing else apparently. Itis, if correctly described, a very remark-
able form, with no setz on the antenna.

FAMILY HARPACTICIDA.

Numerically the largest of the families of the Copepoda, this
group contains predominatingly marine and mostly minute animals,
frequently of strange and grotesque form. A few of the marine
forms, inhabiting the gulf of Mexico, are figured in the report of
the Minnesota Academy of Sciences for 1881. Of the over thirty
genera of the family less than a half dozen are not exclusively
marine, and of these most are brackish-water residents. The genus
Bradya contains blind copepods living in slime.

The name was proposed by Dana, but was dropped in the final
report. Again revived by Claus, it is now in use by the best
authors. The general form and structure closely resembles that of
the Cyclopide. The following characters are the more important
ones in distinguishing the family from the other families of the
order:

164 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Body flattened or sub-cylindrical. Abdomen usually not much
smaller than the thorax, from which it is not separated by a sudden
constriction; antennz rather short, 4- to 10-jointed; mandibles.
strongly toothed, palpate; maxille well developed, palpate; first
pair of maxillipedes with strong teeth at the end, second pair usually
forming aclaw. The first pair of feet are often turned forward or
prehensile; fifth pair one- or two-jointed, serving as egg supports.
in the female.

Most species live among sub-aquatic vegetation.

THe Sus-Famity CANTHOCAMPTIN A,

to which our sole genus belongs, is further distinguished from the
other sub-families of Harpacticide by the fact that the seconp
maxilliped has a prehensile hook. The feet of first pair are not
clawed, but have the inner branch elongated, and the palp of the
mandible is one-branched.

Genus CantHocamptus, Westwood.

These little animals may be secured in considerable numbers by
gathering a supply of water from among weeds in shallow ponds,
and permitting the debris to settle in a spot where light only
touches the jar from one side, when the Canthocampti congregate
on the exposed side.

Canthocamptus is an elongated animal, with the body divided
rather obscurely into two portions, of which the first, or anterior
portion, is largest. This part of the body has five segments, each
of which has at least one pair of appendages. The first, consisting
of the head proper with one of the somites of the body or thorax,
as is discovered by observing that a pair of legs is attached to it, is.
the largest segment of the body.

As seen from above, it is triangular and extends in front into a
short, stuut beak or snout, like the rostrum of a cray-fish. Above
the beak, in the center of the forehead, is the eye, consisting of
pigment and two lenses, showing that we really have to do with
two eyes confluent on the median line. This is the simplest form
of acompound eye. The same method of compounding the eyes
is exhibited in a more complicated manner by Daphnia and other
Cladocera. On either side of the beak springs an antenna with six
to nine joints of unequal size. The first three joints are profusely

STATE GEOLOGIST. 165

covered with hairs. The fourth joint is more slender than the
preceding, and terminates in a process below, which bears besides a
Jong hair a peculiar blunt bristle, that serves some unknown
purpose—probably being sensory in function like the similar hairs
on the antenne of some Cladocere. The next joint is shorter than
the rest, while the remaining three are spined at definite points.
The antenne of the male are curiously altered, or geniculate, on
both sides, asin Cyclops. The three basal joints are shortened,
while more or fewer of the following ones are coalescent, followed
by a hinge joint and two elongated segments.

The second antenne or antennules are two-jointed, and the basal
joint has a two-jointed branch or palp; the terminal joint is covered
with spines; at the end are longer and eurved spines, jointed in the
middle.

The mandible is a flattened plate with digitate teeth at the end, —
on one side of which springs a two-jointed palp, and from the other
a blunt process. The maxilla issomewhat like it, but has rudiments
of other elements.

The first pair of feet have two three-jointed rami. The outer
ramus is shorter and with the longer branch is directed forward.
The fourth foot has the inner branch two-jointed. The inner branch
of the third foot of the male is peculiarly modified to form a pre-
hensile organ, as it is this foot which fastens the spermatophore to
the female. The fifth feet are composed of two flat plates.

The second division of the body, the abdomen, consists of five
segments, of which, however, the first two are united in the female.
The last segment of the abdomen bears two stylets, which are some-
times considered as together constituting an additional segment.
Each of these stylets has, with several small spines, two elongated
caudal setz, one of which is usually as long or longer than the
entire abdomen. The stylets are usually considerably longer than
wide, but the proportions vary somewhat in different species.

Viscera. The body cavity is traversed by the alimentary canal,
which is a straight tube with no lateral ceca or blind sacs, as in
some other Copepoda. The canal is divided into four more or less
distinct portions; the first section is a slender, muscular tube, ex-
tending from the mandibles nearly through the first segment,
opening into the stomach proper, which is a muscular and gland-
ular sac or tube, filling the greater part of the thorax ; at the be-
ginning of the abdomen, the sac is constricted and becomes the in-
testine proper ; near the extremity again there is another change
and the intestine loses its glandular character, and, by a peculiar

166 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

adaptation becomes a sort of force-pump, which, during life, is con-
stantly pumping water in and out, serving as a means of respira-
tion. This anal respiration is quite common among aquatic ani-
mals in this as well as other orders. This latter section of the canal
is the rectum, and opens beneath a toothed anal. plate, above and
between the stylets. No special divarications or ceca are append-
ed to the digestive tract, and the only other organ whicn is at all
considered to belong to the alimentary system, is what is known as:
the “shell-gland,’ present in most crustacea, but till recently
thought to be absent in Canthocamptus. It is a coiled tube found
in the lower part of the first segment of the thorax. It is impos-
sible to find this organ in Canthocamptus, in every case, it being
very obscure; and its office is uncertain, though it is supposed, per-
haps with little reason, to be hepatic in function. ;

There is no functional heart in this animal, but its place is taken
by a peculiar apparatus, hitherto undescribed ; this consists of a
tube, surrounding the posterior portion of the alimentary canal.
This sac around asac is open in front, and serves by a double
mechanism the office of a pulsating heart, though in a very imper-
fect manner.

There are no true hamatic or lymph corpuscles in this animal ;
so far, at least, none have been discovered. The place of these
blood corpuscles is taken by globules of yellowish or red color of
the most diverse size. These nutritive globules, or fat globules, as
they have been called, are undoubtedly reservoirs of nutriment ina
shape convenient for the animal’s use, and equally certainly are
derived from the contents of the intestine. In those Copepoda
which have a functional heart, it is open anteriorly into a general
body-cavity in the same way asin this animal. That a portion of
the vascular system should surround the alimentary canal, is no
unexampled thing, for in Daphnia a large sinus embraces a por-
tion of the canal. The same provision as this described in Cantho-
camptus occurs in the Cyclopide. The nutritive globules are often
very large, and are frequently extremely abundant, especially in
females soon to become gravid. Three-hundredths mm. is not a
large measurement for the diameter of such drops.

The nervous system is very hard to trace, consisting of a large
pear-shaped ganglion just below the eye, from which extend
commissures around the csophagus, connecting them with the
ventral ganglia lying between the bases of the feet. ‘The senses.
are not apparently well developed, for, excepting the eyes, we can-
not locate with certainty the organs of any sense. There are,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 167

however, two spots which are evidently devoted to special sense:
first, the processes on the fourth joint of the antenne, which may
_ be simply the seats of tactile sense, or may have nerves suitable for
perceiving chemical stimuli; second, the area on the forehead bord-
ered by a raised line and covered with littie pits, each with a small
bristle. The character of this organ can be but conjectured; it may
be homologized with the frontal nervous organs of the Cladocera.

The sexual organs are quite extensively developed, and periodical-
ly obseure the remaining viscera. In the male the simple testis is
situated in the second segment, and the single vas deferens after
numerous windings through nearly the entire length of the body,
opens at the base of the first abdominal segment under a spined
plate. A part of the vas deferens is of a glandular character and
secretes an elongate tube, the spermatophore, which serves to con-
tain the spermatozoids, and is fastened by the male at the opening
of the median pore of the female; on contact with the water this
tube, which is at first soft, contracts and presses the contents into
the opening of the female organs. So Jong is the vas deferens that
as many as three spermatophores are sometimes seen in the body
at once. Thespermatozoids are very small. The geniculated maie
antenne are used in grasping the setz on the tail of the female,
and the curiously modified inner branch of the third foot of the
male may assist in fastening the spermatophore upon her body.
The ovary occupies the same position as the testes, and the two
ducts are coiled in the body from end to eud, opening in the median
pore behind the fifth pair of feet. When the eggs are ready to be
laid, they are forced out, carrying with them a film of the secretion
of the lower, glandular portion of the ducts, which is of a collodion-
like consistency, and which forms the enclosing sac. The young be-
come fully developed sexually before they assume their final form,
and it is not unusual to find ova-bearing females which are not only
much smaller than the parent, but with considerable differences
in the various organs.

This sort of heterogenesis is not uncommon among lower crusta-
cea, for the young may differ much from the mother till after they
have themselves produced young. -

Four species have been recognized in America, of which one is
certainly identical with a widely distributed European form, and a
second is probably identical with an English species. C. palustris,
Brady, seems to depart considerably from the norm of the genus
and may prove a type of a marine genus. No true Canthocamptus
is more than accidentally marine.

*

168 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The ten species below enumerated are all that have fallen under
the author’s notice, though others may have been mentioned.

Key TO THE GENUS CANTHOCAMPTUS,

= 4] 2jointed.) 1 mm. long; basal joint of 5th foot small.....C. gracilis, Sars.
5 | oe ' 0.5 mm. long; basal joint of 5th foot long. C. brevipes, Sars (?).
= =

z 5 | eg 2 Antenne thick ............. C. crassus, Sars.

s 3 nner ramus 0 pack

5 | 2-jointed.© } loa Lie Dited l sess ag g@. trispinosus, 1 Brady.
= { z | S-jointed.4 3 , Slender. (C. northwmbricus, Brady.
ee | o | ; Inner ramus of { Stylets rather long. C minutus, Mueller.
= & | lod foot 3-jointed, ! Styl. short, oval, C. illinoisensis, Forbes
o 5 § Male antenna normal ......ee.ceesecesces seeseecesenenersneeesecees C. hibernicus. Brady.
& | 3-jointed. }

Male antenna reduced, hooked at the end ..............C.? palustris, Brady.

Canthocamptus elegantulus, C. mareoticus and C. horridus are
uncertain, probably referred to the wrong genus. C. stromii, Baird
(= Dactylopus stromii,) C. rostratus, Claus (— Stenhelia ima.)
C. virescens, C. linearis, and C. roseus of Dana, are marine Harpac-
ticide of uncertain affinities. C. minutus of Claus is not sufficiently
described, but appears to be the earlier condition of C. minutus,
Mueller (C. staphynalis, Jurine).

Sp.1. Canthocamptus gracilis, Sars,

Is elongated linear, with the abdominal segments smooth. Caudal
stylets long and slender; external caudal seta about one-fourth the
inner. All the feet with two-jointed inner rami; outer branch of
fourth foot longer than the others, inflexed; basal process of fifth
foot slightly expanded. Length 1 mm.

At Decatur, Alabama, was found a species of Canthocamptus
which is different from any American species, and seems in many
points nearest the above but, unfortunately, only a hasty sketch
could be made at the time, and the notes are insufficient to define
it. The form is not remarkably slender; the first and second ab-
dominal segments are very large. The caudal stylets are slender
and elongated, the inner seta being very long and curved, while
the outer is quite short. The anal plate is covered with hairs only.
The antenne are normal, of moderate length, and the fifth foot has
but a narrow process at the base.

.

1 Distinguished from the following by the presence of only three spines on the process
of the basal joint of the fifth foot.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 169

If this form be worthy a distinctive name, it may be called

Sp. 2. Canthocamptus tenuicaudis. (Sp. n.)
(Plate O. Figs. 15 and 16.)

? Sp.3. Canthocamptus brevipes, Sars.

This small form is almost certainly the young stage of some other
species; yet I transcribe the description. .

“Corporis forma et magnitudine C. pygmzo non dissimilis. Segmenta abdominalia
‘vero postice magis attenuata seriebusque aculeorum destituta. Rami caudales elongati
-duplo longiores quam latiores, setis apicalibus brevisculis parumque divergentibus, ex-
teriore dimidiam longitudinem interioris non attingente. Operculum anale absque
‘dentibus. Antenne 1-mi paris breves, articulis ultimis duobus in unum confiuentibus
articulum. Pedes natatorii brevissimi, ramo exteriore intus setis destituto, interiore
biarticulato in pedibus 1-mi paris longitudinemlexterioris zequante, in sequentibus multu
breviore. Pedum 5-ti paris articulus basalis intus in processum foliiformem, sat mag-
num et angustatum, articulum ultimum elongato-ovatum aliquanto superantem, exit.
Color albidus. Longit. parum supra 4% mm.”

Sp.4. Canthocamptus crassus, Sars.
%

Robust; segments margined with pectinate bristles. Caudal
stylets oval, contorted, constricted at the base. Antenne thick,
densely covered with long sete. Fifth feet with long sete; basal
process rather small. All the feet excepting the first, with bi-
articulate inner rami. Length 0.75 mm.

Sp. 5. Canthocamptus trispinosus, Brady.

(Plate O. Figs. 6—14.)

This species with the last and next has all the feet save the first
with bi-articulate inner rami. Very near the next, from which it
differs in the form of the fifth foot of the female, which has the
basal process smaller, bearing only three spines, while the next has
six, the second joint being longer and narrow. The male is un-
known. Not yet identitied in America.

Sp. 6. Canthocamptus northumbricus, Brady.

Body robust; antenne long as first segment, nine-jointed; man-
dibular palp minute. In the male the inner branch of the third foot
is three-joimted and dactylate, as in C. minutus.

170 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Canthocamptus northumbricus, var. americanus. (Var. n.)

(Plate O. Figs. 6—14, 20—22.)

‘One of our most common species is very near the English form,
so near, in fact, that I dislike to remove it from it. A few points
of divergence, however, may be mentioned.

The form and proportions are much like those of C. minutus,
The head is large and ends in a prominent bent beak. The anten-
ne are rather long and slender and have a well marked flagellum.
(Brady figures no flagellum). The palp of the antennule is as in
C. minutus. The mandibular palp is small. The first pair of feet
normal, rather small; all the other swimming feet with two-jointed
inner rami, save in the case of the male third foot. The fifth feet
are exactly as figured by Brady, save that there is a prominence or
tooth of the basal segment near the point of attachment of the
terminal joint which is quite long. ‘The sensory area of the head
is oval and pointed. The male antenna has a long flagellum, not,
as figured by Brady, a very short one. The egg-sac is very large,
oblong. The animal seems to fall short of the size of the English
species, though measuring upwards of 0.65 min. Our form is very
well distinguished from any other species. It is found in lake
Minnetonka, lake Calhoun, and elsewhere.

Sp. 7. Canthocamptus minutus, Mueller.

Monoculus staphylinus, JURINE.

Canthocamptus minutus, LILLJEBORG, BAIRD, SARS, ULJANIN, BRADY, HERRICK.
Canthocamptus staphylinus, CLAUS, FRIC.

Canthocamptus minutus, var. occidentalis, HERRICK.

A well known species which has been frequently described and
seems quite circumpolar in its distribution.

First mentioned from America in a paper by the writer in 1878.
A pretty tull description will also be found in the author’s Types
of Animal Life. A very abundant species, frequent in muddy pools,
but somewhat variable in abundance. It may frequently be found
in great numbers in winter.

Sp. 8. Canthocamptus illinoisensis, Forbes.

(Plate O. Figs. 1—5.)

This robust and pretty species was first taken near Minneapolis,
by Mr: A. W. Jones, a student of the University, who found it in
apeaty ditch. Forbes’ description is appended.

“Length 1 mm. Head and first segment united; five abdominal

————s

STATE GEOLOGIST. 171

segments in male, four in female. The suture between the first
and second segments is not wholly obliterated above in the female.

Last abdominal segment is deeply and acutely emarginate.
Branches of furca as wide as long, inner bristle plumose, a little
longer than abdomen; outer plumose only on outer side, about half
the length of the inner. The second to fifth abdominal segments
have each a row of spinules along ventral portion of posterior,

Male with anterior antenne composed of seven joiats, the fourth
joint very short. The front outer angle of the third is produced,
the blunt process bearing three long bristles surrounding a slender
olfactory club which is as long as the three following joints. The
penultimate joint bears a strong spine or slender appressed process
at the middle of its posterior margin. The five outer joints con-
stitute the grasping organ. The posterior antenne bear five long
bristles at tip, three of which are made pretiensile by the occurrence
of from eight to twelve short articulations in the middle of the
hair, allowing it to be bent forward. At the base of these articula-
tions on the outer bristle, are two short spinules. Two nearly
longitudinal rows of five or six strong, short spines each appear on
the under surface of the outer joint of the antennule. The secon-
dary flagellum, borne as usual on the middle of the basal joint, is
not articulated, and bears four long bristles, two terminal and two
on distal half of inner side. The outline of the mandible is exactly
like that figured by Claus, but it bears about ten teeth, the upper
thick and blunt, the inner’sharp, slender and longer. Several are
notched at tip. The lower angle bears a long simple bristle.
Mandibular palpus two-jointed, second joint with three long ter-
minal hairs and a shorter spine attached at basal third of anterior
margin, jointed at base and directed towards tip, like a dactyl.
‘The maxilla and maxillary palpus are scarcely to be distinguished
from those of C. staphylinus.

The first maxillipeds are three-lobed, the outer lobe constituting
a long, strong claw. The second and third are about one-third as
long as the first, and bear each one strong simple spine and one
weak branched hair. The inner lobe is widest, about two-thirds as
wide as long. The dactyl of the posterior maxilliped is spinous on
its inner edge, and the same edge of the hand is ciliate and bears a
short, stout, sparingly plumose bristle at its base, just beyond the
tip of the closed dactyl. The width of this joint (the second) is
nearly half its length.

Basal joint of inner ramus of first pair of legs nearly or quite as
long as outer ramus, the second wider but only half as long as the

172 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

third, and obliquely truncate. Inner ramus of third pair of legs in
male is three-jointed, | the outer two-jointed, |* chelate. The finger
is ovate, truncate, terminating in two long plumose hairs. The
dactyl is linear, curved at base, and twice as long as finger. The
inner ramus of the fourth pair of legs is about half as long as
outer, two-jointed, basal joint short, terminal joint about as long
as middle joint of outer ramus. The fifth pair of legs is best de-
veloped in the female. In the male the length is not over one-
third the width. The basal portion bears three plumose hairs on
its very broadly rounded anterior margin, of which the innermost
is longest. The outer plate is nearly orbicular and bears five
spines on its terminal margin, of which the second from the inter-
nal angle is the longest. Genital plates, found in male at posterior
border of first abdominal segment, beneath, are short, slightly ex-
panded internally, with internal angles rounded, and externally
bear three sub-equal bristles, jointed at base, the inner largest and
strongest and semi-plumose. The antenna of the female are eight- -
jointed, extending backward to the first free segment. The basal
joint of the fifth pair of legs is sub-elliptical in outline, with the
basal half produced externally into a broad, triangular process
which bears the second joint onits posterior margin. The free end
of the basal joint bears six large plumose bristles of which the in-
ner is longest. The greatest width of the joint is nearly equal to
its greatest length. The second or outer joint is ovate, sub-trun-
cate, spined on each margin, and bears four plumose bristles at tip
and one at the middle of its outer margin. Its length is about
twice its breadth.”

Sp. 9. Canthocamptus hibernicus, Brady.

A small species differing from all others save the next in having
a three-jointed inner ramus of the fourth foot.

“Anterior antenne of the female slender, 8-jointed, about as
long as the first body segment, and much like that of C. minutus.
Inner branch of the second antenna very small, 1-jointed. Poster-
ior foot-jaw having a broad hand armed with a long apical claw.
Inner branch of the first pair of feet scarcely twice as long as
the outer; first joint longer than the entire outer branch, and near-
ly twice as long as the united second and third joints, both of
which are extremely small. Inner branches of the second, third
and fourth pairs shorter than the outer, and 3-jointed, the first joint

~~ * Evidently a misprint, for it is the inner ramus which Is chelate.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 17s:

being very small. Inner segment of the basal joint of the fifth
pair of feet in the female elongated, fringed, bearing two long and
three short apical sete; second or outer joint sub-ovate, finely
fringed internally; externally bearing six long marginal setz. In
the male the limb is smaller, the basal joint short, broad and hav-
ing six short sete of equal length; second joint nearly like that
of the female. Caudal segments somewhat longer than broad; in-
ner seta about twice as long as the outer; anal operculum denticu--
late. Length .65 mm.” Not found in America.

Sp. 10. Canthocamptus palustris, Brady.

(Plate K. Fig. 5.)

A brackish-water species about .9 mm. long, found in a numiber-
of places in the British Isles. The species presents several anom-
alies.

The antennz of the female are 8-jointed; those of thé male ro-
bust, the last joint forming a hook. The first four pairs of feet
have both branches 3-jointed; the fifth pair in the female are 2--
jointed, with a short and broad basal joint, the second joint being
sub-ovate, bearing five long apical setze; in the male the fifth pair
is obsolete, being reduced to a minute setiferous lobe. Caudal seg-
ments short, bearing two principal sete, the outer half as long as.

the inner,

Sp. 11. Canthocamptus minnesotensis. (Sp. n.)

(Plate T. Figs. 1—6.)

Since the manuscript of this genus was finished, a small species.
has been found which seems undoubtedly distinct from any of the
above. A single pair were taken in a gathering from Bassett’s
creek containing C. minutus in abundunce. Unfortunately the
characters of the swimming feet are not certainly known, but they
were apparently all three jointed save the last. The antenue are
very short and thick, 8-jointed, with a long flagellum; the anten-
nules are of the usual form, and the mouth parts rather large. The
first pair of feet have the two rami of nearly equal length. The
form is moderately elongate. The caudal stylets are very short,.
quadrate in outline and well armed with spines. The fifth foot of
the female has four long and two short spines on the inner lamina,
and the terminal joint has five unequal spines. In the male the
fifth foot has two spines on the lamina and six on the second joint,.

174 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

one being asmall bristle. The male antenna is of peculiar form.
The teeth of the anal’plate are large and emarginate (see fig. 4.)

The swimming feet are all armed with very strong spines, aside
from the usual quota of spines at the end of each joint. Length
.65 mm.

Notr.—C. frontinalis, Rehberg. This author seems to have parted with his usual
acumen in the remarks upon this species. After describing a Canthocamptus with the
inner ramus of the first foot ‘reichlich doppelt so lang wie die beiden Grundglieder des
Aussennasts,’”’ he draws a moral on the mutability of genera from the fact that Brady
founded the genus Attheyella ‘auf grund der Eingliede des innenastes am fierten
Fusspaare und einer derartigen Bildung des ersten Fusses, wie er bie C. frontinalis-
beschreiben ist.” Brady says (Brit. Copepoda, p. 58): “inner branch of first pair of feet
scarcely at all elongated, and either 2- or 3-jointed,” etc. The distinctive characters
being the 1- or 2-jointed 2d and 3d feet and the 1-jointed inner ramus of the fourth foot,
it is doubtful if C. frontinalis is really new.

11. Genus ATTHEYELLA, Brady.

Phis genus, the diagnostic characters of which have been above
indicated, contains three nominal species. It is quite difficult to
say what differences exist between Sars’ “Canthocamptus” pygmeus
and Attheyella spinosa. Brady did not seem to recognize the fact
that his diagnosis included that species. The third species is the
blind A. cyrptorum, of Brady, which it is interesting to compare
with the blind Bradya limicola of the coast of the gulf of Mexico.

PECILOSTOMATA.

This group, consisting of animals more or less like Cyclops in
appearance, but, during part of their existence, semi-parasitic, has
been very little studied in America. Most of the fresh-water species
inhabit the gill-cavities of fishes. The gills of fishes should always
be examined (if practicable, microscopically) for these interesting
animals.

The mouth parts are greatly reduced and their homologies un-
certain.

Genus Ereasitus, Nordmann.

Body shaped much as in Cyclops; anterior antenne short; anten-
nules in the female large, four-jointed, terminating in a strong
claw. Mouth opening in the center of the very large head, which
is not beaked in front. The mouth parts are inconspicuous, but
the maxilliped is a stout organ terminating in a long claw. The
three anterior pairs of feet are bi-ramose, and each ramus is three-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 175

jointed; the outer ramus of the fourth foot is two-jointed; the fifth
pair is absent or rudimentary. The abdomen is four or five-jointed,
and the stylets are rather short. Ova-sacs two, large.

Ergasilus depressus, Sars.

(See Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet, 1862.)

The form figured in plate S., fig. 1, is known from a gathering
taken under the same circumstances as Sars’ specimens, and con-
sisted only of males. The animal is very transparent with deep
blue markings below, especially between the bases of the feet.
Sars thinks the males are always free, while the females early re-
tire to the gill-cavities of fishes. This species may be distinct from
the Norwegian form, but there is no reason for declaring lel ib 1s
80.

E. depressus is probably the young of the widely distributed KE.
sieboldii.

Notr.—As Veep wits part of this work draws to a close, a
note is received from Prof. Birge, who was so kind as to glance
through advance sheets of the portion upon Cladocera. Prof. Birge
informs me that his Scapholeberis nasuta is the same as S. (Daph-
nia) aurita, Fischer, as published in 1849 in the Bull. Natur-
forsch. Gesellsch. in Moscau, Bd. 22. This paper I have not seen.
At Prof. Birge’s suggestion, then, read on page 43.

Sp. 4, Scapholeberis aurita, Fischer.

Dophnia aurita, FISCHER.
Scapholeberis nasuta, BIRGER.

176 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CHAPTER IV.

COLLECTING, PRESERVATION AND MISCELLANEOUS
NOTES.

The appliances employed in the capture and study of Entomo-
straca are, in the main, those employed by the student of aquatic
vegetation. The first in order of importance is the hand-net and
its accompaniment, long rubber boots, such as cover the entire
leg being preferable. Thus equipped, the student can collect by
far the greater number of fresh-water crustacea. The net is best
made by obtaining an ordinary gaff or dipping net of extra
strength but small size. If jointed, the ferrule must be unusually
strong, not, indeed, because of the weight or activity of the prizes,
but because it is often necessary to lift a net full of water, which is
a greater strain than the strongest fish would produce in a net
with open meshes. The ring of such a net is furnished with a me-
dium-sized bag of some porous but still rather close fabric. The
writer usually uses for this purpose the thinner variety of flour
sacking. This material fulls a little when wet, and permits the
water to pass rather too slowly, but this is a good fault. The net
is used in shallow water and among weeds. After the net has
been repeatedly filled and permitted to drain nearly empty, the
bottom of the net is seized and the smail remaining amount of
water is thrown by a dexterous movement of the hand into a large-
mouthed jar, several of which are needed. By this method the ani-
mals can be secured in any desired degree of concentration, so to
speak, provided care is taken to avoid fouling the net with fine
mud or debris. A single jar should usually contain only a gather-
ing from a single locality. In case the collection is not to be ex-
amined at once, the gathering, which must now be quite free from
admixture of mud and filth, is concentrated as much as possible,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 177

and then poured into a thin filter-paper or a thin muslin bag,
When nearly dry, the funnel is held over a small bottle, an open-
ing is made in the apex of the filter, and the contents washed
through with slightly dilute glycerine. Soon after pure glycerine
is added so as to bring up the whole to the required degre of con-
centration. A sufficiency must be used to well cover up the whole.
In case of haste the end of the filter containing the gathering may
be torn off and placed at once ina bottle of glycerine or alcohol.

For the collection of Cypridz it is recommended to use a very
thin fine net, and gather as much as possible of the finely commi-
nuted debris which settles in weedy pools. Spread this material in
shallow pans and in an hour or soskim the surface with a small
spoon-like hand-net, and trausfer with the addition of clear water
to shailow porcelain plates. Such gatherings may contain Ilyo-
eryptus, Monospilus, the hook-nosed Pleuroxids (—Percantha) and,
perhaps, also species of Canthocamptus.

The entomostraca of the larger lakes must be sought by a differ-
ent method. A net of larger size, and composed of very thin ma-
terial is drawn after a boat which is kept moving in different parts
of the lake. Such a net should be so weighted as to receive water
from the surface as well as from several inches below it. The net
is emptied occasionally with plenty of water into large bottles,
which may preferably be placed in the dark if to be unexamined
for some time. Water kept in the dark will preserve its animal
life for a much longer time than if exposed to the sunlight.

A similar net may be placed in a rapid stream in such a way
chat it remains partly full, but does not overflow. The accumula-
tions of a day may be thus gathered into little space. The faucets
of the city water will frequently afford a good supply of animal
life, and unfortunately in Minneapolis a rather large number of
forms are worms of a suspicious and unpleasant appearance. It
must be observed that for this purpose the faucet must be well
open so that a good current is secured, otherwise most of the im- .
purities will be dropped onthe way. A friend mentioned that very
little life was found in the city water after long and careful experi.
ment, during which, however, a very small stream was allowed to
trickle through the complicated set of graduated screens. But the
writer at the same time secured a rather large supply both of en_
tomostraca and vegetable forms by simply permitting the water
from the hydrant faucet to flow with full head through a muslin
net.

But our methods are not yet exhausted. The dipping bottle

12

178 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

frequently brings up animals quite different from those collected
by the towing net at the surface. This consists of a large bottle
weighted by a suitable bit of lead or iron and fitted with a tight-
fitting cork or wooden stopple. The stopple is attached to the line
fastened at the neck of the bottle in such a way that a sudden
twitch of the cord opens the bottle when it has sunk to the re-
quired depth. Another method, when one does not object to ming-
ling forms from all depths, is to lower a net weighted with a heavy
ring to the bottom, there agitating it slightly and drawing it vertical-
ly upward. This serves in a poor way in the place of a dredge and
will secure a larger gathering than the dipping bottle, and is quite
as easily rigged. The collections secured in either of the above ways
are placed in large shallow porcelain plates and, the microscope be-
ing ready, the study may begin. With a rather large hand-mag-
nifier, with which, however, the student will soon be able to dis-
pense entirely, the various forms seen swimming or creeping or
springing about are scanned, chiefly for the purpose of noting
their motions. The little black, brown or yellow imps springing
on the surface are rapidly skimmed off as hindrances, and (if the
student is interested in the Poduree) consigned to a bottle of spirits.
Next a great Belostoma, Corixa, Water-skater, Ranatra, or Dysti-
cus requires the same treatment. Perhaps a half dozen ‘whirligig-
beetle” require more time to dispose of, and then a careful remov-
al of the dragon-fly larve and ‘‘water-tigers” leaves the coast com-
paratively clear save for sand-fleas and dipterous larvee which must
be endured as necessary evils.

With a narrow slip of paper folded trough-wise the desired animal
is captured by a quick movement and the water permitted to drain
off, when the specimen is placed on the object-carrier, and a square
cover glass, one corner of which has been armed with a bit of wax,
is placed over the animal and ther adjusted so as to give the re-
quisite amount of pressure to quiet its restless motions, The slip
of paper is, in every way, more convenient than a dipping tube and
avoids flooding the object-carrier. With a half-inch objective and
suitable eye-piece the whole animal is drawn in as natural a posi-
tion as possible, either with the aid of acamera or free hand, by the
assistance of careful measurements and a given scale. A one-fifth
inch objective is now substituted and all possible details added. If
any dissections are necessary, the cover glass may be removed, the ©
slide placed upon a slip of black paper and the parts separated as
far as possible by the aid of a watchmaker’s glass or dissecting
microscope.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 179

Up to the present time almost the ouly reagent which could be
employed for the instantaneous killing of Entomostraca with the
body in its natural position and the preservation of the same was
osmic acid, which partly on account of its expense, perhaps, seems
rarely to find its way into our laboratories. And even this is but
partially successful or causes such a dark color as to obscure what
one most desires to see. The desideratum seems to have been sup-
plied by the discovery of Prof. Hermann Fol that ferric perchioride
produces not only an instantaneous death but a fixation of all the
parts with very little coloration or shrinkage. Tne alcoholic solu-
tion is diluted to about 2 per cent. and applied to a small quantity
of water in which the animal is swimming, or a more concentrate
solution is added at once to the water of a vessel containing numer-
ous Hntomostraca. The water is poured off and the animals washed
with aleohol of 70 per cent., to which a few drops of nitric acid
may be added to remove the ferric salts. According to Fol, in
transparent animals the appearance is very little changed by this
process. Specimens thus prepared may be preserved in alcohol
and afford preparations for making thin sections. They do not
take color well, but may be stained with gallic acid without difh-
culty.

As a preservative, glycerine does admirably for Copepoda, but no
known fluid works satisfactorily for the Cladocera unless after such
treatment as above indicated. Sections may be made by imbedding
in soap, but the tissues of the Cladocera are so delicate that the
writer never succeeded in making permanent preparations of such
sections. Hither the alcohol or the balsam as it flows in almost in-
evitably disturbs the natural position. 50 grammes of soap are dis-
solved in 200 cu. cent. heated alcohol of 96 per cent. The soap
should be shaved very thin. A shallow paper trough is prepared
and filled with the still warm mixture, and the animal, which lies
in concentrated alcohol, is transferred into the solution and agitated
till its tissues are permeated with the soap. When cold, the bit of
soap is cut into the required form and is ready to be placed in the
microtome.

As a preservative medium for Copepoda, Carpenters’ gelatine an-
swers well. It consists of clarified gelatine, one ounce to six fluid
dramchs of pure glycerine. The preparations mounted in this re-
quire no cement, as the gelatine is quite firm when cold.

180 IWELFTH* ANNUAL REPORT.

APPENDIX.

The previous pages refer to the fresh-water crustacea simply and
will give a tolerable idea of the variety exhibited in the fauna of the
lakes and rivers of America. The majority of Copepoda are marine
and the coasts of the United States will afford the student of
marine entomostraca a rich harvest of curious forms. These ani-
mals are now being investigated, it is understood, by competent
naturalists. In the meanwhile any notes may be of a temporary
interest. The following jottings, which are the result of a few days
stay on Mississippi sound, will give an idea of the fauna of the gulf
of Mexico. They are extracted from a paper offered the Minnesota
Academy of Natural Sciences.

FAMILY CALANIDA.

GxENus Pseupo-pIapTomus. (Gen. n.)

Resembling Metrida and Diaptomus; compactly framed; cepha-
lothorax 6-jointed, last two segments coalescent above; head round-
ed in front, beaked; eye small; antennez appearing 22-jointed in
both sexes, longer than the thorax; the right male antennz genic-
ulate as in Diaptomus; antennules bi-ramose, both ramirather short,
inner one seeming but two- or three-jointed; mandible ten-toothed;
maxillipedes well developed; feet all bi-ramose save the last, both
rami 3-jointed; first feet smaller; fifth feet with inner ramus obso-
lescent, in the male nearly asin Diaptomus, in the female rather
slender, simple, three-jointed; abdomen in the female 3-jointed, in
the male 5-jointed; stylets in the female longer; ova-sac single;
spermatophore pear-shaped.

This genus is of unusual interest on account of its close approach
to the fresh-water section of the family.

The spermatophore in this genus is large and swollen and, as

STATE GEOLOGIST. 181

seen through the body of the male, is liable to be mistaken for
eggs,

Pseudo-diaptomus pelagicus. (Sp. n.)

Rether compact; thorax alike in the sexes, antennez short,
seeming 22-jointed; first foot small, both rami 3-jointed; fifth feet
in the male with but small rudiments of the inner rami, basal
portion heavily armed with short teeth, otherwise almost as in
Diaptomus; fifth feet of female slender, alike; abdomen in male
very:slender, with short stylets armed with five terminal sete and
a series of bristles on the inner margins, distal margin of segments
of abdomen toothed; a series of spines also ornaments the middle
of the first segment below; abdomen of female short and very
spiny, first joint thick, second slender, oblong, third joint short;
length of abdomen supplemented by that of the elongated stylets,
which are spinulous on their edges; ova-sac ovoid, eggs numerous;
opening of operculum vulve with lateral projecting lips.

This species is ornamented with irregular markings of brownish
color which give it astrange appearance not observed in any other
copepod. The size is like Temora velox, which the female resem-
bles a little, a resemblance enhanced by the elongated stylets. By
some changes in the definitions of Metrida and Pleuromma these
three genera could be united, but there would then be no valid
excuse for not admitting Diaptomus, so that, on the whole, it may
be well to let matters stand until we reach some better understand-
ing of the natural generic affinities of these animals.

Habitat, Mississippi sound, gulf of Mexico.

Genus Dias, Lilljeborg.

Slender ; cephalothorax very long, narrow in front; abdomen
with five segments in the male, in the female with three; antenne
20-jointed, nodose; secondary branch of antennules one-jointed,
small; labrum large; posterior maxillipeds short; swimming feet
with 2- and 3-jointed rami; fifth feet with a single ramus.

Dias longiremis, Lilljeborg ?

Unfortunately the gathering was insufficient to determine with
certainty the identity of our species with the above, but the female
agrees quite well; and those points in the young males seen

182 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

which could be compared with the descriptions of D. longiremis
were sufficiently concordant. This species ranges, in the eastern
hemisphere, from the North sea to the Mediterranean, and could
be expected here. It is a very active animal and represents a well
differentiated type.

Genus TrEmora, Baird.

Elongate; thorax five-jointed, fourth and fifth segments closely
combined ; abdomen with four segments in the male, three in
female ; antenne 24- or 25-jointed; right antenna of the male
geniculate; mouth parts as in Ca/anus; inner branches of second,
third and fourth pairs of feet two-jointed, of first one- or two-jointed;
fifth feet with but one branch, prehensile in the male.

Temora affinis, Poppe.
= T. gracilis, HERRICK, MS.

The shallow bays and estuaries along the Gulf of Mexico swarm
with a species of Temora but little unlike 7’, velox.

The body is much less compact, it being rather slender in both
sexes; in like manner the caudal stylets are very much elongate,
being nearly as long as in T’. longicornis of Mueller, from which it
is clearly distinguished by many obvious characters, and which
seems to show an approach to Metrida.

The antenna in male and female are just as in 7’. velox, and the
fifth feet are little, if at all, dissimilar; the spine on the second
joint in the female is not serrated, however, and the basal joint of
the abdomen in this sex has three teeth on either side. The caudal
stylets are about six times as long as broad in the female and
densely spined, as is the last abdominal segment. The stylets are
more slender in the male and have few spines, but the last abdom-
inal segment has three larger spines on either side. Inner ramus
of the first foot one-jointed. The animal is generally colorless, in
autumn at least, but may be variously ornamented with prismatic
colors, the most constant of which markings are a band about the
stylets and across the thorax and between the bases of the feet.
The ova are very numerous and carried as in Diaptomus. This
species is littoral in habitat and ranges from salt-water bays to the
fresh waters of rivers, along with several varieties of Cyclops,
Sida, ete.

STATE. GEOLOGIST. 183

FAMILY HARPACTICID/.
Genus Amyoneg, Claus.

Body much compressed; dorsal margin strongly curved; head
very large, produced and angled below; antenne 6- to 8-jointed;
antennules palpate, 3-jointed; second maxillipeds long, chelate at
the end; last thoracic and anterior abdominal segments enlarged;
fifth feet leaf-like, large.

A very small crustacean, little over 4 mm. long, occurs in the
gulf of Mexico in shallow water among vegetation. Insufficient
material prevented its complete study, but it is nearly allied to A.
spherica, Claus, from which it differs in several particulars.

Tecan do no better than quote the remarks of Claus, the original
discoverer of this peculiar genus.

“The body of this highly remarkable form, represents, in its
general form, an intermediate stage between the nauplius (cyclops
larve) and the mature copepods. The oval, almost spherical form,
the slight development of the abdomen and the enlargement of the
anterior thoracic segment recall the structure of the larva, while
the almost complete segmentation of the body, the jointing of the
antenne and the swimming feet, as well as development of the re-
productive organs, make the maturity of the creature certain, ”
(Beitr. zur Kenntniss der Entomostraken.)

Genus LaopHonts, Philippi.

Rather slender; antenne 4-, 8-jointed; palp of antennules
1-jointed; mandibular palp 1- or -2-jointed; maxille palpate; first pair
of feet slender, outer branch short, 3-jvinted, inner branch elon-
gated, 2-jointed; three following pairs with one ramus 3-, the other
2-jointed. —

Laophonte similis, Claus?

The small crustacean which is referred to the above species oc-
curs sparingly in the brackish waters of Mobile bay, and with
Temora seems to be the only entomostracean not also found in the
fresh waters adjacent. 5

From the few specimens found it could not be certainly deter-
mined that our species is identical with the European. The dif-
ferences are, however, such as might be expected in immature speci-

184 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

mens. Brady figures a similar reduction in the number of joints
of the anteune as that seen in our specimens. The fifth foot too,
is less well armed with spines, but otherwise the agreement is tol-
erably close.

Genus Harpacticus, Milne-Edwards.

Elongate or expanded laterally; head united with the first thor-
acic segment; first and second abdominal segments coalescent:
antenn &-, 9-jointed; mandibular-palp 2-branched, large; second
pair of maxillipeds strongly developed; outer ramus of the first
pair of feet 2- or 3-jointed, inner ramus 2-jointed; first and second
joints of outer ramus elongated, second joint of inner ramus short;
both rami of following pairs of feet 3-jointed; ova-sac single.

Harpacticus chelifer, Mueller. (var. n. ?)

The species inhabiting the gulf of Mexico resembles H. gracilis,
Claus, in the length of the sete and some other peculiarities; but
the antennary palp is more like H. chelifer, with which it closely
agrees in most respects. Remembering that the entomostraca
have their highest development in temperate and arctic regions, the
small size and greater proportional length of setze and stylets may
be explained, H. gracilis from the Mediterranean takes the place
of the true H. chelifer of the North sea, and is regarded by Brady
as the same species. Our form would, in this case, stand more
nearly related to the typical form. Both branches of the first feet
are two-jointed and the antennary palp has three spines on its dis-
tal segment.

Genus Brapya, Boeck. (1872.)

Antenne very short, 6-, T-jointed; antennules of moderate size
longer than antennz, with a 2- or 3-jointed palp; mandibular palp
large; maxillipeds rather large, outer branch (first foot-jaw of
Brady ?) much as in Calanide; first four pairs of feet nearly alike;
fifth pair small, not lamellate.

This peculiar genus is not yet well circumscribed and defined,
and it is much to be regretted that lack of time prevented from
ascertaining how far the western species agrees with the generic
characters of the European form and thus determining the validity
of the assumed generic criteria. That our species is a member of
the genus can not be doubted, but the hurried examination which
could be devoted to it failed to cover the entire structure.

ES

oe Ts

STATE GEOLOGIST. 185

Bradya limicola. (Sp. nu.)

Body flattened; free margins of the &gments of the dorsal cara-
pace rather long; little separation between abdomen and thorax;
abdomen cylindrical, rather long; stylets short; distal margin of
the segments spined ; antennz very short, 6- or 7-jointed, hardly
longer than the movable beak; second antennez much longer,
3-jointed; palp long, two-jointed ; mandibles palpate, teeth fine,
much as in Calanide; palp bi-ramose, second ramus very small ;
maxillz of moderate size; maxillipeds large, outer one as in Cala-
nide; first four pairs of feet bi-ramose, each ramus 3-jointed ; fifth
foot small, with two terminal digitate processes and aseta on either
side. The male is at least a third smaller and has longer caudal
stylets; the antenne are modified, but very short. The eyes are
wanting in both sexes. This very interesting species was collected
in the brackish water of a ditch shaded by high sedges so that the
sun could hardly penetrate. I did not find any representative
of the genus in the open waters neighboring, but it is hardly to be
doubted that such exist. This species is quite distinct from Bra-
dya typica of north Kurope.

The only other blind copepod with which [ am familiar is
Attheyella, which is cireumstanced somewhat as the above.

The European B. typica is pelagic; ours dwells in darkened
ditches and seems to furnish another illustration of the effects of
seclusion upon the visual organs, Brady seems to have transposed
the maxillipeds; these are really but branches of the same organ,
as shown by the development, and the outer ramus is, probably,
what Brady usually calls second foot-jaw but here tirst foot-jaw.
In the characters of the mouth parts and fifth feet our species
seems to show an affinity with the elongated higher copepoda.

Ocean Springs, Mississippi.

Caligus americanus, Dana and Pickering ?

A species of Ualigus was collected at dusk far out in Mississippi
sound in considerable numbers. The animals were floating in a
bank of vegetation and swam freely. They seem not to differ
greatly from the species described by Dana and Pickering in 1838
from the cod near New York. The fish lice are remarkable for
their flattened bodies and the paired sucking organs on the head.

A species of Coryczus allied to C. varius of Dana was also col-
lected.

Ee ox.

Page

Acanthocercus rigidus ......... 73
_Acanthocercus sordidus........ 76
Acantholeberis, Genus......... 73
PARLCUTVALOGLEES Apel. Wak. nee 73
PAM OCMLAGA Ys 3). k 2 sobs salsa 73
Acroperus, Sub-genus_........... 81
PMP ATOUIALUS 6... kia doles 82
IMA CANATOSEEIS. 2.) seas ee 82
JING OBIT) OBEY ph acne ens IS So ee 81
PAV SINEELIMVECTUS:. 2355 2. eae 85
mlona. SUb-SeNUS.. oi... 5s 1p 92
PUMA SCOLION ... 6 ofaii0)) ., eluis 92
Alona, Key to section .......... 98
PACU EAITUNOTS ee ere a) 2 a scuiay's a del esrensin 98
PNA MOMMA Ga Leis cgi, ) Ao 95
A. camptocercoides............ 95
MART COSUCUEAN I) soils dd mca eeuetmin Gane 97
BAW CLEMIUATA) Seiler f aiace alee e Sls 99
PAMFCTE AMS. Ue ies Makes Bayes 99
PARC LOM BALA ec os Wels eee ya 85
PAPRESOGITOSUIIS es. ai) aH cu ease 90
PNVONACTAIISS Ae.) os. ul eke ak 100
A. glacialis, var. tuberculata....101
Peeclacialis., Var. levis, .2aee. 624 101
PAPE CUA Ss 204 sais UR a elon 94
ACAMbErMed ay jos 0). Spee ee 101
A. lineata...... als ate Eten ee 96
PAVE TIN OM ESTAR es 6s y WVHA tarda S 97
CAM RODIONO Aes. 2.5 ke 2 97
PAO AM VIUNL Ae se dg Nee Mave ae panes he 99
A. parvula, var. tuberculata....100
PAM OTTECHA 6.210... 515 opielsye sion de 99
EegMadranoularis ... 2.6 oes 97
A. rectangularis........ ehh a 96
PARC eMC UABAR Us Sia'cr\ 5. wenong Agha 90
ANG SEDO DW LOUSY: ae aN Vee A 95
JANOS SRD DCI) ey UE ae ee oe 97.

TAS FEMUNCAU GIS ye ives s tice eis a) = 95
PAC GESEUGIMATT A oe. ltl ale ee 90
AMonellaeSeehon oi). Sakic 101
AM OXCISA ye ON execs Aen aii .103
DAV OST OMAR Saba sy Ayan eae Buches 105
YAW ORISSA as sicad aisha. tome sls 105
PaXe FOUN) OVE) UE aR Noe Nees icteric CuI 103
DA TON fon 00 Shel el ins een celeste pin 105
ANOS TATA is cute, Ns keleleg aude, aye 102
PAGAL O RIE NIE NSM ERS Cy ee Meter ase, 106
Alonopsis, Genus.............. 85
WAS Clommeabal sy oiig ae Speen Mina 85
PASUIE DESEO ODE hy eee elshe Coveney cea 86
TAGE CCIE NOU Tart 5) Me Regie fie 86
Amyone, Genus............... 183
PAG NSWMGSRICA Mac cieis © eveketi ss emtene 183
Anchistropus, Genus........... 118
ZAG CHAP OMIMTATUS Herein e er ere ere eile 118
BAN] 0) O12) 000 bce ey Bs pros cients ee 180
Attheyella, Genus ............. 174
INXS GYADUOMUTTO Eee oganagaaan os 174
AC PYSMAy css e ee Meaeeaearalrae 174
A. Spinosa....:. Mate Lab Salem a Vs 174
Bosminidze, Kamily: . 90. feet 65
HBosiairmay Genus. wy veilele mek 65
IBMTEVILOSUBISHS Vast aie). opaneeinca 65
JB MGOD LAND HEE he ay a Gere tel e Rte I ts Br 65
135 QUINVDHOIOIS 44 ois ao eee Sa atic oc 65
Bediaphamaencs cosy Nh okie seme 66
IB SAC HSERIGHE oe uch waseea 66
BS bOneaien ele 2s, ca ete a 65
He) JON GUVOSURIS Sco. Wess aia) Pelepaeh eee 65
Pe lOWMSPS PIMA yeeros) 58s see ene 65
B. macrorhyncha ............ . 65
By MMariblMa ys. escent one 65
PE MTCTOPS es eecetevele en Memes. 65
ASEPTIC eae oa aan 65

188 INDEX

Page. Page.
BROVCUSITOSETIS.. <5 5. cts see G6: -O; SIODOSUS: <5 oe. 324 Ree 116
PS SUNI ALAS os csi. ios sos Rei eee 68° C. latiffons..2. 2260 Ss a sae 118
STACY as) GrOMUS 5.5 aes teea ees LSaa Co latusy. ics. nw mutate ieee 17
Bythotrephes, :. s. i. eskiee cere 129.0. nitidugss. sche sce ee oe eee 117
Calanidss: Pamilyc ch spec cceee ee T20UCOVALIS': .2 eee: eee 117
AALIPUB io. O52 24,12 see eee TS CMPISEL | sf ea shy ONL eee 118
Calyptomera, Sub-order...... lo, 18). sphzerieus .-a66 se eee 116
Camptocereus, Genus.......... 81 Circulatory system of Daphni-
C.iSOTTAOS be oa a eel neers 83 OS icisia Belah ed sis 2 ee 23
CMaiITOSHEIS 2 th occc se ieere 84 Circulatory system of Cantho-
CHiN eborei. 1% < aes Bee ernias 84 camptus:. 37 i514. See 166
(PACED. Wie a cde ieee 83 Cladocera, Order............... 13
C@emectirostriss: 5.75. Coie tre 84. Copepoda, Order...... 20. 0.028 124
CSTOUUNGUS Hane c.edenttsl cane one 84 Corethra, A new species of ..... 10
Canthocamptus, Genus........ 164. @ appendiculata. ..... 1. aeee 11
OM DIEVIPES is dds Aosta aS 169: Ceplumicomiss 523720 sen eee 10
CMCLASSUS's wi ccs sat anette aera 169. Coryezus, Genus......... 212 eee 185
CA Pron tinal nc icaessesorncr. dt ae 174. Ctenopoda, Tribe. «....2..208 18
CMSA CHIS forts o-.ceo va re ee 168 Crustacea, Distribution of fresh-
CIMiberNICGUS)..ic).e- Ses cele 172 Water, dis oun cen-. eee L657
@callinoisensis\\.).42- at's. cee 170 Cucullanus elegans............. 9
C. minnesotensis ........0..5005 1738. Gyclopids, Family... .22aam 143
MINIMUM EUS |. Se) opt crete s ere ee 170 Cyclops; Genus: 3h.) eee 144
Ce northumbricus ;.....) 2). ateeeee 169. ‘CSabysSsonum....- (cree 149
@epalustris. 3... meee ae aes 1738. C.-adolescens:.... .\- <i. eee 161
C@rstaphylinius. 1 xscsvene eee 172’ C. eequoreuss... «02/2152 Pa 163
C. tenuicaudis and trispinosus ..169 C. affinis...........-..-.s8086 161
Cre PYSMBUS oc. s fcc cs eee eee ATA ChAGUIS Epa cir oars dito ache ee 157
Carpenter’s gelatine............ P79. ‘CHalbiGusis usavne Ace 158
Ceriodaphnia, Genus........... 25) (Coannulicoris: 2.5 45..05 ae 153
G.-alabamMensis)...\...:./.9. He eRe BB) OM abe 4 ccte po si8 ois 2 ee a 45
GNCOMBOTE. 56 o's ns anne SO Zi tee O10) 6.0) (0) eA Sc 160
@ACTISTAGAH te beat asi Oe 37. GC. bicuspidatus).).): 0% fae 151
Crdentata.. 24.6.8: 602. 5 eG ‘3°38. Ce Disetosus.. 2.0805. . 00 a ae 151
GMlatieaudata rn... shee see 89| C. brevicaudatus ........9i2se 147
OPMELOPS chee ss KAcatese rose 36) ‘Ci brevicornis ... 5 2.4; 2ee eee 145
Craitida: se Sntha. 134022 fA 41 ©. brevispinosus......./.3. 09am 148
GC. pulehella: i303 666 hPL 37 C.canthocarpoides ............ 161
Cipunctatais o2 5 32) hrs ee ae 39) Cheapillatus:. «23 h.056 4408 oe 156
CF quadrangulay, ;.) 10.01.12 40: C. Clausii.... 27.40% os eee 153
Ce TetiCulata «ote: char dee een 38: C.-coronatusi 229 Us eee 153
GS rotunda 22045 2 02 htt ee 37 C.-crassicaudis: j/...05 3.0 156
COrseltulas..12acattd see 40) Ce \CrassuS)s... cc taee ss aeons 146
G. textilis.. 000. sgn VR res 41) CHCLASSICOTMIS’. 5.15.00 0k tenes 162
Chydorus, Genus ..... Py ater ira’ 115. Ci diaphanus\-¢t.:.:.)..t SV ToT red
CPalbicans «4 -s01ec0aner Mae 118. ©: elegans? i's 5.42... . ae 158
GEN ATIB «5055's ste! oleerahite ee 117° ©. elongatus') 65 27. tee ee 144

}
oy
\f

iNDEX 189

Page. Page.

WaymmaOrialuse se sks io2 ee HEIKO simplex He. Seve ead SRE 150
CABASCIENT Sees eo GSI Co Spimmlosuswe sce ss ese 159
GSthuiatilisws Ok. SO USO ICM SIMEMUUSKAy eos eel ak. 147
Gerunreihers. 2.8 oe ge tk eee: ATO GEMUASSIMMUSH Ee ce Be heer cnere 150
POmONaAsese kan BPS. 4a AO. COMUICOTMIS ees sca alee eit. 153
C. helgolandicus............... H5o Cy CHOMMASTIN Ee Se OS Ae 151
WRvoller as. anf Ee Sh ae IUSPAL KOS bua atonal FeO lsd nun nema ecC ES 149
(Oy JAN EN ITSO a ee ee en deine PSO ACH VALICAMS peak ee icies eee ee 157
WRTOMEMS LM A GSW. Cxivennaiswe een kina ae een, 147.
OMINGENSH yeahs rR EL NA SOO VaATICISEeyatren iene kL bee 145
OMIMISCCHUSE 4 ee HSMROT SZ © Sev lAsISH ct Patere sto cln atale oe 145
OPINSTOMMIS es yh LR e IM 155 Daphnella,Genus.............. 21
OPIASCIVAIS HA esol Ae LG Sbrachyurae a cee el. <a. 21
CMacustris. cytes elk. {1463 Dsbrandtianam sine. oye te ° 22
CMlaMoOMIGUS 62. RA 154 D.expinosa........ PAR, SSAA 21
OMMAISSUMIUS hs ei oun ee ae NES De winehellys oa o5 8 oe RN, 21
MENG ARUID statin eo yececo ate aa DAG WL OTe iE oy rs MRR as 21
C. leeuwenhoekii .............. 150 Daphnide, Family............. 23
Cylongicaudabus 2.0.20 6 Pe 63, Daplmiay Gemusi.. a2 2a. sass see 49
FOP OWOICOINIS 2). eh) 'e eee aS OG ADM APICAL es wire eh oe ate 63
EMU OC KAN. ae a ee 5S AID AMT AK Ks eo Lin ee ae elles 175
CO PMWETOUIIS 6 Bess: AERO ITE, 147 D.berolinensis .....:.......... 63
AU PRFINACTUTIS 2c Se cisecterst tee LE tet LSS DAcarinata weak See eee Os 58
CRMACMICEDS:.)2 1.5.05 FLL ee ee LEZ GCAaVALEONS ty 6 eS 58
CymMaAgnoctavus).) 0.6) ss. oe. 1o9-D- Cederstromile. cen is ee 2 64
reais Re. ea NEO) MDS eristataje. eles ees 63
Crmodestus. 0 2822) eg Oe. oA OS eucullataye synth tee dees 3
(Che TOILE) es oR ee Ea MDZ ALD CULTS poh ttaare Gatlat aa ator alte pened 61
REMAN case. c ONS a ee GLC CAAA ao? ce PE 60
Cinawicwlaris:...2.0/ 4 eee. GSD astalay sar waco vec eee eee 57
WHMOWESIGOTNIS "22 G8) ./ 2 SES 1530: - by alima ee es Oe et Ee 60
WmmrbhHonoides) 2)... 010 HS0; sD kallbergensis.Wo chee ee. 63
UOEMAUUS so FO ae SRO G2 AACUSTEIS ey vecioa ety lahat: a9
WAWALEUS 4.1 eee) Sie. ae Wie a TASS MD) MEO VISE Mii sa sum wa sra aeted eaten ee, 60
PRBAUPET Nth 2 rs ea LL AG 2M 1); LOMSINENAIS 52) We ne ne fee .. 63
CP MECHMIEET 1 Ce tree AT Lai DE lonoispimaly sya aca. sh oe ae a ie. 58
@ i phaleratus fos. e se! GT HDD + MAAN eerste sateie lacs Gare tee bee'e 55
CeIChUS ly fa. cE Ee ea, 47D) MRO MICE PS eh el, SYS 64
(OL, F010] 0) 612) MN URNA Bese 1620) sminnehahaseeeni. ose see 57
Se poulehellus!.. 22.2. Pe Hae WD) ODCUSAy wisi ne Oe hee 57
WP DY SMBUS. oso) cl EE. GID overhangs oye eed ys Oe es 56
PONOMAITICOrNIS, Var... 252.0% MSs. peumabasdesssedax. cee BONS 56
WETODUSHUS S408 Ye cys eek 1A DD: pelhucidars. «PEPSI Ok ass 60
WHSCUMMEEH Ase ko ae He. LORD). psintaceds ued s PLL ye is 55
Ci sernulatusys sf.2202 50.22 aD: pullexs 460203 202s 0es ares 57
Cision Absa as 2s SR a OS 153 D. pulex, var. nasuta .......... 57
C. signatus, var. faciacornis ....153 D.retrocurva ................. 64

190 INDEX.

PPETOSP Ay oy. . as Sb dine. eee 59
By sehwiteri.,. ..)s.6 Ge eewteeiies 55
Pi schoedlera 5 5.34).63 ba sree 57
De similis.....c< 3.2. eRe 59
Dy Vitrea ou F.4 2. oh oadieeaieee 64
Daphnia, Development of ...... 50
Diaphanosoma brandtianum.... 21
DiassGenusiasiwre .\< eepeeetaee 181
Dp lengiwaniis 2. os. sete ee 181
ISTO 5.65.9 costs ec ho eR 9
Drepanothrix, Genus........... 1/33
Di dentatay....= .acceenee ole sgierntho
aD Team... 3 oa wei ene 73
De SOtI SOLA.) < .:2 0 -scotnayeea nee 73
Diaptomus, Genus ,/. .... isiiisieeate 135
a) AVMIAGUS ©. 2's. 1s,S a, <0 bade toe 139
ND WGASGOI 3 2 .sesiensrcise, oecet sy peta 137
D; kentuckyensisi c.f. .ottoae 142
DS eraeis 2 i sage eee 14]
1D) Sis antes: | os iiss oes sik SE OA,
DD SIATCODS%.o\.3 seis cece ween 141
D. leptopus....... epee 140
Ws TON GiGOMMIS .... . 55 ).-delaetee: 140
Weminnetonka ::...> askeenhieere 138
Pe palli@us: . . .....2-i sepia 142
WO VISANGUINEUS)..\: -. 2 serie 138
DD SUGUAS (at's fois ee ae eee 142
HOE SIMS: ce ees ee eae 141
Dstagnalisy + 2. ..4. »> «ene 139
DF WESEWOOGT cece + os \scitetedoehel: 137
Enemies of Entomostraca...... 8
Hpischura, Genus... itasennssy +’ 130
WBreMUUIVTAUHIS 5 cio cre anh dee eee 132
MA CUSUTIS 22 025.s.chy see eee 131
Breasilus, Genus .'s -.dsjewsjae ts 174
HH (GOPLESSUS,... 2580 oie atyeeiiereleeetat V7

HA SieDOlGi. } Jojreo sock eee 174
Eurycercine, Sub-family....... 80
EBurycereus, Genus. ..:.5 (jeiee 80
Bi lamellatus: i: 36.3 .9 me ernee 80
Fe Jaticaudatws. :..)...1-..8 4, etal SSO
EWA 5. a5. 5 os aysieers poise, atone ale 122
Ferric perchloride............. 179
Graptoleberis, Genus .......... 89
Ge ANOLMUIS 57.3. 22 wis scueyen) Ae ates 90
G:. reticulata. +2555. Aoxes wares 90
G., testudinaria.|... |. ‘ny sine sie 90

Page.
Gymnomera, Sub-order .... .. 120
Flarpacticid . :cj..3.4:.0. bene 183
Harpacticus, Genus............ 184
i chelifer 3...) 2... 4.4 ce eee 184
Hp Sr Aacilis, ¢ 4... ste. ene + ee 184
Harporhynchus faleatus........ 114
Heterocope, Genus ............ 130
HE. alpina. : 3.505, 2... see 130
H. appendiculata ....... 250. 04 130
Hy salienss 4.52.2. . +o 130
Holopedide, Family. .. ..... 22°
Holopedium, Genus............ 22
EX, gibberm®. 2). .-.-. eae 22
Ilyocryptus, Genus .... 2.4.5, <u: 76
Lyacutifirons |... 2)... cee 77
E.:sordidnus.... .:..... ssc 7
Lespinifer :. 6... :..5 23.03 77
Introductory ........ i ae RegE 5
Lagenella mobilis ..... 4c). 208 12
Laophonte . .......)... 202980 183
Lathonura, Genus ....:\sh. hee 71
I. rectirostris: =... — a: c/s 71
Ti. SpInOSas .. s.065.5 sone eee 71
Latona, Genus... . o... eine 22
Ii. setifiera: ......6:: - ahaa 22
Leptodoride, Family .......... 122
Leptodora, Genus .. ... .;.): sateen 123
Leydigia, Genus... ...:. a0 88
L. acanthocercoides .. ........ 89
L. quadrangularis . ... = 3) ssheeme 88
Limnocalanus, Genus.......... 142
PAIMACTUTUS. 2.5 eae aie pial Ee
Limnosida, Genus.... . «agen 21
Tietrontosay cose .. 2 aeieee 21
ophophorus....... -.. .. seen 143
Lynceidse, Family -.. ...i.:eeee 77
Lynceine, Sub-family.......... 81
Lynceus, Genus. (See Alona and

Pleuroxus).

Lynceus acanthocercoides...... 89
Ty. affinis,,...0.sa 54.05 0 See ee 98
Ja. ,OXCISUS) |.\..5, s/t. cares eee 103
Ib. CXILUUS 2. 00) 2 5:00 cee 105
I. lamellatus.. :.. ...<. 4: eeeiteene 80
ly. laticornis. ...: ..... :)sthilaeee 68
Li. leucocephalus .. ...... nssnis see 81
Lis TMA 5s edhe sy oe ahavelen tees 96

INDEX. 191
Page. Page.
JO TOOENGIE DD COIS Meena ie ceca ey yaya SSE UMICCNS oe ia ae aun 111
This TBE RU IS SR an nue ete HO see OcOny GEMUSien Saied ae vei pee ayes 122
PS QUACTANASULATIS!) 0. 2255 dene 88 Peoecilostomata, Order ......... 174
MERETICMIATIS: 2s). a ede tee SOP onbelideecss ay Sas eee Ne 129
MEGETOSTLALUS os kL ees 102 Polyphemide, Family.......... 120
HEPES PINGELICUIS pod Seon ael ee Naare IG Polyphemus, Genus. 2) .cn- 121
GS eMUIFOSELIS)2)2)02 9.2 Sei), Hoe nalO ARO LET OLChETOT eee eye as 134
Metestudinarius,. 050... 225.6: TOMB Seudo-cyClopsemnen ass fea see 14
PEM COMONIS eats Wests ea 108 Pseudo-diaptomus, Genus... ..180
DC ENUGUTICA LUISE 1820.) inic kerala acme eles Tea MC LONGUS aaa atnscauiaimelilias 180
Lyncodaphnide, Family ....... 66 Pseudo-sida, Genus............ 20
Lyncodaphnia, Genus.......... TA Pe oid embalbal sei. ous Veta Beh. 20
ee IMaCKOLNTOIMeS . 2 .'..6 baa GOPMLUN OPTUS) ees Sok ean 107, 113
Macrothrix, Genus............. 68 Scalicerus pediculus ........... N21
IMIG pai COMMIS A ete oe eke 68 Scapholeberis, Genus .......... 4]
JUL, |ORUUY OYSTER ee eae se ae ence aegien el TOS BMOMe VE eee wena ooo auc oe 44
BVIPROSC Me See eiuele ae nae eens GOSH arm ahaa. ch cee eames 43
MEMeEMMICOIHIS. 2). 0 .o8.. 62. TOM Se aurita st! (lk MN Geis i 175
Metmidan ie. :.:. PU Mee iste erm ines UEQZA Ss COLMUbA ee hie ee ean 43
AVI Sepa ea a ce i naa en AG Ss UCONN bok eon) hobo Oho obe 42
Monoculus (= early synonym for SUT SUGAR ina ses a nM, ... 48
Lynceus, etc.) Scophiphora vagans............ 180
Monospilus,,Genus ...-.205.-2. 119 Sectioning entomostraca....... 179
MUIEPOUSOAT Me ie ce ie geen eS. EO ie Slay GOI UWS ies sae 8 Sh mee able 19
Note to Cladocera............. Nioms. Chystallimain sas sec oamenomets 20
Note to Copepoda .... ......... 186. Strelomoatay gaya wo sean ete 20
EMO ee a he STA 3mSididge., Patmuilyn vege soa d 9s: 19
Osphranticum, Genus.......... 1384 Simocephalus, Genus .......... 44
OMabronecbui > 3450). 025.5. 4) IBA Ss AMeTLICAMUSS ye eee G ueireiae A7, 48
Map A SMC, eras ei et cic skates oi weno Mile OP REOMMCITEL OG parts cache pia ete 48
Percantha truncata............ 112 S. daphnoides’.....5........... A8
hrixiras Genus: .) os)... 2525. TRAY Se XqOIMOSWU Shar eer enele eee hao 47
TC CUTOSULIS {103 Shea ee PSO SS OSULALUS Ge eyeia ener nlenerieyane/ oh: 47
TACULOXUS. SUD-SEMUS. . ss... NOG Suserrulatus, oss che ele: 46
MPG MUILOSUELS sikh ra e oaoue OOS VECULUSH ere oui tr ON ait: 46
PPAPACUMICTUSH nee eye speesione aie cle 109 Streblocercus,Genus........... 72
JE), CGT GUISE ire Mitr ret Ain int yA TEA Io Sa TOA So abe Soo eon bk: ARTO.
Baa D VIET ss eicye) Secs Sharan A TOO INA GTA GINS) eees ees yes an cia tens sivuc 129
mydenticulatus... 203... ..5.... 110) Memora.Genus;. 2222.25. -: 133, 182
127s, GIGI OYE) Rr eae tae ee eR at AGT e MAD GTN Siete sie Geechee uae 133, 182 .
PUVA GUS rs o2) oo) Sitio ale eel PALO s eurcran en Gaerne ier Sc steseva: esis ei auoisrels 133
SPREE T SUNG UES Sires cheated av meee A fimmmamehtay sen ae Boats 133
PAPEESOMATUS Hoe ae ek HIS | 40S cere VOI Si alibi noua Bis ae 138, 182
Rea ING UUS vase sess in iat eek Says TOMCICORMIS: Ith ack oe kien. 133
ES Eomellus ses ose HO SIMA WElONG Serr Cogs, echt nes 133, 182
HER UURUMNC ABUTS ete eee ls ccs gala at MMM OTeN TA Mi eke eine eres eee opens 143
Ee UNINC LINA GUS ya pecahve rar ai ks age aie ts 114 Utricularia vulgaris........... 8

PLATE A.

abdomen of Moina paradoxa, female, from Minnesota.

. spine from post-abdomen.

post-abdomen of Moina rectirostris.
head of M. paradoxa, female, showing (a) eye with pig-
ment and lenses, (b) supra-cesophagal ganglion, anten-
nule with (c) its muscle, (d) its nerve, and (e) its terminal
sensory filaments, (f) the cecum of stomach, (g) optic
ganglion, (h) stomach, (i) esophagus, (j) the muscles
which move the eye, also part of the labrum.
antenne of same.
ephippium of WV. rectirostris.
% of M. paradoxa.
seminal cell of M. paradoxra; Ta, a group less magnified.
seminal celis of M. rectirostris.
first foot of male of M. paradoxa.
eee eM, rectirostris (from Weismann).

male M. rectirostris (from Weismann).
head of Ceriodaphnia rotunda. (This and the following
numbers after P. E. Mueller.)
head of C. punctata.

“ C. pulchella.

YY C. reticulata.
C. quadrangula,
C. quadrangula.
post-abdomen of C. quadrangula.

eS C. pulchella.

C. megops.
C. reticulata.
a C. laticaudata.
C. rotunda,

be

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12th Annual Report PLATE A. Geol. & Nat. Hist-Sur: Minn.

CLirerreck +

Fig.

PLATE B.

Ceriodaphnia rotunda, male (after Kurz).

C. alabamensis. female.

C. reticulata, post-abdomen of male with opening of vas
deferens (after Weismann).

C. consors ? ?

C. scitula, head of female.

do., post-abdomen.

do., antennule of male.

do., semen cell of male.

Scapholeberis angulata, adult female; 9a. first foot.
Schapholeberis armata, t

do., view from below.

Lyxcodaphnia macrothroides, young.

do., labrum.

do., antennule.

do., last foot, purple pigment in lower part.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12th Annual Report PLATE B. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn.

% —S_—— WS
a BEAT wey ()
een os
OSU ROLES
geese

f CL Merrick

PLATE B',

Fig. 1. Lyncodaphnia maerothroides (= Ofryoxus?), adult female,
showing coiled intestine, elevated anus, long antennules,
elongated seta of second antenne, anterior ceca, ete.

Fig. 2. post-abdomen of the same.

Fig. 3. antennule.

Figs. 4--6. Polyphemus pediculus, young and adult females.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
From the 10th Annual Report. PLATE B1. — Geol. &: Nat. Hist. Sux. Minn. ,

‘ \. .
= bse wens lia Jed : ere aly cohen Seta A necla

eyeere ts tinny tle es pormpms iral hyeli
a eB co

-.

Let le cenit em ers 6 = arepe iether eM

api

SOW AD or go tO ES

PLATE C.

Macrothrix tenuicornis, la. labrum.

do., first foot.

do., antennz of young.

Macrothrix pauper.

Macrothriz rosea, antenna of male.

do., spines of shell-margins.

do., post-abdomen.

Macrothriz laticornis, male.

do., semen cells.

Pasithea rectirostris, male antenna.
Macrothriz rosea, post-abdomen.
Macrothrix tenuicornis, “

Macrothrix rosea, post-abdomen of male. -
Drepanothrix dentata, antenna.
Ilyocryptus sordidus, marginal spines.
do., antenna.

do., post-abdomen.

Ilyocryptus spinifer, 18a. marginal spines.
do., antenna.

Macrothrix tenuicornis, heart and accompanying vessels.
Ilyocryptus spinifer, post-abdomen.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12 th Annual Report PLATE C. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn.

anit

CL.Herreck

1 PR ET Ie Be SS
Nera i

va av]

—_

ane Z

yf fi. ? im 4
ay. " " a $ hi NT ay
: Git sear mn

Fe er le

a

pies ie
au
: +. as tox. oS, tig en el hae ee ee Oe ceslaghes

es

es er ee ee

PLATE D.

—

Lathonura rectirostris.

female, from above. a. eye. b. optic ganglion. c. mus-
cles of eye. d. muscles of antenna. e. dorsal sucking
disc. f. stomach. g. young in brood cavity.

female, from side.

head seen from below.

maxille.

first foot.

ovary.

antennule.

last foot.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12th Annual Report PLATE D. Geol. &-Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

OLMerrick

Lo
ly =¥ wy i ef "

Fig

ig. 10.

CD TI OP O bo

PLATE E.

Alona quadrangularis, female.

A. antennule. Lb. labrum. Md. mandible. P-a. post-
abdomen. An. anus. F. c. musculus flexor caudalis.
E. c. musculus extensor caudalis. A. g. anal gland.
n. g. nutritive globule inembryo. t. tail of embryo.
I, II, U1, LV, V. five pairs of feet of embryo. mx. maxilla
of embryo. at?. antenne of embryo. at !. antennules
of embryo. H. heart. Sh. g. shell gland. Ov. ovary.
Md. m. muscleof mandible. At.? m. muscle of antenne.
E. eye. s. ce. g. supra-cesophagal ganglion. P. F. pig-
ment fleck.

brain, eye and pigment fleck of same.

Pleuroxus procurvus, female.

foot of same.

Acroperus leucocephalus.

Alonella excisa, female; 6a. shell of same.

antenne of same.

Alonopsis latissima, female.

Alonopsis media, female.

Camptocercus macrurus, post-abdomen.

. 10a. lower angle of shell of same.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

Geol, & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

PLATE E.

12th Annual Report

2
S

ie
s
x
x
ae

eae eae ek ea

PLATE F.

Chydorus globosus.

do., first foot.

do., end of post-abdomen.

Chydorus sphericus, male.

Chydorus nitidus, post-abdomen of female.
Chydorus nitidus, head.

Chydorus sphwricus, ephippial female.
do., female.

Chydorus globosus, post-abdomen of male.
Chydorus sphericus, from above.
Chydorus ovalis.

Chydorus celatus.

Crepidocercus setiger.

Alona affinis.

Pleuroxus unidens; 15a, antenna.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
PLATE F. Geol. & Nat.Hist. Sur Minn.,

1? th Annual Report

CLHerrick

PLATE G.

Fig. 1. <Alonopsis latissima, male.
Fig. 2. Alona glacialis ? female.
Fig. 3. do., male.

Fig. 4. Alona tuberculata.

Fig. 5. do., post-abdomen.

Fig. 6. do., labrum.

Fig. 7. do, antenna, setose branch.
Fig. 8. Alona glacialis, antenna.
Fig. 9. Alonopsis latissima, fect.

Figs.10, 11. Alonella excisa, details of shell sculpture.

Fig. 12. Pleuroxus denticulatus, female; 10a. outline of ephippium.
Fig. 13. do., common variety.

Fig. 14. Alona tuberculata, var.

MINNESOTA .CRUSTACEA.
1? th Annual Report » PLATE G.

Geol, & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn,

SS IN A I UR

PLATE H.

Pleuroxus hamatus, post-abdomen and antenna.
Pleuroxus affinis.

Alona modesta { = lineata?)

Leydigia quadrangularis.

Eurycercus lamellatus, male; 5a. posterior margin.
do, antenna of female.

Alonella pygmea.

Temora affinis, Poppe. female.

do.,
do.,

abdomen of fémale.
male.
abdomen of male.
fifth feet of male.

i o> of genial.
jaw.
antennule.

Nauplius larva of this or a related species.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA

Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn.

PLATE H.

1% th Annual Report

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Camptocercus rectirostris, post-abdomen of female.
Fig. 2. do. post-abdomen of male.
Fig. 3. do. male.
Fig. 4. Camptocercus biserratus, head.
Fig. 5. Camptocercus latirostris, head of male.
Fig. 6. do., head of female.
Fig. 7. Camptocercus lillgeborgii, head.
Fig. 8. do., post-abdomen of female.
Fig. 9. <Acroperus leucocephalus, post- abgomre of male.
Fig. 10. Acroperus angustatus, "
Fig. 11. Alona tenuicaudis, post- eee
Fig. 12. Alona dentata, post-abdomen.
iy. 18.

do. female.

Fig. 14. Alona elegans.

Alona intermedia.

Fig. 16. Plewroxus hastatus.

Fig. 17. Leptorhynchus falcatus.

Fig. 18. Phrixura rectirostris.

Fig. 19. Hurycercus lamellatus, first foot of female.

Fig. 20. Alona sanguinea? shell markings.

Fig. 21. Monospilus dispar; 21a. do., head seen from in front.

Se
Ig
jt
Ou

Figures 19-21 original, others from Kurz, P. E. Mueller and Schoedler.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
| 12¢k Annual Report PLATE I.

Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

ANN
i

il

I

CLferrccek

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig,
Fie.

t=}

Fig.

Sa eee ee ear es

PLATE J.

Ceriodaphnia scitula, (small var.) ephippial female.
Bosmina longirostris.

Bosmina lilljeborgii. After P. EK. Mueller.
Bosmina, hook on the first foot of male.
Scapholeberis mucronata,

Scapholeberis cornuta, head.

Scapholeberis angulata, head; Ta. angle of shell.
Pleuroxus denticulatus, male.

Simocephalus americanus, head of female.
Bosmina, post-abdomen of male (after Weismann).

F

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA

Geol. & Nat. Hist: Sur: Minn.

PLATE J.

x
2
RY
u
3
S
S

12 % Annual Report

PLATE J}.

Fig. 1. Bosmina striata.

Fig. 2. Bosmina longirostris. (See plate J, fig. 2.)
Figs. 3-5. Bosmina cornuta.

Figs. 6, 7. Pleuroxus procurvatus.

Fig. 8. Graptoleberis inermis.

Fig. 10. Acroperus sp.

Figs. 11,12. Graptoleberis inermis.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

From the 10th Annual Report.

Geol. ¢: Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

PEATE St.

Bigs 1:
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Hig.) 5,
Fig. 6.
Bis) 7,
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9;
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.

PLATE K.

Daphnia minnehaha, male.
‘ oy part of feet of first and second pair.
Canthocamptus hibernicus, antenna of female.
fg ci fifth foot of female.
palustris, antenna of male.
trispinosus, fifth foot of female.
minutus, young.
zt ‘“ nauplius form.
Pseudo-sida bidentata, adult female, antennule, labrum,
angle of shell and post-abdomen.
Daphnia rosea, young female.
‘< post-imago.
ae “beak.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn.

PLATE K.

12th Annyal Report

a

———

EO

sli EEE AG

Ps) WN

ay ee ys

Rint,

PLATE L.

be 66

‘Wig. 1. Daphnia minnehaha, young female.
Fig. 2 gc head of female; 2a. post-abdomen.
Hig. 3. . hyalina, young female.
Fig. 4. Z ** young.
Fig. 5 e ‘* post-imago.
Mig. T ys dubia, young.
ee)

Hig older female.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12tAnnual Report PLATE L. Geol. &. Nat:Hist.Sur' Minn.

“oie

RR

SEB
ASK

ere

E)
o'

-
¥ *

“
le ee es oe ote

Foe!

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Sh

PLATE M.

Daphnia schefferi, post-abdomen of female.

be be be bb male
ss male antennule.
ro * brain and nerves.

inf. ce. g. infra-cesophagal ganglion with nerves to anten-
nz; ce. cesophagus; n.f. frontal nerve; g. opt. optic gang-
lion; m. opt. muscles which move the eye; p. f. pigment
fleck; n. opt. optic nerve.

Daphnia schefferi, posterior part of embryo.

Eurycercus lamellatus, heart, showing the anterior bifid
portion between the jobes of which is the arterial opening
and valve. The vaned arrows represent deeper currents
while the unvaned indicate superficial ones. The dotted
line represents the position of the pvlsatins membrane
separating the venous from the arterial currents and seen
in section at (a). ‘
Daphnia similis, anterior part of the nervous system seen
from below. a. optic nerve; b. optic ganglion; e. frontal
nerve; d. nerve to antennules; e. commissure connecting
upper and lower cesophagal ganglion; f. nerves toantennz
and mandibles.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
PLATE M. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn,

12 Annual Report

GhHerrick

Fig. 1-4.
Biss 25:
Vig, 6,
ean
Vig. 8,
Fig) 9,
Fig. 10.
Rie 1;
Fig. 12.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 14,
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
ite 6

PLATE N.

Daphnia pulex, var. nasutus.
outline of head and (a) beak of D. similis:
Leptodora hyalina, seen from above.
2 He larva.
Latona setifera, female.
Limnosida frontosa, female.
‘i £5 antennule of male.
Holopedium gibberum, female.
Sida elongata, head outline.
Sida crystallina, head outline of young female..

in . antennule of male.
. N ‘ of female.
Daphnia galeata, outline of head.
66 “nitrea” 66 te 66

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

PILATE IN. Geol’ & Nat Hist. Sur Minn. :
12 hAnnual Report Lk Nat Hs

7
2 aw
Vie
f.
iy Z
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2
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f
M) 9
any er
ool
A
SINGS
~ q
wef p
2 i ‘
Py
HA
i
\

SSS
Deas RAS

; §) fn Fe ry" ~ egy oni me ie ale
, SO ae

ve TE LON BT

PLATE O.

Canthocamptus illinoisensis, antenna of female.

s e fifth foot of female.
3 antennule.

ey wi first foot.

3 caudal stylet.

Canthocamptus northumbricus, var. americanus, fifth
foot of female.
antenna of female.

6 ve maxilliped.

v6 as caudal stylet.

vc “ antenna of male.
cs et first foot.

“ ve fourth foot.

mS at fifth foot of male.

frontal area.
Canthocamptus tenuicaudis, stylets.
re a fifth foot of female.
Cyclops serrulatus, fifth foot. —
fourth foot.
es outer ramus of first foot.
Canthocamptus northumbricus, inner ramus of third
male foot. ,
2 3 beak.

“ ig maxilla,

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12% Annual Report PEATE O. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur Minn.

C.L.HAerrick

fern 4

ate)
&

Pig. a...

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig,
Fig.
Fig.

Oo

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

2 oS

Fig. 10.

PLATE P.

Heart of Simocephalus vetulus. a, tendons attached to
lateral walls of heart. b, venous opening of heart. e,
muscular bands supporting the abdomen, connected by
transverse bands. d, cells of nutritive matter hiding the
arterial opening. e, thin membrane seen in section
which separates the venous from the arterial blood cur-
rents, is in focus near the side, but its situation in the
center is shown by the dotted line. Above this or out-
side it is the attachment of the powerful antennary
and mandibular muscles. f, posterior arterial sinus. g,
brood-sac. h, alimentary canal with thick glandular
cell walls. i, shell gland or excretory organ. j, power-
ful muscles supporting and moving the abdomen.

An early stage of the embryo of Duphnza schefferi. a,
anus. n, nutritive globules or fat drops characteristic
of the summer embryo. m', m’, outer and inner enve-
lope of the embryo. This is a nauplius stage, but not
the first or proper nauplius. The portion darkly shaded
is nutritive yolk. .

A well advanced winter embryo of D. schefferi. a, shell
growing over the eyes. b.c, inner shell. d. outer shell.
e, lateral part of the head. f, antennales. g, labrum.
h, mandibles. i, maxilla. j, second maxilla ? k’, Il’,
m’, n’, branchial appendages of the 2d—5th pairs of feet.
represented by k, 1. m,n. 0, first foot. p. antenna,
q, anus and intestine partly completed. ss, shell growing
out from the maxillary region.

Older embryo bursting outer shell.

Egg after extrusion into the brood cavity.

Head of young embryo. a, lenses in formation. b, eyes
appearing as dark flecks. c, shell growing over the
head. d, labrum. e, antennule.

Longitudinal section through an ephippium.

Vertical section through an ephippial Daphnia schefferi.
Somewhat oblique section through the ephippium (a,
b, c), heart (h), mandibles (m), and labrum (|).

A vertical section through the ephippium and its egg.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

: I2th Annual Report PLATE P. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn.

a

SENS sy
TRASH Vaeoers
RORY

Ss ase x
INS WEN eae SSNs
WARE SA

¥ Qa,
RSE RE
REE Ry
Sse RRA SN
RNIN TERN
RRS
~

se
SST
SS
IR
ey
RG

CLHerrict

5 Ley

PGE ChE AE SS Gal

ly

peat
SO DAH orp 9 bo ps

PLATE Q.

Alonella pulchella, female.
i * reticulations.
oi post-abdomen.
Alona modesta, male.
Diaptomus similis, female. 5a. jaw.

i ‘fifth foot of male.

66 6b 66 66 be female

es minnetonka, fifth foot of male.

be 3 be & bb female

se abdomen of female.

stagnalis, margin of last thoracic segment.
iT) sanguineus, bb it bb bo 66

at stagnalis, fifth foot of the male.
Epischura fluviatilis, abdomen of male.

r lacustris, fifth feet of male.
3 Juipianlien in eee fe

Diaptomus pallidus “ ‘* “ “ inner ramus.
66 sicilis 6b bb bb 6b be a3

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

PLATE Q.

Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur: Minn:

12'th Annual Report

M,

Cz,He rrievck

ui
Pins

ae 7
Y

Fig.

Fig. .

Fig.

2.
Figs, 3-4.
Figs. 5-6.
16

PLATE Q).

Diaptomus sp. Young male; external parts as yet but

partly developed showing alimentary and reproductive

systems as well asa portion of the muscular system.

The looped tube is the vas deferens. The small irreg-

ularly coiled tube anteriorly is the shell-gland or
kidney.

female with ovary, oviducts and heart.

Nauplius larva of same.

fifth pair of feet of male and female.

mouth appendages, anteriorly the base of antenne fol-

lowed by antennule, labrum, mandible with palp, max-

illa and maxilliped.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

PLATE Q1. Geol. ¢& Nat. Hist. Sur. Minne

From the 10th Annual Report.

TTI

——

(==
SS

—

pL pat
SOF WDRADOP WD

SS —
el

PLATE Q2.

Osphranticum labronectum (Potamoichetor), male.
antennule,
maxilliped.

fifth feet of male.
palp of mandible.
end of abdomen.
feet of first pair.
eye.

maxilla.

mandible.

Cyclops ater, female.
abdomen.
maxilliped.

antenna,

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
From the 10th Annual Report. PLATE Q2. Geol. ¢ Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

7 / E
j ; ae’
yy; Mp
WF [ 5s y NK |
~ \ ( ae, ( (Ht
14 : 4 :

as

LL
© = a=

aI a3 \

OX
\
rece

Wi

Sa
SAS = ——— = a nS
Sas
=

i hamoinnt
O) PRQETOREM E58)

Tie Bl

yi
$900 Ss OC: Behe =

PLATE Q3.

Cyclops ingens, first segment of abdomen of female.
antenna.

fifth foot.

antenna of young male,
stylets of mature female.
stylets of young male.
maxilliped.

mandible.

Cyclops fimbriatus, female.
antenna.

terminal portion of abdomen.
female fifth foot.

second antenna.

Nauplius form.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
PLATE Q3. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

From the 10th Annual Report.

a
Ai

|

i

S
<

SSE

S
SS
=

SS

SA ~: =~ ~
. Kee =

ae

3
o

es Poe
a. i bE Seid te < :
Bop rcs: pe RS op ae ee ae

(APT ALS

HON AL MSAD SA TES

Le

elas

SO eee te (00 hel oie

PLATE Q:.

Cyclops tenuicornis, female.
mandible.
maxille.
stylet.

fifth foot.
maxillipedes.
antenne. ‘
Cuclops ‘“‘signatus,” abdomen.
antenna. .
fifth fuot.

male antenna.

Cyclops parcus, abdomen.
antenna.

fifth foot.

Cyclops “adolescens,” opening of spermatheea and

cement gland.
Cyclops ‘“‘adolescens,” abdomen.
foot.

antenna of female.
eye.

antenna of male.

Cyclops ‘‘signatus,” end of antenna.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.
- From the 10th Annual Report. PLATE Q#. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

a“
,

Vip
g
L;

—t

swine

Zz

=

AN
O3

a,
FD

NS

Ze

ail

PN ECT ¥

Ay sen

Souviy ho ama) ae

oc eh to edn hia.) ob

cre

Hert To amtehy:

Wi!

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig,

PLATE Q5,

Cyclops fluviatilis, female.
antenna.

antenna of young.
abdomen of young.

foot of young.

foot of adult.

fifth foot.

eye.

C. serrulatus, young.
Daphnella brachyura, female.
Daphnella brachyura, wale.
edge of valves.

abdomen of male.

abdomen of female.
antenna of male.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

PLATE Q5. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

Fromthe 10th Annual Report.

a

InN

ine

Fis. dl
Fig. 2
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Riga 1
Fig.
Fig.
Fig. 10.
Pia dk
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Big. 15.
Fig. 16.
Mie 11.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Figs. 20, 21.
Fig. 22.

Cyclops modestus.
bb

PLATE R.

fe end of abdomen.

outer ramus of first foot.
vi ‘* © second foot.
‘ fifth foot.
phaleratus, fourth foot.
outer ramus of first foot.
s fifth foot.
caudal stylets.
antenna of young otherwise perfect.
Jimbriatus, end of abdomen.
diaphanus, abdomen.
ater, inner ramus of first foot.
66 outer bb ob bb bb
“ «© fourth foot
“signatus,” fourth foot.
ater, inner ramus of fourth foot.
*) Shelet,
sp.? first foot.
‘* terminal segments of fourth foot.
* fifth foot.

Fig. 28. Chydorus globosus, first foot of male.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

PLATE R.

2th Annual Report

i= es Z g 5

PLATE S.

Fig. 1. Ergasilus depressus, male.
Fig. 2. Cr oe eid ga: (Amer. C. tenuissimus, var.), stylets.

Fig. 3. fifth foot.

Fig. 4 7 . antennules.

Hig. 5. se es fourth feet.

Fig. 6. i a antenna of male.

Fig. 5 ~ diate ols stylet.

Fig. 8 is me inner maxilliped.

Fig. 9 - * 3 swimming foot.

Fig. 10. id rn ef fifth foot,

Fig. 11. <7 " se antennule.

Fig. 12. ig 55 is opening of spermatheca.

Fig. 13. Cyclops sp.?, nauplius.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

PLATE S. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

12 th Annual Report

4

/ 2 : es

PAS

4

Ese, od.
Pia. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Pies 7%,
Fig. 8.
Fie. 9.
Fig. 10.
Pie:
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.

Nore.

PLATE T.

Besse Ue se minnesotensis, first foot.

iG stylets.
. i antenna of female.
3 a fifth foot of female.
‘79 oe 6b be 6 male.
7 antenna of male.
Ee galeata, young.
* male.

Camptocercus leucocephalus, male.
Alonella excisa, male.
Cyciops insignis, first foot, outer ramus.

é bs fi ft h foot.
ra “ fourth foot.
“a be stylet.

Worm parasitic in arterial sinus of Daphnia schefferi.

On pages 43 and 44, for ‘’ Plate T.” read Plate J.

: MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

I? th Annual Report PLATE T. _ Geol. & Nat. Hist. Sur Minn.

ANG

*

i }
Ny
auntie
V4 See
Sales ae

NN

N

S

ai

J My “\ GL. Herrteks

ae,

a

ey

ca
JQ
$2 90 I > OTP OO pL

PLATE U.

Daas kalbergensis, of moderate size.
<i antennule of male.
t bs head of var.
TEES thomasi, fourth foot.
_ outer ramus of first foot.
Daphnia galeata, typical form,
Caer thomasi, fifth foot.
S stylet.
Cyclops (insectus?), fourth foot.
Bythotrephes longimanus, female.
A curious large protozoan; a. infundibulum frame work

- b. pulsating vacuole; c. nucleus; d. food and digested mat-

ter; e. protective rods; 11a. spicules of the infundibulum.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

Geol & Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

U

PLATE:

12 th Annual Report

PLATE U!,

Figs. 1-14. Limnetes gouldii, Baird. ~
Fig. 15. Daphnia magniceps, female.
Fig. 16. Daphnia minnehaha, female.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA. ;
Geol. é Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.

From the 10th Annual Report. PLATE U1.

6
i

anys

Wierry
Qua Th ty VRAIN) \
Y RH WD \
TA = \
SSAA
\\

ty

«
K««e

ip

W

= ulti
y a yy

SS

WQRGG
ee

IN

CE

se
Mi
Ac

v

eye

<%

=

re Nad Yel
nenneceome” Aiceilt

PLATE V.

Bie. A. ss ia appendiculata, head of larva.

Fig. 2. - portion of heart with its muscies.
a. chitinous projection of the body wall to which are at-
tached two muscular threads; b. peripheral muscle; ec.
proximal muscle attached to the wall of the heart; d.
muscles scattered over the surface of the heart, serving
as contractors; e. venous opening.

Fig. 38. do., extremity of body.

Fig. 4. do., abdomen of the pupa.

Figs. 5, 6, 7. Rotifera found with entomostraca in Minnesota.

Fig. 8. Flask-shaped rotifer, hermaphrodite, with eggs and sperm.
a. jaws and head; b. shell gland; c. glandular portion of
the stomach; d. testes; e. cesophagus; f. one of several
embryos.

Fig. 9. jaws of the above.

Fig. 10. similar animal, female, deadly enemy to Chydorus.

Fig. 11. jaws of same.

Figs. 12,13. ? pedicularis, ecto-parasite of Diaptomus.

MINNESOTA CRUSTACEA.

12 Annual Report PLATE Vi Geol & Nat. Hist. Sur Minny.

a

ed

eet ae ee en ke nee te yeh eee Sree?

«bail

*

‘THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA.

N, H. WincHELL, STATE GEOLOGIST.

Ce bOG UE

OF THE

FLORA OF MINNESOTA,

INCLUDING ITS

PHANOGAMOUS AND VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS,

INDIGENOUS, NATURALIZED, AND ADVENTIVE.

By Warren UPpHam.

Part VI of the Annual Report of Progress for the Year 1883.

MINNEAPOLIS :
JOHNSON, SMITH & HARRISON.
1884,

SO A i) Cae ie i eit
eee ae . x st
® 1 i hae Ny
. ay BS a
- > ) : ‘ apc * é ‘
. : ‘ FAS ‘ \ Se 4 By ARs Sets ; » ‘,
—~ . ” r:y sha ’ me . ’ E ‘al b a. iy x ‘. J ir pie
fs bps i AWE Oe PONTE Te 2 PD, PE
0 VPA ES) ee
* - 4 , ¥
‘ 5 bh
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& 4 ¢
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, -

——
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ae
.
—
*e.
eee Om,
><
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er

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-
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5 i ;
ny h i
ae) j
ae
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Bia .<
; ae Hie aN Lb Ons ee
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tr .
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ee eA My; “a . ayes ay a
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) ne
7 et

THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

The following catalogue of the plants of Minnesota is presented

as areport of progress in this department of the geological and

natural history survey of the state. It includes not only the

_ observations of the state geologist and his assistants upon this

survey, but also those of earlier botanic collectors and explorers,

- enumerating all the species that are known to have been found in

Minnesota by all observers up to the present time. Grateful men-

_ tion of the various sources, in chronologic order, from which this

list is largely a compilation, is therefore its most appropriate pre-
face.
Hennepin, Carver, Pike, and other early explorers of this state,

_ occasionally refer to some of its forest trees, wild fruits and berries,
- and plants used for food or medicine by the Indians. Carver, who

traveled to the upper part of the Minnesota river in 1767, wrote of

_ the region through which it flows:—‘ Wild rice grows here in great

abundance; and every part is filled with trees bending under their

~ loads of fruits, such as plums, grapes, and apples; the meadows are
~ covered with hops, and many sorts of vegetables; whilst the ground

is stored with useful roots, with angelica, spikenard, and ground-

- nuts.” On the uplands bordering the river he saw ‘“‘such amazing
- quantities of maples, that ey would produce sugar sufficient for
_ any number of inhabitants.”

:

The first published list of plants, so far as known to he writer,

that includes species found in Minnesota, is in the American Jour-

nal of Science, vol. iv, 1822, pages 56 to 69, entitled “Notice of the

_ Plants collected by Professor D. B. Douglass, of West Point, in

the expedition under Governour Cass, during the summer of 1820,

- around the Great Lakes and the upper waters of the Mississippi:

7

the arrangement and description, with illustrative remarks, being

furnished by Dr. John Torrey.” This includes 115 species, 26 of

A
:
j
.

which were from Minnesota.

The appendix of Keating’s Narrative of Major Long's Expedition

in the year 1823, along the Minnesota river and the Red river of

_

6 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

the North to lake Winnipeg, and thence by the lake of the Woods ~

and Rainy lake to lake Superior, contains in pages 105 to 123, “a
Catalogue of Plants collected in the North-western Territory by
Mr. Thomas Say”, who accompanied this expedition. These plants
were determined and the catalogue prepared for publication by
Lewis D. de Schweinitz, excepting the first five species which were
by Nuttall. The flowering plants and ferns in this list include 124

species, 30 of which are referred definitely to Minnesota. Both the -

foregoing lists are arranged according to the Linnzan system.

In Schooleraft’s Narrative of an Expedition through the upper

Mississippi to Itasca lake, in 1832, pages 160 to 165 are entitled
“Localities of Plants collected in the Northwestern Expeditions of
1831 and 1832; by Douglass Houghton, M. D., Surgeon to the Ex-

peditions.” The genera in this list are arranged alphabetically, and ~

include 247 species, 115 of which are referred to this state.
Nicollet’s report, describing the basin of the upper Mississippi
river, from explorations during the years 1836 to 1839, contains in
pages 148 to 165, a “Catalogue of plants collected by Mr. Charles
Geyer, under the direction of Mr. J. N. Nicollet, during his explo-
ration of the region between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers:

by Professor John Torrey, M. D.” Of the 446 species in this cata-

logue, about 60 were collected in Minnesota, most of the others
being from Dakota.

Owen’s geological report presents in its appendix, in pages 606
to 622, a ‘Systematic Catalogue of Plants of Wisconsin and Minne-
sota, by C. C. Parry, M. D., made in connexion with the Geological
Survey of the Northwest, during the season of 1848.” The author
states that “the number vf plants comprised in this list is seven
hundred and twenty-seven, included in one hundred and six natural
orders.” Many of them are particularly mentioned as occurring
in this state, and often interesting descriptive notes are added, some
of which are quoted in the following pages.

The next contribution to our knowledge of the flora of the state
is by Mr. Thomas Clark, on the ‘Botany of the Northeastern
Geological District of Minnesota”, forming pages 73 to 82 of the
report of the state geologist, Aug. H. Hanchett, M. D., in 1865.
About a hundred species are here enumerated. Some thirty of
them, however, only occur in cultivation, being mostly the com~
mon grains and garden vegetables, noted to show the agricultural

capability of the region. The other species of this list include chiefly _

the most important forest trees, and such shrubby and herbaceous
plants as seemed of special interest because of their fruit or medi-

SN ee me

—

STATE GEOLOGIST. q

cinal qualities, accompanied with remarks respecting the size of the

' trees, und the abundance and geographical limits of the native

species.
The most valuable of all the publications concerning the botany

of Minnesota, and the only attempt, before the present, to give a

complete list, so far as known, of our flora, was ‘a Catalogue of the
Plants of Minnesota, by I. A. Lapham, LL. D., of Milwaukee,
Wis.”, which he prepared in 1865. Eight years later, soon after
the initiation of the present survey of the state, he generously sent
this manuscript to professor Winchell, as state geologist. It was
published in the report of the State Horticultural Society for 1875.
In the preface, Dr. Lapham states that he had consulted the lists
of plants already enumerated from Douglass to Parry; but that his
catalogue, nevertheless, rests chiefly upon his “own observations
and collections made during several excursions into the State; one

_of which, in the spring of 1857, was extended to the waters of the

Red River of the North.” Dr. Lapham refers to his additional
sources of information, as follows:——‘“‘In 1858 Mr. Robert Kennicott
made collections of plants and animals in the Red River country
which are preserved by the Northwestern University at Hvanston,
Illinois. Mr. Charles A. Hubbard collected expressly for me a large
number of plants, including mosses and lichens, while on a tour
from Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg and Pembina, as well as
while on his return by way of St. Paul. In 1861 Mr. T. J. Hale,
while prosecuting geological investigations along the Mississippi
river in connection with the Wisconsin State survey, made some
collections of plants in Minnesota, a list of which he has kindly
furnished to me. Several species are introduced upon his authority.”
The flowering plants and vascular cryptogams in this catalogue
comprise 896 species, besides which it also enumerates 55 species of

‘mosses, liverworts and lichens found in Minnesota. It is without

notes, in respect to the part of the state where plants of limited
range occur, and does not indicate whether the species are common
or rare.

Mr. George M. Dawson’s report to the British North American
Boundary Commission, on the Geology and Resources of the region
in the vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel, from the Lake of
the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, published in 1875, contains in
pages 351 to 379, a list of plants collected in this survey during
the summers of 1873 and 1874, with notes of their localities and
dates of collection, stating whether they were found in flower or in
other stages of growth. This enumerates 636 phenogams and

8 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

vascular cryptogams, of which 289 were collected on the northern
border of Minnesota, from the lake of the Woods to the Red river.
Twenty-three species of mosses and lichens were also collected on
this part of the international boundary. The rushes, sedges and
grasses of this list were determined by Prof. John Macoun; by
whom, as also by Mr. Dawson, some additional notes respecting
their identifications of species and more recent collections in the
same region and thence eastward to lake Superior, have been kindly
furnished. ;

Another collection of plants, numbering about 300 species, was
made on the same survey, along its extent from the Red river to
the Rocky mountains, in connection with the U. 8. Northern
Boundary Commission, by Dr. Elliott Coues, who submitted them
to Prof. J. W. Chickering for determination and report. With
these were also incorporated the species of Mr. Dawson’s list (ex-

cepting mosses and lichens), so far as they were not included in.

Dr. Coues’ collection, making a catalogue of 692 species, besides
several varieties; which was published in 1878 in the Bulletin of the
United States Geological Survey, vol. iv, pages 801 to 830. Ninety-
six species are stated to have been found at Pembina, situated on
the Red river, adjoining Minnesota.

A few species of Carex, collected by Sir John Richardson at
Rainy lake and the lake of the Woods, and determined hy Dr.
Francis Boott, are included in the botanical appendix of Richard-
son’s Arctic Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin; which
also gives much valuable information as to the geographic limits
northward of many of our plants.

A list of the ferns of Minnesota, collected by Miss EH. W.
Cathcart, comprising thirty species and three varieties, was publish-
ed in 1877 in the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy of Natural
Sciences, vol. i, pages 303 and 304, ‘This list includes two especial-
ly interesting species, the very rare Phegopteris calcarea, Fée, and
W oodsia scopulina, Haton, which here reaches its eastern limit.

The Report of the Minnesota Horticultural Society for 1884 con-
tains, in pages 83 to 116, a valuable paper by Miss Sara Manning,
on “The Wild Flowers of the Lake Pepin Valley”, including a
catalogue of 504 species.

In the same report, on pages 361 to 367, are ‘‘Notes on the Flora
of western Dakota and eastern Montana adjacent to the Northern
Pacific railroad,” by John B. Leiberg, in which are frequent inci-
dental references to Minnesota.

In the annual reports of the present Geological and Natural Hist-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 9

ory Survey of Minnesota, notices of the botany of portions of the
state have been published as follows:—

In the first annual report, for the year 1872, a ‘List of Plants,
mostly herbaceous, in the neighborhood of St. Anthony, Minne-
sota; principally found on the University Grounds. 1869-1872.
By Professor H. H. Twining.” This includes 230 species.

In the report for 1873, lists of the trees and shrubs of the Big

_ Woods, and of Big Stone lake, by Prof. Winchell.

In the report for 1874, lists of the trees and shrubs of Freeborn
and Mower counties, by Prof. Winchell.

In the report for 1875, the trees and shrubs of Fillmore county,
by Prof. Winchell; and of Olmsted, Dodge and Steele counties, by
Prof. M. W. Harrington.

Jn the report for 1876, the trees and shrubs of Houston and
Hennepin counties, by Prof. Winchell. -

in the report for 1877, the trees and shrubs of Ramsey county,
by Prof. Winchell; and of Rice county, by Prof. L. B. Sperry.

In the report for 1878, pages 35 to 46, “The Plants of the North
Shore of Lake Superior. By B: Juni.” This is a list, with numer-
ous notes of localities and relative abundance, and occasional
descriptive remarks, of 218 species collected by Mr. Juni, in the
summer of that year, in connection with the party there engaged

_ in geological exploration; with 58 additional species, collected in
the vicinity of the University, at Minneapolis, including 25 species
of Carex, while 23 others of this genus are in the list preceding.

In the report for 1879, pages 1388 to 149, another list of “Plants

_ of the North Shore of Lake Superior, collected by T. 5. Roberts”,
in connection with the geological survey in that year, from July
26 to Sept. 2; including 220 species, with frequent notes of locality,
relative abundance, and other description; 100 of these species being

- in addition to Mr. Juni’s list.

And, in the report for 1880, pages 201 to 216, lists of 76 species
of forest trees, 31 shrubs, and 259 herbaceous plants, identified by
Mr. O. E. Garrison in the region of the head-waters of the Crow

_ Wing river, the White Harth reservation, Itasca lake, and the
_ upper Mississippi, during an exploration in the summer of that
_ year for the Forestry Department of the United States Census.
Besides these publications, very important contributions of notes
and specimens have been received from botanists throughout the
state. Mr. John B. Leiberg, of Mankato, supplied a list of about
_ 750 species, collected in 1882, mostly in Blue Earth county, but

/

10 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

including also a considerable number from the southwest part of
the state. Many specimens collected in Blue Earth county, and
others from Dakota and Montana, have been donated by Mr. Lei-
berg to the State Museum. A list of about 500 species, observed
chiefly in the vicinity of Minneapolis by the Young Naturalists’
Club, was communicated by Mr. Thomas 8S. Roberts, by whom
nearly all these species were determined, others being by Clarence

L. Herrick, F. S. Griswold, and R. 8. Williams. I am also indebted

to Mr. Roberts for much further assistance in the preparation of

the following catalogue. Manuscript lists, to which references are
frequently made in stating the geographic range of species or local-
ities of rare or local plants, were received from Mr. George B. Aiton,
of Owatonna; Miss Frane E. Babbitt, of Little Falls; Miss F. §.
Beane, of Faribault; Mrs. C. H. Bennett, of Pipestone City; Mrs.

A. C. Blaisdell, of Saint Cloud; Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Blake, of Can-

non River Falls; Miss Eloise Butler, of Minneapolis; Rev. E. V.
Campbell, of Saint Cloud; Mrs. M. C. Carter, of Hesper, lowa; Miss
E. W. Catheart, of Washington, D.C.; Prof. L. W. Chaney, Jr.,
of Northfield; Mr. R. I. Cratty, of Armstrong’s Grove, Iowa; Miss
Phebe A. Field, of Stillwater; Mr. Lewis Foote, of Worthington;
Mr. O. E. Garrison, of Saint Cloud; Prof. C. J. Gedge, of Moorhead;
Mr. H. F. Gibson, of Wabasha; Mr. W. H. Hatch, of Rock Island,
Illinois; Dr. V. Havard, surgeon at Fort Pembina, Dakota; Mr. C.
L. Herrick, of Minneapolis; Prof. John M. Holzinger, of Winona;
Mr. B. Juni, of New Ulm; Mr. J. C. Kassube, of Minneapolis;
Dr. and Mrs. H. C. Leonard, of Fergus Falls; Miss Sara Manning,
of Lake City; Rev. John Pemberton, of Saint Paul; Mrs. J. W.
Ray, of Lake City; Dr. J. H. Sandberg, of Red Wing; Rev. John
Scott, of Emerson, Manitoba; Rev. H. M. Simmons, of Min-

neapolis; Mrs. E. H. Terry, of Saint Paul; and Prof. N. H. Win-

chell, of Minneapolis. Many observations in respect to the relative
abundance and geographic range of species have been also noted
by the writer during explorations for this survey.

Though not within the province of this catalogue, it seems desir-
able to mention here the lists of 775 species of Fungi, by Dr. A. E.
Johnson, of Minneapolis, in the Bulletins of the Minnesota Academy
of Natural Sciences, vol. i. These were nearly all collected by Dr.
Johnson within the limits of Hennepin, Ramsey, Wright and Anoka
counties. The fifth annual report of this survey, for the year 1876,
contains the same, but with the notes somewhat abbreviated, to the
number of 558 species, the extent to which the work had been car-
ried at the date of that report. Dr. Johnson has also given much

ee ee

STATE GEOLOGIST. 11

attention to the study of the fresh-water algw, determining a large

number of species.

Another successful student of tresh-water alge, especially of the

-Desmids, is Miss Eloise Butier, of Minneapolis. An article respect-

ing these microscopic plants, by Mr. Francis Wolle, in the Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club for February, 1883 (vol. x, pages 13 to
21), enumerates eighteen species new to the United States, collected
by Miss Butler in the vicinity of Minneapolis, including eight

- forms (three species and five varieties) new to science.

CONDITIONS DETERMINING THE CHARACTER OF THE FTORA.

In considering the botany of any district, its geographic position,
elevation and contour, the climate, and the diverse rocks and soils
which it presents, need to be briefly stated, since these circumstan-
ces control the development of the flora.

Minnesota lies in the middle of the North American continent,
almost midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and between
the gulf of Mexico and the Arctic ocean, being distant a thousand
miles or more from each of these grand bodies of water. The extent
of the state from south to north is 380 miles, and its average width
about 220 miles. It les between 43° 30’ and 49° north latitude,
and between 90° and 97° west longitude. Its area is 84,286 square
miles.

The topographic features of Minnesota may be briefly summed
up for its western three-quarters, as being a moderately undulating,
sometimes nearly flat, but occasionally hilly expanse, gradually
descending from the Coteau des Prairies and from the Leaf hills,
respectively about 2000 and 1700 feet above the sea, to half that
hight, or from 1000 to 800 feet, in the long flat basin of the Red
river valley, and to the same hight along the valley of the Missis-
sippi from Saint Cloud to Minneapolis. The only exceptions to
this moderately undulating or rolling and rarely hilly contour, are
the southeast part of the state where the Mississippi river and its
tributaries are enclosed by bluffs from 200 to 600 feet high, and the
northwest shore of lake Superior and the part of the state lying
north of this lake and east of Vermilion lake. A very bold rocky
highland rises 400 to 800 feet above lake Superior, within from
one to five miles back from its shore-line, all along the distance of
150 miles from Duluth to Pigeon point, the most eastern extremity
of Minnesota; while farther north are many hill-ranges, 200 to 500
feet higher, mostly trending from northeast to southwest or from
east to west.

12 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Lake Superior is 602 feet above the sea. The shore of this lake
is the lowest land in Minnesota, while its highest land is the Mesabi
range, which, south of Vermilion lake and eastward, is found by
Prof. Winchell to exceed 2000 feet above sea-level. Itasca lake,
the head of the Mississippi, is about 1500 feet above the sea; and
this river at the southeast corner of Minnesota, 620 feet. Professor
Winchell estimates the average elevation of the entire state to be
approximately 1275 feet above the sea.

Climate is the most important of the factors by which a flora is
modified, and this depends chiefly on geographic position, elevation
and contour, if a sufficiently large area is taken into account. The
warmest days of summer in Minnesota have a temperature of about
90° Fahrenheit, but such days are rare; and the greatest cold of
winter is —— 30° or sometimes — 40°. The annual precipitation of
moisture as rain and snow is from 25 to 30inches. Itis distributed
somewhat equally throughout the year; damaging droughts or ex-
cessive rains seldom occur. In winter the snow in the south half
of the state is commonly about a foot deep during two or three
months; but farther north it attains an average depth of two or
three feet.

The soil throughout the greater part of Minnesota consists of
glacial drift, a mixture of clay,sand, gravel and boulders, clay being
the principal ingredient, and boulders being usually infrequent.
This deposit has been gathered from diverse formations of granite
and gneiss, sandstone, limestone, and shales. Enriched at the sur-
face by the decay of vegetation through centuries, the black soil
on areas of the glacial drift has ordinarily a depth of one or two
feet, and is very fertile. Other varieties of soil are found in tracts
of gravel and sand, also generally quite fertile, which in many
places border the large rivers and spread widely upon the region
drained by the St. Croix and Crow Wing rivers and the upper Mis-
sissippi; in the lower alluvial bottomlands, which are mostly over-
flowed by the highest water of spring; on the cliffs of sandstone
and limestone which border the rivers in the southeast part of the
state; and on the hills of granite and crystalline schists north of
lake Superior. Each peculiarity of soil affords a congenial location
for plants which are absent or can not thrive elsewhere.

FOREST AND PRAIRIE.

The most important and conspicuous contrast presented by the
vegetation covering different parts of Minnesota, is its division in
forest and prairie. Forest covers the northeastern two-thirds of

STATE GEOLOGIST. 13

the state, approximately; while about one-third, lying at the south
and southwest, and reaching in the Red river valley to the inter-
national boundary, as also the part of this valley farther north to
lake Winnipeg, is prairie. The line dividing these areas, having
an almost wholly timbered region on its northeast side, and a re-
gion on its southwest side that is chiefly grassland, without trees
or shrubs, excepting in narrow belts along the larger streams and
occasional groves beside lakes, runs as follows. Entering the
state from the north about fifteen miles east of Emerson and St.
Vincent, it extends south-southeastward to Red Lake Falls, thirty-
six miles east of Grand Forks; thence southeast and south, to the
east end of Maple lake; thence southwesterly along this lake, and
from it south to the Sand Hill river; thence southeasterly to the
White Harth Agency; thence southerly, by Detroit and Pelican
Rapids, to Fergus Falls, which is situated half-way from the north
to the south line of the state; thence southeasterly, in a less direct
and regular course, through Douglas, Stearns, Meeker, McLeod and
Sibley counties, to the Minnesota river, and along that stream to
Mankato and South Bend; thence easterly by Janesville, Water-
_ ville and Morristown, to Faribault; thence northerly, turning back-
ward, to Minneapolis and Anoka, the loop thus formed, enclosing
Wright, Carver, Scott, Le Sueur, and parts of adjacent counties,
being the boundary of the area well known as the Big Woods;
thence easterly, passing through Ramsey and Washington counties
to Stillwater and Hudson, where it enters Wisconsin.

The Big Woods are principally made up of the following species
of trees, arranged by Prof. Winchell in the estimated order of their
abundance: white or American elm, basswood, sugar maple, black
and bur oaks, butternut, slippery or red elm, soft or silver maple,
bitternut, white and black ash, iron-wood, wild plum, June-berry,
American crab-apple, common poplar or aspen, large-toothed pop-
lar, tamarack (in swamps), box-elder, black cherry, cotton wood
(beside rivers and lakes), water beech, willows, hackberry, paper or
canoe birch, yellow birch, white oak, an red cedar. Farther north-
ward white, red and jack pines, black and white spruce, balsam fir
and arbor-vitz are conspicuous in the forest, intermingled with
deciduous trees. Its shrubs include prickly ash, smooth sumach,
frost grape, Virginian creeper, climbing bitter-sweet, red and black
raspberries, choke-berry, prickly and smooth gooseberries, black
currant, and species of cornel, wolfberry, honeysuckle, elder, vibur-
num, and hazel-nut.

14 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

The most abundant species of grass found upon the prairies of
southwestern Minnesota, are as follows: beard-grass (Andropogon
furcatus, Muhl.), commonly here called “blue-joint,’ Indian grass
(Chrysopogon nutans, Benth.), muskit-grass (Bouteloua racemosa,
Lagasca), and porcupine grass (Stipa spartea, Trin.), common on
land neither very dry nor very moist; another species of beard-grass
(Andropogon scoparius, Michx.), and a second muskit-grass (Boute-
loua hirsuta, Lagasca), common on dry swells; the fresh-water
cord-grass (Spartina cynosuroides, Willd.), in sloughs, making the
principal mass of their hay; and rice cut-grass (Leersia oryzoides,
Swartz), with the last. The prairies also bear a great variety of
flowers, including numerous species of aster, golden-rod, sunflower,
blazing-star or button snakeroot, and prairie clover, and the rose,
lily, harebell, phlox, gerardia, fringed gentian, and many others.
Sometimes the view across miles of the prairie is made yellow and
purple by the multitude of sunflowers, blazing-stars, and gerardias. —

Limits OF SPECIES. ;

Gradual changes in the flora are observable in crossing the con-
tinent either from east to west or from north to south. Many
species disappear as the traveler advances, while others, not before
present, are met with. A large majority of the plants in the Pacific
states are not found east of the Mississippi; and such limitation
prevails almost without exceptions between the arctic and tropical
zones. The central position of Minnesota therefore makes this a
most interesting field for the notation of the limits of species.

Among our forest trees, the white and red pine, arbor-vite
(‘white cedar”), yellow birch, black ash and sugar maple reach
their western limit at the east side of the Red river valley.

No tree of exclusively western range extends east into Minne- ©
sota, and the only shrubs thus noted are Elzagnus argentea (silver-
berry), Ginothera albicaulis and Amorpha microphylla; but about
fifty herbaceous plants belonging to the flora of the western plains
and the Rocky mountains, and not yet known to occur east of the
Mississippi river, are found within our limits. These include spe-
cies of Ranunculus, Aquilegia, Vesicaria, Linum, Astragalus, Oxy-
tropis, Potentilla, Gaura, Peucedanum, Cymopterus, Gutierrezia,
Aplopappus, Grindelia, Lepachys, Helianthus, Gaillardia, Senecio,
Troximon, Plantago, Pentstemon, Orthocarpus, Echinospermum,
Collomia, Gentiana, Asclepias, Sueeda, Comandra, Euphorbia, Alli-
um, Carex, Sporobolus, Aristida, Buchloe, Elymus, and Beck-
mannia.

STATE GEOLOGIST, | 15

A group of species, most notably represented in the pine and
heath families, including our three pines, black spruce, balsam fir,
tamarack and arbor-vite, huckleberry, blueberry, cranberry, snow-
berry, aromatic wintergreen or checkerberry, Labrador tea, and the
clintonia and dwarf cornel, extends through the northeast part of
the state to limits approximately coinciding with the Mississippi
river, Red lake and the lake of the Woods.

The northern Jimits of yellow birch, bur oak, sugar maple and
basswood here coincide nearly with the international boundary.
The red cedar, cottonwood, hornbeam, white, black and red oaks,

_ butternut, bitter-nut or swamp hickory, hackberry, box-elder, frost

erape and prickly ash reach their general northern limits in the
north half of this state; but several of them, like many herbaceous
species of similar range, continue somewhat farther northwestward

into Manitoba. The shell-bark hickory, black walnut, red mul-

berry and Kentucky coffee-tree attain their most northern range
in the south half of the state.

The accompanying map shows the portions of Minnesota re-
spectively occupied by forest and prairie, and the approximate limits
of many of our trees.*

INTRODUCED PLANTS.

About eight per cent. of the plants growing without cultivation
in this state are introduced species, distinguished in the catalogue
by being printed in Italics. Most of them are such as follow
civilized man, and grow in his cultivated fields and gardens, in

spite of all efforts to banish them. Among the most notable in-

troduced weeds in this state may be mentioned mustard, cow-herb
and ceckle, specially troublesome in wheat-fields; shepherd’s purse,
purslane, mallow, May-weed, burdock, mullein, pigweeds, tumble-
weed, black bindweed, curled or yellow dock, sheep sorrel, hemp,
barnyard-grass, and foxtail or pigeon-grass, frequently too -plenti-
ful in cultivated ground, about dwellings, by the road-side, or on
pasture-land. The ox-eye daisy or white-weed, Canada thistle and
cheat or chess are sparingly established, and may become very com-
mon bad weeds here, as farther east. It shculd be added that, be-
sides these immigrants, a considerable number of weeds native to
this country are also common, including species of Lepidium, Iva,
Ambrosia, Helianthus and Stachys. Up to the present time, only

*Its method of delineation is similar to that of Dr. Robert Bell’s map, recently
published by the Geological Survey of Canada, showing the general northern limits of
the principal forest trees of Canada.

16 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

about half as many naturalized and adventive species are known in
Minnesota as in the eastern states, the difference being due to the
shorter time since the settlement of this state and the proportion-
ately less numerous opportunities for them to gain a foot-hold here.

PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE CATALOGUE.

Under each species is a statement whether itis abundant, com-
mon, frequent, infrequent, or rare, and whether its geographic range
extends throughout the state or to limits which are indicated ap-
proximately; or, when the observations are insufficient for such
statement, the localities where the species has been noted are men-
tioned, with the names of the observers. ’

The arrangement of families, genera and species strictly follows
the fifth edition of Gray’s Manual; and wherever asynonym replaces
any name that occurs in the Manual, the latter also is given, en-
closed by marks of parenthesis.*

The popular names are mostly such as appear in Gray’s Manual
and Wood’s Class-Book; but in a few instances other names, in
general use in this state, and often specially significant, are inserted.

Introduced species are distinguished from the indigenous, as
before mentioned, by being Italicized.

For the species of our flora that are not described in Gray’s
Manual, which only included those found east of the Mississippi,
descriptions are quoted from other authorities. The present work
thus supplies, with Gray’s Manual, the means of identifying all the
flowering plants and ferns known to occur in Minnesota.

Determinations of numerous difficult species, and notes con-
cerning them, have been kindly supplied by Prof. Asa Gray, Mr.
Sereno Watson, Mr. William Boott, Dr. George Engelmann, Mr.
M.S. Bebb, Rev. T. Morong, and other specialists; and I am in-
debted to Dr. George Vasey for the description of the new Aristida
basiramea, Engelmann, posthumously published.

* The sources of improved nomenclature have been Watson’s Bibliographical Index
to North American Botany (Part IL; Polypetalz : 1878); Gray’s Synoptical Flora of
North America (Vol. Il, Part I; Gamopetale after Composit : 1878); various papers
by Professor Gray 1n the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;
Bailey’s Catalogue of North American Carices (1884); Vasey’s Grasses of the United
States (1883); Eaton’s Ferns of North America (1880); and notes in the American’
Naturalist, the Botanical Gazette, and the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.

+Chiefly from Watson’s report on the Botany of King’s Exploration of the Fortieth
Parallel; Porter and Coulter’s Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado; Rothrock’s report
on the Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian ; Torrey and
Gray’s Flora of North America; and Gray’s Synoptical Flora.

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Scale: 42 miles to an inch.

—o— = =

MAP SHOWING AREAS OF

FOREST anp PRAIRIE,

and approximate limits

of some of the principal

TREES anp SHRUBS.
BY WARREN UPHAM.

Explanation.

Areas covered by Forest. _

The uncolored areas are Prairte - y

Southwestern limits (approximately) of Pines,

Black Spruce and Balsara Fir.

——= — Southern limit of White Spruce. 4

=-=-s== Southern limit of ArborVite and Mountain Ash .

— "== Southern limit of Tamaracl.

“** Southern limit of Blueberries,Cranberries,
Aromatic WinterGreen,Leather-leaf, Labrador
tea,Clintonia,D wart Cornel, and Balsam Poplar,

# * + + Northern limit of Shell-bark Hickory.
=X—X= Northern limit of Black Walnut,

Red Mulberry,and Kentucky Coffee tree.

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Julius Bien & Co Lith.

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CATALOGUE.

RANUNCULACEA. Crowroot Famity.

CLEMATIS, L. VIRGIN’s-BOWER.

C. verticillaris, DC. Virgin’s- Bower.
Shady rocks at the head of lake St. Croix, Parry; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; lake
Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona County, Holzinger. Rare.

C. Virginiana, L. Common Virgin’s- Bower.

Common, or abundant, southward ; frequent northward ; at Beaver Bay and sum-
mit of Black Point mountain north of lake Superior, Roberts.

ANEMONE, L. ANEMONE. WIND-FLOWER.

A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Pasque-flower (i. e. Easter-
flower). Pulsatilla. ‘‘ Hartshorn-plant.’’ ‘*‘ Headache-plant.’’ ‘‘ Gos-
ling.”? ‘‘ Prairie Smoke.’’ ‘“ Crocus.”’

Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state. Its bruised leaves have a very
pungent smell. This earliest flower of spring has received an unusual variety of pop-
ular names, :

A. decapetala, L. (A. Caroliniana, Walt.) Carolina Anemone.

Frequent in the south part of the state, asin Hennepin, Goodhue, Blue Earth and
Pipestone counties; extending north to Saint Cloud, Campbell, Mrs. Blaisdell, and
Appleton, Swift county, Miss Blwell. South.

A. parviflora, Michx. Small-flowered Anemone.

Minneapolis, Winchell ; upper Mississippi river, Garrison ; Red river valley, Gedge,

North.
A. multifida, DC. . Many-cleft Anemone Red Wind-flower.

Dayton’s bluff, Saint Paul, and between Saint Paul and Fort Suelling, Miss Cath-
cart; lake Superior to the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North.

A. eylindrica, Gray. Long-fruited Anemone.
Frequent throughout the state.

A. Virginiana, L. Virginian Anemone.
~ Common throughout the state.

A. dichotoma, L. (A. Pennsylvanica, L.) Pennsylvanian Anemone.
Common, often abundant, throughout the state.

A. nemorosa, L. Wind-flower. Wood Anemone.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state. ;

2F

18 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

A. Hepatica, L. (Hepatica triloba, Chaix.) Liver-leaf. Round-lobed
Hepatica.
Frequent southward, extending north at least to Duluth, Miss Cathcart, upper
Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

A. acutiloba, Lawson, (H. acutiloba, DC.) Sharp-lobed Hepatica.
Common southward, extending north to Duluth, Miss Cathcart, and Mille Lacs
county, Upham.

THALICTRUM, Tourn. MEaApDow-RvE.

T. anemonoides, Michx. Rue- Anemone.

Often common southward, extending north to Stillwater, Miss Field, Anoka county,
Juni, Stearns county, Campbell, and Fergus Falls, Leonard. Flowers nearly always
purplish. (Abundant at Marine Mills, Washington county, often having more than
one row of sepals and occasionally with all the stamens and pistils changed to sepals.
Miss Field.)

T. dioicum, L. Early Meadow-Rue.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

T. purpurascens, L. Purplish Meadow-Rue.

Common, extending north at least to Morrison county, Upham, the St. Louis river,
Mrs. Herrick, and in the Red river valley to Pembina, Chickering. (Specimens collected
by Prof.Gedge at Glyndon, Clay county, have the shining upper surface of the very
large leaflets waxy, as if varnished, but the lower surface minutely pubescent or
glabrous, not waxy.)

T. Cornuti, L. Tall Meadow-Rue.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

RANUNCULUS, L. CrowFroot. BuTTERCUP.

R. aquatilis, L., var. stagnatilis, DC. (R. divaricatus, Gray’s Manual.)
Stiff Water-Crowfoot.
Ponds near Mankato, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Roberts, Herrick; Stearns county, Up-
ham; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent.
R, aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. Common White Water-

Crowfoot.
Frequent throughout the state.

R. multifidus, Pursh. Yellow Water-Crowfoot.
Common throughout the state.

R. ambigens, Watson. (R. alismefolius, in Manual.) | Water Plantain

Spearwort.
Stearns county, Campbell. Infrequent. North.

R. Flammula, L. Small Spearwort.
Minneapolis, Roberts, Rare.

R. Flammula, L., var. reptans, Meyer. Creeping Spearwort.
Stillwater, Leonard; Minneapolis, Roberts; Anoka county and New Ulm, Juni;>
“lake of the Woods, Dawson. Frequent.

R. Cymbalaria, Pursh. Sea-side Crowfoot.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting southeastward. Grand Por-
tage, lake Superior, also at New Ulm (common), Juni; Little Rock, upper Minnesota
river, Parry; Nicollet county, Aiton; Stearns county, and the Red river valley (com-
mon), Upham; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Worthingtoa (common), Foote.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 19

Ri. affinis, R. Br.* Rough-fruited Crowfoot.
Lake of the Woods, Dawson. Northwest.

R. affinis, R. Br., var. cardiophyllus, Gray.
In the Red river valley at Pembina, Chickering. West.

KR. rhomboideus, Goldie. Rhomboid-leaved Crowfoot. Dwarf But-
tercup.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

R. abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

KR. abortivus, L., var. micranthus, Gray.
Minneapolis, Winchell; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Infrequent.

R. sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

R. recurvatus, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot.
Frequent throughout the state ; reaching its northwestern limit at the lake of the
Woods, Macoun.

RR. Pennsylvanicus, L. Bristly Crowfoot.
Common throughout the state.

RK. fascicularis, Muhl. Early Crowfoot.
Frequent, or common, throughout the south half of the state; infrequent north-
ward,

R. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot.
Abundant throughout the state.

R. repens, L., var. hispidus, Torr. & Gray.t (R. hispidus, Michx.)
Red river valley near Saint Vincent (in aswamp), Dawson; common trom Manitoba
westward, Macoun.

R, bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercups.
Northfield, Chaney; Minneapolis, Mrs. Terry. Rare.

R. acris, L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercups.

Infrequent, but noted at many places, as Lake City, Faribault, Northfield, Minne-
apolis, Northern Pacific Junction, Carlton county, and on the upper Mississippi river.
“Becoming common ‘inthe eastern part of Manitoba,” Zacoun.

*RANUNCULUS AFFINIS, R. Br, Radical leaves petioled, usually pedately multifid ;
cauline ones subsessile, digitate, with broadly linear lobes ; stem erect, few-flowered ;
earpels with recurved beaks, in oblong cylindrical heads; more or less pubescent
throughout. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel,

+R. AFFINIS, R. Br., var. CARDIOPHYLLUS, Gray. Hirsutely pubescent, radical leaves
round-cordate, undivided or many-cleft ; cauline ones palmately many-cleft ; flower
1inchin diameter. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

{RANUNCULUS REPENS, L., var. HISPIDUS, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, 1% to 2 feet
high, branching and, with the petioles, very pilose with spreading hairs; leaves trifol-
iate ; leaflets distinctly petiolulate, oval, acute, laciniate ; pedicels with the pubescence
appressed ; flowers aslarge as in R. acris; calyx appressed ; carpels smooth, pointed
with a-very short style. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A., vol. i, pp. 22 and 658,

20 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ISOPYRUM, L. IsOPYRUM.

I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. False Rue-Anemone.
Frequent, or common, throughout the south half of the state; extending north at
least to Fergus Falls, Leonard

CALTHA, L. MarsH MARIGOLD.

©. palustris, L. Marsh Marigold. ‘‘Cowslip.”’
Abundant, or common, throughout most of the state ; less frequent westward.

COPTIS, Salish, GOLDTHREAD.
C. trifolia,Salisb. | Three-leaved Goldthread.

Common northward; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, and Lake City
(rare), Miss Manning.

AQUILEGIA, Tourn. CoLUMBINE,

A. Canadensis, L. Wild Columbine. ‘‘ Honeysuckle.’’

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

Found, according to Miss Babbitt, with white flowers during several years in the
south edge of the village of Little Falls, Morrison county, not associated at that local-
ity with the usual type ; also some with flowers clear white, others cream-colored, and
yet others of the ordinary kind, all growing together west of the Mississippi river, op-
posite to Little Falls, and likewise near Fort Ripley, in the same county.

A. brevistyla, Hook.* Short-styled Columbine.
In the Red river valley at Pembina, Chickering. West.

DELPHINIUM, Tourn. LaiRKSPuR.

D, exaltatum, Ait. Tall Larkspur.
Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis-
sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

D. tricorne, Michx. Dwarf Larkspur.
St. Paul, Miss Cathcart; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Tnfrequent. South.

D. azureum, Michx. Azure Larkspur.
Common southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippiriver, Garrison, and

Manitoba, Macoun. °

D. Consolida, L. Field Larkspur.
Rarely adventive. Minneapolis, A. W. Jones.

HYDRASTIS, L. Oraneer-noor.

H. Canadensis, L. Orange-root. Yellow Puccoon.
Stearns county, Garrison, Rare. Southeast. ‘

*AQUILEGIA BREVISTYLA, Hook. Stems low, 6 to 8 inches high, spreading ; leaves
bi-teruate; leaflets 3-lobed, crenate, 6 to 9 lines [twelfths of an inch] long, crenatures
ovate, rotund ; flowerssmall, blue, about 6 lines long, including the spur ; sepals oblong.
ovate; petals a little exceeding the stamens ; spurs hooked at the tip; styles shorter,
included. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 21

ACTAKA, L. BANEBERRY.

A, spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. Red Baneberry.
Common through the wooded portions of the state.

AY alba, Bigelow. White Baneberry.

Common, with same extent as the last. Berries frequently borne on slender, green
pedicels.

NIGELLA, L. FENNEL-FLOWER.

N. Damascena, .* Fennel-flower.
Escaped from cultivation, Mankato, Leiberg.

MENISPERMACE. MoonsrEep FAmItny.

MENISPERMUM,L. MoonsEep.

M. Canadense, L. Canadian Moonseed.

Frequent, often common, southward; extending north to Todd county and the
northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham; also in the Red river valley near Saint Vincent,
Dawson, Havard. (Its long, slender, bitter, yellow root is used by the Sioux as a medi-
eine, being called Pejuta zizi; and from this came the name Pejuta zizi, or Yellow
Medicine river. T.M. Young.)

BERBERIDACEA. BARBERRY FAMILY.

BERBERIS, L. BARBERRY.
B. vulgaris, L. Common Barberry.
Spontaneous in old fields, Mankato, Leiberg.
CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. BiuE CoHosH.
C. thalictroides, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Pappoose-root.
Common, or frequent, excepting northeastward.
PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-ApeLE. MaNnDRAKE.
P. peltatum, L. May-Apple, Mandrake.

Common southeastward, extending north to Goodhue and Rice counties.

NYMPH AACE. Warer-Lity Faminy.

BRASENTIA, Schreber. W ATER-SHIELD.

B. peltata, Pursh. | Water-Shield.
Rainy lake and lake of the Woods, Macoun; Pleasant lake, near Saint Cloud,

*Nigella Damascena, L. Flowers bluish, rather large, surrounded and overtopped by
a finely divided leafy involucre, like the other leaves ; succeeded by a smooth inflated
5-celled pod, in which the lining of the cells separates from the outer part. Gray's
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany?

29 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

~

Campbell; Benton county, Upham; shallow lakes near St. Croix river, Parry; White
Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; Minneapolis, Herrick; Excelsior, Mrs. Terry;
Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent.

NELUMBIUM, Juss. NELUMBO. SACRED BEAN.

N. luteum, Willd. Yellow Nelumbo. Water Chinquapin. ‘‘ Rattle-box.”

Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; lake Minnetonka (north end of Halsted’s bay),
Roberts; Mendota, Mrs. Terry; Mississippi river at Red Wing. Sandberg, near Dres-
bach, Winona county, Winchell, and at La Crosse, Swezey. Rare.

NYMPHAEA, Tourn. Water-Nympo. Warter-Liny.

N. odorata, Ait. Sweet-scented Water-Lily.

Plentifulin lakes along the international boundary northwest of lake Superior,
Winchell, Abundant throughout Quebec and Ontario and extending westward to the
lake of the Woods, Macoun. This species probably occurs also in central and southern
Minnesota, in company withthe following. Mr. Leiberg reports the examination of a
great number of Nymphea rootstalks, none of them bearing tubers, at Lake Crystal,
Blue Earth county.

N. odorata, Ait., var. minor, Sims. Smaller Sweet-scented Water- Lily.
Turtle lake, Otter Tail county (flowers only one and a half inches broad), H. B.
Ayres. Rare.

N. tuberosa, Paine. Tuber-bearing White Water-Lily.

The white lilies common or frequent in ponds or lakes throughout the state, except-
ing near its west side, which have been called Nymphza odorata, are believed to be-
long instead, for the most part, to this species. ‘‘Flowers large and delicately beauti-
ful, fragrant.” (Wheeler and Smith.) ‘* This isreally the water-lily of the Great lakes,
as the true N. odorata seems to be confined to the northern waters, both lakes and
rivers.’’ (Macoun.)

NUPHAR, Smith. YELLOW Ponp-Lity. Sparrer-Dock.

N. advena, Ait. Common Yellow Pond-Lily.
Common throughout the state.

N. luteum, Smith. Smaller Yellow Pond-Lily.
In small lakes east of§the lake of the Woods, Macoun.

N. pumilum, Smith. (N. luteum, Smith, var. pumilum, Gray.) Small
Yellow Pond-Lily.

Plentiful in Duluth harbor, Roberts; north shore of lake Superior, Agassiz; east
shore of Rainy lake (rather rare), Macoun; Morrison county. Miss Babbitt.

SARRACENIACEA. PrtcHER-PLAntT FAMILY.

SARRACENTA, Tourn. SIDE-3ADDLE FLOWER.

S. purpurea, L. Pitcher-Plant. Huntsman’s Cup.
Common northward, extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts, Winchell; rare
farther southeast. °

STATE GEOLOGIST. 93

PAPAVERACEA. Poppy FAmILy.

PAPAVER, L. Poppy.

P. somniferum, L. Common Poppy. Opium Poppy.
Adventive in old gardens, Mankato, Leiberg.

SANGUINARIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.

S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root.
Common, or abundant, throughout most of the state; less frequent westward, as
at Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Pembina, Havard; rare north of lake Superior, Clark.

FUMARIACE. Fumitory FAMIty.

DICENTRA, Bork. DICENTRA.

D. Cucullaria, DC. Dutchman’s Breeches.
Common southward ; extending north at least to Stillwater, Anoka and Stearns
counties, and Fergus Falls.

D. Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn.
Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis, Twining; Faribault, Miss Beane; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg.

CORYDALIS, Vent. CoRYDALIS.

C. glauca, Pursh. Pale Corydalis.
Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to Stearns and Benton
counties, Upham, and to the falls of the St. Croix river, Parry, Miss Field.

€. flavula, DC. Yellow Corydalis.
Thomson, Duluth and Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; upper Mississippi river, Gar-
rison; Red river valley, Gedge; Blue Earth county, Upham.

C. aurea, Willd. Golden Corydalis.
Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; lessfrequent southward,

€. aurea, Willd., var. micrantha, Engelm.
Martin county, Minnesota, and Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

FUMARIA, L. FUMITORY.

£, officinalis, L. Common Fumitory.
Adventive, Winona, Holzinger.

CRUCIFERA. Mustrarp F amity.

NASTURTIUM, R. Br. W ATER-CREss.

N. officinale, R. Br. True Water-Cress.
Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; New Ulm, Juni; cold springs, Kasota, Leiberg;
Tuttle’s creek, Minneapolis, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. infrequent.

24 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

N. sinuatum, Nutt. Water-Cress.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; New Ulm, Juni; Pipestone county, Leiberg;
lower Minnesota river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Water-Cress.
Lapham. Winona county, Holzinger. South.

N. palustre, DC. Marsh Cress.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

N. palustre, DC., var. hispidum, Fisch. & Mey.
Redwood Falls, Pemberton. Perhaps the prevailing form of the speciesin this state.

N. lacustre, Gray. _ Lake Cress.
Lapham. Southeast.

N. Armoracia, Fries. Horse-radish.
Adventive, Mankato, Leiberg; Northfield, Chaney.

DENTARIA, L. TooTHwort. PEPPER-ROOT.

D. diphylla, Michx, Two-leaved Pepper-roat.
Freeborn and Blue Earth counties, Upham; lake Superior, Whitney. East.

D. laciniata, Muh). Toothwort.

Frequent southeastward ; extending northwest to Saint Paul, Miss Catheart, Mar-
tin county, Cratty, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

CARDAMINE, L. BITTER CREss.

C, rhomboidea, DC. Spring Cress.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

C. pratensis, L. Cuckoo Flower.
Lake Superior to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton. North.

C. hirsuta, L. Small Bitter Oress.

Common through the north half of the state ; less frequent or rare southward.
Glabrous specimens are sent by Mr. Cratty from Emmet county, lowa. ‘A peculiar
form grows on the height of land west of lake Superior, which seems to connect the
species with the following variety,” Macoun.

C. hirsuta, L., var. sylvatica, Gray.

Lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Herrick; Martin county (in woods), Cratty, determin-
ed by Watson.

.

ARABIS, L. Rock Cress.
A. lyrata, L. Rock Cress.

Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending thus south to
Red Wing (common), Sandberg, and Winona, Holzinger; wanting southwestward.

A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Rock Cress.
Woods, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (plentiful), Cratty. South.

A. hirsuta, Scop. Haury Rock Cress.
Frequent throughout the state.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 25

A. levigata, Poir. Smooth Rock Cress.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Twining,
Roberts; Isanti and Sherburne counties, Upham; Stearns county, Garrison, lake Su-
perior, Whitney.

A. Canadensis, L. Sickle-pod.
Frequent through the south half of the state; extending north to the upper Mis-
sissippi river, Garrison.

A. perfoliata, Lam. Tower Mustard.
Poplar river, lake Superior, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Stearns
county, Campbell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

A. Drummondii, Gray. Drumniond’s Tower Mustard.
Frequent, often common, throughout the state.

THELYPOD:iUM, Endl. Rock Cress.

T. pinnatifidum, Watson. (Arabis hesperidoides, Gray). Rock Cress.
Northfield, Chaney. South.

BARBAREA, R. Br. WINTER CREss.

B. vulgaris, R. Br., var. stricta, Regel. Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.
Put in bay, lake Superior, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis,
Roberts.

ERYSIMUM, L. TrEACLE Mustarp.

EK. cheiranthoides, L. Worm-seed Mustard.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

E. asperum, DC.* Prairie Rocket, Western Wall-flower.

Abundant at Walhalla, Dakota, thirty miles west of the Red river, Scott; ‘a very
prominent object on dry, gravelly soil throughout the prairie region” of Manitoba,
Macoun, and ranging thence south to Mexico; doubtless extending sparingly into the
west edge of Minnesota; also found by Rev. J. Pemberton at Redwood Falls, and by
Dr. Sandberg on the limestone bluff of Belle creek opposite to the mill in Vasa, Good-
hue county, occurring (like Vesicaria Ludoviciana in the same county) far east from its
general limit.

E. parviflorum, Nutt.+ Small-flowered Prairie Rocket.

Red river valley, Dawson, Scott; Minneapolis (beside railroad a mile southeast
from the university : determined by Mr. Watson as this species ; having light yellow
“petals but half longer than the (8 to 4 lines long) sepals”’ ; yet much branched near the
base, numerous stems of nearly equal hight (1 to 1% feet) being thus sent up from a
single root ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, mostly entire; pods about 1% inches long,
beaked with a stout style, erect on short pedicels), Upham. West.

*ERYSIMUM ASPERUM, DC. Biennial, canescent with short appressed hairs : stems
solitary and simple, rarely branched above, 1 to 3feet high, or less ; leaves oblanceolate
or narrowly spatulate ; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly
repand with short acute teeth, 1 to 3 inches long: sepals narrow, 4 to 6 lines long,
strongly gibbous : petals 8 to 12 lines long, light yellow to deep orange or purple: pods
1 fo 4inches long, a line wide, beaked with a stout style, ascending on stout spreading
pedicels 3 lines long. Brewer and Watson’s Botany of California.

{See description of ERYSIMUM PARVIFLORUM, Nutt., on next page.

26 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

SISYMBRIUM, L. Hepce Mustarp.

S. officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard.
A common or frequent weed through the south half of the state.

S. Thaliana, Gay. Mouse-ear Cress.
Minneapolis, Winchell, Miss Butler. Rare.

S. canescens, Nutt. Tansy Mustard.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

S. canescens, Nutt., var. brachyecarpum, Torr. & Gray.*
Red river yalley, Dawson. North.

BRASSICA, Tourn. MustTarpD.

B. Sinapistrum, Boiss. Charlock. Field Mustard,

A common or frequent weed in grain-fields throughout the state ; so troublesome
in the Red river valley and southwestward that farmers allowing it to go to seed are
subjected to a penalty by law.

B. alba, Gray. White Mustard.
Lake City, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Lei-
berg; Stearns county, Garrison. Rare.

B. nigra, Koch. Black Mustard.
A common or frequent weed through the south half of the state.

B. campestris, L.t Kale.
Common in fields in Manitobaand around Winnipeg, Macouwn; doubtless also in
the Red river valley in this state.

DRABA, L. WHITLOW-GRaASS.

D, arabisans, Michx. Whitlow-Grass.
North shore of lake Superior, Juni, Infrequent. North.

D. nemorosa, L., var. hebecarpa, Lindb. (D. nemoralis, Ehrh.)

About Rainy lake, Drummond (Macoun). North.

ERYSIMUM PARVIFLORUM, Nutt. (E. lanceolatum, Hook.) Canescently scabrous
with an appressed 2-parted pubescence; stem low (about a foot high) and nearly
simple; leaves remarkably narrow, all linear or somewhat lanceolate, almost wholly
entire, densely clustered at the base of the stem; siliques long, erect ; stigma emargin-—
ate ; flowers small, sulphur yellow; claws of the petals longer than the calyx. Distin-
guished from E. cheiranthoides by its more pubescent leaves, [longer] siliques and
larger flowers. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A.

*SISYMBRIUM CANESCENS, Nutt., var. BRACHYCARPUM, Torr. & Gray. Lobes of the
leaves somewhat acute, and, with the stem, furnished with minute stipitate glands ;
petals rather longer than the calyx ; siliques scarcely attenuate at the base, somewhat
longer than the pedicels. Torrey and Gray’: Flora of N. A.

+Brassica campestris, L. Annual weed in cultivated fields and waste places; stem
1% to 3 feet high, with a few scattered, reversed hairs below; leaves somewhat fleshy
and glaucous, lower lyrate-dentate, subciliate, 3to7 inches long, one-third as wide, the
upper ones smaller, entire with rounded clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse
point ; raceme 1 to 2 feet long ; sepals erect, spreading ; corolla yellow, 4 to5 lines in
diameter ; siliques 1% inches long, with the style 4% inch; seeds small, dark brown,
Wood’s Class- Book. ‘

STATE GEOLOGIST. 27
® ‘
D. nemorosa, L., var. leiocarpa, Lindb,* (D. lutea, Gilib. [DC.])

Stearns county, Campbell; near Glyndon, Gedge; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett.
Rare. North and west.

D. Caroliniana, Walt. Whitlow-Grass.
Frequent southward, extending north to Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell, and west
to Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett.

D. Caroliniana, Walt., var. micrantha, Gray.
Common in Lowa, Arthur ; doubtless occurring also in Minnesota.

D. verna, L. Whitlow-Grass.
Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. Rare. south.

ALYSSUM, Tourn. ALYSSUM.

_A, calycinum, L. Alyssum.
Minneapolis, Juni, Roberts; Lake City, Miss Manning; Nicollet county, Aiton.
Infrequent.

VESICARIA, Tourn. BLADDER-POD.

V. Ludoviciana, DC.t Bladder-pod.
Red river valley, Scott, determined by Watson ; also, Mississippi river bluffs, Red
Wing, Sandberg. West.

CAMELINA, Crantz. FansE Fruax.

C, sativa, Crantz.. False Flax.

Minneapolis, Juni; along railways, Blue Earth county (introduced in flax-seed), Lei-
berg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; Red river
valley, Dawson. Infrequent.

SUBULARIA, L. AWLWORT.

S. aquatica, L. Awlwort.

Found in about three feet of water, on sandy bottom in Vermilion bay, on Eagle
lake, Canadian Pacific railway, Manitoba, near Rainylake ; abundant both in flower
and fruit, Sept 13, 1882, Fletcher, Macoun. This rare species probably also occurs, and
should be looked for, in northern Minnesota.

CAPSELLA, Vent SHEPHERD’s PuRsE.

C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. Shepherd’s Purse.
A very abundant weed throughout the state.

*DRABA NEMOROSA, L., var. LEIOCARPA, Lindb. Pubescent; stem branching,
leafy, 6 to 15 inches high, very slender, sometimes branching fromthe base ; pubescence
simple or forked; leaves oval, cauline ones lanceolate, toothed ; flowers very small,
yellow ; petals about twice as long as the calyx ; style none; silicles oblong-elliptical,
rather obtuse, glabrous, about 4 lines long, one-third to one-half the length of the
slender spreading pediceis. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

+VESICARIA LUDOVICIANA, DC. Canescent with a stellate pubescence ; stem6 to 8
inches high, simple, or somewhat branehed above; radical leaves spatulate, entire,
obtuse, cauline linear: flowers golden yellow; petalsobovate; style slender, longer
than the ovary and nearly as long as the obovate, globose, hairysilicle. Porter and
Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

98 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. .
j °

THLASPYI, Tourn. PENNYCRESS.

T, arvense, L. Field Pennycress. Mithridate Mustard.
Lapham. Pembina, Havard. “Abundant on the Red river near the older set-

tlements” [in Manitoba]; ‘not yet common as far south as the forty-ninth parallel, but
rapidly spreading. A most noxious weed.’’ Dawson.
LEPIDIUM, L. PEPPERWORT, PEPPERGRASS.

L. Virginicum, L. Wild Peppergrass.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northward.

L. intermedium, Gray. Wild Peppergrass.

Abundant (petals usually wanting) throughout the state. Both species are native
weeds.

CAKILE, Tourn. Sra-Rocker.

C. Americana, Nutt. American Sea-Rocket.

“Abundant onthe sandy south shore” of lake Superior, Whitney; at Thunder bay,
Macoun; doubtless aiso on the shore of lake Superior in Minnesota.

CAPPARIDACEA. CAPER FAMILY.

POLANISIA, Raf. PoLANISIA.

P. graveolens, Raf. Heavy-scented Polanisia.

Common through the south half of the state, extending north atleast to Douglas
county, Mrs. Terry; probably also in the Red river valley, (Two varieties are com-
mon at Minneapolis, one bearing yellowish, and the other pinkish flowers. Herrick.)

CLEOME, L. CLEOME. SPIDER FLOWER.

C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray.* Cleome. Spider Flower.

Mankato, Upham, Leiberg. An immigrant from the plains west of Minnesota.
Southwest.

VIOLACEAI. VioteT FaAmity.

VIOLA, L. VIOLET.
V. rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet.

North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; upper Mississippi river, Garrison;
extending south to Minneapolis, Griswold, and Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart.

*CLEOME, L. Sepals distinct or somewhat united. Stamens 6 or rarely 4. Torus
minute. Pod linear or oblong, subsessile or stipitate. Annual herbs, or shrubs, with
digitate or simple leaves and racemed or solitary flowers. Benth. & Hook.

CLEOME INTEGRIFOLTIA, Torr. & Gray. Annual, somewhat glaucous, 2to3 feet high,
widely branching ; leaves3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate (the lowermost oblong), entire,
submucronate ; racemes sometimes nearly 1 foot long; flowers large, showy, reddish
purple, rarely white ; sepals united to the middle, persistent ; segments triangular-
acuminate ; petals with very short claws; stamens equal; pods oblong-linear, com-
pressed, much longer than the stipe, Porter and Coulter's Flora of Colorado.

,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 99

V. lanceolata, L. Lance-leaved Violet.
Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. South.

V. primulzefolia, L. Primrose-leaved Violet.

Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare. South.
V. blanda, Willd. Sweet White Violet.

Frequent throughout the state.

V. renifolia, Gray.* Kidney-leaved Violet.

Abundant in cedar swamps and mossy woods from northern New England through
Canada and Manitoba to British Columbia, Macoun; doubtlessin northern Minnesota.
WV. Selkirkii, Pursh. Selkirk’s Violet. Great-spurred Violet.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare... North.

V. cucullata, Ait. Common Blue Violet.

Common, often abundant, throughout the state.

V. cucullata, Ait., var. palmata, Gray. Hand-leaf Violet.

Lake Pepin, Mise Manning ; Minneapolis, Herrick, Griswold; Worthington (com-
mon), Foote.
V. cucullata, Ait., var, cordata, Gray.

Near Minneapolis, Mrs. Terry; Nicollet county, Aiton.

V. sagittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.

Frequent southeastward ; extending north to Minneapolis, Roberts, Marine Mills,
Washington county, Mise Field, and Anoka county, Juni; and northwest to Fergus
Falls, Leonard.

V. delphinifolia, Nutt. Larkspur Violet.

Frequent, often common, through the south half of the state ; extending north to
Morrison county, Upham, and along the Red river valley.

V. pedata, L. Bird-foot Violet.

Abundant, er common, through the south half of the state and in the Red river
valley.

V. canina, L., var. sylvestris, Regel. Dog Violet.
Frequent, but not common, throughout most of the state; rare southward.

YV. striata, Ait. Pale Violet.
Hennepin county, Herrick; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent.

-V. Canadensis, L. Canada Violet.

Frequent northward, and found more rarely throughout the south half of the state;
extending southwestto Martin county (very scarce), Cratty, and Pipestone county,
Mrs. Bennett. Flowers light pink.

V. pubeseens, Ait. Downy Yellow Violet.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.
V. pubescens, Ait., var. eriocarpa, Nutt.
Frequent in the vicinity of Hesper, lowa, at the southern boundary of Minnesota,
adjacent to Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter.
_V. tricolor, L. Pansy. Heart's Ease.
Rarely adventive, Stearns county, Garrison.

*VIOLA RENIFOLIA, Gray. Rootstock and flowers as in V. blanda, or somewhat
larger ; leaves reniform (when fully grown usually two inches wide), on both sides, as
also the petiole, villous-pubescent ; scape pubescent. Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. of Arts
and Sciences, 1870.

30 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CISTACEA. Rock-rRosE FAMILY.

HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. ROcK-ROSE.

H. Canadense, Michx. Frost—weed.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting near its west side and far
northward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fort Fran-
cis, Rainy river, Macoun.

HUDSONTIA, L. Hupsontia.

H. tomentosa, Nutt. Downy Hudsonia.

Fifteen-mile point, Rainy lake, and Hungry Hall, entrance to the lake of the
Woods, Macoun; Minnesota point, near Duluth, and on sand dunes in Anoka county,
Roberts; on sand hills in section 21, Orrock, Sherburne county (plentiful, with short-
peduncled flowers and narrow leaves), Upham; near Rockford, Wright county, Hatch;
barren ridges of the St. Croix, Parry; Castle Rock, Dakota county, Geyer; White
Rock, Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Local.

LECHEA, L. PINWEED.

L. minor, Walt. Small Pinweed.
Sturgeon lake (near the international boundary east of Rainy lake), Macoun; up-
per Mississippi, Houghton; St. Croix river, Parry; Steele county, Upham.

DROSERACE. SUNDEW FAMILY.

DROSERA, L. SUNDEW.

D. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Sundew.
Common, or frequent, northward ; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts.

D. intermedia, Dreyv. and Hayne, var. Americana, DC. ( D. longifolia,
in Manual.) Long-leaved Sundew.

Similar in range with the last, but less frequent. North shore of Jake Superior at
Little Marais, Juni; between the lake of the Woods and Red river (common), Dawson;
extending south to sections 17 and 19, Ham Lake, Anoka county (with the leaves scat-
tered along the stem or caudex), Roberts.

D. linearis, Goldie. Slender Sundew.
Lake Superior to Roseauriver, Burgess, Macoun; extending south to Hennepin
county (frequent), Roberts.

HYPERICACEA. St. JoHn’s-wort FAmiILy.

HYPERICUM, L. St. JoHN’S-WORT.

H. pyramidatum, Ait. Great St. John’s: wort.

Rare or local northward, but frequent southward ; extending north to Todd county,
Upham, the upper Mississippiand Minnesota rivers, Parry, and northwest to the plains
of the Saskatchewan, Bourgeau, Macoun.

[H. Kalmianum, L., probably occurs on the north shore of lake Superior in this
state.]

STATE GEOLOGIST. al

H, prolificum, L. Shrubby St. John’s-wort.
Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Southeast.

H. ellipticum, Hook. St. John’s-wort.
Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. {Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.}
Infrequent, North.
|H. perforatum, I., may be expecteau as a weed southeastward.]

H. corymbosum, Muhl. St. John’s-wort.

Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hesper, lowa, adjacent to the south line
of Houston and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter. Rare.
H. mutilum, L. Slender St. John’s-wort,

Throughout the state ;: common northward, less frequent southward.

H. mutilum, L.. var. gymnanthum, Gray.
Minneapolis, Roberts.

H. Canadense, L. Canadian St. John’s-wort.
St. Croix river, Parry; Stearns county, Campbell; Sibley county, Leonard; Martin
county (rare), Cratty.

H. Canadense, L., var. major, Gray.
Lake Superior, Robbins, and in Iowa, Arthur; doubtless also in Minnesota.

ELODES, Adans. Mars Sr. JoHNn’s- WORT.
E. Virginica, Nutt. Marsh St. John’s-wort.

Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southwara.

CARYOPHYLLACEA. Pink Fatty.

SAPONARIA, L. SoAPWORT.

S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Lake City, Miss Manning; Wabasha, Gibson.

S. Vaccaria, Li. (Vaccaria vulgaris, Host.) Cow- Herb.

Seldom plentiful, but reported at many places throughout the state. Mr. Leiberg
writes: ‘This is becoming a common weed in the grain-fields of Blue Earth county,
where the farmers call it ‘cockle’, and complain very much of it. It will doubtless be-
come as plentiful as the true cockle (Lychnis Githago). Most of the seeds are just
small enough to pass through a wheat-screen, and they can thus be separated ; but,
as the largest seeds will be left in whenever the grain is cieaned, the result will be that
in time, through this process of selection, the seeds can no more be cleaned out of the
wheat than true cockle.”

SILENE, L. CATCHFLY. CAMPION.

S. stellata, Ait. Starry Campion.

Common through the south part of the state ; extending north at least to Minne-
apolis, Herrick, and Redwood Falls, Miss Butler.
S. nivea, DC. Campion.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Hesper, Iowa, ad-
joining Houston county, Mrs. Carter. Rare. Southeast.
S. Virginica, L. Fire Pink. Catchfly.

Nicollet county, Leiberg. Rare. Southeast.

32 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

S. antirrhina, L. Sleepy Catchfly.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Frequent throughout the state.

LYCHNIS, Tourn. LycHunis. COcKLE,

L. vespertina, Sibth. Evening Lychnis.
Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube, Moulton. Rare.

L. Githago, Tam. Corn Cockle.
A common weed in wheat-fields throughout the state.

ARENARIA, L. SANDWORT.

A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort,
Northfield, Chaney. Rare.

A. Michauxii, Hook. (A. stricta, Michx.) Strict Sandwort.

Rooting on detached rocks, head of lake St. Croix, Parry; lake of the Woods,
Macoun. Rare.
A. lateriflora, L. Showy Sandwort.

Frequent throughout the state.

STELLARIA, L. CHICKWEED. STARWORT.

S. media, Smith. Common Chickweed.
Frequent throughout the state.

S. longifolia, Mubl. Long-leaved Stitchwort.
Common throughout the state.

S. longipes, Goldie. Long-stalked Stitchwort.
Minneapolis, Griswold, Kasswbe; Anoka county and Duluth, Juni. [Devil’s lake,
Dakota, Geyer.] North.

S. crassifolia, Ebrh. Starwort.
Cannon Falls, Goodhue county, Blake, Sandberg; Minneapolis (plentiful in ditches
in swamps), Roberts, Upham; and northward.

S. borealis, Bigelow. Northern Stitchwort. Starwort.

Common, or frequent, in the north half of the state. [The var. alpestris, Gray, has
been found on the north side of lake Superior, at Pie island, by Macoun.]

CERASTIUM, L. Movusk-EAR CHICKWEED.

C. viscosum, L. (C. vulgatum, L., in Manual.) Mouse-ear Chickweed,
Winona county, Holzinger ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Lake Superior, Whitney.)
Infrequent. :
C. vulgatum, L. (C. viscosum, L., in Manual.) Large Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps westward.

C. nutans, Raf. . Nodding Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state, excepting southwestward.

C. oblongifolium, Torr. Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Winona county, Holzinger; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Rare. Southeast.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 30

C. arvense, I. Field Chickweed.
Frequent, or common, through the north half of the state and southwestward ; rare
southeastward.

SAGINA, L. PeaRLWORT.

S. nodosa, E. Meyer. Pearlwort.
North shore of lake Superior, doubtless in Minnesota ; Isle Royale, Whitney; island
of St. Ignace. Macoun. }

PARON YCHIE AL. WaitItLow-wort F Amity.

ANYCHIA, Michx, WHITLOW-wort. NatLworr.

A. dichotoma, Michx. Forked Chickweed. Whitlow-wort.
Lapham. Infrequent.

FICOIDE A. Ick Prant Famizy.

MOLLUGO, L. InpDIAN-CHICKWEED.

M. verticillata, L. Carpet-weed.

Common, or frequent, southward. Exposed rocks and sandy fields, St. Croix river,
Parry; abundant in Hennepin county on sandy river-banks, appearing indigenous,
Roherts.

PORTULACACEA. PuRSLANE FAmMItLy.

PORTULACA, Tourn. PURSLANE.

P. oleracea. L. Common Purslane. ‘‘Pusley.”
A very common garden weed.

P, retusa, Engelm.* Western Purslane.

Upper Minnesota river, Parry; Yellow Medicine county, Upham; upper Missis-
sippi river, Garrison. (Surely indigenous ; yet possibly to be referred to the foregoing
species.) West.

TALINUM, Adans. TALINUM.

T. teretifolium, Pursh. Talinum.

Rare, occurring only on ledges of rock (trap, syenite, granite and quartzite): absent
far northward. Taylor’s Falls(of St. Croix river), Houghton, Miss Field; Duluth, iss
Catheart; Watab, Benton county, and at numerous places in Stearns and Morrison
counties, Upham; upper Minnesota river, Parry; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler; ‘‘ plen-
tiful on most of the ledges in Rock and Pipestone counties (a handsome little plant,
extremely easy of cultivation), Leiberg.

*PORTULACA RETUSA, Engelm. Like P. oleracea, L., but greener, and the stenr
more ascending, sometimes covering a space several feet in diameter; leaves usually
smaller than the common species; sepals obtuse, broadly carinate-winged; petals
yellow ; stigmas 3 or 4; capsule 2% to 3 lines long, broader in proportion ; seeds more
strongly tuberculate than in P. oleracea. Brewer and Watson's Botany of California:

3F

34 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CLAYTONIA, L. Sprine-Bravry.

C. Virginica, L. Narrow-leaved Spring-Beauty.
Throughout the state, but rare in most portions ; frequent, or common, southeast-
ward.

c. Caroliniana, Michx. Wide-leaved Spring-Beauty.
Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Southeast.

MALVACEA. Matitow FamiIty.

MALVA, L. Matiow.

DM. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow.

Common southward, and as far north as Morrison and Todd counties, Upham; but
not yet common westward.

M. sylvestris, L. High Mallow.
Fort Francis, Rainy river, Macoun; Minneapolis, Herrick; Goodhue county, Sand-

’

berg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg..
M.crispa, lL. © Curled Mallow.
Adventive, Lake City, Miss Manning.
CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. CALLIRRHOE.
C, triangulata, Gray, Callirrhoe.
Lapham. South.
NAP ABA, Clayt. GiLADE MaLiow.

N. dioica, L. Glade Mallow.
Lapham. Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. Southeast,

MALVASTRUM, Gray. FatsE Matnow.

M. coccineum, Gray. Prairie Mallow.
Minnesota, Gray’s Manual. West. Its eastern limit scarcely reaches into this state,

ABUTILON, Tourn. Inpran Ma.iow.

A. Avicenne, Gertn, Velvet-Leaf. .
Anoka, Hennepin, Ramsey, Wabasha and Blue Earth counties. Infrequent.

HIBISCUS, L. RosE-MaLtow.

H. militaris, Cav. Halberd-leaved Rose- Mallow.
Banks of the Mississippi river between Saint Paul and Mendota (abundant), Mrs.
Terry. South,

H. Trionum, L. Bladder Ketmia. Flower of an Hour.
Adventive, Minneapolis, Kassube, Upham; Goodhue county, Sandberg ; Martin
county, Gedye. [This ‘ has become abundant in many parts” of Nebraska, Aughey.]

STATE GEOLOGIST. oD

TILIACH A. Linpen F amity.

TILIA, L. LINDEN. Basswoop.

T. Americana, L. Basswood. Bass. Linden. Lime Tree. Whitewood.

Very abundant in the Big Woods, and generally common throughout the state ; not
found near the Minnesota shore of lake Superior, but frequent north of this lake, on
maple ridges 400 feet and more aboveit, attaining a hight of 70 feet and diameter of 20
inches, Clark; also, not found in Rock county, but very plentiful at Bear lakes in Mur-
ray county, Upham; extending north to Basswood lake on the international boundary,
Winchell.

| The northern limit of this species is found just south of Thunder bay, from which
it nearly follows the international boundaryto the lake of the Woods. It extends
farther north in Manitoba, nearly tolake Winnipeg, and northwest to Fort Ellice.
Dr. Rohert Bell.)

(The leaves of this and many other species of trees, in their first few years of growth
from the seed, are often remarkably large. The following measurements were made
in Todd county, September i6th : leaf of basswood, blade, 14% inches long and 12 inches
wide, borne ona petiole 3 inches long ; of large-toothed aspen, blade, 10 by 7%, and peti-
ole, 4inches ; of balsam poplar, blade, 11 by 7, and petiole, 2inches ; and of elm, blade,
9 by 6 inches, with petiole only a half inch long.)

* Basswood lumber is much used in cabinet work for boxes, shelves, etc., whenever
a wood is desired which is soft and easily worked, and, at the same time, tough and
not liable to split.” It decays more quickly than most kinds of lumber, when exposed
to the weather, unless it is thoroughly painted ; but issufficiently durable, if kept dry.

HEN MOUS ike Panay

LINUM, L. Fuax.

L. perenne, L.* Wild Flax, Prairie Flax.

At Pembina, and thence westward, Chickering; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell.
West.

L suleatum, Riddell. Wild Flax,

Common from Minneapolis, Roberts, southward, and westward to the Red river
valley, Upham; Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett.

L. rigidum, Pursh.+ Wild Flax.

From Winona county, Winchell, Minneapolis, Twining, and Anoka county, Juni,
westward to Pipestone county, Leiberg, and the Red river valley (common in Clay
county), Upham. South and west.

* LINUM PERENNE,L,. Perennial, glabrous; leaves scattered, linear, acute; flowers
nearly opposite the leaves and terminal ; peduncles becoming elongated and nodding
in fruit ; sepals ovai with membranous margins, shorter than the globose capsule;
petals free, blue, retuse, 3 to 4 times exceeding the calyx; styles 5; capsule 5-celled,
with bearded dissepiments. Stems % to3 feet high ; flowers large. May to September.
Watson's Rep. in King’s Hxpl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

+LINUM RIGIDUM, Pursh. Dwarf; glaucous; styles united almost to the top.
Gray's Manual.—Stems 5 to 15 inches high, angled, much branched ; branches strict,
ascending ; leaves alternate, linear, pungently acute, rigid, with scabrous margins;
flowers panicled or corymbose ; pedicels thickened at the end, and forming an exterior
cup-shaped calyculus ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, strongly 3-nerved, glandular
Spinulose-scabrous on the margins, longer than the globose capsule ; petals sulphur-
yellow. Porter and Coulier’s Flora of Colorado.

36 TWE! FTH ANNUAL REPORT.

L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax.

Sometimes adventive in fields : Minneapolis ; Blue Earth county ; Redwood Falls ;
Luverne.

GERANIACEA. ({JERANIUM FAMILY.

GERANIUM, L. CRANESBILL.

G. maculatum, L. Wild Cranesbill.

Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; extending northwest
to Clay county, Gedge, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and the mouth of Rainy
river, Macoun.

G. Carolinianum, L. Carolina Cranesbill.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state; most plentiful northward,
G. Robertianum, L. Herb Robert.

Falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Fergus Falls, Leonard; extending west to the lake of
the Woods, Macoun. North.

ERODIUM, L’Her, STORKSBILL. HERON’S-BILL.

E cicutarium, L*Her. Storksbill. Heron’ s-bill.
Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube, Roberts. Rare. An abundant weed in the Pacifie
states and in some districts eastward.

IMPATIENS, L. BaLsAM. JEWEL-WEED. TOUCH-ME-NOT,

I. pallida, Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not.

Throughout the state ; in many portions infrequent or rare ; common at New Ulm,
Juni, and in Blue Earth county, Leiberg; abundant in Martin county, Cratty, and on
the south shore of Red iake, Miss Babbitt.

I. fulva, Nutt. Spotted Touch-me-not.

Common throughout the state. (“At Beaver Bay a spotless variety, with less re-
flected spur, was common and grew intermingled with the ordinary form, without show-_
ing any signs of intergradation.” Roberts.)

OXALIS, L. Woon-SorREL, OXALIS

O. Acetosella, L. Common Wood-Sorre}.

Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Macoun; extending
northwest to the Saskatchewan, Richardson. North.

O. violacea, L. Violet Wood-Sorrel.

Common through the south half of the state to Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett;
extending north to the upper Missisippi river, Garrison, and in the Red river valley at
least to Clay county, Gedge. (Herrick reports, besides the type, a variety that bears
white flowers, occurring quite frequently in the vicinity of Castle Rock, Dakota county ;
and Miss Babbitt finds the same at Little Falls. Succulent flower-bearing scapes, not
accompanied by leaves, are occasionally seen in September [Upham]. “The usual
occurrence of awhite, carrot-shaped root beneath the ordinary scaly bulb” of [this
species is noticed by Roberts, in the American Naturalist for August, 1879. See also
Am. Nat., vol. xvi, pp. 13-19.)

O. corniculata, L., var. stricta, Sav. (O. stricta, L.) Yellow Wood-Sor-
rel. Ladies’ Sorrel.
Common throughout the state.

(de)
—]

‘ STATE GEOLOGIST.

RUTACEA Rue Famity.

XANTHOXYLUM, Colden. Prickiy As#.

X. Americanum, Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.
Very abundant southward; extending north to Pine,Aitkin, Cass and Polk counties.

PTELEA, L. SHrupsy TrRerorn. Hopr-TREE.
P. trifoliata, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree. Wafer Ash.

aepham. Southeast.

ANACARDIACE 4. CasHEW FAMILY.

RHUS, L. SUMACH.

RR. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach.

Limited to the east side of the state and the region from the upper Mississippi river
northeastward, as follows: in Houston and Fillmore counties, rare ; in Winona county
the most frequent species on the bluffs of the Mississippi (‘at Winona samples were
seen eight inches in diameter’, Winchell), but rare farther west ; common in Ramgey
and Hennepin counties, extending west into the Big Woods, and to Martin county,
Oratty; rare in Benton county ; common in Pine county and westward to Mille Lacs,
Little Falls and lake Alexander, Morrison county ; at Fish-hook lake in southwestern
Cass county, Garrison; and occasional northeastward, being reported by Clark at Sandy
lake, Fonddu Lac, Grand Portage and Pigeon river.

R. glabra, L. Smooth Sumach.

Common throughout the state, excepting north of lake Superior, where it is rare.

RR, copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach.

Houston countv, near La Crescent, also in Winona county, Winchell; lake Pepin,
Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Saint Paul, Miss Catheart; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; Worthington, foote; Pipestone county, Mrs, Bennett. Rare. South.

R. venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood.

Observed, like the preceding, in Houston county, near I.a Crescent, and in Winona
county, by Prof. Winchell; Hennepin county, Simmons; Anoka county, Juni; upper
Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare.

R. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak,

Common, often abundant, throughout the state. (Erect or decumbent, 1 to3 feet
high ; not elimbing,]

RR. Toxicodendron, L., var. radicans, Torr.* Climbing Poison Ivy.

This variety (or species) occurs sparingly in the southeast part of the state.
Mrs, Carter, Miss Manning.

R, aromatica, Ait. Fragrant Sumach.
Maligne river (near the international boundary east of Rainy lake), Macowv. Rare.

*RHUS TOXICODENDRON, L., val. RADICANS, Torr. (R.radicans, L.) Stems climb-
ing by means of innumerable radicating tendrils; leaflets 3, ovate, dark green, smooth
and shining, entire, the lowest rarely angular; flowers greenish, racemed in axillary
panicies ; berries dull white. A vigorous woody elimber, ascending trees and other
objects 10 to 40 or 50 feet. The stem becomes 1 to 2 inches [or more] in thickness,
covered with a greenish, scaly bark, and throws out all along its length myriads of
fnread-like rootlets, which bind it firmly to its support. JWood’s Class-Book.

38 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

VITACE A. VinE Famy.

VITIS, Tourn. GRAPE.

V. Labrusea, L, Northern Fox-Grape.

Occurs frequently, according to Clark, in the east part of the state, as far north-
ward as southern Pine county, and rarely on the St. Louisriver; lake Pepin, Miss
Manning.

V. wstivalis, Michx. Summer Grape.
Lapham. St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Anoka county, Juni; BigStonelake, Winchell;
Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent. South,

V. cordifolia, Michx.* Winter or Frost Grape.
Frequent in the south half of the state ; also in the Red river valley, near Emerson,
Manitoba, Dawson.

V. riparia, Michx.f (V. cordifolia, Michx., var. riparia, Gray.) W imier or
Frost Grape.
Common throughout the state, excepting north of lake Superior.

AMPELOPSIS, Michx. VIRGINIAN CREEPER.

A. quinquefolia, Michx. Virginian Creeper. Five-leaf Ivy. American
Ivy. ‘*‘Woodbine.’

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; probably
less frequent northeastward. ‘A very desirable climber, often cultivated *’

RHAMNACEA. BucktrHorn F'Aaminy.

RHAMNUsS, Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

R. alnifolia, L’Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn.
St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Winchell, Kassube; beach of lake Superior,
Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare southward ; common far northward.

*VITIS CORDIFOLIA. Michx. Tall (or more rarely low), climbing high, trunks not
rarely 6 to 9 inches in diameter ; leaves middle-sized or small (2'4 to 3 or 4 inches in
diameter), heart-shaped, mostly entire or very slightly tri-lobed on the edges, with
broad, shallow teeth, usually smooth and shining, more on the upper than on the lower
side, the young ones sometimes, and very rarely the old ones, with short hair on the
ribs below; berries small, in large, mostly loose bunches, black, without a bloom,
maturing late in the fall, usually only with a single short and thick seed, marked by a
prominent raphe.—— This grows more especially in fertile soil, and is common in river
and creek bottoms. Engelmann, in Sivth An. Rep., Insects of Missouri; also in Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club.

+VITIS RIPARIA, Michx. Mostly a smaller plant than the last, but with larger (3 to
5 inches in diameter) and more or less incisely 3-lobed, glabrous, shining (or rarely
when young, slightly hairy) leaves, the lobes long and pointed, the teeth also more
pointed than in V. cordifolia; berries usually larger than in the last, mostly with a
bloom, in smaller and often more compact bunches, commonly 1-to 2-seeded ; seeds
with a less prominent raphe.—— This species prefers thickets or rocky soil on river-
banks ; the northern form has fewer and laryer berries in a bunch, and is easily distin-
guished from V. cordifolia. The fruit ripens earlier than the former and is pleasanter.
Engelmann, in Insects of Mo., and in Bull. Torr. Cl.

STATE GEOLOGIST.

en
<=)

CEANOTHUS, ibs New Jersrty TEs. RED-ROGT.

C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Red-root,
Common throughout the state, excepting far northward ; especially abundant on
sandy tracts in the region of the upper Mississippi river. Yhough only a small shrub,
' one to three feet high, its root is a mass of gnarled wood, sometimes six or eight inches
in diameter, ‘‘a troublesome obstacle in first breaking the soil.”’
C. ovatus, Desf. (C. ovalis, Bigelow.) Red-root.

Sandy ridges of the St. Croix, “seeming to take the place of the preceding species
and an indication of a more barren soil,” Parry; New Ulm,Juni. |Kaministiquia river
(very abundant), Macoun. | Local.

CELASTRACEA. STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

CELASTRUS, L. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.

C. scandens, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Wax-work.

Common through the south half of the state, extending north to the sources of the
Mississippi, and to Polk county ; less frequent north to Emerson, Manitoba, Scott.

EUONYMUS, Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.

K. atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning-Bush. Waahoo.
Frequent southward; extending north to Anoka county, Juni, Lake Elizabeth,
Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry, and Clay county in the Red river valley, Gedge.
E. Americanus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing §traw-
berry Bush.
Minneapolis, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.

SAPINDACEA. SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

STAPHYLEA, L. BuabpER-Nvr.

S. trifolia, L. American Bladder-Nut.

Frequent southward ; extending north to Minnehaha falls, Roberts, and New Ulm,
Juni.

ACER, Tourn. MaPLe.

A. Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Mo dse-wood,

Common northeastward, extending south to the upper Mississippi river and to
southeastern Pine county ; rare and local farther south to lake Pepin, Miss Manniwg.

A. spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.

Abundant north of lake Superior and along the international boundary; extending
south to Mille Lacs, Upham; rare and local farther southward on the Mississippi blufis
at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and in section 22, Richmond, Winona county, Winchell.

A. saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. Hard Maple.
Common, often abundant, throughout the state, excepting near its west side. Not
fouud close to the shore of lake Superior, but common two or three miles from it, 400
feet or more above the lake, attaining a hight of 75 feet, Clark. The northern limit of
this tree, accerding to Bell, extends from the lower part of the valley of the Kaminis-
tiquia river westward, a little to the north of the boundary line, to the lake of the
Woods, where it turns south. The Chippewa Indians, who are yet the principal inhab-

40 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

itants of the wooded region north of the Northern Pacific railroad, make considerable’

maple sugar, their ordinary product in the region of lake Superior, according to Clark,
being from 100 to 500 pounds for each lodge.

A, saccharinum, Wang., var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray. Black Sugar
Maple.
Houston county, Winchell; upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Mr. J.C. Arthur
reports this variety common at Waterville, Le Sueur county, and believes it to be the
prevailing form of the species at least through the south part of the state.

A. dasyecarpum, Ehrh. White orSilver Maple. River Maple. Soft Maple.
Common southward, extending north to the upper Mississippi and the White Earth

reservation, Garrison. More frequently cultivated for shade than the next, each of
these species being often called soft maple.

A. rubrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple.

Common through the east part of the state ; extending west to Mud Portage on the
Dawson route (north of lake Superior), Macoun, the White Earth reservation, Garrison,
and Redwood Falls, Pemberton; abundant in Winona county, Winchell. This and the
two preceding species, especially the sugar maple, are valuable for furniture and eabi-
net work, and are fine shade and ornamental trees, for which purpose they are exten-
sively raised from the seed or transplanted from the woods.

NEGUNDO, Mench. AsnH-teAvVED Maris. Box-Enpen.

N. aceroides, Meench. Box-Elder.

Common through the south half of the state, extending thus north to Kahiben:
Mille Lacs and Wadena counties ; less frequent farther north to the St. Louis river near
Fond du Lac, Winchell, Kaministiquia river, Macoun, and the upper Mississippi river,
Garrison; also abundant throughout the Red river vailey and northwestward, reaching
east to the lake of the Woods, Dawson. ‘Destined to be the shade tree of all the prairie
cities” of Manitoba (Macoun), Along the Minnesota river, it sometimes exceeds three
feetin diameter (Winchell). Sugar and syrup are made from it at Big Stone lake.

POLYGALACEA. Mitkwort Famity.

POLYGALA, Tourn. Mitkwort. PoLyGALa.

P. sanguinea, L. Purple Milkwort.

Frequent, or common, southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river,
Gorrison, and Polk county, Upham.
P. cruciata; L. Milkwort.

Margins of swampy lakes, St. Croix river, Parry ; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts ;
Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell.
P. verticillata, L. Milk wort.

Frequent, or common, in the south and west portions of the state ; extending north
to Minneapolis, Simmons, New Ulm, Juni, and the Red river valley, Upham.
P. Senega, L. Seneca Snakeroot.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Several tons of this medicinal root are
dug and sold yearly by the Chippewa Indians in the region of Mille Lacs, the Crow
Wing river and the White Earth reservation, the price which they receive for it, when
dried, being from 35 to 50 cents per pound.

P. polygama, Walt. Pink Polygala.
sandy soil, St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Monning ; Saint Cloud, Garrison ;
Anoka county and Brainerd, Upham; lake of the Woods, Dawson,

ee

a Ne

STATE GEOLOGIST. 4]

P. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Polygala.

Faribault, Rice county, Miss Beane. [Kaministiquia river. north of lake Superior,
Macoun.| Rare.

LEGUMINOSA. Putse Faminy.

LUPINUS, Tourn. LUPINE.

L. perennis, L. Wild Lupine. Perenniai Lupine.
Common on light, sandy land from lake Pepin to the sources of the Mississippi riyv-
er; also, Fergus Falls, Leonard. Rarely found with white flowers.

TRIFOLIUM,L. Crover.

T. arvense, L. Rabbit-fovt or Stone Clover.
Saint Cloud, Stearns county, Campbell. tare,

T. pratense, L. Red Clover.
Frequently adventive throughout the state.

T. repens, L. White Clover. Shamrock.

Oecurring like the last, already very abundant in many districts; also quite cer-
tainly indigenous through the north half of the state, Clark, Upham.
T. hybridum, L.* Alsike Clover.

Adventive, but scarcely established, Saint Cloud (sandy soil, on the grounds of the
Norma) School), Campbell. Rare.

T. procumbens, li. Yellow Clover. Low Hop-Clover.

Stearns county (both the type and the var. minus, Koch), Campbell; Saint Paul,
Minneapolis and lake Minnetonka (sparingly adventive), Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss
Manning. Rare.

MELILOTUS, Tourn. Meuinot. Sweet Cirover. Hart's
CLOVER.

M. officinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot.

Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Stearns county, Gar-
vison; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South.

M. alba, Lam. White Melilot.
Throughout the south half of the state, More frequent than the preceding.
MEDICAGO, L. MeEpick.

M. sativa, L. Lucerne. Alfalfa.
Escaped from cultivation, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Winchell.

* Trifolium hybridum, L. Almost glabrous; leaflets obovate or oblong; stipules
oblong, tips triangular; heads axillary, peduncled, globose; pedicels elongate, at
length reflexed ; flowers {whitish, rose-tinted] drooping; calyx-tube campanulate,
gibbous ; teeth subulate, nearly equal, unaltered in fruit. Hooker’s Students’ Flora of
the British Islands. (See Botanical Gazette, vol. vii, pp. 121 and 135.)

42 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

HOSACKIA, Dougl. HOSACKEIA.

H. Purshiana, Benth.* Hosackia.

Gravelly shore of Swan lake, section 7, Underwood, Redwood county (leaves about
% inch long, very short-petioled, of three oblong acute leaflets, the lateral ones oblique
in their lower half), Upham. Southwest.

PSORALEA, L. PSORALEA.

P. tenuiflora, Pursh. (P. floribunda, Nutt.) Psoralea.
Cottonwood county, Holzinger, Southwest

P. argophylla, Puarsh. Silvery-leaved Psoralea.
Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state; extending northeast to the upper
Mississippi river, Garrison, (See note in American Naturalist, vol. xvii, p. 414.)

P. esculenta, Puysh. Dakota Turnip. Pomme blanche. Pomme de
Prairie. Pomme de Terre.

Common southwestward ; extending east to the rising ground east of Red river
prairie, Dawson, the Roseau river, Scott, Morrison county, Upham, Minneapolis (rare,
found close east of lake Calhoun), Griswold, Roberts, and Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
“Pomme de Prairie of the French voyageurs; Tipsinah of the Sioux Indians. It oc-
curs over a wide range of country between the Mississippi aud the Rocky Mountains,
and is a characteristic plant of the Coteau des Prairies. The root, frequently attaining
the size of a hen’s egg, is of a regular, cylindric, ovoid shape, consisting of a thick,
leathery envelope, easily separating when fresh from its smooth internal part. The
latter is of a friable texture, except towards the axis, where some ligneous fibres are in-
termixed. When dry, it acquires a sweetish taste, and is easily pulverized, affording a
light, starehy flour, suitable for all the uses of the ordinary article. When growing its
aspect is that of a Lupine. It selectsa dry, gravelly, but not barren soil.” Parry. }

The Dakota (Sioux) name of the river in western Minnesota, well known as the
Pomme de Terre, refers to this plant. Riggs’ Dakota Dictionary, p. 171.

DALEA, L. DALEA.

D. alopecuroides, Willd. Dalea.
Spirit lake, Iowa, Geyer; and doubtless in the adjoining portions of Minnesota.
Southwest. j

PETALOSTEMON, Michx. PRAIRIE CLOVER.

P. violaceus, Michx. Purple Prairie Clover.
Abundant in all the prairie portion of the state ; extending northeast to the upper
Mississippi river, Houghton.

* HOSACKIA, Dougl. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamens,
nearly equal; standard often remote from the rest, ovate or roundish; keel curved,
obtuse or somewhat acutely beaked. Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform.
Pod linear, compressed or nearly terete, sessile, several-seeded, with partitions be-
tween theseeds. Herbaceous orrarely woody, with pinnate 2- to many-foliolate leaves;
stipules mostly minute and gland-like; flowers in axillary sessile or pedunculate um-
bels, yellow, often becoming brownish.

HO@SACKIA PURSHIANA, Benth. Annual, usually a foot high or more, and more or
less silky-villous : leaflets 1 to 5, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long ; stipules
gland-like ; flowers small, yellow, on peduncles exceeding the leaves, bracteate with a
single leaflet; calyx-teeth linear, much exceeding the tube, about equalling the corol-
la; pod linear, straight, smooth, an Inch long, 5- to 7-seeded. Watson in Botany of
Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian.

Nae ee ee

—— ae

Tee ee

STATE GEOLOGIST. 43

P. candidus, Michx. White Prairie Clover.
Abundant, with same range as the last ; excepting that it is less common in the

north part of the Red river valley, Upham.

P. villosus, Nutt. Silky Prairie Clover.

Common on sandy land, from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Goodhue county, Sandhery,
and the barrens of the St. Croix river, Parry, to Minneapolis, Lac qui Parle, and Polk
county, Upham.

‘ AMORPHA, L. FatsE INDIGO.

A. fruticosa, L. False Indigo. ‘‘ River Locust.”
Common through the south half of the state, in the Red river valley, Upham, and
to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

A. canescens, Nutt. Lead-Plant. ‘‘ Shoe-strings.”’
Abundant, with the same range as the last. The common name alludes to its long
tough roots, which are troublesome in plowing.

A. microphylla, Pursh.* (A. nana, Nutt.) Dwarf False Indigo.

Common from the Blue Earth river, Parry, and Chippewa. Swift and Grant counties,
Roberts, southwestward ; also common, or frequent, throughout the Red river yalley,
Upham.

ROBINIA, L. Locust-TREE.

R. Pseudacacia, L. © Common Locust-tree. False Acacia.
Adventive, Minneapolis, Winchell.

TEPHROSIA, Pers. Hoary Pa.

T. Virginiana, Pers. Goat’s Rue. Catgut.
Lapham. Hart, Winona county, Winchell; at head of lake Pepin, Sandherg,
Washington county, Juni. South.

ASTRAGALUS, L. MiuKk-VETcH.

A. caryocarpus, Ker. Ground Plum.

Common, often abundant in all the prairie portion of the state ; extending north-
east to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. ‘‘ When the pods, which are nearly solid,
have reached the size of hazel-nuts, they prove a valuable addition to the list of early
vegetables. Cooked like green peas, they make a pleasing dish, intermediate in taste
and flavor between early peas and asparagus.” <Arthur.

A. Plattensis, Nutt., var. Tennesseensis, Gray. Ground Plum.
Grant county, Roberts; Fergus Falls, Leonard. Southwest.

A. Canadensis, L. Milk- Vetch.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; abundant in the Red river valley,
Upham.

*AMORPHA MICROPHYLLA, Pursh. Nearly smooth, dwarf; leaves with very short
petioles, obtuse at both ends ; spikes short, solitary ; calyx nearly naked, pedicellate,
teeth all verv acuminate ; legumes 1-seeded. . . .. . From1to2 feet high; flowers
purple and fragrant. A very elegant little shrub. Pursh’s Fl. Amer., quoted by Ar-
thur (Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. V.), who adds : ‘‘ This compact little shrub
is abundant on the dry prairies of northwestern Iowa. It flowers in May, and not in
July and August asstated by Pursh. The leaflets are oblong, conspicuously punctate,
and in 10—20 pairs.”’

44 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

A. adsurgens, Pall.* Milk- Vetch.

ted river valley, Scott, Macoun. West.

A. hypogilottis, L.+ Milk- Vetch.

Plains near Pembina, Douglas, Chickering, Havard. Red river prairie, Dawson.
West.

A. gracilis, Nutt.t Milk- Vetch.

Minnesota, Watson. Southwest.

A. Cooperi, Gray. Cooper’s Milk-Vetch.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.

A. flexuosus, Dougl.§ Milk- Vetch.
Red river prairie, Douglas, Macoun, Dawson, Scott. West.

OXYTROPIS, DC. OxyYTROPIS.

O, Lamberti, Pursh. Oxytropis.

Frequent or common, westward ; extending east to Worthington (rare) Foote, Cot-
tonwood county, Holzinger. Glenwood (common, with flowers bright rose-purple,
changing later to blue), Upham, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry, Fergus Falls, Leonard,
and the Red river valley, Douglas, Macoun.

*“ASTRAGALUS ADSURGENS, Pall. Perennial, cinereous with minute appressed
pubescence or glabrate ; stems rather stout, 4 to 18 inches high, ascending or decum-
bent ; stipules scarious, mostly united at base ; leaflets 10 pairs, 6 to 9 lines long, nar-
rowly or linear-oblong ; spike dense, at length oblong or cylindrical ; flowers purplish,
medium sized, ascending ; calyx-tube rather long-campanulate, twice exceeding the
setaceous teeth, subvillous with light or dark hairs; pod coriaceous, pubescent, sessile,
ascending, ovate-oblong (4to 5 lines inlength), straight, usually triangular-compressed,
with a dorsal sulcus, and 2-celled by the intruded dorsal suture, many-ovuled. Wat-
son’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Forticth Parallel, following Gray’s Revis., Proc. Amer.
Acad,, vol. vi.

+ASTRAGALUS HYPOGLOTTIS, L. Perennial, with a rather loose pubescence, or

nearly glabrous ; stems 6 inches to 2 feet long, slender, diffusely procumbent or ascend- -

ing ; stipules subfoliaceous and more or less sheathing ; leaflets 7 to 10 pairs, oblong,
obtuse or retuse ; heads rather many-flowered ; corolla violet, 4% inch long; legume
coriaceous, ovate and triangular, silky-villous, very shortly stipitate, 2-celled by the
intruded dorsal suture, and but 6- to 8-seeded. From southern Colorado northward

along the Rocky Mountains and Red River Valley to the Arctic Circle and Alaska.

June to September, Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, follow-
ing Gray’s Revision.

tASTRAGALUS GRACILIS, Nutt. Perennial,somewhat appressed pubescent, slender,
erect or ascending, a foot high or more: leaflets three to five pairs, narrowly linear,
half an inch long or less: flowers very small, white or purplish, in an elongated open
long-peduncled spike : calyx-teeth very short: pods coriaceous, sessile, pubescent and
rugose, 2 or 3 lines long, ovate-oblong and obcompressed, 1-celled, concave on the back,
aud the ventral suture prominent. Watson in Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the
One Hundredth Meridian.

SASTRAGALUS FLEXUOSUS, Dougl. Ashy-puberulent ; stems ascending, 1 foot high,
flexuose ; leaflets oblong or cuneate-linear, optuse or retuse ; peduncles exceeding the
leaves ; raceines mostly elongated, loose ; flowers 4 lines long, white or purplish ; calyx
hoary-pubescent, teeth three times shorter than the tube, pod cylindric, 8 to 11 lines
long, 2 lines broad, puberulent, thinly coriaceous, straight or sub-incurved; stipe very
short, but evident. Gray's Revision of Astrag., Proc. Amer. Acad., Vol. Vi.

ee NL ele

i —--

STATE GEOLOGIST.’ 45

O. splendens, Dougl.* Silvery Oxytropis.

“A most elegant plant, with its crowded, silvery, silky-villous foliage and spikes,
and deep blue corollas. It was gathered on the Chippewariver”’|in Minnesota]. Gray
in Pacific Railroad Report. Glenwood, Pope county, Uphan; Pembina, Douglas,
Havard. West. —

GLYCYRRHIZA, Tourn. Licorice.
G. lepidota, Pursh. Wild Licorice.

Abundant westward, from St. Vincent to lowa; extending east to lake Pepin, Miss
Manning, Freeborn county and Minneapolis, Upham, the St. Croix river, Parry, Stearns
county, Campbell, and the lake of the Woods at the mouth of Rainy river, Macoun;
but not reported in the region of the upper Mississippi river and farther northeast.

HEDYSARUM, Tourn. HEDYSARUM.

H. boreale, Nuit. HepysaRuM.
Lapham. {North shore of lake Superior, 4 gassiz.] North.

DESMODIUM, DC. Tick-Trerott.
D. nudiflorum, DC, Tick-Trefoil.

St. Croix river, Parry; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county.
Gedge; Redwood Falls, Pemberton. Infrequent. South.
D. acuminatum, DC. Tick-Trefoil.

Common southward; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison;
Fergus Falls, Leonard.

D. rotundifolium, DC. Round-leaved Tick-Trefoil. Trailing Tick-
Trefoil.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. South.

D. canescens, DC. _ Tick-Trefoil.

Otter Tail county, Upham; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county, Leihberg;
lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. South.
D. cuspidatum, Hook. Tick-Trefoil,

Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. South,
D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Tick-Trefoil.

Stearns county, Garrison; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis, K assube;
Steele county (common), Upham. South.
D. paniculatum, DC. Tick-Trefoil.

Upper Mississippiriver, Garrison; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, lowa, Mis.
Carter. Infrequent. South. :
D. Canadense, DC. Tick-Trefoil,

Common through the south half of the state, and perhaps northward; found at the
lake of the Woods, Dawson, Burgess, and extending into Manitoba to the north end of
lake Winnipeg, Hooker.

“OXYTROPIS SPLENDENS, Dougl. Acaulescent, silvery, silky-villous throughout, 6.
to 12 inches high ; leaflets somewhat verticillate, 3 to 6 together, very numerous, lance-
olate, very acute, usually 5 to 10 lines long ; flowers in an oblong spike, erect, spreading,
usually deep blue ; peduncles exceeding the leaves ; flowers not much surpassing the
calyx ; pod ovate, erect. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

46 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

LESPEDEZA, Michx. Busu-CLOovVER. :

L. repens, Barton. (Including L. procumb2ns, Michx.) Bush-Clover
Lapham. Rare. South.

L. violacea, Pers. Bush-Clover.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Brown county, Juni. Infrequent. South.

{L. reticulata, Pers. (L. violacea, Pers., var. sessiliflora, Don) probably occurs in
the south part of the state.

L. reticulata, Pers., var. angustifolia, Maxim. (L. violacea, Pers., var.
angustifolia, Torr. & Gray.) Bush-Clover.
Cottonwood county, Holzinger. Infrequent. South.

L. hirta, Ell. Bush-Clover.
Lake Pepin, Mgiss Manning; Cottonwood county, Holzinger. Intrequent. South.

L. capitaia, Michx. Bush-Clover.
Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north at least
to Cass county, Upham.

L. leptostachya, Engelm.* Bush-Clover.
Southeastern Minnesota, T. J. Hale; Emmet county, Iowa (common), Crafty; Rock
county (common). Leiberg. South.

VICIA, Tourn. VeETcH. TARE.

V. sativa, L. Vetch.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.

V. Cracea, L. Blue Vetch.
Minneapolis, and Carlton county, Roberts; White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field,
Rare. South.

V. Caroliniana, Walt. Pale Vetch. - Carolina Vetch.
Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis-
sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

V. Americana, Mubhl, Purple Vetch. American Vetch.
Common throughout the state.

LATHYRUS, I. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING Pa.

L. maritimus, Bigelow. Beach Pea.
Common on beaches of gravel and sand, north shore of lake Superior, Juni,
Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson.

L. venosus, Muhl. Vetchling.
Common through the south half of the state, andin the Red river valley ; extend-
ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Kaministiquia river, Macoun.

L. ochroleucus, Hook. Pale Vetchling.
Common, often abundant, throughout the state.

*LESPEDEZA LEPTOSTACHYA, Engelm. Clothed with appressed, silky pubescence;
leaves linear ; petiole longer than the terminal petiolule ; spikes paniculate, slender,
somewhat loosely flowered, rather longer than the peduncle ; legume equal to or slightly
longer than the calyx. .. . . . Has passed for L. angustifolia, from which its slender
spikes and paniculate habit at once distinguish it. Gray, Proc, Amer, Acad. of Arts
and Sciences, vol. xii. i

STATE GEOLOGIST. 47

L. paluster, L. Marsh Vetchling.
Common throughout the state.
L. paluster, L., var. myrtifolius, Gray, Marsh Vetchling.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Stearns county, Campbell; Fergus Falls, Leonard.

APIOS, Boerhaave. GROUND-NutT. WILD Bran.

_ A, tuberosa, Mench. Ground-nut. Dakota Potato. Pomme de Terre,

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river. “Pomme de Terre of the French voyageurs; Mdo, or wild
potato, of the Sioux Indians.” Parry.

PHASEOLUS, L. Kipney Baan.

P. perennis, Walt. Wild Bean.
Saint Paul, Kelley; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; upper Mississippi river, Garrison;
Pembina, Havard.
P. diversifolius, Pers. Wild Bean.
Minneapolis, Twining; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Emmet
county, Lowa (rare), Cratty. Southeast.
P. pauciflorus, Benth. Wild Bean.

Frequent through the south half of the state; extending north to the head-waters
of the Mississippi river, Garrison.

AMPHICARP AA, Ell. Hoe PEA-nut,

A, monoiea, Ell. Hog Pea-nut.
Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward.

BAPTISIA, Vent. Fase InNpico.

B. tinetoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo.

Anoka county, and White Bear, Ramsey county, Juni; hear Saint Paul, 20rs. Terry;
lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. Southeast.
B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. | White False Indigo. g

Frequent through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis-
Sippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.
B. leucophzea, Nutt. Yellowish Wild Indigo.

_ Common in the most southern counties across the state ; extending north to lake
Pepin, Miss Manning, Rice county, Upham, and Minneapolis, Kassube.

CERCIS, L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.

C. Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas-tree.

Southern Minnesota, Sargent’s Catalogue of Forest Trees, Tenth Census of U.S.
If found in this state, it must be rare or local, in the most southeastern counties.

CASSTIA, L. Senna.

C. Chameecrista, L. Partridge Pea. Sensitive Pea.
Frequent, or common, throughout the southern third of the state ; less frequent’
aither north to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton.

He
io 8)

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

—_

GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE.

G. Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.

Houston county, near Dakota, Winona county, and Jordan, Scott county, Winchell;
Lake City, Miss Manning; Nicollet county (forming groves in the woods opposite to
Mankato; attaining a diameter of six inches; wood very hard, straight-frained,
valuable), Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Steepy Eye. Brown county, Upham. Infre-
quent. South.

EO ee eee

DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTHUS.

D. brachylobus, Benth. Desmanthus.
Swan lakes, northwestern Redwood county, Upham; Spirit lake, Iowa, Geyer.
South. ;

ROSACEA. Rost Fairy.

PRUNUS, Tourn. PLuM, CHERRY, ETC. ‘

P. Americana, Marshall. Wild Plum.

Common, often abundant, throughout the state. Usually from 10 to 20 feet high ;
but north of lake Superior seldom exceeding 12 feet in hight, and often fruiting at 3 or
4 feet, Clark. Fruit valuable, pleasant-flavored, rarely bitter, mostly purple, but not
infrequently varying from that color to yellow.

P. pumila, L. Dwarf Cherry. Sand Cherry. |

Common on sandy land through the north half of the state, and south to Minneap- ‘
olis ; local and rare farther south, as at Castle Rock and in Goodhue county, Sand- .
berg, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and section 33, Hart, Winona county, Winchell.

P. Pennsylvanica, L. Wild Red Cherry. Bird Cherry.

Common throughout the state, excepting southwestward, where it occurs rarely.
Usually 15 to 30 feet high; but north of lake Superior its ordinary hight is about 12
feet, with a diameter of 2'4 inches, Clark.

P. Virginiana, L. Choke-Cherry.
Common throughout the state.
P. serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.

Common throughout the state, excepting far northward, where it is absent or rare.
Macouw reports it as far west as the Kaministiquia river, lake Superior. ,

NEILLIA, Don. NIne-Bark.

N. opulifolia, Benth. and Hook. (Spirvea opulifolia, L.) Nine-Bark.
Frequent throughout most of the state, but rare southward and westward ; abun-

dant north of lake Superior, especially along the shore, “clinging to bare rocks, often

within the sweep of the waves,” Juni, Roberts; Rainy river and lake of the Woods, ‘

Macoun, |

SPIBREA, MEADOW-SWEEr. SPIRA. :
S. salicifolia, L. Common Meadow-Sweet. Willow-leaved Spirza.

Queen of the Meadow.
Common throughout the state, 7]

S. tomentosa, L. Hardhack. Steeple-Bush.
Frequent, in some places plentiful, in Hennepin, Anoka, Chisago, Isanti and Kana-e
bee counties, Roherts, Juni, Upham. East. [It is also found at lake Winnipeg,

Richardson. |

STATE GEOLOGIST. 49

AGRIMONIA, Tourn. AGRIMONY.

A, Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony,
Frequent, often common, throughout the state.

GEUM, L. AvENS. GEUM,

G. album, Gmelin. White Avens.

Frequent, or common, throughout the state ; extending northward to the north
shore of lake Superior, Juni, and Pembina, Havard.
G. Virginianum, L. Virginian Avens.

Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Goodhue county, Sandberg;
Hesper, Lowa, Mrs. Carter. Infrequent. South.
G. macrophylium, Willd. Large-leaved Avens.

Abundant north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to Sherburne county,
Upham, Anoka county and New Ulm, Juni, and lake Minnetonka, Roberts.
G. strictum, Ait. Strict Avens.

Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southward.

G. rivale, L. Water Avens. Purple Avens.

Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending south to lake
Pepin, Miss Manning, Northfieid, Rice county, Chaney, and Nicollet county, Aiton.
G. triflorum, Pursh. Three—-flowered Avens.

This species, “attractive by reason of its long, plumose styles, and dissected, fern-
like leaves,”’ rare in states farther east, is common, or frequent, on dry somewhat sandy
land throughout Minnesota, excepting northeastward, in which direction it extends at
least to the head of lake St. Croix, Brainerd, and the upper Mississ|ppi river.

WALDSTEINIA, Willd. Dry or BARREN STRAWBERRY.

W. fragarioides, Tratt. Barren Strawberry.

Stearns county, Garrison; St. Croix Falls and Stillwater, Miss Field. Infre-
quent. East.

POTENTILLA, L. CINQUE-FOIL. Frve-Fincer. POoTENTILLA.

P. Norvegiea, L. Cinque-foil.
Common throughout the state.

P.supina, L. (P.paradoxa, Nutt.) Cinque-foil.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; sandy shores of lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Herrick;
Anoka county and New Ulm, Juni; Martin county (rare), Cratty; Stearns county, Gar-
rison; Grant county, Roberts. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer, and northwestward. ]

South and west.

P. Canadensis, L. Common Oingue-foil or Five-Finger,

Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward.

P. Canadensis, L., var. Simplex, Torr. and Gray. Cinque-foil. Five-
Finger.

Lake Pepiu, Miss Manning; New Ulm, Juni; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty;
Minneapolis (common), Roberts; Sherburne county (common), Upham. [North of lake
Superior, Agassiz. ]

4F

50 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

P. argentea, L. Silvery Cinque-foil or Five- Finger.

Winona county, Holzinger; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis, Herrick, Up-
ham; Washington county, Leonard; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Anoka county, Juni;
near Green lake, Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry. [Sheyenne river, Dakota, Geyer.]

Infrequent.

P. Pennsylvanica, L., var. strigosa, Pursh.* Cinque-foil. Potentilla.

Granite knolls beside the Minnesota river in the west part of Nicollet county, Par-
ry; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Worthington (common), Foote; Luverne, Leiberg;
Pipestone quarry, Mrs. Bennett; Fergus Falls, Leonard. [Pembina mountain, Dakota,
Havard. ‘*The common form in the prairie region” of Manitoba, Macoun. | West.

P. Pennsylvanica, I., var. bipinnatifida, Torr. & Gray.** Cinque-

foil.
Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; plains of the Red river, Douglas, Macoun. West.

P, Hippiana, Lehm. + Cinque-foil. Potentilla.
Plains of the Red river, Drummond, Macoun. West.

P. effusa, Dougl.t Cinque-foil. Potentilla.
Higher parts of the Red river valley, plentiful, Douglas, Macoun. West.

P. arguta, Pursh. Cinque-foil. Potentilla.
Common, often abundant, throughout the state.

P. Anserina, h. Silver- Weed.
Common, or frequent, throughout the north half of the state ; extending south at
least to Minneapolis and Murray county, Upham.

P. fruticosa, L. Shrubby Cinque-foil.

Abundant north of lake Superior, especially along its rocky shore, Juni, Roberts;
also found near the Tamarack river in T. 158, R. 46, Marshall county, Upham, and at
the eastern border of the Red river prairie near the international boundary, Dawson,
Scott. (Not yet reported, but doubtless occurring rarely, in the south half of thestate ;
found at Decorah, Iowa, Arthur.) North,

* POTENTILLA PENNSYLVANICA, L., var. STRIGOSA, Pursh, Low, 6 to 15 inches
high ; stems erect, leafy, rather stout ; leaves mostly tomentose on both surfaces, paler
beneath, deeply pectinate-diviced or pinnatifid, segments linear, entire, with revolute
margins; stipules laciniate. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado, following Watson’s
Revis., Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. viii.

** POTENTILLA PENNSYLVANICA, L., var. BIPINNATIFIDA, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets
crowded (3 to 5) and often almost palmate, deeply pinnatifid (silky-pubescent but not
Canescent above); the segments linear, elongated, mostly spreading. Torrey and
Gray’s Flora of N. A.

+P. Hrpprawa, Lehm. Densely white-tomentose and silky throughout ; the upper
surface of the leaves a little darker; stems ascending, 1 to 1% feet high, slender,
branching above into a diffuse cyme, stipules usually entire ; leaves pinnate, occasion-
ally digitate; leaflets 5 to11, cuneate-oblong, ito 2 inches long, obtuse, incisely toothed,
at least towards the apex, margins not revolute; pedicels slender; bractlets narrow ;
petals 2% to 3% lines long, exceeding the calyx; styles filiform, not glandular at base,
terminal; carpels 10 to 30. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado, following Watson’s

Revision.
t)

+P. EFFUSA, Dougl. Canescently tomentose with scattered villous hairs; stems
ascending, diffusely branched above, 4 to 12 inches high; stipules lanceolate, entire
or incised ; leaflets 5 to 11, interruptedly pinnate, the alternate ones often smaller,
cuneate-oblong, coarsely incised-serrate or dentate, the smaller leaflets 3- to 5- tooth-
ed; pedicels siender; sepals and the much smaller bractlets acuminate, 2 to 3 lines
long, equaling or exceeding the obcordate petals; carpels 10. Porter and Coulter’s
Flora of Colorado, following Watson’s Revision.

Ee ee

STATE GEOLOGIST. 51

P. tridentata, Sol. Three-toothed Cinque-foil.

Frequent through the north part of the state ; common along the rocky north shore
of lake Superior and on Minnesota Point, at the last named locality growing in the
_ dry loose sand, Roberts, Juni; infrequent, or rare, southward to Stearns county, Mrs.
Blaisdell, White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field, Lake City, Mrs. Ray, and Hesper,
Iowa, Mrs. Carter.

P. palustris, Scop. Marsh Five-Finger.
Throughout the state ; common northward, frequent southward.

FRAGARIA, Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

F. Virginiana, Duchesne. Wild Strawberry.
Common throughout the state.

KF, Virginiana, Duchesne, var. [llinoensis, Gray. Wild Strawberry.
Dakota county, Winchell; Anoka and Sherburne counties (common), Upham;

abundant in Martin eounty (and in Emmet county, Lowa), Cratty.

KF. vesea, L. Wild Strawberry. Wood Strawberry.

Mostly in woods ; common through the north half of the state and southwestward ,
frequent southeastward.

RUBUS, Tourn. BRAMBLE.

‘R. Dalibarda, L. (Dalibarda repens, L.) Dalibarda,
Lapham. Green Lake, Kandiyohi county, Mrs. Terry. Rare. Hast.

[R. odoratus L., which occurs in northern Michigan and Wisconsin, probably does
not extend into Minnesota. ]

R. Nutkanus, Mocino. White Flowering- Raspberry.

Abundant north of lake Superor, Juni, Roberts; and extending to the sources of the
Mississippi, Houghton. ‘‘Its showy white blossoms are about as large as those of the
wild rose. The fruit is large and looks tempting but has a peculiar acid flavor, which
makes it inferior to that of Rubus strigosus.” Juni. North.

RR. arcticus, L.* Arctic Raspberry.
Peat bog, ‘“‘northwest angle” of the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North.

R. triflorus, Richardson, Dwarf Raspberry.

Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending south to New
Ulm, Juni, Blue Earth county, Leiberg, and Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter.
R. strigosus, Michx. Wild Red Raspberry.

Common throughout the state, excepting southwestward, where,it occurs less fre—
quently ; very abundant northward.
R. occidentalis, L, Black Raspberry. Black-cap Raspberry. Thimble--

berry.

Common through the south half of the state, and north to the White Earth reser--

vation, the upper Mississippi river, and Pine county; rare or wanting aortheastiwarda..

A variety bearing cream-colored fruit occurs on the blufis of the Mississippi at Wino-
na, Winchell.

*RUBUS ARCTICUS, L. Stem low, herbaceous, sometimes dicecious, unarmed, some-
what pubescent, mostly erect, 1- to 2-flowered, leaves trifoliolate; leaflets rhombic-ovate
or obovate, coarsely and often doubly serrate, petiolulate ; stipules ovate ; sepals lan-

ceolate, acute, often shorter rele the obovate entire or Meese (reddish) petals.
Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A

52 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

R. villosus, Ait. High Blackberry.

Frequent, occasionally plentiful, throughout most of the state; but rare or want-
ing in some districts, especially southwestward and far northwest. Local.

R, villosus, Ait., var, frondosus, Torr. High Blackberry.
Between lake Superior and lake Winnipeg, Richardson (Macoun).

R. Canadensis, L. Low Blackberry. Dewberry.

Frequent, or common, through the east part of the state, extending west to Blue

Earth county, Leiberg, Fergus Falls, Leonard, and the White Earth reservation, Gar-
rison; north of lake Superior, Agassiz, Macoun.

R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp-Blackberry.
Similar in range with the last. Minneapolis, Griswold ; Sherburne county (com-
mon), Upham; Fergus Falls, Leonard; upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

ROSA, Tourn. Rose.

R. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose.

Houston county, Winchell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; Northfield, Chaney; Mor-
rison county, Miss Babbitt. Infrequent.

R. parviflora, Ehrh. (R. lucida, in Manual.) Dwarf Wild-Rose.

North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; White Earth reservation, Garrison;
Kanabec county (common), Upham; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Hennepin and Fill-
more counties, Winchell; Rice county, Sperry; Goodhue county, Blake, Sandberg.

R. blanda, Ait., var. pubescens, Crépin.* Early Wild Rose.

Common, often abundant, in all parts of the state; the only species of rose (but
occurring ip two varieties) in our prairie region, there varying in hight from about one
foot, or sometimes two feet on the prairie, to three or four feet in groves and thickets,
or even six feet, according to Roberts, in Grant county.

R. blanda, Ait., var. setigera, Crépin.t Early Wild Rose.

Specimens collected in Minneapolis are referred by Watson to this variety, which
probably occurs, less frequently than the preceding, throughout the state, being most
common northward. ,

CRAT AGUS, L. HawtHorn. Wuite THorn.

C. coccinea, L. Scarlet-fruited Thorn.

Frequent, occasionally. common, through most of the state ; extending “north to
the international boundary, but not much beyond it,” Bell. [Emerson and Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Dawson, M acoun.]

C. tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Thorn.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

C. tomentosa, L., var. pyrifolia, Gray, Black or Pear Thorn.
Olmsted county, Winchell; American portage, near the international boundary
west of lake Superior, Macown.

C. tomentosa, I., var, punctata, Gray. Black or Pear Thorn.

Martin county, Cratty; Olmsted county and lake Minnetonka, Winchell; Minne-
apolis, Upham; Pembina, Chickering. Perhaps the typical species is less common than
these varieties.

* ROSA BLANDA, Ait., var. PUBESCENS, Crepin. Leaflets more or less pubescent on
the under side ; upper part of the stems, as well as the branches and flowering branch-
lets, unarmed or nearly so. Crepin’s Monograph.

+ROSA BLANDA, Ait., var. SETIGERA, Crepin. Leaflets glabrous or pubescent on the
under side ; stem not ordinarily more than a foot high, entirely covered with setaceous
prickles. Crepin’s Monograph.

STATE GEOLOGIST. Bia)

C. subvillosa, Schrader. (C. tomentosa, L., var. mollis, Gray.) Downy
Thorn.

Blue Earth county (common, becoming a tree twenty feet high), Upham; New Ulm,
Juni; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Pipestone quarry, Mrs, Bennett. (North of
lake Superior, Bell, Macoun. |
C. Crus-galili, L. Cockspur Thorn

Winona, Fillmore, Mower, Freeborn and Scott counties, and the Big Woods,
Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Dodge county. Harrington; Rice county, Sperry;
Hennepin county, Simmons; Fish-hook Jake, Cass county, and the White Earth
reservation, Garrison. [‘‘In Manitoba a thorn which appears to be identical with this
species is abundant.” Bell.|

PIRUS (Pyrus), L. Pear. APPLE.

P. coronaria, L. American Crab-Apple.
Common in the southeast part of the state; extending west to the Big Woods, and

north to Ramsey and Hennepin counties, Winchell, and to Crow lake in southwestern

Stearns county, Upham. The fruit, though bitterish, is frequently used for sauce.

P. arbutifolia, L. Choke-berry.
Frequent from Olmsted county, Harrington, and Faribault, Miss Beane, to Minne-
apolis, Roberts, Anoka county, Juni, and the St. Croix river, Parry. East.

P, arbutifolia, L., var. melanocarpa, Hook. Choke-berry.
Pine county (common), Upham; north of lake Superior, extending west to Sturgeon
lake, Dawson route, Macoun. East.

P. Americana, DC. American Mountain-Ash.

Common through the north part of the state ; extending south to northern Pine
county, and to Mille Lacs. “A common tree north of lake Superior, attaining consid-
erable size. Professor Winchell collected specimens where the trunk was at least 12
inches in diameter, and perfectly sound. Others, though unsound, were 15 and 16
inches.” Roberts.

P. sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Elder-leaved Mountain Ash.

Common northward; extending south to Itasca lake, Garrison, and T. 187, R. 33,
Wadena county, Upham; and rare farther south, as on the blufis of the Mississippi at
: Winona, Winchell.

AMELANCHIER, Medic. J UNE-BERRY.

A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Including the var. Botryapium, Torr. &
Gray.) Shad-bush. Service-berry.

Common throughout the state. (Usually from 10 to 30 feet high, but northeastward
only attaining a hight of 10 feet and diameter of 2% inches; used by the Indians for
snow-shoe frames. Clark.)

A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray.
Service-berry. e
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

A. Canadensis, Torr, & Gray, var. oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray. Service-
berry.
Loon portage, Dawson route (near the international boundary), Macoun. North.

A. alnifolia, Nutt. (A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. alnifolia, Torr. & Gray.)
Western sune-berry.

Pembina, Chickering; White Earth reseryation, Garrison; Hennepin county,
Roberts; Faribault, Miss Beane; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Frequent.

54 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

SAXIFRAGACEA. | SaxirraGE Famity.

RIBES, L. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

R. Cynosbati, L. Prickly Wild Gooseberry.

Common, often abundant, throughout, the state. Much used, (as also the follow-
ing smooth species,) before fully ripening, for sauce.

[Of R. setosum, Lindi., Prof. Gray writes; ‘‘I suspect that this species inhabits the
northwestern shore of lake Superior. Botanists visiting that district should look for
a species with pure white flowers, a half inch or less in length, with cylindrical tube,
and stamens decidedly shorter than the lobes. . . . It takes its name from the
slender scattered prickles on the branches; but these are sometimes wanting, this
being an inconstant character in all the species. The young berries are either perfect-
ly smooth and naked, or beset with a few bristly prickles. This is the R. oxyacan-
thoides of Hooker’s Flora, but certainly not of Linnzeus. It belongs to the Saskatchewan
region, extending into Montana and Wyoming.” American Naturalist, vol. x, pp. 271-2.

R. oxyacanthoides, L. (R. hirteilum, Michx.) Smooth Wild Gooseberry.

Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps southward, in which direction it
extends at least to Goodhue county, Sandberg, Faribault, Miss Beane, and Fergus Falls,
Leonard.

R. rotundifolium, Michx. Smooth Wild Gooseberry.

Notes by observers using Gray’s M anual give this as common through the south half
of the state, and less frequent northward tothe St, Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and Grand
Marais, north of lake Superior, Roberts. Further investigation is needed, however,
to decide whether R. rotundifolium occurs in Minnesota. Just as this is being
printed, I Jearn from Mr. Arthur that Prof. Gray decides specimens of the common
smooth wild gooseberry in Iowa (before regarded as R. rotundifolium) to be R. gracile,
Michx. “R. rotundifolium Michx. is a species of the Alleghany Mountains, ranging
northward and eastward into New York and the western borders of Massachusetts.”
(Gray in American Naturalist, vol. x.) Probably most, or perhaps all, of the supposed
observations of this species in Minnesota belong instead to the next.

R. gracile, Michx. (R. Missouriense, Nutt. )* Missouri Gooseberry.
Lapham. See remarks under the preceding species.

R. lacustre, Poir. Swamp Wild Gooseberry.
Lapham. North of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North.

KR. prostratum, L’Her. Fetid Currant. Skunk Currant. :
Common north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts ; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; upper
Mississippi river, Garrison, North.
R. floridum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.
R, rubrum, L. Red Currant.

Frequent through the north half of the state; extending south to southeastern
. Pine county and Benton county, Upham, Fish-hook lake, Cass county, Garrison, and
Fergus Falls, Leonard. ®
R. aureum, Pursh. Buffalo Currant. Missouri Currant.

Escaped from gardens: Mankato, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Kasswhbe.

*RIBES GRACILE, Michx. Flowers 1to+4on the slender peduncle, white or whitish,
narrow, with calyx-lobes longer than the tube and shorter than the half-inch stamens ;
filaments almost capillary, generally connivent or closely parallel, and soon conspicu-
ously longer than the oblong-linear calyx-lobes ; flower with barely a slight tinge of
green ; berry smooth, large, purple, prized in cultivation under the name of Missouri
Gooseberry. It ranges from Tennessee and Illinois to the northern borders of Texas,
and northwestward into the Rocky Mountains. Gray in American Naturalist, vol. x.

ee

STATE GEOLOGIST. G5)

PARNASSIA, Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

P. parviflora, DC. Grass of Parnassus.
North shore of lake Superior, Macoun.

P. palustris, L. Grass of Parnassus.

North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Fort Francis, Rainy river, Macown; common in
the Red river valley, along the Pembina and Fort Garry trails, from Tamarack river
northward into Manitoba, Upham; extending southward to Stearns county, Garrison,
Mrs. Blaisdell.

P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass of Parnassus.

Common through the south half of the state, and north to the upper Mississippi
river, Garrison, and Polk county, Upham; also, lake of the Woods, Burgess (Macoun),
and between the lake of the Woods and Red river, *“‘probably about the northwestern
limit of the species,”? Dawson; Pembina, Havard.

SAXIFRAGA, L. Saxirracr.

S, tricuspidata, Retz. Saxifrage.

North shore of lake Superior, doubtless in Minnesota ; Isle Royale, Whitney.
S. Aizoon, Jacq. Saxifrage,

North shore of lake Superior, Macoun, Ellis; Isle Royale, Whitney.
S. Virginiensis, Michx. arly Saxifrage.

Lapham. Hastings, Dakota county, Mrs. Ray. Rare.

S. Pennsylvaniea, L. Swamp Saxifrage.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. SULLIVANTIA.

S. Ohionis, Torr. & Gray. Sullivantia.
Rock bluffs of the Mississippi river, near Dakota, Winona county, Winchell. Rare.

HEUCHERA, L. ALUM-ROOT.

H. Americana, L. Common Alum-root.

St. Louis river, Houghton; Cass lake, Schoolcraft; Stearns county, Campbell; Still-
water, Miss Field; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona
eounty, Holzinger. Infrequent.

H. hispida, Pursh. Alum-root.

Common through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley ; extending
northeast to the laxe of the Woods, Dawson, the east end of Rainy lake, Macoun, and
the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

$

MITELLA, Tourn. Mirmr-worrt. BrsHop’s-Cap.
M. diphyila, L. Two-leaved Miter-wort.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north at least
to Fergus Falls, Leonard, Saint Cloud, Campbell, ana the north shore of lake Superior,
Agassiz.

M. nuda, L. Naked Miter- wort.

Common through the north half of the state; extending south at least to Stearns
eounty, Campbell, and Minneapolis, Roberts.

56 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

TIARELLA, L. Fatse MrreR-wort.

T. cordifolia, L. False Miter- wort.
Lapham. Lake City, Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent.
CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE,

Cc. Americanum, Schwein. Golden Saxifrage.

Lake Superior to the Mississippi, Houghton, Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. [n-
frequent. North.

CRASSULACEH A. OrpIne FAmtIty.

PENTHORUM, Gronoyv. Ditch Stone-crop.

P. sedoides, L. Ditch Stone-crop. }

Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state ; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

SEDUM, Tourn. STONE-CROP. ORPINE.

S. Telephium, L. Garden Orpine. Live-for-ever.
Occasionally escaped from cultivation, Minneapolis, Upham.

HAMAMELACEA. Witcu-Haze FAminy.

HAMAMELIS, L. WitcH-HazE..

H. Virginiana, L. Witch-Hazel.
Lapham. Southeastern Winona county, between Richmond and Dakota,
Winchell. Rare. Southeast.

HALORAGEAL. Water-Mitror FAmIny.

MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. WatEeR-MILFOIL.
M. spicatum, L. Water- Milfcil.

Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

M. verticillatum, L. Water-Milfcil.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [In Manitoba, Macoun.] Infrequent.

M. heterophyllum, Michx. Water- Milfoil.
Lapham. Common southwestward, Upham.

[ Proserpinaca palustris, L., has not yet been observed, but it probably occurs in
this state.]

HIPPURIS, L. Marez’s-T Alb.

H. vulgaris, L. Mare’s-Tail.

Frequent, often common, through the north half of the state ; exteuding south at
least to Little Falls (plentiful), Upham, Stearns county (abundant), Mrs. Blaisdell, and
the Minnesota river near Traverse des Sioux, Parry.

=

Or

STATE GEOLOGIST.

ONAGRACEAS. EVvENING-PrimroseE FaMILy.

. CIRC 4A, Tourn. ENCHANTER’S- NIGHTSHADE.

C. Lutetiana, L. Tall Enchanter’s-Nightshade.
Common throughout the state.

‘©. alpina, L. Low Enchanter’s-Nightshade.

Common through the north half of the state ; extending south atleast to Anoka
county, Juni, Minneapolis, Herrick, and Lake City, Mrs. Ray.

GAURA, L. GAURA.

G. biennis, L. Gaura.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast.
G. coccinea, Nutt.* | Gaura.
Herman, Grant county, Upham, Roberts; ridge east of the Red river, near the inter-

national boundary (infrequent), Scott; plains of the Red river, Drummond, Douglas.
West.

EPILOBIUM, L. WILLOW-HERB.

K. spicatum, Lam. (EH. angustifolium, L.) Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed.
Common, or frequent, through the forest portion of the state ; conspicuous on tracts
of burned woodland. A canescent variety, besides the type, occurs at the lake of the
Woods, Dawson.
K. origanifolium, Jax. (KE. alpinum, L., var. majus, Wahl.) Willow-
herb.
Winona county, Holzinger; Minneapolis, Kassube; Minneopa Falls, Blue Earth
county, Leiberg. Rare southward, but probably frequent northward.
BK, palustre, L, var. lineare, Gray. Linear-leaved Epilobium.
Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state, and southwestward ;
rare southeastwara.
EK. molle, Torr. Downy Willow-herb.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons; Anoka county, Juni. In-
frequent.
EK. coloratum, Muhl. Willow-herb.
Common throughout the state, especially northward.

CGENOTHERA, L. Evenine-Primxose.

dH. biennis, L. Common Evening- Primrose.
Common throughout the state.
CH. biernis, L, var. grandiflora, Lindl.

At the northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham. [The var. muricata, Lindl., also quite
certainly occurs in this state. ]

*GAURA COCCINEA, Nutt. Canescent, puberulent or glabrate ; stems suffructicose
and fastigiately branched from the base, 6 to 12 inches high, very leafy, ascending ;
leaves lanceolate, linear-oblong or linear, repand-denticulate or entire, 6 to 12 lines
long, closely sessile ; flowers in simple spikes terminating the leafy branches, rose-
color, turning to scarlet; bracts linear, rather persistent, longerthan the ovaries ;
ealy x-segments linear-oblong, shorter than the narrow infundibuliform tube, as long as

_ the roundish, unguiculate petals ; fruit elliptical, sessile, short, terete, 4-sided above.
Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

58 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Ce. rhombipetala, Nutt. Evening- Primrose.

Frequent through the south part of the state; extending north to Minneapolis,
Roberts, Anoka county, Juni, and Stearns county, Garrison ; but not found in the Red
river valley, Upham.

dé. fruticosa, L. Sundrops.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. South.

CB, pumila, L. (Including . chrysantha, Michx.) Small Evening-Prim-
rose.
Throughout the state, but infrequent. Lake of the Woods Dawson, Burgess; up-
per Mississippi river, Garrison; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Lake city, Mrs. Ray;
Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett,

a. serrulata, Nutt. Evening- Primrose.

Common in all the prairie portion of the state; abundant in the Red river valley;
extending northeast to the upper Mississippi, Houghton.

CE. albicaulis, Natt.* White, shrubby Evening- Primrose.

Brown’s Valley (petals white, 1 inch long), Upham; near Muskoda, Clay county,
Leiherg; Pembina, Havard. West.

LUDWIGIA, L. FausE LOOSESTRIFE.

L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. False Loosestrife.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons. Rare.
Southeast.

L. palustris, Ell. Water Purslane.

St. Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Saskatchewan river, Richard-
son. ] Infrequent.

LYTHRACEA. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.

DIDIPLIS, Raf. Didiplis.

D. linearis, Raf. (Ammannia Nuttallii, Gray.) Didiplis.
Minnesota, 7, J. Hale, in Gray's Manual. Southeast.

LYTHRUM, L. LOOSESTRIFE.

L. alatum, Pursh. Loosestrife.

Common, or frequent, through the southern third of the state ; extending north to
Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

[Nesea verticillata, HBK., which occurs on the upper St. Croix river in Wiscon-
sin, should be looked for in the adjoining part of Minnesota. |

*CENOTHBHXA ALBIGAULIS, Nutt. Perenniai, puberulent or hirsute ; stems usually
1 to 3 feet high, erect or ascending, with a white, membranous, shining bark ; leaves
very variable, linear or lanceolate, attenuate at the base, entire or more or less dentate;
petals round-ovate, more or less unguiculate, entire, exceeding the stamens and equal-
ing the pistil, often nearly white ; capsule thickened at base, sessile, linear, divaricate,
often flexuous or deflexed ; seeds rather small, linear-lanceolate, smooth. Porter and
Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 59

CACTACEAL. Cactus Famity.

OPUNTIA, Tourn. PrickLy Pear. Inpran Fie. ‘“‘Caorus.”’

QO. Rafinesquii, Engelm. Prickly Pear.

On rocks: at Taylor’s Falls, Miss Field, Miss Cathcart; in section 17, Haven, Sher-
burne county, Upham; Redstone, near New Ulm, Juni. Rare. South. (The
“prickly pear” which Keating and Sir John Richardson mention as abundant on the
islands of the lake of the Woods is probably Echinocystis lobata. Macoun.)

O. Missouriensis, DC. Prickly Pear,
Section 17, Omro, Yellow Medicine county, Upham; Pipestone county (plentiful at
the pipestone quarry), Mrs. Bennett, determined by Dr. Engelmann. Rave. South.

Q. fragilis, Haw.* Prickly Pear.

Plentiful at the pipestone quarry, Pipestone county (‘joints small, terete, with a ter-
minal habit of growth, making them somewhat like a string of beads”), Mrs. Bennett,
determined by Dr. Engelmann; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler. Rare. Southwest.
(The range of this speciés is principally westward, on the upper Missouri and Yellow-
stone and thence south ; but it occurs very rarely and locally farther east, being re-
ported by Swezey, at Baraboo, Wisconsin.) r

CUCURBITACEA. GourD FamIny.

SICYOS, L. Onn-SkepED Srar-CucuMBER.

S. angulatus, L. One-seeded Star-Cucumber.
Frequent through the south part of the state ; extending north to St. Croix Falls,
Miss Field, and Stearns county, Garrison.

ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Witp BAtsaM-APPLE.

K. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-apple.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and in the Red river
valley; extending northeast to Mille Laes, Upham, the upper Mississippi river,
Garrison, the lake of the Woods, Dawson, and Fort Francis, Rainy river, Macoun.

UMBELLIFER A. ParsLey FAMILY.

HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. WatTER PENNYWORT.

H. Americana, L. Water Pennywort.
Lapham. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry. East.

H. umbellata, L. © Water Pennywort.

North shore of lake Superior, Juni. Rare. East. [This species also occurs in
Michigan. ]

*OPUNTIA FRAGILIS, Haw. The joints are small, ovate, compressed or turned, or
even terete ; 4 larger spines on the upper fully developed pulvilli cruciate, the upper

one suberect, stouter and longer than the others, mostly yellowish-brown ; on the

lower margin 4-6 small white radiating spines; bristles few. Fruit apparently some-
what fleshy, getting dry much later with 20 to 28 pulvilli, almost naked, only the upper

ones with a few short spines; seeds few, large, regular. Hngelmann and Bigelow, in

ee a

Pacific Railroad Report.

60 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

SANICULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLack SNAKEROOT,

S. Canadensis, L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.

Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state ; extending north at least
to Pine and Sherburne counties (common,) Upham, and Stearns county, Campbell.

S. Marylandiea, L. Sanicle. Black Snakeroot.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Eryngo.

E. yucczefolium, Michx. Rattlesnake-Master. Button Snakeroot.

Common southeastward ; extending north to Rive and Nicollet counties, and west
to Martin county and the southeast part of Brown county, Upham.

DAUCUS, Tourn. CARROT. -

D. Carota, L. Common Carrot.
Occasionally spontaneous: Nicollet county, Aiton; Lake City, Miss Manning.

CARUM, L. Caraway.

C. Carui, L.* Common Caraway,

“Self-seeding” northeastward, Clark; not infrequently adventive, Todd, Isanti and
Steele counties, Upham. ?

POLYTAENIA, DC. POLYTANIA,

P. Nuttallii, DC, Polytenia.
Lapham. Rare. South.

HERACLEUM,L. Cow-Parsnip. x

H. lanatum, Michx. Cow- Parsnip.
Frequent throughout the state; abundant north of lake Superior.

PEUCEDANUM, L. PrucEDANUM. Ho@’s-FENNEL.

P. nudicaule, Nutt. Peucedanum. Hog’s-Fennel.

Rock county, Leiberg; extending northeast to Saint Cloud, Stearns county ( bluff of
Mississippi river, nearthe NormalSchool) Mrs. Blaisdell, determined by Prof, Asa Gray.
“ Abundant on gravelly drift knolls in southwestern Minnesota and northwestern Lowa;
remarkable for being the earliest flowering plant of that region, blooming almost as
soon as the snow has disappeared.” JLeiberg. Southwest.

“*Oarum Carui, L. Finely pinnately compound leaves ; stem-leaves with slender but
short thread-shaped divisions ; white flowers; oblong, highly aromatic fruit. Gray's
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. i

+PEUCEDANUM NUDICAULE, Nutt. Gaulescent or sometimes scarcely so, minutely
pruinose-pubescent, 3 to 15 inches high ; leafy only at base ; leayes bipinnate or ter-
-nate-bipinnate, the segments incisely lobed with usually rather broad and subacute
divisions ; umbel somewhat capitate in flower, with 8 to 12 rays; involure none; invo-
lucels unilateral, of 6 to 10 membranously margined, more or Jess united bracts ; petals
white, with attenuated apex and quasi-obcordate ; calyx-teeth short ; fruit pubescent,
broadly oval, 3 to 4 lines long and 3 lines broad, the thickish wing more than half as
wide as the seed; vittz 3 in the intervals, 6 upon the commissure, conspicuous ; seed
flattened. ..... As observed by Dr, Gray, the plant does not accord with Nuttall’s
description, nor in all respects with the characters of the genus; the lateral wings,
however, are contiguous until the full maturity of the seed. Watson’s Rep. in King’s
Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 61

PASTINACA, Tourn. PaRSsNIP,

P. sativa, L. (Peucedanum sativum, Benth. & Hook.) Common Parsnip.
Occasionally adventive throughout the state. [Common in Manitoba, Macoun.]

ARCHEMORA, DC. CowBANE.

A. rigida, DC. Cowbane. Water Dropwort.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Wabasha, Gibson; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter.
(The var. ambigua, Torr. & Gray, probably also occursin Minnesota. Arthur.) Infre-
quent. South. :

CYMOPTERUS, Raf. Cymopterus.

C. glomeratus, Raf.* Cymopterus.

“Bend of Red river” [at Breckenridge], Lapham (according to his ticket of speci-
mens in the herbarium of Harvard college, Watson). West.

ARCHANGELICA, Hofim. ARCHANGELICA.

A. hirsuta, Torr, & Gray. Archangelica.
Anoka county, Juni; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. South.

A. atropurpurea, Hoffm. Great Angelica.

Common, or frequent, through the norta half of the state, excepting perhaps far
northwestward; found in Clay county in the Red river valley, Gedge; extending south
to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg, and New Ulm,
Juni.

SELINUM, L. | HEMLOCK-PARSLEY.

S. Canadense, Michx. (Conioselinum Canadense, Torr. & Gray.) Hem-
lock- Parsley.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare.

AETHUSA, L. Foou’s PARSLEY.

AY. Cynapium, L, Fool's Parsley.
Near Lake City, Miss Manning; Nicollet county, Aiton. Rare. South.

*CYMOPTERUS, Raf..Calyx-teeth rather prominent and setaceous or lanceolate,
minute or obsolete. Petals ovate, oblong or oblanceolate, inflexed, quasi-emarginate.
Disk flattened around the styles, undulate-margined. Fruit ovate or elliptical, obtuse
or retuse, subterete or slightly compressed dorsally ; carpels semi-terete; ribs thick and
elevated, all or only the lateral ones or those opposite to the calyx-teeth expanded
into wings ; vittze numerous, narrow. Carpophore 2-parted, free or attached to the
earpels. Seeds much compressed dorsally and more or less concave on the face.—
Perennial and subczspitose, with a thickened caudex; leaves pinnately decompound,
with narrow, small or incisely pinnatifid segments; umbels compound, usually few-
rayed ; involucral bracts 1 to 2 or none; of the involucels several, very narrow or broad
and membranous ; flowers white or yellow. Benth. & Hook.

CYMOPTERUS GLOMERATUS, Raf. Root thick and fusiform; plant 3 to 8 inches
high ; caudex about 1 inch high, sometimes divided, bearing the leaves and peduncles
at the summit; leaves on long petioles ternately divided and bipinnatifid, segments
_ oblong-linear; rays of the umbel 4 to 6, very short; peduncles much shorter than leaves,
6 to 12 lines long ; flowers white, those of the center abortive, pedicellate ; leaflets of
the palmately 5- to 7- parted involucel coherent at base and partly adnate to the rays of
the umbellets ; calyx-teeth subulate ; fruit elliptical, 4 lines long, wings thickened and
somewhat spongy, more or less obsolete; vittze in each interval 3 or 4, in the commissure
about 8. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

62 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

THASPIUM, Nuit. Mrapow- Parsnip.

T. barbinode, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.

Blue Earth river, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts, Upham; exteniing north to the
upper Mississippi river, Garrison. South. i
T. aureum, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.

Common through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Mis-
sissippi river, Garrison,and Sand Hill river, Upham; Pembina, Chickering, Havard.
T. aureum, Nutt., var. apterum, Gray. Meadow-Parsnip.

Minnesota river, Parry; abundant in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa,
Cratty. Perhaps the more common form of the species. South.

T. trifoliatum, Gray. Meadow-Parsnip.

Common through the south half of the state and northwestward ; extending north-
east to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

T. trifoliatum, Gray, var. apterum, Gray. Meadow- Parsnip.

Common throughout the Red river valley (the prevailing representative of this.
genus north of Sand Hill river), Upham; and common in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.
Probably the most frequent form of the species in this state. (The var. atropurpureum,
Gray, doubtless also occurs here, but must be rare.)

PIMPINELLA, L. BURNET SAXIFRAGE. GoLDEN ALEXANDERS.

P. integerrima, Benth. & Hook. (Ziziaintegerrima, DC.) Golden Alex-
anders.

Winona county, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Faribault, Miss Beane;

Martin county (plentiful), Cratty; Red river valley near Moorhead, Leiherg. Local.

CICUTA, L. WatTER-HEMLOCE.

C. maculata, L. Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Beaver-Poison,
Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; abundant in the Redrivervalley. The —
roots of this and the following species are deadly poison. i
C. virosa, L.* | Water-Hemlock, © Musquash-Poison. |
Pembina, Red river valley (‘this species exhibits forms running toward C.
maculata,’’) Chickering; frequent from the Red river westward, on wet spots or the
prairie, Macoun. Northwest.
C. bulbifera, L. Bulb-bearing Water-Hemlock.
Throughout the state ; common northward, infrequent southward.

*QCICUTA VIROSA, 1. Root-fibresslender. Rootstock short, hollow, with trams- —
verse partitions, Radical leaves bininnate; ultimate leaflets or segments strapshaped-
elliptical, entire or cleft, coarsely and unequally serrate. Stem erect, branched, hol-
low, 1 to4feet high. Lower leaves very large, triangular or lanceolate in outline, on
thick, hollow petioles, with the pinne again pinnate; the secondary pinne undivided
or 2- or 3-cleft or partite or pinnatifid, 1 to 3inches long, varying in breadth from 4% to
54 inch; stem-leaves much smaller and less compound. Umbels flat-topped, lax,
stalked, terminal or (from the growth of an axiliary branch) opposite the leaves; rays.
of the umbels 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 4 to %4 inchlong. Involucre none; involu-
cel of numerous linear tapering leaves, shorter than the flowers. Flowers % inch
across, white. Calyx-teeth ovate, much shorter than the petals, persistent. Petals
roundish-obovate, spreading, slightly notched, with a small inflexed lobe. Cremocarp
with the breadth greater than the length, which is one-tenth inch, reddish-brown, with
the vittee apparent when dry; ridges broad, little elevated; styles long, reflexed.
Sowerby’s English Botany, vol. iv.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 63

SIUM, L. WatTER-PARSNIP.

S. cicutzefolium, Gmelin. (S. lineare, Michx.) Water-Parsnip.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state. .

BERULA, Koch. WatTEeR-PARSNIP.

B. angustifolia, Koch. (Sium angustifolium, L.) Water- Parsnip.
Cold springs, Mankato and Kasota, Leiberg. Infrequent. South.

CRYPTOTAENTA, DC. HONEWORT.

C. Canadensis, DC. Honewort.

Common through the south part of the state, extending north to the upper Missis-
sippi river; Fond du Lac, at west end of lake Superior, Mrs. Herrick.

OSMORRHIZA, Raf. Sweet Cicely.

O. longistylis, DC. Smoother Sweet Cicely.
Common throughout the state. F

O. brevistylis, DC. Hairy Sweet Cicely.
Frequent throughout the state.

CONIUM, L. Porson HeMiLocK.

C. maculatum, L. Poison Hemlock.
Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Scott. Infrequent.

ARALIACE A. GINSENG F'AmILy.

ARALIA, Tourn. Ginsenc. Wiip SarsaPARILLa.

A. racemosa, L. Spikenard.

Brequent throughout most of the state; common in Todd, Stearns and Brown
counties ; rare far northward.

A. hispida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.

Common along the north shore of lake Superior, Roberts, Juni; extending south to
the Falls of the St. Croix, Parry, and to Dakota county (frequent), Upham. Northeast,

A.nudicaulis, L. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Common throughout the state.

A. quinquefolia, Decaisne & Planch. _ Ginseng.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northwestward; local, wanting in some
districts, rare far northward ; frequent, occasionally abundant, in the region of the
upper Mississippi, and in Mille Lacs, Pine, Anoka, Hennepin and Brown counties.
Large quantities of the aromatic, medicinal root of this plant, mostly dug by the Chip-
pewa Indians, are bought every year in the north part of the state, the price being
about a dollar per pound. It is mostly exported to China ; and the annual exportation
of this article from the United States, mainly from Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio,
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, amounts to about $700,000. U. S. Agricultwrat
Report for 1877, p. 545.

A. trifolia, Decaisne & Planch. Dwarf Ginseng. Ground-nut.

East part of the state, extending north to Pine county, Clark; lake Pepin, Miss
- Manning; Nicollet county, Leiberg.

64 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CORNACEA. Doawoop FaAmtIty.

CORNUS, Tourn. CorNEL. DoGwoop.

C. Canadensis, L. Dwarf Cornel, Bunch-berry.

Abundant through the north part of the state ; extending south to Fergus Falls,
Leonard, Wadena county, Upham, Minueapolis, Winchell, Roberts, and Saint Paul
(vare), Miss Cathcart; rare and local farther southeast, as in Wabasha county, Holzin-
ger, Miss Manning. :

C. circinata, L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood.
Frequent, occasionally common, throughout the state.

CG, sericea, |. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnick.

Frequent throughout the state, excepting farnorthward. The inner bark of this
and the next following species, the leaves of the bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi),
and leaves of sumach, gathered when they turn red, are each used by the Indians,
underthe name Kinnikinnickh, to mix with their tobacco for smoking. Parry states
that the bark of this species, wherever it is found, is preferred for this purpose; and
that the bark of the next is commonly substituted for it by the Indians about lake
Superior.
©. stolonifera, Michx. —Red-osier Dogwood. Kinnikinnick.

Abundant through the north half of the state, and common southward to Winona
and Mower counties, Winchell, and Blue Earth county, Upham; but searcely reaching
into Iowa (in Emmet county, rare, Cratty). The name of the Redwood river, which is

a translation of its original Indian name, is said by Prof. A. W, Williamson to be prob-
ably derived from this or the preceding species of Kinnikinnick.

C. asperifolia, Michx. Rough-leaved Dogwood.
Blue Earth river, Parry, Leiberg; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; Hesper,
Iowa (common), Mrs. Carter. South,

C. paniculata, L’Her. Panicled Cornel.

Common through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley; the most
plentiful species of cornelin the Big Woods; extending north to Todd and Wadena
counties (common), Upham, but not reported in the region of the upper Mississippi
river and northeastward.

C. alternifolia, L. | Alternate-leaved Cornel.

Frequent, occasionally common, throughout the state, excepting far northward,
where it is rare (at Poplar river, north of lake Superior, Juni).

CAPRIFOLIACEA.* Foam ceo FAMILY.

LINNEA, Gronov. Linnaa, 'TWIN-FLOWER.

L. borealis, Gronov. _Linnza. ‘T'win-flower.

Abundant north of lake Superior and thence to the sources of the Mississippi and
northward ; St. Louis river (usually having five perfect stamens), Mrs. Herrick; extend-
ing southwest to Wadena and Todd counties, Upham, and south to Minneapolis (at
lake Calhoun), Roberts. In the northeast part of the state, “this pretty little plant, the

* Advance sheets of anew part of Professor Gray’s Synoptical Flora of North
America (Vol. I, Part II; Oaprifoliacez to Composite, inclusive), kindly sent by him
while this catalogue was in process of being printed, have supplied very important cor-
rections, especially in synonymy, as well as numerous additions, and valuable aid in
the statements of geographic range. .

STATE GEOLOGIST. 65

Dwarf Cornel and the Clintonia are the most common small floweri ing plants found in
the moss-carpeted forest.’? Roberts.

SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. Snowserry,

S, occidentalis, Hook. Wolf berry.

Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state; and northwesterlv
from Wadena county to the Red river valley, Upham, and the lake of the Woods, Daw-
son; infrequent northeastward. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.]

S. racemosus, Michx. Snowberry.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, Garrison; Red
river valley, Scott. North.

S. racemosus, Michx., var. pauciflorus, Robbins. Snowberry.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Winchell; Stillwater, Miss Field; Red-
wood Falls, Pemberton; Isanti, Crow Wing and Wadena counties, Upham. North.
S.vulgaris, Michx. Indian Currant. Coral-berry.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Hennepin county, Her-
rick; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. South.

LONICERA,L. Hontysuckitz. Woopsrne.

{L. grata, Ait., has been several times reported in this state ; but Gray’s Synoptical
Flora of N. A. shows that these references doubtless belong to some other species. ]

L. Sullivantii, Gray. (L. flava, in part, Gray’s Manual.) Yellow Honey-
suckle.

Winona county, Holzinger; Lake City, iss Manning; Cannon River Falis, Blake,
Sandberg; Hennepin county, Winchell; Fergus Falls, Leonard.

L. glauea, Hill. (L. parviflora, Lam., and var. Douglasii, Gray, in Manual.)
Yellow Honeysuckle. Crimson Honeysuckle.

Common, or frequent, throughout thestate. This species with ‘‘crimson or deep dull
purple” flowers has been noted by many observers in all parts of the state as a distinct
variety, but Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. does not separate it from the type with
greenish yellow flowers. .

L. hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.

Lake Superior to the source of the Mississippi, Houghton; common north of lake
Superior, Juni; Carlton county, Roberts ; Pembina, Chickering, Havard. North.

L. involucrata, Banks. Involucrate Honeysuckle.

isle Royale, lane Superier ; doubtless also in northern Minnesota.

L. ciliata, Muhi. F'ly-Honeysuckle.

North of lake Superior, Juni; Hennepin county, Winchell; frequent at Hesper, Iowa,
Mrs. Carter.
L. czerulea, L. Mountain Fly Honeysuckle.
* North shore of lake Superior (Swampnear Port Arthur), Macown; doubtless in north-
eastern Minnesota.

L. oblongifolia, Hook. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.
Kanabec county, Upham. North.

DIERVILLA, Tourn. Busn-Honrysuck.e.

D. trifida, Mcench. | Bush-Honeysuckle.

_ Througt out the state; common, often abundant, northward, and frequent ~south-
ward.

oF

. s
66 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

TRIOSTEUM,L. Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian.

TT. perfoliatum,L. = Fever-wort. Horse-Gentian.

Frequent through the south part of the state: extending north to Stearns and Todd
counties, Upham.

ADOXA,L. MoscwHateEt.

A. Moschatellina, L.* = Moschatel. Hollow-root. Musk Crowfoot.

Beside Rolling Stone creek, three miles west of Minnesota City, Winona county,
Holzinger; Vasa, Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. | (Also found at Decorah, Iowa,
and on the Rocky mountains in Colorado ; common far north in British America.)

SAMBUCUS, Tourn. ELpEr.

S. Canadensis, L. Common Elder. Sweet Elder.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and rare northwesterly
to Otter Tail and Becker counties. é

S. racemosa, L. (8. pubens, Michx.) | Red-berried Elder.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

VIBURNUM,L. Arrow-woop. LaurEstinus.

V. Lentago, L. Sweet Viburnuin. Sheep-berry. Black Haw.

Common through the south half of the state; extending north at least to Cass
county (Fish-hook lake) and the White Earth reservation, Garrison, and to Pembina,
Chickering, Scott, Havard.

V. cassinoides, L. (V. nudum, L., var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray.)
Withe-rod.

Upper Mississippi river and White Earth reservation, Garrison.

V.dentatum,L. Arrow-wood.

White Earth reservation, Garrison; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Minnesota river, Parry ;
Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; New Ulm (common), Juni; Minneapolis, Griswold,
Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

V. pubescens, Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state,

V.acerifolium,L. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Dockmackie.

White Earth reservation, Garrison; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Infrequent. South-
‘east.

[V. pauciflorum, Pylaie, will doubtless be found in northern Minnesota ; and per-
haps also V, lantanoides, Michx.]

V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. Bush or High Cranberry.

Common through the north half of the state and in the Big Woods ; frequent thence
southeastward; absentfar southwest. Fruit muchusedforsauce. The name Pembina,

*ApoxaA, L. A genus of but a single species, widely distributed throughout the
cooler parts of the globe. Flowers perfect. Tube of the calyx coherent with the lower
part of the ovary, the limb slightly 2—3 cleft. Petals 4—5, inserted on the limb of the
calyx, united at the base, spreading. Stamens 4—5, each filament 2-parted ; the divis-
ions bearing each a single-celled peltate anther, Styles 4—5, subulate. Fruit an herb-
aceous and juicy berry, 4—5-celled ; each cell with a single suspended seed. Seeds
compressed, with a membranaceous margin.

A. MOSCHATELLINA, L. A small perennial herb, with the odor of musk ; root tuber-
ous ; radical leaves twice ternately compound, on long petioles, the cauline solitary,
j—2 ternate or incised ; flowers 4—6 (greenish) in a terminal capitulum, the lateral ones
mostly pentamerous, the terminal tetramerous. Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N.A., as
quoted by Arthur.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 67

borne first by a river, and thence given to a town and county, is stated by Keating to
be from the Chippewa word for this fruit, “anepeminan, which name has been short-
ened and corrupted into Pembina (Viburnum Oxycoccos).”’ Narrative of Long’s Expe-
dition, vol. ii, p. 38 ; see also p. 127.

RUBIACEA. Mapper FAmILy.

GALLIUM, L, BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

G. Aparine,L. Cleavers. Goose-Grass, _

Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Minneapolis, Roberts; Faribault, Miss Beane; Good-
hue county, Sandberg; common, at Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; frequent in Emmet
county, Iowa, Cratty. ; \

G. asprellum, Michx. Rough Bedstraw.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

G. concinnum, Torr. & Gray. Bedstraw.

Minneapolis, Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county (abundant),
Cratty; Fergus Falls, Leonard. South.

G. trifidum, L. (G. tinctorium, L.) | Small Bedstraw. Dyer’s Cleavers.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state; exhibiting within our limits, the three
- varieties mentioned by Gray’s Manual.

G. trifidum, L., var. pusillum, Gray. Small Bedstraw. Dyer’s Cleavers.
Pembina, Havard. North.

G. trifidum, L., var. latifolium, Torr. Dyer’s Cleavers.
Minneapolis, Roberts.

G. triflorum, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw,
Throughout the state; common northward, frequent southward.

G. cirezezans, Michx. Wild Licorice.
Lapham. Rare. Southeast.

G. lanceolatum, Torr. Wild Licorice.
Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. East. p

G.boreale, I. Northern Bedstraw.
Abundant, or common, throughout the state.

CEPHALANTHUS, L. Burron-BusH.

©. occidentalis, L. Button-bush.

Lapham. ‘Taylor’s Falls, Roberts; shore of lake Pepin in Wisconsin, Miss Man-
ning. South,

MITCHELLA, L. PARTRIDGE-BERRY.

M. repens, L. Partridge-berry.
St. Croix river, Parry, Miss Field; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; northern Kan-
abee county (common), Upham; abundant at Taylor’s Falls and Duluth, Miss Cathcart.

HOUSTONIA, Gronov. Hovsronra.
H. purpurea, L., var. longifolia, Gray. Houstonia.

Frequent throughout most of the state. Gooseberry river, lake Superior, Juni;
St. Louis river, Houghton; lake of the Woods, Dawson; and thence south at least to

68 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

Chisago county (plentiful), Upham, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Blue Earth county,
Leiberg, and the Upper Minnesota river, Parry.

H, purpurea, L., var. ciliolata, Gray. Houstonia,
Stearns county, Campbell. [Walhalla, northeastern Dakota, Scott.]

VALERIANACEA. VALERIAN FAMILY.

VALERIANA, Tourr. VALERIAN,

V. edulis, Nutt. Valerian.

Upper Mississippi river, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning;
Faribault, Miss Beane; Winona county, Holzinger; Fillmore county, Mrs. Carter; Steele
county (frequent), Upham. ,

[V. sylvatica, Banks, probably also occurs northward. ]

VALERIANELLA, Tourn. (Fepr4, Gertn.) CorN SALAD.
Lams LETTUCE.
V. chenopodifolia, DC. (F. Fagopyrum, Torr. & Gray.) Corn Salad.
Lamb Lettuce.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; eastern Rice county (common), Upham. Southeast.

V. radiata, Dufresne. (F. radiata, Michx.) Corn Salad. Lamb Lettuce.
Lapham. Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg. Rare, Southeast.

DIPSACEH, Taszn Famaty,

DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teasel.

D. sylvestrisy Mill. Wild Teasel.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent.

COMPOSITA, Composite FaAmtIty.

VERNONIA, Schreb. IRON-WEED.

V. Noveboracensis, Willd. _Ivon-weed. .
Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Hennepin county, Herrick; St. Paul, Kelley;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Southeast. .

V. fasciculata, Michx. Tron- weed.
Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley, Upham.

LIATRIS, Schreb. Burron SNAKEROOT. BuazIne-StTar, Gay
FEATHER,

L. squarrosa, Willd. Blazing-Star.

Common through the south part of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis-
sippi river, Garrison.

[L. squarrosa, Willd., var, intermedia. DC. (heads narrow ; bracts of the involucre

erect or little spreading, less prolonged), probably also occurs in this state, according
to Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.] .

STATE GEOLOGIST. 69

L. cylindracea, Michx. Button Snakeroot. Blazing-Star.
Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river, Houghton, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

L. seariosa, Willd. Blazing-Star. Gay Feather.

Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state, being the most plen-
tiful species southwestward ; also common in the Red river valley, especially north of
Sand Hill river and along the old Pembina trail, Upham; extending northeast to the
upper Mississippi river, Houghton. (A remarkable form of this species, bearing the
heads at the end of leafy, ascending branches, 2 to6 inches long, was found in a bog
near Mankato by Mr. Leiberg. White-flowered specimens have been collected by
Mr. W.H. Kelley, at Dellwood, White Bear lake, Ramsey eounty.)

L. spicata, Willd. Blazing-Star.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Kassube; Anoka county, also New Ulm,
Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Gedge; Kandiyohi county, Upham; Fergus Falls,
Leonard. Less frequent than the last and the next. South.

L. pycnostachya, Michx. Blazing-Star.

Common through the south half of the state ; very abundant in the Red river valley
in Clay and Norman counties, but rare or infrequent north of Sand Hill river, Upham.
This species is three weeks earlier in flowering than L. scariosa, and prefers moister
ground.

L. punctata, Hook.* Blazing-Star.

Generally common on the drier portions of the prairie, in the west part of the state,
extending east to Martin county, Cratty, Saint Peter, Gedge, and the St. Croix river,
Swezey; but infrequent north of the Sand Hill river ; seen in Kittson county only at the
Ridge, twelve miles east of Saint Vincent, Upham, Dawson; also found at Pembina,
Havard.

KUHNIA, L. KUHNIA.

K. eupatorioides, L. = Kuhnia.

Frequent, or common, through the south part of the state; Goodhue county, Sand-
berg; Hennepin county, Herrick; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; common southwestward
(leaves broadly lanceolate, deeply toothed), Upham; extending northwest to Devil’s
lake, Dakota, Geyer.

K. eupatorioides, L., var. corymbulosa, Torr. & Gray. Kuhnia.

Prairies and plains, Illinois to Dakota and Nebraska, and south to Alabama and
Texas, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.; therefore doubtless in southern and western
Minnesota.

* LIATRIS PUNCTATA, Hook. Stems 8 inches to3 feet high, from a thick, knotted,
fusiform root, glabrate, leafy to the top; leaves linear, rigid, strongly punctate on both
sides, glabrous or their margins somewhat ciliate, lower ones 3 to5 inches long, slightly
3-nerved, 1 to 3 lines wide, pungently acute; headsin a dense spike, 4 to 10 inches long,
4- to 6-flowered ; flowers reddish-purple; scales of the cylindraceous involucre oblong,
strongly punctate, imbricated, appressed, with mucronate, acuminate, rather spread-
ing tips, margins woolly-ciliate; bristles of the pappus about 30, purplish or white,
very plumose ; achenia hairy. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

+KUHNIA EUPATORIOIDES, L., var. CORYMBULOSA, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two
high, stouter, somewhat cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose: leaves rather rigid and
sessile, from oblong to lanceolate, ‘coarsely veiny : heads rather crowded. Gray’s Syn-
optical Flora of NN. A.

70 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

EUPATORIUM, Tourn. THoRovugHWoRT. BONESET.

E. purpureum, L. Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-weed.
Common throughout the state.

E. purpureun, L., var. maculatum, Darl.* Joe-Pye Weed. Trum-
pet-weed.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

E. altissimum, L. Tall Boneset.

Lapham. Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Gedge.
Rare. South.

E. perfoliatum, L. Thoroughwort. Boneset.

Common, or frequeut, through the south half of the state ; upper Mississippi river,
Garrison ; less frequent farther north to the lake of the Woods, Dawson. Well known
as a bitter tonic.

E. serotinum, Michx. Thoroughwort. Boneset.
Lapham, Todd eounty (frequent), Upham; Martin county, and Emmet county,
Towa (common), Cratty. South.

E. ageratoides, L. f. White Snake-root.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

PETASITES, Tourn. (Narposmra, Cass.) SwEET COLTSFOOT.

P. sagittata, Gray.t (N. sagittata, Hook.) Sweet Coltsfoot.

Red river valley near Saint Vincent (in a ‘‘low damp thicket; in full bloom in the
first week of May ; seed nearly ripe, June 4; flower with an odor like that of Crategus,
white, tinged with purple’”’), Dawson; also on Roseau river, Scott. Rare. Northwest.

[P. palmata, Gray, (N. palmata, Hook.) probably also occurs in Minnesota.]

TUSSILAGO, Tourn, CoLTsFoorT.

T. Farfara, L. Coltsfoot. ‘‘Ginger-root.”’
Northeastward, “much used as a cough medicine,” Clark; lake Pepin, Miss Man-
ning.

ADENOCAULON, Hook. ADENOCAULON.

A. bicolor, Hook. Adenocaulon.
Stearns county, Garrison. Rare. North.

ASTER, Tourn. STaRwoORT. ASTER.

A. corymbosus, Ait. _—_ Aster.
Hennepin county, Roberts. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.] Inirequent.

A.macrophyllus, L. Large-leaved Aster.
Abundant north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; upper

* EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM, L,, var. MACULATUM, Darl. Common in open ground,
3 or 4 feet high, often roughish-pubescent : stem commonly purple, striate or sulcate ;
leaves somewhat rugose, 3—5-nate : inflorescence more compact and depressed. . .
The most widely distributed form. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

+PETASITES SAGITTATA, Gray. Leaves from deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate,
from acute to rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath, when
full grown 7 to10 incheslong: heads short-racemose, becoming corymbose: ligules
equalling or shorter than the disk. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 71

Mississippi river, Garrison ; Todd and Crow Wing counties (common), Upham; White
Bear, Ramsey county, Simmons. North and éast.

A. sericeus, Vent. Silky Aster.

Common through the south half of the state, and frequent in the Red river valley,
Upham ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison. and the mouth
of Rainy river, Macoun.

A. patens, Ait. Aster.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Fergus Falls, Leonard; Douglas county, Mrs.
Terry; Anoka county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent. South.

A. levis, L. Smooth Aster.

Frequent, or common, in both var. lzevigatus and var. cyaneus, of Gray’s Manual,
through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to
Crow Wing county, Upham.

A. azureus, Lindl. Azure Aster.
Prairies of the Blue Earth river, Geyer; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis,
Twining, Roberts; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. South,

A. Shortii, Boott. Short’s Aster.
Lapham. Rare. Southeast.

A. undulatus, L. Wavy Aster.
Lapham. Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent.
South.

A. cordifolius, L. Heart-leaved Aster.

Common in woods through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley ;
only reported northeastward by Juni at Little Marais, lake Superior.

A. sagittifolius, Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster.

North of lake Superior (abundant), Roberts, Juni; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; falls
of the St. Croix, Parry; Minneapolis,: Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minnesota
river, Geyer; Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty; and westward into Dakota, Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N. A.

A. Drummondii, Lindl,* Drummond’s Aster.

Open grounds and border of woods, Illinois and Minnesota to Texas. Forms pass
into A. sagittifolius. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. :
A. ericoides, L., var. villosus, Torr. & Gray. Heath-like Aster.

Blue Earth county, Gedge. South.

A. multiflorus, Ait. Many-flowered Aster.

Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state and in the Red river
valley ; extending northeast to Todd and Crow Wing counties (common), Upham.
A. dumosus, L. Aster.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent. Southeast.

A. vimineus, Lam. (A. Tradescanti, in Gray’s Manual.) Aster.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; common southward and
westward, Juni, Upham. :

*ASTER DRUMMONDII, Lind]. Pale with a fine and mostly soft cinereous pubes-
cence ; leaves from cordate to cordate-lanceolate and mostly on margined petioles, or
the small uppermost lanceolate and sessile by a narrow base, obtusely or acutely ser-
rate(the large 4inches, smaller about an inch long), sometimes scabrous above ; bracts
of the involucre acute or acutish ; rays violet-blue or paler, 3to5lineslong. Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N. A.

12 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

A. Tradescanti, L.* Tradescant’s Aster.
Open grounds, Canada to Virginia, Illinois and Saskatchewan. Nearly allied with
the two preceding and the two following species. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of NV. A.

A. diffusus, Ait. (A. miser, in Manual.) Aster.

Throughout the state. Common north of lake Superior, and at Minneapolis, Rob-
erts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Todd county, Upham; St. Croix river, Parry; Good-
hue county, Sandberg; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty.

A. paniculatus, Lam. (A. simplex, and A. tenuifolius, partly, in Manuai.)
Panicled Aster.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; especially plentiful westward.

A. polyphyllus, Willd.; (A. tenuifolius, partly, in Manual.) Aster.

Notes of A. tenuifolius, as described in Gray’s Manual, probably belonging in part
to A. polyphyllus, are as follows: upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Fergus Falls,
Leonard; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Wadena and Todd counties, Upham; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

A. Salicifolius, Ait. (A. carneus, in Manual.) Aster.

Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Lac qui Parle, Upham; Anoka county, Juni. [Also
northwest to the Saskatchewan river and eastern Montana, Gray’s Synoptical Flora
of N.A.]

A. junceus, Ait. (A. estivus, in Manual.) Aster.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Goodhue
county, Sandberg; Anoka county, Juni; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Pembina, Ha-
vard. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.]

A. longifolius, Lam.t Long-leaved Aster, :

This species (not the one so named in Gray’s Manual, which is the next; more
nearly related with A, junceus) doubtless occurs in northern Minnesota,

A. Novi-Belgii, L. (Including A. longifolius of Gray’s Manual.) New
York Aster.
Spirit lake, lowa, Geyer; Blue Earth county, Gedge; southwestward (frequent),
Juni; Douglas county, Mrs, Terry; Fergus Falls, Leonard; upper Mississippi river,
Garrison ; Pembina, Havard.

* ASTER TRADESCANTI, L. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, with numerous erect or
ascending branches and branchlets : leaves lanceolate or linear, slightly serrate or en-
lire, thinnish : small heads numerous, corymbosely or somewhat racemosely paniculate
[the most notable distinction from A. vimineus]; only two or three lines high: bracts
of theinvolucre linear, acutish, partly green at tip and down the back: rays white, or
sometimes tinged with lilac, only about 2 lines long. Gray’s Synoptical Floraof N. A.

+ASTER POLYPHYLLUS, Willd. Mostly tall (4 or 5 feet high), with virgate branches,
glabrous: cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear (4 or 5 inches long, quarter to
half inch wide); those of flowering branchlets small and subulate-linear : heads pan-
icuiate (4 lines high): involucre nearly hemispherical ; involucral bracts lanceolate-
subulate, outer successively shorter, rather rigid, with green nearly erect tips; rays
numerous, bright white, disposed to turn rose-purplish, 4 lines long : akenes minutely
pubescent. Gray's Synoptical Flora of N. A.

{ ASTER LONGIFOLIUS, Lam. A foot toa yard high, glabrous or pubescent, leafy :
leaves elongated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 3 to 7
inches long, tapering to both ends : involucre 4 to 5 lines high, little or not at all imbri-
cated ; its bracts all of nearly equal length, some looser, outermost not rarely quite
herbaceous : rays 8 or 4 lines long, violet or purplish, rarely almost white. ... ,
Low grounds or along streams, Labrador to Montana, Slave Lake, south to Canada and
N. New England. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. ‘Ta
A. puniceus, L. Aster.

Common throughout the state, excepting northwestward; extending to Fergus Falls,
Leonard, and into Dakota, Gray’s Synoptical Flora ; but not observed in the Red river
valley, Upham.

A. puniceus, L., var. lucidulus, Gray. (var. vimineus, Torr. & Gray.)
Aster.
Frequent in the south half of the state.

A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Aster.
Lapham. Common in the vicinity of Hesper, Lowa, adjoining Houston and Fill-
more counties, Mrs. Carter. Southeast.

A. oblongifolius, Nutt. Aster.
: Douglas county, Mrs. Terry ; Fort Snelling, Roberts; Minneopa falls, Blue Earth
county, Upham ; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. South.

[A: amethystinus, Nutt., occurs in Iowa, and probably also in Minnesota, Arthur.]

A. Novee-Angliz, L. New England Aster.

Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; common at Hesper,
Iowa, Mrs. Carter; Blue Earth county, Gedge; Rock county, Leiberg. [Upper Missouri
river, Geyer, and Saskatchewan, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.] South and west.

A. modestus, Lind|.* Aster.
Moist woods, Oregon to British Columbia on the Pacific, and east to Saskatchewan
and Pembina (Macoun), Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. Northwest.

[A. GRAMINIFOLIUS, Pursh., is ERIGERON HYSSOPIFOLIUS, Michx., in Gray’s Syn-
optical Flora of N. A., and will be found accordingly under that genus. ]

[A. acuminatus, Michx., should be looked for in northern Minnesota.]

A. ptarmicoides, Torr. and Gray. Aster.

Abundant, or common, throughout the state. [The var. lutescens, Gray, with “rays
pale yellow, small,’”’ which occurs in Manitoba and northern Illinois (Gray’s Synoptical
Flora of N.A.), will probably be found also in Minnesota, ]

A. angustus, Torr. and Gray. Aster.
Lapham. Clay county, in the Red river valley, Gedge, determined by Watson.
Northwest. ‘
A. linariifolius, L. (Diplopappus linariifolius, Hook.) Double-bristled
Aster.
Lapham. Rare. East.

A. umbellatus, Mill. (Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr. & Gray.) Dovble-
bristled Aster.

Throughout the state : abundant northward, common or frequent southward.

A. umbellatus, Mill., var. pubens, Gray. Double-bristled Aster.

Lower face of the oblong-lanceolate leaves tomentulose-pubescent, also usually
the flowering branchlets._Saskatchewaun to upper Michigan. Gray's Synoptical Flora
of N. A.

* ASTER MODESTUS, Lindl. Merely pubescent or glabrate: stem more slender
than in the two preceding species, 2 feet high: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or broader
(2 to 4 inches long), sparingly and acutely serrate or denticulate, very acute, mostly nar-
rowed to a sessile or partly clasping but not auriculate base: heads fewer and smaller
than in the preceding, hemispherical, numerous and usually thyrsoidly or cymosely
congested at the summit of the simple very leafy stem: bracts cf the involucre less
numerous, loose, and more or less herbaceous (or somewhat colored) almost from the
base, linear-attenuate, all equalling the disk : rays numerous and narrow, pale blue :
‘style-appendages lanceolate: akenes hirsute. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N, A.

74 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ERIGERON, L. FLEABANE.

E. hyssopifolius, Michx. (Aster graminifolius, Pursh.) | Fleabane.

North shore of lake Superior, Juni; between the lake of the Woods and Red river,
Dawson. North.

E, Canadensis, L. Horse-weed, Butter-weed.
Common throughout the state.

E, divaricatus, Michx. Dwarf Fleabane.

Open grounds and river banks, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska and Texas. Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N. A.

E. acris, L. Fleabane.

North shore of lake Superior, Macoun ; doubtlessin northern Minnesota. [Perhaps
the var. DR@BACHENSIS, Blytt, which has a similar range with the typical species.
Somewhat glabrous, or even quite so : involucre also green, naked, at most hirsute only
at the base, often minutely viscidulous: slender rays somewhat slightly exserted,
sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus. . . . . North shore of
lake Superior, ete. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.]

E. bellidifolius, Muhl. Robin’s Plantain.
Frequent southward ; extending north at least to Isanti county, Upham, and Clay
county and Detroit, Becker county, Gedge.

E. Philadelphicus, L. . Common Fleabane.
Frequent, oceasionally common, throughout the state.

E, glabellus, Nutt. Fleabane.

Goodhue county, Sandberg; Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Scoit.
[Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] West.

E. annuus, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.

St. Croix Falls, Miss Field ; Minneapolis, Miss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning ;
frequent in the vicinity of Hesper, Iowa, adjoining the southern boundary of Houston
and Fillmore counties, Mrs. Carter. This species reaches its northwest limit in south-
eastern Minnesota ; it was not observed, though carefully looked for, throughout the
remainder of the state.

E. strigosus, Muhl. Daisy Fleabane.
Throughout the state; common southward, infrequent northward.

(The species referred to the genus DIPLOPAPPUS, Cass., in Gray’s Manual, are in-
cluded under ASTER in his Synoptical Flora of N.A.; and in this catalogue they are
placed at the end of that genus.]

BOLTONIA, L’Her. Bouronta.

B. asteroides, L’Her. (Including B. glastifolia, L’Her.) Boltonia.

Common through the south part of the state ; extending north at least to Minne-
apolis, Williams, Alexandria, Mrs. Terry, Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Devil’s lake, Da-
kota, Geyer. South and west,

GUTIERREZIA, Lagasca. GUTIERREZIA.

G. Euthamie, Torr, & Gray.* — Gutierrezia.
Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Scott, determined by Watson. West.

*GUTIERREZIA, Lagasca. Heads small or middle-sized, 6- to 90-flowered, the rays
pistillate, fertile, the disk-flowers tubular, perfect and fertile. Involucre varying from
narrowly obconic to broadly hemispherical, the scales closely imbricated in several
series, rigid, and with greenish herbaceous tips. Receptacle naked. Corollas yellow,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 15

SOLIDAGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.

S. bicolor, L. Golden-rod.
Lapham. The typical species is rare.

S. bicolor, L., var. concolor, Gray. Golden-rod.
Common on rocks, north shore of lake Superior, Roberts, Juni; northwest side of
Mille Lacs, Upham ; falls of the St, Croix, Parry.

S. latifolia, L. Golden-rod.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. ceesia, L. Golden-rod.
Lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Herrick; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent.
Southeast.

S. puberula, Nutt. | Golden-rod.

Lapham. Le Sueur county, Gedge; Pembina, Havard, A golden-rod agreeing
well, except as to geographical limits, with the description of this species in Gray’s Man-
ual, is common on dry prairies throughout southern Minnesota, extending northeast to
Todd and Crow Wing counties, Upham.

S. uliginosa, Nutt. (S. stricta, in Gray’s Manual.) Golden-rod.
North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; Anoka county, Juni; St. Croix river,
Parry ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. North.

S. speciosa, Nutt. Golden-rod.
Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
South.

S, speciosa, Nutt., var. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Golden-rod.
Stearns county, Campbell ; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

S. speciosa, Nutt., var. rigidiuscula, Torr. & Gray. Golden-rod.

A form of the var. angustata, growing in dry open places, with more rigid and
rougher-edged small leaves. Minnesota to Nebraska and Texas. Gray’s Synoptical
Flora of N. A. $

S. Virgaurea, L., var. alpina, Bigelow. Golden-rod.
Lapham. North.

{S. humilis, Pursh (S. Virgaurea, L., var. humilis, Gray), and S. macrophylla, °
Pursh (S. thyrsoidea, E. Meyer), probably also occur, with the preceding, in northeast-
ern Minnesota. |

of the ray oval, oblong or linear, of the disk funnel-shaped, 5-toothed, the teeth erect
orrecurved. Branches of the style in the ray-flower, linear, smooth, the stigmatic
lines extending to the top; in the disk, with the hairy appendages shorter or severai
times longer than the stigmatic portion. Achenia oblong or obeonic, terete or some-
what compressed. Pappus of the disk composed of several oblong or linear chafiy
scales, or reduced to a lacerate coroniform border, of the ray similar to that of the
disk, but commonly smaller or sometimes obsolete.—Mostly perennial and suffruticose
plants of North and South America, with glabrous and often resinous-dotted or var-
nished linear and entire or broader and denticulate leaves.

G. EUTHAMI, Torr. and Gray. Stems 6to 15 inches high, numerous from a woody
and much-branched base, striated ; leaves crowded, narrowly linear, 1 to 2 inches long
% tol line wide, 1-nerved, minutely scabrous, punctate, resinous, and sometimes var-
hiished ; heads in little clusters forming compound corymbs ; involucres scarcely 2 lines
long and 1 line broad, narrowly obovate ; flowers of the ray 2 to 5, of the disk 3 to 6;
pappus of 9 or 10 obtuse unequal erose-denticulate chaffy scales, a little shorter than
the achenium.—Plant growing in dense tufts, whenin flower forming a conspicuous
yellow round-topped bushy clump, Eaton in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the For-
tieth Parallel. ‘

76 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

S. rigida, L. Golden-rod.

Abundant through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley, extend-.
ing northeast to Crow Wing county, Upham. Usually from one and a half to two feet
high on prairies, where it most abounds ; but from three to five feet high in woods and
thickets.

S. Riddellii, Frank. Riddell’s Golden-rod.

Minneapolis, Williams ; Rapidan Rapids, Blue Earth county, Upham; peat bogs,
Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; common in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. South.

S. neglecta, Torr. & Gray. Golden-rod.

Lapham. Infrequent. Southeast.

S. patula, Mubl. Golden-rod.

Lapham. Infrequent. Southeast.

S. juncea, Ait. (S. arguta, var. juncea, Gray, in Manual.) Golden-rod.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps near its south side ;
flowering early.
S. juncea, Ait., var. scabrella, Gray. (S. arguta, var. scabrella, Torr. &
Gray, in Manual.) Golden-rod.
Rice county, Upham. Probably infrequent. Southeast.

S. arguta, Ait. (S. Muhlenbergii, Torr. & Gray.) Golden-rod.
North of lake Superior, Juni. Rare. East.

S. rugosa, Mill. (8. altissima, in Manual.) Golden-rod.
Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent.

S. ulmifolia, Muhl. Golden-rod.
Lapham. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry. Infrequent. Southeast.

S. nemoralis, Ait. Golden-rod,
Common, often abundant, throughout the state.

S. nemotalis, Ait., var. incana, Gray.* Golden-rod.
Plains of Minnesota and Dakota (Vicollet, etc.) to the Rocky Mountains of Mon-
tana and Colorado. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

S. radula, Nutt. Golden-rod.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; Stearns county, Campbell; Yellow Medicine county
(frequent), Upham. South.

S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Golden-rod.

Saint Paul, Kelley ; Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts, Simmons; Martin county, and
Emmet county, lowa (abundant), Cratty ; high prairies towards the sources of the Min-
nesota river, Geyer ; Red river valley, Scott. South and west.

S. Canadensis, L. Golden-rod.

Common throughout the state. [The var. procera, Torr. & Gray, probably also oc-
curs in Minnesota, especially northwestward. |
S. serotina, Ait., var, gigantea, Gray. (S. serotina, in Manual.) Golden-

rod.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

* SOLIDAGO NEMORALIS, Ait., var. INCANA, Gray. Dwarf,a span to a foot high:
leaves ovalor oblong, rigid, more or less canescent, sometimes rather strongly serrate,
sometimes mostly entire: racemiform clusters erect or the lower somewhat spread-
ing, collected in a dense oblong or conical thyrsus. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. A IR

S. serotina, Ait. (S. gigantea,in Manual.) | Golden-rod.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state, especially north of lake Superior, Rob-
erts, and in the Red river valley, Upham.
S. lanceolata, L. Golden-rod.

Common throughout the state ; abundant in the Red river valley.

S. occidentalis, Nutt.* Golden-rod.
Sandy soil, Saint Peter, Nicollet county, Leiberg; determined by Watson as “‘prob-
ably” this species, Infrequent. Southwest.

APLOPAPPUS, Cass. APLOPAPPUS.

A. spinulosus, DC.+ Aplopappus.
Upper Minnesota river, Geyer; Yellow Medicine county, Upham. Southwest.

GRINDELIA, Willd. GRINDELIA.

G. squarrosa, Dunal.t Grindelia.
Common, or frequent, in the west edge of the state, from Rock county, Leiberg,
and Pipestone City to Saint Vincent, Upham; also plentiful on the quartzite ridge in
northern Cottonwood county, Upham. West.

*SOLIDAGO OCCIDENTALIS, Nutt. Smoeth; stems 2 to 3 feet high, paniculately
corymbose at the summit, leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obscurely 3- to 5-nerved,
minutely scabrous on the edges, the larger ones 4 inches long, 3 lines broad ; heads
rather large, pedicellate in many small corymbs, broadly obconic ; involucral scales
loosely imbricated in about 3 series, oblong-linear, the straight tips greenish, ciliolate,
rather acute ; rays 15 to 25, verysmall; disk-flowers 10to 15 ; achenia pubescent. Haton
in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

+APLOPAPPUS, Cass. Heads solitary, terminating the branches, or sometimes co-
rymbosely or spicately clustered, many-flowered, rarely several-flowered, heteroga_:
mous and with fertile rays, or very rarely homogamous, the rays being wanting.
Involucre imbricated, the scales with or sometimes without herbaceous or foliaceou s
tips. Receptacle fiat or flattish, foveolate or alveolate-dentate. Appendages of the
style-branches triangular-lanceolate, or in the N. American species more commonly
elongated subulate. Akenes varying from turbinate to linear, terete, angled, or more
or less compressed. Pappus simple, of copious and unequal rigid capillary (scabrous
or almost barbellate) bristles.—Herbs or low under-shrubby plants, of various aspect
and foliage ; ; with yellow flowers, and pappus varying from tawny to reddish, very
rarely bright white. Leavesalternate, rigid. Gray in Botany of California, from Proe.
Am. Acad., vol viii. }

A. SPINULOsUS, DC. Herbaceous, canescent with a soft, minute, woolly pubescence ;
stems many, 1 to 2feet high, corymbosely branched above; leaves small, 9 to 12 lines
long, rigid, pinnately or somewhat bi-pinnately parted, segments short, linear-subulate,
mucronate with a short bristle; heads small, subglobose, terminating the numerous
branchlets ; involucre shorter than the disk, scales subulate-lanceolate, mucronulate,
imbricated in 3 or 4 series, appressed, canescent ; rays 20 to30; corolla of the disk with
very short teeth ; pappus pale or tawny, short, very pert ny achenia turbinate, vil-
lous. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

{GRINDELIA, Willd. Heads many-flowered ; the ray-flowers generally present,
pistillate, the ligule elongated ; disk-flowers perfect, the corolla tubular-funnel-shaped,
5-toothed. Inyolucre subglubose or hemispherical, the scales imbricated in many rows,
often with squarrose tips. Receptacle naked, flat, foveolate. Style with lanceolate
hispid appendages as long as the stigmatic portion. Achenium smooth, oblong or ovate
somewhat angled. Pappus of 2 to 8 smooth rigid deciduous awns, shorter than the
disk-corollas.—Biennial (?), perennial or-suffruticose, often resiniferous, Mexican and
North American plants. Leaves entire or serrate, often punctate, the cauline ones ses-
sile. Heads corymbed at the ends of the branches, or solitary, mostly rather large.

G.SQUARROSA, Dunal. Glabrous and viscidly resinous; stems herbaceous from a

78 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

C, villosa, Nutt. Golden Aster.

Common throughout most of the state ; but probably wanting or infrequent near
its south side, and also northeastward. Fort Snelling, Parry; Minneapolis (common),
Roberts; upper Mississippi river, Houghton, Garrison; common in Stearns and Todd
counties and in the Red river valley, Upham.

INULA, L. ELECAMPANE.

I, Helenium, L. Elecampane.
Nicollet county, Aiton; Minneapolis, Roberts. Infrequent.

POLYMNIA, L. LEAF-CUP.

P. Canadensis, L. Leaf-cup.
Lapham. Rare. South.

SILPHIUM, L. Rosrn-Puant.

S. laciniatum, L. Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.

Common, often abundant, in the south edge of the state ; extending north to Good-
hue county, Sandberg, southeastern Rice county (plentiful), Nicollet county, Aiton,
southeastern Watonwan county (frequent), and New Ulm (very scarce), Juni; and west
to Luverne, Upham; and into Dakota, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. A gum which
is frequently chewed like that of the spruce, exudes from stems of this plant, when
their tops are broken off. The peculiar deflection of the leaves to a north and south
direction, at the same time presenting one edge upward and the other toward the
ground, is very noticeable. (See American Naturalist, vol. xvi, pp. 625—635, and vol.
Xvii, pp. 542 and 656.)

S. terebinthinaceum, Jacq. Prairie Dock. Rosin-Plant.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South.

S. integrifolium, Michx. Rosin- Plant
Lapham. South.

S. perfoliatum, L. — Cup-Plant.

Common southward ; extending north to Minneapolis, Roberts, the Minnesota river
(common), Fergus Falls, Leonard, and the Sisseton Agency in Dakota, Upham.

PARTHENIUM, L. PARTHENIUM.

P. integrifolium, L. Parthenium.
Lapham. South.

IVA, L. Marsh Etper. Iva.

I. xanthiifolia, Nutt. (Cyclachena xanthiifolia, Fres.) Iva.
Frequent southeastward; abundant southwestward; extending north to Todd

perennial caudex, 12 to 20 inches high, cerymbosely branched above ; leaves somewhat
Tigid, glaucous and punciate-reticulated ; the radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, nar-
rowed into a petiole, dentate or incised ; the cauline mostly oblong, sessile and partly
clasping, finely toothed or spinulose-serrate ; heads [yellow] numerous; involucels
sub -globose, 6 lines broad; the scales very rigid, closely appressed, but with very long
reflexed or squarrose subulate points ; rays numerous, rather narrow; pappus of 2 to
4 very rigid deciduous bristles or awns. August. Hatonin Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl.
of the Fortieth Parallel.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 79

county (common), and in the Red river valley to Grand Forks, Upham, and Saiut Vin-
cent, Scott, Havard. ‘A new weed that is steadily gaining ground, traveling eastward
and possibly southward. It is a candidate for the same situations the large ragweed
prefers—the edges of fields, and along roadsides and streets, but especially about barns.
If circumstances are unfavorable, it can blossom when only a few inches high, while
under more fortunate conditions it reaches much above one’s head. It closely resem-
bles cocklebur when young, but as it grows larger has more the appearance of the com-
mon sunflower, with flowers, however, after the pattern of the ragweed.” <Arthur.

AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED.
A.trifida,L. Great Ragweed.

Abundance and range nearly like the last ; a similarly vile weed.

A. trifida, L., var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Smaller Ragweed.
Hennepin county, Herrick; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

A. artemisizefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. MHog-weed. Bitter-weed.

Common or frequent, through the south half of the state; extending northwesterly
to Pembina in the Red river valley, Havard, and to the Saskatchewan river.

A. psilostachya, DC. Western Ragweed.

Frequent through the south half of the state; common in the Red river valley ;
also found at the lake of the Woods, Dawson.

XANTHIUM, Tourn. CocKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.

X.Canadense, Mill. (X. strumarium, in Manual.) Common Cocklebur.

Frequent, or common, through the south half of the state; extending north to the
northwest side of Mille Lacs (common), and the Red river valley ; found at the lake of
the Woods, Dawson. (A variety of this species, having no pubescence between the
prickles of the fruit, is common, occurring in company with the ordinary type, in Blue
Earth county and along the Minnesotariver. Leiberg.)

X. Canadense, Mill., var. echinatum, Gray. Cocklebur.

_ Banks of Spirit lake, and head-waters of Little Sioux river, Geyer; banks of the
Red river (abundant), Dawson, Scott; and on the shore of lake Superior.

HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-EYE. FatseE SUNFLOWER.

H. leevis, Pers. Ox-eye. False Sunflower.

North of lake Superior (common), Juni, Roberts; upper Mississippi river, Garrison;
Pembina, Chickering. Perhaps these references should ve placed instead under the
following species, which certainly isthe prevailing representative of the genus in this
State.

H. seabra, Dunal.* (H. levis, Pers., var. scabra, Torr. & Gray.) Ox-eye.
False Sunflower.

Red river prairie, Dawson, Scott, Havard; Todd county, also Minneapolis and Steele
county (common), Upham; Stearns county, Garrison; Anoka county and New Ulm,
Juni; Martin county and Emmet county, Iowa (abundant), Cratty; Blue Earth county,
Gedge.

* HELIOPSIS SCABRA, Dunal. Hispidulous-scabrous, especially the leaves, 2 to 4
feet high: leaves from broadly ovate and subcordate to ovate-lanceolate, the upper
occasionally entire: rays oblong, nearly or quite an inch in length: akenes smooth,
but the angles above pubescent when young, the summit usually bearing an obscure or
evident andirregular coroniform chaffy pappus, or sometimes 2 or 3 conspicuous and
Tigid teeth! Otherwise as the foregoing, intowhichit maypass. Gray’s Synoptical
Flora of N. A.

80 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ECHINACEA, Mench. PuRPLE CoNE-FLOWER.

E. angustifolia, DC. Narrow-leaved Purple Cone-flower.

Abundant south and southwest; extending north to Anoka county, Juni, Stearns
county, Campbell, Grant county, Roberts, and Clay county (common), Upham. (The
club-shaped stems, six to nine inches high, remain standing through the winter.)

RUDBECKIA, L. CoNE-FLOWER.

R. laciniata, L. Cone-flower.
Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river val-
ley ; on Roseau river, Dawson.

R. subtomentosa, Pursh. Cone- flower.
Lapham. Stearns county, Garrison. Southeast.

R. hirta, L. Cone-flower.
Common, occasionally abundant, throughout the state, excepting perhaps north-
eastward.

LEPACHYS, Raf. LEPACHYS.

L. pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Lepachys.
Frequent, in some places abundant, southward ; extending north to Minneapolis

(common) Roberts, Stearns county, Campbell, and in the Red river valley to Clay

county (common), Upham, and Pembina, Havard.

L. columnaris, Torr. & Gray.* _—_ Lepachys.

Upper Minnesota river, Geyer; near Moorhead, Leiberg, aud Glyndon, Clay county,
Gedge; Pembina, Scott. West.

HELIANTAUDS, L. SUNFLOWER.

H, petiolaris, Nutt.+ Sunflower.
Dunes at Sand Hill river, Garfield, Polk county (lanceolate leaves, opposite on lower

half of the stem ; rays about 12, one to one and a half inches long ; disk dark-purple) |

Upham. West.

H annuus, L.{ (H. lenticularis, Dougl.) Sunflower.

Frequent in the Red river valley; Saint Vincent, Grand Forks, and Norman county,
Upham. West. (Indigenous throughout the western half of the United States ;
referred to H. annuus, L., the cultivated sunflower, as its original and typical form, by
Gray in the Botany of California and American Journal of Science, series 3, xxv, 245,
“Gigantesque forms everywhere commonly cultivated,’’ and occasionally adventive.)

*LEPACHYS COLUMNARIS, Torr. & Gray. Strigose-scabrous, branched from the
base, 1 to 2 feet high ; radical leaves usually undivided, spatulate-lanceolate, cauline
ones pinnately parted, the upper sessile, segments linear-lanceolate or oblong, rigid,
mucronulate, entire, rarely somewhat lobed ; disk columnar, longer than the 5 to 8 ob-
long or obovate-oval, recurved, yellow rays; chaff with woolly noe Disk 1 inch er
more long. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

+HELIANTHUS PETIOLARIS, Nutt. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, strigose or hispid,
branching ; leaves scabrous, alternate, the lower sometimes opposite, ovate-lanceolate
or ovate, entire or somewhat repand-toothed, 3-nerved, on very long, slender, scabrous
petioles ; peduncles terminal, naked, bearing solitary (usually large) heads ; scales of
the involucre lanceolate, acute or acuminate; disk-flowers pubescent at base ; achenia
villous ; pappus of two chaffy awns. Heads very variableinsize. Porter and Coulter’s
Flora of Colorado.

tSee description of HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L., on next page.

Oe

ee

STATE GEOLOGIST. 81

H. rigidus, Desf. Sunflower. *

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; one to
three feet high on the natural prairie; persisting as a troublesome weed in wheat-
fields during the first two or three years of cultivation, there growing from three to five
feet in hight.

H. leetiflorus, Pers. Sunflower.
Martin county, Gedge; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Redwood, Todd (common),
Wadena and Polk counties, Upham; Pembina, Havard. South and west.

H. occidentalis, Riddell. Sunflower.
St. Croix river, Parry; plentiful near lake Johanna, Ramsey county, Roberts, Her-
rick; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. Southeast.

H. Maximiliani, Schrader.* Sunflower.

Common in the south half of the state ; reaching eastward at least to Minneapolis,
where it is plentiful ; also abundant in the Red river valley ; extending northwest to
the Saskatchewan river (Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.), Usually from nine to eigh-
_ teen inches high, or sometimes three to five feet, on the natural prairie ; but continuing
as the most troublesome weed in wheat-fields, where it commonly grows four to six feet
in hight and sometimes eight feet or more ; foliage dull, grayish green ; flowers showy,
occasionally double (with all the corollas liguiate), blooming from July to September.
The most noteworthy member of this genus in Minnesota. West and south.

Determined by Prof. Asa Gray; previously supposed, by the local botanists of the
state, to be H. giganteus, L.; in Dr. Lapham’s catalogue, it appears to be called H. to-
mentosus, Michx.; to &. I. Cratty and J. C. Arthur belongs the credit of obtaining its
correct identification. (See Arthur’s Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. V, and his
note respecting this species in the Botanical Gazette, viii, p.339. Dr. George Engelmann
wrote me, Dec. 27, 1883: ‘“‘The notice in the Botanical Gazette about Helianthus Maxi-
miliani, wondering that it was found so far north, in Minnesota, is founded on error.
The species comes originally from the upper Missouri, latitude of Minnesota, and has
often been collected in Minnesota also by me; but extends, like many prairie plants,
through many degrees of latitude, to Texas.’’)

H. giganteus, L. Sunflower.

St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Twining; north of
lake Superior, Roberts; and northwest to the Saskatchewan river, Gray’s Synoptical
Floraof N. A. Infrequent. East and north.

H. grosse-serratus, Martens. Sunflower. : )
Moist prairies, Minnesota river, Geyer; abundant in Martin county and in Emmet
county, Lowa, Cratty; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; moist land, Minneapolis, and Red-

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L. (H. lenticularis, Dougl.) Annual, scabrous and even
hispid ; stems purple-spotted, stout,3 to 8 feet high, branching; leaves alternate,
ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 inches broad, 3-nerved at
the base and suddenly narrowed into a petiole nearly as long as the leaf; uppermost
leaves more lanceoiate; heads mostly panicled, peduncled, 2% to 4 inches broad ; invo-
lucre spreading ; the numerous ovate ciliate abruptly acuminate scales imbricated in
about 3 rows, outer ones shortest ; rays 20 to 24 [to 40], large ; chaff of the flat receptacle
nearly as long as the purplish disk-flowers, concave, carinate, tricuspidate, the middle
point much the strongest and dark-colored ; achenia finely appressed-pubescent ; pap-
pus of two lanceolate chafiy awns. Eaton in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth
Parattet.

*HELIANTHUS MAXIMILIANI, Schrad. Stem strigose-scabrous, branched ; leaves
alternate (those of the branches sometimes opposite), lanceolate, entire or nearly so,
tapering to each end, acuminate, very scabrous and often canescent-strigose on both
sides, the lower petioled; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, much attenuate,
strigose-canescent ; pappus of two lanceolate slightly fringed chaffy scales. Arthur’s
Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. V, from Torrey and Gray’s Flora of N. A.

6F

' $2 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

wood, Stearns and Pope counties (common), Upham; less frequent, or wanting, in the
Red river valley; four to eight feet high; leaves dark green, coarsely toothed, with
intervals varying from a quarter to two-thirds of an inch between the teeth. South.
H, strumosus, L. Sunflower.

Through the south half of the state, infrequent. Douglas county, Mrs. Terry;
New Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Twining, Kassube; lake
Pepin, Miss Manning. [The vay. mollis, Torr. & Gray, probably also occurs in this state.]
H. divaricatus, L. Sunflower.

Minneapolis, ete. (common), Roberts; Saskatchewan river, Gray’s Synoptical Flora
of NN. A. South and west.

H. hirsutus, Raf. Sunflower.
Minneapolis, Twining, Upham; Worthington, Nobles county (common), Foote.
South.
H. tracheliifolius, Willd. Sunflower.

Frequent, or common, throughout the state, excepting northeastward. Minneapo-
lis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Pembina,
Hawvard; Rice (common), Morrison and Polk counties (often showing forms intermediate
between this and the next, partaking of the characters of both), Upham.

H,. decapetalus, L, Sunflower.

Lapham. Anoka county, also New Ulm (common), Juni; Stearns county, etc.,
Upham. [The form called var. frondosus, in Gray’s Manual, has been observed in
Stearns county by Garrison.]

H. tuberosus, L. (H. doronicoides, in Manual.) Sunflower. (Original
of Jerusalem Artichoke. )

Throughout the state. Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, Parry; Redwood Falls, Miss
Butler; New Ulm(common), Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; common in the
valley of the St. Louis river and northeasterly, Clark; extending northwest to the Sas-
katchewan river, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

H. tuberosus, L., var. subecanescens, Gray. Sunflower.

Mostly dwarf (about two feet high), comparatively smail-leaved, rough-hispidulous
or scabrous, but the lower face of the leaves whitish with soft and fine pubescence.—
Plains of Minnesota, Dakota, etc., Kennicott, Coues, Ward, sometimes with well-de-
veloped tubers. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED.

C, lanceolata, L. Tickseed.
Lapham. Rare. Southeast.

€, tinctoria, Nutt.* —_—‘ Tickseed.

Low ground, Saskatchewan and Minnesota to Louisiana, Texas and Arizona. Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N. A.

C. palmata, Nutt. Tickseed.

Common tbrough the south half of the state; extending north to the upper Missis-

‘sippi river, Houghton, Garrison, and northwest to Winnipeg, Gray’s Synoptical Flora
of N. A. ;

*COREOPSIS TINCTORIA, Nutt. Annual: glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves opposite;
radical and some lower cauline leaves 2-pinnately divided into lanceolate or linear
divisions ; upper with 3to 7 linear divisions : outer involucre short and close : rays from
half to three-fourths inch long, sometimes base only, sometimes nearly all crimson-
brown : akenes oblong, thinnish, moderately incurved, wingless; pappus none or an
obscure border. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 83

C. aristosa, Michx. Tickseed.
Anoka county, Juni; peat bogs, Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. South.

C. trichosperma, Michx. Tickseed Sunflower.
Lapham. Saint Paul, Kelley. Southeast.

BIDENS, Tourn. Bur-MariIgoLp.

B. frondosa, L. Common Beggar-ticks. Stick-tight.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

8. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Roberts. South.

B.cernua, L. Smaller Bur-Marigold,

Common north of lake Superior, Roberts, and at Glenwood, Pope county, Upham;
Stearns county, Campbell; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Ramsey county, Kelley ;
lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Noblescounty, Leiberg; not common southward, nor in
the Red river valley.

B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. Larger Bur-Marigold.
Common throughout the state.

B. Beckii, Torr. Water Marigold.

_ St. Croix river to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton; lake of the Woods,
Dawson; Minneapolis (common), Roberts. Probably frequent throughout the state.

DYSODIA, Cav. Fretrip MARIGOLD.

D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. _Fetid Marigold,
Nobles county, Leiberg. Infrequent, South.
GAILLARDIA, Fougeroux. GAILLARDIA.

G. aristata, Pursh.* Gaillardia.
Lapham. Red river valley, in Clay county, Gedge, Marshall county, Winchell, and
hear Saint Vincent, Scott. West.

*GAILLARDIA, Fougeroux. Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays neutral, deciduous,
Many-nerved, the apex trifid ; disk-flowers perfect, the tube short, the 5-cleft limb his-
pid with articulate usually colored hairs. Receptacle convex, usually fimbrillate. In-
-volucral scales in two or three series, from a rigid base, running into a leafy appendage
longer than the disk. Branches of the style terminated by a long awl-shaped hispid
appendage. Acheniaoblong or inversely pyramidal, villous. Pappus of 6 to 10mem-
branous or hyaline scales, the midnerve produced into aslender awn.—North American
herbs more or less pubescent or glandular. Leaves alternate, the lower ones petioled
and often lobed, the upper sessile and entire. Heads on long naked peduncles. Rays
yellow, often saffron-colored or brownish-purple at the base. Disk-flowers yellow or
violet. Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

G. ARISTATA, Pursh. Perennial, villous-pubescent or almost tomentose with jointed
hairs; stem simple or branched, 1to2feet high; leaves minutely punctate ; radical
and lower ones lanceolate, tapering into slender petioles, sinuate pinnatifid or coarsely
toothed, minutely serrate or nearly entire ; the uppermost linear or oblong-lanceolate,

- sessile, usually dilated at the base and partly clasping ; heads large, 114 to 2% inches in
diameter, including the rays ; involucre hirsute ; corollas of the disk with short, broadly
‘subulate teeth, of a rich brownish-purple or mareon color; rays 10 to 18, crowded,
elongated-cuneiform, deep yellow; chaff of the pappus 6 to8, broadly lanceolate ; fim-
‘ brillz of the receptacle few, aristeform, slender, distinct, not dilated at the base, 2 to
3 times the length of the nearly smooth achenia. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

84 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

G. pinnatifida, Torr.* Gaillardia.

Red river prairie, Dawson, West (mostly southwest). {Perhaps more correctly
referable to the preceding species. ]

HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE- WEED.

H. autumnale, L. Sneeze-weed.

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending
northeastward at least to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

ANTHEMIS, L. CHAMOMILE.

A, Cotula, L. (Maruta Cotula, DC.) May-weed. Dog Fennel.

A common, often abundant, weed in the southern two-thirds of the state ; less fre-
quent in clearings of the forest farther uorth ; also less common westward, and scarce
from Ada northward in the Red river valley.

A. nobilis, L. Garden Chamomile.
Adventive, Beaver Bay, Juni.

ACHILLEA, Vaill. YaRRow.

A. Millefolium, L. Common Yarrow or Milfoil.

Common throughout the state. The following notes describe this species on the
north shore of lake Superior : “‘Abundant all along the shore, forming a fringe of white
just on the line between the forest trees and the waves; was not found in other situa-
tions.” Juni.—*The rose-colored variety occurs sparingly, showing all shades of color
from white to a quite deep pink.” Roberts.

CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. CHRYSANTHEMUM.

C. Leucanthemum, L. (Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam.) Ou-eye Daisy. W hite-
weed.

Lake City, Miss Manning; Stillwater, Miss Field; Mankato, Prof. Bechdolt; Min-

neapolis (frequent), Roberts; Saint Cloud, Campbell; upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

Rare or local ; inclined to spread ; an abundant and pernicious weed in states farther
east.

TANACETUM, Tourn. Tansy.

T. vulgare, L. Common Tansy.

Adventive : lake Pepin; Goodhue county ; Minneapolis ; Blue Earth county ; Em-
met county, Iowa.

T. Huronense, Nutt. Lake Huron Tansy.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. North.

ARTEMISIA, Tourn. . Wormwoop.

A. glauca, Pall.y Wormwood.

Saskatchewan and Minnesota, Drummond, Nicollet, Kennicott. (Gray’s Synopticat
Flora of N. A.)

*GAILLARDIA PINNATIFIDA, Torr. Perennial, canescent ; stems 8to 12 inches high,
branching ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, the rachis and remote lobes linear; heads rather
small; involucre in about two series, nearly equal to the disk ; rays deeply 3-cleft ; chaff
of the pappus lanceolate ; fimbrillz of the receptacle aristeeform, slender, sparse, longer
than the achenia. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.—A showy flower ; heads 1 te
2 inches broad ; rays yellow, or purple toward the base ; disk-flowers purplish : leaves
1to3inches long. Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

+ See description of ARTEMISIA GLAUCA, Pall., on next page.

STATE GEOLOGIST. - 85

A. dracunculoides, Pursh. Wormwood.
Common through the south half of the state, and probably occurring also, but less

frequently, in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to Crow Wing and Todd coun-
ties, Upham.

A. borealis, Pallas. Wormwood.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. North. [Probably the var. WORMSKIOLDII,
Bess., which is taller, 10 to 16 inches high, with more numerous heads in looser or com-
pound narrower thyrsus. Gray’s Synopticat Flora of N.A.]

A. Canadensis, Michx. Wormwood.

Lake Superior to sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, Garrison; lake of the Woods;
Dawson; Red river valley, Scott; White Bear, Ramsey county, Kelley. North.

A. caudata, Michx. Wormwood.

Common through the south half of ene state ; abundant (frequently having galls) in
the Red river valley, Upham.

A. serrata, Nutt.* Wormwood.

Prairies and low grounds, Illinois to Dakota; first collected by Nuttall. (Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N. A.)

A. longifolia, Nutt.t Wormwood.

Rocky banks, Minnesota and Nebraska to Saskatchewan and Montana; first col-
lected by Wuttall, or by Lewis and Clarke. (Gray’s Synoptical Flora of NV. A.)

A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Western Mugwort. ‘‘ Sage.”

The form with incised or subpinnatifid leaves is occasionally found through the south
half of the state and in the Red river valley, Upham. This is not regarded by Gray’s
Synoptical Flora as distinct from the form with undivided leaves (var. gnaphalodes, in
Manual), which has been noted as follows : Minneapolis, Roberts; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg; abundant in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Red river
valley (common), Upham, Scott. (Mr. Arthur states that the first of these forms is
infrequent or rare in Iowa; but that the secoud is common there. Specimens of this
species sent by Prof. Gedge from Marshall, Lyon county, in rich soil near the Redwood
Fiver, have the broadly lanceolate leaves all entire or only sparingly toothed, with their
upper surface nearly glabrate and green ; as issaid by Gray’s Synoptical Flora to be
sometimes their condition.)

A. biennis, Willd. Biennial Wormwood.

Frequent, often common, throughout the state.

A, Absinthium, L. Common Garden Wormwood.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rarely adventive.

ARTEMISIA GLAUCA, Pall. Minutely silky pubescent or canescent, sometimes
glabrate and glaucous: stems strict, a foot or two high, somewhat woody at base: leaves
rather short, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire, occasionally some 3-cleft,
or the lowest even more divided: heads nearly of the next, into which it probably
passes. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

*ARTEMISIA SERRATA, Nutt. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy ; leaves green and
glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, 3 to 7 inches
long, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth, pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes
pinnately incised : heads amply paniculate, rather few-flowered, less than two lines
long, greenish, hardly pubescent. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

TARTEMISIA LONGIFOLIA, Nutt. Stem 2to5 feethigh : leaves entire, at first tomen-
tulose, but usually glabrate above, white tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate
(3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 5 lines Wide) ; veins obsolete : heads amply paniculate, usually
eanescent, 2 to3 lines long, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

86 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

A. frigida, Willd. Wormwood. ‘ Sage.”’

Lake Superior ; “rising ground, east of the Red river prairie,” Dawson, Scott; and
southward to Minneapolis (plentiful on the river bluffs below the falls of St. Anthony)
and Fort Snelling, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Pipestone county, Leiberg, Mrs.
Bennett. Local.

GNAPHALIUM, I.. CuDWEED. EVERLASTING.

G. decurrens, Ives. Everlasting.

North shore of lake Superior (Deronda bay and Grand Portage island), Juni; Nicol-
let county, Gedge. Infrequent. Northeast.
G. polycephalum, Michx. Common Everlasting.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Lake Superior, Whitney; lake of the Woods,
Dawson; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg.

G. uliginosum, L. Low Cudweed.
Lapham. Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Infrequent.

ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING.

A. margaritacea, Benth. & Hook. (Antennaria margaritacea, R. Br.)
Pearly Everlasting.

Common at Beaver Bay (north shore of lake Superior), and at Minneapolis, Reb-

erts; Wadena county, ete., Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Throughout.
Local.

ANTENNARIA, Gertn. EVERLASTING.

A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
Common, or abundant, throughout the state.

ERECHTITES, Raf. FIREWEED.

E. hieracifolia, Raf. _ Fireweed.

Stearns county, Garrison; Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; falls of the St. Croix,
Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Anoka county, also New
Ulm, Juni; Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg. South.

CACALTIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

C. reniformis, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain.
Fillmore county, Winchell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hennepin county, Herrick.
Infrequent. South.
C. atriplicifolia, L. Pale Indian Plantain.
Goodhue county, Sandberg. Southeast.

C. tuberosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain.

Dakota county (frequent), Upham; Steele county, Miss Bixby; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; commonin Martin county and in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty.
South.

SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL.

S. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel.
Mankato (frequent), Leiberg; Saint Paul, Kelley.

S. palustris, Hook. Groundsel.
Common, or frequent, through the northernand central portions of the state:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 87

extending eastward at least to the St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, Morrison county and
Minneapolis, Upham, Goodhue county, Sandberg, and lake Pepin, Miss Manning;
abundant about lakes in Grant county, Roberts, and in swamps near New Ulm, Juni;
very rare in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.
S. integerrimus, Nutt.* | Groundsel.

Lapham. West. (

S. aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Squaw-weed. Life-root.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state, in some portions abundant.

S. aureus, L., var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Golden Ragwort. Squaw-
weed.
Minneapolis, Kassube ; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett; and perhaps throughout
the state.
S. aureus, L., var. Balsamiteze, Torr. & Gray. Golden Ragwort. Squaw-
weed.
Throughout the state. North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Pembina, Chickering;
Pokegama Falls, Houghton; Minneapolis, Roberts.
S. canus, Hook.f Groundsel.
Put in bay, north shore of lake Superior, Juni. North.

S. lugens, Richardson.{ (Including var. Hookeri, Eaton.) Groundsel.

Red river valley near Moorhead, Leiberg; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. [Also
Plymouth county, in northwestern Towa, Arthur.] West.

ARNICA, L. ARNICA.

A. Chamissonis, Less. (A. mollis, Hook.) Arnica
North shore of lake Superior, Jwni. North.
CENTAUREA, L. Star THISTLE.

C. Cyanus, L. Blue-bottle. Bachelor’s- Button.
Escaped from gardens, Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

*SENECLO INTEGERRIMUS, Nutt. Glabrous throughout ; stem simple, striate, 12 to
18 inches high ; leaves entire ; radical ones 3 to 5 inches long and 1 to 2 inches wide,
rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, somewhat fleshy, upper small, lanceolate, acute,
partly clasping ; corymb simple or nearly so; heads rather large, 8 to 20; involucre
hemispherical, bracteolate, scales 15 to 20, uarrowly linear, acute ; rays about 8, small ;
disk-flowers 40 to 50; achenia striate, nearly glabrous. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of
Colorado.

+SENECIO CANUS, Hook. Whitish tomentose throughout; stems tufted, 2 to 12
inches high ; radical leaves obovate, obtuse, narrowed into short petioles ; the cauline
sessile, lanceolate, pinnately cleft, or with a few teeth near the base, rarely entire;
heads rather large, few in asimple corymb ; involucre nearly ecalyculate ; rays 8 to 12,
not twice as long asthe involucre; achenia glabrous. Haton in Bot. Rep. of King’s
Haupl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

+SENECIO LUGENS, Richardson, Lightly floccose-woolly when young, in the typical
form early glabrate and bright green: stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- and small-
leaved and naked above, terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads
(these about five lines high): radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, varying to
oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly contracted at base into a winged or mar-
gined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-denticulate ; upper cauline lanceolate
or reduced and bract-like ; bracts of the campanulate involucre lanceolate, with ob-
tuse or acutish commonly blackish-sphacelate tips : heads many-flowered: rays 10 or
12, conspicuous. Gray's Synoptical Flora of N. A.

88 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CNICUS, Tourn. (Included in Crrstum by Manual.) THISTLE.

C. lanceolatus, Hotfm. Common Thistle.

Frequent, but seldom plentiful, throughout the state. North of lake Superior,
Juni; Pembina, Havard; Minneapolis, Griswold, Kassube; lake Pepin, Miss Manning;
Wabasha, Gibson; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county and southward (common),
Leiberg.

C. Pitcheri, Torr. Pitcher’s Thistle.
North shore of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless in Minnesota.

Cc. undulatus, Gray. Thistle.

North of lake Superior (in a grass field at Grand Marais, said to have made its first
appearance in 1878), Roberts. [Near Fort Pierre, Dakota, Geyer.] Plains, &c., from
lake Huron and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, west to Oregon, south to Kansas and
New Mexico. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

C. undulatus, Gray, var. canescens, Gray. Thistle.

Merely a form with smaller heads, sometimes not over an inch long, the leaves
varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid.—Minnesota to New
Mexico and southern Utah. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

C. undulatus, Gray, var. megacephalus, Gray. Thistle.
Stouter form, usually broader-leaved, with broad heads 2inches or more long.—
Minnesota and Texas to Idaho. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

C. altissimus, Willd. Tall Thistle.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Simmons; Faribault, Miss Beane; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg; abundantin Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty;
common northwestward and in the Redriver valley, Upham, Scott. South and west

C. altissimus, Willd., var. discolor, Gray. (C. discolor, Muhl.) ‘Thistle.

Minneapolis, Kassube, Roberts, Simmons; Hesper, lowa(common), Mrs. Carter;
Worthington (common), Foote; Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Anoka county, Juni;
Stearns county, Garrison; Clay county, Upham; Pembina, Havard. South and west.

C. muticus, Pursh. Swamp Thistle.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

Cc. pumilus, Torr. Pasture Thistle.

Goodhue county, Sandberg; Dakota county (frequent), Upham; Anoka county,
Juni; Stearns county, Garrison; Alexandria, Douglascounty, Mrs. Terry. South.

C. arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle.

Newburgh, Fillmore county, Mrs. Carter; covering about an acre close west of
Rochester, Olmsted county ; a few miles east of Faribault ; Stillwater, Miss Field; on
Western avenue, at the west border of Minneapolis, spreading, Roberts. Rare, but
likely to become common; in many districts farther east, ‘‘a most troublesome weed,
extremely difficult to eradicate.”

ONOPORDON, Vaill. Cotton TuHiIstLE. ScotcH THISTLE.
O. acanthium, L Cotton Thistle. Scotch Thistle.
Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Rare.
ARCTIUM, L. (Lappra, Tourn.) BuRDOCK.

A. Lappa, L. (ZL. officinalis, Allioni, var. major, Gray.) Common Burdock,

Common through the south half of the state, and probably northeastward; less fre-
queut in the Red river valley.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 89

CICHORIUM, Tourn. Succory. CuHrIcoRy.

C. Intybus, L. Suecory. Chicory.
Minneapolis, Herrick; near Excelsior, Hennepin county, Mrs. Terry. Rare.

KRIGIA, Schreber. (Including Cyntura, Don.) KRIGIA.
K, Virginica, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion.

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare.
K, amplexicaulis, Nutt. (Cynthia Virginica, Don.) Cynthia.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north at least
to Morrison county (common), Upham, and the upper Mississippi river Garrison.

TROXIMON » Nutt. TROXIMON.

T, cuspidatum, Pursh. Troximon.

Common, or frequent, through the south and west portions of the state ; extending
northeast to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts, Stearns county,
Campbell, and Pembina, Chickering.

T. glaucum, Nutt.* Troximon.

Red river prairie, Dawson, Havard; near Glyndon, Leiberg, Gedge; Kittson, Ste-
vens and Lincoln counties, Upham. West. ([T. aurantiacum, Hook., has been
reported, but probably erroneously, at Pembina.]

TRAGOPOGON, L. Goat’s-BEARD. VEGETABLE OysTER.
T. pratensis, L.t Yellow Goat’s-Beard.
Naturalized in meadow of Spring creek near Red Wing, Sandberg.

HIERACIUM, Tourn. . Hawkweep.

H, umbellatum, L.t Hawkweed.
North shore of lake Superior to the Rocky mountains and northward, Gray’s Syn-
optical Floraof N.A.; probably in northern Minnesota.

+ TROXIMON GLAUCUM, Nutt. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or
glaucous, either glabrous or with loose pubescence : leaves linear to lanceolate, from
entire to sparingly dentate or sometimes laciniate, 4 to 12inches long : involucre com-
monly an inch high and many-flowered; its bracts lanceolate or broader; outer series
shorter, often pubescent, or even villous: akenes with apex tapering gradually into a
rather stout and nerved beak which is shorter than the body; akenes with the beak 5
or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus, the copious and ratherrigid bristles of which
are (as in most species) only denticulate-scabrous. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of iy, A,

+IRAGOPOGON, L. Involucre simple, of many leaves; receptacle naked ; pappus
plumous, achenia longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, filiform beak. Biennial
European herbs, with long, linear, grass-like leaves. Wood’s Class-Book.

T. pratensis, L. Leaves linear, those of the stem dilated at the base and abruptly
acuminated into a slender point towards the apex, glabrous. Pedunclesscarcely thick-
ened beneath the anthodes [heads]. Florets yellow. Achenes with the beak about
as long as the achene, ribbed ; those of the outer florets usually muricated on the ribs.
Pappus of all the florets of plumose hairs. Sowerby’s English Botany, vol. v.

{HIERACIUM UMBELLATUM, L. Stem a foot or two high, strict, leafy to the top,
bearing afew somewhat umbellately disposed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes
broadly lanceolate, nearly entire, sparsely denticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate,
all narrow at base ; the cauline leaves all closely sessile : involucre half inch high, or
sometimes smaller, usually livid, glabrous or nearly so; outermost bracts loose or
spreading. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.‘A.

90 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

H. Canadense, Michx. Canada Hawkweed.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state; abundant north of lake Superior,
Roberts.
H. scabrum, Michx. Rough Hawkweed.

St. Croix river, Parry; Saint Cloud, Campbell; Beaver Bay, Roberts; Pembina.
Chickering. (A hawkweed agreeing with Gray’s description of this species in bearing
40- to 50-flowered heads, but in other characters like H. paniculatum, grows in the Red
river valley on moist prairie, Upham.)

H. longipilum, Torr. Long-bearded Hawkweed.
St. Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare, South.

H, venosum, L. Rattlesnake-weed.
Red river prairie, Dawson, Scott. Infrequent.

PRENANTHES, Vaill. (Including Napatus, Cass.) RATTLE-
SNAKE-ROOT.

P, alba, L. White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.
Common throughout the state.

P. serpentaria, Pursh.* (N. albus, Hook., var. serpentaria, Gray,) Rat-
tlesnake-root.
Hennepin county, Herrick; Stearns county, Campbell. [Devil’s lake, Dakota,
Geyer. |
P. altissima, L. Tall White Lettuce.
Between lake Superior and the lake of the Woods, Macoun.

P. racemosa, Michx. Rattlesnake-root.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

P. aspera, Michx. Rattlesnake-root.

Frequent through the south half of the state; extending north to Stearns county,
Campbell, and Douglas county, Mrs. Terry.
P. crepidinea, Michx. Rattlesnake-root.

Lake Benton, Lincoln county, Upham. Infrequent. South.

LYGODESMIA, Don. LyGODESMIA.

L. juncea, Don. Lygodesmia.

Common southwestward, on sandy land; extending north and east to Muskoda,
Clay county, and Sand Hill river, Upham, Pembioa, Havard, Meeker county, Campbell,
Minweapolis, Roberts, St. Croix river, Swezey, and Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

[Crepis runcinata, Torr. & Gray, whose eastern limit extends from the Saskatchewan
region to Nebraska and Iowa (Arthur), and the nearly related C. glauca, Torr. & Gray,
of similar range, seem likely to be found in western Minnesota. ]

* PRENANTHES SERPENTARIA, Pursh. Commonly 2 feet high, glabrous or a little
hirsute-pubescent : stem sometimes purple-spotted, rather stout: leaves diversely
variable, assuming all the forms of the preceding species: inflorescence corymbosely
thyrsoid-paniculate ; the heads mostly glomerate at summit of ascending or spreading
flowering-branches or peduncles: inyolucre green, rarely purplish-tinged, 8- to 12-
flowered ; flowers purplish, greenish white or ochroleucous: pappus sordid straw-
color or whitish. . . . Open grounds, commonly in sandy or sterile soil. Gray’s Synop-
tical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 91

TARAXACUM, Haller. DANDELION.

T. officinale, Weber. (T. Dens-leonis, Desf.) | Common Dandelion.
Common, often abundant, throughout most of the state ; but less frequent near its
west side. It seems to be quite absent from some districts westward, as Cottonwood
county, Holzinger; and occurs rarely in the Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Daw-
son, Havard.

LACTUCA, Tourn. (Includmg Mutexrprvum, Cass.) LETTUCE.

L. Canadensis, L. Wild Lettuce.
Frequent throughout the state.

L. hirsuta, Muhl. (L. Canadensis, L., var. sanguinea, Torr. & Gray.) Wild
Lettuce.
Minneapolis, Roberts, Upham; frequent in Martin county and in Emmet county,
Iowa, Cratty. South. -
L. pulchella, DC. (Mulgedium pulchellum, Nutt.) False or Blue Lettuce.
Red river valley at Pembina, Havard, and near Moorhead, Leiberg; lake Carlos,
Douglas county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones; Lake Benton and Polk county,
Upham. North and west.
L. Floridana, Gertn. (M. Floridanum, DC.) __ False or Blue Lettuce.
Lapham. Winona county, Holzinger; Minneapolis, 4. W. Jones. South.

L. leucophzea, Gray. (M. leucophzeum, DC.) False or Blue Lettuce.

North of lake Superior, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Pembina, Havard;
Blue Earth county, Letberg.

SONCHUS, Tourn. Sow-THIsTLE.

S. oleraceus, L. Common Sow- Thistle.

Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapolis, Miss Butler; Nicollet county, Aiton; New Ulm,
Juni. Infrequent.

S. asper, Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-Thistle.

I More frequent than the preceding : observed at Grand Marais and Beaver Bay, on
the north shore of lake Superior ; at Minneapolis ; and in Goodhue, Winona, Rice and
Blue Earth counties.
S. arvensis, L. Field Sow-Thisile.

Anoka county, Juni. Infrequent.

LOBELIACE Ai, LoBetia FAMILY.

LOBELIA, Ll. Losetta.

L. eardinalis, L. Cardinal Flower.

Along the Mississippi river at Wabasha, Gibson, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and
Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; and the St. Croix river at Marine Mills, Washington county,
Miss Cathcart, and at St. Croix Falls, Miss Field.

L. syphilitica, L. Great Lobelia.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and the Red river valley, Gedge.
L. inflata, L. Indian Tobacco.

Lake St, Croix, Parry; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
Infrequent.

92 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

L. spicata, Lam. Lobelia.

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extend-
ing northeast to the upper Mississippi, Houghton.

L. Kalmii, L. Kalm’s Lobelia.

Common through the north half of the state and south to Minneapolis, Roberts,
Upham; rare southward, as in peat bogs in the Minnesota valley between Kasota and
Mankato, Leiberg.

L. Dortmanna, L. Water Lobelia.
Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons; doubtless in Minnesota north of lake Superior.

CAMPANULACE. CAMPANULA FAMILY.

CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELLFLOWER.

C. rotundifolia, L. Harebell. Bluebell.

Common throughout the state. A very pretty flower, plentiful in all our prairie re-
gion and along the shore of lake Superior; in the latter situation varying through
intermediate forms to the var. linifolia of Gray’s Manual, Roberts.

C. aparinoides, Pursh. Marsh Bellflower.

Common throughout the state. (In the vicinity of Mankato, a bellflower is reported
by Leiberg as common in bogs, agreeing well with the description of this species, except
in the large size of the flowers, which have the corolla #4 to 34 of an inch long, five
times as long as the small calyx-lobes. The ordinary smaller-flowered form of this
species has not been observed there. The large-flowered form has also been collected
at Minneapolis )

C. Americana, L. ‘Tall Bellflower.

Frequent through the south part of the state; extending north to Douglas county,
Mrs. Terry.

SPECULARIA, Heister. Venus’s Looxrne-GLass.

S. perfoliata, A. DC. Venus’s Looking-Glass.

Lapham, Minneapolis, Kassube; near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent.
South.

ERICACEA. Heats Famity.

GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY. WHORTLEBERRY,

G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray, Common Black Huckleberry.

Frequent, often common, northeastward ; extending west to Cass lake, Schoolcraft,
and south to the falls of Kettle river, in section 15, T. 42, R. 20, Upham.

VACCINIUM, L. CRANBERRY. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY.

V. Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry.

Common northward; extending west to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison,
Becker county, Gedge, and Fergus Falls, Leonard; and south to Anokacounty (plenti-
ful), Roberts, aud White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley.

V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large American Cranberry.

Common through the north half of the state, excepting the Red river valley and
near the shore of lake Superior ; extending south to Fergus Falls, Leonard, and Min-
neapolis, Roberts. Much gathered for the market, especially by the Chippewa Indians.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 93

V. Vitis-Idza, L. Cowberry. ;

North shore of lake Superior (Swamps at Port Arthur), Macoun; doubtless in Min-
nesota.
V. stamineum, L. Deerberry. Squaw Huckleberry.

Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare.

V. uliginosum, L. Bog Bilberry.
North of lake Superior, Juni. North.

V. czespitosum, Michx., var. cuneifolium, Nutt. Bilberry.
Margins of a lake near Stillwater, Parry. Rare. North.

[V. Ovalifolium, Smith,and V.myrtilloides, Hook., will doubtless be found in Minne-
sota north of lake Superior.]

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf or Low Blueberry. :
Common in the north half of the state ; extending south to Minneapolis, Roberts,
‘and lake Pepin, Miss Manning, the Mississippi river being its southwestern limit from
Minneapolis to Morrison county, Upham.
V. Canadense, Kalm. Canada Blueberry. :
Falls of the St. Croixriver, Parry; Stearns county, Garrison; and northward.

V. corymbosum, L. Swamp or High Blueberry.

Lapham. Ramsey county (var. amcenum, Gray), Winchell; White Earth reserva-
tion, Garrison. Rare.

CHIOGENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY.

C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. Creeping Snowberry.

Frequent northeastward ; extending south to Anoka couaty (plentiful in tamarack
swamps), Roberts; Hennepin county, Simmons,

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY.

A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. — Bearberry. Kinnikinnick.

Common, often abundant, on sandy land through the north half of the state ®ex-
tending south to Isanti and Sherburne counties (common), Upham; rare and local far-
ther south, asin Goodhue county, Sandberg, at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and on
sandy knolls in section 12, Saratoga, Winona county, Winchell.

EPIGA,L. Mayritower. Traine ArButus. GRouND LAUREL.

E. repens, L. Mayflower. Trailing Arbutus. Ground Laurel,

Minnesota Point and elsewhere near Duluth, Juni, Miss Cathcart; falls of Kettle
river, Upham. Infrequent. Northeast.

GAULTHERIA, Kalm. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN,

G. procumbens, L. Aromatic Wintergreen. Checkerberry.

Common northeastward ; extending west and south to Rainy Lake river, Keating,
the lake of the Woods, Dawson, Wadena county. Upham, and Anoka county, Roberts,
rare farther southeast, as at lake Pepin, Miss Manning, and Mound Prairie, Houston
county, Winchell.

CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF,

C. calyculata, Don. Leather- Leaf.

North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; St. Croix
tiver, Parry; extending south to Wadena (frequent) and Chisago counties, Upham,
Minneapolis, Kassube, and Stillwater, Miss Field.

94 : TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CASSIOPE, Don. CASSIOPER.

C. hypnoides, Don. Cassiope.
Minnesota Point, lake Superior, Miss Cathcart. Rare. North.

ANDROMEDA, I.. ANDROMEDA.

A.. polifolia, L. Wild Rosemary.

Plentiful near Grand Marais, and in swamps near lake Johanna, Ramsey county,
Roberts; Minnesota Point, Miss Cathcart; lake of the Woods, and thence toward Red
river, Dawson; St. Croix river, Parry; Chisago county, etc., Upham; near Minneapo-
lis, Kassube. North.

KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL.

K. glauca, Ait. Pale Laurel.
Certainly to be found in northern Minnesota, Macoun.

MENZIESIA, Smith. MENZIESIA.

M. glabella, Gray.* Menziesia.

Minnesota Point, lake Superior, Miss Cathcart. (The Botany of California states
that this [ealled M. ferruginea] extends east “nearly to the upper Great lakes.’’)
Rare. Northwest. ;

LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA.

L. latifolium, Ait. Labrador Tea.

Common, often abundant, through the north half of the state ; extending south to
Sherburne and Anoka counties (common), Roberts, and near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry.
Used as tea by the Chippewa Indians.

PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF. PYROLA.

P. rotundifolia, L. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

@ommon through the north half of the state; extending south to Minneapolis
(common), Roberts, and rare farther south, as at Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg,
and Chatfield, Fillmore county, Winchell.

P. rotundifolia, L., var. incarnata, DC. Wintergreen.

Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. North.

P. rotundifolia, L., var. asarifolia, Hook. Wintergreen.
St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Saint Cloud, Garrison. [Lake Superior, Whitney.]
North,
P, rotundifolia, L., var. uliginosa, Gray. Wintergreen.
Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts, Winchell; Morrison county (on dryish land in
woods), Upham.
P. elliptica, Nutt. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

* MENZIES{A GLABELLA, Gray. Strigose-chafiy scales wanting, or very few on
young petioles and midrib beneath; leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-
tipped, glaucescent and glabrous or nearly so beneath (an inch or two long), sprinkled
with some small appressed hairs above, the obscurely serrulate margins minutely cilio-
late: pedicels naked or somewhat glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate. Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N.A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 95

P. chlorantha, Swartz. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state; extending south to Isanti
county, Upham.

P. secunda, L. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

Common northward ; extending south to the St. Croix river, Parry, Goodhue county,
Sandberg, lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Blue Earth county, Letberg, and Redwood Falls,
Pemberton.

P. secunda, L., var. pumila, Paine. Wintergreen, Shin-leaf.
North of lake Superior, Juni; in tamaraeck swamps near Minneapolis, Roberts.
Rare. North.
P. minor, L. Wintergreen. Shin-leaf.

North of lake Superior (in woods at Kakabeka falls), Macoun; doubtless in north-
ern Minnesota.

MONESES, Salish. Moneses. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.

M. uniflora, Gray. One-flowered Pyrola.

North of lake Superior (frequent), Juni, Roberts; Beckercounty, Gedge; Stearns
county, Campbell. North. :

CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIpsissEwA. WINTERGREEN.

C. umbellata, Nutt. Prince’s Pine. Pipsissewa. Wintergreen.

Frequent northward ; extending south to Wadena county, Upham, Saint Cloud,
Campbell, and Anoka county (at Deer lake), Roberts; near Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch;
Tare and local farther southeast, as in Goodhue county, Sandberg, at lake Pepin, Miss
Manning, and Hesper, Lowa, Mrs. Carter.

Cc. maculata, Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen.
Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. Rare.

[Pterospora andromedea, Nutt., will probably be found in northern Minnesota.]

MONOTROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE. PINE-SAP.

M. uniflora, L. Indian Pipe. Corpse-Plant.

Throughout the state: common, occasionally abundant, northward; infrequent
or rare southward.
M. Hypopitys, L. Pine-sap. False Beech-drops.

Caribou Point and Carlton’s Peak, north of lake Superior, also at Taylor’s Falls,
Roberts. Rare. - North.

ILICINEA. (AgQuiFoLiacE.) Hotty Famity.

ILEX, L. HO.ty.

I. verticillata, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry.
St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapo-
lis, Winchell; Stearns county, Upham; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick. North.

NEMOPANTHES, Raf. Mountain Hou.y.

N. Canadensis, DC. Mountain Holly.

Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent.
North. ;

96 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

PLANTAGINACEA. PLANTAIN Faminy.

PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT.

P, major, L. Common Plantain. Wayside Plantain.

Common, often abundant, throughout the state. Evidently indigenous in Rock
county, Leiberg, and in the Red river valley (where a form occurs, very probably the
var. Asiatica, Decaisne, coarser than ordinary, with scape and spike from 1% to 2 feet
high, the spike being 6 to 12 inches long), Upham. [Sheyenne river, Dakota, Geyer.]

P, Rugelii, Decaisne.* (P. Kamtschatica, Hook.) Plantain.

Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty. Perhaps frequent
throughout the state, but overlooked onaccount of its resemblance to the preceding.
(Indigenous ; found only in America.)

[P. cordata, Lam., should be looked for in the east part of the state ; and P. lanceo-
lata, L., may be expected as a weed southeastward. ]

P. eriopoda, Torr.t Plantain.
Red river valley, Watson, Scott. Northwest.

P. Patagonica, Jacq., var. gnaphalioides, Gray. Plantain.

Upper Minnesota river, Parry; New Ulm, Juni; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; common in Watab, Benton county, and frequent, often cemmon, thence
southwestward, Upham; plentiful at the Pipestone quarry (showing gradations in size te
small matted plants with almost filiform scapes, none of which exceed two or three
inches in hight, bearing few-flowered capitate spikes % to 4 inch long), Mrs. Bennett
[Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] South and west, ‘ ;

PRIMULACEA. Primrose FAminy.

PRIMULA, L. PRIMROSE. COWSLIP.

P. farinosa, L. _ Bird’s-eye Primrose.
North shore of lake Superior, Whitney, Macoun; St. Croix lake, Stillwater, Miss
Field. North.

P. Mistassinica, Michx. Primrose.
Lapham. Abundant on the north shore of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North,
ANDROSACE, Tourn. ANDROSACE,

A. occidentalis, Pursh. Androsace.
Blue Earth county (common), also a dwarfed form, about an inch high, with solitary

*PLANTAGO RUGELII, Decaisne. Leaves paler [than in P. major], commonly
thinner: spikes long and thin, attenuate at the apex: sepals oblong, all as well as
the similar bract acutely carinate: capsules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong
(somewhat over 2 lines long, one-sixteenth inch in diameter), about twice the length of
the calyx, circumscissile much below the middle: ovules 6 to 10; seeds 4 to $, oval-oblong
(about a line long), opaque and dull brown, net reticulated. Gray’s Synoptical Flora
Of NG A:

+PLANTAGO ERIOPODA,Torr. Perennial; leaves fleshy, broadly lanceolate, 4 to
6 inches long, 1 to 2 inches wide, attenuate at each end, long-petioled, glabrous, entire,
5-nerved; base of the leaves and scape clothed with long dense brown wool; scape
1 foot high, terete, glabrous or pubescent, with a cylindrical spike (3 to 6 inches long)
of rather remote perfect flowers ; bractsscarious-margined, ciliate ; stamens and styles
very long; bracts broadly ovate, mostly obtuse; capsules 4- to 5-seeded; seeds not
hollowed. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 07

flowers, found near South Bend, in this county, Leiberg; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett;
Sauk Rapids, Mrs. Blaisdell; Walhalla, northeastern Dakota, Scott. South and west.

DODECATHEON, L. AMERICAN CowsLIP. _

D. Meadia, L. American Cowslip. Shooting Star. Pride of Ohio.
Lapham. Winona, Holzinger, Mrs. Terry; Lake City, Miss Manning. Rare.
South and west.

TRIENTALIS, L. STAR-FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.

T. Americana, Pursh. Star-flower. Chickweed-Wintergreen.

Common through the north half of the state, and south to Minneapolis, Roberts,
and Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; less frequent farther southeastward, as at lake Pepin,
Miss Manning, Faribault, Miss Beane, andin Blue Earth county, Leiberg; absent south-
westward.

LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE.

L. thyrsiflora, L. Tufted Loosestrife.

Frequent throughout the state.
L. stricta, Ait. Loosestrife.

Throughout the state ; common northward, and south to Minneapolis ; infrequent
farther southward.

L. quadrifolia, L. —_—Lvosestrife.
Lapham. Dry, sandy ridges, St. Croix river, Parry; Lake City, Mrs. Ray.
Rare. East.

STEIRONEMA, Raf. LoosEsTRIFE.

S, ciliatum, Raf. (Lysimachia ciliata, L.) Locsestrife.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.
S. lanceolatum, Gray, var. hybridum, Gray. (L. lanceolata, Walt., var.
hybrida, Gray.) Loosestrife.
Common southward ; extending north to Fergus Falls, Leonard, and the upper
Mississippi river, Garrison. :
S. longifolium, Gray. (L. longifolia, Pursh.) Loosestrife.

Frequent, often common, in the south half of the state and the Red river valley ;
extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

GLAUX, Tourn. SEA-MILKWoRT-

G, maritima, L. Sea-Milkwort.

Red river prairie (damp placesin marshes), Dawson. [Between Sheyenne river and
Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.] Northwest.

ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL.

A. arvensis, L. Pimpernel. ‘Poor Man's Weather-glass.”’
Martin county, Gedge. Rare. F

CENTUNCULUS, Dill. CHAFFWEED.

C. minimus, L. Chaffweed.
Pipestone quarry. Mrs. Bennett. Rare. Southwest.

[Samolus Valerandi, L., var. Americanus, Gray, will probably be found in Minne-
sota.]

TE

98 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

LENTIBULACE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY.

UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT.

U. vulgaris, L. Greater Bladderwort.
Frequent throughout the state. (It is sometimes nearly or quite destitute of air-
bladders in Hennepin and Blue Earth counties.)

U, minor, L. Smaller Bladderwort.
Also frequent throughout the state.

U. intermedia, Hayne. Bladderwort.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Traverse des Sioux, Minnesota river, Parry;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Roberts. [Emmet county, Iowa (rare),
Cratty; lake Superior, Whitney.]

U. cornuta, Michx. Bladderwort.
Isanti and Morrison counties, Upham; Minneapolis, Simmons.

PINGUICULA, Tourn. BuTTERWOBRT.

P. vulgaris, L. Butterwort.
Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; Duluth, Miss Catheart. North.

OROBANCHACE AH. BrooM-RAPE FAMILY.

APHYLLON, Mitchell. NakED BROOM-RAPE. CANCER-ROOT.

A. Ludovicianum, Gray. (Phelipezea Ludoviciana, Don.) Broom-rape.
Traverse des Sioux, Nicollet county; “found in asingular isolated locality, rooting
onan Indian grave.” Parry. Rare.

A, uniflorum, Gray. (.ne-flowered Cancer-root.

Minneapolis, Kassube; Minnehaha falls. Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Em-
met county, lowa, Cratty; lake Superior, Whitney.] Rare.

A. fasciculatum, Gray. | Naked Broom-rape. Cancer-root.

Bare granite rocks, upper Minnesota river, Parry; Lake City, Miss Manning; Hes-
per, Iowa, Mrs. Carter, Rare.

SCROPHULARIACEA. Fiawort FAmIny.

VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN.

V. Thapsus, L. Common Muilein.
Common, or frequent, through the east half of the state ; infrequent westward.

V. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein.
Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.

LINARIA, Tourn. Toap-F ax.

L. Canadensis, Dumont. Wild Toad-Flax.

Plentiful on the prairie about Sandy lake, close north of Minneapolis, Roberts;
Alexandria, Mrs. Terry; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Tnfrequent.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 99

L. vulgaris, Mill. Toad-Flax. Butter-and-eggs. Ramsted.

Becoming a frequent weed, occasionally abundant: upper Mississippi river ;
Minneapolis ; Goodhue, Wabasha, Nicollet and Blue Earth counties.

SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwort.

S. nodosa, L.. var. Marilandica, Gray. _‘ Figwort.
Common through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis-
sippi river.

[Collinsia parviflora, Dougl., will probably be found in northern Minnesota.]

CHELONE, L. TURTLE-HEAD, SNAKE-HEAD.
C. glabra, L. Turtle-head. Snmake-head. Shell-flower. Balmony.

Common. or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward.

PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. PENTSTEMON.

P. pubescens, Solander. Beard-tongue. Pentstemon.

Common, or frequent, through the southeast and central portions of the state and
in the Red river valley, extending northeast to the upper Mississippi river, and to the
lake of the Woods (rare), Dawson; apparently wanting in Blue Earth county and west-
ward, Leiberg; but found in Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett.

P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Large-flowered Pentstemon.

Common from lake Pepin, Saint Paul and Minneapolis, to the upper Mississippi
river; and thence frequent westerly to Rock county, Leiberg, Pipestone county, Mrs.
Bennett, and the Red river valley near Glyndon, Gedge.

P. acuminatus, Doug]l.* Beard-tongue, Pentstemon.
Red river, Watson in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. West.

MIMULUS, L. MoNKEY-FLOWER.

M, ringens, L. Monkey-flower.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. (In Blue Earth and Martin counties
usually having the angles of the stem very decidedly winged, Gedge; so, too, at White
Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field.)

M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Monkey-flower.
Throughout the state. Minneapolis (plentiful), Fort Snelling, Stillwater, and lake
Pepin; Saint Cloud, and the upper Mississippi river; Beaver creek, Rock county, Leiberg.

GRATIOLA, L. HeEp@eE- Hyssop.

G. Virginiana, L. Hedge-Hyssop.
Frequent, occasionally common, throughout thestate, The most northern localities .

*PENTSTEMON ACUMINATUS, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout
and rigid, leafy: leaves coriaceous, somewhat cartilaginous-margined ; radical and
lowest cauline obovate or oblong ; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or
the upper cordate-clasping, these mostly acute or acuminate: thyrsus strict, inter-
rupted, leafy below, naked above; the clusters several-flowered, and peduncles and
pedicels mostly very short: sepals ovate and acute or lanceolate: corolla lilae or
ehanging to violet; the limb half or two-thirds inch in diameter : sterile filament
Mostly bearded at the dilated tip: capsule firm-coriaceous and acuminate. Gray’s
Synoptical Flora of N. A.

100 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

reported are the St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and the Red river (in an open swamp).
Dawson, who mentions also a variety of this species near Saint Vincent.

{A form which seems to be a distinct variety, or perhaps a species hitherto unde-
scribed, differing much from the ordinary type of G. Virginiana, is reported by Mr. Lei-
berg, with the following description : “Sterile filaments conspicuously tipped with a
head ; plant rather robust, 8 to 12 inches high, very smooth when dried, but in the
growling state covered with a clammy exudation ; lower leaves lanceolate, entire, short
(half an inch long) ; upper leaves somewhat clasping, conspieuously 3- to 5-nerved, ovate
or broadly lanceolate, acute, mostly sharply toothed, from an inch to one and a half
inches long ; pedicels mostly longer than the leaves; bractlets under the calyx two,
lanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, 5 to 6 lines long, 1 to 1% lines wide, twice as long
and aboat three times as wide as the sepals; corolla yellowish white, a half inchin
length. Abundant in peaty bogs, Nicollet county. June.’’]

ILYSANTHES, Raf. FausE PIMPERNEL,

I. gratioloides, Benth. False Pimpernel.

Fort Snelling, Roberts; Blue Earth county (common), Leiberg: Emmet county, lowa
(rare), Cratty. South.

SYNTHYRIS, Benth. SyNTHYRIS.

S. Houghtoniana, Benth. Synthyris.

Stillwater, Parry; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; near Saint Paul, Roberis:
Chisago and Morrison counties (in the Jatter common north of Little Falls), Upham.

VERONICA, L. SPEEDWELL.

V. Virginica,L. _Culver’s Physic,
Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending
northeast to the upper Mississippi river.

V. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell.
Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley.

V. Americana, Schwein. American Brooklime.
Frequent throughout the state.

V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Bogs, upper Mississippi river, Parry; St,
Louis river, Mrs, Herrick; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. [Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.]

[V. serpyllifolia, L., doubtless occurs in this state, but has been overlooked. ]

V. peregrina, L. Neckweed. Purslane Speedwell.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

V. arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell.
Duluth, Juni; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter. Infrequent.
BUCHNERA, L. BLuE-H#EaARTs.
B. Americana, L. Bluc-Hearis.
Wabasha, Gibson. Rare. Southeast.
GERARDIA, L. GERARDIA,.

G, purpurea, L. Purple Gerardia.

Common through the south half of the state; less frequent northward, as at the
lake of the Woods, Dawson, and in the Red river valley, Scott, Havard.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 101

G. purpurea, L., var. paupercula, Gray.* Purple Gerardia.

Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from coast of New England to
Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin, Gray’s Synoptical Floraof N. A,; apparently the
prevailing form of this species in Minnesota.

G. aspera, Dougl. Purple Gerardia.

Common through the west half of the state, abundant in the Red river valley; ex-
tending east to lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Slender Gerardia.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; also found in the Red
river valley, Scott, and at Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer; extending northeast to the up-
per Mississippi river, Garrison.

G. tenuifolia, Vahl., var. asperula, Gray.t Slender Gerardia.

Collected by T. J. Hale, near the St. Croix river, and in Fillmore county.

G. Skinneriana, Wood. (G. setacea, Gray’s Manual.) Gerardia.
Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Rare. South.

G. quercifolia, Pursh. Smooth False Foxglove.
Lapham. Rare. South.

G. grandiflora, Benth. False Foxglove.
Nicollet county, Aiton; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart. South.

G. pedicularia, L. Lousewort Foxglove.

Lapham. Minneapolis, Roberts; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake
Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast.

G. auriculata, Michx. Gerardia.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Nicollet county, Aiton; New Ulm, Juni; frequent in
Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. South.

CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PaInTED-Crp.

C. coccinea, Spreng. Scariet Painted-Cup. Indian Pink. ‘‘Bloody War-
rior.”

Common, often abundant, throughout the wooded portion of the state; less so in the
prairie region ; rare from Blue Earth county westward, Leiberg. Nearly all yellow, at
least in some years, upon districts ten to twenty miles in extent, as was observed in
Washington and Ramsey counties ; elsewhere scarlet, with occasional yellow. speci-
mens intermixed.

C. pallida, Kunth, var. septentrionalis, Gray. Pale Painted-Cup.
Lapham. Fergus Falls, Leonard; Red river valley, Scott. [North of lake Superior,
Agassiz.| Rare. North. i

C. sessiliflora, Pursh. Pale Painted-Cup.

Frequent thioughout the prairie portion of the state; extending northeast to the
upper Mississippi river.

*GERARDIA PURPUREA, L., var. PAUPERCULA, Gray. A span to a foot high,
Smoother: stem more simple or with stricter branches: pedicels mainly opposite :
flowers decidedly smaller: corolla usually only half inch long, lighter rose-purple ;
ealyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving comparatively narrower
sinuses. sometimes over half the length of the tube. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.

+GHRARDIA TENUIFOLIA, Vahl., var. ASPERULA, Gray. Distinguished by Professor
Gray, from the typical G. tenuifolia, as follows: Leaves all nearly filiform, the upper
side hispidulo-scabrous or asperulous (in the manner of G. aspera): inflorescence more
paniculate and with the pedicels all ascending: corolla small, the expanded limb only
half an inch in diameter.—Dry and bare hills and bluffs, Missouri to Minnesota, Wis-
eonsin and Michigan. Botanical Gazette, vol.iv, p. 153: May, 1879.

102 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. ORTHOCARPUS.

O. luteus, Nutt.* | Orthocarpus.

Lapham. North part of the Red river valley (Kittson county), Upham; Roseat
prairie, Scott; Pembina, Havard. Northwest.

EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT.

E. officinalis, L. Eyebright.

North shore of lake Superior ; ‘‘abundant everywhere about the edges of mossy
thickets, especially on the rocky ‘peninsula’ at Grand Marais; in bloom the last of
July and during August; small and little branched in exposed situations, larger an@
much branched among other vegetation.”’ Roberts. North.

RHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW RATTLE.
R. Crista-galli, L. Yellow Rattle.

Lake Superior, Gray’s Manual; doubtless in northeastern Minnesota (but probabl
not in the vicinity of Minneapolis, where it has been reported). North.

PEDICULARIS, Tourn. _LovsEworrt.

P. Canadensis, L. Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.

Common, in many places abundant, throughout the state, excepting perhaps
northeastward. Flowers all greenish yellow, with no tinge of purple, upon extensive
districts.

P. lanceolata, Michx. — Lousewort.
Frequent southeastward ; common westward and in the Red river valley.
MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow- WHEAT.

M. Americanum, Michx. Cow- Wheat.

Throughout the state; common or frequent northward, rare southward. Pine
barrens, St. Croix river, Parry; Ramsey county, Mrs. Terry; north of lake Superior
(common), Juni, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson.

ACANTHACEA. AcantTuus FamIty.

RUELLIA,L. = Ruewra.

R. ciliosa, Pursh. Ruellia.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Rare. Southeast.

*ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft anteriorly and
posteriorly and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube ; upper
lip (galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1- to 3-saccate
lower one. Stamens 4; thesmaller anther-cell sometimes wanting —Low herbs, almost
all annual (W. North American and one Chilian) ; with mainly alternate entire or 3- te
5-parted and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and
not rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple or
rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous orratherfew. F).spring
and summer. §2. TRUE ORTHOCARPUS, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip
inconspicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular
galea ; its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate ; stigma small,
entire; anthers all 2-celled; seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated; root annual.

O. LUTEUS, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid ; stem strict, a span to
a toot high ; leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft : bracts of the dense
spike broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about
equalling the flowers : corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice
thelength of the calyx; tip of galea obtuse andstraight. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 103

VERBENACEA. VERVAIN FAmILy.

VERBENA, Tourn. VERVAIN.

V. angustifolia, Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain.

Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Man-
ning. Rare. Southeast.

V. hastata,L. —_ Blue Vervain.

Common throughout the state, excepting far northward, where it is infrequent or
rare, both in the Red river valley and about lake Superior; found at the lake of the
Woods, Dawsen.

V. urticzfolia, L. White Vervain. Nettle-leaved Vervain.

Frequency and range like the last.
V. stricta, Vent. Hoary Vervain.

Common, or frequent, on sandy land southward; extending north to the upper Mis- .
sissippi river, Houghton.

V. officinalis, L. European Vervain.
Minneapolis, Herrick, Rare.
V. bracteosa, Michx. Prostrate Vervain.

Common through the south half of the state ; extending north to the upper Missis-
sippi river, Houghton, Garrison. (A probable hybrid between this species and VY. stricta
was found at Minneapolis in 1882. It was procumbent and much branched, much larger
and_ coarser than V. bracteosa, covering a space about three feet in diameter ; hirsute ;
leaves Often 3-to5-cleft ; spikes clustered, loosely howered ; bracts inconspicuous,
shorter than the calyx; flowers small, blue. Upham.)

LIPPIA, L. LIPPIA.
L. lanceolata, Michx. Fog-fruit.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast.
PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED.

P. Leptostachya, L. Lopseed.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to Todd
county, Upham, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

LABIAT A. Mint Famtty.
TEUCRIUM, L. GErMaNDER.

T. Canadense, L, American Gerniander. Wood Sage.

Frequent, occasionally common, through the south half of the state and in the Red
river valley to Pembina, Havard.

ISANTHUS, Michx.

I. ezeruleus, Michx. False Pennyroyal.

Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Blue Earth county, Leiberg: Minneapolis, Winchell, Roberts.
South.

MENTHA, Tourn. Mint.

M. viridis, L. Spearmint.
Oiten cultivated, and occasionally spontaneous, escaping from gardens.

,

104 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

M. piperita, L. Peppermint.
Occurring like the iast.

M. Canadensis, L. Wild Mint.
Common throughout the state.

LYCOPUS, Toum. WatER HoREHOUND.

L. Virginicus, L. Bugle-weed.
Frequeut, especially northward ; common north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts.
L. rubellus, Mench. (L. Europeus, L., var. integrifolius, Gray.) Water

Horehound, 1
Minneapolis, Twining, Herrick; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Baptism river,
Juni.

L. lucidus, Turcz., var. Americanus, Gray.* Water Horehound.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Bear lakes, Murray county, Upham. West.
L. sinuatus, Ell, (L. Europzus, L., var. sinuatus, Gray.) . Water Hore-

hound.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Moun'rain Mtint. Bast.

P. lanceolatum, Pursh. Mountain Mint. Basil. ‘‘ Pennyroyal.”’
Common, in many districts abundant, on moist land throughout the prairie portion
of the state.

P. linifolium, Pursh. Mountain Mint. Basil.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South.

CALAMINTHA, Tourn., Mcench. CALAMINT.

©. Nuttallii, Benth. (C. glabella, Benth., var. Nuttallii, Gray.) Calamint,
Falls of St. Anthony, Wood’s Class-Book. Infrequent. East.

C. Clinopodium, Benth. Basil.

Stearns county, Garrison. Infrequent.

HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock PENNYROYAL.
H., pulegioides, Pers. American Pennyroyal.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. South.

H. hispida, Pursh. Mock Pennyroyal.
Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state ; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

MONARDA, L. Horse- Mint.
M. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot.

Throughout the state: frequent northeastward ; common, often abundant, south-
ward and in the Red river valley. .

*LYCOPUS LUCIDUS, Turez. Stem stout (2 to 3 feet high), erect, acute-augled at top;
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), acute or acuminate, with
large and very sharp serrations, the base obtuse, or occasionally acute, subsessile ;
calyx-teeth alternate, subulate.—Var. AMERICANUS, Gray. Leaves barely shining on
both sides, often hairy-pubescent ; stem generally hairy ; calyx-teeth small and rigid.
Gray’s Revision of Lycopus, Proc. Amer, Acad., 1870.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 105

\ M. punctata, L. Horse-Mint.
Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Nicollet county,
Aiton ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast.

BLEPHILIA, Raf. BLEPHILIA.

B. ciliata, Raf. Blephilia.
Lapham. Rare. Southeast.

B. hirsuta, Benth. _Blephilia.
Lapham. Infrequent. Southeast.

LOPHANTHAUS, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

L. nepetoides, Benth. Giant Hyssop.
Falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Lac qui Parle county, Upham. South.

L. scrophularizefolius, Benth. Giant Hyssop.
Frequent southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Houghton.

L. anisatus, Benth. Anise Hyssop.

Common, or frequent through the south half of.the state; abundant in the Red
Yiver valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippi, Houghton, and Rainy Lake
river, Keating. ‘‘All three of the above species are found side by side at the Falls of
the St. Croix.’’ Parry.

NEPETA, L. Cat-Mint.

N. Cataria, L. Catnip.
Frequent throughout the state.

N. Glechoma, Benth. Ground Ivy. Gill.
Occasionally adventive: Todd county, Upham; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts;
Mankato, Leiberg; Lake City, Miss Manning; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.
DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. Dracon-HEap.
D. parvifiorum, Nutt. Dragon-head.
Throughout the state: frequent northward; rare southward.
PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. FatsE DRAGON-HEAD. LION’S-HEART.

P. Virginiana, Benth. False Dragon-head. Lion’s-heart.
Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extend-
ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Parry.

BRUNELLA, Tourn. SELF-HEAL. HEAL-ALL.
B. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. Heal-all.
Throughout the state : common northward ; frequent southward.

SCUTELLARIA, L. SKULLCAP.

-S. versicolor, Nutt. Skullcap.
Lapham. Shore of lake Pepin, in Wisconsin, Miss Manning. South.

S. parvula, Michx. Skullcap.
Frequent through the south half of the state and north to the upper Mississippi
river.

106 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

S. galericulata, L, Skullcap,
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. lateriflora, i. | Mad-dog Skullcap.
Commonness and range like the last.

MARRUBIUM, Tourn. HorREHOUND.

M. vulgare, L. Horehound.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Tnofrequent.

GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nertie.

G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-Nettle.

Abundant nerth of lake Superior ; infrequent southward. Mr. Roberts describes
it on the north shore of lake Superior as ‘‘very common, growing on the shingle espe-
cially ; corolla almost universally white, marked with yellow in the throat; rarely
purple,”

STACHYS, Tourn. Heper-NETTLE. WouNDWORT.

S. palustris, L. Hedge-Nettle. Woundwort.

Abundant on moist ground and margins of sloughs throughout the state ; in many
districts southwestward persisting as a weed in wheat-fields. (The tube of the corolla
is abruptly constricted on the front side near its base, and within at that point bears
short white hair. Floral leaves small, but much exceeding the sessile calyx.)

S. aspera, Michx. (S. palustris, L., var. aspera, Gray.) Hedge-Nettle.
Woundwort.
Common north of lake Superior at Little Maraisand Palisades, Roberts; Pembina,

Chickering, Scott; Stearns county, Garrison; Minneapolis, Twining, Koes Blue
Earth county, Leiberg.
LEONURUS, L. MoTHERWORT.

L. Cardiaca, L. Common Motherwort.

Becoming frequent southward : Minneapolis ; Saint Paul; Stillwater ; lake Pepin;
Fillmore, Blue Earth and Martin counties.

LAMZUM, Tourn. Deap-NErt_Le.

L. amplexicaule, L. Dead-Nettle.

Excelsior, near Minneapolis, Mrs. Herrick; probably also at Duluth. This is likely
to become a frequent weed.

BORRAGINACE. BoraGe FAmILy.

SYMPHYTUM,Town. Comrrey.

S. officinale, L. Comfrey.

Escaped from cultivation : Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch; Goodhue ceunty, Sandberg.
Infrequent.

ONOSMODIUM, Michx. FatsE GROMWELL.

O. Carolinianum, DC. False Gromwell.
Frequent, occasionally common, through the south half of the state

STATE GEOLOGIST. 107

O. Carolinianum, DC, var. molle, Gray. (0. molle, Michx.) False
Gromwell. ‘
Winona county, Holzinger; Spring Valley, Fillmore county, Dr. W. E. Leonard;
Scott county, Winchell; Nicollet county, Aiton; Blue Earth county, Leitberg; Fergus
Falls, Dr. H. C. Leonard; Worthington (rare), Foote. South and west.

LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GROMWELL. Puccoon.

[L. arvense, L.,may be expected. It isreported in Michigan as a bad weed in wheat-
fields .] ,

L. angustifolium, Michx. Narrow-leaved Gromwell,

Frequent southward and in the Red river valley ; extending northeast to the upper
Mississippi river. (The early-flowering state of this species, with the tube of the corolla
much elongated, is described in Gray’s Manual under the name L. longifiorum,
Spreng.)

L. officinale, L. Common Gromwell.
Minneapolis, Roberts, Herrick; Brockway, Stearns county, Miss Campbell. Rare.

L. latifolium, Michx. Broad-leaved Gromwell.

Tsanti county, Upham; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; near MeeKer’s island, Minne-
apolis, Kassube; Chaska, Carver county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin
county (rare), Cratty. South.

L. hirtum, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon.

Common, often abundant, on sandy land in the south half of the state ; extending
nerth at least to Fergus Falls, Leonard.

L. canescens, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon or Alkanet. ‘‘ Indian Paint.’’

Abundant, or common, through the south half of the state, and in the Red river
valley ; extending northeast to the upper Mississippiriver. The red juice of the root
is used by the Indians to paint their faces and for other purposes in dyeing.

[For L longiflorum, Spreng , see L. angustifolium, Michx., above,]

MERTENSIA, Roth. Smoora Lunewort.

M. Virginica, DC. Virginian Cowslip or Lungwort. ‘‘ Blue Bells.”

Lapham. Rochester, Olmsted county, Miss Beane; Le Roy, Mower county, Miss
Bixby. Southeast.

M. paniculata, Don. Smooth Lungwort.

Common on the north shore of lake Snperior, Juni, Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs.
Herrick, ‘The flower-buds pink, turning blue as they open, thus giving the flowering
plant a showy, variegated appearance. Still vlooming in August.’’ Roberts.

MYOSOTIS, L. SCORPION-GRASS. FORGET-ME-NOT.

M. arvensis, Hoffm, Forget-me-not.
Minneapolis (quite surely this species), Herrick. Rare.

M.verna, Nutt. Forget-me-not.
Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett. Rare.
ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. SricksEED. BuUR-sEED.

E. floribundum, Lehw.* Stickseed. Bur-seed.
Red river near Saint Vincent, Dawson. West.

*ECHINOSPERMUM FLORIBUNDUM, Lehm. Rather strict, two feet or more high, or
sometimes smaller : leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into

108 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

E. deflexum, Lehm.* Stickseed. Bur-seed.
Red river valley at Pembina, Havard. Northwest.

E..Lappula, Lem. Stickseed. Bur-seed. ‘‘Stick-tight.”

Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; less frequent in the
Red river valley and the region of lake Superior (reported at Duluth, Juni, and in the
vicinity of Saint Vincent, abundant, Dawson).

E. Redowskii, Lehm., var. occidentale, Watson. Stickseed, Bur-
seed. ‘Stick-tight.’’

Frequency and range nearly like the last; but probably absent northeastward.
(Procumbent and ascending, six to twelve inches high.)—The American plant is less
strict, at length diffuse, and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharpinstead
of blunt or roundish, asin the Asiatic plant. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

E. Virginicum, Lehm. (Cynoglossum Morrisoni, DC.) Beggar’s Lice.
Stickseed. Bur-seed. ‘ Stick-tight.”’

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; rare or less frequent
northward. ;

CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Hounp’s-TonGug.

C, officinale, 1. Hound’s- Tongue.

Becoming a frequent weed: lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Hastings, Leonard, and
Mendota, Dakota couuty, Kassube; Nicollet county, Aiton; Jordan, Scott county, Juni;
Stearns county, Garrison, Campbell.

C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey.

Goodhue county, Sandberg; Stearns county, Upham; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick,
East and north.

ASPERUGO, Tourn. GERMAN Mupwort.

A. procumbens, L.t German Mudwort.
Adventive, but scarcely established, at Pipestone City, Mrs. Bennett. Rare.

margined petioles : racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict :
nutlets with elongated triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous; and the
margin armed with a close row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent ;
scar smaller and narrowly ovate. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to 5 lines in diameter.
Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A. :

*ECHINOSPERMUM DEFLEXUM, Lehm. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high : leaves
from oblong to lanceolate: racemes lax, loosely paniculate: flowers soon sparse,
smaller than in the preceding : nutletssmaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long)
broader. ... . . Habit intermediate between the preceding and E. Virginicum,
Lehm.; the American specimens having occasionally some few prickles developed from
the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets. Fruit as well as flowers about half the
size of that of E. floribundum. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

+ ASPERUGO, Tourn. Calyx when in flower nearly regular, deeply 5-cleft, in fruit 2-
lobed, with the lobes valvate, closed, flattish, palmately lacininate, the one 6- and the
other 7-toothed. Corolla funnelshaped-salvershaped ; the throat closed by 5 obtuse
scales; limb coneave, 5-lobed. Stamens included. Nucules laterally compressed,
nearly smooth with raised dots, attached by their narrow inner edge to the conical
receptacle. A rough herb with fragile juicy stems, and small axillary purplish-blue
flowers. Calyx much enlarged and veined in fruit, somewhat like the perianth of the
female flowers of the genus Atriplex. :

A. procumbens,L. The only known species. Annual; stem J to 3 feet long, pro-
cumbent or trailing, succulent, brittle, angular, thiniy studded with reflexed prickles,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 109

HYDROPHYLLACER.. . Waternear Famiy.

HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF.

H. Virginicum, L. Waterleaf.

Common, occasionally abundant, through the south half of the state; extending
north at least to Morrison county (plentiful), Upham, and Ciay county in the Red river
valley, Gedge.

H. appendiculatum, Michx. Waterleaf.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South.

ELLISIA, L. ELuiIsra.

E. Nyetelea, L. (Including the slender form, E. ambigua, Nutt., pibich pre-
vails here. ) Ellisia.
Frequent through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley.

PHACELIA, Juss. PHACELTA.

_P. Purshii, Buckley. Phacelia.

Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.; Goodhue county, Sandberg. Rare. South-
east.

P. Franklinii, Gray. Phacelia.

Shores of lake Superior, especially on Isle Royale, Gray’s Manual; abundant at
Port Arthur, Macoun; surely also in northern Minnesota.

POLEMONIACEA. Potemonium FAMILY.

POLEMONIUM, Tourn. GREEK VALERIAN,

P. reptans, L. Greek Valerian.

Hesper, Iowa, adjoining Fillmore county (common), Mrs. Carter; Winona, Hol -
zinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; extending
northwest to New Ulm, Letberg, and Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Infrequent. South-
east.

PHLOX, L. PHLox.

P. maculata, L. Wild Sweet William.

Northfield, Rice county, Chaney; Dakota county, Winchell, Upham; Minneapolis,
Herrick South.

P. glaberrima, L. Phlox.
St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; New Ulm, Juni; upper Mississippi river, Garrison.
Infrequent. South.

by which they readily adhere to the clothes of passers-by and to the coats of animals.
Leaves oblanceolate, subobtuse, the lower ones narrowed into winged petioles and
slightly decurrent, those on the upper part of the stem scarcely slalked, nearly opposite,
or 3 or 4in a whorl, more or less clothed with hairs, many of whieh are hooked-pointed.
Peduncles very short, at first erect, afterwards recurved, 1-flowered. Corolla 1 inch
across, dull purplish blue. Calyx in fruit 44 inch long, dorsally compressed, of 2 palm-
ately laciniate valves, adpressed to each other, with a prominent network of veins,
sparingly ciliated and clothed with bristly hairs. Nucules yellowish-gray, one-fifth
inch long, thickly studded with smooth white scale-like patches, Sowerby’s English
Botany, vol. vii.

110 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

P. pilosa, L. Hairy Phlox.
Common throughout the prairie portion of the state ; extending northeast to the
upper Mississippi river, Houghton, Garrison.

P. divaricata, L. Phlox:
Frequent, or common, southward; extending north to Minneapolis (common), Rob-

erts, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton. [The var. Laphamii, Wood, occurs at Minnehaha
falls (plentiful), Roberts, and is also common at Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter.]

COLLOMIA, Nutt. COLLOMIA.

C. linearis, Nutt.* Collomia.
Pipestone county, Mrs, Bennett. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer.]} West.

CONVOLVULACE. ConvoLvutus FamiIy.

CONVOLVULUS, L BINDWEED.

C. sepium, L. (Ca'ystegia sepium, R. Br.) Hedge bindweed. Bracted

Bindweed.
Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley; extend-
ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river; also, St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and
probably throughout Minnesota.

C. sepium, L., var. repens, Gray.t (var. pubescens, Gray, in Manual.)
Clay county, in the Red river valley, Gedge.

C. spithameeus, L. (Calystegia spithamea, Pursh.) Bracted Bindweed.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Winona county, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss
Manning; Dellwood, White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; near Minneapolis
(rare), Kasssube ; Stearns courty, Mrs. Blaisdell; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; Red
river prairie (rare), Dawson ; Pembina (in woods), Chickering.

CUSCUTA, Tourn. DoppDER.

C. tenuiflora, Engelm. Dodder.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg, determined by Watson. South.

C. chlorocarpa, Ergelm. Dodder.
Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth connty, Leiberg. South.

*COLLOMIA, Nutt. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform with a more or less
dilated throat. Filaments slender, unequally inserted, usually protruded. Ovules
solitary, few or many in each cell. Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting
numerous spiral threads (spiricles) when wetted (except in C. gracilis). Annuals or
some biennials, with alternate leaves (or only the lower ones opposite), which are
usually pinnately incised or divided, and with clustered or sometimes scattered flowers.

C. LINEARIS, Nutt. Annual, more or less viscid-pubescent, becoming glabrate
below, glandular above ; stems erect, simple or branching, 6 to 18 inches high ; leaves
sessile, lanceolate, very entire ; heads crowded ; lobes of the calyx triangular-lance-
olate, acute ; corolla light blue or nearly white, 6 lines long, slender, but little enlarged
at the throat, the limb small; ovules solitary ; seeds with very numerous spiricles.
Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado,and Botany of King’s Report, following Gray’s
Revision of N. A. Polemoniacecw:, Proc. Amer. Acad., 1870, vol. viii.

+CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM, L., var. REPENS, Gray. Corolla from almost white to rose-
color: bracts from very obtuse to acute: herbage from minutely to tomentose-pub-
escent: sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate: leaves more
narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire.
Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. - 111

C. Gronovii, Willd. Dodder.
; Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river
valley.
C. Gronovii, Willd., var. latiflora, Engelm. Dodder.

Doubtless in this state ; as it occurs at Hesper, in the north edge of Iowa (on Impa-
tiens fulva), Mrs. Carter, Arthur. [A form with flowers of more delicate texture, and
shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.]

C. glomerata, Choisy. Dodder.

Frequent, or common, through the south part of the state; extending north to
Stearns county, Campbell, and Redwood Falls, Miss Butler. i

SOLAN ACEH At. NIGHTSHADE FAmILy.

SOLANUM, Tourn, NicHTsHaADE.

S. Dulcamara, L. Bittersweet.
Stillwater, Miss Field; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Infrequent.

S. nigrum, L. Common Nightshade. Black Nightshade.

Common through the south half of the state, especially southwestward, where the
berries are often used for pies and sauce. Indigenous ; also cosmopolitan.

PHYSALIS,L. Grounp CHenrry.
P. grandiflora, Hook. Ground Cherry.

Upper Mississippiriver, Garrison; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; St. Louis river,
Mrs. Herrick. North.
P. Philadelphica, Lam. Ground Cherry.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; Redwood Falls, Pember-
_ton. South.
P. angulata, L. Ground Cherry.
Lapham. Minneapolis, Twining, Simmons. Rare. South.

P, pubescens, L. Ground Cherry.

Frequent, or common, in the south part of the state; extending west at least to
Worthington, Nobles county (common), Foote, and north to New Ulm and Anoka
county, Juni, and Stearns county, Campbell.

P. Virginiana, Mill. (P. viscosa, in Gray’s Manual.) Ground Cherry.
; Frequent southward ; extending north to the upper Mississippi river, Garrison.
[North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Pembina mountain, Havard.|

P. Virginiana, Mill., var. ambigua, Gray. Ground Cherry.

A coarse and very villous form with anthers violet !—Wisconsin (Lapham) to Sas-
katehewan, Bourgeau, Drummond, &c., Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N.A.; therefore
' doubtless in Minnesota.

P. lanceolata, Michx. (P. Pennsylvanica, in Manual.) Ground Cherry.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river val
ley ; extending northeast to Itasca lake, Houghton.

NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE GF Peru.

N. physaloides, Gertn. Apple of Peru.
Adventive, Minneapolis, Williams, Roberts. Infrequent.

112 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

LYCIUM, L. MaAtTRIMONY-VINE.

L. vulgare, Dunal. Matrimony-Vine.
Adventive, Minneapolis, Juni, Roberts. Infrequent.

DATURA, L. JAMESTOWN-WEED. THORN-APPLE.

D. Stramonium, L. Common Stramonium or Thorn- Apple.

Stearns county, Campbell, Minneapolis, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. South.
D. Tatula, L. Purple Thorn-A pple.

Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Wiss Manning.
Rare. South. ;

NICOTIANA, Tourn. TOBACCO.

N. rustica, L. Wild Tobacco.
Near Clotho, Todd county, Upham; “‘arelic of cultivation by the Indians.” Rare.

GENTIANACEA. GENTIAN FAMILY.

HALENTA, Borkh. SPURRED GENTIAN.

H. deflexa, Griseb. Spurred Gentian.
Common north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson. North.

GENTIANA, Tourn. GENTIAN.

G. Amarella, L., var. acuta, Hook. f.* Gentian.
Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Scott; determined by Watson. Northwest.

G. quinqueflora, Lam., var. occidentalis, Gray. Five-flowered Gen-
tian.

Frequent, or occasional, through the south part of the state ; extending north to
Saint Paul and White Bear lake, Mrs. Terry, Stillwater, Miss Field, and the upper
Mississippi river, Garrison. [Common at Hesper, Mrs. Carter, and in Emmet county,
Iowa, Cratty. "

G. crinita, Freel. Fringed Gentian.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

G. serrata, Gunner. (G. detonsa, in Manual.) Smaller Fringed Gentian.
Also common throughout the state. This and the preceding grow together, and in

many places are very abundant locally.

G. alba, Mubl. Whitish Gentian.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Hesper, Mrs. Carter; Winona, Holzinger;
Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; Faribault, Miss Beane; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart;

*GENTIANA AMARELLA, L. From 2 to 20 inches high: leaves from lanceolate to
narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate : inflorescence disposed to be racemi-
form : calyx 5-cleft (or rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear,
equal or one or two of them longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla : the latter
(funnelform, with entire lobes) half inch or more long ; its lobes oblong, obtuse or be-
* coming acute (with setaceous-fimbriate crown on their base): capsule sessile.—Var.
AcuUTA, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted ; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very
few sete. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 113

Minneapolis, Roberts; St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; New Ulm, Juni; Stearns county,
Campbell; Roseau river, Scott.

G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian.
Frequent through the south half of the state andin the Red river valley ; extending
northeast to the upper Mississippi river, Geyer, Garrison.

G. Saponaria, L. Soapwort Gentian.
Lapham. Cannon river, Geyer; Anoka county, Juni; Pembina, Havard. Infre-
quent. South and west.

G. linearis, Freel., var. lanceolata, Gray.* Gentian.
Minnesota and along lake Superior, Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.; frequent on
prairies, Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

G. puberula, Michx. Gentian.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley
(common northward to Ada, Norman county, Upham, and infrequent to the vicinity of
Saint Vincent, Scott).

G. affinis, Griseb.t Gentian.
Lapham. Redriver, Watsonin King’s Report; near Saint Vincent, Scott, deter-
mined by Watson. West.

MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN,
M, trifoliata, L. Buckbean.
Common throughout the state,
LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Froatine Heart.

L. lacunosum, Griseb. Floating Heart.
In a lake near Alexandria, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. Rare.

APOCYNACEAE. Doepanz Famiy.

APOCYNUM, Tourn. DogBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

A. androszemifolium, L. Spreading Dogbane.
Common throughout the state.

*GENTIANA LINEARIS, Freel. (G. Saponaria, L., var. linearis, Griseb.) Smooth
throughout : stem slender and strict, a foot or two high: leaves linear or narrowly
lanceolate, 1144 to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide. and with somewhat narrowed base :
fiowers 1 to 5 in the terminal involucrate cluster, and often solitary in one or two axils
below: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube: corolla biue, an
inch or more long, narrow-funnelform ; the erect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2
lines long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1- to 2-toothed
appendages.—Var. LANCEOLATA. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate
ones almost ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide) : appendages
of the sinuses of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. . . . Approaches narrow-
leaved forms of G. alba. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

+GENTIANA AFFINIS, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly
ascending : leaves from oblong to lanceolate or linear: flowers from numerous and
thyrsoid-racemose to few or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx-
lobes linear or subulate, unequal and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube,
the shorter sometimes minute: corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnel-
form ; its lobes ovate, acutish or mucronulate-pointed, spreading. Gray's Synoptical
Flora of N.A.

SF

114 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp.

Also common throughout the state. (Polymorphous; the var. glaberrimum, DC.,
has been noted in Faribault county, Upham; and var. hypericifolium, Gray, at lake
Minnetonka, Roberts, St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, and Pembina, Havard; var. pubes-
cens, DC., probably also occurs here; but intermediate forms are found, “rendering
useless any sub-specific names.’’

ASCLEPIADACEA. Mitkweep Famtny.

ASCLEPIAS, L, MILKWEED. SILKWEED.

A. speciosa, Torr.* Milkweed. Silkweed.

Red river valley, in Clay county (frequent on portions of the prairie which are inter-
mediate between wet and dry), Upham; Big Stone county, Campbell, determined by
Prof. Asa Gray; extending east to the central part of Minnesota, Rev. HE. L. Greene,
and Martin county, Gedge, Leiberg. [Frequent in Emmet county, Iowa (sometimes
troublesome in grain-fields, like A. Cornuti elsewhere), Cratty.] West.

A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Common Milkweed or Silkweed.
Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward.

A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Sullivant’s Milkweed.

Common, or frequent, across the south part of the state; extending north to Blue
Earth county, Gedge, Brown county, Juni, wet prairies of central Minnesota, Rev. H. L.
Greene, and in the Red river valley at least to Clay county (frequent), Gedge.

A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Poke- Milkweed.

St. Croix river, Parry; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Minneapolis, Herrick, Hatch;
Stearns county, Upham; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Infrequent. South.

A. purpurascens, L. Purple Milkweed.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Stillwater, Miss Field; Hennepin county, Herrick,
Hatch; upper Mississippi river, Garrison. Infrequent. South.

A. ovalifolia, Decaisne. Milkweed.

Frequent throughout the prairie region of the state: common in Benton, Stearns
and Todd counties (in oak openings and prairies), Upham; the most common species of
this genus in the Red river valley, Gedge.

A. quadrifolia, L. Four-leaved Milkweed.
Shores of lake Pepin, both in Minnesota and Wisconsin, Miss Manning. Rare.
South.
A. inearnata, L. Swamp Milkweed.
Common throughout the state.

A. inearnata, L., var. pulehra, Pers. Swamp Milkweed.
Minneapolis, Kassube.

*ASCLEPIAS SPECIOSA, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with
age : leaves from subcordate-oval to oblong, thickish: peduncles shorter than the
leaves : pedicels of the many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose :
flowers purplish, large : corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long : hoods 5 or 6 lines
long, spreading, the dilated body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers,
but the center of its truncate summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate
thrice longer termination: column hardly any: wings of the anthers notched and
obscurely corniculate at base.—Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and
densely tomentose, large (3 to 5inches long) and ventricose, ovate and acuminate,
arrect on deflexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short-petioled, transversely
veined : stems stout and simple, 2to5 feet high. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 115

A. obtusifolia, Michx. Milkweed.
Lapham. South.

A. tuberosa, L. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river, Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard; not observed in Clay
county, Gedge.

A. verticillata, L. Whorled Milkweed.

Frequent southeastward ; extending north to Otter Tail county, Upham, Clay
county (common), Gedge, and Pembina, Chickering.

ACERATES, EI. GREEN MILKWEED.

A. viridiflora, Ell. Green Milkweed.
Occasional through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley.

A. viridiflora, Ell., var. lanceolata, Gray. Green Milkweed.

Blue Earth county (frequent), Leiberg; Clay county, Red river valley, Gedge. [With
lanceolate leaves 24% to 4 inches long. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of N. A.]

A, viridiflora, Ell,, var. linearis, Gray. © Green Milkweed.

Clay county, Gedge. West. [With elongated linear leaves and low stems:
umbels often solitary.— Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico. Gray’s Synoptical Flora of
N.A.]

A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Green Milkweed.

Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Juni, Roberts;
Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Clay county, Red river valley, Gedge. (Specimens with
some of the leaves having two equally prominent midribs and the end bifid were col-
lected in Clay county by Prof. Gedge.) South and west.

A. longifolia, El. Green Milkweed.

Freeborn county, Upham; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; frequent in Martin
county, and in Emmet county, lowa,Craity; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper
Mississippi river, Garrison. South.

OLEACEA. Outve Famity.

FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH.
F, Americana,L. White Ash.

Frequent, often common, throughout the state, excepting far northward. The
white and black ash are well known as valuable timber trees.

F. pubescens, Lam. Red Ash.

Frequent from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, to Stearns and Todd counties and Sand
Hillriver, Upham; the White Earth reservation, Garrison; reaching its northern
limit on Rainy river, Richardson.

F. viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state; extending north at least to Rainy river
and the lake of the Woods,and common along the Red riverin Manitoba, Bell; the
must common species of ash in Iowa, Arthur.

F. sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash.

Frequent, occasionally plentiful, throughout the state, excepting perhaps south-
westward. [Its northwestern limit reaches the southern part of lake Winnipeg, aud
thence extends southward along the east side of Red river, Bell.)

F. quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; near the Rainy lake valley, Clark. Rare.

116 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ARISTOLOCHIACE. BirtHwort FAmILy.

ASARUM, Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER...

A. Canadense, L. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

A. Sipho, L’Her. Pipe-Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe.

Fillmore, Houston and Ramsey counties, Winchell; Rice county, Sperry; lake
Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast.

NYCTAGINACEA. Four-o’cLock FAMILY.

OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. OxYBAPHUs.

O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Oxybaphus.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; extending north to the
upper Mississippi river, Parry, Garrison, and Sand Hill river, Upham; also found at
the lake of the Woods (sandy ridges of southern shore), Dawson.

O. hirsutus, Sweet. Oxybaphus.

Frequent southward ; extending north to Minneapolis and Big Stone lake, Upham,
and to Pembina, Havard. South and west. [One foot high, hirsute throughout ;
leaves lanceolate, thick, the lower short-petioled; fruit of O. nyctagineus. Botany of
King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parailet.]

O. angustifolius, Sweet. Oxybaphus.

Frequent through the south half of the state. Southwest. [One to six feet
high, glabrous, except the peduncles and involucres ; leaves linear. Botany of King’s
Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel. In all these species the fruit is pubescent, and the in-
volucre always 3- to 5-flowered.]

PHYTOLACCACEA, PoKEWEED FAmILy.

PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. POKEWEED.

P, decandra, L. Garget. Poke. Scoke. Pigeon-Berry.

Throughout the south half of the state, but infrequent or rare. Blue Earth county,
Leiberg; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones; upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

CHENOPODIACE. GOOSEFOOT Famity.

CYCLOLOMA, Moquin. Winerp PicwEEp. ,

C. platyphyllum, Mogquin. Winged Pigweed.
Beach at northwest side of Mille Laces (plentiful), and north end of Long lake,
Crow Wing county, Upham.

CHENOPODIUM, Tourn. (Including Burrum, Tourn.) (J008E-
FOOT. PIGWEED.

C. album, L. —Lamb’s-Quarters. Pigweed.
A common weed in waste and cultivated ground throughout the state.

ee

Vv —

STATE GEOLOGIST. TG,

C. Boscianum, Moquin.* (C. album, L., var. Boscianum, Gray, in Manual.)
Goosefoot.
Stony Point, lake Madison, Blue Earth county, Gedge. South.

~€. urbicum, L. Goosefoot.
Red river valley at Pembina, Havard. Infrequent.
C. urbicum, L., var. rhombifolium, Moquin. Goosefovt.
Stillwater, Miss Field. Infrequent,

C. hybridum, L, Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
Frequent, often common, throughout the state,

€. Botrys, L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.
Northeastward, Clark; Minneapolis, Herrick ; Stillwater (plentiful), Miss Butler,
Miss Field. Infrequent.

[C. ambrosioides, L., will probably extend to Minnesota.]

Cc. rubrum, L., var. humile, Watson. (Blitum maritimum, Nutt.)
Coast Blite.

Lapham. Northwest. [Var. HUMILE, Watson. Smaller, prostrate or ascending ;
leaves ovate to lanceolate, often hastate, an inch long or less, rarely toothed: flowers
in axillary or somewhat spicate clusters. Watson, Botany of California.]

C. capitatum, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L.) | Strawberry Blite.

Stillwater, Miss Field; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; north of lake Superior,
Agassiz; Carlton county, and Minnesota Point, lake Superior (juice of the fruit used by
the Chippewa Indians for staining), Roberts. North.

C. Bonus- Henricus, . (Blitwm Bonus-Henricus, Reich.) Good-King-Henry.

Lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare.

[Atriplex patula, L., var. hastata, Gray, and var. littoralis, Gray, will probably be
found on the shore of lake Superier in Minnesota. ]

CORISPERMUM, Ant. Jussieu. Buc-srxp.

C. hyssopifolium, L. Bug-seed.

Minnesota Point (plentiful), also near Minneapolis, Roberts; northwest beach of
Mille Lacs (abundant), Upham; Red river, Hooker, Watson. Local.

SALICORNIA, Tourn. GLASSWORT. SAMPHIRE.

S. herbacea, L. Glasswort. Samphire.

In the vicinity of a salt spring on the bank of the Red river near Saint Vincent,
Say, Nuttall. Rare.

SU 4EDA, Forskal. Sea Burs.

S.depressa, Watson.t _—_ Sea Blite.

Lapham. Red river valley near Saint Vincent (common), Upham; Pembina, dry
plains, Chickering. Northwest.

* CHENOPODIUM BOSCIANUM, Moquin, Erect, slender, 2 feet high, loosely branched,
nearly glabrous; leaves thin, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, acute, at-
tenuate into along, slender petiole, the lower sinuate-dentate, or often all entire;
flowers very small, solitary, or in small clusters upon the slender branchlets; calyx
green, not strongly carinate, partly covering the at length naked seed, which is %4 line

‘proad. Watson’s Revision of Chenopodium, Proc. Am. Acad., vol. ix.

+SUHDA DEPRESSA, Watson. Annual: low and mostly decumbent, branching from
the base, with usually short ascending leafy branchlets: leaves linear, broadest at

118 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

AMARANTACEA. AMARANTH FAMILY.

AMARANTUS, Tourn. AMARANTH.

A. retroflecus,L. Pigweed. Red-root.
A common weed throughout the state.

A. albus, L. Tumble-weed.

Frequent southeastward and in the Red river valley ; abundant southwestward, on
both the longest cultivated and the newly broken land. (North of lake Superior, Agas-
siz; “sandy shore of the upper Missouri” [probably there indigenous, and perhaps so
in western Minnesota], Geyer.) The popular name alludes to the beliavior of this plant
in autumn and winter, as described by Arthur: ‘It grows in a globular form, often
three or four feet in diameter. When killed by frost, the branches remain rigid, the
plant soon loosens from the soil, and the wind drives it bounding over the fields and
prairies, until brought up in some fence corner. When the corner is full, those that
follow are enabled to scale the fence. With a change of wind, all the lodged plants
are set flying in another direction. This is an effective method of scattering the
seeds.’’—Prairie fires are sometimes carried by these rolling dead weeds across broad
fire-breaks of plowed land.

A. blitoides, Watson.* | Amaranth.

Mankato (a common weed by roadsides and in waste places), Leiberg; Martin
county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, (rare), Cratty. South. “Tt grows flat upon the
ground like purslane,and has a dark green, glossy leaf, not much larger than that of
purslane, but thinner. It is a native of the western plains, but is traveling eastward
asa weed. It is abundant in Iowa at Clear Lake and southward.” <Arthur.

ACNIDA, L. Water- Hemp.

A. tuberculata, Moquin. (Montelia tamariscina, Gray, in part, and its var.
concatenata, Gray.) Water-Hemp.

St. Croix river, Parry; common on gravelly shores of the Le Sueur and Minnesota
rivers in Blue Earth county, Leiberg; also commonin Martin county, and in Emmet
county, lowa, Cratty. “Sometimes erect, and from one to four feet high ; sometimes
Spreading or prostrate.” South.

FRAELICHIA, Mench. FR@LICHIA.

F. Floridana, Moquin. Freelichia.
Lapham. Minneapolis, Roberts. Rare. South.

POLYGONACEA. BuckwHEaT FAmILy.

POLYGONUM, L. KNOTWEED. PoLyGonuM.

P. viviparum, L. Alpine Bistort.
Grand Marais, lake Superior, Roberts. North.

base, semiterete, 14 to J inch long, the floral ones oblong- to ovate-lanceolate or ovate,
acute, rather crowded: calyx cleft to the middle somewhat unequally, one or more of
the acute lobes strongly carinate or crested : seed vertical or horizontal, half a line
broad, very lightly reticulated. Watson, Botany of California.

* A MARANTUS BLITOIDES, Watson. Prostrate or decumbent, the slender stems
becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so; leaves broadly spatulate to nar-
rowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender petiole, an inch Jong or usually less ; flowers
in small contracted axillary spikelets; bracts nearly a line broad. Proc. Amer.
Acad..vol. xii.

STATE GEOLOGIST. ; 119

P. orientale, L. Prince’s Feather.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent.

P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Knotweed. Polygonum.
_ Frequent, or common, through the south half of the state and in the Ked -river
valley.
P. inearnatum, Ell. Polygonum.
Frequent, or common, through the south half of the state.

P., lapathifolium, Ait., var. incanum, Koch. Polygonum,
Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. North.
P. Persicaria, L. Lady’s Thumb. Heartweed.
Common throughout the state, excepting near its west side, where this and the two
following species seem to be less frequent or rare.

P. Hydropiper, L. Common Smartweed or Water-pepper. :
Common, ofteu abundant, with range like the last.
P. acre, HBK. Water Smartweed.

Common, with same range.

P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Mild Water-pepper.

Frequent, or common, southward; also found at the lake of the Woods, Dawson, and
in the Red river valley, Scott.
P. amphibium, L., var. aquaticum, Willd. Polygonum.

Frequent, often common, throughout the state.

P. Muhlenbergii, Watson.* (P. amphibium, var. terrestre, in Manual. )
Polygonum.
Common, or abundant, throughout the state.
P. Hartwrightii, Gray.t Polygonum.
Minneapolis (common), Arthur; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Lowa
(common), Cratty. Probably common, or frequent, throughout Minnesota.
P. Virginianum, L. Polygonum.
Lapham, St. Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South.

P. articulatum, L. Jointweed.

Sandy barrens, St. Croix river, Parry; New Ulm, Juni; Minnesota Point, near
Duluth (plentiful), Roberts. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer.|

P. aviculare, L. Knotgrass. Goose-grass. Door-weed.
Common throughout the state.

*POLYGONUM MUHLENBERGII, Watson, Perennial, in muddy or dry places, often
2 or 3 feet high, scabrous with sbort appressed or glandular hairs, especially upon the
leaves and upper stems ; leaves thin, rather broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate, usually
rounded or cordate at base, 4 to 7 inches long, on short stout petioles (% to 1 inch long)
from near the base of the naked sheath ; flowers.and fruit nearly as in P. amphibium,
but spikes more elongated (1 to 3 inches long), often in pairs. Proc. Amer. Acad., xiv.

+POLYGONUM HARTWRIGHTII, Gray. Strigose-hirsute or glabrous; stem erect,
striate, bearing at the top thickish leaves which are broadly lanceolate, acute or
somewhat obtuse; petioles short; sheaths long with a flat foliaceous limb, which is
setose-ciliate ; peduncle erect, eglandulose, bearing a solitary dense cylindrical spike
’ of rose-colored flowers : stamens5; style deeply cleft : perigonium eglandulose. Proc.
Amer. Acad., Viii.

120 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

P. erectum, L. — (P. aviculare, L., var. erectum, Roth.) Erect Knotgrass.
Also common, or frequent: Winona, Blue Earth, Hennepin and Stearns counties,

ete.; Worthington (common), Foote; Crookston, Grand Forks, and elsewhere in the

Red river valley (common), Winchell; Pembina, Havard

P.ramosissimum, Michx. Polygonum.

Brown county, Juni; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty;
common from Jackson county westward and in the Redriver valley, Upham. South
and west.

P. tenue, Michx. Slender Knotgrass.

Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; rocky hills, Mound, Rock county. Leiberg;
lake of the Woods, Dawson. Rare. South and west.
P. arifolium, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.

Blue Earth county, Gedge. Infrequent.

P. sagittatum, L. — Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.

Common near Stewart river (north shore of lake Superior), and at Minneapolis,
Roberts; Todd county, etc. (common), Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; Anoka
county, also New Ulm, Juni.

P. Convolvulus, L. Black Bindweed.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state : troublesome in fields of grain, by caus-
ing if, when beaten down by wind and rain, to remain so.
P. cilinode, Michx. Polygonum.

Abundant north of lake Superior and in Carlton county, Juni, Roberts; upper Missis-
sippi river, Garrison; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. North.

P. dumetorum, L., var. seandens, Gray. Climbing False Buckwheat.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

FAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BucKWHEAT

F’. esculentum, Mcench. Buckwheat.
Occasionally adventive: Minneapolis, and Dakota, Nicollet and Blue Earth counties,

RUMEX, L. Dock. SoRREL.
R. longifolius, DC. Dock.

Hennepin county, Herrick. Infrequent. Northwest.

R. Britannica, L. (R. orbiculatus, Gray.) Great Water-Dock.

North of lake Superior (common near Stewart river), Roberts; St. Croix river, Parry:
Tsanti county, Upham; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Anoka county, also New Ulm,
Juni; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg.

R. altissimus, Wood. (R. Britannica, L.,in Manual.) Pale Dock. Peach-
leaved Dock,

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Kassube; Cannon River Falls,
Blake, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. South.

R. salicifolius, Weinman. White Dock.

Hennepin county, Herrick; Kittson county, Upham; Pembina, Chickering, Havard.
(James river, Dakota, Geyer.]

R. verticillatus, L. Swamp Dock.

Upper Mississippi river Garrison; Isanti county, etc., Tokay West Saint Paul,
Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 121

R. crispus, L. Curled Dock. Yellow Dock,
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

[R. obtusifolius, L., will doubtless extend to Minnesota.]

R. sanguineus, L. Bloody-veined Dock.
Chaska, Carver county, Juni. Rare.

R. maritimus, L. Golden Dock.

Minneapolis, Roberts, Upham; Chaska, Carver county, Juni; Blue Earth county,
Lheiberg; Emmet county, Lowa, (rare), Cratty; Murray county, and the Red river valley,
Upham; Pembina, Havard. South and west.

R. Acetosella, L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. ‘‘Horse Sorrel.”
Common throughout the state; plentiful all along the north shore of lake Super-
ior, Roberts, Juni.

>

THY MELEACE AL. Mezereum Faminy.

DIRCA, L. Learnerwoop. Moosz-woop.

D, palustris, L. Leatherwood. Moose-wood.

Common northeastward, extending thus west to the lake of the Woods, Richardson,
White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Detroit, H. B. Ayres, and south to the Kettle
river, Shumard, southeastern Pine county, Upham, and St. Croix Falls, Miss Field;
frequent, but local, farther south, as near Minneapolis, Simmons, Saint Paul, Miss
Catheart, Hastings, Mrs. Ray, Faribault, Miss Beane, Blue Earth county (common),
Leiberg, New Ulm, Juni, and near the Great spring, Beaver creek, Caledonia, Houston
eounty, Winchell.

ELA AGNACEA. OLEASTER FAMILY.

SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. SHEPHERDIA.

8. Canadensis, Nutt. Canadian Shepherdia.

From lake Winnipeg to lake Superior, Say, Schweinitz; north shore of lake Super-
ior, Juni; Minneapolis (rare), Miss Butler. North.

S. argentea, Nutt. Buffalo-Berry.

Rainy lake, Say, Schweinitz; upper Minnesota river, Geyer; near Walhalla, in
northeastern Dakota, Scott. Northwest. ;

ELH AGNUS, L. OLEASTER.

E. argentea, Pursh.* Silver-Berry.

Common from Ada northward in the Red river valley (forming patches ten to
twenty rods long on the prairie, growing only about two feet high, fruiting plentifully ;
but in thickets becoming five to eight feet high), and local in section 5, Eldorado
Stevens county, Upham, Northwest.

*KHLASAGNUS, L. Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube including the free ovary, the limb
eylindric-campanulate or tubular below, parted above into 4 valvate deciduous lobes,
colored within. Disk glandulose. Stamens 4, adnate to the calyx and alternate with
its lobes, the free portion of the filaments very short; anthers oblong. Style simple,
straight ; stigma 1-sided. Fruit drupe-like, covered with the thickened dry or fleshy
closed calyx-tube ; the stone oblong, 8-striate.—Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire

_ petioled leaves and axillary pedicelled flowers.

E, ARGENTEA, Pursh. A stoloniferous unarmed shrub, 6 to 12feet high, the younger

branches covered with ferruginous scales: leaves 114 to 4 inches long and % to 2% inches

122 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

SANTALACEA. SANDALWOOD FAMILY.

COMANDRA, Nutt. BasTARD TOAD-FLAX.

C. pallida, A. DC.* Bastard Toad-flax.
Red river valley, Scott, determined by Mr. Sereno Watson. West.

C. umbellata, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.
Common throughout the state.

C. livida, Richardson. Bastard Toad-flax.

North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell. [Isle Royale
(common), Whitney.] North.

SAURURACEA. | LizaARD’s-TAIL FAMILY.

SAURURUS, L. LIzAkD’S-TAIL.

S. cernuus, L. Lizard’s-tail.
Upper Mississippi river, Houghton. Infrequent,

CERATOPHYLLACEA. Hornwort FAamIty.

CERATOPHYLLUM, L. HorRNWORT.

C. demersum, L. Hornwort.

White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; lake Calhoun, Minneapolis, Upham;
small lakes at the Pipestone quarry (var. commune, Gray, with fruit about 3 lines long,
tipped with the stout straight style also about 3 lines long, and with a similar short
spine, 2 lines long, at the base on each side), Mrs Bennett. Probably common
throughout the state.

CALLITRICHACEA. WATER-STARWORT FAMILY.

CALLITRICHE, L. WaATER-STARWORT.

C. verna, L. Water-Starwort.

Throughout the state. North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; Pembina, Hav-
ard; Cottonwood county, Upham.

{C. autumnalis, L., probably occurs also in northern Minnesota.]

wide, broadly ornarrowly elliptic, rather acute at each end, or lanceolate and undulate,
silvery-scurfy and more or less ferruginous; flowers numerous, defiexed, silvery without,
pale yellow within, fragrant, 3 to 5 lines long, the tube broadly oval, the limb funnel-
form ; fruit [silvery in color, like the foliage] globose-ovoid, dry and mealy, edible, 4 or
5linesinlength. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

*COMANDRA PALLIDA, A. DC. Stems several from a branched woody caudex,
herbaceous, striate, erect, 6 to 10 inches high, branching above; leaves alternate,
bluish, somewhat punctate on the margins, the lower elliptic oblong, mucronate-acute,
8 to 12 lines long and 2 to 8 lines wide, the uppermost usually linear-lanceolate, 5 to 10
lines Jong and about 1 line wide, sometimes so continued dowa the stem (forming var,
angustifolia); cymes terminal, few-flowered ; bracts linear-lancevlate, 2 lines long;
floweis perfect ; calyx-lobes erect-spreading ; fruit 3 lines in diameter, with subfleshy
epicarp.—Flowers precisely as in C. umbellata ; distinguished especially by its narrowed
upper leaves and much larger fruit, Watson’s Rep.in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth
Parallel.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 123

PODOSTEMACEA. RIVER-WEED FAMILY.

PODOSTEMON, Michx. RIVER-WEED.

P. ceratophyllus, Michx. River-weed.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.

.

EUPHORBIACEA. SPuRGE FamIty.

EUPHORBIA, L. SPURGE.

E. polygonifolia, L. Shore Spurge.

Lapham. Shore of lake Superior ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.
E. Geyeri, Engelm. Geyer’s Spurge.

Lapham, T. J. Hale. Common at Minneapolis, Upham, Simmons.
E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Thyme-leaved Spurge,

Minneapolis, Herrick; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Gedge; New
Ulm, Juni; Murray county, Upham; Stearns county, Mrs, Blaisdell; Pembina, Havard.
E. glyptosperma, Engelm. Spurge.

Minneapoiis, Herrick; Saint Cloud, Campbell; Red river valley, Scott.

E. maculata, L. Spotted Spurge.
Common through the south half of the state and perhaps northward.

_E. humistrata, Eogelm. Spurge.

Minneapolis, Roberts; Winona county, Holzinger; Martin county, Gedge. South.
E. hypericifolia, L Spurge.

Waste, dry places. St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss
Manning; Winona county, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South,

E. marginata, Pursh. White-margined Spurge. ‘“ Mountain Snow.”

Frequent, often common, southwestward ; extending northeast to Redwood Falls
(found to be poisonous to the touch, even in mounting dried specimens), Miss Butler; in
Lyon county becoming a common weed in cultivated fields, Upham.

EK. corollata, L. Flowering Spurge.

Frequent, often common, through the south half of the state.
E. heterophylla, L. Spurge.

Spirit lake, Minnesota river, etc., Geyer; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Gedge; Min-
neapodlis, Twining, A. W. Jones; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Man-
ning. South.

E. dictyosperma, Fischer & Meyer. Spurge.
Rock county, Leiberg. Southwest.
E. Cyparissias,L. Garden Spurge.
Adventive: Mankato, Leiberg; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss
Manning.

[E. commutata, Engelm., should be looked for in this state.]

ACALYPHA, L. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

A. Virginica, L. Three-seeded Mercury.
Minneapolis. Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

124 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

EMPETRACEA. CROWBERRY FAMILY.

EMPETRUM, Tourn. CROWBERRY.

E. nigrum, L. Black Crowberry.
North shore of lake Superior, Macoun ; doubtless in northern Minnesota.

URTICACEA. Nettie Famity.

ULMUS,L. Ex.

U. fulva, Michx. Slippery or Red Elm.

Frequent, often common, throughout the state, excepting far northward. Well
known for its mucilaginous, medicinal inner bark; the reddish wood, used for ox-yokes,
posts, etc., is strong, light and durable. 7

U. Americana, L. White Elm. Amercian Elm. Water Elm.

Common throughout the state; but not found close to the shore of lake Superior.
Wood tough, often used for axe-helves, whip-stocks, ete.; our most desirable tree for
transplanting for ornament and shade. This and basswood are the most abundant trees
in the Big Woods. ¥

U. racemosa, Thomas. Corky White Elm. Rock Elm.

Frequent, often common, eastward ; extending west to Blue Earth county, Leiberg,
Nicollet county, Aiton, New Ulm (common), Juni, and the upper Mississippi river,
Garrison. Wood drier than the last and more valuable ; much used by wheelwrights.

CELTIS, Tourn. NETTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.

©, occidentalis, L. Sugarberry. Hackberry.

Frequent through the south half of the state ; rare and local northward, as at the
east side of Mille Lacs and at lake Alexander, Upham; near lake Lida, Otter Tail
county, Frazee; on the Red river in Clay county ; at Red Lake Falls; on the upper
Mississippi ; and on the Big Fork of Rainy Lake river, in T. 149, R. 26, , Hinchellwood.
{Also at Eagle lake, north of Rainy lake, Bell, Macoun; and in northeastern Dakota,
Scott.] :

MORUS, Tourn. Mouiperry. ~ : :

M. rubra, L. Red Mulberry.

Big Woods, Winchell; Houston county, J. S. Harris. [West to Dakota, Sargent,
and eastern Nebraska, Aughey.] Infrequent. South,

URTICA, Tourn. NETTLE.
U. gracilis, Ait. Tall Wild Nettle.

Common throughout the state.

U. dioica, L. Great Stinging Nettle.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.

LAPORTEA, Gaud. Woop-NETTLE.

L. Canadensis, Gaud. Wood-Nettle.

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; extending
northeast to the upper Mississippi river and Roseau river. “It is of this plant the
Indians usually make their fishing lines, the rotted remains of the previous year’s
growth furnishing an abundant supply.” Parry.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 125

PILEA, Lindl. RIcHWEED. CLEARWEED.

P. pumila, Gray. Richweed. Clearweed.
St. Croixriver, Parry; Minneapolis, Simmons; lake Minnetonka(common), Roberts;
Blue Earth county, Letberg; Fergus Falls, Leonard. South.

BQHMERIA, Jacq. Fause Nettie.

B. cylindrica, Willd. False Nettle.
Lapham. Fergus Falls, Leonard. Infrequent.

PARIETARIA, Tourn. Petiitory.

P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pellitory.

Minneapolis (presenting, besides the type, a larger and much branched form), Her-
rick, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; and northwest to the upp2r Missouri and
Saskatchewan rivers. Infrequent. South and west.

CANNABIS, Tourn, Hemp.

C. sativa, L. Hemp.
A common or frequent weed.

HUMULUS, L. . Hor.

H. Lupulus, L. Common Hop.
Common, especially northward; ‘‘native on all the tributaries of the upper Missis—
ippi,” Parry.

PLATANACEA. Prann-tRee Famtty.

PLATANUS, Tourn. PLANE-TREE. BUTTONWOOD.

P. occidentalis, L. American Plane-tree. Buttonwood. Sycamore.
Lapham. Southeast, rare. The northwest limit of this species scarcely enters
Minnesota.

JUGLANDACEA. Watnout Famity.

JUGLANS, L. Watnvt.

J. cinerea, L. Butternut, Oil-nut. White Walnut.

Common southward, but absent far southwest ; extending north to the Snake river
jn Pine and Kanabec counties, Norwood, Upham, and on the Mississippi river to the
north line of Aitkin county, Garrison. Wood valuable for cabinet work and in house-
building for inside finishing

J. nigra, L. Black Walnut.

Frequent in the south part of the state; extending north to Nininger, Dakota
county, southern Scott and Carver counties, and to Walnut Grove in the south edge of
Redwood county. Because of the great value of its lumber, nearly all the black wal-
nut of large size in this state has been cut ; but much of young growth remains.

CARYA, Nutt. Hickory.
C. alba, Nutt. Shell-bark or Shag-bark Hickory. ‘‘ Walnut,’’

Common, or frequent, in Houston county; extending north into Winona county at

126 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

least to Winona and Stockton, and west(rare) into Fillmore, Mower and Freeborn.
counties, to Moscow, Winchell; near Weaver and Kellogg, Wabasha county, and near
Chatfield, on the south line of Olmsted county, W. D. Hurlbut. Southeast. ‘Timber
very valuable, used wherever great durability, strength and elasticity are required.”

Cc. poreina, Nutt. —‘ Pig-nut or Broom Hickory.
Lapham. Southeastward, extending north to Snake river, Clark; near lake Pepin
on the Wisconsin side, Mrs. Ray. be

C. amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory.

Common, or frequent, southward ; extending througa the Big Woods, and north to
Mille Lacs, and sparingly to the upper Mississippi river,and to Whiteface river,
tributary to the St. Louis river. This species furnishes nearly all the hoop-poles for
flour-barrels cut in the southern and central portions of the state.

CUPULIFER. Oak Famity.

QUERCUS, L. Oak.
Q. alba, L White-Oak.

Frequent, or common, in the southeast and central parts of the state; extending
north to Fond du Lac, Clark, Savannah river, and Squagemaw lake, Winchell, and to
Pokegema falls, Pemidji lake (plentiful in many places on the upper Mississippi river),
and the White Earth reservation, Garrison. ‘‘Strong, durable, and beautiful timber.”

Q. stellata, Wang. (Q. obtusiloba, Michx.) Post-Oak.. Rough or Box
White-Oak.
Upper Mississippi river, Houghton. Infrequent.
Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur-Oak. Over-cup or Mossy-cup White-Oak.
Common, or abundant, throughout the state, excepting far northeastward. Its
northeastern limit north of lake Superior, according to Bell,is near the international
boundary; but he states that it attains a good size onthe Rainy river and thence
westward. (‘In going west, this species is first met with at the east end of Eagle lake”
[north of Rainy lake], Macoun.) Timber valuable, similar to that of white oak.

Q. bicolor, Willd. Swamp White-Oak.
Frequent in Benton, Mille Lacs and Morrison counties, and thence north to lake
Winnibigoshish and the White Earth reservation, Garrison.

Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (Q. Prinus, L., var. acuminata, Michx.) _—‘Yel-
low Chestnut-Oak.
Lapham. Southeast. i

Q. tinctoria, Bartram. (Q. coccinea, Wang., var. tinctoria, Gray.)
Black Oak. Quercitron or Yellow-bariked Oak.

Common, or abundant, southward; extending north to Pine county, Upham, and
to Pokegama falls and the White Earth reservation, Garrison; the most abundant spe-
cies of oak in the southeast part of the state. This species and the bur oak vary from
20 to 50 or 60 feet in hight, according to their situation and soil; besides which, each
occurs frequently dwarfed, growing as scrubby brush from 3 to 10 feet high.

Q. coccinea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; ‘tin Minnesota (Engelmann),” Sargent.

Q. coccinea, Wang., var. ambigua, Gray. Gray Oak.
Prairie river, attaining a hight of 50 feet and diameter of 10 inches, Clark; White
Earth reservation, Garrison. North.

- , STATE GEOLOGIST. 127

Q. rubra, L. Red Oak,

Occasional southward, and north to the upper Mississippi river, Geyer, Garrison;
continuing on the north side of }ake Superior to the Kaministiquia river, Bell, Macoun.

In autumn the leaves of the black and red oaks change to red and crimson colors ;
while the foliage of the white and bur oaks changes only to dull green, gray aud brown.
At the same time the leaves of the sumachs and red maple become reo or séarlet ; of
the sugar maple, yellow; and of bass, box-elder, ash trees, elms, poplars, and cotton-
wood, various shades of brown and yellow.

Q. palustris, Du Roi. Swamp Spanish Oak. Pin Oak.
Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

[Sargent and Bell have mentioned Minnesota as a western limit of the American
beech (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.), but it probably does not extend into this state. |

CORYLUS, Tourn. HazeEL-NutT. FILBert.

©. Americana, Walt. Common Wild Hazel-nut. -
Common, in many districts abundant, throughout the state.

C. rostrata, Ait. | Beaked Hazel-nut.

Common northward ; extending south to Benton county and Spruce Hill, Douglas
county, Upham; rare and local farther south, as on rocky bluffs in southeastern Winona
county, Winchell. Juni says of this species north of Jake Superior: ‘‘In some places
the bushes reach a hight of fifteen feet, with stems from one to one and a half inches in
diameter. The tops bend over from the weight of the fruit.”

OSTRYA, Micheli. Hopr-HornBEAM. IRON-WoOD.

O. Virginica, Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood.

Common, often abundant, throughout the state; but not close to the shore of lake
Superior.

CARPINUS, L. HornBEAM. IRONWOOD.

C, Caroliniana, Walt. (C. Americana, Michx.) American Hornbeam.
Blue or Water Beech.

Common through the south half of the state; extending north to Pine county and
Sandy lake, Clark, the Savannah portage, Winchell, and White Earth reservation,
Garrison. “Wood of this and the preceding tough and durable ; used for wedges,
levers, &c.”’

MYRICACE AL. Sweet-GaLe Famiy.

MYRICA, L. BaYBERRY. Wax-MyrtTLe.
M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale.

Common on lake-shores, along the international boundary, between lake Superior
and Rainy lake, Winchell. North.

COMPTONIA, Solander. Swenrt-Fnrn.

C.asplenifolia, Ait. Sweet-Fern.

Frequent northeastward; extending south to Snake river in southeastern Pine
county, Upham, and southwest to Cass lake, Schoolcraft; italso occurs at Jacob Streitz’s
quarry in section 28, Saint Cloud, Upham, and near Excelsior, Hennepin county, Mrs.
Terry.

128 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

BETULACEA. Birca Famtty.

BETULA, Tourn. — Biron.

[B. lenta, L. (cherry birch, sweet or black birch) possibly extends west to northern
Mipvnesota. Dr. Bell mentions this state as its northwestern limit. Some of the more
northern references under B. nigra may belong instead to this species. ]

B. lutea, Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch.

Common through the north half of the state and south to Sherburne county, reach-
ing a hight of 75 feet and diameter of 3 or 4 feet; rare in the Big Woods, and south-
east to Houston county, Winchell. ‘The 49th parallel forms the average northern
limit of this species from Newfoundland tothe Red river valley, in which it curves
round and runs southward.”’ Bell.

B. papyracea, Ait. Paper or Canoe Birch. Silver Birch.

Common, often abundant, through the north half of the state, attaining an equal
size with the preceding ; also common, but much smaller, southeastward near the Mis-
sissippi river ; thence extending west, less frequent, to the Big Woods, and to Birch
Cooley (plentiful), Renville county ; absent southwestward ; “found along the Assini-
boine valley as far west as the Qu’Appelle lakes,” Bell. ‘The bark of this tree, to-
gether with that of the Arbor-vitz, is made use of in innumerable ways by the Indians.”
Roberts.

B. nigra, L. River or Red Birch.

Savannah portage, Douglass; White Earth reservation, Garrison; Kettle river,
Shumard; Blue Earth county, Nicollet; Winona county, Holzinger; abundant along the
Mississippi bottoms at least as far north as Minneiska, Wabasha county, Winchell.
Southeast.

B. pumila, L. Low Birch. “ Tag Alder.”’

Common through the north half of the state, and south to Mingiepeaia and Saint
Paul; less frequent or rare farther south, to lake Pepin, Miss M Cm and Olmsted
county, Harrington.

B. glandulosa, Michx. Dwarf Birch.

Savannah river, Houghton; north shore of lake Superior, Juni, Winchell; ridge east
of the Red river, Scott. North.

ALNUS, Tourn. ALDER,

A. viridis, DC. Green or Mountain Alder.
North of lake Superior (common), Juni, Roberts. North.

A. incana, Willd., var. glauca, Regel. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Black

Alder.
Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state, and southeastward to
Minneapolis; less frequent thence southeast ; rare southwestward.

A. serrulata, Ait. Smooth Alder.
Lapham, Winchell. Rare. Southeast.

SALICACE AL. Wittow Famity.

SALIX, Tourn. WILLow. OSIER.

S. candida, Willd. | Hoary Willow.
Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Bogs, St. Croix river, Parry; Min-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 129

neapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; north of lake Superior,
Agassiz; upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Red river valley, Macoun.
S. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.

Lapham. Minneapolis, Winchell; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Lake City, Mrs. Ray.

S. humilis, Marshall. Prairie Willow.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg, Upham; frequent in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty;
abundant nearthe Mississippi river, on dry, sandy land, especially in openings of
woods, from lake Pepin, Miss Manning, Mrs. Ray,and Ramsey county, north at least
to Brainerd (usually only about one foot high, agreeing best, excepting in habitat,
with Gray’s description of S. tristis), Upham; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Proba-
bly throughout the state.

S. discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.
[S. sericea, Marshall, probably occurs, but infrequently, in Minnesota.]

S. petiolaris, Smith.* Petioled Willow.

Freeborn county (frequent), Upham. Probably our prevailing form of this species
is var. GRACILIS, Anders. (M.S. Bebb.)
S. purpurea, L. Purple Willow.

Minneapolis, Simmons. Infrequent.

S. cordata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. cordata, Mubhl., var. angustata, Gray.
Stearns county, Garrison. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Nebraska (common),
Aughey.]
S. balsamifera, Barratt.+ (S. pyrifolia, Anders.; see notes by U.S. Bebb in
Botanical Gazette, vol. iv, p. 190.) Balsam-bearing Willow.
Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Burgess, Macoun. North.

* SALIX PETIOLARIS, Smith, var. GRACILIS, Anders. Female aments gracefully
subpendulous, at length somewhat leafy-peduncled, very loosely flowered ; scales lin-
gulate, apex brownish ; capsules long acute-rostrate from an ovate base, thinly silky,
or somewhat glabrous, very long-pediceled ; pedicel nearly eight times the length of
the nectary; style very short; stigmas 2-parted, fuscous, spreading ; leaves narrowly
lanceolate-linear, serrulate, about 2 inches long and 2 to 4 lines wide, pale and subglau-
cous beneath, both sides at length glabrous. Varies: 1st, sericocarpa; capsules nar-
rowly conical, 2% lines long, thinly silky. 2d, leiocarpa ; capsules thick at base, green-
ish red. Andersson in DC. Prod., 16,2, 235; translated by M. S. Bebb.

+SALIX BALSAMIVERA, Barratt. A glabrous, much branched shrub, 4 to 8 feet
high ; twigs crimson where exposed to the sun; leaves ovate, abruptly pointed, 1 inch
_ wide by 1% inches long, on sterile shoots oblong-lanceolate, 1144 inches wide by 3 to 4

inches long, all rounded or subeordate at base, very thin and slightly hairy beneath
when young, rigid, glabrous, and prominently reticulate-veined when mature, bright
green above, paler or glaucous beneath, margin finely glandular-serrate; petioles
slender, 4% inchlong ; stipules minute, caducous: aments with a few leaf-like bracts at
base, the male densely flowered, very silky, female less so and becoming very lax in
fruit, bracts often more leafy ; scales pale or rosy ; capsules elongate-conical or rostrate
from a thick base, 2 or 3 lineslong, glabrous, the long pedicels six to eight times the
length of the nectary ; style rather short, bifid; lobes of the stigma thick, spreading,
emarginate. ‘‘No.53, Herb. H.,B. and T.” (v.s.inh. Torr.) S. cordata, Muhl., var.
balsamifera, Hook., Fl. Bor.-Am., 2,149. S. pyrifolia, Anders., DC. Prod., 16, 2, 264.—
White mountains of N. H., Pringle; New Brunswick, Fowler; and Labrador, Allen;
westward to the Saskatchewan. Readily distinguished from S. cordata by the very
loosely flowered fertile aments, often two inches or more long in fruit, thicker and more
yellowish staminate aments, and the proportionately broader and shorter Amelanchier-
like leaves. M.S. Bebb, MSS.

OF

130 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

S. rostrata, Richardson. (8. livida, Wahl., var. occidentalis, Gray.)
Beaked Willow. Livid Willow.
Common throughout the state,

S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. nigra, Marshall. Black Willow.

Throughout the state; frequent northward, common southward. This and the next
are our only native species of willow that become trees, the others being shrubs.

S. amygdaloides, Anders.* Almond-leaved Willow.
Red river and eastward, Bebb; probably frequent throughout the state.

S. fragilis, L. Xalba, L. White Willow.

Occasionally spontaneous ; much cultivated, especially on the prairies, for shade
and protection from the wind. Timber culture, of this tree, red and sugar maple, box-
elder, cottonwood, Lombardy poplar, and other species, is being begun extensively in
the prairie region, chiefly for the rewards provided by laws of the state and United
States governments. The white willow is well adapted to yield fuel, as it grows rap-
idly, and, when cut down, shoots up vigorously anew from the stump. In good soil,
with good care, probably ten acres of this willow would supply an average household
with fire-wood continually. ,

M.S. Bebb regards this “white willow,” commonly planted (by cuttings) for screens,
as a hybrid of S. fragilis and S. alba, being apparently the form named S. fragilis, L.,
var. Russelliana, Carey, in Gray’s Manual. Mr. Bebb writes: “Among the varieties
cultivated throughout the Northwest, I have seen no genuine S. alba. In one form,
S. fragilis X alba, var. (c.) vestita, Wimmer (S. palustris, Host.), the leaves approach
very near to S, alba, var. ccerulea, but the flowers are different. Much the more com-
monly planted form is S. fragilis X alba, var. (b.) glabra, Wimmer (exactly S. excelsior,
Host.; S. viridis, Fries, when the under surface of the leaf is pale green).”’

S. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Sand-bar Willow.
Common throughout the state.

S. myrtilloides, L. Myrtle Willow.

Frequent northward, rare southward. Swamps, St. Croix river, Parry; north of
lake Superior, Agassiz; Kanabec and Benton counties, Upham; Dellwood, White Bear
lake, Ramsey county, Kelley; Minneapolis, Kassube; near Eagle lake, Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

POPULUS, Tourn. PorpLaR. ASPEN.

P, tremuloides, Michx. American Poplar or Aspen.

Common, or abundant, throughout the state, especially northward. Wood of this
and the next is valuable for paper-making.
P. grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Poplar or Aspen.

Common, or frequent, throughout most of the state ; excepting the southeastern

*SALIX AMYGDALOIDES, Anders. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long, %
to 1% inches wide, with a long tapering point, glaucous beneath, closely serrate, petioles
long and slender, stipules minute and very early deciduous : aments leafy-peduncled,
elongated-cylindrical, pendulous ; the fertile when in fruit lax, 3 to 4 inches long, % inch
thick ; scales in the male ament ovate, villous with crisp hairs, in the female narrower,
somewhat smooth, fugacious : capsules globose-conical, glabrous, long-pedicelled ; style
very short or obsolete, stigmas notched. . . . In aspect very unlike S. nigra [like which,
this species attains a tree-like size], and in fact more frequently mistaken for S. lucida.
The broad leaves, being supported by long and slender petioles, are moved by the
slightest breeze, displaying in rapid, fluttering succession their conspicuous white
under surfaces, thus producing an effect in striking contrast with the changeless, soft
light reflected from masses of the foliage of 8S. nigra when swayed gently by the wind.
Bebb in Wheeler’s Report of Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 131

counties and far northward, where it occurs sparingly, and southwestward, where it
is absent.

P. monilifera, Ait. (Including P. angulata, Ait.) Cottonwood. Neck-
lace Poplar.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state; rare farther north;
reaching its northern limit in southeastern Pine county, the region of the upper Missis-
sippi, Houghton, White Earth reservation, Garrison, and Red Lake Falls and the Red
river valley, Upham. ‘Large trees occur along the Assiniboine river,” Bell. ‘‘ Exten-
sively planted for shelter andfuel. The cotton from the seeds proves a source of much
annoyance to the tidy housewife. If only male trees, those with reddish tassels, were
planted, no cotton would be produced. Both kinds of tassels, the green and the red,
appear in spring before the leaves come out.” Arthur.

P. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.

Common, or frequent, through the north half of the state ; extending southwest to
Cannon river (rare), Sandberg, Osakis lake, Upham, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

P. balsamifera, L., var. candicans, Gray. Balm of Gilead.

Frequent northeastward ; extending southwest to southeastern Pine county, Little
Falls, and White Earth reservation.

P. dilatata, Ait. Lombardy Poplar.

Spontaneous, Mankato, Leiberg. [Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches.
and small broadly triangular pointed leaves ; formerly much planted. Gray’s Field,
Forest, and Garden Botany.]|

P. alba, L. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar. Abele. Abel-tree.

Cultivated, and thence sometimes spreading spontaneously, in Martin county,
Cratty. [Tree planted from Europe, with spreading branches, roundish, slightly heart-
shaped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon green above, very white cottony beneath ;
buds not glutinous: spreads inveterately bythe root. Gray’s Field, Forest, and Gar-
den Botany. |

CONIFERA. Pint FamiIty.

PINUS, Tourn., Link. Ping.

P. Banksiana, Lambert. “Jack Pine.” Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.
Banks’ or Banksian Pine. Black Pine.

Common northeastward ; abundant on sandy land in the region of the upper Missis-
sippi and Crow Wing rivers, from Brainerd and Wadena northward ; having its south-
west limit at the St. Croix and Snake rivers, Princeton, Brockway (Stearns county),
Stowe and Oak Valley (ten miles south of Wadena), in the White Earth reservation, and
at the lake of the Woods and on Roseauriver. This species, almost alone, but with red
pines here and there sparingly intermixed, forms thick woods at many places in Cass,
Wadena and Crow Wing counties, as, for example, at Brainerd, growing very stiaight
and slender, 40 to 60 feet in hight, but seldom exceeding a foot in diameter. Its coarse,
resinous wood is excellent fuel, but it is not adapted to building purposes. Many rail-
_ road ties are made from this and the next species of pine, but are inferior in value and
durability to those of bur oak, which are more used in this way. Often five ties, each
eight feet long, are obtained from a single Jack pine. Rarely this tree attains a hight
of eighty feet, one of this size being found by Professor Winchell on Brule mountain»
north of lake Superior. [This tree grows sixty to seventy feet high in northern Michi-
gan (Wheeler and Smith’s Catalogue, and Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, x, 82) ;
and Dr. Bell records it as about seventy feet in hight and two feet in diameter, in large
groves, on the southern branches of the Albany river. |

_P. resinosa, Ait. ‘“* Norway Pine.’’ Red Pine.

Common or frequent northward, growing in groves, or scattered, on somewhat
sandy land ; not extending, in general, quite so far southwest as the preceding. Usually

132 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

called ‘‘ Norway pine’; but wrongly, for this species is not found in Norway, nor in
Europe. It is mostly from 50 to 75 feet high, but seldom more than about a foot in dia-
meter. Clark reports that it attains a hight of 90 feet and diameter of 20 inches, north
of lake Superior. It is considerably sawn for lumber, and is also much used fer piles,
as for wharves and foundations of bridge piers. In the region of the upper Mississippi
this species is reported by Garrison as occurring in two varieties, which are distin-
guished by lumbermen under the names Hard Norway pine and Red-barked Norway
pine.

P. Strobus, L. White Pine.

Common through the north half of the state, excepting west of Red lake and the
lake of the Woods ; preferring somewhat clayey land, occasionally making a majestic
forest without intermixture of other large trees, but oftener associated with maple,
elm, bass, oak, ash, and other deciduous species ; frequent along the north side of lake
Superior, but forming no extensive pine forest on the immediate shore. This is the
largest, as well as the most useful, of our trees, growing from 80 to 125, rarely 150, feet
in hight, and from three to six feet in diameter.

The southwestern limit of the pineries extends from the north edge of Chisago
county westerly through Kanabec and Mille Lacs counties, the northeast corner of
Benton county, Morrison county, and northeastern Todd county, to Pine lakes, Frazee
City, and the White Earth reservation ; but only a comparatively small part of the
region northeast of this line is covered with pine woods. Southeastward, beyond this
limit, white pine occurs rarely and locally in the vicinity of the Mississippi, St. Croix,
Cannon, Zumbro and Root rivers, in most instances on bluffs of these or their tributary
streams ; as at Saint Cloud, Dayton, Minnehaha falls, Pine Bend, Taylor’s Falls, Fran-
conia (where it was first cut in Minnesota, to any considerable extent, for lumber), near
Cannon River Falls, near Mantorville, near Rochester, in section 29, Saint Charles,
Winona county, and at various points in Fillmore and Houston counties.

Mr. Platt B. Walker, of Minneapolis, editor of the Lumberman and Manufacturer,
states that approximately 400,000,000 feet (board-measure) of pine are annually cut in
the north central part of this state, on the Mississippi river and its tributaries, about
three-quarters of which are sawed at Minneapolis; and that some 200,000,000 feet are
annually cut on the St. Croix river and its branches, about half of which is cut in Min-
nesota, chiefly on the Snake river, the ainount sawed at Stillwater being some 100,000,000
feet yearly. Throughout these districts about three-quarters of the timber cut are
white pine, and the remainder red or Norway pine. Much white pine is also cut on the
St. Louis river, the Otter Tail river, Clearwater river (a tributary of Red Lake river), and
recently on the Rainy Lake river; and red pine is cut on Pine creek, tributary to
Roseau lake and river, west of the lake of the Woods.

The amount of merchantable pine standing in Minnesota in 1880 was estimated by
O. S. Sargent, special agent of the United States census, at 6,100,000,000 feet; and the
amount cut in the state during the preceding year is reported to be 540,997,000 feet.

PICEA, Link. SPRUCE.

P. nigra, Link. (Abies nigra, Poir.) | Black Spruce. Double Spruce.

Common northeastward ; extending south to Chisago and Isanti counties, and west
to Spruce Hill, Douglas county, the White Earth reservation, Red lake, and the lake of
the Woods and Roseau river. It attains, in favorable situations, a hight of 70 feet and
diameter of 18 inches, Clark; but usually it is small, and none of it is cut for lumber in
this state.

P. alba, Link. (A. alba, Michx.) White Spruce. Single Spruce.

Common far northward ; extending south to Moose Lake, Carlton county, Upham,
and to the upper Mississippi river and White Earth reservation, Garrison, and west to
the lake of the Woods and Roseau river ; 20 feet high, 8 inches in diameter, Clark.

TSUGA, Carnitre. HEMLOcK-SPRUCE.

T. Canadensis, Carriére. (Abies Canadensis, Michx.) Hemlock-Spruce. —
Hemlock.
Mentioned by Nicollet as observed in the region of the upper Mississippi, and by

STATE GEOLOGIST. 133

Worwood in the valley of the St. Louis river ; included in Dr. Lapham’s catalogue ; also
reported as occurring, locally, near Pokegama lake, Cass county, and at the north side
of Sand lake, in the southwest part of T. 46, R. 19, Carlton county, and in other parts of
this county, as on Black Hoof creek ; all of which need verification. Though plentiful
not far eastward in Wisconsin, it extends very scantily, if at all,into Minnesota. ([‘‘On
the south shore of lake Superior it does not reach the western extremity, turning south-
ward in the neighborhood of Ashland. I am informed, however, that there is an out-
lying grove of hemlock at Thomson, about twenty-five miles west of Duluth. ‘This
tree maintains a good size to the verge of its range, and always appears to terminate
abruptly.’ Bell.] a

ABIES, Link. = Fir.

A. balsamea, Marshall. Balsam Fir,

Common northeastward, attaining a hight of 50 feet, Clark; extending south and west
to nearly the same limits as the black spruce ; also farther south, rare and local, as near
Mantorville, Dodge county, Harrington, and in the heavy timber in the northeast part
of Spring Valley, Fillmore county, Winchell.

LARIX, Tourn. LaRcH.

L. Americana, Michx. American or Black Larch: Tamarack. Hack-
matack.

Abundant through the north half of the state, and common southeast to Wright,
Hennepin and Ramsey counties ; rare farther southeast, as on Pine creek in Houston
county, Winchell; absent southwestward. This tree occurs in swamps, which are
generally frequent, varying in extent from afew rods to several miles. Mr. Nathan
Butler states that such swamps, bearing tamarack but scarcely any other trees, occupy
nearly the entire country between Red lake and the lake of the Woods; and Mr. G. M.
Dawson and others give a similar description of the area crossed by the international
boundary between the lake of the Woods and the Redriver valley. Tamarack also
offen grows on drier, hard ground; sometimes, north of lake Superior, attaining a
hight of 90 or 100 feet (but very slender, having a diameter of only about one foot ; valu-
able for railroad ties), Clark. Its usual hight is from 20 to 40 feet.

Watab river and township bear the name which the Chippewas give to the long
threads obtained by splitting tamarack roots, used by themin sowing their birch canoes.
Keating’s Narrative of Long’s Expedition, vol. ii, p. 73.

THUYA (Thuja), Tourn. Argor VIT&é.

T. occidentalis, L. American Arbor Vite. ‘White Cedar.’’

Common northeastward, forming almost impenetrable ‘“‘cedar swamps,” often attain-
ing a large size, from 40 to 70 feet in hight, and from one to two or even three feet in
diameter, Clark, Roberts; extending west to the south end of lake Winnipeg, Bell, the
lake of the Woods and Roseau river, Red and Pemidjilakes, and tothe head of Straight
river in northeastern Becker county, and south to the south shore of Mille Lacs and the
mouth of Snake river. It also occurs very rarely farther southeast, as on Gwinn’s bluff
in southeastern Winona county, Winchell. On the north shore of lake Superior, ‘‘not
so common as inland, but maintains its hold upon life in the most unfavorable positions.
Often the only representative of the vegetable kingdom on a bare rock in the lake,
where its stem and branches plainly indieate the direction of the prevailing winds and
waves.” Juni. This tree is the principal species upon a large area adjoining the Missis-
sippi river in northern Aitkin county. Its wood is light and very durable, being espe-
cially sought for fence and telegraph posts. It is often spiral-grained.

JUNIPERUS, L. JUNIPER.

- communis, L. Common Juniper.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Minnesota Point, near Duluth (plentiful),
also near Minneapolis, Roberts; Wadena and Benton counties (rare), Upham; Sherburne

134 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

and Ramsey counties, Kelley; Hennepin county, Simmons; Goodhue county, Sandberg;
southeastern Winona county, Winchell; Dodge county, Harrington; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg; bluffs of the Cottonwood river, Juni. :

J. communis, L., var. alpina, Gaud. Juniper.
North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart. North.

J. Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Red Savin.

Rainy Lake river, Dawson; upper Mississippi (rare), Nicotlep, Garrison; lake Pepin,
Miss Manning; bluffs of the Cottonwood river, Juni; at Redwood Falls. perhaps fur-
nishing the name of the Redwood river. ‘Also see Cornus stolonifera.) Found scantily
in exposed situations, as on the bluffs or shores of rivers and lakes, growing to be 10 to
25 feet high, in the greater part of the state ; most frequent in its southeast quarter ;
absent, or rare, near its west side and north of lake Superior.

J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. Savin. Juniper.
* Lake of the Woods, Dawson; plentiful on dunes at Sand Hillriver, Gartield, Polk
county, Upham; near Itasca lake, Garrison; Rice county, Sperry; bluffs of Le Sueur

river, Leiberg; Olmsted county (rare), Harrington; the Big Woods, and Fillmore, Winona
and Houston counties (rare), Winchell. North.

TAXACE. Yew Faminy.

TAXUS, Tourn. YEw.

T, Canadensis, Willd. (T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis, Gray.) American
Yew. Ground Hemlock.

Abundant north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; common, or frequent, thence west
and south to nearly the same limits as the pines, black spruce and balsam fir; near
Lake City, Mrs. Ray.

ARACEA. Arum Faminy.

ARIS EMA, Martius. InpIAn Turnip. Dracon-Arum.

A. triphyllum, Torr. (A. atrorubens, Blume. Bot. Gazette, ix, 114.) Indian
Turnip. Jack-in-the-Pualpit.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

A. Dracontium, Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare. Southeast.

CALLA, L. Water AruM. CALLA.

C, palustris, L. Water Arum. Wild Calla.

Common in the north half of the state, and southeast to Minneapolis and Saint
Paul; rare farther southeast, as near lake Pepiz, Miss Manning; absent southwest-
ward.

SYMPLOCARPUS, Salish. Skunk CABBAGE,

S. foetidus, Salish. Skunk Cabbage.

Chisago county, ete. (common), Upham; Stillwater, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Kelley;
near Minnehaha falls, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Winona county, Holzinger;
New Ulm, Juni. [Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; lake Superior, Whitney.]

STATE GEOLOGIST. 135

ACORUS, L. SWEET Fuac. CALAMUS.

A. Calamus, L. Sweet-Flag. Calamus.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; excepting perhaps southwestward, in
which direction it extends at least to Redwood Falls, Miss Butler, and Emmet county,
Iowa (rare), Cratty.

LEMNACE. DucKkWEED FAMILY.

LEMNA, L. Duckweep. Dvuck’s-MEaAT.

L. trisulea, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat.

Throughout the state. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county (flowering plen-
tifully in 1882), Letberg; frequent in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Lowa, Cratty;
Minneapolis, Arthur, Roberts; Taylor’s Falls, Mrs. Ray; Pembina, Chickering; Red
river prairie and lake of the Woods, Dawson.

L. minor, L. Duckweed. Duck’s-meat.

Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Arthur, Sim-
mons; Duluth harbor (plentiful), Roberts; also, Red river prairie and lake of the Woods
(common), Dawson.

SPEIRODELA, Schleid. DuckwEED. DvucK’s-MEAT.

S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. (Lemna polyrrhiza, L,) Duckweed. Duck’s-meat.

Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, and
in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Minneapolis(abundant), Arthur, Upham; Saint Paul,
Kelley; and northwest to the Saskatchewan river.

WOLFETIA, Horkel, Schleid. WOLFFIA.

W. Columbiana, Karsten. Wolffia.

Found by Mr. Leiberg in a pond at the southwest edge of the village of South Bend,
Blue Earth county ; plentiful, covering the surface to a depth of one or two inches in
the summer ; often blown upon the shore in small ridges by storms ; slightly spreading
to adjacent ponds; determined by Dr. Engelmann, who thinks that it is not a native of
these northern latitudes, but has been probably brought by water-fowls. It appears to
have become thoroughly acclimated in this locality.

TYPHACEA. CatT-TAIL FAMILY.

TY PHA, Tourn. Cat-TAIL FLaG.

T. latifolia, L. Common Cat-tail. Reed-mace.
Common throughout the state.

SPARGANIUM, Tourn. BUR-REED.

S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Bur-reed.

Taroughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Minneapolis (common),
Roberts; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler; Wabasha, Gibson; Blue Earth county, Leiberg;
Redwood Falls, Pemberton; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty.

S. simplex, Hudson. Bur-reed.

Red river valley, at Pembina, Chickering; Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; West
Saint Paul, Miss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

136 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

S. simplex, Hudson, var. Nuttallii, Gray. Bur-reed.
St. Croix river, Parry.

S. simplex, Hudson, var. androcladum, Gray. Bur-reed.
Freeborn county, Upham.

S. simplex, Hudson, var. angustifolium, Gray. Bur-reed.
Lapham. North. [Isle Royale, Whitney. |

S. minimum, Bauhin. Bur-reed.

Brooks, St. Croix river, Parry; lake of the Woods, Dawson. [North of lake Super-
ior, Agassiz; Isle Royale, Whitney. | North.

NAIADACEA. PonvDWEED F'AMILy.

NAIAS,L. Narap.
N. flexilis, Rostk. & Schmidt. Naiad.

Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; plentiful in Martin county and
in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Minneapolis (abundant), Miss Butler. [Manitoba,
Macoun.)

ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. HorNED PoNDWEED.

Z. palustris, L. Horned Pondweed.
Peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato, Leiberg. Rare.

POTAMOGETON, Tourn. PONDWEED. POTAMOGETON.

P. natans, L. Pondweed.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

P. Claytonii, Tuckerman. Pondweed.
Plentiful near Stewart river, north of lake Superior, Roberts.

{P. rufescens, Schrader, will probably be found in northeastern Minnesota. |

P. onchites, Tuckerm. Pondweed.

Le Sueur river, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty.

South.

P. amplifolius, Tuckerman. Pondweed.

Plentiful in Devil’s Track lake, north of lake Superior, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss
Manning; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.
P. gramineus, L., var. heterophyllus, Fries. Pondweed,

Throughout the state. Abundantin Devil’s Track lake, Roberts; frequent in Emmet
county, Iowa, Cratty.
P. lucens, L. Pondweed.

Throughout the state, butinfrequent. Lake Minnetonka, Roberts; White Bear lake,
Ramsey county, Simmons; Stearns county, Campbell. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz;
Manitoba, M acoun.]

P. lucens, L., var. minor, Nolte. Pondweed.
Lake Minnetonka, Herrick, Roberts.

[P. prelongus, Wulfen., will doubtless be found in Minnesota. ]

STATE GEOLOGIST. 137

P. Dllinoensis, Morong.* Pondweed.

Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur; doubtless also to be found in southern Min-
nesota.

P. perfoliatus, L. Pond weed.

Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; lake Calhoun, Minneapolis,
Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; lake of the Woods, Dawson.

P. perfoliatus, L., var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Pondweed.

Also throughout the state. Lake Minnetonka, Arthur; frequent in Martin county,
and in Emmet county, Iowa, Crotty.

P. zosterzefolius, Schum. (P. compressus, Fries, not L.) Pondweed.

Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg, and Martin county (frequent),
Cratty, both determined by Rev. T. Morong.

P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Pondweed.

Minneapolis (common), Wiss Butler; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg, determined by Rev. IT. Morong; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty.
[North of lake Superior, A gassiz.]

P. pusillus, L. Pondweed.

Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; White Bear lake, Ramsey
county, Simmons; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong.
P. pusillus, L., var. major, Fries. Pondweed.

Martin county (frequent), Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong.

P, pusillus, L., var. vulgaris, Fries. Pondweed.
Lake Minnetonka (plentiful), Herrick, Roberts; Winona lake, Holzinger.

P, pectinatus, L. Pondweed.

Throughout the state. Mississippiriver near Saint Cloud, Campbell; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; Martin county (abundant), Cratty, determined by Rev. T. Morong.
[North of lake Superior, Agassiz; James river, Dakota, Geyer. |

ALISMACEA. WaverR-PLANTAIN FAMILY.

TRIGLOCHIN, iL. Arrow-erass. (This genus and ScHEUCH-
ZBRIA are included in the preceding order, NAIADACE&, by Watson in the Botany
of California.) 5

*POTAMOGETON ILLINOENSIS, Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the sum-
mit; floating leaves opposite, thick, coriaceous, oval or ovate, 2 to 3 inches long by 14%
broad, 19- to 23-nerved, rounded or sub-cordate at base, and with a short blunt point at
the apex, on short petioles; submersed leaves comparatively few, dark green, oblong-
elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample (the largest nearly 8 inches long and 1%
wide), entire, rarely mucronate, nearly or quite sessile, the uppermost opposite; stipules
coarse, free, obtuse, strongly bicarinate, about 2 inches in length; peduncles often
clustered at the summit of the stem, 2 to 4inches long, usually somewhat thickening
upwards ; spikes about 2 inches long, densely flowered ; fruit roundish obovate, 1%
to 2 lines long and 1 to 1% lines wide, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel prominent
and sometimes shouldered at the top, flattened and slightly impressed on the sides,
obtuse or occasionally pointed at the base, the style short and nearly facial, the apex of
the embryo pointing transversely inwards. Allied to P.lucens, L., in habit, but with
larger fruit, and in foliage quite distinct. Merong in Botanical Gazette, vol. v, p. 50
(May, 1880).

138 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

T. palustre, L. Arrow-grass.

Throughout the state. Peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato (plentiful), Lei-
berg; Red river valley, Scott.
T. maritimum, L. Arrow-grass.

Lapham. Stearns county, Campbell. [Sheyenne river and Devil’s lake, Dakota,
Geyer. | North.
T. maritimum, L., var. elatum, Gray. Arrow-grass.

Duluth (common), and Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Chisago county, Upham;
upper Minnesota river, Parry; also, peat-bogs between Kasota and Mankato (plentiful),
Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

SCHEUCHZERIA, L. SCHEUCHZERIA.

S. palustris, L. Scheuchzeria.

St. Croix river, Parry; near Clearwater, Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Minneapolis,
Kassube, (lake Calhoun) Miss Butler; Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty.

ALISMA, L . WarTer-PLANTAIN.

A. Plantago, L. Water- Plantain.
Common throughout the state. “Very variable as respects foliage, the forms being

determined chiefly by the place of growth and not deserving to rank as varieties.”’ Wat-
son, Botany of California.

ECHINODORUS, Richard, Engelmann. «© EcHrnoporus.

E. parvulus, Engelm. Echinodorus.
Muddy marygins of ponds, St. Croix, Parry. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.]

SAGITTARIA, L. ARROW-HEAD.

S. variabilis, Engelm. Common Arrow-head.

Common (especially the var. hastata, Gray) throughout the state ; var. angustifolia,
Gray, Minneapolis, Miss Butler. ‘‘This plant, so variable in foliage, and so abundant
in distribution, furnishes an important article of native food in the tubers which beset
its fibrous roots. These tubers (from the fact of their affording nourishment to the
larger aquatic fowls which congregate in such abundance about the northwestern
lakes) are called by the Chippewas, Wab-es-i-pin-ig, or swan potatoes, a name which
has been naturally appropriated to several streams of this region, Wabesipinicon ;
meaning, the abode of the swan potato. These tubers frequently attain the size of a
small hen’s-egg, and are then eaten by the Indians, with whom they are a great favorite.
In their raw state they contain a bitter, milky juice, but in boiling become sweet and
palatable.” Parry.

S. heterophylla, Pursh. Arrow-head.
Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Hennepin county, Roberts, Griswold; probably
extending through the south half of the state.

S. graminea, Michx. Arrow-head,
Minneapolis, Kassube. South.

S. cristata, Engelm.* Arrow-head.

Emmet county, lowa, on the south boundary of Minnesota, Cratty; doubtless also
in this state.

* SAGITTARIA CRISTATA, Engelm. Flowers only of the lowest whorl fertile ; fruit-
heads much larger thanin S. graminea ; achenia broad, with a conspicuous horizontal

STATE GEOLOGIST. 139

HY DROCHARIDACEA. Frog’s-B1t FAmIzy.

ANACHARIS, Richard. WaATER-WEED.

A. Canadensis, Planchon. Water-weed.

Common throughout the state. Duluth harbor (plentiful), and Minneapolis, Rob-
erts; lake Minnetonka, Miss Butler; Winona lake, Holzinger; Blue Earth county, Lei-
berg; plentifulin Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. This aquatic
plant, common, but nowhere troublesome, in this its native country, having become
naturalized in Europe, grows there more rankly, so as to become in many places a
serious obstruction to river-navigation. Since 1836, when it first appeared in England
and Ireiand, it has spread eastward upon the continent along the rivers of Belgium,
Holland and Germany, and is now complained of at Riga in western Russia. Popwlar
Science Monthly, vol. xix, p. 480 (July, 1881).

VALLISNERIA, Micheli. TAPE-GRASS. HEL-GRASS.

V. spiralis, L. Tape-grass: Hel-grass.

With the preceding, in Duluth harbor (plentiful), and Minneapolis, Roberts, lake
Calhoun) Miss Butler; Blue Earth county, Gedge, (Eagle lake) Leiberg; Redwood Falls,
Miss Butler.

ORCHIDACE. Orouis FAMILY.

ORCHIS, L. ORCHIS.

O. spectabilis, L. Showy Orchis.

Duluth (frequent), and Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart; Stearns county, Campbell;
Fergus Falls, Leonard; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts; Northfield, Chaney; Faribault,
Miss Beane; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent at Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter.

O. rotundifolia, Pursh. (Habenaria rotundifolia, Richardson.) Orchis.
Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Rare. North.

HABENARIA, Willd. REIN-ORCHIs.

H. tridentata, Hook. Rein-Orchis.

Lapham. Goodhue county, Sandberg. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz. | In-
frequent.

H. virescens, Spreng. Greenish Orchis.

Lake City, Miss Manning; Goodhue county, Sandberg; Minneapolis, Roberts;
Stearns county, Campbell; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Infrequent.

Hi. viridis, R. Br., var. bracteata, Reich. — Bracted Green Orchis.

Throughout the state. Carlton’s Peak, north of lake Superior, and also near Min-
neapolis, Roberts; eastern border of Red river prairie, Dawson; Stearns county, Camp-
bell; Jake Elmo, Washington county, Leonard; Blue Earth county, Letberg; Faribault,
Miss Beane; Winona county, Holzinger. [Hesper, Mrs. Carter, and south to Council
Bluffs, lowa, Geyer. |

style, and crested back and sides. . . . NearS.graminea, Michx., and perhaps only
a variety of it, although the only other Sagittaria with such crests to the acheniais S.
natans, Michx. Further observations are needed to eventually place it correctly.
Letter of Dr. Engelmann, dated March 15th, 1882, in Arthur’s Contributions to the Flora
of Iowa, No. V.

iw a=

140 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT. il

H. hyperborea, R. Br. Northern Green Orchis.

Throughout the state. Lake Superior, Whitney; lake of the Woods, Dawson; De-
troit, Becker county, Gedge; Stearns county, Camphell; Minneapolis (common), Rob-
erts; Hesper, Iowa (rare), Mrs. Carter.

H. dilatata, Gray. Rein-Orchis. Northern White Orchis.

Lake Superior, Whitney; Detroit, Gedge; Minneapolis (common), Roberts; St, Croix,
river, Parry. North.

(H. rotundifolia, Richardson, is found to belong to the preceding genus, Orehis. |

H. obtusata, Richardson. Rein-Orchis.
Abundant north of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. North.

H. Hookeri, Torr. Small Two-leaved Orchis.

Throughout the state. St. Croix river, Parry; Elk River, Sherburne county, Camp-
bell; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter.
{Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, Macoun.]

H. orbiculata, Torr. Large Round-leaved Orchis.
North of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick. Northeast.

H. blephariglottis, Hook., var. holopetala, Gray. White Fringed-
Orchis.

Minnesota Point, near Duluth, Miss Catheart. Rare.
H. leucophzea, Gray. Western Greenish Fringed-Orchis.

Frequent in the south half of the state, extending north at least to Alexandria,

rs. Terry, and Clay county, in the Red river valley, Upham. Sometimes almost pure

white. It has spread widely in Martin county during the past six or seven years, being
now very common in some parts of the county, Gedge.
H. lacera, R. Br. Ragged Fringed-Orchis.

Minneapolis, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg. South.
H. psycodes, Gray. Purple Fringed-Orchis.

Frequent throughout the state.

GOODYERA, R. Br. RaTTLESNAKE-PLANTAIN.

G. repens, R. Br. Rattlesnake- Plantain.

North of lake Superior (common), also at Minneapolis, Roberts; St Croix Falls,
Miss Field. North.
G. pubescens, R. Br. ~ Rattlesnake-Plantain.

North of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart, Roberts; Clearwater,
Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg.
G. Menziesii, Lindl. Rattlesnake- Plantain.

Isle Royale, Dr. A. B. Lyons; doubtless also in Minnesota north of lake Superior.

‘

SPIRANTHES, Richard. LapDIEs’ TRESSES.

S. latifolia, Torr. Ladies’ Tresses.
Lapham, Hills of Zumbro river, Geyer. Rare. Southeast.

S. Romanzoffiana, Chamisso. Ladies’ Tresses.

North shore of lake Superior. Juni; Polk county, Upham; Clay county, Gedge;
Stearns county, Campbell; Minneapolis, Roberts; Cottonwood county, Holzinger; peat-
bog between Kasota and Mankato (very searce), Leiberg. North.

S. cernua, Richard. Ladies’ Tresses. .
Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and perhaps northward ;

STATE GEOLOGIST. 141

lake Superior, Whitney, and lake of the Woods, Dawson; var. latifolia, Torr., hills of
Zumbro river, Geyer.

S. gracilis, Bigelow. Ladiés’ Tresses.

Throughout the state, butinfrequent. Pine barrens, St. Croixriver, Parry; Stearns
county, Campbell; Minneapolis, R. S. Williams, Roberts; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.
[Decorah, Lowa, Arthur; Nebraska, Aughey; Manitoba, Macoun.]

LISTERA, R.Br. Twayeiape.

L. cordata, R. Br. Twayblade. .

Between lake Superior and the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Isle Royale, Dr. A. B.
Lyons. North?

L, convallarioides, Nutt. Twayblade.

Also, between lake Superiorand the lake of the Woods, Macoun; Isle Royale, Dr. A.
B, Lyons. North.

ARETHUSA, Gronov. ARETHUSA.

A. bulbosa, L. Ar thusa.

Chisago county, Upham; Ramsey county (near lake Johanna), Roberts; Red Wing,
Sandberg. Rare. North.

POGONIA, Juss. PoGonra.

P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Pogonia.
St. Croix river, Parry; Isanti county, Upham; Stearns county, Campbell; Saint Paul,
Mrs. Terry, Kelley; Minneapolis (frequent), Roberts, Miss Butler.

[P. pendula, Lindl., and P. verticillata, Nutt., should be looked for in this state. |

CALOPOGON, BR. Br. CaLopocon. Grass PINK.

C. pulchellus, R. Br. Calopogon. Grass Pink.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

CALYPSO, Salisb. CALYPSO.

C. borealis, Salish. Calypso.

Black Point, north shore of lake Superior, Roberts; Duluth, Miss Cathcart. Rare.
North.

oe

MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. ADDER’s-MoutH.
M. monophyllos, Lindl. Adder’s- Mouth.
. Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry; Taylor’s Falls, Roberts. Rare. North.

M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Adder’s- Mouth.
Itasca lake, Houghton; Mille Lacs, Campbell; St. Croix river, Parry; at bead of
lake Pepin, Sandberg; Hesper, Iowa-(rare), Mrs. Carter. (Manitoba, Macoun. |

LIPARIS, Richard. TWAYBLADE.

L. liliifolia, Richard. Twayblade.

Minneapolis (one mile west of city), Roberts; near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry ; Good-
hue county, Sandberg; Winona county, Holzinger; Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter. Rare.

L. Leeselii, Richard. Twayblade.

In tamarack swamps near Minneapolis, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell. Rare.

142 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CORALLORHIZA, Hailer. CoRAL-ROOT.

C. innata, R. Br. Coral-root. :
Stearns county, Campnell; along the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macoun.
Throughout the state: rare southward, frequent northward.

C. multiflora, Nutt. Coral-root.

Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter; Taylor’s Falls, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell;
Pembina, Havard; lake Superior, Whitney. Throughout the state, but infrequent.

C. Macreei, Gray. Coral-root.
Lapham, {Mackinaw (abundant), Whitney.] Rare in Minnesota.
e

APLECTRUM, Torrey. Purty-rooT. ADAM-AND-EVE.

A. hiemale, Torr. Putty-root. Adam and Eve.

St. Croix Falls, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Hastings, Mrs. Ray; Fari-
bault, Miss Beane; in woods at the head of Van Brunt slough, Mankato, Leiberg. {Man-
itoba, Macoun.] Rare.

CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lapy's-SLIPPER. MoccasIN-FLOWER.

C, arietinum, R. Br. Ram’s-head Lady’s-Slipper.

Clearwater lake, in the northwest part of Wright county, Mrs. Terry; Stearns
county, Campbell; Detroit, Becker county, Gedge. Rare. North.

C. candidum, Muhl. Small White Lady’s-Slipper.

Through the south half of the state, mostly infrequent and local. Winona county,
Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Cannon River Falls, Blake, Sandberg; Minne-
apolis, Roberts, (lake Harriet) Mrs. Terry; Anoka county, also New Ulm, Juni; Fari-
bault, Miss Beane; Nicollet county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa (plentiful), Cratty;
extending north at least to Morrison county, Miss Babbitt, the upper Mississippi river,
Garrison, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

C. parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady’s-Slipper.
Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward.

©. pubescens, Willd. Larger Yellow Lady‘s-Slipper.
Common, or frequent, threughout the state.

C. spectabile, Swartz. Showy Lady’s-Slipper.

Common, or frequent, often growing on dryish hard land, throughout the state; ex-
cepting perhaps far northeastward, in which direction it extepds at least to the St.
Louis river, Mrs. Herrick, the upper Mississippi river, Garrison, Detroit, Becker county
(abundant), Gedge, and Pembina, Havard.

Cc. acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady’s-Slipper.

Frequent through the north half of the state ; extending south to Saint Paul, Miss
Cathcart, Minneapolis (in tamarack swamps) Roberts, and Martin county, Gedge.

AMARYLLIDACEA. AMARYLLIS F'AMILY.

HYPOXYS, L. STAR-GRASS.

H. erecta, L. Star-grass,

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley; extend-
ing northeast to the upper Mississippi river.

\

STATE GEOLOGIST. 1438

HAMODORACE A. Bioopwort F amity.

ALETRIS, L. Conic-RooT. STAR-GRASS.

A. farinosa, L. Colic-root. Star-grass.
Lapham. Rare. Southeast.

IRIDACEA. Iris FAMIty.

IRIS, Tourn. FLoWeR-DE-Lucsk. IRIs.

I. versicolor, L. Larger Blue Flag.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

SISYRINCHIUM, L. Brus-ryep Grass.

S. angustifolium, Miller. (S. Bermudiana, J.., in part; see American Nat-
uralist, vol. xviii, pp. 623-5; June, 1884.) Blue-eyed Grass.

This variable species (in the varieties anceps and mucronatum, with intermediate
forms) is found throughout the state, being usually abundant in all the prairie region.
The var. albidum occurs infrequently at Marine, Washington county, Miss Field, Min-
neapolis, Roberts, Kassube, and southwestward.

DIOSCOREACE At. Yam Famity.

DIOSCOREA, Plumier. Yam.

D. villosa, L. Wild Yam-root.

Common, or frequent, through the south part of thestate ; extending north to Saint
Paul, Roberts, Minneapolis, Kassube, (lake Calhoun) W.H. Hatch, Anoka county,
Juni, and the north side of Snake river east of Chengwatana, Pine county, Upham.

SMILACE A. SMILAX FAMILY.

SMILAX, Tourn. GREENBRIER. CATBRIER.

S. rotundifolia, L. Common Greenbrier.

Lake Superior to the Mississippi, Houghton; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; Anoka
county, Juni; Minneapolis (common), Roberts, Upham; Minnesota river, Parry; Fari-
bault, Miss Beane; Goodhue county, Sandberg; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Houston
eounty, Winchell.

S. hispida, Muhl. Greenbrier. Catbrier.
Minnesota river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; frequent in Martin county, BG
in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; Kanabec county, Upham.

S. herbacea, L. Carrion-F lower.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. herbacea, L., var. pulverulenta, Gray. Carrion-F lower.

Vicinity of Hesper, lowa, on the southern border of Houston and Fillmore counties,
Mrs. Carter; Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Faribault, Miss Beane.

144 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

LILIACEA. Linty Famity.

TRILLIUM,L. Tritium. Tares-LeEavep NigHTsHADE. WaAKE-
Rosin.

T. sessile, L. Trillium. Three-leaved Nightshade. Wake-Robin.
Saint Paul, Miss Catheart. Southeast.

T. recurvatum, Beck. Trillium. Thre-leaved Nightshade.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Southeast,

T. grandiflorum, Salisb, Large White Trillium or Wake-Robin.
Frequent northward ; extending southeast to lake Pepin, Miss Manning, North-
field, Rice county, Chaney, and Blue Earth county, Gedge.

T. erectum,L. — Purple Trillium or Birthroot. Bath Flower.

Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Minneapolis,
Simmons. Rare. (Watson’s Revision of the North American Liliacew makes this
name include also the two following, which, however, are retained here asin Gray’s
Manual.) ‘

T. erectum, L., var, album, Pursh. © Trillium. Birthroot.

Winona, Holzinger; Marine, Washington county, Miss Field; Stearns county, Gar-
rison, Rare.

T. erectum, L., var. declinatum, Gray. Trillium. Birthroot.

Frequent, in some localities plentiful, throughout the state.

T. cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium or Wake-Robin,

Common, or frequent, throughout most of the state; extending north at least to
Grand Marais, Roberts, and the upper Mississippi river, Garrison; and west to Fergus
Falls, Leonard, and Redwood Falls, Pemberton.

T. nivale, Riddell. Dwarf White Trilium. Snowy Trillium.

Winona, Holzinger; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; near South Beud, Blue Earth county,
Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. Rare. South.

MEDEOLA, Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

M. Virginiana, L. Indian Cucumber-root.
Lapham.: Near Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry; Lake City, Mrs. Ray. Infrequent.
Southeast.

MELANTHIUM, L. MELANTHIUM.
M. Virginicum, L. Bunch-flower.
Minneapolis (near lake Calhoun), Mrs. Terry. Rare, Southeast.

ZYGADENUS, Michx. ZYGADENE.

Z. elegans, Pursh. (Z. glaucus, Nutt.) | Zygadene. ‘‘Alkali-Grass.”’

Common, often abundant, throughout the west part of the state ; frequent eastward
to the upper Mississippi river, Sauk Center, and Nicollet and Steele counties; rare
farther east in Benton county, at Minneapolis, Castle Rock, Dakota county, Cannon
River Falls, Goodhue county, and lake Pepin.

VERATRUM, Tourn. FauLszE HELLEBORE.

V. viride, Ait. American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.
Stearns county, Garrison. Infrequent. North.

:
:
:
|
:
:

net a

STATE GEOLOGIST. 145

TOFIELDIA, Hudson. FatsE ASPHODEL.

T. palustris, Hudson. False Asphodel.
Isle Royale and Thunder bay ; doubtless also on the north shore of lake Superior
in Minnesota.

T. glutinosa, Willd. False Asphodel.

Stillwater, Parry; Minneapolis, Roberts, Miss Butler; Fergus Falls, Leonard; com-
mon in the Red river valley, Upham.

UVULARIA, L. BELLWORT,

U.grandiflora, Smith. Large-flowered Bellwort.
Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley,

U. perfoliata, L. Mealy Bellwort.

Frequent in the south half of the state ; extending north at least to St. Croix Falls,
Miss Field, Stearns county, Campbell, and the Sisseton Agency, Dakota, Upham.

OAKESIA, Watson. BrEtuwort. Oaxasta.

O. sessilifolia, Watson. (Uvularia sessilifolia, L.) Sessile-leaved Bellwort.

Throughout the state. Morrison county, Miss Babbitt; Stearns county, Campbell;
Fergus Falls, Leonard; Anoka county, etc., Upham; Minneapolis, Twining, Roberts;
Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Northfield, Rice county, Chaney. [Manitoba, Macoun;
Nebraska, Aughey.]

STREPTOPUS » Michx. TWISTED-STALK.

S. amplexifolius, DC. Twisted-Stalk.

North of lake Superior, Juni; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; bluffs near (south of)
Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. Rare. North.
S. roseus, Michx. Twisted-Stalk.

Common north of lake Superior, Roberts; Benton county, Upham; blufis south of
Saint Paul, Mrs. Terry. North.

CLINTONIA, Raf. CLINTONIA.

C. borealis, Raf. Northern Clintonia.

Abundant northeastward; extending west to the Winnipeg valley, Watson, the
sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, and Wadena county. Upham; and south to Kan-
abee eounty (com mon), Stearns county, Campbell, Minneapolis (1are), Roberts, Saint
Paul, Miss Cathcart, and the Wisconsin side of lake Pepin, Mrs. Ray.

SMILACINA, Desf. Fase SoLomon’s SEAL.

S. racemosa, Desf. False Spikenard. False Solomon’s Seal.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. stellata, Desf. False Solomon’s Seal.
Also common, or frequent, throughout the state.

S. trifolia, Desf. Three-leaved False Sclomon’s Seal.

Frequent through the north half of the state; extending south atleast to Minne-
apolis, Roberts, and Fergus Falls, Leonard.

MATANTHEMUM, Weber. FausE SOLOMON’s SEal.

M. Canadense, Desf. (Smilacina bifolia, Ker., var. Canadensis, (tray.) Two-
leaved False Solomon’s Seal.
Common throughout the state.

10F

146 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

POLYGONATUM, Tourn. Sotomon’s SEAL.

P. biflorum, Ell, Smaller Solomon’s Seal.

Frequent, occasionally common, throughout most of the state ; extending north to
lake Superior, Whitney, and Pembina, Havard.
P. giganteum, Dietrich. Great Solomon’s Seal.

Frequent, or common, throughout the state. (Mr. Lewis Foote remarks that these
species are not separable in their varying forms, but seem to constitute a single poly-
morphous species.)

ASPARAGUS, L. ASPARAGUS.

A. officinalis, L. Garden Asparagus.

Adventive : Minneapolis; Cannon River Falls; lake Pepin; Blue Earth county;
New Ulm.

LILIUM, L. Liny.

L. Philadelphicum, L. Wild Orange-red Lily.

Generally common, or frequent, throughout the state ; especially in Sherburne and
Todd counties, in the Red river valley, and thence south to Iowa.

L. Canadense, L. Nodding Wild Yellow Lily.

Common throughout the east half of the state ; less frequent in the Red river valley ;
rare southwestward.

L, superbum, L. Turk’s-cap Lily. ‘* Wild Tiger-Lily.”’

Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Minneapolis, Twining, Simmons; Excelsior, Hen-
nepin county, Mrs. Terry; Nicollet county, Aiton; Martin county, Gedge; Cannon
River Falls, Blake, Sandberg ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; Hesper, Iowa, Mrs. Carter.

Infrequent. South.

ERYTHRONIUM, L. ADDER’s-TonauE. Do«’s-TrooTH VIOLET.

E. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Adder’s-tongue or Dog’s-tooth Violet.

Saint Paul, Miss Cathcart; Lake City, Mrs. Ray; Winona, Holzinger; plentiful lo-
cally near Hesper,lowa, Mrs. Carter; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Lake Superior,
Whitney; Nebraska, Aughey. | Infrequent. East and south.

E. albidum, Nutt. White Adder’s-tongue or Dog’s-tooth Violet.

Common, often abundant, southeastward ; Jess frequent, or rare, southwestward;
extending north to St. Croix Falls, Miss Field, Stearns county, Campbell, aud Brown
county, Juni.

E. propullans, Gray.* Adder’s-tongue. Dog’s- tooth Violet.

Faribault (abundant), Miss Beane ; described and figured by Professor Gray in the
American Naturalist, vol. v, pp. 298-300, July, 1871, from specimens ‘‘collected at Fari-
bault, Minnesota, by Mrs. Mary B. Hedges, the teacher ot botany in St. Mary’s Hall.’’

*ERYTHRONIUM PROPULLANS, Gray. The flower is muchsmaller than that of any
other known species, being barely half an inch long; and its color,a bright pink or
rose, like that of the European E. Dens-Canis, reflects the meaning of the generic
name (viz., red), which is lost to us in our two familiar Adder-tongues, one with yel-
low, the other with white, blossoms. The most singular peculiarity of the new species
is found in the way in which the bulb propagates. In E. Dens-Canis new bulbs are
produced directly from the side of the old one, on which they are sessile, so that the
plant as it multiplies forms closeclumps. In our E. Americanum long and slender off-
shoots, or subterranean runners, proceed from the base of the parent bulb and develop
the new bulb at their distant apex. Our western E, albidum does not differ in this re-
spect. In the new species an offshoot springs from the ascending slender stem, or sub-

*

STATE GEOLOGIST. 147

CAMASSTA, Hindl. QuamasuH.

C. Fraseri, Torr. (Scilla Fraseri, Gray.) Eastern Quamash. Wald Hya-
cinth.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty. South.

ALLIUM, L. Onron. GARLIC,

A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward; but mostly infrequent or
rare. Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, Parry; upper Mississippiriver, Garrison; Fer-
gus Falls, Leonard; Minneapolis, W. H. Hatch, Roberts; Goodhue county, Sandberg;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Martin and Nobles counties, Gedge. {Em-
met county, lowa (very rare), Cratty ; lake Superior, Whitney. |

A. cernuum, Roth. Wild Onion.

Common throughout the prairie portion of the state ; also found at the lake of the
Woods, Dawson. (The umbel is reflexed until flowering, but then usually becomes
erect.)

A, stellatum, Fras. Wild Onion.

Upper Minnesota river, Geyer; Tracy, Lyon ceunty, Gedge; Minneapolis, Griswold;
lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Stearns county, Garrison; Alexandria, Mrs. Terry. Rare.

A. reticulatum, Fras.* = Wild Onion.
Red river valley,Scott, determined by Mr. Sereno Watson. West.

A.Schoenoprasum,L. Chives.

Northeastward, Clark; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper Mississippi river, Gar-
rison. ‘Manitoba, Macoun.] North.

A. Canadense, Kalm. Wild Garlic.

Common or frequent, through the south part of the state ; extending west to Wor-
thington, Foote, and Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett, and north to Minneapolis and
Big Stone lake, Upham.

JUNCACEA. RusH Famity.

LUZULA, DC. Woop-RusuH.

L. pilosa, Willd. Wood-Rush.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. |Manitoba, Macoun.] Probably common northward.

terranean sheathed portion of the scape (which is commonly five or six inches long),
remote from the parent bulb, usually about mid-way between it and the bases or ap-
parent insertion of the pair of leaves: this lateral offshoot grows downward, some-
times lengthening as in the foregoing species, sometimes remaining short, and its apex
dilates into the new bulb. .. . Scape bulbiferous from its sheathed portion below
the developed leaves ; these oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, slightly mottled ; perianth
rose-purpleor pink (half an inch long); the segments acute, all with a yellow spot but
plane at the base, the inner like the outer destitute of either groove or tootk-like appen-
dages, but a little more narrowed at base; anthers merely oblong; style hardly at all
narrowed downward, entire, the small stigma even barely three-lobed; ovules few
(4to6)in each cell. Grayin American Naturalist, vol. v.

*ALLIUM RETICULATUM, Fras. Coats densely fibrous ; scape 3 to 8 inches high, sub-
terete ; leaves very narrowly linear, elongated ; spathe usually 2-valved ; umbel many-
flowered, spreading : pedicels usually short (2 to 6 lines long) ; stamens and style shorter
than the usually acute (3 to 4 lines long) white or slightly pinkish sepals; crest mostly
short. Watson’s Revision of Allium in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel, and his
Revision of the North American Liliacew, Proc. Amer, Acad., xiv.

148 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

L. spadicea, DC., var. melanocarpa, Meyer. (L. parviflora, Desv., var.
melanocarpa, Gray.) Wood-Rush.
Frequent along the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macown.

L. campestris, DC. Wood-Rush.

Throughout the state. Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; Anoka county, ete.
Upham; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Emmet county, lowa (very rare), Cratty,

JUNCUS, L. RusH. Boe-Rusu.

J. effusus, L. Common or Soft Rush.

Throughout the state, Lapham. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [North of lake
Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun.]|
J. filiformis, L. Bog- Rush.

Lapnam. Lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.]
Throughout the state, chiefly northward.

J. Balticus, Dethard. Bog Rush.

Lapham. Pembina, Chickering ; Red river country generally, Dawson. (North
of lake Superior, Agassiz ; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty.] Throughout the state,
chiefly northward.

J. Balticus, Dethard, var. montanus, Engelm.* Bog-Rush.

Lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. West.

J. bufonius, L. Bog-Rush.
Lake Pepin, Miss Manning; lake of the Woods, Macouwn. [James river, Dakota,
Geyer. | Infrequent.

[J. stygius, L., and J. Gerardi, Loisel, should be looked for in Minnesota north of
lake Superior.]
J.tenuis, Willd. Bog-Rush.

Common, or abundant, throughout the state.

J. tenuis, Willd., var congestus, Engelm. Bog- Rush.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg, determined by Watson. Southwest. {Branches
contracted into a head, and flowers darker-colored. Engelmann, Trans. Acai. Sci,
Saint Louis, vol. ii.]

J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Vasey’s Bog-Rush.
Steele county, Upham; lake Superior and Manitoba, Macoun; probably occurring
throughout Minnesota.
J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer: Bog-Rush.
Lapham. St. Croix river, Parry ; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.
J, alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Bog-Rush.
North shore of lake Superior, Juni; lake of the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. North.

J. acuminatus, Michx., var. legitimus, Engelm. Bog- Rush,

Lapham, [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun; Devil’s lake,
Dakota, Geyer.] Throughout the state.

* JUNCUS BALTICUS, Dethard, var. MONTANUS, Engelmann. Sepals nearly of the
same length, the minor ones sometimes more obtuse; anthers four times longer than
the filament ; capsule ovate-pyramidal, angled, beaked ; seeds smaller, narrower and
longer pointed than in the easternform. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth
Parallel, :

STATE GEOLOGIST. 149

J.nodosus, L. Bog-Rush.
Common throughout the state.

J. nodosus, L., var. megacephalus, Torr. Bog-Rush.

Common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty; Manitoba, Macown;
probably throughout the state. .

J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. longicaudatus, Engelm. Bog-Rush.

Minneapolis. Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Through the south part of
the state.

J. Canadensis, J. Gay, var. coarctatus, Engelm. Bog-Rush.
North of lake Superior, Juni. [Manitoba, Macoun.] North.

PONTEDERIACEA. PICKEREL-WEED FAmILy.

PONTEDERIA, L. PICKEREL- WEED.

P. cordata, L. Pickerel- Weed.

Lake Pepin, Miss Manning ; White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons, Kelley;
lake Minnetonka, aisoin Douglas county, Mrs, Terry; pond in section 23, Burns, Anoka
county, Roberts; Stearns county, Campbell. Infrequent.

SCHOLLERA, Scbreber. WATER STAR-GRASS.

S. graminifolia, Willd. Water Star-grass.

White Bear lake, Ramsey county, Simmons; lake Minnetonka, Roberts, Miss Butler;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. South.

COMMELYNACEA. .SPIDERWORT em

TRADESCANTIA, L. Sprperwort.

TT, Virginica, L. Common Spiderwort.

Common, often abundant, through the south half of the state ; extending northeast
to the upper Mississippi river, and north tolake Winnipeg, Watson. Southwestward
the flowers are often seen varying from the ordinary blue to purple and pink.

XYRIDACEA. YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.

XYRIS, L. YELLOW-EYED GRASS-
X. flexuosa, Muhl. Yellow-eyed Grass.

Sandy lake, about three miles north of East Minneapolis, Roberts; also collected
near Minneapolis by Mr. Kassube; White Bear, Ramsey county, Miss Field. Rare.

ERIOCAULONACEA. Prezewort FAmity.

ERIOCAULON, L. PIPEWORT.

EK. septangulare, With. Pipewort.
Lake Agnes, Alexandria, Douglas county, Mrs. Terry. Rare.

150 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CYPERACEA). SEDGE FAmILy.

CYPERUS, L. GALINGALE.

C. diandrus, Torr., var. castaneus, Torr. (C. rivularis, Kunth.) Galin-
gale. '
Common through the south half of the state ; extending north at teast to the upper
Mississippi river, Garrison.
C. erythrorrhizos, Muhl. Galingale.
Lapham. [In Michigan, Wisconsin and Nebraska. ] Infrequent. South,

C. aristatus, Rottb. (C. inflexus, Muhl.) Galingale.

St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
[Manitoba, Macoun, (lake Winnipeg) Watson; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.]
Throughout the state.

C. esculentus, L. (C. phymatodes, Muhl.) Galingale. Nut-Grass.

Lapham, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Cannon River Falls. Blake, Sandberg;
Minneapolis, Simmons. South.

C. strigosus, L. Galingale.

Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. (Specimens
apparently referable to this species, collected by Mr. Simmons near lake Calhoun, in
Minneapolis, have only 8- to 12-flowered spikes, scarcely a half inch long, arranged in
densely crowded spicate clusters, the lower portions of which are sometimes compound.)
©. Michauxianus, Schultes. Galignale.

Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Probably frequent, or common, through
the south part of the state.

C. Schweinitzii, Torr. Galingale.

Yhroughouf the south half of the state and in the Red river valley. Sandy ridges,
St. Croix river, Parry; Minneapolis (common), Kassube, Upham; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg. [Emmet county, Lowa (very rare) Cratty; Devil’s lake, Dakota, Geyer.]

C. filiculmis, Vahl. Galingale.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward.
Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Minnesota river, Parry; Minneapolis, Kassube,
Simmons, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun.]

DULICHIUM, Richard. DULICHIUM.

D. spathaceum, Pers. Dulichium.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state,

HEMICARPHA, Nees. HEMICARPHA.

H. subsquarrosa, Nees. Hemicarpha.

Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, plentiful beside railroad near
the University, Arthur, and near lake Calhoun, Simmons; probably frequent through
the south half of the state.

ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. SrrkE-Rusu.

E. obtusa, Schultes. Spike-Rush.

Common through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley.
E. palustris, R, Br. Spike-Rush.

Common throughout the state.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 151

E. palustris, R. Br., var. glaucescens, Gray. Spike- Rush.
Minneapolis, Kassube.

E. compressa, Sullivant. Spike-Rush.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.] South.

E. intermedia, Schultes. Spike-Rush.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Probably throughout the state.

KE. tenuis, Schultes. | Spike-rush.
Lapham. Blue Earth county (frequent in peat-bogs), Leiberg. [Devil’s lake,
Dakota, Geyer.]
E. acicularis, R. Br. Spike-Rush.
Common throughout the state. ‘
E. Wolfii,* Gray. | Wolf’s Spike-Rush,
Collected by Mr. R.TI. Cratty on wet prairies in Emmet county, Iowa, adjoining the

south line of Martin and Jackson counties in Minnesota, where it may also be confi-
dently looked for ; determined by Mr. William Boots.

E. pauciflora, Watson. (Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightfoot.) Spike-Rush.
Lake Superior and lake of,the Woods, Macoun. North.

SCIRPUS, L. Butrusg or Cius-Rusx.

S. czespitosus, L. Bulrush or Club-Rush.
North and northwest of lake Superior, Macown; doubtless in northern Minnesota.

S. pungens, Vahl. Bulrush.
Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward.

S. Torreyi, Olney. Torrey’s Bulrush.
Lapham. Infrequent.

S. lacustris, L. (8S. validus, Vahl.) Great Bulrush. ‘* Black Rush.”’
[‘‘Tule’’ in California (S. lacustris, L., var. occidentalis, Watson). |

Abundant throughout the state. ‘“‘In common use among the Indians for making
mats.” Parry.
S. debilis, Pursh. —_ Bulrush.

Lapham. [Also in the Wisconsin catalogue, probably on Dr. Lapham’s authority ;
and in Nebraska, Aughey.]

[S. maritimus, L., was collected by Geyer at Devil’s lake and on the Sheyenne and
James rivers, in Dakota. It will probably be found in the Red river valley in Minnesota. ]
S. fluviatilis, Gray. River Club-Rush.

Through the south half of the state, and in the Red river valley. Minneapolis,
Roberts; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty; Pembina,
Chickering,

*ELEOCHARIS WOLFII, Gray. Rhizomes very small, creeping, perennial, forming
small seattered tufts; culm a foot high, slender, pale-glaucescent, striate, two-edged,
one side flat, the other convex ; sheath obliquely truncate, hyaline above : spike ovate -
oblong, acute; scales oblong-ovate, obtuse, scarious, pale purple; style 3-parted ;
achenium pyriform, shining, having about 9 nearly equidistant obtuse ribs, with trans-
verse wrinkles between; tubercle small, depressed, truneate, more or less apiculate ;
bristles of the perigynium [always?] none.—[First known from Illinois.] The spike, as
to form and imbrication of the scales, is much as in E. tenuis and EF. aeicularis, etc. ; but
the achenium, with its several longitudinal ribs and delicate transverse lineation, is
upon the plan of E. acicularis. This renders the species a very peculiar and distinct
one. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad., vol. x, p.77, as translated by Arthur, Contributions to
the Flora of fowa, No. VI.

152 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

S. sylvaticus, L., var. digynus, Boeck, (S. microcarpus, Presl.) Bulrush.
Lapham. Pine county, ete., Upham.

S. atrovirens, Muhl. Bulrush.

Common throughout the state. (Mr. Leiberg reports in Blue Earth county, besides
the type, a variety with the heads less densely clustered than usual, forming a compound
panicle.)

S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Bulrush.

Isanti county, Upham. South.

S. lineatus, Michx. Bulrush.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. South.

S. Eriophorum, Michx,. Wool-Grass.

Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons, Kassube; Todd county, etc., Upham; lake of
the Woods, Dawson, Macoun. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz.]

Z

ERIOPHORUM, L. Corron-GRass.

E. alpinum, L. Alpine Cotton-Grass,
North of lake Superior, Juni.

E. vaginatum, L. Sheathed Cotton-Grass.

Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Blue Earth eounty, Leiberg; Min-
neapolis, Kassube; Anoka county, Juni; Chisago county (frequent), Upham: [Manitoba,
Macoun. |

(E. Virginicum, L., doubtless will be found in this state, but has not yet been re-
ported. It occurs in Wisconsin, Nebraska and Manitoba. ]

E. polystachyum, L. Many-stemmed Cotton-Grass.

Common, or frequent, through the south half of the state, and perhaps farther north.
Anoka county, Juni; Minneapolis, Herrick, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg;
Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty. It has been noted in its var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM,
Gray, at Minneapolis, Kassube, and in Steele county, Upham.

E. polystachyum, L., var. latifolium, Gray. Cotton-Grass.

Minneapolis, Upham; and probably extending, with the var. angustifolium, through
the south half of the state.

E. gracile, Koch, var. paucinervium, Engelm. Graceful Cotton-Grass.

Throughout the state. Chisago county (frequent), and Sherburne county, Upham;

Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun; Emmet county,
Iowa (rare), Cratty.|
FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. FIMBRISTYLIS.
F, capillaris, Gray. Fimbristylis.
Lapham. Infrequent. South.
RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. BEAK-RusH.
R. alba, Vahl. Beak-Rush.

Lapham. Infrequent. South.

R. capillacea, Torr. Beak-Rush.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent. South.

(Cladium mariscoides, Torr., should be looked for in southern Minnesota. |

STATE GEOLOGIST. 158

SCLERIA, L. Nut-RusnH.

S. triglomerata, Michx. Nut-Rush.
Lapham. Infrequent. South.

S. verticillata, Muhl. Nut-Rush.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. South.

CAREX, L. SEDGE.

C. scirpoidea, Michx. Sedge.
Port Arthur, and “northwest angle” of the lake of the Woods, Macoun. North.

C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Sedge.
Little Marais, lake Superior, Juni. Probably common throughout the state .

C. Backii, Boott. Back’s Sedze.

Minneapolis, Juni. North.

©. siccata, Dew. Sedge.
Throughout the state, but infrequent. Lapham. Minneapolis, Kassube; Emmet
county, Lowa (very rare), Cratty.

C. disticha, Huds. Sedge.
Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Emmet county, lowa(common)
Cratty.

©. teretiuscula, Good. Sedge,
Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg .

C. teretiuscula, Good., var. ramosa, Boott.* Sedge.
Emmet county, Lowa (frequent), Cratty; doubtless also in Minnesota.

C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Sedge.
_ Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth eounty, Leiberg-
common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.

C. crus-corvi, Shuttleworth. Sedge.
Blue Earth county, Letberg. South.

C. stipata, Muhl. Sedge,

Common throughout the state. Moose Lake, Carlton county, Juni; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg.
C. conjuncta, Boott. Sedge.

Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube. Southeast.

C. Douglasii, Boott.+ Douglas’s Sedge.
Red river (open prairie); “this is the first Carex to appear in flower, and occurs very
abundantly all over the prairie of the Red river,’’ Dawson, Macoun, West.

*CAREX TERETIUSCULA, Good., var. RAMOSA, Boott. (C. prairiea, Dew.) Spike below
branched ; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5to 7 on a branch ; perigynium ovate-lanceolate,
convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly bifid, smaller than the ovate-lance-
Olate glume ; stem 2 to 3 feet high, leafy towards the base. Wood’s Class-Book.

+CAREX DOUGLASII, Boott. Spike dicecious, with about twelve, sometimes more,
ovate spikelets, the upper closely aggregated, the lower occasionally remote and com-
pound ; bracts sometimes setaceous, broad at base, sometimes scale-like and mucro-
nate ; style exserted ; stigmas 2, very long; perigynium elliptic-lanceolate or ovate,
tapering to a long serrated bifid beak, shorter than the lanceolate acute scale ; ache-
nium orbicular. Root creeping ; culm 6 to 12inches high. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s
Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

154 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

©. marcida, Boott.* Sedge.
Red river (open prairie swamp), Dawson, Macoun. West.

C. cephaloidea, Boott.. Sedge. .
Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Frequent in Martin
county, and in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty; swamps, ‘northwest angle” of lake of the
Woods, Macoun.
C. cephalophora, Mubhl. Sedge.
Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state. Blue Earth county,
Leiberg.
Cc. Muhlenbergii, Schk. Sedge.
Lapham. Chaska, Carver county, Juni. Rare. South.
C. rosea, Schk. Sedge.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Redriver (swamp), Dawson, Macoun;
Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Hesper, Iowa (frequent), Mrs.
Carter; Martin county, and Emmet county, Iowa (common), Cratty.

C. chordorhiza, Ehbrh. Sedge.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. [North of lake Superior (at Fort William),
Macoun; Emmet county, Iowa, Arthur.]

©. tenella, Schk. Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube.
C. trisperma, Dew. Sedge.

Range like the last. Put in bay, lake Superior, Juni.
Cc. tenuiflora, Wahl. Sedge,

Range like the two preceding. Minneapolis, Juni, Herrick.

C. canescens, L. Sedge.
Throughout the state : common northward, Jess frequent southward. Blue Earth
county, Leiberg.

C. canescens, L., var. alpicola, Wahl, (var. vitilis, Carey.) Sedge.
Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. North.

C. arcta, Boott.t Sedge.
Lake Superior, Rainy lake, and lake of the Woods, Richardson, Boott. North.

*CAREX MARCIDA, Boott. Spike oblong, pale, composed of numerous small ovate
aggregated androgynous spikelets, staminate at top, the lower spikelets compound ;
stigmas 2; perigynium tawny, suborbicular, or ovate tapering to a bifid beak, plane-
convex, ner ved, winged, the upper margins serrated, short-stipitate, nearly equal to the
acute ovate scale, which is of a pale straw-color, with a white membranous margin;
achenium tawny, lenticular, contracted at base. Culm 1 to 2 feet high, rigid; leaves
broad, linear, erect. Olney in Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl, of the Fortieth Parallel.

+CAREX ARCTA, Boott. Spike oblong, capitate, pale, of 8 to 14 spikelets, which are
oblong and obtuse, androgynous, at the base sparingly staminate, many-flowered,
closely crowded, the lower bracteate ; bracts bristle-shaped, dilated at the base, longer
than the spikelets ; stigmas 2; perigynia ovate, acuminate-beaked, with the minute
orifice emarginate and deeply cleft on the outer side, serrate above on the sharp mar-
gins, on the outer side slightly nerved, on the inner more sparingly or obsoletely nerved,
spreading, pale-green, at length becoming rusty above, membranaceous, at the base
thickly spongy ; longer than (and as broad as) the scale, which is ovate, acute and
mucronulate, whitish or rusty-colored, with a greenish margin and a green mid-nerve.
Culm somewhat less than a foot high, sharply triangular, rather stout, upwardly
roughish, leaved at the base. Leaves 1 to 1% lines wide, flat, with a prolonged-tapering
tip, longer (often much) than the culm. Bracts at their base broadly dilated, bristle-

STATE GEOLOGIST. 155

C. Deweyana, Schw. Sedge.
Throughout the state. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; Spirit Lake, lowa, Arthur.

Cc. echinata, Murr. (C. stellulata, Good.) Sedge.
Throughout the state. Northoflake Superior, Agassiz; Manitoba, Macoun; Emmet
county, Iowa, Cratty, Arthur.
C. echinata, Murr., var. microcarpa, Boeck. (C: stellulata, Good., var.
scirpoides, Carey.) Sedge.
Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Emmet county, lowa (frequent), Cratty.

C. arida, Schw, & Torr. Sedge.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. [Near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Macoun; upper

Missouri river, Geyer.]
C. scoparia, Schk. Sedge.

Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
C. lagopodioides, Schk. Sedge.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Lapham. Savannah river, Hough-
ton; Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni.
©, cristata, Schw. Sedge,

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Blue Earth county, Lei-
berg; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

C. adusta, Boott. Sedge.

Throughout the state, butrare. Redriver valley, at Pembina, Dawson; Minneapolis,
Kassube.

C. straminea, Schk. (Including vars. typica, tenera, aperta and festucacea,
Boott.) Sedge.

Throughout the state. St. Louis river, Houghton; Pembina, Dawson; Minneapolis,
Kassube; Blue Earth County, Leiberg.

C. straminea, Schk,, var. Crawei, Boott. (vars. hyalinaand Meadii, Boott.)
Sedge.

Common in Emmet county, Iowa (on the southern boundary of Minnesota), Cratty.
©. vulgaris, Fries. Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Minneapolis, Juni; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg.

C. aquatilis, Wahl. Sedge.

Range like the last. Lapham. Minneapolis, also New Ulm, Juni.
C. stricta, Lam. (Se Botanical Gazette for Sept., 1884.) Sedge.

Common throughout the state. Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni; Red river, Dawson,
Macoun; Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; plentiful in Emmet
county, Llowa,, Cratty.

C. lenticularis, Michx. Sedge.

Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. North.

shaped, the lower 5 or 6 elongated, the lowest hardly equaling the spike. Spike 10 to
16 lines long, 3 to 6 lines broad. Spikelets 5 lines long, 2 to 2% lines broad, dense
_ flowered, at the base sparingly staminate but never narrowed below, all crowded.
Seales similar. Perigynium 1.3 to 1.4 lines long, 0.6 line broad. Achenium 0.7 line long,
0.5 line broad, suborbicular, prolonged at the base, plano-convex, pale ; the base of the
style enlarged.—It differs from C. canescens and C. vitilis in its more numerous
spikelets, in their being capitate and the lower ones bracted, and in its longer leaves,
In general appearance it more nearly resembles C. elongata, yet in the form and
nervation of the perigynium it is far different. Boott’s lllustrations of Carex.

156 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

C. ecrinita, Lam. Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. North of lake Superior,
Juni.
C. crinita, Lam., var. gynandra, Schw. & Torr. (C. gynandra, Schw.)

Sedge.

Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. Rare.
C. limosa, L. Sedge.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. [North of lake Superior (at Fort William),
Macoun; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty, Arthur.]
C. Magellanica, Lam. (C. irrigua, Smith.) Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting far southward, butrare. Putin bay, lake Superior,
Juni.
C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. — Sedge.

Throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Lowa (frequent),
Cratty.
C. atrata, L. Sedge.

Kakabeka falls, north of lake Superior, Macoun; probably also in northern Minne-
sota.
C. alpina, Swartz. Sedge.

Temperance river, lake Superior, Juni. North.

C. aurea, Nutt. Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lake of the Woods
(thicket), Dawson, Macoun; Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube.

(C. aurea, Nutt., var. androgyna, Olney,* collected by Macoun at Thunder bay, lake
Superior, should be looked for in northern Minnesota.]

C. livida, Willd. Sedge.
Greenwood river, lake Superior, Juni. Rare. North.

C. vaginata, Tausch. Sedge.
Certainly in swamps in northern Minnesota, Macoun. North.

C. Meadii, Dew. Mead’s Sedge.

Minneapolis, Kassube. [Manitoba, Macoun; Iowa, Arthur.]

C. Meadii, Dew., var. Bebbii, Arthur. + Sedge.

Emmet county, Lowa, Cratty, Arthur; doubtless also in Epo

*CAREX AUREA, Nutt., var. ANDROGYNA, Olney. Culms short, more rigid ; leaves
erect, broader ; upper spikes more closely aggregated and denser flowered, the upper
spike generally androgynous, having more or less fertile flowers at the top. Olney in
Bot. Rep. of King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Paratlel.

+CAREX MEADII, Dew., var. BEBBII (Olney). This was published in Olney’s Carices
Bor.-Amer., Fasc. 1, No. 22, without comments, as a variety of C. panicea, L., and has
never, I believe, been described. The following description will enable collectors to
identify the plant :—Sterile spike with stalk two to four times its length ; fertile spikes
usually 2, erect, remote, slender-peduneled, rather loosely flowered ; sheaths of the
foliaceous bracts long and slightly inflated; perigynia and scales as in C. Meadii, except
paler, and the former less distinctly nerved ; culms slender, somewhat roughish .—-
Resembles C. tetanica, for which it is sometimes mistaken, in habit and in the loosely
flowered fertile spikes, only with longer peduncles, but C. Meadii in the perigynia and
seales ; it may be mereiy an attenuated form of the latter. Moist prairies, Illinois,
Wisconsin, and northwestwardly. Arthur in Contributions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 157

C. Crawei, Dew. Sedge.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty, determined by Mr.
William Boott. (Manitoba, Macoun.! Rare.
C. granularis, Muhl. Sedge.

Common throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, -
Leihberg.
C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sedge.

Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Red river valley, Macoun. North.

C. grisea, Wahl. Sedge.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Martin county, Cratty.

C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Sedge.
Through the south part of the state. Minneapolis, Simmons.

C. gracillima, Schw. Sedge.
Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far ate ta Minneapolis, Juni, Kas-
sube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
C. digitalis, Willd. Sedge.
Minneapolis, Juni; north of lake Superior, Agassiz. Infrequent.
C. laxiflora, Lam. Sedge.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state. Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

C. laxiflora, Lam., var. blanda, Boott. Sedge.

Jordan, Scott county, Juni; Emmet county, lowa, Cratty. Doubtless other vari-
eties of this species also occur here.
C. eburnea, Boott. Sedge.
» Throughout the state, excepting perhaps southwestward. Blue Earth county,
Leiberg; Emmet county, Ilowa(rare), Cratty.
C. pedunculata, Muhl. Sedge.

Throughout the state. Rainy lake, Richardson, Boott; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

C. Emmonsii, Dew. Emmons’ Sedge.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macouwn.]

C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sedge.

Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Minneapolis,
Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Oratty.

C. varia, Muhl. Sedge.
Lapham. Infrequent.
C. Richardsonii, R. Br. Richardson’s Sedge.
Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni. (frequent) Kassube; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg.
C. pubescens, Muhl. Sedge.

Through the south part of the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Blue Earth
county, Letberg.

C. miliacea, Muhl. Sedge.

Range like the last. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube.
C. arctata, Boott. Sedge.

Agate bay, lake Superior, Juni. Infrequent.
©. capillaris, L. Sedge.

Port Arthur, lake Superior, Macoun; Saskatchewan river, Bourgeau; probably also
in northern Minnesota. r

158 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

C. flexilis, Rudge. Sedge.
Knife river, lake Superior, Juni, Rare. North.

C, Qderi, Ehrh. Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lapham. Leech
lake, Houghton; Rainy river and lake, Richardson, Boott.
C. filiformis, L. Sedge.

Throughout the state. Putin bay, lake Superior, Juni; Emmet county, Lowa (fre-
quent), Cratty.

C., filiformis, L., var. latifolia, Boeck. (C.lanuginosa, Michx.) Sedge.

Throughout the state. North shore of lake Superior (frequent), and Minneapolis,
Juni; Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Macoun; Emmet county, lowa
(plentiful), Cratty.

C. Houghtonii, Torr. Houghton’s Sedge.

Itasca lake (Lac la Biche), Houghton; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba,
Macoun; Council Blufis, Iowa, Geyer.]
©. riparia, Curtis. Sedge.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. North of lake Superior (common),
Juni; lake of the Woods (sandy swamp), Dawson, Macoun; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
C. aristata, R. Br. Sedge.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Pembina, Chickering; New Ulm, Juni;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. :

(). Pseudo-Cyperus, L., var. comosa, W. Boott. (C- comosa, Boott.)
Sedge.

Common, or frequent, through the south part of the state. Blue Earth county,
Leiberg ; Emmet and Dickinson counties, Iowa (frequent), Cratty, Arthur.

C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. Sedge.

Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods (marsh), Dawson, Macoun; Chaska,
Carver county, Juni; Spirit Lake, Iowa, Arthur.

C. hystricina, Willd. Sedge.
Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northwestward. Lapham.
Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; north of lake Superior, Agassiz.
C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sedge.

Range like the last, but less frequent. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons; north
of lake Superior, Agassiz.

C. intumescens, Rudge. Sedge.

Common throughout the state. Lake of the Woods and Rainy lake, Richardson,
Boott; north of lake Superior (common), also New Ulm, Juni.

C. lupulina, Mubl. Sedge.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons. [Manitoba, Macoun.]
C. squarrosa,L. Sedge.

Wabasha, Gibson, determined by Arthur. South.

C. retrorsa, Schw. Sedge.

Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Richardson, Boott; Moose Lake, Carl-_
ton county, Juni; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.
C. utriculata, Boott. Sedge.

Throughout the state, excepting farsouthward. Redriver prairie, Dawson, Macoun.
C. monile, Tucki rman. Sedge.

North of lake Superior, Juni; Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty,

STATE GEOLOGIST. 159

C. oligosperma, Michx. Sedge.
Agate bay, lake Superior Juni. Infrequent. North.

C. saxatilis, L.. var. miliaris, Bailey. (C. miliaris, Michx. C. rotundata,
Wahl. ?, in Manual.) Sedge.

Collected in Minnesota by Dr. J. Leidy; determined by S. T. Olney. Bot. Rep. of
King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallet.

C. longirostris, Torr. Sedge.

Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Juni, Kassube; Mankato (common), Leiberg;
also common in Martin county, and in Emmet county, lowa, Cratty.

[A considerable number of species of Carex not here recorded will doubtless be
added by future observers in this state, who should look for all such as approach, or
are especially northern, in their geographic range, given in Gray’s Manual.]

GRAMINE A. Grass FAmIty.

LEERSIA, Swartz. §Waurrr Grass. Fatse Rice.
L. Virginica, Willd. White Grass.

Ramsey and Goodhue counties, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth
county, Leiberg; Emmet county, lowa (rare), Cratty. South.

L. oryzoides, Swartz. Rice Cut-grass.

Common in sloughs through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley,
Juni, Upham; Ramsey and Goodhue counties, Oestlund; Blue Earth county. Leiberg.

L. lenticularis, Michx. Fly-catch Grass.
Lapham. South.

ZIZANYTA,L. Warer or Inpran Rice.

Z. aquatica, L. Wild Rice. Indian Rice. Water Oats. Folie Avoine
(of the French voyageurs).

Common, or frequent, in favorable situations, throughout the state ; sometimes
attaining, in Brown county, a hight of 13 feet, with leaves 4 feet long, Juni.

“Wild rice; Pshu of the Sioux ; Manomin of the Chippewas. This aquatic grass,
not uncommon in the Northern United States, acquires in the Northwest an economi-
eal importance second to no other spontaneous production. It is the only instance in
this region of a native grain, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply, the wants of
ordinary consumption. It is particularly abundant on the lake-like expansions of
rivers, towards their sources, which give such a marked feature to the distribution of
these northern streams, and is so grandly illustrated in their main type, the Missis-
sippi. It seems to select, by preference, the lower terminations of these expansions,
which generally debouch by a narrowed outlet and considerable fall, constituting rap-
ids. It is in these situations best exposed to the proper degree of inundation, and finds
a Suitable bed of the slimy sand, in which it grows most readily. Itis rarely met with
on inland lakes which have no outlet. As an article of food itis highly palatable and
nutritious, being generally preferred to the commercial rice. The grain is long, slender,
of a brown color. In boiling, it puffs out to a pultaceous mass, and increases its bulk
several times. It flowers in August, and is ready for gathering in September, which is
conveniently done in canoes, the standing stalks being bent over the sides, and the
grain beaten in. Its productive fields, at this season, harbour a great number of wild
fowls, which obliges those who wish to secure a full crop, to anticipate the gathering
season, by tying up the standing grain into bundles, which gives at the same time a
claim to the crop. When gathered it is subjected to a process of parching and thrash-
ing, which. with the imperfect means at the command of the Indians, is the most tedi-
ous part of the business.” Parry.

160 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ALOPECURUS, L. FoxtTsIL Grass.

A. geniculatus, L., var. aristulatus, Munro. (A. aristulatus, Michx.)
Wild Foxtail.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

PHLEUM, L. Cat’s-TAIL GRASS.

P. pratense, L. Timothy. Herd’s-Grass (of New England).
Commonly cultivated, often spontaneous, throughout the state.

SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. (Including Vitra, Beauy.) DRopP-SEED
Grass. Rusa-GRrass.

S. asper, Kunth. (Vilfa aspera, Beauv.) Rush-Grass.
Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. South.

S. vaginzeflorus, Torr. (V. vagineflora, Torr.) Rush-Grass.

Lapham. Minneapolis (sandy bottomland of the Mississippi river), Oestlund;
Emmet county, Iowa (frequent), Cratty. South.
S. cuspidatus, Torr. (V. cuspidata, Torr.) Rush-Grass.

Lapham, Hennepin and Goodhue counties, Vestlund; Emmet county, Iowa (rare),
Cratty. [Devil’s lake, and southern Dakota, Geyer; Manitoba, Macoun.}
S. depauperatus, Torr.* (V. depauperata, Torr.) Rush-Grass.

Red river valley, at Pembina, Havard. West.

S. Junceus, Kunth. Drop-seed Grass.
Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. Rare. South.

S. heterolepis, Gray, Drop-seed Grass.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Ramsey county, Oestlund;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg; common in Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty. [Eastern Ne-
braska (abundant), Aughey; Manitoba, Macoun.]

S. cryptandrus, Gray. Drop-seed Grass.
Through the south part of the state. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Sim-

mons, Upham, Dr. Vasey; Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty; Spirit lake and Little
Sioux river, Geyer.

AGROSTIS, L. Brent-GRass.

A. perennans, Tuckerman. Thin-Grass.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Lapham. Minne-
apolis, Upham; Pembina, Havard.

A. seabra, Willd. Hair-Grass.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

*SPOROBOLUS DEPAUPERATUS, Torr. Root perennial, creeping ; culms ascending,
appressed-branched, slender, often geniculate, glabrous, striate, rather rigid, % to 2 feet
long ; leaves 1 to 3 inches long, narrow and usually convolute, spreading or recurved ;
panicle very slender and contracted, 1to 3inches long; compound or often nearly
simple ; spikelets small; glumes unequal, ovate, obtuse or acutish, membranous, two-
thirds the length of the acute lower palet, which is more less obscurely 3-nerved.—
Resembling V. cuspidata, and scarcely differing except in the shorter obtuse glumes of
the rather smaller flowers. Lower palet a little more than 1 line long, glabrous or
slightly scabrous on the midnerve, the upper one obtuse or erose at the summit. Waf-

son’s Rep, in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 161

A. canina, L. Brown Bent-Grass.
Pipestone county, Letberg. Rare.

A. vulgaris, With. Red-top. Herd’s-Grass (sf Pennsylvania, &c.)

_ Probably native northward ; also much cultivated, and thence often spontaneous,
throughout the state. (According to Dr. George Thurber, in the Botany of California,
this should be called a variety of A. alba, L.)

A. vulgaris, With., var. alba, Vasey. (A. alba, L.) Fiorin. White
Bent-Grass.

Ramsey county, Oestlund ; Red Wing, Sandberg ; Blue Earth county, Leiberg ; New
Ulm, Juni. [Lake Superior, Whitney.]

CINNA, L. Woop REED-GRaAss.

C. arundinacea, L. Wood Reed-Grass.
Throughout the state. Lapham. Upper Mississippi river, Houghton; Blue.
Earth county, Leiberg.
C. pendula, Trin. (C. arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray.) Wood Reed-
Grass. s
Lake Superior and northward, Gray’s Manual; doubtless in northern Minnesota.

MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. DROP-SEED GRASS.

M. sobolifera, Trin. Drop-seed Grass.
Lapham. South.

M.glomerata, Trin. Drop-seed Grass.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state ; not confined to wet places, but often
growing on dry and even sandy ground ; abundant southwestward, frequently persisting
as a plentiful weed in wheat-fields and other cultivated land, Upham.

M. glomerata, Trin., var. ramosa, Vasey, ined. Drop-seed Grass.

Minneapolis (bluff of Mississippi river near the University), Upham; probably the
prevailing form of the species in this state. [Much brancked from the base upward,
the lateral branches slender, naked above, very leafy; outer glumes only slightly
longer to one-third longer than the flower ; flowering glume sparingly villous. Minne-
sota, Dakota and Utah. JLetter of Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884. ]

M. Mexicana, Trin. Drop-seed Grass.

Ramsey county, Oestlund ; Blue Earth county, and southwestward (common), Lei-
berg ; Pembina, Havard.

M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gray. Drop-seed Grass.

Lapham. North of lake Superior, Agassiz. Probably throughout the state.

M. Willdenovii, Trin. Drop-seed Grass.
Through the south part of the state. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg-

M. ambigua, Torr.* Drop-seed Grass.
Stony banks of Okaman lake (lake Elysian), Waseca county, Geyer.

*MUHLENBERGIA AMBIGUA, Torr. Panicle dense, opiciform; glumes rather
unequal (the inferior one shorter), linear-lanceolate, very acute, 1- or 2-flowered, very
hairy at the base ; superior valve [palet] with a bristle at the tip equalling it inlength,
a little shorter than the ylumes (exclusive of the awns); superior floret either perfect,
and then resembling the inferior, or rudimentary and aristiform. . . . Culms cxspi-
tose, about 1% feet high, glabrous ; leaves broadly linear ; stipules very short, truncate

11F

162 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

BRACHYELYTRUM, Beauv. BRACHYELYTRUM.

B. aristatum, Beauv. Brachyelytrum.
Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

DEYEUXIA, Clarioa. (Included in Catamagrostis, Gray’s Manual.) |
Rrep BEnNT-GRASS.

D. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-Joint.

Common throughout thescate. The principal grass of the natural meadows bor-
dering streams in the wooded region northward, supplying an abundance of excellent
hay for the logging teams of the pineries.

D. stricta, Trin. Reed Bent-Grass.

Throughout the state, Collected in Minnesota by Nicollet (Watson); Ramsey and
Hennepin counties, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth County, Leiberg ;
Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty ; Pembina, Havard.

D. Lapponica, Kunth. (Calamagrostis Lapponica, Trin., in Addenda of
Gray's Manual.) Reed Bent-Grass.
Isle Royale, lake Superior, Prof. I. C. Porter; doubtless also in northern Minnesota,

D. confinis, Nutt. Reed Bent-Grass.
Lapham. Common in Grant county and the Red River valley, Upham.

D. Nuttalliana, Steud. Reed Bent-Grass.
Lapham. Lake Winnibigoshish, Houghton; Minneapolis, Kassube.

AMMOPHILA, Host. (§§ 2 and 3, CaLamaerostis, Gray’s Manual.)
ReeEeD Brnt-GRaAss.

A. longifolia, Benth. (C. longifolia, Hook.) Reed Bent-Grass.
Throughout the state. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Saint Paul, Kelley; Minneapolis,

also northwestward ‘common on the beaches of lake Agassiz), Upham; Blue Earth

county, Leiberg.

A. arundinacea, Host. (C. arenaria, Roth.) Sea Sand-Reed.

Common on southern beaches of lake Superior, Whitney; doubtless also on the
shore of this lake in Minnesota.

ORYZOPSIS, Michx. MowuNTAIN RICE.

O. melanocarpa, Mubhl. Mountain Rice.
Lapham. Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county,
Leiberg.
O. asperifolia, Michx. Mountain Rice.
Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Lapham. Stearns
county, Garrison; Minneapotis, Simmons.
O. Canadensis, Torr. Mountain Rice. :
Lapham. Infrequent. Range like the last.

and lacerate ; panicle 4 to 6 inches long, purplish; glumes tapering to a very acute
cuspidate point, with a strong green midrib ; perianth clothed at the base with whitish
hairs, which are nearly half as long as the valves; valves nearly equal; awn a little
tortuous, sometimes longer than the valve ; superior floret often perfect, and maturing
its fruit ; when rudimentary, consisting of a mere awn, without any valve. A remark-
able species, with the habit of M. glomerata and M. Mexicana. Torrey in Nicollet’s
Report.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 163

STIPA, L. FratHEeR-GRAss. WEATHER-GRASS.

S. Richardsonii, Link. Richardson’s Feather-Grass.

North shore of lake Superior, andin Manitoba, Macoun; doubtless reaching into
Minnesota. North.

S. spartea, Trin. —_ Porcupine Grass.

Abundant southwestward, being the principal grass of the prairie in some districts,
and extending undiminished into Dakota ; common north to Clay county and east to
New Ulm; frequent northeast to the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton, and to
Sherburne and Anoka counties, and in the southeast part of the state, Upham. (See
American Naturalist, vol. xvili, pp. 929-931.) The grainis prolonged below in a stout
callus or base, needle-like in sharpness, and above in a long twisted awn; both of
' which are minutely barbed, so that, when inserted in the wool of sheep or in men’s
clothing, the seed works forward readily but not backward. Thus this very appropri-
ately named grassis a Serious annoyance at the time of maturity and falling of the
seed, which isin July. Within a few weeks later, these seeds are found to have bored
into the hard, dry, clayey soil of the prairie to a depth of two or three inches, having
been pushed or impelled in some way by means of the awn. Perhaps this is effected
by its lengthening, while braced against the herbage above, after it had been con-
tracted by partially coiling up, these changes being produced by alternations of dry-
ness and moisture, as in days of sunshine and dewy nights ; or, as seems more proba-
ble, it may be that the wind, blowing upon the awn, first fastens the sharp-pointed
grain in the ground, and afterward slowly drills it downward. This was first brought
to the notice of the writer by Mr. T. M. Young, at the Sisseton Agency, in Dakota,
where, late in August, scarcely any seeds of this grass remained on the surface; but
they were found very plentifully thus buried in the ground, often only from a half inch
to one ineh apart. All had penetrated to nearly the same depth, which was about two
and a half inches from the surface to the point of the seed, two thirds of this depth
being occupied by the lower part of the awn.

ARISTIDA, L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.

A, basiramea, Engelmann * Triple-awned Grass.

Minneapolis (plentiful in the vicinity of the University, in the sward on dry sandy
land with species of Bouteloua, Poa and Andropogon, from which it is noticeably dis-
tinguished by its darker purplish color), Upham; Saint Cloud (plentiful), Campbell;
Pipestone City and Luverne, in southwestern Minnesota, and near Rock Rapids, Lyon
county, in the northwest corner of Iowa, Leiberg.

It has also been collected in Nebraska by Rev. J. H. Wibbe, and in Kansas by Mr.
H. Hall; and Mr. F. L. Scribner and Prof. J. M. Coulter report it from Iowa and Tlli-
nois. Rev. J. Scott writes that it occurs at Brandon, Manitoba. [Nebraska specimens
show a much greater size (20 inches high) and a more branching habit, the culms becom-
ing geniculate. Vasey.]

*ARISTIDA BASIRAMEA, Engelmann in a letterto W. Upham.—Annual: culms
erect, 6 to 15 inches high, slender, much branched at the base (Some of the branches
‘very short but floriferous), and with short floriferous branches enclosed in the upper
leaf-sheaths : leaves comparatively long (3 to 6 inches), narrowly linear, flat, becoming
involute toward the apex, sparsely hairy on the margins below, the upper ones nearly
equaling the panicle ; sheaths striate, loose; ligule very short, truncate: panicle 1%
to 3 inches long, erect, rather lax, its base sheathed by the upper leaf; branches of the
panicle short, mostly single, the lower in twos or threes; glumes linear, unequal, 1-
nerved, lower one 4 lines, upper one 6 lines long including the short bristle-like point :
flowering glume nearly terete, spotted with black, about 5 lines long including the short,
acute and hairy callus; middle awn about 6 lines long, the lateral ones about 4 lines
long, spirally twisted below(when mature). The sheathed flowers are somewhat smaller.

This species was discovered last season by Mr. Warren Upham, at Minneapolis,
Miun. The late Dr. Engelmann suggested the name, in a letter, as indicative of its
habit, and would have published it if he had lived. Itis closely related to A. DICHO-

164 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

A. purpurea, Nutt.* —_‘Triple-awned Grass.

Blue Earth county, and common westward to Pipestone county, Leiberg. South-
west.

A. purpurascens, Poir. —_‘Triple-awned Grass.
Lapham. St. Croix county, Wisconsin, Swezey. Infrequent. South.

A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Triple-awned Grass.
Lapham. Pine barrens, St. Croix river, Parry. South.

SPARTINA, Schreber. Corp or Mars GRASS.

S. cynosuroides, Willd. Fresh-water Cord-Grass.

Abundant through the south half of the state and in the Red river valley ; north of
lake Superior, Agassiz; making up the greater part of the hay cut in sloughs, worth for
fodder fully half as much.as the hay of the uplands. Its hight is usually from two to
four feet, but occasionally it is eight or nine feet. In the five or six counties next to the
southwest corner of the state, because of the scarcity of wood and the high cost of that
or coal for fuel, a large proportion of the people burn only hay during the whole year.
For this purpose the coarse hay of this species is the only kind used. Itis mostly burned
in ordinary stoves, having been twisted, then doubled and again twisted, forming wisps
about one andahalffeetlong. The quantity of this fuel required for a year’s supply in
an ordinary farm-house is from eight to twelve tons.

BOUTELOUDA, Lagasca. MousxiT-Grass. GRaMA-GRASS.

B, oligostachya, Torr. Muskit-Grass. Grama.

Common, or frequent, southwestward and in the Red river valley; less frequent
east to Stillwater and the edge of Wisconsin.

B. hirsuta, Lagasca. Muskit-Grass. Grama.

Common through the south part of the state, extending north to Minneapolis and
the St. Croix river, Parry; abundant at New Ulm and in Rock and Pipestone counties. ,,

This and the preceding are sometimes called Buffalo Grass in this state, a name ;
which more properly belongs to Buchioe. See pages 14 and 32 of Rothrock’s Report ;
on the Botany of Wheeler’s Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian for chemical
analyses of Festuca ovina and the two foregoing species of Bouteloua, which with others
of this genus are commonly called Grama in the southwestern United States.

B. racemosa, Lagasca. (B. curtipendula, Gray.) Muskit Grass. Grama.

Common through the south part of the state, especially southwestward ; likewise
in the Red river valley. :

TOMA, from which it differs in its shorter, erect (not dichotomous) culms, and in its |
much larger flowers, and especially in the much longer, spreading, lateral awns. From

A. GRACILIs it differs in the shorter panicle, the longer upper leaves with sheathed
flowers, and in the flowers being twice as large. From A. RAMOSISSIMA it differs in
wanting the larger size, the diffusely branched habit, the much larger flowers with 3- .
10 5-nerved glumes, and the strong recurved middle awn of that species. Dr. George
Vasey in the Botanical Gazette, vol, ix, p. 76 (May, 1884).

*ARISTIDA PURPUREA, Nutt. Perennial; culms 6 to 15 inches high, simple, erect,
slender, mostly glabrous ; sheaths narrow, scabrous, exceeding the internodes, pilose
at the throat; leaves very narrow, convolute, % to 10 inches long; panicle slender,
erect or flaccid, 3 to 6 inches long, loosely few-flowered ; glumes purplish, the upper 6
to 9 lines long, about twice exceeding the lower, and longer than the flower, bifid and
shortly awned; flower densely short-pilose at the pointed base, scabrous above, 6 lines
long, the awns equal or nearly so, separate to the base, not jointed, 1 to 2 inches long,
scabrous. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 165

BUCHLOE, Engelm. BuFFALO GRASS.
B. dactyloides, Engelm.* Buffalo Grass.

Abundant in the vicinity of the pipestone quarry, at Pipestone City, commencing
a few rods north of the railroad depot, and extending the whole length of the outcrop-
ping ledge of rock northward, in company with a dense growth of prickly pear (Upuntia
Missouriensis and O, fragilis); also occurring, at rare intervals, on stony and gravelly
soil, in Rock county, and in Lyon county, Iowa; (not found farther east ; perhaps in
all these places introduced by the Indians in their journeys from the western plains to
the pipestone quarry ;) Leiberg. [Formerly the most abundant species of grass through-
out Nebraska, lately disappearing, according to Aughey, who attributes its dying out to
increased rain-fall.]

GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. GRAPHEPHORUM.

G festucaceum, Gray. | Graphephorum.

In Emmet county, Iowa, six miles south of the state line (plentiful upon space of
five or six square rods, in edge of lake), Craity; determined by Prof. Asa Gray; the first
observation of this species in the United States, though it abounds in the Saskatchewan
region and extends thence northward, and also isfound in northern Europe. Doubtless
it occurs in western and northern Minnesota. (Botanical Gazette, vol. ix, p.27; Feb.,
1884.)

*BUCHLOE, Engelmann. Flowers dicecious, heteromorphous.— Male plant. Spikes
1-sided, 2-ranked ; spikelets 2- or 3 flowered. Glumes 2, 1-nerved, lower much smaller.
Palets 2, of equal length, longer than the glumes; lower one 3-nerved, mucronate ;
upper one 2-nerved. Squamule in pairs, truncate, emarginate. Stamens 3; anthers
linear. Rudiment of an ovary none.—Female plant. Spikes 1 to 3, short, capitate,
oblique in the involucrate sheaths of the upper leaves ; spikelets 1-flowered, crowded,
upper floret abortive, withering. Glumes 2; lower glume of the lowest spikelets 1- to 3-
nerved, lanceolate-subulate, with an herbaceous tip, or 2- or 3-cleft, lower side adnate to
the back of the upper glume; lower glumes of the other spikelets (internal as to the head)
free, much smaller, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; upper glumes
(external) connate at the base with the thickened rachis, at length like a hard, woody
involucre, ovate, nerveless, pale, trifid at the herbaceous, nerved tip. Lower palet (in-
ternal as tv the head) shorter, 3-nerved, herbaceous, tricuspidate ; upper palet shorter,
2-nerved. Squamulz as inthe male flowers. Rudiments of the stamens 3,:minute.
Ovary lenticular, glabrous, very short-stipitate ; stigmas much longer than the 2 erect
terminal styles, plumose with simple hairs, exsert from the apex of the flower. Cary-
opsis free, included in a horny, at length deciduous head, sublenticular, flat on the out-
Side (toward the lower palet), convex on the inner side.

B. DACTYLOIDES, Engelmann. Trans. Saint Louis Acad., vol, i, p. 432, pl. 12 and 14.
Densely tuited, spreading by stolons, forming broad mats; culms 3 to 6inches long ;
flowering stems of the male plant 4 to 6 inches long, glabrous or slightly hairy ; leaves
2 to + inches long, 4% to 1% lines wide, nearly smooth ; sheaths striate, glabrous, strongly
bearded at the throat; spikes 3 to 6 lines long; spikelets alternate in2 rows, upper-
most abortive, bristle-form, 2 to 3 lines long; lower glume ovate-lanceolate, with a
Scarious Margin ; ‘upper glume twice longer, ovate; lower palet convex, 3-nerved,
upper one 2-nerved, two minute scales at the margin and inside of the lower palet ;
stamens 3. Stems of the female plant much shorter than the leaves, 114 to 2 inches
high ; heads 3 to 3% lines long ; glumes becoming ligneous ; spikes or heads usually 2;
at maturity becoming thick, extremely hard, including the loose grain.—The cele-
brated “buffalo grass,’’ known to hunters and trappers as one of the most nutritious
grasses, on which for a part of the year subsist and fatten the immense herds of buffalo
and the cattle of the hunter and emigrant. Porter and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.

+GRAPHEPHORUM FESTUCACEUM, Gray. (Festuca borealis, Mert. & Koch. Arundo
festucacea, Willd.) Culm as thick as a swan’s quill, 3 to 4 or more feet high; leaves
8 to 10 inches long, broadly linear-acuminate, rough to the touch. Panicle a foot
and more long, almost quite erect, as well as the subverticillate slender branches.

166 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

DIARRHENA, Raf. DIARRHENA.

D. Americana, Beauv. Diarrhena.
Sherburne county, Upham. Rave. South.

DACTYLIS, L. ORCHARD GRAss.

D. glomerata, L. Orchard Grass.
Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons; Mankato, Leiberg.

KQ@@LERIA, Pers. K@.LeERIA.

K. eristata, Pers. Keeleria.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [The most plentiful species of grass on
the line of the Northern Pacific railroad in western Dakota, Leiberg.]

EATONIA, Raf. EaTontia.

E. obtusata, Gray. Eatonia. .
Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Manitoba, Macoun.] South

and west.

E. Pennsylvanieca, Gray. Eatonia.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northwestward. Ramsey county, Vestlund;
Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni. (North of lake
Superior, Agassiz. ]

GLYCERIA, R. Br. Manna-GRass.

G. Canadensis, Trin. Rattlesnake-Grass.

Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. St. Croix river, Parry;
Ramsey connty, Oestlund; Minneapolis, Simmons, Kassube.

G. elongata, Trin. Manna-Grass.
Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Infrequent,

G. nervata, Trin. Fowl Meadow-Grass.
Common throughout the state.
{G. pallida, Trin., doubtless occurs in this state, but has been overlooked.|

G. aquatica, Smith, var. Americana, Vasey. Reed Meadow-Grass.
Common throughout the state.

Spikelets erect, 4% to % of an inch long, scattered or subfascicled, sessile or pedicellate,
generally 4-flowered. Glumes unequal, convex, rounded at the back, not keeled, the
outer one shorter than the florets, acute, entire at the point, the middle nerve reaching
beyond the point, so as to form ashort arista ; there are besides, on each side, two short
lateral nerves ; the inner glume as long as the whole spikelet of florets, torn at the
point, aristate, the middle nerve reaching beyond the point; there are besides 2
lateral nerves reaching to the apex, and 2 intermediate shorter ones. Florets eylin-
drical, closely placed, with a tuft of white hairs at the base of each ; outer valve [palet]
of the perianth jagged at the point, shortly aristate, with 7 nerves reaching to the sum-
mit; the inner lanceolate, the margin inflected, with 2strong, green, ciliated nerves
at the flexures, running out so as to form a bifid apex; upper floret smaller than the rest.
Hooker’s Flora Borealis Am., II, 251.——The Iowa specimens, communicated by Mr. R-
I. Cratty, agree fully with this description, except that the spikelets are not so large,
scarcely exceeding % ofaninchin length. Pedicels of the spikelets rough; awns formed
by the nerves, especially of the glumes, inconspicuous, and sometimes barely obsery-
able. It grows 3 to 5 feet high in water, at the margin of lakes. Arthur in Contribu-
tions to the Flora of Iowa, No. VI.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 167

G. fluitans, R. Br. Manna-Grass.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

POA, L. Mrapow-Grass. SpraRr-GRASS.

P. annua, L. Low Spear-Grass.
Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, but infrequent. Minne-
apolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.
P. compressa, L. Wire-Grass. ©
Throughout the state, but infrequent. Parry, Lapham. Ramsey county, Oest-
lund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Pembina, Chickering, Havard.
P. alpina, L. Spear-Grass.
Isle Royale, and north shore of lake Superior, Loring, Porter, Macoun; doubtiess
also in Minnesota. North.
P. cezesia, Smith. Spear-Grass.
Throughout the state. North shore of lake Superior, Juni; Blue Earth county, Lei-
berg; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.
P.. ceesia, Smith, var. strictior, Gray. Spear-Grass.
Isle Royale, Whitney; Red river, Dawson, M acoun. North.

P. serotina, Ehrh. False Red-top. Fowl Meadow-Grass.
Common throughout the state.

P. pratensis, L. Green or Common Meadow-Grass. Kentucky Blue-
Grass. - June Grass.

Common throughout the state; taking the place of the original prairie grasses in
southwestern Minnesota, Juni. [In Nebraska not native, but spreading westward,
Aughey.]

P. sylvestris, Gray. Spear-Grass.
Lapham. Pembina, Havard. Rare. South and west.
[P. debilis, Torr., probably occurs in this state.]

P. alsodes, Gray. Spear-Grass.

Saint Paul, Kelley; Red river valley, at Pembina, Chickering. Infrequent. South
and west. ‘

ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. ERAGROSTIS.

E. reptans, Nees. Eragrostis.
Through the south part of the state. Lapham. Goodhue county, Oestlund; Blue
Earth county, Letberg.

E. pozeoides, Beauv., var. megastachya, Gray. Eragrostis.

Abundant, in door-yards and by road-sides, through the south half of the state ;
common north atleast to Crow Wing, Todd and Grant counties, and in the Red river
valley, Upham. It was found by Geyer in 1839 on sandy plains in the valley of the
Sheyenne river, Dakota, and is quite probably indigenous in this region. ;
E. pilosa, Beauv. Eragrostis.

Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis (distinct from E. Purshii), Upham. In-
frequent. South.

E. Frankii, Meyer. =‘ Frank’s Eragrostis. _

Hastings, Dakota county, Oestlund. Southeast

E. Purshii, Schrader. Pursh’s Eragrostis.
Becoming abundant by road-sides and in waste places, Ramsey county, Minneapolis,

168 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

and Steele county, Oestlund, Simmons, Upham; determined by Scribner, Vasey and
Watson. South.
E. capillaris, Nees. Eragrostis.

Lapham Minneapolis, Kasswbe. Infrequent. South.

K. pectinacea, Gray. Eragrostis.
Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons, South.

E. pectinacea, Gray, var. spectabilis, Gray. Eragrostis.
Minneapolis (river bluff near the University), Oestlund, Upham. South.

FESTUCA, L. FEscur-GRAss.

F. tenella, Willd. Slender Fescue-Grass.

Through the south half of the state. Lapham. Minneapolis, Simmons, (abun-
dant on sandy land east of the University) Upham.
F. ovina, L. Sheep’s Fescue.

Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward.

F. rubra, L. (F. ovina, L., var. rubra, Gray.) Red Fescue.
Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins, and northward, Gray’s Manual; probably in northern
Minnesota. ;

[F. duriuscula, L. (F. ovina, L., var. duriuscula, Gray), should also be looked for
northward. ]
F. elatior, L. (Including F’. pratensis, Hudson.) Taller or Meadow Fescue.
Minneapolis, old state farm Close southeast from University, Oestlund. Infre-
quent.
F. nutans, Willd. Nodding Fescue.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far northward, but infrequent. Lake Win-
nibigoshish, Houghton; lake. Minnetonka, Oestlund; Blue Earth county, Leiberg;
Emmet county, Iowa (rare), Cratty.

BROMUS, L. BRoME-GRASS.

B. secalinus, L. Cheat or Chess.

Occasional in wheat*fields, mostly southeastward. A very unwelcome immigrant.
Plentifnl in Houston county, especially in fields of winter wheat, also frequent in mow-
ing land, J. S. Harris; frequent, but not so plentiful as to be troublesome, in Steele
county and at Minneapolis, Upham.

B. racemosus, L. Upright Chess.
Minneapolis, Kassube. Infrequent.
B. Kalmii, Gray. Wild Chess,

Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward.
B. ciliatus, L. Wild Chess.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

B. ciliatus, L., var. purgans, Gray. Wild Chess.
Minneapolis, Upham. Probably common,

PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed.

P. communis, Trin, Reed.

Common, or frequent, in the edges of ponds and lakes, throughout the prairie portion
of the state; also at Roseau lake and the lake of the Woods, Dawson. 4

|
:

STATE GEOLOGIST. 169

SCHEDONNARDUS, Steudel.* SCHEDONNARDUS.

S. Texanus, Steud. (Lepturus paniculatus, Nutt.) Schedonnardus.
Rocky hills, Mound township, Rock county, Leiberg. [Upper Missouri river, Geyer.]
Rare. Southwest.

LOLIUM, L. DaRNEL. Ray-Grass.

L. temulentum, L. Bearded Darnel.
Mankato (plentiful about the elevator ofthe St. Paul & Sioux City railroad), Letberg.

AGROPYRUM, Beauv. (Trrticum, L., in part.) WHEAT-GRASS.

A. repens, Beauv. (T. repens, L.) Couch-, Quitch-, Quick-, or Witch-
Grass.

Frequent, or common, throughout the state, but rarely so plentiful as to be trouble-
some. (Specimens which must be referred to this species, as decided by Mr. Sereno
W atson, were found at Minneapolis on the embankment of the railroad about an eighth
of a mile northwest from the University and close west of Tuttle’s brook, having a very
Narrow and long spike of many spikelets, awnless, as long or half as long as the joints
of the rhachis, 3-flowered, with arudiment of a fourth flower, often the lowest or the
middle flower not ripening its grain, and having in some instances no running root-
stocks. The typical T. repens occurs near by, and also forms which seem to be inter-
mediate in respect to both the character of the spikes and the presence of rootstocks.
Upham.)

A. dasystachyum, Vasey. (T. dasystachyum, Gray.) Wheat-Grass.
North shore of lake Superior, Agassiz; doubtiess also in northern Minnesota.

A. violaceum, Vasey. (T. violaceum, Hornemann.) Wheat-Grass.

Throughout the state, but rarer than the next. Pembina, Havard; in openings of
woods, on sandy modified drift, at the northwest side of Mille Lacs, Upham; Ramsey
county, Oestlund; Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.

A. caninum, Ren. & Schultes. (T. caninum, L.) Wheat-Grass.

Frequent throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Pembina, Hav-
ard; Minneapolis, Twining, Upham; Blue Earth county, Letberg; New Ulm, Juni. [Be-
tween the James and Red rivers, Dakota, Geyer.]

HORDEUM, L. BaRLEY.

H. jubatum, L. Squirrel-tail Grass.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

H. pusillum, Nutt. (H. pratense, Gray’s Manual.) Barley-Grass.
Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. South.

ELYMUS, L. LymMe-Grass. Wirp Ry#.
K. Virginicus, L. Wild Rye.
Frequent throughout the state ; less common than the next.

E. Canadensis, L. Nodding Wild Rye.

Common throughout the state.

*SCHEDONNARDUS, Steudel. Spikelets one-flowered, solitary at each joint of the
slender triangular rhachis of the paniculate spikes, and partly immersed in an excava-
tion ; the spikes alternate and distant ; outer glumes acuminate, unequal, the longer
equaling the flowering glume, which is linear-acuminate, and thickish at the keel ; palet
shorter and thinner. Vasey’s Grasses of U.S.

170 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

E. Canadensis, L., var. glaucifolius, Gray. Nodding Wild Rye.
Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods (sandy shore), Dawson; Martin county,

and Emmet county, Iowa, Cratty.

E. Sibiricus,L. Wild Rye.

Red river valley, at Pembina, Havard. North.

E. striatus, Willd. Wild Rye.

Throughout the state. St. Croix river, Houghton; Ramsey county, Oestlund; Minne-
apolis, Simmons; Blue Earth county, Leiberg; New Ulm, Juni; Martin county (plentiful),
Cratty. {Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, M acoun.]

E. striatus, Willd., var. villosus, Gray. Wild Rye.

Also throughout the state. Pembina, Havord; lake Minnetonka, Roberts; Blue
Earth county (frequent), Leiberg.

E. mollis, Trin. Wild Rye. P

Lake shores [probably lake Superior], Minnesota, Wood’s Class-Book. (North of
lake Superior, Agassiz.]
E. Sitanion, Schultes.* Wild Rye.

From northern Minnesota to Texas and west to California, Watson; Blue Earth
county and westward, Leiberg. West.

ASPRELLA, Willd. (GymMnosticuum, Schreb.) BoTtTLE-BRUSH
GRASS. ‘
A. Hystrix, Willd. (G. Hystrix, Schreb.) Bottle-brush Grass.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

DANTHONIA, DC. Witp Oat-GRass.

D. spicata, Beauv. Wild Oat-Grass.

Throughout the state, but mostly infrequent. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Stearns
county, etc., Upham; Pipestone county, Mrs. Bennett.

AVENA, L. Oat.

A. fatua, L.F Wild Oats.

Ramsey county (new state farm and adjoining land, growing in grain-fields and on
waste ground, apparently naturalized and spreading), Oestlund. Extensively natural-
ized in California; also found in Texas and Wisconsin, in the latter state becoming
very troublesome in oat-fields, Vasey; but not yet reported (so far as known to the
writer) in other portions of the United States east of the Rocky mountains. Its seeds
ripev early and mostly fall before harvest, rendering its extermination more difficult.
It is supposed to be the original of the cultivated oat (A. sativa, L.).

*ELYMUS SITANION, Schultes. Culms 4inches to 2 feet high, tufted, and with the
leaves and sheaths glabrous or somewhat pubescent or scabrous; spike erect, 1 to 3
inches long, squarrose with its long recurved awns, jointed and fragile at maturity;
spikelets in pairs, 2- to 5-flowered, smooth or puberulent; glumes entire or usually
parted to the base and the segments unequally 2-cleft, the divisions long-awned (1 to 3
inches); flowers 3 lines long, the awn of the lower palet equaling that of the glumes,
with often a subsidiary awn or tooth on each side at the apex of the palet. A very
variable grass. Watson’s Rep. in King’s Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

+ Avena fatua, L. <An erect annual, 2 or 3 feet high, smooth except at the hairy
nodes, with flat slightly scabrous leaves and loose sheaths : panicle 8 to 10 inches long,
the few-flowered rays spreading equally; spikelets about an inch long, the scarious
pointed glumes longer than the florets, often purplish at base : lower palet about 6lines
long, firm at base, scabrous and covered with long brown hairs, its lobes tapering to a
sharp point; awn about twice the length of palet, bent near the middle and twisted
below : grain very hairy. Thurberin Botany of California. j

STATE GEOLOGIST. 171

A. striata, Michx. Oat-Grass.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, Isanti county, ete. (fre-
quent), Upham; New Ulm, Juni.

A. Smithii, T. C. Porter. Oat-Grass.

Isle Royale, and eastward about lake Superior, Gray’s Manual; probably also north
of this lake in Minnesota.

TRISETUM, Persoon. TRISETUM.

T. subspicatum, Beauv., var. molle, Gray. Trisetum.
North of lake Superior (common), M acoun.

. DESCHAMPSTIA, Beauv. (A1ra, L., in part.) Hatrr-GRass.

D. czespitosa, Beauv. (A. cexspitosa, L.) Hair-Grass.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward, but infrequent. Blue
Earth county, Leiberg.

[D. flexuosa, Beauv. (A. flexuosa, L.), probably also occurs in this state.]

ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. Oat-GRASs.

A. avenaceum, Beauv. Tall Oat-Grass.
New State farm, Ramsey county, Oestlund. Infrequent.

HIEROCHLOA, Gmelin. Hoxy Grass. |

H. borealis, Rem. and Schultes. Vanilla or Seneca Grass.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

PHALARIS, L. CANARY-GRASS.

P. Canariensis, L. Canary-Grass.

Occasionally adventive: Minneapolis, Simmons, Upham; Waterville, Le Sueur
county, Oestlund.
P. arundinacea, L. Reed Canary-Grass.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

[Milium effusum, L., probably occurs in this state, but has been overlooked. ]

BECKMANNIA, Host. BECKMANNIA. BsCKMANN’S GRASS.

B. eruczeformis, Host.* Beckmann’s Grass. ®

Lapham. Pipestone quarry (growing in the hollows of the rock, where water occa-
sionally stands), Leiberg. [James river, Dakota, Geyer; and north to the Saskatche-
wan river and Bear lake, Watson.] Rare. West.

*BECKMANNIA, Host. Panicle racemose, contracted. Spikelets compressed, 2-flow-
ered, the upper floret an abortive rudiment. Glumes 2, obovate, compressed-boatshaped,
subcoriaceous, equal, a little shorter than the flower, pointless. Palets membranous,
the lower ovate, concave, acutish, mucronate, 3-nerved, the upper 2-nerved, bifid. Sta-
mens 8. Styles 2, with elongated plumose stigmas. Scales 2, bifid, glabrous. Grain
free, glabrous. —A coarse perennial aquatic.

B. ERUCZFORMIS, Host. Culms stout, 1 to 3% feet high, erect from an ascending
base, with the sheaths glabrous; ligules elongated; leaves linear, 4 to 8 inches long

and 2 to 6 lines wide, flat, acute, scabrous; panicle 4 to 12 inches long, erect, strict, se-
cund, the short crowded branchlets densely flowered from the base. glabrous; spikelets
sessile, imbricately arranged in two rows, nearly orbicular, 1% lines in diameter, the
upper rudimentary floret minute, stipitate. June toSeptember. Watson’s Rep. in King’s
Expl. of the Fortieth Parallel.

172 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

PANICUM, L. PANIC-GRASS.

P. glabrum, Gaudin. Smooth Finger-Grass.
Minneapolis (plentiful), Simmons, Upham; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

P. sanguinale, L. Common Crab- or Finger-Grass.
Minneapolis, Kassube; Blue Earth county, Leiberg.

P. agrostoides, Spreng. _ Panic-Grass.
Lapham. Ramsey and Hennepin counties, Oestlund. South,

P, capillare, L. Old-witch Grass.

Common throughout the state. Late in autumn “the spreading panicle is easily
broken off and blown about by the wind.”
P. autumnale, Bosc. Panic-Grass.

Lapham. New Ulm, Juni. Rare, South.

P. virgatum, L. Panic-Grass.

Abundant southwestward and in the Red river valley; frequent southeastward.
“ Nowhere so luxuriant as near the upper Des Moines river and Spirit lake,” Geyer,
Torrey.
P. latifolium, L. Panic-Grass.

Through the south half of the state, but infrequent. Minnesota river, Parry; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg; Minneapolis, Simmons; Anoka county, etc., Upham.

[P. clandestinum, L., probably also occurs in this state.]

P. xanthophysum, Gray. Panic-Grass.

Throughout the state. Minneapolis, Kassube; Steele and Isanti counties, Upham.
[Manitoba, Macoun; also in the catalogues of Wisconsin, Iowa aud Nebraska. |
P, consanguineum, Kunth, var. latifolium, Vasey, ined.* — Panic-

Grass.

New state farm, Ramsey county, Oestlund. Probably frequent; resembling P. xantho-
physum, so that perhaps some of the references under that species belong instead to this.
P. pauciflorum, Ell. Panic-Grass.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northeastward. Red river (swampy prai-
rie), Dawson; Ramsey county, Vestlund; Minneapolis, Upham; Blue Earth county, Lei-
berg; Emmet county, lowa (common), Cratty.

P. dichotomum, L. Panic-Grass.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state. [Specimens collected in early summer
by Mr. Vestlund on the new state farm, Ramsey county, are regarded by Dr. Vasey as
representing the typical ferm of this species. It occurs intermingled with other grasses
on lowlands : mainly smooth ; culms slender, 1% feet high; panicle long-peduncled.]

P. dichotomum, L., var. pubescens, Vasey, ined. (P. pubescens, Lam.)
Panic-Grass.

Ramsey and Hennepin counties (usually about a foot high, becoming much branched),
Oestlund, Upham; probably the more common form of the species in this state. Gray’s
Manual characterizes it as ‘‘ashaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety.”?’ [Culmrather
leafy, 1 to 2 feet high; leaves and sheaths decidedly pubescent or villous. Letter of
Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884.]

*PANICUM CONSANGUINEUM, Kunth. Smooth or villous; culms (1 to 1% feet high)
at length excessively branched ; leaves linear, erect ; panicle long-peduncled, the flex-
uous widely spreading branches few-flowered ; spikelets obovate, pale, pubescent ; up-
per glume 7-nerved ; upper palea of the neutral flower none; perfect flower acute.
Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States, appendix, p. 667.——Var. LATIFOLIUM, Vasey,
ined. Culms weaker, leaves wider, and flowers more pubescent. Minnesota, Oestlund.
Letter of Dr. Vasey, Sept. 30, 1884.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 173

[Zwo others of the forms included under P. dichotomum in Gray’s Manual, but sep-
arated from it by appendix of Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States, with the deserip-
tions here quoted, are recognized by Dr. Vasey (Grasses of U.S.) as distinct species,
namely, P. LAXIFLORUM, Lam. (culms tufted, smooth, 6 to 12 inches high; leaves lance-
olate, acuminate, ciliate, mostly pale yellowish-green, 2 to 83 inches long, the villous
sheaths shorter than the internodes; panicle diffuse, plumose-bearded, rather few-
flowered; spikelets scattered, oval, densely pubescent, the upper glume 7-nerved; neu-
tral flower bipaleaceous ; fertile flower acute: on dry sandy ground), and P. RAMUL-
OSUM, Michx., in part (low, 6to8 inches high, tufted, very smooth and shining ; cu!m
mostly purple ; leaves linear; panicle 114 to 2 inches long, diffusely branched, many-
flowered; spikelets minute, purple, very smooth, the upper glume and neutral palet
5-nerved : in sandy woodlands); both of which are common in the eastern states, but
have not yet been observed so far northwestward as Minnesota. ]

P.. depauperatum, Muhl. Panic-Grass.
Throughout the state. Lapham. Blue Earth county, Leiberg; Emmet county,
Towa, Cratty. [Lake Superior, Whitney; Manitoba, Macoun.]
ra
P. Crus-galli, L. Barnyard-Grass.
Common throughout the state.

P. Crus-galli, L., var. hispidum, Gray. —-Cockspur Grass.

Rock and Pipestone counties, etc. (frequently seen attaining a very rank growth
beside roads where they cross creeks or boggy land, apparently indigenous), Leiberg.

SETARIA, Beauv. Bristiy Fox-Tarn Grass.

S. verticillata, Beauv. Bristly Fox-tail Grass.
Mankato, Leiberg. Rare.

S. glauca, Beauv. “‘Pigeon-Grass.”’ Fosxtail.
Common, often abundant, throughout the state.

S. viridis, Beauv. “Pigeon-Grass.”’ Green Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.
Also common, or abundant, in cultivated ground, with the last.

S. Italica, Kunth. Millet. Bengal-Grass.

Becoming a bad weed in flax-fields in the southern part of the state, Leiberg; New
Ulm, Juni.

CENCHRUS, L. HrpcEnoG-Grass. Bur-GRAss.

C. tribuloides, L. ‘ Sand-bur.”’ Hedgehog-Grass. Bur-Grass.

Common, or frequent, in sandy lands along the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers,
(Occasionally attacked by smut, as at Minneapolis in 1884.)

ANDROPOGON, L. BEARD- GRASS.

A. fureatus, Mubl. ““ Blue-Joint.’’ Beard-Grass. Forked Spike.
Common, or abundant, throughout the prairie region of the state ; extending north-
east at least to Crow Wing county, Upham, and the lake of the Woods, Dawson. Highly
esteemed for hay; southwestward it is usually called “ Blue-Joint,” a name which
properly belongs to Deyeuxia Canadensis.
A. scoparius, Michx. Beard-Grass. Broom-Grass.
Common, with same range as the last. .

CHRYSOPOGON, Trin.* CHrysopogon. BEARD-GRAss.

C. nutans, Benth. (Sorghum yutans, Gray.) Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.
Common, with same range as the two last; making good hay.

* CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. Flowers loosely paniculate, Fertile spikelets one-flowered,
sessile between two pedicellate male or barren spikelets at the end of the slender

174 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

EQUISETACE. Horsetait FAmIty.

EQUISETUM, L. Horserarnt. Scourrne-RusH.
[E. Telmateia, Ehrh., probably occurs in this state north of lake Superior.]

E. arvense, L. Common Horsetail.
Common throughout the state.

E. pratense, Ehrh. Meadow Horsetail.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Morrison county, Upham;
Stearns county, Campbell; Saint Paul, Kelley.
E. sylvaticum, 1. Wood Horsetail.

Throughout the state : common northward, but infrequent far southward.

[E. palustre, L., will probably be found in the north part of the state.]

E. limosum, L. Swamp Horsetail.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

E. levigatum, Braun. Horsetail. :
Minneapolis, Simmons, Upham; Red river, near Saint Vincent, Dawson, Scott.
South and west.
E. hiemale, L. Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass.
Common throughout the state ; very abundant along the banks of the Minnesota
river, Parry.
E. variegatum, Schleicher. Horsetail.
Throughout the state, excepting perhaps far southward. Near the Mississippi river,
Anoka county, Upham; Minneapolis, Simmons. Infrequent.
E. scirpoides, Michx. Horsetail.

Range like the last, also infrequent. Lapham. Deep woods, St. Croix river,
Parry.

FILICES. FERNS.

POLYPODIUM, L. PoLypopy.

P. vulgare, L. Common Pelypody.

Abundant, or common, through the north half of the state; frequent southeast-
ward, on the rocky bluffs of the St. Croix, Mississippi and Minnesota rivers, and their
tributaries; rare south westward.

ADIANTUM,L. Marpenauarr.
A.pedatum,Ll. American Maidenhair.
Frequent, in many places common or abundant, throughout the state.
PTERIS, L. BRAKE or BRACKEN.

P. aquilina, L. Common Brake. Bracken. Eagle Fern.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

branches of the panicle, with, sometimes, one to three pairs of spikelets on the branch
below the terminal three. Fertile spikelets with the lower glume larger and coriaceous ;
the second narrower, thick, keeled, pointed or awned ; the third hyaline and empty ;
the fourth or flowering glume hyaline and awned. Palet minute or none. Vasey’s
Grasses of U.S.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 175

CHEILANTHES, § . artz. Lrp-FERnN.

C. lanuginosa, Nutt. Lip-Fern.
Lapham, Miss Cathcart. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry. Rare.

PELLAA, Link. Currr-BRakKE.

P. gracilis, Hook. Slender Cliff-Brake.

Throughout the state, but rare. Blue Earth river, and head of lake St. Croix,
Parry; Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart; cliffs forming the right bank of the Missis-
sippi in Minneapolis, also at Minneopa falls, Blue Earth county, Leiberg; lake Pepin,
Miss Manning; Martin county, and Emmet county, Lowa (rare), Cratty.

P. atropurpurea, Link. Clayton’s Cliff-Brake.

Throughout the state, but infrequent. Stillwater, Miss Field; Saint Paul, Miss
Catheart; Hastings, Oestlund; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue Earth county, Letberg.

CRYPTOGRAMME, R.. Br. (Axtuosorus, Bernhardi, in part.)
Rocx- Brak.

C. acrostichoides, R. Br. (Aliosorus acrostichoides, Sprengel.) Rock-
Brake.

Isle Royale, lake Superior, thence westward and northward, Gray’s Manual; doubt-
less in Minnesota.

ASPLENIUM, L. SPLEEN WORT.

A. Trichomanes, Ll. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Dwarf Spleenwort.
Burnt Portage, Dawson road, near the northern boundary of Minnesota, Macoun;
Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; Lake City, Mrs.Ray. Throughout the state, but infre-
quent.
A. ebeneum, Ait. Ebony Spleenwort.
Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart. Rare. [Nebraska, Aughey.]
[A. Ruta-muraria, L., and A. angustifolium, Michx., should be looked for in this
State. |
A. thelypteroides, Michx. Silvery Spleenwort.
St. Croix river, Parry; Stillwater, Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; Blue
Earth county, Leiberg. East.
A. Filix-foemina, Bernh. Lady-Fern.

Common (having diverse forms, but probably not perm ayea varieties) in woodlands
throughout the state.

CAMPTOSORUS, Link. WALKING-LEAF. WaALKING-FERN.

C. rhizophyllus, Link. Walking-L:af. Walking-Fern.
Throughout the state, but rare. Rocks, upper Mississippi river, Geyer; falls of
the St. Croix, Parry; Taylor’s Falls and Duluth, Miss Cathcart; Stillwater, Miss Field;

Red Wing, Oestlwid; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska,
Aughey.|

PHEGOPTERIS, Fée. BrecH-F ern.

P. polypodioides, Fée. Common Beech-Fern.

Abundant north of lake Superior, Roberts; extending south to the St. Croix river,
Parry; Taylor’s Falls (plentiful), Miss Catheart. [Manitoba, Macouwn; Nevraska,
Aughey.]

176 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

P. hexagonoptera, Fée. Hexagon Beech-Fern.
Duluth (plentiful), Miss Cathcart; and through the south half of the state, but rare.

P. Dryopteris, Fée. Oak-Fern.

North of lake Superior (common), Roberts; St. Louis river, Mrs. Herrick; St. Croix
river, Parry, Miss Field; Taylor’s Falls (plentiful), Saint Paul (rare), Miss Cathcart.
(Manitoba, Macoun.]

P. calearea, Fée.* (P. Dryopteris, Fée, var. Robertianum, Davenport.)
Beech-Fern.

“Collected in eastern Minnesota, growing on slaty rocks on the [west] bank of the
St. Louis river, near [close north of] the crossing of the Northern Pacific Railway, by
Miss Ellen W. Cathcart. Formerly attributed to America, but not clearly known as
American till now. It is rather common in Europe, and has been found in the Hima-
layan regions of Asia. Lt will probably be found from Lake Superior to Idaho. This
fern is very closely related to the common P. Dryopteris, and is often considered a var-
iety of it.”” Haton’s Ferns of North America : 1880; vol. ii, p. 277. Since this was writ-
ten, a second locality of this fern has been discovered by Mr. E. W. Holway at De-
corah, Iowa, where it occurs only upon a space about six feet square, “in the crevices
of the north side of a limestone bluff.” Arthur; Bulletin of Torrey Botanical Club,
vol. ix, p. 50. Still more recently it has been collected by Prof. J. Macoun in Anticosti
island. and by Drs. 4. M. Dawson and R. Bell in the country around and to the east of
the lake of the Woods. Science, vol. iii, p. 676 (June 6, 1884).

ASPIDIUM, Swartz. SHIELD-FERN. Woop-FeErn.
A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Marsh Shield-Fern.

Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

A. Noveboracense, Swartz. | New York Shield-Fern. :
Stearns county, Campbell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Infrequent. East.

A.fragrans, Swartz. Fragrant Wood-Fern.

Isle Royale, Dr. Lyons; Duluth and Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; Kettle river in
T. 42, R. 20, Pine county, Upham; falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Pipestone quarry, Mrs.
Bennett. [Nebraska, Aughey.] North and southwest.

A. spinulosum, Swartz. | Spinulose or Common Wood-Fern.

Throughout the state, but rare. Lapham. Duluth, Miss Cathcart; lake of the
Woods, Dawson.

A. spinulosum, Swartz, var. intermedium, Eaton. Spinulose or Com-
mon Wood-Fern.
Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting far southward. Ramsey
county, Simmons; Pine county, ete., Upham. [North of lake Superior, Agassiz; Nebras-
ka, Aughey.]

A. spinulosum, Swartz, var. dilatatum, Hornemann. Spinulose or
Common Wood-Fern.

Throughout the state, excepting far southward. Falls of the St. Croix, Parry;
Duluth, Miss Cathcart; Cascade river, north of lake Superior, Roberts. [Manitoba,
M Macoun; Nebraka, Aughey.]

” *PHEGOPTERIS CALCAREA, Fee. Rootstock slender, cord-like, widely creeping ;
stalks scattered, slender, glandular, chaffy near the base, six to twelve inches high ;
fronds herbaceous, rather rigid, minutely glandular, deltoid, four to eight inches long
and about as broad at the base, ternate; primary divisions stalked, pinnate with ob-
long or ovate-oblong pinnz, which are pinnately lobed or divided; lowest inferior
pinna of the lateral divisions about equalto the third pinna of the middle division ;
lobes oblong, obtuse, crenately toothed, or if very large, pinnately lobed ; veins pin-
nately branched, sori smali, nearer the margin than the midvein. Haton’s Ferns
of N. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 177

A. Boottii, Tuckerman. (A. spinulosum, Swartz, var. Boottii, Gray.) Boott’s
Wood-Fern.
Kanabec county, Upham. Infrequent.

A, cristatum, Swartz. Crested Wood-Fern.

Throughout the state ; frequent northward, rare southward. St. Croix river, Parry;
Minneapolis, Simmons; Saint Paul and lake Harriet (near Minneapolis), Miss Cathcart;
Blue Earth county, Leiberg,. [Extending northwest to lake Winnipeg, Haton; Nebras-
ka, Aughey.]

A. Goldianum, Hook. Goldie’s Wood-Fern.

Minnesota, Davenport; Minneopa falls, Blue Earth county, Leiberg. Rare. East.

A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Male-Fern.
North shore of lake Superior, near Beaver Bay, Campbell. Rare. North.

A. marginale, Swartz. Marginal Shield-Fern. Evergreen Wood-Fern.
Lapham, Davenport. Infrequent. (Nebraska, Aughey.]

A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Christmas- Fern.
Lapham, Miss Cathcart. Fort Snelling, Parry. East.

A. Lonchitis, Swartz. Holly-Fern.
South of lake Superior, Whitney; doubtless also north of this lake in Minnesota.
(Nebraska, Aughey.]

[A. aculeatum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Doell, will also probably be found in the north-
east part of this state. ]

CYSTOPTERIS, Bermhardi. BuappER-FERN. CysTGPTERIS.

C. bulbifera, Bernh. —Bulblet Cystopteris.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state.

C, fragilis, Bernh. Brittle Fern.

Also frequent, or common, throughout the state. Very variable ; the form named
var. dentata, Hook., has been observed at Cascade river, north of lake Superior, Rob-
erts; Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart; and in lowa (common), Arthur.

C. montana, Bernh. Bladder-Fern. Cystopteris.

In a swamp at the silver mine three miles up the bay from Port Arthur, Macoun;
probably also to be found north of lake Superior in Minnesota. [Deltoid-ovate, deli-
eately tripinnate, and almost quadripinnate fronds, and a long, slender, creeping root-
stock. Hatonin Wheeler’s Report of Surveys west of the One Hundredth Meridian.]

ONOCLEA, L. SENSITIVE FERN.

O. Struthiopteris, Hoff. (Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd.) Ostrich-
Hern. :
Common, or frequent, throughout the state, excepting southwestward.

O. sensibilis, L. Sensitive Fern.

Common throughout the state, excepting perhaps near its west side. (A frond
eighteen inches high, sterile on one side of the stipe, but wholly fertile on the other
side, was found by the writer in Todd county The form called var. obtusilobata,
Torr., has been noted at Taylor’s Falls, Miss Cathcart, and Mankato, Gedge.)

WOODSIA, R, Br. Woops.

W . obtusa, Torr. Obtuse Woodsia.
Throughout the state, but local. Taylor’s Falls [falls of the St. Croix], Parry,

12F

178 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

(abundant) Miss Cathcart, Miss Field; Rock county, Leiberg; Pipestone quarry, Mrs.
Bennett. [Manitoba, Macoun; Nebraska, Aughey.]

W. Ilvensis, R. Br. Rusty Woodsia.

Throughout the state, excepting far southward. North of lake Superior (abundant),
Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Taylor’s Falls and Duluth (common), Miss Cath-
cart, Miss Field; Stearns county, Mrs. Blaisdell; upper Minnesota river, Parry; Red-
wood Falls, Miss Butler. “ A dwarf form. one to three inches high, yet fruiting freely,
was common in the clefts of the rocks on the summit of Carlton’s Peak.” Roberts.

[W. hyperborea, R. Br., found by Prof. Macoun on the north shore of lake Superior,
should be looked for in northern Minnesota. lt is nearly related to W. Ilvensis, but is
tenderer in its texture, much less chaffy, and narrower in outline, with shorter, more
obtuse, and less divided pinnz. THaton’s Ferns of NV. A.]

W. glabella, R. Br. Smooth Woodsia.

North of lake Superior (at Kakabeka falls), Macoun; doubtless also to be found in
northern Minnesota; Stillwater, Miss Field.

W. Oregana, Eaton. Oregon Woodsia.

South shore of lake Superior and westward [Keweenaw peninsula and lake Winni-
peg]; doubtless in northern Minnesota ; also at Stillwater, Miss Field.

W. scopulina, E.ton.* Rocky Mountain Woodsia.

Collected by Miss Cathcart at Duluth, and at Taylor’s Falls on the St. Croix river ;
Lyons creek below Minneopa falls, Blue Earth county, Gedge. ‘‘Growing in dense
masses on rocks and in crevices, from Oregon to Mono Pass, California, and extending
eastward to Dacotah, Minnesota and Colorado. . . . The largest specimens are
from Minnesota and Colorado.” Eaton’s Ferns of North America.

DICKSONTIA, L’Her. DICKSONIA.

D. pilosiuscula, Willd. (D. punctilobula, Kunze.) Fine-haired Mountain
Fern. Hay-scented Fern.

Miss Cathcart. Stearns county, Campbell; lake Pepin, Miss Manning. Rare.
Southeast.

OSMUNDA, L. FLOWERING FERN.

O. regalis, L. Royal-Fern. Flowering Fern.

Frequent throughout the state, excepting far southward. North of lake Superior
(common along Devil’s Track river), Roberts; Anoka county, etc., Upham; Saint Paul
and northward, Miss Cathcart, Miss Field.

O, Claytoniana, L. Clayton’s (Interrupted) Flowering Fern,
Common, or frequent, throughout the state.

O. cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon-Fern.

Throughout the state, excepting perhaps northwestward. Common north of lake
Superior and at Minneapolis, Roberts; Anoka county, ete., Upham; Taylor’s Falls, Miss
Cathcart, Miss Field; Northfield, Rice county, Chaney; lake Pepin, Miss Manning.

*WOODSIA SCOPULINA, Eaton. Root-stocks short, creeping, chafty, forming large
tufts or patches ; stalks two to four inches high, not jointed, bright ferruginous near the
base, paler and stramineous upwards, puberulent like the rachis and the under surface
of the frond, with minute jointed hairs and stalked glands; fronds lanceolate-oblong,
four to eight inches long, pinnate ; pinnz numerous, eight to fifteen lines long, oblong-
ovate, sub-acute, deeply pinnatifid with five to eight pairs of short ovate or oblong
obtuse crenulate or toothed divisions; sori sub-marginal; indusium very delicate,
deeply cleft into narrow segments which terminate in short hairs composed of irregular
cylindrical cells. . . . Nearly like W. Oregana. EHaton’s Ferns of NV. A.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 179

OPHIOGLOSSACE A. AppErR’s-TonGuE FAMILY.

BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. GRAPE-FERN. Moonwort.

B. Lunaria, Swartz. Moonwort.
North shore of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless to be found in northern Minnesota.

B. simplex, Hitchcock. Hitchcock’s Grape-Fern.
Thomson, Carlton county (rare), Miss Cathcart. [Abundant at Fort William, north
‘of lake Superior, Macoun.] North.

[B. lanceolatum, Angstroem, and B. matricarizfolium, Braun, probably occur in
northeastern Minnesota. The latter is distinguished from B. lanceolatum by having
‘the sterile segment petioled, diverging but little and embracing the fertile when young,
oblong and only in the largest plants deltoid, with its divisions and lobes oblong or
ovate and obtuse ; panicle with stalk usually half as long as the sterile segment, and
sometimes longer than it; and by its fruiting two or three weeks earlier. Haton’s
Ferns of N. A.] .

B. Virginianum, Swartz. Virginia Grape-Fern. Rattlesnake Fern.
Frequent, or common, throughout the state,

B. ternatum, Swartz. (B. lunarioides, Swartz. B. australe, R. Br.) Ter-
nate Grape-Fern.

Throughout thestate, but infrequent. St. Croix river, Parry; St. Croix Falls (rare),
Miss Field; lake Pepin, Miss Manning; near Lake Crystal (station now obliterated),
Leiberg; lake of the Woods at mouth of Rainy river, Dawson. [Var. obliquum, Milde,
and var. dissectum, Milde, probably also occur in this state.]

OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. ADDER’s TONGUE.

0. vulgatum, L. Adder’s-Tongue.
Lake of the Woods at mouth of Rainy river, with the last, Dawson. Rare.

LYCOPODIACEA. Crus-Moss FAmIty.

LYCOPODIUM, L. Crus-Moss. TRAILING EVERGREEN.

L. lucidulum, Michx. Shining Club- Moss.

Mouth of Devil’s Track river, lake Superior, and on Carlton’s Peak (abundant),
Roberts; lake of the Woods, Dawson; Kettle river, Pine county (common), Upham; St.
Croix river, Parry; Blue Earth county, Leiberg. [Hesper, lowa, Mrs. Carter; the sole
species of this genus, and its only locality, known in Iowa, Arthur.] North.

L. Selago, L. Fir Club- Moss.
North shore of lake Superior, Juni, Roberts. Rare. North.

L. inundatum,L. Marsh Club-Moss. .
Palisades, north shore of lake Superior, Juni; Stillwater, Miss Butler.
North. ‘

L. annotinum, L. Club-Moss.
Common through the north part of the state ; extending southwestward to Pine
county (common), Upham, and the sources of the Mississippi, Houghton.

L. dendroideum, Michx. Tree-like Club-Moss. Ground-Pine.
Common northward, extending southwest to Wadena county ; the most plentifui
species of club-moss in Pine county, Upham.

180 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

L. clavatum, L. Common Club-Moss.
Commen northward, extending thus south at least to Pine county.

L. complanatun, L. Club-Moss. Festoon Ground-Pine.

Common northward ; extending south to Wadena and Pine counties (next in abun-
dance after L. dendroideum, Michx.), Upham. This and the three species next pre-
ceding are bounded within nearly the same limits as the pines, spruce and fir.

L. complanatum, L., var. sabinzefolium, Spring. Club-Moss. Ground-
Fir.

Frequent far northward ; upper Mississippi river, Garrison.

SELAGINELLEA,

SELAGINELLA, Beauv. DwarF Cius-Moss. SELAGINELLA,

S. selaginoides, Link. Dwarf Club-Moss.

Isle Royale, Dr. Lyons; north shore of lake Superior, Macoun; doubtless to be found
in northern Minnesota. :
S.rupestris, Spring. Dwarf Club-Moss.

Throughout the state. Lake of the Woods, Dawson; Morrison, Benton and Stearns.
counties, Upham; upper Minnesota river and falls of the St. Croix, Parry; Blue Earth

county, Leiberg; Redstone, near New Ulm, Juni; Redwood Falls, Miss Butler; Pipestone-
quarry, Mrs. Bennett.

[S. apus, Spring, will prohably be found in the south part of the state.]

[Isoetes lacustris, L., I. echinospora, Durieu, var. Braunii, Engelm,, I. riparia, En-
gelm., and I. melanopoda, J. Gay, should be looked for in this state.]

MARSILIACEA,

MARSILIA, Lam. MARSILIA.

M. vestita, Hook. & Grey.* Marsilia.

“Dry swamps in the prairies near Devil’s lake,” in northeastern Dakota, Geyer;
‘near the Mississippi river,” in lowa, Dr. Cousens; probably also in Minnesota. (See
notes on this species in Arthur's Contributions to the Flora of lowa, No. Vt.)

[Prof. Eaton writes that the Marsilia cited as collected by Geyer is the original
of M. mucronata, Braun; butit is regarded by Prof. Eaton as a form of M. vestita, as
at first determined by Jr. Torrey, differing from the ordinary type in having longer
peduncles and less hairy sporocarps. M, uncinata, Braun, is found, according to Prof.
Eaton, in Texas, Louisiana and Florida.]

SALVINIACEA.

AZOLLA, L. AZOLLA.

A. Caroliniana, Willd. Azolla.

Lapham. [The range of this species is stated by Prof. Eaton in the Botany of
California to be from “Oregon to Arizona, eastward to the Atlantic, and southward to
Brazil.’’]

*MARSILIA VESTITA, Hook. & Grey. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire,
2 to 7 lines long and broad; petioles 1 to 4 inches long; peduncles free from the
petiole ; sporocarps solitary, short-peduncled, about 2 lines long, very hairy when
young; upper tooth longest, acute, straight or curved; lower tooth obtuse, the sinus
between them rounded. . . . Oregon to Texas. Haton in Botany of California.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 181

APPENDIX.

Since the date of the acknowledgments made on page 10, con-
tributions to this catalogue have been received from Mrs. C. L.
Herrick, of Minneapolis; Mr. A. W. Jones, of the state university;
Mr. W. H. Kelley, of Saint Paul; and Mr. O. W. Oestlund, of Min-
neapolis. Three varieties of grasses, described by Dr. Vasey, are
first published, with his permission, on pages 161 and 172. Mr.
Kelley also supplied a copy of notes on the ‘‘ Botany of Winona
county,” by J.C. Norton, M. D., printed in the Winona Repub-
dican, July 14 to Sept. 22, 1857, including a list of 211 species,
Several of these are accessions to the foregoing catalogue, while
for other species their known geographic range in this state is ex-
tended. Items from this source, and others sent by correspond-
ents too late for insertion in their regular places, are as follows:

Nasturtium obtusum, Nutt. Water-Cress.
Winona county, Norton; Minnehaha falls, Miss Butler. South.

‘Cardamine rotundifolia, Michx, (Including C. rhomboidea, var. purpurea,
Torr.) Mountain Water-Cress,
Winona county, Norton. Infrequent.

-Arabis petrzea, Lam. Rock Cress.

Winona county, Nerton. [Ranging from southern Michigan to the shores of lake
‘Superior, Isle Royale, and far northward.]|

Hypericum perforatum, L. Common St. John’s-wort.
Winona county, Norton. Infrequent. South.
Stellaria uliginosa, Murr. Swamp Stitchwort.

Fond du Lac, at west end of lake Superior, Mrs. Herrick. North.

‘Cassia Marylandiea, L. Wild Senna.
Winona county, Norton. Infrequent. South.

‘Cassia nictitans L. Wild Sensitive-Plant.
Lily lake, Stillwater, Miss Butler. Rare. South.

AMMANNIA humilis, Michx. Ammannia.
Lake City, Gibson. Infrequent. South.

‘Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.
Upper Mississippi river, Garrison; northern Minnesota, Sargent’s Catalogue of the
Forest Trees of N. A.; Ramsey county, Winchell. Rare. South.
Lepachys columnaris, Torr. & Gray, var. pulcherrima, Torr. & Gray.
Lepachys.

Red river valley near Saint Vincent, Scott. West. [Differs only in having a part
or even the whole upper face of the ray brown-purple; varies southward into more
slender and branching forms, some with rays reduced to a quarter-inch. Gray’s Syn-
optical Flora of N.A.]

Quercus nigra, L. Black Jack or Barren Oak.
Southern Minnesota, Sargent’s Catalogue of the Forest Trees of N. A.

182 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES.

Nelumbium luteum, Willd.; in lake Pepin near Frontenac, Miss Manning, Mrs. Ray.

Cardamine pratensis, L.; Winona county, orton.

Oxalis Acetosella, L.; Winona county, Norton. [Extending south in Michigan to
lake St. Clair.]

Trifolium hybridum, L.; Minneapolis, A. W. Jones.

Desmodium rotundifolium, DC.; Winona county, Norton.

Vicia sativa, L.; Washington county, Minneapolis and Saint Cloud.

Spirzea tomentosa, L.; Winona county, Norton.

Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Michx.; West Saint Paul, Miss Butler.

Cnothera fruticosa, L.; Winona county, Norton; Wasecacounty, Miss Thrall.

Berula angustifolia, Koch ; Winona county (abundant in cold spring brooks, and
most abundant in the coldest water), Norton.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.; Winona county, orton.

Houstonia purpurea, L.,, var. ciliolata, Gray ; Winona county, Worton.

Solidago ulmifolia, Muhl.; Rice county (rare), Chaney.

Ambrosia trifida, L., var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray ; common in the Red river val-
ley, Leiberg.

Helianthus hirsutus, Raf.; Rice county, Chaney.

Coreopsis trichosperma, Michx.; Saint Cloud, Campbell.

Lobelia cardinalis, L.; Owatonna, Steele county, Chaney.

Asclepias verticillata, L.; add : common southwestward.

Cycloloma platyphyllum, Moquin ; bank of Cannon river, Northfield, Rice county,
Chaney.

Chenopodium ecapitatum, Watson ; Stockton quarries, near Winona, Holzinger.

Freelichia Fleridana, Moquin ; near Red Wing, Sandberg.

Polygonum Virginianum, L.; Ramsey county, Oestlund.

Dioscorea villosa, L.; Red river valley, Leiberg.

Sporobolus asper, Kunth ; Minneapolis, Vestlund.

CoRRECTIONS IN NOMENCLATURE.

Prof. C.S. Sargent has kindly permitted the perusal of proofs of his Catalogue of the
Forest Trees of North America, a report soon to be published for the Tenth Census of
the United States, according to which several changes in nomenclature are required by
species in this catalogue, making them read thus : QUERCUS OBTUSILOBA, Michx.; Q.
PRINOIDES, Willd., (Q. Prinus, vars. acuminata, Michx., and humilis, Marshall) ; BetTu-
LA PAPYRIFERA, Marshall (B. papyracea, Ait.); ALNUS INCANA, Willd. [only the type-
occurs here, while var. virescens, Watson (var. glauca, Regel, in part), ranges from the
Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and thence south in the mountains to New Mexico] ;
ALNUS SERRULATA, Willd. ; and ABIES BALSAMBA, Miller. Of Populus balsamifera, L.,.
var. candicans, Gray, Prof. Sargent writes: ‘“‘ Rare and perhaps unknown in a wild
state ; very common in cultivation.”

REVIEW OF THE CATALOGUE.

The total number of plants, including both species and varie-
ties, enumerated in this catalogue and appendix, is 1650, belonging
to 557 genera, and representing 118 families or orders. Seven-
tenths of the whole are exogenous: of which 480 are polypetalous,
512 gamopetalous, 149 apetalous, and 14 gymnospermous. Of the:
remaining three-tenths 427 are endogenous, and 68 are vascular
cryptogams.

One-twelfth of this flora consists of introduced species, number-
ing 188: of which 120 are exogenous, 54 being polypetalous, 44
gamopetalous, and 22 apetalous; and 18 are endogenous. The
twelve orders contributing most to this number are Composite, 183.

STATE GEOLOGIST. 183

Graminez, 17; Cruciferee, 12; Caryophyllacex, 9; Leguminose, 9;
Labiate, 8; Polygonacez, 7; Solanacew, 6; Chenopodiacez, 6; Mal-
vacez, 5; Umbelliferee, 5; and Borraginacee, 5. One order and
fifty-five genera are represented only by introduced species; leaving
117 orders, 502 genera, and 1512 species and varieties, occurring
indigenously in this state.

Counting only indigenous plants, the twelve largest orders are
as follows: Composite, 204; Cyperacez, 129; Graminee, 122; Legu-
minosz, 62; Rosacez, 62; Ranunculacee, 45; Filices, 48; Orchid-
ace, 41; Cruciferze, 39; Liliaceze, 39; Scrophulariacee, 37; and
Ericacez, 34; making 857, or nine-sixteenths of our native flora.

Again counting only indigenous species and varieties, the forty
largest genera are Carex, 89; Aster, 34; Solidago, 28; Polygonum,
20; Ranunculus, 18; Viola, 17; Potamogeton, 16; Helianthus, 15;
Juncus, 15; Potentilla, 14; Salix, 14; Aspidium, 13; Asclepias,
Habenaria, and Panicum, each 12; Euphorbia, Quercus, and Scir-
pus, each 11; Anemone, Rubus, Galium, Artemisia, Gerardia,
and Gentiana, each 10; Erigeron, Vaccinium, Pyrola, Hleocha-
ris, and Poa, each 9; Arabis, Hypericum, Astragalus, Desmodium,
Ribes, Cornus, Cnicus, Trillium, Cyperus, Elymus, Equisetum, and
Lycopodium, each 8. In thirty-one of these genera, including the
first three, no introduced plant is found.

Of the 412 species in Sargent’s Catalogue of the Forest Trees of
North America [north of Mexico], 81 occur indigenously in Minne-
sota; but eight of these, though becoming trees in some portions of
the United States, do not here attain a tree-like size or habit of
growth, while forty-eight (mostly noticed on pages 13 to 15) be-
come large trees, at least forty or fifty feet high. Besides these,
about 125 indigenous shrubs belong to this flora, making its whole
number of woody plants about 206. Two species of Smilax are
the only endogenous plants in this number.

In the statements of geographic range northward, very im-
portant aid has been derived from lists by Prof. John Macoun, of
plants fouud in British America north of Minnesota, published in
Reports of Progress of the Geological and Natural History Survey
of Canada for 1875-76, 1878-79, and 1879-80; from his Catalogue
of Canadian Plants; Part I. Polypetalw, published as a report of
the same survey, in 1883; and from manuscript notes, communi-
cated by Professor Macoun, respecting the divisions of the flora
after Polypetale. Toward the east, south and southwest, similar
aid was found in Wheeler and Smith’s Catalogue of the Phenoga-
mous and Vascular Cryptogamous Plants of Michigan: 1881 (con-
taining 1634 species and varieties, of which 1476 are indigenous);

184

TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

CoMPARISON WITH OTHER STATES AND WITH HuRopPE.
a ee eee ee ne eT ee

ORDERS,

Genera.

_

Ranunculacee.....
Meunispermacee...
Berberidacez
Nympheacee.....
Sarraceniaceze....

Papaverace®......
Fumariacee.......
Crucifere..... airetee
Capparidacee.....
Violacez ....

Cistacez........-..
Droseracee .... ..
Hypericacez
Caryophyllacez...
Paronychiez......

Ficoides ..........
Portulacaceze
Malvacez.........
WACO as evcee.
Linacez......... ee

Geraniace®.......
Rutacew® os. 5 cices
Anacardiacee....

Vitaceze

_

seeese

Celastracez.......
Sapindacee.......
Polygalaces
Leguminose.......
Rosacez@...........

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Crassulacee.,......
Hamamelacez....
Halorages ........
Onagracez.......:

Lythracee.........
Cactacee..........

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Primulacee .....
Lentibulaceez.....
Orobanchaceez....
Scrophulariaceez..

Acanthacee.......
Verbenacez.. ....
Davart see
Borraginaces.....
Alydrophyllacee..
Polemoniacez.....
Convolvulacee....
Solanacee. .......
Gentianacez
Apocynacee.......

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ndigenous species and varieties in the
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STATE GEOLOGIST. 185

ORDERS. Gen. | I.g. | Sp. |I.sp.|| Eu, |N. E. |Mich. | Wis. |Iowa. | Neb. | Cal.

Asclepiadacez.... 2 2 17 Ter oe et 11 8 13 14. 12 1
Oleacez........... 1 1 5 Bill reieieiote 4 5 5 4 Bileeawen
Aristolochiacee .. 2 2 2 DH ames 1 1 1 WiGoddosyeocope
Nyctaginacee..... 1 1 3 B | |osccee [ocwncs Jewece 3 3 Dil ciefelsjers
Phytolaccaceez.... J 1 1 1 waters 1 1 1 1 WAS eyes
Chenopodiacez... 5 5 13 7 3 1 2 2 1 5 4
Amarantacez..... 3 3 5 3] |.----- 1 1 2 3 2 1
Polygonacee...... 3 2 33 26 5 21 24. 22 19 19 9
Thymeleaceze Beast 1 1 1 MGWileteteterere 1 1 1 A Seaaaaiterrcacic
Eleagnacee....... 2 2 3 Si ]oqocue 1 1 UN Wago.ono 2 1
Santalacee.... 1 1 3 Bililen code 1 2 1 1 1 2
Saururacez. 1 1 1 1 5 6c 1 1 UW Jlowseed PPO AC ERS
Ceratophyllacee.. i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Callitrichacee..... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Podostemacez.... 1 1 1 DL [iffsseere are 1 Wiotbeno ulin Sony Ajsesadatloac bos
Euphorbiacee..... 2 CM aa siting 3 ea Ab 9} 10 9 2
Empetracee....... 1 1 i ANB be 1 1 Sa poe ye ccteteccathersnetsiae
Urticaces......... 10 9 13 1 1 11 11 11 10 ibe Sends
Platanacee........ 1 1 1 WW ieasaod 1 1 1 1 Wilodoaeé
Juglandacee..... 2 2 5 BiH elstateicls 5 5 5 4 Qi iieetesis
Cupuliferz ........ 4 4 15 ABS ees 14 12 14 13 13 1
Myricacee... . 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 Dea ahs P| aaa
Betulacez. 2 2 8 8 2 8 7 6 3 5 2
Salicacee.. 2 2 23 19}, 1 18 17 17 14 13 4
Conifere... : a 7 13 13 || 3 13 12 12 4 3 1
MaKaACCwes reese oe 1 il 1 1 shonoe 1 1 1 cl eaisceseu bngonse
AvacCeree si... <..: 4 4 5 5| 2 5 5 5 AN Vana tctatare/als
Lemnacee......... 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 8 3 3
Typhacee.... ..... 2 2, q rae 4 7 6 5 4 4 3
Naidacee..... .... 3 3 18 18 10 16 16 12 13 v 12
Alismacee ........ 5 5 10 10 4. 8 9 6 7 7 4
Hydrocharidacez. 2 2 2 2) 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
Orchidaceze ovo NOe 14 14 41 41} 10 36 40 34 14 26 9
Amaryllidacez.... 1 1 1 I Hobeone 1 1 1 1 Toosone
Hemudoracez... 1 1 1 IN ilgee 1 1 ANN] Spx arstel:|levatererorel tna
Tridacee..........., 2 2 2 Diets etetele 2 2 2 2 2
Dioscoreacee ..... 1 1 1 Nt Soppe 1 1 1 1 1
Smilacee.......... 1 1 4 4)|.....- 3 4 4 212
Miltacee ise. ssc. 18 17 40 39 4 25 34 31 25 32
Juncacee........... 2 2 18 18 9 12 16 12 9 10
Pontederiacez.... 2 2 2 il Peraciate 2 2 2 2 2
Commelynacez... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Xyridacex......... 1 1 1 1 Wlansede'|loos don
Eriocaulonacez... 1 1 i 1 Ue Bea dlliacreroig 1
Cyperaces......... 10 10 129 129 113 95 69 92
Graminee......... 47 42 79 89
Equisetacez....... 1 1 4 8
HUeestee yen © 15 15 22 29
Ophioglossaceze... 2 2 2 2
Lycopodiacve,... 1 1 1 2
Selaginellez....... 1 1 1 1
Marsiliacez .. 1 1 1 1
Salviniacez . 1 1 onadias 1

118 Orders..... 557 502 | 16501) 1512 290} 10481 1210! 1176 949 | 1091

G. D. Swezey’s Catalogue of the Phenogamous and Vascular Cryp-
togamous Plants of Wisconsin, forming chapter V in Geology of
Wisconsin, vol. I: 1883 (containing 1473 species and varieties, of
which 1337 are indigenous); J.C. Arthur’s Contributions tothe Flora
of Iowa, numbers I to VI: 1876 to 1884 (containing 1210 species and
varieties, of which 1097 are indigenous); and Prof. Samuel Aughey’s
Catalogue of the Flora of Nebraska: 1875 (containing 1718 species
and varieties of phenogams and vascular cryptogams, of which

186 TWELFTH ANNUAL REPORT.

1648 are indigenous). Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. Arthur
for valuable information and suggestions during this work.

The preceding table presents comparisons with the four state-
catalogues mentioned; and also with the Botany of California (1876.
and 1880; by Brewer, Gray, and Watson; 2894 species and 339:
varieties, including introduced plants); with the flora of New Eng-
land, as indicated by Gray’s Manual (approximately 1364 species.
and varieties of native phenogams, 243 introduced phzenogams,
and 74 vascular cryptogams); and with the flora of Europe, so far-
as it is represented in that of the northern United States, also-
shown by Gray’s Manual. From this table it appears that 290 spe-
cies and varieties of the indigenous flora of Minnesota are also found:
native in Kurope; 1048 in New England; 1210 in Michigan; 1176 in
Wisconsin; 949 in Iowa; 1091 in Nebraska; and 335 in California.

In submitting this catalogue to readers, students and botanists,
it seems desirable to repeat that it claims to be merely a report of
progress in an unfinished work. It is hoped that its publication.
will incite all the workers in this field to increased efforts, so that
the final report of this part of the state survey shall be made as.
complete and accurate as possible. The cryptogamic vegetation,
as mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, and alge, will there be cata—
logued; and within the province of the present work, there will be
incorporated additions and corrections, as well as extension or more:
exact limitation in statements of the range of species, so far as:
known. For this purpose, botanists are requested to keep full
notes of all observations that supplement or amend this catalogue,
and to send them, together with specimens of plants found in Min-
nesota but not herein recorded, to Prof. N. H. Winchell, curator
of the state university museum, Minneapolis.

Probably about a tenth part of the total phenogamous flora
of the state remains yet to be noted in neglected nooks, in marsh,
dense woods, cool ravines, on cliffs and hills, in streams and lakes.
Numerous species and varieties new to science quite certainly await.
discovery; and it will be interesting in many cases to compare our
common and well known plants with specimens of the same gath-
ered in distant portions of the country, or even in this region under
differing conditions of soil, moisture, or shade. The greater part
of the accessions must be expected, of course, near the borders of
the state, being often species that are common or frequent beyond
our limits but extend only scantily into Minnesota. .

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

Names of orders or families are in SMALL CAPITALS; [Synonyms are enclosed ir
brackets ;] introduced species, and genera represented only by introduced species, are.

in Italic type.

Abele, 131.
Abies. 132, 133,

Abutiton, 34.
Acalypha, 128.
ACANTHACER,
102.
ACANTHUS
FAMILY, 102.
Acer, 39.
Acerates, 115.
Achillea, 84.
Acnida, 118,
Aeorus, 135.
Actzea, 21.
oars,

Addier’s- Mouth,

aden 'S-
Tongue, 146,
179.

ADDER’S-

TONGUE FAMI- |

LY, 179.
Adenocaulon,

Adiantum, 174,
Adoxa, 66.
Athusa, 61.
Agrimonia, 49.
Agrimony, 49.
Agropyrum, 169.
Agrostis, 160.
[Aira, 171.]
Stes 20, 36,

Nider. 128.
Aletris, 143.
Alexanders, 62.
Alfalfa, 41.
ALG, 11, 186.
‘ALISMACEZ,
137.

Alisma, 138.
*Alkali-Grass,”’

144,

Alkanet, 107.
Allium, 14, 147.
[Allosorus, 175.
Alnus, 128, 182.
Alopecurus, 160.
Alsike Clover,
41, 182.

Alum-root, 55,
Alyssum, 27.
AMARANTA-
CE, 118.
AMARANTH
FAMILY, 118.
Amaranth, 118.
Amarantus, 118.
AMARYLLIDA-
CE, 142.
AMARYLLIS
FAMILY, 142.
Ambrosia, 15,
79, 182.
Amelanchier,

53.
emanates

Ammophila,
162.

Amorpha, 14, 43.
Ampelopsis, 38.
pent aeaeers pea,

Ree
ACEZ, 37.
Anacharis, 139.
Anagallis, 97.
Anaphaiis, 86.
Andromeda, 94.
Andropogon, 14,
173.
Androsace, 96.
Anemone, 17.
Angelica, 5, 61.
Anise Hyssop,
105. }
Antennaria, 86.
Anthemis, 84.
Anychia, 33.
Aphyllon, 98.
Apios, 47.
Aplectrum, 142.
se epapDus, 14,

APOCYNACER,

11

Apocynum. 113.

Apple, 5, 53.

Aonte- of-Peru,
1l

[AQUIFOLI-
ACEZ, 95.]
Aquilegia, 14,

Arabis, 24, [25,]
181. ,

ARACEA, 134.
ARALIACEA, 63.
Aralia, 63.

ae bop ‘Vitze, 15,

fetta Trail-
ing, 93.
Archangelica,

61.

Archemora, 61.

Arctic Rasp-
berry, 51.

Arctium, 88.

Arctostaphylos,
93

Arenaria, 32.
Arethusa, 141.
Arisema, 134.
Aristida, 14, 163.
ARISTOLOCHI-
ACE, 116.
Aristolochia,
116.
Arnica, 87.
Aromatie Win-
tergreen, 15, 93.
Arrhenathe-
rum, 171.
Arrow-grass,
137.
Arrow-head,
138.
Arrow-wood,
66.
Artemisia, 84.
Artichoke, 82.
ARUM FAM-
1LY, 134.
Asarabacea,
116.
Asarum, 116.
ASCLEPIADA-
CE, 114.
Asclepias, 14,
114, 182.
Ash, (87, 53,) 115.
Ash-leaved Ma-
ple, 40.
Asparagus, 146.
Aspen, 130.
Asperugo, 108.
Asphodel,
False, 145.

Aspidium, 176.
Asplenium, 175.
Asprella, 170.
Aster, 70, [74,]
183.
Astragalus, 14,

43,
Atriplex, 117.
Avena, 170.
Avens, 49.
Awlwott, 27.
Azolla, 180.

Bachelor’s
Button, 87.
Balm of Gile-
ad, 131, 182.

Balmony, 99.
Balsam, 36.

Balsam-apple,

59.

Balsam Fir, 15,
133.
Balsam Poplar,
130.
Baneberry, 21.
Baptisia, 47.
Barbarea, 25.
BARBERRY
FAMILY, 21.
Barberry, 21,
Barley-Grass,
169.
Barnyard-
Grass, 173.
Barren Straw-
berry, 49.
Basil, 104.
Basswood, 35.
Bastard Toad-
flax, 122.
Bath Flower,
144,
Bayberry, 127.
Beach Pea, 46.

Beak-Rush, 152.

Bean, 47.

Bearberry, 93.

Beard-Grass,
14, 173.

Beard-tongue,
99

Beaver-Poison,
62.

Beckmannia,
14,171.
Beckmann’s
Grass, 171.
Bedstraw, 67.
Beech, 127.
Beech-Fern,175.
Beggav’s Lice,
108.
Beggar-ticks, 83.
Bellflower, 92.
Bellwort. 145.
Bengal-Grass,
173.
Bent-Grass,
160, 162.
BERBERIDA-
CE, 21.
Berberis, 21.
Bergamot,
Wild, 104.
Berula, 63, 182.
Betony, Wood,
102.
BETULACE,
128.
Betula, 128, 182.
Bidens, 83.
Big Woods, 13.
Bilberry, 92, 93.
Bindweed, 110,
120.
BIRCH FAMILY,
128.
Birch, 128.
Birthroot, 144.
BIRTHWORT
FAMILY, 116.
Birthwort, 116.
BLED s-Cap,

Bistort, Alpine,
118.

Bitter Cress, 24.
Bitter-nut, 126.
Bitter-sweet,
(39,) 111.
Bitter-weed, 79.
Black Alder, 95,
128.
Blackberry, 52.
Black-cap
Raspberry, 51.
Black Haw, 66.

188

Black Walnut,
15, 125.
aes
ive
Bladder Ket-
mia, 34.
Bladder-nut, 39.
Bladder-pod, 27.
BLADDERWORT
FAMILY, 98.
Bladderwort,98.
Blazing-Star,
14, 68.
Blephilia, 105.
Blite, 117.
Blitum,116,117.]
lood-root, 23.
BLOODWORT
FAMILY, 143.
“Bloody War-
rior,’’ 101.
Blue’ Beech, 127.
Bluebell, 92.
Blueberry, 15,92.
Blue- bottle, 87.
Blue Cohosh, 21,
Blue-eyed
Grass, 143.
Blue Flag, 143.
Blue -Grass, 167.
Blue-Hearts,
100.
Blue-Joint, 14,
162, 173.
Blue Lettuce,91.
Boehmeria, 125.
Bog-Rush, 148.
Boltonia, 74.
Boneset, 70
BORAGE FAM-
ILY, 106.
BORRAGINA-
CE, 106.
Botrychium,179.
Bottle-brush
Grass, 170.
Bottle-Grass,
173.

Bouncing Bet,31.

Bouteloua, 14,
164,

Box- Elder, 40.

Brachyelytrum,

Bracket. 174.
Bracted Bind-
weed, 110.
Brake, 174, 175.
Bramble, Bl.
Brasenia, 21.
Brassica, 26.
Bristly Fox-tail
Grass, 173.
Brittie Fern,177.
Brome-Grass,
168
Bromus, 168.
Brooklime, 100.
Broom- Grass,
173.
BROOM-RAPE
FAMILY, 98.
Broom-rape, 98.
Brunella, 105,
Buchloe, 14, 165.
Buchnera, 100.
Buckbean, 113.
BUCKTHORN
FAMILY, 38.
Buckthorn, 38.
BUCKWHEAT
FAMILY, 118,

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

Buckwheat, 120. { Cardamine, 24,

Se Berry,

Butialo- Grass,
164, 165.

Bugle-weed.104.

Bug-seed, 117.
Bulrush, 151.

Bunch-berry, 64.

Burdock, 88.

Bur-Grass, 173.

Bur-Marigold,
83

Burnet Saxi-
frage, 62.
Burning-Bush,
39.

Bur-Oak, 126.

Bur-reed, 135.

Bur-seed, 107.

Bush-Clover, 46.

Bush-Honey-
suckle, 65.

Butter -and-
eggs, 99.

Buttereup, 18,19.
Butterfly-weed,

115.
Butternut, 125.

Butter-weed, 74,

Butterwort, 98.

Button-bush, 67,

182.
Button Snake-
root, 60, 68.
Buttonwood,
125.

Cacalia, 86.
CACTACER, 59.
CACTUS FAMI-
LY, 59.
“Cactus,” 59.
Cakile, 28.
[Calamagrostis,

Calamint, 104.
Calamintha,
104.
Ca!lamus, 135.
Calla, 134.
Callirrhoe, 34.
CALLITRICHA-
CEA, 122,
Callitriche, 122.
Calopogon, 141.
Caltha, 20.
Calypso, 141.
[Calystegia,
110.]
Camassia, 147.
Camelina, 27.
CAMPANULA-
CE, 92.
CAMPANULA
FAMILY, 92.
Campanula, 92.
Campion, 31.
Camptosorus,
175.

Canary Grass,

171.

Cancer-root, 98.

Cannabis, 125.

CAPER FAMILY,

28.
CAPPARIDA-

CK, 28.
CAPRIFOLI-

ACE, 64.
Capsella, 27.
Caraway, 60.

181. 182.
Cardinal Flow-
er, 91, 182.
Carex, 8, 9, 14,
153, 183.
Carpet-weed,
33

Carpinus, 127,
Carrion-Flow-
er, 143.
Carrot, 60.
Carum, 60.
Carya, 125.
CARYOPHYLLA-
CE, 31.
CASHEW FAMI-
LY, 37.
Cassandra, 93.
Cassia, 47, 181.
Cassiope, 94.
Castilleia, 101.
Catbrier, 143.
Catehtly, 31.
Catgut, 46.
Cat-Mint, 105.
Catnip, 105.
Cat’s-tail
Grass, 160.
CAT-TAIL FAM-
ILY, 135.
aon’ tail Flag,

Cattiophyltum,

Coaune nie: 39.
Cedar, (133,) 134.
CELASTRACER,
39.
Celastrus, 39.
Celtis, 124.
Cenchrus, 173.
Centaurea, 87.
Centunculus, 97.
Cephalanthus,
67, 182.
Cerastium, 32.
CERATOPHYL-
LACK, 122.
Ceratophyllum,
122.
Cercis, 47.
Chaffweed, 97.
Chamomile, 84.
Charlock, 26.
Cheat, 15, 168.
Checkerberry,
15, 93.
Cheilanthes,
175.
Chelone, 99.
CHENOPODI-
ACE, 116.
Chenopodium,
116.

Cherry, 48.
Chess, 168.
Chick weed, 32,

33.
Chickweed-
wiaberewee

Gaines 89.
Chimaphila, 95.
Chinquapin,
Water, 22.
Chiogenes, 93.
Chives, 147.
FRekes ‘perry,

Choke-Cherry,

Christmas-
Fern, 177.
Chrysanthe-
mum, 84.
Chrysopogon,
14, 173.
Chrysopsis, 78.
Chrysosple-
nium, 56.
Cichorium, 89.
Cicuta, 62.
Cinna, 161.
Cinnamon-
Fern, 178.
Cinque-foil, 49.
Circa, 57.
(Cirsium, 88.]
CISTACEA, 30.
Cladium, 152.
Claytonia, 34.
Clearweed 125.
Cleavers, 67.
Clematis, 17.
Cleome, 28.
Cliff-Brake, 175.
Climate, 12.
Climbing Bitter-
sweet, 39.
Clintonia, 15,
145

Clotbur, 79.
Clover, 41.
CLUB-MOss
FAMILY, 179.

Club-Moss, 179.
Club-Rush, 151.
Cnicus, 88.
ee 15, (81,)

Gocklebur, 79.
Cockspur Grass,
173.

Cockspur
Thorn, 53.
Feel -tree, 15,

ebosh: 24
Colic- root, 143.
Collinsia, 99.
Collomia, 14,110.
Coltsfoot, 70.
Columbine, 20.
Comandra, 14,
122.

Comfrey, 106,
(108.)

COMMELYN-
ACE, 149.
Com pass-Pl ant,
78.

COMPOSIT, 68.
COMPOSITE
FAMILY, 68.
Comptonia, 127.
Cone-flower, 80.
CONIFER, 131.
[Conioselinum,
61

Conium, 63.
CONVOLVULA-
CEH, 110.
CoNVOLVULUS
FAMILY, 110.
Convolvulus,
110.
Coptis, 20.
Coral-berry, 65.
Corallorhiza,

142.
Coral-root, 142.
Cord Grass, 14,

164.

Coreopsis, 82,
182.
Corispermum,
117.
CORNACEZ, 64.
Cornel, 15, 64.
Cornus, 64, 181.
Corn Salad, 63.
Cnn -Plant,

Gosvaulia 23.
Corylus, 127.
Cotton-Grass,

152.
Cotton- Thistle,

88.
Cottonwood,
131.
Couch-Grass,
169.
Cowbane, 61, 62.
Cowberry, 93.
Cow-Herb, 15,
31.
Cow-Parsnip,
60

Cowslip, 96, 97.
“Cowslip,” 20.
ie Wheat,

cr wrab-Apple, 5,
Ps Grass,
Craiberry, 15,

Grantee ry-
tree, 66.

Cranesbill, 36.

CRASSULACEZ,

56.
Crategus, 52.
Creeping Snow-
berry, 9
Crepis, 90.
Cress, 23, 24, 25,
181.

“Crocus,” 17.
CROWBERRY
FAMILY, 124.
Crowberry, 124,
CROWFOOT
FAMILY, 17.
Crowtoot, 18, 19.
CRUCIFERZ, 23.
Ce ee

Cr i ioeaee

63.
Cuckoo Flower,
24, 182.
CUCURBITA-
CEH, 59.
Cudweed, 86.
ee, Physic,

Con Pints 78.

CUPULIFERS,
126.

Currant, 54.

Cuscuta, 110,

Cut-grass, 14,

159,
Cycloloma, 116,
182.
Cymopterus, |
14, 61.
Cynogiossum,

108.

Cynthia, 89.]
YPERACES,
150.

Cyperus, 150.
CypHnedinms

Checoptenis, 177.

' Dactylis, 166.
Daisy Flea-
bane, 74.
Daisy, Ox-eye,

15, 84.
Dakota Potato,
Daiota Turnip,

Daiea, 42.
Dalibarda, 51.
Dandelion, (89,)

91.
Danthonia, 170.
Darnel, 169.
Datura, 112.
Daucus, 60.
Dead-N ettle,106,
Deerberry, 93.
Delphinium, 20,
Dentaria, 24.
Deschampsia,

171.
Desmanthus, 48.
DESMIDS, 11.
Desmodium, 45,

182.
Dewberry, 52.
Deyeuxia, 162.
Diarrhena, 166.
Dicentra, 33.
Dicksonia, 178.
Didiplis, 58.
Diervilla, 65.
DIOSCOREA-

CER, 143.
Dioscorea, 143,

182.
[Diplopappus,

73, 74.)
DIPSACES, 68.
Dipsacus, 68.
Direa, 121.
Dock, (78,) 120.
Dockmackie,66.
Dodder, 110.
Dodecabheon,
DOGBANE

FAMILY, 113.
Dogbane, 113.
Dog # Tennel, 84.
Dog’ s-tooth

Violet, 146.
DoGwoop

FAMILY, 64.
Dogwood, 64,

181.

Dogwood, Poi-

son, 37.
Door-weed, 119.
Draba, 26.
Dracocepha-

lum, 105.
Dragon-Arum,

134.
Dragon-head,

105

Dragon-root,
134.

Drop-seed
Grass, 160, 161.

PIR OCERACED;

0.

Drosera, 30.

Dry Straw-
berry, 49.

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA,

DUCKWEED
FAMILY, 135.
Dueckweed, 135.
Dulichium. 150.

Dutchman’s
Breeches, 23.
Dutchman’s
Pipe, 116.
Dwarf Club-
Moss, 180.
Dwarf Dande-
lion, 89.
Dyer’s Cleav-
ers, 67.
Dysodia, 83.

Eagle Fern, 174.
Hasten -flower,

Tieoniat 166.
Echinacea, 80.

Echinocystis,
59.

Echinodorus,
138.
Echinosper-
mum, 14, 107.
Eel-grass, 139.
ELMAGNACEX,
121,
Elzagnus, 14,
121.
Elder, (63,) 66.
Elecampane, 78.
Eleocharis, 150.
Elevations, 11.
Ellisia, 109.

Elm, 124.

Elodes, 31.
Elymus, 14, 169.
EMPETRACE®,
124,
Empetrum, 124.
Enchanter’s
Nightshade, 57.
Epigza, 93.
Epilobium, 57.
EQUISETACES,
174.
Equisetum. 174.
Kragrostis, 167.
Erechtites, 86.
ERICACE®, 92,
Erigeron, 74.
ERIOCAULONA-
CE, 149.
Eriocaulon, 149.
Eriophorum,
152.
Hrodium, 36.
Eryngium, 60.
Eryngo, 60.
Erysimum, 25.
Erythronium,
146.
Euonymus, 39.
Eupatorium, 70.
EUPHORBIA-
CE, 123.
Euphorbia, 14,
123.
Euphrasia, 102.
Ev uNING-
PRIMROSE
FAMILY, 57.
Evening-Prim-
rose, 57.
Evergreen,
Trailing, 179.
Everlasting, 86.
Everlasting
Pea, 46.

pa a i ee ee eS

Eyebright, 102,
Fagopyrum,
120

Fagus, 127.
False Acacia,

43.
False Asphodel,
145,

False Beech-
drops, 95.

False Buck-
wheat, 120.

False Dragon-
head, 105.

False Flax, 27.

False Foxglove,
101.

False Grom-
well, 106.

False Helle-
bore, 144.

False ‘Indigo, 43,

47.
False Lettuce,

False Loose-
strife, 58.
False Mallow,

34.
False Miter-
wort, 56.
False Nettle,
125.
False Penny-
royal, 103.
False Pimper-
nel, 100.
False Red-top,

False Rice, 159.
False Rue-
Anemone, 20.
FalseSolomon’s
Seal, 145.
False Spike-
nard, 145.
False Sunflow-
er, 79.
Feather Gera-
nium, 117.
Feather-Grass,
163.
[Fedia, 68.]
A ernal Hawets
1,
FERNS, 174.
Fescue-Grass,
168.
Festuca, 168.
Betld: Currant,

Fetia Marigold,

Hover -wort, 66.
FICOIDE®, 33.
FIGWORT
FAMILY, 98.
Figwort, 99.
Filbert, 127.
FILICES, 174.
Fimbristylis,
152.
Finger-Grass,
172.
Fiorin, 161.
Fir, 15, 133.
Fire Pink, 31.
Fire-weed, 57,86.
Five-Finger, 49,
a -leat Ivy,

Flag, Blue, 143.
Flag, Sweet, 135.
FLAX FAMILY,

35.
Flax, 35, 36.
Fleabane, 74,
Floating Heart,
113.
Fiower-de-
Luce, 143.
Flower of an
Hour, 34.
Flowering Dog-
wood, 181.
Flowering Fern,

Flowering
Raspberry, 51.
Fiy-Honey-
suckle, 65.
Fog-fruit, 103.
Folle Avoine,

Poors Parsley,

Forest, 12, 183.
Forget-me- not,
107.

Forked Spike,
173.
FOUR-O’CLOCK
FAMILY, 116.
Fowl Meadow-
Grass, 166, 167,
Foxgtove,
False, 101.
Foxtaii Grass,
160, 173.
Fragaria, 51.
Fraxinus, 115.
Fresh-water
Cords Grass, 14,

Fr resttehta, 118,

FROG S-BIT
FAMILY, 139.
Frost- weed, 30.
FUMARIACEX,
23.
Fumaria, 23.
FUMITORY
FAMILY, 23.
Fumitory, 23.
FUNGI, 10, 186.

Gallardo; 14,

Guieopate 106.
Galingale, 150.
Galium, 67.
Garget, 116.
Garlic, 147.
Gaultheria, 93.
Gaura, 14, 57.
Gay Feather,
68, 69.
Gaylussacia, 92.
GENTIAN FAM-
ILY, 112.
Gentian, 112,
GENTIANACE,
112,
Gentiana, 14,
112.
GERANIACE®,
36.
GERANIUM
FAMILY, 36.
Geranium, 36,
(117.)
Gerardia,14,100.

oot
DS Ee

189

Germander, 103.
German Mud-
wort, 108.
Geum, 4y,
Giant ‘Hyssop,
10
Gill, 105.
““Ginger-root,’”’
70.

GINSENG
FAMILY, 63.

Ginseng, 63.

Glade Mallow,

Gidsemrons 117.
Glaux, 97.
Glyceria, 166.
Glyeyrrhiza, 45.
Gnaphalium, 86.
Goat’s- Beard,

89.

Goats’ Rue, 43.
Golden Alexan-
ders, 62.
Golden Aster,

78.
Golden Rag-
wort, 87.
Golden-rod, 75,
182.
Golden Saxi-
frage, 56.
Goldthreaa, 20.
Good- King-
Henry, 117.
Goodyera, 140.
Gooseberry, 54.
GOOSEFOOT
FAMILY, 116.
Goosefoot, 116.
Goose- -Grass,
7, 119.
“Gosling,” 17.
GOURD FAM-
ILY, 59.
Grama, 164.
GRAMINEA, 14,
159.
Grape, 5, 38.
Grape Fern, 179.
Graphepho-
rum, 165.
GRASS FAMILY,
(14, 16,) 159, 181.
Grass of Par-
nassus, 55.
Grass Pink, 141.
Gratiola, 99.
Greek Valeri ian,
109.
Greenbrier, 143.
Green Milk-
weed, 115.
Grindelia, 14, 77.
Gromwell, 107.
Ground Cherry,
111.
Ground Fir, 180.
Ground Hem-
lock, 134.
Ground Ivy, 105.
Ground Laurel,
93.
Ground-nut, 5,
47, 63,
Ground-Pine,
179, 180.
Ground Plum,
4

3.
Groundsel, 86.
Gutierrezia, 14,
74,

190

ane

rGymmestt:
chum, 170.]

Habenaria, 139.
Hackberry, 124.
Hackmatack,
133.
H2MODORA-
CE, 143.
Hair-Grass, 160,
171.
Halenia, 112.
HALORAGES,
56.
HAMAMELA-
CES, 56.
Hamamelis, 5
Hardhack, e-
182.
Harebell, 92.
Hart’s Clover,

41.
“Hartshorn
lant,’ 17.
aw, Black, 66.
Hawkweed, 89.
Hawthorn, 52.
Hay as fuel, 164.
Hay-scented
Fern, 178.
Hazel-nut, 127.
‘“Headache-
plant,” 17.
Heal-all, 105.
Heart’s Ease, 29.
Heartweed, 119.
BEATHFAMILY,
15, 92.
Hedeoma, 104.
Hedgehog-
Grass, 173.
Hedge-Hyssop,
99.

Dal feng? Mustard,
eige Nettle,
106

Hedysarum, 45.
Helenium, 84.

a SS SE ES SSS SE ee et ee eee Eee ee

Heliopsis, 79.

‘Hellebore, 144.

pres ek pit
0

150.

Hemlock ,(62,63,)
132, 134.
Hemlock. Pars-
ley, 61.
Hemlock-
Spruce, 132.
Hem, ae) 118,)

1
os bet -Nettle,

Sopatlta, 18.
Heracleum, 60.
Herb Robert, 36.
Herd’s-Grass,
160, 161.
Heron’s-bill, 36.
Heuchera, 55.
Hibiscus, 34.
Hickory, 15, 125,
Hieracium, 89.
Hierochloa, 171.
Hippuris, 56.
Hoary Pea, 43.
Hog Pea-nut, 47.
pinkie Hennen

Helianthemum,
30.

Helianthus, 14,
15, 80, 182.

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

-weed, 79.

hiow= root, 66.
aes
9
Holly, 95.
Holly-Fern, t77.
Holy Grass, 171.
Honewort, 63.
HONEYSUCKLE
FAMILY, 64.
Honeysuckle,

enor:
suckle,’’ 20.
Hop, 5, 125.
Hop-Horn-
beam, 127.
Hop- tree, 37.
Hordeum, 169,
Horehound,
(104.) 106.
Hornbeam, 127.
Horned Pond-
weed, 136.
HORNWORT
FAMILY, 122.
Hornwort, 122.
Horse Gentian,

66.
Horse-Mint, 104.
Horse-radish,24.
HORSETAIL

FAMILY, 174,
Horsetail, 174.
Horse-weed, 74.
Hosackia, 42.
Hound’s-

Tongue, 108.
Houstonia, 67,

182.
Huckleberry,15,
92,93. |
Hudsonia, 20.
Humiulus, 125.
Huntsman’s
Cup, 22.
Hybrids, 103, 130.
Hydrastis, 20.
HYDROCHARI-
DACEZ#, 139.
Hydrocotyle,59.
HYDROPHYL-
LACE, 109.
Hydrophyllum,
109.
HYPERICACE2,
30.
Hypericum, 30,
181.
Hypoxys, 142.
Hyssop, 99, 105.

Ick PLANT
FAMILY, 33.

Tlex, 95.

ILICINE, 95.

Ilysanthes, 100.

Impatiens, 36.

Indian-Chick-
weed, 33.

Indian Cucum-
ber-root, 144.

Indian Currant,
65.

Indian Fig, 59.

Indian Grass,
14, 173.

Indian Hemp,
113, 114.

Indian Matlow,

34.

“Tndian Paint,”
107.

Indian Pink,
101.

Indian Pipe, 95.
Indian Plan-
tain, 86.
Indian Poke,
144,
Indian Rice,
159.
Indian Tobac-
co, 91.
Indian Turnip,
134.
Introduced
Plants, 15, 182.
Inula, 78.
IRIDACE®, 143.
IRIs FAMILY,
143.
Tris, 143.
Iron-weed, 68.
Iron- wood, 127.
Isanthus, 103.
Isoetes, 180.
Isopyrum, 20.
Iva, 15, 78.
eg Five-leaf,

Ivy, Poison, 37.

Jack-in-the-
Pulpit, 134.
“Jack Pine,”
131.
Jamestown-
weed, 112.
Jerusalem Arti-
choke, 82.
e Asmar! Oak,
Jewel-weed, 36.
an -Pye Weed,

Jontwead: 119,
Judas-tree, 47.
JUGLANDA-
CER, 125.
Juglans, 125.
JUNCACE®, 147,
Juncus, 147.
June- -berry, 53.
June Grass, 167.
Juniper, 133.
Juniperus, 133.

Kale, 26.
Kalmia, 94.
Kentucky Blue-
Grass, 167.
Kentucky Cof-
fee-tree, 15, 48.
pee Bean,

ST
, 93.
Knotgrass, 119.
Knotweed, 118.
Keeleria, 166.
Krigia, 89.
Kuhnia, 69.

LABIATZ, 103.
Labrador Tea,
15, 94.
Lactuca, 91.
Ladies’ Sorrel,

36.
perme Tresses,
140.
Lady-Fern, 175.
Lady’s- Slipper,
142,
Lady’s-Thumb,
119.
ie Lettuce,
68.

SS EE

Lamb’s Quar-
ters, 116.
Lamium, 106.
Laportea. 124.
Lappa, 88.]
arch, 133.
Larix, 133.
Larkspur, 20.
Lathy:us, 46.
Laurel, (93,) 94.
Laurestinus, 66.
Lead- Plant, 43.
Leaf-cup 78.
Leather-Leaf,
93.
Leatherwood,
121.
Leaves measur-
ed, 35.
Lechea, 38.
Ledum, 94.
Leersia, 14, 159,
LEGUMINOS,
1
LEMNACE, 135.
Lemna. 135.
LENTIBULA-
CE, 98.
Leonurus, 106.
Lepachys, 14,
80, 181.
Lepidion, 15,

(hepturus 18 , 169.)
espedeza, 46
Lettuce, , (68, 90,)

[ Leucanthe-
mum, 84. |
Lever-wood,
127.
Liatris, 68.
LICHENS, 7, 8,
186.
Licorice, 45, 67.
Life-root, 87.
LILIACES, 144.
Lilium, 146.
LILY FAMILY,
144.
Lily, (22,) 146.
Lime-tree, 35.
Limits of spe-
cies, 14.
Limnanthe-
mum, 113.
LINACES, 35.
Linaria, 98.
LINDEN FAM-
ILY, 35.
Linden, 35,
Linnea, 64.
Linum, 14, 35.
Lion’s-heart,
105.
Liparis, 141.
Lip-Fern, 175.
Lippia, 103.
Listera, 141.
Lithospermum,
107.
Live-for-ever,
5

6.

Liver-leaf, 18.
LIVERWORTS,
7, 186.
LIZARD’S-TAIL
FAMILY, 122.
Lizard’s-tail,
122.
LOBELIACES,
91.
LOBELIA FAM-

ILY, 91.
Lobelia, 91, 182.

Locust-tree, 43
Lolium, 169.
Lombardy Pop-
lar, 131.
Lonicera, 65.
LOOSESTRIFE
FAMILY, 58,
Loosest’ ife, 58,

97.
Lophanth;

Lapseel: 103.
Lousewort, 102,
Incerne, 41.
Ludwigia, 58.
sep , pine,

Lungwort, 107.
Lupine, 41.
Lupinus, 41.
Luzula, 147.
Lychnis, 32.
Lycium: 112;
LYcOPODI-
ACEZ5, 179,
Lycopodium,
179.
Lycopus, 104.
Lygodesmia, 90.
Lyme-Grass,169,
Lysimachia, 97.
LYTHRACES,

58.
Lythrum, 58.

MADDER FAM-
ILY, 67.

Maianthemum,
145.

Maidenhair,
174.

Maidenhbair
Spleenwort,
175

Male-Fern, 177.
MALLOW FAMI-
LY, 34.
Mallow, 34.
MALVACES, 34.
Malwa, 34.
Malvastrum, 34,
Mandrake, 21.
Manna-Grass,
166.
Manomin, 159.
Maple, 5, 39,
Mare’s- Tail, 56.
M arrubium,

106.
Marsh Elder, 78.
Marsh Grass,
164.
Marsh Mari-
gold, 20.
Marsh St.
Joh
31.
MARSILIACE,

180.

Marsilia, 180.
Maruta, #4.]
atrimony-
Magchnpl a1
ay-Apple, 21.
Mayflower, 93.

M ay-weed, 84,
Meadow-Grass,
166, 167.
Meadow-Pars-
nip, 62.

eam Rue,

Meadow-Sweet,
48.
Medeola, 144.

Medicago, 41.
Medick, 41."
SLT YE um,

Melanthtum,

M ‘elilot, 41.
Melilotus, 41.
“MENISPERMA-
OBA, 21.
Menispermum,
21.
Mentha, 103.
“Menyanthes,
113.
Menziesia, 94.
Mercury, three-
seeded, 123.
“Mertensia, 107.
MZEREUM
FAMILY, 121.
Microstylis, 141.
“Milfoil, 84.
Milium, 171.
Milk- Vetch, 43.
“MILKWEED
FAMILY, 114.
Milkweed, 114,
182.
“MILKWORT
FAMILY, 40.
“Milkwort, 40,

(97.)
Millet, 173.
JMimulus, 99.
MINT FAMILY,

103.
“Mint, 103, (104,
5

105.)
Mitchella, 67.
Mitella, 55.
Miter-wort, 55.
Mithridate

Mustard, 28.
‘Moccasin -flow-

er, 142.

“Mock Penny-

royal, 104.
Mollugo, 33.
Monarda, 104.
Moneses§, 95.
Monkey-flower,

Aonottepa: 95.
{Montelia, 118.]
MOONSEED
FAMILY, 21.
-Moonseed, 21.

Moonwort, 179.

Moose-wood, 39;
121.

Morus, 124.
-Moschatel, 66.
IMOssES, 7, 8,

186.
_Motherwort,
106.
Mountain-Ash,
53.
“Mountain-Hol-
ly, 95.
Mountain-Mint,

Mountain Rice,
“Mountain
Snow,” 123.
Mouse-ear
Chick weed, 32.
_Mouse-ear
Cress, 26.
Mudwort, 108.
Mugwort, 85.
Muhlenbergia,
161.

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

eer a 15,

124.

[Mulgedium,
91

Mullein, 98.
Musk Crowfoot,

66.
Muskit-Grass,
14, 164.
Musquash-Poi-
son, 62.
MustTARD
FAMILY, 23.
Mustard, 15, 25,
26.

Myosotis. 107.
MYRICACE,
127.

Myrica, 127.
Myriophyllum,
56, 182.

Mugtie Willow,

{Nabalus, 90.]
NAIADACE,

136.

Naias, 136.
Nailwort, 33.
Napza, 31.
LEER LOSE:
70.!

N asta tium, 23,

Neri weed 100.

Negundo, 40

Neillia, 48.

Nelumbium, 22,
182.

Nelumbo, 22.

Nemopanthes,

95.
Nepeta, 105.
Nesza, 58.
NETTLE FAMI-
LY, 124.
Nettle, (106,) 124.
Nettle-tree, 124.
New Jersey
Tea, 39.
Nicandra, 111.
Nicotiana, 112.
Nigella, 21.
NIGHTSHADE
FAMILY, 111.
Nightshade, 111,

144,
Nine-bark, 48.
“Norway

Pine,” 131.
Nuphar, 22.
Nut- Rush, 153.
NYCTAGINA-

CE, 116
NYMPH ACE,
21.
Nymphea, 22.

OAK FAMILY,
126.
Oak, 126, 181.
Oakesia, 145.
Oak-Fern, 176.
Oat-Grass, 171.
C&£nothera, 14,
57, 182.
Oil-nut, 125.
Old-witch
Grass, 172.
OLEACEZ:, 115.
OLEASTER FAM-
ILY, 121.
Oleaster, 121.
OLIVE FAMILY,
115.

‘ONAGRACES,

One-flowered
Pyrola, 95.
One-seeded
Star-Cucum-
ber, 59.
Onion, 147.
Onoclea, 177.
Onopordon, 88.
Onosmodium,
106.
OPHIOGLOSSA-
CE, 179.
Ophioglossum,

Gungti: 59.
Orange-root, 20.
Orchard Grass,
166.
ORCHIDACES,
139.
ORCHIS FAM-
ILY, 139.
Orchis, 139, 140.
OROBANCHA-
CE, 98.
ORPINE FAM-
ILY. 56.
Orpine, 56.
Orthocarpus,
14, 102.
Oryzopsis, 162.
Osier, 128.
Osmorrhiza, 63.
Osmunda, 178.
Ostrich-Fern,
177.
Ostrya, 127.
Oxalis, 36, 182.
Ox-eye, 79.
Ox- sae Daisy,
15,
Gr yhaphas, 116.
Oxytropis, 14,

ee horas Cup,
101.

Panic-Grass,
172.

Panicum, 172.
Pansy, 29.
PAPAVERACES,
23.

Papaver, 23.
Papen ey root,

Pict 125.
Parnassia, 55.
PARONYCHIE#,
33.
PARSLEY
FAMILY, 59.
Parsley, él.
Parsnip, 61.
Partheuium, 78.
Partridge-
berry, 67.

Partr idge Pea, —

47.
pasate ones ;
17.

Pastinaca, 61.
Pearlwort, 33.
Pedicularis, 102.
Peltlea, 175.
Pellitory, 125.
Pembina, 67.
Pennycress, 28.
Pennyroyal,
(103,) 104.
Penthorum, 56.
Fenispemon, 14,
99.

Peppergrass, 28.
PenperTeiny,
04.

Pepper-root, 24.
Pepperwort, 28.
Petalostemon,

42.
Petasites, 70.
Peucedanum,
14, 60, 61.
Phacelia, 109.
Phalaris, 171.
Phaseolus, 47.
Phegopteris, 8,
175.
Phelipza, 98.]
hleum, 160.
Phlox, 109.

Phragmites, 168.

Phryma, 103.
Physalis, 111.
Physic, Cul-
ver’s, 100.
Physostegia,
105.
PHYTOLACCA-
CE, 116.
Phytolacca, 116.
Picea, 132.
PICKEREL-
Weep ay

Piekerel- Weed,

pigeon’ Berry,
116.

“Pigeon-
Grass,’’ 173.
Pig-nut, 126.

Pigweed, 116,

118.
Pilea, 125.
Pimpernel, 97.
Pimpinella, 62.
PINE FAMILY,
15, 131.
Pine, 15, 131.
Pine-sap, 95.
Pinguicula, 98.
Eos FAMILY,

Pink, 31,101, 141.
Pinus, 131.
Pinweed, 30.
Pipe- Vine, 116.
PIPEW ORT
FAMILY, 149.
Pipewor t, 149.
Pipsissewa, 95.
Pirus, 53.
PITCHER-
PLANT FAM-
ILY, 22.
Pitcher- Plant,
22.

PLANE-TREE
FAMILY, 125.
Plare-tree, 125.
PLANTAGI +s A-
CE, 96.
Plantazo, 14, 96.
PLANTAIN
FAMILY, 96.
Fanaa (74,)

Coane
CEH, 125.
Platanus, 125,
ey root,

Poduphyllum,

191

PODOSTEMA-
CE, 123.
Podestemon,
123.
Pogonia, 141,
Poison Dog-
wood, 37.
Poison Hem-
lock, 63.
Poison Ivy, 37.
Poison Oak, 37.
Poke. 116, 144.
POKEWEED
FAMILY, 116.
Pokeweed, 116.
Polanisia, 28.
POLEMONIA-
CEH, 109.
POLEMONIUM
FAMILY, 109.
Polemouium,
109.
POLYGALACER,
40.
Polygala, 40.
POLYGONACEZ,
118.
Polygonatum,
146.
Polygonum, 118,
182

Polymnia, 78.
Eee,

Polenody, 174.
Polytzenia, 60.
Pomme
blanche, 42.
Pomme de
Prairie, 42.
Pomme de
Terre, 42, 47.
Pond-Lily, 22.
PONDWEED
FAMILY, 136.
Pendweed, 136.
PONTEDERIA-
CHEZ, 149.
Pontederia, 149.
Poplar, 130.
POPPY FAMILY,
23.
Poppy, 2
Poputse 130,182.
Porcupine
Grass, 14, 163.
PORTULACA-
CEH, 33.
Portulaca, 33.
Potamogeton,
136.
Potentilla, 14,49.
Prairie, 12.
Prairie Clover,

Prairie Dock,78.
Prairie Mallow,

34.
Prairie Rocket,

“Prairie
Smoke,” 17.
Prenanthes, 90.
Prickly Ash, 37.
Prickly Pear,59.
Pride of Ohio,
97.
PRIMROSE
FAMILY. 96.
Primrose, 96.
PRIMULACES,

96.
Primula, 96.
Prince’s
Feather, 119.

192

Feinogs Pine,

Tnaal 48.
Psoralea, 42.
Ptelea, 37.
Pteris, 174.
Pterospora, 95.
Puccoon, 20, 107.
Pulsatilla, 17.
PULSE FAMILY,

41.
Purple Cone-
flower, 80.
PURSLANE
FAMILY, 33.
Purslane, 33.
Purslane
Speedwell, 100.
tele ON 33.
Pussy Willow,
129.
Putty-root, 142.
Fyecnanthe-
mum, 104.
Pyrola, 94. 95.
(Pyrus, 53.)

Quarrash, 147.
Queen of the
Meadow, 48.
Quercus, 126, 182.
Quitch- or
Quick-Grass,
169.

Rabbit-foot Clo-
ver, 41.
Ragweed, 79,
182.
Ragwort, 87.
Rain-fall, 12,165.
Ramsted, 99.
RANUNCULA-
CHS, 17.
Fannacnlns: 14,

Reanibenn, 51.
gag Yellow,

“Rattle-box,”

22,
Rattlesnake
Fern, 179.
Rattlesnake-
Grass, 166.
Rattlesnake-
Master, 60.
Rattlesnake-
Plantain, 140,
Rattlesnake-
root, 90.
Rattlesnake-
weed, 90.
Ray-Grass, 169.
Red-bud, 47.
Red-root, 39,

1
Red oe 161,

Redwood river,
64, 154.
Reed, 168.
Reed Bent-
Grass, 162.
Reed Canary-
Grass, 171.
Reed-Grass,
161.
Reed-mace, 135.
Rein-Orchis,
139.
RHAMNACES,
38.
Rhamopus, 38.
Rhinanthus, 102,

)

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

Rhus, 37.
Rhynchospora,
152

Ribes. 54.

Rice ee Grass,
14, 159

Rice, Mountain,

Rico, Wild, 159.
Richweed, 125.
“River Locust,”
43.
RIVER-WEED
~ FAMILY, 123.
River- weed, 123,
Robinia, 43.
Robin’s Plan-
tain, 74.
Rock-Brake,
175.
Rock Cress, 24,
25, 181.
Rocket, 25.
ROCK-ROSE
FAMILY, 30.
Rock-rose, 30.
Roman Worm-
wood, 79.
ROSACE4, 48.
Rosa, 52.
RosE FAMILY,
48.
Rose, 52.
Rose-Mallow,34.
Rosemary, 94.
Rosin-Plant, 78.
Royal-Fern, 178,
RUBIACE, 67.
Rubus, 61,
Rudbeckia, 80.
Rue-Anemone,
18.
eh FAMILY,

Ruellia, 102,
Rumex, 120.
RusH FAMILY,

147.
Rush, 148, 150-3.
Rush Grass, 160,

182.
RUTACES, 37.
Sacred Bean, 22,

182.
“Sage,” 85, 86,
(103. )
Sagina, 33.
Sasittaria, 138.
SALICACEA,

128.
Salicornia, 117,
Salix, 128.
SALVINTACEA,

180.
Sambucus, 66.
Samolus, 97.
Samphire, 117.
SANDALWOOD
FAMILY, 122.
“Sand-bur,”
173.
Sand Cherry, 48.
Sand-Reed, 162.
Sandwort, 32.
Sanguinaria, 23.
Sanicle, 60.
Sanicula, 60.
SANTALACEA,
122.
SAPINDACE,
39.
Saponaria, 31.
SARRACENIA-
CE, 22.

EE ee ee ee ee ee ee
ed

Sarracenia, 22.
Sarsaparilla, 63.
SAURURACEX,
122.
Saururus, 122,
Savin, 134.
SAXIFRAGA-
CE, 54.
Saxifraga, 55.
SAXIFRAGE
FAMILY, 54.
Saxifrage, 55,
(56, 62.
Schedonnar-
dus, 169.
Scheuchzeria,
138.
Schollera, 149.
Scirpus, 151.
Scleria, 153.
Scoke, 116.
Scorpion-grass,

107.
Feokee Thistle,
pha Rush,

pCaBEune men
ACEH, 98.
Scrophularia,

Scutellaria, 105.
Sea Blite, 117.
ia Ni

Sea-Rocket, 28.
Sea Sand-Reed,
162.

Sea-side Crow-
foot, 18.
SEDGE FAMILY,
150.

Sedge, 153.
Sedum, 66.
SELAGINEL-
LE#, 180.
Selaginella, 180.
Self-heal, 105.
Selinum, 61.
Seneca Grass,
ua be

Seneca Snake-
root, 40.
Senecio, 14, 86.
Senna, 47, 181.

Sensitive Fern, ,
177.

Sensitive Pea,
47, 181.

Service- berry,

sears 173
Shad- bush, 53.
Shamrock, “41,
Shave-Grass,
174.
Sheep-berry,

66.

Sheep’s Fescue,
168.

Shell- bark
HHO: 15,
Sheil- flower, 99.
Shephergaia, 121.
Shepherd's
Purse, 27.
Shield-Fern,
176.

Shin-leaf, 94.
“Shoe-strings,”’

43.
Shooting Star,
97.

Bhraphy, Tre-
foil, 37.
Shrubs, 13, 183.
Sickle- -pod, 25.
Sicyos, 59.
Side-saddle
flower, 22.
Silene, 31.
Silkweed, 114.
Silpbium, 78.
Silver-Berry, 14,

Silver-weed, 50.
Sisymbrium, 26.
Sisyrinchium,
143.
Sium, 63,
Skulleap, 105.
Skunk Cab-
bage, 134.
skunk Currant,
sipuery Eln,
124.
Smartweed, 119.
SMILACE®, 143.
Smilacina, 145.
SMILAX FAM-
ILY, 143.
Smilax, 143, 183.
Smooth Lung-
wort, 107.
Snake-head, 99.
Snakeroot, 60,
68, 70.
Snakeroot, Sen-
eca, 40.
eae -weed,

Snowberry, 15,
65, 93.
Snow-fall, 12.
SOAPBERRY
FAMILY, 39.
Soapwort, 31.
Soapwort Gen-
tian, 113.

Soil, 12.
SOLANACER,
111,

Solanum, 111.
Solidago, 75,
182, 183.
Solomon’s Seal,

Sorghum, 173. ]
ee Eat (36,) 120,

21.
Bou Thistle, 91.
Sparganium,
135.
Spare. 14,
164.
Spatter -Dock,

Speak Greets
167
Spearmint, 103.
Spearwort, 18.
Specularia, 92.
Speedweil, 100.
Speirodela, 135.
BDNer flower,

SripERWonk
FAMILY, 149.
Spiderwort, 149.
Spikenard, 5, 63.
Spike- Rush, 150.
Spindlestree,

Sninends 48, 182.
Spiranthes, 140.

Spleenmonis

Sperotiaiiae 14,,
60, 182.

Spring- -Beauty..

anedaes 16, 132.
SPURGE FAM-
ILY, 123.
Spurge, 123.
Spurred Gen-
tian, 112.
Squaw-Huckle-
berry, 93.

Ba

Squirrel Corn,

Stachys, 15, 106.

STAFF-TREE
FAMILY, 39.

Stafi-tree, 39.

Staphylea, 39

i Cucumber,,.

Star-flower, 97.

Star-grass, 142,
143, 149.

Starry Cam-
ion, 31.
tar-Thistle, 87.

Starwort, 32, 70,
122.

Pee, Bush,

Steironema, 97.

Stellaria, 32, 181.

Stickseed, 107.

Stick- -tight, 83,

108.
Se ee 32,

stipa 14, 163.
. JOHN’S--
Wane FAMILY,.

30.
St. John’s-wort,.
30, 181.
Stone- -crop, 56.
Storksbill, 36.
Stramonium,
112.
Strawberry, 51..
Strawberry
Blite, 117.
Strawberry
bush, 39.
Streptopus, 145.
[Struthiopteris,
177.)
Suzeda, 14, 117.
Subularia, 27.
Succory, 89.
Sugar, 40.
Sugarberry, 124,
Sullivantia, 55.
Sumach, 37.
SUNDEW FAM-
ILY, 30.
Sundew, 30.
Sundrops, 58,
182.
Sunflower, 14,
(79,) 80, (83, ) 182.
Sweet Cicely,

63.

Sweet Clover,
41.

Sweet Coltsfoot,.
70.

Sweet-Fern,
127.

Sweet Flag, 135.

SwEET-GALE
FAMILY, 127+

Sweet-Gale, 127.
Sweet Scabious,

74,
Sycamore, 125.
Sy mphoricar-
pos, 65.
Symphytum,
106.
Symplocarpus,

134s
Synthyris, 100.

Tacamahac, 131,
“Tag Alder,”

128.
Talinum, 33.
Tamarack, 15,

133.
Tanacetum, 84.
Tansy, 84.
Tansy Mustard,

age: -grass, 139.
Taraxacum, 91.
Tare, 46, 182.
TAXACE®, 134.
Taxus, 134.
Tea, 39, 94.
Tear-thumb,
120.

TEASEL FAM-
ILY, 68.
Teasel, 68.
Tephrosia, 43.
Teucrium, 103.
Thalictrum, 18.
Thaspium, 62.
Seelypodium,

Mimpleberry;
51

Thin- Grass, 160.
TBH, 15, (87,)

Thiaspi, 28.
Thorn, 52.
Thorn -apple,

Buurduphwort,
70,

Three-leaved
Nightshade, ~
144

Three-seeded
Mercury, 123.
Thuya, 133.
THYMELEA-
CE, 121.
Tiarelia, 56.
Tickseed, 82,182.
Tick-Trefoil, 45,
182.
TILIACE®, 35.
Tilia, 35.
Timothy, 160.
Toad-Fiax, 98,
122.)
obacco,(91,) 112.
Tofieidia, 145.
pecuiache- -tree,

opti ort, 24.
Toul aphy, 11.
Touch-me-not,
Tower Mustard,
‘Tradescantia,

149.

Tragopogon, 89.

INDEX TO THE FLORA OF MINNESOTA.

Trailing Arbu-
tus, 93.
Treacle Mus-
tard, 25.
Tree culture,
130
Trees, 13-15, 183.
Trefoil, Shrub-
by, 37.
Trentalis, 97.
Trifolium, 41,
182.
Triglochin, 137.
Trillium, 144
Triosteum, 66.
Triple-awned -
Grass, 163.
Trisetum, 171.
[Triticum, 169.]
Troximon, 14,89.
Trumpet- weed,
70.
Tsuga, 132.
“Tule? 151.
Tumble-weed,
118.
Turtle-head, 99.
Tussilago, 70.
Twayblade, 141.
Twin-flower, 64.
Twisted-stalk,
145.
TYPHACES, 135.
Typha, 135.

Ulmus, 124.
UMBELLIFERZ,

59.
URTICACE, 124.
Urtica, 124.
Utricularia, 98.
Uvularia, 145.

Vaccaria, 31.1
accinium, 92.
VALERIAN
FAMILY, 68.
Valerian, 68,
109.) *
ALERIANA-~
CE, 68.
Valeriana, 68.
Valerianella,68.
Vallisneria, 139.
Vanilla Grass,
171. x
Vegetable
Oyster, 89.
aha - Leaf, 34,
Venus’s Look-
ing-Glass, 92.
Veratrum, 144.
Verbascum, 98.
VERBENACES,
103.
Verbena, 103.
Vernonia, 68.
Veronica, 100.
VERVAIN
FAMILY, 103.
Vervain., 103.
Vesicaria, 14, 27.
Vetch, 46, 182.
Vetchling, 46.
Viburnum, 66,
Vicia, 46, 182.
[Vilfa, 160 ]
VINE FAMILY,

38.
VIOLACE2, 28.

Viola, 28.
VIOLET
FAMILY, 28.
Violet, 28.
Virginian
Creeper, 38.
Virgin’s-Bower,

VITACES, 38.
Vitis, 38.

Waahoo, 39.

| Water Ash, 37.

Wake-Robin,
144.
Waldsteinia, 49.
Walking-leaf,
175.
Wall-flower, 25.
WALNUT FAM-
ILY, 125.
Walnut, 15. 125.
Wapsipinicon
river, 138.
Watab, 133.
Water Arum,
134.
Wee Beech,

Water Chinqua-
pin, 22, 182.
Water-Cress, 28,
24, 181.
Water-Crow-
foot, 18.
Water Drop-
wort, 61
Water-Hem-
lock, 62.
Water-Hemp,
118.

Water Hore-
hound, 104.
WATERLEAF
FAMILY, 109.
Waterleaf, 109.
WATER- LILY
FAMILY, 21.
Water-Lily, 22.
Water Mari-
gold, 83.

W ATER-MIL-
noe FAMILY,

Water -Milfoil,
56, 182.
Water ymph,

Water Oats,
159.

Water-Parsnip,
63, 182,

Water Penny-
wort, 59.
Water-Pepper,
119

WATER-PLAN-
TAIN FAMILY,
137.

Water-Plan-
tain, 138.
Water-Plan-
tain Spear-
wort, 18,

Water-Purs-
lane, 58.

Water- Shield,

Water Star-
grass, 149,

WATER STAR-
WORT FAMILY,
122.

Water-Star-
wort, 122.
Water-weed,
139.

Wax-Myrtle,
127

Wax-work, 39.
W eather- -glass,
97.

Weather-grass,
63.

Weeds, 15.

Wheat-Grass,

169.

ite Grass,

White Lettuce,

White Pine, 132.
oe weed, 16,

Whitewood, 35.
Whitlow: -Gr. ass,

| Wurrtow-

MORE FAMILY,
Whitiow- wort,
Whior tleberry,

Wild Balsam-
apple, 59.

Wild Bean, 47.
Wild Bergamot,
104.

Wild Calla, 134.
Wild Chess, 168.
Wild Comfr: ey,
108.

Wie Currant,

Wild Flax, 35.

Wid Ginger,
116.

Wid Gooseber-

54.
wild Hyacinth,

wild Indigo, 47.
Wild Leek, 147.
Wild Licorice,
45, 67.

Wild Oat-Grass,
170.

Wild Oats, 1707
Wild Onion, 147,
wad Plum, 5,

48.
Wild Rice, 5,
159.
Wild Rose-
mary, 94.
Wild Bye, 169.
Wild Senna,
181.

Wild Sweet-
William, 109.
ee Tobacco,

11

WILLOW FAM-
ILY, 128.
Willow, 128.
Watlaes -herb,

Xie
Wind-flower,

193

Winged Pig-
weed, 116, 182.
Winterberry,

Winter Cress,

Wiktevevece:
15, 93, 94, 95, 97.
Wire- Grass, 167.
Witch- -Grass,
169, (172.)
WITcH-HAZEL
FAMILY, 56.
Witch-Hazel,56.
Withe-rod, 66.
Wolfberry, 65.

W olffia, 135.
Wood Anem-
one, 17.

Wood Betony,,.
102.

Woodbine, 65.
“W oodbine,’’38:
Wood-Fern, 176.
Mood: -Grass,

i
Wood: -Nettle,.

Wood Reed-
Grass, 161.
Wood-Rush,

Wood Sage, 103..
Woodsia, 8, 177.
Wood Sorrel,

36, 182.
Wool-Grass,
182.
Worm-seed
Mustard, 25.
Wor mwood (79,)

Weagdwort, 106;

Xanthium, 79.
ac ieemerae

XYRIDACEX;
149.
Xyris, 149.

yam FAMILY,

143.

Yam, 143, 182.

Yam- root, 143,
182.

Yarrow, 84.

YELLOW-EYED-
GRASS FAMILY,
149.
Yellow-eyed
Grass, 149,

Yellow Medi-
cine river, 21.

Yellow Rattle,
102.

YEW FAMILY,
134,

Yew, 134.

Zannichellia,
136.
(Zanthoxylum,
37,

Zizania, 159.
ae , 62.1

ygadene, 144,
Zygzadenus, 144.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL
HISTORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA. u

I. ANNUAL REPORTS,

Tue First ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NatTuRAL History
Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1872. 112 pp., 8vo.; with a col-
ored map of the state. By N. H. Winchell. Published in the Regents’
Report for 1872. Out of print. SEconD EDITION issued, 1884.

THE Seconp ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History
Survey OF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1873. 145 pp., 8vo.; with illustra-
tions. By N. H. Winchell and S. F. Peckham. Published in the Regents’
Report for 1873. Out of print.

Tar Turrp ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natura History
Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1874. 42 pp., 8vo.; with two county
maps. By N.H. Winchell. Published in the Regents’ Report for 1874. Out
of print.

Tur FourtH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NaturAu History
Survey or MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1875. 162 pp., 8vo.; with four county
maps and a number of other illustrations. By N. H. Winchell, assisted by
M. W. Harrington, Also in the Regents’ Report for 1875.

Tar Firra ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NatuRaL History |
Survey oF MrInnEsoTA, FOR THE YEAR 1876, 248 pp., 8vo.; four colored
maps and several other illustrations. By N. H. Winchell; with reports on
Chemistry by S. F. Peckham, Omithology by P. L. Hatch, Entomology by
Allen Whitman, and on Fungi by A. E. Johnson. Also in the Regents’ Re-
port for 1876.

Tue Srxtn AnnuaL REPoRT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natura History
Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1877. 226 pp., 8vo.; three geological
maps and several other illustrations. By N.H. Winchell; with reports on
Chemical Analyses by S. F’. Peckham, on Ornithology by P. L. Hatch, on
Entomology by Allen Whitman, and on Geology of Rice county by L. B.
Sperry. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1877, Out of print.

Tur SreventH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HIsToRY
Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1878. 123 pp., 8vo.; with twenty-
one plates. By N.H. Winchell; with a Field Report by C. W. Hall, Chemical
Analyses by S. F'. Peckham, Ornithology by P. L. Hatch, a list of the Plants
of the north shore of Lake Superior by B. Juni, and an Appendix by C. L.
Herrick on the Microscopic Entomostraca of Minnesota (twenty-one plates).
Also in the Regents’ Report for 1878. ¥

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS,

Tue Erenta ANNUAL REPoRT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natural History
_ Survey oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1879. 183 pp., 8vo.; one plate (Cas-
- toroides). By N.H. Winchell. Containing a statement of the methods of

Microscopic Lithology, a discussion of the Cupriferous Series in Minnesota,

_ and descriptions of new species of brachiopoda from the Trenton and Hudson
River formations; with reports on the Geology of Central and Western Minne-

_ sota, by Warren Upham; on the Lake Superior region, by C. W. Hall; lists
Birds and of Plants from Lake Superior, by Thomas S. Roberts; Chemical
Analyses by S. F'. Peckham; report by P. L. Hatch; and four Appendixes.
Also in the Regents’ Report for 1879 and 1880.

Tue Ninto ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History
SuRVEY oF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1880. 392 pp., 8vo.; three appen-
dixes, two wood-cut illustrations, and six plates. By N. H. Winchell. Con-
taining field descriptions of 442 crystalline rock samples, and notes on their
geological relations, from the northern part of the state; new brachiopoda;
the water supply of the Red River Valley, and simple tests of the qualities of
water; with reports on the Upper Mississippi region, by O. E. Garrison; on

_ the Hydrology of Minnesota, by C, M. Terry; on the Glacial Drift and its
Terminal Moraines, by Warren Upham; Chemical Analyses by J. A. Dodge;
a list of the Birds of Minnesota, by P. L. Hatch; and of the Winter Birds, by
Thomas S. Roberts. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1879 and 1880.

Tue Trento ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL History

_ SURVEY or MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1881. 254 pp., 8vo.; with ten wood-
cut illustrations, and fifteen plates. By N.H. Winchell. Containing field
descriptions of about 400 rock samples and notes on their geological relations,
continued from the last report; the Potsdam sandstone; typical thin sections of
the rocks of the Cupriferous Series; and the deep well at the ‘‘C” Washburn

mill, Minneapolis; with Geological notes by J. H. Kloos; Chemical Analyses by
J. A, Dodge; and papers on the Crustacea of the fresh waters of Minnesota
(eleven plates), by C. Z. Herrick. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1881 and
1882.

Toe ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND Natura His-
TORY SURVEY OF MINNESOTA, FOR THE YEAR 1882. 219 pp.,8vo.; with three
wood-cut illustrations and one plate. By N. H. Winchell. Containing a re-
port on the Mineralogy of Minnesota, and a note on the Age of the rocks of
the Mesabi and Vermilion iron districts; with papers on the Crystalline rocks
of Minnesota, by A. Streng and J. H. Kloos; on Rock outcrops in central
Minnesota, and on Lake Agassiz, by Warren Upham; on the Iron region of
northern Minnesota, by Albert H. Chester; Chemical Analyses by J. A. Dodge;
and an Appendix containing Minnesota Laws relating to Mines and Mining,
abstracted by C, L. Herrick. Also in the Regents’ Report for 1881 and 1882.

II. FINAL REPORT.

THEe Grotocgy or Minnesota. Vou. I. or THE Finan Report. 1884; xiv
and 697 pp., quarto; illustrated by 43 plates and 52 figures. By N. H. Winchell,
assisted by Warren Upham. Containing an Historical sketch of Explorations
and Surveys in Minnesota, the general Physical features of the state, the Build-
ing stones, and the Geology of Houston, Winona, Fi!lmore, Mower, Freeborn,
Pipestone, Rock and Rice counties, by N. H. Winchell; the Geology of Olm-

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

sted, Dodge and Steele counties, by M. W. Harrington; and the Geology of
Waseca, Blue Earth, Faribault, Watonwan, Martin, Cottonwood, Jackson,
Murray, Nobles, Brown, Redwood, Yellow Medicine, Lyon, Lincoln, Big
Stone, Lac qui Parle and Le Sueur counties, by Warren Upham. Distributed
gratuitously to.all public libraries and county auditors’ offices in the state, to
other state libraries and state universities, and to leading geologists and
scientific societies; the remainder are held for sale at the cost of publication,
$3.50 per copy in cloth, or $5 in grained half roan binding, upon application
to Prof. N. H. Winchell, Minneapolis.

III) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS.

1. Crecutar No. 1. A copy of the law ordering the survey, and a note ask-
ing the co-operation of citizens and others. 1872.

2. Peat ror Domsstic Fugu. 1874. Edited by S. F’. Peckham.

3. REPORT ON THE SALT SPRING LANDS DUE THE STATE OF MINNESOTA.
A history of all official transactions relating to them, and a statement of their
amount and location. 1874. By N. H. Winchell.

4. A CATALOGUE OF THE PLants OF MINNESOTA; prepared in 1865 by Dr.
I. A. Lapham, contributed to the Geological and Natural History Survey of
Minnesota, and published by the State Horticultural Society in 1875.

5. Crrcunrar No.2. Relating to Botany, and giving general directions for
collecting information on the flora of the state. 1876.

6. CrrcutaR No. 38. The establishment and organization of the Museum.
1877.

7. Crrcutar Neo. 4. Relating to duplicates in the Museum and exchanges. FY
1878. ;

8. Tur Burnpine Stones, Cuays, Limes, CEMENTS, ROOFING, “FLAGGING *
AND Pavine Stones oF Minnesora. A special report by N. H. Winchell. .
1880.

9. Crecunar No. 5. To Quarrymenand Builders. Relating to the collection
of two-inch cubes of building stones for physical tests. of strength, and for
chemical examination, and samples of clay and brick for the General Museum.

1880. ; :

10. CrrcuntaR No. 6. To owners of mills and unimproved water-powers.

Relating to the Hydrology and water-powers of Minnesota. 1880.

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