NRLF
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
PRESENTED BY
PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
This work was originally published in 1829, and
copies of the Edition of that date are now very rarely
met with. In this reprint some revision of the original
issue has been attempted, though certain quaint and
curious forms of spelling remain as in the original.
A Bibliography of the books referred to casually through-
out the work, and an Index of Names^ &c., have been
added.
GLEANINGS
ON GARDENS
CHIEFLY 1(ES<PECTING
THOSE OF THE ANCIENT
STTLE IN ENGLAND
BY S. FELTON
PRIVATELY PRINTED FOR
ARTHUR L. HUMPHREYS
187 PICCADILLY, LONDON
1897
PREFACE.
1VT"Y inducement for publishing the following
pages is, in one instance, by way of answer
to many requests that have been made to me on
account of what the conductor of the Gardener's
Magazine subjoined to a short communication I sent
to him in 1826 ; and which communication, and its
answer, appeared in that Magazine for October, 1826.
I have given them below.* I beg, therefore, to say
* ' SIB,— If the three underwritten brief suggestions are worthy
of your acceptance, or if they will be the means of inducing any
person to effect something of the same kind, they are at your
service.
' I am, Sir, your constant reader,
'June, 1826. 'S. FELTON.'
'1. Would it be desirable to have A Catalogue RaisonnS of
Books on Horticultwe, English and foreign ?— The first series of the
English catalogue to be brought down to the demise of Henry VIII. ;
the second to that of Charles II. ; the third to that of George II. ;
the fourth to that of George III.
'Nearly fifty years ago, I saw in the libraries at Caen and
vi PREFACE.
that it is not in my power, for many reasons (declining
health being one), to supply any of the desiderata
there alluded to. The Catalogue Raisonne, as well
as the Biography of some early Horticulturists, would
find, we all know, abundant materials towards com-
posing them in many rich pages in the Encyclopaedia
of Gardening, and in the libraries of Oxford, Cam-
bridge, the British Museum, in those of the late Sir
Joseph Banks, and of the present W. Forsyth, Esq.,
and in those of the London, Caledonian, and other
Rouen, several Anglo-Norman MS8. on the cultivation of cider, and
on general agriculture, and very possibly there may be some con-
cerning horticulture. Many libraries on the Continent, no doubt,
will throw light on this subject, particularly those of Ghent,
Bruges, Brussels, and Holland.
' 2. A curious work might be formed by giving copies of some of
those plates which adorn many old books which contain descrip-
tions of some of our Old English Gardens, belonging to our ancient
religious houses, or to the mansions of our old nobility and gentry.
Some of these plates are by admirable foreign engravers. They
might be classed under each county, and brought down to the
demise of George II.
' Ray dedicates his Flora to Lady Gerrard, of Gerrard's Bromley,
in Staffordshire. Plot gives a plate of this mansion, and part of its
garden. See also the garden in Vertue's fine whole-length print of
Sir P. Sydney. Perhaps there may be somewhere a plate of Sir
W. Raleigh's garden at Sherborne, in Dorsetshire. We have this
account of his house: "A most fyne house, beautified with
PREFACE. vii
Horticultural Societies. I unwillingly relinquish this
latter work, being certain that I could by no means
do the subject justice. I have very slightly attempted
it in a little tract, published a few months, ago under
the title of On the Portraits of English Authors on
Gardening. Both these subjects must diffuse in the
mind of the composer nearly the same delight with
which Horace Walpole prepared the papers of Vertue;
which Dr. Pulteney no doubt experienced when
sketching the Progress of Botany ; which the Kev.
orchardes, gardens, and groves of such varietie and delyght, that
whether you consider the goodnesse of soyle, the pleasauntnesse of
the seate, and other delycacies belonging to it, it is unparalleled by
any in these partes."
' What information, on this head, might have been gleaned from
the late Sir W. Temple, or from Kent, or from even him who has
immortalised Kent, from Mr. Pope himself, whose chief delight was
in his own garden, or from Mr. Evelyn, Mr. Gray, Mr. Mason, or
from Mr. Bates, the celebrated and ancient horticulturist of High
Wycombe, who died there some few years ago, at the great age of
eighty-nine !
' This work might include many scattered and curious gleanings
from our old gardens. I will mention only one: "Talking of
hedges," says Mr. Cobbett, in one of Inis Rural Rides, " reminds me
of having seen a box-hedge just as I came out of Petworth, more
than twelve feet broad, and about fifteen feet high. I daresay it
is several centuries old. I think it is about forty yards long. It is
a great curiosity." In some of the villages near Northampton, are
viii PREFACE.
Patrick Keith must have felt when composing the
Introduction to his System of Physiological Botany ;
or which warmed the breast of Hector St. John, when
dedicating his Letters from an American Farmer to
the Abbe Raynal.
With respect to the plates of ow old English
gardens, I have only to say that when I published, in
1785, Miscellanies on Ancient and Modern Gardening,
and on the Scenery of Nature, I formed a plan of pub-
lishing views of some secluded, curious old mansions,
some elder trees of singularly unusual size. About the year 1688,
many gardens would then have furnished one with what is now
suggested, if we may judge from what Worlidge then wrote :
" Neither is there a noble or pleasant seat in England, but hath its
gardens for pleasure and delight. So that we may, without vanity,
conclude, that a garden of pleasant avenues, walks, fruits, flowers,
grots, and other branches springing from it, well composed, is tha
only complete and permanent iuanimate object of delight the world
affords."
' 3. A Biography of some early Horticulturists would diffuse
much curious matter.'
' We should be much gratified if Mr. Felton would supply some
of the above interesting desiderata himself. Though we have not
the advantage of his acquaintance, and do not know his address,
we can infer from his communication that few are so capable of
instructing and entertaining the curious horticulturist. A
biography of Mr. Bates, or any anecdotes respecting him, would
very acceptable.'
PREFACE. ix
such as those not generally known to the public, from
their being more buried in the bosom of the country :
' Et dont V aspect imprime, et comnande I'honneur.'
With their venerable decorations of ancient splendour,
their gardens, and their portraits ; many of beauties
whose cheeks ' bloom in after-ages,' and where I have
indignantly seen many rich treasures of painting
mouldering on their walls. What I then collected
was, many years ago, destroyed or parted with;
for those whom I most wished to have pleased have
long since been shrouded in the silence of the tomb :
c Each in his narrow cell for ever laid. '
One viewed such neglected and venerable seats with
regret at the decay of so many appendages of the
grandeur, or happiness, of former times ; one trod the
ground where many eminent and worthy men resided
with pensive emotions of respect (so Johnson felt
when viewing the alcove and garden at Welwyn), and
as the * inaudible and noiseless foot of time ' has long
since extinguished these ancient and, some of them,
magnificent houses, with their hospitable establish-
ments, one can only reflect on what Madame de
Sevigne says : ' La vie est courte, c'est bien tot fait ;
PREP ACE.
le fleuve qui nous entraine est si rapide, qu'a peine
pouvons-nous y paroitre.'
I cannot refrain from giving the following extract
from Dr. Pulteney's Sketches, just premising that the
writings of John Ray must impress every one with the
highest sentiments of respect and veneration for that
eminent man, whose whole life was devoted to
charitable and benevolent purposes. * It may gratify
the curiosity of some,' says Dr. Pulteney, 'who
reverence the name of Mr. Ray, to be informed, that
in one of these excursions Dr. Watson was led, by his
respect to the memory of that great and good man, to
visit the spot where he had lived at Black Notley, in
Essex. This was in the year 1760. To Dr. Watson
this was classical ground. I was informed by him at
that time that he found Mr. Ray's monument removed
out of the church, where it formerly stood, into the
churchyard, and hardly visible for brambles ; these he
had removed while he stayed. That he found the
house in a state which indicated no alteration having
taken place, except what more than half-a-century of
time might be supposed necessarily to have occasioned ;
unless that indeed some of the windows were stopped
up to save the tax ; and that the orchard bore all the
PREFACE. xi
appearance of being, as near as possible, in the state
in which it must have been in Mr. Ray's lifetime.
That the inhabitants of the village knew little of him,
and the people of the house had only heard that he
was a great traveller.'
A writer whose name I forget observes, ' Where
is now the Greek, or the Roman, or the Goth, or the
Norman ? — all gone down and mingled with the mass
of mankind. What imperial nation of antiquity has
retained its laws, or religion, or countenance ? The
grave has mixed them all in one great decay, and
other masters of empire have marched upon the soil
and trampled out their monuments.'
Not many years ago a rich illuminated pedigree of
the ancient, but now forgotten and extinct, family of
Cufaude was discovered stopping the broken casement
of a miserable cottage at Basingstoke.*
The following article is from No. 311 of that
amusing assemblage of literature, the Mirror : * In the
churchyard of Aldworth, near Newbury, is a yew-tree
which, according to the best information, is not less
than 800 years old. The girth of one part of the
* ' Here's a fine revolution if we had the trick to see it.'
Hamlet.
xii PREFACE.
trunk is above nine yards, and its branches extend
over the graves beneath to an immense extent. On
entering the church we are struck with astonishment
at the sight of the gigantic effigies and tombs that
occupy a very large proportion of its interior ; there
are four reclining figures of men in armour, and on a
tomb near the pulpit, in the middle of the church, are
figures in brass of Nicholas, Lord de la Beche, and his
lady, resting their heads on stone pillars, and their
feet on lions or dogs. The effigies are all of the family
of de la Beche, who came from Normandy with
William the First. Tradition says there was a pedi-
gree of the family formerly hung at the east end of
the south aisle ; but that, when Elizabeth visited
Aldworth in one of her excursions, Leicester took it
down to show to Her Majesty and it was never replaced.
The arches against the north and south walls over the
tomb of Lord and Lady de la Beche are much enriched
with quartrefoils, roses, crocketts, &c., in the prevail-
ing taste of Edward the Third.' These few instances
feelingly remind one * what shadows we are and what
shadows we pursue.'
A translation from some Chinese book thus
moralises on the revolutions of families: 'These
PREFACE. xiii
verdant mountains, these lovely meadows, were once
possessed by families now gone to decay. Let not the
present possessors exult too much ; others after them
may be masters in their turn.'
I offer nearly all the following pages, meagre as
they are, as a skeleton, or a very loose sketch, and in
the hope that some spirited and affluent person may
publish what I have in the first page of the following
work suggested ; and that such person may be induced
to make application to the descendants of some of
those families who may have preserved vestiges, or
drawings, of gardens, which were once the pride and
delight of their ancestors. That oil paintings of our
ancient gardens now exist in the mansions of many of
our nobility and gentry there can be no doubt. If
such a work as the above proposed one should ever
strike the mind of the author of the Essay on the Life,
Character, and Talents of Thomas Chatterton, and
whose rich plates so grandly exhibit that
' . . . . mysterie of a human hand,
The pride of Bristowe and the western land,'
there can be no doubt but that the engravings which
would then be produced of our ancient gardens would
xiv PREFACE.
deserve the same honest testimony which was paid to
his other plates of our Ancient Architecture and Cathe-
dral Antiquities, viz. : * With respect to the plates, it
would not be easy to find any language too emphatical
in praise. Nothing more exquisite has been seen, or
can be conceived, than the execution of them.'
CONTENTS.
CHAP.
I. GLEANINGS ON GARDENS, CHIEFLY RESPECT-
ING THOSE OF THE ANCIENT STYLE IN
ENGLAND 1
II. DESCRIPTION OF MANY GARDENS IN
ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND IN 1714 ... 11
III. ON CONVENTUAL GARDENS 57
IV. ON GARDEN BURIAL 60
V. ON COTTAGE GARDENS 73
VI. ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE VINE IN
ENGLAND 83
VII. MR. POPE'S LETTER TO MARTHA BLOUNT,
DESCRIBING THE SEAT OF SlR W.
RALEIGH 88
VIII. POPE'S VILLA AT TWICKENHAM ... 96
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ... ... ... 103
INDEX 119
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
CHAPTER I.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS, CHIEFLY, RESPECTING
THOSE OF THE ANCIENT STYLE IN ENGLAND.
IN that rich assemblage of whatever concerns
horticulture, London's Encyclopaedia of Gar-
dening, is ( page 71 ) a beautiful plate of Chats-
worth ; and in the second volume of Britton's Archi-
tectural Antiquities are two fascinating plates, of the
old garden at Oxnead Hall and of that at Long-
leat. The sight of these plates may, and I hope will,
induce some gentleman to publish in a similar neat
style a selection of plates of some of those magnificent
and beautiful old English gardens which, during the
reigns of Elizabeth, James I. and II., Charles I. and
II., William, Anne, George I. and II., and the early
part of that of George III., adorned, embellished,
and enriched the mansions of many of our nobility
and gentry.
That distinguished writer on the Picturesque, Sir
2 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
TJvedale Price, even he regrets with exquisite feeling
the destruction of many of our gardens in the old
style, arguing for the preservation of the few re-
mains that then existed of their ancient magnificence.
Horace Walpole, too, brings to our pleased recollection
the ancient style of some of our gardens, when his
enthusiasm paints with such delight that art which,
to use his own words, * softens Nature's harshness and
copies her graceful touch.' To such, therefore, who
wish to view what engravings have been given of
some of our ancient gardens, I beg to offer the follow-
ing most scanty and scattered gleanings for their
inspection : —
In the Gardener's Labyrinth, * are set forth divers
knots and mazes, cunningly handled for the beauti-
fying of gardens ; ' and two or three of these woodcuts
might be copied.*
In the title-page to Gerard's own edition of his
Herball is a very neat plate of a garden, probably his
own ' fine garden ' in Holborn, so eulogised by Dr.
Bullen and others.
Chauncey's Herts exhibits Aspeden Hall with its
garden. Respect for the memory of John Lightfoot,
the most eminent in Rabbinical learning this country
* In the Catalogue of the Harleian MSS., No. 5308, is the
following entry : — ' Variety of plans for garden plots, wildernesses,
&c,, neatly drawn on paper, but without any writing at all.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 3
ever produced, and whose residence at Catherine Hall,
Cambridge, causes that spot to be still gazed on with
respectful awe, induces one to wish this view of
Aspeden (the frequent scene of his happy social visits)
was re-engraved. One may say of Lightfoot what was
said of Young — 'full of benevolence, goodness, and
piety.' A beautiful edition of Chauncey has lately
come out in two volumes, 8vo., and which exhibits
three or four other gardens.
Worlidge, in his Sy sterna Horticultures, 8vo., 1688,
has two engravings by Van Houe, being the form of
gardens 'according to the newest models.' Though
these may be called very simple models, yet one almost
wishes to preserve them out of respect to the author,
so frequently does he break forth in praise of gardens.
Rennet's Parochial Antiquities gives a good plate
of Saresden House and garden, and one or two other
gardens.
Dugdale's Warwickshire has five or six gardens.
The frontispiece to the seventh edition of London
and "Wise's Compleat Gardener, and the two neat cuts
of gardens, at page 22 ; also, in their Retired Gardener
are several plates of parterres, knots, labyrinths, grass
plots and arches, and a plan of Marshal Tallard's
garden at Nottingham.
In Bray's Memoirs of John Evelyn is a slight
etching of the garden at Wootton.
4 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Several plates are worth inspecting in Switzer's
Fruit Gardener, in his Ichnographia, and in his
Hydraulicks.
Thomas Bowles engraved trellis-work for the
entrances into arbors, shady walks, &c.
Langley's Principles of Gardening, and James'
Theory and Practice of Gardening may be seen.
There is rather a curious frontispiece to the Yoimg
Gardner's Director, by H. Stevenson, 1716, 8vo. ;
another also in the Country Gentleman1 8 Vade Mecwn,
by Giles Jacob, 1717, 8vo. ; and another very neat
one as a frontispiece to Charles Evelyn's Lady's
Recreation.
Buck has given us the curious garden at Hon-
nington Hall, Warwickshire.
The frontispiece to Seely's Stowe.
Highmore drew, and Tinney engraved, a set of
beautiful views of Hampton Court, Middlesex, and
the gardens.
The frontispiece to Miller's Dictionary, 2 vols.,
folio, 1731.
The frontispiece to bourse's Compania Fcdix, 8vo.
Lawrence's Clergyman 's Recreation gives two plates.
One of these, I presume, exhibits his own garden and
vicarage house; if so, this should be an additional
motive for our preserving this little testimony to his
memory. He is well deserving of it from the zeal
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 5
with which he throughout mentions the pleasures of
a garden.
Many of the old gardens at Oxford may be seen
in the curious views given of them in Loggan's
Oxonia Illustrata ; in the very neat ones in Skelton's
Oxonia Restaurata and in Williams' Oxonia Depicta.
Beeverell, in his Delices de la Grande Bretagne, has
given reduced copies of some of them, and also of the
Cambridge gardens. Loggan has also given some of
the latter ones in his Cantabrigia Illustrata *
* James Dallaway, in his interesting Anecdotes of the Arts, pays
the following tribute to Oxford : — ' Oxford is not more distinguished
for beauty as a city, than for the number and pleasantness of its
gardens and public resorts. The "cathedral length of trees" at
Christ Church, the bowers of Merton, the happy effects of modern
gardening at St. John's, and of the style of the last age in Trinity
and New Colleges, with the delightful retreats on the banks of the
Cherwell, at Magdalene, compose environs of infinite amenity.
The English Academus enjoys its "studious walks and shades"
which yield to those of Athens only on account of the revolutions
of our climate.'
It is scarcely possible to think on Oxford without the mind
recurring to the recollection of the late Dr. Thomas Warton. No
man took greater pleasure than he did in conversing, not only on its
ancient college gardens, but on those that in his youth existed in the
adjacent counties. His poems exhibit the richest imagery when
painting the scenes of Nature. Flattery cannot now 'sooth the dull
cold ear of death,' and therefore let me devote a very brief tribute
to that mild and good man, by quoting a few lines from one who
knew him well : ' Before I enter on the subject of his great literary
abilities I must mention what is much more estimable, the virtu
and goodness of his heart. Truth, honour, and a generosity of dis-
position, endeared him to all who knew him. From an unsuspecting
6 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
There is a cut of a little garden in the title-page
to Burton's Leicestershire*
Morant's Essex has a plan of Colchester, which
gives the gardens belonging to a great many of their
private houses. This reminds one of what the
Encyclopaedia of Gardening, at page 1070, says :
* Formerly the tradesmen of Chelmsford and Col-
chester were much attached to the culture of florists'
honesty of heart flowed a gentleness, a simplicity of manners, which
rendered him highly endearing to his friends. He was above all the
little evasions of cold and selfish hearts ; a benevolence extensive
gave a lustre to every virtue. He never did a mean action : always
exalted, always excellent, noble, and elevated in his sentiments, his
character was unsullied. He was eminent for all the mild and social
virtues. The goodness and sweetness of his disposition were re-
markable. Such was the elevation of his mind, that he appeared
totally above taking notice of what so often discomposes even men
of sense and learning. One of the chief parts in his character was
benevolence. How great must be the charitable temper he possessed
when his income, which solely arose from his merit and literary
labours, was great part of it spent in benevolent actions ! As he
was the least ostentatious of men, much of his generous goodness
was concealed, yet much was known to the world ; the rest to only
his Creator, to good angels, and to himself ; his beneficence, like
himself, was silent and sincere.'
Let me apply to him what Swift's Lord Cork says of Archbishop
Herring : ' Honour and reverence will attend his name while this
World lasts ; happiness and glory will remain with him for ever.'
I cannot also prevent myself from appealing to my reader in the
concluding words of Boileau's epitaph on Racine : ' 0 toi qui que
tu sois, qui la piete attire en ce saint lieu, plains dans un si excellent
homme la triste destinee de tous les mortels ; et quelque grande idee
que puisse te donner de lui sa reputation, souviens-toi que ce sont
des prieres, et non pas de vains eloges qu'il te demande.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 7
flowers, and they still continue to be so in a con-
siderable degree/
Kip has engraved, in folio, from the designs of
Knyff, very interesting views of the magnificence of
our old gardens, under the title of Britcmnia Illusfaata.
Atkyns' Gloucestershire gives us many of Kip's
views.
Beeverell's Delices de la Grande Bretagne et de
I'Irlande, 8vo. 12mo., Leide, 1727, gives many views
of old English gardens, most of them reduced views
from Kip.
Peter Vander, at Amsterdam, published in an
oblong 8vo. reduced views from Kip, entitled Vues
des ViUes, in several parts or tomes.
Badeslade published Thirty-six views of Seats in
Kent, with their gardens ; no date, folio ; some of
them engraved by Kip.
To sum up all, let me again refer to the most
beautiful plates ever given of old English gardens,
namely, to that at Oxnead Hall, in the second
volume of Britton's Architectural Antiquities, and to
his exquisite copy of Kip's views of the garden at
Longleat, in the same splendid volume.
Whether any of the following plates may be
worth copying, I leave to others to judge of: —
Isaac de Caux published Twenty-six plates of
Wilton Gardens. "Woollett engraved views of the
« GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
gardens at Whitton, those at Wilton, and Sir F.
Dashwood's at West Wycombe. Vivares also en-
graved some.
Rysbrake, and also Donowell, gave Views of
Chiswick Gardens ; Chatelain gave those at Stowe ;
all published by Wilkinson, Bowles, and Laurie. The
finest Views of the Gardens at Stowe were drawn by
Rigaud, and published by Sarah Bridgeman in 1739.
Wale drew, and Muller engraved, A general Prospect
of the Gardens at Vauxhall.
Ant. Walker drew a curious view of Prior Park.
Stainborough House and garden, in Yorkshire,
was published by Wilkinson ; he also published views
of Hampton Court, Middlesex, and its gardens.
Some of the following works may possibly lead to
the discovery of prints of some of our old gardens,
or at least, may contain descriptions of some of
them : —
Leland's Itinerary, some of whose pages I should
think must offer a few choice bits of brief gleanings.
The Encydopcedia of Gardening, at page 69, refers
to some of the gardens that Leland mentions.*
Aubrey's Surrey, and, no doubt, some of our other
county histories.
* Leland thus speaks of Guy's Cliff: 'It is a place fit for the
Muses ; there is sylence ; a praty wood ; antrainvivosaxo (grottoes
in the living rock) ; the river rolling over the stones with a praty
noise.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. g
Lysons* Magna Britannia, Stukeley's Itinerarium
Cu/i'iosum, Lysons' Environs, Gough's British Topo-
graphy. That richly interesting work of Brayley and
Brittorfs, the Beauties of England and Wales, in
twenty-six volumes.
Vertue's Oxford Almanacks give a few of the old
gardens.
Whether Ralph Aggas' bird's-eye view of Oxford
delineates any of its gardens, I know not.
Vertue's Description of Hollar's works. Hollar en-
graved Boscobel with its Garden ; and this Description
will show his other English views. I faintly recollect
one of his plates, being that of a yew-tree, or box-tree,
in some garden, with a bower in it. He engraved also
Albury, in Surrey, the seat of Lord Arundel, with its
vineyard.
Did Michael Burgher, the delineator of Plot's
Ancient Mansions, give us any other English ones?
or Van Houe, who engraved the two gardens in
Worlidge's Systema Horticultwrce, and also the rural
frontispiece to his Systema Agricultures ? or Vander
Gutch, who engraved for Switzer ?
One sees sometimes Portraits in oil having English
gardens in the background, as in the original picture
of Sir Philip Sydney, by Zucchero, from which Vertue
engraved his very fine print. In the Ashmolean
Museum is, among others of the family, a portrait of
10 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Tradescant, the son, in his garden, with a spade in his
hand. In a Catalogue of pictwes, sold by South-
gate in 1826, was* a small whole-length portrait of
Queen Henrietta Maria in a garden, with her two
favourite spaniels, by Honthorst.' In a Catalogue of
authentic portraits in oil, sold by Horatio Rodd, in
1824, is a whole-length of William Stukeley in his
cwrious garden. In some of Netcher's pictures one
often sees gardens, orange groves, and statues. So
also in many of Mompert's.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. u
CHAPTER II.
DESCRIPTION OF MANY GARDENS IN ENGLAND
AND SCOTLAND, IN 1714.
w
'HETHER it is likely to obtain prints or
drawings of any of our ancient gardens,
described or alluded to in any of the following works,
I know not : —
The first is from the Spectator, which originally
came out in small folio weekly numbers, a part of each
number being appropriated to advertisements In that
of August 14th, 1711, appears: — * At Westerham, in
Kent, within twenty miles of London, a dwelling-house
is to be sold, with stables, coach-house, brew-house,
and complete conveniences of all kinds, together with
a very fine garden laid out in terraces, and planted
with variety of greens and fruit trees. Enquire at
the Lady Reeve's, at Westerham, or at Mr. Wilkin-
son's Chambers, in Searle's Court, in Lincoln's Inn,
London/
Peck, in his Desiderata Cwriosa, quotes the follow-
ing description of Theobald's, from a MS. Life of
Lord Burleigh : — ' He greatlie delighted in making
12 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
gardens, fountains, walks, which at Theobald's were
perfected most costly, beauteyfully, and pleasantly,
where one might walk twoe myle in the walks before
he came to the end/
The Topographer, Vol. II., after giving an interest-
ing description of Ashridge Abbey, says, ' The house
is entirely surrounded by walks, within which is the
old garden, much neglected and growing wild. Here
are large laurels and yew-trees grown to an unusual
size ! ' Is there, among the archives of the Bridge-
water family, no view of the garden belonging to this
once most venerable and most curious of all curious
spots?
The Magna Britannia speaks thus of Deepdene,
near Dorking : ' The house, gardens, orchards, and
boscages are placed in a most pleasant and delightful
solitude. In the garden, which may seem a second
Eden, there are twenty-one sorts of thyme, many rare
flowers, and choice plants. On the south side of the
hill is a vineyard of many acres, and on the west a
laboratory and neat oratory. Where under heaven
can be a sweeter place?'
Sir H. Wotton calls the garden at Ware Park * a
delicate and diligent curiosity, without parallel among
foreign nations.'
Stebbing Shaw, in his Towr to the West, after
describing Holm-Lacy, thus mentions the beauty
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 13
and magnificence of its gardens : * The gardens to the
south front are all in King "William's style of fortifi-
cations, surrounded with yew-hedges, cut in variety
of forms, according to the taste of that time. Some,
indeed, have been suffered to outgrow their original
shape, and are really beautiful. As there are so few
relics of these sorts of antiquities now remaining, 'tis
pity not to have the power of such an inspection
sometimes ; this is certainly a very fit object for that
purpose, and will, in all probability, long continue so.'*
* These once celebrated gardens were the delight of that Viscount
Scudamore, whose zeal was almost the occasion of throwing the
whole county of Hereford ' into one entire orchard ; ' and who
produced an apple
' . . . . whose pulpous fruit,
With gold irradiate, and vermilion, shone tempting.*
To view these gardens, Laud frequently visited Holm-Lacy, and
they were a great solace to Lord Scudamore, when his friend,
Buckingham, was stabbed by Felton. Lord Scudamore stood next
to the Duke when that blow was struck, and the grief which that
event caused induced him to retire from public life to Holm- Lacy.
He closed a life of honour in 1671. I believe it was this Lord
Scudamore who introduced Milton, when in his bloom of life, to the
aged Galileo, in Tuscany, after he had been twice in the Inquisition.
I gather this from the Mornings in Spring, where Nathan Drake
has given an interesting account of that meeting.
The dagger with which Felton stabbed Buckingham was barbed at
the end like an arrow, so that when once it was stricken home into
the flesh, it must almost certainly be fatal. The dagger is preserved
at Newnham Paddox, in Leicestershire, the seat of the Earl of
Denbigh, whose possession of it seems to arise from his ancestor,
the first earl, having been married to Buckingham's sister.
14 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
At Richmond Green, in the gardens of Sir M.
Decker, * is said to be the longest and highest hedge
of holly that was ever seen, with several other hedges
of evergreens, vistas cut through woods, grottos, foun-
tains, a canal, a decoy, summer-house, and hot-houses,
in which the Indian fruit, called Ananas, was first
brought to maturity.'
Are there any views of Sir Hugh Platt's garden
in St. Martin's Lane, or of Lord Bacon's at Gorham-
bury ? Whoever reads his chapter ' Of Gardens,' will
join me in regretting that we have no vestige remain-
ing of that garden which his great mind formed for
the purpose of showing what the true pleasure of a
garden consists of. In the second volume of Malone's
publication of Aubrey's Letters are preserved a few
fragments of Gorhambury.
It would be curious and pleasant if one could obtain
drawings or engravings of any of the following gardens :
Dr. Turner's, at Wells, whom Gerard calls ' that
excellent, painefull, and diligent physition ; ' and of
whom Dr. Pulteney, in reference to his Herlall, says,
* He will appear to have exhibited uncommon diligence
and great erudition, and fully to deserve the character
of an original writer.'
The Duke of Somerset's at Sion House.
The old garden at Hatfield, ' a labyrinth of dipt
yew hedges.1
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 15
Sir Edmund Anderson's at Harefield, who had * a
faire house, standing on the edge of the hill, the River
Colne passing near the same thro' the pleasant meadows
and sweet pastures, yielding both delight and profit.*
Dr. Pulteney tells us that Lyle, in his Herbal,
speaks of * the pleasant garden of James Champaigne,
the deer friende and lover of plantes.'
The gardens at Audley End, the erection of which
mansion cost 190,OOOZ.
Those of John de Franqueville, a London mer-
chant, and of Hugh Morgan, apothecary to Queen
Elizabeth.
Loader's, in Greenwich, who Evelyn says * grew
so rich as to build a house in the street, with gardens,
orangeries, canals, and other magnificence.'
Evelyn's pleasant villa at Deptford, which had 'a
fine garden for walks, trees, and a little green-house.'
That at Ham House, Middlesex, where (says
Evelyn) 'the parterres, flower gardens, orangeries,
groves, avenues, courts, statues, perspectives, foun-
tains, aviaries, and all this at the banks of the
sweetest river in the world, must needs be admirable.'
The gardens at Beddington, the celebrated seat of
the Carews.
Those 'pleasant walks and topiary works,' that
Plot so warmly speaks of as adorning Brewood, and
other seats in Staffordshire.
16 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
The gardens at Cannons, on some of the musical
days at which place, such was the eagerness to hear
Handel (and, no doubt, to view the garden), that fifty
Hackney coaches, crammed with company, have been
counted in one day at Edgeware.
That of Lady Brooke's at Hackney, ' one of the
neatest and most celebrated in England.'
That garden at Edger, which (as Switzer informs
us) was the very last Mr. London superintended,
belonging to the Earl of Carnarvon, one of the most
illustrious and most noble-spirited geniuses of this
age, who, notwithstanding his familiarity in all other
arts and sciences, seems to have made gardening and
the august embellishments of his country seat, his
darling and favourite employ.*
* Switzer thus goes on : ' And shall we not at least just mention
the Right Honourable the Earls of Scarbrough, Sunderland,
Rochester, and Chesterfield ; the Dukes of Montague, Bolton, and
Kent ; not to omit, and that for many weighty reasons, the late, and
no less eminent in his love to gardening and agriculture, the present
illustrious and most noble Duke of Devonshire, with many others
amongst some of the greatest ornaments of arts and sciences,
especially gardening, that history has produced, in their several
chateaux and seats of Stanstead, Althorp, New Park, &c , in those
of Boughton, Hawkwood, and Wrest, and last of all, in that stupen-
dous performance of Chatsworth.'
Let me add to these the name of Charles Montagu, Earl of
Halifax, the warm friend of Addison, whom Tickell alludes to
in his elegy on Addison, and which Dr. Drake, in his generous and
masterly biographical sketch of Addison, observes, 'may be
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 17
The garden at Moor Park, laid out by the Countess
of Bedford, celebrated by Dr. Donne, and which Sir
W. Temple declared was * the sweetest place I think
that I have seen in my life, at home or abroad : and
the remembrance of what it was, is too pleasant ever
to forget.'*
Those magnificent gardens at Boughton, in North-
amptonshire, which consisted of ninety acres, 'with
aviaries, statues, urns, terraces, wildernesses, and
curious fountains.'
That of Lady Orford's in Dorsetshire, or that at
Stanstead, both alluded to by Horace Walpole.
That which Pope thus describes in a letter to
Martha Blount, on his road to Bath : * I lay one night
termed, without dispute, one of the most affecting elegies in our
language ' :—
' While speechless o'er thy closing grave we bend,
Accept these tears, thou dear departed friend !
Oh, gone for ever ! take this long adieu,
And sleep in peace with thy own Montagu.'
* K. 0. Cambridge, in No. 118 of the World, written in 1755,
says, 'Sir W. Temple, in his Gardens of Epicwrus^ expatiates
with great pleasure on that at Moor Park, in Hertfordshire ; yet
after he has extolled it as the pattern of a perfect garden, for use,
beauty, and magnificence, he rises to nobler images, and in a kind
of prophetic spirit points out a higher style, free and unconfined.
The prediction is verified upon the spot ; and it seems to have been
the peculiar destiny of that delightful place to have passed through
all the transformations and modes of taste, having exercised the
genius of the most eminent artists successively, and serving as a
model of perfection in each kind.'
C
i8 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
at Rousham, which is the prettiest place for water-
falls, jetts, ponds, inclosed with beautiful scenes of
green and hanging wood, that ever I saw.'
The ancient garden at Denton Court, in Kent,
with its high clipped hedges, terraces, and mount, and
near which winds for a mile or two a most beautiful
green valley that affords the most pleasing sequestered
walk, and where the poet Gray (I am quoting from
that most pleasing compilation, the Topographer) used
to delight in many of its recluse scenes.
Mr. Braithwaite's gardens at Durham, in Glouces-
tershire, the description of which rural garden takes up
no less than fourteen of Switzer's pages, * notwithstand-
ing the happy possessor bears no higher character than
that of a private gentleman. I never in my whole life
saw so agreeable a place for the sublimest studies as
this is.'
The gardens of Lord William Russell (beheaded in
1683) at Stratton, near Winchester, 'one of the best
of masters, as well as gardeners ; ' and whose severe
fate Switzer most gratefully laments.*
* The Rev. John Lawrence, in his Clergyman's Recreation, thus
mentions another garden near Winchester : ' I have myself seen the
summer Bon Cretien in the garden of my worthy friend, Dr. Wickart,
now Dean of Winchester, bear plenty of noble, large fruit, betwixt
twenty and thirty feet1 high. There also I have eaten excellent figs
from a prosperous tree, even the same that afforded some to King
James I., near a hundred years ago, as appears (I think) from a
memorandum on the wall.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 19
A garden at Hillingdon, near Uxbridge, must have
been a noted one, belonging to a * most curious and
learned gentleman in the art of gardening, Samuel
Richardson, Esq./ whom Bradley so frequently men-
tions in his New Improvements ; and in the church-
yard of which village he mentions the noted Yew-trees
there, after saying that the leaves of the Yew are so
small that it is possible to bring them to any form we
desire, as men, beasts, birds, ships, and the like, and in
which churchyard (by-the-bye) poor Dr. Dodd (whose
fate once made so much noise) and his wife are both
buried, and 'after life's fretful fever, sleep well.1*
Bradley, in the above volume, notices no less than
* 'To give new beauties to your garden,' says the Rev. J.
Lawrence, in his Clergyman's Recreation, ' none in ray mind is to
be compared to the yew, which is so tonsile, and grows so very thick
and beautiful with clipping, and withal bids defiance to the hardest
winters, that it is the best and most lasting ornament in a garden.
To make one in love with these hedges, you need only take a walk
in the Physic Gardens at Oxford, where you are presented with all
that art and nature can do, to make the things most agreeable to
the eye.'
Cobbett, when relating many particulars of the Yew in his
Woodlands (for his pen has an original power in describing these
subjects, he himself telling us, that his 'heart and mind is wrapped
up in everything belonging to the gardens, the fields, and the
woods '), observes that ' It resists all weather, stands uninjured on
the bleakest hills, where even the scrubbiest of thorns and under-
wood will hardly live. Big as the head of this tree generally is, in
proportion to its trunk, most heavily laden as it constantly is with
leaf, forming as it does such a hold for the wind, neither head nor
trunk ever flinches, though in situations where it would be impossible
20 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
thirteen times Mr. Fairchild's garden at Hoxton;
and frequently speaks of the delight of a Mr. Balle's
garden at Campden House.
The curious garden of the vicarage house at St.
Just, near Falmouth, is, I am told, now kept up in
nearly its ancient style ; so, I am told, is Lord Fal-
mouth's garden at Flushing, near Penryn.
It is too late in the day now to expect to obtain
drawings of any of those gardens, * large, beautiful,
and planted with trees,' which the citizens of London
to make an oak grow, and where no other large tree could be
prevented from being blown out of the ground.' In his description
of the Grab he says, ' In hedges it is very beautiful in the spring,
and also in independent trees, covered with blossoms as bright as
those of the carnation, and a great deal larger. When the coppices
are cut, the crabs, if they go up in a single stem, are generally left
as the oaks are ; and in the month of May, the garlands presented
by the crab-trees, while the primroses bespangle the ground beneath,
and while the birds are singing all around, certainly gives up
altogether something more delightful than almost anything else
accessible to our senses.' In his English Gardener, he thus
mentions an almost unheeded shrub, ' The Box is at once the most
efficient of all possible things, and the prettiest plant that can
possibly be conceived : the colour of its leaf, the form of its leaf, its
docility as to height, width, and shape, the compactness of its little
branches, its great durability as a plant, its thriving in all sorts of
soils and in all sorts of aspects, its freshness under the hottest sun,
and its defiance of all shade and all drip ; these are beauties and
qualities which, for ages upon ages, have marked it out as the
chosen plant for this very important purpose. ' And after describing
how it should be clipped, he says, ' If there is a more neat and
beautiful thing than this in the world, all I can say is, that I never
saw that thing.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 21
had in the time of Henry II., and which Fitzstephen
mentions ; or of that * garden faire ' at Windsor, in
Henry the Fifth's reign, where the thick
' . . . . bewis, and the leaves greene,
Beschudit all the alleyes that there were ; '
which the Encyclopaedia of Gardening tells us James I.
of Scotland describes, when a prisoner there ; or even
of the 'exceeding fair gardens within the mote,
and the orchardes without,' at Wresehill Castle,
which Leland mentions ; or of that vineyard and
garden in Holborn which, in the reign of Henry III.,
was given to the conventical Church of Ely; or of
the three gardens and dove-house belonging to the
once richly decorated Church of St. Helen's, Bishops-
gate Street ; or of that garden (perhaps near the one
which Gerard afterwards rendered so famous) in
Holborn, containing, with its orchard, about forty
acres (on the site of which the present Hatton Garden
is built), the strawberries in which were so excellent,
that even Richard (Garrick's Richard) beseeched my
Lord of Ely to * send for some of them.'
Shakespeare reminds us of another garden: for
Dallaway, in his Supplementary Anecdotes of Gardening
annexed to his invaluable edition of Walpole's Anec-
dotes, remarks, that the poet thus mentions a garden
of those times, in the first Act of Love's Labow Lost: —
' Thy curious knotted garden.'
» GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
We have innumerable instances of the great poet's
attachment to Botany. Whoever painted the violet,
the crimson drops ' i' th' bottom of a cow-slip/ and the
* winking' mary-buds, with a sweeter pencil than his?
The same may be said as to his distribution of the
flowers by the pretty Perditta, by Ophelia, those in
Cyiribeline, and by Friar Laurence. We have many
of his remarks on general Horticulture. One may
describe modern or landscape gardening by applying
to it those lines of his, when he is speaking of an art
which he says ' shares with great creating nature :' viz.,
the art of grafting the apple on the crab ; for he
calls it
' . . . . an art
Which does mend nature, change it rather ; but
The art itself is nature.'
If my reader smiles at what he may call this
trifling, reminding him of * another garden,' let me
shelter myself under the unerring authority of Thomas
Warton, who, in his History of English Poetry, declares
that 'every hovel to which Shakespeare alludes
interests curiosity.'
W, Withers, in his letter to Sir W. Scott, gives
the following quotation from the late Nathaniel
Kent, and I here insert that quotation merely
because Mr. Kent has thus reminded us that Shake-
speare was aware of the danger of improper pruning :
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 23
'I shall close my observations on this interesting
subject with a word of advice, by way of guarding
against a pernicious practice which, though hitherto
unknown in this county, has lately got some footing
in it — I mean the infamous custom which pre-
vails in some counties of pruning up trees, divesting
them of their corner or lateral branches. When a
plant is very young, it is sometimes allowable to a
certain distance, but should always be done with great
caution ; but when trees have begun to form them-
selves it is a sort of murder. It stops the growth and
produces extreme deformity ; for the sap in the spring
of the year being checked in its natural diffusion into
the number of branches into which it used to flow
becomes distorted
" As knots, by the conflux of meeting sap,
Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain,
Tortive and errant, from his course of growth.'1 '
In a large view of London, as it appeared in 1563
(and of which there is a reduced copy in Pennant's
London, and a neat copy thereof is also sold by Harris,
at the corner of St. Paul's), there is a garden adjoining
the bull-baiting ground, nearly opposite Queenhithe ;
it also exhibits the Strand Gardens, Privy Gardens,
and that of the Convent, or Covent, Garden.
I am indebted to the rich pages of the Encyclo-
24 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
pcedia of Gardening for the whole of the following
notices of our ancient gardens : —
In Part I., Chapter IV., it mentions, amongst a
great many celebrated old gardens, Dr. Sherard's at
Eltham, 'one of the richest gardens England ever
possessed,' immortalised, says Pulteney, by the pen
of Dillenius ; and Collinson's 'fine garden' at Mill
Hill. And in the subsequent pages (amongst an
infinite variety) I select only the following : —
Gabions, near North Mimms.
In Henry the Seventh's time, the seat of the
father of the illustrious Sir Thomas More. The
gardens were then, and in the succeeding reign,
celebrated for their splendour in the ancient taste.
Theobald's Park.
The gardens were large, and ornamented with
labyrinths, canals, and fountains. There were nine
knots artificially and exquisitely made, one of them in
imitation of the king's arms.
Blenheim.
The flower garden was an oval, with a basin of
water in the centre, and radiating walks, after the
plan of that of Madame de Pompadour, at Versailles.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 25
Unhappily (as we think) it has lately been destroyed,
and an aviary erected on its site.
Heythrop.
The grounds chiefly in the ancient taste, with
curious artificial cascades.
Troy House, near Monmouth.
This seat was famed for its gardens in Charles
the First's time, and especially for its delicious fruits.
The same gardens were famous in Henry the Eighth's
time.
Ingestree Hall.
A respectable Elizabethan edifice, surrounded by
grounds in the ancient style, but in a great degree
modernized by the present possessor.
Bretby Park.
A fine old structure, taken down some years ago,
said to have been surrounded with gardens disposed
after the plan of Versailles, with terraces, statues, and
fountains.*
* See a Bird's-eye View, by Kip, and the Topographer, Vol. II.
26 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Haddon Hall.
The terrace gardens remain, and consist of terraces
ranged one above the other, each having a stone
balustrade.
Alton Grove, near Nottingham.
The gardens on the side of a hill, originally in the
ancient taste, but lately remodelled.
Thoresby Park.
The gardens were in part constructed in the
French style, by the late Duchess of Kingston.
Exton Hall, near Stratton.
A grand Elizabethan edifice, with a park of one
thousand five hundred and ten acres, planted in the
ancient style, by London and Wise ; the gardens have
long been famous, and the water and cascades much
admired.
Lake House, near Amesbury.
A truly picturesque edifice, with bay windows,
gables, yew-hedges, terraces, &c., in the genuine
style of the last age.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 27
Oxton House, Devon.
The grounds, which had been laid out at great
expense, in the old style, are modernized.
Leeswood, near Mold.
The grounds occupy a fine slope, and were laid out
by Switzer above a century ago ; the magnificent iron
gateway still remains.
Pentre, Pembroke.
The house is in a pleasant rural spot, embosomed in
trees ; the gardens in the old style, carefully kept up -t
the whole greatly admired.
Powis Castle.
The ascent by two immense terraces, rising one
above the other, connected by steps, and ornamented
by vases, statues, and other antique remains. There
were hanging gardens in imitation of those of St.
Germains, composed of a series of terraces, connected
by flights of steps cut out of the solid rock, with
water-works, &c.*
* See Sir Uvedale Price's remarks on Powis Castle, in his ' sharp
but most candid and gentleman-like letter to Mr. Kepton. The
spirit of these pages (87 and 88), with other rich ones, in his
writings on landscape gardening, lend (to borrow a quotation of his
own)
'. . . . afire
E'en to the dullest peasant.'
28 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Hatton House, near Calder.
A venerable ancient house; the grounds, till
lately, exhibited one of the most perfect specimens of
the old style in the county, or perhaps in Scotland,
with artificial cascades, fountains, alcoves, terraces, &c.
Woodhouselee, near Roslin.
A venerable and romantic house and grounds ; the
latter remarkable for containing the largest silver
fir-tree in the county, a fine terrace, walk, and
superb holly-hedge. Some curious ornaments, in the
geometric style of gardening, were obliterated when
the grounds were re-modelled in 1787.
Castle Glamis.
A very ancient building; the grounds in the
ancient style.
Crathes, near Aberdeen.
An excellent kitchen garden, in the old style,
with magnificent holly-hedges, abundance of prolific
fruit-trees, and venerable exotic shrubs.
The following account of some English and Scotch
gardens is given in A Jowrney through England and
Scotland, by Daniel Defoe, written in 1714, 3 vols.
8vo.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 29
Cheveley.
The seat of the late Lord Dover, which, for its
situation, gardens, and parks, vies with anything we
have seen abroad.
Euston Hall.
The seat of the Duke of Grafton, and built by the
late Lord Arlington, is a palace worthy of his quality,
with a parterre as fine as ever I saw.
New Hall, near Witham.
Built by Henry VIII., and called for its charming
situation Beau-lieu, is still worth seeing ; the avenue
of trees from the great road is majestic, being nearly
an English mile long, very broad, and the trees large
and regular.
Wanstead.
The noble seat of Sir Richard Child, with the
finest gardens in the world. You descend from the
salon into the parterre, which hath a canal in the
middle ; on the right a wilderness, and on the left a
fine green walk, which ends in a banqueting-house.
On one side of this green walk stands the green-
house, finely adorned with statues, and uncommonly
furnished with greens : while behind this green-house
are variety of high-hedged walks, affording delicious
30 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
vistas. At the bottom of the canal is a bowling-green
encircled with grottos and seats, with antique statues
between each seat ; this bowling - green is separated
by a balustrade of iron from another long green walk,
which leads you to another long canal.
Cranburne Lodge*
Built by the late Earl of Ranelagh, on the top of
a hill, in Windsor Forest ; the gardens are very large
and very elegant.
The Earl of Cardigan's, near Reading.
When his avenues, gravel walks, gardens, and
other plantations are finished, it will be one of the
most agreeable seats in England.
Ashridge.
Saw the fine seat of Ashridge^ belonging to the
Duke of Bridgewater. The family of the Drakes have
also a very fine seat nigh this, with very fine gardens.
Uborn, belonging to the Duke of Wharton, with its
gardens, &c., is inferior to very few in the kingdom.
He hath also in this county another seat which he
more delights in, called Winchenden, which is very
noble ; the gardens and orangery are not inferior to
many in the kingdom.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 31
Gerrard's Cross.
The charming seat of the Duke of Portland ; the
house, the gardens, and the wood are disposed with as
great magnificence as can be imagined ; nothing can
be finer than the terraces by which to descend from
the apartments to the gardens.
Hampton Court.
The front to the east, all of free-stone, is very
noble, looking into the park over a noble parterre a
good half-mile long, embellished with vases, statues,
gravel and green walks, and separated from the park
by a balustrade of iron. On the north side there is
also a little garden, walled in, with a most curious
labyrinth ; while from the palace along the river side
is a noble terrace walk which leads to the bowling-
green, where in each corner is a large pavilion.
Richmond.
The Earl of Rochester's gardens, ascending the
hill in an artfully confused manner, are very curious
and wonderful.
Lord Carleton hath a pretty little seat betwixt
Petersham and Ham, with fine gardens ; and Mr.
Serjeant Darnell hath also a very magnificent palace,
lately built, at Petersham, with gardens.
32 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
On Richmond Green is a fine house and gardens,
made by Sir Charles Hedges, but now belonging to
Sir Matthew Decker, which are very curious. The
longest, largest, and highest hedge of holly I ever saw
is in this garden, with several other hedges of ever-
greens, vistas cut through woods, grottos with foun-
tains, and a fine canal running up from the river. His
duckery, which is an oval pond bricked round, and his
pretty summer-house by it in which to drink a bottle,
his stove-houses, which are always kept of an equal
heat for his citrons and other Indian plants, with
gardeners brought from foreign countries to manage
them, are very curious and entertaining. Mr. Hey-
degger, director of the king's balls, hath also a very
handsome house and gardens on this Green ; as hath
also Colonel Dunkam, of the Guards, with a large
dancing-room adjoining. To the eastward of this
Green, Justice Byers hath a most noble seat and
gardens. To particularise every little villa here
would make my letter a volume. I will only add
that the Scotch Marquis of Lothian hath a fine seat
at Mashgate, half a mile from Richmond ; and a mile
further east Mr. Temple hath built a most noble one
at East Sheen, where the famous Sir William Temple
made those fine gardens he so often mentions in his
writings, and so much delighted in.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 33
Bushey Park.
That charming seat of the late Lord Hallifax, the
Maecenas of England, the great patron of learning and
learned men. As he had a good taste in everything,
you may believe there is nothing wanting to the em-
bellishment of this place; the cascade is reckoned
a masterpiece of its kind, and the whole worth the
curiosity of a traveller.
In two hours from Hampton Court you come to
Twickenham, a village remarkable for its abundance of
curious seats, of which that of Boucher, the famous
gamester, would pass in Italy for a delicate palace.
The Earl of Mar, the Earl of Strafford, the Earl
of Bradford, Lord Brooke, Lord Dunbar, and
Lady Falkland, have each their pretty villas in this
parish ; but I think that of Secretary Johnstoun, for
the elegancy and largeness of his gardens, his terrace
on the river, and the situation of his house, makes
much the brightest figure here: his house may
be more properly called a plantation, being in the
middle betwixt his parterre, his kitchen garden, his
fruit garden, and his pleasure garden and wilder-
ness. The house is exactly after the model of the
country seats in Lombardy, being of two galleries,
with rooms going off on each side. The gallery on the
ground floor makes a hall fronting the pleasure garden,
D
34 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
and a parlour fronting the parterre which, when the
doors are open, gives you a delicious prospect of the
whole ; on each side are five rooms more, adorned
with a very good collection of pictures ; and in the
division betwixt the hall and parlour, on each side, is
a staircase that leads you up to the gallery above,
containing the same number of rooms. His fine
octagon, for the entertainment of his friends at the
end of his green-house, I think, is too nigh his house,
and I think very much spoils the symmetry of it ; it
would have stood better and seemed more rural either
at his grotto at the west end of his parterre in his
wilderness, or at his mount at the west end of his
pleasure garden. He has as good a collection of fruit
of all sorts, as most gentlemen in England. His slopes
for his vines, of which he makes some hogsheads a
year, are very particular. Dr. Bradley, of the Royal
Society, who hath written so much upon gardening,
ranks him amongst the first-rate gardeners in England.
The Earl of Strafford's house, which lies next to Mr.
Johnstoun's, with its offices, are very noble ; his
gardens also spacious, but not so much to the river-
side, are adorned with several gilded statues and vases,
which make a very glaring appearance.
A little house, which belonged formerly to Sir
Thomas Skipwith, and was improved and inhabited
by that great architect, the late Earl of Mar, with its
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 35
hanging gardens to the river, is well worth the
curiosity of a traveller, as is also that of Sir Godfrey
Kneller, the famous face-painter, with several others
in this large village, which would be too tedious for a
letter.
Kew Green.
Mr. Molineux hath a fine seat here with excellent
gardens, said to have the best fruit in England,,
collected by that great statesman and gardener, Lord
Capel.
Isleworth.
Moses Hart, the Jew, hath a noble seat and offices
in this village, with fine gardens, inferior to few
palaces. Mr. Barker's gardens, park, and avenues, cut
through his wood to the river, are worth the curiosity
of a stranger.
Sutton Court.
That celebrated seat of the late Earl of Falcon-
bridge, and I must own that the house, furniture,
pictures, and gardening, are well worth the curiosity
of a stranger. It belongs to Sir Thomas Frankland.
I saw here a great and curious piece of antiquity, the
eldest daughter of Oliver Cromwell, still fresh and gay,
36 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS,
though of a great age. Sir Stephen Fox's house
adjacent is much finer outside, and a regular palace
a-la-moderne, with very extensive gardens; but Sutton
Court is une bijoux ; it hath three parterres from the
three fronts of the house, each finely adorned with
statues. The gardens are irregular, but that, I think,
adds to their beauty, for every walk affords variety ;
the hedges, grottos, statues, mounts, and canals, are so
many surprising beauties. Near Sutton Court, General
Witham hath built a most magnificent seat of free-
stone, and is laying out also spacious gardens.
Canterbury.
Mr. Taybour's gardens at Byfronts are indeed
worth seeing, as also Sir Basil Dixwel's, on the skirts
of Parham Downs, near this city.
Tunbridge Wells.
Within three miles of this place is a venerable
old seat which they told me belonged to the family of
the Yilliers, Dukes of Buckingham (but now out of
order), called Sommer-hill. It's pity so beautiful a
place should be so neglected, for its situation is noble,
and its gardens have been very large ; I could see
above fifty miles in full view from its apartments.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 37
Lewes
is the most romantic situation I ever saw ; it con-
sists of six parishes, in which gentlemen's seats, adjoin-
ing one another, with their gardens up hill and down
hill, compose the town.
Chichester.
The Earl of Scarbrough's seat, at some miles
distance, is une veritable bijoux ; the large avenue, a
view cut through a wood, the stables, the gardens, and
every thing else, are nobly disposed.
Carshalton,
where I visited the fine gardens of Sir W.
Scawen.
Epsom.
There are several very good seats in and about
Epsom. That of Lord Guilford, called Durdans, at
the extremity of the village, was built by the Earl of
Barclay out of the materials of Nonsuch, a royal palace
in this neighbourhood, built by Henry VIII., and
given by King Charles II. to the Duchess of Cleve-
land, who pulled it down and sold the materials. This
house of Durdans is built a-la-moderne of free-stone ;
the front to the garden, and that to the Downs, are
38 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
very noble; the apartments within are also very
regular, and in the garden is the most charming grove
imaginable; famous for that scene of love between
Lord Grey and his lady's sister, which you have
read of. Lord Baltimore's gardens are also fine ;
the house is old, but the chapel is the neatest little
thing in the world. Mr. Ward's, on Clay Hill, is a
delicious palace. The late Sir James Bateman had
also a delicate seat at some miles distance ; but what
charmed me more than anything hereabouts is the
river of Carshalton, which environs Sir William
Scawen's garden in a square ; it is full of fish, and
makes a pretty cascade in going out. Within a mile
of Epsom is Aysted, belonging to Mr. Fielding, brother
to the Earl of Denbigh, which, for its situation, park,
and gardens, is inferior to nothing of its size that
I have seen in England.
Wimbledon.
The noble seat of the Duke of Leeds, and in a
majestic situation. You have three several beautiful
prospects from his garden, and the variety is the more
diverting that it is in every walk ; you can turn no-
where but your view fixes on something new. Sir
Theodore Janssen, the French banker, hath also a very
delicious seat in this village, which insensibly leads
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 39
you to the bowling-green of Putney, whither the
citizens resort twice a week, and where I have seen
pretty deep play. At Putney are several charming
seats with their large gardens, fish-ponds, and groves,
and indeed the whole parish is one continued garden.
At Parson's Green, saw an old seat of the Earl of
Peterborough, with fine gardens.
Cambridge.
Visited that worthy old gentleman, Sir Robert
Cotton, at his villa of Hatley St. George, a seat worthy
of so great and good a man. He hath a noble collec-
tion of original paintings, and his house and gardens
everywhere answer the grandeur of the first quality.
When the Stuarts came to the throne the space
that then separated London and Westminster was filled
with several noble palaces and their delicate gardens
along the side of the River Thames, viz. : those of the
Earl of Essex, Duke of Norfolk, Somerset House, the
Savoy, Worcester House, Exeter House, Bedford
House, Salisbury House, York House, Northumber-
land House, and Whitehall ; but now most of these
splendid palaces are pulled down, and with their
gardens built into spacious streets.
Great Marlborough Street, which though not a
square, surpasses anything that is called a street, in
40 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
the magnificence of its buildings and gardens, and
inhabited all by prime quality.
Montague, House.
A fine garden and terrace behind ; the great collec-
tion of original paintings are well worth the curiosity
of a stranger, as also the statues in the garden.
Burlington Palace.
Behind is a noble parterre or garden which, in a
city, makes it very delicious.
Gray's Inn
hath a very large garden with a noble terrace, from
whence you have a full view to Hampstead.
Lincoln's Inn.
Its new square fronting the garden, I think one
of the greatest beauties about London ; the garden is
large, full of fine statues, and the walks well kept.
Bedfordshire
is such another fertile county as Buckinghamshire,
strewed everywhere with noblemen and gentlemen's
seats. The Duke of Kent, chief of the ancient family
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 41
of the Gray's, hath a very magnificent noble seat, with
large parks, avenues, and fine gardens.
Cashioberry .
Its gardens and park are beautiful and spacious.
Gannons.
The disposition of the avenues, gardens, statues,,
painting, and the house of Cannons, suits the genius
and grandeur of its great master. The chapel, which
is already finished, hath a choir of vocal and instru-
mental music, as the royal chapel ; and when his
Grace goes to church, he is attended by his Swiss
guards, ranged as the Yeoman of the guards; his
music also plays when he is at table ; he is served by
gentlemen in the best order ; and I must say that
few German sovereign princes live with that magnifi-
cence, grandeur, and good order. He is that Mr,
Bridges whom you knew Paymaster - General in
Flanders, son to the Lord Chandos, an ancient and
noble family, of which there have been three Knights
of the Garter in several reigns : he was created Earl
of Carnarvon by King George, and on his father's
decease, Duke of Chandos. As he got a great estate
by being Paymaster to all the English armies abroad,
no man ever made a better use of it by his generosity,
42 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
hospitality, and charity ; of which there are many
instances that would be too long for a letter, and, I
think, not to my purpose. You ascend the great
avenue to Cannons from the town of Edgware, by a fine
iron gate, with the duke's arms and supporters on the
stone pillars of the gate, with balustrades of iron on
each side, and two neat lodges in the inside ; this
avenue is near a mile long, and three coaches may go
abreast ; in the middle or half-way of this avenue is
a large round basin of water, not unlike that on the
great road through Bushey Park to Hampton Court ;
this avenue fronts an angle of the house, and
thereby showing two fronts at once, makes the house
seem at a distance the larger. You turn therefore a
little to the left to come to the great court, which
leads to the saloon and great staircase ; and a little
further to the left to another court, which leads to the
back stairs, now made use of till the great apartments
are finished. The house consists of four fronts, all
of free-stone, each about one hundred feet wide. The
front from the great stairs is to the east, and hath
an avenue directly from it down to the parish church,
at above half-a-mile distance: the north front is
towards the parterre and great canal ; the west
towards the gardens ; and the south looks through a
great area where the offices and stables are, down
another large avenue which ends in a mountain. The
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 43
north front is finely adorned with pilasters and
columns of stone ; and above every window in each
front is an antique head, neatly engraved ; on the top
of all the fronts are statues as big as the life. The
saloon, when finished, is to be supported by marble
pillars, and painted by Bellucci, as is the great
staircase, which is all of marble ; most of the steps
are already laid, of a great length, and all of one
piece of marble ; this staircase leads you into the
apartments fronting the parterre and grand canal,
and consists of a suite of six noble rooms, well-
proportioned, finely plastered, and gilt by Pargotti ;
and the ceilings painted by Bellucci. From these
apartments you go into my lord's dressing-room and
library, fronting the gardens, and from thence you
descend by another fine pair of stairs (which I
cannot call back stairs, all painted by Legarr,
and balustraded to the top of the house with iron)
unto a court, which opens into the great area to the
east ; in which is the chapel on your right, the kitchens
on your left, and lower on each side the stables are
finely built, the bottom of the area inclosed with
balustrades of iron. The library is a fine spacious
room, curiously adorned with books, and statues in
wood of the Stoning of St. Stephen, said to be finest
of that kind of engraving in the world. The chapel
is incomparably neat and pretty, all finely plastered
44 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
and gilt by Pargotti, and the ceilings and niches
painted by Bellucci ; there is a handsome altar-piece,
and in an alcove above the altar, a neat organ ; front-
ing the altar, above the gate, is a fine gallery for the
duke and duchess, with a door that comes from the
apartments above, and a staircase that also descends
into the body of the chapel, in case of taking the
sacrament or other occasion ; in the windows of
this chapel are also finely painted some parts of the
History of the New Testament. In that court which
opens into the area is the dining-room, very spacious,
and a nobler sideboard of plate than most sovereign
princes have ; and at the end of it a room for his
music, which performs both vocal and instrumental
during the time he is at table ; he spares no
expense to have the best. The parterre fronting the
west is separated from the great avenue, and the
great court leading to the great staircase by balus-
trades of iron, as it is also from the gardens on the
other side. There is a large terrace walk, from
whence you descend to the parterre; this parterre
hath a row of gilded vases on pedestals on each side
down to the great canal, and in the middle, fronting
the canal, is a gladiator, gilded also ; through the
whole parterre, abundance of statues as big as the
Me, are regularly disposed. The canal runs a great
way, and indeed one would wonder to see such a vast
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 45
quantity of water in a country where are neither
rivers or springs ; but they tell me that the Duke
hath his water in pipes from the mountains of Stan-
more, about two miles off. The gardens are very
large and well disposed ; but the greatest pleasure of
all is that the divisions of the whole, being only made
by balustrades of iron and not by walls, you see the
whole at once, be you in what part of the garden or
parterre you will. In his large kitchen garden there
are bee-hives of glass, very curious ; and at the end of
each of his chief avenues he hath neat lodgings for
eight old Serjeants of the army, whom he took out
of Chelsea College, who guard the whole, go their
rounds at night, call the hours as the watchmen
do at London to prevent disorders, and wait upon the
Duke to chapel on Sundays. It is incredible the iron-
work about this noble palace, more I must say than I
ever saw elsewhere ; and his gentleman told me they
are above a hundred servants in family of one degree
or another.
Winchester.
At the hospital, founded by Rufus, the master
lives like an abbot, hath a very good apartment, with
fine gardens, adorned with a canal, and evergreens.
46 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Salisbury.
The Bishop's palace near it is a good old building,
with large gardens.
Sherborn.
Mr. Doddington's will be one of the finest, as well as
the largest in England, with gardens, park, and water-
works ; for the finishing of which he hath left a very
great estate to his nephew, Mr. Bubb.
Oxford.
Trinity College. The forth-court opens into a
garden kept in extreme good order, planted with ever-
greens, and the walls round covered all over with yew ;
and at the bottom of the garden, fronting the square,
is a magnificent iron gate. The Physic Garden,
situated by the river Cherwell, is a delicious place ;
it consists of above five acres of ground, the walls are
of a square stone, above fourteen feet high ; its gates
are fine, one of them, of the Composite order, cost
600Z. ; it contains many thousands of useful plants.
Longleat,
though an old seat is very beautiful and large, and
the gardens and avenue being full grown are very
beautiful and well kept. It cost the late Lord Wey-
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 47
mouth a good revenue in hospitality to such strangers
as came from Bath to see it.
Lord Cholmondeley's
is a noble old seat, the gardens not inferior to
any in England, and one gravel walk the longest I
have seen.
Lord Chetwyntfs.
A fine old seat, whose gardens are incomparably
fine ; the walks hedged in with trees fully fifty feet
high and thick set, are very august, and open in fine
vistas into the adjacent country.
Sir Clement Fisher's, near Coleshill,
is very beautiful ; in the middle of a spacious park,
with fine gardens, fish-ponds, and a decoy for ducks ;
it may, altogether, vie with the best seats in England.
Most gentlemen keep their packs of dogs, and the
whole county of Stafford is very sociable ; they have
excellent ale, and provisions for almost nothing.
Althorp
is a fine seat in the middle of a charming park ; it is
moated, but the moat was drained and turned into a
garden so fine, that M. La Quintinie took the plan
for some of his works at Versailles.
48 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Stanton-Harold.
Earl Ferrer's seat at Stanton-Harold is a noble
seat, as big as a little town, and the gardens
adorned with statues, very entertaining.
Braiby.
A seat of the Earl of Chesterfield, hath very fine
gardens.
Chatsworth.
The gardens are very delightful, pleasant, and
stately, adorned with exquisite waterworks.
Nottingham.
When Marshal Tallard was taken prisoner at the
battle of Hocklestet, the Government allowed him this
pretty town, with the adjacent country for his prison ;
in the seven years he stayed here he made very fine
gardens to the house he lived in.
Castle Howard.
The apartments, furniture, and gardens answer
the great genius of its noble master.
A stranger ought not to leave Yorkshire without
seeing Sir Thomas Frankland's seat at Thutteby, near
the little town of Thirsk, both for its situation and
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 49
the fineness of its gardens. The parterre is encircled
with columns of yew ; the wilderness is very neat ;
and from the whole there is a delicious prospect.
Terragle.
Three miles from Dumfries I saw Terragle, the
paternal seat of the unhappy Maxwell, Earl of Niths-
dale, who was taken prisoner at Preston, and made his
escape out of the Tower. It consists of a large oval
court, in which are very stately apartments and large
gardens, suitable to the grandeur of so noble a family.*
Drumlanrig.
The hanging gardens cut out of the rock down to
the river-side, with waterworks and grottos, do every
way answer the great genius of W., Duke of Queens-
berry.
Traquair.
This palace, built by the Earl of Traquair, who
was Lord High Treasurer and Viceroy of Scotland
in the reign of Charles I., a great favourite of Arch-
bishop Laud and promoter of his schemes, is a very
large noble pile of building of free-stone, situated in a
valley on the banks of the Tweed, in the midst of a
* Some interesting remarks on the old gardens of Scotland, may
be seen on page 81 of the Encyclopaedia, of Gardening.
50 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
wood, through which are cut fine avenues ; the gardens
are also very spacious.
Tester.
The capital seat of Hay, Marquis of Tweeddale.
The rooms of state that run on each side of the saloon,
fronting the garden, are very stately ; the parterre and
garden behind the house is very spacious and fine,
rising up by an easy ascent into the park, as those
of Lord Rochester's near Richmond. There is a
handsome bason, with a jet d'eau in the middle of the
parterre, with four good statues, upon pedestals, at
each corner ; there are abundance of evergreens and
green slopes regularly disposed ; and to the west of
the garden, on an artificial mount, is a pleasant
summer-house. There is a pretty rapid stream runs
by the house, and by its rustling through the trees
as it runs through the park, makes the whole very
rural. There is a pretty bowling-green by the river-
side.
Seaton.
The palace of Seaton stands in the middle of a
large plantation of trees, of at least twelve acres, with
a large garden to the south and another to the north.
The apartments of state are on the second story, and
very spacious ; three great rooms, at least forty feet
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. ^
high, which they say were finely furnished ever since
Mary, Queen of Scots, on her return from France^
kept her court there ; also two large galleries that
were filled with pictures ; but on Lord Winton's
forfeiture, all these were sold by the Commissioners
of Inquiry, or stolen by the servants. There is now
not a whole window on that side of the house.
Winton.
About two miles from Seaton is another palace,
called "Winton. The gardens, which are very
spacious, are very well kept.
Musselburgh.
The parterre behind the palace is very large, and
nobly adorned with evergreens, and on each side of it
spacious gardens.
Edinburgh,.
The palace of the Earl of Penmure, in excellent
good order, and very fine gardens. The palace of the
Earl of Murray; there is a very large parterre or
flower garden behind with four hanging walks or
terraces to the bottom, where there is a bowling-green,
and a handsome pavilion or pleasure-house.
Hewitt's Hospital.
The gardens are very well kept, consisting of
52 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
a flower garden, an orchard, and kitchen garden;
the house and gardens contain between nine and ten
acres.
Palace of Penmure.
In the middle of a great wood. You go up to the
house through an avenue cut through the wood, of
half-a-mile in length, and 150 feet broad, which gives
you a view of the house at once ; and on each side of
this avenue is a fine hedge, which reaches the
branches of the trees of the wood ; at the end of this
avenue is a large circular outer court for coaches to
turn in, and the inner court is balustraded with iron
on each side, which gives you a view of the delicious
gardens which go quite round the house, and are very
well kept, with a great variety of evergreens and grass
plots, covered walks, and labyrinths : from these
gardens there are eight or nine vistas cut through the
wood, with balustrades of iron at every vista, and all
the doors of iron.
Castle Gordon.
Fine gardens, and a very spacious deer park.
Palace of Glamis.
As you approach, it strikes you with awe and
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 53
admiration, by the many turrets and gilded balus-
trades at top ; you have a full prospect of the gardens
on each side, cut out into grass plots, and adorned with
evergreens. In the first floor there are thirty-eight
fine rooms. When the Pretender lay here, they made
eighty-eight beds within the house, for him and his
retinue, besides the inferior servants, who lay in the
offices out of doors.
Dunkeld.
The Duke of Athol hath here a very noble seat,
with large gardens.
Palace of Falkland.
Here were spacious gardens, with a park ; but
' Nunc seges est tMque Trqjafuit.'
Culross.
One cannot imagine a noble palace ; a terrace as
long and as broad as that at Windsor, with a pavilion
at each end, and below the terrace run hanging
gardens for half-a-mile, down to the Frith; the
design of these gardens was vast. When Lord
Mar was laying out his fine gardens at Alloway, he
thanked God that Culross was not his, for the
expense of keeping it up would ruin him.
54 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
Balgony.
Another seat of the Earl of Leveris, whose
gardens and park are very spacious.
Palace of Lesly.
There is a noble parterre to the east, cut out into
green slopes, adorned with evergreens, that reacheth
to the point where the two rivers meet, and from this
parterre is a long terrace walk, and under it five
several terraces, to which you descend by stately stairs
to another square garden by the river-side, with a
waterwork in the middle.
Alloway.
The gardens consist of forty-two acres, and the
wood, with vistas cut through it, of 150 acres. On the
right of the area is a spacious garden with a fine
terrace and bowling-green, adorned with the largest
evergreens you can see anywhere. To the south is the
parterre, spacious, and finely adorned with statues and
vases ; and from this parterre to the River Forth runs
a fine terrace, or avenue, from whence, and from the
parterre, you have thirty-two different vistas, each
ending on some remarkable seat or mountain : one of
them shews you Stirling Castle at four miles distance ;
another, the Palace of Elphinstone, on the other side
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 55
of the river ; a third, the Castle of Clacxnaning. In
the middle of this long terrace is a basin of water
like that of the Duke of Chandos, at Cannons, in the
middle of which is the statue of Cain slaying Abel,
and at the end of the river are a pair of pyramidical
gates. The avenue to the east, through the wood, is
prodigiously long and large, and between each vista,
from the parterre, are wildernesses of trees for birds,
and little grottos.
Hopton.
The parterre fronting the saloon is longer than
that at Cannons, and like it, hath a large bason of
water at bottom ; it is also adorned with a multitude
of statues, on pedestals, as at Cannons ; but the views
here are prodigiously more extensive. From the terrace
to the north of this parterre is the finest view I ever
saw anywhere. There are also several vistas from
each of the many walks that run from this parterre.
This fine palace and garden lies in the middle of a
spacious park, well stocked with deer, and environed
with a stone wall.
Palace of Hamilton.
A noble parterre adorned with statues, and lower,
spacious bounds for a canal and fish-ponds, with large
56 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
gardens on each side, and at the bottom a fine park.
Joining to the great park is a very romantic garden,
called Baroucleugh, which consists of seven hanging
terrace walks down to the river-side, with a wild wood
full of birds on the opposite side of the river. In some
of those walks are banqueting-houses, with walks and
grottos, and all of them filled with large evergreens in
the shape of beasts and birds.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 57
CHAPTER III.
ON CONVENTUAL GARDENS.
POSSIBLY drawings of some Conventual Gardens
may yet be found among the papers or chartu-
laries of those families who now inherit some of the
splendid monasteries, dissolved by the tasteless and
savage tyranny of the monster, the bloody tyrant,
Henry ; temples erected for the worship of God,
* irresistibly impressing us with solemnity and delight,
and which seem intended to rival, in durability, the
earth on which they stand, and which, after the lapse
of several ages, are still unequalled, not only in point
of magnificence of structure, but in their tendency to
leave upon the soul the most deep and solemn im-
pressions.' These 'cloud-capp'd towers and solemn
temples,' are thus described by poor, deserted, ill-starr'd
Chatterton, and Britton has happily quoted his lines
as a motto to his most splendid History of York
Cathedral : —
' What wondrous monument ! What pyle ys thys,
That bynds in wonder's chayne entendemente !
That doth aloof the ayrie skyen kiss,
And seemeth mountaynes joyned by cemente,
From Godde hys greete and wondrous storehouse sente.'
58 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
The Encydopcedia of Gardening notices, at page 88,
the attachment which an abbot of Ely, the monks at
Edmondsbury, and those at Dunstable, had to their
gardens. The same interesting compilation tells us
that the extensive orchard of Pitfour contains the
ruins of the ancient Abbey of Deer, and its gardens.
The Abbey of Rosslyn was built in the middle of a
handsome garden. The Caledonian Horticultural
Society Memoirs (No. 5) give an interesting notice of
the remains of the apple and pear trees, planted by the
monks of the Abbey of Lindores ; and in Vol. III. of
the same work is an account of the Abbey orchards of
Melrose, Jedburgh, &c. Orchards, vineyards, and
gardens, were the usual appendages to each monastery.
We are told that when Stow was young, he collected
and amassed MSS. and old records, dispersed by the
then recent dissolution, and that such was his avidity
in collecting old papers and books,
' With clasps embossed, and coat of rough bull's hide,'
that he travelled on foot during the suppression of
these religious houses from one part of England to
another, collecting records relative to estates, families,
&c. It were needless to remark what acquisitions he
must have had in his power relative to the gardens of
those
' • • • * happy convents, bosom'd deep in vines,
Where slumber'd abbots, purple as their wines.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 59
Leland, too, had a commission empowering him to
search after antiquities, and peruse the libraries of all
cathedrals, abbeys, priories, colleges, &c. His volu-
minous MSS., after passing through many hands, came
-at last into the Bodleian Library.
60 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
CHAPTER IY.
ON GARDEN BURIAL.
SUCH has been the attachment of many to their
gardens and to the rural scenes of Nature, that
they have expressed a wish to be buried there. Mr.
Evelyn expressed the same wish, but was prevailed on
to alter it. Sir W. Temple's heart is enclosed in a
silver box and buried under a sun-dial in his favourite
garden. The late Lord Camelford was so charmed,
when travelling through Switzerland, with a rural spot
there, that he gave orders in his will to be buried
under a tuft of trees which he had marked in that
romantic country ; and a few years afterwards, when
he was shot in a duel near Kensington, his body was
accordingly conveyed there. No wonder he was struck
with the scenery of that country, when Hirschfeld
observes that * almost all the gardens are theatres of
true beauty, without vain ornaments or artificial
decorations.' Perhaps his lordship imbibed the soothing
wish of Beattie's Minstrel : —
' Let vanity adorn the marble tomb
With trophies, rhymes, and scutcheons of renown,
In the deep dungeon of some gothic dome,
Where night and desolation ever frown.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 61
Mine be the breezy hill that skirts the down,
Where a green grassy turf is all I crave,
With here and there a violet bestrewn,
Fast by a brook or fountain's murmuring wave,
And many an evening sun shine sweetly on my grave.'
That munificent patron of literature, that worthy
and benevolent man, Thomas Hollis, Esq. (Milton's
great admirer, and of whom Dr .Franklin observed
that 'he loved to do good alone and by stealth'),
ordered his body to be buried in one of his fields at
Corsham, and the field to be ploughed over imme-
diately after his interment.*
In 1804 the following account is given of his
Serene Highness the reigning Duke of Saxe-Gotha :
*He forbade in his will, all ceremony at his burial,
except such as is usual for his lowest subjects. He
desired to be buried in his English garden, at the
feet of the coffins containing the bodies of two of his
already deceased children. No speech or sermon to
be pronounced, and no monument to be erected over
him ; but he desires his second son, Prince Frederick,
to place a tree upon his grave. To this prince he
bequeaths his English garden, which is to be open, as
formerly, to all visitors. The simple burial ceremony
* Mr. Hollis devoted above half of his large income to deeds of
charity. When his house in London was on fire, in 1761, he calmly
walked out, only taking under his arm his favourite original picture
of Milton.
62 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
of this sovereign, took place on the night of the
25th, according to the wish expressed in his will. The
reigning Duchess, with her child on her arm, had, the
the evening before, strewed flowers round the grave.
The midnight hour struck, when the body entered the
garden, carried by the servants of the late duke.
The walk to the island was laid with black cloth, with
the boat that carried it over. The ceremony was only
interrupted by the sighs and tears of all present.'
No one delighted more in horticulture and rural
affairs than Home Tooke. Cato, of Utica, could not
have exceeded him in this attachment. The inten-
tion of Tooke certainly was to have been buried
in his own garden, and he had prepared his vault and
tomb in his richly cultivated garden at Wimbledon,
where both Lord Camelford, and their joint friend,
Lord Thurlow,* with other men of rank, who admired
his integrity, his overpowering talents, and his
genius, were proud to partake of his society. Part of
the inscription which he had prepared for that tomb
was, that he died ' content and grateful : ' satisfied at
having lived so long, and gratefully feeling a high
sense of the Divine goodness in permitting it ; a
* It was said of Lord Thurlow, that he was among lawyers and
orators, and in the senate and the courts, what Johnson was among
authors and wits : a mighty genius, proudly elevated above the
littleness of common minds.
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 63
frequent conversation of his being on the wisdom,
goodness, and beneficence of the Deity. Home Tooke
was a sincere Christian, and closed his long and
stormy life (' after having survived the scorpion stings
of slander ') with an extraordinary degree of calmness
and intrepidity. On his decease, however, his friends
thought it best to bury him in the grave of his sister
at Baling (at the age of seventy-seven), where the
words content and grateful now form part of the
inscription on that stone which covers the remains of
that acute scholar, that richly gifted and most" dis-
interested of men, whose dauntless mind made it
his boast, that ' no allurement or threat, no power or
oppression, nor life, nor death, thunder or lightning,
shall ever force me to give way to corruption or
influence, half the breadth of a single hair ; ' and
when enforcing what he deemed beneficial to his
country, thus addressed his jury : * I protest, that if
there stood a fire here, and I thought I could by that
means affect your minds, and the minds of my coun-
trymen, I would thrust my hand with pleasure into
the fire and burn it to ashes, whilst I was pleading
before you.' And who, on another occasion, made
this declaration : * I have never committed a single
action, nor written a syllable in public or in private,
nor entertained a thought (of an important political
nature, when taken with all its circumstances of time,
64 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
place, and occasion), I wish either recalled or con-
cealed ; I will die as I have lived, in the commission
of the only crime with which I can be charged during
my whole life, the crime of speaking plainly the plain
truth.' In the early part of the life of this friendly
and kind man, when he resided at Brentford, as a
clergyman, no one was more beloved by his parish-
ioners ; he administered every possible comfort to the
poor ; his sermons zealously enforced the excellence of
that faith in which he had been educated.
Another person whose talents somewhat remind
one of those of Tooke, was also buried in his garden :
Theophrastus, who died at the age of eighty-five
(though some historians say he wrote his Characters
when ninety-nine), and whose name was so celebrated
throughout Greece, that he had at one time two
thousand pupils, lived entirely in his gardens at
Athens, to which he was so devoted that, in his will,
he left it to some particular friends to study in, and
for the repose of his own bones ; giving orders therein
for embellishing the walks, and for the continuation
of his old faithful gardener, for whom he had before
made a good provision. I will transcribe what a
French writer says of him : ' Aristotle charme de la
facilite de son esprit et de la douceur de son elocution,
lui changea son nom qui etoit Tyrtaine, en celui
d'j&uphraste, qui signifie celui qui parle bien, et ce nom
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 65
ne repondant point assez a la haute estime qu'il avoit
de la beaute de son genie, et de ses expressions, il
1'appella Theophraste, c'est a dire un homme dont le
langage est divin. II avoit V esprit si vif, si per^ant,
si perietrant, qu'il comprenit d'abord, d'une chose,
tout ce qui en pouvoit etre connu.'
' There is no place ' (says Evelyn in his Sylva)
' more fit to bury our dead in than groves and gardens,
where our beds may be decked and carpeted with
verdant and fragrant flowers, trees, and perennial
plants, the most natural and instructive hieroglyphics
of our resurrection and immortality.' The above
remark of Evelyn forcibly reminds one of the
following reflections, from a charming little classic
book, entitled First Steps to Botany, by Dr. Drummond,
of Belfast : ' The changes of colour in the leaves of
plants, especially of trees, which take place in
autumn, are familiar to every one, but are more
particularly interesting to the eye of the painter, and
the contemplation of the moralist. The one finds in
them some of the best subjects for the warmth and
beauty of his pencil; the other contrasts these
changing leaves with the races of men, which having
flourished through the spring and summer of life, fall
at last, in the autumn of their existence, into decay,
and are swept by the first wintry breath of age into
the tomb, and are no more found. Trees have thus
F
66 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
been ever considered as emblems of human life, and,
in all ages, affecting views and comparisons have been
drawn of their progress from debility and infancy to
youth, strength, maturity, and inevitable, final decay.
The heathen and the atheist have found in them
emblems of eternal oblivion, to which they suppose
man, with all his high-born hopes, is to be consigned.
As the leaves of the tree fall and perish for ever, so
they represent that when man returns to his mother
earth, it is only to mingle with the unthinking
material elements; that never more shall he be
conscious of existence, and that he, his virtues and
his crimes, sink into irrevocable annihilation. Yet
as no particle of matter is ever lost, though it may
undergo a thousand changes of the most extraordinary
kind, so we may rest satisfied that mind is equally
indestructible ; and though it be impossible for us to
trace its flight or modifications after death, there is
no reason for a moment to question its future
existence, and its immortality. Everything revealed
and rational teaches us, that the soul is destined to
survive " the wreck of elements and crush of worlds,"
and that it may go on in increasing knowledge and
happiness for ever.'
It is still the custom in many parts, particularly in
Guernsey and in Wales, to strew graves with rose-
mary (' that's for remembrance '), and with the most
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 67
fragrant flowers the garden produces. It was near
Milford Haven that Imogen strewed her supposed
husband's grave with * wild-wood leaves and weeds ; '
and where Arviragus sweetened the sad grave of
Fidele ' with fairest flowers/ asserting that the red-
breast would, with its charitable bill, bring all this,
' Yea, and furr'd moss besides, when flowers are none,
To winter-ground thy corse.'
Mr. Cunningham tells us that ' Burns lay in a
plain unadorned coffin, with a linen sheet drawn over
his face ; and on the bed, and around the body, herbs
and flowers were thickly strewn, according to the
usage of the country.'*
Mr. Carter in his late spirited address, read before
the New York Horticultural Society, says : * Wilson,
the distinguished Ornithologist, made a particular
request but a few hours before his death, that he
might be buried in some rural spot, on the banks of
the Sehuykill, where the birds might sing over his
grave. This sentiment was true to nature ; for let
philosophy preach as it may, our cares and anxieties,
our feelings and affections, will extend to the un-
conscious dust.'
The following description of an ancient Greek
garden is interesting : * II est plante de cypres,
*'.... Sepulchrum floribus ornare.' — Cicero.
68 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
d'ormes, et de peupliers ; les murailles sont tapissees
de fleurs qui vont en espaliers, et qui ne demandent
pas beaucoup de soin, comme de jasmins, des roses,
des chevre-feuilles, &c. ; le sol est couvert de violettes,
et de toutes sortes de fleurs de pris. D'un des angles
de ce jardin, il sorte une petite eau courante, qui
murmur doucement en faisant plusieurs detours ; elle
conserve la fraicheur de ce beau lieu, oil regne un
printems eternel ; 1'ombre des arbres, le silence et la
tranquilite, la variet^ des fleurs, le murmur du ruisseau,
tout donne 1'idee de ces champs fortunees ou les
anciens Grecs croyoient que les ames vertueuses etoient
regues et recompensees. Ces fleurs sont 1'image de
cette meme vie qui ne dure que Pespace de quelques
instans, et qui passent pour ne plus revenir ; car
chaque annee ramene des fleurs, mais ce ne sont pas
celles que nous avons vu fleurir et disparoitre.'
Epitaphe.
4 Ici repose le corps d'une ame juste, qui n'a jamais
cess6 de mediter la loi du Seigneur durant sa vie qui
a ete trop courte. Pendant ce terns, elle a rassasie
ceux qui avoient faim, refraichi ceux qui avoient soif ,
et couvert ceux qui avoient froid ; elle n'a jamais rien
dit qui put affliger personne ; elle a protege la vertu,
et a eu compassion du vicieux ; elle n'a point ete
attachee aux richesses, et meme, a pressa mort, elle les
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 69
a sacrifices pour diminuer les peines des autres, autant
qu'il a etc son pouvoir. Passans, priez pour elle, et
imitez-la.'
The celebrated Field-Marshal Loudon, the terror
even of Frederick the Great, after the battle of
Kunnersdorff, 1 1'une des plus meurtrieres de toute la
guerre' (where Loudon had killed under him 16,000
men, and the king more than 20,000), had so great an
attachment to his garden, that his biographer thus
relates of him : ' Depuis long terns il avoit choisi, dans
son pare a Hadersdorf, un endroit ombrage d'arbres,
ou il avoit declare vouloir etre enterre. II le fit planter
d'arbres et de broussailles, et entourer d'une maniere
fort extraordinaire. II est vraisemblable qu'il avoit
pris ces nouvelles idees des cimetieres Turcs, qui sont
efiectivement remplis d'arbres, car il appelloit ce lieu,
ainsi dispose, son jardin Turc. Apres la prise de
Belgrade, il avoit fait enlever les pierres d'un monu-
ment f uneraire, on les avoit transportees a Hadersdorf,
et il en avoit fait construire un tombeau pour lui-
meme. Ces pierres ornees d'inscriptions Turques et
de guirlandes de fleurs, sont une espece de marbre
blanc. La git paisiblement M. de Loudon au milieu
d'une prairie. Son tombeau est mure" et des arbres
1'environnent de tous cotes. Ces pierres Turques
rappelleront eternellement la prise de Belgrade, et ses
victoires sur les fiers Ottomans.'
70 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
These fierce Ottomans at Belgrade l se defendoient
en desesperes. Depuis 1'invention de la poudre, jamais
ville n'avoit essuye un feu plus terrible. On jeta par
milliers dans la place des boulets, des grenades, des
bombes, &c. Des temoins oculaires assurent qu'il est
impossible de se former une idee du bruit epouvantable
que faisoit cette terrible canonade. L'air etoit dechire
par le sifflement des boulets ; la terre trembloit ; 1'echo
des montagnes retentissoit de coups redoubles et sans
cesse renaissans ; la nuit paroissoit aussi claire que le
jour, au moyen des flammes devorantes qui sortoient
a chaque instant de tous ces differens instrumens de
mort. Le bruit du canon etoit-il un moment suspendu,
on entendoit incontinent s'elever de la ville les cris
lamentables des infortunes Ottomans.'
Loudon's conflict with Frederick at Prague was
equally terrible. 'Un bombardement ruina entiere-
ment cette ville. Le prince vouloit capituler, et
demandoit seulement la liberte de se retirer avec les
troupes qu'il commandoit. Le roi le refusa; il vouloit
avoir completement le plaisir de faire prisonniers ces
44,000 Autrichiens, ou au moins les rendre inutiles le
reste de la guerre. Aussi fit-il tirer sur Prague sans
aucun management. Plusieurs milliers de personnes,
viellards, femmes et enfans, furent tues par les
bombes, ou ecrases dans les maisons qui s'ecrou-
loient. Les Prussiens pouvoient entendre pendant
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS: 71
la nuit les cris et les gemissemens de ces infortunes.
On mit 12,000 bouches inutiles hors de la ville, afin
de prevenir la famine ; mais les Prussiens les y firent
rentrer a coups de canon. Pendant les trois premieres
semaines du siege, la plus grande partie de la ville
neuve, et le quartier des juifs furent entierement brules
et detruits. On jeta au moins deux cens mille grenades
d'obusiers, boulets et bombes dans la ville, qui tuerent
plus de 8000 habitans, et en blesserent plus de 9000.'
His biographer further relates of him, * Ce heros,
qui avoit essuye tant de fatigues, affront6 tant de
perils, mourut dans son lit. Tandis que tant de
milliers d'hommes tomboient autour de lui, la mort
1'epargna. Monsieur de Loudon, qui a la cour, dans
une magnifique salle de gala, se tenoit modestement a
Pecart ; qui dans une cercle, ou a une grande table, ne
parloit que par monosyllables et sembloit un vrai
misanthrope ; qui ecoutoit discuter avec une timide
modestie la moindre question relative aux sciences ;
ce meme M. de Loudon a cheval, a la tete d'unr armee,
paroit etre un tout autre homme. Le genie martial
le saisit et le metamorphose. Sa voix eclantante se
fait entendre a 100,000 guerriers; chacun se tait
lorsqu'il parle ; chaque soldat tremble au moindre de
ses gestes. II est impossible, assurent tous les temoins
oculaires, de se faire une idee du feu qui animoit M.
de Loudon, lorsqu'on le voyoit a la tete d'une troupe.
72 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
II traversoit, comme un Eclair, les rangs et les sections,
donnoit ses ordres avec 1'impetuosite de la foudre ; et
malheur & quiconque laissoit appercevoir le moindre
signe de desobeissance, de lachete, ou d'arrogance. On
peut done appliquer a M. de Loudon le vers suivant :
Est Deus in nobis, agitaute calescimus illo.
Un Dieu est en nous, et son action nous fohauffe.
En effet, il sembloit que Mars animat notre heros,
et qu'il repandit dans son ame son feu divin. Les
plus anciens soldats, les generaux les plus aguerris
eprouvoient un saisissement respectueux quand M. de
Loudon leur donnoit 1'ordre du combat/
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 73
CHAPTER V.
ON COTTAGE GARDENS.
WORLIDGE, who wrote about 1680, when
speaking on the general attachment for
gardens, says, * Such is its pre-excellency, that there is
scarcely a cottage in most of the southern parts of
England but hath its proportionable garden ; so great
delight do most men take in it that they may not only
please themselves with the view of the flowers, herbs,
and trees, as they grow, but furnish themselves and
their neighbours upon extraordinary occasions, as
nuptials, feasts, and funerals.'
A Mr. Moggridge, of Monmouthshire, communi-
cated to the Gardener's Magazine, in January, 1827,
respecting the village gardens and cottages which his
compassionate feelings for the poor labourers caused
him to establish, 'where seven years ago there was
nothing but thickets, brakes, and wood;' but now
* every cottager has his own oven, and bakes his own
bread; he has also a corner in his pantry, which I
hope to live to see fitted with a small cask of good home-
brewed beer or ale ; but what is worth both put
together — he has his garden. All the villagers' gardens
are now well cultivated, some of them highly, pro-
74 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
ducing peas, beans, potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers, in
the vegetable, and more sparingly currants, goose-
berries, raspberries, some strawberries, and apples, in
the fruit line/ This gentleman has shewn us how
very easy it is to add to the comforts of the unoffend-
ing hard-labouring poor. His ' village green, of two
acres, nearly covered with flourishing oak-trees,' and
'his village, situated in a valley, on ground gently
rising from the bank of a romantic mountain river,
stretching towards woods, which cover the steeply
rising hills,' would have been viewed by Goldsmith
with pensive sighs at the recollection of his own
Deserted Village ; and Mr. Gray, or Dr. Watson, the
late Bishop of Llandaff, would have travelled miles to
have viewed the comfortable abodes of those who had
thus been rescued from a state ' bordering on despair,'
which absolutely paralysed all the wished-for exertions
of their honest labour. This generous advocate for
the poor who, one is proud to hear, bears the respect-
able and commanding title of a magistrate, may well
say that what he has thus done carries with it its own
reward ; and that the hours spent in the considera-
tion how the above might be effected formed ' some of
the most interesting of my life.'*
* May the memory of this benevolent gentleman, Mr. Moggridge,
receive at a distant course of years the same tribute that has been
paid in Description routine de V Empire Francois to the owner of a
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 75
This valuable paper of Moggridge reminds one
of the happiness Yoltaire experienced when creating
his never-to-be-forgotten village of Ferney.'*
The conductor of the above Magazine, after feeling,
as so many of his pages indicate he always does, for
the comfortless state of too many of our cottage
labourers, observes that * there are few ways in which
a landed proprietor could do more good to society, or
lay a more solid foundation for self-satisfaction ; ' and
the same gentleman at page 1027 of his Encydopcedia
of Gardening observes that ' whatever renders the
sweet village "between Moulins and Lyons through which Petrarch,
and later Sterne, must often have passed. ' Chaseuille, village qu'oii
traverse une demi-lieue avant Varennes. Au milieu de 1'amphi-
theatre de verdure qu'ils deploient aux regards enchantes du
voyageur, s'eleve parmi les pampres, les vergers et les bosquets,
le chateau seigneurial du village : aussi simple par sa structure
que delicieux par sa situation, il n'etale iii pavilions voluptueux,
ni tours mena9antes ; il commande moins le village qu'il ne
1'embellit. Cette aimable et modeste habitation est celle d'un
vieillard philantrope, M. de Chaseuille, qui, persuade1 que les seig-
neurs de la terre, comme celui du ciel, ne doivent manifester leur
pouvoir aux hommes que par le bien qu'ils leur font, avait trouve le
secret de se faire adorer de ses vassaux. II est douloureux de penser
que ce vieux ami des hommes n'existe peut-etre plus au moment de
la publication de cet ouvrage (il etait a la fin de sa carriere) ; nous
aurons du moins la consolation d'avoir jete quelques fleurs sur sa
tombe. '
* I am informed that the room at Ferney from whence issued
some of the brightest emanations of Voltaire, is now actually the
room where boots and shoes are cleaned.
76 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
cottager more comfortable and happy at home will
render him a better servant and subject, and in every
respect a more valuable member of society. Besides one
of the most constantly occurring objects in the country
is the labourer's cottage, whether detached by the road-
side or grouped in hamlets and villages, and, therefore,
to render such buildings and their scenery more orna-
mental must, independently of every other considera-
tion, be a very laudable object ; ' and again at page 1044
he observes, * It would be a most desirable circumstance
if proprietors who keep head-gardeners would desire
them to attend to the gardens of the cottagers on their
estates, to supply them with proper seeds and plants ;
to propagate for them a few fruit-trees, and distribute
them in the proper place in their plots ; to teach them
modes of culture suitable for their circumstances. In
this way, at no additional expense whatever to the
proprietor, much happiness might be diffused ; and
constantly recurring objects, too often indicating
wretchedness or, at least, slovenliness, rendered useful,
neat, and even ornamental.'
Lord Gardenstone in his Memorandums concerning
the village of Lawrence Kirk inserted in the Ewropean
Magazine, declares, ' I felt an agreeable zeal in the
project, and contracted a fond affection to the people
as they became inhabitants of my village. I have
tried in some measure a variety of pleasures which
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 77
mankind pursue, but never relished any so much
as the pleasure arising from the progress of my
village.'
W. Mavor, in his edition of Tusser, makes this
observation : ' Bind the poor man by his interest as
well as his duty to the place where he lives, and he
will feel the pride of deserving well.'
One hopes, and believes, that the following strong
language of Nourse, in his Campania JFcelix, printed
in 1700, applied then (as it may do now) to very few :
* We may take leave to glance a little at the behaviour
of some Lords of Manors, whose bailiffs many times
wheedle in the cottagers, allowing them liberty to
build upon the waste, and to inclose ground perhaps ;
giving them a tree or two to carry on the design,
upon condition they will take a lease of such cottages
for three lives, paying only some sixpenny rent ; upon
the expiration of which term, his hungry lordship
swallows the poor cottage, with all its members and
dependences, at a bit, which, by the sweat and labour
of the poor defunct and his predecessors, was improved
to a kind of competency out of nothing, whilst the
remains of the poor family are exposed to the naked
world, or else forced to pay a good round fine for the
renewal of that which was so dearly purchased by
their own pains and industry ; by which sly methods,
the commonage will be engrossed in time, and many
78 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
whole families be devoured, to serve the appetite of
an insatiable patron.'
"W. "Withers, of Holt, in his late letter to Sir
W. Scott, forcibly remarks : * Here, Sir Walter, I feel
the want of your pen, to enable me to appeal with
effect to the great landed proprietors, and to prove to
them, how closely their interests are bound up with
the welfare of the labouring classes ; to show how
much more it would be to their advantage to be
surrounded by industrious, well-fed, happy, and con-
tented labourers, devoted to their interests, rather
than have their estates encumbered by idle, half-
starved, discontented paupers, and frequently engaged
in acts of plunder and violence, and ripe, at all times,
to avail themselves of any opportunity for wreaking
their vengeance upon those, whom, under other cir-
cumstances, they would sacrifice their lives to protect.
This is no exaggerated picture of the condition and
feelings of the majority of the labouring classes, no
supposititious or imaginary evil, no chimerical or false
notion ; but a real, palpable, existing, and notorious
deformity in the present state of society. I have
opportunities of knowing, and I do know, the feelings
of the labouring classes towards their employers and
superiors ; and I have no hesitation in saying that,
bad as is their condition, though they have suffered
much, and have but too frequently been ill-used,
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 79
nothing is wanting but remunerating wages, good
living, and kind treatment, to bring them back to
those honest, industrious, and obedient habits, for
which their forefathers in the same situation of life
were distinguished.'
I need make no apology to my reader for insert-
ing The Funeral Oration of a Peasant, from the pen
of the celebrated Monsieur Mercier: 'Passing by a
village, I saw a company of peasants, their eyes
dejected and wet with tears, who were entering a
temple. The sight struck me ; I ordered the carriage
to stop, and followed them in. I saw in the middle
of the temple the corpse of an old man, in the habit
of a peasant, whose white hairs hung down to
the ground. The pastor of the village mounted a
small eminence, and said, "My fellow-countrymen,
the man you here see was for ninety years a benefactor
to mankind. He was the son of a husbandman, and
in his infancy his feeble hands attempted to guide the
plough. As soon as his legs could support him, he
followed his father in the furrows. When years had
given him that strength for which he long wished, he
said to his father, ' Cease from your labours ;' and from
that time each rising sun has seen him till the
ground, sow, plant, and reap the harvest. He has
cultivated more than two thousand acres of fresh
land. He has planted the vine in all the country
8o GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
round about; and to him you owe the fruit-trees
that nourish your village, and afford you shelter from
the sun. It was not avarice that made him
unwearied in his labours ; no, it was the love of
industry, for which he was wont to say, man was
born ; and the great and sacred belief that God
regarded him when cultivating his lands for the
nourishment of his children. He married and had
twenty-five children. He formed them all to labour
and to virtue, and they have all maintained an un-
blemished character. He has taken care to marry
them properly, and led them, with a smiling aspect,
to the altar. All his grandchildren have been brought
up in his house ; and you know what a pure unalter-
able joy dwells upon their countenances. All these
brethren love one another, because he loved them, and
made them see what pleasure he found in loving them.
On days of rejoicing, he was the first to sound the
rural instruments ; and his looks, his voice, and
gesture, you know, were the signals for universal
mirth. You cannot but remember his gaiety, the
lively effect of a peaceful mind, and his speeches full
of sense and wit ; for he had the gift of exercising
an ingenious raillery without giving offence. He
cherished order from an eternal sense he had of
virtue. Whom has he ever refused to serve ? When
did he show himself unconcerned at public or private
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 81
misfortunes? When was he indifferent in his
country's cause ? His heart was devoted to it ;
in his conversation he constantly wished for its
prosperity. When age had bent his body, and his
legs trembled under him, you have seen him mount to
the summit of a hill, and give lessons of experience
to the young husbandmen. His memory was the
faithful depository of observations, made during the
course of fourscore successive years, on the changes of
the several seasons. Such a tree, planted by his
hand in such a year, recalled to his memory the
favour or the wrath of heaven. He had by heart
what other men forget — the fruitful harvests, the
deaths and legacies to the poor. He seemed to be
endowed with a prophetic spirit, and when he
meditated by the light of the moon, he knew with
what seeds to enrich his garden. The evening before
his death he said, * My children, I am drawing nigh
to that Being who is the author of all good, whom I
have always adored, and in whom I trust. To-
morrow prune your pear-trees, and at the setting of
the sun, bury me at the head of my grounds.' You
are now, children, going to place him there, and
ought to imitate his example ; but, before you inter
these white hairs, which have so long attracted
respect, behold with reverence his hardened hands ;
behold the honourable marks of his long labours."
G
82 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
The orator then held up one of his cold hands ; it had
acquired twice the usual size by continual labour, and
seemed to be invulnerable to the point of the briar, or
the edges of the flint ; he then respectfully kissed the
hand, and all the company followed his example. His
children bore him to the grave on three sheaves of
corn, and buried him as he had desired, placing on
his grave his hedging-bill, his spade, and a plough-
share. " Ah ! " I cried, " if those men, celebrated
by Bossuet, Flechier, Mascaron, and Neuville, had the
hundredth part of the virtue of this villager, I would
pardon them their pompous and futile eloquence." '
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 83
CHAPTER VI.
ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE VINE IN
ENGLAND.
From c The whole Art of Husbandry,' enlarged by Barnaby
Gooye, 4to. black letter, 1614. The first edition was published in
1577. This curious book is by way of dialogue.
JMTARIUS. — You heare my wife calleth us to
supper, and you see the shadow is ten foote
long, therefore, it is high time we goe.
Thra. — :I give you most harty thankes that you
have thus friendly entertained mee in this your fayre
orchard, with the sweet description of these pleasant
hearbes and trees.
Julia. — Sir, your supper is ready, I pray you make
an end of your talke, and let the gentleman come in
heere into this arbour.
Another short extract will show the nature of this
book : * Epicure is reported to be the first that euer
deuised gardens in Athens, before his time it was not
seene, that the pleasures of the countrie were had in
the citie. Now when Thrasybulus trauailing in the
affayres of his prince, chaunced to come to the house
of Marius, and carried by him into a garden that he
84 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
had, which was very beautifull, being led about among
the sweet smelling flowres, and vnder the pleasant
arbours, what a goodly sight (quoth Thrasybulus) is
heere. how excellently haue you garnished this
paradise of yours with all kinde of pleasures. Your
parlers, and your banketting houses both within and
without, as all bedecked with pictures of beautifull
flowres and trees, that you may not onely f cede your
eyes with the beholding of the true and liuely flowre,
but also delight your self e with the counterfait in the
midst of winter, seeing in the one, the painted flower
to contend in beautie with the very flower : in
the other, the wonderfull worke of nature, and in
both, the passing goodness of God. Moreouer, your
pleasant arbours to walke in, whose shaddowes keepe
off the heate of the sunne, and if it fortune to raine,
the cloisters are hard by. But specially this little
riuer, with most cleere water, encompassing the
garden, doth wonderfully set it forth, and herewith-
all the greene and goodly quickset hedges.'
In his Dedication he observes that * there is, in my
fancie, no life so quiet, so acceptable to God, and
pleasant to an honest minde, as is the life of the
countrie, where a man, withdrawing himselfe from
the miseries, vanities, and vexations of this foolish and
now too too much doting world, may giue himselfe to
the sweet contemplation of God, and his workes, and
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 85
the profit and relief e of his poore distressed neighbour,
to which two things we were chief ely created, I thought
it good to send you here (as a token and a testimonie
of my thankf ull mind, for your sundry friendships and
curtesies shewed vnto me) a rude draught of the
order and manner of the said countrie life, which you
may vse (if it please you) for your recreation. And
afterwards (if so you thinke it meet) publish vnder
your protection, to the commoditie and benefit of
others. Fare you well: from Kingstone.'
In his epistle to the reader he thus speaks of the
Cultivation of the Vine : * I am fully perswaded if
diligence, and good husbandrie might be vsed, wee
might haue a reasonable good wine growing in many
places of this realme : as vndoubtedly we had imme-
diately after the Conquest, till partly by slothfulnesse
not liking any thing long that is painefull, partly by
ciuill discord long continuing it was left, and so with
time lost, as appeareth by a number of places in this
realme, that keepes still the name of vineyards : and
vpon many cliffes and hilles are yet to be seene the
rootes, and olde remaines of vines. There is besides
Notingham an auncient house called Chilwell, in which
house remaineth yet as an auncient monument in a
great window of glasse, the whole order of planting,
proyning, stamping, and pressing of vines. Besides,
there is yet also growing an olde vine that yeelds a
86 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
grape sufficient to make a right good wine, as was
lately proved by a gentlewoman in the sayd house.
There hath moreouer good experience of late yeeres
beene made, by two noble and honourable Barons of
this realme, the Lord Villiams of Tame, and the Lord
Cobham, who both had growing about their houses as
good vines, as are in many places of France. And if
they answere not in all points euery mans expectation,
the fault is rather to be imputed to the malice and
disdaine peraduenture of the Frenchmen that kept
them, then to any ill disposition, or fault of the soyle.
For where haue you in any place better, or pleasanter
Wines, then about Backrach, Colin, Andernach, and
diuers other places of Germanie, that haue in manner
the self e-same latitude and disposition of the heauens
that we haue? Beside, that the nearenesse to the
south, is not altogether the causer of good wines,
appeareth in that you haue about Orleans, great store
of good and excellent wine : whereas, if you goe to
Bwrges, two dayes iourney farther to the south, you
shall finde a wine not worth the drinking. The like
is (as I haue heard reported by Master D. Dale, Em-
bassadour for his Maiestie in these parts) of Paris and
Barleduke, the towne being southward, with noughtie
wines ; the other a great wayes farther to the north,
with as good wines as may be. But admit England
would yeeld none so strong and pleasant wines as are
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 87
desired (as I am fully perswaded it would) yet it is
worth the triall and trauaile to haue wines of our
owne, though they be the smaller : and therefore I
thought it not meet to leaue out "of my booke the
ordering and trimming of vines.' *
* Much curious information on our English vineyards may be
seen in the Encyclopaedia of Gardening, under the article ' Grape
Vine.'
88 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
CHAPTER VII.
MR. POPE'S LETTER TO MARTHA BLOUNT,
Describing the seat of Sir W. Raleigh*
I PROMISED you an account of Sherborne
before I had seen it, or knew what I under-
took. I imagined it to be one of those fine old
seats of which there are numbers scattered over
England. But this is so peculiar, and its situation
of so uncommon a kind that it merits a more particular
description. The house is in the form of an H- The
body of it, which was built by Sir Walter Raleigh,
* In the note to the first page of the Preface to this present
volume, a brief description is given of Sir W. Raleigh's seat and
garden, which I copied from Coker's Survey of Dorset. A more
modern description of that seat appears in the above letter of
Pope's. In one of Digby's letters to Pope, he mentions his
frequent meditations in Raleigh's grove. Sir Walter's predilec-
tion for gardens, and for the choice and curious productions of
nature, appears in many instances. Gerard dedicates the second
edition of his list of his own garden in Holborn, to his patron, Sir
W.;Kaleigh. Sir Walter married a daughter of Sir . Nicholas
CareWj'of Beddington, the gardens of which were much celebrated
uT* the sixteenth century. In Hutchin's History and Antiquities
of Sherbourne, augmented and continued to the present time,
by R. Gough and J. B. Nichols, are given some particulars
of this estate and some very curious ones respecting Sir
Walter. Aubrey, in his Diary, speaking of Sherbourne says :
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 89
consists of four stories, with four six-angled towers at
the ends. These have since been joined to four wings,
with a regular stone balustrade at the top, and four
towers more that finish the building. The windows
and gates are of a yellow stone throughout ; and one
of the flat sides towards the garden has the wings of
a newer architecture, with beautiful Italian window
' In short, and indeed, 'tis a most sweet and pleasant
place, and scite, as any in the west, perhaps none like it.'
And he further says, ' The time of his execution was contrived to
be on my Lord Mayor's day, that the pageantes and fine shewes
might drawe away the people from beholding the tragedie of one of
the gallantest worthies that England ever bred.' Dr. Tounson
says, ' He was the most fearless of death that ever was known.' In
St. Margaret's, Westminster, is this inscription : ' Within the walls
of this church were deposited the body of the great Sir W. Kaleigh,
on the day he was beheaded in Old Palace Yard, 18 October, 1618.'
When Sir Walter was confined at Winchester, in daily expectation
of death, he wrote a letter to his wife, (the daughter of the above-
mentioned Sir Nicholas Carew), and the following is part of that
letter : — ' You shall receive, my dear wife, my last words in these
my last lines ; my love I send you, that you may keep when I am
dead ; and my counsel, that you may remember it when I am no
more. I would not with my will present you sorrows ; dear Bess,
let them go to the grave with me, and be buried in the dust. And
seeing that it is the will of God, that I should not see you any more,
bear my destruction patiently, and with an heart like yourself.
First, I send you all the thanks which heart can conceive, or
my words express, for your many travels and cares for me, which,
though they have not taken effect as you wished, yet my debt to
you is not the less ; but pay it I never shall in this world. Secondly,
I beseech you, for the love you bear me living, that you do not hide
yourself many days, but by your travels seek to help my miserable
90 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
frames, done by the first Earl of Bristol, which, if
they were joined in the middle by a portico covering
the old building, would be a noble front. The design
of such an one I have been amusing myself with
drawing; but it is a question whether Lord Digby
will not be better amused than to execute it. The
finest room is a saloon, fifty feet long, and a parlour
fortunes, and the sight of your poor child ; your mourning cannot
avail me that am but dust. I trust my blood will quench their
malice who desired my slaughter, that they will not seek also to
kill you and your's with extreme poverty. To what friend to
direct you I know not ; for all mine have left me in the true
time of trial. Most sorry am I, that being thus surprised by
death, I can leave you no better estate. God hath prevented all my
determinations ; that great God that worketh all in all. And if
you can live free from want, care for no more, for the rest is
but vanity. Remember your poor child for his father's sake, who
loved you in his happiest estate. I sued for my life, but (God
knows) it was for you and your's that I desired it ; for know
it, my dear wife, your child is the child of a true man, who, in
his own respect, despised death and his mis-shapen and ugly
forms. I cannot write much. God knows how hardly I steal this
time when all are asleep ; and it is also time for me to separate my
thoughts from the world. Beg my dead body, which living was
denied you, and either lay it in Sherburn, or in Exeter Church,
by my father and mother. Time and death calleth me away.
The everlasting God, powerful, infinite, and inscrutable God
Almighty, who is goodness itself, the true light and life, keep you
and your's, and have mercy upon me, and forgive my persecutors
and false accusers, and send us to meet in his glorious kingdom.
My dear wife, farewell. Bless my boy, pray for me, and let my
true God hold you both in his arms. Your's that was, but now
not my own, Walter Raleigh.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 91
hung with very excellent tapestry of Rubens, which
was a present from the King of Spain to the Earl of
Bristol in his embassy there. This stands in a park
finely crowned with very high woods on all the tops
of the hills, which form a great amphitheatre sloping
down to the house. On the garden sides the woods
approach close, so that it appears there with a thick
line and depth of groves on each hand, and so it shows
from most parts of the park. The gardens are so
irregular that it is very hard to give an exact idea of
them but by a plan. Their beauty arises from this
irregularity ; for not only the several parts of the
garden itself make the better contrast by these sudden
rises, falls, and turns of the ground, but the views
about are let in and hang over the walls in very
different figures and aspects. You come first out of
the house into a green walk of standard limes, with a
hedge behind them that makes a colonnade ; hence
into a little triangular wilderness, from whose centre
you see the town of Sherborne in a valley interspersed
with trees. From the corner of this you issue at once
upon a high green terrace, the whole breadth of the
garden, which has five more green terraces hanging
under each other, without hedges, only a few pyramid
yews and large round honeysuckles between them.
The honeysuckles hereabouts are the largest and finest
I ever saw. You'll be pleased when I tell you the
92 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
quarters of the above-mentioned little wilderness are
filled with these and with cherry-trees of the best
kinds, all within reach of the hand. At the ends of
these terraces run two long walks under the side-walls
of the garden which communicate with the other
terraces that front these opposite. Between the valley
is laid level, and divided into two irregular groves of
horse-chestnuts and a bowling-green in the middle of
about 180 feet. This is bounded behind with a canal
that runs quite across the groves, and also along one
side in the form of a "!"• Behind this is a semi-
circular berceau, and a thicket of mixed trees that
completes the crown of the amphitheatre, which is of
equal extent with the bowling-green. Beyond that
runs a natural river through green banks of turf, over
which rises another row of terraces, the first supported
by a slope wall, planted with vines ; so is also the wall
that bounds the channel of the river. A second and
third appeared above this ; but they are to be turned
into a line of wilderness, with wild winding walks, for
the convenience of passing from one side to the other
in shade ; the heads of whose trees will lie below the
uppermost terrace of all, which completes the garden
and overlooks both that and the country. Even above
the wall of this the natural ground rises and is crowned
with several venerable ruins of an old castle, with
arches and broken views of which I must say more
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 93
hereafter. When you are at the left corner of the
canal, and the chestnut groves in the bottom, you turn
of a sudden, under very old trees, into the deepest
shade. The walk winds you up a hill of venerable
wood, over-arched by nature and of a vast height, into
a circular grove, on one side of which is a close high
arbour, on the other a sudden open seat that overlooks
the meadows and river with a large distant prospect.
Another walk under this hill winds by the river-side,
quite covered with high trees on both banks, over-hung
with ivy, where falls a natural cascade with never-
ceasing murmurs. On the opposite hanging of the
bank (which is a steep of fifty feet) is placed, with a
very fine fancy, a rustic seat of stone, nagged and
rough, with two urns in the same rude taste, upon
pedestals, on each side, from whence you lose your
eyes upon the glimmering of the waters under the
wood, and your ears in the constant dashing of the
waves. In view of this is a bridge that crosses this
stream, built in the same ruinous taste ; the wall of
the garden hanging over it is humoured so as to
appear the ruin of another arch or two above the
bridge. Hence you mount the hill, over the hermit's
seat (as they call it), described before, and so to the
highest terrace again. On the left, full behind these
old trees which make this whole part inexpressibly
awful and solemn, runs a little, old, low wall, beside a
94 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
trench covered with elder trees and ivy ; which, being
crossed by another bridge, brings you to the ruins, to
complete the solemnity of the scene. You first see an
old tower, penetrated by a large arch and others above
it, through which the whole country appears in prospect,
even when you are at the top of the other ruins ; for
they stand very high, and the ground slopes down on
all sides. These venerable broken walls, some arches
almost entire, of thirty or forty feet deep, some open
like porticoes with fragments of pillars, some circular
or enclosed on three sides but exposed at top, with
steps, which time has made of disjointed stones to
climb to the highest points of the ruin. These, I say,
might have a prodigious beauty, mixed with greens
and parterres from part to part, and the whole heap
standing as it does on a round hill kept smooth in
green turf, which makes a bold basement to show it.
The open courts from building to building might be
thrown into circles or octagons of grass or flowers ;
and even in the gaping rooms you have fine trees
grown that might be made a natural tapestry to the
walls, and arch you overhead where time has uncovered
them to the sky. Little paths of earth or sand might
be made up the half-tumbled walls to guide from one
view to another on the higher parts ; and seats placed
here and there to enjoy those views, which are more
romantic than imagination can form them. I could
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 95
very much wish this were done, as well as a little
temple built on a neighbouring round hill that is seen
from all points of the garden and is extremely pretty.
It would finish some walks, and particularly be a fine
termination to the river and be seen from the entrance
into that deep scene I have described by the cascade,
where it would appear as in the clouds, between the
tops of some very lofty trees that form an arch before
it, with a great slope downward to the end of the said
river.
96 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
CHAPTER VIII.
POPE'S VILLA AT TWICKENHAM.
Now the residence of the Right Honourable Wellebore Ellis, 1789.
From the ' Topographer.'*
OF all the villages situated on the banks of the
Thames, Twickenham is acknowledged to be
one of the most pleasant. Its vicinity to the metropolis,
its fine prospect of the river, and the enchanting view
of perhaps the richest landscapes in England, have, of
late years, made it the centre of wealth and fashion,
and at the distance of more than half a century ago
captivated the taste, and procured it to the residence
of one of the most elegant and harmonious of our
poets. With the same veneration that a true Mussul-
man makes a pilgrimage to the tomb of his prophet, a
lover of the Muses visits that hallowed spot where the
last notes were echoed from the lyre of Pope ! So
* Brewer, in the Beauties of England and Wales, most feelingly
relates the devastation committed on this spot a few years since,
which 'the bright sunshine of intellect once illumined.' One
may apply to Mr. Pope the line which Shakespeare addressed to
Anne Hathaway : —
' Thy eternal summer shall not fade.'
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 97
forcibly indeed has this passion operated that the
neighbourhood is no less indebted for its population
than its celebrity to this circumstance. Of all the
nations in Europe, the English have the greatest
attachment to classic ground. The genius of improve-
ment has been called in to aid the natural advantages
of this charming place, for the present possessor has
not only expended a considerable sum of money in the
extension, but has also been at infinite pains in the
adorning of the grounds, which must now be allowed
to exhibit some of the sweetest portions of cultivated
scenery in the vicinity of the capital. In the lifetime
of the poetical architect, the house, like his own
ambition, was humble and confined ; since that period
attachment to his memory has enlarged its dimensions
and made it in some measure worthy of his virtues.
The centre building only was inhabited by Pope.
Sir William Stanhope, his successor, added two wings,
and considerably enlarged the garden adjoining to it,
circumstances which he has recorded on a marble
tablet placed above an arch leading to his new
acquisitions :
' The humble roof, the garden's scanty line,
HI suit the genius of a bard divine ;
But fancy now displays a fairer scope,
And Stanhope's plans unfold the soul of Pope.'
Mr. Ellis has stuccoed the front of the house and
H
98 GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
fitted it up in an elegant and even magnificent style ;
the rooms are lofty and of large dimensions ; the fur-
niture, which is modern, is of the most costly work-
manship, and the pictures at once display the taste
and the opulence of the owner. A charming green-
house, a cold bath, a succession house, and a pinery,
have also been added by that gentleman. The lawn,
which was formerly a narrow grass plot, has, within
these few months, been enlarged by late purchases
from the executors of the Honourable Mr. Shirley ; it
runs now almost the whole length of Cross Deep, and
being embanked at the bottom, forms a beautiful in-
flection parallel to the curve of the river. The top
of it is fashioned into a noble terrace several hundred
feet in length, from whence Richmond Hill is seen
rising like a verdant amphitheatre, out of the bottom
of a country finely diversified with wood. The slope
which declines gently towards the Thames exhibits a
charming and romantic prospect of that noble river,
the face of which is ever varying by the continual and
uninterrupted succession of objects that float upon its
surface. Meandering walks, everywhere shadowed
with flowering shrubs and evergreens, afford a cool and
agreeable shelter from the scorching rays of the
summer's sun, and being peopled by sylvan choristers,
who sport here undisturbed, add not a little to the
fascinating enjoyments of a situation that at once
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 99
unites beauty and harmony. Towards the margin of
the stream, propped with uncommon care, and guarded
by a holy zeal from the ravages of time, still stands the
Weeping Willow, planted by the hand of * The Bard of
Twickenham.' From this a thousand slips are annually
transmitted to the most distant quarters of the globe,
and during the present year the Empress of Russia
has planted some in her own garden at St. Petersburg.
Underneath this tree a small band of instrumental
music is stationed during the summer, the melody of
which, by the intervention of the water, has a charm-
ing effect. The grotto, once so celebrated, is now only
remarkable by having been erected under the eye of
its classical composer. The dilapidations of time, and
pious thefts of travellers, who select the spars, ores,
and even the common flints as so many holy relics, have
brought it nearly to decay. It no longer forms a
* camera obscura,' nor does ' the thin alabaster lamp of
an orbicular form ' now ' irradiate the star of looking-
glass ' placed in the centre of it. Even ' the perpetual
rill that echoed through the garden night and day ' is
no longer in existence. The thirsty Naiads placed
round its basin, which still remain, pant for their
native element and lament their empty urns ! In two
adjoining apertures in the rock, a Ceres and a Bacchus,
an excellent bust of Pope, and some other figures are
placed, one of which has a cockle-shell in the fore part
ioo GLEANINGS ON GARDENS.
of the hat, after the manner of the ancient pilgrims.
The right-hand cavity, which opens to the river by
means of a small window latticed with iron bars, it is
said contained the Poet when he composed some of his
happiest verses. It is impossible to leave this sub-
terraneous abode without a sympathetic recollection of
the following apposite lines : —
' .... lo ! tli' Egerian grot
Where nobly pensive St. John sat and thought,
"Where British sighs from dying Wyndham stole,
And the bright flame was shot through Marchmont's soul.'
At the extremity, next the garden, is an inscrip-
tion cut on white marble : —
' Secretvm Iter
Et FalUntis semita Vitce.'
In another grotto which passes under a road to
the stables, and connects the pleasure grounds, there
are three beautiful busts of Sir W. Stanhope, his
daughter, and the late Lord Chesterfield, cut in Italian
marble ; opposite each a Roman urn of exquisite work-
manship is placed in a niche formed in the wall ;
around are scattered huge masses of stone in imitation
of rocks ; wild plants and hardy forest trees that
delight in bleak situations are also planted on each
side to give a sylvan rudeness to the scene. From
this, after visiting the orangery, &c., &c., the stranger
GLEANINGS ON GARDENS. 101
is led to a small obelisk erected by Pope to the
memory of his mother. On the base of it is the
following motto, at once descriptive of the piety of
the son and the virtue of the mother : —
' Ah ! Editha
Matrum Optima,
Mtd'ierum, Amantissima,
Vale/'
The groves around it, which are of a circular form,
lead into each other by means of narrow alleys ; the
whole is in the taste of Queen Anne's reign, and in
regard to the design, remains exactly as when first
planted. Notwithstanding the uniformity of the
ground plan, it must be acknowledged that the cypress,
yew, and laurel, with which this part of the pleasure
grounds abound, are planted in such a manner as to
give a more mournful and expressive appearance to
the scene than could have been easily achieved by all
the boasted effects of modern gardening.
LIST OF BOOKS & VIEWS REFERRED TO.
PAGB
ADDISON (Joseph), Biographical Sketch of, . . . .16
[See] Drake (N.). Essays, &c. Vol. 1.
ADDISON (Right Hon. J.). Miscellaneous works . . . of J. J.
. . . with gome account of the life and writings of the
author, by Mr. Tickell 18
London. 1736. 8vo.
Another ed. „ 1746. 8vo.
„ „ „ 1766. 12mo.
„ „ „ 1777. 12mo.
ADDISON (Right Hon. J.), Works of. [With a preface by
Thomas Tickell] 16
London. 1722. 12mo.
Another ed. „ 1804. 8vo.
„ „ „ 1811. 8vo.
AGOAS (Ralph). Oxonia Antiqua Instaurata, sive Urbis et
Academic Oxoniensis topographica delineatio, olim a
Radulpho Agas impressa A.D. 1578, nunc denuo aeri
incisa. 2 tab. 1728
ATKYNS (Sir R.). The Ancient and present state of Glostershire.
London. 1712. Fol.
Seconded. „ 1768. Fol.
AUBREY (John). Diary 88
AUBREY (John). Lives of Eminent Men. Letters written by
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io6 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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io8 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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ii8 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PAGE
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INDEX.
Albnry, Vineyard of. 9
Alloway, Gardens of, 53, 54
Views from, 54
Althorp, 16, 47
Alton Grove, near Nottingham, 26
Ananas, an Indian Fruit, 14
Andernach, Wine from, 86
Anderson, Sir Edmund, 15
Anne, Queen, 1
Aristotle, 64
Arlington, Lord, 29
Arandel, Lord, 9
Arviragus, 67
Ashmolean Museum, 9
Ashridge. 30
Abbey, 12
Aspeden Hall, 2, 3
Athens, 5
Gardens in. 83
Athol, Duke of, 53
Audley End, 15
Bacchus, 99
Backrach, Wine from, 86
Bacon, Lord, 14
Balgony. 54
Balle, Mr., Garden at Campden
House, 20
Baltimore, Lord, 38
Barclay, Earl of, 37
' Bard of Twickenham,' The, 99
Barker, Mr.. 35
Barleduke, Wine of, 86
Bateman, Sir James, 38
Beau-lieu, House called, 29
Beddington, Gardens of, 15, 88
Bedford, Countess of, 17
House. 39
Bedfordshire, 40
Bellucci, 43, 44
Blenheim, 24
Blount, Martha, Letter from Pope,
17,88
Boileau's Epitaph on Racine, 6
Bolton, Duke of, 16
Boscobel Garden, 9
Bossnet, 82
Boucher, 33
Boughton, 16, 17
Box-tree Hedge, 20
Bradford, Earl ef , 33
Braithwaite, Mr., 18
Bratby, 48
Bretby Park, 25
Brewood, 15
Bridges, Mr. Paymaster-General,
Bridgewater Archives, 12
Duke of, 30
Bristol, Earl of, 90
Brooke, Lady, Garden at Hackney,
16
Lord, 33
Buckingham, Murder of, 13
Burges, Wine from, 86
Burlington Palace, 40
Burns, on Burial of, 67
Bushey Park, 33
Byers, Justice, 32
Byfronts, Mr. Taylor's Garden at,
36
Cambridge, 39
Gardens at, 5
R. O., 17
Camelford, Lord, 62
Lord, Burial-place of, 60
Campden House, 20
Cannons, 16, 41
Canterbury, 36
Capel, Lord, 35
Cardigan, Earl of, Seat near Read-
ing, 30
Carew, Sir N., Gardens of, 88
Carews, Seat of the, 15
Carleton, Lord, Seat of, 31
122
INDEX.
Northumberland House, 39
Nottingham, 48
Orford, Lady, Garden in Dorset-
shire, 17
Orleans, Wine from, 86
Oxford, Gardens of, 5, 46
Oxnead Hall, 1
Oxton House, Devon, 27
Pargotti, 44
Parham Downs, Sir B. Dixwel's
Garden at, 36
Paris, Wine of, 86
Penmure, Earl of, 51
Palace of, 52
Pentre, Pembroke, 27
Peterborough, Earl of, 39
Petrarch, 75
Physic Gardens at Oxford, 19
Picturesque, Writer on, 1
Pitfour, 58
Platt, Sir Hugh, 14
Pompadour, Madame de, 24
Pope, A., Bust of, 99
Letter to Martha Blotmt, 88
Pope's Mother, Obelisk to
her Memory, 101
Villa at Twickenham, 96
Portland, Duke of, 31
Powis Castle, 27
Price, Sir Uvedale, 2
Letter to Mr. Repton, 27
Prior Park, 8
Privy Gardens, 23
Pruning, Improper, 22, 23
Putney, 39
Queenhithe, Garden opposite, 23
Quintinie, Mr., 47
Racine, Epitaph on, 6
Raleigh, Sir W., Execution of, 89
Garden of, 88
Wife of, 88
Repton, Mr., 27
EicTiord (Garrick's), 21
Richardson, Samuel, 19
Richmond, 31
Green, 14, 32
Rochester, Earl of, 16
— — — Gardens of, 31
Rosslvn, Abbey of, 58
Rousham, 18
Rubens, Tapestry of, 91
Russell, Lord William, 18
Russia, Empress of, her Garden at
St. Petersburg, 99
St. Germains, Gardens of, 27
St. Helen's, Bishopsgate Street, 21
St. Just, Curious Garden at, 26
Salisbury, 46
House, 39
Saresden House, 3
Savoy, The, 39
Saxe-Gotha, Duke of, 61
Scarbrough, Earl of, 16, 37
Scawen, Sir W., 37
SchuykUl, River, 67
Scotch Gardens, Account of some,
28
Scott, Sir W., Letter from W.
Withers, 78
Scudamore, Viscount, 13
Seaton, 50
Shakespeare, W., Attachment to
Botany, 22
Quotation from, 96
Sherard, Dr., 24
Sherborn, 46
Sherborne, Account of, 88
Shirley, Hon. Mr., 98
Sion House, 14
Skipworth, Thomas, 34
Somerset, Duke of, 14
House, 89
Stainborough House, 8
Stanhope, Sir William, 97
Bust of, 100
Bust of his Daughter, 100
Stanstead, 16, 17
Stanton Harold, 48
Sterne, 75
Stowe, Gardens at, 8
Strafford, Earl of, 33, 34
Strand Gardens, 23
Stratton, 18
Stukeley, William, Portrait of, 10
Sunderland, Earl of, 16
Sutton Court, 35
Swift's Lord Cork, 6
Switzer, Designer of Leeswood
Garden, 27
Sydney, Sir Philip, Portrait of, 9
Tallard, Marshal, 48
Garden at Notting-
ham, 3
Temple, Sir William, 17, 32
Terragle,
Theobald
,'s Garden, 11
INDEX.
123
Theobald's Park, 24
Theophrastus, 64
Thoresby Park, 26
Thrasybulus 83
Thurlow, Lord, 62
Thutteby, 48
Tooke, Horn«, 62, 63
Tradescant, Portrait of, 10
Traquair, Earl of, 49
Palace of, 49
Troy House, near Monmouth. 25
Tunbridge Wells, 36
Turner, Dr., Garden at Wells, 14
Tweeddale, Marquis of, 50
Twickenham, 33
Tyrtaine, 64
Uborn, 30
Vauxhall, Gardens at, 8
Villiams, Lord, of Tame, 86
Villiers, Seat of the, 36
Vine, Cultivation of the, 85
in England, 83
Voltaire, 75
Wales, Curious Custom of, 66
Walpole, Horace, 2
Ward, Mr., 38
Ware Park, 12
Warton, Dr. Thomas, 5
Watson, Dr., Bishop of Llandaff, 74
Weeping Willow, Celebrated, 99
Westerham, Garden at, 11
West Wycombe, 8
Whitehall, 39
Whitton, 8
Wickart, Dr.. 18
William III., 1
Wilson, the Ornithologist, 67
Wilton Gardens, 7, 8
Wimbledon, 38
Winchenden, 30
Winchester, 45
Garden near, 18
Windsor, Pair at, in Henry V.'s
reign, 21
Wines, On, 85, 86, 87
Winton, 51
Lord, 51
Witham, General, 36
Withers, W. , Letter to Sir W. Scott,
Woodhouselee, near Roslin, 28
Wootton, 3
Worcester House, 39
Worlidge, On the Attachment for
Gardens, 73
Wotton, Sir H., 12
Wresehill Castle, 21
Wrest, 16
Tester, 50
Yew Tree, The, 19
Trees of Hillingdon, 19
York House, 39
You>jg, 3
Zucchero, 9
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