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i
I,
1^
r
GOLD, PRICES, AND WAGES
UNDER THE
GREENBACK STANDARD
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
"' IN
ECONOMICS
Vol. 1 March 27, 1908
GOLD, PRICES, AND WAGES
UNDER THE
GREENBACK STANDARD
BY
WESLEY C. MITCHELL
BERKELEY
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
MARCH, 1908
J UNIVtRBlTV or OALIFOnNIA PUBblCilTiu
eCONOMlCS
GOLD, PRICES, AND WAGES
UHDBK THe
GREENBACK STANDARD
GOLD, PRICES, AND WAGES
UNDER THE
GREENBACK STANDARD
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preface xiii
Chapter I. — The Premium on Gold and the Specie Value op the
Greenbacks 1-15
I.— The Gold Markets 1
II. — Tables of the Premium on Gold 2
III. — Changes in the Premium on Gold and in the Gold Value of
the Greenbacks 4
Chapter II. — The Prices op Commodities at Wholesale 16-62
I. — Material and Methods 16
II. — Relative Prices of 92 Commodities at Wholesale 22
III. — Relative Prices in the United States and Foreign Countries 27
IV. — Relative Prices of Commodities and of Gold 33
V. — Relative Prices on the Dates of Maximum and Minimum
Prices 42
VI. — Relative Wholesale Prices of Farm Products and Other Com-
modities 48
VII. — Arithmetic Means of Relative Prices at Wholesale — Falk-
ner's and Dun's Index Numbers 57
Chapter III. — The Prices op Commodities at Retail 63-91
I. — Material and Methods 63
II. — Relative Prices of 34 Commodities at Retail 67
in. — Relative Prices of 21 Commodities at Retail and at Whole-
sale : 71
IV. — Relative Prices of Commodities at Retail and of Gold 76
V. — Relative Prices of 35 Commodities at Retail in Eastern and
Western States 77
VI. — Relative Retail Prices of the Same Commodities in Different
Towns 79
VII.— Relative Cost of Living 83
VIII. — Arithmetic Means of Relative Prices at Retail and Relative
Cost of Living 91
ix
2bS^3>8
GOLD, PRICES, AND WAGES
UNDER THE
GREENBACK STANDARD
will find in most cases that arithmetic means, as well as deciles
and medians, have been prepared for him.
The chief sources of data regarding prices and wages in the
United States during the period of the greenback standard are
the two reports from Mr. J. D. Weeks published in Vol. XX of
the Tenth Census, and the ** exhibits" of the Aldrich Report.
The material in Weeks 's reports has never been analyzed with a
view to ascertaining the general drift of the facts which it sets
forth at such length, except for the few years covered by the
** History of the Greenbacks." But the material in the Aldrich
Report was made the basis of elaborate tables of relative prices
and relative wages, compiled under the direction of Professor
Roland P. Falkner. My reasons for re-working this material are
(1) that Professor Falkner did not use the price-quotations for
April, July, and October, or the wage-quotations for July, and
(2) that his methods have been shown by several critics to be
seriously at fault. The new results obtained from this material
are fuller than Falkner 's for the years they cover, and show im-
portant divergencies from his figures in the degree of variation
both of prices and of wages.
In compiling the tables great care has been exercised to guard
against error, and every stage of the w^ork has passed through the
hands of at least two computers. Doubtless errors still remain
undetected ; but I do not think that there can be any of sufficient
magnitude to affect the results appreciably.
To facilitate comparison, all the charts except the first and the
last have been drawn to the same scale and reduced for reproduc-
tion in the same degree. In the two cases noted, index diagrams
on the scale used for the other charts have been provided.
Acknowledgment is hereby made of aid received from the
Carnegie Institution of Washington in the collection of data for
this work. Professor Dewey has read the five chapters of text in
MS.; Professor Carl C. Plehn has read part, and Professor Allyn
A. Young has read all of the chapters in proof, and Mrs. Warren
Gregory has read both the MS. and proof. To all these friends
my thanks are due for kindly criticisms and valuable suggestions.
The University of Chicago Press, the publisher of the ** History
xiv
of the Greenbacks/' has kindly consented to the use of statistical
material covering the years 1860 to 1865, contained in the ap-
pendix of that volume. Mr. Joseph C. Rowell, Librarian of the
University of California, has been most kind in helping me to
get books from eastern libraries. I am also indebted to Mr. G.
W. W. Hanger of the Bureau of Labor for information about a
confused table in the Aldrich Report, and to Mr. David H. Parry,
a recent graduate of the University of California, who has been a
most efficient assistant in the compilation of the tables.
W. C. Mitchell.
Berkeley, March, 1908.
XV
i
I
» CilAPTEB I.
I
'r»(k i'mkmiifm on (l(h.d and the specie value op tub
Obeknbacks.
I
t
J
I
/. — ?*/i(} Oold Markets,
WImmi thn N(«w York banks suspended specie payments on
I MtMhlity, DimmmiiIhm* !UHh, 1861, gold coin at once commanded a
' IMMmmIhiu In pnpor uioiu\v. For two weeks there was no organ-
UoU h\«rko( for ^\U\\ b\it people who desired to buy or sell coin
J h^Mlo^l \\\ tbo b!H»ko!^ in fortMgn money. On the 13th of Janu-
♦^^>v bo\\ovo»\ tho Now York Stwk Exchange began dealing in
J ^>>Ut H Mop wluoh put tho rt>sinirees of a highly organized market
t ^\ I ho \^x|Hv^l \\f Iht^si^ whi> wished to buy or sell coin or to np^se-
mUIv ^\ ''(\Uui>t^^' IV^Hng in gold ccmtinacd oo tbe fk/^iek
* KwK^Wj^^ uwt^l JuiK 51. 1S<H. when the sbort-lirtid biw prvAib-
\tV^^ ^^1^ l*w >n*!i *v|v^>fJ tr3iiis»rtiv«» <m ibe fst/jck Eviaampt
y^v^v >*«*^ tv^^i^Ur^k r>«2fc^rw\l ^xr^fo* far x t^nt-f jtcrkid h: </K5t»i^*w
qi2Q M »V ^vi!^»^" ^^A.-^ ^-rdiim*??-. ant ms latt id^r uDO^i: tp
that ^ *^ *^^ *^ >\mw^iTtfs Mit: n. Js msmcxst *sa
the g ^ ^V V^'r-fli^i^ T^KTiam*^ ^^^fs^ai ixii«imMlr mMKi t xna
closed ^ '**^'*^ ^'v^w***!: tf« i»i.Hr .v wt*msir n iir- rtsTrmmst *t iir* ?
CHAPTER I.
The Premium on Gold and the Specie Value op the
Greenbacks.
I,— The Gold Markets,
When the New York banks suspended specie payments on
Monday, December 30th, 1861, gold coin at once commanded a
premium in paper money. For two weeks there was no organ-
^ ized market for gold ; but people who desired to buy or sell coin
resorted to the brokers in foreign money. On the 13th of Janu-
ary, however, the New York Stock Exchange began dealing in
gold, a step which put the resources of a highly organized market
at the disposal of those who wished to buy or sell coin or to spec-
ulate in ** futures.'' Dealing in gold continued on the Stock
Exchange until June 21, 1864, when the short-lived law prohib-
iting sales of gold outside of brokers* offices became eflPective.
After this law was repealed transactions on the Stock Exchange
were not regularly resumed, except for a brief period in October,
1869, when the Gold Exchange was clased because of the liqui-
dation following ** Black Friday.*'
Meanwhile other organized markets had been established.
(1) The **Open Board" of stock brokers was a younger rival
of the ** regular" Stock Exchange, and like the latter added gold
to the list of commodities dealt in. Its separate existence came
to an end in 1869, when it was united with the Stock Exchange.
(2) The ** Evening Exchange" began informally when a number
of men formed the habit of meeting in the corridors of the Fifth
Avenue Hotel to continue speculating after the day exchanges
had been closed. An enterprising Mr. Gallagher opened a luxu-
rious room for the use of this company opposite the hotel in
March, 1864. Here gold, together with railway and petroleum
stocks, was bought and sold urltil midnight. This exchange was
2 University of California Publications in Economics, U^^^}- ^
regarded with disfavor by many business men, ostensibly because
speculating both night and day was detrimental to health and
morals. After the discovery of the Ketchum gold-certificate
frauds in August, 1865, the banks and the other exchanges united
to suppress trading at night, by forbidding their members to
frequent Gallagher's room. Accordingly the Evening Exchange
was closed. (3) The market known popularly as the **Gold
Room*' and formally as the **New York Gold Exchange'' grew
out of the operations of a knot of men who began in 1862 to buy
and sell gold in a basement in William Street. As the numbers
and prosperity of the company increased, they moved the * * Gold
Room" several times to«obtain more commodious quarters. After
the Stock Exchange dropped gold from the **call list" in June,
1864, the **Gold Room" became the most important market for
gold in the country and continued such until specie payments
were resumed January 1st, 1879. At first its organization was
very loose; but in October, 1864, it adopted a constitution and
by-laws, and began to elect regular officers. May 1, 1877, it affil-
iated with the Stock Exchange, and was thereafter styled **The
New York Stock Exchange, Gold Department. ' '^
//. — Tables of the Premium on Gold.
The prices of gold in these various exchanges were regularly
reported in the financial columns of the daily papers — often in
much detail. The financial journals — such as Hunt's Merchants'
Magazine, the Bankers' Magazine, and the Commercial and
Financial Chronicle — usually contented themselves with publish-
ing the opening, highest, lowest, and closing prices for each day.
At intervals they compiled summary tables of daily highest and
lowest prices for months or years. Similar tables were included
in the statistical reports of such bodies as the Chamber of Com-
merce of the State of New York, and in the almanacs issued by
various newspapers.
A more detailed record of the price of gold was preserved for
most of the years of the paper standard in an annual publication
issued by Mr. J. C. Mersereau, Register of the Gold Exchange,
^Bankers' Magazine (New York), Vol. 31, p. 989.
1908] Mitchell— Go14, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 3
under the title ** American Gold, 1862- (date of issue).'' This
little volume usually gave for the preceding year the quotation
for gold at ten o'clock and every quarter hour thereafter until
three in the afternoon of each business day, and in all cases it
gave the highest and lowest prices for every business day from
January 13, 1862, when gold was first quoted on the Stock Ex-
change to the end of the previous year.
The tables of daily highest and lowest prices of gold found
in the most important of these sources — namely : the Commercial
and Financial Chronicle, the Reports of the Chamber of Com^
merce of the State of New York, and Mersereau's American Oold
— are in close agreement with each other. Numei*ous small dis-
crepancies exist — the quotations frequently vary by an eighth,
sometimes by a quarter ; but it matters little which set of tables
is followed. Since Mersereau was the official register of the Qold
Exchange, however, his tables take precedence in authority. Ac-
cordingly, Table 1, in the appendix, which gives the daily highest
and lowest prices of gold, is based on '* American Oold, 1862-
1878" — the latest issue of Mersereau's annual I have been able
to find. To guard against repeating the typographical errors
which occur in "^Mersereau 's table I have collated it with the
Chamber of Commerce table and made several corrections. Since
Mersereau's table is not available for 1878, the Chamber of Com-
merce figures, checked by those of the Commercial and Financial
Chronicle, are used for the last year of the paper standard. To
save space the premium on gold is given, instead of the price of
gold in currency; and, to facilitate study of the depreciation in
the specie value of the currency, columns have been added giving
the prices of greenbacks in gold corresponding to the daily highest
and lowest premiums on gold in greenbacks.
Mersereau does not state explicitly from what markets his
quotations are taken ; but comparison with other reports indicate
that they refer to the Stock Exchange for January 13, 1862, to
June 20, 1864, and thereafter to the Gold Exchange, except for
the first part of October, 1869, when the Gold Exchange was
closed and dealings were conducted on the Stock Exchange. The
data for January 1-11, 1862, I have supplied from the financial
columns of New York daily papers.
University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL 1
IIL — Changes in the Premium on Oold and in the Oold Value of
the Greenbacks,
It is unwise to begin the study of the fluctuations in the specie
value of the paper standard by poring over the table of daily
highest and lowest quotations given in the appendix. For the
abundant detail of that table obscures the broader and more im-
portant features of the fluctuations. To make the latter plain
two summary tables are presented here ; one giving data by years,
the other by months and quarters. The columns in these tables
which show average prices are from the computations of Mr.
E. B. Elliott, formerly Actuary of the Treasury. They are based
on the opening, highest, lowest, and closing quotations of each
business day, and are to be found in many of the statistical re-
ports issued by the Treasury Department. The columns showing
highest and lowest quotations are compiled from the table in the
appendix. The chart which accompanies these tables shows for
each month the average value of the greenbacks in gold and the
range between the highest and lowest values. The corresponding
prices of gold in greenbacks are shown in several of the later
TABLE 1.
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks-
in gold : by years, 1862-1878.
Prices of Oold in Greenbacks
Prices of Greenbacks in Gold
Tears
Lowest
Average
Highest
Range
Highest Average
Lowest
Range
1862
100%
113.3
184
88%
99.50
88.3
74.63
24.87
1863
122 H
145.2
172%
50%
81.88
68.9
57.97
23.91
1864
151H
203.3
285
133%
66.01
49.2
85.09
30.92
1865
128%
157.3
233%
105%
77.75
63.6
42.78
34.97
1866
125
140.9
167%
42%
80.00
71.0
59.61
20.3^
1867
132
138.2
146%
14%
75.76
72.4
68.32
7.44
1868
132 H
139.7
150
17%
75.69
71.6
66.67
9.02
1869
119H
133.0.
162%
43
83.68
75.2
61.54
22.14
1870
110
114.9
123%
13%
90.91
87.0
81.14
9.77
1871
108%
111.7
115%
7
92.27
89.5
86.67
5.60
1872
108%
112.4
115%
7%
92.17
89.0
86.49
5.68
1873
106%
113.8
119%
13
94.23
87.9
83.95
10.28
1874
109
111.2
114%
5%
91.74
89.9
87.43
4.31
1875
111%
114.9
117%
5%
89.49
87.0
85.02
4.47
1876
107
111.5
115
8
93.46
89.8
86.96
6.50
1877
102%
104.8
107%
5%
97.56
95.4
92.70
4.86
1878
100
100.8
102%
2%
100.00
99.2
97.21
2.79*
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
TABLE 2.
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years: 1862-1878,
1862.
Price of Oold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks in Gold
LoweRt
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
100%
102.5
105
99.50
97.6
95.24
February
102%
103.5
104%
97.92
96.6
95.47
March
101%
101.8
102%
98.89
98.2
97.56
Ist quarter
100%
102.6
105
99.50
97.5
95.24
April
101
101.5
102%
99.01
98.5
97.80
May
102%
103.8
104%
97.92
96.8
96.04
June
103%
106.5
109%
96.74
93.9
91.82
2d quarter
101
103.8
109%
99.01
96.8
91.82
July
108 ?4
115.5
120%
91.95
86.6
88.25
AuiTUst
112%
114.5
116%
88.89
87.8
86.02
September
116%
118.5
124
85.84
84.4
80.65
8d quarter
108?4
116.2
124
91.95
86.1
80.65
October
122
128.5
133%
81.97
77.8
74.91
November
129
131.1
133%
77.52
76.3
75.05
December
128%
182.8
134
77.82
75.6
74.68
4th quarter
122
130.6
134
81.97
76.6
74.68
Year
100%
113.8
134
99.50
88.3
74.63
1863.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
133%
145.1
160%
74.84
68.9
62.21
February
152%
160.5
172%
65.57
62.8
57.97
March
139
154.5
171%
71.94
64.7
58.22
1st quarter
133%
153.4
172%
74.84
65.2
57.97
April
145%
. 151.5
157%
68.73
66.0
63.34
May
143%
148.9
154%
69.69
67.2
64.62
June
140%
144.5
148%
71.17
69.2
67.40
2d quarter
140%
148.8
157%
71.17
67.4
68.34
July
128%
130.6
145
81.14
76.6
68.97
August
122%
125.8
129%
81.88
79.5
77.07
September
126%
134.2
143%
78.82
74.5
69.87
8d quarter
122%
130.2
145
81.88
76.8
68.97
October
140%
147.7
156%
71.24
67.7
63.80
November
143
148.0
154
69.93
67.6
64.94
December
148%
151.1
152%
67.51
66.2
65.47
4th quarter
140%
148.9
156%
71.24
67.2
63.80
Year
122%
145.2
172%
81.88
68.9
57.97
University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL 1
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years : 1862-1878,
1864.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
151%
155.5
159%
66.01
64.3
62.75
February
157%
158.6
161
63.64
63.1
62.11
March
159
162.9
169%
62.89
61.4
58.91
Ist quarter
151%
159.0
160%
66.01
62.9
58.91
April
166%
172.7
184%
60.15
57.9
54.13
May
168
176.3
186% »
59.52
56.7
53.69
June
188%
210.7
250
58.05
47.5
40.00
2d quarter
166%
186.6
250
60.15
53.6
40.00
July
222
258.1
285
45.05
88.7
85.09
August
231%
254.1
261%
43.20
39.4
38.20
September
191
222.5
254%
52.36
44.9
39.29
3d quarter
191
244.9
285
52.36
40.8
35.09
October
189
207.2
227%
52.91
48.3
43.91
November
210
233.5
260
47.62
42.8
38.46
December
212%
227.5
243
47.00
44.0
41.15
4th quarter
189
222.7
260
52.91
44.9
38.46
Year
151%
208.3
285
66.01
49.2
35.09
1865.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
198%
216.2
233%
50.47
46.8
42.78
February
196%
205.5
216%
50.86
48.7
46.19
March
148%
173.8
201
67.45
67.5
49.75
Ist quarter
148%
198.5
283%
67.45
50.4
42.78
April
144
148.5
153%
69.44
67.3
65.09
May
128%
135.6
145%
77.75
73.7
68.79
June
135%
140.1
147%
73.60
71.4
67.85
2d quarter
128%
141.4
158%
77.75
70.7
65.09
July
138%
142.1
146
72.07
70.4
68.49
August
140%
143.5
145%
71.30
69.7
68.79
September
142%
143.9
145%
70.11
69.5
68.55
8d quarter
138%
143.2
146
72.07
69.8
68.49
October
144%
145.5
149
69.88
68.7
67.11
November
145%
147.0
148%
68.55
68.0
67.23
December
144%
146.2
148%
69.14
68.4
67.34
4th quarter
144%
146.2
149
69.38
68.4
67.11
TMr
128%
157.3
238%
77.75
68.6
42.78
f
1&08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, aiid Wages, 1860-1880. 7
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years : 1862-1878,
1866.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
136 ?4
140.1
144%
73.13
71.4
69.14
February
135%
138.4
140%
73.60
72.3
71.11
March
125
130.5
136%
80.00
76.6
73.26
Ist quarter
125
136.3
144%
80.00
73.3
69.14
April
125%
127.3
129%
79.76
78.6
77.22
May
125%
131.8
141%
79.92
76.9
70.67
June
137%
148.7
167%
72.66
67.2
59.61
2d quarter
125%
135.9
167%
79.92
73.6
59.61
July
147
151.6
155%
68.03
66.0
64.21
August
146^
148.7
152%
68.26
67.2
65.68
September
143%
145.5
147%
69.81
68.7
67.97
3d quarter
143%
148.6
155%
69.81
67.2
64.21
October
145%
148.3
154%
68.79
67.4
64.78
November
137%
143.8
148%
72.73
69.5
67.28
December
131%
136.7
141%
76.19
73.2
70.55
4th quarter
131%
142.9
154%
76.19
70.0
64.78
Year
125
140.9
167%
80.00
71.0
59.61
1867.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
132
134.6
137%
75.76
74.3
72.53
February
135%
137.4
140%
73.94
72.8
71.17
March
133%
135.0
140%
74.98
74.1
71.24
1st quarter
132
135.7
140%
75.76
73.7
71.17
April
132%
135.6
142
75.40
73.7
70.42
May
134%
137.0
138%
74.14
73.0
72.01
June
186%
137.5
138%
73.33
72.7
72.07
2d quarter
132%
136.7
142
75.40
73.2
70.42
July
138
139.4
140%
72.46
71.7
71.05
August
139%
140.8
142%
71.49
71.0
70.24
September
141
143.4
146%
70.92
69.7
68.32
3d quarter
138
141.2
146%
72.46
70.8
68.32
OctoWr
140%
143.5
145%
71.30
69.7
68.67
November
137%
139.6
141%
72.53
71.6
70.67
December
133
134.8
137%
75.19
74.2
72.53
4th quarter
133
139.3
145%
75.19
71.8
68.67
Year
132
138.2
146%
75.76
72.4
68.32
8
University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. 1
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenhacl's, and of greenbacks
in gold, hy months, quarters, and years: 186S-1878.
1868.
Price of Gold in Orconbacks
Price of Greenbacka
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Ilighest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
133%
138.5
142%
75.05
72.2
70.30
February
139%
141.4
144
71.62
70.7
69.44
March
137%
139.5
141%
72.53
71.7
70.73
Ist quarter
133%
139.8
144
75.05
71.5
69.44
April
137%
138.7
140%
72.60
72.1
71.24
May
139%
139.6
140%
71.88
71.6
71.17
June
139%
140.1
141%
71.75
71.4
70.80
2d quarter
187%
139.5
141%
72.60
71.7
70.80
July
140%
142.7
145%
71.36
70.1
68.85
August
143%
145.5
150
69.69
68.7
66.67
September
141%
143.6
145%
70.86
69.6
68.9]
3d quarter
140%
143.9
150
71.36
69.5
66.67
October
133%
137.1
140%
74.77
72.9
71.17
November
132%
134.4
137
75.69
74.4
72.99
December
134%
135.2
136%
74.42
74.0
73.13
4th quarter
132%
135.6
140%
75.69
73.7
71.17
Year
132%
139.7
150
75.69
71.6
66.67
1869.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Lowest Average Highest
Price of Greenbacks in Gold
Highest Average Lowest
January
134%.
135.6
136%
74.28
73.7
73.06
February
130%
134.4
136%
76.41
74.4
73.39
March
130%
131.3
132%
76.78
76.2
75.47
1st quarter
130%
133.8
136%
76.78
74.7
73.06
April
131%
132.9
134%
76.19
75.2
74.21
May
134%
139.2
144%
74.28
71.8
69.03
June
136%
138.1
139%
73.33
72.4
71.62
2d quarter
131%
136.7
144%
76.19
73.2
69.03
July
134
136.1
137%
74.63
73.5
72.53
August
131%
134.2
136%
76.19
74.5
73.19
September
130%
136.8
162%
76.56
73.1
61.54
3d quarter
130%
135.7
162%
76.56
73.7
61.54
October
128%
130.2
132
78.05
76.8
75.76
November
121%
126.2
128%
82.56
79.2
77.90
December
119%
121.5
124
83.68
82.3
80.65
4th quarter
119%
126.0
132
83.68
79.4
75.76
Year
119%
133.0
162%
83.68
75.2
61.54
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 9
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years: 186S-1878.
1870.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
119%
121.3
123%
83.77
82.4
81.14
February
115
119.5
121%
86.96
83.7
82.30
March
110%
112.6
116%
90.70
88.8
85.93
Ist quarter
110%
117.8
123%
90.70
84.9
81.14
April
111%
113.1
115%
89.69
88.4
86.49
May
113%
114.7
115%
87.91
87.2
86.58
June
110%
112.9
114%
90.19
88.6
87.15
2d quarter
110%
118.6
115%
90.19
88.0
86.49
July
111%
116.8
122%
89.99
85.6
81.47
August
114%
117.9
122
. 87.15
84.8
81.97
September
112%
114.8
116%
88.69
87.1
85.65
3d quarter
111%
116.5
122%
89.99
85.8
81.47
October
111%
112.8
114%
89.99
88.7
87.53
November
110
111.4
113%
90.91
89.8
88.11
December
110%
110.7
111%
90.50
90.3
89.79
4th quarter
110
111.6
114%
90.91
89.6
87.58
Year
110
114.9
128%
90.91
87.0
81.14
January
February
March
1st quarter
1871.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Lowest Average Highest
110% 110.7 111%
110% 111.5 112%
110% 111.0 111%
110%
111.1
112%
Price of Greenbacks in Gold
Highest Average Tjowest
90.50 90.3 89.89
90.29 89.7 89.09
90.81 90.1 89.59
90.81
90.0
89.09
April
May
June
2d quarter
110%
111
111%
110%
110.6
111.5
112.4
111.5
111%
112%
113%
113%
90.81
90.09
89.49
90.81
90.4
89.7
89.0
89.7
89.49
89.09
88.40
88.40
July
August
September
8d quarter
111%
111%
112%
111%
112.4
112.4
114.5
113.1
113%
113%
115%
115%
89.49
89.59
88.419
89.59
89.0
89.0
87.3
88.4
87.91
88.40
86.67
86.67
October
November
December
4th quarter
Year
111%
110%
108%
108%
108%
113.2
111.2
109.3
112.2
111.7
115
112%
110%
115
115%
89.69
90.60
92.27
92.27
92.27
88.3
89.9
91.5
90.0
89.5
86.96
88.99
90.50
86.96
86.67
10 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenhaclcs, and of greenbacks
in gold, hy months, quarters, and years: 186S-1878,
1872.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
108%
109.1
110%
92.17
91.7
90.81
February
109%
110.8
111
91.32
90.7
90.09
March
109 ?4
110.1
110%
91.12
90.8
90.40
Ist quarter
108%
109.8
111
92.17
91.0
90.09
April
109%
111.1
113%
91.01
90.0
88.30
May
112%
113.7
114%
89.19
88.0
87.15
June
113
113.9
114%
88.50
87.8
87.15
2d quarter
109%
112.9
114%
91.01
88.6
87.15
July
113%
114.8
115%
88.20
87.5
86.77
August
112%
114.4
115%
89.19
87.4
86.49
September
112%
113.5
115%
88.79
88.1
86.86
3d quarter
112%
114.1
115%
89.19
87.6
86.49
October
112%
113.2
115%
89.09
88.3
86.77
November
111%
112.9
114%
89.79
88.6
87.53
December
111%
112.2
113%
89.79
89.1
88.11
4th quarter
111%
112.8
115%
89.79
88.7'
86.77
Year
108%
112.4
115%
92.17
89.0
86.49
1873.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
111%
112.7
114%
89.59
88.7
87.53
February
112%
114.1
115%
88:59
87.6
86.86
March
114%
115.5
118%
87.24
86.6
84.89
1st quarter
111%
114.1
118%
89.59
87.6
84.39
April
116%
117.8
119%
85.65
84.9
83.95
May
116%
117.7
118%
85.74
85.0
84.30
June
115
116.5
118%
86.96
85.8
84.57
2d quarter
115
117.3
119%
86.96
85.3
83.95
July
115
115.7
116%
86.96
86.4
85.93
August
114%
115.4
116%
87.43
86.7
86.02
September
110%
112.7
116%
90.19
88.7
86.11
3d quarter
110%
114.6
116%
90.19
87.3
85.93
October
107%
108.9
111%
92.92
91.8
89.89
November
106%
108.6
110%
94.23
92.1
90.50
December
108%
110.0
112%
92.06
90.9
88.79
4th quarter
106%
109.2
112%
94.23
91.6
88.79
Year
106%
113.8
119%
94.23
87.9
83.95
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
11
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years: 1862-1878.
1874.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Lowest Average Highest
Price of Greenbacks in Gold
Highest Average Lowest
January
110%
111.4
112%
90.81
89.7
89.19
February
111%
112.3
113
89.79
89.1
88.50
March
111%
112.1
118%
89.89
89.2
88.01
1st quarter
110%
111.9
113%
90.81
89.8
88.01
April
111%
113.4
114%
89.49
88.2
87.48
May
111%
112.4
118%
89.39
89.0
88.40
June
110%
111.3
112%
90.50
90.0
89.09
2d quarter
110%
112.4
114%
90.50
89.0
87.48
July
109
110.0
110%
91.74
91.0
90.19
August
109%
109.7
110%
91.53
91.2
90.70
September
109%
109.7
110%
91.48
91.2
90.70
8d quarter
109
109.8
110%
91.74
/
91.12
91.1
90.19
October
109%
110.0
110%
91.0
90.60
November
110
110.9
112%
90.91
90.2
88.99
December
110%
111.7
112%
90.50
89.6
88.99
4th quarter
109%
110.9
112%
91.12
90.2
88.99
Year
109
111.2
114%
91.74
89.9
87.48
1875.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
111%
112.5
113%
89.49
88.9
88.20
February
118%
114.5
115%
88.30
87.8
86.67
March
114%
115.5
117
87.48
86.6
85.47
1st quarter
111%
114.2
117
89.49
87.6
85.47
April
114
114.8
115%
87.72
87.1
86.89
May
115
115.8
116%
86.96
86.8
85.98
June
116%
117.0
117%
86.02
85.4
85.11
2d quarter
114
115.9
117%
87.72
86.8
85.11
July
111%
114.8
117%
89.49
87.2
85.29
August
112%
118.5
114%
88.79
88.1
87.15
September
113%
115.8
117%
87.91
86.4
85.20
8d quarter
111%
114.7
117%
89.49
87.2
85.20
October
114%
116.4
117%
87.84
85.9
85.02
November
114%
114.7
116%
87.62
87.2
85.93
December
112%
113.9
115%
88.79
87.8
86.77
4th quarter
112%
115.0
117%
88.79
86.9
85.02
Year
111%
114.9
117%
89.49
87.0
85.02
12 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years : 186S-1878.
1876.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
112%
112.8
113%
88.99
88.6
88.30
February
112%
113.4
114%
88.69
88.2
87.62
March
113%
114.8
115
87.91
87.5
86.96
Ist quarter
112%
113.5
115
88.99
88.1
86.96
April
112%
113.0
118%
88.89
88.5
87.82
May
112%
112.6
113%
89.09
88.8
88.30
June
111%
112.5
113
89.39
88.9
88.50
2d quarter
111%
112.7
118%
89.89
88.7
87.82
July
111%
111.9
112%
89.79
89.4
88.89
AuRUSt
109%
111.2
112%
91.12
89.9
89.19
September
109%
110.0
110%
91.53
90.9
90.60
8d quarter
109%
111.0
112%
91.53
90.1
88.89
October
108%
109.7
118%
91.85
91.2
88.30
November
108%
109.1
110%
92.49
91.7
90.81
December
107
107.9
109
93.46
9*2.6
91.74
4th quarter
107
108.9
113%
93.46
91.8
88.80
Year
107
111.5
115
98.46
89.8
86.96
1877.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
105%
106.3
107%
95.01
94.0
93.35
February
104%
105.4
106%
95.58
94.8
94.23
March
104%
104.8
105%
95.92
95.4
94.90
1st quarter
104%
105.3
107%
95.92
94.8
93.35
April
104%
106.2
107%
95.47
94.2
92.70
May
106%
106.9
107%
94.12
93.5
93.13
June
104%
105.4
106%
95.47
94.9
94.01
2d quarter
104%
106.2
107%
95.47
94.2
92.70
July
105%
105.4
106%
95.12
94.9
94.23
August
103%
105.0
105%
96.27
95.2
94.79
September
102%
103.8
104
97.21
96.8
96.15
8d quarter
102%
104.6
106%
97.21
95.6
94.23
October
102%
102.8
103%
97.56
97.3
96.74
November
102%
102.8
103%
97.56
97.3
96.74
December
102%
102.8
103%
97.56
97.8
96.74
4th quarter
102%
102.8
103%
97.56
97.3
96.74
Year
102%
104.8
107%
97.56
95.4
92.70
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
13
TABLE 2— (Concluded).
Lowest, average, and highest price of gold in greenbacks, and of greenbacks
in gold, by months, quarters, and years: 1862-1878,
1878.
Price of Gold in Greenbacks
Price of Greenbacks
in Gold
Lowest
Average
Highest
Highest
Average
Lowest
January
101%
102.1
102%
98.77
97.9
97.21
February
101%
102.0
102%
98.40
98.0
97.68
March
100%
101.2
102
99.26
98.8
98.04
Ist quarter
100%
101.7
102%
99.26
98.2
97.21
April
100%
100.6
101%
99.88
99.4
98.77
May
100%
100.7
101%
99.75
99.3
98.77
June
100%
100.8
101
99.38
99.2
99.01
2d quarter
100%
100.7
101%
99.88
99.3
98.77
July
100%
100.5
100%
99.63
99.5
99.26
Au^st
100%
100.5
100%
99.50
99.5
99.26
September
100%
100.4
100%
99.88
99.6
99.50
3d quarter
100%
100.5
100%
99.88
99.5
99.26
October
100%
100.5
101%
99.75
99.5
98.16
November
100%
100.2
100%
99.88
99.8
99.50
December
100
100.1
100%
100.00
99.9
99.50
4th quarter
100
100.3
101%
100.00
99.7
98.16
Year
100
100.8
102%
100.00
99.2
97.21
charts. The present chart is drawn to two scales; the largjer one
chasen to throw the fluctuations into hi^h relief, the smaller to
show how the same fluctuations appear when represented on the
flat scale used in the charts of relative prices and wages.
These summary tables and the chart show the existence of
four clearly differentiated periods in the fluctuations of the
premium during the 17 years of the greenback standard of value.
The first period begins with the suspension of specie payments
and ends in April, 1865, with Lee's surrender. It is character-
ized by violent fluctuations in the price of gold and high average
premiums. The second period extends from May, 1865, to "Black
Friday,*' September 24, 1869. During these years the gold
market was on the whole quieter than it had been during the
war, the premium averaged much lower than in 1864 and the
early months of 1865, and the range of fluctuations was narrower
— even in 1866, the year when McCulloch's policy of contraction
14 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
was checked and when London suffered the Overend-Gurney
panic, and in 1869, the year of ** Black Friday." But despite
many temporary ups and downs there was no permanent reduc-
tion of the premium within this period; for the average gold
quotation of its first month was 135.6 and of its last month 136.8.
The third period begins October, 1869, and extends to March,
1876. This period, when compared with the second, is character-
ized by a much lower average premium and a narrower range of
fluctuations; but it is like the second in showing no permanent
reduction of the premium within its own limits. The average
premium for the last year, 1875, is the same as the average for
the first year, 1870. Doubtless the generally lower level about
which the premium fluctuated during these years was due mainly
to the improvement in the financial credit of the government
caused by the ** public credit" act of 1869, by successful refund-
ing operations, and by the reduction of the principal of the public
debt. That no progressive decline of the premium took place
between the beginning and the end of the period was due to the
fact that the prospect of resumption of specie payments seemed
as remote in 1875 as it had seemed in 1870. The resumption act
bears the date January 14, 1875, to be sure ; but current comment
of well-informed journals shows that at the time of its enactment
it was not taken seriously by the public. One interesting feature
of this period is that the great crisis of 1873 led to a sharp fall
of the premium, despite the fact that the Secretary of the Treas-
ury reissued $26,000,000 of greenbacks which had been with-
drawn by Secretary McCulloch. The final period in the history
of the paper standard extends from April, 1876, to the resumption
of specie payments on January 1st, 1879. It is characterized by
an almost unbroken decline in the premium on gold and a narrow
range of fluctuations. The reason for this decline — at least after
March, 1877, when John Sherman became secretary of the treas-
ury— is obviously found in the effective preparations to execute
the reijumption act of 1875, and the fortunate turn of foreign
trade which facilitated Sherman's operations.
Study of the monthly table of gold quotations, of the chart
which follows, and of the detailed table in the appendix, shows
that each of these four periods contains within it numerous up-
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 15
ward and downward movements, some of which extended over
many months and covered a wide range. Thus the first period
shows five well marked subdivisions. (1) January to April,
1862, w^hen the hope of ending the war in the spring was high,
the premium was small and steady. (2) Prom April, 1862, to
February, 1863, there occurred an almost unbroken advance in
the premium connected with the failure of McClellan's peninsula
campaign, the second issue of the greenbacks, the administration's
losses in the autumn elections, Chase's depressing finance report,
Bumside's defeat at Fredericksburg, and the third legal tender
act. (3) From March to August the premium fell, mainly be-
cause of Mr. Jay Cooke's success in selling bonds, the victory of
Gettysburg, and the capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson.
(4) From September to July, 1864, the premium rose again
because of disappointment over Lee's escape, lack of military
progress, the dilatoriness of Congress in voting taxes, the Treas-
ury's futile campaign against speculators in gold, and the
difficulty in selling bonds. (5) Finally the fall of the premium
from August, 1864, to May, 1865, was brought about by the
victories of Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan which put an end to
the war. Still more detailed study shows minor ups and downs,
varying the general trend, within each of these smaller- periods.^
Investigation of these minor fluctuations in the price of gold
would be of slight interest without a thorough-going attempt to
find the multifarious causes which produced them. But such an
attempt would require the presentation and analysis of much
material which finds no place in the present volume of statistical
tables. The one topic which can be treated on the basis of these
tables Ls the connection between the fluctuations of the price of
gold and the fluctuations of the relative prices of commodities
and labor. And this topic, of course, cannot be taken up until
the tables of relative prices and wages have been presented.
'A detailed account of the fluctuations in the specie value of the green-
backs from 1862 to 1865 is given in A History of the Greenbacks, part ii,
chapter iii.
16 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. 1
CHAPTER II.
The Prices op Commodities at Wholesale.
I. — Material and Methods,
The primary purpose of the following tables is to provide
material for investigating the influence of the variations in the
specie value of the irredeemable paper standard of 1862 to 1878
upon prices at wholesale. This purpose, together -with the limi-
tations of the available data, determines the chief features of the
tables.
(1) The frequency of wide fluctuations in the premium on
gold makes it desirable to have a table showing relative prices at
brief intervals. The best that can be done in this direction with
the available data is to make a quarterly table. In the exhibits
of the Aldrich Report^ there are 150 approximately complete
series of wholesale price quotations for January, April, July, and
October; or for February, May, August, and November of each
year from 1860 to 1880. To these may be added three similar
series for different grades of wool, compiled by Messrs. Mauger
and Avery. A larger number of series could be found if we were
content with one index number for each year instead of four;
but the gain in comprehensiveness of material would be more
than offset by the diminution in the number of points at which
comparison could be made with the premium on gold.
(2) To compare the fluctuations in the prices of commodities
with the fluctuations in the price of gold it is necessary to treat
the prices quoted at various dates after suspension of specie pay-
ments as percentages of the prices prevailing before suspension.
Since many of the series to be used do not go back of 1860 it is
not possible to use average prices for a decade or five years as the
basis; and since 1861 was a year of marked business depression
and exceptionally low wholesale prices it seems desirable to de-
* Technically designated as "Wholesale Prices, Wages and Transporta-
tion. Report by Mr. Aldrich from the Committee on Finance, March 3, 1893,
52d Congress, 2nd session, Senate Report, 1394."
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 17
pend upon the prices of 1860 alone. Accordingly relative prices
have been computed uniformly upon the basis: actual prices in
1860 = 100.2
(3) Of the 153 available series a large number represent
quotations for slightly different forms of the same commodity, or
for closely related commodities. For example, there are 3 series
for flaxseed, 5 for starch, 2 for pails with two hoops and 1 for
pails with three hoops, etc. To use several series for some com-
modities, while other commodities are represented by but one
series, is a course purposely adopted by certain statisticians — for
example, Mr. Sauerbeck — as a rough method of weighting. But
in the Aldrich Report the commodities represented by 2 or more
series are in many cases of minor importance, and to use all these
series, as Professor Falkner did in constructing his table of
wholesale prices from this material, gives averages weighted in
a manner which cannot be defended.^ Since there is seldom
ground for selecting one of the two or more series in preference
to the others, in all such cases I have computed averages of the
relative prices of the related series and used the resulting series
of averages in making the tables.
To determine what series are so closely related as to require
this treatment is often a delicate task. In doubtful cases I have
preferred to put the commodities into a group rather than to
leave them separate : for example, I have used a single series of
averages to represent the relative prices of all the cotton textiles.
But where prices are quoted for a raw material and products
made from it I have always kept at least two series — for example,
cotton and cotton textiles, corn and com meal, hides and leather,
'In the case of commodities subject to marked seasonal fluctuations of
price I have used the average of the quarterly quotations for 1860 as the
basis. In other cases I have prefcrre<l to maintain, so far as possible, com-
parability ydi\\ the series of relative prices computed under Professor Falk-
ner's direction for Senator Aldrich *8 committee by following his example
in selecting the price of some one month. Usually this month is January;
but in certain instances Professor Falkner deemed the price of some other
month more significant. The relative prices of the different kinds of lumber
for example, are based on the July quotations for 1860. The base used in
each series can be made out by examining the relative prices for the four
quarters of 1860 as shown in Table 2 of the appendix.
" Compare A History of the Greenbacks, pp. 249-254. Falkner 's error in
this respect is being perpetuated by the Bureau of Labor in its table of
relative prices at wholesale since 1890.
1 H llnivarHily of (Uilifornia Publications in Economics. \y^^' 1
whciit, wh<?«t'floiir, niid (jrufkorH, etc. In all, 29 groups have been
u\ni\i* from 90 incjividnni mrwH. The rcHultinf^ Hcries of average
ri*liiiiv(» priccH for \\\vHi* 29 gronjw, together with the 63 series of
ri'liiiivc* pri(»(»M for coiiiinoditicH for which l)iit one set of quota-
lioriH Im iiVHiliihlc. riinke a total of 92 seri(»H used in the tables.*
(J) Weight H have not been used in making the tables. In
iin attempt to huirn what influenec; is exercised by monetary
fiH'toiH on pri<"eH the importance of a commodity as an article of
trade or of consumption is not a relevant consideration. How-
ever, if one proceeds to investigate the economic significance of
the llnetnations which have occurred in the wholesale price-level,
the relative importance of the commodities included in the tables
b(M*omeN a matter of concern. To serve such purposes I would
liavt* const rueted a second set of weighted tables had I been able
to (Ind data sliowing approximately the relative importance of
tlH» commodities repn\sented by the 92 series as articles of whole-
sale trade. Hut tlie attempt to devivse a scheme of weights showed
tliat so large an element of conject\uv is involved as to make the
ivsults of do\ibtf\d vahie, l*n)fessor Falkner, to be sure, con-
st r\ieted weiglited averagt\s from the Aldrich data, obtaining his
weiglits inww budgets of expenditures by workingmen's families.
S\ieh b\idgt*ts t^f eoui'se are based on purchases at retail, and
s»»veral t>f Kalkner s critics luive pcunted out that his use of them
for weigliting wliolesale prices is objectionable in principle and
imperfwt in praetiw. Sharing these views, I have n^served this
\y\\\\\ of weighting for applieation to the n^tail price series of the
next chapter* and limittH) the tn^atment of wholesjile prices sub-
Htantially to making a st^t of **simple** tables.
Vo^ In making tablt^ of priiH^ the inmnnonest method is to
inmipxite for t^ieh date arithmetic means of the relative prices of
all seru^ uj^hI and to present tht^* means as a n*pri»Si*ntation of
the movements of the priiv-level during the i^riiHl covereii. This
methiHl is s^mietime^ varitxi by using ge^^metrie means, miHiians.
or «hhU^ in plai*e of arithnu^tie means, Sinvv the days of .levons,
the i^^alive merits of lhe^» vario\is forms of avenige has Invn
* TK^ \Wl9ub \^tr llw» jtr\Hij>in^ *r^ shv^wn in Table i of tht* ap;^»n.l:x.
The «»w^ otT the #i *ene« usukI is the table* v^f the text are inv^iientaUy
sh\^^a ia l^jkble )4.
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, atid Wages, 1860-1880, 19
one of the conventionally accepted topics of discussion among
economic statisticians. Little attention, however, has been paid
to the fact that no single set of averages, whatever their form,
can be an adequate representation of the complex phenomena of
a rise or fall in prices. All that a set of averages can be made
to show is a net result of the diverse fluctuations in the prices of
the commodities for which quotations are available. For some
purposes for which price tables are used this net result may be
all that is required. But whenever the purpose is to make a
thorough examination of changes in prices, any table which gives
only two numbers to represent the relative price-level at dif-
ferent dates is an inadequate device. The variety of the relative
prices of difterent commodities on the same date; their dispersion
over a wide or narrow range ; their concentration around certain
points or within certain limits ; and the variety of changes which
occur between two dates cannot be shown hy such means. Taken
by themselves, indeed, averages represented by single numbers
may be positively misleading in the impressions which they give;
and though this seldom happens in practice with price statistics,
it is the rule that fuller information than averages give would
make the investigation more fruitful. In brief, for the thorough
study of price-movements a form of tables is required which
represents the facts more adequately than does a series of aver-
ages; but w^hich at the same time represents them in such a
systematic form as to give distinct impressions.
After unsatisfactory experimenting w^ith tables and surfaces
of frequency, I devised for this purpose what may be called
tables of deciles.*^ They give for each date the highest and lowest
of the relative prices found among the series used, and also the
points in the scale of relative prices which divide the whole
number of series as nearly as may be into ten equal parts. These
dividing points — the deciles — thus correspond in character to
medians; indeed the fifth decile is the median. To determine
the deciles for any date it is necessary (1) to make out a tally-
sheet which has a scale of relative prices running from the lowest
to the highest relative price appearing on that date; (2) to enter
* See * * Methods of Presenting Statistics of Wages. ' ' Quarterly Publi-
cations of the American Statistical Association; December, 1905.
20 University of California Publicaiions in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 3.
Specimen of the tally-sheets used in finding the deciles of relative wholesale
prices. Date, October, 187S.
Note. — See the explanation on pp. 19, 21, 22.
Scale of Number
Cumu
relative
of
lative
prices
aeries
sums
58
1
1
75
6
1
2
7
8
2
4
9
80
1
2
3
4
5
1
5
6
1
6
7
8
9
1
7
90
1
2
9
2
1
10
3
4
1
11
5
1
12
6
7
8
1
13
9
100
1
3%
4
17
4
2
19
5
G
3
22
8
9
110
2
24
1
2
1
25
3
4
2
•-•7
5
fi
1
28
^
i
8
9
Deciles
Istd.
2dd.
3dd.
Scale of
Number
Cumu
relative
of
lative
prices
series
sums
120
4
32
1
2
1
33
3
1
34
4
2
36
5
1
37
6
3
40
7
2
42
8
1
43
9
1
44
130
1
45
1
2
47
2
8
2
49
4
5
6
1
50
7
1
51
8
9
140
1
1
52
2
2
54
3
4
5
6
1
55
7
1
56
8
1
57
9
150
6
63
1
1
64
2
3
1
65
4
5
6
7
8
2
67
9
160
1
68
1
3
71
2
3
4
5
1
72
6
7
1
73
8
1
74
Deciles
4th d.
Med.
Cth d.
7lh d.
8ih d.
9
1 908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
21
TABLE 3— (Concluded).
Specimen of the tally-sheets used in finding the deciles of realtive wholesale
prices. Date, October, 1873,
Deciles
Scale of
Number
Cumu-
relative
of
lative
prices
series
sums
170
1
2
3
4
1
75
5
1
76
6
7
I
77
8
I
78
9
180
1
79
1
2
3
1
80
4
5
6
7
1
81
8
9
190
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
82
7
8
9
200
2
84
0th d.
218
224
85
86
Division
of \l
rhole
number of series
into
tenths.
.lr= 9.1
.2 = 18.2
.3nr27.3
.4 = 36.4
.5 = 45.5
.6 = 54.6
.7 = 63.7
.8 = 72.8
.9 = 81.9
1,0 = 91.0
Results :
lowest
rela-
tive price
», the 9
de-
ciles, and highest
relative price.
Lowest
58
Istd.
92
2dd.
104
3dd.
116
4th d.
125
Med.
131
6th d.
146
7th d.
151
8th d.
167
9th d.
196
Highest
367
226
87
7
88
241
89
250
90
367
91
No quo-
tation for
this date 1
every series at its appropriate point in this scale of relative
prices; (3) to cast cinniilative sums showing? the number of series
at and below (or above) every point of this scale; (4) to divide
22 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
the number of the series used into successive tenths; (5) to mark
off in the colunni of cumuhitive sums the points which contain
these successive tenths, and (6) to write down the relative prices
opposite these dividing points as the deciles. This process can
be easily followed by examining the specimen tally sheet which is
subjoined.
Most of the tables of deciles are supplemented by ordinary
series of arithmetic means computed from the tally-sheets used
for finding the deciles. The chief purpose in presenting these
arithmetic means is to facilitate comparison with other tables of
prices for the same or different years.
IL— Relative Prices of 9:2 Commodities at Wholesale: 1860-1880,
The results of applying the methods described to the 92 series
of relative prices at wholesale are presented in Table 4. The
column headed '* Number of series'* shows for each date how
nuuiy of the whole number of series liave quotations on that date
from which relative prices can be computed. Generally the num-
ber is less than 92, because many of the original sets of quotations
are not complete for every quarter of everj' year. The other
eohunns are to be interpreted after the following fashion: In
January, 18()5, of the 90 commodities for which relative prices
are available one-tenth had relative prices ranging between 89
and lt)0, a swond tenth had relative prices ranging between 160
and 17l>, a third tenth between 176 and 191, a fourth tenth be-
tween 191 and 200, etc.
On studying the table one finds that the wholesale price-
tluetuations of 1860-1880 were characterized (1^ by extraordin-
ary diversity in the degree of rise and fall of different connuodi-
ties. and (2) by a sti^ongly marked upward trend culminating in
January, 1865, and a stn^igly marked downward trend culminat-
ing in July, 1879. Both of these characteristics require analysis.
The extreme diversity in the price-movements of different
iH>ninuHlitii*s is shown by the wide intervals between the lowest
and highlit relative prices on each date. Some commodity had
a relative price less than liX> on ever>' date except January. 1S66,
and some comnioditv stixxl alxive 3(K> everv date after 1861. The
l»08] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
23
TABLE 4.
Relative wholesale prices of OS commodities: by quarters, 1860-1880.
Note. — Regarding interpretation, see explanation on p. 22; regarding
method of construction, see p. 19 and Table 3.
No. of Ist
2d 3d 4th Gth 7th 8th 0th
Date Series
Lowesi
t decile
decile
decile
decile
Median
decile
decile
decile
decile
Higfaei
1860
Jan.
91
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
107
149
Apr.
91
81
95
98
100
100
100
100
103
109
115
142
July
92
75
89
95
96
99
100
100
100
103
113
136
Oct.
92
77
90
93
97
100
100
100
101
109
118
159
1861
Jan.
91
74
83
89
94
97
100
100
103
108
117
155
Apr.
92
52
80
89
90
94
96
100
102
109
117
173
July
90
50
66
76
86
91
96
100
100
108
120
205
Oct.
92
60
75
83
90
94
97
100
103
111
125
363
18G2
Jan.
91
63
80
89
93
96
100
105
117
133
150
380
Apr.
92
70
80
90
93
95
100
103
117
127
149
370
July
92
52
75
88
91
98
100
106
117
127
167
640
Oct.
90
65
81
91
100
102
111
118
125
133
165
563
1863
Jan.
88
75
93
100
109
117
125
132
143
159
193
625
Apr.
87
72
100
112
125
129
137
150
163
186
233
675
July
87
67
100
106
117
127
134
144
157
175
200
895
Oct.
88
67
100
112
120
129
135
141
150
170
200
773
1864
Jan.
89
69
114
127
140
145
156
166
178
200
228
750
Apr.
88
75
124
133
151
161
169
178
198
212
261
960
July
88
89
139
157
167
181
194
200
221
266
308
1410
Oct.
88
94
147
166
174
194
200
217
237
263
337
1101
1865
Jan.
90
89
160
176
191
200
216
241
256
272
318
1096
Apr.
89
94
133
150
162
179
190
200
212
240
270
796
July
90
79
105
128
138
150
158
171
189
207
252
759
Oct.
90
96
125
138
150
168
175
200
216
243
277
833
1866
Jan.
92
100
122
135
154
170
182
200
209
232
277
824
Apr.
91
94
115
126
149
161
173
190
200
215
250
833
July
92
89
120
137
147
167
181
195
200
219
250
815
Oct.
91
93
123
137
150
158
173
181
199
212
263
880
1867
Jan.
91
89
112
125
142
153
169
174
190
209
228
861
Apr.
91
89
110
125
141
154
166
175
197
207
228
648
July
91
86
107
119
136
147
150
164
180
202
233
870
Oct.
89
87
109
123
142
150
162
173
185
197
220
741
1868
Jan.
91
85
100
119
132
150
158
170
187
200
225
787
Apr.
91
84
100
126
135
150
162
177
188
200
250
787
July
92
82
100
122
132
143
154
173
180
195
206
435
Oct.
91
88
105
121
138
150
159
173
179
196
221
500
1869
Jan.
90
82
103
117
132
150
159
172
180
190
227
361
Apr.
92
81
108
125
135
146
159
172
180
196
220
377
July
91
73
100
117
134
141
158
167
178
187
200
361
Oct.
91
68
100
118
136
142
153
162
177
181
200
444
24 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 4— (Concluded).
Eelative wholesale prices of 9S commodities : by quarters, 1860-1880.
No. of Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th
Date Series Lowest decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile Highest
1870
Jan.
90
70
100
112
128
140
147
152
166
178
200
352
Apr.
92
67
100
106
123
132
140
147
159
174
200
367
July
92
67
98
108
123
127
132
144
161
179
200
380
Oct.
92
65
100
104
119
129
135
147
154
174
192
324
1871
Jan.
92
60
94
105
119
127
133
141
154
171
189
343
Apr.
91
61
100
110
121
127
131
140
150
164
180
337
July
92
64
90
102
118
125
130
142
149
158
180
333
Oct.
92
64
97
111
118
125
129
142
150
162
182
361
1872
.
Jan.
92
55
100
108
121
129
133
142
150
164
185
343
Apr.
90
55
93
105
120
130
140
150
159
171
200
324
July
92
55
90
104
117
125
130
144
152
169
198
330
Oct.
91
55
97
116
122
129
133
144
153
173
195
326
1878
Jan.
92
55
92
110
124
129
135
145
153
164
194
361
Apr.
92
58
94
105
125
130
137
147
156
168
200
333
July
92
58
92
103
114
123
130
142
152
168
196
333
Oct.
91
58
92
104
116
125
131
146
151
167
196
367
1874
Jan.
92
58
97
106
115
124
130
141
150
160
200
352
Apr.
92
58
95
106
116
122
129
140
150
170
200
346
July
92
58
95
106
111
118
130
139
146
166
199
352
Oct.
91
58
92
105
112
124
130
136
142
156
185
394
1876
Jan.
92
67
93
103
110
121
127
133
147
160
193
359
Apr.
92
64
92
102
109
119
125
136
145
152
172
407
July
92
55
92
99
105
112
121
129
140
149
174
432
Oct.
92
45
89
99
106
110
120
129
137
150
162
426
1876
Jan.
92
59
89
95
100
109
117
125
131
144
160
398
Apr.
92
61
85
95
103
106
115
125
131
144
159
394
July
92
64
79
91
98
104
110
117
123
137
156
391
Oct.
91
55
80
89
95
101
108
116
127
140
153
393
1877
Jan.
92
61
78
89
100
107
114
124
129
138
160
393
Apr.
92
41
76
86
92
100
108
119
126
136
150
409
July
92
41
75
83
89
99
100
110
123
133
158
391
Oct.
92
41
76
83
88
96
102
112
120
128
137
396
1878
Jan.
91
45
74
81
85
90
99
108
117
125
140
382
Apr.
91
36
67
76
80
85
96
100
113
125
142
378
July
91
36
67
72
77
85
90
97
102
109
132
378
Oct.
90
45
63
69
78
85
94
100
106
120
138
380
1879
Jan.
91
46
57
68
76
83
88
94
107
124
142
370
Apr.
91
36
62
68
75
81
84
95
104
119
150
370
July
91
36
59
67
72
81
85
93
103
118
150
370
Oct.
90
36
64
75
80
86
95
102
110
123
144
380
1880
Jan.
89
36
78
86
93
100
108
116
123
133
150
393
Apr.
90
36
74
87
94
102
107
112
122
140
164
382
July
90
86
69
79
87
95
102
108
117
126
150
385
Oct.
90
36
73
85
91
97
101
110
118
126
142
398
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, arid Wages, 1860-1880, 25
narrowest range after t861 was 259 points in the scale of relative
prices (October, 1870) ; the widest range was 1321 points (July,
1864, when cotton had a relative price of 1410) ; and the average
range was 422.5 points. The extremely high and extremely low
relative prices are shown, however, by but few commodities. Four-
fifths of the list are distributed over an average range of 94.4
points — less than a quarter of the average extreme range : — and
two-fifths over an average range of but 33.7 points. The aver-
age distribution of the whole number of series over the field cov-
ered by relative prices is shown by Table 5. The diversity in the
TABLE 5.
Average distribution of 9S series of relative wholesale prices over the field
covered by price fluctuations: from 1860 to 1880.
Note. — Regarding interpretation of this table, see pp. 22 and 25.
Average number of pointt in the scale of relative
prices between
Lowest relative prices and 1st deciles 30.1
1st and 2d deciles 10.2
2d and 3d deciles 9.6
3d and 4th deciles 8.6
4th deciles and medians 7.4
Medians and 6th deciles 9.3
6th and 7th deciles 8.4
7th and 8th deciles 15.3
8th and 9th deciles 25.6
9th deciles and highest relative prices 298.0
Lowest and highest relative prices 422.5
price-fluctuations of different commodities is also shown by the
fact that in no case do all the deciles move up or down in the same
decree, and in few cases — especially after 1865 — do all agree even
in the direction in which they move. Usually when the majority
of the deciles are rising one or two are found falling, and vice
versa.
Despite all these diversities in the fluctuations of different
commodities there is no mistaking a general trend in the direction
and, to a less extent, in the degree in which the deciles move
from date to date. Prices were fairly constant throughout 1860,
but fell sharply in the spring and summer of 1861, apparently
because of. the unsettled business conditions due to the secession
26 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
01 the Southern States and the prospect of civil war. Towards
autumn a reaction began, probably initiated by larpje government
purchases of supplies. The upward movement continued through
1862, save for a slight backset in April, and through the first
quarter of 1863, the chief cause probably being the advance in
the premium on gold — itself due to the decline in the community's
valuation of the irredeemable paper dollars in which prices were
quoted. It will be noticed that the median did not rise above
100 until October, 1862, though the other deciles indicate a strong
forward movement as early as January. The financial successes
of the spring of 1863 and the militaiy successes of July caused a
great appreciation in the value attributed to the government's
notes and*produced a slight fall in prices ; but this improvement
was only temporary. Prices started upward again late in 1863,
rose rapidly throughout 1864 and reached their maximum in
January, 1865, when 59 out of 90 commodities — almost two-thirds
— were quoted at double or more than double the prices of five
years before. Even during this period of most rapid advance,
however, the upward movement of prices was not without excep-
tions : — the 8th decile shows a decline from July to October, 1864,
and the 9th from October, 1864, to January, 1865.
The end of the war brought a fall of prices almost without a
parallel in violence and generality. The median declined from
216 in January, 1865, to 158 in July, and all the other deciles
went down with it, the smallest decline being 48 points (the 2d
decile). This fall was followed by a reaction in the second half
of the year which carried prices in January, 1866, back about to
the level of April, 1864. From this time on until the autumn of
1871 the general trend of prices was strongly downward, though
the fall w^as by no means uniform and w-as interrupted by several
temporary reactions. The lively speculative movement of the
early 70 's, which caused so sharp a rise in English and Oerman
prices,® interrupted this fall in the United States, though the
advances scored in 1872 and the first part of 1873 were irregular.
After the great crisis of the autumn of 1873, prices began to fall
again — slowly at first, more rapidly after 1874. In January,
•See Tables 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 12 below.
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 27
1878, the median dipped below 100 for the first time since 1861,
and the fall continued until the middle of 1879. The lowest point
touched by the median was 84 in April, but comparisons of the
other deciles show that the range of prices was on the whole
somewhat lower in the following July.
This great fall of prices between January, 1865, and July,
1879, was coincident wdth irregular appreciation in the specie
value of the paper dollar — an appreciation which reached its
limit with the resumption of specie payments, January 1, 1879.
During these 14 years all the gain in prices made during the four
years of war was lost, and something more. The final movement
of the price-level which the table shows, was due to a cause quite
unconnected with the currency — namely, the European crop fail-
ures of 1879 — and can be discussed better in a later section of
this chapter dealing with the prices of farm products.'
///. — Relative Prices in the United States and Foreign Countries.
When two countries have similar monetary systems and im-
portant business relations with each other, the movements of
their price-levels as represented by index numbers are found to
agree rather closely. This agreement is so strong that similarity
of movement is usually found even when comparisons are made
with materials so crude as index numbers compiled from unlike
lists of commodities and computed on the basis of actual prices in
different years. It is therefore a highly significant fact that the
movements of the price-level in the United States during the years
of the paper standard were almost wholly unlike the contempor-
ary movements of the price-level in England and Germany.
To facilitate comparisons between the movements of the price-
levels in these three countries. Professor Falkner had Sauerbeck's
English table, and Soetbeer's German table recomputed .on the
basis of his own American table — namely, actual prices in 1860 ==
100.® The results — reproduced in Table 6 — show a general agree-
ment between the English and German index numbers and
marked differences between both of these index numbers and the
^ See Sec. vi, p. 48, below.
' Aldrich Report, Part I, pp. 255 and 295.
28 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 6.
Falkner's index number for the United States, Sauerbeck *8 for England, and
Soetbeer's for Germany, on the basis, actual prices in
1860=100: 1860-1891.
From the Aldrich Report, Part i, pp. 91, 255, 295.
Years
United States
England
Germany
1860
100.0
100.0
100.0
1861
100.6
99.6
97.6
1862
117.8
105.5
101.4
1863
148.6
109.3
103.7
1864
190.5
112.3
106.9
1865
216.8
105.8
101.4
1866
191.0
106.5
104.0
1867
172.2
103.9
102.9
1868
160.5
103.1
100.8
1869
153.5
101.9
102.0
1870
142.3
100.3
101.6
1871
136.0
102.6
105.0
1872
138.8
112.5
112.1
1873
137.5
116.6
114.3
1874
133.0
107.0
112.6
1875
127.6
100.3
107.3
1876
118.2
97.5
106.1
1877
110.9
97.4
105.6
1878
101.8
91.2
99.7
1879
96.6
86.7
96.8
1880
106.9
91.8
100.8
1881
105.7
88.5
100.1
1882
108.5
88.0
101.0
1883
106.0
86.0
101.0
1884
99.4
79.3
94.4
1885
93.0
75.4
89.9
18R6
91.9
72.4
86.0
1887
92.6
70.7
84.3
1888
94.2
73.9
84.3
1889
94.2
76.7
87.7
1890
92.3
76.0
80.4
1891
92.2
75.4
90.3
American index numbers during the period of the greenback
standard. These differences are greatest during the years of high
premiums on gold and decline with the premium as the date of
resumption is approached. After resumption, indeed, the figures
indicate a closer agreement between relative prices in the United
States and Germany than between relative prices in England and
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, a7id Wages, 1860-1880.
29
Germany; but this result may be due chiefly to the closer sim-
ilarity of the American and German list of commodities.
To show more fully the peculiarity of the American price-
fluctuations during the period of the paper standard, I have com-
piled tables of deciles from Sauerbeck's and Soetbeer's series re-
computed on the basis of prices in 1860. The rough comparison
which can be made between these tables — 7 and 8 — and the
similar table for the United States — 4 — ^suffices to show that, the
American movement was unlike the European not only in net
effect, but also in range and distribution of fluctuations. This
fact is brought out more clearly by Table 9, w^hich shows the
averages of the several deciles in each of the tables and the aver-
age intervals between them. Such an exhibit would possess little
significance were the American deciles sometimes above and some-
times below the corresponding foreign deciles ; but since they are
TABLE 7.
Relative wholesale prices in England: by years, 1860-1880.
Sauerbeck 'a series changed to the basis : actual prices in 1860 ^ 100.
Note. — See explanations regarding Table 4, on pp. 22 and 19.
No.of
Lowest
1st
2d
3d
4th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Highest
Date.
Series
rel.
price
decile
decile
decile
decile
Median
decile
decile
decile
decile
rel.
price
1860
43
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
43
83
90
92
94
97
98
100
101
104
108
137
1862
43
81
88
90
93
95
96
98
102
109
115
276
lb63
43
71
83
84
88
91
94
95
98
108
124
885
1864
43
68
75
81
83
95
96
98
105
108
127
440
1865
43
65
79
81
87
92
98
102
106
116
119
304
1866
43
63
81
85
91
95
100
105
110
114
122
248
1867
43
64
81
87
90
96
100
107
115
118
122
175
1868
43
71
82
85
88
94
99
107
112
115
120
170
1869
43
68
82
88
89
91
99
102
107
110
119
195
1870
43
68
82
84
86
90
95
102
109
112
123
163
1871
43
73
80
85
92
90
102
100
113
117
126
152
1872
43
79
83
92
90
102
1()7
112
120
127
156
190
1873
43
74
86
93
99
104
107
112
124
133
146
231
1874
43
72
78
83
95
100
103
107
118
122
133
190
1875
43
64
78
83
80
91
97
102
117
118
128
147
1876
43
57
78
81
85
90
9i
100
109
119
124
139
1877
43
52
78
84
87
94
98
103
107
110
117
139
1878
43
47
71
76
80
^6
88
93
100
108
117
141
1879
43
56
66
69
75
84
89
93
96
102
107
118
1880
43
63
68
74
70
88
90
98
105
111
116 118
30 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 8.
Eelative wholesale prices in Germany: by years, 1860-1880.
Soetbeer's series changed to the basis: actual prices in 1860 = 100.
Note. — See explanations regarding Table 4, on pp. 22 and 19.
No.of
Lowest
1st
2d
8d
4th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Highest
Date.
Series
rel.
price
decile
decile
decile
decile
Median
decile
decile
decile
decile
rel.
price
1660
114
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
114
65
85
90
95
97
99
100
102
106
113
160
1862
114
52
79
88
93
95
99
100
107
112
117
450
1863
114
59
78
83
91
93
98
101
107
117
132
510
1864
114
50
75
83
90
95
100
106
111
117
137
570
1865
114
50
77
83
87
93
100
104
110
119
133
280
1866
114
50
75
88
94
99
104
107
114
122
136
255
1867
114
50
78
85
91
99
102
108
114
124
133
196
1868
114
50
73
83
93
97
103
108
115
122
136
169
1869
114
50
73
83
95
100
105
110
116
121
131
187
1870
114
56
75
87
94
99
103
109
112
118
130
168
1871
114
64
77
91
97
101
105
110
115
122
133
190
1872
114
62
88
96
100
106
112
115
120
130
148
210
1873
114
55
79
94
100
107
113
119
131
140
159
229
1874
114
58
82
89
98
103
108
117
123
132
150
294
1875
114
54
74
83
93
100
108
116
120
129
142
213
1876
114
52
74
86
91
100
106
111
118
128
141
199
1877
114
50
68
84
94
100
106
112
118
127
139
213
1878
114
47
68
76
89
92
98
104
110
122
135
213
1879
114
45
65
75
86
89
93
100
108
119
133
193
1880
114
42
66
76
88
94
100
105
112
121
139
196
TABLE 9.
Ranges covered by fluctuations of relative wholesale prices in the United
States, hnglandf and Germany from 1860-1880, as shown
by Tables 4, 7, and S.
Note. — See the explanations on pp. 29 and 3L
Averages of the
Lowest relative prices
Ist deciles
2d deciles
3d deciles
4th deciles
Medians
6th deciles
7th deciles
8th deciles
9th deciles
llicrhest relative prices
Avtrage interrols between
Lowest relative prices and 1st deciles
Ist and 2d deciles
2d and 3d deciles
3d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles
8th and 9th deciles
9th deciles and highest relative prices
Lowest and highest relative prices
Table 4
Table 7
Table 8
United States
England
Germany
64.9
68.5
55.3
95.0
80.4
76.6
105.2
84.6
85.9
114.8
88.6
93.3
123.4
93.8
98.0
130.8
97.6
102.9
140.1
102.0
107.7
148.5
108.3
113.5
163.8
113.4
121.3
189.4
122.3
134.3
487.4
198.0
247.3
30.1
11.9
21.3
10.2
4.2
9.3
9.6
4.0
7.4
8.6
5.2
4.7
• '^•■*
3.8
4.9
9.3
4.4
4.8
8.4
6.3
5.8
15.3
5.1
7.8
25.6
8.9
13.0
298.0
75.7
113.0
422.5
129.5
192.0
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
31
above almost all the time the table has a certain value as express-
ing the broad differences between American and foreign condi-
tions. The comparisons between the English and German price-
movements suggested by the table, however, must be made with
many reservations, because in this case the differences are some-
times in favor of one country, sometimes in favor of the other.
A more accurate, though narrower, basis for comparison may
be had by compiling price-tables for identical lists of commodities.
For 27 of the commodities used by Sauerbeck, and for 46 of the
commodities used by Soetbeer, substantially similar American
quotations can be obtained by using averages of four quarterly
quotations as average prices for the year. The relative prices
for all these pairs of commodities are shown in the appendix, and
the general results are shown by Tables 10 and 11. The same
method is applied in Table 12 to show the close similarity in the
fluctuations of English and German prices. This table is com-
piled from the relative prices of 31 commodities which appear in
TABLE 10.
Relative wholesale priees of identical lists of 27 commodities in the United
States and England: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — See the explanations regarding Table 4, on pp. 22 and 19.
Ist deciles
Medi
ians
9th deciles
Arithmet
ic means
Year
U.S.
Eng.
U.S.
Eng.
U.S.
Eng.
U.S.
Eng.
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1801
77
87
91
98
104
107
92
98
1862
76
83
105
95
146
116
115
102
1863
99
79
140
91
220
116
160
103
1864
136
72
194
95
262
124
223
106
1865
105
77
171
92
243
119
190
102
1866
100
77
160
98
264
122
172
103
1867
109
75
160
103
219
124
159
102
1868
101
75
166
99
231
118
166
100
1869
103
70
142
100
221
111
155
97
1870
94
72
134
94
172
114
134
96
1871
93
78
129
99
172
117
133
100
1872
96
83
140
105
196
169
139
111
1873
90
88
134
106
183
156
136
116
1874
99
83
125
101
176
128
132
106
1875
93
81
117
98
162
123
123
99
1876
88
77
105
93
146
122
109
96
1877
80
74
104
98
145
116
108
97
1878
71
71
97
89
129
116
95
91
1879
65
68
95
89
130
109
95
87
1880
74
66
109
93
132
113
106
9:
32 University of California Puhlicaiions in Economics. L Vol. 1
TABLE 11.
Belative wholesale prices of identical lists of 46 cammodities in the United
States and Germany: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — See the explanations regarding Table 4, on pp. 22 and 19.
iBt deciles
Medians
9th deciles
Arithmetic means
Year
U.S.
Ger.
U.S.
Ger.
U.S.
Ger.
U.S.
Ger.
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
78
86
93
99
109
113
93
99
1862
76
79
102
96
163
127
122
102
1863
101
77
131
93
235
126
155
102
1864
136
72
186
94
282
117
224
102
1865
132
70
184
93
297
122
204
98
1866
116
72
160
100
261
136
177
102
1867
109
73
162
101
219
131
166
102
1868
113
73
171
100
231
125
172
100
1869
113
73
166
100
208
121
163
99
1870
95
75
138
100
185
117
143
100
1871
101
76
135
102
186
131
139
104
1872
100
83
141
109
192
156
142
113
1873
92
79
137
114
187
176
140
121
1874
103
77
132
107
183
144
137
114
1875
93
73
119
107
174
133
130
107
1876
83
73
108
106
162
133
117
106
1877
78
69
107
103
146
129
112
104
1878
65
68
94
93
135
124
96
97
1879
62
65
91
91
137
129
95
93
1880
67
65
106
97
143
125
109
98
TABLE 12.
Relative wholesale prices of identical lists of 31 commodities in England and
Germany: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — See the explanations
regarding '
Table
4, on pp.
22 and
19.
Ist deciles
Medians
9th deciles
Arithmetic means
Years
England Germany
England Germany E
ngland Germany
England
Germany
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
88
85
98
100
108
109
99
99
1862
84
83
96
96
112
116
103
102
1863
80
78
92
93
112
120
104
105
1864
74
77
95
96
117
116
104
107
1865
77
77
92
93
117
114
100
98
1866
77
76
98
104
117
126
102
105
1867
75
81
103
104
120
130
101
106
1868
75
75
99
103
120
127
100
104
1869
73
77
96
100
113
123
98
103
1870
74
77
94
97
114
120
96
101
1871
81
76
96
102
118
128
99
105
1872
83
90
104
108
127
156
109
116
1873
8.3
79
106
111
146
176
113
119
1874
74
77
100
106
128
146
103
110
1875
74
76
96
95
123
129
98
1 Of)
1876
79
74
96
95
123
131
9(5
103
1877
74
69
97
104
117
126
05
104
1878
67
70
87
96
110
122
89
98
1879
03
66
84
89
101
129
84
94
1880
66
G5
89
91
111
125
81)
90
■•l^M
3908] Mitchell,— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 33
both Sauerbeck's and Soetbeer's lists. These tables make it clear
that the wide differences shown by Tables 4, 6, 7, and 8 between
American and European price-fluctuations from 1862 to 1878 are
not due to differences in the character and the number of the com-
modities included in Falkner's, Sauerbeck's and Soetbeer's tables.
The close agreement between the English and German figures of
Table 12 leave small room to doubt that the differences between
the American and English figures of Table 10, and between the
American and German figures of Table 11, must be ascribed
mainly to the influence of the paper standard of value.®
IV. — Relative Prices of Commodities and of Gold.
One of the questions of deep interest regarding the price-
fluctuations of the paper standard period is the degree of their
correspondence with the fluctuations in the price of gold. Table
13 is arranged to facilitate a comparison. One s6t of columns
gives the wholesale price figures of Table 4, side by side with
TABLE 13.
Relative wholesale prices of commodities in the United States and the price
of gold : by quarters, 1S62- 1878.
Note. — See the explanations of method of construction on pp. 33 and 39.
1862.
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
63
70
52
65
l8t decile
80
80
75
81
2d decile
89
90
88
91
8d decile
93
93
91
100
4th decile
96
95
98
102
Median
100
100.5
102.5
100
101.5
101.5
100
111
6th decile
105
105
103
102.3
106
108.8
118
122
7th decile
117
117
117
115.5
125
128.5
8th decile
133
127
127
120.1
133
133.5
9th decile
150
149
167
165
Highest
380 -
370
640
563
'In such small groups as those used here the median is a rather erratic
form of average, because it is frequently controlled within limits of several
points by the fluctuations of some one or two commodities whose relative
prices happen to fall in the middle of the list. The arithmetic mean is
also erratic, particularly for the years of the war, because it is so much in-
fluenced by cases of extraordinary advance in price, such as that presented
by cotton.
34 . University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 13— (Continued).
Belative wholesale prices of commodities in the United States and the price
of gold : by quarters, 1862-1878,
1863.
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Ijowest
75
72
67
67
1st decile
93
100
100
100
2d decile
100
112
106
112
8d decile
109
125
117
120
4th decile
117
129
127
123.3
130.6
129
Median
125
137
145.5
134
135
6th decile
132
138.6
150
151.5
144
145
141
140.4
7th decile
143
145.1
163
157.9
157
150
147.7
8th decile
159
160.8
186
175
170
156.8
9th decile
193
233
200
200
Highest
625
675
895
773
1864.
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
69
75
89
94
Ist decile
114
124 .
139
147
2d decile
127
133
157
166
8d decile
140
151
167
174
4th decile
145
151.5
161
166.3
181
194
189.0
Median
156
155.5
159.4
169
172.7
194
200
207.2
6th decile
166
178
184.8
200
217
7th decile
178
198
221
222.0
237
227.8
8th decile
200
212
266
258.1
263
9th decile
228
261
308
285.0
337
Highest
750
960
1410
1101
1865.
Jan.
April
July
{
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
•Gold
Lowest
89
94
79
96
1st decile
160
133
144.0
105
125
2d decile
176
150
148.5
128
138.8
138
144.1
3d decile
191
162
153.6
138
142.1
150
145.5
4th decile
200
198.1
179
150
146.0
168
149.0
Median
216
216.2
238.8
190
158
175
6th decile
241
200
171
200
7th decile
256
212
189
216
8th decile
272
240
207
243
9th decile
318
270
252
277
Highest
1096
796
759
833
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
35
TABLE 13— (Continued).
Belative wholesale prices of commodities in the United States and the price
of gold: by quarters, 1S63-1878.
1866.
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
100
94
89
93
Ist decile
122
136.8
115
125.4
120
123
2d decile
135
140.1
126
127.3
137
147.0
137
145.4
3d decile
154
144.6
149
129.5
147
151.6
150
148.3
4th decile
170
161
167
155.8
158
154.4
Median
182
173
181
173
6th decile
200
190
195
181
7th decile
209
200
200
199
8th decile
232
215
219
212
9th decile
277
250
250
263
Highest
824
833
815
880
1867.
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
89
89
86
87
1st decile
112
110
107
109
2d decile
125
132.0
125
132.6
119
138.0
123
140.3
8d decile
142
134.6
141
135.6
136
139.4
142
143.5
4th decile
153
137.9
154
142.0
147
140.8
150
145.6
Median
169
166
150
162
6th decile
174
175
164
173
7th decile
190
197
180
185
8th decile
209
207
202
197
9th decile
228
228
233
220
Highest
861
648
870
741
1868.
Jan.
April
Ji
lily
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
85
84
82
88
1st decile
100
100
100
105
2d decile
119
133.3
126
137.8
122
121
133.8
8d decile
182
188.5
135
138.7
132
140.1
138
137.1
4th decile
150
142.3
150
140.4
143
142.7
145.3
150
140.5
Median
158
162
154
159
6th decile
170
177
173
173
7th decile
187
188
180
179
8th decile
200
200
195
196
0th decile
225
250
206
221
Highest
787
787
435
500
\
36 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. I
TABLE 13— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of commodities in the United States and the price-
of gold : by quarters, 18SS-1878,
1869
•
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
82
81
73
68
Ist decile
103
108
100
100
2d decile
117
134.6
125
131.3
117
134.0
118
128.1
3d decile
132
135.6
135
132.9
134
136.1
136
130.2
4th decile
150
136.9
146
134.8
141
137.9
142
132.0
Median
159
159
158
153
6th decile
172
172
167
162
7th decile
180
180
178
177
8th decile
190
196
187
181
9th decile
227
220
200
200
Highest
361
377
1870
361
444
Jan.
April
July
(
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
70
67
67
65
1st decile
100
100
111.5
98
100
2d decile
112
119.4
106
113.1
108
111.1
104
111.1
3d decile
128
121.3
123
115.6
123
116.8
119
112.8^^
4th decile
140
123.3
132
127
122.8
129
114.3.
Median
147
140
132
135
6th decile
152
147
144
147
7th decile
166
159 •
161
154
8th decile
178
174
179
174
9th decile
200
200
200
192
Highest
352
367
1871
380
324
Jan.
Ap
ril
July
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
60
61
64
64
1st decile
94
110.5
100
110.1
90
97
111.5-
2d decile
105
110.7
110
110.6
102
111.8
111
113.2
3d decile
119
111.3
121
111.8
118
112.4
118
11 5.0"
4th decile
127
127
125
113.8
125
Median
133
131
130
129
6th decile
141
140
142
142
7th decile
154
150
149
150
8th decile
171
164
158
162
9th decile
189
180
180
182
Highest
343
337
333
301
1908] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, mid Wages, 1860-1880.
37
TABLE 13— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of commodities in the United States and the price
of gold: by quarters, 1862-1878.
1872.
Jan.
Ap
ril
Ji
Illy
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
55
55
55
55
Ist decile
100
108.5
93
109.9
90
97
112.3
2d decile
108
109.1
105
111.1
104
113.4
116
113.2
3d decile
121
110.1
120
113.3
117
114.3
122
115.3
4th decile
129
130
125
115.3
129
Median
133
140
130
133
6th decile
142
150
144
144
7th decile
150
159
152
153
8th decile
164
171
169
173
9th decile
185
200
198
195
Highest
343
324
330
326
1873.
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
55
58
58
58
1st decile
92
111.6
94
92
92
107.6
2d decile
110
112.7
105
116.8
103
115.0
104
108.9
3d decile
124
114.3
125
117.8
114
115.7
116
111.3
4th decile
' 129
130
119.1
123
116.4
125
Median
135
137
130
131
6th decile
145
147
142
146
7th decile
153
156
152
151
8th decile
164
168
168
167
9th decile
194
200
196
196
Highest
361
333
333
367
1874.
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
58
58
58
58
Ist decile
97
95
95
92
2d decile
106
110.1
106
111.8
106
109.0
105
109.8
3d decile
115
111.4
116
113.4
111
110.0
112
110.0
4th di>cile
124
112.1
122
114.4
118
110.8
124
110.4
Median
130
129
130
130
6th decile
141
140
139
136
7th decile
150
150
146
142
8th decile
160
170
166
156
9th decile
200
200
199
185
Highest
352
346
352
394
l\H VniversUij of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TAHLK 13— (Continued).
Helative wholeiialc priven of covimodiiics in the United States and the price
of gold: by quarters, 186S-1878,
1875.
Ji
Btl.
April
Ji
ily
Oct.
PriofM
Oold
Prlri*^
(lold
Pricfi
Qold
Pricei
Gold
LowcNt
«7
04
55
45
UtdiTllr
98
92
92
89
Ud droilK
108
Ul.H
102
99
99
8d derild
UO
113.5
109
114.0
105
111.8
106
4lh derlln
vn
118.4
119
114.8
115.8
112
114.8
117.3
110
114.5
116.4
M(»diaii
ia7
125
121
120
117.6
Ath d(*ril(i
188
180
129
129
7Ui di*cll«
147
145
140
137
8th decDii
180
152
149
150
9th drrlU
198
172
174
162
HiffhiiNt
859
407
482
426
1870.
J
Fan.
April
Ji
Illy
(
Oct.
l*rlo«a
Oold
PricfM
(}oId
Price*
Gold
PrlcoB
Gold
Low(««t
59
01
04
55
Ut d(«rili»
89
85
79
80
ad df«cil(i
95
95
91
89
8d di«cil«
100
108
98
95
4th dwilc
109
ua.4
ua.H
100
ua.5
ua.o
104
101
Mt^dian
117
118.8
115
118. H
UO
1U.4
111.9
108
108.9
109.7
flth diH^ilr
125
125
U7
112.5
116
US.S
7th d(«cllfi
181
181
128
127
Hth dc*ci)«
144
144
187
140
9th d<«oiU
160
159
158
153
lllffhevt
898
894
891
393
1H77.
Ji
mi.
April
July
I
Oct.
PricH^M
Gold
Priori
Gold
PrliHMi
Gold
Prlct'n
i^t^ld
I«ow«««l
81
41
41
41
U\ d<*cil««
78
78
75
78
ad df^cilii
89
88
88
88
8d di«oil«i
100
105.8
92
89
88
4th d««clli«
107
108.8
107.1
100
104.8
108.2
99
98
102 5
M«»dlan
114
108
107.9
100
105 I
lOA 1
lOJ
lO'J 8
lO.i 4
8th drrilt*
ia4
U9
\\K\
108 1
UJ
7th docilo
lan
lurt
128
IJO
Hth d<*cil(«
188
188
,
188
IJH
9th dt»oilft
180
150
158
I W
Uighriit
898
409
891
rtlMi
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 39
TABLE 13 — (Concluded).
Relative wholesale prices of commodities in the llHited States and the price
of gold: by quarters, 186S-1878.
1878
•
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Prices
Gold
Lowest
45
36
36
45
1st decile
74
67
67
63
2d decile
81
76
72
69
3d decile
85
80
77
78
4th decile
90
85
85
85
Median
99
101.3
102.1
96
100.1
90
94
100.3
6th decile
108
102.8
100
100.6
97
100.4
100
100.5
7th decile
117
113
101.3
102
100.5
106
101.9
8th decile
125
125
109
100.8
120
0th decile
140
142
132
138
Highest 382 378 378 880
another set giving the corresponding lowest, highest and average
prices of gold from Table 2. The average price of gold for each
month is entered opposite the decile which it most nearly equals,
and the lowest and highest monthly prices are placed as best may
be on either side of the average. Thus the vertical position of
the entries in the columns for gold indicates roughly whether on
any date gold stood above or below the majority of commodities
in relative price. There is^ of course, no objection to this com-
parison between the actual prices of gold and the relative prices
of commodities : for since the price of gold in currency was lOD
before suspension, its later actual prices may be regarded as rela-
tive prices computed on the basis : actual price in 1860 = 100.
A fuller presentation of the data for gold and commodities
is supplied in graphic form by Chart III. The lines running
across the chart show the fluctuations of the deciles and of the
highest and lowest relative prices at wholesale by quarters. The
vertical lines show the extreme range of the gold quotations by
months.
The table and the chart make it clear that the fluctuations in
the price of gold, which attracted so much attention, were much
more moderate than the extreme fluctuations in the prices of com-
modities. The gold quotations lay all the time well within the
MlA^
40 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
outer limits of the field covered by the variations of commodity
prices. If attention be confined to the average prices of gold in
the months for which we have commodities quoted, it appears
that every quarter more than a fifth of our 92 commodities had
relative prices higher than gold, and that every quarter but two —
April, 1865 and October, 1872— more than a fifth of the commodi-
ties had lower relative prices than gold. If the extreme prices
of gold be taken, one more quarter is found when the price of
gold was lower than the 2d decile — April, 1866 — and three cases
appear when the highest price of gold rose above the 8th decile —
October, 1862, January, 1863, and July, 1864. There is no ex-
ception to the rule that the gold quotations lay always inside the
1st and 9th deciles ; — in other words that more than one-tenth of
the commodities had lower relative prices than gold and more
than a tenth had higher relative prices.^**
But the limits set by the 1st and 9th deciles — or even the 2d
and 8th — are wide, and it is interesting to examine the fluctua-
tions of gold within these limits more closely. During the war
gold moved up or down in price more quickly than the mass of
commodities — probably because the market for gold was more
highly organized and more sensitive than the markets for other
goods to the many influences touching the credit of the govern-
ment-notes which formed the money in which all prices were
quoted. When gold was rising in price the majority of com-
modities followed, but more slowly, and its price therefore ad-
vanced above the median, and sometimes, as has been seen, stood
briefly above the 8th decile. When gold was falling in price the
majority of commodities stood still or followed more slowly, and
the gold quotation then dropped below the median, and sometimes
even below the 2d decile.
This more sluggish movement of commodity prices appears
still more clearly after the war. Rapid as was the fall of prices
in the spring of 1865, it was not so rapid as the fall in gold. A
more curious fact is that the price-level for commodities continued
for ten years to be rather higher than the price-level for gold.
From April, 1865 to April, 1875 the median of relative prices was
^"On the use of ''decile,'' see p. 19 above.
• J* - 'Jl
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 41
always higher than the highest quotation for gold in January,
April, July or October, and on only one date — July, 1868 — did
gold touch even the 4th decile. On the whole, the average gold
quotations correspond more nearly with the 3d than with any.
other decile during this period. From 1875 to the end of 1878,
however, commodity prices fell on the whole faster than gold, so
that the average gold quotation stood for a time above the 4th
decile, then above the median, and finally above the 6th decile.
It was shown in Chapter I that the history of the gold premium
is divided into four well-marked periods. The first of these periods
— 1862 to April, 1865 — is'also a natural subdivision of the history
of prices. But the same is hardly true of the later periods.
Prices declined with tolerable consistency from 1866 to 1869,
while gold, despite continual ups and downs, maintained substan-
tially the same general level. Again, the last three months of
1869 and the first two months of 1870 marked a turning-point in
the price of gold, but not in the prices of commodities. After
February, 1870 gold fluctuated about a much lower level than
that of 1866 to 1869, but without making any substantial further
decline until 1876. Commodity prices, however, after a slight
and irregular rise in the early 70 's, resumed their downward
trend, and stood considerably lower by the close of 1875 than they
had stood in 1870. Finally, the almost unbroken fall of gold
from March, 1876, to December, 1878 was accompanied by a fall
of prices, but one considerably greater in degree, and this fall
appears to be but a continuation of the decline which had begun
definitely in 1875. The most important turning points in the
history of prices after the war, in brief, are not those of gold —
the close of 1869 and the beginning of 1876 — but the speculative
movements of 1872, the crisis of 1873, and the harvests of 1879.
The tables of the preceding section, showing the wide differ-
ences between the relative prices of identical lists of commodities
in the United States and England and in the United States and
Germany, support the conclusions (1) that the chief cause of the
extraordinary advance in American prices between 1862 and 1865
was the substitution of irredeemable paper for specie as the money
in which prices were quoted, and (2) that the chief cause of the
fall in American prices between 1865 and 1879 was the unsteady
42 University of California Publications in Economics, f Vol. 1
appreciation in the specie value of the paper dollar. These con-
clusions are not inconsistent with the various differences which
have just been pointed out between the fluctuations of commodity
prices and prices of gold. These differences serve only to empha-
size the fact that many other causes besides the varying value
attributed by the community to the government's notes exercised
an influence upon the prices of single commodities and upon the
price-level as a whole. It does not lie within the scope of this
book to inquire what these other causes were ; but the tables given,
while indicating their presence, also indicate their secondary im-
portance.^*
V. — Relative Prices on the Dates of Maximum and Minimum
Prices,
Though Table 4 represents the extraordinary fluctuations in
prices during the period of the greenback standard much more
fully than a table of arithmetic means, it does not present all the
details shown by the material used. To do so it would be neces-
sary to publish the 84 tally-sheets from which the table of deciles
was compiled, each tally-sheet elaborated by writing the names of
the 92 commodities at the proper points in the scale of relative
prices. But though so full a presentation is not feasible, it is.
feasible to present such elaborated tally-sheets for the date when
prices reached their highest point, January, 1865 and when they
reached their lowest point during the subsequent decline, July,
1879 — six months after resumption of specie payments.
In the first of thase tables the prominence of southern ma-
terials and their products among the commodities which show the
greatest advance in prices attracts attention — rice, tobacco, mo-
lasses, tar, turpentine, cotton, and cotton textiles. Associated
with them are a few commodities of which the government was
purchasing large amounts — quinine and lead — , or on which the
rate of taxation was exceptionally heavy — alcohol. But the ca.ses
are not numerous in which the explanation of the divergencies
from the general trend occur at once to one who has not made
a special study of the demand and supply of the commodities
" Discussion of the reasons why wholesale prices corresponded in general
with the fluctuations of the premium and also why the correspondence was
not closer, is reserved for the last chapter.
- " . ^- -. _
1^08] Mitchell— Gold Prices, ami Wages, 1H60-1880.
43
TABLE 14.
Relative wholesale prices of 02 commodities in January, 1865, and comparison
with their relative prices in July, J 870.
Note. — See the explanations on pp. 42 and 45.
Relative
prices
Jan., 1865
89
122
133
140
143
148
148
150
160
163
164
171
173
173
174
176
176
176
180
180
182
183
184
185
188
190
191
192
192
195
196
200
200
200
200
200
208
205
208
209
211
212
212
218
216
Deciles
Istd.
2dd.
3dd.
4th d.
Med.
Relative
Rank
prices
July, 1879,
Commodities
July, 1879
by groups
69
3
Raw silk
83
Opium
100
7
Chestnut lumber in log
95
7
Crackers — Boston
55
1
Bichromate of potash
59
Istd.
Candles
102
7
Hides
67
2dd.
Muriatic acid
100
7
Cement
125
9
Kitchen tables
76
4
Tubs
91
6
Leather
79
4
Beans
36
1
Sulphuric acid
80
4
Chairs
103
7th d.
Corn -starch
59
1st d.
Tallow
95
7
Wheat
70
3
Pails
115
8
Powder-rifle
103
7th d.
Beef
83
5
Putty
82
5
Shovels
116
8
Beeves
125
9
Ship-biscuit
140
9
Mutton
90
6
Sheep
58
1
Blue vitriol
144
9
Spruce boards
59
Istd.
Lacd
164
10
Pine boards
48
1
Dried apples
183
9
Hemlock lumber in log
72
3dd.
Oxide of xinc
150
9th d.
Pine lumber in log
73
4
Wool
76
4
Rye
103
7th d.
Starch
208
10
Matches
69
3
Copper — ingot.
83
5
Brick
60
2
Corn meal
62
2
Pork — salt-mess.
88
6
Rye flour
57
1
W^ood screws
44 University of California Publications in Economics, [^^l. 1
TABLE 14— (CONCLUDED).
Belative wholesale prices of 92 commodities in January^ 1865, and comparison
with their relative prices in July, 1879.
Relativo
prices
Jan., 1865
218
220
222
224
225
238
239
241
241
243
245
250
250
251
252 .
252
254
256
256
256
257
261
264
265
267
267
272
274
282
285
287
287
294
295
809
318
337
842
388
400
473
513
515
815
1096
Deciles
6th d.
7th d.
8th d.
9th d.
Relative
Rank
prices
July, 1879,
Commodities
July, 1879
by groups
125
9
Rubber
81
4th d.
Copper-sheet
53
1
Brimstone
61
2
Timothy seed
50
1
Cheese
88
6
Copperas
118
8th d.
Barley
124
9
Flaxseed
166
10
Potatoes
117
8
Rope
85
Med.
Window glass
74
4
Butter
150
9th d.
Lime
71
3
Mercury
71
3
Coal — anthracite
72
3dd.
Eggs
60
2
Raisins
83
5
Alum
90
6
Coal — bituminous
77
4
Quicksilver
60
2
Corn
92
6
Oats
74
4
Iron wire
86
6
Sugar
111
8
Carpets
71
• 3
Hogs
112
8
Linseed oil
63
2
Soda ash
150
9
Rice
170
10
Tobacco
82
5
Molasses
127
9
Salt
*
K
Soap — castile
309
10
Quinine
63
2
Butts
84
5
Clover-seed
93
6th d.
Lead
67
2dd.
Currants
150^
9thd.
Codfish
90
6
Tar
116
8
Sugar of lead
69
3
Turpentine
82
5
Cotton textiles
370
10
Alcohol
114
8
Cotton
* No quotation for Jul.v, 1879.
No quotations for milk and wheat flour for January, 1865.
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 45
represented. Indeed, there are cases which contradict casual
expectations. Wool, which might be expected to show a large ad-
vance in view of the scarcity of cotton and large government pur-
chases of uniforms, has a relative price less than the median;
** powder — rifle,'' which might be expected to show the influence
of the great consumption of gunpowder, ranks below the 3d
decile. More important is the observ^ation that, excepting the
cases already noted, there is no apparent difference in kind, place
of origin, or use between the commodities ranking below the
median and those ranking above it. Commodities related in
origin or use — like corn and corn-meal, wool and cotton or wool
and carpets, hogs and salt pork, wheat and oats — are often found
on opposite sides of this dividing line at considerable distances
from each other, while heterogeneous commodities are frequently
found next each other. The upper and lower halves of the list
are about equally miscellaneous in their contents.
Passing from this exhibit for January, 1865, to that for July,
1879, the attention is caught by the great change in the scale of
relative prices. Every decile in 1879, eyen the 1st, is more than
100 points below the corresponding decile in 1865. Only one
commodity in the list shows an increase in price — quinine: and
only one remains stable — matches; all the others fall. It is sig-
nificant that the one commodity which remains stable in price is
raised in rank by the decline of other commodities from a place
below the median in 1865 to the third place from the top of the
scale in 1879. But though the fall in prices was so nearly uni-
versal, it was marked by the usual irregularities in degree. As a
result, the grouping of commodities is greatly changed. To show
the changes more clearly I have introduced into the tables for
each of these dates columns showing (1) the relative prices of
each commodity on the other date, and (2) the group, marked off
by the deciles, to which it then belonged. These columns show
that only H commodities of the 89 for which relative prices are
given on both dates, remained in the same group in 1879 as in
1865, and that 42 commodities crossed from the lower half of
the table in 1865 to the upper half in 1879, or vice versa. But
thLs shifting in relative positions does not produce any clearer
grouping of commodities by kinds, place of origin, or use than
46 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 15.
Relative wholesale prices of 9S commodities in July, 1879, and comparison
with their relative prices in January, 1865.
Relative
prices
July, 1879
36
48
50
53
55
57
58
59
59
59
60
60
60
61
62
63
63
67
67
69
69
69
70
71
71
71
72
72
73
74
74
76
, 76
77
79
80
81
8C
82
82
88
83
83
83
84
85
Note. — See the explanations on pp. 42 and 45.
Deciles
Istd.
2dd.
8dd.
4th d.
Med.
Relative
Rank
prices
Jan., 1865.
Commodities
Jan., 1865
by groups
173
2
Sulphuric acid
200
4th d.
Dried apples
225
6
Cheese
222
6
Brimstone
143
1
Bichromate of potash
216
Med.
Wood screws
192
4
Blue vitriol
148
1
Candles
195
4
Lard
176
2dd.
Tallow
257
8
Corn
254
7
Raisins
212
5
Corn meal
224
6
Timothy seed
212
5
Pork — salt-mess
309
9
Butts
274
9
Soda ash
343
10
Currants
150
1
Muriatic acid
209
5
Copper- ingot
89
1
Raw silk
513
10
Turpentine
180
3
Phils
252
7
Coal — anthracite
267
8
Hogs
251
7
Mercury
252
7
Eggs
200
4th d.
Oxide of zinc
200
4th d.
Wool
250
7
Butter
264
8
Iron wire
203
5
Rye
164
2
Tubs
256
7th d.
Quicksilver
173
2
Beans
174
2
Chairs
220
6
Copper-sheet
515
10
Cotton textiles
287
9
Molasses
184
3
Shovels
256
7th d.
Alum
211
5
Brick
122
1
Opium
183
3
Putty
818
9th d.
Clover seed
245
7
Window glass
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
47
TABLE 15— (Concluded).
Relative wholesale prices of 92 commodities in July, 1879, and comparison
with their relative prices in January, 1865.
Relative
Relative
Rank
prices
Deciles
prices
Jan., 1865,
Commodities
July, 1879
Jan.. 1865
by groups
86
265
8
Sugar
88
238
6
Copperas
88
213
5
Rye flour
90
256
7th d.
Coal — bituminous
90
191
3dd.
Sheep
90
,
400
10
Tar
91
171
2
Leather
92
261
8
Oats
93
6th d.
337
10
Lead
95
140
1
Crackers — Boston
95
176
2dd.
Wheat
100
160
Istd.
Cement
100
133
1
Chestnut lumber in log
100
*
«
Wheat flour
100 .
*
*
Milk
102
148
1
Hides
103
182
3
Beef
103
7th d.
205
5
Starch
103
176
2dd.
Corn starch
111
267
8
Carpets
112
272
8th d.
Linseed oil
114
1096
10
Cotton
115
180
3
Powder rifle
116
185
3
Beeves
116
473
10
Sugar of lead
117
243
7
Rope
118
8th d.
239
G
Barley
124
241
6th d.
Flax-seed
125
163
2
Kitchen tables
125
218
6
Rubber
125
188
3
Ship biscuit
127
287
9
Salt
133
200
4th d.
Hemlock lumber in log
140
190
3
Mutton
144
192
4
Spruce boards
150
9th d.
388
10
Codfish
150
250
7
Lime
150
200
4th d.
Pine lumber in log
150
282
9
Rice
164
196
4
Pine boards
166
241
6th d.
Potatoes
170
285
9
Tobacco
208
208
5
Matches
309
295
9
Quinine
370
815
Jan. 1865.
10
Alcohol
* No quotations for
No quotation for
Soap — castilf—
-for July. 1879.
48 University of California Publications m Economics. [Vol. 1
existed in 1865. Unlike commodities are often side by side, and
related commodities are often widely separated. A plausible ex-
planation of the relative price of each commodity could probably
be given by one who had made a technical study of the market
conditions affecting it; but no broad differences are apparent
between the character 6f the commodities in the two halves of the
list. -•
VI. — Relative Wholesale Prices of Farm Products and Other
Commodities.
There is one class of commodities included in Table 4 which
it is interesting to segregate for special study — farm products.
The results of segregation are shown in Table 16 which gives de-
ciles for the 22 commodities produced by farmers, and for the 70
commodities which remain of the original list.*-
According to this table the prices of farm products rose less
promptly under the stimulus of the greenback issues than did the
prices of other commodities. Cotton, tobacco, and rice of course
are exceptions to the rule, and in a table of arithmetic means
would affect the averages strongly ; but in a table of deciles their
eccentricities can disturb nothing but the highest relative prices
and the ninth deciles. Because of the wide seasonal fluctuations
in the prices of agricultural products they are expected to have
higher relative prices than other commodities in January and
April, and lower relative prices in July and October — provided
the average relative prices for the whole year are the same for
both groups. But it was not until 1865 that even the January
figures show farm products distinctly in the lead and this posi-
tion they promptly lost again.
As farm products rose less rapidly during the war, so they
fell less rapidly after the war. Passing above other commodities
in 1867, they remained higher until the middle of 1871. The
speculative movement of the early 70 's was marked by great ir-
regularities in price-fluctuations ; sometimes farm products, some-
times other commodities were higher. But when the price-level
"I have taken ''farm products" in a broad sense, as the following list
shows: corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, timothy-seed, clover-seed, flax-seed;
beans potatoes; cotton, rice, tobacco; hogs, beeves, hides, sheep, wool; milk,
barter, cheese, eggs.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices^ and Wages, 1860-1880. 49
TABLE 16.
Relative wholesale prices of farm products and other commodities: hy
quarters, 1 SCO- 1880.
Note.— See the explanatioDS regarding Table 4, pp. 29, 22.
Class of No. Lowest Highest
Pate Com- of rel. Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
modities series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1860
Jan. F.P. 22 88 100 100 100 100 101 102 106 108 122 149
O.C. 69 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 133
April
P.P.
22
81
91
93
98
100
100
103
106
110
115
124
O.C.
69
84
95
99
100
100
100
100
101
106
115
142
July
P.P.
22
75
81
87
93
93
96
99
100
103
112
121
O.C.
70
81
93
96
98
100
100
100
100
103
113
136
Oct.
p.p.
22
83
89
91
92
94
95
99
100
100
111
120
O.C.
70
77
90
96
100
100
100
100
103
109
124
159
1861
Jan.
p.p.
21
77
81
90
92
97
98
100
102
103
107
120
O.C.
70
74
83
89
94
98
100
100
103
109
117
155
April
p.p.
22
75
80
86
88
90
90
94
100
103
112
124
O.C.
70
52
79
89
91
95
100
100
103
109
117
173
July
p.p.
21
58
62
65
66
67
82
91
92
101
129
136
O.C.
69
50
75
82
90
94
98
100
100
109
120
205
Oct.
p.p.
22
60
62
70
75
82
86
94
98
100
120
197
oc.
70
72
82
89
93
96
100
100
105
113
125
363
1862.
Jan.
p.p.
22
6'6
70
80
86
90
97
100
113
121
137
336
O.C.
69
72
83
90
94
97
100
106
119
133
150
380
April
p.p.
oo
70
75
79
90
93
95
98
110
117
137
253
O.C.
70
72
87
90
93
95
100
105
117
127
149
370
July
p.p.
22
52
67
74
80
85
87
101
103
118
173
346
O.C.
70
65
83
91
94
100
103
109
117
130
156
640
Oct.
p.p.
21
65
75
80
83
89
96
103
118
123
153
515
O.C.
69
71
90
99
100
107
116
122
129
133
179
503
1863
Jan.
p.p.
20
83
85
97
107
110
117
123
146
104
182
618
O.C.
68
75
96
100
109
119
129
133
142
156
200
615
April
p.p.
20
73
82
112
119
126
131
145
159
189
239
608
O.C.
67
72
100
112
125
i:io
140
150
163
174
213
675
July
F.P.
20
81
93
101
103
112
120
121
140
178
195
fi:n
O.C.
67
67
100
111
120
131
137
147
158
174
200
895
Oct.
p.p.
20
68
95
102
114
119
124
130
135
165
17J
77?
O.C.
68
67
101
113
125
131
138
142
150
176
2(»0
fi«<S
50 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. l
TABLE 16— (Continued).
Kelaiive wholesale prices of farm products and other commodities: by
quarters, 1860-1880.
Class of No. Lowest Highest
Date Com- of rel. Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
modities series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1864
Jan. F.P. 20 111 116 127 140 145 152 157 166 192 220 741
O.C. 69 69 114 126 138 145 157 168 179 200 232 750
April
F.P.
20
106
120
141
147
152
161
178
199
223
231
695
O.C.
68
75
124
133
151
161
169
178
196
207
273
960
July
F.P.
20
114
120
147
157
161
168
194
233
286
245
1410
O.C.
68
89
139
160
173
188
195
200
219
276
308
900
Oct.
F.P.
20
131
147
157
173
186
200
205
208
218
240
1101
O.C.
68
94
148
167
174
194
200
221
247
283
845
639
1865
Jan.
F.P.
21
148
176
191
203
225
241
250
257
267
285
1096
O.C.
69
89
150
176
188
200
212
238
256
274
342
815
April
F.P.
21
94
124
145
157
178
184
209
212
244
259
343
O.C.
68
107
144
150
166
179
190
200
212
225
270
796
July
F.P.
21
79
101
107
125
132
142
152
166
177
229
430
O.C.
69
89
111
134
147
152
165
178
200
208
277
759
Oct.
F.P.
21
101
120
138
144
145
160
176
204
219
243
426
O.C.
69
96
131
138
153
169
183
200
228
250
287
833
1866
Jan.
F.P.
22
100
122
123
128
144
154
175
197
205
224
469
O.C.
70
100
122
149
162
174
186
200
214
248
277
824
April
F.P.
22
98
106
115
119
127
135
169
173
200
250
354
O.C.
69
94
119
141
155
105
187
197
202
217
267
833
July
F.P.
22
90
120
130
135
143
150
190
196
219
249
325
O.C.
70
89
120
141
153
170
182
197
200
216
250
815
Oct.
F.P.
22
101
120
130
138
149
158
180
185
190
221
341
O.C.
69
93
126
137
150
160
174
183
200
216
277
880
1867
Jan.
F.P.
22
102
115
119
142
154
162
172
183
200
209
325
O.C.
69
89
111
125
136
152
109
175
200
216
253
861
April
F.P.
103
121
137
140
103
1 06
190
197
207
235
263
O.C.
69
89
108
120
141
150
158
175
197
211
228
648
July
F.P.
22
99
110
118
121
129
140
164
174
195
233
259
O.C.
69
86
105
122
142
147
153
166
181
206
239
870
Oct.
F.P.
22
89
112
123
159
1 or.
175
184
187
193
220
259
O.C.
67
87
109
125
140
145
100
168
181
197
218
741
l»08] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 51
TABLE 16— (Continued).
Kehitive wholesale prices of farm products and other commodities: by
quarters, 1860-1880,
Class of No. Lowest Hif^est
Date Com- of rel. 1st 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8tSi 9th rel.
modities series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1868
Jan. P.P. 22 85 107 125 153 155 160 196 202 209 258 276
O.C. 69 87 100 114 128 142 154 169 180 188 225 787
April
F.P.
22
93
112
143
160
169
185
199
229
253
293
339
O.C.
69
84
100
125
132
142
153
170
185
194
215
787
July
F.P.
22
90
109
125
140
146
154
175
195
206
260
360
O.C.
70
82
100
121
130
142
153
172
179
188
200
435
Oct.
F.P.
22
94
116
144
155
167
174
179
195
206
233
269
O.C.
69
88
100
117
133
148
153
167
175
194
217
500
1869
Jan.
F.P.
22
99
113
126
164
165
177
189
206
227
238
266
O.C.
68
82
103
117
130
148
152
167
173
184
200
861
April
F.P.
22
99
124
183
152
167
174
184
191
206
220
263
O.C.
70
81
100
118
132
141
151
166
174
188
209
877
July
F.P.
22
96
117
135
140
149
160
168
180
187
212
316
O.C.
69
73
100
112
127
141
156
167
178
188
200
361
Oct.
F.P.
22
95
107
133
139
153
155
173
180
186
202
249
O.C.
69
68
100
112
135
141
148
159
175
180
200
444
1870
Jan.
F.P.
22
91
113
128
140
149
151
161
172
177
203
270
O.C.
68
70
100
111
125
137
143
150
166
180
200
352
April
F.P.
22
85
103
115
130
140
141
154
161
174
208
228
O.C.
70
67
97
105
120
126
137
144
157
174
200
367
July
F.P.
22
90
108
125
127
130
132
157
166
187
205
283
O.C.
70
67
95
102
118
125
132
142
157
179
191
380
Oct.
F.P.
22
94
102
116
128
137
147
150
152
176
195
221
O.C.
70
65
91
103
118
127
133
141
154
173
190
323
1871
Jan.
F.P.
22
91
109
112
122
130
140
141
164
179
192
235
O.C.
70
60
90
100
117
126
133
141
150
167
185
343
April
F.P.
22
100
114
121
125
130
134
140
165
167
206
239
O.C.
69
61
88
105
117
127
130
141
150
158
180
337
July
F.P.
22
82
98
117
118
119
129
138
153
155
191
246
O.C.
70
64
89
102
117
125
131
142
147
158
175
333
Oct.
P.P.
22
85
104
111
122
125
127
130
143
155
182
212
O.C.
70
64
93
104
117
125
131
142
150
162
180
361
52 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. I
TABLE 16— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of farm products and other commodities: by
quarters f 1860-1880,
Class of No. Lowest Hi^^est
Date Com- of rel. Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
modities series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1872
Jan. F.P. 22 86 108 121 124 130 132 134 140 15d 206 215
O.C. 70 55 89 104 118 127 133 142 150 164 180 343
April
P.P.
22
82
98
111
123
130
133
158
165
183
212
215
O.C.
68
55
93
104
120
129
140
150
158
170
200
324
July
F.P.
22
79
90
103
110
114
117
130
138
145
198
236
O.C.
70
55
90
106
120
128
138
150
153
169
194
330
Oct.
F.P.
22
88
101
119
122
125
129
131
141
152
187
212
O.C.
69
55
92
109
122
129
140
150
158
174
200
326
1873
Jan.
P.P.
22
77
110
112
128
131
133
141
148
190
194
232
O.C.
70
55
92
104
121
127
136
146
153
160
190
361
April
F.P.
22
89
104
107
129
131
132
143
160
180
200
236
O.C.
70
58
89
104
120
129
139
147
153
168
194
333
July
F.P.
22
75
95
107
110
118
123
130
142
167
200
236
O.C.
70
58
91
102
114
126
136
142
152
168
190
333
Oct.
P.P.
22
86
103
106
114
123
125
131
137
168
196
227
O.C.
69
58
91
103
116
126
136
150
153
167
200
367
1874
Jan.
F.P.
22
97
113
120
124
127
133
146
157
193
201
232
O.C.
70
58
91
104
110
119
128
140
150
158
183
352
April
F.P.
22
104
112
118
122
130
140
156
165
180
227
232
O.C.
70
58
92
102
110
117
125
135
146
160
197
346
July
F.P.
22
101
106
111
115
126
130
133
155
167
199
203
O.C.
70
58
90
104
110
116
129
139
145
161
197
352
Oct.
F.P.
22
92
105
116
118
130
131
138
143
146
179
235
O.C.
69
58
89
98
109
123
130
135
142
157
200
394
1875
Jan.
F.P.
22
93
105
119
127
l.?0
132
149
158
174
192
240
O.C.
70
67
88
99
106
112
124
130
137
154
194
359
April
F.P.
22
96
101
116
119
123
141
145
153
163
172
238
O.C.
70
64
90
96
106
117
125
129
138
147
164
407
July
F.P.
22
98
101
103
118
120
124
141
143
152
175
238
O.C.
70
55
88
95
105
109
120
127
135
146
162
432
Oct.
F.P.
22
91
98
107
108
119
120
133
148
155
160
221
O.C.
70
45
84
95
102
109
119
129
134
143
173
426
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
53
TABLE 16— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of farm products and other commodities: by
quarters, 1860-1880.
Class of No. Lowest Highest
Date Com- of rel. Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
modities series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1876
Jan. P.P. 22 93 95 99 109 111 121 128 132 148 168 196
O.C. 70 59 82 95 100 106 117 123 131 144 160 398
April
P.P.
22
79
92
97
104
106
116
123
133
157
174
206
•
O.C.
70
61
82
93
100
106
114
125
180
140
149
894
1876
July
P.P.
22
69
79
93
98
103
104
112
117
121
162
199
O.C.
70
64
78
85
95
105
112
120
125
137
152
391
Oct.
p.p.
22
70
78
96
101
103
108
125
132
144
153
169
O.C.
69
55
80
88
93
99
106
115
127
140
160
893
1877
Jan.
p.p.
22
70
83
105
115
116
123
129
150
160
169
229
O.C.
70
61
74
85
95
105
110
120
125
133
142
393
April
p.p.
22
65
78
100
102
106
111
126
141
150
183
289
O.C.
70
41
74
84
90
95
104
114
123
133
142
409
July
p.p.
22
70
86
95
100
101
104
112
140
158
161
197
O.C.
70
41
71
81
86
95
100
108
123
131
137
891
Oct.
p.p.
22
56
81
89
97
104
109
113
120
124
140
188
O.C.
70
41
74
82
87
92
100
108
120
128
134
896
1878
Jan.
p.p.
22
50
84
91
99
103
107
116
122
128
150
178
O.C.
69
45
71
78
83
85
94
100
115
123
140
882
April
p.p.
22
50
69
79
84
91
97
106
119
125
147
161
O.C.
69
36
64
75
80
83
90
100
113
125
142
432
July
p.p.
22
49
69
72
76
86
89
95
95
105
117
162
O.C.
69
36
64
70
77
84
90
100
103
117
133
378
Oct.
p.p.
22
67
69
69
83
92
97
105
112
121
165
168
O.C.
68
45
63
68
78
85
90
100
106
120
133
380
1879
Jan.
p.p.
22
47
65
70
83
84
87
99
120
141
150
228
O.C.
69
46
56
67
75
81
88
93
103
124
138
370
April
p.p.
22
49
66
72
76
83
88
100
106
119
150
190
O.C.
69
36
62
64
74
80
84
92
104
120
150
370
July
p.p.
22
50
61
72
74
79
90
100
114
118
150
170
O.C.
69
36
59
63
71
81
83
91
103
125
150
370
Oct.
p.p.
22
71
81
86
91
97
100
105
110
112
126
185
O.C.
68
36
60
72
78
82
88
100
110
125
150
380
54 University of California Publications i?i Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 16 — (Concluded).
Belative wholesale prices of farm products and other commodities: by
quarters, 1860-1880,
Class of No. Lowest Highest
Date Com- of rel. 1st 2d 8d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
modities series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1880
Jan. P.P. 22 85 99 102 110 113 115 123 123 126 157 176
O.C. 67 36 76 83 90 94 102 112 120 136 150 393
April
F.P.
22
72
82
89
100
107
110
112
119
142
155
176
O.C.
68
36
71
87
93
102
106
112
125
140
167
382
Joly
F.P.
22
69
78
84
87
91
96
108
112
113
127
165
O.C.
68
36
67
76
88
98
103
no
120
127
150
385
Oct.
F.P.
22
71
88
93
97
101
108
115
118
126
148
175
O.C.
68
36
67
83
90
95
100
104
120
127
142
398
entered on the rapid decline following the crisis of 1873, farm
products once more moved more sluggishly, and as a result their
relative prices were on the whole higher for every quarter from
1874 to 1879, with the exception of July, 1876, and July, 1878.
In the final movement of the price-level which the table shows,
however, farm products took the lead. This fact was due to the
peculiar character of the conditions which produced the move-
ment. The European harvests of 1879 were very much below
their average in quantity and quality. The result was an enor-
mous export demand for American breadstuffs — a demand so
large that it carried prices very high, despite the large supplies
which an exceptionally favorable season in the United States pro-
vided. The advance in the prices of other commodities was in
large measure a result of this advance in the prices of breadstuffs.
Farmers selling large crops at high prices in their turn bought
very freely and this brisk demand affected directly or indirectly
the price of nearly every commodity.
In Table 16 all of the commodities are treated as having the
same importance. But if it is desired to use the table of prices
of farm products in investigating the business prosperity of the
farmers it is necessary to recognize the wide differences between
different products as sources of income. Estimates for this pur-
pose can be made better if four classes of farmers be taken sep-
arately— (1) grain farmers, (2) stock farmers, (3) dairy farmers,
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 55
and (4) cotton planters. Figrures indicating the relative money
value of the more important jjrain crops — based on census returns
of yields in 1860, 1870, and 1880, and price estimates made by
the Department of Agriculture — are published in the Aldrich
Rcport.^^ For the relative importance of cattle, sheep, and hojrs
as farm products I have been able to find no j;ood contemporary
estimates, and have therefore used figures (43.3 per cent, for
cattle, 5.1 per cent, for sheep, 51.6 per cent, for hogs) ba.sed on
census estimates of animals slaughtered on farms and sold by
farmers for slaughter in 1899.** A similar set of weights was
obtained from the Twelfth Census for milk, butter, and cheese;
but I have refrained from using it, because the market for the
most important of these articles — milk — was strictly a local mar-
ket from 1860 to 1880. It would be absurd to treat our single
series of quotations from New York City for milk in the same
way as w^e treat Chicago quotations for wheat or hogs. Finally,
cotton stands by itself and requires no weighting.
For these weighted series there is no point in computing de-
ciles. A farmer's money income is to him a w-hole — not an ag-
gregate of successive tenths in each of which he sees a separate
significance aside from its contribution to the whole. The pur-
pose of the present computations is to approximate the influence
of price-fluctuations on the money incomes of certain classes of
farmers, and the most significant form of average is the arith-
metic mean.
The results, as set forth in Table 17, require no restatement
in words. But it is desirable to enter a warning against taking
the figures too literally. The original data are prices in im-
"Part I, p. 108.
The
weights 1
1860-65
per cent
have
used are
1866-75
per cent
as
follows :
1876-80
per cent
Wheat
33.9
87.0
44.8
Corn
49.0
39.2
35.6
0at8
11.7
18.3
15.1
Rye
3.0
2.2
1.5
Barley
2.4
3.3
3.0
100.0 100.0 100.0
In computing these weights for grain farms I have taken but half the
C8timate<l value of the corn crop, because of the large amount of corn raised
on stock farms and fed to hogs or cattle. .
" Twelfth Cetmts, Agriculture, Part 1, p. CCXXII.
56 University of California Publications in Economics, [^o^- 1
TABLE 17.
Arithmetic means of relative wholesale prices of certain classes of farm
products, weighted according to estimated money value of
the crops: by quarters, 1860-1880.
Note. — For explanation of the weights used, see p. 55.
92 com- 5 Hogs,
modi- grains cattle, Cotton
ties sheep
92 com- 5 Hogs,
modi- grains cattle. Cotton
ties sheep
1860
1868
Jan.
102
113
104
101
Jan.
171
199
140
153
Apr.
102
100
106
101
Apr.
176
193
175
266
July
100
94
90
98
July
165
167
162
294
Oct.
102
93
101
99
Oct.
166
159
154
246
1861
1869
Jan.
100
94
105
112
Jan.
165
151
167
238
Apr.
98
89
96
117
Apr.
165
139
177
262
July
95
67
77
136
July
158
142
163
316
Oct.
103
80
73
197
Oct.
157
129
165
249
1862
1870
Jan.
115
91
75
336
Jan.
152
129
167
232
Apr.
112
86
83
253
Apr.
146
118
164
208
July
120
83
71
346
July
145
125
163
187
Oct.
126
91
75
515
Oct.
143
115
146
152
1863
1871
Jan.
142
114
89
618
Jan.
142
115
138
140
Apr.
160
131
107
668
Apr.
140
129
141
139
July
155
114
97
631
July
137
118
107
191
Oct.
155
121
84
773
Oct.
139
116
105
182
1864
1872
Jan.
179
162
124
741
Jan.
141
117
112
185
Apr.
197
164
152
695
Apr.
145
113
113
215
July
236
213
163
1410
July
139
104
109
236
Oct.
239
191
191
1101
Oct.
143
105
114
173
1865
1873
Jan.
248
228
228
1096
Jan.
142
111
108
189
Apr.
206
172
224
343
Apr.
144
112
124
182
July
183
111
166
430
July
140
100
111
192
Oct.
205
134
216
426
Oct.
140
109
103
168
1866
1874
Jan.
199
126
190
469
Jan.
140
127
115
149
Apr.
186
111
174
354
Apr.
141
126
124
156
July
191
136
183
325
July
138
117
118
162
Oct.
188
155
180
373
1875
1867
Jan.
138
123
136
132
Jan.
179
172
138
325
Apr.
132
122
u.-i
152
Apr.
175
184
165
263
July
129
117
141
141
July
170
155
147
240
Oct.
127
103
143
121
Oct.
172
186
138
197
Oct.
138
120
123
141
1908] Mitch ell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
57
TABLE 17— (Cx)NCLUDED).
Arithmetic means of relative wholesale prices of certain classes of farm
products^ weighted according to estimated money value of
the crops: by quarters , 1860-18S0,
92 com-
5
Hogs,
92 com-
5
Hogs,
modi-
grains
cattle.
Cotton
modi-
grains
cattle,
Cotton
ties
Bhcep
ties
sheep
1876
1879
Jan.
122
100
133
121
Jan.
100
77
81
87
Apr.
122
102
142
123
Apr.
99
78
95
98
July
118
91
118
109
July
98
82
91
114
Oct.
117
94
112
101
Oct.
103
89
90
97
1877
1880
Jan.
121
103
126
116
Jan.
114
110
99
116
Apr.
118
103
116
106
Apr.
116
94
98
119
July
114
111
113
112
July
110
82
94
108
Oct.
110
94
109
102
Oct.
111
85
101
106
1878
Jan.
107
98
100
103
Apr.
105
91
93
96
July
99
75
96
105
Oct.
102
78
84
97
portant markets, but they cannot be assumed to represent the
prices realized by every farmer in the country. For many farm
products we have either no price quotations, or no estimates of
relative importance. Even for the products included in the table
these estimates of importance are merely rou«;h approximations.
Most important of all, variations in the prices of their products is
only one factor in determining: the business prosperity of farm-
ers:— variations in yields are probably more important, and
there are numerous other factors by no means ne^liprible. The
extraordinarily h\^\\ prices of cotton durinj? the war, for example,
do not mean prosperity for the planter.
VII . — Arithmetic Means of Relative Prices at Wholesale — Folk-
ver's and Dun's Index Numbers.
The tables of deciles, on which the main reliance has been
placed in this chapter, have three disadvanta^res : — they are un-
familiar to readei"s, they cannot well be compared with other
tables of relative prices, and they show details with a fullness
which for some purposes is embarrassinjx. It is therefore desira-
ble to supplement the preceding tables with one which pfives the
58 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
eomnion form of average, side by side with Falkner's and Dun's
well-known index numbers.
Concerning the fii*st two eolumns in the following table noth-
ing need be said except that the prices of gold are taken from
Table 2, and the medians from Table 4. The arithmetic means
of the third column have been computed from the tally sheets
m
used in finding the deciles. They are *' simple'' averages of the
familiar type. Objection has frequently been made to arithmetic
means as a form of average for index numbers on the ground
that while relative prices may rise thousands of points above 100,
they cannot fall more than 100 points. An advance on the part
of one series to 500 points may well be regarded as less remarkable
than the fall of another series to 20 ; but the first change would
exercise far more influence on the arithmetic mean than the
second. This objection applies with especial force to a table of
prices for the years of the civil war, when a few commodities like
cotton, alcohol, tar, etc., rose to such extraordinary heights. The
effect of such cases on the arithmetic mean is shown by the fact
that in 9 of the 84 quarters covered by the table the arithmetic
mean equals or exceeds the 7th decile ; in 36 more cases it equals
or exceeds the 6th decile ; in 35 more cases it exceeds the median.
Only three times does it coincide with the median — July, 1860,
January, 1861, July, 1869 — , and only once is it less than the
median — July, 1861. The arithmetic mean, indeed, corresponds
nuich more closely to the 6th decile than to the median, and lies
more often above it than below. ^'^ The median, while not affected
by these cases of extraordinary advance in price, is rather erratic
within limits of several points, because its precise position is often
dependent on the relative price of a single commodity which
stands in the middle of the scale of relative prices. In short,
" The reason why the arithmetic mean is not 100 in January, 1860, is that
the relative prices of a number of commodities, particularly farm products,
were computed on the basis of the average of four quarterly quotations, and
the January quotation is in most eases somewhat higher than the average.
Both the medians and the arithmetic means for 1860 to 1865 in this table
diflFer somewhat from the corresponding figures in Table XIV of A History
of the GreenbackSf (p. 256). The differences are due to changes in the list
of commodities used — necessary in e^ptcnding the table from 1865 to 1880 —
and to changes in the grouping of certain related commodities. Of course
slight changes in the data employed in compiling a table of prices alter the
averages obtained more seriously at a time when the range of variation in
prices is very wide than at a time of comparative stability of prices.
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
59
TABLE 18.
Comparison of various averages of relative wholesalv prices of commodities
and of the price of gold: by quarters and by years, 1860-1880,
Average
Quarterly table
Falkner'
8 table
Dun's index
price
Arith.
Simple
Weighted
no. — rela-
of gold
Median
mean
average
average
tive prices
I860 Jan.
100.0
100
102
100.0
100.0
Apr.
100.0
100
102
July
100.0
100
100
100
Oct.
100.0
100
102
1861 Jan.
100.0
100
100
100.6
94.1
Apr.
100.0
96
98
•
July
100.0
96
95
89
Oct.
100.0
97
103
1862 Jan.
102.5
100
115
117.8
104.1
Apr.
101.5
100
112
July
115.5
100
120
103
Oct.
128.5
111
126
1863 Jan.
145.1
125
142
148.6
132.2
Apr.
151.5
137
160
July
130.6
134
155
150
Oct.
147.7
135
155
1864 Jan.
155.5
156
179
190 . 5
172.1
Apr.
172.7
169
197
July
258.1
194
236
242
Oct.
207 . 2
200
239
1865 Jan.
216.2
216
248
216.8
232.2
Apr.
148.5
190
206
July
142.1
158
183
169
Oct.
145.5
175
205
1866 Jan.
140.1
182
199
191.0
187.7
Apr.
127.3
173
186
July
151.6
181
191
181
Oct.
148.3
173
188
1867 Jan.
134.6
169
179
172.2
165.8
Apr.
135.6
166
175
July
139.4
150
170
164
Oct.
143.5
162
172
1868 Jan.
138.5
158
171
160.5
173.9
Apr.
138.7
162
176
July
142.7
154
165
159
Oct.
137.1
159
166
1869 Jan.
135.6
159
165
153.5
152.3
Apr.
132.9
159
165
July
136.1
158
158
143
Oct.
130.2
153
157
1870 Jan.
121.3
147
152
142.3
144.4
Apr.
113.1
140
146
60 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 18 — (Concluded).
Comparison of variotts averages of relative wholesale prices of commodities
and of the price of gold: by quarters and by years, 1860-1880,
Average
Quarterly table
price
Arith
of gold
Median
mean
1870
July
116.8
132
145
Oct.
112.8
135
143
1871
Jan.
110.7
133
142
Apr.
110.6
131
140
July
112.4
130
137
Oct.
113.2
129
139
1872
Jan.
109.1
133
141
Apr.
111.1
140
145
July
114.3
130
139
Oct.
113.2
133
143
1878
Jan.
112.7
135
142
Apr.
117.8
137
144
July
115.7
130
140
Oct.
108.9
131
140
1874
Jan.
111.4
130
140
Apr.
113.4
129
141
July
110.0
130
138
Oct.
110.0
130
138
1875
Jan.
112.5
127
138
Apr.
114.8
125
132
Julv
114.8
121
129
Oct.
116.4
120
127
1876
Jan.
112.8
117
122
Apr,
113.0
115
122
July
111.9
110
118
Oct.
109.7
108
117
1877
Jan.
106.3
114
121
Apr.
106.2
108
118
Julv
105.4
100
114
Oct.
102.8
102
110
1878
Jan.
102.1
99
107
Apr.
100.6
96
105
Julv
100.5
90
99
Oct.
100.5
94
102
1879
Jan.
100.0
88
100
Apr.
100.0
84
99
July
100.0
85
98
Oct.
100.0
95
103
1880
Jan.
100.0
108
114
Apr.
100.0
107
116
July
100.0
102
110
Oct.
100.0
101
111
Falkner's table
Simple Weighted
average average
136.0
138.8
137.5
133.0
127.6
118.2
110.9
101.3
96.6
106.9
136.1
132.4
129.0
129.9
128.9
122.6
113.6
104.6
95.0
104.9
Dun's index
no. — rela-
tive prices
129
132
131
124
124
117
101
95
84
85
94
l«08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 61
neither form of average by itself is wholly satisfactory ; not only
because neither shows the range and distribution of the relative
prices of the whole list of commodities, but also because neither
is free from arbitrary and unrepresentative influences. A
** smoothed'* curve based on the medians would probably be the
most satisfactory single series of averages; but no single set of
averages tells as much as the table of deciles.
The next two columns in the table show Falkner's familiar
index numbers from the Aldrich Report.^** These index numbers
are arithmetic means made from the relative prices of some 230
nominally distinct commodities. The second series was weighted
by figures drawn from budgets of family expenditure. The dif-
ferences between the single and weighted series is considerable
for the years of the war, but small for most of the later years.
The simple average agrees with the median of the quarterly table
more closely on the whole than with the arithmetic mean ; but the
weighted average agrees more closely with the arithmetic mean
than with the median. From 1862 to 1864, Falkner\s simple
average is higher than the arithmetic mean of the quarterly table
— partly because Falkner did not group in a single series the nu-
merous varieties of cotton textiles, all of which rose violently in
price ; partly because his practice of using July instead of Janu-
ary quotations for certain conmiodities gives these connnodities
higher relative prices in his table than they have for January in
the quarterly table during years when prices were rising rapidly.^^
From 1865 to 1880 his simple averages are always lower than my
arithmetic means. In 1865 the chief reason for the wide differ-
ence is that July quotations are much lower than January quota-
tions. In later years when prices were changing more slowly,
this factor is of less consequence, and the chief reason seems to
be Falkner 's use of slightly different kinds of the same com-
modity as independent series. It so happens that in the cases
where Falkner uses series for several varieties of one commodity
these series rank more often below than above the general aver-
age. Such is emphatically the case in the most conspicuous in-
stance— that of the 25 series for different kinds of pocket knives.
16
17
Part I, p. 93.
See A History of the Greenhackftf pp. 240-242.
62 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. l
To test the effect of this factor I have recomputed Falkner's in-
dex number for 1880 from his own relative prices after grouping
the closely related commodities as they are grouped in the quart-
erly table, and find that the simple average is 112.8 instead of
106.9. This new result is much closer to the arithmetic mean of
the quarterly table (114) than to Falkner's own average. A
part of the difference between his and my arithmetic means, how-
ever, is due to the inclusion of commodities in Falkner's table for
which quarterly prices are not available, and to the inclusion in
the quarterly table of several farm products put by Falkner in a
separate table.
Falkner 's weighted average is open to two important criti-
cisms in addition to those which may be passed on his simple
average: (1) as has been said, the plan of applying weights
drawn from family expenditures in purchases at retail to series
of relative prices at wholesale is illogical; (2) the articles for
which Falkner had wholesale prices and to which he applied the
weights are in large part not articles which enter into family con-
sumption, but raw materials from which consumption goods are
produced or articles which a family does not consume in any form
— for example, anvils and circular saws.
The last column in the table shows Dun's index number for
July of each year changed into a series of relative numbers on the
basis, July, 1860=100. As originally computed, this index num-
ber professes to show the sum of the actual prices of a large num-
ber of necessary articles each weighted according to annual per
capita consumption in the United States. The relative figures
given in the table show more violent oscillations than any of the
other series. On the whole they differ somewhat less from the
medians than from the arithmetic means of the quarterly table.
The value of Dun's index number, however, as an indication of
changes in the price-level will remain uncertain until its com-
pilers publish the list of commodities used, the sources from which
their quotations were obtained, and the methods by which their
weights were computed.
ri^iM
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 63
CHAPTER III.
Prices of Commodities at Retail.
/. — Material and Methods.
The material available for the investigation of fluctuations
in retail prices during the years of the paper standard does not
include so many commodities as the material for wholesale prices,
and was not collected with as much care. The only large collec-
tion of data is the * ' Report on the Average Retail Prices of Neces-
saries of Life in the United States/' prepared under the direction
of Mr. Joseph D. Weeks, and published in volume 20 of the Tenth
Census.^ To gather information Mr. Weeks drew up a special
schedule on which appeared the names of 60 * * necassaries of life"
and spaces for entering their retail prices for the years 1851 to
1880. He sent copies to shop-keepers in a large number of towns,
requesting them to enter the prices of as many of the articles as
they could, and for as many years. The 60 necessaries were sub-
divided into provisions; groceries, etc. (including coal, w^ood, and
oil) ; domestic dry goods, etc. (including boots) ; house-rent, and
board. Spaces were provided for entering the name, address,
and line of business of the person, firm, or corporation making
the return. By way of directions this note was prefixed to the
list of necessaries: **In filling out this table please give retail
prices and prices that will be a fair average for the year, if pos-
sible. If this cannot be done, give prices on or about June 1st
of each year. ' ' At the end of the list there was added : ' ' Please
state if prices are average prices per year or prices on or about
June 1.' '2
Four hundred and nine of these schedules were filled in and
returned to the Census Office by shop-keepers in 16 states ranging
from Massachusetts to Florida and Missouri. Some gave prices
* Hereafter referred to as * * Weeks *8 Report on Retail Prices. * '
* This schedule is not published in Weeks 's Report, but may be found
in Wright and Hunt's Historic and Growth of the United States Census,
(56th Congress, Ist session, Senate Doc. No. 194), pp. 867, 868.
64 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
for only a few years, a few ran back to 1851. Mr. Weeks pub-
lished the returns substantially as he received them without
making any attempt to show the drift of the changes in prices.
For this reason later students of prices have practically ignored
his report. They could not utilize it without a laborious and
expensive process of computing relative prices and striking
averages.
The value of the material collected in this fashion is open to
some doubt. It certainly cannot be used safely to investigate
the retail prices of commodities in different towns at the same
time. For the descriptions of the commodities listed on the
schedules were so brief as to give no assurance that the articles
quoted by different shop-keepers were identical in grade or qual-
ity. Mr. Weeks, however, thought it **fair to presume that in a
given tabulation the price of the same quality or grade of each
article, as near as is possible, is quoted for the different years,
as the report is made by the same person and of the prices at
the same shop. ^'-^ On this assumption the data may be used for
investigating the changes in the level of retail prices from year
to year — though not without serious reservations. It is probable
that the quality of the provisions, groceries, and dry-goods sold
by the same retail shops under the same names, differed more
from year to year than the quality of the staple commodities for
which we have wholesale prices. But this admission detracts less
from the value of the data as material for the study of changes
in the money cast of living than from its value as material for
studving the relations between prices at wholesale and at retail.
For eonsumeis buy the goods which shop-keepers have in stock,
and when a new make of flour or a new pattern of ginghams is
introduced aud sold as a staple in place of the old there is no
objection to usini its price. Indeed, no other course is feasible,
because ino.st consumption goods are continually luidergoing
minor modifications in quality.
Another some of doubt about the data is the accuracy with
which shop-kecpcrsj cornputcd the average prices of the commodi-
ties in which they dealt. The direction to give '* prices that will
be a fair avenge *' 'lie year" is rather indefinite and seems to
" J,( jXil t, p. 'J.
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Pnces, and Wages, 1860-1880. 65
invite rough estimates. But unless the schedules had been filled
in by expert special agents from the census office, it is probable
that explicit directions requiring the making of elaborate com-
putations would have been disregarded. The returns should be
regarded as more or less expert estimates based on inspection
of old accounts rather than as accurate quotations, such for ex-
ample as can be given for the price of a certain grade of wheat on
the Chicago Board of Trade for a particular day. The approxi-
mate character of the individual statements of price matters less
because we have from 6 to 23 series of quotations for every com-
modity included in the following tables.
This description of Weeks 's Report on Retail Prices shows
that it is far from being an ideal source of information. The
field is one, indeed, Avhere the obstacles to satisfactory statistical
treatment are far more formidable than in the field of wholesale
prices or of wages. But this report is the only considerable col-
lection of data available, and the choice lies between using it
and giving up the attempt to learn what effect the paper standard
had on prices at retail and cost of living. Working over the
material increases one^s confidence in its reliability; for the re-
turns from different towns show both the general agreements and
the detailed differences characteristic of price-statistics gathered
from many independent sources. Moreover, the results which
the final tables show are substantially in accordance with expecta-
tions based on other investigations of a similar sort. It would,
of course, be an error to accept the tables as an unimpeachable
index of the precise changes which occurred in the retail price-
level ; but it would be going too far in the other direction to re-
fuse to accept the broad conclusions which they suggest. As
usually happens in such undertakings, it is quite impossible to
state quantitatively the probable margin of error in the figures.
In dealing with the material in Weeks 's report I rejected (1)
all series of quotations not expressly stated to show average prices
for the year, and (2) all series not approximately complete for the
whole period, 1860 to 1880. The number of series left by this
process of elimination was 554. Each one of these series was next
reduced to a series of relative prices on the basis : actual prices in
1860=100. Then all the series of relative prices from different
66 Univers^ity of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. l
towns for the same commodity were averaged. This step left 60
series of relative prices for as many nominally district ** neces-
saries of life.** Next, for reasons similar to those explained in
the chapter on wholesale prices, the series for closely related com-
modities were grroiiped together, and averages were struck for
these groups. Thus the number of series used in making the
tables was cut down from 60 to 36 — or rather to 34 and 35, for the
series for board was not used at all, and the series for house-rent
was used only in the tables of cost of living. The series used, and
the number of sets of quotations on which each series is based,
are shown in Table 19. The names of the 60 ** necessaries'* for
TABLE 19.
Conspectus of the material tLsed in making tables of relative retail prices.
Note. — For explanations, see pp. 63 to 66.
Number of Number of
Serial Titles of series used in sets of quo- Serial Titles of series used in sets of quo-
No. making the tables tations aver- No. making the tables tations aver-
aged, aged.
1 Beans 9 21 Mutton 20
2 Beef — fresh 26 22 Oil — coal or carbon 8
3 Beef — corned 9 23 Pork — fresh 14
4 Boots 23 24 Pork — preserved 30
5 Butter 9 25 PotaU>e8 8
6 Cheese 9 26 Rice 9
7 Coal — anthracite 6 27 Satinets 11
8 Coal — bituminous 6 28 Syrup 7
9 Codfish 7 29 Soap 8
10 Coffee 17 30 Starch 8
11 Corn meal 9 31 Sugar 25
12 Cotton textiles 84 32 Tea 9
13 Eggs 9 33 Veal 21
14 Flour — rye 7 34 Wood 19
15 Flour — wheat 13
16 Lard 9
17 Mackerel 7
18 Milk 7
19 Molasses 17
20 Mousselines de laine 12 Total 554
which Weeks collected data are incidentally shown in Table 25,
and all of the 554 original series are given at length in the ap-
pendix (Table 4).
Regarding the construction of the summary tables presented
in this chapter nothing need be said except that the same methods
have been followed in ascertaining deciles for retail as for whole-
sale prices.* •
* See Chapter II, section i, above.
Total
492
35
House*rent
36
36
Board
26
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
67
//. — Relative Prices of 34 Commodities at Retail.
Table 20 shows the 36 series of relative prices at retail from
1860 to 1880. Every series without exception shows a marked
advance during the civil war and a marked fall during the 70 *s.
Nine commodities reached their maximum relative prices in 1864,
8 in 1865, 8 in 1866, 2 in 1867, 5 in 1868, and one each in 1869
and 1870. During the subsequent fall of prices 1 commodity
reached its lowest price in 1873, 2 in 1876, 1 in 1877, 4 in 1878,
14 in 1879, and 12 in 1880.*^ Thus the table shows a broad simil-
arity in the character of the price fluctuations of all series, com-
bined with marked diversities of detail. A similar remark may
■
be made concerning the relation between the movements of retail
TABLE 20.
Arithmetic means of the different series of relative retail prices of the same
commodities: by years, 1860-1880.
Boans Beef — Beef — Board Bootf
But- Cheese Coal — Coal — Cod- Coffee Corn-
fresh
corned
men's
ter
anthra-
bitum-
fish
meal
No. of in-
heavy
cite
inous
dividual
9
26
9
26
23
9
9
6
6
7
17
9
series
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
104
110
103
110
104
93
90
103
105
102
102
ni
1862
122
112
103
119
120
110
97
115
115
112
128
118
1863
142
129
117
136
140
129
113
167
151
128
167
143
1864
156
156
134
156
160
188
153
205
154
147
286
174
1865
156
168
147
161
160
218
175
216
144
161
238
190
1866
160
170
147
158
155
215
180
200
143
166
232
183
1867
172
168
135
151
148
210
177
172
139
163
218
188
1868
185
158
148
154
144
232
168
172
138
161
196
174
1869
179
156
138
153
140
203
164
170
133
160
175
168
1870
163
150
128
149
135
203
154
157
130
156
170
167
1871
157
136
121
148
134
194
139
159
135
150
173
146
1872
155
136
117
148
132
193
144
152
135
149
170
136
1873
158
136
112
147
127
187
187
158
130
147
167
134
1874
154
131
111
143
122
181
136
154
129
143
162
140
1875
146
128
109
144
121
169
134
155
126
139
157
140
1876
134
129
111
142
116
165
124
135
127
136
149
137
1877
152
125
109
142
113
163
127
122
122
129
145
136
1878
140
122
104
139
109
156
122
127
119
126
140
128
1879
145
121
103
141
110
162
118
114
118
121
127
125
1880
150
118
105
142
109
167
135
130
121
115
122
129
* When the maximum or minimum price was maintained for two years
I have put it down to the credit of the earlier year. Board and rent are not
included in the statements. The former was highest in 1865 and lowest in
1878; the latter highest in 1872 and lowest in 1879.
68 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 20 — (Concluded).
Arithmetic
means
of th
e dife
rent series of
relat
ire reti
III prices of t\
he same
commodities: 6i/
f years
, 1860-1880.
Cotton
Eggs Flour —
Flour-
-Lard
Mack-
Milk
Molas
■ Mous-
Mutton
Oil,
Pork,
textiles
rye
wheat
erel.
ses
selinea
I
coal
fresh
No. of in-
pickled
de laine
t
dividual
84
9
7
13
9
7
7
17
12
20
8
14
series
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
. 127
92
103
109
98
93
122
106
128
108
94
122
1862
211
103
109
115
106
111
132
135
150
111
100
129
1863
319
122
157
160
120
125
154
184
185
123
154
143
1864
454
133
198
188
146
153
174
237
238
134
171
186
1865
411
167
215
206
174
149
172
230
206
153
174
210
1866
334
163
217
219
175
152
170
224
170
154
141
214
1867
263
174
210
214
173
149
171
217
134
155
127
213
1868
223
190
188
184
179.
147
168
211
121
167
116
211
1869
186
155
179
176
182
150
164
209
113
151
98
204
1870
169
159
172
169
162
142
156
194
110
143
91
183
1871
145
159
152
151
126
152
131
194
99
137
69
154
1872
139
162
144
156
116
147
131
188
97
134
66
151
1873
131
159
146
151
112
149
126
183
97
131
61
152
1874
123
148
147
144
121
144
127
180
94
130
55
157
1875
115
150
145
138
130
147
127
168
92
125
51
159
1876
107
147
148
148
128
142
127
163
87
128
49
156
1877
102
140
150
147
111
131
131
166
85
124
50
148
1878
96
143
131
138
100
130
131
165
80
123
41
139
1879
95
143
129
126
97
118
131
148
80
119
36
136
1880
94
142
132
127
107
116
131
144
81
118
35
134
Pork, :
Potatoes Rent
Rice
Satinets, Sirup Soap,
Starch
Sugar
Tea, Veal
Wood,
preserved
medium
I
common
Oolong or
fuel
quality
other good
No. of in-
black
dividual
30
8
36
9
11
7
8
8
25
9
21
19
series
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
107
103
98
113
117
103
96
102
104
104
108
114
1862
113
129
104
159
156
119
111
113
128
137
100
132
1863
327
144
114
187
188
144
139
135
148
175
117
152
1864
156
170
130
220
205
187
154
161
188
219
136
170
1865
182
173
135
217
192
189
164
178
192
268
147
176
1866
180
207
138
211
157
200
180
174
188
254
147
187
1867
178
166
134
191
138
212
165
177
170
245
150
182
1868
178
184
139
196
126
193
167
178
161
mm »^ *m
147
178
1869
172
161
142
188
121
190
164
171
162
207
146
187
1870
160
150
144
177
118
176
146
158
155
201
140
194
1871
144
164
147
169
112
158
145
139
148
175
130
178
1872
139
163
148
165
108
153
145
139
146
163
129
173
1873
134
165
145
161
106
148
132
133
138
147
126
177
1874
137
162
145
157
106
146
126
127
123
133
127
173
1875
138
150
141
141
104
137
124
125
125
124
122
165
1876
135
142
133
141
101
129
115
119
124
119
123
164
1877
131
171
132
139
97
129
115
113
121
105
116
145
1878
121
144
132
138
95
121
108
104
116
107
115
137
1879
118
145
130
130
95
120
104
103
113
102
114
136
1880
120
157
133
133
95
116
102
99
114
102
114
138
1908] Mitchell— Oold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
69
prices here depicted and the movements of wholesale prices shown
in the preceding chapter. The most striking differences between
the wholesale and retail price movements are that the latter show
a rise instead of a fall of prices in 1861 and in 1866, and fall more
slowly after 1866 and again after the crisis of 1873. This slower
fall left the level of retail prices as compared with 1860 consider-
ably higher than the level of wholesale prices at the end of the
paper-standard period. Whereas in July, 1879, 57 out of 91
series of prices at wholesale had relative prices less than those of
1860, only 5 out of 34 retail series were in a similar position.
A more succinct exhibit of the retail-price movement is af-
forded by Table 21 which gives deciles for the series shown in
Table 20, excepting rent and board. According to these figures
there was a noticeable difference between the movements of retail
and wholesale prices in 1861. More than one-half of the whole-
sale series stand below 100 in April, July and October, while the
TABLE 21.
Belative retail prices of S4 commodities: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — Constructed from the series shown in Table 20, by the method
explained on p. 19. For interpretation compare the explanation of Table 4
on p. 22.
No. Lowest Highest
Date of rel. Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
series Price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1860 34 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1861 34 90 93 98 103 103 104 106 108 113 122 128
1862 34 97 103 109 111 113 115 120 128 132 150 211
1863 34 113 120 125 129 140 143 151 154 167 185 319
1864 34 133 136 153 156 160 170 186 188 205 236 454
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
144
141
127
116
98
91
69
66
61
55
51
49
50
41
36
149
147
138
133
133
128
121
116
112
111
109
107
102
96
95
160
155
149
147
146
140
131
131
126
123
122
116
111
104
103
168
166
165
161
156
150
137
136
131
127
125
124
116
115
113
174
170
170
168
162
155
144
139
134
131
127
127
122
121
118
176
180
172
174
164
157
146
144
137
136
134
129
127
122
118
190
187
177
179
172
162
152
149
147
144
139
135
131
128
121
206
200
188
185
179
169
157
153
151
147
145
141
139
131
127
216
215
212
196
187
176
164
163
159
157
150
148
147
139
136
230
224
2i7
211
208
194
175
170
167
162
159
156
152
143
145
411
334
263
232
209
203
194
193
187
181
169
165
171
165
162
1880
34
35
95
102
114
116 118 127 131
135
144
167
70 University of Calif ornia Publications in Economics. L^'^ol- ^
great majority of retail prices stand above 100. Probably the
chief reason why the fall in wholesale rates did not extend j2:en-
erally to retail rates is to be found in its short duration. ^Fore
surprising is the fact that retail prices appear to have risen in
1862 and 1863 somewhat more rapidly than wholesale prices.
But in 1864 wholesale prices took the lead. After the war retail
prices fell less promptly than wholesale prices — as was to be ex-
pected. The median, indeed, advanced from 1865 to 1866 ; but all
the other deciles receded slightly. The fall of retail prices,
though relatively slow, was relatively steady and appears not to
have been interrupted, as was the fall of wholesale prices, by the
speculative movement of the early 70 *s. While some one of the
deciles occasionally moved upward, the general trend was unmis-
takably downward until 1879. Finally, the forward movement
of prices in 1880 was much less pronounced in the retail than in
the wholesale trade. The median of retail prices was steadily
above the median for wholesale prices from 1867 to 1880 ; but the
range of wholesale prices was wider and their upper deciles were
generally higher than the corresponding figures in Table 21 until
1878. At the end of the period the relatively slow fall of retail
prices had opened up a wide gap between the two sets of figures
— the median for 1880 standing in one case at 118 and in the
other at about 105 for the year as a whole.®
Greater steadiness of movement on the part of retail prices
usually characterizes comparisons of this sort. But in the pres-
ent case the contrast is exaggerated by the facts, (1) that the
retail quotations used are average prices for each year, while the
wholesale prices are supposedly prices on definite dates; (2) that
all of the series which enter into Table 21 are themselves averages
of a number of sinjzle series, while the same is true of only a part
of the series which enter into Table 4; and (3) that the variety
of articles for which retail prices are available is much less than
in the case of w^holesale prices. These same facts explain the nar-
rower range of fluctuations shown by retail prices and the some-
what higher degree of concentration about the median. If the
•
The reasons for the similarities and differences between the fluctuations
of relatives prices at wholesale and retail are discussed in Chapter V. section
• • •
ui.
19081 Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and ^Vages. 1860-1880. 71
method employed in makinp: Table 5 from Table 4, were applied
to make a table showino: the distribution of the relative retail
prices of Table 21 over the field covered by the fluctuations, it
would show the average number of points in the price-scale be-
tween the lowest and highest relative retail prices to be 135.9, as
against 422.5 points in the case of relative wholesale prices. But
the result would be different if, instead of using as the basis of
computation the averages of the different series for the same com-
modities given in Table 21. one should use the different series
themselves. The latter method would give for example an ex-
treme range of 406 points between the lowest and highest relative
prices in 1880, while Table 21 shows a range of only 132 points.
///. — Relative Prices of 21 Commodities at Retail and at Whole-
sale.
The broad comparisons between the movements of prices at
retail and wholesale made in the last section are subject to the
objection that the two lists of commodities are very different. It
is therefore desirable to arrange a comparison between identical
lists of commodities at retail and wholesale. Unfortunately,
there are biit 21 commodities in the retail tables which are sub-
stantially duplicated in the wholesale tables ; and in dealing with
these commodities we nuist assume that averages of the four
wholesale quotations for each year represent average annual
prices. The relative prices of these 21 commodities at retail and
wholesale are shown in Table 22, and a succinct statement of the
net results of the comparison is given in Table 23.
The series for the individual commodities show in most cases
the kind of differences which might be expected — the wholesale
prices exhibit a higher degree of variability from year to year,
more extreme advances, and greater declines. The averages for
all the commodities substantiate the conclusions drawn in the
preceding section. Retail prices rise while wholesale prices fall
in 1861 ; they advance more rapidly in 1862, lose a shade of their
advantage in 1863, and are definitely passed in 1864. After 1866
they fall steadily until 1879, while wholesale prices show an up-
ward turn in 1868 and again in 1873. But the fall of retail
prices, while steadier, is slower so that thev stand in 1879 well
72 University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL 1
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1908] Mitch ell— Gold. Prices, a nd Wages, 1860-1880.
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76 University of California Pnhlicatioyis in Economics, [Vol. i
above the level of 1860, though wholesale prices are decidedly be-
low it. And it again appears that the advance of 1880 over 1879
is much less marked in the case of retail prices. The 1st and
9th deciles further show that during most of the time the aver-
TABLE 23.
Belative prices of identical lists of commodities at wholesale and retail: by
years, 1860-1880.
Note. — Constructed from the series shown in Table 22.
1st deciles
Medians
9th deciles
Arithmeti(
: means
Retail
Wholesale
Retail \Vholesale
Retail Wholesale
Retail Wholesale
prices
prices
prices
prices
prices
prices
prices
prices
I860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
93
82
104
95
123
109
107
94
1862
106
75
117
99
187
151
131
109
1863
120
89
143
120
237
222
168
148
1864
134
136
174
182
335
331
215
225
1865
156
163
198
198
324
332
219
224
1866
160
147
202
177
271
299
208
203
1867
166
144
182
173
219
222
193
177
1868
167
140
185
177
232
210
190
180
1869
155
142
172
171
205
193
177
172
1870
150
131
162
155
188
179
166
156
1871
137
108
153
143
186
172
155
144
1872
134
99
147
135
179
176
151
138
1878
180
95
143
148
179
169
148
143
1874
125
116
140
144
178
176
145
144
1875
120
117
140
133
163
161
140
134
1876
112
88
135
120
162
146
135
120
1877
109
85
130
123
164
150
134
117
1878
100
72
127
97
156
129
127
99
1879
97
69
120
90
145
125
123
93
1880
99
82
129
103
150
126
127
107
age variations of the relative retail prices of the 21 commodities in
different towns were confined wuthin a narrower range than the
variations of the relative wholesale prices of the same commodi-
ties in central markets.
IV. — Relative Prices of Coymnoditics at Bctail and of Gold.
Chart V, facing p. 78. serves not only to present graphically tlie
movements of retail prices as shown in Table 21, but also to afford
the best attainable data for comparing the fluctuations in retail
prices and in the premium on gold. Its similarity with Chart
III obviates the necessity of special explanation of its meaning.
76 Vniversitx^pJl
kammirx . IVoi. i
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 11
The differences between the movements of retail prices and of
gold are similar in character to the differences between the move-
ments of wholesale prices and of gold, but more pronounced in
degree. Gold advanced more rapidly in price during the war
than the majority of wholesale prices and fell more rapidly after
January, 1865. Similarly, wholesale prices advanced more rapid-
ly in the latter part of the war than retail prices, and then fell
more rapidly. The result is that the average annual price of gold
stands in 1864 higher than the 7th decile for retail prices, and
then drops sharply to the neighborhood of the 1st decile, where
it remains until resumption of specie payments.^ These wide dif-
ferences between the movements of retail prices and of gold are
due to the fact that the influence of the fluctuations in the gold
valuation of the paper money was comnuinicated to retail prices
at second hand. The more highly organized and more sensitive
wholesale markets show the effects of this influence much more
clearly — though even they were not ruled wholly by this factor.
In their turn retail markets were affected bv the alterations in
wholesale prices — though they also show the effect of other fac-
tors. Thus the influence of fluctuations in the specie value of the
currency appears in greatly modified form in the retail-price
tables.®
V. — Relative Pi-ices of 3:") Commodities at Retail in Eastern and
Western States.
The wide distribution of the towns from which Mr. Weeks
collected his data for retail prices makes it possible to institute
a comparison between the changes in the relative prices of the
same articles in different sections of the northern states. The
grouping of states into east and west used here is arranged in
view of the fact that the w^age-data of the Aldrich Report, an-
alyzed in the next chapter, come almost wholly from towns east
of Ohio. To put the retail-price tables into form for comparison
with these wage-tables, averages of relative prices at retail have
been computed first for the states of Massachusetts, Connecticut,
' The reader may wish to turn again to the explanation of the term * * de-
ciles," p. 19 above.
• See Chapter V ; nei'tion iii, below.
78 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Vir-
ginia ; second for the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Mis-
souri, and Kentucky. The method followed in making up these
two sets of averages and constructing tables from them is identical
with the method described in the first section of this chapter,
except that the series for house-rent has been admitted to the
table.
The results, shown in Table 24, indicate that the advance in
retail prices in 1861 was confined to the eastern states. In the
west, as many articles fell as rose in price. In 1862, however, the
rise of prices was somewhat more rapid in the west than in the
east, and from 1863 to 1880 the level in the west was distinctly
TABLE 24.
Relative retail prices of identical lists of commodities in Eastern and
Western States: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — Compare the note on Table 21, and the explanation on pp. 77, 78.
* Lowest Highest
No. of rel. Int 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
Scries price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
92 100 102 104 105 108 109 113 116 133 171
81 85 92 96 97 100 101 104 111 121 134
Year
Sei
1860
E.
35
W.
35
1861
E.
35
W.
35
1862 E. 35 88 104 106 110 116 119 130 137 144 157 232
W. 35 85 97 102 103 108 115 122 131 133 140 198
1863
E.
35
105
114
122
125
132
134
141
159
168
188
325
W.
35
105
116
118
133
139
145
154
167
182
198
316
1864
E.
35
123
134
140
149
151
162
167
184
213
237
423
W.
35
113
134
146
157
164
169
175
199
233
238
474
1865
E.
35
132
150
158
102
167
171
178
209
222
231
397
W.
35
124
134
149
157
167
179
182
211
231
2C9
420
1^66
K.
35
138
148
IT) 3
159
173
178
184
191
197
211
316
W.
35
124
133
144
152
1C4
183
190
210
256
200
345
1867
E.
3r>
128
139
14r>
149
157
173
176
180
195
209
238
W.
35
116
131
132
153
163
181
190
213
217
258
279
1868
E.
35
116
136
144
153
163
169
172
184
187
205
229
W.
35
110
121
132
150
162
186
196
198
204
234
291
1869
E.
35
98
129
139
144
152
167
172
177
184
201
220
W.
35
93
117
134
142
157
165
181
193
199
211
248
l^M.iy^**! ' \v**7>^" ■■. ■•'v* .r^:^**""?.-
. ?■"■!■.■ *■-'■?
W>|«%||
15^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 79
TABLE 24— (Concluded).
Relative retail prices of identical lists of cammodities in Eastern and
Western States: by years, 1860-1880.
Lowest Highest
No. of rel. Ist 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
Year Series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1870 E. 35 93 124 131 136 144 155 160 165 176 183 202
W. 35 85 117 134 142 151 159 170 175 196 211 228
1871 E. 35 69 118 120 125 130 138 143 157 162 171 186
W. 35 69 119 129 137 140 148 167 173 181 188 224
1872 E. 35 64 112 114 124 129 134 139 149 160 170 182
W. 35 69 119 125 1S6 139 149 164 172 175 185 220
1873 E. 35 59 107 113 121 127 137 143 151 167 175 180
W. 35 69 110 126 130 132 142 155 163 168 176 208
1874 E. 35 50 108 115 122 125 134 137 151 160 169 178
W. 35 69 110 123 126 132 139 146 161 166 182 191
1875 E. 35 44 109 114 116 126 132 134 141 154 164 171
W. 35 69 110 121 123 130 135 143 150 161 173 186
1876 E. 35 42 100 106 117 121 131 131 134 142 157 167
W. 35 69 107 117 124 127 130 136 149 156 172 190
44 100 104 116 119 123 127 134 141 147 176
96 109 115 120 130 133 148 156 173 196
98 99 104 114 121 125 127 132 139 180
93 109 112 118 126 130 146 150 159 180
92 98 104 109 112 121 127 130 134 155
9» 104 110 114 126 130 138 142 154 190
79 98 108 111 120 121 129 134 189 155
93 104 110 114 120 132 137 142 162 194
higher. In 1869, 1876 and 1880 to be sure, the eastern median
was slightly higher than or equal to the western median ; but the
other deciles show that the general level was higher in the west
even in these years.
VI. — Relative Retail Prices of the Same Commodities iyi Different
Towns.
Study of the differences in the price-fluctuations of the same
commodity in different places can be carried further by examin-
ing Table IV of the appendix. There the relative prices of each
of Weeks 's 60 ** necessaries of life'' in all the towns from which
1877
E.
35
44
W.
35
69
1878
E.
35
34
W.
35
62
1879
E.
35
83
W.
35
45
1880
E.
35
32
W.
35
45
80 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. 1
satisfactory quotations were obtained, are published side-by-side.
The differences between the relative prices are often very wide —
particularly in the later years. In 1880, for example, there is a
difference of 140 points between relative prices of hard wood in
Reading, Pennsylvania and Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Other com-
modities show still w^ider ranges of variation — potatoes 150 points,
rye flour 160 points, com meal 161 points, eggs 225 points, and
butter 350 points. These extreme variations in the relative prices
of the same commodity in different towns are all wider than the
variation in 1880 between the lowest and highest of the 34 series
of average relative prices used in making Table 21 (132 points).
But if the average of the extreme differences between the relative
prices of the same commodities in different towns is taken, it is
found to be much less — namely, 94.5 points.
This wide range of variation shows that it w^ould be desirable
to have the average relative prices for each article based on quota-
tions from a larger number of towns ; but it does not throw seri-
ous discredit on the accuracy of the quotations which we do
possess. (1) Wide variations in relative prices at retail are to
be expected in any large collection of data covering a considerable
territory and extending over a number of years. For example, on
looking over the retail-price data of the Eighteenth Annual Re-
port of the Commissioner of Labor I find the relative price of eggs
in 1903, computed on the basis of prices in 1807, varying from 99
in IMontgomery, Alabama, to 183 in Detroit, Michigan. Wider
variations are not necessarily disquieting in a table which covers
a period three times as long, characterized by violent changes in
the general price-level, and beginning at a time when local retail
markets were less closely connected than now. (2) The wide
variations between the relative prices of the same commodities in
different towns in 1880, are due in part to the fact that the dif-
ferences between actual retail prices were reduced between i860
and 1880. In some cases a wide difference in relative prices in
1880 is due solely to the fact that a difference in actual prices
existing in 1860 had been wiped out by 1880. This bringing of
actual prices in different towns into closer harmony is probably
due mainly to improvements in transportation and communica-
tion, and to centralization in the manufacturing and selling of
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
81
many commodities, with its accompanying standardization of
grades and closer control over prices. Table 25 has been arranged
to show the importance of this factor. The extreme relative
prices in different towns in 1880 have been entered for each of
Weeks 's 60 necessaries.® Then the differences between the actual
TABLE 25.
Extreme range of relative retail prices of 60 commodities shown by Table 4
of the Appendix in 1880, and differences of corresponding
actual prices in 1860 and 1880.
Note. — See the explanations on pp. 80-82.
Differences between actual
Extreme rel.
prices in
towns where ex-
Commodities
prices in 1880
treme rel.
prices occurred
Serial
in 1880
No.
Lowest
Highest
1860
1880
1
Beans
100
200
$ .05
$ .00
2
Beef — roasting pieces
80
156
.045
.025*
3
nimp steaks
91
140
.01
.04
4
soup pieces
100
200
.025
.005
5
Beef — corned
75
144
.01
.07
6
Board — Men
75
233
2.50
.50
7
Women
75
200
2.00
1.00
8
BooU
75
150
.00
3.00
9
Butter
67
417
.24
.05
10
Cheese
100
163
.10
.05
11
Coal — anthracite
100
170
3.50
1.75
12
Coal — bituminous
96
150
1.62
.75
13
Codfish
80
160
.05
.00
14
Coffee — green
80
188
.17
.05
15
roasted
83
200
.20
.05
16
Corn meal
52
213
3.37
.68
17
Cotton textiles — flannels
83
120
.0667
.025
18
prints
64
100
.035
.01
19
sheetings — bleached
50
120
.15
.005
20
sheetings — brown
63
135
.1225
.02
21
sh irtings — bleached
67
150
.07
.02
22
shirtings — brown
72
167
.065
.01
23
' tickings
77
156
.005
.18
24
Eggs
75
300
.15
.00
25
Flour — ^ryc
90
250
3.00
.50
26
Flour — wheat — extra
84
220
2.25
1.50
27
wheat — superfine
93
200
4.50
1.00
28
Lard
71
160
.0283
.0687
29
Mackerel
68
200
.04
.03
30
Milk
100
167
.02
.00
31
Molasses — New Orleans
100
175
.20
.10
32
Porto Rico
100
171
.14
.045
• When one of the extreme relative prices of an article occurs in two or
more towns in 1880, I have arbitrarily taken as the basis for computation
actual prices in the town which stands first in Weeks 's tables.
82 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. i
TABLE 25 — (Concluded).
Extreme range of relative retail prices of 60 commodities shown by Table 4
of the Appendix in 1880, and differences of corresponding
actual prices in 1860 and 1880.
Differences between actual
Extreme rel.
prices in
towns where ex-
Commodities
prices in 1880
treme rel.
prices occurred
Serial
in 1880
No.
Lowest
Highest
I860
1880
33
Mousselines de laine
55
167
$ .18
$ .07
34
Mutton — chops
100
150
.08
.04
35
fore-quarters
80
140
.0529
.0125
36
leg
86
133
.02
.06
37
Oil — coal or carbon
11
57
.77
.08
38
Pork — fresh
89
200
.0475
.0133
39
shoulders
85
167
.07
.01
40
Pork — ^bacon
69
182
.125
.025
41
corned
72
182
.07
.01
42
hams
75
167
.125
.025
43
sausages
80
129
.0425
.00
44
Potatoes
100
250
.40
.10
45
Rent— 4-room houses
60
240
5.00
6.00
46
6-room houses
75
200
3.00
9.00
47
Rice
100
167
.02
.02
48
Satinets
68
136
.515
.275
49
Syrup
94
133
.20
.05
50
Soap
70
175
.06
.00
51
Starch
80
160
.05
.00
52
Sugar — brown
88
150
.025
.015
53
yellow B
82
167
.05
.01
54
yellow C
90
143
.03
.01
55
Tea
67
167
.30
.10
56
Veal cutlets
100
143
.01
.05
57
fore-quarters
71
133
.01
.03
58
hindquarters
89
156
.01
.045
59
Wood — hard
100
240
1.50
2.00
60
pine
100
178
1.00
4.50
Number of cases in which the difference between actual prices is:
Greater in 1860 than in 1880 46
Greater in 1880 than in 1860 13
The same in 1880 as in 1860 1
Whole number of cases 60
prices of each commodity in the towns where these extreme rela-
tive prices occurred in 1880 have been computed for both 18G0
and 1880. The result is to show that in more than three-fourths
of the cases the difference between actual prices was less at the
latter date.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 83
YII, — Relative Cost of Living.
The preceding tables are designed primarily to afford material
for studying the influence of the paper standard on prices at
retail. Accordingly they have been made like the tables of whole-
sale prices, without the use of weights. But when in the next
chapter we begin to study the effects of the paper standard on
the economic fortunes of wage-earners we shall need tables which
show changes in the relative money cost of living. It is there-
fore desirable to construct a second set of retail-price tables in
which each commodity for which we have data is weighted as
nearly as possible in accordance with its relative importance as an
item of cost in the family budget.
Weights for this purpose, readily applicable to the majority
of our series, can be obtained from the detailed statistics of the
expenditures of 2,567 families published in the Eighteenth An-
niial Report of the Commissioner of Labor. The average sums
expended by these families for fresh beef, fresh pork, salt pork,
eggs, milk, butter, cheese, lard, tea, coffee, sugar, rice, potatoes,
and rent can be applied directly as weights to our corresponding
series of relative prices at retail. Other items require the making
of rough estimates and allowances. Mutton and veal are each
given one-half the Bureau's weight for ** other meat''; corned
beef one-half its weight for **salt beef;" wheat flour two-thirds
and rye flour and* com meal each one-sixth its weight for ** flour
and meal;" molasses and syrup each one-half its weight for '* mo-
lasses;" beans one-quarter its weight for ** other vegetables:"
anthracite and bituminous coal each two-fifths and wood one-fifth
its weight for **fuel" ; coal oil one-half its weight for ** lighting."
Soap and starch are arbitrarily assigned weights of 2 and 1 out
of a total of 557. To get weights for textiles and boots is more
difficult. I have had recourse to the table published in the Aid-
rich Report, Part 1, p. 84, showing the relative importance as
items of expenditure of the various articles of clothing purchased
by husbands, wives, and children of working-men 's families, and
have applied the relative figures there given to the less detailed
absolute figures of the Labor Bureau's report, in order to obtain
a new set of weights computed on the same basis as those for the
84 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
other series. For the series ** men's heavy boots '* I took from
the Aldrich Report only the expenditure of husbands on ** boots
and shoes'' — omitting the expenditure of wives and children.
For the textile series I took from the Aldrich Report the total
of expenditures for husbands' ** shirts," wives' '* dresses, cloaks
and shawls," children's ** dresses, etc." and children's ** shirts.'^
This total I divided between the series for cotton textiles, mous-
selines de laine, and satinets in the proportions of seven-ninths,
one-ninth, and one-ninth respectively. The weights thus allotted
to each of the 35 series are shown in Table 26.
TABLE 26.
Weights allotted to the 35 series of relative retail prices used in making
tables of relative cost of living.
Note. — Proportions of expenditure are based on the ratio 1,000 = $768.54,
which is the average expenditure of 2,567 families for which the Bureau of
Labor obtained detailed budgets. (ISth Annual Report of the Commissioner
of Labor, p. 496 flf.) For further explanations, see pp. 83, 84.
Propor-
Propor-
Actual
tion of
Actual
tion of
Commodity
expendi-
total ex-
Commodity
expendi-
total ex-
ture
penditure
ture
penditure-
$
Per mille.
$
Per mille.
1
Beef — fresh
50.05
64
25
Coal — anthracite
12.89
17
2
corned
2.63
3
26
bituminous
12.90
17
3
Pork — fresh
14.02
18
27
Wood
6.45
8
4
5
preserved
Mutton
\f\ 89
18
4.89
6
Total fuel
32.24
42
G
Veal
4.89
6
7
Codfish
2.00
3
28
Oil
4.08
5-
a
%f uplrorol
2 00
3
9
in. lAv ik.ci CI
Flour — wheat
11.17
15
Total lighting
4.08
5
10
rye
2.79
4
11
Corn meal
2.80
4
29
Cotton textiles
14.84
19^
12
EgJ?8
16.79
22
30
Moussclines de laine 2.12
3
13
Milk
21.32
28
31
Satinets
2.12
3
14
Butter
28.76
37
32
Boots
4.91
6
1 'i
f^flfkAAA
2 62
3
1 *j
16
Lard
9.35
12
Total clothing
23.99
31
17
Tea
5.30
7
18
Coffee
10.74
14
33
Rent
122.92
16a
19
flu gar
15.76
21
20
Molasses
.85
1
34
Soap
1.20
2
21
Syrup
.84
1
35
Starch
1.00
1
22
Rice
2 05
3
23
Potatoes
12.93
17
Total sundries
2.20
3
24
Beans
Total food
4.71
6
Grand total
243.15
316
428.58
55T
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 85
This table shows that the retail-price series, at the weights al-
lotted each, cover about 56% of total family expenditures. The
different classes of expenditure are represented with unlike de-
grees of completeness: — rent and fuel 100% of the total outlay
for these purposes, food 74%, lighting 50%, clothing 21%, other
classes 1.4%. On the basis of the Bureau's estimate of $768.54 as
the average annual expenditure of 2,567 families, the items in-
cluded in our table make $428.58, and the items omitted $339.96.
The omitted items may be expressed as $84 for food, $91 for
clothing, and $160 for a variety of goods — liquors and tobacco,
furniture, insurance, sickness and death, labor unions and other
organizations, amusements, religion and charity, etc.*®
What has been shown regarding the materials at our disposi-
tion makes it clear that a high degree of accuracy cannot be
claimed for tables of relative cost of living constructed from them.
(1) The relative prices for our commodities are computed from
retail price quotations from a small number of towns. This num-
ber ranges from as many as 22 in the case of boots to as few as 4
in the case of anthracite coal. (2) A considerable element of con-
jecture enters into the determination of some of the weights. (3)
All the weights are drawn from budgets collected after 1900 and
applied to prices prevailing in 1860 to 1880» (4) The material
covers but 56% of the total cost of living. Acceptance of the
results at their face value involves the assumption that the re-
maining 44% of the cost of living was subject to the same changes
as our figures show for 56%. (5) The application of a constant
set of weights to series of relative prices over a long period of
*• The Bureau 's figures for 2^567 families, which I use because of their
detailed character, do not show the average expenditure on each kind of
goods noted for all families, but the average expenditure for those families
which bought the goods. It matters little, however, which form of average
is used. This conclusion is justified by the following comparison between
the averages obtained by the Bureau in one way for 2,567 families with de-
tailed budgets, and in the other way, for 11,156 ** normal families.'*
2,567
11.156
Families
"Normal" Families
Food
42.5%
43.1'/r
Rent
16.0
18.1
Fuel
4.2
4.6
Lighting
1.1
1.1
Clothing
14.9
13.0
See Eighteenth Annual lieport of the Commissioner of LahoVf 1903, pp.
510, 569.
86 University of California Publications in Economics. l^^<>^- ^
years is theoretically objectionable, because changes in the com-
parative cost of different articles leads to more extended use of
some and restricted use of others. These considerations show the
impropriety of accepting the tables which follow as an accurate
index of variations in the cost of living. But, despite their short-
comings, these tables deserve to be regarded as a closer approxi-
mation to such an index than either the unweighted tables of
prices at retail, or weighted tables of prices at wholesale such
as Falkner has constructed.
To show clearly the effects of weighting on the results ob-
tained from the retail-price series, the simple and weighted deciles
are presented side by side in Table 27. In general, the difference
between the two sets of figures is that the weighted set shows less
TABLE 27.
Relative retail prices, simple and weighted: by years, 1860-18S0.
Note. — The simple deciles are taken from Table 21. The weighted deciles
are made from the same scries, with the addition of one series for house-rent,
by applying the weights shown in Table 26.
Sim-
ple or No. Lfowest Highest
Date weight- of rel. 1st 2nd 8rd 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
ed series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1860 8 34 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
W 35 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1861 S 34 90 93
W 35 90 93
98 103 103 104 106 108 113 Vl'l TJ8
98 98 98 103 104 108 110 122 128
1862 S 34 97 103 109 111 113 115 120 128 132 150 211
W 85 97 104 104 104 110 112 113 115 128 132 211
1863 S 34 113 120 125 129 140 148 151 154 167 185 H19
W
35
113
114
114
117
127
129
129
144
154
167
319
1864
s
34
183
136
153
156
160
170
186
188
205
236
454
w
85
130
130
130
133
154
156
170
174
188
205
454
1865
s
34
144
149
160
168
174
176
190
206
216
230
411
w
35
135
135
135
144
167
168
173
182
210
218
411
1866
s
34
141
147
155
166
170
180
187
200
215
224
334
w
35
138
138
138
143
163
170
170
188
214
219
:{34
1867
s
34
127
138
149
165
170
172
177
188
212
217
2G3
w
35
127
134
134
134
166
168
171
174
210
214
203
1868
s
84
116
133
147
161
168
174
179
185
196
211
232
w
35
116
139
189
189
158
161
172
179
190
223
232
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 87
TABLE 27— (Concluded). ^
Relative retail prices, simple and weighted : by years, 1860-1880.
Sim-
ple or No. Lowest Highest
Date weight- of rel. let 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th rel.
ed series price decile decile decile decile Median decile decile decile decile price
1869 S 34 98 133 146 156 162 164 172 179 187 203 209
W 35 98 142 142 142 155 156 162 170 179 203 209
1870
8
34
91
128
140
150
155
157
162
169
176
194
203
W
35
91
144
144
144
150
150
156
159
169
183
203
1871
s
34
69
121
131
137
144
146
152
157
164
175
194
w
35
69
131
136
144
147
147
147
151
159
173
194
1872
s
34
66
lljS
131
136
139
144'
149
153
163
170
193
w
35
66
131
136
139
146
148
148
149
156
170
193
1873
s
34
61
112
126
131
134
137
147
151
159
167
187
w
35
61
126
134
136
145
145
145
147
158
167
187
1874
s
34
55
111
123
127
131
136
144
147
157
162
181
w
35
55
127
131
131
187
145
145
145
154
162
181
1875
8
34
51
109
122
125
127
134
139
145
150
159
169
w
35
51
125
127
128
138
141
141
141
150
159
169
1876
8
34
49
107
116
' 124
127
129
135
141
148
156
165
W
35
49
124
127
129
133
133
133
135
147
156
165
1877
8
34
50
102
111
116
122
127
131
139
147
152
171
W
35
50
118
122
125
131
132
132
132
145
152
171
1878
8
34
41
96
104
115
121
122
128
131
139
143
165
W
35
41
109
121
122
130
132
132
132
139
143
165
1879
8
34
36
95
103
113
118
118
121
127
136
145
162
W
35
36
110
118
121
125
130
130
130
131
145
162
1880
8
34
35
95
102
114
116
118
127
131
135
144
167
W
35
35
109
118
120
127
132
133
133
134
150
167
mobility, advancing: less rapidly durinp the war and falling less
rapidly after the war. As a result, the price level shown by the
weighted deciles is lower from 1861 to 1870, and higher from 1871
to 1880. For a considerable part of both the earlier and later
periods the differences between the two sets of figures are rather
wide. The weighted medians are 5, 10, even 14 points lower
during the war; then the differences become less, in 1871 they
turn the other way, and gradually the weighted medians become
5, 10, 14 points higher than the simple.
88 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
Yhese differences are due in large measure to the series for
house rent. Excluded from the table of simple deciles, this series
has the greatest weight of any in the weighted table (See Table
26). On turning back to Tables 20 and 21, the reader will see
that this series advanced but slowly during the war, did not reach
its maximum until 1872, and then declined more slowly than most
of the other series, standing in 1880 higher than the 7th decile of
Table 21. With its weight of 160 parts out of 557, the series for
rent covers nearly three-tenths of the cost of living for which we
have data, and is therefore able to determine the position of at
least two and sometimes of three of the deciles in the weighted
table. Up to 1870 it ranks relatively low, fixing the 1st and 2d,
or 2d and 3d, or 1st, 2d and 3d deciles, and giving also the lowest
relative price from 1864 to 1866. In 1871, it advances in relative
rank, and from that year to 1879 it fixes the median together with
the 4th and 6th deciles, or the median and the 6th, or the median,
6th and 7th. In 1880, it stands above the median and fixes the
6th and 7th deciles.
If, now, we compare the figures for cost of living with the
figures for the price of gold we find the differences pointed out in
section iv reappearing in still more accentuated form. The sim-
ple deciles for retail prices were found to rise more slowly than
the premium, then fall more slowly and not so far.'* The weight-
ed deciles, taken as representative of the cost of living, have now
been found to rise still more slowly than the simple deciles, not
to reach so high a point, — to decline more slowly and not so far.
The forces which produced the quick and violent oscillations of
the premium thus appear to have exercised less infiuenee on the
cost of living than on the general level of retail prices. Their
influence is indubitable; but the cost-of-living curve deviates more
radically than the retail-price curve from the form of the gold-
premium curve, primarily because the influence of these forces
encountered the powerful opposition of the sluggish moveiiuMits
of house-rent.
Finally, I have made separate tables for the relative cost of
living in Eastern and Western States, corresponding to the tables
of relative retail, prices in east and west presented in section v.
" See p. 77, al)ove.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 89
The unweighted tables showed a higher level of retail prices in
the West for all years after 1862. The new table shows substan-
tially the same results for the years of the civil war, except that
the difference between the eastern and western levels is in most
cases somewhat wider. From 1866 on, however, the figures for
cost of living in the two sections are in closer agreement than
the unweighted figures for retail prices, and the western level
instead of being uniformly higher, is lower than the eastern
level in 1869 and 1873 to 1875. This change in the results of
the comparison between east and west is primarily due to the
influence of the series for house-rent. Table 29 which gives this
series for east and west separately, shows that relative rents were
higher in the east in 1861 and '62, higher in the west in 1863 to
TABLE 28.
Belalive cost of living in Eastern and Westerii States: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — Compare the notes upon Tables 27 and 24.
East Lowent IlighcRt
War or No. of Hel. Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Median 6th 7th 8th 9th Rel.
West Series Price Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Price
1800 E. n5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
W. 35 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
1861 E. 35 92 100 100 100 102 104 108 116 118 133 171
W. 35 81 89 95 96 97 97 97 100 110 119 134
1862 E. 35 88 105 106 106 106 111 119 126 140 150 232
W. 35 85 98 102 103 103 103 115 119 129 136 198
18Gn E. 35 105 105 105 111 115 128 134 134 159 171 325
W. 35 105 117 117 117 117 138 140 151 162 182 316
18f»4 E. 35 123 123 123 133 134 150 157 163 184 214 423
W. 35 113 134 134 134 148 152 169 175 216 236 474
1865 E. 35 132 132 132 150 160 163 174 179 209 225 397
W. 35 124 136 136 136 150 157 173 182 243 273 420
1866 E. 35 138 138 138 146 155 173 182 182 195 206 316
W. 35 124 138 138 138 150 156 176 190 256 259 345
1867 E. 35 128 139 139 139 145 169 175 176 180 207 238
W. 35 116 132 132 132 154 154 167 195 228 263 279
\f<{\i^ E. 35 116 151 153 153 153 166 169 172 175 187 229
W. 35 110 132 132 132 140 152 167 196 221 250 291
I860 E. 35 98 143 155 159 159 163 168 168 175 179 220
W, 35 93 134 134 134 136 152 159 167 195 224 248
1870 E. 35 93 134 147 155 158 162 164 164 164 169 202
W. 35 85 134 134 134 136 151 156 170 192 218 228
90
University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 28— (Concluded).
Relative cost of living in Eastern and Western States: by years, 1860-1880,
East Lowest Highest
Year or No. of Rel. Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Median 6th 7th 8th 9th Bel.
West Series Price Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Decile Price
1871 E. 35 69 125 131 143 143 153 158 164 164 164 186
W. 35 69 125 132 140 140 140 145 167 179 186 224
1872
E.
35
64
120
129
134
143
147
160
166
166
166
182
W.
35
69
125
132
137
139
139
142
167
176
185
220
1873
E.
35
59
123
129
142
142
1'47
162
167
167
167
180
W.
35
69
126
126
132
134
134
134
161
167
176
208
1^74
E.
35
50
122
130
134
137
143
160
160
160
165
178
W.
35
69
122
125
133
136
136
136
150
162
182
191
187r>
E.
35
44
116
130
182
134
141
154
159
159
159
171
W.
35
69
121
121
125
132
132
132
148
161
180
186
1876
E.
35
42
117
131
181
133
134
142
142
142
147
167
W.
35
69
117
124
125
129
129
129
142
156
179
190
1877
E.
35
44
116
119
125
131
134
139
139
139
143
176
W.
35
69
110
116
121
129
129
129
134
157
180
196
1878
E.
35
34
104
118
125
126
127
132
139
139
139
180
W.
35
62
110
113
118
129
129
129
133
156
161
180
1879
E.
35
33
103
112
121
127
128
130
130
130
134
155
W.
35
45
110
112
117
130
130
130
133
140
158
190
1880
E.
35
32
107
116
121
125
131
135
137
137
137
155
W.
35
45
109
114
120
130
132
132
133
142
164
194
TABLE 29.
Eehit
ive house ren\
ts in
Eastern and Western States: by years, 1860-1880
•
East and
East and
East
West
West
East
West
West
1860
100
100
100
1871
164
140
147
1H61
100
97
98
1872
166
139
148
i862
106
103
104
1873
167
134
145
1863
105
117
114
1874
160
136
145
1864
123
134
130
1875
159
132
141
1865
132
136
135
1876
142
129
133
1866
138
138
138
1877
139
129
132
1867
139
132
134
1878
139
129
132
1868
153
132
139
1879
130
130
130
1869
159
134
142
1880
137
132
133
1870
164
134
144
'65, the same in 1866, and higher in the east in 1867 to 78. The
higher relative rents in the east after the war offset in large
measure the lower relative prices of the smaller items in the
family budget, and so kept the eastern level of cast of living
substantially as high as the western.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
91
VIII. — Arithmetic Means of Relative Prices at Retail and Rela^-
tive Cost of Living.
Table 30 gives the familiar form of average for the most im-
portant tables in this chapter. Arithmetic means are on the
whole rather more satisfactory as representatives of the movement
of retail prices than of wholesale prices, because the series from
which they are computed show fewer and less extreme instances
of very high relative prices. Nevertheless the arithmetic means
stand above the medians more often than they stand below them
— particularly during the civil war. And, as has been remarked
several times, they do not give so correct an impression of the
character of the fluctuations in prices as do the tables of deciles.
TABLE 30.
Arithmetic means of relative retail prices, simple and weighted, in Eastern
and Western States : by years, 1860-1880,
Note. — The arithmetic means for the east and west separately are com-
puted from the data used in making Tables 24 (simple) and 28 (weighted).
Similarly, the arithmetic means for the east and west together are computed
from the data used in making Tables 21 (simple) and 27 (weighted). For
further explanations, see the notes upon these tables.
East and
East and
Year
East
West
West
Year
East
West
West
1860
Simple
100
100
100
1871
Simple
140
154
146
Weighted
100
100
100
Weighted
148
152
149
1861
Simple
112
102
106
1872
Simple
136
151
143
Weighted
111
100
104
Weighted
147
151
148
1862
Simple
129
119
123
1873
Simple
137
145
140
Weighted
123
115
117
Weighted
149
145
145
1863
Simple
149
154
151
1874
Simple
135
142
137
Weighted
137
143
140
Weighted
145
143
142
1864
Simple
179
188
184
1875
Simple
130
138
183
Weighted
163
177
170
Weighted
141
139
188
1865
Simple
189
192
192
1876
Simple
125
135
180
Weighted
175
182
179
Weighted
134
137
134
1866
Simple
181
192
187
1877
Simple
122
132
127
Weighted
172
182
^177
Weighted
131
135
132
1867
Simple
172
184
178
1878
Simple
116
127
121
Weighted
164
175
169
Weighted
126
131
128
1868
Simple
169
179
174
1879
Simple
114
123
118
Weighted
165
173
168
Weighted
123
130
126
1869
Simple
162
169
165
1880
Simple
115
124
119
Weighted
163
162
161
Weighted
125
132
128
1870
Simple
Weighted
152
157
162
158
157
156
92 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
CHAPTER IV.
Relative Wages.
For the study of wages during the years of the paper stan-
dard we have two large collections of data — one made in 1892
by the Bureau of Labor for the Senate committee which pre-
pared the Aldnch Report, the other made in 1880 to 1882 by Mr.
Joseph D. Weeks for the Tenth Census. The first collection is
more detailed in that it shows the number and sex of the wage-
earners and reports wages in Januar\' and July of each year; the
second is more extensive in that it covers more industries, more
establishments, and more states. The original data of the first
collection were worked up under the direction of Professor
Roland P. Falkner into the now celebrated tables of relative
wages published in Part I of the Aldrich Report i but the meth-
ods used in constructing these tables were so faulty that I have
thought it necessary to do the whole work over again. The data
of the second collection were published in tabular form by Mr.
Weeks in volume 20 of the Tenth Census without any attempt at
analysis or generalization. Both collections are used in the pres-
ent chapter; but the differences in form make it necessary to keep
the two sets separate. However, a comparison between the gen-
eral results which they yield is made in Section iii.
7. — Tables of Relative Wages Based on Data from the Aldrich
Report.
a. — Scope of the Data.
The series of relative wages computed from data in the ** ex-
hibits'' of the Aldrich Report are published at length in Table V
of the appendix. In order to show succinctly the compass and
character of this material. Table 31 is presented here. The titles
of the industries are given as in the source. The ** establish-
ments'' show the number of different factories, contracting firms,
shops, business or municipal corporations which furnished the
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
93
TABLE 31.
Conspectus of the data regarding wages obtained from the exhibits of the
Aldrich Report,
Note. — See the explanations on p. 92.
No. of
Average
No. of
estab-
No. of
No. of
States in which estab-
estab-
No. of
Industries
lish-
Wage-
Wage-
lishments were located
lish-
Wage-
ments
series
earners
ments
series
Agricultural implements
5
21
New Hampshire
4
14
Ale, beer, and porter
5
43
Massachusetts
21
222
Books and newspapers
17
120
Rhode Island
1
32
Building trades
21
42
436
Connecticut
9
63
Carriages and wagons
4
22
New York
25
122
City public works
22
953
New Jersey
2
5
Cotton textiles
105
715
Pennsylvania
11
42
Dry goods
3
10
Maryland
4
20
Ginghams
30
707
Ohio,
1
7
Groceries
2
4
Illuminating gas
22
394
Leather
2
16
61
Lumber
2
5
34
Metals and metallic goods
19
138
1,094
Paper
1
7
33
Railways
1
11
260
Sidewalks
1
4
17
Spices
1
4
19
Stone
6
19
488
White lead
1
4
10
Woolen textiles
3
62
283
All States
All industries
78
527
5,733
78
527
wage-records. ** Series" means a set of wage-quotations cover-
ing the years 1860 to 1880 and showing the pay received by per-
sons of one sex, employed at one kind of work in one establish-
ment. The ** average number of wage-earners'' in each industry
is the average number of persons reported as receiving the wages
specified in January and July of the years 1860 to 1880.
It will be noticed that the material is confined mainly to wages
for manual labor in manufacturing establishments. There are
a few series for extractive industries — lumbermen and quarry«ien
— a few for railway employees, and a few for salesmen — under
dry goods and groceries. There are also 22 series for employees
of **city public works/' but these series represent manual workers
of sorts which contractors might employ. Agricultural laborers
are not represented at all.
94 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. l
6. — Methods of Compiling Tables of Relative Wages.
The series taken from the ** exhibits*' of the Aldrich Report
were copied on separate cards which had spaces for entering the
page from which the data were obtained, the serial number by
which the establishment was designated, the state in which it was
situated, the industry to which it belonged, the occupation and
sex of the employees, and vertical columns for dates, rates of
wages, number of employees, and relative wages computed on the
basis of actual wages in 1860. These cards were classified suc-
cessively according to industries, occupations, and initial wages,
and a distinct set of tables showing medians and deciles was made
for each classification. In all classifications male and female em-
ployees were segregated. To determine the position of the deciles
for any group, all the series belonging to it were listed in the
order of their relative wages on tally-sheets — one for each date —
ruled into columns for relative wages, number of series, number
of employees, and cumulative sums. The cumulative sums
showed the whole number of employees having on the date for
which the tally-sheet was made, relative wages equal to and less
than the relative wage opposite which they stood. When these
cumulative sums had been cast and found correct, the whole num-
ber of employees belonging to the group on the date in question
was divided into tenths, and the dividing points between success-
ive tenths were marked in the column of cumulative sums. The
corresponding relative wages w^ere the deciles. The whole pro-
cess can be readily followed by examining the subjoined specimen
tally-sheet, which shows the distribution of the whole bod}'^ of
wage-earners according to their relative wages on the date when
relative wages were highest.^ An effective check on the ac-
curacy of the work was obtained by constructing total tally-sheets
for all series from the groups resulting from classification by in-
dustries and initial wages, and comparing these total tally-sheets
with each other point by point.
When arithmetic means of relative wages were computed for
* In practice it is convenient to use narrow strips for tally-sheets, and to
make them long enough to include in single column all points in the scale
of relative wages from lowest to highest. This arrangement facilitates
comparison, and the combination of tally-sheets in forming larger groups.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
95
any group the work was based on the tally-sheets. Each relative
wage was multiplied by the corresponding number of employees,
and the sum of the products divided by the whole number of the
employees.
It will be noted that in making the tally-sheets each series
was entered as having the number of wage-earners reported for
the date which the tally-sheet represented. In many of the series
the number of employees varied widely from date to date. It
would have been easier to compute the average number of em-
ployees represented by each series and to use this number,
instead of the var>'ing actual numbers, in making the tally-sheets
TABLE 32.
Specimen of the tally-sheets used in finding the deciles of relative rates of
wages from the data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrich Beport,
Note. — See the explanations on p. 94.
All industries — both sexes — July, 187-2.
Rel.
No. of
No. of <
Dumulat
wages
series
empty's
sums
80
1
2
2
2
1
17
19
3
1
10
29
6
1
1
30
91
1
1
31
7
1
3
34
100
3
11
45
3
1
3
48
4
2
7
55
5
3
16
71
6
1
4
75
9
1
2
77
110
2
12
89
1
3
12
101
2
1
2
103
3
1
2
105
5
2
10
115
6
1
4
119
7
8
69
188
8
1
4
192
9
3
10
202
120
10
58
260
1
3
14
274
2
2
11
285
3
2
18
303
5
7
12
315
7
6
33
348
8
3
26
374
9
2
9
383
No. of
No. of Cumulative Deciles
^ages
series
emply's
sums
130
4
67
450
2
2
12
462
8
10
22
484
4
1
60
544
6
6
14
558
7
5
31
589
8
5
18
607
9
2
31
638
140
3
33
671
1
3
12
683
2
1
13
696
3
9
45
741
4
1
12
753
5
6
16
769
6
2
5
774
7
1
19
793
8
4
57
850
9
3
66
916
150
20
86
1002
1
5
39
1041
2
1
7
1048
3
4
103
1151
4
2
12
1163
5
5
93
1256
6
5
99
1355
7
8
133
1488
8
8
59
1547
9
4
22
1569
160
7
22
1591
Istd.
2dd.
96 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 32— (Concluded).
Specimen of the tally-sheets used in finding the deciles of relative rates of
wages from the data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrich Report.
All industries — both sexes — Ji/Zy, 18'72.
Rel.
No. of
No. of
Oumulative Deciles
Rel.
No. of
No. of
Cumulative Deciles
wages
series
emply's
sums
wages
series
emply's
sums
161
3
12
1603
215
^2
18
7103
O
6
85
1688
7
3
5
7108
3
5
78
1766
9
1
11
7119
4
11
91
1857
220
1
2
7121
5
7
'&6
1890
2
4
12
7133
6
5
48
1938
3
3
77
7210
7
10
138
2076
5
4
42
7252
8
3
49
2125
6
1
5
7257
9
9
50
2175
7
1
9
7266
170
4
49
2224
•
8
2
6
7272
1
9
90
2314
3dd.
9
2
85
7357
2
6
48
2362
233
2
31
7388
3
5
67
2429
6
18
7406
4
6
33
2462
^ 245
3
7409
5
10
267
2729
7
8
7417
6
4
53
2782
8
36
7453
7
7
117
2899
250
4
7457
8
3
6
2905
1
23
7480
9
3
221
3126
4th d.
7
2
7482
180
9
220
3346
8
2
7484
1
4
18
3364
9
87
7571
2
4
8
3372
263
2
7573
3
7
58
3430
6
1
7574
4
2
47
3477
270
1
7575
5
6
24
3501
280
10
7585
6
5
52
3553
6
1
7586
7
3
26
3579
9
4
7590
8
4
. 46
3625
295
32
7622
9
1
114
3739
8
50
7672
190
4
34
3773
300
3
7675
1
1
4
3777
7
7
7682
2
4
52
8829
No. em-
3
1
10
3839
ployees
23
4
5
2
3
6
30
3845
3875
Median
Total
527
7682
6
4
304
4179
7
2
114
4293
8
2
152
4445
200
31
1121
5566
6th & 7th d
1
2
289
5855
Tenths of no. of
Results
2
3
55
5910
employees
3
4
59
5969
.1—
- 768.2
80 — lowest
4
5
358
6327
8th d.
.2—
-1536.4
145— l8t
5
2
5
6332
.3—
-2304.6
158 — 2d
6
1
1
6333
.4-
-3072.8
171— 3d
7
2
419
6752
.5-
-3841.0
179— 4 th
8
1
3
6755
.6-
-4609.2
194 — median
9
2
46
6801
.7-
-5377.4
200— 6th
210
2
3
6804
.8-
-6145.6
200 — 7th
2
3
125
6929
9th d.
.9 — 6913.8
204 — 8th
3
I
152
7081
1.0-
-7682.0
212— 9th
4
2
4
7085
307 — highest
1908] Mitchell.— Golch Prices, ami Wa(jes, 1S60-]8S(K 97
for all dates. But this course would have made the tables repre-
sent the relative wages of an artificially stable body of wage-
earners whose constitution did not change from 1860 to 1880.
I have preferred to regard the changes which the series report
in the numbers of men employed in different industries, estab-
lishments, and occupations, as themselves significant facts w^hich
ought to be allowed to exercise on the results whatever influence
they possess. To keep these changes constantly before the mind,
I have introduced into all the tables based on the Aldrich data
a column showing the numbers employed at each date. Practi-
cally, however, it seems to make little difference which method
of weighting is adopted. Arithmetic means of relative wages for
1860 to 1866 computed in both ways from the Aldrich data, show
a maximum difference of only 4 points on advances of 50 to 60
points.'- Average weights give the higher results, apparently
because employers economize the use of labor which has increased
much in price and use somewhat more of labor which has in-
creased little. In determining which method to choose, or which
set of results to trust when both methods are used, the question
to be answered is: Are the facts more closely approximated by
assuming that no changes have occurred in the relative numbers
of persons employed in different occupations, establishments, and
industries; or by assuming that the changes which did occur in
the cases recorded by the available data were fairly represent-
ative of the broader changes which affected the whole body of
wage-earners ?
c. — Relative Wages of All Employees and of Males and Females.
The result of the application of these methods to the Aldrich
data are presented in their mast general form by Table 33. The
*^ number of series'' noted in the third column is the number of
series which show at least one person employed on the date in
question. This number is never equal to the whole number of
series (527), because at every date several series show no em-
ployees at w^ork. The number of employees is large in 1860 and
'61, falls off early in the war to a minimum of 4,009 in January,
^ Hintory of the Greenbacks, p. 310.
98 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 33.
Belative rates of wages of all employees and of males and females, in
January and July : 1860-1880.
Data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrich Report.
Note. — For method of construction, see pp. 94-97, an<l Table 32. For
interpretation, see p. 101. Also compare corresponding tables of relative
prices at wholesale and retail (Tables 4 and 21) and notes upon them.
No. of
No. of
Low-
Ist
2d
3d
4th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Date
Sex
series persons
est
dec.
dec.
dec.
dec. Median dec.
dec.
doc.
dec. Highest
1860
Jan.
MAP
499
5638
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
M
450
4985
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
F
49
653
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1860
July
M&F
496
6438
41
98
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
140
M
449
5817
41
98
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
140
F
47
621
89
97
97
100
100
100
100
103
105
105
119
1861
Jan.
MftF
483
5595
70
98
99
100
100
100
100
100
102
108
149
M
439
4985
71
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
101
108
149
F
44
610
70
86
97
99
100
100
103
107
107
110
136
1861
July
M&F
493
5375
60
90
00
92
97
99
100
100
104
111
170
M
444
4790
71
90
90
90
97
98
100
100
102
110
170
P
49
58o
60
90
95
100
100
105
111
111
120
121
134
1862
Jan.
M&F
494
4565
60
96
99
100
100
100
100
101
107
114
200
M
445
3993
74
96
99
100
100
100
100
100
106
113
200
F
49
572
60
80
96
100
101
101
102
112
120
121
152
1862
July
M&F
500
4833
60
91
97
100
100
100
102
105
112
117
200
M
452
4321
74
91
97
100
100
100
100
104
110
115
200
F
48
512
60
80
100
102
103
105
114
114
121
121
152
1863
Jan.
M&F
495
4009
54
99
100
104
108
114
119
125
125
136
240
M
447
3557
62
99
100
105
110
115
122
125
125
140
240
F
48
452
54
98
100
104
105
107
107
111
121
123
160
1863
July
M&F
485
4709
42
100
105
110
113
115
121
125
125
141
240
M
441
4261
42
100
105
111
114
116
125
125
125
141
240
F
44
448
55
100
100
105
106
106
107
116
119
127
152
1864
Jan.
M& F
492
4883
73
101
111
117
121
129
136
145
150
152
280
M
448
4342
73
106
113
120
125
133
140
150
150
156
280
F
44
541
93
100
100
101
101
105
114
121
127
130
162
1864
July
M&F
515
5375
68
109
119
126
132
139
147
154
169
180
280
M
466
4718
68
112
125
130
135
141
150
160
173
180
280
F
49
657
90
101
107
109
109
117
122
128
136
141
164
1908J Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
99
TABLE 33 — (Continued).
Belativc rates of wages of all employees and of males and females, in
January and July: 1860-1880.
No. of No. of Low- let 2d 3d 4th
6th 7th 8th 9th
Date Sex series persons est dec. dec. dec. dec. Median dec. dec. dec. dec. Highest
128 135 143 150 159 169 180 190 320
132 141 150 155 162 171 182 190 320
110 118 128 133 134 134 140 143 202
67 126 134 143 148 152 159 168 175 190 320
67 130 137 144 150 155 163 169 180 190 320
98 117 127 130 132 147 151 151 156 168 202
Jan. M&F
512
4756
63
118
M
464
4128
63
121
F
48
628
82
107
1865
July MAP 511 5005
M 463 4259
F 48 746
1866
Jan. MAF 513 5228
M 464 4321
F 49 907
1866
July MAP 509 5576
M 462 4716
F 47 860
1867
Jan. M & F 504 5614
M 456 4718
F 48 896
1867
July M & F 507 5406
M 458 4537
F 49 869
77
130
141
149
154
165
173
176
183
190
280
77
131
141
149
156
167
174
177
184
190
280
90
119
134
144
153
165
165
165
175
186
222
73
134
146
152
157
163
173
178
185
190
280
73
136
147
152
156
160
172
177
185
190
280
100
125
136
148
IGO
170
178
178
186
198
202
63
138
148
153
164
175
178
182
184
200
308
63
139
148
153
165
175
177
182
182
200
303
87
126
144
148
163
173
182
188
188
192
242
74 138 149 156 161 166 175 181
74 140 149 155 160 163 172 180
80 130 138 161 167 175 182 182
188 200 280
188 200 280
189 194 250
1868
Jan.
M&F
499
4928
73
134
148
154
165
168
175
179
184
200
280
M
450
4100
73
137
148
153
164
168
175
180
184
200
280
F
49
828
80
130
142
158
167
169
176
176
188
192
250
1868
July
M&F
506
5411
80
138
149
156
165
172
175
182
188
200
280
M
457
4527
80
140
149
156
165
171
177
184
190
201
280
F
49
884
80
131
144
159
167
172
172
177
186
193
250
1869
Jan.
M AF
505
6085
63
140
151
160
170
176
184
200
200
205
280
M
456
5201
63
140
151
160
171
180
188
200
204
205
280
F
49
884
80
131
141
160
167
175
175
179
185
193
250
1869
July
MAF
509
6888
63
140
153
163
174
179
185
200
205
212
325
M
460
5987
63
142
154
164
175
180
192
200
205
212
825
F
49
901
80
134
111
158
168
178
178
181
202
208
270
1870
Jan.
•
MAF
510
6790
77
140
153
164
173
180
188
208
213
220
325
M
461
5887
79
140
154
165
174
182
191
208
219
220
325
F
49
903
77
130
142
152
164
172
179
184
191
208
270
1870
July
MAF
514
7009
75
138
152
163
174
179
186
203
209
220
325
M
466
6120
75
140
153
163
174
180
186
204
212
220
325
F
48
889
77
132
138
160
173
179
179
184
193
205
270
V
100 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. J
TABLE 33— ((Continued).
Eelutive rates of wages of all employees aiid of males and f empties, in
January and July : 1860-1880.
No. of
No. of
Low-
Ist
2d
3d
4th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Date
Sex
series persons
est
dec!
dec.
dec.
dec. Median dec.
dec.
dec.
dec. Highest
1871
Jan.
M&F
508
6669
71
140
156
167
176
185
196
200
010
M« X .rf
220
325
M
460
5728
71
142
157
167
175
180
195
198
212
220
325
P
48
941
78
133
151
169
184
191
200
205
223
227
270
1871
July
M&F
507
7710
78
144
159
171
179
192
198
200
207
212
301
M
459
6737
79
144
159
171
179
189
196
200
204
212
301
F
48
973
78
134
159
170
179
196
196
203
225
251
270
1872
Jan.
M&F
501
6222
78
136
154
164
172
177
193
200
200
217
307
M
453
5271
73
139
154
163
172
175
183
197
200
205
307
F
48
951
80
134
150
174
186
202
215
217
001
4tf M X
233
289
1872
July
M&F
504
7682
80
145
158
171
179
194
200
200
204
212
307
M
456
6707
86
148
159
171
179
190
200
200
203
207
307
F
48
975
80
134
150
174
187
197
209
213
223
233
289
1873
Jan.
M&F
503
6342
80
138
155
163
173
180
187
200
200
212
304
M
455
5438
86
137
155
162
171
179
184
198
200
204
304
F
48
904
80
147
150
175
186
195
207
207
215
241
296
1873
July
M&F
509
6918
74
140
157
167
175
1^
195
200
204
215
304
M
460
6013
74
139
157
166
175
186
195
200
204
213
304
F
49
905
80
146
150
176
193
194
215
222
ooo
*rf *rf i^
232
273
1874
Jan.
M&F
503
6201
51
137
150
159
168
179
186
195
200
211
300
M
455
5313
51
140
150
158
168
177
183
195
200
204
300
F
48
888
57
127
147
101
174
192
195
195
210
221
227
1874
July
M&F
503
6133
51
140
151
163
170
175
184
189
200
204
336
M
455
5238
51
140
152
163
170
173
180
189
200
204
336
F
48
895
64
139
147
153
176
191
202
204
205
218
252
1875
Jan.
M&F
496
5315
57
130
144
150
160
165
172
180
199
200
297
M
449
4426
63
130
144
150
160
163
172
176
200
200
297
F
47
889
57
131
144
150
162
175
180
181
191
200
252
1875
t
July
M&F
500
5655
57
130
144
149
155
161
166
175
183
200
329
M
453
4726
63
130
143
146
155
160
164
174
180
200
329
F
47
929
57
131
148
153
161
174
182
183
188
205
252
1876
Jan.
M&F
490
4997
57
125
139
145
150
160
169
178
189
200
403
M
443
4098
63
125
138
144
150
157
166
177
195
200
403
F
47
899
57
131
146
150
168
175
179
180
189
189
252
1876
July
M&F
499
5838
57
120
129
130
144
151
157
107
175
195
286
M
452
4847
63
120
126
137
140
149
155
100
175
200
286
• • •
F
•
47
991
57
133
144
156
166
168
168
174
178
182
252
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
101
TABLE 33— (Concluded).
Relative rates of wages of all employees and of males and femaleSf in
January and July: 1860-18S0.
No. of
Xo. of
Low-
It^t
2d
3d
4th
Oth
7th
Hth
9th
Date
S»'x
st»riPK
persons
est
dec.
dec.
dec.
dec. Median
1 dec.
dec.
dec.
dec. ]
Flighest
1877
•Ian.
M k F
492
5319
56
115
125
133
143
146
152
160
164
176
270
M
446
4376
72
115
124
130
140
145
150
157
160
178
270
F
46
943
56
130
144
155
156
156
164
170
171
171
252
1877
July
M&F
501
5641
56
115
124
130
136
142
147
156
163
174
267
3^1
454
4607
63
114
121
125
132
139
144
147
158
172
267
F
47
974
56
132
146
156
163
163
164
168
171
180
252
1878
Jan.
M k F
495
5021
57
114
125
129
137
143
152
159
168
176
267
M
448
4039
57
113
123
127
135
140
145
153
159
175
267
F
47
982
57
131
144
159
161
168
169
171
171
183
252
1878
July
M&F
497
5604
57
113
123
126
131
140
118
155
167
175
283
M
450
4576
57
111
120
125
131
134
142
148
157
169
283
F
47
1028
57
131
144
153
164
167
169
175
179
186
252
1879
Jan.
M k F
500
5201
47
110
122
125
131
140
144
153
165
176
261
M
452
4167
73
108
119
124
127
134
142
144
155
175
260
F
48
1034
47
128
138
153
165
165
169
171
177
184
261
1879
July
M&F
503
5972
47
108
120
125
128
135
142
150
160
175
269
M
455
4906
73
104
117
122
125
130
137
142
150
167
254
F
48
1066
47
132
144
152
158
160
168
171
179
187
269
1880
Jan.
M&F
506
5636
52
115
122
125
130
137
143
155
164
177
254
M
457
4579
75
114
121
124
128
133
140
144
156
168
254
F
49
1057
52
132
149
155
164
164
170
175
179
201
252
1880
July
M&F
507
6628
57
115
125
130
134
140
150
155
163
177
311
M
458
5551
70
115
123
128
134
136
141
150
157
168
254
F
49
1077
57
132
151
155
163
163
173
174
181
208
311
1863, rises unsteadily to a maximum of 7,710 in July, 1871, de-
clines affain during: the years of depression to 4,997 in January,
1876, rises hesitatinp:ly until January, 1880, and finally increases
larprely in July. In most yeai*s it is considerably smaller in
January than in Jul v.
The deciles are to be interpreted in this fashion : Of the
4,009 persons whose relative wa^'cs are reported in January, 1863,
one-tenth were receivin*; wa<res ranging between 54 and 99 per
cent, of the w^ages received by the persons employed by the same
establishments to do the same kind of work in January, 1860;
102 University of California Publications in Economics. [ Vo^- 1
a second tenth were receiving wages equal to 99 or 100 per cent,
of the wages received by the persons employed by the same estab-
lishments to do the same kind of work in January, 1860; etc.
The identity of the seventh and eighth deciles at 125 means that
more than one-tenth of the wage-earners were receiving wages
just a quarter higher than had been paid to the people who were
doing the same kind of work in the same establishments in
January, 1860. The constant factors in the table are (1) the use
of the same set of reports from the same establishments for all
the different dates, and (2) the comparison of wages at every
subsequent date with wages in January, 1860. The variable
factors are the numbers employed and the relative wages received
at different dates.
The table shows that a wide diversity existed in relative wages
at every date after 1861. At every date save one, some one was
receiving wages less than had been paid by the same establish-
ment for the same kind of work in 1860 ; and at every date some
one was receiving twuce, often three times or more, as much as
had been paid in 1860. These extreme cases represent but a small
part of the body of wage-earners ; but even if we take the four-
fifths of wage-earners whose rates of pay fall between the first
and ninth deciles we find a wide though varying range. On the
whole there is no great degree of concentration at any point of
the field, though there is usually some increase in density as the
median is approached. Round numbers, representing common
fractions or multiples of initial wages (such as 125, and 200),
evidently exercise a certain influence. The average distribution
of the whole body of wage-earners over the field for the whole
period is shown in Table 34.
Though these differences between the relative wages of differ-
ent persons at the same date are so striking, they are consistent
with a strongly marked trend of wage-fluctuations, for the differ-
ences are fairly constant from date to date. In other words,
though the deciles are usually separated by intervals of several
points, they generally rise and fall together, maintaining nnich
the same general relations. Thus the table shows an almost uni-
versal rise of wages during the war — though a rise far from equal
to the advance of wholesale or retail prices. After the war the
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages. 1860-1880. 103
Both Sexes
Males
Females
58.0
53.9
50.4
10.2
9.5
11.2
6.5
6.2
10.5
6.2
6.5
8.0
6.2
5.3
6.1
6.3
6.5
5.1
7.0
6.3
3.2
6.4
6.8
6.9
9.7
9.3
8.5
TABLE 34.
Average distribution of all employees, and of males and females^ over the
field covered by the fluctuations of relative rates of wages
from 1860 to 1880.
Note. — Based upon Table 33. Compare the corresponding table for
relative prices at wholesale (Table 5) and the note upon it.
Average number of points in the scale
of relative wages between
Lowest relative wages and 1st deciles
Ist and 2d deciles
2d and 3d deciles
3d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles
8th and 9th deciles
, 9th deciles and highest relative wages 95.1 94.6 47.0
I^owest and highest relative wages 211.6 204.9 156.9
g:eneral trend continued to be upward, while prices were falling,
with the result that the median for wages rose above the median
for wholesale prices in January, 1867, and above the median for
retail prices in 1869. During the early 70 's several of the deciles
and particularly the medians indicated marked differences be-
tween summer and winter rates. The highest point was reached
in July, 1872, and during this period the medians for wages were
high above the medians for prices at wholesale or retail, though
the upper price-deciles overlapped the lowTr wage-deciles and
generally the median itself. After the crisis of 1873, the prices
of labor fell like the prices of commodities, and touched their
lowest point in July, 1879. But even then the median stood at
135, while the median of wholesale prices stood at 85 and the
median of retail prices at 118. Finally, wages rose again under
the stimulus of reviving trade in 1880.
Table 33 also provides material for a comparison between the
relative wages of men and women. The columns for numbers of
series and of employees show that the data for males are much
moi-e abundant. In the majority of the 21 industries, indeed, no
female employt^es are reported ; it is only in the textile industries
that their numbers are important. A more accurate comparison
can therefore be made on the basis of deciles for the separate
104 University of California Publications in Economics, [^'^ol. 1
industries. For the present it is sufficient to notice that from
1863 to 1865 men had their rates of pay increased decidedly
faster. From 1865 to 1870 the relations are irregular; sometimes
men, sometimes women are in the lead; sometimes the differences
are small, sometimes large. But after 1870 women uniformly
have higher relative wages.
d. — Relative Wages in Various Industries.
Reference to Table 31 shows that 12 of the 21 industries of
the Aldrich Report are represented by data too scanty to afford
averages which inspire confidence. In making the tables for
industries, accordingly, these 12 were put together under the
caption *' other industries" and separate re*sultS prepared only
for the remaining 9, which have 451 of the 527 series and 5,339
of the average number of employees (5,733). From these 9
industries the 5 which are most fully represented, viz., cotton tex-
tiles (including ginghams), woolen textiles, metals and metallic
goods, building trades, and city public works, were selected for a
table of deciles; but arithmetic means were prepared also for
stone, railways, and gas.
The deciles for these five industries (Table 35) show that the
diversity in relative wages of different persons at the same dates
is scarcely less marked or less constant in the s('i)ai'ate industries
than in the totals for all industries. The distribution of the
wage-earners over the field of fluctuation of relative wa^j^es is
shown in Table 36. The fact that two or more of the deciles for
an industry are fr(»(]uently identical is due mainly to the fact
that the series for an important occupation in a large establish-
ment often represents more than a tenth of the whole number of
employees in the industry as shown by the data.
This table makes it po.ssible to examine more closely the eri*atic
seasonal movements so noticeable in the medians for all industries
from 1S71-73. These movements are less marked in the industri(»s
singly than in the totals for all industries. City public works
shows no trace of them: buildinir trades has the same iiiedian in
January and July of both 1872 and 1873: metals shows slightly
higher July medians: woolen textiles is in the same case except
for 1872, while cotton textiles exhibits considerable differences —
I
li^os] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and ^Va(J€S, 1860-1880.
105
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
107
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1908] Mitch ell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
119
TABLE 36.
Average distribution of all employees in five industries separately, and in all
industries together, over the field covered by the fluctuations
of relative rates of wages, from 1860-1880.
Note. — BasCfcl upon Table 35 in the same
upon Table 33.
manner as Table 34 is based
All in-
Cotton
Woolen
Metals
Building
City
Average intervals between
dustries
textiles^
textiles and metal
• trades
public
lie goods
works
Points
Points
Points
Points
Points
Points
Lowest relative wages and 1st dec.
58.0
49.2
34.4
40.9
48.9
32.6
Ist and 2d deciles
10.2
11.5
10.1
8.9
9.0
15.6
2d and 3d deciles
6.5
8.1
4.1
4.2
4.6
12.4
3d and 4th deciles
6.2
6.1
4.5
3.6
2.8
4.9
4th deciles and Medians
6.2
6.5
3.8
3.4
4.6
3.3
Medians and 6th deciles
6.3
5.3
4.2
5.0
6.7
2.7
6th and 7th deciles
7.0
4.1
5.1
4.3
6.4
1.4
7th and 8th deciles
6.4
6.5
12.2
5.6
6.0
1.3
8th and 9th deciles
9.7
11.1
9.3
6.4
12.3
3.7
9th deciles and highest relative wag
:es 95.1
48.6
67.2
67.0
61.7
24.4
Lowest and highest relative wages 211.6 157.0 154.9 149.3 163.0 102.3
the January medians being higher in 1871 and 1872, and lower
in 1873 and 1874. The only industry which exhibits these move-
ments in more marked degree than the total is stone (not shown
in Table 35). Further, arithmetic means for all industries (see
Table 37, below) make these movements appear much more mod-
erate in degree than do the medians, and so also do the other
deciles. The medians for all industries must, therefore, be held
to give an exaggerated impression of the degree of differences
between relative wages in January and July of these years.
On examining relative wages in the same industry at differ-
ent dates, one finds marked similarity of general trend shown by
the movements of the nine deciles, co-existing with rather wide
and fairly constant intervals between the extreme deciles. Also,
on examining relative wages in different industries on the same
and on different dates, one finds similarity of trend co-existing
with considerable differences in degree of movement. These
latter agreements and differences may be more conveniently
studied in the table of arithmetic means which follows than in
' Including ginghams.
120 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 37.
Arithmetic means of relative rates of wages in nine industries and in all
industries: January and July, 1860-1880.
Data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrich Eeport.
Note. — Regarding method of construction, see pp. 94, 95.
OB
5
«
d
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d
<
Cotton
textiles
OB
s
ee
d
o
Cotton textiles
and ginghams
Woolen
textiles
Metals and
metallic goods
Building
trades
B
O
to
ee
2
n
Illuminating
gas
City Public
works
Number of
establi
shments
78
3
1
4
3
19
21
6
1
4
4
No. of
series
527
105
30
135
62
138
42
19
11
22
22
Av. no
1. of
employ
|ree»
5733
715
707
1422
283
1094
436
488
269
394
953
1860
Jan.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
July
100
101
100
100
103
101
102
100
103
99
100
1861
Jan.
102
97
103
100
106
102
101
128
105
100
100
July
99
97
109
102
107
103
102
91
105
99
91
1862
Jan.
102
98
105
101
108
105
103
96
105
100
99
July
104
98
110
103
111
108
107
90
103
103
99
1863
Jan.
116
107
109
108
120
114
118
100
106
125
122
July
119
109
107
108
114
120
118
113
109
142
123
1864
Jan.
131
123
107
116
122
126
128
143
114
157
144
July
142
130
118
124
128
139
143
135
112
162
169
1865
Jan.
152
138
131
135
142
149
145
155
144
176
175
July
155
141
148
146
142
150
158
151
146
175
178
1866
Jan.
161
159
160
159
149
155
162
172
138
183
181
July
164
163
169
166
153
157
171
158
148
181
182
1867
Jan.
168
166
170
168
149
158
174
168
155
183
186
July
168
167
171
169
148
159
186
162
160
185
188
1868
Jan.
167
164
169
166
141
159
180
178
156
185
186
July
170
165
170
167
145
159
195
175
161
186
190
1869
Jan.
176
165
171
168
149
160
195
196
156
195
192
July
179
172
173
173
146
160
199
205
162
189
191
1870
Jan.
181
166
171
169
147
161
192
200
165
192
210
July
179
166
178
172
147
159
188
201
158
189
202
1871
Jan.
183
176
189
182
148
158
178
188
171
199
213
July
184
178
190
184
149
159
187
198
170
195
204
1872
Jan.
179
183
198
190
148
158
185
186
167
196
198
July
185
183
195
189
148
161
190
203
171
205
201
1873
Jan.
180
176
197
185
149
161
180
182
158
221
196
July
183
179
200
189
150
103
186
198
162
204
195
1874
Jan.
176
163
188
175
145
158
178
182
160
212
199
July
175
162
193
177
149
159
182
180
160
200
193
1875
Jan.
167
150
176
162
150
151
168
167
161
200
193
July
163
150
178
163
152
1-18
170
161
158
182
181
1876
Jan.
162
144
176
160
148
146
160
169
150
193
190
July
153
145
161
154
144
141
160
141
151
173
166
1877
Jan.
147
141
155
149
130
135
143
140
147
184
150
July
143
142
156
150
144
133
140
130
142
105
140
1878
Jan.
145
144
159
15.3
144
132
141
133
IMO
169
143
July
143
146
157
153
147
131
137
130
138
156
134
1879
Jan.
142
142
155
149
142
127
139
125
146
162
135
July
139
146
151
149
143
128
139
125
147
157
123
1880
Jan.
142
152
153
152
143
130
138
124
153
158
133
July
144
154
154
154
144
135
146
133
153
159
135
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
121
the detailed table of deciles. All of the industries are found to
participate in the advance of wages during the war; all show
higher rates in 1872 than in 1865 ; all show a decided fall in the
later 70 \s; all show an advance in 1880; all show arithmetic
means in July, 1880, varying from 33 to 59 points above the level
for 1860. The character of the differences which co-exist with
these agreements is suflSciently illustrated by the following. state-
ments of the varying maxima attained by arithmetic means for
the different industries and the dates when they occurred.
Industrios
Highest arithmetic
Dates of
means of relative
maxima
wages
All industries
185
July,
1872
Cotton textiles
183
Jan.
and July. 1872
Ginghams
200
July,
1873
Woolen textiles
153
July,
1866
Metals
163
July,
1873
Buirding trades
199
July,
1869
Stone
205
July,
1869
Railways
171
July,
1871 and July, 1872
Illuminating gas
221
Jan.,
1873
City public works
213
Jan.,
1871
The preceding table of deciles and the following table of
arithmetic means (Table 38) make it possible to compare the
wages of males and females in the same industries. It appears
that during the years of large enlistments in the army, wages of
men advanced more rapidly than those of women — a rule to
which the one establishment manufacturing ginghams affords a
doubtful exception. But after 1869 the relative wages of women
almost always stand higher, and by the end of the period the
differences in favor of women are wide in all industries.
e. — Relative Wages in Various Occupations.
Table 39 presents deciles for those occupations which are most
fully represented by the material obtained from the Aldrich
Hrport. Most of the occupations are recognized trades; but in
preparation for Table 40 I have also included apprentices and
foremen, to whatever trade they belong, as single series. The
table shows a considerable range of variation in the relative wages
of all the occupations — a range which in most cases is much wider
122 University of California PiibHcalions in Econoi
TABLE 38.
etic weniLs of relalive rates of wages of male and female employcet it
various industries: January and July, 1860-1880.
Data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrith Beport.
Note.— ReKMfiliiit^ method of conel motion, aee pp. 94, 95.
All indDitrlea in Cotton Oiothltns Woolen
which IwUi iDslfa t»tilri tfililn
andfcrmnTtsWrrg
employ,,!
1908] Mitchell— Gold Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 123
than that between the medians of different occupations at the
same date. It also shows that all occupations shared in the ad-
vance of wages after the issue of the greenbacks, though in
varying degrees and with varying promptness. Laborers appear
to have fared best during the war, and apprentices, engineers,
and overseers in textile factories to have fared worst. All occu-
pations, except teamsters, also show higher rates in 1872 than in
1865 ; all except overseers in textile mills suffered a decline during
the later 70 's; all except apprentices and painters secured an
advance between July, 1879, and July, 1880 ; and at the last date
all show relative wages ranging from 13 to 71 points higher than
in 1860. The extreme differences between the medians for the
15 occupations exceeded 50 points during the war, rase to 101
points in July, 1869, and receded to an average of about 50 points
in the years of business depression foUow^ing 1873.
The detail of Table 39 is so abundant as to obscure broad
differences. I have therefore grouped the occupations there rep-
resented into four ** grades'* of wage-earners, under the captions
** unskilled laborers,'' *' helpers of craftsmen," ** skilled crafts-
men," and '* foremen and overseers." Various occupations not
represented by enough series to be given a place in the table of
deciles, but which could be definitely assigned to one of these
grades, were also included. The result is to show that until July,
1875, the two higher grades fared decidedly worse than the two
lower grades, though skilled craftsmen were better off than fore-
men and overseers. The relative stability in the wages of foremen
and overseers, which had told against them during the years of
rising wages, told in their favor during the years of falling wages,
and to such an extent that at several dates from 1876 to 1880
they had the highest relative wage of any grade. Skilled crafts-
men, however, show lower relative wages than their helpers
during the years of the fall as well as during the years of the
rLse. As between these helpers and unskilled laborers, the table
shows the latter in the lead from 1863 to January, 1866, and
from January, 1869, to July, 1874, and the former in the lead
from 1875 to 1880. On the whole, the relative wages of unskilled
laborers show greater mobility than fhase of any other grade —
a sharper rise during the war, wider fluctuations in the uncertain
124 University of California Publications in Economics. [^'oL i
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125
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
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1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. . 145
years following:, again a sharper rise during the speculative period
preceding 1873, and a quicker and more violent fall after the
crisis. Indeed, from July, 1877, to July, 1880, the unskilled
workers have the lowest relative wages of any grade, though in
the early 70 's they had had the highest^ wages.
/. — Relative Wages of Groups Based Vpan Initial Wages,
The classification of wage-earners according to the actual
wages received at some period is less common in making tables of
relative wages than the classification according to industries or
occupations. But it has quite as much significance as either of
these other classifications; for persons earning low wages form
an economic group differing in important respects from persons
receiving high wages — as is shown, for example, by all large col-
lections of family budgets. Accordingly I have arranged the
■ The deciles for unskilled workers are perhaps unduly influenced by one
series for laborers which represents the pay of a large and widely fluctuating
body of city employees (establishment 35). If this one series be excluded,
helpers of craftsmen are found having higher wages than unskilled laborers
over two-thirds of the time. The validity of the above remark about the
greater mobility of the wages of unskilled laborers, however, is as true of the
revised as of the original series. The effect on the medians of excluding the
series for unskilled laborers is shown by the following figures:
Unskilled Workers
Unskilled Workers
As in
Lab'rs. 35
Helpers of
As in
Lab'rs, 35
Helpers of
Table 40
excluded
Craftsmen
Table 40
excluded
Craftsmen
I860
Jan.
100
100
100
1871
Jan.
198
198
196
July
100
100
100
July
200
195
196
1861
Jan.
100
100
100
1872
Jan.
200
175
196
July
90
98
100
July
200
201
196
1862
Jan.
100
99
100
1873
Jan.
184
182
184
July
100
97
110
July
200
187
178
1863
Jan.
125
111
116
1874
Jan.
189
181
176
July
125
114
124
July
184
173
180
1864
Jan.
150
140
127
1875
Jan.
166
160
190
July
160
135
143
July
161
150
175
1865
Jan.
182
152
153
1876
Jan.
166
148
174
July
159
155
153
July
139
139
162
1866
Jan.
177
174
173
1877
Jan.
150
134
164
July
158
158
1&7
July
182
125
161
1867
Jan.
182
182
177
1878
Jan.
127
127
144
July
162
159
180
July
126
123
157
1868
Jan.
175
175
184
1879
Jan.
124
122
163
July
165
165
184
July
125
122
159
1869
Jan.
200
191
184
1880
Jan.
123
122
160
July
200
205
184
July
127
127
160
1870
Jan.
July
208
204
208
203
184
184
146 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
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153
TABLE 41.
Average distribution of men belonging to four industrial grades over the field
covered by the fluctuations of relative rates of wages
from 1860 to 1880.
XoTE. — Based upon Table 40 in the same fashion as Table 34 is based
upon Table 33.
Average number of points in the scale
of relative wages between
Lowest relative wages and Ist deciles
Ist and 2d deciles
2d and 3d deciles
3d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th aeciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles
8th and 9th deciles
9th deciles and highest relative wages
Lowest and highest relative wages
Unskilled Helpers of Skilled Foremen &
workers craftsmen craftsmen overseers
40.6
47.6
33.8
24.7
11.9
11.0
7.3
7.8
7.8
7.8
3.8
7.7
4.8
5.2
5.4
8.3
3.8
7.3
4.5
5.6
5.0
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4.5
6.6
4.0
3.7
4.6
9.5
4.5
8.1
6.3
11.1
5.5
17.4
10.3
11.5
26.1
20.5
78.6
50.4
114.0
136.1
159.1
143.2
series in five groups, on the basis of the daily rates of wages in
January, 1860, and made both deciles and arithmetic means for
each group.* The lowest of these groups — persons receiving from
25 to 99 cents a day in 1860 — includes all but two of the series
for females ; it is therefore the only group in which it is necessary
to segregate the sexes.
Table 42, which gives the deciles for the five wage-groups,
shows that each of these groups, like each industry and occupa-
tion, has wide diversity of relative wages and consistency of
general trend. All share in the great upward movement culmi-
nating in the early 70 \s, and in the great downward movement
in the later 70 's; all show an advance in 1880, and all end with
relative wages well above the level of 1860. Comparisons be-
tween the variations of relative wages of the several groups can
again be made more easily from the table of arithmetic means.
According to this table, there was a definite relation between
actual wages and increase in rates of wages during the civil war.
The lower the actual wages of a group, the greater was the rela-
* Four series for males and three for females can not be used in this
classification, because the form of statement does not show accurately the
per diem rates.
154 University of California Publications in Economics. [^'^>l- 1
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163
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 165
TABLE 43.
Average distribution of wage-earners belonging to five wage-groups over the
field covered by the fluctuations of relative rates of wages
from 1860 to 1880,
Note. — Based upon Table 42 in the same fashion as Table 34 is based
upon Table 33.
Average number of points in the scale Less than $1.00- $1.50- $2.00 $2.50
of relative wages between
$1.00
1.49
1.99
2.49
and over
Lowest relative wages and
1st decile
55.0
44.5
38.9
38.5
13.8
Ist and 2d deciles
11.2
11.9
5.0
9.6
6.4
2d and 3d deciles
7.5
6.6
3.7
6.9
2.3
3d and 4th deciles
7.7
6.6
3.6
3.4
0.7
4th deciles and Medians
4.1
6.7
4.4
4.2
0.9
Medians and 6th deciles
5.8
7.4
5.0
9.3
4.8
6th and 7th deciles
5.8
5.9
6.2
5.4
7.0
7th and 8th deciles
5.7
5.5
6.0
3.9
8.8
8th and 9th deciles
9.7
6.1
12.5
5.2
12.3
OI>U BIIU IFIU urciit^B 17. I O.Jl l^.U U.A
9th deciles and highest relative wages 67.7 86.9 53.5 44.5 09.9
Lowest and highest relative wages 180.2 188.1 138.9 130.9 126.9
tive increase in the rates of pay. To this rule there was one
exception ; — persons receiving less than a dollar a day in 1860
received a smaller relative increase in pay than persons receiving
$1.00-$1.49 a day. In A History of the Greenbacks it was sug-
gested that this connection between actual wages and advance of
relative wages was due to the more severe pressure which the
increased cost of living put upon wage-earners with small in-
comes. The apparent exception of persons earning less than a
dollar a day in 1860 was accounted for on the ground that the
family responsibilities of the lowest-paid workers were on the
average less than those of men earning a dollar or more a day.
For this reason the increased cost of living embarrassed the lowest
group less than the next higher group.*^ The plausibility of this
explanation is not diminished by the fact that the symmetrical
movement of the relative wages of the groups is seriously marred
after the war. For the tables of retail prices indicate that the
cost of living declined after 1865 or 1866, and that relative wages
were as a whole higher than relative prices by 1868, if not earlier,
^rom this time on, increased cost of living was not the domi-
nating factor in the situation, and therefore did not produce its
•Pp. 30o, 306.
166 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol.
TABLE 44.
Arithmetic means of relative rates of wages of aU employees^ classified
according to sex and initial wages: January and July, 1860-1880,
Data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrich report.
Note. — Compare with Table 42. On method of computing arithmetic
means, see pp. 94, 95.
Daily
wages in
Less than $1.00
$1.00-
$1.50-
$2.00-
$2.50 &
Jan
., 1860
1.49
1.99
2.49
over
Sex
Males
Females Both sexes
Males
Males
Males
Males
Number of series
94
45
189
177
121
52
29
Average no. of persons
1039
762
1801
2358
990
423
65
1860
Jan.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
July
101
101
101
100
100
100
100
1861
Jan.
101
102
101
102
102
100
99
July
101
106
103
95
102
98
100
1862
Jan.
102
104
103
101
105
99
100
July
103
108
105
102
108
100
98
1863
Jan.
114
110
112
119
116
103
98
July
117
110
114
122
119
108
101
1864
Jan.
120
112
122
140
127
117
106
July
137
120
129
152
138
136
113
1865
Jan.
150
130
141
161
150
142
123
July
152
143
148
163
152
149
122
1866
Jan.
166
159
163
167
157
150
126
July
164
167
165
168
160
158
128
1867
Jan.
173
169
172
170
161
161
131
July
164
170
167
169
166
176
133
1868
Jan.
169
168
168
169
165
169
133
July
168
199
168
173
168
180
134
1869
Jan.
179
170
175
181
166
186
132
July
185
178
182
182
167
196
131
1870
Jan.
184
172
180
188
167
188
131
July
182
175
179
184
168
188
131
1871
Jan.
180
191
185
187
176
181
131
July
187
195
190
184
176
192
134
1872
Jan.
179
201
190
181
166
181
131
July
190
199
193
189
169
184
130
1873
Jan.
178
197
186
183
169
182
132
July
189
200
193
183
172
184
132
1874
Jan.
172
184
177
182
164
181
130
July
173
185
178
178
167
179
130
1875
Jan.
160
170
164
177
157
166
131
July
162
171
166
166
156
162
135
1876
Jan.
157
169
162
169
154
165
128
July
149
163
155
155
148
156
124
1877
Jan.
142
156
148
150
141
144
130
July
143
159
150
141
139
134
125
1878
Jan.
143
162
152
143
137
138
124
July
142
164
151
138
136
132
121
1879
.Tan.
137
162
148
138
135
137
119
July
136
161
146
134
133
135
119
1880
Jan.
138
165
149
138
135
140
119
July
140
166
150
141
140
140
125
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
167
characteristic effects upon rates of wages. During these later
years the lead was held sometimes by men receiving less than a
dollar in 1860, sometimes by the $1.00-$1.49 group, sometimes by
the $2.00-$2.49 group. But all of the time, the highest group
had the lowest relative wages.®
The comparison between the wages of males and females,
afforded by the lowest group, gives the same results as previous
comparisons of the sexes: — men have the higher relative wages
during the w^ar ; the relations vary for the next few years ; women
are always in the lead after 1870. A fairer comparison may be
made, however, by taking smaller wage-groups, because there are
over 40 times as many men as there are women earning 75-99
cents a day in 1860. The table which follows shows the relative
wages of males and of females paid 25-49 and 50-74 cents at the
start. In the lower group males have the higher relative wages
at every date but one until 1879; in the higher group females
have the higher relative wages after January, 1865.
•The large series of laborers (city public works, establishment 35),
which was excluded from the grade of unskilled workers in the note on p.
145, belongs to the wage-group of $1.00-$1.49. The effect of excluding it
here is as follows:
$1.00— $1.49
Less
$1.00-
-$1.49
Less
As in
Lab'rs, 35,
than $1
As in
Lab'rs, 35,
than $1
Table 40
excluded
Table 40
excluded
I860 Jan.
100
100
100
1871
Jan.
187
178
180
July
100
100
101
July
184
179
187
1861 Jan.
102
104
101
1872
Jan.
181
175
179
July
95
99
101
July
189
185
190
1862 Jan.
101
102
102
1873
Jan.
183
178
178
July
102
103
103
July
183
177
189
1863 Jan.
119
115
114
1874
Jan.
182
176
172
July
122
121
117
July
178
174
173
1864 Jan.
140
135
120
1875
Jan.
177
170
160
July
152
142
137
July
166
160
162
1865 Jan.
161
153
150
1876
Jan.
169
162
157
July
163
155
152
July
155
147
149
1866 Jan.
167
160
166
1877
Jan.
150
148
142
July
168
161
164
July
141
139
143
1867 Jan.
170
164
173
1878
Jan.
143
141
143
July
169
165
164
July
138
136
142
1868 Jan.
169
165
169
1879
Jan.
138
137
137
July
173
170
168
July
134
133
136
1869 Jan.
181
175
179
1880
Jan.
138
137
138
July
182
178
185
July
141
140
140
1870 Jan.
188
179
184
July
184
175
182
168 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 45.
Arithmetic means of relative rates of wages of males and females receiving
initial wages of £5-49 and 50-74 cents per day : January
and July, 1860-1880.
Data obtained from the exhibits of the Aldrich Report.
Note. — On method of computing arithmetic means, see pp. 94, 95.
Daily
wages in
25-49 cents
50-74 cento
Jan
. 1860
Sex
Males
Females
Both sexes
Males
Females
Both sexes
Number of series
13
16
29
23
26
49
Av. number of persons
96
195
291
105
550
655
1860
Jan.
100
100
100
100
100
100
July
105
101
103
101
101
101
1861
Jan.
101
100
101
99
102
101
July
105
100
102
101
108
106
1862
Jan.
106
105
106
103
104
104
July
113
105
109
106
109
108
1863
Jan.
123
106
115
115
111
112
July
127
113
119
118
109
111
1864
Jan.
135
123
129
124
109
112
July
138
130
133
122
117
118
1865
Jan.
152
126
135
143
132
134
July
156
134
141
145
148
147
1866
Jan.
171
163
166
155
159
158
July
180
170
173
156
167
165
1867
Jan.
193
168
176
152
170
167
July
192
167
175
154
172
170
1868
Jan.
197
165
175
151
170
167
July
197
167
176
150
170
167
1869
Jan.
200
167
178
153
172
170
July
198
185
189
149
176
172
1870
Jan.
202
183
189
151
170
167
July
201
178
184
153
175
172
1871
Jan.
207
205
206
157
188
183
July
210
214
213
151
189
184
1872
Jan.
234
216
221
150
198
190
July
237
210
217
157
196
190
1873
Jan.
246
198
211
158
198
191
July
236
202
212
158
201
193
1874
Jan.
216
184
194
146
185
178
July
217
178
190
149
189
182
1875
Jan.
189
166
173
140
172
167
July
189
166
174
140
174
169
1876
Jan.
186
162
169
135
171
166
July
183
169
173
132
162
158
1877
.Tan.
184
162
169
128
156
152
July
182
161
168
129
158
154
1878
Jan.
176
171
172
128
160
156
July
178
173
175
128
161
157
1879
Jan.
155
168
164
125
160
155
July
153
171
166
129
157
153
1880
Jan.
168
177
175
135
160
157
July
164
178
175
139
162
158
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 169
g, — Comparison with Faikner's Tables of Relative Wages.
On comparing? the tables which have been presented with the
tables compiled from the same data under the direction of Pro-
fessor R. P. Falkner and published in Part I of the Aldrich
Report, one finds that they a^ree regarding the general character
of the wage-movements, but differ materially regarding the de-
gree of these movements. The differences in results are due
almost wholly to a difference in method. Professor Falkner
treated each wage-series as having the same importance, whether
it represented the relative wages of one man or a hundred men.
On the other hand, I have weighted each series at each date by
the number of persons whose actual wages the series reports on
that date. Falkner 's method gives averages of the relative rates
of pay for different kinds of work: mine gives averages of the
relative rates of pay of different wage-ear ners.
Since Falkner ^s tables show only arithmetic means it is neces-
sary to confine the comparison to this form of average. My
arithmetic means were computed from the tally-sheets used in
determining deciles, by multiplying each relative wage by the
number of persons receiving it, and dividing the sum of the
products by the total number of persons. This work was done
both with the tally-sheets for industries and the tally-sheets for
groups based on initial wages. The results of the two sets of
computations were corrected by comparison until they agreed
perfectly, so that the chance of erroi's of computation affecting
the result was practically excluded. Further, to make certain
that the slight differences in the series used and in other minor
details did not account for more than a small part of the discrep-
ancies between Falkner 's results and mine, I had arithmetic
means computed from my tally-sheets by Falkner 's method —
that is, by multiplying each relative wage by the number of series
(instead of the number of persons) shown as receiving it, and
dividing the sum of the products by the whole number of series.
This work also was done on the two sets of tallv-sheets and the
r€*sults brought to perfect agreement. These new arithmetic
means for all industries, together with the medians, are compared
in the next table with Falkner 's corresponding averages.
170 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
The table shows that the new simple averages agree closely
with Falkiier's simple averages. The discrepancy between his
figures and my January figures is less than half of one point in
TABLE 46.
Relative rates of wages in all industries according to various methods of
averaging : January and July, 1860-1880,
Note. — See the explanations on p. 169.
Falkner's
Averages
New Averages
Arithmetic Means
Arithmetic Means
Medians
Dates
Weighted
Simple
Simple
Weighted
1860
Jan.
100.0
100.0
100.0
100
100
July
100.8
100
100
1861
Jan.
100.7
100.8
101.4
102
100
July
101.3
99
99
1862
Jan.
103.7
102.9
103.4
102
100
July
104.6
104
100
1868
Jan.
118.8
110.5
110.5
116
114
July
114.8
119
115
1864
Jan.
134.0
125.6
123.9
131
129
July
134.4
142
139
1865
Jan.
148.6
143.1
142.8
152
150
July
146.4
155
152
1866
Jan.
155.6
152.4
152.4
161
165
July
155.7
164
163
1867
Jan.
164.0
157.6
157.3
167.5
175
July
159.7
167.5
166
1868
Jan.
164.9
159.2
158.1
166.8
168
July
160.5
170.0
172
1869
Jan.
167.4
162.0
161.4
175.8
176
July
163.8
179.4
179
1870
Jan.
167.1
162.2
162.4
180.6
180
July
162.3
179.3
179
1871
Jan.
166.4
163.6
163.2
182.6
185
July
164.7
184.3
192
1872
Jan.
167.1
166.0
165.6
179.3
177
July
168.9
185.1
194
1873
Jan.
166.1
167.1
166.8
179.9
180
July
167.9
182.9
187
1874
Jan.
162.5
161.5
161.9
175.9
179
July
163.8
175.3
175
1875
Jan.
158.0
158.4
158.8
166.9
165
July
157.4
162.9
161
1876
Jan.
151.4
152.5
153.8
162.4
160
July
150.1
153.2
151
1877
Jan.
143.8
144.9
146.2
147.2
146
July
144.9
143.2
142
1878
Jan.
140.9
142.5
143.8
145.2
143
July
142.5
142.5
140
1879
Jan.
139.4
139.9
140.3
141.6
140
July
130.0
139.0
135
1880
Jan.
143.0
141.5
141.2
142.3
137
July
144.0
144.3
140
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 171
. the scale of relative wa^es in 13 of the 21 years, and in no year
exceeds 1.7 points. These slight differences arise from the facts
that (1)1 have omitted a few series which Falkner uses, (2) I
have made separate series for males and females in occupations
in which both sexes are employed, (3) Falkner computes relative
wages in some cases on the basis of actual wages in July instead of
in January. But the table also shows wide differences between
both Falkner 's and my series of simple arithmetic means on the
one hand, and the series of weighted arithmetic means on the other
hand. These differences appear as soon as the advance of relative
wages is fairly under way, rise to a maximum of 19 points in
January, 1871, and then fall gradually to less than one point in
January, 1880. The close agreement between Falkner 's simple
arithmetic means and mine, together with the wide divergencies
between my simple and weighted arithmetic means, is conclusive
proof that the difference between his simple and my weighted
arithmetic means is due almost wholly to his failure to take ac-
count of the number of persons whose wages are represented by
the series.
The reason why this difference in method makes large differ-
ences in results is that the series representing but one or two
wage-earners show on the average a less rapid and a less consid-
erable advance in wages up to the early 70 's, and a less consid-
erable fall from the early 70 's to 1879, than do the series repre-
senting relatively large numbers. A much larger proportion of
the small than of the large series represent the wages of foremen,
overseers, and highly paid mechanics ; and Tables 40 and 42 show
that the highest of our four industrial grades and the highest of
our five wage-groups exhibit much less mobility of wages than
do the lower grades and wage-groups. Falkner 's method allows
these relativelv immobile series an influence on the result de-
pending on the ratio between their number and the whole number
of series; my method allows them an influence depending on the
smaller ratio between the number of persons they represent and
the whole number of persons. These ratios in the case of the
highest wage-group, for example, average 5.6 per cent, and 1.2
per cent, respectively. On the other hand, of course, Falkner 's
method gives to the largest wage-group (males earning $1.00-
172 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
$1.49 per day in 1860), which shows on the whole the highest
range of relative wages, an average weight of 34.2 per cent, on
the results, while mine allows it 41.8 per cent. Further, it ap-
pears to be the case that establishments employing many men,
and therefore represented by large series, advanced wages more
liberally between 1860 and 1872, and reduced wages more sharply
after 1873, than small establishments in the same industries.
Professor Falkner, however, did not rest content with the
simple arithmetic means which have been criticized, but made
also a series of weighted arithmetic means in which he sought to
take account of numbers employed. But in doing so he kept his
old errors of method, and added new errors to them. His method
of weighting was to take the simple averages for 17 of his 21
industries, weight them by figures obtained from the census re-
turns for occupations, and divide the sum of the products by the
sum of the weights. This procedure does not eliminate the orig-
inal errors in the averages for industries; and census tables for
occupations do not give weights properly applicable to industries.^
Moreover, in this process Falkner assigns large weights to some
industries for which his data are too scanty to give reliable
averages. The most conspicuous case is afforded by **dry goods
(stores)," for which he has only three series, coming from a
single establishment, but to which he assigns a weight second
only to that for building trades.^ As it happens, however, this
curiously weighted series of averages approximates the correct
results more closely than does the series of simple averages. But
even Falkner 's weighted figures are much too low for the years
of highest relative wages: — in January, 1871, for example, his
weighted arithmetic mean is 16 points less than the corresponding
average in the new table.®
' See History of the Greenhachs, p. 312.
*Aldrich Beport, Part I, pp. 135 and 176.
• It is not claimed for the new averages that they are necessarily correct
in the sense of showing the actual changes in relative rates of pay of Amer-
ican wage-earners from 1860 to 1880; but that they are the correct averaj^es
for the data presented in the ** exhibits*' of the Aldrich Report. The rep-
resentative character of these averages is discussed in section v. of this
chapter.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
173
h. — Relative Wages in January, 1891,
Falkner's averages for January, 1880, both simple and
weighted, agree closely with the new weighted averages. The
importance of his table as the only considerable body of evidence
regarding the course of wages in the United States between 1880
and 1890, when the Bureau of Labor tables begin, makes it highly
desirable to know whether his latest figures — for 1891 — are nearly
correct, like those for 1880, or far from correct, like those for
1871. Accordingly, I have gone outside the paper-standard
period to compute new averages of relative wages in January,
1891. The results are given in full in the next table, and show
TABLE 47.
Belative Rates of Wages in January, 1891,
A — Arithmetie Means.
(1) Relative Wages in All Industries.
Falkner*8 Averages.
Weighted 168.6
Simple 160.7
New Averages
Simple 160.9
Weighted 157.8
(2) Relative Wages in Nine Industries.
Cotton Oing- Woolen Metals & Bldg. Stone Rail- Ulum- City
textiles hams textiles metallic trades roads inating public
goods gas works
Falkner's av'ge 165.1 152,7 167.8 148.6 172.5 lfi5.3 146.4 167.7 164.6
New averages
Simple 164 153 168 150 176 160 149 168 167
Weighted 171 164 160 144 171 147 156 164 161
(3) Relative Wages of Males and Females.
All All industries Cotton Ginghams Woolen
industries in which both textiles textiles
males & females
were employed
Simple averages — males 160 156 161 146 168
— females 171 171 177 170 166
Weighted avges — males 154 155 161 150 158
— females 173 173 181 174 164
(4) Relative Wages in Five Wage-groups.
Daily wages re- Less than $1.00 $1.00- $1.50- $2.00- $2.50 A
ceived in Jan. 1860 1.49 1.99 2.49 over
Sex Males Females Both sexes Males Males Males Males
Simple averages 165 174 168 156 159 170 152
Weighted averages 159 176 ' 168 153 147 168 139
174 University of California Puhlicaiions in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 47 — (Concluded).
B dative rates of wages in January, 1891.
B — Medians and Decilet.
(1) Relative Wage» of Both Sexes, of Males and of Females in All Industries.
No. of No. of Low- l8t 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th High-
Series Persons est dec. dec. dec. dec. Median dec. dec. dec. dec. est
M&F
503
7365
67
126
135
140
149
153
163
169
177
188
375
Male
455
5879
73
125
135
139
143
151
153
165
175
182
375
Female
48
1486
67
139
153
168
168
168
176
184
188
215
313
(2)
Relative
Wages
r in
Nine
Industries.
Cotton
101
867
73
122
133
140
146
153
171
20J
215
234
282
Ginghams
30
1450
115
150
153
153
161
168
168
168
182
188
200
Woolen
61
491
95
121
133
142
144
169
171
171
171
194
313
MeUls
124
1723
80
122
130
135
139
141
147
151
160
172
247
Building
38
374
97
138
149
157
157
175
175
179
187
210
280
Stone
19
526
129
139
139
139
139
140
140
140
140
175
260
Railways
11
438
105
120
151
153
159
160
165
165
172
172
172
Gas
22
470
130
130
130
150
154
158
178
178
178
224
224
City Public
22
542
120
143
149
149
149
165
176
176
176
176
202
(3)
Relative Wages
in Five Wage-groups.
$0.25- .99
133
2819
93
138
140
153
153
168
168
177
188
210
313
$1.00-1.49
170
2582
88
125
130
139
143
149
153
168
176
179
282
$1.50-1.99
113
1394
87
122
135
137
141
143
150
154
159
175
299
$2.00-2.49
52
861
73
137
150
165
165
165
175
175
175
200
275
$2.50 +
28
60
85
120
120
120
120
120
133
140
160
168
375
» that both of Falkner's averages for all industries are too high ; —
the simple average by nearly three points and the weighted aver-
age by nearly 11 points.
The errors of Professor Falkner's results may be summed up
as follows: Ilis tables understate the advance in relative wages
from 1860 to 1872; they also understate the fall from 1872 to
1879; and they exaggerate, though less seriously, the rise from
1880 to 1891 — provided always that the data on which they are
based are representative in character. In particular Professor
Falkner s conclusion that when his report was written (1892),
wages were **at about the same point as they were in 1871-72"^*^
is seriously misleading. The arithmetic means computed by more
trustworthy methods from his own data indicate that wages in
January, 1891, were 25 points lower than the average of the
arithmetic means for 1871-72.
^"^ Aldrivh Report, Part I, p. 177.
1J>08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 175
//. — Tables of Relative Wages Based on Data from Weeks's
Report of 1880.
a. — Scope and Character of the Data.
In Mr. Weeks 's report, wa^es are ^iveii without specification
as to nmnber of employees, sex, or time of the year. Therefore
some of the most interesting^ features of the preceding tables
cannot be duplicated in the present section, and Falkner's method
of averaging series without regard to the number of persons whose
pay they represent must perforce be adopted. But Weeks 's data
give tolerably full information about several industries not cov-
ered by the Aldrich Report, and enable us to compare wages in
the Northern Central States with wages in New England and
the North Atlantic States. The number of ei5tablishments and
of series is also much larger. Table 48 gives a general conspectus
of the data."
b. — Relative Wages of all Series.
Deciles for the whole body of series from the census are given
in Table 49. It agrees wnth the preceding tables so far as the
general character of wage-changes is concerned. Again we find
a wide range of relative wages at each date, combined with de-
cided similarity in the movements of the several deciles. The
rapid rise of wages beginning in 1863 and extending to 1866;
the slight advance of the next two or three years; the quick rise
of the early seventies; the maximum of 1872; the decline after
1873 to the minimum of 1879, and the final reaction of 1880, are
all shown here as there. The only important difference in direc-
tion of movement is that this table shows a small but general
decline of wages from 1870 to 1871, while the table constructed
from the Aldrich data shows a rise.
While there is thus a close correspondence between the direc-
tion of the wage-movements shown by the two tables, there is a
marked difference in degree of rise and fall. This difference,
however, is due partly to the lack of data regarding numbers
" From the list of census series used in the History of the Greenbacks I
have dropped three, and to it added 21 new series, thus raising the number
to 1447.
176 University of Cal fornia PHblitiatioHs in E*:oHomiLS. [^oL X
TABLE 4>.
Conspectus of the data regardimg wages obtained fr\>m fTiels's Eeport of
Industries
Cotton textiles
Woolen textiles
Carriages and wagons
Furniture
Machinery
Blast furnaces
Xomber of Xamb«r of
estahlishnsents wage-<eri«s
East. West. East. W««x.
states states states states
13 1 257 4
6 4 lis 52
3 6 31 42
6
Other iron and steel products^ 11
6
<rk
O
50
40 5$
62 15
% in w^ieh «-
So. of
Xo. of
ih^Bts were eslatJxsh-
wage-
sitsated
aents
feries
Maice
3
52
New Uanpchire
t
114
Massachm«rtO
16
204
Coanectieut
8
116
New York
27
266
Xew Jersej
•
52
Pennsylvaitia
13
134
Delaware
2
1
MarrUnd
4
IX.
Dist. of Columbia
1
1
West Virginia
1
11
» (
29
Eastern State* 87
970
Paper
5
•■»
84
19
Kentucky
6
51
Glass
5
^^^^
62
^^^^
Ohio
Indiana
14
13
143
100
Saw mills
1
6
12
49
Illinois
Michigan
1
3
63
23
Pottery
1
4
1
52
Wisconsin
Iowa
6
45
9
Tanneries
t
Id
1
16
54
10
80
Missouri
Western States
6
57
43
Miscellaneous'
477
All industries
j>7
57
y70
477
Tnited States
144
1447
* Includes:
- Thes** misoelUne^tus
iudust:
ries are:
1. Hardware
47 series
I.
.\i:rii-ultural implements
5 series
2. Rolling-mills
6 s*»ri<*s
•»
U«H>ls and shiH's
17 series
3. Stove foundries
4t» sories
:V
Hn«wones
4 series
4. Tin
7 serios
4.
Urick makiu):
»U< series
\
t\'«ri»«»t.s
Clothing
lv«< series
17 series
Total
100 series
t».
1 .
Flour mills
28 series
8.
l«as
4 series
I).
li*e
9 series
10.
Iron mining;
3 series
11.
MtirMe
1 1 series
12.
IMhuos
2(> series
I a.
Vu\»
3 series
u.
Ship cnriHMitry
8 series
i:..
ToliHOOO
Total
16 series
20'J series
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 177
TABLE 49.
Belative rates of wages in all industries represented in Weeks *s Report:
by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — The method adopted in constructing this table differs from that
adopted in constructing Table 33, because the data do not 9how numbers
employed. It is, however, like the method employed in constructing Table
4. See note upon the latter.
No. of
Low-
1st
2d
8d
4th :
Median
6th
7th
8th
9th
High
series
est
decile
decile decile
decile
1
decile
decile
decile
decile
est
I860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
1425
60
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
112
200
1862
1386
58
98
100
100
100
100
100
106
114
126
200
1863
1419
52
100
100
100
106
113
117
125
133
150
250
1864
1427
70
100
100
113
119
125
133
150
160
175
260
1865
1428
75
100
114
120
129
139
150
160
172
200
800
1866
1406
75
100
120
127
140
150
159
167
181
200
400
1867
1404
75
100
120
131
142
150
160
171
183
200
400
1868
1399
75
100
120
132
143
150
160
171
182
200
400
1869
1413
66
100
120
132
144
150
163
171
183
200
534
1870
1408
52
100
120
133
150
155
167
174
187
200
534
1871
1352
65
100
120
133
148
152
165
172
185
200
563
1872
1376
75
100
120
135
150
157
167
175
190
205
563
1873
1373
57
100
120
133
150
156
167
175
189
207
563
1874
1394
67
100
117
129
140
150
159
167
179
200
563
1875
1391
64
100
114
125
136
145
156
167
175
200
513
1876
1392
64
100
112
125
133
140
150
160
171
194
513
1877
1375
57
100
108
120
125
133
144
153
167
188
475
1878
1392
63
100
108
118
125
133
140
150
163
180
475
1879
1388
64
100
108
118
125
130
138
150
160
180
438
1880
1326
64
100
114
125
129
138
149
156
167
193
438
represented by the series from Weeks 's report, and partly to the
inclusion of data for new industries and new states. The at-
tempt to eliminate these causes of difference and to make a fair
comparison between the two sets of results can be made better
after Weeks 's data have been analyzed more fully.
Besides the difference in degree of movement indicated from
year to year, there is also a difference in the degree of concentra-
tion of the wage-series at different points of the wage-scale. The
intervals which divide the deciles from each other are somewhat
wider and also more uniform from year to year. This fact,
brought out by the next table, like the slighter degree of change
from year to year is due largely to the absence of data for num-
bers employed.
178 Vniver»ity of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 50.
Average distribution of all wage-series from Weeks*s Kepori and of all
employees from the Aldrich Report over the field covered hy the
fiuctnations of relative rates of wages from 1860 to 1880.
Note. — ^Based upon Tables 33 and 49. See note upon Table 34.
Average number of points in the scale of relative
wages between
Lowest relative wages and 1st decile
1st and 2d deciles
2d and 3d deciles
3d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles
8th and 9th deciles
9th deciles and highest relative wages
Lowest and highest relative wages
Series from
the
Weeks Report
33.3
12.2
9.2
8.8
6.3
8.5
8.4
10.5
17.6
232.0
346.8
Wage-earners
from the
Aldrich Report
58.0
10.2
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.3
7.0
6.4
9.7
95.1
211.6
c. — Relative Wages in Various Industries.
There are ten industries for which Mr. Weeks gives 50 or
more series — enough to make a significant average of relative
wages. Deciles for these industries, in form for easy comparison,
are shown in Table 51. Three of the industries correspond to
industries of the Aldrich Report — cotton textiles, woolen textiles,
and metals and metallic goods — ; the other seven are not repre-
sented at all, or are inadequately represented in the Aldrich data.
This table shows once more the universality of the general
trend of wage-movements, and the differences in degree of change
in different parts of the industrial field. All of these industries
show a marked advance culminating in the later 60 's or the early
70 's, followed by a decided fall in the later 70 's — a fall which
in no case equals the preceding advance. The periods of maxi-
mum wages in the several industries are :
Cotton textiles
Woolen textiles
Tanneries
Paper
Saw mills
Furniture
('arriajjes
Metals
Glass
Pottery
1873 median 160
1870 median 152
1873 median 165
1867 and 1868 median 150
1867 median 188
1871 median 125
1868 and 1869 me<lian 160
1872 and 1873 median 157
1872 median 156
1870 and 1877 median 167
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
179
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186 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 52.
Average distrihution of wage-series in ten industries from Weeks's Report
over the field covered by the fluctuations of relative rates
of wages from 1860 to 1880, •
Note. — Based upon Table 51. See note upon Table 50.
Averaffe number of points in Cotton Woolen Tan*
the scale of relative tex- tex- neries
wages between tiles tiles
Lowest rel. wages and 1st dec. 26.6 80.7 28.0
Ist and 2d deciles 11.1 10.0 10.0
2d and 8d deciles 6.8 8.7 8.4
8d and 4th deciles 5.1 7.9 5.1
4th deciles and Medians 4.8 5.5 5.8
Medians and 6th deciles 5.5 6.7 4.6
6th and 7th deciles 6.5 7.4 4.0
7th and 8th deciles 7.8 10.0 6.5
8th and 9th deciles 18.8 22.8 17.8
9th dec. and high. rel. wages 187.1 57.3 63.2
Paper
14.0
2.1
8.4
9.7
7.9
14.6
11.8
10.8
13.1
75.1
Saw-
mills
6.9
2.0
22.5
15.1
12.6
11.2
9.0
11.4
21.6
83.2
Furni- Car- Metals Glass
ture riages and
and metallic
wagons goods
18.8 27.2
10.3
1.4
4.3
6.0
5.4
7.5
10.5
12.4
26.1
58.7
6.6
11.2
10.3
9.0
10.1
7.0
10.8
12.5
29.9
10.5
10.9
9.4
5.6
9.9
8.1
11.1
15.7
147.8
18.8
9.6
6.6
3.8
9.6
8.5
6.1
13.0
14.0
69.8
Pot-
tery
16.4
12.0
7.5
7.6
5.0
2.6
4.2
7.4
12.1
55.2
Lowest and high. rel. wages 274.6 166.5 148.4 167.1 195.5 142.7 125.7 256.2 159.8 180.2
But the diversities in detail are quite as striking as the uniformi-
ties in general trend. On the whole, furniture shows the lowest
range of relative wages, and potteries the highest range — though
part of the time tanneries and saw-mills rank above the latter.
d. — Relative Wages of Groups Based on Initial Wages.
This classification of the data produces more regular results
when applied to the Weeks than when applied to the Aldrich
series. In 1863 and 1864 the wage-group * Minder $1'' shows a
lower range of relative wages than the next higher group; but
these are practically the only exceptions to the rule that each
group has lower relative wages than the group below it, and
higher relative wages than the one above it. Once more the rela-
tive mobility of wages of low-priced labor and the relative stabil-
ity of wages of high-priced labor is clearly shown. The contrast
comes out most distinctly in the following figures for the medians
of the several groups in the years of maximum and (later) mini-
mum wages.
Median9 of
IVnyt-yrou/i*.
1872
1879
Decline
rnder $1
ins
140
28 points
$1.00-$1.49
ir>o
127
33 jHunts
$1.50-$1.99
150
133
17 points
$'2.00-$2.49
14a
125
18 points
$2.50 -1-
12 :>
120
5 points
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
187
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1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 191
Daily
wages in 186Q
1
Less than
$1.00-
$1.50-
$2.00-
$2.50
$1.00
1.49
1.99
2.49
k over
35.2
33.8
24.2
20.5
26.5
11.0
11.0
8.1
6.2
2.7
7.8
9.2
8.3
8.6
0.7
5.9
7.1
9.3
4.0
9.0
5.8
6.0
8.4
7.1
7.0
6.0
7.7
8.5
6.2
. 8.2
8.5
8.8
9.2
6.8
9.2
TABLE 54.
Average duttribution of wage-series from Weeks*s Beport belonging to five
wage-groups over the field covered by the fluctuations of relative
rates of wages from 1860 to 1880,
Note. — Based upon Table 53. See note upon Table 50.
Average number of points in the scale
of relative wages between
Lowest relative wages and 1st deciles
1st and 2d deciles
2d and 8d deciles
8d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles 10.2 10.4 10.0 10.5 12.3
8th and 9th deciles 17.3 17.3 16.2 22.8 85.9
9th deciles and highest relative wages 225.8 126.7 88.4 93.5 122.9
Lowest and highest relative wages 833.5 288.0 185.6 186.2 234.8
e. — Relative Wages in Eastern and Western States.
The dividing line between east and west for purposes of this
comparison is the eastern boundary of Ohio. AH but one of the
establishments for which the Aldrich Report gives data — an Ohio
gas plant with 7 series — lie east of this line; but almast two-fifths
of the census establishments lie west of it. There are therefore
sufficient data to study the sectional differences in wage-fluctu-
ations.
Table 55 presents Weeks *s series in form for such study. It
shows that, beginning as early as 1861, relative wages in the west
were somewhat higher than in the east. The difference in favor
of the west became very marked in 1863, 1864 and 1865. During
the next four years, however, wages rose more rapidly in the east,
and in 1870 that section took the lead and held it until 1879.
During 1876 and 1877 the difference between the medians in
favor of the east was 10 points, while in 1864 it had been 22 points
in favor of the west. Between 1879 and 1880 wages advanced
more rapidly in the west, so that while the lower deciles and the
median in the final year are higher in the east, the 6th, 7th, 8th,
and 9th deciles are higher in the west.
192 University of California Puhlicaiions in Economics. [Vol. 1
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
193
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194 University of California Pnhlications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 56.
Average distribution of wage-series for Eastern and Western States over the
field covered by the fluctuations of relative rates of wages
from 1860 to 1880,
Note. — Based upon Table 55. See note upon Table 50.
Average number of points in the scale of
relative wages between
Lowest relative wages and 1st deciles
1st and 2d deciles
2d and 3d deciles
8d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles
8th and 9th deciles
9th deciles and hi^^est relative wages
Lowest and highest relative wages 346.8 340.2 255.0
All
Eastern
Western
Series
States
States
33.3
31.9
28.9
12.2
13.7
7.9
9.2
8.8
9.3
8.8
6.7
9.7
6.3
6.3
8.8
8.5
7.5
11.1
8.4
7.6
9.2
10.5
11.0
12.0
17.6
16.0
16.5
32.0
230.7
141.6
A glance back at Table 48 shows that there is a wide differ-
ence between the industries of the east and of the west as repre-
sented by our series. It is therefore possible that the higher
western figures during the war, and the lower western figures
after the war, may be due simply to a divergent course of wages
in different industries. To test this supposition, I have computed
deciles for eastern and western establishments in the four indus-
tries which are most evenly divided in our material between the
two sections — furniture, woolen textiles, carriages and wagons,
and machinery — (See Table 57). Furniture shows higher rela-
tive wages in the east even during the war; later the differences
become much wider than in the table for all industries. Woolen
textiles shows the west leading in 1863 and 1864; and the east
leading uniformly from 1865 to 1880. Again the differences in
favor of the east are wider than in the general table. In car-
riages and wagons the west has distinctly higher rates from 1862
to 1866 ; then gradually falls far behind, but regains the lead by
a narrow margin in 1880. Finally, machine shops show higher
western rates in 1862 to 1864, substantial equality in 1865 and
1866, then higher eastern rates to 1880. Confining the compari-
son to series for identical industries thus serves to make the dif-
ferences between the eastern and western wage-movements appear
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
195
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1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 203
greater in degree. The evidence is so emphatic and so uniform
as to leave little doubt that relative wages advanced more rapidly
in the west during the war, were overtaken between 1865 and 1868
by the advance in the east, and fell far behind during the years
of depression after the crisis of 1873.
Ill, — Comparison between the Tables of Relative Wages based on
Data from the Aldrich Report and the Weeks Report.
Between the tables derived from the material of the Aldrich
Report and the tables derived from the material of the Weeks Re-
port there exist ostensible discrepancies so wide as to shake con-
fidence in the trustworthiness of both sets of results. For ex.-
ample, the medians for 1871 in the two tables which include all
the series from both sources are separated by an interval of more
than 30 points. But the discrepancies between the simple and
weighted arithmetic means of the Aldrich series (Table 46), and
the discrepancies between the medians of Weeks 's series for east-
ern and western states (Table 55), suggest that the divergencies
of the two sets of results are due mainly to formal differences in
the character of the data from which they ar^ derived: namely,
the presence in one case and absence in the other (1) of informa-
tion about numbers employed and (2) of series from states west
of Pennsylvania. To make a just comparison between the two
sets of results, it is necessary to eliminate the influence of num-
bers employed from the averages for the Aldrich data, and to
omit the western series from the averages for Weeks 's data.
This result has been accomplished by computing deciles for
the Aldrich series without regard to the number of wage-earners
whom they represent, and by comparing the results with deciles
for Weeks 's series from eastern states. Table 58, in which the re-
sulting figures are placed side by side, shows a great reduction
of the discrepancies which exist between Tables 33 and 49. For
example, the interval between the medians for 1871 is cut down
from 33 points for January and 40 points for July to 7 and 8
points respectively. The maximum differences between the
medians are now found in 1874 and amount to 12 and 13 points.
But every year after wages had begun to rise, except 1880, the
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
207
TABLE 59.
Average distribution of all wage-series from the Aldrich Report and of all
wage-series for Eastern States from Weeks *s Report over the field
covered by the fluctuations of relative rates of
wages from 1860 to 1880.
Note. — Based upon Table 58.
Average number of points in the scale
of relative wages between
Lowest relative wages and Ist deciles
Ist and 2d deciles
2d and 3d deciles
8d and 4th deciles
4th deciles and Medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th and 7th deciles
7th and 8th deciles
8th and 9th deciles
9th deciles and highest relative wages
Lowest and highest relative wages
Census Series
Aldricti
for Eastern
series
States
31.9
45.6
13.7
12^0
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6.7
6.2
6.3
5.8
7.5
6.3
7.6
7.2
11.0
9.5
16.0
14.4
230.7
95.9
340.2
211.6
Aldrich medians stand somewhat higher than the Weeks medians
in January or July, or both. The general agreement between the
deciles other than the median is on the whole surprisingly close,
except in the case of the first decile, which from 1865 to 1875 is
considerably lower in the case of Weeks 's series than in the case
of the Aldrich series.
It still remains to inquire whether part of these remaining
differences may not be due to the fact that the industries repre-
sented by the two sets of data are materially different. Among
the 21 industries nominally included in the Aldrich data and the
30 industries nominally included in Weeks 's data, there are only
three which are well represented in both sets. And of these three
— cotton textiles, woolen textiles, and metals and metallic goods —
the last is rather doubtful because of the uncertainty about the
kind of metallic goods meant. The next table makes a compari-
son between deciles for these three industries. The Aldrich series
are again taken w^ithout reference to number of employees, and
Weeks 's series are confined to the eastern states." In the cotton
" Since there are only 4 western series for cotton textiles out of a total
of 261 series, I have not thought it necessary to compute a new set of deciles
for the eastern states only.
208 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. 1
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 217
manufacturing industry the medians for the Aldrieh series show
a somewhat higher range up to 1874 inclusive and in 1878 and
79; in 1875, 76, and '80 Weeks 's medians are slightly higher;
and in 1877 the medians are the same. On the whole, the cor-
respondence between the deciles as well as the medians is closer
than one could expect from two sets of data collected independ-
ently. The comparison for woolen goods shows the medians
practically the same in 1863 and 1864, Weeks 's medians higher
from 1865 to 1877, practical equality again in 1878 and 79, and
Weeks 's medians higher once more in 1880. The differences are
somewhat wider than in the case of cotton goods ; but study of the
deciles as well as the medians shows that the agreements are more
striking than the differences. In the industry — or rather, group
of industries — called ** metals and metallic goods'* in the Aldrieh
Report, the correspondence is fairly close up to 1873 ; but Weeks 's
series indicate a much more sudden drop in wage-rates after the
crisis than do the Aldrieh series. The latter, however, show a
continuous fall until 1879, and in 1880 there is again close agree-
ment between the medians. However, the doubt about the char-
acter of the establishments grouped under this caption deprives
both the agreements and disagreements of much of their signifi-
cance.
The general result of these comparisons is to strengthen the
claim of both sets of figures to recognition as a reliable indication
of the trend and, broadly speaking, the degree of variations in
wage-rates in manufacturing industries from 1860 to 1880. The
substantial agreement of the two sets of data collected at different
dates by different organizations, for different purposes, by differ-
ent methods, for different times in the year, and largely from
different establishments, argues strongly for the representative
character of both sets. This conclusion does not mean, however,
that the tables constructed from Weeks 's data are a reliable index
of average change in the rates at which wage-earners were paid
in manufacturing industries. For Weeks \s data give no informa-
tion about the numbers of the persons whose wages were changed
in varying degrees. They therefore err in the same fashion as
Falkner's table, showing too slight an advance in relative wages
218 University of California Puhlications in Economics. \y^^- 1
from 1860 to 1872 and too slight a fall from 1872 to 1879. The
real value of the tables made from Weeks 's data is (1) that
they testify to the representative character of the Aldrieh data
for the eastern states; (2) that they establish the conclusion that
wages rose more rapidly in the west than the east during the war,
but less rapidly afterwards; and (3) that they make it possible to
study the course of wages in several industries for which the Aid-
rich Report supplies little or no information.
/y. — Relative Rates of Wages in Other than Manufacturing
Industries.
a. — Wages of Farm Labor,
The preceding tables based on the Aldrieh and the Weeks re-
ports take no account of the largest class of American wage-
earners — farm laborers. This serious gap in our information
can be partially filled, however, by data collected by the federal
Department of Agriculture. In 1866 the department's statisti-
cian, Mr. J. R. Dodge, collected 1,510 statements regarding farm
wages from statistical correspondents of the department, or
county officials, scattered over every state and territory where
farming was carried on to a considerable extent. Similar inves-
tigations were made again in 1869, 1875, 1879 and 1882. The
results were published in tables showing by states the averape
wages of farm laborers **per month for the year or season,'' "per
day in harvest/' and **per day." Further, wages both *'with
board'' and ** without board" were given for each of these three
forms of hiring.^^ Of these returns, the statisticians of the de-
partment seem to regard wages **per month, for the year or
season" as the most significant. Their averages of these rates
for geograi)hical sections both with and without board for the i\ye
13
The results of these and later investiprations are conveniently presented
in '* Wages of Farm Labor in the I'nited States. Results of Eleven Statisti-
cal Investigations, 186(5-1899, V. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of
Statistics, Miscellaneous Series — Bulletin No. 22.*' Washington, 19U1.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
219
inquiries of 1866 to 1882 are accordingly presented in Table 61."
These figures show a marked fall of wages in all of the geo-
graphical divisions of the country between 1866 ^nd 1879, and
also a less marked rise everywhere except on the Pacific Coast
TABLE 61.
Actual monthly wages of farm laborers, employed hy the year or season, with
and without board, in the United States, and in five geographical
sections, in 1866, 1869, 1875, 1879, and 188g,
Note.— From * * Wages of Fann Labor in the United States, ' ' U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture, Division of Statistics, Miscellaneous Series, Report
No. 4, pp. 8 and 9.
Without Board.
rears
United
Eastern
Middle
Southern
Western
Pacific
States
States
States
States
States
States
1866
$26.87
$33.31
$29.83
$16.63
$27.84
$44.60
1869
25.92
32.03
29.19
16.49
26.39
46.88
1875
19.49
29.00
26.99
15.28
23.25
43.50
1879
16.05
21.86
20.24
12.65
19.81
40.11
1882
18.58
26.55
28.21
With Board
14.67
23.26
37.22
iTears
United
Eastern
Middle
Southern
Western
Pacific
States
States
States
States
States
States
1866
$17.45
$20.82
$19.01
$10.75
$18.48
$29.48
1869
16.55
20.44
18.37
10.55
17.04
28.69
1875
12.72
18.59
16.98
9.94
15.44
28.13
1879
10.43
18.03
12.37
8.46
12.75
25.88
1882
12.41
16.92
14.71
9.92
15.60
23.73
after 1879. In these respects they agree with the results pre-
viously obtained from the Aldrich and Weeks data for manufact-
uring industries. In another respect, however, there appears to
have been a difference between the fluctuations of wages on farms
and in factories. Farm wages were somewhat higher in 1866
than in 1869 — the Pacific States again excepted — ; but factory
" The geographical divisions used are as follows : Eastern States — Maine,
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut; Mid-
dle States-^New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware; Southern States
— Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala-
bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee; Western States —
West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Min-
nesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota,
Pacific States — California and Oregon. The returns for the Mountain States
were too scanty in these early years to be significant, and no returns were
published for Indian Territory or Washington. The averages seem to be
made by weighting the average rates for each state by the number of agri-
cultural laborers employed within it as reported by the census.
220 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. l
wages were on the whole higher in 1869 than 1866. The Aldrich
data indicate a considerable advance between these two dates, and
the Weeks data a moderate advance.
These comparisons are limited to the direction in which wages
varied from time to time, and it is desirable to supplement them
by comparisons of the degree of the variations. To do so, how-
ever, is difficult, because all our tables of relative wages in manu-
facturing industries are based on actual wages in 1860. and be-
cause we have but scanty information about farm wages before
1866. Our knowledge is limited to a surmise made by Mr. Dodge
in 1866, and a few old records collected in 1892. In publishing
the results of his first investigation Mr. Dodge wrote, **The result
shows an increase of the rates of wages in five years amounting
to about 50 per cent.,'' and **This is less than the increase of
the cost of living ;''*'^ but he gave no definite data in support of
this view. A belated attempt to supply statistics for earlier years
was made in connection with the investigation of 1892. The De-
partment of Agriculture then requested its correspondents to send
in copies of any accessible wage-records relating to years before
1866. The result was the publication of a considerable number of
fragmentary statements, diverse in fonn, limited in geographical
reference, and applying to widely varying dates.^** No satisfactory
comparisons can be made between these records and the averages
for states published in 1866; but a few series, extending from
1860 to 1865, can be culled from the mass, and the conclusion
deduced that in these particular ca.ses farm wages increased be-
tween 50 and 60 per cent. But the number of these series is so
small that the result has little significance.'' It is not safe to say
more than that wages of farm laborers appear from our scanty
information to have advanced somewhat less rapidly than the
wages of factory laborers during the Civil War.
For 1866 and later years a somewhat luster comparison is
possible. To get figures as nearly comparable as possible with
the data for farm wages, I have collected all the series from botli
^^ Report of the Commissioner of Aprieultnre for the Year 1S66; p. Hi.
'" H'ages of Farm Labor in the United States. l\ S. Dopartinent of Aj^ri-
culture, Division of Statistics, ^lisccllanooiis Series, Koport No. 4, pp. r)4-()9.
"See History of the Greenbaeks, pp. ;i'Jl-4.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 221
the Aldrich and the Weeks reports showing daily wages of ** com-
mon laborers** in 1866, 1869, 1875, and 1879; made averages for
the states whenever five or more series were available, and com-
pared the results with the Department of Agriculture's figures
for wages of farm laborers employed by the day without board.
The averages for both the eastern and western states are made
without regard to the number of employees or number of series,
because these facts are not stated with reference to the figures
for farm laborers. The averages therefore possess little signifi-
cance, except as convenient summaries of the figures for the sev-
eral states. For purposes of computing relative wages, Mr.
Dodge's opinion is adopted that by 1866 wages had risen about 50
per cent, above the level of 1861, and actual wages in later years
are converted into percentages on the basis : wages in 1866 = 150.
The same basis is of course taken for factory laborers; but the
preceding tables indicate that by 1866 laborers employed in fac-
tories had on the average obtained somewhat more than 50 per
cent, increases upon actual wages in 1860 or 1861.
These figures, presented in Table 62, make possible several
different comparisons. (1) The fall in farm wages between 1866
and 1879 was considerably greater than the fall in the wages of
ordinary laborers employed in factories. If Dodge's opinion that
farm wages had advanced about 50 per cent, by 1866 is correct,
the farm hand had lower money wages in 1879 than before the
civil war, while the factory laborer still retained a large part of
the gains made during the paper-standard period. (2) Actual
wages of laborers employed on fanns were higher in 1866 than
actual wages of laborers employed in factories in 8 of the 13 states
for which statistics are given. But in 1879 there was only one
state — Connecticut — where the farm hand had higher wages. (3)
When the eastern and western states are compared, it appears
that the fall in wages between 1866 and 1879 was somewhat great-
er in the west for both farm and factory hands. The figures for
1869 and 1875 indicate that the fall began earlier in the west.
(4) Actual wages of farm laborers were lower in the western than
in the eastern states at all dates ; actual wages of factory laborers
on the other hand were higher in the west in 1866, but were re-
duced below the eastern averages in later years.
222 University of California PubUcations in Economics, [Vol. i
TABLE 62.
Acttutl and relative daily wages of * ' common laborers ' ' employed in factories
and on farms, in 1866, 1869, 1875, and 1879.
Data obtained from the Aldrich Report, Weeks*s Beport, and the Department
of Agriculture.
Note. — See the explanations upon pp. 220, 221.
Place of No. of
SUte
Employment i
3eri<
Maine
Factories
6
Farms
....
New Hampshire
Factories
7
Farms
....
MaasachusetU
Factories
26
Farms
....
Oonnecticut
Factories
11
Farms
....
New York
Factories
25
Farms
....
New Jersey
Factories
11
Farms
....
Pennsylvania
Factories
24
Farms
At. for preceding Factories
states Farms
Actual Wages per Day
1866 1869 1875 1879
$1,513 $1,513 $1,456 $1,218
1.49 1.48 1.46 0.97
1.858 1.381 1.459 1.266
1.67 1.79 1.50 0.98
1.569 1.624 1.587 1.359
1.83 1.92 1.44 1.05
1.488 1.583 1.535 1.274
1.75 1.87 1.50 1.50
1.447 1.484 1.411 1.241
1.75 1.64 1.48 0.92
1.574 1.619 1.402 1.247
1.68 1.63 1.45 0.99
1.601 1.596 1.414 1.313
1.59 1.43 1.37 0.96
110 1.506 1.543 1.459 1.274
1.68 1.68 1.457 1.053
Relative Wages
1866 1869 1875 1879
150 150 144 121
150 149 147 98
150 153 162 140
150 161 135 88
150 155 147 130
150 157 118 86
150 160 155 128
150 160 129 129
150 154 146 129
150 141 127 79
150 154 134 119
150 ^46 129 88
150 150 132 123
150 135 129 91
150 154 145 127
150 150 130 94
SUte
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Wisconsin
Missouri
*
Kentucky
Place of No. of Actual Wages per Day
Emploj-ment Series 1866 1869 1875 1879
Relative Wages
1866 1869 1875 1879
states
At. for all states
Factories
17
$1,607
1.606
$1,399
$1,308
150
150
131
122
Farms
....
1.54
1.44
1.35
1.00
150
140
132
97
Factories
11
1.43
1.413
1.283
1.127
150
148
135
118
Farms
....
1.45
1.36
1.30
0.90
150
141
134
93
Factories
5
1.483
1.483
1.346
1.316
150
150
136
133
Farms
....
1.62
1.50
1.37
1.01
150
139
127
94
Factories
6
1.423
1.327
1.206
1.213
150
140
127
128
Farms
....
1.78
1.56
1.42
1.12
150
131
120
94
Factories
(J
1.783
1.06
1.337
1.229
150
140
112
103
Farms
1.44
1.44
1.07
0.07
150
150
111
70
^'actories
7
1.455
1.45-2
1.333
1.362
150
150
137
140
Farms
....
1.21
■
1.10
1.03
0.77
150
136
128
95
Factories
52
1.53
1.49
1.317
1.259
150
140
129
123
Farms
....
1.507
1.40
1.257
0.912
150
139
125
91
Factories
16U
1.5 J
1.52
1.39
1.27
150
150
137
125
Farms
....
1.60
1.54
1.36
0.98
150
144
128
92
li>08] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 223
Our conclusion regarding the general trend of wage-fluctua-
tions must be slightly modified in the light of these data for the
one occupation which is followed by the largest number of Ameri-
can wage-earners. Were we able to include in our general tables
properly weighted series for farm laborers, it is probable that the
relative wages in the latter '60 's would be somewhat lower, and
certain that the decline in the 70 's would be greater and the
final figures for 1880 not so much above the level of 1860.
6. — Salaries of School Teachers,
Among the data collected for the Aldrich Beport were a num-
ber of carefully selected series of figures showing the annual
salaries paid to school teachers in two Massachusetts counties
and in four cities — Boston, Baltimore, Cincinnati, and St. Louis.
Only maximum and minimum salaries paid to teachers of differ-
ent grades were taken, because such figures were thought to come
nearest representing pay for work of uniform quality. Table 63
presents relative figures based on actual salaries for each of the
cities and the two country districts, and Table 64 gives deciles for
all the series, except those from Boston, which are omitted be-
cause of the lack of data for 8 years.
The figures show no advance in salaries until 1864. But in
that year the school boards of the four cities and the two counties
granted increases, though these increases were less than the aver-
age of the gains made by the wage-earners for whom the Aldrich
Report gives data — except in Baltimore where salaries had been
so very low in 1860 that a small increase in actual pay appears as
a large relative increase. In the next year Boston and the Mas-
sachusetts counties granted further increases to their teachers;
and after the war was over all four cities and the two counties
made substantial additions to salaries. The scales fixed by Balti-
more and Cincinnati in 1868 were maintained without substantial
change until 1880; in Boston, St. Louis and the Massachusetts
counties the scales were advanced to maxima in 1873, 74, 75, and
76 respectively, and then reduced again. The relative figures
for 1880 stand high above the weighted averages for all industries
224 University of California Publications in Economics, [^'^ol. l
TABLE 63.
Arithmetic means of relative salaries of male and female school teachers in
four cities and two country districts: by years^ 1860-1880.
Data obtained from the Aldrich Report.
St. Ivouifl
i
Boston
Cincinnat
i
Year
M
F
MAP
M
F
MftF
M
F
M&F
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
60
78
67
100
100
100
87
91
89
1862
76
90
82
100
100
100
87
91
89
1863
100
100
100
100
100
100
1864
115
131
121
109
127
116
120
100
110
1865
115
131
121
125
145
133
120
100
110
1866
129
143
135
125
145
133
152
133
143
1867
148
162
155
152
159
156
1868
146
155
149
148
162
155
155
159
157
1869
149
155
151
155
159
157
1870
149
173
158
—
—
155
159
157
1871
158
173
164
155
159
157
1872
157
173
163
155
159
157
1878
154
173
168
154
185
167
155
159
157
1874
154
173
168
155
159
157
1875
161
173
166
155
159
157
1876
161
159
160
154
200
173
155
159
157
1877
143
151
146
145
175
157
155
159
157
1878
138
153
144
139
192
160
155
159
157
1879
138
153
144
155
159
157
1880
138 153
144
155
159 157
Country
Cities
and Country
Baltimore
Schools
( Bost<
on excluded )
Year
M
F
M&F
M
F
M&F
M
F
M& F
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
100
100
100
101
95
98
86
94
90
1862
100
100
100
100
99
90
90
06
93
1863
100
100
100
102
97
99
100
90
100
1864
131
178
162
105
100
103
119
141
131
1865
131
178
162
128
115
■ 122
123
143
134
1866
159
249
219
136
126
131
145
187
168
1867
159
249
219
142
130
136
152
2 OH
182
1868
176
244
221
142
140
141
150
195
177
1869
176
244
221
158
145
152
160
195
179
1870
176
244
221
ir>2
150
151
150
199
180
1871
176
244
221
158
154
156
162
199
1 82
1872
176
244
221
153
1()()
157
161
•JOO
182
187.'}
176
244
o«> 1
^ M J.
167
1 69
168
163
202
184
1874
176
244
221
173
169
171
164
202
181
1875
176
244
0>) 1
175
175
175
106
2o:{
186
1876
170
24 4
221
159
176
167
163
201
184
1877
176
244
221
158
166
162
158
lOS
180
1878
170
244
210
152
16 a
157
154
1'>H
178
1879
170
244
2 1 9
144
155
149
1 52
197
176
1880
170 244
219
138
151
14.
151
V.U)
17(»
/
1908] MitchelL—Oold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 225
TABLE 64.
Deciles of relative salaries of school teachers: by years, 1860-1880,
Data obtained from the Aldrivh Report,
Note. — Constructed from the same series of relative salaries used in
Table 63. The series for Boston are omitted.
Year No. of Low- 1st 2d 3d 4th 6th 7th 8th 9th High-
Series
est
decile
decile
decile
decil ]
Bdedian (
decile
decile
decile
decile
est
1860
24
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
24
48
67
82
89
91
94
100
100
100
100
102
1862
24
64
83
87
90
P2
99
100
100
100
100
100
1863
19
94
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
102
1864
24
98
100
100
106
120
120
125
140
167
171
250
1865
24
100
100
109
120
120
122
127
140
167
171
250
1866
24
100
118
133
136
141
147
159
167
200
233
400
1867
19
124
133
137
147
158
164
167
180
233
250
400
1868
24
110
133
142
149
159
167
177
180
192
232
408
1869
24
120
133
149
158
160
167
177
180
192
232
408
1870
24
120
133
149
158
160
167
178
180
212
232
408
1871
24
128
133
149
159
164
167
180
180
212
232
408
1872
24
12^
133
149
158
167
167
178
180
212
232
408
1873
24
12d^
133
158
166
167
167
178
180
212
232
408
1874
24
120
133
151
167
167
175
180
182
212
232
408
1875
24
120
133
158
167
170
178
180
182
212
232
408
1876
24
107
133
152
166
167
176
180
183
212
232
408
1877
24
107
133
154
159
162
167
178
180
196
232
408
1878
24
104
133
149
159
160
162
167
180
200
232
408
1879
24
104
128
149
156
159
160
167
180
200
232
408
1880
24
104
120
148
155
158
160
167
180
200
232
408
of the Aldrich Report in Baltimore, decidedly above in Cincin-
nati, and slightly above in St. Louis and the Massachusetts coun-
ties. The arithmetic means of all series indicate that teachers
were relatively worse off than the average manual worker in
manufacturing industries until 1866, then in about the same
position until 1872, and decidedly better off from 1874 to 1880.
But these arithmetic means are unduly influenced by the high
relative salaries received by female teachers in Baltimore who
had received in 1860 less than $300 per year. It is therefore bet-
ter to compare the deciles and medians of Table 64 with the cor-
responding figures of Table 33. If this be done it appears that
the majority of teachers for whom we have data w^re not so well
off in the matter of relative money wages as the majority of fac-
tory hands until 1875, when the decline in wages in manufactur-
ing industries had gotten well under way. From this time on to
the end they were decidedly better off.
226 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
In school teachers we have a class of wage-earners employed in
establishments not managed for the sake of pecuniary profits, re-
ceiving annual salaries instead of daily wages, lacking effective
organization to promote their pecuniary interests, and engaged
in an occupation where tradition plays a considerable role. We
should expect, therefore, that their money incomes would be re-
adjusted to a new scale of prices more slowly than in the case of
factory hands, and such is what our scanty statistical materials
show. Because of this relative inelasticity of their money in-
comes, teachers suffered with exceptional severity from the sud-
den rise of prices during the war, and profited exceptionally from
the fall of prices after the crisis of 1873.
T'. — Fluctuations in the Price of Labor Compared with Fluctua-
tions in the Price of Gold, of Commodities at Wholesale, of
Commodities at Retail, and of Cost of Living.
a. — The Representative Character of the Table of Relative Wages
Used in the Following Comparisons.
In comparing the fluctuations in the price of labor during the
years of the paper standard with the fluctuations in the prices of
gold and of commodities, it is best to rely upon the material from
the Aid rich Report. For though the number of wage-series from
this source is little over a third of the number from Weeks^s Re-
port, these series were collected with greater care, refer to definite
months of the year, and show numbers employed. Moreover, the
comparison which has been made between the two sets of wage-
tables shows that they are in substantial agreement with each
other after the formal differences in the character of the materials
have been eliminated.^* It is probable that if Weeks s data showed
numbers employed, the deciles weighted by these numbers would
be as much higher than the present deciles as the weighted deciles
of the Aldrieh series are higher than the simple deciles. The
existing differences between the tables for all industries made
from the two sets of data, therefore, afford no ground for doubt-
" See section iii of this chapter.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 227
ing the approximately representative character of the higher
range of relative wages shown by the tables based on the Aldrich
Report.
But study of the tables based on Weeks 's Report lends em-
phasis to a warning. Our table must be interpreted as showing
changes in relative rates of wages in the New England and North
Atlantic States only. According to the tables based on Weeks's
Report, relative wages in the North Central States were somewhat
higher during the war and somewhat lower during the 70 's than
in states east of Ohio. It is therefore probable that if our ma-
terial from the Aldrich Report covered the northern states from
Maine to Missouri, the deciles for 1863 to 1865 would be some-
what higher and the deciles for 1870 to 1880 somewhat lower.
Regarding wages in states south of the Potomac and west of the
Mississippi we have practically no information. Similarly, study
of farm wages and teachers' salaries emphasizes the warning that
our tables based on the Aldrich Report must be interpreted as
showing wage-changes in a limited number of industries — mainly
manufacturing. It is probable that if we had adequately weight-
ed series for farm laborers and school teachers, we should find
our more inclusive table for all industries showing a less rapid
advance during the war. Whether the fall after the war would
be materially affected by the inclusion of series for both these
groups is less certain; — farm laborers suffered a rapid loss in
wages after 1869 ; but teachers continued to gain until the later
70 *s and then had their salaries reduced in a more moderate
degree than the great mass of manual wage-earners. Probably
the larger numbers of farm laborers would outweigh the influence
of the school-teachers. But there are also large classes of salaried
men and women, such as clerical employees in public and private
offices, and salespeople, whose pay probably varied according to
the school-teacher type rather than the farm-laborer type. Their
inclusion might well keep the farm laborers from depressing the
grand averages for all wage-earners toward the end of the green-
back period much below the level shown by our present tables.
Finally, Table 58, which compares unweighted deciles for all in-
dustries from the Aldrich Report with similar figures relating to
the eastern states only from the Weeks Report, suggests that the
228 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
manufacturing industries omitted from the first source and in-
cluded in the second showed a somewhat lower range of relative
wages than the industries for which the Aldrich Report gives data.
What, then, does our table of relative wages based on the
Aldrich Report represent ? Strictly speaking, it represents only
the variations in the rates of daily wages paid to an average of
between five and six thousand persons employed in a limited
number of industries — chiefly manufacturing — in states north
of Maryland and east of Ohio. But is there warrant for believ-
ing that the changes in the pay of this body of wage-earners are
fairly representative of the changes in the pay of the larger body
of wage-earners for whom the Aldrich Report gives no data?
What we are able to learn from various sources about other im-
portant classes of wage-earners indicates that the inclusion of
data for them in our table would exercise opposing influences on
the result. (1) Probably the advance in wages up to 1865 would
be increased somewhat by the inclusion of data for factory em-
ployees in the North Central States, and diminished somewhat by
the inclusion of data for certain excluded branches of manufac-
turing, for farm laborers, for school teachers, and for other sal-
aried people. (2) Probably the fall of wages after the crisis of
1873 would be increased by the inclusion of data for western fac-
tory hands and for farm laborers, but diminished by the inclusion
of data for school teachers and other salaried people. When these
opposing influences are weighted in the mind, the force of the
depressing factors seems rather greater. On the whole our table,
as an index of changes in rates of wages in states north of the
Potomac and east of the Mississippi, probably errs in the direction
of exaggerating the advance in wages during the war and mini-
mizing the fall in wages during the later '70 's. But there is no
ground for doubting the correctness of the table as a rcpivsenta-
tive of the general type of tlie wage changes wliicli took ])lace
under the greenback standard in that large section of the Tnited
States from which our information comes. Whatever modifica-
tions the table would undergo, could they b(» made all-inclusive,
would be modifications only in degree of movement, and these
modifications in degree would probably be small in com])arison
with the scojie of wage-changes as a whole.
1908] Mitchell— Oold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 229
The representative character of our table for all employees
whose wages are given in the Aldrich Report can be improved by
excluding the series for one industry — **city public works."
Though the municipal employees for whom we have data belong
to occupations largely represented among the employees of private
contracting firms, still it is notorious that considerations not of a
. business sort sometimes have much influence in determining the
wages paid by American cities. A glance back at Tables 35 and
37 shows that the fluctuations of wages in this ** industry** dif-
fered widely from the fluctuations in industries where business
motives played a larger role in fixing terms of employment.
From 1863 to 1876 **city public works'* show very high relative
wages ; in July, 1879 very low relative wages. Moreover the num-
ber of employees represented by the city series is subject to extra-
ordinary variations, ranging from a maximum of 2,466 in July,
1860, to a minimum of 260 in January, 1880. These extraordin-
ary variations in numbers exercise an arbitrary influence on the
position of the deciles in the table for all industries. On the
whole, therefore, there is reason to believe that our chief wage-
table will be a fairer index of the course of wages if the 22 series
for **city public works'* are excluded. The result of exclusion
is to give a lower range to the deciles and medians in most years.
That is, the new table used in the following comparisons, differs
from the general table for all industries covered by the Aldrich
Report in the direction which the preceding paragraphs suggest
that it ought to differ.
b. — Relative Wages and the Price of Oold,
The first comparison, that between the price of labor and the
price of gold, can best be made by studying the next chart. The
differences of movement shown there are more striking than the
similarities. Gold advanced in price rapidly though unsteadily
through 1862 and 1863, to its climax in July, 1864; then declined
rapidly though unsteadily till May, 1865, when it stood for a brief
time below the median for wages ; it fluctuated for the next four
years around 140; dropped during the last months of 1869 and
the first months of 1870 to the level of about 113, where it stayed
230 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol, i
until 1876; and finally declined gradually from this level in the
spring of 1876 to 100 at the end of 1878. Meanwhile wages,
though advancing more slowly, continued to advance long after
gold had fallen back from the extreme prices of the war, and did
not reach their maximum until 1871 or 1872. By this time even
the lowest decile for wages stood above the ruling quotations for
gold, and it continued to do so for the rest of the period, despite
the fact that wages declined rapidly after 1873, while gold re-
mained nearly stable in price from 1870 to 1876.
c. — Relative Wa^es and Relative Prices at Wholesale.
The material for comparing wages and wholesale prices is pre-
sented in Table 65 and Chart VII. The short-lived business de-
pression during the winter and spring of 1860- '61 affected wages
less than prices, and so did the changed business and monetary
conditions of 1862. Rapid as was the advance of wages in the
following years it was surpassed by the advance in prices. In
January, 1865, when prices reached their maximum, the 9th decile
for wages was but little higher than the 2d decile for prices.
After that date prices fell, though unsteadily, while wages con-
tinued to advance until July, 1872. The result of these opposite
movements was that in 1872 the median for wages stood 50
points above the median for prices. After July, 1872. both
prices and wages declined and at about the same pace. In July,
1879, when the lowest point was reached, the median for wages
was 51 points above the median for prices. Both moved up again
in 1880, but prices so much faster than wages that the interval
between the medians was reduced to 29 points. In brief, the
differences between the movements of wages and wholesale prices
are like the differences between the movements of wages and gold
in general character, but less extreme in degree.
Another characteristic difference between the two sets of
fluctuations is that wages covered a narrower range and sliowc^d
closer concentration around the median. This fact is graj)liieally
shown bv the chart, and more accuratelv bv the figures of Table
66. Of coui*se the extreme range of wholesale prices is duo in
considerable part to the very high price of cotton during the war;
1908] Mitch elL—Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
231
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
233
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
237
TABLE 66.
Average distribution of wage-earners represented in Table 65, and of 9S
series of relative wholesale prices, over the fields covered by the
fiuctuations of relative wages and relative wholesale
prices, from 1860 to 1880.
Note. — The figures for wages are based upon Table 65
wholesale prices are taken from Table 5.
Average intervals between
Lowest relative wages or prices and 1st deciles
1st deciles and 2d deciles
2d deciles and 3d deciles
3d deciles and 4th deciles
4th deciles and medians
Medians and 6th deciles
6th deciles and 7th deciles
7th deciles and dih deciles
8th deciles and 9th deciles
9th deciles and highest relative wages or prices
Lowest and highest relative wages or prices
ipon Table 65.
The figures J
Relative
Relative
wages
wholesale
prices
57.2 points
80.1 points
10.0 points
10.3 points
5.7 points
9.6 points
5.9 points
8.6 points
5.4 points
7.4 points
5.3 points
9.3 points
6.4 points
8.4 points
7.5 points
15.4 points
10.6 points
25.6 points
96.7 points
298.0 points
210.7 pointe
422.7 points
but if the eoraparison be confined to the limits marked by the Ist
and 9th deciles, the average ranges are found to be over 90 points
in one case and less than 60 points in the other case. It should
be added, however, that if our tables for wages had been con-
structed to show the variations in the wages for different kinds
of work, instead of the wages of different wage-earners, the con-
centration around the median would be somewhat less marked.
d. — Kelaiive Wages and Relative Prices at Retail.
Again the data for comparison are presented in the form of
a table and a chart. Retail-price fluctuations have been shown to
deviate from wholesale-price fluctuations in much the same way as
the latter deviated from the fluctuations of gold. When we put
the deciles for retail prices side by side with the deciles for wages^
we therefore find a much closer correspondence than that between
wholesale prices and wages. Retail prices appear to have stood
higher in 1861- '63 in comparison with their level in 1860 than
did wholesale prices, but they advanced less rapidly in 1864 and
1865, and did not reach their maximum until 1866. Thereafter,
also, they fell more slowly until 1879, and rose less sharply in
238 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
2
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 241
1880. In all these respects their movements are more like the
movements of wages. Still, important differences remain in that
wages advanced from 1866 to July, 1872 while retail prices were
falling ; wages fell more rapidly from 1873 to 1879 than did retail
prices, and exhibited greater changes between 1879 and 1880.
e. — Relative Wages and Relative Cost of Living.
The preceding comparisons between the fluctuations of relative
wages on the one hand and gold, prices at wholesale, and prices
at retail on the other hand, are interesting to students of money
and prices, because they show characteristic differences in the
promptness and completeness with which different classes of
money prices (in the large sense) are readjusted to meet the con-
ditions created by the transition from a monetary standard of
specie to one of irredeemable paper. But they do not answer
well the question of greatest social interest: — namely, How did
the issue of the greenbacks affect the economic fortunes of wage-
earners?
The best w^ay of seeking an answer to this question from our
material is to compare our standard table of wage-deciles with
the arithmetic means of relative cost of living in the eastern
states. The deciles for cost of living represent changes in the
relative money cost of successive tenths of the items which make
up typical workingmen's family budgets. Since a family is in-
terested in the average change in the money cost of what it con-
sumes as a whole, these deciles are of little significance. Further,
the median is clearly a less significant form of average here than
the arithmetic mean; for the latter shows the net result of all
changes in the cost of articles consumed more accurately than the
former. Finally, the figures for the cost of living are for the
eastern states alone, because our table of wages contains prac-
tically no data for establishments west of Pennsylvania. In the
table which presents these two sets of figures the relative cost of
living is placed each year between the January and July wage-
deciles which it most nearly equals. The chart, however, shows
the situation more clearly than the table.
The data indicate that the advance of retail prices in 1861 put
nearly nine-tenths of the wage-earners for whom we have data in
242 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
23 ^
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 245
a worse position than they had held in 1860. In 1862 the situa-
tion became a trifle worse and it did not improve materially until
1866. If our figures give a fair picture of the situation, the pe-
riod of advancing prices must have forced painful economies upon
the vast majority of working-men's families. The low level of
relative real wages in 1865 explains why money wages should
have continued to advance after the end of the war. The decline
of prices in 1866 still left nearly seven-tenths of the wage-earners
for whom we have data worse oflf than in 1860 ; but the greater
fall of prices in 1867, together with the further increase of wages,
reduced this proportion to about four-tenths. The wage-changes
from 1867 on, therefore, cannot be explained as a defence of the
standard of living prevailing in 1860. In other words, the ad-
vance in money wages from 1867 to 1872 represents a real im-
provement in the position of wage earners — very slow from 1867
to 1869, faster in the next two years. After the crisis of 1873,
the figures indicate that rates of wages and money cost of living
declined at about the same pace until 1876 ; but in 1877 working-
men seem to have lost some ground which they did not recover
until 1880. In that year practically four-fifths of the whole num-
ber were in a better position than they had been in 1860, and the
majority in a decidedly better position.
It would be an error, however, to accept these figures of rela-
tive rates of wages and relative cost of living as an accurate indi-
cation of the changes in the economic position of the whole body
of American wage-earners during the years of the paper standard.
First, we cannot assume a high degree of accuracy in our figiires
for cost of living. As was pointed out in Chapter III, the ma-
terials from which they are constructed leave nnich to be desired
in point of fullness. Biit there is no reason to doubt that they
aflford a better indication of the changes in cost of living than the
figures for prices at wholesale or the unweighted figures for prices
at retail. Nor have we anv information which discredits them
as a rough index of the general trend of changes in cost of living.
They woiild have to be proved seriously out of the way to in-
validate the broad conclusion which it is sought to base upon
them.
r
246 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
Second, reasons have been given for believing that our deciles
for wages err by overstating somewhat the advance in rates of
wages during and perhaps after the Civil War, and by understat-
ing somewhat the decline in rates of wages after the crisis of 1873.
Allowance for this probable error can be made, but vaguely, by
saying that the price-changes during the war were probably even
more unfavorable to wage-earners than the figures suggest, and
that the price-changes after 1873 probably deprived wage-earners
of a larger part of the gains made between 1865 and 1872 than
the figures suggest. In these statements the term price-changes
covers, of course, changes both in the prices received by wage-
earners for their labor and the prices paid by them for articles
of family consumption.
Third, to measure changes in the economic prosperity of wage-
earners in a satisfactory fashion by the use of tables of cost of
living, it is necessary to know how the annual money incomes of
wage-earners have changed. This information is not supplied
by tables of relative wages, no matter how accurate they may be.
For variations in constancy of employment are of not less im-
portance in determining changes in wage-earners' incomes than
are variations in the daily rates of pay. Unfortunately we have
no independent information on this subject of sufficiently definite
character to admit of qiiantitative formulation. Our own table,
however, shows that in the 74 establishments which it embraces
marked changes took place in the number of persons employed.
Taking the mean between the figures for January and July of
each year as a basis for comparison, we find the numbers declining
from 1860 to 1863, then increasing until 1872 (except for tem-
porary pauses in 1865 and 1868), falling oil' in the times of de-
pression following the panic of 1873 to a low point in 1876, then
rising slowly till the middle of 1879 and finally leapinji: forward
under the stimulus of the business revival occasioned by the crop
conditions of that year. What we know from other sour(*es re-
garding business conditions from year to year makes it hi<rhly
probable that these changes in numbers employed in our 74 es-
tablishments can be accepted as broadly typical of the business
demand for labor throughout the northern states. P^'rom these
changes in number of employees it is safe to draw certain broad
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 247
conclusions regarding the relative constancy of employment of-
fered to wage-earners in these establishments. In 1861 the de-
cline in real wages was greater than the comparison between rates
of wages and cost of living suggests, because a considerable num-
ber of men were thrown out of employment for at least part of the
year by the business difficulties which followed secession. The
same remark seems applicable to 1862 and 1863 ; but the decline in
the number of men employed by our business establishments may
have been due, not so much to lack of work, as to large enlistments.
In 1864, however, the still larger numbers of the federal armies
did not prevent oiir establishments from securing a larger force
than they had had in 1860 — though the increase is hardly greater
than might be e^^pected in four years. The improvement in real
wages which Table 69 indicates as following the close of the war,
appears greater rather than less in the light of the data for num-
bers employed. For, except in 1868, a steady increase in the de-
mand for labor and hence in steadiness of employment is indi-
cated. But the conclusion regarding real wages after the crisis
of 1873 requires serious modification. Table 69 indicates that the
position of w^orkmen hardly changed between 1871 and 1876, be-
cause the changes in wage-rates and in cost of living were nearly
the same. From w^hat we know of business conditions, however,
and from what our data for number of employees show, it is
practically certain that during these years wage-earners suffered
a serious decline in real incomes becaiise of lack of work. On
the other hand, there must have been a larger gain in real incomes
after July, 1879, than Table 69 indicates, because of the sudden
increase in the demand for labor.
A summary of these various conclusions about real wages can-
not be made in very definite terms, becaiise we cannot frame
(|iiantitative statements of (1) the changes in constancy of em-
ployment, or (2) of the exaggeration, probably contained in our
table, of the advance in money wages from 1860 to 1872, or (3) of
the probable under-statement of the decline in money wages from
1873 to 1879. But it does seem safe to say this much: (1) Prac-
tically all wage-earners suffered a loss of real wages in 1861, due
in part to an advance in the cost of living without a corresponding
advance in money wages, and in part to a smaller demand for
248 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
labor. (2) Their condition probably grew worse rather than bet-
ter in 1862, and improved but little in 1863. (3) In 1864, how-
ever, a decided improvement probably took place ; for, though the
cost of living continued to rise as rapidly as the money wages of
factory hands, the demand for labor became greater, and a large
number of salaried people began to get substantial increases in
pay. (4) How 1865 compared with 1864 is uncertain; but in
the years 1866 to 1872 wage-earners undoubtedly made great
gains, and the majority probably attained a position decidedly
better than their fellows had enjoyed in 1860. For money wages
increased on the w^hole, salaries were raised, cost of living de-
clined, and demand for labor was active during most of the time.
(5) These large gains over 1863 and the smaller gains over 1860
were in large measure lost during the years of depression which
followed the crisis of 1873. Our table indicates a substantial
equivalance in the fall of money wages and the cast of living;
but when we combine the more rapid fall of wages in the western
states and among farm laborers with the diminished opportunties
for employment, it appears certain that annual money incomes
diminished much more rapidly than living expenses. It is not
improbable that from 1876 to 1878 wage-earners were on the
whole considerably worse off than they had been in 1860. Sal-
aried people, however, fared better, and the majority who kept
their positions were probably more benefited by the fall of prices
than injiired by reductions of pay. (6) Finally, a quick and
large improvement began in the summer and autumn of 1879.
Wages increased faster than living exi)enses, and demand for
labor suddenly became brisk. The conclusion suggested by Table
69 that wage-earners were in a better position in 1880 than they
had been in 1860 is probably just.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 249
CHAPTER V.
The Inter-relations between the Fluctuations in the Prices
OF Gold, of Commodities at Wholesale, of Commodities
AT Retail, and of Labor.
I. — The Pr-ice-Revolutions of the Greenback Period and their
Causes.
The period of the greenback standard forms a curiously com-
plete episode in the history of American prices. During these
17 years the whole complex system of money prices underwent
two revolutions — fii*st a great rise, then a great fall. The pre-
ceding chapters show that the price-fluctuations of both revolu-
tions were extraordinary in violence, rapidity, variety, and in-
clusiveness. Not only commodities at wholesale — which alone
are commonly taken to represent the price-level — ; but also com-
modities at retail and labor fluctuated in price through wide
ranges. Seldom has a highly organized business community
carried on its transactions for 17 years on the basis of such un-
stable prices.
The chief cause of both these price-revolutions was the mon-
etary policy of the federal government. No other conclusion is
admissible in face of the evidence adduced to show the vast dif-
ference between the fluctuations in wholesale prices of identical
lists of commodities in the United States on the one side, and in
England and Germany on the other side (see Tables 6-11). Be-
fore the war, when a specie standard existed in both the United
States and these countries, the American and European price
levels were in fairly close agreement. Such agreement continued
from 1862 to 1878 between the price levels of England and Ger-
many (Table 12). But suspension of specie payments at the end
of 1861, followed by the i.ssue of the greenbacks early in 1862,
gave the United States a monetary' standard all its own, and per-
mitted American prices at wholesale first to double and then to
fall below their original level at a time when European prices
250 University of California Publications in Economics, l^'^^- 1
varied but little in comparison. So soon, however, as the success
of the effort to resume specie payments became practically as-
sured, the fluctuations of American prices were brought again
into fairly close correspondence with the fluctuations of European
prices.
The deviation of the greenback dollar from its nominal value
in terms of the specie standard existing before 1862 in the United
States, and existing all the time in England and Germany, then,
was the fundamental factor in producing the revolutions in prices.
But there were, of course, other factors which had an effect upon
the price-level of commodities at wholesale and retail, and iipon
the price-level of labor. During the period of the greenback
standard the United States suffered a civil war which seriouslv
deranged the processes of production and consumption; its tax
system was made over to provide revenue for the war and then
revised on the return of peace ; its population increased one-half ;
its agricultural conditions were changed by bringing innnense
stretches of prairie under the plow; its factories multiplied in
number and increased in effectiveness; its railway mileage more
than doubled ; its business men shared in the world-wide specula-
tive movement of the early 70 's, the crisis of 73, and the pro-
found depression of the later 70 s. These changes in the econ-
omic situation would have caused fluctuations of the pri(.'e-level
had the specie standard been maintained without interruption;
they had an eft'ect upon the fluctuations of the price level which
did occur under the greenback standard.
To give an adequate account of prices between the suspension
and resumption of specie payments it would be necessaiy to in-
vestigate these changes and to analyze their economic conse-
quences. A large body of evidence different in character from
what has been presented in the previous chapters would have to
be collected and sifted. Intimate accjuaintance with many mnt-
ters ignored here would have to be gained. The present volume
does not afford a basis sufficiently broad for an aderiuat(^ atM'onnt.
because it is limited to the presentation of material retrnrclinir
different classes of prices. All that is feasible with the statistical
apparatus which has been presented is to discuss (1 ) the relations
l)etween the fluctuations of the specie value of the greenback dol-
1908] Mitchell.— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 251
lar, as represented by the price of gold, and the fluctuations of
prices at wholesale; and (2) the relations between the fluctuations
in prices at wholesale and the fluctuations in prices at retail, cost
of living, and prices of labor.
//. — Relations between the Price of Gold a)id the Prices of Com-
nwdities at Wholesale.
It was shown in Chapter II that the fluctuations of average
relative prices at wholesale bore a marked resemblance to the fluc-
tuations in the price of gold. This resemblance, however, was only
general. Average relative prices advanced less rapidly than gold
during the war, reached their maximum six months later, declined
much more slowly from 1865 to 1875, and declined faster from
1875 to 1878. Further, even the general resemblance held only
for average relative prices. The relative prices of most com-
modities taken singly differed widely from the movements of gold,
and the relative prices of our full list of 92 commodities continual-
ly covered a much w^ider field of variations than did gold. (See
Chapter II, Section iv).
The purpose of the present section is to explain these facts so
tar as is possible on the basis of the material which has been
presented. No attempt is made to account for the variations in
the specie value of the greenback dollar, for such an attempt
would require full investigation of another field. But, accept-
ing these variations as facts, the question is asked : Why did the
prices of commodities and gold, both expressed in greenback dol-
lars, rise and fall together, and why was not the harmony between
their movements more perfect 1
A causal connection between the premium on gold and whole-
sale prices is clear with reference to two classes of commodities : —
namely, commodities exported from the United States to, or im-
ported into the United States from countries with a specie stan-
dard. For American exporters and importers had to conduct
their business transactions on the basis of specie prices abroad
and the far higher ciirrency prices at home, and the relation be-
tween these two elements in their calculations depended on the
premium charged for gold in New York. The w^hole matter can
/
252 Ujiiversity of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
be best elucidated by following the series of transactions necessary
in buying and selling such goods.
American importers bought their goods in Eiirope at prices
quoted in specie, and usually paid by remitting bills of exchange
on London, Amsterdam, Paris, or Hamburg. The cost of their
goods in terms of American currency was therefore represented
by the prices which they paid for these foreign bills in New York.
Since these bills were orders for certain sums of foreign monetary
units of gold or silver, their currency prices in New York fol-
lowed the fluctuations in the price of gold.
Tables published in the Annual Reports of the Chamber of
Commerce of the State of New York show how close was the sym-
pathy between the quotations for gold and for foreign bills of
exchange. For example, on the 4th of December, 1863, sixty-
day bankers' bills on London were quoted at 167 to 168, though
the mint par between England and the United States was 109.45%
cents=54 d.^ The wide discrepancy between the quotations and
par was due, of course, to the fact that gold was selling that day
at 152M> to 152%. Dividing the quotation for sterling bills by
the price of gold gives a gold quotation which is close to par, viz.:
109.5 to 110.0 Similarly, bills on Paris were quoted at 3.40 to
3.35, though the mint par was francs 5.18=$1. Multiplying the
quotation by the price of gold gives as the gold quotation for
French bills 5.18 to 5.12. Once more, bills on Amsterdam were
quoted at 611/2 to 62V2. though the mint par was 40.2^^1
guilder. Dividing the quotation by the price of gold gives 40.33
to 40.92. Finally, bills on Hamburg were quoted at 55 to 56,
though the silver marc banco was worth about 36.4^ in American
gold. Dividing by the premium gives as the gold price of these
bills 36 to 37.
To show the degree of accuracy with which the (luotations for
bills of exchange followed the changes of the premium from week
to week it is sufficient to examine the quotations for sterling ex-
change. Table 69 shows (1) the weekly quotations of 60-d:iy
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
253
bankers' bills on London as published in the Annual Reports of
the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York; (2) the
prices of gold on the corresponding days from Mersereau's Amer-
ican Gold, 1862-1878; and (3) the quotients obtained by dividing
the first quotations by the second.^ Thesfe quotients are the near-
est approach we can make to gold prices for sterling exchange
from 1862 to 1864. They hover around mint par — 109.45% — ,
TABLE 69.
Currency and gold prices of sterling exchange in New York: by weeks,
186S-1864,
Note. — The quotations are for bankers' bills at 60 days' sight, obtained
from the Annual Reports of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New
York. See p. 252.
Dates
Prices of Exchange
Prices of Gold in
Prices of Exchange
1862
in<
Currency
Currency
in
Gold
January
4
112
113
101%
102
110.1
—
110.8
January
11
113 V6
114%
103%
104
109.7
110.1
January
18
114
—
114%
101%
102
112.0
112.3
January
25
111
112
103
103%
107.7
108.5
February
1
113
113%
103%
—
103%
109.2
109.7
February
8
114
114%
ip3%
—
103%
110.1
110.5
February
15
114%
115%
104%
104%
109.7
110.0
February
22
114%
—
115
103
103
111.1
111.6
March
1
113
114%
102%
102%
110.4
111.5
March
8
113
113%
101%
101%
111.1
111.2
March
15
lllH
112%
101%
—
101%
109.9
110.8
March
22
111%
112
101%
—
101%
110.0
110.5
March
29
112
112%
101%
101%
110.3
110.8
April
5
112
113
101%
102
109.9
110.8
April
1?
112%
112%
101%
—
102
110.4
110.5
April
19
112%
112%
101%
101%
110.6
110.7
April
26
112
112%
101%
101%
110.3
110.8
May
3
112%
113%
102%
102%
109.8
110.5
May
10
113%
114
103%
103%
109.9
—
110.3
May
17
113%
114
103
103%
110.2
110.6
May
24
113%
114%
103%
103%
110.1
110.4
May
31
114%
114%
103%
'
103%
110.4
110.9
' The days of the months in the table are given as in the Reports of the
Chamber of Commerce. In 1864, from March 6 to July 31 inclusive, these
dates fall on Sunday. I have found no notice in the financial journals that
the exchange liouses made quotations for Sunday during these months. Per-
haps the Sunday dates result from a clerical error on the part of the man
who compiled the table in failing to count in the 29th of February; for 1864
was a leap-year. Having no Sunday quotations for gold, I have continued
to use the Saturday quotations for purposes of comparison from March to
July. Beginning with August 1, 1864, the quotations of both exchange and
gold are for Monday.
254 University of California Publications in Economics, l^^^^- 1
TABLE 69 — (Continued).
Currency and gold prices of sterling exchange in New Tori' : by weeks.
186e'1864,
Dates
Prices of Exchange
Prices of Gold in
1863
in Currency
Currency
Jane
7
114%
114%
104
104%
Jnoe
14
114%
116%
105%
105%
Jane
21
116H
118
106%
106%
Jane
28
118
121
109
109%
Jal7
5
120H
122
109%
109%
Jaly
12
121%
—
130
113%
—
114%
Jaly
Id
128
129
118%
118%
July
26
129
—
132%
117
117%
Aagost
2
127H
129
115
115%
Aoffutt
9
124%
—
125%
112%
—
112%
Aaffuit
16
125
128
114%
114%
Aaffust
28
127
128
115%
115%
Angutt
80
127%
127%
115%
115%
September
6
. 129
130
118%
—
119%
September
18
131
181%
118
118%
September
•20
129
130
116%
117%
September 27
129%
132
121%
—
121%
October
4
132%
185%
122%
—
123
October
11
186
141
128
128%
October
18
141%
—
147
130
130%
October
25
141
151
130
—
131%
Norember
1
144%
145
129%
_— .
131%
Norember
8
145
—
146
132
132%
Norember 15
146%
—
146%
131%
132
Norember 22
144%
144%
130%
130%
Norember 29
142%
—
143
129
129%
December
fi
145%
146
130%
132
December
18
144%
145%
131%
132
December
20
145%
146%
132
132%
December
27
145%
145%
131%
132%
1863
January
3
146%
148
133%
134%
January
10
150
—
152%
136%
138%
January
17
161
16'2%
146%
147%
January
24
162%
163
148%
150
January
31
171
177
159
160%
February
7
169
—
173
ir>6%
157%
February
14
170
171
15r,%
156
February
21
178
180%
1G2
163%
February
28
186
188%
171%
172%
March
7
167
169
154%
155%
March
14
168%
171
157%
158%
March
21
170
171%
153%
154%
March
28
160
162
142%
143%
Prices of Exchange
in Gold
110.0 — 110.3
108.7 — 110.0
109.8 — 110.8
108.3 — 110.9
110.0
111.0
106.5
113.5
108.2
108.9
110.2
112.8
110.9
111.9
110.9
—
111.2
109.2
—
111.7
110.3
110.5
110.8
110.4
108.6
109.0
111.0
111.2
110.5
—
111.0
106.7
108.7
108.1
110.4
106.2
109.9
108.8
—
112.8
108.5
—
115.0
111.7
^_
110.5
109.8
—
110.2
111.2
111.2
110.7
110.7
110.5
110.6
111.5
110.6
110.4
110.0
110.2
110.0
110.1
109.9
109.5
109.6
109.6
109.5
107.5
107.9
109.5
109.9
108.5
107.9
106.8
110.5
112.5
110.0
109.9
110.1
108. 7
110.1
109.6
109.6
110.4
109.3
108.7
107.7
110.7
113.2
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
255
TABLE 69— (Continued).
Currency and gold prices of sterling exchange in New York: by weeks.
t86S-1864,
Dates
Prices of Exchange
Prices of Gold in
Prices of Exchange
1863
in<
Currency
Currency
in
Gold
April
4
168
172
154%
155%
108.6
110.8
April
11
160
164
150%
152%
106.3
107.5
April
18
166
—
168
151%
152%
109.7
110.1
April
25
164
166
152
154
107.9
107.8
May
o
163
165
149%
150%
108.8
109.6
May
9
167
169
149
150%
112.1
—
112.5
May
16
162H
164
149%
150%
108.5
109.1
May
23
163
163%
148%
149%
109.8
109.5
May
30
157
157%
144%
145%
108.4
108.4
June
6
159
160%
145%
145%
109.5
^-.
110.2
June
13
155 >4
—
156
142%
142%
109.1
109.5
June
20
155
157
143%
143%
108.0
109.4
June
27
159
160%
145
145%
109.6
110.5
July
3
157%
158%
144
144%
109.6
109.9
July
10
143 H
—
144%
132%
132%
108.5
109.0
July
17
138>4
139
125%
126
109.9
110.3
July
24
138 ^
139%
126%
126%
109.8
—
110.5
July
31
141%
142%
128%
129
110.1
110.3
August
7
139%
—
140
127
127%
110.0
109.6
August
14
137%
138%
125%
126%
110.0
109.5
August
21
137H
138
125%
125%
109.8
110.1
August
28
135%
136%
124
124%
109.3
109.9
September
' 4
146
147
133%
134%
109.4
109.3
Sept"ml>er 11
142
142%
129%
129%
109.8
109.8
Septeml>er 18
147
147%
133
—
133%
110.5
110.7
September
25
152%
152%
138
—
138%
110.3
110.6
October
2
156%
157%
142%
143%
110.0
110.0
OctoWr
9
161%
162%
146%
147
110.0
—
110.4
October
16
171%
172%
154%
154%
111.3
111.7
October
23
157%
158%
145%
146%
108.1
108.2
October
30
158%
159%
146
146%
108.6
—
109.1
Xoveml>er
6
162%
—
163%
148
148%
109.8
109.7
November
13
161
161%
147
—
147%
109.5
109.7
November
20
168
168%
152%
—
153%
110.2
—
110.1
November
27
157
158
143
145%
109.8
—
108.6
December
4
167
168
152%
152%
109.5
110.0
December
11
165%
165%
151
—
151%
109.4
—
109.4
Decemlier
18
164%
165%
151%
152%
108.6
108.5
December
25
166%
— ~
167
1864
January
2
166%
—
167
151%
152
109.8
109.9
January
9
166%
166%
January
16
170
171
155%
156%
109.2
109.3
January
23
174
174%
156
156%
111.5
111.6
January
30
172%
—
173
156%
—
157%
110.0
—
110.1
256 University of California Publications in Economics, [^^o^- 1
TABLE 69— (Concluded).
Currency and gold prices of sterling exchange in Sew York: by weeks.
1862-1864,
DaU^s
Prices of Exchange
1864
in Currency
Ftpbruary
6
172
172 H
February
13
174 U
175
February
20
173
175
February
27
172^
173
March
6
175
175H
Mareh
13
177^
178
Mareh
20
175Vi
177
March
27
178
181^
April
3
178
180 4
AprU
10
184 4
185
.^y^il
17
186
190^
.U^il
24
190
191
M*y
1
195
199
May
8
195
196
M*y
\h
1844
185 4
May
22
196
198
M^^
2»
201 4
203 4
.N»e
A
208%
21 1 \
J>u»#
12
217
218
J^OHT
l«
21S
218
^a«
2*
220
236 4
JW>
4
260
277 4
Cii^
10
285
298
^1^
17
286
305 4
^•^
24
274
282 4
^*i>
:*l
272 H
—
277 4
^^•MJ
I
276
-~
280
V*«iH*i
*
278
-
280
**•»••**
» *
27*
■
270
V««k«kM
'^76
279
v^***
.'!♦
274
278
>^<^^.X3
"»
2W
2:»:»
><|t«AgiM«Xi
i ^ *
2*6
2 til
>^<.A«*k«Vi
: M
246
J 17 4
>«fk*l»*MlKX<
i ^»
24*
2*7
N«^X«
«
,\^4
209
H-f<«X>>
«i
^.^'i4
209
V «-«X>.
■
*lsVii\
108 \
V . • ,x-»
*
* .xV-*
* fc
* i-,'** "^
U»i»4
•* ,**,x.
JM
2:.t
Vi . ,*-x.
*
fMH»
.^i\
X --x>
«
-■*•
.r
■x . ^.'k-
X
.»• ll
: * * 4
*, -■>
^ V
«
A»« %
».0^*4
v.. ■ N
■
*1« k
;.»^♦4
H. N-
"^
>\ >!« ^
»■.■:* 4
Prices of Gold in
Currency
157^ — 158%
1594 — 159*6
1594 — 1594
1574 — 1584
161% — 16lTi
160 4 — 162
162 — 162'
1694 — 169%
1664 — 166%
169 4 — 169 4
171 — 1714
174 Ti — 177 4
179 4 — 180
172% — 172%
172 — 172 4
1814 — 1814
186 — 186
1904 — 191%
198 4 — 198 4
1954 — 1954
214 — 220
230
250
260
—
275
248 4
2614
253 %
256
253
258
251
259
256%
259 4
255%
256 7^
256';
257 4
235 4
245
235
243 4
213>.:.
225
22:nH
22()%
195
198 4
189
101%
196
109
21 8 U
222 4
212 4
2 1 6 '8
221 *'j
—
227%
238 4 — 245 7^
243 — 24r>%
217 4 — 2214
220 4 — 233%
•>«>7
232 i-j
212%
— 229%
— 237 4
— 217 4
Prices of Exchange
in Gold
109.0 — 109.0
109.3 — 109.6
108.7 — 109.9
109.8 — 109.2
108.3
108.2
110.6
109.9
108.2
—
109.3
105.0
107.1
106.9
108.2
108.9
109.1
108.8
111.4
108.7
107.6
108.6
110.6
112.9
113.4
107.3
107.7
108.0
109.1
108.3
109.4
109.8
—
110.5
109.5
•
109.8
110.1
111.5
102.8
107.5
113.0
111.0
109.6
108.4
115.1
116.9
108.0
110.4
107.7
107.6
110.0
108.1
108.3
—
107.9
107.1
107.5
107.5
lOf<.5
110. 5
11.;. 5
107.7
104.7
119.9
110.0
109.9
100.2
125.0
124.7
110..M
100.0
100.4
—
1U5.0
114.5 -
109.1 -
ii.'j.r. -
112.5 -
- 111.0
- 107.4
- 111.5
- 10H.9
I .SW**
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 257
but sometimes deviate from it further than gold quotations would
have done ; for the dealers in exchange found it difficult to follow
the rapid changes of the gold market. This difficulty became so
serious in the exciting days of 1864 that the exchange houses
dropped the practice of quoting in currency and began to quote
in gold. The latter practice was regularly established for all
classes of foreign bills by January 1st, 1865.
So long, then, as the importer could buy foreign bills at cur-
rency prices in New York, he found that the cost of his foreign
goods in terms of dollars and cents was directly subject to the in-
fluence of the premium on gold. And when exchange dealers be-
gan to quote in gold, the situation was changed in form only.
For then the importers had to pay the current premium for gold
with which to buy the bills of exchange necessary to pay for their
goods.
Since American importers thus found that the cost price of
their goods in domestic currency rose with the premium on gold,
they were compelled to increase the prices at which they sold these
goods in a substantially equal degree. On the other hand, when
the premium fell, the cost of foreign goods to importers declined,
and the latter were able to reduce their selling prices in substan-
tially equal degree without decreasing their profits. Competition,
or a desire to dispose of their stocks quickly, led them to follow
this course. Thus business conditions kept the American prices
of imported goods in close touch with the price of gold.
The sitiiation of the exporter was similar to that of the im-
porter. He bought goods at paper-money prices in the United
States and sold them at specie prices in Europe. To obtain pay-
ment he usually drew bills of exchange on his foreign customer
and sold these bills to exchange dealers in New York. So long
as foreign bills were quoted in currency he received prices which
the above data .show fluctuated with the premium. After bills
began to be (|uoted in gold he received gold which he thereupon
s(»ld at a premium. In either case the exporter's receipts for
goods sold varied with the price of gold. This fact controlled in
large measure the price the exporter could afford to pay for his
goods in the domestic market. When the price of gold declined
the exporter had to charge a higher price abroad or pay a lower
258 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
price at home. When the price of gold rose he could afford to
take a lower price abroad or pay a higher price at home, and com-
petition or the desire to increase his biisiness led him to make one
of these conce&sions. Thus the prices of goods exported in large
(piantities, like the prices of imports, were directly affected by the
fluctuations in the price of gold.
The influence of the premium on the wholesale prices of goods
not imi>orted or exported was less direct. But the fact that the
prices of the great mass of staple exports and imports rose and
fell with gold, was itself a powerfiil factor in producing similar
fluctiuUions in the prices of goods produced and consumed within
the Tnited States. In a modern community the prices of differ-
ent goods constitute a complexly organized system, in which the
various parts are continiially being adjiisted to each other by
intricate business processes. Any marked change in the prices
of important goods disturbs the equilibrium of this system, and
buNinesM pnicesses at once set going a series of readjustments in
tlu» prict»H of other goods to restore it. Thus a cause which direct-
ly atTect« the price of one good only, may indirectly affect the
priccN of many otiier goods. Siich was the case with the premium
(»u gold (hiring the period of the greenback standard. It directly
alTcctiMJ (»nly the prici»s of goods exported to or imported from
ciMUitrics having specie standards; but indirectly it affected the
pi'iccN ol* all goods. Some of the business processes by whi(*li its
ihtlneiice was spread may be .suggested.
I*rires of ctMiiniodities made from materials exported or im-
ported were readjusted to compensate for the change in the ex-
peiiNc nl* producing them. Prices of domestic commodities pro-
iliieed III I'ompetition with foreign goods had an opportunity to
riwe MM \\\v cost oT the latter increased, and were forced down as
the cost t»r the latter declined. Prices of goods capable of ])eing
wiibNlilutrd fiU' wares imported or exi)orted were kept more or less
ill hanniHi.v with the prices of the latter by shifting demand. And
in piMicral, mm of nil classes found that their business and living
e\pciiM»N were im'reascd when they bought imports or exports,
MoimIn \\u\\\v from iImmii, goods made in comi)etition with them, or
HubNtitnlcN for them. These increasing expenses they sought to
recnnp bv charging higher |)rices for whatever they had to sell.
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 259
It would be most interesting to investigate the varying degrees
of promptness and completeness with which the prices of these
different classes of commodities were readjusted to suit changes in
the premium on gold. But our statistical material is not suffi-
ciently complete to make such an investigation satisfactory.
There would be required for each class of commodities enough
series of quotations to make sure that the average relative prices
for each class were not determined primarily by conditions of
supply and demand peculiar to the commodities included. But
though our material does not suffice for such refined investiga-
tion, it does suffice to show that the influence of the premium on
gold spread over the whole field of wholesale prices, though with
var^'ing degrees of celerity and completeness.
If the reader seeks to test the validity of the preceding state-
ments by turning to the table of the appendix where the series of
relative prices at wholesale are given at length, he may form an
adverse opinion. For he will find hardly one of the 153 series
in which the changes from quarter to quarter correspond ac-
curately with the changes in the premium. But this fact does not
in the least discredit what has been said. For the influence of
business processes was not to produce even rough identity of
fluctuations in the prices of goods and gold ; but rather to make
currency prices differ from what they would have been on a specie
basis by a margin roughly determined by the premium. There-
fore only thase commodities — if there w^re any such — which
would have remained substantially stable in price from 1862 to
1878 could be expected to show fluctuations in currency prices
agreeing closely with the fluctuations in the price of gold. In the
case of imported goods, business dealings tended to adjust whole-
sale prices in American currency to the sum of European specie
prices, plus specie cost of transportation, plus specie import
duties, multiplied by the price of gold. Goods which fell in price
in Europe or goods on which the import duty was reduced, there-
fore tended to advance less in price than did gold; and goods
which rose in price in Europe, or on which the import duty was
increased, tended to advance more in price than did gold. A
similar statement applies to the prices of exports. Regarding
goods other than imports and exports, one can say only that each
260 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
commodity was subject to its own particular conditions of supply
and demand, that these conditions would have produced a great
variety of price-fluctuations on the specie basis, and that the in-
fluence of the premium on gold as a price-making factor was in
the direction of producing currency prices equal to these hypo-
thetical specie prices multiplied by the price of gold. It is there-
fore an error to conclude that the connection between wholesale
prices and the premium was of slight importance because com-
modities taken singly diverge widely from the price of gold, or
because the general price tables show regularly a much wider field
of variation than that covered by the premium.
But if business relationships did not force the prices of com-
modities singly to comply with the fluctuations of the premium,
why did the general price-level rise and fall in substantial har-
mony with it? The answer is that, however widely single com-
modities would have varied in price on a specie basis, the average
of relative prices would have varied within comparatively narrow
limits. Strong probability is lent to this assumption by Sauer-
beck's index number for England and Soetbeer's for Germany.
Both sets of data, when reduced to the basis : prices in 1860^100,
show a slight fall from 1860 to 1863, a slight rise from 1863 to
1866, a slighter fall from 1866 to 1870 in one case and irregular
minor fluctuation in the other, a more decided advance from 1870
to 1873, and then a fall to 1878. The maxinuun variations of the
medians for the years of the paper standard are 107 and 88 in
England, 113 and 98 in Germany. Somewhat similar would
probably have been the course of the wholesale price-level in the
United States had specie payments been maintained, — tho\i<i:h the
civil war, the changes in import duties, and the speculative char-
acter of business transactions would perhaps have made the varia-
tions somewhat greater. But if we suppose that on the specie
basis the American price-level would have conformed in its lart^er
movements to the English and German price-levels, it follows that
we might expect our general averages of relative i)riees in cur-
rency to rise slower than the price of gold in ISG^ and 18G3, faster
in 1864 and 1865 ; to move in general harmony with the premium
in 1866 and 1S70: then to rise faster or fall slower than the
premium until 1873; and finally to fall faster than the premium
from 1873 to 1878.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 261
Such in general is the result we do find. But there are several
minor deviations from this result, due to the fact that the average
of commodity-prices moved more sluggishly than the price of
gold. The readjustment of prices effected by business processes
required some little time, whereas the premium on gold changed
with great rapidity. The result was that the curve traced by the
median of relative prices at wholesale appears to be always lag-
ging somewhat behind the curve traced by gold quotations.
These differences between the movements of the premium and
the price-level, like the general correspondence between them,
were due to the business proce.s.ses by which prices were deter-
mined. (1) The wholesale markets for several of the commodi-
ties for which we have quotations were almost as highly organized
as the market for gold. Such, for example, was the case with the
markets for cotton and wheat. But the markets for the great
mass of our commodities were not of this character. Candles,
cement, tubs, corn-starch, putty, shovels, pine-boards, dried ap-
ples, etc., etc., were not dealt in on exchanges by men alert to
every passing change in the business situation, intent to take ad-
vantage of every passing difference in quotations, and concerned
with no other business problem than buying and selling at a
y)rofit. The people who dealt in such goods habitually allowed
for a larger margin in their transactions, and found their profits
affected by many other matters than the differences between the
buying and selling prices of a single commodity. Prices in these
loosely organized markets were not readjusted to a new business
situation with the celerity characteristic of such a market as that
for foreign exchange or gold.
(2) The practice among business men of entering into con-
tracts to receive or deliver goods at .stipulated prices for certain
periods in the future, interfered with the rapid readjustment of
commodity i)rices whenever the premium on gold changed. To
maintain their accustomed rate of profit business men who.se con-
tracts secured them supplies at th^ prices of a previous time were
not compelled to advance their selling prices the moment gold
rose. So far as competition or the desire to increase custom en-
tered into the business motives for fixing prices in such cases, they
tended to prevent prices f nmi rising until new contracts at higher
262 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
rates had to be made. And when gold was falling similar con-
ditions prevailed. Men paying high prices on old contracts
could not reduce their selling prices without cutting into profits.
So far, then, as business was transacted in goods bought or con-
tracted for some time previously, the readjustment of selling
prices to the premium was delayed.
(3) It is assumed in the preceding statements that the reason
why business men raised the prices of their goods when gold ad-
vanced was that otherwise their profits would have been reduced ;
and the reason why they reduced prices when gold fell was that
competition or unwillingness of customers to buy theatened loss
of business otherwise. The exactness and promptness with which
prices were adjusted to the fluctuations of gold depended, there-
fore, in large measure on the immediacy of the relation between
profits and prices. Any factor which sustained profits without
an advance in the selling prices of goods dealt in or manufactured,
or reduced profits independently of a reduction of selling prices,
tended to prevent business men from raising or lowering selling
prices quickly when the premium changed. Such a f actoi* existed
in the operating expenses of business establishments. Rent of
business premises, salaries of officials, superintendents, and clerks ;
wages of laborers ; fixed chat'ges on permanent investments — the
amount of all these expenses changed much more slowly than the
gold premium. Therefore, even when an advance in the gold
premium immediately caused an equivalent increase in the cast
of goods bought, an eciuivalont increase in selling prices was not
necessary to maintain profits at the old level ; for these slowly
increasing business expenses had their bearing on profits (luite as
nnich as the rapidly increasing cost of goods. And when gold
was declining, competition keen enough to keep the rate of profits
stable would not cause a reduction of selling prices so rapid as
the fall of gold — even though the purchase-price of goods fell
pa7'i passu with the premium — ; for operating expenses deolined
so much more slowly. The relative importance of these expiMises,
in comparison with the purchase-price of goods bought, varied
greatly from establishment to establishment and from commodity
to commodity — for exami)le, it was greater on the average in fac-
tories than in mercantile establishments, and greater in the case
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 263
of finished products than of raw materials — ; but wherever it en-
tered at all it retarded the adjustment of prices to the premium.
(4) Finally, it has been pointed out that, though the prices
of all commodities felt the influence of the premium, the prices
of some felt it less directly than the prices of others. Goods
made from imported or exported articles, and substitutes for
them, were not affected in price so promptly as the exported and
imported articles themselves. Still slower in being reached were
commodities which had no relation with imports and exports, but
whose prices were finally affected because the general demand for
them increased, or because producers found that the expenses of
conducting business and of living had advanced.
Analysis of the business situation, then, shows that there is no
difficulty in accounting for the fact that the price-level in the
United States did not follow perfectly the specie price-levels of
Europe and the premium on gold. The character and degree of
its deviations from this course can best be shown by a transforma-
tion of Table 11, which shows the relative prices of identical lists
of commodities (47 in number) in the United States and Ger-
many. Table 70 reproduces the medians and arithmetic means
of this table and shows the results of dividing these averages for
the United States by the price of gold. The figures for gold used
for each year are the averages of the average prices for the four
months to which the American price quotations refer. Of the
two forms of average the medians are the more significant at
least for the years 1862 to 1866, because the arithmetic means of
these years are unduly influenced by the exceedingly high relative
prices of cotton, cotton textiles, and tar.
This table shows that the American price-level comes much
nearer corresponding with the German price-level in its move-
ments when the premium on gold has been allowed for; but it
also shows considerable deviations between the revised American
and the German price-level, arising from the fact that American
prices did not advance, and, still more, did not fall so promptly
as the premium. The sharp fall of prices in the United States
in 1861 was due to the business crisis — mainly confined to this
country — caused by the secession of the southern states. In
264 University of California Publications in Economics. TVol. l
TABLE 70.
Belaiive prices of 46 commodities in the United States and Germany before
and after correcting for the premium on gold in the
United States: 1860-1880.
Note.— See p. 263.
Average of
Medians of Rel. Prices
Arithmetic
Mf*an8 of Rel.
Prices
premium
United States <
Gfermany
United States G<
prmany
Years
on gold in
Before cor-
After cor-
Before cor-
After cor-
*
Jan., April,
recting for reeling for
recting for
rect ing for
July and
the prem-
the prem-
the prem-
the prem-
Oct.
ium
ium
ium
ium
1860
100
100
100
100
100
100
1861
93
93
99
93
93
99
1862
12.0
102
91
96
122
109
102
1863
43.7
131
91
93
155
108
102
1864
98.4
186
94
94
224
113
102
1865
63.1
184
113
93
204
125
98
1866
41.8
160
113
100
1.77
125
102
1867
38.3
161
116
101
166
120
102
1868
39.3
171
123
100
172
123
100
1869
33.7
166
124
100
163
122
99
1870
16.0
138
119
100
143
123
100
1871
11.7
135
121
102
139
124
104
1872
11.9
141
126
109
142
127
113
1873
13.8
137
120
114
140
123
121
1874
11.2
132
119
107
137
123
114
1875
14.6
119
104
107
130
113
107
1876
11.9
108
97
106
117
105
106
1877
5.2
107
102
103
112
106
104
1878
.9
94
93
93
9()
9.')
97
1879
91
01
91
9.")
9r>
93
1880
106
106
97
109
109
98
1862, with the sudden increase of demand in many lines of trade
caused by vast jrovernment purchases, doubtl(»ss prices would
have sliown a recovery on the specie standard. It is therc^fore
particularly si»miticant that the fjold premium advanced faster
than prices, causin<r a further fall of the price-level in t(»rms of
gold. In 1863 the premium and prices appear to have kept even
pace; but this appearance results from the fact that three con-
tradictory movements are combined in the fitnires for the whole
year. Karly in the year <rold advanced faster than prices, latc^r
it fell faster, at the end it airain advanced far faster. ]\Iu(*h the
same is true of 1864. The table indicates that commodities' irained
somewhat on jrold; but the facts an* that from Januarv to Julv
1908J Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 265
gold rose with a rush that left prices far behind, and from July
to October it fell fast while prices were still rising to recover the
ground they had earlier lost. The agreement between the specie
price-levels of the United States and Germany during 1863 and
1864 would therefore not appear so striking if the data were for
quarters instead of years. But the sudden jump in the specie
price-level in 1865 is significant; it shows that American prices
did not fall with anything like the rapidity of gold. 1866 is
another year in which annual averages are misleading; for gold
fluctuated through a wide range; first falling, then rising, then
falling again, and each time leaving prices behind. The further
advance in the specie price-level in 1867 and 1868 indicated by
the medians is misleading for another reason. This advance does
not appear in the table for all commodities, and seems to be due
largely to the fact that the distribution of the relative prices in
the center of the tally-sheets for these years is irregular. The
arithmetic means show specie prices lower in both these years
than in 1866. With the early 70 's we come upon another trace
of harmony between the American and German price-levels. One
shows 1872, the other 1873, as the year of maximum specie prices.
From the year of the crisis to the end of the paper money period
also there is agreement in that both price-leveLs fall and reach
almost perfect identity in 1878 and 1879. Commercial conditions
and the fall of the premium cooperated to bring this result about
in the Ignited States: but the former factor appears to have been
the more powerful ; for while the premium rose between 1874 and
1875 prices fell decidedly.
Fiirures in some respects more satisfactory are given in Table
71, which is a similar transformation of the general table of
deciles for the relative prices of all our 92 series of wholesale
quotations by quarters. This table shows clearly how much faster
the premium moved up and down during the years of the war
than did i)rices. Whenever gold rase decidedly specie prices fell,
and whrncv(*r gold fell decidedly specie prices rase. But prices
followed the premium steadily — though at some distance — and
after the war stood regularly above it, so that the gold price-level
was above 100 constantly from April, 1865, to April. 1876. The
hi<rh<*st point was 136 in April, 1866. It was produced by a
266 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 71.
Relative wholesale prices of 92 commodities in grecnhacls and in gold: by
quarters, 1862-1878,
Note. — ^q p. 265, and compare Table 13.
January April July October
Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices
Oreen- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in
backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold
1862
Lowest
68
61
70
69
52
45
65
51
Ist decile
80
78
80
79
75
65
81
63
2d decile
89
87
90
89
88
76
91
71
8d decile
93
91
93
92
91
79
100
78
4th decUe
96
94
95
94
98
85
102
79
Median
100
98
100
99
100
87
111
86
102.5
101.5
6th decile
105
102
103
101
106
92
118
92
7th decile
117
114
117
115
117 115.5 101
125
97
8th decile
133
130
127
125
127
110
133
128.5
104
9th decile
150
146
149
147
167
145
165
128
Highest
880
371
370
365
640
554
563
438
1863
Lowest
75
52
72
48
67
51
67
45
1st decile
93
64
100
66
100
77
100
68
2d decile
100
69
112
74
106
81
112
76
3d decile
109
75
125
83
117
90
120
81
4th decile
117
81
129
85
127
97
129
87
Median
125
86
137
90
134
130.6
103
135
91
6th decile
132
91
150
151.5
99
144
110
141
95
7th decile
143
145.1
99
163
108
157
120
150
147.7
102
8tli decile
159
110
186
123
175
134
170
115
9th decile
193
133
233
154
200
153
200
135
Highest
625
431
675
440
895
685
773
523
1864
Lowest
69
Ist decile
114
2d decile
127
3d decile
140
4th decile
145
Median
6th decile
166
7th decile
178
8th decile
200
9th decile
OOQ
*. a. O
Highest
750
44
75
73
124
82
133
90
151
93
161
156 155.5 100
169
107
178
114
198
129
212
147
261
482
960
172.'
43
89
34
91
45
72
139
54
147
71
1 t
157
61
166
80
87
167
65
17J
84
93
181
70
194
94
98
194
75
200
20
97
- •>
1 . —
1 03
200
1 i
217
105
1 1.')
221
Ht\
2:5 7
114
123
2<)«> 2.'. J
^.l 103
2f>3
127
151
308
119
33 7
163
5:)(i
1410
546
llol
531
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
267
TABLE 71— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of 92 commodities in greenbacls and in gold: by
quarters, 186:^-1878.
January April July October
Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices
Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in
backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold
1865
Lowest .
89
41
94
63
79
56
96
66
1st decile
160
74
133
90
105
74
125
86
2d decile
176
81
150
148.5
101
128
90
138
95
3d decile
191
88
162
109
138
142.1
97
150
145.5
103
4th decile
200
93
179
121
150
106
168
115
Median
216 216.2 100
190
128
158
111
175
120
6th decile
241
111
200
135
171
120
200
187
7 th decile
256
118
212
143
189
133
216
148
8th decile
272
126
240 •
162
207
146
243
167
9th decile
318
147
270
182
252
177
277
190
Highest
1096
507
796
536
*759
584
833
578
1866
Lowest
100
71
74
74
89
59
93
68
Ist decile
122
87
115
90
120
79
123
88
2d decile
135
140.1
96
126
127.3
99
137
90
137
92
3d decile
154
110
149
117
147
151.6
97
150
148.3
101
4th decile
170
121
161
126
167
110
158
107
Median
182
130
173
136
181
119
173
117
6th decile
200
143
190
149
195
129
181
122
7th decile
209
149
200
157
200
132
199
184
8th decile
232
166
215
169
219
144
212
148
9th decile
277
198
250
196
250
165
263
177
Highest
824
588
833
654
815
538
880
598
1867
Lowest
89
66
89
66
86
62
87
61
Ist decile
112
83
110
81
107
77
109
76
2d decile
125
93
125
92
119
85
123
86
3d decile
142
134.6
105
141
135.6
104
136
139.4
98
142
143.5
99
4th decile
153
114
154
114
147
105
150
105
Median
169
126
166
122
150
108
162
113
6th decile
174
129
175
129
164
118
173
121
7th decile
190
141
197
145
180
129
185
129
8th decile
209
155
207
1.'53
202
145
197
137
9th decile
228
169
228
168
233
167
220
153
Highest
861
640
648
478
870
624
741
516
268 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. i
TABLE 71— (Continued).
Eelative wholesale prices of 92 commodities in greenbacks and in gold: by
quarters, 1862-1878.
January
April
July
October
Pricea ir
I
Prices Prices in
Prices
Prices in
Prices
Prices ir
I
Prices
Green-
Gold
in
Green-
Gold
in
Green-
Gold
in
Green-
Gold
in
backs
Gold
backs
Gold
backs
Gold
backs
Gold
1868
Lowest
85
61
84
61
82
57
88
64
l8t decile
100
72
100
72
100
70
105
77
2d decile
119
86
126
91
122
86
121
88
3d decile
132
138.5
95
135
138.7
97
132
93
138
137.1
101
4th decile
150
108
150
108
143
142.7
100
150
109
Median
158
114
162
117
154
108
159
116
6th decile
170
123
177
128
173
121
173
126
7th decile
187
135
188
136
180
126
179
131
8th decile
200
144
200
144
195
137
196
143
9th decile
225
162
250
180
206
144
221
161
Highest
787
568
787
567
435
305
500
365
1869
Ijowest
82
60
81
61
73
54
68
52
1st decile
103
76
108
81
100
73
100
77
2d decile
117
86
125
94
117
86
118
91
8d decile
132
135.6
97
135
132.9
102
134
136.1
98
136
130.2
104
4th decile
150
111
146
110
141
104
142
109
Median
159
117
159
120
158
IIG
153
118
6th decile
172
127
172
129
167
123
162
124
7th decile
180
133
180
135
178
131
177
136
8th decile
190
140
196
147
187
137
181
139
9th decile
227
167
220
166
200
147
200
154
lUghest
361
26G
377
284
361
265
444
341
1870
lowest
70
58
67
.'>9
67
57
Cuy
58
1st decile
100
82
100
88
98
84
100
89
2d decile
112
92
lOG
113.1
94
108
92
104
92
3d decile
128
121.3
106
123
109
123
116.8
105
119
112.8
105
4th decile
140
115
132
117
127
109
129
114
Median
147
121
140
124
132
113
135
120
6th decile
152
125
147
130
144
123
147
130
7th decile
166
137
159
141
If) I
138
ir>4
137
8th decile
178
147
174
l.')4
179
ir>3
174
154
9th decile
200
165
200
177
200
171
192
170
Highest
352
290
367
324
380
325
324
287
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
269
TABLE 71— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of 9fS commodities in greenhacls and in gold: by
quarters, 1862-1878.
January April July October
Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices
Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- (}old in Green- Gold in
backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold
1871
Lowest
60
' 54
61
55
64
57
64
57
1st decile
94
85
100
90
90
80
97
86
2d decile
105
110.7
95
110
110.6
99
102
91
111
113.2
98
8d decile
119
107
121
109
118
112.4
105
118
104
4th decile
127
115
127
115
125
111
125
110
Median
133
120
131
118
180
116
129
114
6th decile
141
127
140
127
142
126
142
125
7th decile
154
139
150
136
140
183
150
188
8th decile
171
154
164
148
158
141
162
143
9th decile
189
171
180
163
180
160
182
161
Highest
343
310
337
305
338
296
361
819
1872
Lowest
55
50
55
50
55
48
55
49
Ist decile
100
92
93
84
90
79
97
86
2d decile
108
109.1
99
X05
111.1
95
104
91
116
113.2
102
3d decile
121
111
120
108
117
114.3
102
122
108
4th decile
129
118
130
117
125
109
129
114
Median
133
l'>2
140
126
130
114
133
117
6th decile
142
130
150
135
144
126
144
127
7th decile
150
137
159
143
152
133
153
135
8th docile
164
150
171
154
169
148
173
153
9th decile
185
170
200
180
198
178
195
172
Highest
343
314
324
330
289
326
288
1873
Lowest
55
49
58
m
49
58
50
58
53
Ist decile
92
82
94
80
92
80
92
84
2d decile
110
112.7
98
105
89
103
89
104
108.9
96
3d decile
124
110
125
117.8
106
114
115.7
99
116
107
4th decile
129
114
130
110
123
106
125
115
Median
135
120
137
116
130
112
131
120
Gth docile
145
129
147
125
142
123
146
134
7th decile
153
laa
156
132
152
131
151
139
8th docile
164
146
168
143
168
145
167
158
9th decile
194
172
200
170
196
169
196
180
liighont
361
320
333
283
333
288
367
337
270 University of California Puhlications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 71— (Continued).
Relative wholesale prices of 92 commodities in greenbacks and in gold: by
quarters, 1862-1878.
January April July October
Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices
Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in
backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold
1874
Lowest
58
52
58
51
58
53
58
53
let decile
97
87
95
84
95
86
92
84
2d decile
106
95
106
93
106
96
105
95
8d decile
115
111.4
103
116
113.4
102
111
110.0
101
112
110.0
102
4th decile
124
111
122
108
118
107
124
113
Median
130
117
129
114
130
118
130
118
6t]i decile
141
127
140
123
139
126
136
124
7th decile
150
135
150
132
146
133
142
129
8th decile
160
144
170
150
166
151
156
142
9th decile
200
180
200
176
199
181
185
168
Highest
352
316
346
305
352
320
394
358
Median
1875
Lowest
67
60
64
56
55
48
45
39
Ist decile
93
83
92
80
92
80
89
76
2d decile
103
92
102
89
99
86
99
85
3d decile
110
112.5
98
109
95
105
91
106
91
4th decile
121
108
119
114.8
104
112
98
110
95
127
113
125
109
121
114.8
105
120
116.4
103
6th decile
133
118
136
118
129
112
129
111
7th decile
147
131
145
120
140
122
137
118
8th decile
160
142
152
132
149
130
150
129
9th decile
193
172
172
150
174
152
162
139
Highest
359
319
407
355
432
370
426
366
Median
112.8
1876
Lowest
59
52
61
54
64
57
55
50
Ist decile
89
79
85
17>
79
71
80
73
2d decile
95
84
95
84
91
81
89
81
3d decile
100
89
103
01
98
88
95
87
4th docile
109
97
106
94
104
93
101
92
113.0
117
104
11. '>
102
110
98
108
111.9
109.7
98
6th decile
125
111
125
111
117
105
116
106
7th decile
131
116
131
116
123
110
127
116
8th decile
144
128
144
127
137
122
140
128
9th decile
160
142
159
141
156
139
153
189
Highest
398
353
394
349
391
349
393
358
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
271
TABLE 71— (Concluded).
Relative wholesale prices of 93 commodities in greenbacls and in gold: by
quarters, 18G!2-1878,
January April July October
Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices Prices in Prices
Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in Green- Gold in
backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold backs Gold
1
77
Lowest
61
57
41
39
41
39
41
40
1st decile
78
73
76
72
75
71
76
74
2d decile
89
84
86
81
83
79
83
81
8d decile
100
94
92
87
89
84
88
86
4th decile
107 106.3 101
100
94
99
94
96
93
106.2
Median
114
107
108
102
100
95
102 lo;
2.8 99
105.4
6th decile
124
117
119
112
110
104
112
109
7th decile
129
121
126
119
123
117
120
117
8th decile
138
130
136
128
133
126
128
125
9th decile
160
151
150
141
158
150
137
133
Highest
393
370
409
385
391
371
396
385
1878
Lowest
45
44
36
36
36
36
45
45
1st decile
74
72
67
67
67
67
63
63
2d decile
81
79
76
76
72
72
69
69
3d decile
85
83
80
80
77
77
78
78
4th decile
90
88
85
84
85
85
85
85
Median
99
lo:
97
2.1
96
95
90
90
94
94
6th decile
108
106
100 100.6 99
97
97
100 100.5 100
7th decile
117
115
113
112
102 100.5 101
106
105
8th decile
125
122
125
124
109
108
120
119
9th decile
140
137
1 ^^2
141
132
131
138
137
Highest
382
374
378
376
878
376
380
378
sudden drop in the premium accompanied as usual by a much
smaller fall of currency prices. In* 1867 and 1868 the price-level
seemed to be slowly readjusting itself to the premium of about 40
per cent, on gold which ruled durinji: these years with a fair
dejrree of steadiness. But in 1869 the era of rapid railway build-
injj: — the most conspicuous feature of a great business **boom'* —
began and caused prices to rise. At the end of the year a large
and permanent fall in the premium occurred — from about 37 per
cent, in September, 1869, to an average of about 13 per cent, for
272 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
the next seven years. Prices responded rather slowly while the
business **boom" gathered headway, so that the gold price-level
rose in 1870, declined but a trifle in 1871, and rose again in 1872.
After the crisis of 1873 the premium remained fairly steady
until 1877; but the long delayed readjustment of prices to a
lower level proceeded apace under the impetus of business de-
pression. The median of relative prices fell below the monthly
premium on gold for the fifst time in July, 1876. The usual
winter rise of prices, combined with a further drop in the pre-
mium, carried currency prices higher than gold in the first two
quarters of the next year; but from July, 1877, to the resumption
of specie payments the median was lower than the premium, so
that in 1878 the specie price-level in the United States, like the
specie price-levels in England and Germany, was lower than it
had been in 1860.
It is not amiss to conclude by repeating that this discussion
does not attempt to explain fully the fluctuations of prices at
wholesale during the years of the greenback standard ; but deals
only with the connection between the fluctuations of prices at
wholesale and the fluctuations of the premium on gold. It shows
(1) that business processes maintained a general harmony be-
tween these two sets of fluctuations; (2) that the effect of these
processes was not toward producing exact correspondence be-
tween the fluctuations of prices and the premium, but toward
making the fluctuations of prices differ from what they would
otherwise have been by margins set by the premium: and (3)
that this result was not accurately produced, because business
factors impeded somewhat the quick adjustment of prices to the
premium, causing them to rise and fall more slowly. The mate-
rial provided by our tables does not suffice for more elaborate
investigations. The problems remain to be discussed : What
factors controlled the premium on gold? Were the fluctuations
both of the premium and of prices a C(mseqnence of some common
cause, such as the changes in the (|uantity of money? What
influence was exercised on the price-levels both of the Tuited
States and of European countries by the great economic changes
which occurred between 1862 and 1878?
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 273
///. — The Inter-relations between Prices at Wholesale, Prices at
Retail, and Prices of Labor.
The direct influence of the gold premium upon prices was
not felt outside of wholesale markets. There was no business
reason why shop-keepers should take direct account of the pre-
mium on gold in marking their wares, or why employees and
workmen should make the premium a factor in their bargaining
about rates of wages. But the price-revolutions in wholesale
markets, caused by the greenback standard, necessarily spread to
retail markets for commodities and to markets for labor. The
processes by which this indirect influence of the premium was
brought to bear upon these markets, and the degrees of agree-
ment and difference in the fluctuations of prices, are the subjects
of this section.
The business process by which the fluctuations in retail prices
of commodities were made to correspond roughly with the fluc-
tuations of wholesale prices is too obvious to require explanation.
The only difficulty is in explaining why this correspondence was
not closer. Both the general tables for wholesale and retail prices
(Tables 4 and 21), and the special table for the wholesale and
retail prices of identical lists of commodities (Table 23), indicate
that the fluctuations of prices at retail deviated from the fluctu-
ations of prices at wholesale in much the same way that the latter
deviated from the fluctuations of the premium. That is, retail
prices wTre somewhat slower in rising from 1863 to 1865, and
decidedly slower in falling after 1865.
The explanation of these deviations is similar to the expla-
nation above given of the deviations between wholesale prices and
gold. First, retail markets are less highly organized than whole-
sale markets. The sellers and still more the buyers are on the
whole less capable and less careful bargainers, less concerned
about fractional differences in prices, less intent on finding out
where the best prices can be had, and governed less exclusively
bv business motives in their actions. Convention and the influ-
ence of round members impede changes in the retail prices of
many articles. For all these reasons retail prices are less sensitive
274 University of California Publications in Economics. IVol. l
than wholesale prices to minor changes in the business situation,
and less prompt in responding to important changes.
Again, the retail dealer usually sells to-day wares w^hich he
ordered months ago. The fact that wholesale prices have fallen
since then does not at once make it possible for him to reduce his
selling prices without loss of profit. Nor is he always able to
advance retail prices the moment wholesale prices rise without
risking loss of custom to his competitors, who like himself are
still selling the goods they bought before the rise. Wholesale
prices of previous months, rather than wholesale prices of to-day,
then, are the prices which represent the cost of wares to the re-
tailer and on which he bases selling prices. Of course this fact
tends to make retail prices lag behind wholesale prices in their
movements.
Once more, the shop-keeper is subject to other costs than the
purchase price of his wares, and these other costs have far less
mobility than wholesale prices. The rent for his shop, the rates
of wages paid to his salesmen, the interest computed on the funds
invested in his business, are not subject to frequent changes.
To reduce proportionately the selling prices of his wares the
moment wholesale prices fall, or even the moment he receives a
new consignment of goods bought at lower rates, would reduce
his profits because these other expenses run along at nearly the
old rates for a considerable time. And, for the same reason, the
shop-keeper can make his accustomed profit without advancing
the selling prices of his goods proportionately the moment he
begins to pay higher wholesale prices.
Finally, the wholesale prices which shop-keepers pay are
wholesale prices of finished products. As was incidentally re-
marked in the preceding section, and as is shown in Tables 72
and 73, finished products vary less in wholesale prices than do
raw materials. They advance and recede more slowly and in less
extreme degree. Even if retail prices kept even pace with the
fluctuations of the wholesale prices of the same wares, they would
for this reason move more sluggishly than the general wholesale
price-level.
With these facts in mind one has no difficulty in understand-
ing why retail prices rose more slowly than wholesale prices from
1908] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 275
1863 to 1865, reached their maximum about a year later, declined
more slowly from 1866 to 1879, and rose less sharply in 1880.
The changes in both wholesale and retail prices of commodities
bore upon the price of labor. Wholesale prices affected the prices
which employers could pay for labor without changing profits.
The farmer or the manufacturer whose products had risen in
price was in a position to grant an increase in wages, if compelled
to do so, without reducing profits below their former level. And
when these employers had to sell their products at lower prices,
their profits would fall unless they succeeded in reducing the
cost of labor. Prom this point of view there was therefore a
business bond between the prices of commodities at wholesale and
the price of labor. Prom the point of view of the laborer, on the
contrary, the important commodity-prices were those which af-
fected cost of living. Preceding tables show that the cost of
living corresponded rather closely with the general movements of
retail prices, but rose and fell more slowly — primarily because
of the sluggish movements of house-rents (see Table 27). To
maintain his real wages unchanged, therefore, and provided con-
stancy of employment did not vary, the wage-earner must have
charged a price for his labor advancing somewhat more slowly
than retail prices to a maximum in 1866, and then falling some-
what more slowly to a minimum in 1879.
Had the market for labor offered no independent resistance,
the combined effect of these two forces might have produced
fluctuations in the price of labor of a type intermediate between
the rapid movements of wholesale prices and the slow movements
of cost of living. But the preceding tables have shown that
nothing of this sort happened. On the contrary, the fluctuations
of the price of labor were even slower than the fluctuations of
cost of living. Once more, the explanation is to be found in the
peculiar characteristics of the market for the goods we are dis-
cussing.
In the '60 's and, though in somewhat less degree, in the 70 's,
the labor market of the United States was one in which individual
bargaining prevailed. Now the individual laborer is a poor
bargainer. He is ignorant of the passibilities of his situation,
276 Vniversity of California Publications in Economics, l^'ol- 1
exposed to the competition of others with the same disabilities,
more anxious to sell than the employer to buy. Moreover, custom
in the form of rooted ideas about what is a **fair wage*' has a
peculiarly tenacious hold upon the minds of both parties in the
labor market, weakening the wage-earner's aggression and
strengthening the employer's resistance. Finally, as was sug-
gested in the chapter on wages, constancy of employment was
probably above the average during the years when prices were
rising, and tended to sustain the wage-earner's money income
without so considerable an increase in the price of labor as would
otherwise have been necessary.
These well-known facts make it seem natural that the price
of labor should have advanced less rapidly than the cost of living
up to 1866, despite the fact that enlistments in the anny took
tens of thousands of men out of the labor market during the war.
It does not seem so natural that the price of labor should have
continued to advance for five or six years after 1866, despite the
fact that prices at wholesale and the cost of living were both
declining, and that the soldiers were returning to their old occu-
pations. The explanation of this fact is one of the problems
which requires for solution other material than our tables afford.
But it may be pointed out (1) that it was not until 1867, accord-
ing to Table 68, that relative wages stood higher than relative
cost of living; and (2) that the era of active railway building
with its great demand for labor began in 1869. The fall in the
price of labor after the crisis of 1873, however, is what the course
of wholesale prices and cost of living would lead one to expect.
From 1874 to 1879 the price of labor fell faster than the cost of
living, as if in a belated attempt to make up for its failure to
start promptly on the downward path.
A more definite idea of the relation between the fluctuations
of the several classes of prices can be had by recurring to statis-
tical presentation. There are two important industries — the
manufacture of cotton and of woolen textiles — for which we
have sufficient material to permit a comparison of the fluctuations
in the prices of the basic raw material, of important finished
products at wholesale (and at retail also in the case of cotton)^
•«q»
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
277
and of labor. This material is presented in Tables 73 and 74, and
more clearly shown in the accompanying charts. For purposes
of comparison the prices of gold are included. To make the
figures for the different classes of prices as nearly alike as pos-
sible, annual averages are used in place of monthly figures for
gold, quarterly figures for wholesale prices, and semi-annual
figures for wages. The relative prices for textiles are averages
of the relative prices of broadcloths (two qualities), cassimeres
(two qualities), checks, horse-blankets, and shawls in the case of
wool; and of prints, brown sheetings, bleached sheetings, and
tickings in the case of cotton. Arithmetic means are used instead
of medians because the groups are so small.
TABLE 72.
Kelative prices and wages in the woolen industry , and gold: by years,
1860-1880,
Note. — See p. 276.
Oold
Wool
Wages
Woolen
Year
Average
Textiles
Annual
Relative
Relative
Relative
prices
prices
rates
prices
1860
100.0
100
102
100
1861
100.0
82
107 '
99
1862
113.3
100
110
109
1863
145.2
158
117
141
1864
203.3
185
125
169
1865
157.3
172
142
164
1866
140.9
134
151
158
1867
138.2
111
149
134
1868
139.7
94
143
123
1869
133.0
97
148
117
1870
114.9
93
147
116
1871
111.7
110
149
121
1872
112.4
154
148
125
1873
113.8
119
150
126
1874
111.2
115
147
116
1875
114.9
107
151
116
1876
111.5
90
146
104
1877
104.8
92
142
100
1878
100.8
81
146
95
1879
100.0
76
143
102
1880
roo.o
109
144
112
278 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 73.
Belative prices and wages in the cotton industry , and gold: by years,
1860-1880.
Note. — See pp. 276, 277.
Gold
Cotton
Wages
Cotton Textiles
Yeor
Av. Annual
Relative
Relative
Relative Prices
Price
Prices
Rates
At Wholesale
At Retail
1860
100.0
100
101
100
100
1861
100.0
141
97
98
124
1862
113.3
364
98
161
197
1863
145.2
675
108
292
287
1864
203.3
991
127
462
414
1865
157.3
577
140
411
378
1866
140.9
382
161
320
304
1867
138.2
257
167
227
236
1868
139.7
241
165
181
205
1869
133.0
267
169
174
173
1870
114.9
190
166
159
158
1871
111.7
163
177
146
135
1872
112.4
203
183
151
130
1873
113.8
183
178
140
123
1874
111.2
153
163
124
116
1875
114.9
137
150
112
109
1876
111.5
114
145
93
102
1877
104.8
110
142
87
97
1878
100.8
101
145
79
92
1879
100.0
100
144
79
91
1880
100.0
112
153
90
92
Table 74 niul Chart XII jrive the nearest approach which the
data allow to a similar exhibit for all commodities, and all indus-
tries. The fip:ures for wholesale prices here are averages of the
quarterly medians for each year from Table 4; the figures for
retail prices are medians from Tables 21 and 27 ; and the fijrures
for wajres are averajres of the semi-annual medians from Table 65.
These three tables and three charts indicate that in decree of
mobility the ditTerent classes of prices rank in the following
order: — jrold, raw materials, finished products at wholesale, pro-
ducts at retail, cost of livintr, and labor.
mmm^mm-f
I
il
/ ■ •
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
279
TABLE 74.
Average annual price of gold, average of quarterly medians of relative prices
at wholesale J medians of relative prices at retail, viedians of cost of
living, and average of January and July medians of
relative rates of wages: by years, 1860-1880,
Note.— See p. 278.
Wholesale
Retail
Cost of
Years
Gold
Prices
Prices
Living
Wages
1860
100
100
100
100
100
1861
100
97
104
103
100
1862
113
103
115
112
101
1863
145
133
143
129
112
1864
203
180
170
156
130
1865
157
185
176
168
150
1866
141
177
180
170
161
1867
138
162
172
168
168
1868
140
158
174
161
169
1869
133
157
164
156
175
1870
115
139
157
150
175
1871
112
131
146
147
179
1872
112
134
144
148
177
1873
114
133
137
145
176
1874
111
130
136
145
172
1875
115
123
134
141
161
1876
112
113
129
133
153
1877
105
106
127
132
144
1878
101
95
122
132
141
1879
100
88
118
130
138
1880
100
105
118
132
139
IV. — The Economic Significance? of the Price-revolutions of the
Greenback Period.
Writers upon money usually state that it performs three
functions, serving as a common denominator of value, a medium
of exchange, and a standard of deferred payments. To enumer-
ate the functions of money in this fashion, however, is very far
from suggesting the importance of the role which money plays
in economic life. To understand this role attention must be fixed
upon the complex mechanism of prices, rather than upon money
itself. It is impossible in this place to show the many ways in
280 University of California Puhlicatians in Economics. [Vol. 1
which this social mechanism affects economic life; but a brief
statement of the relations between prices and fundamental eco-
nomic processes is required to suggest the significance of the
changes in different classes of prices which have been exhibited
in the preceding chapters.
From the point of view of the men who direct it, the pro-
duction of wealth Ls nowadays a business process of selling goods
for more than they have cost, and is conducted for the sake of
getting money profits. The technical processes involved in va-
rious departments of business — farming, manufacturing, trans-
portation and commerce — are, in the eyes of the business men
who direct them, simply subordinate parts of this business process
— certain of the steps necessary to make profits by selling at prices
which exceed the money cost. It is hardly too much to say that
from the standpoint of the business men in control, the production
of wealth is simply an incidental feature in the business process
of making money.
Alongside these business enterprises incidentally concerned
with the production, manufacture, and distribution of material
goods, stand the business enterprises concerned with finance: —
banks, trust companies, insurance companies, stock and bond
houses — in short the whole mechanism of the investment and
money markets. These enterprises, like the preceding class, are
conducted for the sake of pecuniary profits, and their profits also
depend on selling at prices higher than the prices paid. They
represent the highest development and the most complex ad-
justments of the whole business organization, and all other enter-
prises are bound to them by the various forms of pecuniary
obligations.
The distribution of the wealth produced by enterprises of the
first sort supported by financial aid from enterprises of the second
sort is effected by means of prices. Wages is the price i)aid for
labor, interest the price paid for the use of loan-funds, rent the
price paid for the use of material goods which must be returned
without substantial deterioration, and profits is the residue of the
aggregate prices received after the aggregate prices i)aid for the
factors of production, for materials, etc., have been deducted.
I
i
i vl_v_!
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 281
To the individual, indeed, economic welfare depends primarily
upon the money income he is able to get under the conditions
presented by the price-system, and upon the aggregate prices
which he must pay for what he wishes to consume.
IVFoney prices, in brief, are the formal basis on which the
economic relations of individuals in modern society are organized
and the formal mechanism by which economic processes are car-
ried on. It follows that the economic relations of individuals and
the conduct of economic processes are subject to alteration by
changes in the system of prices.
The relation between the changes in the system of prices and
the economic activity of men is partly a relation of effect, partly
one of cause. Most prices result from voluntary agreements
entered into by independent individuals or corporations. Even
when prices are established by public authority, or practically
forced by one party on another, they are a product of man's will
and changes are made to suit man 's purposes. But it is also true
that the system of prices has a quasi-independence of the will of
individuals or even of the whole community. It has a logic of
its own in the same sense that a mathematical investigation has ;
it presents technical exigencies in the same sense that a mechan-
ical process does. Men who make use of the system of prices in
their economic activity are constrained to obey its logic and to
adapt themselves as best they may to its technical exigencies.
These general statements help to suggest the part which the
price-revolutions of the greenback period played in the economic
history of that time. Perhaps the clearest conception of the price-
revolutions is gained by regarding them as changes made by the
business community in its effort to adapt itself to the monetary
conditions created by an inconvertible paper currency. Why
men paid the currency prices they did for gold is a problem which
has several times been mentioned only to be set aside as insoluble
without more material than has been presented. But, granted
the fluctuations of the premium, the fluctuations in the prices of
other goods were the adjustments which men using prices as the
basis of their economic relations were constrained to make by
circumstances beyond their control.
282 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
Of course, different classes of men were affected in different
ways by price-changes, and in turn used their economic influence
to effect changes of different sorts, — so in all cases our figures
show the resultants of complex sets of opposing forces. The
process of change was attended by serious friction ; but the final
chart shows that despite this friction the price-system displayed
remarkable flexibility. Wholesale prices lagged behind gold, to
be sure ; retail prices lagged behind wholesale prices, cost of living
behind retail prices, and wages behind cost of living. An eco-
nomic theorist, accustomed to imagine immediate and accurately
guaged changes of prices occurring in a f rictionless hypothetical
market under the stimulus of some /'disturbing factor,'' might
perhaps regard this lagging of one class of prices behind another
as an important deviation from the ** natural'' course of events.
But a student of prices in less highly organized business com-
munities, or an economic historian familiar with earlier price-
revolutions, would be much more impressed by the rapidity and
system with which prices of different classes of goods were
changed, than by the lack of completeness in the adjustment.
It is remarkable that these price-revolutions were effected
without bringing more serious economic disaster upon the com-
munity. The conduct of economic processes by a complex mech-
anism of prices, supplemented by a complex system of credits,
might be expected to produce dire confusion when the prices of
different classes of commodities changed so rapidly and in such
different degrees. But the flexibility which the price system
displayed was an ordered flexibility, and the nuitual relations of
its different parts were maintained without fundamental change,
so that business continued to be conducted in a fairly normal
fashion. To be sure, a great business crisis and several years of
profound business depression occurred during the period of the
greenback standard. But neither can be ascribed in large mea-
sure to its influence. For the crisis of 1873 and the resulting
period of depression were felt quite as severely in P^uropeau
countries with specie standards. Moreover, the crisis came in
the United States after the mast startling fluctuations in the
prices of gold and commodities had long been passed, and at the
end of nearly four years of a relatively stable premium. The
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 283
much more extraordinary fluctuations of 1865, when the median
of relative wholesale prices fell 58 points in six months, passed
without disaster.
But, though these changes in the price-level were effected with-
out producing the catastrophes which might have been expected,
they were not without important consequences on the distribution
and production of wealth. It has been shown that the real in-
comes of wage-earners were seriously affected by the changes in
cost of living and money wages. It may also be inferred from
the tables that the economic welfare of all recipients of fixed
incomes was altered more than once. Analysis would also show
that the dissimilar fluctuations of wholesale prices and of wages
must have influenced profits. And if data were at hand to show
variations in the rates of interest on long and short loans it would
appear that lending capitalists, like other classes, had their share
in the vicissitudes of the period. Finally, changes in the distri-
bution of wealth, particularly changes in profits, in their turn
influenced the production of wealth. But these changes in dis-
tribution and production cannot be profitably studied without
the use of other data than our tables supply.
The tables of this book, then, suggest more problems than they
solve. Logically first is the problem of the causes which con-
trolled the specie value of the greenback dollar. Second is the
problem concerning the various factors other than the premium
on gold which affected prices. Third is the problem how the
business community was able to avoid more frequent and more
serious disasters from the instability of prices. Finally come the
problems just suggested — the consequences of the fluctuations in
the prices of different classes of economic goods upon the distri-
bution and production of wealth. The statistical material which
is here presented affords an indispensable part of the data re-
quired for defining and solving all of these problems; but only
a part.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 285
APPENDIX.
Much of the material contained in the following tables for the
years 1860-1866 was published in slightly different form in
A History of the Greenbacks, with Special Reference to
the Economic Consequences of their Issue. Volume IX,
Second Series, Decennial Publications of The University
of Chicago.
Permission to use this material here has been courteously granted
by the University of Chicago Press.
1908] Mitch ell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 287
TABLE 1.
Daily highest and lowest premium on gold and price of greenbacks in gold:
186S-1878.
Note. — Regarding the sources and arrangement of the following table,
see the explanations in Chapter I, Section ii.
288 University of Cal fornia Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
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l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 289
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291
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338 University of Calif omia Publications in Economics, i^o*- 1
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, aihd Wages, 1860-1880, 339
TABLE 2.
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
Note. — The following table gives in detail the quarterly series of relative
prices at wholesale used in Chapter II. The arrangement of the series is
alphabetical. The references are to the pages of the Aldrich Report, Parts 2
and 4, where the original series of actual prices may be found. The series
for wool, however, are based upon Mauger and Avery's table, published in
the Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1905, p. 538. The ''base
prices" are the actual prices in January, 1860 in most cases. But in the
case of lumber and a few other articles they are actual prices in July or
October, 1860, and in the case of agricultural products they are averages of
the actual prices for the months of 1860 covered by the data. By noticing
what month in 1860 has a relative price of 100 one can distinguish these
cases. When the sum of the relative prices for the four quarters of 1860 is
400, the * * base price * ' is the average of the actual prices. The asterisks at
the heads of certain columns show what series were grouped to form series
of average relative prices. The series so marked were not used in compiling
the tables of the text; but the series of average relative prices made from
them were used. For further explanations see Chapter II, Section i.
340 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABTiK 2.
BeUUive
prices of 153 eommoditiea cU wholesale, by quarters:
1860-1880,
f
1
<
n
1
1
^1
1
Boaton
Crackers
1
MmtImI
t
Av.
K.T. Ohieato
No.l
£xtra
No. 2 grade Av.
oommon
domestle
bids.
Refw.
845
346
3
8
65
347
249
67
68
69
221
UdU
f»I.
lb.
Im.
bn.
bu.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
M.
BlM
$
$
$
$
$
1
1
1
1
1
$
priM
.54
.0335
.7088
.59%
1.875
.21
.096
.07
.085
.12
4.875
1860
*
*
*
*
*
Jul.
100
100
108
101
103
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
114
Apr.
85
106
100
117
109
98
95
97
100
100
100
100
97
Julj
88
100
—
08
08
98
100
97
100
100
100
100
100
Oel.
85
100
06
89
98
130
100
96
100
100
100
100
108
1861
Jui.
74
04
00
64
77
100
100
95
107
118
117
114
108
Apr.
67
04
88
71
80
108
100
87
107
124
117
116
91
July
68
04
04
84
64
130
100
89
100
129
117
115
80
Oel.
74
04
81
59
70
130
96
95
100
129
117
115
86
1863
Jul.
74
94
94
59
77
187
100
95
107
185
117
120
88
Apr.
89
100
118
80
97
117
05
95
107
141
121
128
91
July
107
100
—
101
101
178
98
95
100
147
121
123
91
Oet.
183
188
75
181
108
158
95
100
100
147
121
123
94
1868
Jul.
148
156
166
161
164
146
105
121
107
166
142
188
187
Apr.
174
167
191
186
189
158
114
158
107
158
188
131
140
Jnly
161
167
—
195
195
180
114
184
107
147
188
129
187
Oet.
198
188
168
181
173
180
107
142
107
147
129
128
149
1864
Jan.
848
161
178
205
192
161
114
142
186
153
133
157
206
Apr.
880
161
165
283
199
147
119
168
186
159
137
161
171
July
657
200
233
233
147
133
190
186
159
137
161
160
Oct.
689
267
232
248
240
147
133
221
186
159
137
161
217
1865
Jan.
815
256
257
220
239
173
143
192
186
118
117
140
211
Apr.
796
222
202
165
184
148
133
179
186
129
117
144
217
July
759
189
163
101
132
107
105
147
157
129
117
134
171
Oct.
833
183
160
129
145
120
105
142
157
118
117
131
263
1866
Jan.
824
200-
135
110
123
153
114
158
171
106
100
126
274
Apr.
883
189
153
89
121
127
119
126
171
106
100
126
274
July
815
172
135
76
106
153
117
147
171
106
100
126
234
Oct.
880
178
175
140
158
180
105
132
171
106
100
126
263
1867
Jan.
861
144
119
118
119
207
95
126
186
106
100
131
274
Apr.
648
167
130
144
137
193
95
105
186
106
100
131
234
July
870
156
143
106
125
233
86
105
186
106
100
131
223
Oct.
741
161
185
189
187
220
93
97
186
106
100
131
257
1868
Jan.
787
161
244
296
270
223
90
103
171
106
100
126
286
Apr.
787
156
279
398
339
293
88
100
171
100
100
126
286
July
435
156
266
254
260
360
88
105
157
106
100
121
257
Oct.
500
156
241
296
269
233
88
105
157
106
100
121
251
1869
Jan.
361
150
266
266
266
227
82
103
143
106
100
116
360
Apr.
343
144
254
271
263
200
81
137
143
106
100
116
377
July
861
167
194
245
220
180
90
147
143
106
100
116
183
Oct.
444
139
172
203
188
180
68
137
143
106
100
116
177
1908 ] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
341
TABLE 2—(C0NTiNUED).
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
6
S
o
Market
o
t
S
0
N.Y. Chicago
Av.
SL
o
S'O
•c
^k
s
1
11
>
el
OM
0
Boat
Crac
extra
No.l
No. 2 grade
Av.
M
•c
1870
Jan.
352
144
150
129
140
147
70
132
148
106
100
116
^—
Apr.
367
144
113
93
103
123
67
100
143
106
100
116
211
Jnly
380
139
113
152
138
127
67
100
114
106
100
107
171
Oct.
324
139
138
159
149
137
65
92
114
106
100
107
194
1871
Jan.
343
139
106
118
112
133
60
92
129
94
83
102
217
Apr.
337
133
125
147
186
140
61
87
129
94
83
102
200
July
333
122
132
125
129
153
81
89
129
94
83
102
189
Oct.
361
117
116
102
109
153
114
111
129
88
75
97
284
1872
Jan.
343
144
113
103
108
153
105
105
129
88
75
97
251
Apr.
324
144
99
85
d2
183
93
116
129
88
75
97
269
July
330
144
91
88
90
193
92
126
129
88
75
97
194
Oct.
326
144
132
112
122
187
105
118
129
88
75
97
211
1873
Jan.
361
144
132
110
121
193
100
118
129
82
75
95
206
Apr.
333
139
143
130
137
180
105
126
129
88
75
97
194
July
333
144
163
87
125
167
102
121
129
88
75
97
171
Oct.
367
161
172
220
196
187
85
124
129
82
75
95
177
1874
Jan.
352
156
194
240
217
198
81
111
129
82
75
95
160
Apr.
346
144
207
257
232
180
88
111
129
82
75
95
177
July
352
144
195
195
167
90
108
129
82
75
95
171
Oct.
394
133
147
169
158
130
86
105
129
82
75
95
160
1875
Jan.
359
122
175
211
193
133
83
100
114
82
88
95
194
Apr.
407
117
153
176
165
123
90
105
114
82
88
95
177
July
432
111
144
203
174
121
89
89
114
82
88
95
143
Oct.
426
117
144
174
159
119
86
89
114
82
88
95
137
1876
Jan.
398
117
125
135
130
95
80
89
114
82
88
95
160
Apr.
394
111
135
102
119
79
73
89
114
82
88
95
149
July
391
117
113
97
105
79
95
105
114
82
88
95
114
Oct.
393
117
124
141
133
104
76
82
114
82
88
95
114
1877
Jan.
393
117
98
113
106
160
69
76
114
82
88
95
114
Apr.
385
111
110
94
102
150
64
84
114
82
88
95
131
July
391
111
97
110
104
161
55
84
114
82
88
95
103
Oct.
396
111
106
101
104
124
60
82
114
82
88
95
108
1878
Jan.
382
100
101
97
99
116
58
79
114
71
75
87
114
Apr.
378
100
83
77
80
91
57
76
114
71
75
87
126
July
378
100
90
82
86
95
55
74
114
65
71
83
100
Oct.
380
100
141
188
165
104
67
67
114
65
71
83
103
1879
Jan.
370
100
121
161
141
84
67
68
114
82
88
95
126
Apr.
370
83
94
118
106
84
62
53
114
82
88
95
120
July
370
83
118
118
79
55
58
114
82
88
95
83
Oct.
380
78
125
124
125
91
54
61
114
82
88
95
131
1880
Jan.
393
94
94
152
123
99
76
79
114
82
88
95
189
Apr.
382
89
94
124
109
89
74
89
114
82
88
95
189
July
385
83
127
127
96
60
87
114
82
88
95
126
Oct.
398-
89
113
125
119
97
55
79
114
82
88
95
137
342 University of California Publications in Economics. [ ^o^- ^
TABLE 2 — (CoNTiNUiD).
B9laiive prices of 163 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
1
1
1
S
1
1
S
1
1
:
9
I
^
r
&
loint
beet ad-
^
^
^
e
I
i
AMt,
Bme-
In-
Roeen-
Lomber
Omde
8l8iB.
tine
aeU
grain Wilton
At.
dale
in log
Itarket
N.York Chieago
Refer.
360
IB
188
173
125
126
127
228
74
224
7
5
Unit
ton
lb. del. pre. lb.
yd.
yd.
yd.
bbl.
lb.
H.ft.
lb.
bu.
Base
0
$
$
$
0
$
1
1
1
$
1
$
priee
46.00
.31
.67
.37
1.80.
7077
1.85
•
1.00
.10 13.00 ,
.085% 4.87%
1860
*
*
*
*
*
Jul
100
100
100
100
100
100
—
100
80
100
100
108
90
Aiir.
100
81
100
100
96
100
100
99
100
110
100
94
88
Julj
133
81
98
96
03
99
97
96
100
75
100
—
90
Get.
189
05
00
96
93
98
97
96
100
100
104
108
114
18ei
Jan.
188
81
90
96
93
101
97
97
100
100
104
108
103
Ainr.
06
80
90
96
96
95
100
97
90
90
108
91
89
Julj
80
63
00
90
06
95
100
97
90
60
108
91
89
Oct.
80
64
90
06
96
98
100
96
90
60
108
—
92
1803
Jan.
188
90
90
98
100
107
105
104
90
70
117
84
85
Apr.
06
98
00
80
100
100
105
105
90
75
125
98
105
Jnly
98
74
113
80
108
119
108
112
90
65
188
89
88
Get.
107
90
138
89
115
128
116
118
90
80
188
89
103
1808
•
Jftn.
111
117
188
96
186
149
183
189
90
110
188
126
124
Apr.
133
119,
188
100
165
175
151
164
120
145
188
117
107
Jaly
111
08*
^140
100
154
166
151
157
120
106
188
—
120
Oct.
117
114
140
100
146
155
148
148
120
120
188
149
120
1864
Jan.
128
145
179
100
165
179
162
169
120
140
133
161
143
Apr.
131
281
207
100
178
197
173
181
140
170
133
183
139
July
189
157
267
104
269
299
270
279
150
150
133
161
Oct.
167
202
309
148
269
251
270
263
160
205
133
251
193
1865
Jan.
222
250
309
148
269
261
270
267
160
225
133
326
309
Apr.
200
150
309
148
192
208
203
201
160
210
133
294
298
July
189
148
277
111
192
220
203
205
150
125
133
343
161
Oct.
138
205
277
111
212
241
216
223
175
150
133
274
163
1866
Jan.
100
202
277
122
212
242
216
223
175
180
133
158
160
Apr.
151
250
277
111
200
242
203
215
175
215
133
114
123
July
89
195
277
111
200
243
203
215
175
190
133
137
—
Oct.
93
198
277
111
212
242
216
223
175
145
133
137
183
1867
Jan.
89
183
277
111
212
240
216
223
175
145
100
161
183
Apr.
89
150
277
111
200
214
203
206
175
190
100
190
223
July
87
129
277
111
200
214
203
206
loO
150
100
140
—
Oct.
87
160
249
111
200
210
203
204
175
145
100
155
183
1868
Jan.
87
202
225
111
185
179
189
184
175
145
100
140
169
Apr.
84
250
225
111
185
180
189
185
175
165
100
143
143
July
82
150
181
111
185
186
189
187
175
145
100
123
139
Oct.
144
221
181
111
192
186
203
194
175
160
100
166
171
1869
Jan.
111
221
181
111
192
173
203
189
190
190
100
152
202
Apr.
93
210
209
111
192
175
203
190
200
220
100
178
203
July
106
171
181
111
192
179
203
191
200
160
100
158
Oct.
100
186
181
111
192
179
203
191
200
155
100
158
206
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
343
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative
prices of
153 a
ommoc
Mixes
at wh
\olesal
e, by
quarters: li
^60'U
^80,
1 5
' 1
8 m
Crude
Market
1870
n
5
a
S
1
Brus-
sels
*
m
I
m
In-
grain Wilton
Av.
a
a
s S
•ft '*'
Lumber
N. Y.
*
u
1
Chicago
*
Jan.
104
179
149
111
192
165
203
187
200
175
100
161
183
Apr.
102
174
135
104
154
158
162
156
200
140
100
155
209
July
100
181
186
104
154
154
162
157
190
180
100
166
—
Oct.
100
176
104
104
154
156
162
157
190
188
100
166
187
1871
Jan.
100
179
98
104
154
153
162
156
190
140
100
136
146
Apr.
78
167
98
104
154
155
162
157
175
130
100
114
131
July
78
126
142
104
165
171
176
171
175
118
100
123
187
Oct.
78
143
142
104
165
177
176
173
175
130
100
127
126
1872
Jan.
76
152
142
104
165
171
176
171
175
188
100
127
137
Apr.
78
162
104
104
165
188
176
175
160
190
100
111
114
July
76
114
204
104
165
181
176
174
160
110
100
115
118
Oct.
76
131
188
104
165
181
176
174
160
133
100
118
120
1878
\
Jan.
100
145
174
104
162
159
176
166
160
188
103
109
114
Apr.
78
167
158
104
162
161
176
166
175
160
103
99
109
July
73
129
168
104
162
150
176
163
175
118
103
104
109
Oct.
78
131
158
104
154
154
176
161
175
133
108
120
181
1874
Jan.
76
145
158
104
154
145
176
158
175
183
104
111
130
Apr.
78
179
109
104
154
151
176
160
150
160
104
120
135
July
82
126
109
104
154
152
176
161
140
118
104
118
141
Oct.
82
179
123
93
154
127
176
152
130
145
104
121
181
1875
Jan.
80.
174
118
93
154
131
176
154
130
150
104
119
129
Apr.
83
119
118
93
154
132
176
154
120
158
102
131
144
July
78
124
133
93
154
135
176
155
120
118
102
138
151
Oct.
84
160
133
82
162
140
168
157
120
133
102
153
151
1876
Jan.
77
148
130
82
154
131
168
151
120
128
100
158
162
Apr.
73
174
130
82
154
132
162
149
120
133
100
196
215
July
70
117
130
82
154
116
162
144
120
103
100
187
211
Oct.
70
150
140
82
154
111
162
142
120
125
100
146
160
1877
Jan.
64
150
123
78
135
116
154
135
120
143
100
180
200
Apr.
60
126
114
74
135
113
154
134
120
145
100
177
189
July
62
100
100
70
119
116
154
130
100
95
100
166
149
Oct.
52
140
88
70
119
114
154
129
100
128
100
107
117
1878
Jan.
61
150
75
70
119
107
154
127
100
128
100
96
109
Apr.
58
155
75
70
119
105
154
126
90
125
100
85
94
July
60
90
75
70
113
105
149
122
90
70
100
92
97
Oct.
58
121
63
63
113
98
149
120
90
88
100
82
101
1879
Jan.
56
124
70
63
110
89
138
112
90
85
100
79
89
Apr.
52
102
77
63
110
88
138
112
90
70
100
73
81
July
53
74
63
59
106
93
135
111
100
50
100
80
87
Oct.
58
126
91
59
106
96
135
112
100
103
108
102
1880
Jan.
61
157
139
59
106
118
132
119
100
125
105
114
Apr.
58
155
186
59
127
136
149
137
110
145
—
82
82
July
54
98
126
59
127
121
149
132
110
78
—
83
91
Oct.
73
148
126
56
127
120
149
132
100
128
100
99
102
344 University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL l
TABLE 2— (CONTINUID).
Selatwe prices of US commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
S
.1 ^ ^
At.
lUrktt
Untt
piiM
laeo
Jab.
Aft.
July
Oet
laei
Jab.
Apr.
July
Oet
laes
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oet.
1808
Jab.
Apr.
July
Oet.
1864
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oct.
1865
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oct.
1866
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oct.
1867
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oct.
1868
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oct.
1869
Jan.
Apr.
July
Oct.
101
01
00
100
108
00
00
08
85
103
86
00
125
113
180
186
152
161
161
222
818
296
252
219
OhMt-
nat Kn
173 178
tOB tOB
f f
8.16 8.80
* *
100 100
— 100
03 07
108 113
. 08 105
108 08
05 07
108 07
IS 1 I §
3 o o o
Bitam-
Grate Store At. inons Ingot Sheet
175 177
ton ton
f f
8.70 8.00
* *
100 100 100
100 — 100
07 00 96
113 108 100
liar 117 100
111 05 101
07 00 100
108 07 101
05
86
88
86
07
03
08
05
108
02
01
86
00 100
03 01
04 00
05 91
03 00
187 155
100 168
100 304
108 100 90
150 161 168
169 167 174
106 201 108
198 280 216 244 222
294 268
280 224
264 268 271
280 224 227
270 250 248 244 252
198 184
810 276
186 180 187
284 276 287
178
OB
f
5.00
100
105
102
105
108
96
02
97
97
185
122
180
160
150
150
160
173
180
199
233
256
250
165
200
159 825 808 304 301 308 200
119 — — — — — 193
137 190 191 193 192 192 185
160 — — — — — 155
172 183 164 162 179 172 189
207 136 134 142 135 137 155
140 — — — — — 150
169 136 124 127 128 139 ir>0
155 — — — — — 170
143 — • — — — — 135
131 135 116 116 122 122 13.')
169 152 147 149 154 151 135
185 186
lb. lb.
f f
.28)4 .295
177
191
158
182
151 132
210 179
131 135 137
184 179 188
155
140
145
14.')
100
98
89
90
81
81
77
87
118
04
08
119
182
180
180
188
161
172
198
200
209
145
121
138
174
126
140
130
119
99
99
109
89
97
96
100
101
100
94
03
100
100
100
100
100
98
98
98
98
108
108
108
129
144
186
120
163
178
195
237
220
169
153
169
186
169
153
153
136
122
119
119
119
112
112
112
112
119
112
112
2iB
lb.
f
s
Upland Upland
middrcmiddrc
N.Tork N.ToriE
8 184 11
bu. lb. lb.
f f f
.01 .729% .11.10875
100
125
125
125
125
125
125
118
150
125
125
150
200
200
175
150
175
175
188
250
238
200
150
250
200
225
200
200
200
150
150
168
150
138
138
200
200
175
200
175
122
97
87
94
97
88
65
75
89
79
75
82
109
126
108
119
127
106
120
130
139
167
136
181
193
169
140
155
148
129
138
133
100 102
101 101
98 98
98 100
109 115
117 117
184 187
196 198
827 845
250 255
886 856
509 520
614 621
664 671
627 684
768 777
178 736 745
178 601 699
217 1400 1420
217 1091 1110
257 1091 1100
196 318 368
102 455 405
125 400 451
468 469
359 349
327 322
382 363
323 326
273 253
241 239
193 198
152 154
264 267
293 294
245 246
236 239
261 263
314 317
245 253
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
345
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
a
i
Market
e2
u
o
Av.
Chest-
nut
Egg
xl
Grate
Stove
1 Av.
u
1 \
Bita-
mlnouB Ingot
2
1 Copper
1
1870
*
*
*
*
Jan.
172
—
—
145
93
112
188
Apr.
182
148
182
128
147
138
140
88
105
200
July
166
143
129
127
133
133
125
85
102
200
Oct.
152
143
129
128
135
134
125
91
108
175
1871
Jan.
141
136
121
119
131
127
157
96
108
175
Apr.
123
—
—
—
125
90
108
150
July
130
151
142
138
147
145
125
93
108
150
Oct.
127
167
147
146
160
1S5
125
102
115
150
1872
Jan.
132
159
138
135
154
147
140
117
122
150
Apr.
113
132
113
114
119
120
140
170
146
150
Jnly
117
119
101
97
106
106
128
140
153
138
Oct.
119
135
117
115
122
122
128
140
153
138
1873
Jan.
112
138
121
118
129
127
127
145
153
125
Apr.
104
141
126
126
128
130
143
145
153
125
July
107
151
134
134
186
189
141
121
136
125
Oct.
126
160
142
142
144
147
141
106
136
150
1874
Jan.
121
160
142
142
146
148
141
106
119
125
Apr.
128
140
130
130
138
135
136
104
119
125
July
130
151
139
139
149
145
133
104
119
138
Oct.
126
165
151
151
160
157
133
91
102
138
1875
Jan.
124
170
155
155
164
161
133
99
102
125
Apr,
138
140
130
130
138
135
120
90
105
125
July
142
152
141
141
149
146
120
98
105
125
Oct.
152
157
149
142
156
151
120
98
105
125
1876
Jan.
1()0
157
149
142
156
151
115
99
105
100
Apr.
206
146
124
124
136
133
115
97
108
100
July
199
151
128
128
140
137
98
84
108
75
Oct.
i:>3
114
88
89
105
99
98
87
108
88
1877
Jan.
190
122
86
85
105
100
106
83
108
125
Apr.
1K3
103
78
78
86
86
102
82
108
100
July
ir>8
84
70
72
71
74
89
81
102
88
Oct.
112
94
78
77
78
82
86
78
102
88
1878
Jan.
103
97
74
72
80
81
85
75
95
88
Apr.
90
106
91
91
96
96
80
72
95
88
July
9.-.
110
95
93
104
101
85
69
95
100
Oct.
92
108
92
92
99
98
90
68
85
88
1879
Jan.
84
103
83
85
95
92
90
68
85
88
Apr.
77
71
57
58
64
63
75
68
81
88
July
84
83
64
65
71
71
90
69
81
88
Oct.
ior>
78
01
60
64
66
100
80
102
88
1880
Jan.
no
113
80
81
92
92
100
90
102
88
Apr,
«2
122
101
104
99
107
108
94
102
88
July
K7
122
101
104
105
108
103
81
95
100
Oct.
101
125
107
104
110
112
98
80
95
88
n
8 S
N. Y.
* *
153 231 233
141 207 209
182 186 188
119 • 148 155
105 139 140
114 138 139
98 189 192
104 182 182
107 185 185
98 214 215
88 234 287
88 173 172
91 186 191
89 180 184
75 191 198
91 166 169
118 148 149
117 155 156
105 161 162
131 189 142
127 181 138
119 151 153
111 140 141 '
91 120 121
93 120 122
92 122 123
79 109 109
78 100 101
83 115 116
76 105 107
80 110 113
80 102 102
88 102 104
76 97 95
62 104 105
67 95 99
65 86 87
62 98 98
60 113 114
72 98 95
86 116 115
75 118 120
69 107 109
71 105 106
346 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. l
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Belative prices of 153 cammodiiies at wholesale, by quarters: 1860- 1880.
I
8 S S ^
PriAt Print
doths elotlui Shirt- Sheet-
Ooeheeo Den- Dril- meta* Stand- inge inge Tick-
At. Print! ime Ungt oomet aid hl*eh'd brown ingt Av.
Marlt0t
Befer. 134 186 186 161 168 169 166 166 76 77 254
Unit yd. jd. yd. yd. yd. yd. yd. yd. dos. lb. bu.
BaM $$$$$$$$ $$$
Priee .0i»6 .146.0846 .06876.06685.1457.08 .17 .174875 .04 1.63
\^Q ******** *
Jan. 101 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 149 100 100
Apr. 101 105 108 97 100 98 100 108 100 101 89 100 98
Jnly 98 100 108 100 100 100 100 108 100 101 79 118 103
Oet. 99 100 108 100 100 98 100 108 100 101 88 135 101
1861
Jan. 118 100 108 97 86 84 97 108 96 96 108 125 89
Apr. 117 96 108 97 79 78 97 108 96 94 89 125 86
Jnly 186 96 108 97 77 80 97 106 99 94 65 125 92
Oet. 197 106 106 117 105 107 108 185 101 110 75 123 93
1869
Jan. 886 182 124 146 107 160 110 165 132 188 135 125 110
Apr. 858 126 186 146 126 129 116 165 182 185 75 125 135
Jnly 846 188 188 167 156 158 129 188 187 149 69 800 107
Oet. 616 179 210 292 261 220 167 297 212 229 88 125 117
1868
Jan. 618 211 259 809 279 858 210 856 266 268 115 150 173
Apr. 668 — — 898 298 268 210 445 — 821 185 125 243
Jnly 681 — — 809 260 268 282 416 — 295 112 150 147
Oct. 778 — — 404 295 280 287 445 — 382 115 150 147
1864
Jan. 741 253 879 449 316 802 267 505 — 358 166 200 184
Apr. 695 268 397 449 300 289 284 475 416 359 120 IT.*) 21.'>
July 1410 421 426 702 593 524 468 831 413 547 146 200 221
Oct. 1101 358 607 730 480 569 307 683 618 544 166 — 199
1865
Jan. 1096 389 464 674 537 480 411 712 451 515 252 388 230
Apr. 348 211 412 337 188 178 271 463 412 309 106 225 169
July 480 289 424 337 360 338 290 386 469 362 152 450 117
Oct. 426 316 455 404 454 484 355 398 472 417 163 200 178
1866
Jan. 469 284 374 365 361 347 321 392 463 363 224 313 178
Apr. 854 221 350 270 249 286 315 297 426 296 135 250 153
July 325 221 343 275 267 258 281 273 349 283 135 200 190
Oct. 373 216 334 270 274 249 290 261 347 280 158 200 190
1867
Jan. 825 200 269 253 226 213 261 261 341 253 215 250 160
Apr. 263 189 247 236 188 182 261 238 279 228 138 200 175
July 240 168 233 202 165 160 228 205 263 203 109 250 190
Oct. 197 168 198 196 149 133 179 196 228 181 166 — 175
1868
Jan. 158 142 172 168 121 116 183 178 222 163 258 250 141
Apr. 266 147 184 180 156 164 183 226 201 180 158 200 172
July 294 142 202 191 177 158 183 208 201 183 146 200 ino
Oct. 246 142 193 194 142 131 163 184. 190 167 175 — 172
1869
Jan. 288 142 186 185 149 160 179 190 182 172 238 200 153
Apr. 262 147 197 191 147 140 179 190 193 173 166 200 169
July 316 147 193 191 160 156 163 202 193 176 135 200 163
Oct. 249 147 198 191 144 140 136 184 196 167 178 225 147
* Prices are for February, May, August. November.
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 347
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Eelative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
5
a
a
5
1870
5
Av.
Cocheco Den-
Prints ims
* *
Dril-
lings
*
Print
cloths
meta-
comet
*
c J
5 &
Print
cloths
stand-
ard
*
Shirt- Sheet-
ings ings Tiek-
bl'ch'd brown ings
* * *
Av.
•
f
m
1
9
*
Jan.
282
147
184
185
142
144
147
190
188
166
270
200
138
Apr.
208
132
198
173
128
120
156
178
188
159
161
200
129
July
187
137
191
168
114
116
156
178
179
155
126
200
185
Oct.
152
126
178
168
185
181
130
166
172
150
161
200
141
1871
Jan.
140
121
166
152
133
133
130
154
163
144
192
175
132
Apr.
189
121
164
146
128
120
136
148
159
140
109
150
132
July
191
121
159
152
187
188
136
160
156
144
109
175
150
Oct.
182
126
155
157
142
142
136
160
160
147
163
200
126
1872
Jan.
185
126
155
163
142
136
136
160
160
147
215
200
117
Apr.
215
126
159
168
156
147
143
178
162
155
132
125
129
July
236
126
157
174
149
142
136
172
162
152
103
150
135
Oct.
173
126
145
174
137
136
124
160
153
144
152
200
128
1873
Jan.
189
126
150
168
187
138
136
166
153
146
232
150
126
Apr.
182
121
159
168
126
122
136
166
157
144
129
175
135
July
192
126
157
174
112
118
124
160
157
141
123
150
150
Oct.
168
116
152
174
72
116
111
154
151
131
158
200
132
1874
Jan.
149
121
141
136
107
109
124
143
144
128
282
200
147
Apr.
156
100
145
180
105
102
117
143
140
123
141
200
166
July
162
100
133
130
102
100
117
137
132
119
126
200
144
Oct.
141
100
134
127
107
93
117
131
134
118
143
200
126
1875
Jan.
132
100
126
127
91
93
98
125
132
112
192
250
141
Apr.
152
95
124
130
109
111
100
131
132
117
141
150
135
July
141
100
124
180
95
91
100
125
131
112
103
175
117
Oct.
121
89
122
124
84
89
91
119
128
106
155
200
98
1876
Jan.
121
89
122
112
79
75
91
113
116
100
189
175
98
Apr.
123
84
121
112
70
68
91
107
113
96
106
200
129
July
109
68
105
95
70
66
85
101
97
85
98
175
92
Oct.
101
79
100
95
91
81
85
101
91
90
132
175
89
1877
Jan.
116
79
102
98
91
87
85
107
91
93
169
175
130
Apr.
106
79
105
95
79
71
85
101
94
89
100
125
123
July
112
79
97
95
81
76
82
98
88
87
98
100
126
Oct.
102
79
102
95
67
66
75
98
88
84
118
125
92
1878
•
Jan.
103
74
103
95
72
63
75
98
88
84
138
150
132
Apr.
96
74
107
92
62
58
75
98
91
82
66
150
123
July
105
68
102
87
64
62
69
89
90
79
72
150
120
Oct.
97
63
102
92
63
60
69
89
87
78
112
150
92
1879
Jan.
87
63
100
83
61
57
69
83
82
75
146
150
86
Apr.
98
62
93
83
61
64
72
92
82
76
83
150
117
July
114
68
91
86
77
74
78
101
84
82
72
150
—
Oct.
97
63
98
87
65
67
78
95
88
80
112
150
77
1880
Jan.
116
79
100
103
93
87
85
107
88
93
126
150
123
Apr.
119
84
107
103
79
100
88
110
97
96
72
200
117
July
108
84
102
95
74
71
82
98
96
88
73
250
74
Oct.
106
74
97
92
74
72
78
92
93
84
118
150
75
* Prices are for February, May, August, November.
348 University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL l
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Belative prieet of 153 eammodities at wholesale, by qmrtere: 1860-1880.
lUriwtN.T.
]
i
CiBB
At.
I*
Rye
Wbeat^
4>
Onr-
ranti
Zante
4>
Rait-
int
Chairs
bed-
room
1 i
1
Chairt Chalrt Tablea
kitehen At. kitchen
1
[mmbfl
inthi
loc
B«f«r.
16
13
80
70
81
82
88
274
275
276
225
Untt
bn.
bB.
bU.
bU.
lb.
lb.
box
dos.
doi.
dos.
ILft
BtM
f
f
f
$
f
$
$
$
$
$
$
Priet
1.50
1.10
4.00
6.25
.0775
.06
2.80
10.00
4.50
12.00
6.00
1660
*
*
*
*
Jab.
08
100
00
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
AprU
IDS
100
100
100
100
90
104
108 '
100
100
100
100
100
Jvljr
101
100
101
06
100
67
92
107
100
100
100
100
100
Oflt.
00
100
100
100
07
77
70
124
60
100
00
100
188
1661
Jan.
101
100
07
08
108
77
75
89
80
100
90
100
188
April
01
100
08
05
108
59
75
68
80
100
00
100
188
JqIj
—
01
02
75
108
108
67
50
80
100
00
100
188
Oet.
06
01
04
86
07
77
158
102
80
100
00
100
188
166a
Jan.
116
114
118
100
100
87
150
189
80
100
90
100
167
▲pro
140
186
137
100
100
00
158
188
80
100
00
100
167
Jvl7
130
—
116
88
04
71
167
186
80
100
00
100
188
Oet.
126
114
110
106
101
71
170
154
80
100
00
100
192
1868
Jan.
108
182
188
118
—
84
175
152
85
100
08
100
200
April
182
205
841
118
—
87
288
174
105
100
108
118
200
JqIj
165
—
156
106
—
00
250
185
105
100
108
118
200
Oet.
165
188
165
185
—
84
242
180
110
111
111
118
200
1664
Jan.
207
227
206
188
—
123
240
174
125
122
124
113
200
April
223
286
225
138
—
126
275
178
125
122
124
125
200
July
281
255
286
181
—
148
308
185
145
133
139
138
200
Oct.
200
255
218
188
—
168
283
174
180
167
174
163
200
1865
Jan.
233
259
241
213
—
200
342
254
180
167
174
163
200
April
176
182
176
144
—
177
217
215
150
156
153
150
200
July
142
136
182
128
—
132
208
250
145
144
145
150
200
Oct.
190
245
204
169
—
168
233
204
145
144
145
150
200
1866
Jan.
187
227
197
131
197
184
263
183
145
144
145
150
200
April
160
205
173
113
197
190
217
165
150
144
147
150
200
July
203
264
219
169
197
290
250
170
160
144
147
150
200
Oct.
209
255
221
150
206
155
250
161
150
144
147
150
200
1867
Jan.
175
205
180
170
203
129
206
154
150
144
147
150
100
April
184
236
198
188
200
174
217
158
150
144
147
150
100
July
206
205
202
160
188
142
185
157
150
144
147
150
100
Oct.
180
200
185
162
191
196
135
144
140
150
100
1868
Jan.
154
164
153
188
188
139
221
165
120
144
132
150
100
April
179
205
185
194
185
136
188
170
120
144
132
150
100
July
16.">
200
175
200
170
142
185
172
135
144
140
150
100
Oct.
178
236
195
150
167
116
204
196
135
144
140
150
100
1869
Jan.
150
182
165
174
152
179
148
135
144
140
150
100
April
178
205
184
174
167
165
167
135
135
156
146
150
100
July
160
182
168
158
139
—
167
122
135
156
146
150
100
Oct.
154
182
161
148
118
136
183
143
135
156
146
150
100
* PriofB are for February, May, August, November.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
349
TABLE 2— (Continued).
'Relative prices of 15S commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
a
a
5
Market N. Y.
1870 ♦
1
8
Cinn.
*
Av.
1
Rye
1
Wheat
E
Apples
1 dried
I
Cur-
rants
Zante
-•>
1
Raisins
(
bed-
room
*
1
•mm
e
0
Chairs
kitchen Av.
*
B
•mm
e
0
Pm
Tables
a
«
u
Lumber
in the
log
Jan.
149
159
149
133
112
143
188
148
185
156
146
150
100
April
149
164
147
120
106
128
200
135
185
156
146
150
100
July
142
182
153
144
118
142
200
126
115
144
130
150
100
Oct.
145
164
150
141
112
108
204
185
105
144
125
150
100
1871
Jan.
135
155
141
138
124
90
167
87
105
133
119
150
183
April
145
159
145
158
180
113
158
121
120
138
127
150
183
July
149
159
153
188
118
87
150
102
120
133
127
150
133
Oct.
130
141
132
138
124
97
125
161
120
133
127
150
183
1872
Jan.
143
136
132
133
133
142
183
113
120
133
121
150
133
April
142
141
137
126
149
161
125
111
120
188
127
150
183
July
142
159
145
116
155
156
125
109
105
138
119
150
133
Oct.
128
136
129
130
155
—
119
109
105
133
119
150
133
1873
Jan.
130
136
131
155
186
110
108
87
105
133
119
150
133
April
143
150
143
135
142
94
108
96
105
133
119
150
133
July
160
150
158
129
136
97
92
85
105
122
114
150
133
Oct.
137
141
137
148
142
110
98
105
122
114
150
133
1874
Jan.
142
182
157
138
130
110
102
104
105
122
114
150
135
April
171
159
165
131
129
94
98
109
105
122
114
150
135
July
154
168
155
148
136
97
102
125
100
122
111
150
133
Oct.
129
159
138
133
124
98
117
85
111
98
137
133
1875
Jan.
148
159
149
125
121
110
100
124
85
111
98
137
133
April
142
159
145
125
118
129
102
115
80
111
96
137
133
July
123
141
127
131
126
116
102
98
80
111
96
137
133
Oct.
108
127
111
138
130
136
112
109
75
111
93
137
133
1876
Jan.
124
112
111
131
123
155
123
120
75
94
85
137
133
April
101
114
115
125
127
129
104
103
75
94
85
137
133
July
94
102
96
126
112
129
115
111
75
94
85
137
133
Oct.
91
100
93
126
115
—
104
91
75
94
85
137
133
1877
Jan.
104
111
115
128
136
74
102
74
80
89
85
137
133
April
107
114
115
119
145
71
108
67
80
89
85
137
133
July
113
114
118
123
118
71
108
71
75
89
82
137
133
Oct,
91
105
96
116
127
103
100
59
75
89
82
137
133
1878
Jan.
96
105
111
98
115
84
96
82
70
89
80
137
133
April
93
105
107
100
109
77
83
63
70
89
80
137
133
July
94
105
106
76
109
52
83
73
70
89
80
137
133
Oct.
115
109
105
78
107
75
76
70
89
80
125
133
1879
Jan.
90
100
92
76
103
52
63
70
70
89
80
125
133
April
113
105
112
80
103
48
63
63
70
89
80
125
133
July
138
109
124
88
100
48
67
60
70
89
80
125
133
Oct.
86
104
89
110
112
65
75
80
75
89
82
125
133
1880
Jan.
103
114
115
138
112
87
108
96
80
100
90
125
133
April
115
127
120
121
106
87
104
102
80
100
90
125
133
July
95
85
118
106
74
88
100
80
100
90
125
133
Oct.
88
100
88
123
107
96
100
80
100
90
125
133
* Prices are for February, May, August, November.
350 University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL 1
TABLE 2— (CoNTiNUiD).
SeUUive prices of ISS commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
1 ^
o 3
WetsAlt- Wet
Dry, edeltar ealted
Cali* I>r]r.Bio Drjr. Oreen aUrach- Rio
fomU Gimnde Teuw Oreen aalted ter Orande Av.
lUrkatN.Y. N.T. N. T. Oinn. Chie. N.T. N.T.
S
1
Market
No. 10
'
Drop-
sbot
1
Pipe
Av.
B«f«r.
17
18
10
20
21
28
28
190
85
191
108
Unit
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
100 lb.
100 lb.
Baae
f
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
priee
.82%
.2876
.14%
.0675.0728% .00
.1275
.052
.105
5.87% 6.00
1960
*
*
*
*
*
*
«
*
*
Jab.
102
07
111
100
01
100
08
100
—
100
100
100
100
AitrO
88
102
101
107
100
108
106
102
—
98
119
117
118
July
108
108
07
107
106
108
102
108
100
114
115
118
114
Oet.
07
08
01
85
108
04
94
05
100
117
111
104
108
IMl
Ju.
01
87
108
08
60
08
82
85
100
95
111
104
108
April
00
85
100
08
82
75
84
88
100
86
111
108
110
Jiiljr
—
—
144
6S
58
61
—
82
100
76
111
108
110
Get.
07
06
187
85
00
86
96
95
100
76
119
117
118
1862
Jm.
106
07
187
78
72
88
106
07
100
76
145
142
144
April
—
06
128
100
80
75
06
96
100
74
145
142
144
Jvir
104
100
144
100
70
88
100
101
100
74
145
142
144
Oet
118
117
150
100
103
04
114
118
100
74
149
146
148
1868
Jm.
128
114
178
126
100
00
112
128
106
88
170
167
169
AprU
125
120
171
180
120
04
116
125
288
100
204
167
186
Jnir
116
120
157
187
118
04
112
121
160
89
204
200
202
Oet.
120
121
—
187
141
108
114
124
188
102
187
188
185
1864
Jan.
125
119
150
148
132
125
112
131
212
114
230
225
228
April
135
127
168
141
156
139
123
141
212
126
264
258
261
July
155
149
178
174
161
161
135
158
212
157
358
350
354
Oct.
117
114
164
159
120
133
112
131
286
186
340
333
337
1865
Jan.
147
141
168
156
139
153
133
148
264
195
340
333
337
April
71
68
91
156
100
104
65
94
212
148
272
267
270
July
69
60
70
96
91
83
72
79
148
152
238
233
236
Oct.
88
74
109
119
122
128
71
101
169
233
255
217
236
1866
Jan.
78
72
113
133
93
139
72
100
212
136
238
233
236
April
81
71
113
141
76
133
71
98
190
157
166
162
164
July
74
67
72
133
93
125
66
90
190
181
196
192
194
Oct.
83
77
82*
133
120
139
76
101
212
157
192
183
188
1867
Jan.
81
78
106
152
96
125
78
102
190
112
179
171
175
April
81
79
106
152
108
119
81
103
180
117
179
171
175
July
86
88
137
159
120
147
92
118
IRO
107
179
171
175
Oct.
00
86
145
132
144
88
114
169
133
196
192
194
1868
Jan.
83
78
116
148
120
122
81
107
180
114
196
200
198
April
85
84
99
156
134
139
90
112
159
148
196
200
198
July
88
92
103
167
120
143
94
115
159
152
196
200
198
Oct.
84
86
103
167
172
143
88
120
148
174
192
188
190
1869
Jan.
91
94
116
159
127
140
94
117
159
171
204
188
196
April
96
97
150
178
170
140
98
138
159
167
204
188
196
July
00
89
154
178
110
140
93
122
159
160
204
188
190
Oct.
84
88
142
178
118
140
86
119
159
162
189
167
178
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wa^/es, 1860-1880.
351
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Kelative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
1
a
s
o
Dry.
Calif.
OB
c
s
Dry.Rio Dry Green
Grande Texas Green salted
Wet,
etc.
Wet salt-
ed Rio
Grande Av.
s
a
s
•2
5
Drop
shot
Pipe
Av.
1870
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
91
92
140
156
96
122
92
113
137
150
170
138
152
April
96
94
138
144
93
108
98
109
137
131
168
128
148
July
92
94
128
133
86
125
96
108
127
133
128
125
127
Oct.
96
97
140
148
106
128
97
116
127
133
140
129
135
1871
Jan.
105
104
150
144
137
122
98
122
127
138
140
125
133
April
97
97
142
133
144
117
94
118
127
110
142
154
148
July
98
98
123
133
144
125
98
117
127
114
161
154
158
Oct.
101
105
123
148
151
132
100
123
127
93
161
154
158
1872
•
Jan.
106
115
137
151
122
98
122
127
86
161
150
156
April
111
116
157
163
148
133
106
133
137
—
161
150
156
July
106
116
144
163
151
142
106
133
159
81
172
165
169
Oct.
103
104
137
170
158
138
98
130
169
79
172
165
169
1873
Jan.
113
118
164
156
151
139
94
134
159
73
172
157
165
April
111
114
157
156
144
133
106
132
148
81
172
157
165
July
99
104
140
141
137
122
98
120
142
80
172
157
165
Oct.
109
109
157
159
110
124
94
123
127
76
172
157
165
1874
Jan.
111
110
156
130
124
117
94
120
116
79
172
157
165
April
108
105
147
130
120
117
102
118
116
94
188
135
137
July
101
105
147
133
117
111
86
115
116
108
138
185
137
Oct.
107
106
152
130
117
118
98
118
116
131
130
127
129
1875
Jan.
104
101
152
126
117
128
102
119
106
127
138
131
135
April
101
95
126
110
111
86
105
106
138
153
135
144
July
92
87
123
122
110
106
78
103
106
117
149
139
144
Oct.
94
88
130
126
113
108
84
106
106
130
149
137
143
1876
Jan.
91
79
132
119
103
100
80
101
106
115
149
135
142
April
81
76
137
119
96
94
75
97
106
135
153
142
148
July
73
69
115
126
100
93
71
92
95
112
149
142
146
Oct.
78
75
115
133
106
97
71
96
95
100
149
142
146
1877
Jan.
108
78
159
144
124
111
90
116
95
105
149
135
142
April
90
86
121
141
103
94
80
102
90
90
149
135
142
July
96
87
128
148
120
110
86
111
90
82
134
127
131
Oct.
97
91
130
141
120
117
86
112
85
• 87
134
112
123
1878
Jan.
94
85
128
141
110
103
88
107
85
76
134
112
123
April
91
79
120
133
89
86
78
97
85
71
134
112
123
July
85
79
113
126
96
94
72
95
90
67
94
73
84
Oct.
106
98
140
111
100
108
92
108
85
64
76
79
78
1879
Jan.
83
79
106
126
96
86
82
94
79
55
100
83
92
April
80
76
101
111
89
81
78
88
74
62
100
83
92
July
H7
83
109
130
106
118
80
102
74
59
103
83
93
Oct.
94
87
115
133
117
121
85
107
85
60
110
105
108
1880
Jan.
111
100
156
137
137
139
102
126
85
68
110
116
113
April
106
98
140
141
127
108
92
116
106
71
110
120
115
July
98
95
120
156
130
103
92
118
95
68
123
105
114
Oct.
104
98
130
159
130
108
96
118
95
79
128
98
111
352 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. i
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Belaiive prices of 153 eommodiiies at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
1
1
t
1
1
9
1
Har-
Soek.
1
1
1
i
Salt-
i
Si
1
IMM
kuid
Corn
Loins*
RIte>
meas
At.
Av.
Mwkst
N.Y.
Cinn.
Cbieaco
B«fer.
148
826
265
179
86
88
89
89
25
24
26
Untt
lb.
bbl.
ff»l.
(POM.
bU.
lb.
lb.
bbl.
100 Iba. 100 Iba. 100 lU.
BtM
f
• f
f
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
prie«
.86
.00
.57
.48
4.15
.18
.15 11.50
5.46
8.625
8.10
laeo
*
*
*
*
*
*
Ja^.
100
188
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
108
108
97
101
AprU
100
142
105
100
96
100
98
91
95
108
117
118
118
July
108
100
104
100
89
100
98
87
. 98
92
90
105
96
Oet
100
125
102
100
98
94
98
88
90
97
90
85
91
1961
•
Ju.
94
188
98
100
84
89
98
91
91
108
97
105
102
▲pro
99
188
106
100
90
89
100
91
98
90
110
105
102
July
96
188
95
100
72
88
98
88
86
90
76
110
92
Oet.
100
188
104
100
78
88
87
96
89
90
90
77
86
18«2
Ju.
04
— -
149
100
78
88
87
104
91
108
83
78
86
April
04
188
149
100
76
88
87
100
90
97
90
97
95
jQlj
91
92
151
100
71
88
87
104
91
87
97
90
91
Oct
108
117
161
100
94
88
87
118
94
87
76
85
88
16M
Jab.
109
142
219
100
108
94
98
109
99
97
90
92
98
AitrO
180
148
298
100
112
100
100
118
104
118
181
145
181
July
129
107
211
100
106
100
100
100
100
110
124
110
115
Oet.
181
192
287
100
116
100
100
104
101
108
97
101
100
1864
Jan.
143
175
251
100
145
106
107
107
107
118
131
105
118
April
154
225
281
100
148
139
147
96
127
144
179
141
155
July
166
167
298
208
193
156
153
217
175
162
166
177
168
Oct.
171
208
246
208
189
150
147
130
142
178
193
153
175
1865
Jan.
171
250
272
208
212
194
187
165
182
164
221
169
185
April
166
267
246
396
157
194
213
191
199
215
262
242
240
July
137
200
207
396
124
178
187
113
159
159
193
145
166
Oct.
161
300
272
396
123
167
167
139
158
190
166
222
193
1866
Jan.
149
283
249
396
117
144
167
209
173
174
172
179
175
April
149
267
228
385
99
156
167
209
177
159
193
155
169
July
146
250
316
385
127
178
173
213
188
172
207
210
196
Oct.
149
283
289
885
120
107
167
209
181
100
19;i
185
182
1867
•
Jan.
146
308
219
385
127
167
160
178
16ft
154
172
159
162
April
137
250
225
885
151
178
173
174
175
181
221
190
197
July
146
308
239
375
147
172
167
204
181
173
193
190
185
Oct.
146
308
216
375
166
167
167
183
172
154
193
129
159
1868
Jan.
137
308
179
375
154
167
167
174
169
169
179
133
160
April
137
308
207
875
147
167
167
196
177
182
234
161
192
July
143
292
188
365
149
167
173
196
179
169
193
173
178
Oct.
134
292
179
365
157
107
167
172
10!)
167
138
129
145
1860
Jan.
1?»4
267
172
3a4
125
167
167
183
172
174
138
181
164
April
134
250
179
354
118
167
167
165
166
159
166
194
173
July
134
208
175
844
111
167
167
152
162
162
152
190
168
Oet.
137
275
175
344
151
167
167
128
154
159
145
181
162
* Prices are for February, May, August, November.
1908] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
353
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative
prices of
15S
commo
dities
at wh
olesai
le, by
quart
era: 1
860-181
W,
1
S
a
o
Q
u
it
«
a
a
O
1
e
3
3C
9
2
S
1
m
1
t
1
Market
Har-
ness
Rock-
land
Com
Loins ^
Rib8>
Salt-
mess
Av.
N. Y.
Cinn.
Chicago
Av.
1870
*
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
131
250
160
333
123
167
167
157
164
174
152
157
161
April
123
208
153
333
120
167
167
170
168
169
159
177
168
July
117
208
163
323
127
167
167
174
169
164
179
173
172
Oct.
129
192
154
323
127
167
167
161
165
162
145
133
147
1871
Jan.
126
283
144
302
102
167
167
165
166
154
145
194
164
April
123
233
151
292
108
156
160
152
156
154
162
180
165
July
120
183
149
292
99
150
153
130
144
128
121
165
138
Oct.
123
292
144
281
99
150
153
109
137
123
114
151
129
1872
Jan.
117
292
130
271
103
150
153
100
134
121
131
169
140
April
126
250
158
271
90
150
153
96
133
128
124
177
143
July
123
225
147
260
89
150
153
87
130
129
124
179
144
Oct.
129
225
140
260
92
150
153
87
130
126
121
177
141
1873
Jan.
126
250
158
250
92
150
147
115
137
126
124
173
141
April
126
267
168
250
88
150
147
111
136
126
124
174
141
July
123
267
168
250
87
150
147
109
135
118
124
178
140
Oct.
126
183
174
250
94
144
140
100
128
117
83
172
124
1874
Jan.
120
183
153
240
108
144
140
100
128
122
110
177
136
April
117
192
167
240
106
144
140
122
135
123
130
186
146
July
111
167
153
240
111
144
140
124
136
114
101
183
133
Oct.
106
208
135
240
130
144
140
143
142
118
114
165
182
1875
Jan.
106
233
137
240
114
144
140
100
128
129
128
185
147
April
106
233
126
229
114
144
140
100
128
122
128
185
145
July
106
208
105
229
107
144
140
100
128
129
128
190
149
Oct.
103
183
102
229
101
144
140
104
129
121
121
174
139
1876
Jan.
103
167
111
229
93
133
133
96
121
113
114
169
182
April
103
167
105
229
78
133
133
122
129
113
117
160
ISO
July
100
142
100
229
78
128
127
109
121
96
103
149
116
Oct.
97
142
93
229
78
122
120
96
113
104
94
149
116
1877
Jan.
100
133
98
219
74
122
120
126
123
105
121
161
129
April
100
133
112
219
76
122
120
117
120
112
128
162
184
July
100
133
109
219
83
128
127
122
126
119
128
177
141
Oct.
100
133
98
219
74
128
127
109
121
loe
110
153
124
1878
Jan.
100
108
HI
219
78
122
120
104
115
106
114
145
122
April
97
125
105
208
77
111
107
96
105
99
117
141
119
July
97
108
100
208
63
111
107
87
102
94
113
143
117
Oct.
97
125
109
208
70
111
107
83
100
85
94
129
103
1879
Jan.
91
142
107
208
67
111
107
83
100
96
103
128
109
April
91
150
104
208
68
111
107
78
99
82
127
148
119
July
91
150
112
208
60
111
107
91
103
97
110
140
116
Oct.
97
150
109
208
72
111
107
91
103
96
97
144
112
1880
Jan.
117
142
149
208
80
111
107
91
103
100
103
140
114
April
117
150
140
208
77
111
107
83
100
77
118
139
110
July
120
150
105
208
76
111
107
83
100
90
110
135
112
Oct.
117
150
98
208
78
111
107
78
99
91
105
149
115
* Prices are for February, May, August, November.
354 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
1
a
a
o
o
Market N. Y.
is
Cinn.
Av.
S99
1
salt-
mess
N.Y.
2 Meat-
g Sheep
•
Av.
a
t
«
M
i
Fresh
New
Orleans
' prime
■
•
"o
Porto
Rico,
best
Av.
Refer.
28
27
91
92
31
81
256
93
94
95
Unit
100 lb. 100 lb.
lb.
bbl.
100 Iba head
lb.
qt.
gal.
gal.
Bate
$
%
$
$
$
*
<
$
$
<
price
6.28 H 4.96 H
.10
16.50
5.43%
3.62 Vi
.55
.05
.53
.38
1860
*
*
«
*
*
*
Jan.
90
121
106
100
100
101
110
106
100
100
100
100
100
April
97
101
99
120
109
110
138
124
100
100
91
108
100
July
107
62
85
100
110
92
83
88
100
100
91
100
96
Oct.
106
116
111
100
117
97
69
83
100
100
94
105
100
1B61
Jan.
86
115
106
110
102
101
138
120
100
100
70
92
81
ApHl
82
98
90
110
109
99
124
112
100
100
71
87
79
July
68
63
66
100
97
78
55
67
100
100
68
71
70
Oct.
63
61
62
90
91
87
55
71
82
100
104
118
111
1862
Jan.
60
65
63
100
75
106
90
98
82
80
104
105
105
April
74
65
70
100
77
110
110
110
82
80
85
100
93
July
57
47
52
90
65
97
72
85
82
80
97
97
Oct.
67
63
65
100
71
ioi
103
102
109
80
91
132
112
1868
Jan.
76
94
85
100
86
110
83
97
127
—
106
126
116
April
88
76
82
125
98
188
179
159
127
106
118
112
July
88
74
81
120
85
87
114
101
127
94
139
117
Oct.
79
57
68
125
86
97
121
109
142
—
113
164
139
1864
Jan.
113
141
127
120
118
136
145
146
151
132
171
152
April
139
151
145
140
145
179
200
190
200
160
224
192
July
176
151
164
160
276
117
110
114
282
217
290
254
Oct.
179
237
208
150
255
147
166
157
345
311
224
268
1865
Jan.
219
314
267
190
•
212
175
207
101
2:>i
283
290
287
April
191
227
209
190
162
211
276
241
182
208
184
196
July
169
174
172
170
164
101
117
109
96
217
184
201
Oct.
229
257
243
170
214
124
152
138
96
250
250
1866
Jan.
165
244
205
160
186
161
166
16i
100
130
236
158
197
April
171
189
180
170
161
140
179
100
164
130
208
197
203
July
165
188
177
180
198
113
138
126
164
130
211
211
Oct.
173
196
185
160
203
108
131
120
173
180
197
197
1867
Jan.
105
131
118
170
130
124
138
131
173
170
166
171
169
April
133
141
137
180
141
156
193
175
173
140
197
197
July
115
120
118
150
140
131
110
121
142
115
184
184
Oct.
114
131
123
160
145
106
117
112
142
175
197
197
1868
Jan.
118
131
125
170
138
101
124
113
142
160
170
171
171
April
149
171
160
200
150
159
207
183
1 12
120
170
197
188
July
141
166
154
160
175
108
110
100
142
125
184
184
Oct.
158
176
1G7
160
174
117
76
07
138
175
166
166
1869
Jan.
163
186
175
170
164
115
90
103
138
165
151
158
155
April
175
191
183
180
188
152
152
152
138
140
162
197
180
July
150
181
166
180
195
106
90
98
138
•140
179
204
192
Oct.
165
181
173
170
190
106
99
103
138
140
179
158
169
* Prices are for February. May, Augrust, Xovembcr.
1908] Mitchell— Oold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
355
TABLE 2~ (Continued).
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
1
8
1
Market N. Y.
Cinn.
Av.
1 'o
ss
s£
salt-
mess
N.Y.
9 Meat-
g Sheep
•
Av.
a
Fresh »
N. 0.
Prime
i
8
o
S
Porto
Rico
best
Av.
1870
*
*
«
•
*
*
Jan.
163
191
177
180
173
138
108
121
127
140
147
184
166
April
151
171
161
180
168
163
145
154
124
130
151
171
161
July
146
176
161
180
179
113
110
112
124
130
179
178
179
Oct.
144
154
149
180
158
106
97
102
118
140
189
172
181
1871
Jan.
107
131
119
170
117
115
103
109
164
130
140
158
149
April
111
130
121
170
117
148
117
130
164
130
128
158
148
July
76
87
82
160
90
103
76
90
136
130
123
158
141
Oct.
83
87
85
150
82
106
90
98
153
130
113
145
129
1872
Jan.
80
92
86
180
88
131
124
128
145
130
102
100
101
April
78
86
82
200
80
175
166
171
151
ISO
109
—
109
July
72
85
79
200
75
124
117
121
153
130
119
145
182
Oct.
84
96
90
180
87
117
132
125
176
130
138
145
142
1873
Jan.
76
77
77
160
83
129
166
148
164
130
121
145
183
April
103
111
107
200
106
147
159
153
187
130
130
171
151
July
82
90
86
180
102
106
110
108
196
130
143
171
157
Oct.
86
86
86
160
103
110
97
104
200
130
162
171
167
1874
Jan.
84
109
97
160
99
129
124
127
235
130
136
145
141
April
88
119
104
200
102
108
172
140
249
130
134
184
159
July
88
124
106
200
114
106
110
108
258
180
153
178
166
Oct.
100
131
116
180
138
110
124
117
291
130
149
171
160
1875
Jan.
115
141
128
160
121
129
131
130
291
180
119
146
132
April
129
161
145
180
132
126
179
153
155
120
182
158
145
July
131
139
135
180
127
175
110
143
136
120
132
138
135
Oct.
137
159
148
160
134
120
117
119
173
120
126
132
129
1876
Jan.
126
143
135
160
127
113
138
126
127
125
104
182
118
April
135
166
151
180
141
147
166
157
115
120
100
158
127
July
115
126
121
180
123
106
117
112
91
120
100
145
123
Oct.
105
111
108
160
105
110
110
110
95
125
102
158
128
1877
Jan.
109
136
123
150
107
118
138
128
96
125
102
145
124
April
92
104
98
180
91
129
152
141
87
110
94
145
120
July
86
95
91
180
86
115
97
106
85
100
91
171
131
Oct.
88
106
97
150
87
99
110
105
98
120
75
158
117
1878
Jan.
75
86
81
140
76
97
117
107
91
120
75
95
85
April
62
76
69
150
63
114
131
123
89
100
75
92
84
July
70
87
79
130
64
92
90
91
85
100
75
137
106
Oct.
64
72
68
120
54
90
97
94
85
120
75
187
106
1879
Jan.
51
58
55
125
46
87
110
99
78
120
68
105
87
April
67
77
72
140
65
115
137
126
75
100
62
105
84
July
65
77
71
140
62
94
86
90
71
100
68
95
82
Oct.
66
75
71
1^0
57
90
103
97
75
100
68
95
82
1880
Jan.
79
90
85
120
77
101
124
113
78
100
—
—
April
76
90
88
140
70
126
157
142
75
110
100
Ill
106
July
73
84
79
140
74
87
116
102
76
110
100
132
116
Oct.
86
100
93
180
102
90
126
108
78
110
118
182
123
* Prices are for February, May, August, November.
356 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Selative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
ae
U
s
1
Muriatic
Acid
5
O
a
"S
o
Oxide of
Zine
1
I
1
1
ce
«
«
u
«
V.4
1
Market
N.Y.
2-hoop 2-hooj
No.l No. 2
) 3hoop
Av.
]
Lumber in
the loi; Rifle
Refer
.258
82
259
228
282
282
283
229
233
290
235
204
Unit
lb.
bu.
lb.
lb.
dox.
doz.
doz.
M. ft
M. ft
25 lb. kg
: lb.
lb.
Base
%
$
%
%
%
%
$
%
$
$
<
<
price
.03
.41%
5.75
.045
1.40
1.35
1.60
31.25
8.00
5.00
.03
.4875
1860
*
*
*
Jan.
100
111
100
111
100
100
100
100
106
100
100
100
100
Apnl
100
103
122
111
100
100
100
100
106
100
100
100
112
July
100
95
96
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
113
Oct.
100
92
104
100
100
100
100
100
106
125
100
100
114
1861
Jan.
100
90
83
100
98
100
100
99
106
125
100
117
113
April
100
80
91
100
98
100
100
99
106
125
100
117
109
July
100
72
96
100
98
100
100
99
106
125
120
117
99
Oct.
100
88
100
100
98
98
97
98
106
125
120
117
96
1862
Jan.
117
99
87
100
93
93
94
93
106
188
140
133
96
April
117
93
87
100
93
93
94
93
110
188
120
133
88
July
117
103
109
100
107
107
106
107
106
188
180
133
115
Oct.
117
138
125
100
121
119
119
120
110
194
130
133
129
1868
Jan.
100
166
146
100
121
122
125
123
110
200
130
150
140
April
100
200
174
144
150
152
147
150
132
200
135
150
164
July
100
178
148
144
139
139
138
139
132
200
135
150
164
Oct.
100
168
170
139
139
139
141
140
148
200
147
150
160
1864
Jan.
183
224
170
144
161
163
156
160
148
200
145
167
185
April
133
214
204
156
179
183
176
179
164
200
152
167
256
July
133
238
243
189
179
181
177
179
196
200
174
167
390
Oct.
133
208
300
200
179
183
178
180
196
200
172
167
308
18G5
Jan.
150
261
122
200
179
183
178
180
196
200
180
183
256
April
150
212
117
200
179
181
178
179
196
200
175
183
195
July
150
177
103
178
143
147
141
144
196
200
170
183
154
Oct.
150
144
126
200
214
219
203
212
228
200
170
183
174
18G6
Jan.
167
122
151
200
196
196
187
193
228
200
170
200
256
April
167
115
109
200
179
196
187
187
238
200
155
200
174
July
167
147
109
222
179
181
178
179
228
200
150
200
181
Oct.
167
137
126
222
179
181
178
179
228
200
150
200
174
1867
Jan.
133
154
117
200
168
167
172
169
228
125
152
217
174
April
133
163
117
211
152
144
150
149
228
125
150
217
108
July
133
174
122
211
143
156
150
150
180
125
130
217
154
Oct.
133
182
116
211
143
148
144
115
186
125
130
217
160
1868
Jan.
100
205
108
200
136
135
130
134
186
125
130
217
154
April
100
206
130
189
129
135
130
131
190
125
134
217
108
July
100
195
123
200
136
130
123
130
196
125
130
217
156
Oct.
100
174
150
200
143
130
123
132
180
125
133
217
108
1869
Jan.
83
184
248
167
139
126
122
129
180
125
135
183
108
Ai)ril
83
184
226
167
139
130
128
132
196
125
130
183
108
Julv
83
185
170
178
143
133
128
135
180
125
130
183
108
Oct.
83
153
143
178
143
133
128
135
180
125
130
183
108
li^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 357
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Belative prices of 15S commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
•^ Commodity
o
Mariatic
Acid
OB
o
s
0
I
Oxide of
Zinc
1 »
2-hoop 2-hoop 3-hoop
No. 1 No. 2
* * *
Av.
OB
as
C
»^»
PL4
9
C
Lumber
in log
u
9
I
Rifle
hi
9
>
«
Jan.
83
151
174
178
143
130
125
133
180
125
115
150
105
April
83
140
194
144
143
180
125
133
180
125
115
150
105
July
83
157
187
144
139
130
125
131
161
125
120
150
123
Oct.
83
128
161
144
143
130
125
133
154
125
115
150
133
1871
Jan.
67
146
128
144
143
130
125
133
154
150
115
117
185
April
67
165
100
144
136
130
125
130
180
150
115
117
169
July
67
155
102
144
139
130
125
131
180
143
115
117
154
Oct.
67
127
85
144
139
130
125
131
180
150
115
117
164
1872
•
Jan.
58
134
87
156
136
122
116
125
180
150
120
100
164
April
58
130
99
156
136
130
125
130
180
150
120
100
170
July
58
104
104
178
136
130
125
130
186
150
120
100
205
Oct.
58
105
116
200
186
137
131
135
190
150
120
100
191
1873
Jan.
58
110
124
200
136
130
125
130
190
150
125
92
190
April
58
119
104
194
136
130
125
130
193
150
125
92
210
July
58
110
126
189
136
122
119
126
190
150
115
92
226
Oct.
58
125
126
178
125
130
125
127
180
150
120
92
226
1874
Jan.
58
146
113
178
125
130
125
127
180
152
125
92
267
April
58
137
117
178
125
122
122
123
190
151
125
92
277
July
58
141
139
178
114
122
119
118
180
151
125
92
297
Oct.
58
146
130
156
114
111
109
111
180
150
125
92
328
1875
Jan.
67
166
154
156
114
111
109
111
182
150
105
92
295
April
67
172
143
133
114
115
112
114
182
150
105
92
160
July
67
152
113
156
114
107
106
109
164
150
95
92
154
Oct.
67
108
110
156
107
104
100
104
138
150
95
92
178
187G
^
Jan.
67
114
106
133
107
104
103
105
M48
150
95
92
144
April
67
116
91
133
100
93
91
95
148
150
110
108
127
July
67
93
110
122
93
93
91
92
142
150
110
92
103
Oct.
67
103
118
133
93
93
91
92
142
150
110
108
101
1877
Jan.
67
105
113
139
93
89
88
90
142
150
110
108
109
April
75
111
103
139
86
89
88
88
142
150
110
108
92
July
75
102
99
133
89
89
88
89
142
150
110
108
96
Oct.
75
81
88
128
86
89
88
88
132
150
113
83
108
1878
Jan.
71
94
85
117
86
78
78
81
132
150
113
83
98
April
67
84
82
117
79
81
81
80
142
150
113
83
99
July
67
72
74
106
79
81
78
79
132
150
113
83
91
Oct.
58
69
78
106
75
74
72
74
138
150
113
83
94
1879
Jan.
50
73
81
83
71
70
69
70
138
150
115
83
87
April
58
76
7T
72
71
70
69
70
164
150
115
83
82
July
67
92
83
72
71
70
69
70
164
150
115
83
77
Oct.
75
86
87
72
86
70
69
75
164
150
115
83
79
1880
Jan.
83
123
83
94
107
81
78
89
164
150
120
108
86
April
75
96
122
128
107
111
106
108
164
150
125
108
83
July
71
84
137
122
100
93
89
94
164
150
120
108
85
Oct.
67
101
124
100
100
93
91
95
164
150
120
83
85
358 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. 1
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative prices of 15S commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
a
1
1
1
Tarred Tarred
Amer- Rus*
Manila lean sian A v.
1
Para
1
Ash-
ton's
•a
Turk's
Island
Av.
Ship-
biscuit
1
Market
*
Refer.
260
96
205
207
208
291
35
97
100
72
213
Unit.
OS.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb
bu.
224 lbs
. bu.
lb.
dos.
Baae
$
%
%
$
$
,*
$
$
$
$
$
$
price
1.10
.0425
.0825
.0925
.095
.55
.83%
1.95
.20
.04
10.83
1860
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
107
100
100
100
100
100
April
128
106
100
100
100
100
109
100
77
90
84
100
100
July
186
112
«7
100
97
98
128
99
90
98
99
100
100
Oct.
159
115
97
100
100
99
118
94
82
100
91
100
100
1861
Jan.
156
91
97
103
100
100
82
85
84
113
100
April
173
94
106
108
111
108
68
77
82
95
89
113
100
July
—
185
94
105
105
101
82
82
100
91
100
100
Oct.
191
171
91
—
100
96
77
82
85
120
103
100
100
1862
Jan.
227
182
121
119
121
120
87
101
87
100
94
100
95
April
205
171
180
119
121
123
91
94
92
120
106
100
95
July
286
176
124
114
126
121
105
87
92
150
121
100
90
Oct.
259
—
145
130
158
144
122
75
105
155
130
100
99
1868
Jan.
255
—
152
143
168
154
159
107
110
150
130
125
103
April
286
—
218
165
189
191
155
126
144
185
165
125
—
July
264
—
173
162
189
175
132
121
138
210
174
125
—
Oct.
227
185
154
—
170
186
130
131
220
176
125
123
1864
Jan.
232
197
165
—
181
145
152
144
240
192
194
136
April
278
280
165
198
151
151
174
250
212
194
161
July
295
—
255
168
212
173
236
231
300
266
194
200
Oct.
305
303
205
254
218
173
256
500
378
194
200
1866
Jan.
295
282
285
200
243
218
203
244
330
287
188
184
April
232
259
242
195
219
155
145
162
250
206
188
184
July
200
229
242
195
219
127
101
167
255
211
138
134
Oct.
268
282
273
195
234
136
119
213
275
244
138
134
1866
Jan.
232
282
291
205
—
248
182
121
208
210
209
162
134
April
223
277
239
189
179
202
145
101
179
250
215
162
134
July
245
282
230
184
184
199
141
143
141
263
202
169
142
Oct.
241
341
258
189
184
210
136
149
128
228
178
169
142
1867
Jan.
209
209
267
200
195
221
118
142
141
280
211
175
142
April
205
235
255
195
189
213
145
166
133
263
198
17.1
142
July
195
259
255
195
189
213
145
164
133
213
173
181
142
Oct.
205
259
270
195
189
218
168
192
133
250
192
181
142
1868
Jan.
182
202
233
195
189
206
123
209
133
240
187
188
142
April
186
253
242
195
189
209
150
229
128
225
177
188
142
July
205
248
236
173
168
192
150
206
128
177
175
142
Oct.
227
206
261
173
168
201
155
179
128
235
182
175
142
1869
Jan.
200
206
242
173
168
194
149
187
128
240
184
I.IO
142
April
227
206
248
173
168
196
153
167
128
215
172
150
142
July
214
212
279
162
168
203
182
149
128
^ M t'
177
125
142
Oct.
218
212
279
162
158
200
177
139
128
230
179
125
142
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
359
TABLE 2— (CoNTiNUia)).
BeUitive
prices of .
US a
7mmo
Cities
at w)
iolesai
e, by
quarte
rs: h
86(hl8
80,
1
a
a
5
S
J
tf
&
Tarred Tarred
Ameri- Roa-
Manila can sian Av.
u
i
Para
h
Asb-
ton's
GO
Turk's
Island
Av.
Ship-
bisenit
1
1870
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
200
171
278
162
158
198
182
128
128
205
167
125
142
April
200
141
255
162
168
195
178
115
123
190
157
125
142
July
200
212
242
151
158
184
191
125
159
200
180
112
118
Oct.
214
221
236
151
147
178
173
107
154
200
177
125
118
1871
Jan.
209
171
218
151
147
172
182
124
167
210
189
131
118
April
214
206
194
151
147
164
136
134
164
210
187
131
118
July
214
218
212
151
147
170
147
119
162
215
189
138
118
Oct.
232
212
242
151
147
180
142
111
154
225
190
138
118
1872
.
Jan.
227
206
236
141
187
171
132
109
144
225
185
150
118
April
227
212
224
141
137
167
156
105
167
190
179
150
125
July
227
219
224
180
126
160
153
99
154
205
180
150
128
Oct.
250
212
212
124
132
156
127
101
154
175
165
150
128
1873
Jan.
227
194
212
124
132
156
135
110
154
150*
152
150
128
April
227
200
212
124
132
156
135
101
154
150
152
150
128
July
241
200
206
119
126
150
138
101
169
143
156
150
126
Oct.
241
218
206
119
126
150
122
106
167
155
161
150
120
1874
Jan.
227
200
188
119
126
144
136
127
154
125
140
150
123
April
227
206
194
119
126
146
124
122
154
125
140
150
123
July
227
203
182
114
126
141
115
131
141
140
141
150
123
Oct.
223
185
176
119
126
140
109
112
141
130
136
138
123
1875
Jan.
205
188
170
119
126
188
106
113
141
125
133
125
123
April
209
182
164
141
137
147
125
116
141
130
136
125
123
July
207
188
170
141
137
149
123
118
131
118
125
125
112
Oct.
209
194
164
141
137
147
114
107
128
110
119
125
112
1876
Jan.
182
168
164
130
137
144
116
109
128
105
117
131
107
April
200
159
164
130
137
144
111
104
128
100
114
131
107
July
200
162
158
119
126
134
115
104
128
115
122
125
99
Oct.
227
144
164
119
126
136
106
98
128
135
132
125
99
1877
Jan.
273
153
170
119
126
138
105
102
128
135
132
125
92
April
409
153
164
119
126
136
104
101
128
135
132
125
92
July
386
159
164
119
126
136
100
101
128
140
184
125
92
Oct.
309
162
152
119
126
132
95
89
128
140
134
125
92
1878
Jan.
273
153
139
108
116
121
89
91
128
113
121
125
89
April
432
147
139
108
116
121
78
101
128
110
119
125
89
July
318
147
139
97
116
117
89
70
128
125
127
125
89
Oct.
345
165
133
97
116
115
91
77
128
125
127
125
89
1879
Jan.
327
150
124
97
116
112
93
70
128
120
124
125
82
April
350
150
124
97
116
112
91
74
128
125
127
125
82
July
309
150
139
97
116
117
125
76
128
125
127
125
82
Oct.
273
174
145
108
116
123
183
96
128
150
139
125
88
1680
Jan.
236
176
164
124
121
136
147
117
128
125
127
125
93
April
295
176
164
135
121
140
167
110
128
125
127
125
93
July
273
165
133
185
121
130
164
116
128
125
127
125
93
Oct.
268
165
145
135
121
134
140
115
128
125
127
125
93
360 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 2— (Continued).
BeJative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
1
6
6 M
Raw
Italian
Market
Refer. 1835
«
O
OQ
QO
Unit
Base
price
1860
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
1861
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
1862
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
186a
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
1H64
Jan.
Ai>ril
July
Oct.
ihjj:)
J (ill.
Ajjril
July
Oct.
isiw;
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
IMJJT
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
18f>H
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
1800
Jan.
April
July
Oct.
lb.
$
9.00
100
100
106
100
100
83
78
72
72
72
83
81
75
72
67
67
09
< ■)
80
0 1
HO
KM)
111
100
103
01
lu.l
loG
lo«;
111
lo:{
lo;>
1 00
l'J8
117
111
100
04
100
Caatile Anh
101 261
lb. lb.
$ $
.085 .02375
On-
Boards tario Pearl
100
115
118
109
115
112
118
141
153
159
156
165
171
203
200
194
218
20(5
24 7
201
24 7
104
'2y.i
2:{2
2 1 2
224
o 1 o
^ A •^
200
200
212
200
188
101
104
2 1 :>
170
150
150
1.5.T
100
100
95
89
89
89
79
105
121
111
105
116
126
142
142
142
153
108
22 1
2or>
271
111
80
i:i7
274
180
lO.'i
1.17
121
111
1 0.1
110
0.')
105
05
100
05
05
05
05
106 107
lb. lb.
238
M. ft
$ $ $
12.00 .045 .054
92 100 100
92 100 100
100 100 100
100 100 100
100
100
88
83
83
83
79
98
98
98
131
127
127
177
202
102
102
1 00
100
100
100
202
202
183
183
158
158
158
158
102
175
173
173
177
175
177
100 100
100 100
100 100
100 92
100 92
100 92
100 92
110 100
130 117
140 125
130 117
130 117
160 142
180 158
200 175
244 102
240 208
2 10 208
200 175
200 175
200 175
180 158
180 158
180 158
200
200
200
'J 00
200
200
200
200
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
175
t
«
OQ
Re- Silver
Pure fined Gloss Av.
108 109 110
lb. lb. lb.
$ $ $
.0585 .063 .06975
* * *
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
100 100 100 100
92 93 94 94
QO
S
00
Fair Ormn-
Com refining alated
92 93
92 93
92 93
100 100
200 175
180 158
180 158
180 158
115
123
115
115
138
154
109
185
200
200
100
1 00
100
154
154
151
1 (50
1 00
100
1 00
1 00
100
100
100
100
15 1
154
154
103
1 03
104
104
104
150
150
150
104
KM
104
ir>t
10 1
1()4
101
104
104
150
150
150
94 94
94 94
94 94
100 102
114 113 118
121 119 126
114 113 118
114 113 118
136 132
150 145
104 158
170 171
158
1 15
145
115
158
158
158
158
158
158
158
158
158
145
1 15
145
142
157
173
194
184 205
184 205
158 173
158 173
173
157
157
157
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
173
157
157
157
105 112
lb. lb.
$ $
.0765 .0725
*
100 100
100 93
100 91
100 86
100
100
100
94
94
94
94
100
112
118
112
112
129
141
153
105
170
170
153
153
153
141
141
141
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
153
111
141
141
74
66
64
107
107
102
102
121
131
134
141
159
166
207
269
OO 1
^ ^ X.
245
141
159
190
159
141
145
145
134
138
159
102
150
148
157
152
155
157
157
104
114
lb.
$
.10
*
100
98
100
94
84
80
78
109
110
103
105
129
133
145
148
146
169
179
300
285
180
195
203
185
160
168
163
150
148
166
108
168
168
108
106
153
170
158
108
1^08] Mitchell,— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 361
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
>t
1
s
E
o
;;>
1870
c: o
QQ QO
Raw
Italian Castile
9
1 1
Ash Boards
On-
tario Pearl
* *
I
X
Pure
*
Re-
fined
*
Silver
Gloss
*
Av.
00
Com
0
QO
Fair Gran-
refining ulated
* *
Jan.
94
153
95
177
180
158
154
150
145
157
141
145
149
April
97
144
95
175
180
158
154
150
145
157
141
126
125
July
97
135
95
175
180
158
154
150
145
157
141
129
135
Oct.
89
137
100
142
180
158
154
130
145
157
141
133
133
1871
Jan.
89
121
100
142
180
158
154
150
145
157
141
128
141
April
83
124
105
142
180
158
154
150
145
157
141
124
129
July
83
131
95
171
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
126
131
Oct.
100
147
116
171
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
128
130
1872
Jan.
100
132
121
171
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
126
124
April
103
211
171
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
117
120
July
106
141
126
144
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
119
126
Oct.
100
126
147
144
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
124
125
1873
~
Jan.
97
118
121
144
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
126
123
April
89
112
126
144
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
110
114
July
97
112
111
152
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
105
105
Oct.
89
106
116
146
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
107
113
1874
Jan.
83
106
105
146
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
102
105
April
78
110
95
146
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
103
101
July
72
106
89
146
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
108
104
Oct.
67
112
89
146
160
142
138
136
132
142
129
103
113
1875
Jan.
67
100
95
146
150
142
138
136
132
140
129
110
106
April
64
100
95
140
150
142
138
136
132
140
129
109
105
July
75
99
84
140
150
142
138
136
132
140
129
107
108
Oct.
56
99
84
140
130
125
123
129
126
127
124
107
110
1876
Jan.
61
100
84
140
130
125
123
129
126
127
124
110
104
April
61
115
84
140
130
125
123
129
126
127
124
103
103
July
117
106
84
202
130
125
123
129
126
127
124
112
105
Oct.
89
101
84
202
130
125
123
129
126
127
124
121
108
1877
Jan.
89
103
84
202
130
125
123
129
126
127
124
131
118
April
81
97
79
202
126
122
120
125
122
123
120
119
110
Julv
78
97
79
173
126
122
120
125
122
123
120
133
120
Oct.
78
96
79
173
126
122
120
125
122
123
120
112
105
1878
Jan.
67
74
173
126
122
120
125
122
123
120
102
86
April
64
68
108
126
122
120
125
122
123
120
103
96
July
56
68
108
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
99
94
Oct.
56
63
108
97
97
ior>
111
107
103
103
103
93
1879
Jan.
50
63
110
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
88
89
April
83
68
110
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
86
81
July
69
63
144
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
88
84
Oct.
69
68
144
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
95
88
1880
Jan.
69
84
144
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
105
98
April
69
—
84
144
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
105
95
July
67
—
63
125
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
106
101
Oct.
61
63
142
97
97
105
111
107
103
103
103
104
362 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880.
i?
1
B
1
Market
0
an
Av.
oqJS
Blown White
Av.
Sulphuric
Acid
Eh
N.Y.
Cinn. Chic.
Av.
Leaf
fine
Cinn.
Tobacco
Refer.
262
268
265
115
239
40
39
38
44
46
Unit
lb.
lb.
lb.
lb.
bbl.
bu.
bu.
bu.
100 lbs. lb.
Base
9
$
9
$
9
$
$
$
$
*
price
.075
.115
.0275
.1025
2.50
2.604
, 2.58
2.472
11.00
.0840%
1860
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
94
87
83
88
100
112
April
96
98
96
95
100
102
100
110
121
113
115
100
98
July
06
98
96
95
100
98
100
116
116
89
Oct.
90
100
96
98
100
98
100
96
92
87
92
101
1S61
Jan.
79
100
100
100
109
83
85
98
89
94
—
104
AprU
78
98
100
97
109
95
108
120
107
85
104
98
July
71
98
100
97
109
• 78
120
101
101
—
110
Oct.
108
98
100
97
109
83
200
72
58
57
62
118
125
1862
Jan.
109
127
104
116
127
93
380
77
58
64
66
123
146
April
103
118
100
107
127
88
370
82
66
65
71
105
152
July
104
118
104
109
127
98
640
67
67
127
153
Oct.
125
127
139
133
127
110
74
64
60
66
182
223
1863
Jan.
132
167
157
162
109
101
—
110
68
72
83
218
259
April
140
200
226
213
109
112
82
78
59
73
286
312
July
145
200
174
187
109
110
94
—
—
94
236
238
Oct.
153
120
139
180
109
110
94
99
91
95
205
218
1864
«
Jan.
168
187
191
189
109
126
540
104
120
110
111
218
262
April
193
213
209
211
109
124
960
106
110
101
106
218
262
July
285
213
287
250
145
166
720
120
120
218
253
Oct.
238
640
478
559
173
143
600
192
229
162
194
205
318
1865
Jan.
265
533
413
473
173
176
400
226
227
218
224
295
333
April
161
533
391
462
182
107
240
211
174
152
179
318
387
July
177
493
348
421
182
102
260
134
181
158
341
226
Oct.
197
—
435
435
182
141
600
182
155
144
160
341
297
1866
Jan.
172
320
391
356
182
122
160
163
140
129
144
250
297
April
151
333
348
341
200
118
120
163
136
147
149
205
297
July
157
400
383
392
182
122
120
259
178
219
205
297
Oct.
154
360
261
311
164
127
120
127
128
114
123
205
232
1867
Jan.
142
400
278
339
111
100
123
116
105
115
205
131
April
143
333
261
297
109
120
149
101
112
121
150
131
July
163
333
235
284
109
111
170
122
97
110
110
150
132
Oct.
165
333
235
284
109
118
150
112
103
86
100
168
158
1868
Jnn.
164
333
217
275
91
100
120
101
05
95
97
205
164
April
158
213
217
215
91
122
130
98
95
87
93
205
169
July
163
213
217
215
01
117
180
98
89
86
91
205
Ui4
Oct.
159
227
217
'>22
91
124
150
120
122
107
116
205
158
1S69
Jnn.
154
227
217
OOO
^ W M
127
117
130
115
112
111
113
195
143
.\pril
164
227
217
222
109
112
150
139
116
116
124
155
161
July
158
227
217
73
115
125
192
182
187
164
—
Oct.
166
227
217
OOO
M M M
-91
112
156
178
155
126
153
173
143
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 363
TABLE 2 — (Continued).
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
1
a
1
00
Sugar of
Lead
Snlphurii
Acid
1
I
o
a
t3
1
5
Av.
Brown White
Av.
Av.
Leaf
Fine
I^af
Ky.
Market
N.Y.
Cinn.
Chic.
1870
*
*
■
»
*
*
*
*
Jan.
147
160
243
202
109
99
110
158
151
152
154
155
125
April
126
160
187
174
73
94
100
216
233
217
222
155
134
July
132
160
187
174
73
98
80
283
283
145
126
Oct.
138
160
187
174
73
89
90
226
194
166
195
205
122
1871
Jan.
135
160
187
174
73
88
94
230
203
241
225
159
106
April
127
160
187
174
64
88
110
278
223
212
238
159
106
July
129
160
187
174
64
92
140
149
152
151
164
98
Oct.
129
158
183
168
64
92
120
120
120
101
114
250
119
1872
Jan.
125
147
165
156
55
89
140
130
116
127
124
241
119
April
119
160
157
159
55
88
140
125
109
99
111
241
126
July
123
160
143
152
55
90
130
125
109
117
205
126
Oct.
125
173
143
158
55
90
152
149
122
113
128
218
134
1873
Jan.
125
167
139
153
55
85
140
130
124
131
128
236
134
April
112
167
152
160
78
87
160
143
120
129
131
245
122
July
105
167
143
155
91
88
170
166
132
127
142
245
122
Oct.
110
167
139
153
91
78
150
125
118
99
114
245
122
1874
Jan.
104
167
139
153
91
76
115
134
114
113
120
150
116
April
102
167
172
170
91
76
120
120
114
101
112
273
109
July
106
167
174
171
91
81
110
115
—
109
112
223
172
Oct.
108
167
170
169
73
85
110
108
101
105
105
309
187
1875
Jan.
108
167
165
166
78
87
95
107
97
105
103
318
180
April
107
167
161
164
64
85
90
104
97
95
99
314
186
July
108
167
157
162
55
88
95
104
93
105
101
314
186
Oct.
109
167
157
162
45
102
88
110
93
91
98
314
172
1876
Jan.
107
167
157
162
59
96
80
106
89
99
98
250
152
April
103
160
130
145
64
85
90
104
86
95
95
245
125
July
109
160
143
152
64
84
80
108
104
101
104
245
155
Oct.
115
160
161
161
55
84
80
72
68
71
70
209
149
1877
Jan.
125
100
161
131
64
84
110
73
69
69
70
209
134
April
115
100
163
132
41
78
90
73
60
63
65
209
134
July
127
100
163
132
41
79
100
75
64
71
70
209
116
Oct.
109
100
163
132
41
76
100
63
52
53
56
209
118
1878
Jan.
94
100
163
132
45
74
90
54
48
49
50
164
113
April
100
100
165
133
36
73
80
54
47
49
50
164
88
July
97
97
165
131
36
68
90
52
47
49
49
164
86
Oct.
98
97
165
131
45
68
100
115
47
45
69
205
98
1879
»
Jan.
89
110
165
138
55
65
80
56
41
44
47
227
•April
84
110
135
123
36
64
112
52
48
48
49
227
86
July
86
110
122
116
36
59
90
66
58
59
61
191
86
Oct.
92
120
132
121
36
60
80
101
78
77
85
182
—^
1880
Jan.
102
123
120
122
36
66
90
106
99
107
104
200
98
April
100
133
113
123
36
59
90
115
91
93
100
205
98
July
104
127
113
120
36
61
80
108
86
93
96
150
95
Oct.
104
120
113
117
36
62
90
106
91
92
96
214
98
364 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale^ by quarters: 1860-1880.
•s
B
1
Av.
Leaf
Market Cinn.
o
o
Wrap- Wrap-
pers pers
Coun. Penn.
. N.Y. N.Y.
Av.
a
a
(1)
(2)
•
g Tubs-
wooden
(4)
Av.
(1)»
m
5
1
>
Potatoes
(2) Av.
Refer.
43
67
59
240
284
285
286
287
118
119
Unit
100
nest
nest
nest
nest
lbs.
lb.
lb.
gal.
of 3
of 8
of 3
of 8
bbl.
bu.
Baae
$
9
$
$
9
$
$
9
$
$
price
6.375
.17
.13
.40
1.25
2.00
1.45
2.25
1.75
.40
1860
*
*
*
*
*
♦
*
*
*
Jan.
100
126
100
108
110
100
100
100
100
100
100
144
122
April
100
91
100
98
115
100
100
100
98
100
100
138
119
July
—
91
100
93
100
100
100
97
93
98
129
113
121
Oct.
—
91
100
97
105
100
100
90
89
95
100
100
100
1861
-
Jan.
91
100
98
88
90
94
90
89
91
100
113
107
April
91
100
96
90
90
94
90
89
91
129
119
124
July
74
88
91
205
90
94
90
89
91
114
144
129
Oct.
84
74
88
98
363
90
94
86
87
89
114
106
110
1862
Jan.
145
74
88
115
' 350
90
84
81
80
84
129
113
121
April
116
94
104
114
245
100
100
90
99
97
129
125
127
July
148
94
104
125
325
110
100
97
96
101
100
106
103
Oct.
222
118
131
175
563
120
113
105
104
111
129
106
118
1868
Jan.
241
118
131
193
625
140
138
124
124
132
121
113
117
April
284
191
173
239
675
148
143
128
127
137
107
131
119
July
284
191
173
224
895
148
143
131
129
138
129
131
130
Oct.
220
191
173
200
688
152
150
131
129
141
143
125
134
1864
Jan.
255
191
173
220
750
170
163
148
144
156
129
156
143
April
253
235
231
240
800
190
169
166
151
169
214
231
223
July
220
265
269
245
900
200
175
176
158
177
343
288
316
Oct.
216
265
269
255
608
170
169
148
149
159
171
200
186
1865
Jan.
261
265
269
285
5 1 3
180
150
170
154
164
243
238
241
April
247
176
135
253
500
140
194
124
127
146
143
213
178
July
273
135
96
214
338
160
156
145
140
150
143
113
128
Oct.
240
162
115
231
263
170
163
148
144
156
157
194
176
186(5
Jan.
237
169
115
214
250
240
212
203
178
208
157
150
154
April
216
169
115
200
217
200
200
183
189
19M
171
175
173
July
216
169
115
200
203
200
200
169
167
184
229
269
249
Oct.
212
169
115
187
167
200
188
155
167
178
15 7
119
138
1867
-
Jan.
210
206
162
183
167
160
163
155
164
161
164
169
167
April
139
235
164
192
160
156
126
13;{
1 14
314
194
254
July
139
324
231
195
147
150
150
12 1
133
139
171
156
164
Oct.
166
191
238
184
145
160
156
117
122
139
257
188
223
18G8
Jan.
106
191
192
190
128
130
138
110
118
124
271
281
276
April
193
235
192
199
167
130
138
114
122
126
300
350
325
July
193
250
165
195
110
130
i;i8
112
111
123
157
188
173
Oct.
216
235
204
204
107
150
150
112
111
131
186
200
193
18(>i)
Jan.
199
324
335
239
120
140
131
103
116
123
164
213
189
April
161
265
2 1 2
191
128
148
144
110
116
130
154
194
174
July
174
235
2 1 2
196
105
140
138
114
116
127
143
138
141
Oct.
172
235
281
201
109
150
150
128
129
139
114
156
135
* Prices arc for Febninrv. Ma-. .Vupust. Xovcml»rr.
l»08] Mitchell— Gold. Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
365
TABLE 2— (Continued).
Relative prices of 15S commodities at wholesale, by quarters:, 1860-1880,
a
o
o
1
Av. Wrappers
Leaf Conn. Penn.
Av.
1
P
&
(1)
(2)
1 c
1 o
(3)
(4)
Av.
(1)»
1
5
1
>
Potatoes
(2) Av.
1870
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
176
253
308
203
110
150
150
128
129
139
129
169
149
April
176
368
308
228
117
140
138
110
116
126
114
156
135
July
182
294
308
201
95
120
125
107
113
116
171
238
205
Oct.
160
265
308
212
100
150
150
112
118
133
157
194
176
1871
Jan.
157
221
258
180
122
134
138
114
118
126
214
256
235
April
157
221
231
175
130
140
135
114
118
127
214
268
239
July
139
253
238
178
117
140
125
114
118
124
129
363
246
Oct.
230
176
269
209
162
130
125
114
118
122
171
138
155
1872
Jan.
235
176
269
208
172
120
125
103
107
114
121
146
134
April
235
191
269
212
172
120
125
107
122
119
157
173
165
July
214
176
269
198
117
120
125
114
118
119
171
50
111
Oct.
209
147
269
195
162
120
128
114
118
120
171
125
148
1873
Jan.
256
147
177
190
150
124
130
107
122
121
200
231
216
April
256
279
277
236
147
124
128
110
116
120
214
206
210
July
256
279
277
236
112
120
130
107
116
118
200
269
235
Oct.
256
197
315
227
103
128
130
107
116
120
114
125
120
1874
Jan.
169
197
327
192
104
120
125
107
116
117
171
231
201
April
245
197
327
230
116
120
125
107
113
116
229
225
227
July
224
141
250
202
90
104
115
107
113
110
129
269
199
Oct.
323
132
223
235
91
104
115
103
109
108
129
144
137
1875
Jan.
341
132
223
240
88
112
113
103
111
110.
143
178
158
April
335
132
223
238
90
112
110
103
111
109
157
169
163
July
335
132
223
238
83
104
105
100
109
105
93
256
175
Oct.
313
103
204
221
83
100
105
95
100
100
136
106
121
1876
Jan.
269
103
204
196
95
100
100
97
100
99
100
119
110
April
259
109
138
175
105
100
100
90
91
95
100
106
103
July
259
118
146
185
78
88
88
90
91
89
200
88
144
Oct.
204
132
150
169
88
88
88
90
93
90
186
152
169
1877
Jan.
205
132
150
166
113
88
90
79
82
85
214
244
229
April
205
115
308
194
95
88
93
83
82
87
214
263
239
July
205
147
308
194
78
88
88
83
82
85
79
244
162
Oct.
205
126
288
188
88
88
85
83
82
85
100
125
113
1878
Jnn.
176
126
288
173
81
88
85
79
84
84
114
138
126
April
173
118
269
161
78
80
80
83
78
80
143
119
131
July
173
118
269
162
73
80
78
72
78
77
114
63
89
Oct.
199
140
196
168
70
80
78
72
78
77
129
175
152
1879
Jan.
229
228
70
80
75
72
82
77
114
231
173
April
229
126
231
180
85
80
75
69
73
74
186
194
190
July
217
126
231
170
69
80
75
72
78
76*
100
231
166
Oct.
188
185
78
84
78
72
73
77
100
119
110
1880
Jan.
218
140
196
170
110
128
125
103
107
116
100
125
113
April
222
140
196
172
100
112
115
110
111
112
100
113
107
July
169
140
204
152 .
70
112
115
88
93
101
129
94
112
Oct.
209
140
204
173
100
96
95
86
87
91
114
138
126
* Prices are for February, May, August, November.
366 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 2 — (Ooktinuid).
Belative prices of 153 commodities at wholesale, hy quarters: 1860-1880.
1
a
1
Spring
i
Sprinc
No. 2 Winter Av.
0
B 8
Amer-
ican French Frenefa
firsts firsts thirda
I
Av.
n
Ohio
fleece
coarse
Ohio
fleeee
fine
1
Ohio
fleeee
medium
Av.
Mar-
New
Chi-
New
•
East.
East.
East
ket
York
cago
York
ICkt.
Mkt.
Mkt.
Refer.
62
60
68
241
242
243
218
Mauger k A^ery
Unit
bu.
bu.
bu.
50 ft
50 ft
50 ft
gross
lb.
lb.
lb.
Bftse
9
%
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
%
price
1.24 H
.975 1.38%
2.40
8.20
2.175
.222
.42
.60
.50
1860
•
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
•
Jan.
105
99
102
102
92
85
106
94
100
100
100
100
100
April
98
105
105
103
92
100
106
99
100
95
87
90
91
July
103
108
102
104
100
100
100
100
81
95
92
100
90
Oct.
04
88
91
91
100
100
100
100
117
95
83
90
89
1861
Jan.
97
82
98
92
100
94
100
98
117
88
75
80
81
April
102
81
99
94
100
109
98
102
117
76
75
74
75
July
65
57
78
67
100
96
98
98
117
52
63
60
58
Oct.
94
74
95
88
100
96
109
102
117
119
78
96
98
1862
Jan.
103
70
103
92
100
96
119
105
117
119
80
100
100
April
102
74
97
91
100
96
141
112
117
102
77
90
90
July
85
75
86
82
100
96
156
117
117
107
80
94
94
Oct.
92
83
93
89
100
96
147
114
117
150
100
120
128
1863
Jan.
108
86
107
99
133
115
141
130
135
167
125
136
149
April
99
110
125
111
133
141
156
143
158
190
133
170
164
July
102
97
108
102
153
133
156
147
158
155
125
140
140
Oct,
103
104
98
102
131
117
156
135
119
181
142
160
161
1864
Jan.
118
115
116
116
131
125
185
147
158
181
133
156
157
April
131
114
126
124
257
146
185
196
158
171
130
• 154
152
July
193
199
190
194
208
223
225
219
216
214
167
200
194
Oct.
149
149
143
147
250
206
254
237
216
238
172
190
200
1865
Jan.
184
160
185
176
242
232
260
245
216
A. M S7
170
200
200
April
137
101
134
124
210
193
219
207
216
179
133
160
157
July
103
92
107
101
178
155
150
161
216
155
125
146
142
Oct.
141
126
166
144
226
180
178
195
216
155
125
150
143
1866
Jnn.
139
98
148
128
242
180
219
214
216
119
117
130
122
April
112
93
141
115
226
180
219
208
216
114
108
120
114
July
155
119
177
150
226
180
191
199
216
143
117
134
131
Ort.
177
195
199
190
226
180
191
199
216
133
105
120
119
1867
Jan.
181
106
004
*« *rf "V
200
226
180
191
199
216
119
113
106
113
April
199
227
229
218
210
159
101
187
216
119
100
no
110
July
157
177
173
169
178
142
178
166
216
107
92
08
09
Oct.
193
192
195
193
183
169
180
177
144
95
80
92
89
1868
Jan.
193
201
195
196
155
137
157
150
144
90
80
86
85
April
107
196
197
197
155
169
170
ir>5
132
107
83
06
95
July
ll>2
184
166
171
141
141
141
141
132
102
77
90
90
Oct.
135
142
154
144
172
141
142
152
132
107
80
96
94
1S60
Jan.
127
118
134
126
172
141
142
152
132.
114
83
100
99
April
117
112
115
172
141
Ul
151
132
114
83
100
99
July
118
128
104
117
155
127
141
141
132
112
80
96
96
Oct.
108
110
102
107
155
148
137
147
132
110
80
96
95
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
367
TABLE 2— (Concluded).
Belative
prices of
153
commodities
at wholesale, by quarters: 1860-1880,
1
8
1
1
1
1
o
0
a
oe
11
i
o
^ I
^
Spring
Amer. French French
Ohio Fleece
Spring
No. 2 Winter Av.
firsts
firsU
thirds
1 Av.
coarse
fine
medium
Av
1870
m
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Jan.
101
79
93
91
137
140
137
138
132
105
80
92
92
April
87
78
89
85
124
146
137
136
132
110
80
94
95
July
98
106
103
102
108
103
123
111
125
102
77
90
90
Oct.
95
114
94
101
137
131
137
135
122
105
80
96
94
1871
Jan.
108
113
107
109
187
133
127
132
129
102
78
92
91
April
123
130
121
125
137
141
187
138
129
112
83
104
100
July
117
127
112
119
124
107
147
126
148
131
103
120
118
Oct.
128
127
121
125
137
114
123
125
148
138
105
124
122
1872
Jan.
124
124
114
121
219
120
123
154
148
157
117
145
140
April
123
124
123
123
225
160
170
185
170
181
133
160
158
July
124
124
119
122
202
160
147
170
170
155
120
140
138
Oct.
130
123
113
122
202
160
156
173
213
136
110
120
122
1873
Jan.
133
123
139
132
169
160
152
160
213
155
117
136
136
April
135
123
139
132
179
168
156
168
224
114
93
106
104
July
121
119
114
118
179
128
172
160
224
105
83
96
95
Oct.
116»
104
117
112
179
133
142
151
224
112
90
106
103
1874
Jan.
129
122
120
124
179
106
127
137
197
112
97
108
106
April
125
125
117
122
179
120
127
142
197
112
93
112
106
July
112
119
101
111
179
110
137
142
197
110
88
106
101
Oct.
93
97
85
92
179
115
137
144
192
112
90
108
103
i87r>
Jan.
92
93
93
93
192
118
137
149
192
112
92
112
105
April
96
99
93
96
150
143
147
147
152
110
90
104
101
July
96
107
98
100
129
130
147
135
152
110
87
98
98
Oct.
105
116
99
107
107
133
147
129
108
100
80
100
93
1876
Jan.
98
99
99
99
107
111
142
120
93
100
80
104
95
April
104
106
102
104
107
112
142
120
93
95
77
98
90
July
94
107
94
98
214
112
142
156
69
74
63
70
69
Oct.
101
110
94
102
214
100
137
150
73
79
75
80
78
1877
Jan.
119
129
107
118
142
114
137
131
61
86
77
86
83
April
120
130
119
123
142
114
137
131
61
79
75
80
78
July
131
149
141
140
127
101
107
112
61
88
83
88
86
Oct.
110
113
105
109
120
106
109
112
56
86
80
88
85
1878
Jan.
109
112
103
108
142
106
107
118
60
90
73
90
84
April
104
115
98
106
127
76
111
105
60
83
67
86
79
July
81
92
84
86
96
96
111
101
68
76
60
72
69
Oct.
90
76
83
89
90
111
97
54
76
58
74
69
1879
Jan.
85
84
79
83
135
93
111
113
57
76
57
70
68
April
92
91
83
89
135
93
98
109
57
74
57
68
66
July
94
108
84
95
92
74
88
85
57
81
62
76
73
Oct.
103
108
93
101
92
74
111
92
64
90
68
86
81
1880
Jan.
119
135
114
123
124
125
110
120
83
114
83
110
102
April
103
117
100
107
103
125
129
119
90
124
92
120
112
July
87
90
84
87
139
100
111
117
98
100
77
96
91
Oct.
87
96
79
87
139
100
111
117
83
100
77
96
91
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 369
TABLE 3.
Relative wholesale prices of identical lists of commodities in the United States
and England, the United States and Germany, and England
and Germany: by years, 1860-1880.
Note. — The American fibres are based on average actual prices in Janu-
ary, April, July, and October of each year. The English prices are from
Sauerbeck 's table, re-computed on the basis : actual prices in 1860 = 100.
The German figures are from Soetbeer^s table; similarly re-computed. For
further explanations, see Chapter II, Section iii, pp. 31-33.
370 University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL 1
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
371
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1908] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
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1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 391
TABLE 4.
Helative prices of 60 commodities at retail in various towns: by yearSy
1860-1880.
Note. — The series in the following table are arranged (1) alphabetically
by commodities, (2) geographically by states, and (3) alphabetically by
towns within the states. The references give the pages of the Report on the
Average Betail Prices of Necessaries of Life in the United States, by Jos. D.
Weeks (Tenth Cersus, Vol. XX), on which the series of actual prices may be
found. The base prices shown in the table are actual prices in 1860, or, when
that is missing, in 1861. For further explanations regarding the character
of the material, see Chapter III, Section iv.
392 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
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434 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol.1
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OOOQO OOOOXOCX
X X X X X
X X X X X
X X tc 'C to
X X m o o
CO
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c
cr
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n
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ee
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o
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CO
CO
^ «©• q
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CO CO
C CO t^ t" CO
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CO I' t- t- O
CO — <-" ^ c
o
o
Oi LOOOCCOOCOCC
X ^' «»• o o cc 5£ c£ 'c to cc 'o 'o :c
oococ cccoo
'O n ?i 01 01 01 01 01 01 ci
c
01
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r3
o
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c^
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r= «fr
o c c 01 »o »^ >o io «c lO t -r -t "io co -t
s^ '^^ C*^
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tc -c tc to o
X X X X X
lO to t^ X 35 3 -^ 01 CO T
to to to '.o to I- I- I- t- r^
xxxxx xxxxx
1.0 to t' X
Oi
^-^
t' 1- 1' 1-
t-
X
X X X X
X
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1.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
435
I
Om-^OCQ lOtOOOdOO eQd>MaO« '^CQiHOOt- b>
oci'^toa Qooooo ciQOQoaoQO t>t-ioeoeo cq
fH«Hr-(i-4i^ fHOMfHCa WiHiNiHr-l i-liHv^iHiH rH
»S I
o o o o
O lA O O
r-1 1-1 d M
O O O O O
lA lA m m M
o o o o o
m o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
iH 1-^ iH >^ iH iH
00
a
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o o c- c- o w
• iH r-l 1-I CI W
O UD O O O
»ft c- o o »o
N O CO CQ CO
o o o o o
•A O lA A >A
CO 09 esi C4 oi
lO lA O O IC lA
W CI o o c- t-
W W M CI iH 1-1
o
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c-
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o o o o o
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d d CI d d
o o o o o o
d '• o o o ^
d d d d d d
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»A
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CO 00 CO CO CO eo
CO eo eo CO CO co
0
fa
00
o
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00 lA >A lA >A
eo d d d CI
lA »A eo eo O
d d 1^ '^ o
o o o o o
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o
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-g
s
s
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5
00
"^ o ?
5= 2 o
. ^ S
« "S ^ ^
o a
o
lA
9
o CO eo o 00
O ro CO tA 00
O »-t d CO -^
to (O to to to
00 00 00 00 00
O O CO CO c-
o o eo 00 to
d d d d d
lA to C- 00 O
to to to to to
00 00 00 00 00
c-t-coeoco c-c-ooeo
totocoeoco fHi-4oooo
ddddd dCIdd^
o »-• d CO -^
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t- C- b» t- C-
00 00 00 00 00
to
o
00
00
• •
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 437
TABLE 5.
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Report,
tt
Note. — The following table gives in detail the 527 series of relative
wages used in compiling the tables presented in Chapter IV, Section i. The
arrangement is based upon that of the original series of actual wages in the
"Exhibits" of the Aldrich Report, Parts ii-iv. The several industries are
in alphabetical order; the establishments in each industry are in numerical
order; and the several occupations in each establishment are in alphabetical
order. To facilitate access to the source, I have retained the numbers as-
signed to each establishment in the Aldrich Report, and also given a page
reference for each series. The ''base wages" shown are the actual wages
upon which the ** relative wages" for each date have been computed. Ex-
cept when otherwise stated in a foot-note, they are actual wages per day in
January, 1860. The columns headed "No." show the number of persons
reported for each date as following the specified occupation in the specified
establishment and receiving the corresponding relative wages.
438 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5.
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.
»f
Industry
Agricultural Implements
Ale, Beer and Porter
No. of estab.
1
2
State
Massachusetts
New York
Reference
295
296
299
305
309
313
316
OecupH* Foremen
tion Woodworkers
t Laborers
Machinists
Painters
Woodworkers
Brewers
Coopen
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1.64
$1.00
$1,665
$1.25
$1,335
$6.39
$1,505
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
ReL
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.^
wages
1860 Jan. ]
L 100
2
100
2
100
100
3
100
100
8
100
July ]
L 100
2
100
2
100
100
2
103
100
8
101
1861 Jan. 1
L 100
2
100
2
108
100
2
103
100
8
101
July ]
L 99
2
100
2
108
100
1
94
100
10
100
1862 Jan. 1
L 99
2
88
2
100
100
1
113
150
7
101
July 3
L 98
1
100
1
84
1
113
150
6
101
1863 Jan. :
L 108
3
90
1
113
2
113
150
7
101
July 1
L 112
5
112
2
101
2
119
150
8
103
1864 Jan. ]
L 122
2
117
2
108
3
89
4
124
150
6
125
July ]
L 152
3
142
3
123
2
106
3
161
150
7
131
1865 Jan. ]
L 152
3
150
3
125
2
113
4
169
150
5
127
July 1
L 175
7
161
3
138
2
127
4
189
150
4
148
1866 Jan. ]
L 175
6
163
6
131
3
124
5
191
250
5
146
July ]
L 183
5
169
5
134
1
120
5
179
250
5
148
1867 Jan. 1
L 170
5
169
4
129
3
132
7
178
250
6
152
July ]
L 183
3
170
4
129
1
130
4
181
250.
5
156
1868 Jan. J
L 183
6
152
5
137
1
120
6
170
250
6
163
July ]
L 183
8
148
5
122
1
120
6
170
250
6
168
1869 Jan. ]
L 183
5
155
5
129
1
120
6
170
250
6
169
July ]
I 183
6
160
7
135
o
120
7
176
250
8
168
1870 Jan. ]
I 183
6
156
7
136
3
120
10
168
250
6
177
July ]
L 183
6
154
7
134
120
9
172
250
4
166
1871 Jan. J
I 183
10
142
6
134
o
130
9
172
250
4
166
July ]
L 183
11
147
7
132
3
133
10
167
250
6
183
1872 Jan. ]
L 183
13
147
7
134
o
137
10
169
250
4
174
July ]
I 183
19
147
6
137
2
137
9
170
250
7
185
1873 Jan. ]
I 183
12
145
8
133
3
133
10
168
250
10
194
July ]
L 183
12
152
8
133
4
151
9
175
250
9
189
1874 Jan. ]
L 183
9
150
7
129
4
151
10
172
250
8
199
July ]
I 183
7
140
7
131
4
156
8
173
250
6
199
1875 Jan. ]
I 183
7
143
8
131
4
156
7
179
250
8
181
July ]
L 183
7
147
10
123
4
156
6
178
250
8
199
1870 Jan. ]
I 16.5
6
135
9
114
5
142
6
151
150
5
199
July J
I 165
6
132
7
111
3
140
7
146
125
5
199
1877 Jan. ]
L 165
6
121
6
109
122
4
131
150
5
199
July ]
L 165
8
121
6
109
1
116
8
134
150
5
199
1878 Jan. ]
I 165
7
127
6
109
1
116
8
137
250
5
199
July ]
1 165
7
124
7
104
O
118
8
137
250
14
183
1879 Jan. 1
I 165
7
120
7
104
1
120
6
i:{2
250
15
183
July ]
I 165
7
111
7
100
o
90
1
126
250
12
183
1880 Jan. ]
L 165
13
123
9
114
3
97
7
l'J6
250
9
183
July ]
I 165
10
118
8
115
4
105
9
126
250
9
183
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 439
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.
f f
Industry
4
Ale, Beer and Porter
— (Con.)
Books and Newspapers
No ofestab.
2
4
«.
►
State
N
ew York
Md.
New
York
Reference
319
323
326
353
354
355
357
OccupE'
Foremen
Printers,
(Learners)
tion
Laborers
Laborers
Teamsters Book k Job
Carpenters Compositors Compositors
Sex
Male
Male
Male
•
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1.34
$0.85
$1.44
$1,665*
$1,315
$1,665
$.695
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
I
100
26
100
4
100
O
4W
100
17
100
10
100
July
1
100
28
99
8
107
2
100
11
100
7
81
1861 Jan.
1
120
32
99
8
107
8
100
1
95
20
99
8
76
July
1
120
30
100
3
107
8
100
—
17
99
6
72
1862 Jan.
1
120
26
99
3
107
6
100
2
95
16
99
5
81
July
1
120
33
101
3
107
6
100
2
95
18
99
7
88
1863 Jan.
1
120
26
102
2
107
6
100
1
102
21
99
5
94
July
2
115
27
114
2
107
8
100
1
102
—
—
1864 Jan.
3
124
29
134
2
107
6
120
1
102
—
—
July
3
129
28
147
2
107
9
150
1
127
23
150
4
99
1865 Jan.
3
136
23
151
2
107
12
180
1
127
27
150
4
108
July
4
130
18
149
2
107
12
180
1
127
25
150
4
105
1866 Jan.
4
132
30
154
2
107
12
180
1
140
23
150
5
120
July
4
132
21
152
2
107
12
180
26
150
8
182
1867 Jan.
4
132
24
154
o
107
15
180
2
140
44
150
5
137
July
4
132
17
154
1
120
15
180
1
190
35
178
6
114
1868 Jan.
4
132
22
155
1
120
15
180
1
190
36
180
5
139
July
4
132
17
156
1
120
15
180
1
190
49
180
8
135
1669 Jan.
4
148
21
155
1
120
15
180
1
190
34
180
6
116
July
5
145
15
164
1
120
15
180
2
181
24
180
6
124
1870 Jan.
5
145
26
160
2
110
15
180
181
31
180
6
121
July
5
145
17
165
4
115
15
180
2
181
11
180
4
135
1871 Jan.
5
144
20
164
8
115
12
180
2
181
24
180
4
138
July
5
148
22
165
3
120
12
180
2
181
38
180
6
146
1872 Jan.
4
141
26
164
4
116
12
180
2
181
22
180
7
140
July
4
141
29
164
4
116
12
180
2
181
31
180
6
170
1873 Jan.
4
141
32
163
6
113
14
180
2
181
13
180
4
141
July
4
141
25
169
7
116
15
180
2
181
11
180
3
147
1874 Jan.
4
158
31
168
7
116
14
180
2
181
17
180
4
123
July
4
158
29
170
8
116
14
180
181
17
180
4
108
1875 Jan.
4
158
36
168
8
116
12
180
209
11
180
4
117
July
4
158
31
169
8
116
12
180
209
14
180
5
120
1876 Jan.
3
165
36
166
8
116
14
180
167
11
180
5
122
July
3
165
29
169
9
114
14
180
171
20
180
6
78
1877 Jan.
3
165
34
169
11
113
12
180
171
12
180
5
81
July
3
165
29
171
11
113
15
162
171
10
169
5
78
1878 Jan.
3
165
30
169
11
113
12
162
171
20
154
5
88
July
1
143
25
171
11
113
12
162
171
28
154
8
99
1879 Jan.
1
143
36
169
10
114
12
162
171
38
152
9
101
July
1
143
30
169
10
112
12
162
171
31
152
10
99
1880 Jan.
o
165
36
168
11
115
12
162
152
27
152
11
104
July
2
172
1.
35
170
9
114
12
162
2
152
25
153
9
101
» Jan.
186
440 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative ratc9 of wages from Table XII of the " Aldrich Report."
Industry
Books and Newspapers — {C*
[>n.)
No. of estab.
5
Bute
New York
Reference
360
364
365
366
368
369
371
Occupa-
Foremen Foremen
Press
tion
Folders (Compositors) Pressmen
Machinists
Porters
Pressmen Room
Han
Sex
Female
Male
Male
Male
•
Male
Male
Female
Base
wages
♦•47
f
2.00
$2.00
$1,705
$0,915
$1,665
$0,465
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages N
0. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No. ^
vagei
1860
Jan.
16
100
2
100 ]
I 100
2
100
2
100
1
100
6
100
July
4
99
2
100 ]
L 100
3
95
3
109
5
104
1861
Jan.
16
91
2
100 ]
I 100
3
95
3
115
2
100
8
97
July
15
94
2
100 1
L 100
4
95
3
103
O
100
10
98
1862
Jan.
11
100
100 ]
I 100
3
94
3
103
2
100
7
84
July
12
105
2
100 ]
I 100
1
88
3
109
2
100
9
95
1863
Jan.
July
11
104
o
Art
100 ]
L 100
o
92
3
119
o
100
9
103
1864
Jan.
—
_
July
26
119
2
138 ]
L 133
3
137
5
138
2
150
14
137
1865
Jan.
41
110
2
150 ]
I 133
o
161
5
144
1
150
14
133
July
30
117
2
150
I 142
3
156
4
146
3
133
13
140
1866
Jan.
30
119
O
150 1
L 150
o
153
5
144
3
130
12
140
July
22
134
150 ]
L 150
3
140
3
130
13
145
1867
Jan.
32
126
2
150 ]
I 150
—
3
143
3
130
13
147
July
45
127
2
163 1
I 150
2
142
3
153
13
148
1868
Jan.
41
128
2
171 1
1 150
3
149
3
153
11
173
July
44
135
2
171 ]
I 150
3
146
3
153
10
172
1869
Jan.
39
138
o
171 1
I 150
2
165
3
146
3
153
9
180
Jul.
45
136
o
171 ]
I 1 50
3
157
3
146
4
153
11
170
1870
Jan.
33
139
2
171
I 150
4
151
5
150
3
180
12
157
July
33
135
•■)
171
I 150
3
157
4
150
3
180
8
170
1871
Jan.
9
149
2
171
I 150
3
159
3
152
2
180
8
186
July
15
152
'»
171
I 150
3
159
3
170
5
174
9
184
1872
Jan.
15
148
2
171
I 150
3
159
3
104
4
173
11
185
July
19
143
•>
171
I 150
3
109
3
182
4
IHO
11
183
1873
Jan.
11
149
2
171 '
I 150
3
109
3
188
•>
180
12
183
July
11
149
■ o
171 ]
I 150
3
109
3
1«<S
3
180
11
168
1874
Jan.
1«
140
o
171
I 15«>
•>
101
—
4
mo
7
185
July
17
153
o
171 ]
I 150
1
170
3
188
3
180
11
167
1875
Jan.
14
155
o
171
I 150
1
101
1
201
3
180
6
179
J u UN-
11
1 53
•>
171
I 150
1
101
1
182
3
1><0
10
171
1870
Jan.
13
155
■■>
171
I 15n
—
1
l^.j
.3
180
8
168
July
11
154
o
171
I 150
1
117
•>
159
4
IHO
12
158
1877
Jan.
9
155
• »
171
I 150
•■»
117
•■»
144
3
IHO
10
163
July
17
140
•>
103 ]
I 150
1
100
3
137
3
180
9
158
1878
Jan.
2«)
139
1
158
I 150
1
IdO
3
137
3
180
13
148
July
19
140
1
r')."*
I 150
1
100
3
137
3
180
16
144
1879
Jan.
24
128
1
158 ]
I 150
1
98
3
135
•>
180
12
147
July
31
132
1
158
I 150
1
9«<
3
129
•»
180
12
152
1SS(»
J a n .
28
139
1
15f<
I 150
•I
Km
3
125
3
170
15
130
July
24
147
1
158
I 15()
• »
ImK
3
125
• >
180
18
137
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
441
TABLE 5-^(C0NTINUED).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Report."
Industry
Books and Newspapers — (C<
[)n.)
Bldg. Trades
No.of estab.
5
6
7
State
New York
New York
Conn.
Reference
371
377
379
384
387
389
394
Occu]
[)a-
Press
Compositors
Foremen
Press
tion
Room Hands Compositors ApprentC8.Compositors
Feeders
Pressmen
Carpenters
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
Male
Male
Base
wages
$0.61
$1,835
$0,755
$
2.50
$.33'
$2,335
$1.50
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
3
100
2
100
9
100
2
100
1
100
4
100
July
1
41
2
104
9
101
2
100
1
93
6
117
1861
Jan.
3
105
8
108
8
88
2
100
—
1
93
a
89
July
4
104
4
104
7
83
2
100
100
1
93
4
100
1862
Jan.
5
113
6
106
7
93
2
100
152
1
93
3
89
July
3
95
6
104
8
91
2
100
152
1
93
3
100
1863
Jan.
2
126
6
107
6
89
2
100
152
1
93
2
100
July
—
6
111
6
89
2
100
152
1
93
3
117
166-1
Jan.
—
9
114
2
121
2
110
2
152
1
93
3
117
July
4
119
8
117
3
99
o
117
2
164
1
93
1865
Jan.
5
139
11
138
4
98
3
129
2
174
a
150
July
4
133
8
136
3
121
3
129
8
189
—
4
183
1866
Jan.
5
134
10
134
4
97
3
129
4
202
4
171
July
5
115
10
134
3
108
3
129
4
202
—
—
4
188
1867
Jan.
5
127
8
186
6
102
3
129
5
194
—
5
187
July
5
149
4
150
6
101
8
131
6
191
—
5
217
1868
Jan.
4
177
4
163
6
92
3
131
7
197
4
217
July
6
118
6
163
5
106
3
131
6
211
1
128
5
203
1869
Jan.
8
173
16
163
4
113
3
133
8
215
1
128
4
217
July
2
164
25
163
7
115
3
133
8
252
1
143
6
203
1870
Jan.
5
183
23
163
12
105
3
133
4
258
2
100
4
208
July
5
207
23
163
10
97
3
133
4
258
2
100
4
217
1871
Jan.
4
208
35
163
5
95
8
138
5
248
4
93
4
200
July
6
157
40
163
6
102
3
138
5
251
4
107
1872
Jan.
6
175
45
163
8
107
3
138
4
289
5
106
July
7
152
44
163
10
111
3
138
4
289
3
119
—
.—
1873
Jan.
8
153
44
163
11
93
4
142
4
296
8
119
July
7
166
23
163
10
101
4
142
8
268
3
119
5
217
1874
Jan.
6
171
26
133
8
102
4
142
3
227
3
102
3
183
July
5
164
20
163
6
101
4
142
2
252
2
114
7
183
1875
Jan.
6
123
25
163
7
107
4
142
8
252
3
119
3
183
July
6
125
14
163
5
97
4
140
8
252
8
119
4
183
1876
Jan.
5
112
21
163
5
106
5
137
3
252
3
121
2
183
July
6
107
21
163
5
117
5
137
3
252
3
121
3
183
1877
Jan.
5
139
50
146
7
117
5
136
3
252
4
125
8
117
July
3
182
43
146
9
109
5
187
3
252
4
128
8
128
187H
Jan.
8
139
39
137
8
108
5
127
3
252
4
123
8
150
July
7
117
22
137
8
108
5
125
8
252
3
121
2
150
1879
Jan.
7
134
20
136
8
119
5
124
3
261
2
100
2
117
July
8
131
7
136
10
121
4
128
3
261
2
100
8
117
1880
Jan.
6
102
19
136
11
113
4
130
8
252
2
100
6
136
July
10
123
1.
17
129
10
113
3
124
3
252
2
100
3
150
> July
186
442 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.'*
Industry
Bi
lilding
Trad
es — (C(
on.)
No. of estab.
8
9
10
12
SUte
Oonn.
Oonn.
Md.
Mass.
Reference
395
397
399
401
404
408
410
Occupa-
Carpenters
Bricklayers
tion
Carpenters
(Helpers) Hod Carrieri
1 Masons
Painters
Bricklayers (Helpers)
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1,715
$1.00
1
$.80
$1,765
$1.75
$1,765
$1.12
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
9
100
1
100
8
100
6
100
2
100
9
100
5
100
July
10
99
17
137
11
116
4
100
12
86
6
91
1861
Jan.
9
91
1
138
12
125
12
105
2
86
12
107
12
100
July
6
87
2
132
40
125
1
113
1
86
28
101
35
100
1862
Jan.
1
87
—
15
125
9
113
1
86
10
106
13
101
July
7
89
1
134
9
125
9
113
6
86
11
105
14
110
1863
Jan.
—
—
—
10
188
7
158
1
86
4
110
9
109
July
20
112
2
125
7
202
4
131
8
100
17
105
14
108
1864
Jan.
19
111
6
125
114
15
120
11
122
July
23
131
9
157
17
199
21
140
9
143
19
131
13
134
1865
Jan.
10
127
6
146
—
5
143
9
139
9
134
July
—
—
—
—
5
208
7
160
9
143
20
146
18
134
1866
Jan.
—
—
—
5
143
15
147
11
156
July
—
13
208
10
170
11
143
13
167
11
156
1867
Jan.
—
—
~—
16
206
9
175
5
143
14
156
10
156
July
—
19
216
13
194
12
171
25
180
23
134
1868
Jan.
12
173
12
184
6
171
13
201
13
179
July
—
45
238
26
226
12
171
29
213
31
179
1869
Jan.
23
225
17
187
4
171
12
185
15
158
July
26
173
16
147
37
247
23
227
8
171
20
197
10
179
1870
.Tan.
30
173
12
136
12
200
6
212
3
171
8
209
14
175
July
48
159
9
100
53
245
34
225
1
171
15
218
20
190
1871
.Tan.
11
170
4
100
15
221
12
196
3
171
14
185
11
179
July
26
161
3
100
36
250
31
218
6
171
21
204
23
180
1872
.Tan.
10
165
—
23
204
14
188
3
143
15
212
16
179
July
11
159
36
248
27
223
4
143
33
177
167
1873
Jan.
10
210
6
196
4
143
•)0
218
19
156
July
21
174
o
4tf
113
39
248
36
225
6
143
17
182
23
173
1874
Jan.
28
168
o
125
40
203
23
187
6
143
16
200
23
168
July
18
169
3
100
17
250
16
223
6
143
18
193
26
173
1875
.Tan.
20
150
1
125
30
175
18
156
6
143
14
200
17
173
July
25
155
3
107
27
223
16
193
5
143
15
187
25
176
1870
Jan.
26
149
1
125
17
171
12
144
o
143
20
203
23
175
July
7
137
1
125
30
197
10
163
9
114
16
19 4
24
172
1877
Jan.
2
131
1
125
6
229
'»
181
3
114
13
163
16
165
July
3
131
1
167
21
161
14
146
5
114
34
153
18
161
1878
.Tan.
1
131
10
203
7
136
4
114
16
156
10
161
July
1
131
12
167
16
142
3
114
27
158
18
161
1879
•Tnn.
1
131
3
187
10
143
4
114
10
156
8
159
July
1
133
29
159
34
128
5
114
23
152
14
159
1880
Jan.
—
1
133
6
159
7
161
.">
1 00
13
161
10
156
Julv
•>
184
18
197
15
153
6
114
21
159
16
156
1908] Mitchell— Gold, PHces, and Wages, 1860-1880.
443
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport.**
Industry
Building Trades — (Con.)
No of estab.
12
13
State
Mass.
Mass.
Reference
411
412
413
416
418
421
422
Occupa-
Foremen Foremen
Mason's
Carpenters Foremen
tion
Bricklayers Masons
Masons
Helpers
Carpenters
Helpers Carpenters
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$
2.50
$2.50
$1,875
$1,055
$1,425
$.83
$1.67
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages N(
9. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
1860 Jan.
100 ]
L 100
5
100
9
100
7
100
1
100
L 100
July
100 ]
L 100
11
85
15
100
17
93
4
100 ]
L 100
1861 Jan.
100 ]
L 100
11
101
9
85
14
93
3
. 100 ]
I 100
July
100 :
L 120
13
96
15
92
21
83
3
100 1
L 100
1862 Jan.
100 ]
I 100
10
84
20
97
18
90
—
L 120
July
100 ]
L 100
13
105
17
110
18
95
3
90 1
L 105
1863 Jan.
100 ]
I 100
4
98
6
118
20
99
3
120 ]
L 120
July
2
110 ]
L 100
9
102
16
114
23
106
5
120 ]
L 120
1864 Jan.
1
120 ]
I 100
7
114
11
130
15
110
4
120 ]
L 135
July
J 120
19
102
8
142
20
119
6
120 ]
L 135
1865 Jan.
L 120
7
116
9
142
17
126
3
151 ]
L 135
July
L 160
8
137
8
142
19
147
3
151 ]
L 150
1866 Jan.
160 1
L 160
13
148
13
166
30
152
5
181 ]
L 165
July
160 ]
L 160
15
167
21
166
24
167
6
211 ]
L 195
1867 Jan.
170 1
L 160
10
173
10
166
26
171
4
211 :
L 195
July
180 ]
L 160
11
165
18
154
26
176
5
181 :
L 195
1868 Jan.
160 ]
L 160
12
147
7
154
19
161
6
170- 1
I 195
July
180 ]
I 170
10
196
9
190
14
191
4
166 2
I 195
1869 Jan.
180 1
L 180
7
160
11
142
12
165
5
172 1
L 195
July
180 ]
L 200
27
182
41
185
15
175
5
181 ]
L 195
1870 Jan.
200 1
L 200
14
196
16
185
11
175
5
163 :
L 195
July
200 ]
L 200
12
190
13
206
22
170
5
181 :
L 210
1871 Jan.
200 ]
L 200
9
181
8
166
24
173
4
181 :
L 210
July
200 ]
L 200
10
193
14
195
26
166
3
181 ]
L 210
1872 Jan.
200 1
I 200
22
183
24
171
17
175
— 1
L 210
July
200 ]
I 200
11
209
16
190
21
183
4
181 ]
L 210
1873 Jan.
200 ]
L 200
12
167
14
171
19
173
4
181 ]
L 210
July
200 ]
L 200
5
176
8
178
29
174
4
181 1
I 210
1874 Jan.
200 1
L 200
8
173
5
171
20
172
4
181 :
I 210
July
200 ]
L 200
16
175
13
166
25
178
4
160 1
I 210
1875 Jan.
200 ]
L 200
15
157
10
158
20
160
3
.181 1
I 210
July
200 ]
L 200
37
160
22
160
23
159
— ]
L 210
1876 Jan.
200 ]
I 180
10
140
10
161
11
137
2
181 ]
I 195
July
200 ]
I 180
27
139
22
160
12
139
3
151 1
[ 195
1877 Jan.
190 1
L 180
15
144
9
162
19
127
12
131 1
L 195
July
190 ]
L 180
41
139
27
162
33
123
18
131 ]
L 195
1878 Jan.
180 1
L 160
17
126
14
163
13
117
2
143 1
I 180
July
160 ]
L 160
36
131
26
162
24
121
6
143 ]
L 180
1879 Jan.
140 1
I 160
22
134
14
163
9
112
6
131 1
I 180
July
140 1
L 160
39
136
27
162
18
118
10
139 ]
. 180
1880 Jan.
140 ]
L 160
21
128
14
166
16
118
21
138 ]
L 180
July
140 1
L 160
31
129
28
166
36
122
19
146 2
! 195
444 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Felative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrieh Feport.
rr
Industry
Building
Trades — (Con.)
No. of estab.
13
14
15
16
State
Mass.
Mass.
Mass.
N.J
*
Reference
423
424
426
429
431
433
435
Occupa-
Foremen
Steam and Steam ft Gas
Painters,
tion
Painters
Painters
Gas Fitters Fitters Help'
B House
Laborers
Plumbers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.50
$1,165
$1,875
$1
.195»
$1.10
$1.18
$2.00 '
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
1 100
6
100
4
100
5
100
3
100
1
100
July
1 100
6
102
5
90
10
101
3
100
1
100
1861
Jan.
1 100
6
101
4
105
1
84
5
103
2
85
1
100
July
1 100
4
99
17
101
2
85
1
100
1862
Jan.
1 100
4
107
4
93
2
110
3
114
3
92
2
81
July
— —
4
103
6
102
2
85
2
84
1863
Jan.
6
119
3
111
1
105
5
116
2
95
2
94
July
1 111
6
107
2
110
1
42
1
102
2
97
2
100
1864
Jan.
1 111
7
110
3
115
1
112
2
136
3
97
2
113
July
1 117
20
130
6
106
3
77
7
175
3
117
2
125
1865
Jan.
1 133
3
150
4
123
3
63
5
164
4
123
2
125
July
1 150
5
172
4
120
4
73
9
195
3
153
3
150
1866
Jan.
1 167
15
152
6
113
2
84
4
227
5
151
3
150
July
1 183
4
182
5
120
3
73
10
198
2
155
4
139
1867
Jan.
1 183
6
200
7
114
2
63
4
216
3
146
3
139
July
1 200
6
200
5
137
1
84
13
219
3
153
4
145
1868
Jan.
1 200
4
193
5
120
2
73
7
205
3
153
4
149
July
1 183
5
180
6
109
1
84
14
216
3
153
3
160
1869
Jan.
— —
6
120
3
63
8
210
2
155
3
163
July
1 200
7
190
4
103
1
63
10
227
2
155
3
163
1870
Jan.
1 183
4
172
7
110
1
84
6
205
3
132
8
163
July
1 1«3
8
156
6
113.
84
9
225
3
132
3
163
1871
Jan.
1 200
7
212
9
107
3
97
5
200
4
136
3
163
July
1 200
6
200
13
119
17
214
4
139
3
163
1872
Jan.
1 200
4
172
10
116
4
73
4
188
4
141
4
159
Julv
1 200
12
196
8
122
11
219
3
165
4
159
1873
Jan.
1 200
6
186
11
110
•>
91
6
190
4
161
4
153
July
1 200
2
215
11
114
2
101
12
208
4
166
3
163
1874
Jan.
2 2Q0
6
204
9
115
4
89
3
220
o
169
3
168
Julv
1 200
4
193
7
1 22
3
77
8
202
3
156
3
164
1875
J.in.
1 200
6
179
10
121
3
95
4
205
3
156
3
164
Julv
1 200
4
185
9
115
2
97
11
215
3
156
3
164
1876
Jan.
1 167
5
167
1
115
O
73
o
227
4
148
3
164
July
1 167
4
172
4
113
4
103
12
225
169
158
1877
Jan.
I 167
5
157
8
110
2
97
6
197
o
44
169
o
146
July
1 167
10
157
6
109
2
63
15
233
169
2
146
1878
.Fan.
1 150
5
165
5
107
1
H4
10
193
o
141
o
146
July
1 150
11
166
4
113
1
63
1 1
22 1
o
141
n
131
1879
.Tan.
1 150
3
129
7
103
1
84
15
212
3
132
2
131
July
1 150
5
137
8
103
3
16
221
2
141
131
1880
Jan.
1 150
5
129
6
132
7
75
3
197
2
141
2
122
July
1 167
10
159
a
115
3
70
15
20)^
1
113
o
Art
122
» July.
1859.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
445
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Eelative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Eeport.**
Industry
Building '
rrad
es — (Con.)
No. of estab.
16
17
18
State
■
N.J.
New York
New York
Reference
438
441
445
446
449
456
458
Occupa-
Carpenters' Carpenters'
tion
Tinsmiths
Carpenters
Apprentices
Helpers
Laborers
Teamsters
Painters
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1.52
$1,185
$.375
$1.00
$.88
$.75»
$2.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
8
100
2
100
4
100
1
100
1
100
15
100
July
• 8
104
5
110
5
123
3
79
1
100
—
60
100
1861 Jan.
6
108
5
112
4
147
3
79
3
99
8
100
July
5
110
5
122
1
88
4
92
3
109
100
40
100
1862 Jan.
3
113
3
127
1
112
5
100
1
142
100
8
100
July
3
113
6
127
1
100
8
111
2
142
100
45
100
1863 Jan.
3
115
5
133
3
96
5
113
133
10
100
July
2
107
10
152
4
183
2
125
2
114
167
40
113
1864 Jan.
4
132
9
152
4
139
2
125
1
114
167
7
113
Jul/
4
122
14
169
2
183
233
45
150
1865 Jan.
3
128
12
183
—
—
1
150
—
233
12
150
July
3
148
12
174
—
1
150
233
45
175
1866 Jan.
5
148
10
186
1
267
1
142
233
10
175
July
5
155
10
196
—
1
150
2
156
233
45
175
1867 Jan.
5
152
8
192
—
2
138
2
156
200
15
175
July
6
164
10
203
1
150
200
6U
200
1868 Jan.
6
162
12
198
—
3
150
1
142
2
200
10
200
July
5
178
14
200
—
—
3
150
1
170
2
200
60
175
1869 Jan.
5
178
14
203
—
1
150
2
200
10
175
July
4
181
15
210
—
1
150
2
200
70
225
1870 Jan.
5
172
14
209
2
150
200
15
225
July
3
175
10
205
—
2
150
200
70
175
1871 Jan.
3
184
10
213
—
—
1
150
200
15
175
July
3
189
15
210
1
177
1
150
2
128
200
70
175
1872 Jan.
3
192
52
200
3
208
4
150
5
159
200
8
175
July
3
181
48
203
3
185
o
150
5
165
205
55
175
1873 Jan.
3
192
28
203
2
221
1
150
3
152
3
178
9
175
July
4
185
39
193
8
177
2
138
5
155
3
219
50
175
1874 Jan.
4
189
29
204
7
228
3
156
7
157
2
267
12
175
July
3
192
38
191
8
220
8
152
6
156
2
267
55
175
1875 Jan.
3
192
22
191
3
236
5
144
2
185
2
250
14
175
July
3
181
36
189
3
215
7
140
4
132
3
218
50
175
1876 Jan.
3
181
58
178
5
227
8
143
7
161
5
201
10
175
July
4
181
63
176
3
199
7
140
6
166
4
197
55
175
1877 Jan.
4
156
10
184
4
244
1
142
2
150
10
175
July
3
164
35
153
2
267
3
138
6
128
4
156
125
125
1878 Jan.
3
164
25
155
1
267
3
125
4
128
4
158
30
125
July
2
156
32
151
—
—
5
130
8
121
3
167
85
125
1879 Jan.
2
156
30
144
—
—
11
141
7
125
4
158
25
125
July
o
156
44
144
1
156
12
144
8
127
4
167
80
150
1880 Jan.
2
156
48
149
1
16.'i
38
148
6
123
5
167
15
150
July
3
148
>9.
64
152
1
133
4
138
11
141
3
167
85
150
' Jan.,
181
446 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol- ^
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report."
Industry
Bi
lilding
Trad
68— (C
Jon.)
No. of estab
■
19
4
20
4
21
22
23
State
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
Reference
459
461
462
463
463
464
465
Occupa-
Roofers,
Bricklayers'
tion
Carpenters
Plumbers Slate k Metal Bricklayers Helpers
Plasterers
Painters
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$2.00
$1,875
$1.25
$
2.00
$1.25
$2.00
$1,915*
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
'
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
30
100
4
100
2
100
8
100
12
100
8
100
—
July
65
100
4
100
6
125
8
100
10
100
8
100
3
100
1861
Jan.
30
100
4
100
3
120
7
100
10
100
7
100
—
—
July
70
100
4
100
4
120
7
100
10
100
7
100
5
93
1862
Jan.
15
100
5
101
2
160
5
113
8
100
5
100
—
July
40
100
5
107
3
160
5
113
8
100
5
113
2
91
1868
Jan.
12
100
10
107
3
240
4
125
6
130
4
125
—
—
July
60
100
12
133
6
240
5
125
6
130
5
125
3
113
1864
Jan.
20
113
4
160
5
280
9
125
10
180
9
125
—
—
July
65
150
4
187
8
280
9
150
10
180
9
150
4
150
1865
Jan.
25
150
4
187
2
320
5
150
3
180
5
150
—
—
July
50
163
4
187
5
320
5
150
4
180
5
150
2
185
1866
Jan.
40
175
6
195
2
280
5
175
10
180
5
175
—
July
80
175
6
195
6
280
5
200
10
200
5
200
4
183
1867
Jan.
45
175
5
205
2
280
5
200
10
200
5
200
—
—
July
70
188
5
205
7
280
7
250
14
220
7
250
6
204
1868
Jan.
50
175
5
205
3
280
8
225
15
200
8
225
— .
July
85
200
5
205
9
280
7
225
13
200
7
225
6
200
1869
Jan.
50
200
5
205
3
280
20
250
40
220
20
250
July
90
200
5
205
9
280
18
250
36
220
18
250
3
209
1870
Jan.
55
188
4
203
3
280
17
250
35
220
17
250
July
90
175
4
203
9
280
15
250
32
220
15
250
8
163
1871
Jan.
60
175
4
203
3
280
13
200
25
180
13
200
July
95
175
4
203
9
280
10
200
20
180
10
200
4
183
1872
Jan.
60
175
4
203
280
10
200
20
200
10
200
July
90
175
4
203
10
280
10
200
20
200
10
200
4
183
1873
Jan.
CO
175
5
203
240
8
200
15
200
a
200
July
95
175
5
203
10
240
7
200
13
200
7
200
4
183
1874
Jan.
45
150
5
203
o
240
<
175
12
200
7
175
—
July
75
188
4
200
8
240
8
175
14
200
8
175
3
183
1875
Jan.
40
175
4
200
2
240
5
150
10
160
S
150
July
85
IHO
4
200
11
240
5
150
10
160
5
150
6
178
1876
Jan.
35
150
3
187
o
240
5
125
10
140
5
125
July
85
140
3
187
11
240
.'>
125
10
140
5
125
5
115
1877
Jan.
80
125
o
160
3
200
4
125
8
120
4
125
July
125
125
160
10
200
4
125
8
120
4
125
4
124
1878
Jan.
40
125
3
160
3
200
4
125
8
120
4
125
July
85
125
3
160
10
200
6
125
12
120
6
125
4
117
1879
Jan.
45
125
3
160
4
200
4
125
6
120
4
125
July
80
125
3
160
10
200
5
125
7
120
5
125
4
117
1880
Jan.
45
125
3
147
4
200
3
125
5
120
3
125
July
85
150
30.
3
160
10
200
2
150
10
140
150
6
144
> July
, 18(
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
447
TABLE 5— (CJONTINUED).
Felative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Bepori.
1 1
Industry
Building Trades — (Con.)
Car. ft Wag'n
No. of estab.
24
26
27
28
29
<
1
33
SUte
New York
Penn.
Penn.
Penn.
Penn.
New York
Reference
466
470
470
471
474
476
509
Occupa-
Bricklayers'
i
tion
Roofers
Bricklayers
Helpers
Carpenters Carpenters
Plasterers Blacksmiths
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1,835
$2.00
$1.12
$1.75
$1.75
$1,665
$1.50
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
2
100
6
100
8
100
3
100
6
100
9
100
3
100
July
2
91
20
100
10
100
8
100
10
100
13
102
3
100
1861 Jan.
3
82
—
—
—
4
100
5
100
9
98
3
100
July
2
82
20
100
10
112
10
100
12
114
16
99
3
100
1862 Jan.
4
78
6
113
3
112
4
114
7
114
10
99
3
200
July
4
82
20
113
10
112
10
114
16
143
12
100
3
200
1863 Jan.
5
84
-^
—
4
114
5
143
8
116
3
200
July
4
105
—
10
114
10
171
12
115
8
200
1864 Jan.
4
113
10
125
10
134
10
129
6
171
10
114
3
200
July
5
131
35
125
18
134
14
129
8
171
14
116
3
200
1865 Jan.
4
150
10
150
5
179
20
136
7
171
10
114
3
200
July
4
150
30
150
15
179
21
133
12
143
14
137
3
200
1866 Jan.
4
163
12
150
12
179
15
151
8
143
8
139
5
200
July
4
163
40
150
20
179
19
151
20
143
10
156
5
200
1867 Jan.
4
157
12
175
12
201
16
152
6
143
8
158
5
200
July
2
191
40
175
20
201
21
152
25
143
10
222
5
200
1868 Jan.
1
163
12
175
12
201
12
152
12
143
9
220
5
200
July
1
163
40
175
20
201
22
153
18
143
12
220
5
200
1869 Jan.
5
178
15
.188
7
201
15
152
10
143
11
218
5
200
July
4
178
50
175
25
179
26
153
22
143
12
220
5
200
1870 Jan.
7
184
15
175
7
179
14
151
12
143
11
218
5
200
July
5
170
50
175
25
179
24
152
20
143
14
171
5
200
1871 Jan.
4
161
18
175
18
179
17
153
8
143
11
169
5
200
July
6
166
55
200
27
201
25
154
24
157
16
173
5
200
1872 Jan.
5
167
18
238
18
223
18
154
7
157
9
174
5
200
July
5
172
55
200
27
223
22
153
32
157
14
171
5
200
1873 Jan.
11
177
10
188
5
223
14
153
11
157
11
169
5
200
July
5
178
40
188
20
223
25
152
85
157
12
175
5
200
1874 Jan.
9
187
10
175
5
201
10
151
8
157
11
169
5
200
July
3
188
40
175
20
201
16
150
25
157
14
171
5
200
1875 Jan.
6
171
10
163
5
179
13
185
12
157
10
174
5
200
July
4
168
45
163
22
179
34
135
80
157
16
173
5
200
1876 Jan.
2
172
15
150
7
156
28
131
10
157
10
141
5
200
July
4
168
60
150
15
156
28
133
20
157
16
139
5
200
1877 Jan.
2
159
15
138
7
156
24
119
9
157
10
117
5
200
July
2
172
60
188
15
156
16
121
24
157
16
116
5
200
1878 Jan.
3
160
15
125
7
134
24
119
8
157
10
117
7
200
July
2
172
55
113
28
134
14
123
25
157
16
116
7
200
1879 Jan.
2
172
15
113
7
134
8
136
15
157
10
102
7
200
July
2
136
60
113
30
134
45
127
38
157
14
101
7
200
1880 Jan.
3
132
12
100
6
134
17
133
10
157
8
101
9
200
July
3
132
50
100
25
134
16
131
40
157
16
109
9
200
448 University of California Publications in Economics, [VoL l
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport."
Indnttrj
Carriafca and Wagoni
1— (Con.)
City Public Works
No.of eatob.
88
<
B4
85
SUta
New York
Mass.
New York
Refannee
610 '
510
511
512
515
518
518
Oeaajpa- Blaekanitha'
Foremen
Blacksnitlw'
tion
Halpen
Painters WheelwrigfaU Laborers
Laborers Blaeksmitlis
Helpers
Sax
Hale
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Mala
Baaa wages
$.885
$1.25
$1.25
$1.25
$1.02
$1.82
$1.25
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Bel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wages
18«0 Jan.
8
100
2
100
6
100
1
100
7
100
16
100
15
100
Jvlj
8
100
2
100
6
100
2
140
24
99
28
99
12
100
1861 Jan. .
8
100
2
100
6
100
1
140
18
99
17
99
19
92
Jvlr
8
100
2
100
6
100
2
170
16
99
25
96
8
84
1863 Jan.
8
180
2
140
6
160
2
100
21
99
9
97
4
92
July
8
180
2
140
6
160
2
160
27
100
7
99
5
91
1868 Jan.
8
180
8
140
6
160
2
160
7
107
4
106
4
100
Jvl7
8
180
8
140
6
160
2
170
12
146
7
110
5
108
1864 Jan.
8
180
8
liO
6
160
8
147
29
119
8
137
5
128
Jvl7
8
180
2
140
6
160
4
220
14
181
7
151
7
162
1866 Jan.
8
180
2
140
6
160
6
198
75
120
7
176
5
160
Jvl7
8
180
2
140
6
160
8
167
19
158
5
179
5
160
1866 Jan.
6
180
140
6
160
5
180
12
147
2
179
1
160
July
6
180
140
6
160
4
180
82
157
2
192
1
160
1867 Jan.
5
180
140
6
160
2
160
80
151
2
192
1
160
Julr
6
180
140
6
160
8
180
29
156
2
192
1
160
1868 Jan.
5
180
140
6
160
1
160
11
152
2
192
1
160
July
6
180
140
6
160
4
210
42
162
4
192*
1
160
1869 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
1
160
13
162
6
192
4
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
13
197
76
173
9
192
8
160
1870 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
2
160
27
175
13
192
10
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
22
196
48
174
16
192
16
160
1871 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
3
187
24
176
16
192
12
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
8
180
48
172
25
192
24
160
1872 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
I
160
12
176
15
192
13
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
9
227
77
197
11
192
9
160
1873 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
1
160
18
174
8
192
6
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
7
188
85
177
7
192
m
3
160
1874 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
1
200
16
178
9
192
6
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
6
233
113
173
a
192
3
160
1875 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
170
17
179
3
192
o
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
9
191
96
150
3
192
160
1876 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
1
160
52
148
5
192
2
160
July
5
180
140
10
200
4
210
56
151
3
165
3
160
1877 Jan.
5
180
140
10
200
1
160
69
100
5
165
3
144
July
5
180
140
10
200
5
176
51
101
•
a
165
3
144
1878 Jan.
7
180
6
140
10
200
3
140
18
104
5
165
3
144
July
7
180
6
140
10
200
5
148
41
100
5
151
3
144
1879 Jan.
7
180
6
140
14
200
5
124
71
98
5
151
4
144
July
7
180
6
140
14
200
12
152
173
99
6
137
5
144
1880 Jan.
9
210
8
200
14
200
5
140
33
101
4
137
3
144
July
9
210
8
200
14
200
17
210
171
123
4
137
3
144
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
449
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table Xll of the **Aldri€h Eeport.
t *
Industry
City Public Works— (C
!on.)
^
No. of estab.
35
State
New York
Reference
519
519
520
520
521
522
522
Occupa-
Foremen
.
tion
Blasters
Bricklayers
Carpenters
Laborers
Gardeners
Laborers
Masons
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.25
$2.00
$1.72
$2
.00
$1.40
$1.00
$2.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rt-l.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No.
wages
No.
wagei
1860
Jan.
6
100
25
100
36
100
42
100
20
100
1225
100
150
100
July
10
100
45
100
18
100
30
100
40
93
1500
100
165
100
1861
Jan.
15
100
25
100
28
101
25
100
14
93
1200
100
58
100
July
—
35
90
38
97
28
100
30
82
1100
90
55
90
1862
Jan.
7
88
14
100
20
100
10
79
800
100
8
88
July
—
8
88
13
99
22
100
15
79
900
100
8
88
1863
Jan.
2
128
7
100
19
114
19
100
15
93
800
125
7
100
July
—
12
110
8
116
20
110
16
100
800
125
12
110
1864
Jan.
—
—
5
125
8
145
17
125
16
114
700
150
6
125
July
1
152
8
150
10
158
16
150
30
136
650
180
8
150
1865
Jan.
1
160
5
160
9
174
12
150
20
143
500
190
5
160
July
1
160
3
150
10
187
11
150
22
143
450
190
3
150
1866
Jan.
1
160
2
175
8
189
12
150
12
143
420
190
3
175
July
1
175
11
203
8
150
12
143
500
190
2
175
1867
Jan.
1
200
9
204
6
175
12
150
800
200
1
200
July
10
250
20
233
6
175
12
150
250
200
4
200
1868
Jan.
16
204
4
175
12
150
200
200
5
200
July
10
225
24
233
4
200
12
168
200
200
10
225
1869
Jan.
9
200
7
225
22
233
14
200
12
168
600
200
8
225
July
10
200
25
233
14
200
12
168
600
200
10
213
1870
Jan.
10
224
15
213
25
233
15
200
12
186
620
220
15
213
July
9
195
35
212
40
233
15
210
12
171
620
220
35
212
1871
Jan.
9
195
20
212
200
233
15
225
12
171
620
220
20
212
July
8
195
76
212
200
233
20
225
40
171
800
200
80
212
1872
Jan.
6
195
8
212
16
233
15
225
22
171
600
200
10
212
July
9
195
20
212
25
233
20
225
2Q
171
900
200
25
212
187.3
Jan.
8
195
4
212
40
233
15
225
7
179
650
200
6
212
July
9
195
35
212
30
233
20
225
31
179
800
200
45
212
1874
Jan.
7
195
20
212
15
233
14
225
9
179
600
200
40
212
July
6
195
25
212
15
233
12
225
18
179
450
200
25
212
1875
Jan.
3
195
5
212
15
233
12
225
6
179
450
200
5
212
July
•>
•0
195
o
212
9
233
10
225
11
179
300
200
2
212
1876
Jan.
2
195
14
212
30
233
12
225
16
179
350
200
16
212
July
1
195
12
175
20
174
10
225
14
161
300
2(>0
15
175
1877
Jan.
1
195
o
150
15
174
10
200
5
161
350
160
2
150
July
1
195
2
150
12
160
4
200
7
143
150
160
2
150
1878
Jan.
1
195
o
150
12
160
4
200
8
143
125
160
2
150
July
1
195
o
150
6
145
6
175
6
129
150
160
o
150
1879
Jan.
I
195
2
150
4
145
5
175
6
129
110
160
2
150
July
1
195
4
125
12
145
4
150
9
129
80
160
4
125
1880
Jan.
1
195
2
125
6
145
4
150
8
129
60
160
2
125
July
1
195
1
125
15
145
4
150
6
143
75
160
1
125
450 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldnch Report.'*
Induitrj
City Public
Works-— (Con.)
No. of estab.
35
36
SUte
New York
Penn.
Reference
524
524
526
527
530
531
532
Occupa-
E
.ngineers'
tion
Quarrymen
Stonecutters
Carpenters
Engi
neers Assistants
Firemen
Laborers
Sex
Hale
Male
. Male
Male
Male
Male
. Male
Baae wages
$1.10
$2.00
$2.00»
$2
125
$1.25
$1
.25
$1,335
Rel.
Kel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wageH No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages ]
Vo.
wages
Xo.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
110
100
240
100
4
100
1
100
3
100
23
100
Jnly
840
100
185
100
1
100
4
100
1
100
3
100
30
97
1861 Jan.
280
100
290
100
1
100
6
99
1
88
6
100
30
97
July
—
20
113
2
100
6
99
1
88
7
103
34
96
1862 Jan.
—
—
2
100
6
99
1
88
7
103
34
96
July
—
16
88
2
100
6
99
1
88
7
103
34
96
1863 Jan.
—
—
15
100
6
94
5
92
6
102
8
96
July
5
113
6
94
5
92
99
8
96
1864 Jan.
70
145
5
125
6
96
5
92
10
99
36
112
July
43
173
20
150
—
6
96
5
92
10
99
36
112
1665 Jan.
70
182
10
160
4
119
5
132
8
132
21
131
July
50
182
1
150
2
138
4
119
6
132
8
132
26
131
1866 Jan.
30.
182
11
175
2
138
4
119
7
132
8
132
15
131
July
—
2
175
1
138
4
119
6
132
8
132
13
181
1867 Jan.
—
—
2
200
1
138
5
116
6
132
8
132
10
131
July
—
—
8
200
1
138
5
116
6
132
8
132
10
131
1868 Jan.
—
30
200
2
113
5
119
6
132
8
132
9
133
July
20
205
35
213
1
113
5
119
5
132
9
132
11
133
1869 Jan.
300
205
35
213
1
113
5
119
n
132
8
132
9
133
July
300
205
40
225
5
121
6
132
8
132
10
133
1870 .Tan.
300
227
75
213
5
121
6
132
8
132
14
133
July
3 (JO
204
160
212
5
121
6
132
8
132
15
134
1871 Jan.
300
204
65
212
5
121
(>
132
10
132
15
132
July
250
204
283
212
5
121
6
132
10
132
12
133
1872 Jan.
125
204
70
212
5
121
6
132
12
132
11
136
July
300
204
80
2 1 2
;>
121
()
164
12
1 <M
8
138
1873 Jan.
200
204
90
212
5
124
9
164
12
164
8
136
July
250
204
50
212
3
150
5
124
9
1()4
12
164
7
136
1874 Jan.
200
204
90
212
1
150
8
126
9
164
16
164
4
140
July
150
204
25
212
1
150
8
126 ]
LI
164
164
5
139
1875 Jan.
75
204
6
212
1
125 ]
[1
16i
22
164
9
135
July
20
204
6
212
7
125 1
1
164
22
161
8
136
1876 Jan.
30
204
20
212
—
7
125 1
11
164
24
Hit
7
131
July
15
204
15
175
7
125 1
I
164
24
164
8
131
1877 Jan.
15
1«2
o
150
7
125 1
1
161
•>•)
«. «.
164
6
131
July
15
182
*>
150
7
125 ]
LI
164
•>o
«■« art
164
7
131
1878 Jan.
12
182
1
150
7
111 1
1
148
22
148
7
112
July
o
150
7
111 ]
1
148
• >•>
148
()
112
1879 Jan.
5
160
150
I
111 1
1
1 18
21
148
4
112
July
5
IfiO
o
150
7
111 1
1
148
20
148
4
112
1880 Jan.
5
160
o
150
1
111 1
11
148
20
148
8
115
July
5
160
'.0.
1
150
7
111 1
1
148
23
148
8
115
» Jul:
r. 18(
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
451
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldriah Report.
* f
Industry
City Public Work
8— (C
on.)
Cotton Goods
No. of esUb.
36
37
38
SUte
Penn.
Penn.
Mass
«
Reference
534
537
5^8
546
550
552
554
Occupa-
Pattern-
Beam
tion
Machinists
makers
Watchmen Laborers
Back Boys
Balers
Carriers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1.50
$1.50»
$1.50
$1.25
$0,265
$1.00
$.835
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
1
100
2
100
29
100
13
100 1
I 100
2
100
July
1
100
2
100
30
100
13
100 ]
I 100
2
100
1861 Jan.
4
121
1
100
4
89
33
100
12
87 ]
L 83
2
83
July
4
121
1
100
4
89
37
100
12
87 ]
L 83
2
83
1662 Jan.
4
121
1
100
4
89
16
100
13
74 ]
L 83
2
83
July
4
121
1
100
3
94
29
100
13
106 1
I 83
2
83
1863 Jan.
1
100
2
73
20
120
14
136 ]
L 108
1
129
July
1
100
2
73
34
120
14
158 ]
L 108
1
129
1864 Jan.
4
146
2
73
19
140
14
177 ]
I 133
1
150
July
1
133
2
73
38
140
14
177 1
L 133
1
150
1865 Jan.
6
175
150
2
100
24
140
13
172 ]
I 133
2
159
July
8
183
150
2
100
37
140
13
172 ]
L 133
2
162
1866 Jan.
12
183
150
2
100
15
140
13
187 1
L 167
2
175
July
12
178
150
2
100
23
140
13
187 ]
L 167
2
175
1867 Jan.
12
182
167
2
100
20
140
15
208 ]
L 167
2
167
July
11
182
167
2
100
28
140
15
208 ]
L 167
2
167
18«8 Jan.
11
182
167
2
100
15
140
16
204 1
I 154
2
158
July
10
180
167
2
100
25
140
16
204 ]
L 154
2
158
1869 Jan.
10
180
167
2
100
150
140
17
202 1
L 163
2
158
July
11
189
183
2
100
173
140
17
202 ]
L 163
2
158
1870 Jan.
10
185
183
2
100
100
140
17
204 1
L 150
2
160
July
11
182
183
2
100
170
140
17
204 1
I 150
2
160
1871 Jan.
11
183
183
2
110
18
236 ]
L 167
2
160
July
13
183
183
2
110
18
236 1
I 167
2
160
1872 Jan.
13
186
200
2
110
18
236 1
I 167
2
160
Julv
13
186
200
2
110
18
236 1
I 167
2
160
1873 Jan.
12
189
200
2
137
60
120
18
236 1
I 167
2
153
July
11
186
200
3
130
75
120
18
236 1
L 167
2
153
1874 Jan.
12
191
200
4
137
21
120
18
211 ]
I 146
3
142
July
13
192
200
4
137
34
120
17
211 1
I 146
3
142
1875 Jan.
11
192
200
6
137
30
120
19
191 :
L 122
1
150
July
12
191
2
200
7
136
46
120
19
191 ]
I 122
1
150
1876 Jan.
18
189
2
200
7
136
30
120
19
175 ]
I 110
2
105
July
14
190
2
200
8
137
226
120
19
175 :
I 110
2
105
1877 Jan.
20
192
2
200
7
136
54
100
20
175 ]
L 110
2
123
July
20
192
2
200
7
136
106
100
20
175 ]
I 110
2
123
1878 Jan.
19
159
2
167
7
122
59
100
20
172 ]
I 104
4
99
July
19
159
2
167
6
122
116
100
20
172 ]
L 104
4
99
1879 Jan.
24
160
o
167
6
122
40
100
29
142 1
L 104
2
105
July
24
160
2
167
6
122
77
100
29
142 ]
L 104
2
105
1880 Jan.
22
161
2
167
6
122
49
100
27
166 ]
I 121
2
116
July
24
162
2
167
5
122
61
100
27
166 :
I 121
2
116
> January, 1861.
452 University of Calif omia Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative raigs of wages from Table Xll of the **A\dHch Beport.
tt
Indnstry
Ootton Goods — (Con.)
■
No.ofMtob.
88
Stota
Mass.
Bofsronco
665
556
559
560
561
563
565
Oeeajpa-
Bol>bin
Boilermen'a
Oard
Card
Uon
Beltmen
Blaekimitha
Hen
BoHermen
Helpers
Grinders
Strippers
Sex
Male
Hale
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
BftM
wages
$1.60
$1.79
$1,415^
$1.75
$1.08
$1,025
$.71
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
No. watca
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No.
wages
1860 Jan. 1
L 100
4
100
—
—
1
100
2
100
7
100
6
100
Jvlj ]
L 100
4
100
—
—
1
100
2
100
7
100
6
100
1861 Jan. 1
L 100
4
97
2
100
1
86
2
100
7
90
6
96
Jvlj 1
L 100
4
97
2
100
1
86
2
100
7
90
6
96
1862'
Jan. ]
L 111
8
106
2
106
1
95
2
100
3
111
6
118
Jn]7 1
L 111
8
106
2
106
1
95
2
100
8
111
6
118
1868 Jan. 1
L 111
8
106
124
2
100
116
8
111
6
141
Jul7 1
L 111
8
106
124
2
100
116
8
111
6
141
1864
Jan. ]
I 117
8
116
159
2
98
116
8
120
5
162
July \
L 117
8
116
159
2
98
116
8
120
5
162
1865
Jan. 1
L 122
8
151
158
2
107
180
8
140
5
190
July I
L 128
8
151
158
2
107
ISO
8
140
5
190
1866
Jan. 1
L 150
8
158
144
114
139
3
141
5
190
jQl7 1
L 150
8
158
144
114
189
8
141
5
190
1867 Jan. ]
L 150
8
158
147
114
189
8
155
5
190
Jaly ]
L 150
8
158
147
114
139
8
155
5
190
1868
Jan. ]
L 160
8
161
144
129
189
4
178
6
182
Jvlf ]
L 150
8
161
144
129
189
4
173
6
182
1869
Jan. ]
L 150
3
161
177
114
146
5
182
7
181
July ]
L 150
3
161
177
114
146
5
182
7
181
1870
Jan. :
L 183
3
167
168
105
146
6
178 ]
12
164
July ]
L 183
3
167
168
105
146
6
178 ]
L2
164
1871
Jan. ]
L 200
3
161
177
105
146
6
146 ]
LO
191
July ]
L 200
3
161
177
105
146
6
146 ]
10
191
1872
Jan. ]
L 200
3
174
185
143
146
3
228 ]
12
188
July ]
I 200
3
174
185
143
146
3
228 ]
12
188
1873
Jan. ]
L 183
5
165
177
114
143
5
171 ]
12
187
July :
L 183
5
165
177
114
143
5
171 ]
12
187
1874
Jan. ]
I 178
3
149
159
91
131
6
150 ]
12
171
July \
L 178
3
149
159
91
131
6
150 ]
L2
171
1875
Jan. ]
I 147
3
130
133
91
3
105
4
127 :
12
134
July ]
L 147
3
130
133
77
3
105
4
127 ]
12
134
1876
Jan. 1
L 132
3
115
114
63
o
i)5
3
120 1
13
124
July ]
I 132
3
115
114
63
2
95
3
120 ]
13
124
1877
Jun. ]
L 132
3
115
114
72
2
95
4
124
3
103
July ]
L 132
3
115
114
72
95
4
124
3
103
1878
Jan. ]
L 123
2
131
65
2
90
5
111
4
109
July 1
I 123
2
131
—
65
2
00
5
111
4
109
1879
Jan. ]
L 133
2
131
75
o
106
5
120
1
120
July ]
L 133
1
131
3
75
o
106
5
120
1
120
1880
.Tftn. ]
I 155
1
154
3
80
106
6
136
1
134
July ]
I 155
861.
1
154
3
80
2
106
6
l.'iO
1
134
* Jan., 1
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
453
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the *^Aldrich Report.
1 1
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Con.)
No. of estab.
88
State
Mass.
Reference
567
572
575
577
578
679
581
Occupa-
Double
Filling
Lap
tion
Carpenters
DofFers
Tenders
Entrymcn
Carriers
Carriers
Machinists
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.52
$.315
$.64
$.92
$.83
$.71
$1,565
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
5
100
33
100
6
100
100
5
100
O
100
7
100
July
5
100
33
100
6
100
100
5
100
2
100
7
100
1861
Jan.
6
102
33
92
88
•
82
81
2
92
7
97
July
6
102
33
92
88
82
81
2
92
7
97
1862
Jan.
7
113
33
97
110
82
81
2
126
7
105
July
7
113
33
97
110
82
81
2
126
7
105
1863
Jan.
6
113
27
124
117
109
111
2
118
7
109
July
6
113
27
124
117
109
111
2
118
7
109
1864
Jan.
6
132
26
139
3
113
136
141
o
146
8
128
July
6
132
26
139
3
113
136
141
2
146
8
128
1865
Jan.
6
168
26
186
3
198
136
155
3
144
9
144
July
6
168
26
186
3
198
136
155
3
144
9
144
1866
Jan.
6
164
27
183
3
198
103
155
3
192
8
166
July
6
164
25
187
3
198
163
155
3
192
8
166
1867
Jan.
6
170
27
219
3
198
2
163
3
160
2
191
8
176
July
6
170
28
219
3
198
2
163
3
160
2
191
8
176
1868
Jan.
6
170
31
229
4
186
2
154
3
150
3
184
8
181
July
6
170
29
229
4
186
2
154
3
150
3
184
8
181
1869
Jan.
6
170
31
ooo
^ £a •*
5
138
o
145
3
150
4
182
8
181
July
6
170
31
222
5
138
2
145
3
150
4
182
8
181
1870
Jan.
6
170
33
219
5
138
136
3
135
5
183
8
174
July
6
170
33
219
5
138
136
3
135
5
183
8
174
1871
Jan.
6
164
32
218
7
123
145
3
160
6
191
8
174
Julv
6
164
32
218
7
123
145
3
160
6
191
8
174
1872
Jan.
6
16 4
32
295
6
123
145
3
160
7
200
8
173
July
6
164
32
295
6
123
145
3
160
7
200
8
173
1873
Jan.
6
175
31
295
7
123
141
3
160
5
206
9
177
Jul.'
6
175
31
295
7
123
141
3
160
5
206
9
177
1874
Jan.
4
156
19
259
8
123
136
8-
141
5
170
7
155
July
4
156
19
259
8
123
130
3
141
5
170
7
155
1875
Jan.
6
137
20
198
8
93
130
5
122
6
144
7
150
Julv
6
137
20
198
8
93
109
5
122
6
144
7
150
1876
Juu.
6
119
16
170
6
84
109
2
106
6
124
7
114
July
6
119
16
170
6
84
103
2
106
6
124
7
114
1877
Jan.
6
110^
110
15
170
6
88
o
98
2
106
6
127
7
120
Julv
6
15
170
6
88
2
98
O
106
6
127
7
121
1878
Jan.
6
117
15
168
5
83
•>
57
2
100
7
108
July
6
117
l.->
168
5
83
57
o
100
7
108
1879
Jan.
6
130
9
167
5
83
o
92
2
100
7
108
Jul .•
6
130
9
167
5
83
2
92
2
100
7
108
1880
Jan.
7
128
11
203
1
97
1
108
o
117
2
134
8
106
July
6
128
11
203
1
97
1
108
o
117
134
8
106
454 University of California Publications in Eco)wmics. [Vol. 1
« TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Eeport,*'
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Con.)
No. of estab.
38
State
Mass.
Reference
583
586
587
589
590
591
592
Occupa-
tion
Master
Masons Machinists
Oilers
Overseers Overseers Overseers
Carding Cloth Dressing
Dep't. Room Dep't.
Overseers
Spinning
Dep't.
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.48
$3.33
$0.42
$3.00
$2.00
$3.00
$3.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages N(
0. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages N
0. wages No. wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
5
100 ]
L 100
2
100
1
100 ]
L 100 ]
I 100
2
100
July
5
100 ]
L 100
2
100
1
100 1
I 100 ]
L 100
2
100
1861
Jan.
6
99 ]
I 100
2
107
1
83 ]
I 84 ]
L 83
2
83
July
6
99 1
L 100
2
107
1
83 ]
I 84 ]
L 83
2
83
1862
Jan.
7
98 ]
L 100
2
107
1
83 ]
L 84 1
L 83
2
88
July
7
98 1
I 100
2
107
1
83 1
[ 84 ]
L 83
2
83
1863
Jan.
5
115 1
L 106
2
107
1
100 ]
L 100 ]
L 100
2
100
July
5
115 ]
I 106
2
107
1
100 :
I 100 ]
L 100
2
100
1864
Jan.
5
151 3
L 120
2
112
1
117 ]
L 125 1
L 117
2
118
July
5
151 ]
L 120
2
112
1
117 1
I 125 ]
I 117
2
118
1865
Jan.
3
192 1
L 120
2
131
1
117 ]
I 113 1
I 117
2
117
July
3
192 ]
L 120
2
131
1
117 ]
L 113 ]
I 117
2
117
1866
Jan.
3
225 ]
I 150
4
242
1
133 1
I 138 ]
L 133
2
133
July
3
225 1
L 150
4
242
1
133 1
L 138 ]
L 133
2
138
1867
Jan.
4
220 ]
L 150
5
225
2
142 ]
I 138 . 1
I 133
2
133
July
4
220 ]
L 150
5
225
2
142 ]
I 138 ]
L 133
2
138
1868
Jan.
6
215 ]
I 150
5
256
2
142 ]
1 138 :
L 133
2
133
July
6
215 ]
I I.IO
5
256
142 ]
I 138 ]
L 133
2
133
1869
Jan.
4
238 ]
I 150
6
263
150 ]
I 138 ]
I 100
•>
133
*
July
4
238 1
L 150
6
263
150 1
1 1H8 ]
I 100
133
1870
Jan.
4
203 ]
I 150
7
261
150 ]
L i:i8 ]
I 100
o
133
July
4
203 ]
1 150
7
261
150 ]
I lAH ]
L 100
•>
133
1871
Jan.
4
169 ]
I 105
7
301
1 18 1
I 129 ]
L loo
2
117
July
4
169 ]
[ 1 05
7
301
1 18 ]
I 129 ]
I 100
<>
117
1872
Jan.
6
203 1
L 105
7
307
150 ]
[ ia8 ]
[ loo
2
117
July
6
203 ]
I 105
7
307
150
1 138 ]
I 100
•)
117
1873
Jan.
6
203 ]
1 188
1
304
150 ]
[ i;J8 ]
1 100
2
117
July
6
203 ]
[ 188
7
304
150 ]
I 138 ]
I 100
•)
117
187 4
Jan.
6
171 1
L 105
10
202
107 1
I 138 ]
I 100
125
July
(>
171 1
L 1 (55
10
262
107 1
1 138 ]
1 loo
o
125
1875
Jan.
4
144 1
I 150
12
239
2
158 ]
I 1,'18
I 100
2
133
July
4
144 1
I 150
12
239
<>
158 1
I 138 ]
I 100
•»
133
1876
Jan.
;>
141 1
I 150
12
229
i;i5 ]
1 158
I 100
2
125
July
5
141 ]
1 150
12
229
135
I 158
L 100
•1
125
1877
Jan.
5
140 1
1 150
13
210
150 1
1 125 1
! 117
2
125
July
5
140 ]
I 150
13
210
150 ]
I 125
I 117
2
125
1878
Jan.
4
147 1
[ 128
0
195
1 I A
1 11 ;» 1
I 119
•»
130
July
4
147 1
1 128
0
195
143
[ 1 1«)
1 119
•»
130
1879
Ja n .
A
140 1
[ 128
7
188
143 ]
I 11!) ]
L 133
2
130
July
:\
140 1
128
^
1
188
l\A
1119 ]
L 133
•»
I'AO
1880
Jan.
'A
140 1
120
f9
1
214
150
1 rj5 1
I ir,7
•)
138
July
3
140 1
L 120
7
214
150 ]
I 125 ]
I 107
•>
138
1908] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
455
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport."
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Con.)
No ofettab.
38
State
Mass.
Refer
ence
594
596
599
600
602
605
610
Occupa-
Overseers
Roller
Second
tion
Weaving Dept.
Painters
Pickers
Coverers
Scrubbers
Hands
Spoolers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
Male
Female
Base
wages
$
2.065
^
*
(1.36
1
^71
$1.50
$.45
$1,365
$.50
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
100
3
100
12
100
2
100
4
100
13
100
47
100
July
100
3
100
12
100
2
100
4
100
13
100
47
100
1661
Jan.
85
2
104
9
111
2
100
4
88
13
77
45
^84
July
85
2
104
9
111
2
100
4
83
13
77
45
84
1862
Jan.
85
2
107
9
109
111
4
83
13
78
45
80
July
85
2
107
9
109
111
4
83
13
78
45
80
1863
Jan.
103
2
107
9
146
111
4
111
10
101
45
105
July
103
2
107
9
146
111
4
111
10
101
45
105
1864
Jan.
3
129
2
113
7
181
122
4
129
12
113
44
95
July
3
129
2
118
7
181
122
4
129
12
113
44
95
1865
Jan.
121
2
135
9
193
2
142
4
149
11
139
—
—
July
121
2
135
9
193
2
142
4
149
11
139
—
1866
Jan.
157
2
156
9
200
2
151
7
164
12
157
37
200
July
157
2
156
9
200
2
151
7
164
12
157
37
200
1867
Jan.
157
2
156
8
200
2
151
7
164
12
160
37
200
July
157
2
156
8
200
2
151
7
164
12
160
37
200
1868
Jan.
157
3
159
9
187
2
167
7
160
12
154
36
192
July
157
3
159
9
187
2
167
7
160
12
154
36
192
1869
Jan.
157
3
159
10
187
2
151
7
152
18
158
35
208
July
157
3
159
10
187
2
151
7
152
13
158
35
208
1870
Jan.
163
3
159
11
170
2
160
7
157
13
149
34
184
July
163
3
159
11
170
2
160
7
157
13
149
34
184
1871
Jan.
163
161
11
194
2
160
7
169
13
158
40
200
July
163
161
11
194
2
160
7
169
13
158
40
200
1872
Jan.
151
161
10
200
8
161
7
. 169
12
163
37
200
July
151
161
10
200
3
161
7
169
12
163
37
200
1873
Jan.
151
161
7
211
3
163
7
169
12
163
34
200
July
151
161
7
211
3
163
7
169
12
163
34
200
1874
Jan.
154
142
12
170
3
146
7
146
11
152
34
172
July
154
142
12
170
3
146
7
146
11
152
34
172
1875
Jan.
151
179
12
137
3
127
7
127
13
155
33
161
July
144
179
12
137
3
127
7
127
13
155
33
161
1876
Jan.
194
3
137
12
134
3
102
7
123
14
127
24
138
July
194
3
137
12
134
3
102
7
123
14
127
24
138
1877
Jan.
157
3
150
12
134
3
102
7
99
10
119
24
130
#
July
157
3
150
12
134
3
102
7
99
10
119
24
130
1878
Jan.
184
4
92
9
125
3
103
8
116
9
115
23
ISO
July
184
4
92
9
125
3
103
8
116
9
115
23
130
1879
Jan.
184
4
92
6
125
2
103
8
116
10
115
23
130
July
166
4
92
6
125
2
103
8
120
10
118
23
138
1880
Jan.
166
2
129
4
147
2
100
8
120
11
127
23
138
July
176
3
141
4
147
2
100
8
128
11
131
23
152
456 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldr%ch Report.**
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Coi
n.)
No. of estab.
38
State
Mass.
Reference
612 .
617
622
622
623
625
626
Occupa-
Third
Waste
Wheelpit
Yard
Yam
tion
Sweepers
Hands
Hands
Watchmen
Men
Hands
Carriers
Sex
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$.71
$.97
$1.10
$1.33
$2.00
$1.10
$.68
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
2
100
17
100
3
100
4
100
1 100
5
100
3
100
July
2
100
17
100
3
100
4
100
1 100
5
100
3
100
1861
Jan.
1
70
18
71
3
91
4
81
1 113
4
91
3
74
July
1
70
18
71
3
91
4
81
1 113
4
91
3
74
1862
Jan.
1
85
12
80
3
86
4
81
1 113
3
82
2
74
July
1
85
12
80
3
86
4
81
1 113
3
82
2
74
1863
Jan.
3
97
9
103
2
121
4
107
1 113
3
110
3
74
July
3
97
9
103
o
121
4
107
1 113
3
110
3
74
1864
Jan.
3
102
4
155
1
136
4
113
1 125
3
127
92
July
3
102
4
155
1
136
4
113
1 125
3
127
92
1865
Jan.
3
102
6
159
o
.0
132
4
132
2 133
3
114
178
July
3
102
6
159
2
132
4
132
2 133
3
114
178
1866
Jan.
14
104
13
175
O
114
2
150
1 150
3
127
145
July
14
104
13
175
2
114
2
150
1 150
3
127
145
1867
Jan.
14
87
17
175
3
127
•>
150
1 150
3
136
' 5
147
July
14
87
17
175
3
127
o
150
1 150
3
136
5
147
1868
Jan.
14
85
17
175
2
136
3
144
1 150
3
136
3
143
July
14
85
17
175
2
136
3
144
1 150
3
136
3
143
1869
Jan.
16
88
18
108
2
127
.3
144
1 150
3
132
4
137
%
July
16
88
18
108
o
127
3
144
1 150
3
132
4
137
1870
Jnn.
18
77
15
151
•)
118
132
1 138
3
130
4
134
J lily
18
77
15
15 1
• >
118
3
132
1 138
3
130
4
134
1871
Jan.
10
78
15
1 0.1
•J
130
3
150
1 138
3
130
3
151
July
10
78
15
Hi.T
<>
130
3
150
1 138
3
130
3
151
1872
Jan .
17
82
15
171
• 1
130
.3
150
1 138
3
130
3
151
.Inly
17
82
15
171
<l
130
3
15((
I 138
•»
130
.3
151
187:i
Ann.
1(>
82
U
172
• 1
130
3
150
1 138
3
144
3
1 41
.Inh-
10
t*'!
14
172
<»
130
3
150
1 138
.3
144
3
141
1874
Jnn.
18
74
15
150
o
121
3
132
1 loo
.3
12 7
4
129
July
18
74
15
1 50
• >
121
3
132
1 loo
3
127
4
129
1875
Jnn.
20
04
20
1:50
'>
91
.3
118
82
3
91
6
110
July
20
04
20
i:{0
• )
91
3
118
2 82
3
91
0
110
1870
Jnn.
19
57
15
123
o
90
3
1 18
1 72
3
82
4
95
Juh-
19
:>i
15
12:1
• 1
90
3
118
1 72
• »
« *
82
4
95
1877
Jnn.
17
.-iO
14
120
• »
90
3
91
1 72
* »
80
4
101
Jul.-
17
.')6
14
120
o
90
3
91
1 72
.3
80
4
101
1878
.Jnn.
17
r>7
19
11.'}
•>
85
3
111
1 r.8
3
Hi
3
118
JuK-
17
'ti
19
113
2
85
3
1 1 1
1 0^1
• »
• 1
82
3
118
1879
Jnn.
i:}
56
21
119
o
85
4
11 I
1 73
.3
8 2
• >
107
July
i:t
57
20
12 3
•)
85
4
n 1
1 73
• 1
82
•>
107
1880
Jan.
11
18
i:{()
• »
101)
111
1 80
•>
95
1
103
July
11
00
18
IM7
• >
loo
\\
1 11
1 SO
*>
95
1
io:5
li»08] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
457
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report,
tt
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Co
n.)
No. of estab.
39
State
Mass.
Refer
ence
630
632
634
640
643
646
646
Occupa-
Card
Card
Drawing Foremen Foremen
tion
Grinders
Strippers
Carpenters
Drawers-in
Hands Carpenters Machinists
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Female
Female
Male
Male
Base
wages
<
^83
$.625
$1.42
$.475
$.42 $1.75
$1.75
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages No. wages
1860
Jan.
2
100
6
100
11
100
5
100
4
100 ]
L 100 :
L 100
July
2
110
6
103
11
96
3
112
3
119 ]
L 107 3
L 100
18G1
Jan.
2
110
3
111
9
98
4
84
3
119 •]
L 107 1
I 100
July
2
110
4
112
11
99
5
113
3
119 ]
L 107 ]
I 100
1802
Jan.
3
114
4
112
10
98
4
114
3
119 ]
L 107 3
L 94
July
3
104
2
104
12
95
3
117
2
95 ]
L 114 ]
L 94
1663
Jan.
o
110
1
96
24
90
2
114
2
95 ]
L 114 1
L 114
July
2
110
1
96
26
92
2
114
2
95 • ]
I 114 ]
L 114
1864
Jnn.
2
151
5
120
14
106
5
123
3
119 ]
I 114 ]
L 119
J Illy
1
160
2
179
8
128
2
143
2
119 1
L 129 i
\ 129
1865
Jan.
I
160
2
179
8
143
2
141
o
119 ]
L 143 ]
L 143
July
2
201
4
179
14
148
7
133
4
129 ]
I 143 I
) 143
1866
Jan.
o
202
4
179
12
147
6
189
4
160 ]
[ 171 ]
L 171
July
2
192
4
179
12
150
5
171
5
160 1
L 171 ]
L 186
1867
Jnn.
2
191
5
179
13
144
5
213
4
160 1
L 186 1
L 186
July
2
190
3
179
12
144
3
216
5
160 3
i 186 1
L 200
1868
Jan.
2
170
4
160
27
151
4
202
4
160 ]
I 200 1
L 229
July
3
190
5
160
26
148
4
179
6
160 ]
L 200 ]
L 257
1860
Jan.
2
190
4
160
16
149
5
206
4
160 ]
L 200 3
I 257
July
3
174
4
160
11
149
5
196
6
160 ]
L 200 3
L 257
1870
Jnn.
3
174
4
146
43
148
3
193
5
160 1
L 200 3
L 257
July
3
201
4
173
26
153
11
179
7
160 1
I 214 ]
I 257
1871
Jan.
3
181
7
159
20
156
12
173
8
160 ]
I 214 3
I 257
Julv
3
181
4
159
40
157
13
169
5
160 ]
L 214 3
I 257
1872
Jan.
3
178
4
140
17
158
11
186
4
160 ]
L 214 3
L 257
July
3
178
3
150
22
155
15
187
•>
160 1
L 214 3
L 257
1873
Jan.
3
178
4
159
54
159
13
193
4
149 1
L 214 3
L 186
July
3
184
3
177
18
161
15
203
4
160 ]
L 200 3
L 200
1874
Jnn.
2
171
3
162
12
158
10
196
3
148 ]
L 200 3
L 200
July
2
167
2
175
12
160
14
217
3
146 1
I 200 3
L 200
187.->
Jan,
3
1«U
o
140
9
155
o
203
7
149 1
182 3
I 182
July
2
158
2
140
9
155
1
154
7
149 1
L 182 3
L 182
1876
Jan.
o
158
O
A0
142
14
157
4
184
7
146 ]
L 200 3
I 200
July
2
157
2
136
5
149
4
184
6
139 1
L 200 3
L 200
1877
Jnn.
2
151
2
112
10
138
4
184
7
126 ]
I 186 3
1 214
July
2
151
2
136
9
142
4
184
7
126 ]
L 186 1
I 214
1878
Jan.
2
151-
4
112
10
142
5
161
8
131 1
L 186 3
L 214
July
O
157
•>
112
9
142
5
164
11
132 1
186 3
I 214
1870
Jan.
3
169
5
136
8
121
12
181
9
114 1
L 186 1
L 214
Julv
3
169
4
136
9
122
12
186
9
114 1
I 171 3
L 171
1880
Jan.
4
169
5
136
11
122
17
201
7
115 1
171 3
L 171
July
3
169
4
144
8
124
14
213
7
119 1
I 171 3
I 171
458 University of California Publications iw Economics, l^'^^-
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport.**
Industry
Cotton Goods — (Con.)
No. of estab.
39
State
Mass.
Reference
• 647
650
655
656
657
658
659
Overseers Overseers Overseers
Overseers Overseers
Oeenpa- Foremen
Carding
Cloth Dressing
Spinning Weaving
tion
Yard
Machinists
Dept.
Room
Dept.
Dept.
Dept.
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Bate
wages
$2.00
$1.38
$2.00
$2.25
$1.75
$2.00
$2.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No. wages
No.
wages
No. wages N
0. wages N
0. wages
No.
wages No. wages
1860
Jan. 1
L 100
24
100
1 100 ]
L 100 ]
L 100
1
100 ]
I 100 *
July ]
L 100-
24
101
1 100 1
L 100 ]
L 100
1
100 ]
L 100
1861
Jan. ]
L 100
14
104
1 100 ]
I 100 1
L 100
1
100 1
I 100
July ]
L 100
13
106
1 100 ]
L 100 ]
L 100
1
100 1
I 100
1862
Jan. ]
L 100
14
97
1 100 ]
L 100 ]
L 100
1
100 ]
I 100
July ]
I 100
17
99
1 75 ]
L 78 ]
I 80
1
75 ]
I 75
1868
Jan. ]
L 100
» 7
109
1 100 1
L 78 1
L 114
1
100 1
I 100
July ]
L 100
10
102
1 100 1
L 78 ]
L 114
1
100 ]
I 100
1864
Jan. ]
L 100
11
112
1 100 ]
I 78 ]
L 114
1
100 ]
1 100
July 1
L 100
10
126
1 113 ]
I 92 ]
L 114
1
88 1
L 113
1865
Jan. ]
I 100
10
145
1 113 ]
L 100 ]
I 129
1
88 ]
L 113
July ]
L 113
12
136
1 113 ]
I 100 ]
L 129
2
113 ]
L 113
1866
Jan. ]
L 125
16
146
1 125 ]
L 111 1
L 143
1
125 ]
L 138
July :
L 125
15
149
1 125 ]
L 111 ]
L 143
1
129 ]
L 138
1867
Jan. ]
I 125
14
158
1 125 1
L 122 1
I 143
1
138 ]
L 150
July 1
L 125
15
155
1 138 ]
L 122 ]
L 143
1
138 ]
L 150
1868
Jan. ]
L 125
23
154
1 138 1
L 122 ]
L 143
1
138 ]
L 150
July ]
L 125
16
158
1 138 ]
L 122 ]
I 143
1
138 ]
L 150
18G9
Jan. 1
I 125
158
1 138 ]
I 133 ]
1 114
1
138 ]
I 150
July ]
L 125
18
155
1 138 ]
I 133 ]
114
1
100 ]
L 150
1870
Jan. ]
L 125
20
156
1 100 ]
I 133 1
I 114
1
100 ]
[ . 163
July ]
1 125
19
157
1 104 ]
I 133 ]
I 114
1
75
I 163
1871
Jan. ]
I 125
19
161
1 104 1
L 133 1
I 93
o
81 1
175
July ]
I 125
30
142
1 104 ]
I 133 ]
I 93
2
79 1
1 188
1872
Jan. ]
L 125
24
151
1 113 ]
L 133 1
1 114
')
86 1
188
July ]
I 125
25
153
1 125 ]
I 133 ]
I 129
o
113 ]
I 188
1873
Jan. ]
L 125
39
148
1 125 1
1 133 1
I 129
4
113 1
1 188
July ]
L 125
18
157
1 134 ]
L 133 1
200
2
131 ]
[ 175
1874
Jan. 1
I 125
20
153
1 134 ]
I 133 1
I 200
•»
131 ]
[ 1 75
July ]
L 125
18
152
1 134 1
133 1
200
131 J
L 1 75
1875
Jan. 1
I 125
16
137
1 136 ]
L 121 1
I 156
•■>
131 ]
[ 159
July 1
I 125
16
137
1 136 ]
L 121 ]
I 156
•>
131 1
159
1876
Jan.
I 125
21
139
1 136 1
121 ]
L 143
o
163 1
L 159
July 1
L 125
12
127
1 136 ]
[ 121 ]
I 143
163 1
159
1877
Jan. ]
I 125
17
133
1 136 ]
L 121 1
114
•>
150 1
150
July 1
L 125
20
136
1 136 1
121 1
114
2
150 1
[ 150
1878
Jan. ]
125
18
137
1 136 1
121 ]
114
•>
150 1
150
July ]
[ 125
18
137
1 136 1
133 1
114
2
181 ]
150
1879
.Tan. 1
I 125
19
124
1 163 1
133 1
i8r»
2
200 1
225
July 1
125
17
114
1 163 1
I 133 ]
I 186
2
200 1
225
1880
Jan. ]
[ 125
17
126
1 1(?3 1
[ 133 1
186
•»
2()0 1
200
July 1
L 125
20
127
1 1 03 1
133 1
171
2
213 1
200
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
459
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.'*
Industry
Cotton
Good
s — (Cor
».)
No. of estab.
39
State
Mass.
Reference
660
663
668
673
678
680
685
Occupa-
Second
Section
Slasher
Spinners,
tion
Painters
Pickers
Hands
Hands
Tenders
Speeders
Frame
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
•
Female
Base
waires
$1.14
$.736
$1,175
$.76
$1.08
$.52
$.475
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
waires
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
7
100
2
100
6
100
5
100
8
100
4
100
28
100
July
7
104
2
102
7
103
6
110
4
92
4
106
21
92
1861
Jan.
7
111
2
102
6
108
6
106
2
83
4
104
26
97
July
5
111
2
102
2
103
6
107
2
83
4
101
29
95
1862
Jan.
4
111
2
102
3
101
6
109
1
84
4
104
30
102
July
6
100
102
4
89
4
103
2
96
25
102
1863
Jan.
4
95
113
1
99
3
113
2
97
1
92
23
97
July
6
97
113
1
99
3
113
2
97
1
92
25
99
1864
Jan.
8
97
136
2
128
2
109
5
111
2
106
24
114
July
6
119
170
2
106
3
123
3
131
3
110
25
121
1865
Jan.
- 6
130
204
2
106
2
109
2
127
2
'no
28
118
July
6
133
2
181
5
136
5
147
2
139
5
121
34
131
1866
Jan.
6
132
2
171
5
149
7
185
6
148
4
161
34
191
July
5
136
3
165
4
154
7
185
4
155
5
161
31
189
1867
Jan.
4
137
2
171
4
160
8
176
3
195
4
161
35
192
July
4
159
2
171
5
156
5
191
3
195
4
161
33
194
1868
Jan.
5
152
3
141
5
162
5
161
3
176
4
161
34
169
July
19
205
2
144
5
162
5
167
3
165
4
161
39
176
1869
Jan.
11
175
2
144
5
156
10
154
3
162
6
161
48
179
July
6
168
2
144
8
163
9
176
4
177
5
161
36
224
1870
Jan.
9
158
4
161
4
140
12
189
6
181
5
161
38
225
July
6
179
6
156
7
123
10
185
2
185
21
190
40
217
1871
Jan.
5
171
6
156
4
149
16
193
3
175
20
205
32
217
July
12
183
6
156
5
145
14
190
3
177
19
210
30
230
1872
Jan.
7
166
6
161
3
142
18
198 .
3
177
16
213
34
233
July
16
196
3
164
4
165
15
204
3
177
15
215
32
202
1873
Jan.
15
197
14
184
7
152
16
199
2
162
16
225
42
195
July
4
192
15
183
6
157
14
214
4
162
13
224
51
194
1874
Jan.
2
181
11
161
7
155
16
191
5
140
10
185
54
218
July
7
175
12
163
9
160
14
186
4
146
10
199
41
187
1875
Jan.
4
164
7
159
6
148
11
188
2
160
10
173
45
191
July
4
164
7
159
6
148
9
182
3
160
15
182
40
190
1876
Jan.
3
183
9
139
7
160
6
191
2
154
15
180
28
178
July
4
181
6
136
7
159
6
191
2
154
9
166
27
178
1877
Jan.
2
140
5
117
5
141
7
182
2
148
12
145
24
184
July
4
140
5
124
5
144
8
183
1
148
14
152
32
181
1878
Jan.
3
140
6
126
5
135
7
184
1
148
13
162
31
195
July
3
140
6
126
5
135
8
184
1
148
15
163
35
200
1879
Jan.
3
132
7
118
9
151
21
188
6
139
11
167
31
212
July
2
132
7
118
9
152
20
189
7
139
9
162
37
210
1880
Jan.
3
135
7
118
10
151
12
188
7
134
18
166
44
213
July
3
143
10
137
9
157
16
195
7
135
19
162
45
208
460 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5 — (C50NTINUKD).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Beport.
»>
Indoitry
1
Cotton Goods — (Con.)
Ho. of eiUb.
89
40
auto
ICass.
Mass.
Boforenoe
694
696
700
705
710
713
716
Oeoupa-
Yard
Band
Card
Card
tton
Warpers
Watchmen
WeaTcn
Hands
Boys
Orinders
Strippers
8tt
Femalo
Male
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
BaMWftgos
f.696
f.86
f.46
f.855
f.79
f.83
f.755
SoL
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wagea
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1660 Jan.
100
14
100
19
100
17
100
2
100
11
100
11
100
Jul/
116
14
100
15
103
12
101
4
89
11
100
11
100
1661 Jan.
108
14
100
25
110
12
101
4
98
8
105
11
99
July
106
14
100
16
102
14
102
1
105
8
105
11
99
186a Jon.
79
14
100
18
112
10
92
1
127
8
105
14
99
July
84
18
100
19
102
18
101
1
127
2
96
4
99
1668 Jan.
67
18
100
21
117
14
104
—
1
106
8
100
Jaly
67
13
100
28
118
13
105
—
—
—
—
—
1664 Jan.
94
15
116
20
128
8
119
—
6
181
9
166
July
109
14
145
22
149
9
150
—
—
7
178
12
175
1865 Jan.
97
15
145
24
140
5
148
1
63
5
179
10
180
Jnly
141
14
146
25
182
10
152
4
111
6
189
9
179
1866 Jan.
182
16
174
24
186
14
154
1
127
6
189
9
180
July
161
15
174
22
198
13
168
6
189
9
181
1667 Jan.
2
168
16
174
25
189
18
178
11
94
6
194
9
185
July
2
188
15
174
26
197
84
176
6
105
6
194
9
186
1666 Jan.
2
188
20
174
26
202
25
148
1
105
5
190
15
178
Jaly
8
188
15
174
30
191
32
158
2
95
5
198
15
180
1869 Jan.
2
168
18
174
26
175
38
165
2
95
5
190
16
180
July
3
188
15
174
39
257
19
177
2
95
5
189
15
181
1870 Jan.
2
154
18
174
44
214
24
175
2
100
5
189
15
181
July
2
139
15
174
37
197
23
175
2
100
5
189
15
181
1871 Jan.
3
182
15
174
81
237
24
151
1
105
8
198
19
189
July
2
188
15
174
92
261
35
175
8
201
19
190
1872 Jan.
2
188
15
174
76
270
27
159
o
105
8
203
19
190
July
2
188
16
174
87
259
39
175
2
105
8
202
19
192
1873 Jan.
6
173
15
174
43
255
67
165
2
105
8
187
16
179
July
4
184
14
174
50
273
49
176
2
105
8
174
16
170
1874 Jan.
5
148
14
174
29
201
37
16H
1
51
8
169
16
168
July
4
143
14
174
28
214
34
176
1
51
8
172
16
164
1875 Jan.
6.
146
15
174
28
143
38
161
2
63
8
166
16
161
Jul.-
7
145
15
174
32
154
39
160
2
63
8
167
16
162
1876 Jan.
2
147
14
167
41
151
20
146
3
78
8
166
16
158
July
2
147
11
163
42
192
19
116
5
87
8
166
16
155
1877 Jan.
2
143
12
151
34
171
16
134
5
89
8
169
16
152
July
2
143
12
151
33
180
14
134
5
89
8
165
16
152
1878 Jan.
2
143
11
156
38
228
16
KM
5
95
8
169
16
148
July
2
143
10
156
46
232
19
134
:>
91
8
168
16
146
1879 Jan.
4
134
9
144
43
217
•■»•>
120
7
83
2
169
10
126
July
4
134
11
142
46
223
35
122
<
83
2
169
10
124
1880 Jan.
4
147
8
142
40
232
25
119
6
84
2
169
10
124
July
4
147
0
146
47
228
12
V2:\
It
84
2
169
10
124
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
461
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Eeport.**
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Con.)
•
No. of estab
•
40
State
Mass.
Reference
722
727
727
730
730
736
786
Occupa-
Cloth-
Cloth-
Drawing
Drawing
tion
Carpenters Ro'm
Hands Ro'm Handi
1 Doflfers
Doffers
Hands
Hands
Sex
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female •
Male
Base
wages
$1.49
|.61
$.50
$.315
$.305
$.455
$.66
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1800
Jan.
8
100
6
100
2
100
2
100
27
100
22
100
5
100
July
8
100
6
100
2
100
5
103
28
100
23
105
4
100
1861
Jan.
7
104
5
87
2
108
5
103
25
102
9
130
5
95
July
7
104
5
87
2
108
3
112
15
107
9
134
5
95
1862
Jan.
7
105
1
82
1
116
2
105
14
105
8
114
4
79
July
9
106
1
82
1
116
1
105
5
114
5
122
2
94
1863
Jan.
9
103
1
116
4
98
9
94
3
101
—
July
9
107
—
1
116
—
1
114
—
—
1864
Jan.
13
128
3
99
—
15
124
13
127
2
106
July
9
139
3
99
15
124
18
125
3
113
1865
Jan.
11
128
3
130
—
—
15
132
20
117
3
121
July
11
140
3
130
6
127
14
182
20
127
3
129
1866
Jan.
14
141
8
136
2
169
6
159
10
165
21
139
5
157
July
8
159
8
136
169
8
159
9
165
19
134
6
176
1867
Jan.
16
153
4
148
3
170
14
167
12
208
22
136
5
155
July
17
152
4
146
3
170
13
194
9
207
22
138
5
164
1868
Jan.
17
148
4
146
3
170
9
195
4
190
26
145
3
139
July
17
151
8
148
4
170
11
190
4
190
25
144
3
141
1869
Jan.
15
154
3
148
4
174
9
192
4
195
24
141
2
135
July
15
154
3
148
4
174
7
189
4
195
24
141
3
115
1870
Jan.
20
147
5
144
2
170
5
171
4
180
25
142
4
174
July
20
147
5
144
2
170
5
171
4
180
24
138
6
176
1871
Jan.
18
153
4
146
3
181
2
159
10
164
24
176
6
181
July
18
153
4
146
a
181
2
159
10
164
25
181
3
178
1872
Jan.
18
157
3
164
3
228
5
159
15
164
21
175
2
239
July
18
157
3
161
3
228
5
159
15
164
24
186
3
215
1873
Jan.
18
152
7
156
3
189
5
159
9
157
25
179
2
144
July
18
147
7
156
3
189
2
159
9
157
28
176
2
136
1874
Jan.
18
143
7
137
3
170
1
159
10
148
23
152
3
121
July
18
144
7
139
5
173
1
159
11
152
24
151
3
125
1875
Jan.
18
143
9
134
4
180
—
17
126
26
144
2
114
July
18
142
12
134
4
183
17
130
27
146
2
114
1876
Jan.
18
133
10
121
3
163
—
12
148
26
142
103
July
18
133
10
121
3
163
11
152
28
138
106
1877
Jan.
18
128
11
118
6
145
—
9
152
28
134
76
July
18
131
9
120
5
146
9
144
29
134
76
1878
Jan.
18
126
12
115
5
146
•
10
151
25
135
76
July
18
126
11
111
4
138
9
147
26
138
76
1879
Jan.
14
124
11
112
5
136
3
111
11
113
28
138
93
July
14
124
11
112
5
136
3
111
13
113
82
142
93
1880
Jan.
14
124
12
120
5
148
3
111
13
120
34
149
8
101
July
14
124
12
120
5
148
6
108
14
98
34
151
8
102
462 University of California PubliaUions in Economics, l^^ 1
TABLE 5— (GONTINUID).
Bekttive rates of wages from Titble XII of the **Aldrieh Bepart."
Indiuitrj
Cotton Oooda — (Con.)
No. of MUb.
i
10
State
ICaaa.
Bttfenneo
748
748
746
748
751
752
753
Oeevp*-
Foremen
Hameaa
HanuM
tfon
Di
■oMtn
DrMwra
Engincara
Firemen
Tard
Handa
Handa
Sex
Foaula
Mala
Male
Male
Male
Female
Mala
BMewftgM
fl.06
1
1.98
$8.00
81.415
fl.50
f.465
8.88
IMI.
Ral.
Bd.
Rel.
Rel.
Bel.
ReL
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No. wagea
No.
wages
No.
wacet
ISeo Jan.
9
100
2
100
1
100
4
100
1 100
5
100
3
100
Joljr
10
105
2
100
1
100
8
102
1 100
4
108
3
97
IMl Jan.
8
107
8
101
1
100
8
98
1 117
1
125
3
131
July
7
106
8
108
1
100
8
99
1 117
1
125
3
131
1883 Jan.
6
69
8
88
1
100
4
100
1 117
1
140
3
136
July
6
71
2
90
1
100
4
105
1 117
1
140
1
183
1888 Jan.
8
54
1
88
1
100
4
105
1 117
1
151
.^
_^
Jnlr
8
55
1
92
1
100
4
99
1 117
1
151
—
^^
1884 Jan.
6
105
2
94
2
92
4
104
1 150
2
162
1
197
Jnlj
6
105
2
100
2
92
4
106
1 167
2
162
1
197
1685 Jan.
10
91
8
78
8
96
4
107
1 167
1
162
—^
_^
July
11
96
4
88
8
96
4
108
1 167
1
168
—
.«
1888 Jan.
11
117
5
111
2
96
4
112
1 157
8
185
3
216
Joly
7
186
7
117
2
100
4
118
1 167
1
192
1
384
1867 Jan.
7
147
8
160
8
100
4
118
1 200
5
180
8
339
July
8
148
8
160
3
100
4
118
1 200
10
168
8
321
1888 Jan.
9
143
8
204
2
100
4
116
1 200
7
177
4
818
Jaly
10
141
8
204
8
100
4
116
1 200
7
177
4
318
1889 Jan.
8
142
2
204
8
95
5
118
1 200
8
152
5
383
July
2
139
1
204
3
95
5
117
1 200
8
154
5
232
1870 Jan.
2
138
4
217
3
92
4
118
1 200
4
172
2
230
July
1
91
3
221
3
92
4
118
1 200
4
173
2
230
1871 Jan.
4
211
8
92
4
118
1 217
5
201
2
250
July
—
4
179
3
92
4
118
1 217
5
203
2
250
1872 .Tan.
—
8
195
3
97
4
114
1 217
6
213
2
230
Julr
1
165
4
191
3
97
3
117
1 217
6
233
2
250
1873 Jan.
2
122
3
213
3
97
3
118
1 200
6
213
2
243
July
1
94
6
104
3
97
2
124
1 200
6
213
2
237
1874 Jan.
1
57
5
185
3
95
2
124
1 200
6
210
2
237
July
1
64
4
185
3
97
3
116
1 200
6
206
2
224
1875 Jan.
1
57
4
163
3
100
4
113
1 200
6
206
2
224
July
1
57
6
129
3
100
I)
113
1 200
6
206
2
243
1876 Jan.
1
57
6
124
3
100
6
114
1 200
6
206 •
2
230
July
1
57
6
126
3
100
6
114
1 200
5
209
2
237
1877 Jan.
1
57
6
122
3
103
6
114
1 200
4
212
1
237
July
1
57
5
120
3
100
6
114
1 200
4
212
1
237
1878 Jan.
2
66
6
120
3
103
5
113
1 200
4
212
1
237
July
2
66
6
122
3
103
4
110
1 200
4
212
2
283
1879 Jan.
1
47
6
104
1
117
5
99
1 200
5
213
^-.
July
1
47
6
104
1
117
5
99
1 208
5
213
__
1880 Jan.
1
52
7
106
1
117
5
99
1 208
5
213
July
1
57
6
112
1
117
99
1 210
5
213
—.
^_
li>08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
463
TABLE 5— (Continued).
lielative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Eeport."
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Con.
)
No. of estab
40
State
Mass.
Reference
756
762
766
768
769
770
770
OTeraeers OTeraeers Orerseers
Occupa-
Madhinists
Master Carding
Cloth Dressing
tion
Laborers
Machinists
Apprentices Machinists
Dept.
Room
Dept.
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$.995
$1,765
f.875
$2.00
$2.50
fl.42
fl.88
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rei.
Rel.
Rel.
U«'l.
No
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No. wages No. wages No. wages No. wages
1860 Jan.
16
100
14
100
2
100
1 100 1
I 100 ]
L 100 ]
I 100
July
16
100
13
102
2
100
1 100 ]
I 100 1
L 100 1
L 100
1861 Jan.
11
103
10
105
3
114
1 113 ]
L 100 ]
I 106 ]
L 100
July
11
103
10
105
3
114
1 113 ]
L 100 1
L 106 ]
I 100
1862 Jan.
9
100
10
105
3
114
1 113 ]
L 100 ]
I 106 :
I 137
July
6
106
10
105
2
114
1 113 ]
L 100 ]
L 106 ]
I 187
1863 Jan.
5
107
9
103
2
124
1 113 ]
[ 100 1
L 106 ]
I 137
July
4
124
10
102
3
137
1 125 ]
I 100 ]
L 106 :
I 187
1864 Jan.
11
147
14
125
4
119
1 150 ]
L 110 ]
L 106 ]
L 150
July
14
173
13
127
4
120
1 150 1
L 110 1
L 123 ]
L 150
1865 Jan.
8
164
14
126
2
129
1 150 ]
I 110 1
L 128 ]
L 164
July
13
174
15
134
—
1 150 ]
L 120 1
I 128 ]
L 164
1866 Jan
13
176
16
132
1
77
1 163 1
L 120 1
L 123 ]
L 164
July
8
177
17
142
1
114
1 163 ]
I 120 ]
L 123 ]
L 164
1867 Jan.
15
166
19
145
3
114
1 163 :
I 120 ]
L 128 ]
I 164
July
16
175
22
146
3
114
1 163 ]
1 120 ]
I 128 ]
L 164
1868 Jan.
16
175
22
143
4
134
1 163 1
I 120 ]
L 123 ]
I 164
July
16
175
22
143
4
134
1 163 ]
L 120 ]
L 128 ]
L 164
1869 Jan.
17
177
21
143
1
184
1 168 1
I 120 ]
I 128 ]
L 164
July
17
177
21
143
1
134
1 163 ]
L l!JO ]
I 123 ]
L 164
1870 Jan.
23
178
24
142
1
95
1 163 ]
L 120 ]
L 123 :
L 164
July
23
178
24
142
1
95
1 163 ]
I 120 ]
I 128 ]
L 164
1871 Jan.
11
176
22
144
1
114
1 163 1
I 120 ]
L 194 ]
L 164
July
11
176
22
144
1
114
1 163 ]
I 120 ]
L 194 ]
L 164
1872 Jan.
11
178
18
149
2
119
1 168 ]
L 120 1
I 194 ]
L 164
July
11
176
18
148
2
119
1 168 ]
L 120 1
L 194 ]
L 164
1873 Jan.
10
146
18
141
2
129
I 168 ]
L 120 1
I 211 ]
I 164
July
10
132
18
136
2
143
1 163 ]
L 120 ]
I 211 ]
L 164
1874 Jan.
10
128
18
136
2
143
1 168 ]
I 120 ]
L 190 ]
L 164
July
10
126
18
132
2
143
1 163 1
L 120 ]
I 211 1
L 164
1875 Jan.
10
125
18
129
2
148
1 175 ]
L 120 1
L 211 ]
L 164
July
10
124
18
128
2
143
1 175 ]
I 120 1
I 211 ]
L 164
1876 Jan.
10
122
18
127
2
143
1 175 ]
L 120 ]
L 176 1
I 164
July
10
118
18
125
2
148
1 175 ]
L 120 ]
L 176 1
L 164
1877 Jan.
10
119
18
128
2
143
1 175 ]
L 120 ]
L 176 ]
L 164
July
10
119
18
120
2
143
1 175 ]
L 120 ]
I 176 ]
L 164
1878 Jan.
10
116
18
122
1
148
1 188 1
I 120 ]
L 141 ]
L 164
July
10
113
18
119
1
143
1 188 1
I 120 1
L 141 1
L 164
1879 Jan.
13
117
16
118
3
105
1 200 1
L 160 1
L 141 ]
I 164
July
18
117
16
118
3
105
1 200 1
L 160 1
L 141 1
L 164
1880 Jan.
13
117
16
118
8
105
1 213 1
I J60 1
L 176 ]
I 164
July
18
117
16
118
3
105
1 225 ]
I 160 1
I 176 1
L 164
464 University of California Publications in Economics. [VoL 1
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Beport."
Ootton Goods — (Con.)
No. of 0tto1>.
i
40
Stmto
Mass.
Befereneo
771
773
775
779
788
788
792
OTcnecn
OTeraeen
Picking
Oecnpa- Spinning
WeaTing
Boom
Boom
BoTing
Second
Seetioi
tion
Dept.
Dept.
Handa
Hands
Hands
Hands
Hands
Sex
ICale
Hale
Male
Female
Male
Male
Male
BMawagM
92.50
f2.25
\
1.85
f.67
f.38
fl.485
fl.25
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bei:
N
0. wagea
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan. 1
100
2
100
4
100
1
100
4
100
6
100
4
100
Joljr 1
100
2
100
4
100
1
100
5
101
6
100
4
102
1861 Jan. 1
100
2
111
6
98
1
112
4
101
7
97
4
107
Jnlj 1
100
2
111
6
98
1
112
4
104
7
97
4
108
1862 Jan. 1
100
2
111
7
98
1
112
—
—
6
97
1
106
Jnlr 1
100
2
111
7
98
1
112
1.
182
5
97
1
lOiB
1868 Jan. 1
100
1
111
2
106
1
112
—
—
6
97
—
—
July —
—
1
111
2
106
1
112
—
8
96
—
—
1864 Jan. 1
120
2
98
4
156
2
93
3
123
13
109
7
108
July 1
120
2
102
5
165
1
106
8
132
13
112
7
108
1865 Jan. 1
110
2
102
2
162
2
106
2
145
14
114
5
127
Jnly 1
110
2
111
4
162
1
149
2
151
14
118
8
131
1866 Jan. 1
120
2
111
7
181
8
152
4
153
15
119
4
122
Jnly 1
120
2
111
8
187
2
153
4
168
11
121
5
115
1867 Jan. 1
120
2
US
8
188
6
160
4
180
18
126
4
129
Jnly 1
120
2
115
9
178
6
154
8
162
18
128
7
126
1868 Jan. 1
120
100
8
169
5
158
6
166
18
125
7
188
July 1
120
100
7
177
5
158
6
161
18
125
10
146
1869 Jan. 1
120
100
7
177
5
161
6
161
18
126
9
144
July 1
120
100
7
181
5
161
5
157
18
126
9
145
1870 Jan. 1
120
111
8
174
5
184
3
188
15
128
3
138
July 1
120
111
8
174
5
184
3
197
15
128
3
144
1871 Jan. 1
120
111
10
172
10
104
3
220
19
129
July 1
120
111
10
172
10
164
3
228
19
129
1872 Jan. 1
120
111
8
180
9
155
3
240
21
128
125
July 1
120
111
8
180
9
155
2
263
21
128
125
1873 Jan. 1
160
100
8
162
9
147
2
255
20
129
107
July 1
160
89
8
151
9
146
2
230
20
127
107
1874 Jan. 1
120
100
8
149
9
151
2
217
20
127
120
July 1
120
89
8
147
9
152
2
211
19
128
120
1875 Jan. 1
160
100
8
148
9
155
«>
204
19
126
2
140
July 1
160
89
8
146
9
158
2
178
19
128
1
160
1876 Jan. 1
220
89
8
145
9
161
2
164
20
128
148
July 1
220
89
8
145
9
160
4
138
19
128
o
148
1877 Jan. 1
200
89
8
144
9
158
4
145
20
129
140
July 1
200
89
8
145
9
157
4
149
20
129
o
140
1878 Jan. 1
200
89
8
145
9
160
4
149
20
130
o
140
July 1
200
89
8
145
9
160
4
145
20
130
2
140
1879 Jan. 1
200
133
7
136
6
129
8
128
8
130
5
122
July 1
200
133
7
136
6
129
9
132
8
130
5
126
1880 Jan. 1
200
133
7
136
6
129
10
133
8
132
4
122
July 1
200
133
7
136
6
129
9
136
8
134
5
123
-*- "«.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
465
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Eeport.
1 1
Industry
Cotton
Goods — (Con.)
No. of estab.
i
40
State
Mass.
Reference
797
806
806
813
816
819
821
Occupa-
tion
Speeders
Spoolers
Spoolers
Stretchers
Sweepers
Teamsters Third Hands
Sex
Female
Female
Male
Female
Female
Male
Male
Base
wages
$.505
$.405
1.45
$.535
$.39
$1.50
$1.26S
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagtts
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
8
100
9
100
4
100
3
100
2
100
1
100
5
100
July
8
100
11
95
5
101
3
100
2
100
1
100
5
100
1861
Jan.
6
104
15
86
2
84
6
110
1
103
2
92
5
100
July
6
105
20
90
2
96
6
114
1
103
2
92
6
100
1862
Jan.
6
105
12
98
3
119
8
113
—
2
92
•4
100
July
1
99
12
101
3
128
3
118
—
—
2
92
2
96
1863
Jan.
1
99
7
88
1
62
8
119
—
3
. 89
2
82
July
7
103
2
61
6
116
—
2
83
2
82
1864
Jan.
10
144
10
120
3
92
6
117
3
128
3
94
2
112
July
8
154
11
127
3
98
6
120
2
147
3
94
1
132
1865
Jan.
8
152
15
118
7
107
6
122
2
154
3
91
2
122
July
8
156
17
125
6
114
6
124
5
156
3
91
2
125
1866
Jan.
8
155
19
173
8
144
6
134
6
182
2
117
5
132
July
8
159
24
200
5
183
6
143
7
187
2
117
2
128
1867
Jan.
8
161
22
195
5
162
6
145
7
192
2
117
2
137
July
8
162
19
186
4
162
6
148
7
191
1
133
2
137
1868
Jan.
5
158
15
172
3
159
9
155
5
204
1
133
4
135
July
5
164
16
186
2
123
9
158
6
204
1
138
3
134
1869
Jan.
5
160
11
186
2
228
9
153
7
204
2
133
132
July
5
158
11
185
3
212
9
155
7
206
2
133
132
1870
Jan.
5
158
9
201
3
166
9
162
6
208
133
135
July
5
158
12
193
o
171
9
159
6
212
2
133
135
1871
Jan.
5
166
15
200
9
166
6
220
3
133
138
July
5
178
19
179
1
82
9
170
6
224
3
133
138
1872
Jan.
5
172
12
189
—
9
167
7
206
4
133
132
July
5
174
17
195
9
166
7
204
4
133
132
1873
Jan.
5
156
14
IffO
6
148
5
197
3
133
132
July
5
149
20
180
—
6
133
5
200
3
133
132
1874
Jan.
5
145
21
160
6
124
5
187
3
122
132
July
5
139
15
147
6
123
5
185
2
125
132
1875
Jan.
5
129
18
162
7
121
5
187
2
117
132
July
5
129
22
170
—
6
112
5
195
1
100
132
1876
Jan.
5
135
17
175
6
124
5
200
132
July
4
144
20
179
4
122
8
182
132
1877
Jan.
4
129
17
178
3
115
8
178
1
117
145
July
4
124
18
164
2
103
9
174
1
117
145
1878
Jan.
4
124
22
152
—
2
103
8
176
1
117
145
July
4
124
24
147
o
103
8
174
1
117
145
1879
Jan.
3
132
27
141
—
1
140
5
154
2
125
8
125
July
3
129
34
152
1
140
6
154
2
125
8
125
1880
Jan.
4
129
26
169
—
1
140
6
154
2
125
8
125
July
3
126
31
168
.—
1
131
5
154
o
125
8
125
466 UnivvrsU't of Cnlifornia Publications in Economics. iViil.i
T.VBLE 5 — (OOSTIKUKD).
» of u-agcs from Table XII of the'"Aldneh Bepon.
CotioD (Juudi— r C.mrliiilFil)
I
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Pnces, and Wages, 1860-1880,
467
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report,
* »
Industry
Ginghams.
No. of estab.
43
State
Mass.
Reference
863
864
865
865
866
867
868
Occupa-
Back
Boiler
Card
Card
Card
tion
Boys
Tenders
Grinders
Str
ippers
Tenders
Carpenters
Drawers- in
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
Base wages
$.30
$1,165
$1.25
$.83
$.75
$1.75
$.80
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan. 1
L6
100
2
100
2
100
100
7
100
4
100
5
100
July ]
16
100
2
100
3
100
100
7
100
4
100
5
100
1861 Jan. 1
L6
100
2
100
3
100
100
7
100
2
100
4
100
July ]
[6
100
2
100
3
100
100
7
100
2
86
4
115
1862 Jan. 1
L6
100
2
100
3
100
100
6
100
86
4
118
July 1
16
100
2
100
3
100
100
6
100
2
86
4
111
1863 Jan. ]
16
100
3
100
3
100
3
100
3
111
2
86
5
108
July ]
L6
100
3
100
3
100
3
114
3
111
3
100
5
104
1864 Jan. 1
L6
100
4
100
3
107
3
114
6
111
4
100
5
103
July 1
16
117
4
129
3
120
3
135
6
133
4
114
5
103
1865 Jan. 1
16
117
4
129
3
120
3
135
6
149
4
114
5
103
July ]
16
123
3
140
3
140
4
169
6
167
4
129
6
100
1866 Jan. ]
[6
133
3
140
4
140
4
181
5
187
5
129
6
125
July ]
L6
150
4
140
4
140
5
181
5
187
6
134
6
150
1867 Jan. 1
17
150
4
140
4
140
5
181
5
187
6
134
6
163
July ]
L7
157
5
140
4
140
5
181
7
187
6
143
6
171
1868 Jan. 1
17
157
5
140
4
133
5
172
6
179
5
143
6
160
July ]
17
157
4
140
5
133
6
172
6
179
5
143
6
156
1869 Jan. ]
17
157
4
140
5
133
5
172
6
179
7
143
6
154
July ]
17
150
4
140
5
133
7
172
7
179
8
157
6
154
1870 Jan. ]
10
167
4
140
5
133
8
172
6
179
12
157
9
154
July ]
LO
167
4
150
5
133
8
172
6
179
6
157
9
155
1871 Jan. :
L2
167
4
150
5
133
8
172
6
179
4
157
9
144
July 1
L2
183
4
150
5
133
5
172
6
179
9
157
10
176
1872 Jan. ]
12
183
4
150
5
133
5
172
6
179
9
157
9
164
July 1
12
183
4
150
5
133
5
172
6
179
8
157
11
164
1873 Jan. 1
12
183
4
150
5
133
5
172
6
179
8
157
6
155
July ]
12
183
4
150
5
133
5
172
6
179
7
157
6
194
1874 Jan. 1
12
183
4
150
5
133
172
6
179
5
157
4
161
July ]
12
200
4
150
5
133
172
6
179
5
157
5
185
1875 Jan. ]
12
200
4
150
5
121
161
6
163
2
130
5
194
July ]
12
200
7
150
5
121
161
6
163
7
154
5
165
1876 Jan. 1
12
200
7
150
5
121
161
6
163
10
143
5
179
July ]
12
200
7
150
5
112
157
6
160
2
143
6
144
1877 Jan. ]
12
200
7
150
5
112
163
6
167
2
143
4
171
July 1
12
187
7
150
5
112
3
163
6
169
2
143
6
168
1878 Jan. ]
12
187
7
150
5
112
3
163
5
169
2
143
6
170
July ]
12
187
7
150
5
112
3
163
5
169
6
143
6
168
1879 Jan. ]
12
187
7
150
5
112
3
163
5
167
7
129
7
178
July ]
[2
187
8
137
5
112
3
151
5
153
7
129
5
170
1880 Jan. ']
12
187
8
137
5
112
3
151
5
153
6
129
6
188
July ]
12
187
8
146
5
112
3
151
5
153
17
129
5
184
468 Vvivemitij of Colifomia Ptiblications in Economics.
,^
TiBLB 5— (COKTIHDID)
of wage* from TaftJe X/I 9f the •'
Jldruih Report."
Oio^wi
1— (Oon.)
Uu*.
eee
•70
•TS
B
1 ST4 875
Carding Dr»Min
Dr«ii!r»
Drrat
Fi»n H
^ID
Hale
ICU
Hal*
Xth
liAlt U>le
»1,6*
•1.00
•1.68
m.i
i 13.00 fS-OO
100 It
100
34 1
103 1«
34 11
103 It
113
23 10
102 10
33 Id
13 II
103 11
107
vi-i a
ul
3S IB
!3S 10
118
as 1
18« 1*
187
85 1
86 1
ITS U
isa
85 1
41 1
107 12
182
42 1
107 12
187 IS
152
28 1
187 la
1§S
28 1
168
30 1
187 10
171
187 10
187 10
179
187 10
153 11
178
32 1
137 11
137 10
187 12
13*
37 1
38 1
1I7 Is
12s
48 I
o. w*ita Ko. Wigea No. wBgrt N
B 148 10
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
469
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldr%€h Report,**
Industry
Ginghams
— (Con.)
No. of estab.
43
State
Mass.
Reference
877
878
879
879
880
881
882
Overseers Overseers
Occupa-
Spinning Weaving
•
Second
tion
Dept.
Dept.
Painters
Pickers
Qu
illers
Reelers
Hands
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female
Female
Male
Base
wages
12.50
fS.OO
$1.75
fl.OO
f.57
f.66
$1.55
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages N<
[). wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
2
100 1
I 100
3
100
3
100
36
100
34
100
5
100
July
2
100 ]
[ 100
2
100
3
100
35
100
38
100
5
100
1861
Jan.
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
3
100
37
100
33
120
5
100
Julv
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
3
100
36
96
28
120
5
100
1862
Jan.
2
100 1
L 100
2
100
3
100
34
96
26
120
5
100
July
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
3
100
29
104
19
145
5
100
1863
Jan.
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
3
100
23
104
14
145
5
100
July
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
3
112
20
100
14
132
5
100
1864
Jan.
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
4
112
25
100
21
132
5
103
July
2
100 ]
L 100
2
103
4
125
29
128
25
130
5
116
1865
Jan.
2
100 ]
L 100
2
103
4
125
29
128
26
130
5
124
July
2
110 1
L 108
2
114
5
150
39
131
39
129
5
132
1866
Jan.
2
110 ]
L 133
2
120
4
165
45
153
45
144
5
148
July
2
120 ]
L 133
2
120
4
165
45
160
43
148
5
152
1867
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
3
120
4
165
44
165
55
148
5
152
July
2
120 ]
L 133
5
143
4
165
43
175
47
161
5
152
1868
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
4
157
43
167
44
160
5
155
July
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
4
157
42
170
44
159
5
155
1869
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
3
157
44
172
46
160
5
155
July
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
4
157
44
172
46
168
5
155
1870
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
4
143
7
157
43
184
43
152
5
161
July
o
120 1
L 133
2
143
7
157
43
186
34
177
5
161
1871
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
1
143
7
157
47
184
39
208
5
161
July
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
4
157
48
179
35
195
5
161
1872
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
5
157
49
186
35
208
5
194
July
• 2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
7
157
50
177
35
209
5
161
1873
Jan.
2
120 ]
L 133
2
143
8
150
48
186
35
215
5
161
July
2
120 :
L 133
2
143
8
150
49
193
35
215
5
161
1874
Jan.
2
120 1
I 133
2
143
8
150
49
191
36
195
5
161
July
2
130 ]
L 133
2
157
8
150
48
202
37
191
5
161
1875
Jan.
2
125 ]
L 133
2
157
8
136
49
180
34
171
5
150
July
2
125 ]
I 133
3
143
8
136
49
182
36
168
5
150
1876
Jan.
2
125 :
L 133
4
114
8
136
51
186
36
171
5
150
July
2
128 :
L 133
3
114
7
132
63
182
37
162
5
156
1877
Jan.
2
128 ]
L 133
2
143
6
140
57
168
47
155
5
156
July
2
128 ]
L 133
2
143
5
140
60
174
49
154
5
156
1878
Jan.
2
128
L 133
2
143
7
140
56
175
49
159
5
152
July
2
128
I 133
3
143
5
140
60
179
49
153
5
149
1879
Jan.
2
128 ]
L 133
2
143
6
130
59
177
53
153
5
151
July
2
128
L 133
3
143
6
130
60
168
53
144
5
148
1880
Jan.
2
128
I 133
4
143
5
130
61
170
51
149
5
148
July
2
128
L 133
6
129
6
130
62
177
50
152
5
152
1908] Mitchell,— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
471
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages fram Table XII of the **Aldrich Report/*
Industry
Oin^ams — (Con.)
Groceries
Illuminating Oas
No. of estal
►.
43
t
14
45
46
State
Mass.
N.
H.
Mass.
Mass.
Reference
891
892
893
895
896
898
898
Occupa-
Yard
•
Coal
tion
Winders
Hands
Salesmen
Teamsters
Retortmen
Handlers
Firemen
Sex
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
1
1.56
fl.OO
$.875
$1.50
$.955
$1.00
$1.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
wages
No.
wages
No!
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagei
1860
Jan.
103
100
10
100
2
100
100
2
100
3
100
7
100
July
101
105
10
100
2
100
100
2
109
—
6
100
1861
Jan.
99
107
10
100
2
100
100
2
109
4
100
7
100
July
70
121
8
100
2
129
100
2
109
1
100
6
100
1863
Jan.
61
•121
6
100
2
157
133
2
109
2
100
12
100
July
54
121
6
100
2
157
133
2
109
1
100
10
113
1863
Jan.
43
121
6
100
2
186
133
O
4W
109
2
100
14
113
July
37
121
6
100
2
186
133
2
109
—
9
137
1864
Jan.
44
121
8
100
2
186
133
2
116
5
143
14
137
July
52
141
8
125
2
186
133
2
136
1
150
10
175
1865
Jan.
49
143 .
10
150
2
186
133
2
138
1
150
15
175
July
70
168
10
163
2
186
133
2
146
8
175
1866
Jan.
82
175
12
163
2
186
133
3
138
2
150
11
175
July
85
186
12
163
2
186
133
3
160
9
200
1867
Jan.
83
183
11
163
2
186
133
3
160
4
175
15
200
July
82
189
10
163
2
186
133
3
161
1
175
10
200
1868
Jan.
77
191
12
163
2
186
133
3
163
14
200
July
81
193
12
163
2
186
133
3
166
3
200
11
200
1869
Jan.
85
193
14
163
2
186
133
3
172
3
200
19
200
July
83
202
15
163
3
190
2
133
8
172
12
200
1870
Jan.
86
191
15
163
3
162
2
133
4
172
4
200
15
200
July
84
205
27
163
3
162
2
133
3
172
4
200
11
200
1871
Jan.
85
227
14
163
3
162
2
133
3
172
5
200
18
200
July
81
225
24
163
3
162
2
133
4
172
6
200
12
200
1872
Jan.
86
221
13
163
3
162
2
133
4
168
6
200
23
200
July
84
229
26
175
3
162
2
133
4
168
6
225
14
225
1873
Jan.
86
241
12
175 .
3
162
2
133
4
172
4
225
24
225
July
83
232
21
175
3
162
2
133
3
172
7
225
20
225
1874
Jan.
92
221
15
175
3
162
2
133
4
172
3
200
30
225
July
99
218
13
175
3
162
2
133
4
172
5
200
17
204
1875
Jan.
98
200
8
Wh
3
181
2
133
4
172
8
200
26
203
Julv
94
205
7
160
3
190
2
133
4
172
6
200
21
196
1876
Jan.
104
179
7
160
3
181
2
133
4
172
4
183
21
197
July
140
174
20
160
3
181
2
133
4
172
5
150
13
182
1877
Jan.
137
171
10
160
3
181
2
133
4
172
3
150
18
178
July
138
168
6
140
186
2
183
4
172
6
150
14
177
1878
Jan.
143
171
5
140
186
o
133
4
172
7
150
9
178
July
145
175
6
140
186
2
133
4
172
6
150
15
171
1879
Jan.
137
171
7
140
186
2
133
4
172
6
150
16
171
July
137
171
10
140
186
2
133
4
172
7
150
10
173
1880
Jan.
141
175
12
120
186
2
133
5
165
8
150
14
167
July
147
173
23
140
186
2
133
4
164
16
150
9
167
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 473
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Eelative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.*'
Industry
Illuminating Oas
—(Con.)
No. of e%itkh
.
4
17
48
SUte
New York
Ohio
Reference
916
918
920
922
923
925
927
Occupa-
,
Blacksmiths
tion
Firemen
Laborers
Painters
Pavers
Stablemen
Blacksmiths
Helpers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.34
$1,055
$1.50
$1.25
$1.25
$1.50
$1.00
.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Re!.
No.
wagefl
; No.
wages
Np.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
80
100
219
100
1
100
3
100
3
100
100'
100
July
80
100
208
98
1
100
6
100
3
100
100
100
1861
Jan.
90
IQO
240
99
1
100
6
100
3
100
100
« ^
100
July
90
100
210
98
1
117
4
100
3
100
100
100
1862
Jan.
90
100
220
99
1
117
3
100
3
100
100
100
July
60
100
190
97
1
117
4
iOO
3
100
3
111
115
1863
Jan.
60
131
100
142
1
117
4
100
3
104
3
128
115
July
60
168
80
142
1
167
4
140
2
160
3
139
125
1864
Jan.
80
149
90
142
1
150
1
120
3
140
3
172
175
July
80
168
60
142
1
167
3
140
1
160
3
178
200
1865
Jan.
70
187
75
186
1
183
4
160
2
160
3
189
200
July
80
187
43
188
2
200
3
160
2
160
8
189
200
1866
Jan.
80
187
65
188
2
200
2
160
2
160
3
217
200
July
60
187
55
173
1
217
o
160
2
160
3
217
200
1867
Jan.
90
187
43
170
1
217
2
160
2
160
8
217
200
July
60
201
58
169
1
217
o
160
2
180
3
217
200
1868
Jan.
80
201
73
168
1
217
2
160
1
180
3
217
200
July
50
201
65
184
1
233
3
200
1
180
3
217
200
1869
Jan.
95
224
96
188
1
233
3
200
2
180
3
217
200
July
50
224
105
180
I
233
3
200
2
180
3
217
200
1870
Jan.
90
224
93
188
1
233
3
200
2
180
3
217
200
July
60
224
66
187
1
233
3
200
2
180
3
217
200
1871
Jan.
100
224
70
188
1
233
3
200
2
180
3
217
200
July
60
224
112
189
1
233
2
200
1
180
3
217
200
187*J
Jan.
110
224
75
179
1
233
2
200
2
180
3
217
200
July
50
298
114
189
2
258
2
220
2
210
3
217
200
1873
Jan.
100
298
102
189
2
258
2
220
2
210
3
217
200
July
50
261
112
189 .
2
258
1
220
2
210
3
217
200
1874
Jan.
110
261
102
189
2
258
1
220
2
210
3
217
200
July
50
261
112
189
2
258
1
220
210
3
217
200
1875
Jan.
110
243
80
166
2
258
I
200
2
210
3
217
200
July
40
243
160
166
2
258
5
200
2
210
3
217
200
1876
Jan.
80
243
90
166
2
250
2
200
2
210
3
217
200
July
25
224
80
142
3
233
1
200
2
210
3
189
175
1877
Jan.
80
224
65
142
8
233
1
200
2
210
3
189
175
July
30
224
65
142
3
233
1
200
2
210
3
161
150
1878
Jan.
50
224
70
142
3
233
1
200
2
210
3
161
150
July
30
205
55
118
3
189
1
160
2
200
3
161
150
1879
Jan.
60
205
50
118
3
189
1
160
2
200
3
161
150
July
30
187
45
116
2
192
2
140
2
180
3
161
150
1880
Jan.
55
187
53
117
2
192
3
140
2
180
8
161
150
July
25
205
45
132
o
192
5
140
o
180
3
161
150
474 University of CaUfomia Publications in Economics. ['^»L i
TABLE G — (COMTINUSD).
B«laMM rates of uKtgei from TtAh ZII of tk« "Aldnek Seport."
nnmlnMliii Ow — (Ooselmded) LaatlwT
M SO
tSnil Jgn
8 100 .B 1
Jul
» JOO SI
tact .l«n
S 100 SI
Jul
2 111 11
ISflS Jan
S 111 11
Jul
9 111 a 1
186» Jkn
3 las a 1
Jul
3 193 t 1
ISM Jtn
3 1» 3 1
Jul
3 lis 11
3 ITS 11
Jul
8 178 1 11
Jul
3 doo 1 le
18fl7 J.n
3 339 11
Jul
3 339 1 1
lasB Jku
3 333 11
Julj
3 331 11
18fl9 Jan
2 233 11
JbIjf
2 223 11
Julj
2 232 11
Julx
Joll
1878 J.n
5 223 11
Jul
1874 J.n
2 222 11
Job
2 232 11
187S Jmn
2 200 11
Jul
2 200 11
2 200 11
Jul,
1877 J>n
a 178 11
Julj
1878 J.n
Jul,
2 178 11
Jul
4 178 11
Jul
13 158 1 1
Labonn WatAnan
Ho. irafM No.
84 204 30
1908] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
475
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.**
Industry
Leather
— (Con.)
No. of estab.
50
State
Mass.
Reference
944
947
949
950
952
954
957
Occupa-
•
tion
Finishers
Flatteners
Olossers
Setters-Out
Splitters
Stuff ers
Table Hands
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
■ Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1
.195
$1,165
$1,165
$1,165
$1.50
$1,085
$1,055
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagfs
No.
wages
No.
wages
Ifo.
wages
1860
Jan.
6
100
1
100
100
1
100
100
2
100
3
100
July
6
100
1
100
100
1
100
100
2
100
3
100
1861
Jan.
6
109
1
115
115
1
115
122
2
107
3
105
July
6
118
1
129
115
1
115
122
.2
107
8
105
1862
Jan.
6
128
1
129
129
1
129
133
2
123
3
127
July
6
137
1
143
129
1
143
133
2
123
3
1^2
1863
Jan.
6
144
1
158
143
1
158
144
3
143
3
142
July
6
146
1
158
143
1
172
144
3
148
3
147
1864
Jan.
9
141
1
172
2
143
1
186
^
156
4
150
3
147
July
9
143
1
172
2
143
1
186
156
4
153
3
147
1865
Jan.
10
157
1
186
2
143
1
186
156
3
179
4
158
July
10
160
1
186
2
150
1
186
156
8
179
4
166
1866
Jan.
7
144
3
162
2
150
1
172
156
3
174
2
158
July
7
146
8
158
2
158
1
172
156
8
174
2
158
1867
Jan.
6
149
4
154
2
150
1
158
2
128
2
177
1
174
July
6
149
4
154
2
150
1
158
2
128
2
177
1
174
1868
Jan.
10
149
4
164
3
158
1
158
3
126
2
177
July
10
152
4
164
3
158
1
158
3
126
2
177
—
1869
Jan.
8
152
4
158
3
167
1
158
3
122
173
July
8
157
4
161
3
167
1
158
3
130
184
—
1870
Jan.
8
164
4
164
3
172
1
143
3
137
181
1
142
July
8
164
4
164
8
172
1
143
3
137
181
1
142
1871
Jan.
7
163
4
164
8
172
2
143
3
144
181
2
174
July
7
163
4
164
8
172
2
143
3
144
177
2
174
1872
Jan.
6
163
3
167
4
164
2
143
3
141
2
169
2
174
July
6
163
3
167
4
164
2
143
3
137
2
169
2
174
1873
Jan.
9
161
3
172
8
164
2
158
3
137
3
174
2
166
July
9
161
3
172
8
166
2
158
8
141
8
179
2
166
1874
Jan.
10
163
4
172
8
167
2
158
142
4
181
o
166
July
10
162
4
172
8
167
2
158
142
4
181
2
166
1875
Jan.
7
149
4
176
8
154
2
158
150
4
153
2
158
July
7
149
4
176
8
154
2
158
150
4
153
2
158
1876
Jan.
8
146
5
163
4
161
2
136
150
6
148
5
146
July
8
146
5
163
4
161
2
143
150
6
148
5
158
1877
Jan.
9
152
5
160
3
162
2
143
142
6
148
5
152
July
9
152
5
169
8
162
2
143
144
6
151
5
154
1878
Jan.
8
155
5
172
3
167
2
132
144
7
155
6
151
July
9
152
5
172
3
167
2
132
144
7
155
6
151
1879
Jan.
9
146
5
147
3
143
2
125
3
137
8
154
6
145
July
9
140
5
145
3
138
2
118
3
130
8
138
6
134
1880
Jan.
9
144
7
143
4
139
2
118
3
135
8
146
6
145
July
9
144
7
143
4
139
2
118
3
135
8
146
6
147
476 TJnivertiiy of CaUforma PvbUaiiions in Economiet. [▼<>>• ^
TABLE 5— (OoNTiMUD).
o/ i0«vM from Table XII of the "Aldrich Sepati."
9M ' MT
wrngf Ko. *•(*■ '^
1 12 14 1S8
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and IVck/es, 1860-1880,
^11
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Eeport,**
Industry
Lumber
Metals & Metallic Goods
No. of estab.
52
1
53
54
State
N.
H.
New
York
Conn.
Reference
970
971
974
976
980
983
984
Occupa-
Yard
Blacksmiths
tion
Laborers
Lumbermen
Salesmen
Teamsters
Hands
Blacksmiths
Helpers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$.385
$.505
$1.50
$1,125
$1.04
$2
.25
$1,375
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
R<1.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
4
100
19
100
1
100
2
100
9
100
1
100
3
100
July
4
100
16
104
1
100
2
100
11
104
1
100
3
100
1861
Jan.
3
100
23
99
1
100
2
115
14
104
1
100
1
100
July
3
100
24
100
2
92
8
99
14
106
1
100
7
101
1862
Jan.
2
119
17
130
2
92
2
94
12
101
2
94
6
96
July
3
119
16
126
2
100
2
94
11
106
1
100
1
100
1863
Jan.
2
160
12
182
2
114
2
98
11
105
1
100
1
100
July
2
160
11
186
4
101
2
98
10
119
2
94
3
103
1864
Jan.
2
179
14
189
3
115
3
117
11
123
2
111
4
100
July
1
179
16
194
3
120
2
111
11
131
2
133
2
121
1665
Jan.
2
179
15
202
3
139
2
111
15
135
1
156
1
133
July
2
179
23
201
3
139
2
111
14
135
2
130
1
121
1866
Jan.
2
179
21
202
3
139
2
122
13
129
1
156
1
121
July
3
179
19
208
3
139
2
122
12
130
3
148
—m
1867
Jan.
3
179
22
207
3
139
2
122
12
138
1
156
1
136
July
3
179
16
202
2
150
2
122
13
147
1
156
1
127
1668
Jan.
3
179
16
209
2
150
2
133
14
147
1
156
1
127
•
July
3
179
15
202
1
150
2
133
15
150
o
139
2
127
1669
Jan.
3
179
19
212
2
150
2
133
17
153
1
156
1
133
July
3
179
19
212
8
144
3
141
17
158
2
122
1870
Jan.
3
179
14
211
3
156
3
141
17
158
o
128
July
2
179
19
208
3
156
3
141
16
161
2
128
1871
Jan.
2
179
17
205
3
156
3
141
15
160
3
126
1
127
July
2
179
19
204
2
167
3
148
15
160
2
128
—
1872
Jan.
2
179
21
202
167
3
156
14
160
2
128
—
July
2
179
15
202
2
174
3
156
14
165
1
167
1
133
1873
Jan.
3
179
16
209
2
182
3
156
14
163
1
167
1
133
July
3
179
17
214
2
182
3
156
13
162
1
133
1874
Jan.
1
179
18
219
182
3
156
12
162
2
133
1
133
July
2
179
13
210
4
166
3
156
9
162
1
133
1875
Jan.
2
179
14
201
3
171
2
144
9
162
July
1
179
12
202
8
171
2
144
6
164
3
120
—
—
1876
Jan.
2
179
14
206
3
171
2
144
6
164
o
106
July
o
A.
179
18
202
3
171
144
6
164
2
106
—
1877
Jan.
2
179
15
202
2
182
2
144
4
176
1
122
1
109
July
2
179
14
189
2
182
o
144
5
170
2
133
2
109
1878
Jan.
o
179
18
211
2
182
3
141
4
176
2
133
2
109
July
o
179
13
210
O
162
2
133
4
176
2
133
1
109
1879
Jan.
2
179
10
213
2
182
1
133
5
170
2
117
1
109
July
2
179
14
201
2
182
2
133
6
162
2
117
1
109
1880
Jan.
2
179
11
207
2
182
2
133
5
165
1
122
1
IQP
July
2
179
11
200
2
182
3
133
4
170
1
122
478 Vniveraity of California Publications in Economics, l^**^ 1
TABLE 5— (CoKTinnro).
Eelatiee rates of wagei from tablv ZII of the "Aldrieh Beport.'
HsMl BDd UeUlUe Good*— (Con.)
Boil«mak«n Ht^ni EnflnB
• No. ¥ntt> No. Wkfw No.
rain No. mc«a
.97 16 149
ST 14 144
.19 20 14G
57 27 ISS
15 ISS
S7 17 IS«
T4 la ISV
74 26 1S3
57 10 1S8
I
I
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
479
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Jtelatxve rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport.
ft
Industry
Metal and
No. of estab.
54
State
Conn.
Reference
997
1000
1004
Occupa-
Machinists'
Moulders'
tion
Helpers
Moulders
Helpers
Sex
Female
Male
Male
Base wages
$]
1.16
$1,625
$1,215
Rel.
Kel.
Rel.
Xo.
wages
Xo.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
6
100
1
100
7
100
July
4
104
2
112
10
100
1861 Jan.
7
126
1
123
9
100
July
• 16
110
2
112
8
102
1862 Jan.
26
109
1
123
7
109
July
13
110
1
123
7
112
1863 Jan.
4
125
2
119
6
108
July
1
97
5
126
5
103
1864 Jan.
7
129
3
126
11
109
July
4
130
4
152
7
134
1865 Jan.
5
134
4
152
9
142
July
2
122
4
152
7
123
1866 Jan.
7
123
10
147
10
120
July
7
137
15
168
8
130
1867 Jan.
5
140
11
158
4
134
July
7
149
14
154
5
130
1868 Jan.
2
147
9
156
o
123
July
3
134
9
156
3
123
1869 Jan.
o
142
10
165
3
130
July
4
119
23
161
2
110
1870 Jan.
5
130
19
162
2
110
July
1
94
25
163
2
130
1871 Jan.
4
122
15
158
3
114
July
2
122
20
160
8
114
1872 Jan.
16
165
3
130
July
15
163
1
137
1873 Jan.
1
94
12
159
1
137
July
2
94
10
159
2
137
1874 Jan.
3
106
9
160
3
109
July
o
112
9
160
2
123
1875 Jan.
2
137
8
158
2
130
July
1
151
8
155
1
137
1876 Jan.
o
140
10
154
2
130
July
1
94
9
153
1
137
1877 Jan.
5
122
8
151
4
112
July
3
137
7
147
4
123
1878 Jan.
5
142
10
149
7
120
July
5
135
4
134
6
119
1879 Jan.
4
117
5
135
5
119
July
8
98
8
133
12
112
1880 Jan.
13
116
6
141
6
117
July
12
117
6
128
4
113
» Jan.. 1859.
Metallic Goods — ( Con . )
55
Conn.
1006 1009 1010 1012
Pattern- Blacksmiths
makers Blacksmiths Helpers Boilermakers
Male Male Male Male
$1.75 $1.8951 $1,001 $1,555*
Rel. Rel. Rel. Rel.
No. wages No. wages No. wages No. wages
2 100 — — — — — —
1 100 — — — — — —
2 86 — — — — — —
3 105 — — — — — —
2 100 8 93 9 109 21 108
1 100 6 96 6 111 19 106
4 89 10 96 11 113 15 121
3 102 8 108 20 125 26 129
2 111 7 118 15 132 42 138
2 136 7 132 13 147 47 163
4 138 6 136 11 148 45 172
3 159 6 136 13 146 45 170
3 171 6 132 10 147 26 173
4 152 7- 145 14 151 33 178
2 186 5 148 7 152 37 178
2 186 8 142 11 158 31 182
1 200 3 150 3 160 19 171
2 200 4 152 5 160 18 167
1 200 3 154 4 165 16 174
2 207 4 156 5 175 17 170
3 186 3 141 4 175 6 177
3 200 4 158 4 175 19 164
8 209 3 158 4 175 8 159
5 191 3 158 5 175 8 171
2 200 — — — — 16 160
1 229 — — — — 29 167
2 200 — — — — 15 176
3 186 — — — — 18 163
2 207 — — — — 12 160
1 243 — — — — 41 164
1 243 — — — — 8 165
2 179 — — — — 7 158
2 179 — — — — 8 161
2 179 — , — — — 10 147
2 179 — ' — — — 10 138
8 186 — — — — 7 140
4 161 — — — — 6 145
3 167 — — — — 4 113
3 138 — — — — 5 119
3 133 — — — — 10 124
4 121 — — — — 9 127
4 129 — — — — 9 131
^
^
■
1
■
1
■
\
4«0
Vnivfr
ity
of California Publications in Econo
^H
\
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
■
^
.. ™r«
of
tcagei
/rom Ublt ZII of
(Ae -AXdrlch
JItcpvfrt.
' ■
UottU ind HcUllir Goodt^lCoB.
V
65
sa
Cnl
D.
(Von
^^1
P
1018
1020
1023
1024
1026
1026
ileruka
«■
Pitien- P
IWptr.
u.
hint.).
Hdp.r»
>B.l»n
Hrlpen
Male
HU>
Male
U.1<
Mile
Mak.
M... ^
11.005'
*
.845'
fl-lSS-
11.675'
•1.00>
• J.TS
^H
;el-
11.1.
Bd.
R^
Ret.
KfI.
H
ICt*
Po
—
No. w.p>
20 99
No. ..t™
So.w.«n
Sn
w.t.a N
-r ■
r ■
107 ^^M
1(1 117
122
2S 110
14 lln
z z
114 ~
■
S9 IS8
88
126
37 111
(10 1*1
ee
"a
41 m
It 1*0
^ 1<"
■
SO U«
6!
171
81 laT
11 1*7
173 ^H
i
1T3 ^H
«
a* ISO
*9
21 ISO
a 150
172 ^H
1
1
Eo ise
B 178
^1
1
21 163
63
181
23 141
8 IS3
^1
1
Jul
18S
^1
1«C9 Jin
11 144
7 192
— "1
Jul
15 188
67
179
13 162
807
ais
200
398
Jol
1* 172
28
174
8 157
4 201
_ _
IBS
238
1871 J.o
B 167
4 201
188
158
Jul
1872 J.n
8 171
158
Jul
188
188
IBf
Jul
5 164
193
1S8
1874 Jkd
Jul
158
19T6 J.n
158
Jul
1870 Jtn
167
158
Jul
8 186
Jul
1 124
—
—
— —
_ _
— _
143
238
1878 Jmn
2 149
Jul
187S Jin
2 124
Jol
4 114
Jul
2 187
—
—
~ -
~ ~
z z
I"
215
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
481
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.**
Industry
Metals and Metallic Goods —
(Con.)
No. of estab.
t
56
State
Conn.
Reference
1028
1029
1032
1036
1038
1043
1047
Occu]
>a-
Furenen
Foremen
Machinists'
Machinists'
Moulders'
tion
Machinists
Moulders
Machinists
Apprentices
Helpers
Moulders
Apprentices
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$4.79
$2.49
$1,715
$.615
$1.04
$1.53
$.55
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
. wages
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
1
100
1 100
12
100
5
100
4
100
12
100
2
100
July
1
100
1 100
12
102
5
102
4
106
9
101
1
109
1861
Jan.
1
100
1 100
8
98
7
101
4
105
11
102
2
115
July
1
100
1 120
10
99
8
109
6
104
15
101
2
119
1862
Jan.
1
100
1 120
19
99
9
107
11
106
12
104
2
119
July
1
100
1 120
14
105
9
109
9
109
12
104
2
125
1863
Jan.
1 120
9
106
6
96
9
109
9
105
121
July
1 128
5
110
4
102
5
117
12
112
182
1864
Jan.
—
1 128
7
119
4
103
5
127
18
113
205
July
1
68
1 192
12
119
3
106
6
135
25
126
145
1865
Jan.
—
1 192
12
127
11
129
6
141
14
145
155
July
1
67
1 192
12
137
12
140
10
150
18
149
—
1866
Jan.
101
1 192
27
143
13
145
8
142
17
141
182
July
2
100
1 257
23
149
12
154
12
149
23
146
182
1867
Jan.
2
100
1 257
26
148
8
150
14
149
23
143
3
170
July
2
117
1 257
15
143
7
144
8
141
17
156
3
175
1868
Jan.
2
117
1 257
11
146
8
151
4
148
15
150
2
182
July
2
117
1 257
19
143
7
159
6
155
14
149
2
182
1869
Jan.
2
117
1 257
15
145
6
172
8
159
15
151
4
175
July
2
117
1 257
16
154
6
176
4
164
32
143
1
136
1870
Jan.
2
117
1 257
13
166
5
175
3
165
23
154
— .
July
2
117
1 257
12
160
6
161
3
165
25
163
-.^
1871
Jan.
2
117
1 257
9
169
3
155
3
165
25
169
1
164
July
2
117
1 257
10
160
3
163
6
164
43
153
2
164
1872
Jan.
2
117
1 257
16
163
2
154
5
165
45
157
4
168
July
2
127
1 257
28
162
2
154
5
170
39
168
5
165
1873
Jan.
1
120
1 257
14
170
4
154
4
173
29
165
1
227
July
2
110
1 257
7
169
1
179
4
172
33
169
4
182
1874
Jan.
2
110
1 257
7
185
3
176
17
170
4
194
July
2
110
1 257
5
184
4
174
20
168
2
191
1875
Jan.
2
110
1 257
5
184
1
146
4
174
20
169
2
200
July
2
105
1 257
5
165
1
163
3
159
29
150
2
200
1876
Jan.
2
105
1 257
6
157
2
163
4
155
26
149
— —
July
2
94
1 231
5
147
2
171
3
141
18
137
164
1877
Jan.
2
94
1 231
4
137
2
171
3
140
18
136
182
July
2
84
1 208
2
128
2
171
3
125
16
123
182
1878
Jan.
2
84
1 208
5
120
2
179
3
125
16
126
200
July
2
84
1 208
3
125
2
179
3
125
18
122
200
1879
Jan.
2
79
1 185
3
119
1
163
3
125
14
124
—
_
July
2
79
1 185
3
119
1
163
2
125
17
122
121
1880
Jan.
2
79
1 185
6
125
1
189
4
130
17
126
128
July
2
79
1 185
8
128
4
157
4
128
19
129
141
482 University of California Publications in Economics. l^oL 1
TABLE 5— (CONTINUBD).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Report."
Indoatry
Metote and Metallic Oooda— (Con.)
No. of Mtob.
56
57
Stole
Coon.
Md
I.
Bofennoe
1050
1054
1057
1059
1061
1063
1066
Oeeupa-
Mouldora*
Pattern-
Blackamiths'
1
tion
Helper!
maker!
Blacksmithi
i Helper! Boilermaker!
Laborers
Macbiniats
Sex
Male
ICale
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
BaMWAgM
$1,075
$1,875
$1,565
$1.00
$2,085
$.92
$1,645
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
No.
wages
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
14
100
2
100
8
100
8
100
2
100
4
100
16
100
July
13
100
2
100
8
108
10
100
4
86
4
100
20
100
1861 Jan.
11
97
2
100
8
99
8
100
1
120
4
100
12
108
July
18
95
2
100
2
96
6
96
1
72
5
82
8
94
1863 Jan.
16
95
2
100
4
95
5
97
2
88
4
82
9
98
July
18
95
2
100
4
95
8
92
2
94
4
90
12
102
1868 Jan.
11
98
2
100
6
109
6
100
6
87
8
100
22
112
July
13
110
2
100
6
117
6
125
8
92
8
125
27
116
1864 Jan.
18
110
2
109
7
135
10
185
13
107
10
134
24
125
July
21
125
2
120
8
170
13
147
8
106
8
156
20
157
1865 Jan.
17
182
2
140
7
176
13
159
15
136
14
162
28
164
July
13
180
2
140
6
173
8
165
11
138
16
172
22
167
1866 Jan.
14
132
3
142
6
184
8
173
12
•139
14
176
47
169
July
12
138
3
142
8
178
7
172
7
120
12
174
28
169
1867 Jan.
13
185
2
160
7
166
7
177
6
130
11
174
27
169
July
12
134
3
165
7
166
6
178
3
141
11
174
18
171
1868 Jan.
9
136
3
165
4
168
5
174
5
137
8
174
20
171
July
14
137
8
169
5
166*
5
167
6
180
13
174
22
168
1869 Jan.
15
139
3
169
4
168
6
178
5
125
8
171
18
172
July
21
145
8
173
6
165
6
178
4
121
8
171
23
162
1870 Jan.
21
151
8
182
6
165
6
178
11
113
8
171
32
155
July
26
152
3
173
6
162
5
172
8
114
9
170
31
158
1871 Jan.
32
151
3
173
4
160
4
177
7
115
8
170
28
160
July
30
150
3
160
4
164
5
177
8
116
10
167
31
159
1872 Jan.
32
153
4
177
6
162
6
173
u
119
9
168
32
159
July
47
155
4
190
5
166
4
171
09
I
120
14
166
20
162
1873 Jan.
22
155
3
182
4
172
4
171
2
152
9
ir>8
27
161
July
38
157
3
187
4
172
4
171
2
152
9
168
24
161
1874 Jan.
18
160
3
187
4
172
4
171
•>
^
152
8
168
24
161
July
21
161
3
182
4
172
4
171
o
152
8
168
23
163
1875 Jan.
23
160
o
187
3
154
4
157
3
128
7
145
19
155
July
35
143
7
146
3
154
4
157
3
128
7
145
19
155
1876 Jan.
18
147
5
153
3
154
3
150
2
138
9
138
22
153
July
19
134
o
163
3
138
2
150
•>
138
11
129
14
150
1877 Jan.
18
133
O
163
3
138
2
150
3
112
10
119
16
141
July
16
114
2
145
3
138
2
150
3
112
12
.117
16
141
1878 Jan.
15
117
2
145
136
2
150
3
112
9
116
15
141
July
14
116
2
145
o
136
2
150
3
112
9
116
15
141
1879 Jan.
12
119
1
144
3
133
3
150
3
112
8
113
14
141
July
17
114
3
123
3
133
3
150
3
112
8
113
15
140
1880 Jan.
24
116
2
132
3
133
3
150
4
108
8
111
13
145
July
24
120
2
132
5
141
«»
4^
156
3
128
10
122
17
158
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
483
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report,**
Industry
Metals and Metallic Goods-
-(Con.)
No. of estab.
57
58
State
Md
l.
Mass.
Reference
1069
1071
1073
1076
1077
1079
1082
Occupa-
Pattern-
Foremen
Foremen
tion
Moulders
Painters
makers
Teamsters Furnacemen Machinists Furnacemen
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.87
$1,565
$1.62
$.97
$3.00
$2.68
$1,445
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
5
100
8
100
17
100
4
100 1
L 100
7
100
2
100
July
5
100
3
99
11
102
3
102 1
L 100
8
101
1
100
1861
Jan.
4
103
107
7
106
4
100 1
L 100
6
104
1
100
July
2
94
75
4
89
4
87 ]
I 100
7
105
3
91
1862
Jan.
1
107
75
3
99
2
84 ]
L 100
9
106
4
90
July
5
98
75
6
98
2
94 ]
I 100
11
102
8
94
1863
Jan,
4
103
107
11
104
2
116 ]
I 100
10
97
1
100
July
6
103
109
11
116
3
122 ]
I 100
14
101
6
110
1864
Jan.
6
114
96
17
119
3
131 ]
I 100
6
117
4
97
July
18
120
15
139
2
155 ]
L 117
7
117
18
94
1865
Jan.
9
135
144
12
153
159 ]
L 117
12
127
6
92
July
5
136
160
12
161
169 1
I 100
12
128
2
99
1866
Jan.
15
141
160
10
177
169 ]
I 100
10
127
2
102
July
10
141
170
9
181
169 1
L 100
5
147
2
121
1867
Jan.
12
,140
160
12
172 .
169 ]
L 117
6
145
3
114
July
8
140
160
9
175
169 ]
I 117
9
155
2
111
1868
Jan.
7
141
160
8
176
169 ]
I 117
10
153
2
111
July
7
141
160
10
171
169 ]
L 117
8
154
1
121
1869
Jan.
7
143
160
12
181
169 ]
L 117
8
151
1
121
July
6
143
160
12
171
169 ]
I 117
7
146
1
121
1870
Jan.
8
141
160
13
181
169 1
L 117
5
144
3
118
July
5
146
160
11
184
169 1
L 117
3
144
1
121
1871
Jan.
4
149
160
10
184
169 1
L 117
8
144
1
121
July
7
143
160
9
185
169 1
L 117
4
145
8
118
1872
Jan.
lo
142
160
9
185
169 ]
I 117
4
154
3
118
July
8
143
160
9
171
169 ]
L 117
4
145
5
119
1873
Jan.
8
143
160
8
176
180 I
) 106
6
148
6
119
July
8
143
160
8
177
180 £
\ 106
6
151
5
121
1874
Jan.
8
143
160
8
174
180 1
L 108
5
154
5
110
July
8
143
160
8
177
180 ]
L 117
6
154
6
110
1875
Jan.
7
132
144
8
177
137 ]
I 117
4
156
7
110
July
7
132
128
8
177
137 ]
I 11-7
3
179
5
110
1876
Jan.
10
128
12
166
137 ]
L 100
5
167
8
126
July
10
119
—
9
158
2
137 —
5
162
8
125
1877
Jan.
10
115
12
156
2
137 ]
L 100
4
165
9
123
July
10
115
11
153
2
137 1
L 100
4
165
5
125
1878
Jan.
9
116
9
160
2
137 ]
I 100
4
165
7
126
July
9
116
1
112
9
160
2
137 :
L 100
6
148
7
126
1879
Jan.
10
116
5
157
2
137 ]
L 100
4
171
5
126
July
11
117
—
5
157
2
137 —
—
1
238
4
127
1880
Jan.
13
117
1
112
7
154
2
137 —
—
—
—
7
126
July
12
123
1
112
10
156
2
137 ]
I 100
2
194
12
126
484 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. 1
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XIl of the **Aldrieh Seport.''
Indnatry
Metals and MetaUic Goods— (Con.)
No. of ettob
u
1
«
S8
59
Stete
Mass.
Mass
Reference
1086
1098
1100
1107
1118
1114
1114
OeeuiMi-
Machinists Moulders,
Teamsters
tkni
Laborers
Machiniste
Helpers
Iron
Teamsters with Teams
Laborers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Baee
wagee
$.80
$1.72
$1.28
$1.56
$.94
$2.50
1
1.90
Bel.
Rel.
Rd.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wagea
I No.
wagea
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagei
1860 Jan.
80
100
42
100
9
100
19
100
5
100
100
2
100
Jnly
88
102
74
98
14
97
25
102
8
109
100
2
100
1861 Jan.
40
101
81
100
21
100
23
102
5
106
100
2
100
Jvlj
88
98
114
97
88
98
58
100
10
104
—
—
2
100
1868
Jan.
60
90
110
100
18
100
38
101
8
108
100
2
100
Jnly
86
108
81
102
14
98
27
102
10
109
100
2
100
1868
Jan.
42
104
78
108
10
100
15
105
9
112
100
8
100
July
27
105
70
103
82
98
24
110
12
121
100
8
100
1864
Jan.
80
110
112
120
53
99
21
120
7
124
100
8
100
July
9
122
106
125
42
109
20
120
8
189
100
a
144
1865
Jan.
14
148
78
136
80
112
24
141
8
146
100
8
144
July
22
153
77
137
20
117
22
147
10
158
100
8
144
1866 Jan.
28
158
86
141
26
121
25
153
5
160
100
8
167
July
40
152
98
146
24
121
26
155
9
156
100
8
167
1867 Jan.
42
154
113
148
81
119
27
156
6
160
100
8
156
July
40
159
103
149
26
119
27
159
7
163
100
3
156
1868 Jan.
84
167
94
148
25
120
22
158
6
164
100
3
156
July
51
156
85
144
17
117
24
147
5
165
100
8
156
1869
Jan.
50
151
84
146
17
120
20
155
5
165
—
—
2
156
July
35
157
99
149
20
121
18
156
•>
156
1870
Jan.
30
160
75
153
16
119
19
157
o
156
July
38
154
67
147
7
117
15
155
2
156
1871
Jan.
39
157
62
150
13
122
18
156
2
156
July
24
166
58
154
12
120
23
152
o
156
1872
Jan.
33
155
75
1.55
18
119
26
l.'>7
o
156
July
50
153
82
156
16
117
29
157
2
178
1873
Jan.
35
157
75
157
19
117
23
155
o
178
July
34
159
62
158
21
117
20
159
2
178
1874
Jan.
52
149
69
143
14
121
26
147
2
178
July
51
151
48
144
3
117
20
142
2
178
1875
Jan.
61
149
59
147
3
117
20
142
—
o
167
July
44
144
46
144
3
117
17
143
2
178
1876
Jan.
44
145
50
144
3
136
9
138
1
80
•»
200
July
31
139
25
1?J5
3
148
5
137
1
106
100
2
200
1877
Jan.
24
145
28
133
1
148
6
140
1
IGO
1
80
2
211
July
23
146
34
132
3
138
5
138
O
211
1878
Jan.
33
137
35
137
4
125
4
138
2
211
July
59
130
46
134
7
121
.'>
114
1
IHO
1
80
2
222
1879
Jan.
24
139
34
138
6
128
4
140
1
160
1
80
2
194
July
30
127
44
130
8
130
5
135
1
160
1
80
•>
194
1880
Jan.
49
121
22
127
16
129
9
134
1
100
1
80
3
194
July
132
115
101
136
19
128
13
135
2
M6
1
80
0
194
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
485
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report,"
Industry
Metals and Metallic Goods —
(Con.)
No. of estab
59
60
61
State
Mass.
Mass
•
Mass.
Reference
1115
1115
1116
1117
1117
1118
1119
Occupa-
Pattern-
Pattern-
tion
Machinists makers
Laborers
Machinists
makers Watchmen Blacksmiths
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.50
$1.75
$1.25
$1,665
$2.00 $1.50
$2.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages No. wages
1860
Jan.
17
100 1
L 100
9
100
75
100
3
100 1
L 100 ]
L 100
July
17
100 ]
L 100
13
100
73
100
8
100 ]
L 100 )
L 88
1861
Jan.
17
100 ]
I 100
12
120
72
108
8
105 ]
L 120 1
L 88
July
17
100 1
I 100
10
120
72
120
3
105 1
L 120 ]
L 88
1862
Jan.
17
100 ]
I 100
16
120
65
132
3
113 1
I 120 1
I 88
July
17
100 ]
L 100
16
120
75
132
3
113 ]
L 120 1
L 88
1863
Jan.
22
100 ]
I 100
18
140
65
180
8
125 1
L 120 ]
L 100
Julv
22
113 ]
I 100
14
140
60
180
3
150 ]
L 120 1
L 100
1864
Jan.
25
120 ]
L 114
14
140
54
165
3
150 ]
I 120 ]
L 100
Julv
25
153 ]
I 137
12
140
52
165
3
150 1
I 140 1
L 119
1865
Jan.
25
150 :
I 137
12
128
62
180
8
175 ]
L 140 1
L 119
July
25
150 ]
I 137
10
140
59
180
3
175 1
L 160 ]
L 119
1866
Jan.
26
157 ]
I 143
14
160
91
180
4
175 ]
L 160 1
L 119
Julv
26
167 ]
L 143
15
160
82
180
4
175 ]
L 160 ]
L 119
1867
Jan.
26
167 1
L 143
11
140
85
180
4
175 ]
I 160 1
I 150
July
26
167 1
I 148
10
140
74
180
4
175 ]
L 160 ]
L 150
1868
Jan.
26
167 ]
I 143
9
140
87
180
5
175 ]
I 160 1
L 150
July
26
167 ]
L 143
13
140
92
180
5
175 ]
L 176 ]
L 150
1869
Jan.
27
167 1
I 143
16
144
95
180
5
160 1
[ 180 ]
L 150
July
15
167 ]
I 157
14
140
104
180
6
160 1
L 180 1
L 150
1870
Jan.
26
167 ]
L 163
13
140
102
180
6
150 1
[ 180 1
L 150
July
20
167 ]
I 157
15
144
97
180
6
150 ]
I 180 ]
L 150
1871
Jan.
20
167 ]
L 148
11
160
89
180
6
150 ]
I 180 ]
I 150
July
17
167 ]
I 171
12
144
105
180
7
150 1
L 180 ]
L 150
1872
Jan.
17
167 ]
I 171
12
144
109
180
7
150 ]
L 180 ]
L 150
July
20
157 ]
L 171
12
144
108
180
7
150 ]
i 180 ]
L 150
1873
Jan.
20
157 ]
I 171
15
140
120
180
7
150 1
L 180 ]
I 175
Julv
20
157 1
I • 171
17
140
124
195
8
163 ]
L 180 1
L 175
1874
Jan.
20
157 ]
I 171
16
140
123
180
7
150 1
L 180 ]
L 175
Julv
19
157 ]
I 171
15
140
117
180
6
150 ]
I 180 ]
I 175
1875
Jan.
20
157 ]
I 171
18
112
108
144
5
120 1
L 144 ]
I 175
July
18
157 ]
I 171
17
108
112
144
5
125 1
L 160 1
L 175
1876
Jan.
17
150 ]
I 171
12
108
115
144
5
125 1
L 160 ]
L 175
July
20
150 ]
I 171
17
112
no
144
5
100 ]
I 160 ]
I 150
1877
Jan.
18
150 1
I 171
18
90
102
115
5
100 1
[ 128 1
L 150
July
18
150 ]
I 171
20
90
89
115
5
100 ]
I 140 1
L 150
1878
Jan.
18
150 ]
I 143
25
90
85
115
4
113 ]
I 140 1
L 150
July
18
150 ]
[ 143
28
100
87
115
4
113 ]
L 140 ]
L 150
1879
Jan.
25
133 ]
L 143
34
88
90
115
6
115 ]
L 140 • 1
[ 188
Julv
25
133 1
L 148
35
92
93
115
7
119 1
I 140 ]
I 138
1880
Jan.
43
133 ]
I 129
36
92
88
130
7
118 ]
L 120 1
I 138
July
84
150 ]
I 129
35
92
102
132
7
119 1
L 120 1
L 138
486 University of California Publications in Economics, [Vol. 1
TABLE 5— (CJONTiNUBD).
Belatwe rates of wages from Table XII of the ''Aldrieh Bepori."
Industry
Metols and Metallic Goods — (Con.)
No. of Mtob.
(
SI
62
Stole
Mass.
N.H.
Reference
1120
1123
1128
1131
1181
1183
1188
OceaiMi-
Wood-
tion
Laborer!
Maehinisto
workers
Laborers
Maehinisto
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Bate
wages
$1,125
$1,635
$1,665
$1.50
$1.17
$1.14
$1.48
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Bel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wagM
1860
Jan.
4
100
11
100
8
100
100 1
L 100
8
100
19
100
July
4
100
11
100
3
100
100 1
L 100
5
104
28
108
1861
Jan.
2
111
12
104
8
110
95 ]
L 100
1
88
10
103
July
2
111
12
107
8
110
95 —
—
1
88
6
104
1862
Jan.
1
111
12
108
4
113
105 1
L 100
1
88
18
105
July
1
118
11
109
4
116
100 1
L 100
8
97
16
104
1868
Jan.
2
118
11
108
3
115
2
106 1
L 100
3
100
12
110
July
2
188
11
112
3
115
2
111 1
L 107
4
102
12
116
1864 Jan.
3
138
11
117
8
125
2
114 1
L 107
2
117
12
117
July
8
188
11
138
3
130
1
150 1
L 128
1
110.
11
125
1865
Jan.
4
188
16
130
3
135
2
167 ]
L 128
1
81*
11
184
Jnly
4
188
16
187
3
150
150 ]
L 128
1
81
12
122
1866
Jan.
2
122
17
143
3
155
167 ]
L 150
5
121
10
144
July
2
122
17
145
3
155
159 ]
L 150
4
130
12
186
1867 Jan.
2
144
25
149
2
158
159 ]
I loU
3
129
9
185
Jnly
2
144
25
149
2
158
167 ]
L 150
3
129
7
186
1868
Jan.
2
144
22
149
2
158
150 3
L 150
2
117
8
129
July
2
144
20
151
2
158
150 1
L 150
3
117
12
188
1869
Jan.
1
156
19
152
2
158
167 ]
L laO
8
117
8
154
July
1
156
18
155
2
158
117 ]
L 171
5
132
12
153
1870
Jan.
1
156
17
146
2
158
133 ]
L 171
1
139
6
163
July
1
156
17
148
2
158
150 ]
I 171
4
129
9
153
1871
Jan.
2
156
19
149
2
158
150 ]
L 171
4
129
^9
1
154
July
o
4^
156
19
152
2
158
167 ]
I 171
4
129
7
153
1872
Jan.
2
156
26
150
3
160
167 1
L 171
2
128
7
142
July
2
156
25
151
3
160
167 ]
L 171
8
121
11
132
1873
Jan.
3
156
27
148
2
158
183 ]
L 171
8
121
6
136
July
3
156
26
149
2
158
183 1
171
7
123
6
139
1874
Jan.
3
156
27
151
180
183 ]
I 171
4
128
4
144
July
3
156
27
151
180
183 ]
L 171
4
133
7
135
1875
Jan.
5
147
34
152
180
183 ]
L 171
1
132
3
129
July
5
147
34
152
180
155 ]
L 171
3
127
5
118
1876
Jan.
4
135
33
148
180
— —
—
•0
68
July
31
138
162
— ]
L 171
1
132
2
110
1877
Jan.
July
4
4
135
135
30
29
138
137
162
162
_
1878
Jan.
July
4
4
135
135
33
32
135
136
162
162
1879
Jan.
2
133
27
127
2
140
1
133 ]
L 98
6
104
4
106
July
2
133
27
127
2
140
1
133 ]
1 98
6
104
4
106
1880
Jan.
2
122
31
128
2
140
1
133 ]
I 98
5
103
4
106
July
2
122
33
135
o
143
1
133 1
1 98
6
104
4
107
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
487
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the *'Aldrich Report.*'
Industry
Metals and Metallic Ooods —
(Con.)
No. of estab.
62
G5
66
State
N. H.
N.
J.
New York
Reference
1142
1144
1144
1165
1167
1169
1171
Occupa-
Machinists
Pattern-
Wood-
Foremen
Cupola-
tion
Apprentices
makers
workers
Machinists
Machinists
Coremakers
men
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$.485
$1.67
$1,375
$3.00»
$2.00»
$1.25
$1,055
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages N(
0. wages
No.
wages
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
5
100 ]
L 100
2
100
—
100
3
100
July
5
106 ]
L 100
1
109
100
3
100
1861
Jan.
8
99 ]
L 95
—
—
— —
—
100
3
100
July
5
124 ]
L 95
—
— —
100
2
103
1862
Jan.
5
134 —
—
1
91
100
2
103
July
3
92 ]
L 90
1
91
—
100
O
103
1863
Jan.
5
113 —
—
1
121
1 100
9
86
100
2
110
July
3
108 1
L 90
1
133
1 100
7
91
100
2
110
1864
Jan.
5
114 ]
I 120
1
109
1 100
12
94
100
2
114
July
5
138 1
L 120
1
133
1 111
17
110
120
3
127
1865
Jan.
3
166 —
- . —
1
164
1 139
15
110
120
2
136
July
4
170 ]
L 120
—
—
1 139
17
113
120
2
136
1866
Jan.
10
156 ]
L 150
1
158
1 139
17
120
120
3
184
July
9
160 1
L 180
1 139
19
121
' 120
3
134
1867
Jan.
11
164 ]
I 180
—
—
1 139
9
120
120
3
134
July
8
161 1
L 180
1 139
8
119
133
3
158
1868
Jan.
6
168 ]
L 180
—
1 139
6
119
133
3
158
July
5
154 ]
I 180
I
182
1 139
6
119
133
2
166
1869
Jan.
5
150 ]
I 180
—
1 139
6
120
133
2
166
July
7
148 ]
L 180
—
1 139
6
120
183
2
166
1870
Jan.
7
138 ]
I 180
—
—
1 139
6
120
133
2
166
July
8
138 ]
L 180
1 139
6
120
133
2
166
1871
Jan.
7
142 ]
L 180
—
1 139
6
119
133
2
166
July
7
139 1
I 180
—
1 139
13
120
133
2
166
1872
Jan.
7
141 1
L 180
—
1 139
14
119
133
2
166
July
4
128 —
—
—
1 139
16
117
2
136
2
182
1873
Jan.
— —
—
1 139
12
119
2
144
2
170
July
1
128 —
—
—
—
1 139
11
121
2
144
2
182
1874
Jan,
2
128 —
—
1 139
11
122
2
144
2
182
July
3
139 —
—
—
1 139
7
128
2
144
2
182
1875
Jan.
3
139 —
—
1 139
9
125
1
147
2
182
July
3
149 —
—
—
1 167
10
125
—
2
182
1876
Jan.
■
— —
—
1 167
9
125
2
162
July
1
161
—
—
1 167
9
125
2
162
1877
Jan.
— —
—
—
—
1 167
6
128
2
162
July
— —
'—
'—
—
1 167
6
123
2
162
1878
Jan.
— —
—
1 167
6
123
—
—
2
162
July
—
— —
—
—
—
1 167
6
123
2
162
1879
Jan.
— —
—
—
1 139
7
122
1
120
2
162
July
— —
—
1 139
7
122
1
120
3
147
1880
Jan.
— —
—
—
—
1 139
7
123
1
120
4
146
July
1 139
7
123
1
120
2
162
•July 1859.
1908] Miichell-^Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
489
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrich Report,**
Industry
Metals and Metallic Goods —
(Con.)
No. of estab.
{
57
State
Refer
ence
1184
1189
1194
New
York
1198
1201
1203
1205
Occupa-
Machinists'
Moulders'
Moulders'
Pattern-
tion
Laborers
Machinists
Helpers
Moulders
Apprentices
Helpers
makers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
i
1.89
$1.59
$1,095
$1.66
$.675
$1,125
$1.50
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
8
100
7
100
7
100
7
100
4
100
3
100
3
100
July
10
99
8
101
7
100
7
100
3
105
4
97
8
100
1861
Jan.
9
99
8
102
7
100
6
102
3
103
4
97
3
100
July
7
97
6
100
5
91
6
100
1
93
3
101
3
94
1862
Jan.
7
97
6
96
4
95
4
100
1
111
4
98
3
94
July
8
97
9
100
4
95
7
97
1
111
3
96
3
94
1863
Jan.
7
103
8
101
2
94
6
103
—
4
95
3
94
July
10
133
12
106
2
105
6
111
4
108
8
103
1864
Jan.
9
134
13
115
2
126
7
119
—
3
108
3
106
July
12
177
13
151
5
146
8
138
1
Ill
3
126
3
136
1865
Jan.
12
174
12
153
5
146
9
141
2
98
3
126
3
136
July
11
169
12
153
4
148
8
145
1
86
3
130
3
136
1866
Jan.
12
170
14
153
5
139
9
142
1
111
3
144
4
135
July
15
166
13
152
5
144
10
143
2
106
3
144
4
135
1867
Jan.
15
172
15
157
6
139
10
145
2
87
3
148
3
139
July
16
167
11
157
5
137
11
163
1
74
4
136
3
150
1868
Jan.
12
172
9
164
5
146
8
168
2
74
2
117
3
150
July
12
187
11
160
4
146
8
166
2
96
2
122
3
156
1869
Jan.
13
191
14
157
4
148
8
173
1
124
3
153
3
150
July
11
192
11
151
3
148
8
175
1
174
3
153
3
156
1870
Jan.
16
192
15
157
4
143
8
173
1
100
3
153
3
156
July
ID
191
11
151
3
148
8
175
I
174
3
153
8
139
1871
Jan.
15
195
13
155
7
131
5
181
1
100
4
167
4
183
July
15
191
15
160
6
137
7
168
1
148
3
178
4
183
1872
Jan.
13
193
16
159
4
143
5
169
1
148
2
156
4
183
July
13
190
22
158
3
145
6
173
—
156
4
183
1873
Jan.
10
197
16
152
3
160
6
176
167
5
170
July
13
192
14
163
3
168
6
171
1
74
178
6
175
1874
Jan.
10
199
16
164
5
146
8
164
1
74
178
5
170
July
10
199
12
166
4
160
8
170
1
74
178
5
170
1875
Jan.
11
197
12
166
5
146
7
172
1
74
178
175
July
10
197
10
164
5
146
7
172
1
99
178
175
1876
Jan.
11
192
10
159
5
146
7
172
1
99
178
175
July
9
186
12
151
5
162
5
160
156
165
1877
Jan.
9
175
8
137
4
155
6
147
144
167
Julv
8
178
9
135
5
147
7
147
—
144
3
172
1878
Jan.
9
175
7
135
4
14.^
8
148
144
3
172
July
9
175
7
137
4
145
8
147
—
144
3
172
1879
Jan.
9
175
8
133
3
138
8
148
144
2
158
July
8
163
9
128
4
125
7
134
—
138
4
138
1880
Jan.
11
154
11
130
4
128
9
135
138
6
186
J Illy
10
164
15
140
5
137
8
135
138
6
147
490 University of California Publications in Economics, [VoL 1
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table Xll of the "Aldrieh Bepart."
Industry
No. of Mtab.
State
Bwferenee
67
New York
1207 1208
Metals snd Metsllic Goods— (Con.)
68
Occapa-
tion
Sex
Bsse^wsges
Psttemmakers'
Apprentiees Wstehmen
Male Male
$.88> $.81
1210 1216
Boiler-
Blacksmiths makers
1860 Jan.
July
1861 Jan.
Jvlr
1862 Jan.
Jnly
1868 Jan.
Jaly
1864 J[an.
July
1865 Jan.
Jvly
1866 Jan.
July
1867 Jan.
Jvly
1868 Jan.
Jaly
1869 Jan.
July
1870 Jan.
July
1871 Jan.
July
1872 Jan.
July
1873 Jan.
July
1874 Jan.
July
1875 Jan.
July
1876 Jan.
July
1877 Jan.
July
1878 Jan.
July
1879 .Tan.
Jnlv
1880 Jan.
July
Bel.
Bel.
No.
No.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
100
152
152
152
180
189
227
227
303
152
152
205
258
303
253
303
152
154
205
— — 1 100
1
1
102
102
100
100
103
102
115
115
115
132
123
128
182
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
132
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
177
Male
$1.25
Bel.
No. wagei
1 100
1 110
3
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
4
5
3
3
6
6
8
7
7
6
•
6
6
6
6
3
4
o
3
1
5
4
4
4
2
o
3
2
3
108
114
120
140
164
164
155
158
168
158
150
150
150
151
148
155
156
155
161
166
174
175
159
166
172
157
144
146
153
151
149
134
120
127
130
149
Male
$1.21
Bel.
No. wafes
3 100
2 98
New York
1221 1228 1226
Boilerm*kra* BoDerm'kra* Foremen
Apprentiees Helpers Blanksmttiui
,Male Male Male
$.875 $.84 $2.00^
Bel. Bel. Bel.
No. waces No. wages No. wagee
1 100 12 100 — —
2 116 8 90 — —
5
7
6
5
14
17
30
27
21
18
5
18
17
16
9
8
19
24
19
21
31
32
31
24
21
18
16
13
16
16
oo
29
26
25
19
17
16
25
21
132
127
131
116
137
152
162
173
174
174
149
171
184
170
179
179
175
182
179
178
179
182
188
188
186
179
186
187
174
161
148
151
154
153
157
144
142
146
157
2 188
3 183
3
1
2
1
4
4
3
3
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
5
4
3
3
4
1
111
100
105
112
123
151
156
197
213
213
213
213
187
187
187
176
167
160
151
173
160
4
9
5
8
5
10
0
5
3
4
1
1
1
3
3
5
4
3
3
3
3
7
6
6
6
•>
mm
3
3
2
3
9
13
14
13
3
3
3
4
4
110
100
110
114
80
98
08
107
124
108
110
134
134
124
121
116
118
134
127
127
127
124
127
137
123
95
115
115
95
119
124
132
140
137
151
147
151
143
134
100
100
100
100
125
175
175
225
225
150
168
168
168
168
168
163
163
163
175
175
190
190
190
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
188
188
188
188
July, 1861.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 491
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport."
Indui
Btry
Metals and Metallic Goods —
(Con.)
No. of estab.
(
68
State
New York
Reference
1227
1231
1237
1244
1250
1254
1258
Occupa-
Foremen
Machinists'
Moulders'
Moulders'
Pattern-
tion
Boilermakers Machinists
Apprentices Moulders
Apprentices
Helpers
makers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$2.00»
$1,375
$.545
$1,315
$.50
$.72
$1.29
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagei
1860
Jan.
—
8
100
4
100
8
100
2
100
12
100
3
100
July
—
4
100
2
115
11
116
1
125
8
128
2
107
1861
Jan.
—
—
—
—
1
122
1
126
July
100
3
119
5
89
11
117
2
84
8
180
1
136
1862
Jan.
100
9
107
6
89
11
117
2
84
10
120
2
116
July
100
12
115
7
108
16
115
2
117
14
131
8
116
1863
Jan.
125
18
117
8
102
13
117
1
117
16
135
7
116
July
125
12
128
4
69
23
122
4
113
10
162
8
138
1864
Jan.
125
14
131
7
90
23
123
6
106
12
162
8
148
July
163
11
162
10
100
39
137
6
129
9
158
1865
Jan.
163
12
158
11
116
41
149
4
148
1
139
5
169
July
168
9
144
11
118
29
147
2
157
2
191
4
179
1866
Jan.
167
11
156
10
122
35
149
1
84
2
153
5
180
July
167
13
169
7
122
26
152
3
97
2
174
5
186
1867
Jan.
167
15
176
8
150
24
151
4
97
2
174
5
192
July
167
16
177
9
188
84
151
4
100
1
167
6
208
1868
Jan.
206
13
187
4
161
29
147
5
108
1
167
4
211
July
167
13
171
5
147
22
152
5
129
—
4
208
1869
Jan.
206
18
172
8
133
26
154
5
133
—
—
5
200
July
250
17
174
5
103
29
161
7
143
—
3
200
1870
Jan.
—
16
172
6
118
22
156
7
133
2
201
2
208
July
167
17
172
8
123
25
164
4
133
5
169
5
187
1871
Jan.
167
14
175
8
130
23
156
4
133
5
174
3
177
July
167
12
176
11
114
20
160
1
100
2
174
5
192
1872
Jan.
206
16
172
16
107
15
174
1
100
2
174
3
205
July
206
15
176
12
123
24
171
1
120
3
185
5
185
1873
Jan.
206
18
171
14
136
26
160
1
120
6
191
6
174
July
206
18
171
18
127
30
167
5
128
6
199
5
199
1874
Jan.
206
14
164
21
188
22
151
3
127
5
181
4
194
July
206
'23
163
16
143
27
158
7
129
6
179
5
181
1875
Jan.
206
6
173
7
178
24
157
4
130
6
176
2
194
July
206
11
159
7
173
26
161
6
127
9
174
6
178
1876
Jan.
206
12
156
5
161
21
158
5
124
10
174
4
176
July
206
20
151
5
147
24
156
5
124
12
172
3
168
1877
Jan.
206
26
145
10
119
19
159
6
127
12
174
3
160
July
206
23
146
7
102
18
159
8
125
10
178
2
171
1878
Jan.
206
26
144
11
106
19
159
6
137
10
178
3
134
July
206
14
156
11
125
19
158
7
140
8
183
2
148
1879
Jan.
206
12
155
5
128
12
154
3
147
10
157
2
140
July
206
14
146
10
145
18
154
4
140
15
159
8
187
1880
Jan.
206
17
146
11
155
22
140
4
145
14
165
3
134
July
206
20
151
8
151
22
147
4
150
14
169
5
144
'July 1861.
492 University of California Publications in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Eeport.**
Male
$1.15
Rel.
Industry Metals and Metallic Goods — (Con.)
No. of estab. 69 70
State New York New York
Reference 1267 1272 1275 1279 1284 1289
Occupa- Machinists* Machinists' Blacksmiths'
tion Machinists Apprentices Helpers Machinists Blacksmiths Helpers
Sex Male Male Male Male
Base wages $1.49 $.855 $1.25 $1.90
Rel. Rel. Rel. Rel.
No. wages No. wages No. wages No. wages
Jan. 25 100 7 100 3 100 7
July 17 96 9 74 4 92 8
Jan. 18 99 13 86 5 98 4
July 20 102 6 91 8 95 2
Jan. 35 103 7 99 7 102 6
July 22 115 4 95 5 92 5
Jan. 15 115 5 89 2 80 4
July 2 109 — — — — 5
Jan. 1 235 — — — — 4
July 63 154 12 83 7 98 4
Jan. 65 157 12 85 7 98 5
July 61 159 9 77 8 104 5
Jan. 43 168 3 94 1 110 5
July 54 172 8 81 3 110 5
Jan. 50 174 7 78 2 100 4
July 24 179 11 80 — — 4
Jan. 15 176 14 109 — — 7
July 27 173 11 106 — — 8
Jan. 13 176 9 113 3 100 6
July 20 175 11 116 1 100 6
Jan. 45 165 6 99 4 102 5
July 40 167 8 89 4 102 4
Jan. 34 167 6 71 3 102 4
July — — — — — — 5
Jan. — — — — — — 5
July — — — — — — 5
Jan. 25 153 1 99 — — 5
July 23 160 — — — — 5
Jan. 6 159 1 77 1 130 6
July — — — — — — 6
Jan. — — — — — — 7
July 7 151 1 88 1 120 7
Jan. — — — — — — 7
July 12 150 3 63 2 116 6
Jan. 7 146 3 73 6 107 7
July 18 130 5 68 5 109 8
Jan. 37 126 4 66 11 105 8
July 14 133 3 58 6 103 7
Jan. 36 128 6 87 12 95 8
July 20 135 11 86 6 102 8
Jan. 38 133 13 87 11 102 12
July 48 142 12 93 16 106 11
71
New York
1293
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
100
98
99
103
97
102
104
107
125
144
155
159
162
169
178
178
165
163
167
165
177
182
168
166
174
174
176
176
171
171
167
167
156
158
158
151
150
150
151
151
140
154
Male
$2,075
Rel.
wages
100
100
100
101
103
104
113
117
132
160
155
164
164
167
168
168
168
167
168
169
167
168
168
168
167
169
163
164
170
168
168
156
154
138
138
138
138
138
131
131
132
132
Carpenters
Male
$1,915
Rel.
No
12
12
10
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
17
13
14
13
15
14
13
12
12
11
13
13
14
14
17
15
15
13
12
11
14
15
15
14
13
13
13
12
14
13
13
17
No. wages No. wages
11
11
13
11
5
13
5
12
15
17
18
13
15
15
14
13
12
12
11
11
15
15
11
11
19
18
19
19
17
17
16
15
14
14
12
12
12
11
13
13
21
19
100
100
100
100
100
104
120
124
141
174
172
177
176
176
177
177
177
177
177
180
174
177
174
174
175
173
173
173
174
174
162
163
163
141
141
141
140
140
132
132
133
134
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
8
7
5
10
11
9
8
9
7
10
9
9
12
12
8
10
12
11
100
100
101
101
103
103
108
121
130
135
136
136
140
145
15U
163
162
162
162
164
168
168
17D
170
173
172
171
169
157
157
157
138
141
132
133
133
119
119
116
115
115
125
1^08] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
493
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport.*'
Industry
No. of estab.
State
Reference 1297
Occupa-
tion Draughtsmen
Sex Male
Base wages $2,165
Rel.
No. wages
1860 Jan. 3 100
July 3 100
1861 Jan. 4 98
July 4 98
1862 Jan. 3 100
July 3 100
1863 Jan. 4 106
July 5 115
1864 Jan. 7 127
July 7 137
1865 Jan. 7 155
July 8 154
1866 Jan. 6 171
July 9 183
1867 Jan. 8 188
July 8 188
1668 Jan. 7 188
July 7 188
1869 Jan. 7 213
July 7 213
1870 Jan. 5 220
July 4 223
1871 Jan. 4 223
July 4 223
1872 Jan. 4 223
July 3 208
1873 Jan. 5 192
July 5 209
1874 Jan. 5 202
July 5 202
1875 Jan. 5 202
July 5 180
1876 Jan. 5 180
July 5 167
1877 Jan. 5 167
July 5 167
1878 Jan. 5 179
July 5 179
1879 Jan. 5 179
July 5 179
1880 Jan. 5 179
July 3 190
Metals and Metallic Goods —
(Con.)
$
71
New
York
1299
1300
1306
1311
Foremen
Pattern- •
Blacksmiths
Laborers
Moulders
makers
Male
Male
Male
Male
$3.00
$1.00
$1,885
$1.96
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1 100
12
100
14
100
3
100
1 100
12
100
14
100
3
100
1 100 ■
10
100
13
102
4
97
1 100
10
100
13
102
4
97
1 100
10
102
11
104
5
94
1 100
10
103
12
102
5
94
1 111
11
111
11
107
5
99
1 111
11
121
12
115
5
111
1 133
13
130
15
132
7
125
1 167
19
152
16
158
8
146
1 167
10
150
10
164
6
145
1 167
15
152
15
160
7
144
1 167
19
152
17
170
5
147
1 167
18
152
15
171
5
148
1 195
19
152
16
172
8
156
1 195
18
152
16
172
7
168
1 195
13
153
14
174
7
168
1 195
13
153
14
174
6
177
1 195-
11
158
14
174
8
177
1 195
12
161
14
180
8
177
1 195
10
164
15
180
6
177
1 195
10
165
15
180
6
177
1 195
8
167
15
180
11
174
1 195
8
167
15
180
11
174
1 195
6
168
15
176
15
172
6
168
15
176
14
172
1 181
21
167
20
175
12
175
1 181
21
167
21
175
11
179
1 181
20
168
14
168
6
172
1 181
18
169
14
168
6
170
1 181
21
158
17
155
9
161
1 153
22
157
15
150
9
146
1 153
19
157
16
149
8
149
1 139
14
144
14
137
12
134
1 139
14
145
14
135
10
134
1 139
13
144
14
135
10
134
1 139
18
140
14
136
11
124
1 139
17
141
14
136
10
122
1 139
25
135
16
134
13
122
1 139
23
137
15
134
14
130
1 -139
18
142
20
130
17
129
1 167
17
159
23
142
16
141
72
New York
1315 1318
Blacksmiths'
Blacksmiths Helpers
Male Male
$1,515 $.875
Rel. Rel.
No. wages No. wages
9 100 7 100
8 97 10 105
5 92 6 100
4 93 5 103
5 96 9 103
4 109 5 111
5 102 6 114
4 122 7 118
3 121 10 129
5 144 7 165
3 149 8 171
5 152 12 170
4 105 11 177
3 165 9 176
5 160 6 176
5 163 9 175
4 163 5 177
5 163 5 177
5 163 10 160
4 165 5 160
1 132 10 197
6 159 14 186
6 159 11 183
6 159 13 174
7 158 2 179
8 169 11 186
7 170 8 184
6 182 9 184
— — 3 162-
1 165 8 171
6 149 6 160
7 153 8 164
2 141 3 150
6 141 9 150
8 141 9 150
7 141 7 150
6 141 7 151
11 125 11 135
8 125 9 137
10 125 12 135
10 137 8 150
10 153 17 160
4M Umvenity of Calif omia Publi&^ioiu in Et
TABLE 5— (CoKToniKD),
JhloHva rolM of vagoi from Tobls Zll of the "A.
■dulrj UauliudlbtelUeaood*— (Ooii.
1S91 1»6
dTpaoten'
Ma. witH Mo. mfM No. wmM Ko. n|«
n — —
ises J in. — —
— 4 187
11 212
14 203
12 215
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
495
TABLE 5— (Ck)NTiNUED).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the " Aldrich Beport."
Indastry
Metals and Metallic Goods —
(Con.)
No. of esUb.
(
73
74
State
Penn.
Penn.
Reference
1341
1341
1342
1344
1346
1349
1351
Occupa-
Blacksmiths
Pattern-
tion
Helpers (
Coremakeri
Laborers
Machinists
Moulders
makers
Blackamiths
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wajrei
$1.00
$1,335
$1.00
$1,705
$1,635
$1.
585
$2.20
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No,
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1800
Jan.
2
100
1
100
13
100
12
100
5
100
4
100
2
100
July
4
100
2
100
16
100
9
102
8
94
2
110
2
100
1861
Jan.
2
100
2
100
10
100
9
102
8
97
8
112
2
100
July
3
100
8
100
17
100
8
103
9
98
3
112
2
91
1862
Jan.
3
100
4
100
20
100
11
103
9
96
3
112
2
91
July
2
113
3
100
22
100
13
103
8
94
8
112
2
100
1863
Jan.
2
113
3
100
18
106
13
103
8
97
3
119
2
100
July
2
121
4
112
21
114
13
112
7
101
3
126
2
114
1864
Jan.
3
125
4
125
20
123
13
116
5
112
3
152
2
114
July
3
150
4
137
22
148
13
144
4
122
2
174
2
114
1865
Jan.
3
167
3
150
20
159
14
162
3
132
3
175
2
114
July
2
167
4
150
24
159
8
159
4
132
3
175
2
114
1866
Jan.
3
167
5
150
18
159
8
173
4
153
5
173
3
114
July
167
5
150
23
159
16
165
8
153
5
173
8
114
1867
Jan.
167
7
150
37
159
22
167
8
153
4
173
4
114
July
167
7
150
40
155
24
168
10
153
6
163
3
114
1868
Jan.
167
6
150
47
154
25
168
11
153
6
163
3
114
July
167
9
150
40
155
27
171
9
153
6
163
3
114
1869
Jan.
167
10
150
40
155
27
170
12
153
6
168
3
118
July
167
12
150
42
155
19
171
10
153
6
163
3
118
1870
Jan.
167
10
150
44
154
19
171
12
153
6
163
4
118
July
3
150
10
120
35
130
17
160
12
145
5
148
4
109
1871
Jan.
3
150
12
120
34
130
16
165
14
143
6
151
4
114
July
3
150
13
120
37
130
16
163
17
143
6
151
4
114
1872
Jan.
3
150
12
105
25
130
14
166
16
150
3
160
0
118
July
3
150
12
105
25
130
14
166
16
150
4
155
4
127
1873
Jan.
4
160
12
112
32
134
28
160
14
157
5
164
4
127
July
5
160
12
112
34
134
28
160
15
157
5
164
8
127
1874
Jan.
5
170
12
120
81
140
31
160
13
155
3
173
4
114
July
5
170
12
120
32
140
30
159
14
155
4
1,07
4
114
1875
Jan.
2
160
8
105
20
130
19
141
12
14.3
5
155
5
105
July
2
160
8
105
22
180
20
141
12
143
5
155
0
105
1876
Jan.
3
140
6
105
20
130
22
128
10
130
5
136
5
95
July
3
140
7
105
21
130
19
128
10
130
6
139
5
95
1877
Jan.
3
130
7
97
18
120
19
123
7
124
4
132
4
105
July
3
130
5
97
17
120
19
123
9
124
4
132
3
91
1878
Jan.
3
130
7
97
28
120
17
114
11
124
4
126
4
91
July
4
130
6
105
28
120
19
120
12
126
4
120
3
91
1879
Jan.
3
130
7
97
32
120
21
126
12
125
4
123
5
91
July
3
130
7
97
29
120
22
125
12
125
4
123
0
91
1880
Jan.
4
120
8
97
35
120
22
124
15
140
5
135
7
91
July
4
120
8
97
34
120
21
124
15
140
5
140
0
91
496 University of California PubHcafions iti Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 5— (Cosi
jbiativr ratti of waget fmm Tabic XII of the •■Alilriclt Beiinrt."
^SSatitf UcUk DnilMcIBlJioODOds— (Con.)
OotB- DraDth Ik
eso Jin,
a 100
g
00
inXf
00
JBir
00
883 J.n.
Juli
eas Jh.
inif
BM Jmn.
IT
Jult
38
sea Jin.
49
July
4*
806 Jan.
07
Jnlr
87
887 Jan.
M,
67
ees Jan.
87
J^r
809 Jan.
67
tjAj
870 JtD.
Julr
971 J«n,
July
3 107
50
July
873 Jan.
3 I"
SO
Julx
874 Jan,
* 111
July
4^107
—
—
July 8 93
877 Jan. 7 93
July 6 79
w-tu X
0. »•««»
So.»
a«H
No. *a(fi No. wain
100
JOO
IS
IS
10
15
01 2 lOI,
la 2 10.
100
100
110
12
;;
13 3 loa
108
108
136
IS
40
34 3 125
38 a IS(
lOS
I as
Is
50
58 3 IBI
108
ii
17
SO
04 2 la:
lao
I2S
ts
so
B3 a IB)
125
20
50 2 ITS
120
120
110
30
43 3 175
125
30
30
59 2 175
130
57 2 17S
130
135
30
30
58 2 175
140
100
28
30
41 3 141
28 3 150
lao
JOO
3B
w,
27
29 3 12!
120
38
28 2 135
100
120
40
30
28
29 2 125
152
110
45
20
27
S7 2 125
I
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
497
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Eelative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.
f »
Industry
Metals and Metallic
Oooda
Paper
(Concluded)
No. of estab.
74
75
State
Penn.
Mass.
Reference
1358
1359
1360
1361
1361
1362
1363
Occupa-
Pattern-
Pattemmk'rs'
Machine
tion
Moulders
mi
Rkers
Helpers
Engineers
Finishers
Laborers
Hands
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.70
$1,535
$1.30
$1,165
$1.25
$1.00
$1,835
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No,
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
12
100
3
100
2
100
2
100
100
22
100
2
100*
July
12
100
4
101
2
100
2
100
100
20
100
2
100
1861
Jan.
10
118
4
101
2
100
2
100
100
17
100
2
100
July
8
118
4
101
2
100
2
100
100
16
100
2
100
1862
Jan.
10
118
4
107
2
100
2
100
87
15
80
2
100
July
10
129
4
114
2
100
2
100
87
15
80
2
112
1863
Jan.
10
129
4
121
2
115
2
115
107
12
100
2
112
July
6
147
4
127
2
115
2
115
107
12
100
2
112
1664
Jan.
6
147
4
130
o
115
o
115
107
12
100
2
125
July
10
176
5
143
2
115
2
129
140
12
134
2
150
1865
Jan.
8
176
5
159
2
154
2
143
160
12
150
2
169
July
8
176
5
159
2
154
2
143
160
12
167
2
169
1866
Jan.
10
176
176
3
123
2
143
200
10
150
2
187
July
10
176
176
3
123
2
143
200
9
150
2
187
1867
Jan.
9
176
182
2
123
2
148
200
8
150
2
206
July
9
153
182
3
123
2
158
200
9
150
2
206
1868
Jan.
10
153
182
3
123
2
158
240
7
150
2
206
July
8
153
182
3
123
2
158
260
8
150
2
206
1869
Jan.
8
153
176
3
123
2
158
260
8
150
2
206
July
8
153
176
3
123
2
172
^
240
8
150
2
206
1870
Jan.
8
153
186
4
115
172
240
8
150
2
206
July
6
153
179
4
115
2
172
240
8
150
2
225
1871
Jan.
8
153
179
4
115
2
172
241
8
150
2
225
July
10
176
176
4
115
2
172
274
8
150
2
225
1872
Jan.
10
176
5
185
6
115
2
172
189
8
150
2
225
July
12
176
6
187
6
115
2
172
266
8
150
2
225
1873
Jan.
10
176
6
187
6
115
2
172
284
8
150
2
225
July
10
176
5
186
8
131
2
172
272
8
150
2
225
1874
Jan.
4
139
5
123
2
172
226
8
150
2
225
Juh-
4
139
5
123
2
172
336
8
150
2
225
1875
Jan.
5
159
4
115
2
172
297
8
150
2
225
July
6
159
4
115
2
172
329
8
150
2
225
1876
Jan.
5
141
3
115
2
172
403
8
150
2
225
July
5
141
4
115
2
150
286
8
125
2
187
1877
Jan.
5
141
3
115
2
150
270
8
125
2
187
July
10
129
5
130
3
100
2
129
193
8
125
2
169
1878
Jan.
10
129
6
130
3
100
2
129
168
8
125
o
169
July
8
129
4
130
2
100
2
129
210
8
125
2
169
1879
Jan.
8
129
4
130
2
100
2
129
260
8
125
2
169
July
10
129
5
130
3
100
2
129
172
8
125
2
169
1880
Jan.
12
129
5
130
3
100
2
129
212
10
125
2
169
July
12
141
4
137
3
100
2
150
238
9
135
2
187
498 University of California Publicati&ns in Economics. [Vol. l
TABLE 5 — (Oontintted).
Belaiive rates of wages from Table Xll of ike "Aldrich Beport."
Indiutrjr
Paper
Bailr
oads
No. of «tUb.
75
76
SUto
Hue.
Mass.
Beforenee
1868
1864
1864
1865
1866
1367
1S70
Ooeopa- MMhine Hands* Paper
Raff
Brakemen,
Brakemen,
tiOB
Holpen
Onttera
Sorten
Passengers
Carpantera
8tt
Male
Female
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
Bate
vafM
fl.OO
$.50
$.50
$1,915
$1,165
$1.25
$1.80
Bel.
Bel.
BeL
Bel.
BeL
Bel
BeL
No.
wagea
No.
wagea
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wagei
No.
No.
wages
18eO Jan.
2
100
6
100
6
100
6
100
22
100
10
100
79
100
Jvljr
2
100
6
100
8
100
6
100
6
100
12
100
—
—
1861
Jan.
2
100
6
100
9
100
6
100
14
100
18
100
t
—
July
2
100
6
100
10
100
6
100
10
100
18
100
49
Ill
18«a Jan.
2
100
6
80
10
80
8
100
12
100
18
100
65
107
Jnly
2
117
6
80
10
80
10
100
12
100
18
100
24
87
1668
Jan.
2
117
6
100
12
100
4
100
18
100
12
100
29
98
J0I7
2
117
100
12
100
10
100
18
120
9
190
68
108
1864
Jan.
2
117
100
9
100
6
100
16
120
17
100
49
181.
Jnly
2
160
117
10
117
10
100
•
9
120
6
100
27
118
1866
Jan.
2
150
117
10
117
10
110
10
120
12
100
58
170
Jvly
2
150
180
10
117
10
110
10
120
18
158
61
165
1866 Jan.
2
150
180
14
117
10
110
10
146
32
140
50
185
Jvly
2
150
150
14
180
3
110
16
146
18
158
54
156
1867 Jan.
2
150
150
14
180
6
110
22
146
18
158
40
191
Jaly
2
167
150
14
180
6
110
20
163
18
184
58
190
1868 Jan.
2
167
150
18
180
2
110
12
172
18
184
85
166
July
2
167
150
14
180
10
110
11
172
18
184
86
182
1869
Jan.
2
150
150
14
130
4
110
19
172
24
160
87
169
July
2
150
150
14
•
130
8
no
41
175
24
160
68
164
1870
Jan.
2
150
150
14
130
10
no
26
172
24
160
39
197
July
2
150
150
14
130
10
no
26
172
24
160
44
133
1871
Jan.
2
150
150
14
130
10
no
13
172
7
180
136
187
July
2
150
200
13
150
10
no
n
172
12
180
54
184
1872
Jan.
2
150
200
12
150
10
no
10
172
9
180
236
172
July
2
150
200
12
150
10
no
15
172
11
180
213
179
1873
Jan.
2
150
200
12
150
16
no
18
172
16
180
4
212
July
2
150
200
12
150
10
no
26
172
18
180
—
1874
Jan.
2
150
200
12
150
10
no
116
•155
18
180
85
169
July
2
150
200
12
150
12
no
20
172
16
180
74
165
1875
Jan.
2
150
200
12
150
12
no
9
172.
10
180
73
175
July
2
150 .
200
12
150
12
no
17
172
7
180
39
141
1876
Jan.
2
160 *
200
10
150
16
no
11
150
4
180
—
—
July
2
140
150
10
150
8
no
26
150
12
180
27
152
1877
Jan.
2
140
150
10
150
16
no
14
142
12
144
67
143
July
2
125
150
10
150
16
no
12
142
16
144
38
139
1878
Jan.
2
125
150
9
150
2
no
12
142
16
144
12
123
July
2
125
200
10
150
22
no
16
142
16
144
29
133
1879
Jan.
2
125
200
9
150
9
no
42
142
20
144
13
l.'>2
July
2
125
200
8
150
10
no
9
142
20
144
—
1880
Jan.
2
125
200
8
150
6
no
12
150
24
160
41
136
July
2
135
200
8
150
4
no
17
150
26
160
79
142
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
499
TABLE 5--(Ck)NTiNUED).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport."
Industry
Railroads — ( Con. )
No. of estab
•
76
SUte
Mass.
Reference
1374
1377
1378
1381
1382
1383
1886
Occupa-
Conductors,
Conductors,
Engineers,
Firemen, Foremen
tion
Freight
Passenger
Locomotive Locomotive Masons
Masons
Painters
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1.61
$8,195
$2.30
$1,145
$2.50
$2.00*
$1,425
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
20
100
16
100
56
100
42
100 1
L 100
—
11
100
July
19
102
12
100
41
100
24
114 ]
L 100
4
100
1
117
1861 Jan.
23
109
12
100
33
100
38
114 ]
I 100
1
140
July
22
108
12
100
46
100
22
114 ]
L 100
7
91
—
—
1862 Jan.
23
111
10
100
46
100
22
114 ]
L 100
—
July
16
110
12
100
40
100
50
114 ]
L 100
4
96
1863 Jan.
17
111
12
100
43
105
38
117 ]
L 100
—
—
—
July
17
113
22
100
47
105
56
117 ]
L 100
8
113
8
105
1864 Jan.
30
110
22
100
43
106
36
117 ]
L 100
3
125
July
22
110
16
100
46
106
36
117 1
I 100
6
125
9
140
1865 Jan.
26
163
10
120
50
125
36
153 1
L 140
8
125
8
145
July
17
165
13
120
56
130
42
153 ]
L 140
5
140
6
142
1866 Jan.
21
172
12
120
46
130
40
153 ]
L 160
16
105
6
160
July
23
159
12
120
48
131
42
153 ]
I 160
19
147
11
177
1867 Jan.
18
166
13
120
44
146
42
153 ]
L 180
—
13
146
Julv
18
166
22
120
80
147
61
160 1
L 180
4
163
14
152
1868 Jan.
23
166
21
120
47
144
36
153 ]
I 190
13
130
14
151
July
19
160
20
120
42
144
32
153 ]
I 190
20
165
19
149
1869 Jan.
33
164
22
120
56
143
32
153 ]
L 200
2
200
11
193
July
28
160
24
120
47
164
36
175 ]
L 200
6
200
17
161
1870 Jan.
36
157
26
120
69
165
36
175 ]
I 200
6
197
Julv
30
162
20
120
80
165
58
175 :
I 200
3
200
9
183
1871 Jan.
28
157
18
120
68
166
42
175 ]
L 200
—
19
163
July
34
152
10
120
78
166
40
180 ]
I 200
28
190
17
179
1872 Jan.
40
152
26
120
54
167
62
175 ]
I 200
10
195
45
169
July
37
149
25
120
60
167
40
180 ]
L 200
4
200
39
184
1873 Jan.
49
155
26
120
50
163
36
175 ]
L 200
16
170
July
38
152
20
120
50
163
72
175 ]
L 200
5
200
9
154
1874 Jan.
30
157
30
120
50
163
80
166 ]
1 180
—
24
176
July
28
160
30
120
52
163
48
175 ]
I 180
33
166
27
156
1875 Jan.
20
166
82
120
58
162
42
175 ]
[ 180
3
192
24
145
July
24
164
11
120
54
163
42
175 ]
L 180
—
27
159
1876 Jan.
26
160
18
108
54
163
52
157 ]
L 160
—
—
July
28
153
28
108
53
165
50
157 1
[ 160
24
179
21
125
1877 Jan.
32
147
7
108
65
160
50
157 ]
I 160
4
163
20
181
July
33
147
19
108
60
149
44
157 ]
L 160
6
175
23
135
1878 Jan.
24
146
22
108
70
149
82
141 ]
L 160
18
127
July
40
144
36
108
60
149
42
157 1
L 160
3
163
18
134
1879 Jan.
45
143
28
108
89
149
60
175 ]
I 150
13
125
July
38
141
28
108
76
149
72
175 3
L 150
12
134
12
128
1880 Jan.
34
157
28
108
83
163
72
175 ]
L 160
2
150
19
127
July
26
160
28
120
49
164
72
175 ]
L 160
4
150
15
182
iJuly, 1860.
500 University of California Publications in Economics. [ VoL 1
TABLE 5— (OoKTiNUED).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the "Aldrieh Report.'
Industry
Sidewalks
Spices
No.ofcstab.
77
78
Btato
N.
Y.
Penn.
Reference
1889
1890
1890
1891
1892
1S94
1898
Ocenpa-
Sidewalk
Sidewalk-
Stone-
tion
Layen Layers* Helpov cutters
TVamsters
Grinders
Laborers
Ps
icktn
8tt
Male
Ifale
Male
Male
Male
Male
Feoaki
BaM
waffs
62.00
$1.00
$2.00
$2.00
$1,001
$1.05
«.13>
Rel.
ReL
BeL
Bel.
Rel.
BeL
B«L
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wngM
1600 Jan.
13
100
6
100
12
100
100
^—
—
5
100
3
100
July
15
100
7
100
15
100
100
—
—
5
100
3
100
1861
Jan.
10
100
5
100
10
100
100
1
100
9
101
5
100
Jaly
12
100
6
100
12
100
100
1
100
2
108
5
100
1863 Jan.
8
100
4
100
8
100
100
2
92
8
103
7
100
Jnly
0
100
4
100
8
100
100
1
84
10
106
15
100
1868
Jan.
6
118
4
125
6
118
100
1
84
0
113
15
100
July
6
118
4
125
6
118
100
1
84
5
116
11
100
1864
Jan.
8
188
8
175
8
188
100
8
111
8
115
13
100
July
8
188
4
175
8
188
100
2
142
5
149
12
100
1865
Jan.
7
175
8
250
7
175
100
1
184
5
152
11
100
July
8
175
4
250
7.
175
100
1
134
4
1(B7
0
100
1866 Jan.
8
175
8
275
8
175
100
—
—
4
167
12
100
July
8
188
4
275
8
188
100
'—
4
167
13
100
1867
Jan.
July
mi^mm
~~"
"~~
1
—
— ~
~~"
^^^
•—'
—
2
2
151
159
1
1
100
100
1868
Jan.
July
^^^m
^__
^^_
1
*"—
~"~
~~"
— —
Z
-^—
2
2
159
159
3
3
100
100
1869
Jan.
—
—
—
—
—
9
145
7
100
July
8
213
4
325
8
213
loo
5
1G2
8
100
1870
Jan.
6
213
3
325
6
213
100
6
IGl
12
100
July
8
213
4
325
8
213
100
—
G
IGl
11
100
1871
Jan.
5
213
3
325
5
213
«■
100
4
167
10
83
July
1
200
4
300
7
200
mo
2
175
6
161
12
83
1872
Jan.
4
200
■ 300
4
200
100
1
200
7
147
17
83
July
6
200
3
301
6
200
100
1
200
G
151
10
83
1873
Jan.
5
200
3
300
5
200
100
o
192
12
152
15
88
July
7
200
4
300
7
200
100
192
4
1G7
IG
88
1874
Jan.
5
200
3
300
5
200
100
3
15G
7
145
IG
88
July
7
200
4
225
7
200
100
3
195
6
156
12
83
1875
Jan.
G
175
3
225
6
175
100
3
195
G
159
11
83
.Tuly
8
175
4
200
8
175
1(»0
3
195
G
159
15
83
1876
.Tan.
5
150
3
200
5
150
100
3
195
4
167
13
83
July
7
150
4
200
<
150
loo
3
195
4
167
11
83
1877
.Tan.
6
150
4
200
G
150
100
3
195
5
149
o
83
.Tuly
8
150
3
200
8
150
100
3
211
3
175
o
83
1878
.Tan.
7
150
3
200
7
150
100
3
211
4
147
83
July
'8
150
3
200
8
150
100
3
181
4
139
83
1879
Jan.
4
150
o
200
4
150
100
2
184
4
147
21
83
Jnly
6
150
3
200
6
150
100
•>
184
5
133
18
83
1880
.Ton.
5
150
3
200
5
150
100
2
184
8
133
20
75
July
6
150
3
200
6
150
100
1
167
5
140
20
75
* January, 1861. " Per gross.
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
501
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport,
t$
Industry Spices — (Con.)
Stone
No. of estab.
78
79
80
81
State
Penn.
Conn.
Conn.
Md
■
Reference
1399
1401
1409
1415
1421
1426
1426
Occupa-
Foremen
Foremen
tion
Teamsters
Quarrymen Quarrymen
Quarrymen
Quarrymen Carpenters
Caryers
Sex
•
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$1.50
11.435
$.80 and
$1,465 and
$.82 and $1,375
$2.50
$1.18
$1.90
$1.22
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
1
100
4
100
89
100
3
100
86
100 1 100
2
100
July-
1
100
2
98
267
100
4
100
117
100 1 100
2
100
1861
Jan.
2
113
50
113
4
126
109
149 1 100
1
100
July
—
6
126
138
97
1
84
83
80 —
—
1862
Jan.
—
—
37
100
—
— —
—
—
July
8
120
140
91
2
79
80
87 —
—
1863
Jan.
—
3
137
26
100
5
110 ]
L 121
July
6
137
268
114
3
105
126
111 ]
L 121
1
100
1864
Jan.
1
100
2
98
162
136
3
126
130
165 ]
L 121
2
95
July
1
122
5
140
213
135
7
114
162
130 :
I 115
2
125
1865
Jan.
1
122
5
142
143
159
6
133
81
152 :
L 121
2
130
July
1
122
8
169
208
155
5
132
162
144 1
L 121
2
180
1866
Jan.
2
117
5
167
247
177
6
145
148
174 ]
I 121
2
145
July
2
117
9
178
300
158
6
138
195
156 ]
L 121
2
140
1867
Jan.
—
5
157
637
182
7
154
170
177 ]
L 121
2
140
July
9
208
231
157
5
148
227
162 ]
I 121
2
150
1868
Jan.
8
159
250
184
7
162
160
175 ]
L 121
2
150
July
—
—
8
210
247
165
6
157
204
185 1
L 121
2
150
1869
Jan.
4
Ill
12
184
337
204
7
181
176
191 ]
L 121
2
160
July
4
114
9
237
408
212
7
175
310
205 ]
L 121
2
160
1870
Jan.
4
114
7
174
577
208
8
181
177
191 1
L 121
2
160
July
4
114
2
228
288
209
7
173
256
203 3
L 121
2
160
1871
Jan.
4
117
8
166
382
198
6
172
173
178 1
L 121
2
160
July
4
117
9
238
370
207
11
169
264
195 ]
L 121
2
160
1872
Jan.
3
122
5
160
100
197
3
182
17
201 1
L 121
2
160
July
3
122
8
247
418
207
9
181
286
201 ]
L 121
2
160
1873
Jan.
111
6
166
265
184
10
171
183
182 1
L 121
2
160
July
2
111
6
243
292
213
9
187
260
187 ]
L 121
2
160
1874
Jan.
2
100
6
166
236
186
5
156
115
181 1
L 121
2
160
July
•>
111
6
216
216
184
5
168
217
173 1
L 121
2
160
1875
Jan.
2
111
—
199
160
I 121
2
160
July
2
111
7
205
204
161
5
153
174
144 ]
L 121
2
160
1876
Jan.
2
111
10
227
51
141
4
166
28
152 ]
L 121
2
160
July
2
111
9
195
241
139
1
137
185
126 1
L 121
2
160
1877
Jan.
111
7
176
210
124
2
171
172
152 1
L 109
2
130
July
111
12
186
249
132
2
139
211
118 ]
L 109
2
130
1878
Jan.
•>
106
8
181
212
127
26
152 3
L 91
2
130
July
2
106
10
187
254
131
7
139
192
123 3
L 91
2
130
1879
Jan.
o
106
9
163
214
124
3
159
113
122 3
L 91
1
130
July
1
100
11
185
322
125
o
139
214
120 3
L 91
2
130
1880
Jan.
«l4
100
9
157
259
124
1
137
197
122 3
L 91
2
110
July
3
111
11
191
334
134
4
139
233
127 3
L 91
2
110
502 University of California Publications in Economics, [ VoL 1
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the *'Aldrich Eeport,'*
Industry
Ston
e — (Con.)
•
No. of estftb.
1
Bl
State
Md.
Reference
1427
1428
1430
1432
1435
1436
1436
Occupa-
Marble
tion Engineers
Laborers
Cutters
Polishers
Rubbers
Teamsters
WatchnMn
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
. Male
Base wages
11.50
$1,125
$2.00
$1.15
$1,085
$1,125
$1.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No. wages
1860 Jan. 1
L 100
2
100
7
100
5
100
6
100
2
100
1 100
July ]
L 100
2
100
7
113
5
100
4
101
2
100
1 100
1861 Jan. —
—
2
100
6
104
4
98
4
101
—
1 100
July —
—
4
100
1
87
3
100
1 72
1862 Jan. —
—
2
104
100
— —
July —
—
—
—
—
1
92
89
— —
1863 Jan. 1
L 89
2
89
2
87
5
92
89
1 100
July ]
L 111
3
111
7
113
3
109
5
115
100
1 100
1864 Jan. 1
L 111
3
111
6
113
3
120
5
118
111
1 100
July ]
L 145
2
141
8
145
3
140
10
151
133
1 125
1865 Jan. J
L 145
3
148
9
163
4
149
9
154
148
1 125
July 1
L 145
3
148
9
163
4
149
11
153
148
1 125
1866 Jan. J
[ 145
3
158
8
163
3
155
9
149
2
163
1 125
July 1
L 145
3
158
8
163
3
155
9
150
2
163
1 125
1867 Jan. 1
L 145
4
152
8
163
4
153
7
152
2
156
1 125
July ]
I 145
4
152
8
174
4
153
7
154
2
163
1 125
1868 Jan. 1
L 145
4
152
8
175
9
152
2
163
1 125
July 1
L 145
4
152
9
175
4
153
10
152
2
148
1 125
1869 Jan. ]
L 145
4
152
9
175
5
142
9
152
1
148
1 125
July ]
L 145
4
156
9
175
7
151
10
154
2
141
1 125
1870 Jon. 1
I 145
4
156
10
175
8
150
11
154
3
148
1 143
July ]
I 145
4
156
10
175
8
153
11
154
3
148
1 143
1871 Jan. ]
L 145
4
156
11
175
9
152
10
154
3
148
1 143
July ]
I 145
4
156
11
175
9
152
10
154
3
148
1 143
1872 Jan. ]
I 145
3
158
11
175
9
150
10
154
3
148
1 143
July 1
L 145
3
158
11
175
9
150
10
154
3
148
1. 143
1873 Jan. ]
I 145
3
158
11
173
10
148
12
154
3
148
1 143
July ]
L 145
8
158
11
173
10
148
12
154
3
148
1 143
1874 Jan. ]
L 145
3
158
9
172
10
148
12
154
3
148
1 143
July ]
L 145
3
1;)8
9
172
10
151
12
154
3
148
1 143
1875 Jan. ]
L 145
4
152
11
172
10
151
12
154
3
144
1 143
July ]
L 145
4
152
11
172
10
151
12
154
3
144
1 143
1876 Jan. 1
I 145
4
152
13
169
12
141
11
154
3
144
1 143
July ]
L 145
4
152
13
168
12
141
11
154
3
144
1 143
1877 Jan. 1
I 145
3
143
11
142
6
138
10
138
3
133
1 129
July ]
L 145
3
143
11
140
6
138
10
138
3
133
I 129
1878 Jan.
L 145
3
143
8
136
.5
123
8
138
3
119
1 129
July ]
L 145
3
143
8
\6yj
6
135
10
i:'.8
3
133
1 129
IF 79 Jan.
L 145
3
131
8
136
9
113
11
115
3
111
1 107
July 1
I 145
3
131
8
136
9
113
11
115
3
111
1 107
1880 Jan. ]
I 145
3
131
8
1J5
11
114
11
115
3
111
1 107
July ]
L 145
3
131
8
125
11
114
11
115
3
11 1
1 107
l»08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
503
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Belative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.
f t
Industry
Stont
i — (Con
.)
White Lead
No. of estab.
82
83
84
85
State
N. Y.
N
. Y.
Penn.
Penn.
Reference
1440
1443
1446
1448
L450
1451
1453
Occupa-
Marble
Marble
Marble
Granite
Stone
tion
Cutters
Polishers
Rubbers
Cutters
Laborers
Cutters Engineers
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$2.00
$1,315
$1,155
$2.25
$1.25
$1.50
$1.50
Rsl.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
1860
Jan.
5
100
2
100
8
100
1
100
100
1
100 1
L 100
July
8
102
2
100
14
99
1
100
100
3
117 ]
L 100
1861
Jan.
6
87
8
92
12
95
2
83
100
2
100 ]
L 100
July
8
78
3
79
12
88
1
89
100
4
117 ]
L 100
1862
Jan.
5
74
2
81
6
88
2
89
100
2
100 ]
I 111
July
6
86
3
83
9
88
2
83
100
6
117 ]
I 111
1863
Jan.
4
88
3
89
10
98
2
89
100
2
133 ]
L 111
July
9
98
5
106
10
113
2
94
120
5
133 ]
L 111
1864
Jan.
9
108
4
112
7
119
4
97
120
4
158 :
L 183
July
9
131
5
156
11
160
6
133
120
8
179 ]
L 183
1865
Jan.
9
136
7
156
7
166
6
133
120
3
206 1
L 117
July
11
149
15
166
6
181
8
133
120
5
203 ]
L 117
1866
Jan.
13
146
12
157
5
195
• 7
133
120
4
217 1
L 117
July
21
148
9
153
7
200
7
157
120
7
217 ]
L 117
1867
Jan.
16
152
15
146
8
200
7
157
120
4
217 1
L 117
July
15
174
10
162
7
206
6
181
120
9
220 ]
L 117
1868
Jan.
11
167
16
154
8
172
11
180
120
4
250 ]
L 117
July
14
173
7
171
6
222
14
190
120
5
250 ]
L 133
1869
Jan.
13
182
6
166
5
204
2
205
120
4
250 ]
L 133
July
13
180
13
181
6
256
7
203
120
9
170 ]
L 133
1870
Jan.
16
166
13
173
6
244
6
187
120
3
222 1
L 133
July
12
155
14
159
5
238
5
187
120
7
229 :
L 133
1871
Jan.
15
156
14
161
5
238
4
190
120
5
227 ]
I 133
July
21
161
17
171
5
238
5
192
120
11
232 1
L 133
1872
Jan.
13
167
15
161
3
238
3
189
2
120
13
235 1
L 138
July
2
158
10
167
3
245
5
187
2
140
23
251 ]
L 133
1873
Jrfn.
20
173
20
166
4
232
4
189
2
140
15
251 1
L 133
July
19
165
17
166
4
225
2
178
2
140
25
251 1
L 133
1874
Jan.
14
159
8
164
3
231
3
185
2
140
14
250 :
I 117
July
15
158
20
164
6
227
4
183
2
140
28
251 5
I 117
1875
Jan.
14
155
11
169
6
227
4
183
5
140
20
250 I
J 117
July
19
153
13
169
7
222
3
178
4
140
31
251 :
I 117
1876
Jan.
16
150
16
162
5
225
2
178
5
140
29
249 :
i 117
July
11
147
7
l.'>2
4
200
1
178
5
140
19
230 :
I 117
1877
Jan.
11
144
8
145
7
179
3
133
1
140
12
219 :
I 117
July
15
141
12
132
7
173
4
117
4
120
8
221 ]
I 111
1878
Jan.
18
133
13
132
4
179
2
133
4
140
4
208 ]
L 111
July
14
125
8
124
4
162
5
131
5
144
4
208 1
I 111
1879
Jan.
12
125
5
125
4
162
3
118
1
160
6
172 ]
L 111
July
13
121
9
119
5
158
1
167
3
140
24
140 ]
L 111
1880
Jan.
12
121
8
125
4
165
2
139
2
140
19
137 :
I 117
July
17
122
10
133
6
166
11
111
3
140
26
168
I 117
504 UnivemtyofCaliftn^iaPuhlicatiansinEcafumUcs. [VoLl
TABLE 5— (OONTINUXD).
B^Mkf^ raie$ of wages from TabU Xll of iM "AlMoh Mepoit.'^
White Lead
Woolen Goods
No.ofeftoli.
85
86
State
Penn.
Conn. '
Btforanoe
1457
1460
1468
1464
1466
1468
14«8
Oees^A-
•
Laborer!
Card
Card
•
iioii
Latei!«n
(Boyi) Watelimen
Cleanen
Tenders
Carpeiiten:
l>mi
PSM-I
8«x
Mala
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Vemala
BMtWftgei
$1.12
$0,685
$1,145
$.69
$.60
$1.50
$.62
BeL
Jtfiei.
BeL
BeL
BeL
BoL
B^
No.
VafM
No.
wages No. wagei
No.
wages
No.
wages
iro.
wages
No.
wa«»
ISeO Jan.
18
100
5
100 1
L 100
1
100
6
100
I
100
100
Julji.
15
100
5
105 1
L 100
2
100
4
104
1
100
80
isei Jm.
16
101
8
105 ]
L 100
112
5
107
—
—
—
^-
July
15
102
2
92 3
L 100
112
5
105
—
—
160
X8«a Jan.
15
104
1
105 ]
L 100
-1
188
8
106
—
—
110
Jolj
14
104
1
106 ]
L 100
100
8
101
—
—
110
IMS Jan.
9
112
1
92 1
L 125
108
4
108
1
108
119
Jnlj
8
112
8
101 1
i 125
5
104
7
105
—
—
119
1804 Jan.
6
110
2
118 —
: —
4
109
6
118
— .
—
—
i—
July
4
148
1
105 3
L 150
5
112
6
99
1
108
184
1865 Jan.
1
156
2
98 3
L 150
2
154
7
148
2
108
V^
202
July
5
156
4
105 3
L 150
8
115
7
187
1
108
202
1868 Jan.
8
156
4
105 3
L 150
8
138
9
128
1
150
222
July
6
156
8
96 3
L 150
121
6
180
1
150
—
—
1887 Jan.
5
156
2
118 3
L 150
128
8
180
—
—
242
Jnly
4
156
8
118 1
L 150
141
5
120
—
—
202
1868 Jan.
2
156
1
105 3
L 162
142
4
121
—
—
202
July
8
140
2
181 3
L 175
158
6
118
«—
—
202
1860 Jan.
1
179
2
181 3
L 175
7-
149
4
120
—
—
202
July
1
179
1
131 3
L 175
150
7
111
—
202
1870 Jan.
1
89
1
79 3
L 175
157
5
105
183
202
July
2
89
1
79 3
L 175
150
7
107
183
202
1871 Jan.
2
100
L 175
150
7
114
183
2
202
July
1
149
1
79 3
L 175
3
170
8
106
183
1
202
1872 Jan.
—
1
79 3
L 175
3
162
6
107
183
2
202
July
2
112
2
105 1
L 175
3
169
9
100
192
1873 Jan.
2
134
4
118 3
L 175
5
144
6
106
192
_ —
July
3
156
3
114 3
L 175
4
131
5
112
#92
2
206
1874 Jan.
6
156
2
131 ]
I 175
4
141
7
102
192
3
218
July
6
156
2
131 ]
L 175
2
141
8
109
192
3
198
1875 Jan.
4
156
1
131 3
L 175
6
147
9
100
192
8
170
July
2
123
L 175
4
144
8
98
192
3
185
1876 Jan.
2
123
1
131 ]
L 175
7
127
5
99
183
2
161
July
2
123
3
131 ]
L 175
7
133
7
101
183
2
194
1877 Jan.
3
134
1
131 3
L 150
7
127
6
101
183
1
202
July
5
113
1
79 ]
L 150
7
127
6
98
183
3
235
1878 Jan.
7
112
2
79 ]
L 150
9
121
4
93
183
3
223
July
8
112
2
92 ]
L 150
6
131
6
98
183
3
244
1879 Jan.
11
110
2
105 ]
I 150
7
127
6
98
183
1
239
July
17
111
1
118 ]
L 125
3
163
7
103
183
1
269
1880 Jan.
19
103
2
125 ]
L 125
8
174
2
103
183
2
247
July
13
106
—
I 150
4
166
4
103
183
2
311
l»08] Mitdiell.—Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
505
TABLE 5 — (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the *'Aldrich Beport."
Industry
Woolen Goods — (Con.]
1
No. of estab.
86
State
Conn.
Reference
1473
1476
1477
1480
1481
1481
1482
Fullers
Overseers Overseers
Overseers
Overseers
Occupa-
and
.
Loom Carding
Dye-
Finishing
FuU
tng and
tion
Oiggers
Handcrs-in
Fixers
Dept.
Uonse
Dept. Gigging Dept
Sex
Male
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$.84
]
1.50.
$1.25»
$2.00
$1.80
$1,375
$1,875
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages N
0. wages N
o. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan.
4
100
1
100
L 100 ]
L 100
100
100
July
8
88
—
—
L 100 ]
L 100
100
109
1861 Jan.
3
107
125 1
L 100
100
109
July
6
93
1
60
1
100 ]
L 125 ]
L 100
100
109
1862 Jan.
10
94
1
60
1
100 ]
L 88 ]
L 83
100
109
July
8
95
1
60
3
93 ]
L 125 ]
L 83
109
109
1863 Jan.
3
107
1
60
2
110 1
L 150 ]
I 83
218
109
July
12
86
o
60
3
113 ]
L 150 :
L 83
218
95
1864 Jan.
9
87
—
O
125 ]
L 150 :
L 125
218
84
July
3
149
1
90
2
176 1
L 150 :
L 128
218
98
1865 Jan.
6
168
1
96
2
192 ]
I 180 ]
I 167
262
145
July
6
151
1
120
2
160 ]
L 190 ]
L 167
262
120
1866 Jan.
9
152
1
90
1
160 ]
I 190 ]
I 167
262
120
July
10
154
—
2
150 1
L 190 ]
I 167
262
120
1867 Jan.
11
158
3
153 ]
I 175 ]
L 167
262
120
July
11
158
2
80
3
153 1
L 175 1
L 167
262
120
1868 Jan.
9
148
2
80
3
141 ]
L 158 ]
L 181
236
July
11
147
2
80
3
147 1
L 163 ]
L 208
236
—
1869 Jan.
11
147
2
80
3
147 ]
L 163 :
L 208
236
July
12
147
2
80
4
140 ]
I 163 ]
I 208
236
—
1870 Jan.
11
146
2
80
4
145 ]
L 175 1
L 208
182
200
July
12
146
2
80
4
145 ]
L 175 1
L 208
182
200
1871 Jan.
13
142
2
80
4
145 1
1 175 :
L 222
182
200
July
14
145
o
80
3
139 ]
I 200 ]
L 222
182
200
1872 Jan.
14
147
2
80
4
142 ]
L 200 ]
L 222
182
200
July
14
148
2
80
5
138 1
I 200 ]
I 222
182
200
1873 Jan.
14
148
2
80
4
144 1
I 200 ]
L 222
200
200
July
13
154
2
80
4
144 1
[ 200 1
L 222
200
200
1874 Jan.
13
152
3
80
4
165 1
L 103 ]
I 111
200
200
July
9
156
3
80
4
162 1
I 175 ]
1 125
291
200
1875 Jan.
13
148
8
80
4
163 ]
175 ]
L 139
164
200
July
12
149
3
80
3
164 1
175 ]
L 139
164
200
1876 Jan.
10
135
2
80
160 ]
L 163 1
I 139
164
164
July
13
136
2
80
3
160 ]
L 175 1
L 153
164
164
1877 Jan.
12
137
3
80
3
160 ]
I 175 ]
L 153
164
164
July
14
136
3
80
5
164 ]
L 175 ]
L 167
164
164
1878 Jan.
11
139
3
80
4
155 1
I 175 ]
L 167
164
182
July
12
139
3
80
4
170 ]
I 163 ]
I 167
218
182
1879 Jan.
13
138
8
80
4
148 ]
L 163 ]
I 167
218
182
July
12
140
1
80
3
160 1
I 175 ]
L 167
218
182
1880 Jan.
8
134
2
80
3
160 1
L 150 ]
L 167
218
1*
182
July
7
139
2
80
3
156 ]
L 163 ]
I 181
218
182
»July, 1861.
&08
Untt;«fw% 0/ CiOifomia
Publications in Economics.
1 ^M
TABLE 5-
(Continue
D).
tnVM
from Ta
ble JH of
the
'■Atdrieh Ileporl.'
bdutoT
Vook
n Ooodn— (C
n.)
HtLOfaitab.
87
as
State
M.»<.
E. I.
1SD4
150S
1608
1508
1510
151*
1.1 Ifi
Dona-
Djabnut
Loom
Oardiag
W
.ring
Alley
tion
Haad.
Flaan
.Dap..
njrliMuie
r
•pt.
Bnvi
B
rip™
Bm
IWa
Kila
Hab
Male
UalD
Mulo
P
male
Bmhtmm
«.»
«i.aB
*3.00
• 2.00
.75
8.88
t
54
tu.
Bd.
Bat.
Bi.1.
Ral.
tCa],
Bol.
Ha
waiM
Ha
waflu
Ho.«acei
No, »a«ga
wujea No. yntn
Ku,
waen
IHO Jan.
33
100
too
I 100
/BlT
H
100
1 100
1 75
B
IBU Jul.'
le
100
ion
. JbI/
as
8S
I 116
IlKl
UN Jan.
ag
08
J«!7
ao
101
140
1 116
isea Jn.
1»
133
7
Joljr
93
113
1 lis
lau Jui.
M
119
.Jnlr
a IBS
ITI
in
18SB Ju.
ISB
IB
1S4
a isB
Jdlj
184
1 13B
1 150
229
117
is«a Ju.
13S
193
1 160
Jniy
IS
196
1 160
229
IMT Jan.
IBT
190
1 160
113
la
Jnl7
188
162
1 150
ISU Jaa.
1S8
1 160
iia
18
ISI
JolT
ITS
188
153
148
1 160
1 ISO
1 ir.n
171
lis
in
139
18«9 Jan.
1 150
171
IIB
19
14B
jDir
IB70 J.n.
ITS
118
1 ISO
1 150
200
lis
161
1871 Jan.
178
19
Jnly
173
I ISO
132
19
1872 Jbd.
I 200
July
175
158
1 2S0
1 150
200
129
21
14S
July
178
10
162
1 200
150
1374 Jan.
1 sno
Jul.-
178
1 200
1876 tFan.
176
184
1 200
133
22
148
Jol,-
187(1 Jan.
175
220
148
jBlr
1 200
1877 Jan.
July
1 175
171
122
22
1878 .Ian.
152
22
Jul).
I 175
I 113
19
133
Jnlr
10
171
15
145
I 175
1 125
200
121
IS
132
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Pnces, and Wages, 1860-1880.
509
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Report.*'
Industry
Woolen Goods — (Con.;
>
No. of estab.
88
SUte
Rhode Island
Reference
1517
1518
1522
1523
1524
1525
1527
Occupa-
Card
Filling
Filling
tion
Feeders
Cleaners
Drawers-ir
i Dressers
Dyers
Carriers
Sorters
Sex
Male
4
Male
Female
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base
wages
$.58
$.83
$1.00
$1.00
$1.10
$1.12
$1.21
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
No
. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
No.
wages N
o. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860
Jan.
5
100
2
100
1
100
100 ]
I 100
100
100
July
5
100
O
90
1
100
100 ]
I 100
100
100
1861
Jan.
5
100
3
90
1
100
2
92 1
L 109
100
100
July
5
100
3
90
1
100
2
92 1
L 114
100
100
1862
Jan.
5
100
4
90
1
104
2
92 ]
L 114
112
103
July
5
86
5
90
1
104
O
92 ]
L 114
112
103
1863
Jan.
86
5
90
1
104
2
92 ]
L 109
112
110
July
86
5
90
1
104
2
92 ]
L 114
112
110
1864
Jan.
122
4
100
1
104
o
92 1
I 114
112
110
July
122
4
100
1
104
2
92 ]
L 114
119
110
1865
Jan.
143
2
86
1
104
o
100 ]
I 114
119
110
July
143
2
86
1
104
2
117 ]
L 114
127
110
1866
Jan.
152
88
125 ]
L 114
127
114
July
159
3
80
o
150 ]
L 118
127
117
1867
Jan.
138
3
80
o
150 ]
L 123
127
117
July
138
3
80
2
150 ]
L 127
127
110
1868
Jan.
138
3
80
3
150 1
L 132
119
110
July
138
3
80
3
150 ]
L 132
112
110
1869
Jan.
138
3
80
—
3
150 ]
L 132
100
116
July
138
3
80
—
4
175 :
L 127
96
120
1870
Jan.
143
12
121
4
175 ]
L 121
95
2
124
July
143
12
121
—
4
175 ]
I 121
3
95
2
124
1871
Jan.
136
12
121
4
175 ]
L 136
3
99
2
124
July
136
12
121
—
—
4
175 ]
I 136
3
99
2
124
1872
Jan.
2
143
12
127
4
175 ]
I 136
3
99
2
124
July
2
143
12
127
4
175 ]
L 136
3
104
2
145
1873
Jan.
3
139
12
128
—
—
4
175 ]
L 136
3
104
2
145
July
3
146
12
128
4
175 ]
L 136
3
104
2
165
1874
Jan.
3
123
12
111
4
150 ]
L 115
3
88
140
July
3
150
12
125
—
—
4
150 ]
L 136
3
104
2
165
1875
Jan.
3
150
12
125
4
167 ]
L 136
3
104
2
165
July
3
150
12
125
—
4
167 :
L 136
3
104
2
165
1876
Jan.
3
150
12
125
—
—
4
167 ]
L 136
3
104
o
Art
165
July
3
124
12
105
4
167 ]
L 102
3
88
2
130
1877
Jan.
3
124
12
105
—
4
175 ]
L 102
3
99
2
130
July
3
124
12
107
—
—
4
175 ]
L 102
3
99
2
130
1878
Jan.
3
124
12
108
4
175 ]
L 121
3
99
2
130
July
3
124
12
108
4
175 ]
L 121
3
99
2
130
1879
Jan.
3
124
12
108
—
4
175 ]
L 121
3
104
2
130
July
3
124
12
108
4
175 :
L 121
3
104
2
130
1880
Jan.
3
124
9
115
—
2
150 :
I 116
2
134
3
113
July
3
116
9
115
o
150 ]
I 116
2
134
3
113
510 Univenity of California PubUeaiums in Eeofunmieg. [ToLl
TABLE 5— (CX>imKUlD).
folet of wageg from Takle Xll of tlm **AUiick JNp^rt.
99
]ffo.of calabu
aniii
Bhodelalaad
Btratmcs
1627
1581
1582
1588
1584
1585
ISM
Domp^'
Laberm
Gariiac
tiM
Fln|A«ra Fnllen
Handara-in
Dyehonae
DapC
DtvImw
8n
MaK
Male
Mala
Female
Male
Male
lUIn
BMtwafM
f.70
$1.17
f.79
8.46
8.96
$1.75
•U«7
RaL
BeL
ReL
BeL
BeL
BeL
B«L
No.
.wafw N4
>. wayea
Ko.
wafea
Ko.
wagei
Ko.
wagca
No.vacn
Ko. wa^ci
ISeO Jan.
3
100 3
L 100
2
100
2
100
100
1 100
1 lOO
Jnlr
2
100 1
L 100
2
100
2
100
100
1 100
1 100
1861 Jan.
2
100 ]
L 100
2
100
2
100
100
1 100
1 105
J«l]r
2
100 ]
I 100
2
95
2
100
100
1 100
1 IDS
ISeS Jan.
2
100 1
L 100
2
95
2
100
100
1 100
1 IDS
Jnlf
05 ]
L 108
2
105
2
109
100
1 100
1 ISO
1868 Jan.
95 ]
I 108
2
105
e
109
100
1 148
1 ISO
Jaly
05 1
L 107
2
105
2
109
96
1 148
1 ISO
1864 Jan.
116 ]
L 107
2
127
2
109
96
1 157
1 ISO
Jnlf
116 3
L 107
2
127
2
109
100
1 157
1 ISO
1865 Jan.
8 ■
127 1
L 107
2
127
2
109
104
1 200
1 ISO
. Jnlf
127 3
L 114
2
127
2
109
104
1 200
1 ISO
1866 Jan.
127 ]
L 114
2
142
2
109
104
1 200
1 120
Jnl7
137 1
L 114
2
148
2
109
104
1 229
. 1 ISO
1867 Jan.
187 1
L 114
2
148
2
109
104
1 229
1 185
Jnlr
187 1
L 114
2
148
2
109
104
1 229
1 185
1868 Jan.
8
187 1
L 114
2
148
3
109
104
1 229
1 186
Jnl7
3
187 3
I 114
2
158
2
109
104
1 229
1 150
1869 Jan.
3
127 1
L 114
2
158
2
109
104
1 229
1 150
July
3
127 1
L 114
3
158
2
109
104
1 229
1 180
1870 Jan.
o
127 ]
L 128
4
158
2
109
96
1 257
1 150
July
5
127 1
I 128
3
158
2
109
78
1 229
1 150
1871 Jan.
5
127 ]
L 128
3
158
2
109
86
1 200
1 180
July
5
127 ]
L 12fl
3
158
O
109
86
1 200
1 150
1872 Jan.
6
123 1
[ 12rt
3
158
2
109
86
1 200
1 150
July
6
127 1
L 128
4
158
2
109
86
1 286
1 150
1873 Jan.
6
132 1
I 128
3
158
109
86
1 229
1 150
July
6
132 1
i 128
4
158
2
109
86
1 229
1 150
1874 Jan.
6
112 ]
I 10»
3
135
2
109
86
1 194
1 150
July
6
132 ]
I 128
4
158
2
109
86
1 171
1 150
1875 Jan.
6
132 ]
L 128
4
158
•>
109
96
1 200
1 150
July
6
132 ]
I 128
4
158
•>
loO
96
1 229
1 150
1876 Jan.
6
122 1
I 128
3
158
«>
109
96
1 180
1 150
July
6
111 ]
L 12R
3
127
2
109
96
1 180
1 150
1877 Jan.
7
113 1
[ 128
4
127
2
109
96
1 180
1 150
July
7
118 1
128
4
127
•t
109
96
1 180
1 150
1878 Jan.
7
131 1
I 128
3
127
2
109
96
1 180
1 150
July
<
131 1
L 12fl
4
127
o
109
96
1 180
1 150
1879 Jan.
7
131 ]
L 128
4
127
2
109
96
1 180
1 150
July
7
131 1
128
3
127
2
109
96
1 180
1 150
1880 Jan.
5
124 1
I 128
3
131
4
125
5
115
1 229
1 225
July
5
124 1
I 128
3
131
4
125
5
115
1 229
1 225
1908] Mitchell:— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
511
TABLE 5— (Continued).
Relative rates of wages from Table XII of the **Aldrich Beport,
ft
Industry
Woolen Goods — (Con. )
No. of estab.
88
State
Rhode Island
Reference
1537
1538
1539
1539
1541
1542
1544
1546
0
verseers Overseers Overseers
Occupa- F
inishing Spinning Weaving
Second
Section
tion
Dept.
Dept.
Dept.
Pickers
Pressmen Scourers
Hands
Hands
Sex
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Base wages
$1.50
$1.33
$1.33
$1.21
$1.00
$.83
$1,145
$1.00
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
Rel.
N
0. wages N
0. wages No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages No. wages
No.
wages
No.
wages
1860 Jan. :
I 100 :
I 100 ]
I 100
100
100 ]
L 100
3
100
2
100
July ]
I 100 :
L 110 ]
I 107
100
100 ]
L 100
3
102
2
100
1861 Jan. 1
L 100 ]
L 110 :
I 107
100
100 ]
L 106
3
102
2
100
July ]
L 100 ]
L 113 ]
I 107
100
100 ]
L 106
3
108
2
100
1862 Jan. ]
I 100 ]
I 113 ]
L 107
100
100 1
L 106
3
104
2
100
July :
L 100 :
L 113 :
L 107
100
100 ]
L 106
3
104
2
100
1863 Jan. ]
I 100 ]
L 126 :
L 113
110
100 ]
L 106
3
119
4m
113
July :
L 100 ]
L 126 :
L 113
110
100 ]
L 111
3
119
2
113
1864 Jan. 1
I 111 ]
I 150 ]
L 126
117
104 ]
L 111
3
132
2
100
July ]
I 111 ]
I 150 ]
L 126
117
104 ]
L 111
3
132
2
125
1865 Jan. ]
I 111 ]
I 150 ]
L 138
o
124
108 1
L 111
3
132
2
125
July ]
I 111 ]
I 150 :
L 138
o
124
117 ]
I 111
3
132
2
125
1866 Jan.
I 111
I ^50 :
L 150
2
124
117 ]
I 111
3
132
2
138
July ]
I 136 ]
L 201 ]
L 150
2
131
121 ]
L 116
3
128
2
150
1867 Jan. 1
I 133 ]
L 201 ]
L 150
2
124
117 ]
L 116
3
135
2
150
July 1
I 133 ]
I 150 ]
L 150
2
124
117 :
L 120
3
131
2
150
1868 Jan. ]
I 133 ]
L 150 ]
L 150
2
124
117 ]
L 120
3
128
2
150
July ]
I 133 ]
I 1.50 ]
L 150
2
120
117 ]
L 120
3
119
2
150
1869 Jan. 1
I 133 ]
L 169 ]
L 150
2
112
125 ]
L 133
3
119
2
175
July ]
1 150 1
I 188 ]
L 169
2
112
125 ]
L 139
3
120
2
200
1870 Jan. 1
I 150 ]
I 207 i
L 169
5
103
125 ]
L 151
3
119
6
192
July 1
I 167 1
[ 207 ]
L 169
5
103
125 1
L 151
8
119
6
192
1871 Jan. 1
1 183 ]
L 207 ]
L 169
3
103
125 ]
I 151
3
126
6
200
July ]
I 200 ]
L 207 1
L 177
3
103
125 ]
L 151
3
126
6
200
1872 Jan. 1
I 217 1
I 207 :
L 177
3
103
125 ]
L 151
3
133
6
200
July 1
L 217 1
L 207 ]
L 177
3
103
125 1
L 151
3
133
6
200
1873 Jan. 1
I 217 ]
L 207 ]
L 177
3
103
125 ]
L 151
3
155
6
204
July 1
I 217 1
I 207 ]
I 177
3
103
125 1
L 151
3
155
6
204
1874 Jan. 1
1R3 ]
170 ]
L 177
3
88
107 1
L 135
3
135
6
174
July 1
I 217 ]
L 207 ]
I 188
3
88
125 1
L 135
3
138
6
199
1875 Jan. 1
217 1
[ 188 ]
I 188
3
88
125 1
L 135
3
138
6
204
July ]
1 217 ]
I 207 ]
L 207
3
88
125 ]
L 135
3
138
6
204
1876 Jan. 1
L 217 1
i 207 1
L 207
3
88
125 ]
L 135
3
138
6
204
July 1
180 ]
I 169 ]
L 226
3
83
100 1
L 135
3
126
6
175
1877 Jan. 1
180 1
1 169 1
L 226
3
83
100 ]
L 135
3
126
6
200
July 1
167 1
I 169 1
L 226
3
83
100 1
L 135
3
126
6
200
1878 Jan. 1
167 ]
I 169 1
L 188
3
83
100 ]
I 135
3
126
6
200
July 1
167 1
[ 169 1
I 188
3
83
100 1
I 135
3
126
6
200
1879 Jan. 1
167 1
I 169 1
I 184
3
83
100 1
I 135
• 8
123
6
200
July 1
[ 167 1
I 169 1
[ 184
3
83
100 ]
I 135
3
126
6
200
1880 Jan. 1
1.50 1
I 207 1
I 178
3
92
110 5
I 136
4
130
5
200
July 1
133 1
L 207 ]
178
3
92
115 2
1 136
4
130
5
200
512 UnivemtyofCaliforniaPubUcatuMuinEcan<m^ [YoLl
No.of«tali.
TABLE 5— (OONGLUDKD).
»
SOaHoe raUi of wages from Table XU ^ the *'AidHek Report.''
Wool«nGooda — (Conduded) .
88
Bhodelilmnd
Bm«
1880 Jan.
1881 Jaa.
1883 Jm.
1888 Jko,
Jvikr
1884 Jml
1985 Jan.
July
1888 Jko,
July
1887 Jan.
Jiiljr
1888 Jul.
July
1889 Jan.
July
1870 Jan.
July
1871 Jan.
July
1872 Jan.
July
1873 Jan.
July
1874 Jan.
. July
1875 Jan.
July
1876 Jan.
July
1877 Jan.
July
1878 Jan.
July
1879 Jan.
July
1880 Jan.
July
1849
Ammts
Milt
fl.00
No.
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
104
104
108
117
117
117
2 117
2 117
2 117
2 125
2 125
8 125
3 125
3 125
3 125
3 125
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
125
125
3 125
3 125
8 107
8 125
125
125
125
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
110
110
1560
Spinnen,
Jaek
Male
$.95
Bd.
No.
7 100
100
100
100
100
100
7
7
7
7
9
9 105
9 105
9
9
125
125
16 128
18 128
19 128
19 126
19 188
19 188
19 184
19 188
19 187
19 142
19 141
19 139
19 140
19 138
19 139
19 137
19 136
19 138
19 139
19 137
20 140
20 136
20 135
20 134
20 137
20 138
20 136
20 135
20 131
20 133
10 131
10 132
1558
Twisten
Fomale
$.67
RoL
No. wagei
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
106
124
124
124
187
187
187
187
187
187
187
149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 127
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 149
8 134
8 132
8 131
8 131
8 131
8 131
8 123
6 122
4
5
5
1554
Waahen
Male
$.92
ReL
No. waf«
2 100
2 100
2 100
2 109
8 109
109
101
111
127
127
182
182
186
145
145
145
186
186
186
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
116
130
136
136
136
109
109
109
109
109
109
109
122
122
1558 1557
Waatt
Sortaxs Watdunai
Male Male
$.92 fl.05
BeL Bd.
No. wafea No*
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
100
100
100
100
100
100
109
109
109
122
122
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
186
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
145
145
123
145
145
145
145
136
136
136
136
136
136
147
136
136
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
105
105
114
119
129
129
129
129
129
133
133
129
133
129
129
133
138
138
138
138
138
133
133
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
138
1558
^eawra
Male
$.94
Bel.
No. wagea
10 100
11 98
11 101
10 102
7 104
8 108
10 110
10 105
10 108
9
7
115
117
10 119
8 126
18 129
17 184
18 180
12 185
14 127
15 129
15 128
26 135
28 137
26 140
30 141
33 143
27 140
29 138
30
33
29
30
33
32
144
143
27 140
141
144
140
147
34 145
35 144
36 146
34 140
33 141
32 139
34 140
35 138
1550
Wmvoes
f.70
Ko.
10
11
IS
IS
11
10
18
11
IS
9
20
20
15
20
28
20
17
17
16
20
25
27
26
22
23
22
23
22
30
31
32
33
31
28
30
31
34
35
32
30
100
1098
104
lOT
IIT
ISp
no
1S7
ISO'
14S
140
147
151
140-
ISS
150
ISO
15T
180
157
164
171
169
170
174
173
169
171
174
178
177
174
179
177
178
180
183
188
184
181
177
178
1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 513
TABLE 6.
Eelntive wages from Weeks's Beport in Volume XX of the Tenth Census:
by years, 1S60-1880.
Note. — The following table presents the 1,447 series of relative rates of
wages from which the summary tables of Chapter IV, Section ii, were con-
structed. The series are arranged by establishments, the -establishments by
industries, and the industries alphabetically by titles. All the textile indus-
tries are groupe<l together under the letter T, and the wood-working indus-
tries under the letter W. This order is that of the source. To facilitate
reference to the original data, the page of the census volume on which the
returns for each establishment are given is indicated. The "base wages"
are the rates prevailing in 1860, or, when data for 1860 are missing, in 1861.
For further explanations see pp. 92, 175, 176.
VnivenitjfofCiilifoniaPublicatioiitinSanomics. f^oLl
I
§1
i:
1 sssss
ilin
oooes Bveaa «
SSSSS KtBuioia Z
bSS-SSSSS S
sSS oSoSS s
sg^jooooS SSaoa <
|||llll§l lisss 1
1908] Mitchell.— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 515
8
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
559
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560 rnivem'tij lyf California Pubiicaiions in Economics, t VoL 1
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IS'08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
561
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56*2 f'nifrrsily of Cafifoniia I'tibHratiom in Economirx. \ Vol 1
I i
li:
1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
563
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, - 565
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880,
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1908] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880.
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i^«^« I MitdicU.—Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880, 617
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— 5j^ao-f"^-»»o ooccc c«''i'i'»'; -r«-i^«-"^ ?i
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1^08] Mitchell— Gold, Prices, and Wages, 1860-1880. 619
TABLE 7.
Actual wages per day of ** common laborers** employed by manufacturing
establishments in 1866, 1869, 1875, and 1870.
Note. — The following table gives the material from which Table 62
(p. 222) is made, so far as concerns the figures for factory laborers. The
references to the ** census'' are to the Report on the Statistics of Wages in
Manufacturing Industries, by Jos. D. Weeks, Tenth Census, Vol. XX.
**Ahlrich'' stands for the Aldrich Report of 1893, Parts ii-iv (see above,
p. 16, n). The data are given for the years for which corresponding infor-
mation about farm wages is available. For further explanations see pp.
220-223 above.
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